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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 
BUREAU OF FISHERIES 


REPORT 


UNITED STATES 
COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES 


FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 1922 


WITH 


APPENDIXES 


HENRY O’MALLEY 


Commissioner 


WASHINGTON 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
1923 


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CONTENTS. 


REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 
30, 1922. By Henry O’Malley. 50 pp. (Document No. 9138. Issued De- 
cember 14, 1922.) 

FRESH-WATER CRUSTACEA AS FOOD FOR YOUNG FISHES. By William Converse 
Kendall. Appendix I, 32 pp., 10 figs. (Document No. 914. Issued October 
Bo, A921.) 

PRINCIPLES INVOLVED IN THE PRESERVATION OF FISH BY SALT. By Harden F. 
Taylor. Appendix II, 22 pp. (Document No. 919. Issued February 4, 
1922. 

SHELLFISH RESOURCES OF THE NORTHWEST COAST OF THE UNITED STATES. By 
Charles H. Edmondson. Appendix III, 21 pp., 25 figs. (Document No. 920. 
Issued April 8, 1922. 

USE OF FISHES FOR CONTROL OF MOSQUITOES IN NORTHERN FRESH WATERS OF THE 
UNITED States. By J. Percy Moore. Appendix IV, 60 pp., 14 figs. (Docu- 
ment No. 923. Issued June 9, 1922.) 

MorTALIty IN PIKE-PERCH EGGS IN HATCHERIES. By Franz Schrader and Sally 
Hughes Schrader. Appendix V, 11 pp., 23 figs. (Document No. 926.  Is- 
sued April 27, 1922. 

SoURCES, PREPARATION, AND PROPERTIES OF SOME ALGAL GELATINES. By Irving A. 
Field. Appendix VI, 7 pp. (Document No. 929. Issued June 30, 1922.) 

TRADE IN FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS AND RELATED MARKETING CONSIDER- 
ATIONS IN SEATTLE, WASH. By L. T. Hopkinson and W. P. Studdert. Ap- 
pendix VII, 16 pp. (Document No. 930. Issued August 5, 1922.) 

FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN MExIco, CENTRAL AMERICA, 
SourtH AMERICA, WEST INDIES, AND BERMUDAS. Compiled by Lewis Rad- 
cliffe. Appendix VIII, 105 pp., 1 map. (Document No. 931. Issued Sep- 
tember 14, 1922.) 

FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF FISH- 
ERY INDUSTRIES FOR 1921. By Lewis Radcliffe. Appendix IX, 136 pp., 8 
figs. (Document No. 932. Issued December 5, 1922.) 

ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES IN 1921. By Ward T. Bower. Ap- 
pendix X, 85 pp., 21 figs. (Document No. 933. Issued December 4, 1922.) 

THE KENTUCKY RIVER AND ITS MUSSEL RESOURCES. By Ernest Danglade. Ap- 
pendix XI, 8 pp., 7 figs. (Document No. 934. Issued November 22, 1922.) 

GoLpFISH : THEIR CARE IN SMALL AQUARIA. By E. °C. Fearnow. Appendix XII, 
10 pp., 6 figs. (Document No. 935. Issued April 4, 1923.) 

PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1922. REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF SCIENTIFIC 
INQUIRY FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 1922. By R. E. Coker (with the collaboration 
of investigators.) Appendix XIII, 26 pp. (Document No. 936. Issued 
March 9, 1923.) 

FISHERIES PROSECUTED BY CALIFORNIA FISHERMEN IN MEXICAN WATERS. By R. 
A. Seay Appendix XIV, 9 pp. (Document No. 937. Issued March 
19, 1923.) 

LirE HISTORY AND ECOLOGY OF THE ORANGE-SPOTTED SUNFISH, LEPOMIS HUMILIS. 
By R. L. Barney and B. J. Anson. Appendix XV, 16 pp., 7 figs. (Docu- 
ment No. 938. Issued March 238, 1923.) 

TRADE IN FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS AND RELATED MARKETING CON- 
SIDERATIONS IN Boston, Mass. By L. T. Hopkinson. Appendix XVI, 27 
pp., 2 figs. (Document No. 939. Issued April 26, 1923.) 

PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922. REPORT OF THE DIVISION 
OF FISH CULTURE FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 1922. By Glen C. Leach. Appendix 
XVII, 116 pp., 9 figs. (Document No, 941. Issued July 5, 1923.) 

51604°—23 iii 


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ERRATA. 


APPENDIX I.—Page 29, 2d paragraph, 2d line: Superior reference figure 3 should 
read 7. 

APPENDIX II.—Page 17, 4th line from top: lever should read liver. Page 18, 3d 
line from bottom: solor should read solar. 

APPENDIX IV.—Page 13, last paragraph: 3d line, 1890a should read 18906a; 
4th line, 1890e should read 18905e; 5th line, 188/g should read 188169. Page 
49, Tth line from top: line should read fine. Page 52, footnote: after which 
insert one. 

APPENDIX VII.—Page 1, right-hand column of Contents: 4th line, blank space 
should be 11; 5th line, 17 should be 12. 

APPENDIx VIII.—Page 69, 3d line from top: favorable should read favorably. 
Page 101: Verril reference under Argentina should be transposed to page 105 
to become the 3d reference under Miscellaneous. Page 103, 4th line from 
bottom: Hstvada should read Hstrada. Page 105, 1st line under Uruguay: 
Anonymous should read Dawson, William. 

APPENDIX XVI.—Page 18, little below center of page: 1920 census should read 
1916 census. 


iv 


REPORT OF THE 
UNITED STATES COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES 
FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED 
JUNE 30, 1922 


DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE. 
BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


HEADQUARTERS STAFF, 1921-22. 


Commissioner, 


Henry O’MALLEY. 


Deputy Commissioner.—H. F. Moore. 
Assistants in Charge of Divisions: 
Ojffice—Invine H. DUNLAP. 
Fish Culture.—Guen C. LEACH. 
Inquiry Respecting Food Fishes——Rosert H. COKER. 
Fishery Industries.—LEWIS RADCLIFFE. 
Alaska Service—Warp T. BOWER. 
Architect and Engineer.—GrorcE A. SCHNEIDER. 
Accountant.—CHARLES W. SCUDDER. 
Superintendent Central Station and Aquaria.—L. G. HARRON. 


Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 913. 


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CONTENTS. 


Hisherv sg iNPuUsStries SCrviCes. 2% ti Crem mee os ee 
TERETE 2 EAR (TA Reece rae eae ee 
MiSniermMenchandisimgee 0) 7 See ee 2 eee Se ae 
IMEEEKGG ESTE VGYGwen tie 8) URIS Ra lls 3 A ee 
Technological investigations = Se) ee 2 3 hoe So ey 

Preservation of fishing nets and LINE Quer Ey cake ye es Be 

Cannines Of fishery. PLOdwUCuss eee ee ee eae ee! 

1 Rare yey cuit aleeate Cas as BS} gant aly Op hula Aye RmonaNpeR Ce oy Dk SU ee al | Bs ay A A 
Brazilian International Centennial Exposition.________________.-__ 
Canned fishery products: and by-productse. 4— 2 eee eee 
Hrozen-nsh trade... aa a epee re eS i ts 5 Pe ew ae gd) Sh 
Smoked-fish industry of Maine ee By TE a al A ae Eee EE 
INGWalmcland \VESSel fisheries: 2s. fo) 00 Vie Cs | ie 2 
imesselRnshéries*atSeabtleh Wiashll se Ue Lee eh et Ee Ae ee 
Bisheriesy ot; Galrformiath: shure iy 5 lig Pemew trv es POT 5) De Pet WV 


Shad and alewife fisheries of the Potomac River__________ cares 
IBMT eT SOMME MSU Ci oo, ee ee ee 
Inquiry respecting food fishes and fishing grounds_________________ = 
Nine Oe tT Get Oley ees a ele ee RR ee ey a, a ee 
RYE CMG SRO heft SM Ogee eee aol oe a se oe 
inveshispioussrelatne to fshiewiture: +t 22. 2 4P.A8est pies didlie dio 
SRUMCOCEOn Ruver lake an@ SQn ose. eee tt 
Me Sherali ml SsOls ere ee ome out ee Ue ee Se a 
OusSrerninvestiSatiOnNe te oe SeCEE ED TEESE RNR Pak pe 
Boluhion oft Waters tt tlowaey ve PEAT Pe oa te wel Bey eT 


ErOpe canon ann Cishri bution! Ofstood tShestarss = = -e ie wee es ae 
ERMEUG NT eS SI al ty ollie fe A elds dans ra Serre AR e nha # Sea? 
Disipibuiion oroutputiof hatcheriesf. 2120S) Bilt Sew’ Ae 
RelaGOns;wibh States tin mish. culture: te.) 2) Se) ee. tee 
Cooperation with fish-protective associations___________ eS 3 
Propagation of migratory fishes of Atlantic rivers______-___.______._ 
Propagation of commercial fishes of Great Lakes___________________ 
Propagation of Pacific salmons REM A Sh SNF i ene BR Aree 
Production of marine species. <=! 2) bu tl es Ale ub pS Ee PSRs BPD | 
Cultivation of fishes of interior watersS_________-_ 8094! 4 pis 
Rescue operations in Mississippi River valley______________________ 
StU OM TOL INO SQMILO-Cat inc, HSNGSe see ees Be Ss Se ae 

Alaswattisheries 6services 21): ieee Fe TU Te Lh eee S Me, ES 
Extent of the Alaska ete pees 3 E eS pate BAM KISAT | be Poems BIBLE Y RR 
Enforcement of fishery laws and regulations eRe Pa VY eesag i ey bes es 7 
PrivcberSalLiiO mish aiiGheRleS:s. x Ue oe 2 Ua S5 er tet oe ee ea 
NEMS MOM ans Meryem r ee Wile hl OMS 2: ee oe ek ee eR et ee 2 ete eg 
Vega studies sand tinivestigatlon Gs. Cee G rons Ae Di RE ee 
Protection olviwalrusi and ised. Wons2) Uae) Teme ries ey Lie LLY ive 
Meawslest sla tlOnnMeegdedesacs. . oka. — 908 S By dD a geen eee A ee 
Future development of Alaska fisheries_________ a fee Nee a es ee 

2212S SESE ye) RUM RTSY SPW hed SE CLS Mie ale a eG ae ee A a ae 
General activities at the Pr ibilof. DESUEY OCG (ROR LAS PER Ea Le Be 
Seamer Lot eesssyrbes ee eees Chak Y yrige FAW t oy A ARPES IO TL OA Oe! EE 


HOR amennOmreln Meer esrere seams =! elk Ae So ee ee Ie ae ad 
Cooperation with other Government agencies______________________ 
Wessel .senyicemotes, 1922: put her ralinnd a Sippy _veyfiy iy Plan a i 
PANT OTNIBOD DTS 21 LAO I set ee i pa a ee et gg 


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REPORT 


OF THE 


COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 


DerraRTMENT OF COMMERCE, 
Bureau or FIsHEertss, 
Washington, September 15, 1922. 
Sir: [have the honor to submit herewith a report of the operations 
of the Bureau of Fisheries during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1922. 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES SERVICES. 
REVIEW. 


The period of extreme depression that affected the fisheries and 
fishery industries following the Great War appears to have passed, 
and indications of slow but gradual] improvement are apparent. This 
change was little in evidence in 1921, the catch and the quantities 
preserved by various means generally being smaller than in 1920. 
For example, in the vessel fisheries at Boston and Gloucester, Mass., 
and Portland, Me., the landings of fresh and salted fish in 1921 
amounted to 150,865,106 pounds, valued at $5,722,629, a decrease of 
27,415,595 pounds in quantity and of $2,504,384 in value as com- 
pared with the previous year. In Alaska, the pack of canned sal- 
mon amounted to 2,596,826 cases, valued at $19, 632,744, a decrease of 
1,832,637 cases in quantity and of $15,970,056 in value as compared 
with 1920. The pack of sardines in Maine in 1921, amounting to 
1,350,631 cases, valued at $3,960,916, represents a decrease from the 
previous year of 527,126 cases in quantity and of $3,474,140 in value. 
In California the total catch of all fishery products amounted to 
127,728,623 pounds, a decrease of nearly 85,000,000 pounds as com- 
pared with 1920. The prices received for the products have mate- 
rially declined, as, indicated by the statistics given and as illustrated 
by the conditions obtaining in the vessel fisheries of the three New 
England ports mentioned. In 1916 the average price per pound 
received for these fish ex-vessel was 3.44 cents; in 1918, 5.12 cents; in 
1921, 3.79 cents; and for the period January to June, 1922, inclusive, 
3.26 cents. Reports emanating from European countries that have 
important fisheries indicate that their fisheries have been even more 
severely affected than our own. 

While specific statistical data are not available for all lines for 
1922, operations generally reflect a firmer tone in the market and 
canners and manufacturers of scrap and oil are proceeding with 

5 


6 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 


considerable more assurance than during the preceding year. Re- 
ductions in transportation rates also have an important bearing on 
the situation. 
_ The bureau has endeavored to render the industry all possible aid 
in coping with the difficulties encountered during this period, par- 
ticularly along practical lines in merchandising and preservation 
of fishery products. Its trained personnel has given freely of its 
_time in supplying suggestions and advice to those in the industry 
and in collecting for their use needful information covering prac- 
tically every phase of the fishing industry. Its activities have in- 
cluded a series of highly valued market surveys of the following 
centers: Louisville, Ky., Pittsburgh, Pa., Chicago, I11., Minneapolis 
and St. Paul, Minn., and Seattle, Wash. In the field of statistics, 
canvasses have been made of the fisheries of Maryland and Vir- 
ginia for 1920, including the catch of shad and alewives in those 
States in 1921, and of the canning and by-products industries of 
the United States and Alaska in 1921, in addition to those of the 
landings of the vessel fisheries at the ports of Boston and Glou- 
cester, Mass., Portland, Me., and Seattle, Wash., and _ statistical 
bulletins of cold-storage holdings of frozen fish have been issued 
monthly, beginning with the returns for January 15, 1922. 
Fisheries technological investigations have included comprehen- 
sive investigations in net preservation, studies of refrigeration, in- 
cluding the freezing of fish in brine, and scientific studies of the 
principles involved in the processes of canning such fish as sardines. 


FISH MERCHANDISING. 


The field of fish merchandising affords many opportunities for 
helpful service to which the bureau is giving a larger measure of 
attention. The need for such service is reflected in the low per 
capita consumption of fish in this country, in the difficulties en- 
countered by the producers in finding outlets for their catch of 
fish with existing equipment of capture, and in the low prices re- 
ceived by them for the products of their labor. The producers are 
fully aware of the need of effecting improvements in the distribu- 
tion of fresh and frozen fish as indicated by the interest shown in 
precooling of fish in brine, and in preparing the fish for the con- 
venience of the housewife, as by filleting and by wrapping the in- 
dividual fish in parchment paper. 


MARKET SURVEYS. 


Market surveys of certain large distributing centers for fresh 
and frozen fish, initiated in June, 1921, at Louisville, Ky., were con- 
tinued through the greater part of the year by surveys of Pitts- 
burgh, Pa., Chicago, Ill., Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minn., and 
Seattle, Wash., the results of which have been published as Economic 
Circulars Nos. 52, 54, 55, and Document No. 930, respectively. 

The supply of fresh and frozen fishery products reaching Pitts- 
burgh, Pa., is derived chiefly from the Great, Lakes, the west coast 
from Seattle to Prince Rupert, and the Atlantic coast from New 
York to Boston. Halibut from the Pacific coast is the most im- 
portant single species sold in Pittsburgh. Other species of i1m- 
portance, which with halibut constitute about 75 per cent of the 


REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 7 


trade, are blue pike, ciscoes, cod, sauger, whitefish, yellow pike, and 
shucked oysters. At the time the survey was made 71 firms were 
engaged in the fish business. Five of the firms were in the whole- 
sale trade exclusively and six in both the wholesale and retail trades. 
In the retail stores ice was used in conjunction with all displays, 
of which 86 per cent were made in inclosed cases covered with 
glass or other protective materials. 

The bulk of Chicago’s supply of fresh and frozen fish is derived 
from the Great Lakes, the North Pacific coast, and lakes in the 
Dominion of Canada. During the year ended July 31, 1921, 526 
carloads of fresh and frozen fish, exclusive of oysters, were received 
from the Dominion of Canada, as compared with 272 from the 
United States. During the same period 195 carloads of oysters were 
received and 422 express carloads of fish passing through Chicago 
from northern and western points, consigned to points in the East 
and South, were opened and partially unloaded en route by local 
dealers. Of the 81 different species marketed in Chicago approxi- 
mately 70 per cent of the trade is confined to but 11, namely, buf- 
falofish, carp, ciscoes, whitefish, lake trout, salmon, pike or “ jacks,” 
yellow perch, “ yellow pike” (pike perch), halibut, and shucked 
oysters. The fishery products are handled either exclusively or as 
major commodities, compared with other foods, by 222 Chicago firms, 
of which 56 are in the wholesale business exclusively. In addition 
there are several thousand butcher, grocery, and delicatessen stores 
that handle fish as a side line on Fridays. 

Minneapolis and St. Paul receive their supplies of fish mainly 
from lakes in the Canadian Provinces of Manitoba and Alberta, 
Lake Superior, near-by rivers and small lakes, and the North Pacific 
coast from Seattle to Prince Rupert. About 90 per cent of the sales 
of fresh and frozen fishery products consists of “ yellow pike” or 
pike perch, halibut, salmon, lake trout, whitefish, ciscoes or “ lake 
herring,” and shucked oysters. During the year ended September 
30, 1921, 5,142,783 pounds of frozen fish, of which 3,629,713 pounds 
are credited to Minneapolis, were placed in public cold-storage ware- 
houses in these two cities. 

As a distributing center for fresh and frozen fishery products 
Seattle is the most important on the Pacific coast and as a fishing 
port is exceeded in the United States only by Boston and Gloucester, 
Mass. The quantity of fresh and frozen fish received during 1921 
amounted to over 45,000,000 pounds, of which 63 per cent was re- 
shipped in the fresh or frozen condition for consumption in other 
cities. Of the carload shipments 92 per cent was consigned to points 
east of Omaha, Nebr., and less-than-carload shipments were con- 
fined largely to cities west of Omaha. Salmon and halibut consti- 
tute the backbone of the trade, the combined landings of these two 
species during 1921 constituting over 83 per cent of all fresh and 
_ frozen fishery products reaching this market. Fishing areas off the 

coast of Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, and Alaska, to- 
gether with Puget Sound, constitute the principal areas of supply. 
Vish-freezing establishments located in Seattle froze in excess of 
12,000,000 pounds of fish during 1921 and received over 2,000,000 
pounds already frozen. Withdrawals during this period amounted 
to 14,077,007 pounds, of which 6,209,562 pounds were halibut and 
6,137,484 pounds salmon. 


8 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 
TECHNOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS. 


Such important investigations as have been undertaken in this 
field are of necessity time consuming and require a considerable 
investment. It has been the policy of the bureau to center its activi- 
ties on a limited number of such problems that promise important 
benefits to the greatest possible number in the industry when brought 
to a successful end. To make satisfactory progress in these fields 
of endeavor with the limited personnel and funds available necessi- 
tates close adherence to this program and avoidance wherever practi- 
cable of undertaking minor investigations for which there may be 
some demand. The bureau regrets the necessity of making ‘such 
limitations, but deems it the wiser couyse to pursue under present 
handicaps. The major technological investigations in progress are 
in the fields of net preservation, canning, and refrigeration, includ- 
ing freezing in brine. 


PRESERVATION OF FISHING NETS AND LINES. 


During the year excellent progress has been made in the investiga- 
tion on ‘the preservation of nets, including tests of the value “of 
various net preservatives, increase in weight of the net by the ad- 
dition of the various preservatives, shrinkage, breaking strength, 
wearing quality, relative stiffness of lines when treated with the 
various preservatives in compar ison with the untreated line, etc. At- 
tention has also been given to the development of an improved 
preservative for nets. A large series of lines has been placed in the 
water at a number of places for protracted periods, sets being taken 
up and subjected to various tests at regular intervals. Such in- 
vestigations will be completed in the near ‘future, and a report on the 
results thus far attained will be prepared for the use of the trade 
as promptly as practicable. Pr 


CANNING OF FISHERY PRODUCTS 


A study of the changes that take place in the oil used for frying 
sardines, conducted at * San Pedro, Calif., has been concluded and 
the results published.* 

In view of certain difficulties attending the frying of sardines in 
oil, it was deemed advisable to attempt to develop a method of 
packing that would eliminate the use of the fry bath and that might 
be economically employed by such as wished to change their proc- 
ess. Work along these lines is being continued. The preparation 
of sardines for canning is largely a problem of removing excess 
water from the fish. Frying i in oil, steaming, and cooling in brine, 
are aids to the accomplishment of this end. In the trials “made, the 
best results accrued from removing the excess water by thorough 
brining and drying, followed by packing the fish raw and depending 
upon subsequent processing. to cook them. From an economic point 
of view the process appears to possess some merit. Storage and 
shipping tests are In progress. 


1 Changes in Oil Used for Frying Sardines: by Harry R. Beard, Rate of California Fish 
and Game Commission Circular No. 1, March, ‘1922, Sacramento, Cali 


REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 9 
FREEZING OF FISH IN BRINE. 


The possibilities of freezing fish in brine continue to attract much 
attention, both in this country and abroad. To meet demand the 
bureau has issued an economic circular giving a review of the subject. 
This report calls attention to means of properly glazing fish frozen 
in brine and stresses the point that the most important aspect of 
brine freezing awaiting development is its practical application on 
a large scale. 


BRAZILIAN INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 


According to a joint resolution of Congress accepting the invita- 
tion of the Republic of Brazil to take part in an international ex- 
position to be held in Rio de Janeiro in 1922, the Secretary of Com- 
merce is “authorized to collect and prepare a suitable exhibit of 
the fisheries industry of the United States for exhibit at the said 
exposition and accompany the same with a report respecting such 
industry, to be printed in the English, Spanish, and Portuguese 
languages.” As the United States commission to the exposition al- 
lotted but 900 square feet of floor space and less than $5,000 for the 
assembling of the exhibit in Washington, D. C., the exhibit has of 
necessity been small. It is educational in character, showing the 
relationship of the Federal Government to the fisheries, the diver sity 
and character-of our fisheries and fishery products, possibilities of 
American markets as a source of raw materials required in the fish- 
ing industry, and opportunities for acquiring industrial education 
afforded those who may wish to specialize in this field. The exhibit 
includes displays representing the New England offshore fisheries, 
the salmon industry, the sardine industry of Maine and California, 
the oyster industry, the fresh-water mussel industry, the fish-can- 
ning industry, by-products of the fisheries, and an illustrated story of 
the bureau’s organization and activities. The report deals with the 
fisheries of the United States, the organization and functions of the 
bureau, and the opportunities afforded students of fisheries in the 
United States to acquire industrial education in this field. The 
bureau is allowed but a single representative at the exposition, which 
is scheduled to open September 7, 1922, and close March 31, 1923. 


CANNED FISHERY PRODUCTS AND BY-PRODUCTS. 


The bureau has made a canvass of the canned fishery products and 
fishery by-products industries of the United States and Alaska for 
the year 1921. The total value of the fishery products canned during 
the year was $46,634,706, and the value of the fishery by- products 
prepared, such as fish oil, fertilizer, liquid glue, poultry grit, and 
lime, was $8,351,827. The results of the canvass were published and 
distributed to the trade as Statistical Bulletin No. 526. 

The pack of canned salmon, reduced to the equivalent of 48 pounds 
of fish to the case, amounted to 3,599.774 cases, valued at $28,867,169, 
of which 2.596.826 cases, valued at $19,632,744, were packed in Alaska, 
and 1,002,948 cases, valued at $9,234,425, in the Pacific Coast States. 
Other canned-salmon products, valued at $69,170, were also prepared. 


12879—22——-2 


10 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES, 


The pack of sardines in Maine in 1921 amounted to 1,350,631 cases, 
valued at $3,960,916, compared with 2,450,268 cases, valued at $11,933,- 
986, in 1919, and 1,877,757 cases, valued at $7,435,056, in 1920. The 
pack of sardines in California in 1921 was 415,587 cases, valued at 
$2,346,446, compared with 1,150,616 cases reported for 1919, and 
1,062,996 cases reported for 1920. 

The canning of shad is confined to the States of Oregon and Wash- 
ington. The pack of shad in 1921 amounted to 841 cases, valued at 
$2,455, and of shad roe to 53 cases, valued at $142. These products 
are packed in half-pound fiat, half-pound oval, and 1-pound tall cans 
with 48 cans to a case. 

The pack of canned alewives and alewife roe in 1921 was prepared 
in Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina. The pack of alewives 
amounted to 312 cases, or 8,976 cans, valued at $813; and of roe to 
40,530 cases, or 1,197,288 cans, valued at $157,841. 

The pack of canned albacore in California in 1921 amounted to 
344,117 cases, valued at $2,657,266; the pack of canned tuna to 74,704 
cases, valued at $416,415; and of canned mackerel to 2,255 cases, 
valued at $12,275; a total of 421,076 cases, valued at $3,085,956. 
These products were packed in cans of various sizes with 48 cans to 
a case. 

In 1921 shrimp were canned in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, 
Florida, Georgia, and North Carolina, the pack amounting to 667,558 
cases, with a value of $3,804,781. Louisiana led with a pack of 
273,218 cases, valued at $1,530,072, or 40 per cent of the total value 
of the pack. Mississippi ranked second with 169,751 cases, valued 
at $958.268. The bulk of the pack is put up in No. 1 cans, four dozen 
to the case, representing 597,474 cases, valued at $3,407,977. Smaller 
quantities were packed in No. 14 and No. 24 cans, two dozen to the 
case, and No. 10 cans, one-half dozen to the case. 

Crabs were canned at two plants in Virginia, two in Alaska, and 
one each in Washington and Louisiana, the pack amounting to 11,960 
cases, valued at $115,800. 

In 1921 the pack of razor clams, confined to Oregon, Washington, 
and Alaska, amounted to 92,085 cases, valued at $509,122, and in- 
eluded whole and minced clams and clam juice. The pack of hard 
clams, confined to Florida and Washington, amounted to 46,207 cases, 
valued at $212,846, and included whole and minced clams, clam 
bouillon, chowder, and juice. The pack of soft clams, confined to 
Maine and Massachusetts, amounted to 87,838 cases, valued at 
$444.539, which included whole clams, clam bouillon, chowder, and 
extract. The total pack of clams produced was 226,130 cases, with 
a value of $1,166,507. 

In 1921 oysters were canned in Maryland, North Carolina, South 
Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana, 
the pack amounting to 455,550 cases, valued at $2,179,271. Maryland 
outranked the other States with a pack of 156,431 cases, valued at 
$778,435, Mississippi being second with a pack of 143,938 cases, 
valued at $699,405. 

In 1921 there were 39 factories engaged in the reduction of men- 
haden, utilizing 1,031,540,831 fish, or 618,924,499 pounds, valued at 
$1,929,219. The yield of scrap and meal was 82.662 tons, valued 
at $2,286,095, and of oil, 6,260,478 gallons, valued at $1,719,892, the 
total value of the products amounting to $4,005,987. 


REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 11 


The total production of fish oils in 1921 (including menhaden) 
in the United States and Alaska amounted to 7,446,281 gallons, 
valued at $2,078,670. The production of the various oils were as 
follows: Menhaden oil, 6,260,478 gallons; whale oil, 354,372 gallons; 
herring oil, 283,815 gallons; sperm oil, 168,729 gallons; salmon oil, 
71,522 gallons; cod and cod-liver oil, 49,772 gallons; and miscel- 
Janeous fish oils, 257,593 gallons. 

The production of fish "(including menhaden) and whale scrap 
and meal and shrimp bran in 1921 amounted to 107,273 tons, valued 
at $3,557,142. The production of dried scrap and meal was 60,031 
tons, valued at $2,613,361; of acidulated scrap, 44,454 tons, valued 
at $895, 140; of crude or oreen scrap, 2,160 tons, valued at $31, 827 ; 
and of shrimp bran, 628 tons, valued at $16,814. The production 
in the Atlantic and Gulf States amounted to 89,559 tons, and in 
the Pacific coast States and Alaska to 17,714 tons. Although it is 
impracticable to obtain definite figures as to the quantities “of fish 
meal used for feeding purposes, it is evident that the demand for 
this commodity is rapidly increasing, particularly on the Atlantic sea- 
board. 

In 1921 there were 54 plants engaged in grinding oyster shells 
for the production of poultry erit. and lime, the yield of which 
amounted to 259,238 tons, valued at $2,261,754, of which 185,474 
tons, valued at $1,759,120, were poultry orit. 

Other by-products of the fisheries included fish glue, shark and 
porpoise hides, agar-agar, pearl or fish-scale essence, shark fins, 
whale bones (skeletons) and whale tails, to the value of $454,261. 


FROZEN-FISH TRADE. 


Statistics of the cold-storage holdings of frozen fish have been 
collected and published by the Bureau of Markets, Department of 
Agriculture, beginning with October, 1916. These reports give the 
holdings on the fifteenth day of the current month. Through the 
courtesy of that bureau arrangements were made in December, 1921, 
for the Bureau of Fisheries to publish and disseminate this infor- 
mation, beginning with the returns for January 15, 1922, in the form 
of a monthly statistical bulletin. This bulletin gives the holdings 
by species and sections, total holdings for the current month and for 
the same month of the previous year, the five-year average, holdings 
for the previous month, and the quantity of each species frozen 
during the month. 

The quantity of fish frozen between December 15, 1920, and De- 
cember 15, 1921, according to these statistics, was 79,173 892 pounds, 
as compared with 93,973,589 pounds the previous year. The prin- 
cipal species and quantities frozen during the year ended December 
15, 1921, were halibut, 10,773,803 pounds; salmon, 10,033,619 pounds; 
herring, 9,827,671 pounds; ciscoes, 8,649,315 pounds; whiting, 5,527,- 
047 pounds; and miscellaneous fishes, 14,436,657 pounds. 


SMOKED-FISH INDUSTRY OF MAINE. 


In 1921 there were 28 firms engaged in smoking fishery products 
in Maine, exclusive of a few indivi iduals smoking small quantities of 
alewives, as compared with 50 firms in this industry in 1919. The 


12 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 


smoked products included 2,111,206 pounds of herring, valued at 
$189,653; 471,205 pounds of finnan haddie, valued at $67,105; and 
42,333 pounds of alewives, valued at $2,925; a total of 2,624,744 
pounds, valued at $259,683. Compared with 1919, there has been a 
decrease in the smoked-fish products prepared in the State of 41 per 
cent in quantity and 50 per cent in value. 


NEW ENGLAND VESSEL FISHERIES. 


The bureau, through its local agents, has collected detailed sta- 
tistics of the vessel fisheries at Boston and Gloucester, Mass., and 
Portland, Me., which have been published in monthly and annual 
statistical bulletins. Two annual bulletins have been issued, one 
showing the catch by months, the other by fishing grounds. ‘There 
was a decrease in the number of trips and also in the quantity and 
value of the products landed at these ports during the year as com- 
pared with the previous year. At Portland there was a small in- 
crease in the number of trips and in the quantity of products landed, 
but a decrease in the value. 

The fishing fleet at these ports during the calendar year 1921 num- 
bered 398 sail, steam, and gasoline screw vessels, including 23 Ameri- 
can and 3 Canadian steam trawlers. These vessels landed at Boston 
3,078 trips, aggregating 104,368,629 pounds of fish, valued at $4,190,- 
135; at Gloucester, 2,073 trips, aggregating 33,016,166 pounds, valued 
at $920250; and at Portland 2,055 trips, aggregating 13,480,311 
pounds, valued at $612,244. The total for the three ports amounted 
to 7.206 trips, aggregating 150,865,106 pounds of fresh and salted 
fish, having a value to the fishermen of $5,722,629. 

The foregoing total includes 72 trips, 49 at Boston, 7 at Gloucester, 
and 16 at Portland, landed by 22 Canadian fishing vessels, amounting 
to 4.222.319 pounds of fish, valued at $127,549. Of this quantity, 
1.849.702 pounds, valued at $65,388, were landed at Boston; 239,209 
pounds, valued at $8,409, at Gloucester; and 2,133,408 pounds, valued 
at $53,752, at Portland. There was an increase of 4 vessels and 18 
trips, and of 1,634,101 pounds in quantity and $8,521 in value of fish 
landed as compared with the previous year. These fish were landed 
in accordance with an arrangement with the Canadian Government 
as an emergency war measure granting reciprocal privileges to fish- 
ing vessels, by which Canadian fishing vessels were permitted to land 
their fares at American ports direct from the fishing grounds. 
Canadian vessels began to utilize this privilege in April, 1918, and 
the arrangement was canceled to take effect July 15, 1921, but a 
number of trips were admitted after that date, the last one being 
landed in September. 

Compared with the previous year, there was a decrease of 400 
trips, or 5.25 per cent, in the total number landed by the fishing fleet 
at Boston, Gloucester, and Portland, and of 27,415,595 pounds, or 
15.37 per cent, in quantity and of $2,504,384, or 30.44 per cent, in the 
value of the products landed. The only important species showing 
an increase in both quantity and value was halibut. The catch of 
halibut increased 1,876,698 pounds, or 49.52 per cent, in quantity 
and $61,253, or 8.25 per cent, in value. The catch of cusk increased 
243,676 pounds, or 13.13 per cent, in quantity but decreased $10,241, 


REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 13 


or 21.30 per cent, in value. There was a decrease in both quantity 
and value of the catch of all the other more important species. The 
catch of cod decreased 8,750,568 pounds, or 14.05 per cent, in quantity 
and $906,870, or 34.38 per cent, in value; haddock, 7,866,768 pounds, 
or 10.45 per cent, in quantity and $693,882, or 25.32 per cent, in value; 
hake, 185,248 .pounds, or 3.92 per cent, in quantity and $44,273, or 
28.77 per cent, in value; pollock, 1,615,890 pounds, or 18.87 per cent, 
in quantity and $97,486, or 37.19 per cent, in value; mackerel, 3,909,- 
541 pounds, or 53,60 per cent, in quantity and $427,468, or 56.01 per 
cent, in value; herring, 4,384,444 pounds, or 62.65 per cent, in quan- 
tity and $125,894, or 75.70 per cent, in value; and swordfish, 984,024 
pounds, or 36.89 per cent, in quantity and $175,796, or 35.57 per cent, 
in value. The catch of Newfoundland herring declined from 3,097,- 
024 pounds, valued at $110,157, in 1920, to 551,400 pounds, valued at 
$19,584, in 1921. In the various other species combined there was a 
decrease of $1,889,486 pounds, or 37.89 per cent, in quantity and of 
$83,727, or 38.08 per cent, in value. 

The catch of cod, haddock, and hake is sold in different grades as 
landed from the vessels. Cod are sold as large, market, and scrod; 
haddock, as large and scrod; and hake, as large and small. The 
quantity of scrod cod and scrod haddock is very small as compared 
with that of the other grades of these species, said to be due to the 
fact that the price received is so low that the fishermen do not save 
all that are caught. The catch of scrod cod landed at these ports dur- 
ing the year was 1,150,577 pounds, valued at $10,844, and of scrod 
haddock only 30,562 pounds, valued at $535. 

The fishery products landed at Boston, Gloucester, and Portland 
by fishing vessels each year are taken principally from fishing 
grounds off the coast of the United States. Im the calendar year 
1921, 85.39 per cent of the quantity and 77.99 per cent of the value 
of the catch landed by American and Canadian fishing vessels at 
these ports were from these grounds; 4.08 per cent of the quantity 
and 7.32 per cent of the value, consisting chiefly of cod, halibut, and 
herring, were from fishing banks off the coast of Newfoundland; and 
10.51 per cent of the quantity and 14.67 per cent of the value from 
fishing grounds off the Canadian Provinces. There was considerable 
falling off in the percentage of products from grounds off the 
Canadian Provinces, but an increase in that from grounds off the 
United States and Newfoundland compared with the previous year. 
Newfoundland herring constituted less than one-half of 1 per cent 
of the quantity and value of the fishery products landed at these 
ports during the year. The herring were taken from the treaty 
coast of Newfoundland, and the cod, haddock, hake, halibut, and 
other species from that region were obtained from fishing banks on 
the high seas. All fish caught by American fishing vessels off the 
coast of the Canadian, Provinces were from offshore fishing grounds. 

Haddock ranked first in both quality and value in the vessel fish- 
eries at these ports in 1921, the catch amounting to 67,412,709 
pounds, valued at $2,046,170, all landed fresh except 15,290 pounds 
salted, valued at $182. The catch of cod was 53,515,014 pounds, 
valued at $1,730,767, including 5,408,768 pounds salted, valued at 
$217,310. The catch of hake was 4,536,108 pounds, valued at 
$109,603, all landed fresh except 42,233 pounds salted, valued at 


14 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 


$765. More than half of the catch was landed at Boston. The catch 
of pollock amounted to 6,945,011 pounds, valued at $164,642, all 
landed fresh except 51,992 pounds salted, valued at $913. The catch 
of cusk was 2,098,415 pounds, valued at $37,829, all landed fresh 
except 38,433 pounds salted, valued at $781. The catch of halibut 
was 5,666,028 pounds, valued at $803,074, all landed fresh except 
48,431 pounds salted, valued at $7,076. There was an increase in 
the halibut catch of 1,876,698 pounds in quantity and $61,253 in 
value as compared with the previous year. The catch was the larg- 
est taken in the past six years. The quantity landed at Boston was 
3,808,468 pounds, valued at $556,592; at Gloucester, 433,361 pounds, 
valued at $46,510; and at Portland, 1,424,199 pounds, valued at 
$199,972. The catch of swordfish was 1,597,645 pounds, valued at 
$318,406; and of flounders, 2,604,657 pounds, valued at $111,956. The 
catch of herring amounted to 2,613,540 pounds, valued at $40,407. 
Of this quantity, 2,062,140 pounds, valued at $20,823, were taken off 
the coast of the United States and landed fresh; and the remainder, 
including 200,000 pounds fresh, frozen, valued at $10,000, and 
351,400 pounds salted, valued at $9,584, were Newfoundland herring. 

The total catch of fresh mackerel taken by the American fishing 
fleet in 1921 was 40,323 barrels, compared with 79,799 barrels in 1920, 
a decrease of 39,476 barrels. The total catch of salted mackerel 
was 3,242 barrels, compared with 4,897 barrels in 1920, a decrease 
of 1,655 barrels. The quantity of mackerel landed at Boston, Glou- 
cester, and Portland by the fishing fleet in 1921 was 3,384,180 pounds, 
valued at $335,626, of which 2,734,680 pounds, valued at $290,164, 
were fresh, and 649,500 pounds, valued at $45,462, were salted. 

In 1922 the total catch of mackerel up to July 1 was 25,000 barrels 
fresh and 2,344 barrels salted, compared with 33,632 barrels fresh 
and 3,143 barrels salted for the same period in 1921. In the south- 
ern mackerel fishery both the purse-seine vessels and the gill-net 
vessels had a poor season. The weather was favorable for fishing, 
but the mackerel were not abundant. The fish landed were prac- 
tically all of large and medium size and sold from 9 to 30 cents per 
pound, according to market conditions. The first mackerel landed 
sold at 60 cents per pound. The southern mackerel fleet was about 
the same size as in the previous year. The Cape Shore fleet was 
larger than last year but less successful. The first arrival was on 
May 25 and consisted of large and medium fish, which sold at 18.6 
cents per pound. On June 2, fresh mackerel sold at 64 cents per _ 
pound from the vessel, the lowest price since 1919. Cape Shore 
salted mackerel sold from $12 to $13 per barrel. 


VESSEL FISHERIES AT SEATTLE, WASH. 


Statistics of the vessel fisheries at Seattle, Wash., have been col- 
lected by the local agent and published as monthly and annual sta- 
tistical bulletins, giving the quantity and value of fishery products 
landed by American fishing and collecting vessels during the year at 
that port. 

The fishing fleet at Seattle, in 1921, landed 866 trips, amounting to 
13,666,700 pounds of fish, having a value to the fishermen of $1,423,- 
303, from fishing grounds along the coast from Oregon to Portlock 


REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 15 


Bank, Alaska. The largest quantities were taken from Flattery 
Banks, west coast of Vancouver Island, and Hecate Strait. The 
products included halibut, 11,481,000 pounds, valued at $1,335,658 ; 
sablefish, 1,519,400 pounds, valued at $63,685; “lingcod,” 463,300 
pounds, valued at $16,391; and rockfishes, 203,000 pounds, valued at 
$7,569. Compared with the previous year there was an increase of 
44 trips by fishing vessels, but a decrease of 688,750 pounds, or 4.79 
per cent, in the quantity and of $569,456, or 28.57 per cent, in the 
value of the products. There was a decrease in the catch of halibut 
of 1,202,450 pounds, or 9.48 per cent, in quantity and of $578,191, 
or 30.21 per cent, in value. The catch of “lingcod ” decreased 49,735 
pounds, or 9.69 per cent, in quantity and $4,762, or 22.51 per cent, in 
value; and the catch of rockfishes decreased 5,765 pounds, or 2.76 
per cent, in quantity and $225, or 2.88 per cent, in value. There 
was an increase in the catch of sablefish of 569,200 pounds, or 59.90 
per cent, in quantity and of $13,722, or 27.46 per cent, in value. 

The fishery products taken in Puget Sound and landed at Seattle 
by collecting vessels during the year amounted to 12,428,525 pounds, 
valued at $778,878. This quantity included 10,349,700 pounds of 
salmon, valued at $679,171, and the remainder consisted of herring, 
steelhead trout, smelt, perch, rockfishes, “ lingcod,” flounders, sole, 
and crabs. Compared with the previous year, there was an in- 
crease in the products landed by collecting vessels of 2,614,559 
pounds, or 26.64 per cent, in quantity, but a decrease of $102,188, or 
11.59 per cent, in value. 


FISHERIES OF CALIFORNIA. 


Through the courtesy of the California Fish and Game Commis- 
sion, the bureau has received statistics of the catch of fish taken in 
the waters of that State by species and localities for the calendar 
year 1921. The catch taken during the year amounted to 127,728,623 
pounds, as compared with 212,635,075 pounds the previous year, a 
decrease of 84,906,452 pounds, or 39.93 per cent. The principal 
species were pilchards, 59,332,305 pounds; albacore and tuna, 19,831,- 
680 pounds; flounders, 8,429,595 pounds; salmon, 7,990,932 pounds; 
rockfishes, 4,641,156 pounds; barracuda, 4,588,900 pounds; mackerel, 
2,914,613 pounds; yellowtail, 2,139,626 pounds; white sea bass or 
squeteague, 2,069,544 pounds; anchovies, 1,946,881 pounds; abalones, 
1,481,170 pounds; bonito or skipjack, 1,376,712 pounds; sablefish, 
1,022,556 pounds; and shad, 862,897 pounds. Compared with 1920, 
the catch of pilchards decreased 59,185,424 pounds, or 49.93 per cent; 
albacore and tuna, 16,312,660 pounds, or 45.13 per cent; and bonito 
or skipjack, 7,237,869 pounds, or 84 per cent. There was an increase 
in the catch of anchovies of 1,376,195 pounds, or 241.15 per cent, and 
in the catch of sablefish of 241,524 pounds or 30.92 per cent. 

The imports of fresh fish from Mexico in 1921 amounted to 
6,699,817 pounds, as compared with 8,121,225 pounds the previous 
year. The principal species imported were barracuda, 3,036,262 
pounds; flounders, 1,314,918 pounds; sea crawfish or spiny lobster, 
943,547 pounds; and white sea bass or squeteague, 500,075 pounds. 


FISHERIES OF MARYLAND AND VIRGINIA. 


A canvass of the fisheries of Maryland and Virginia for the cal- 
endar year 1920 was completed the latter part of 1921, and the results 


16 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 


were published in condensed form as Statistical Bulletin No. 520 
early in 1922, and distributed to the trade. 

The number of persons engaged in the fisheries of Maryland was 
21.383, the investment was $7,566,434, and the products amounted to 
59,530,795 pounds, with a value to the fishermen of $4,198,668. The 
principal species were oysters, 4,547,471 bushels, or 31,832,297 
pounds, exclusive of shells, valued at $2,291,120; crabs, 27,188,922 
in number, or 9,062,974 pounds, valued at $742,944; shad, 1,867,196 
pounds, valued at $355.217; striped bass, 1.040.274 pounds, valued 
at $193.295; alewives, fresh and salted, 7,073,688 pounds, valued at 
$177,240; squeteague or “sea trout,” fresh and salted, 2,281,490 
pounds, valued at $92.284; and croaker, 2,519,770 pounds, valued at 
$66,576. Compared with 1904 there was a decrease of 8,954, or 29.51 
per cent, in the number of persons employed and of 21,598,071 
pounds, or 26.62 per cent, in the quantity of the products, with an 
increase of $862,108, or 25.83 per cent, in their value. There was 
also an increase of $1,582,969, or 2645 per cent, in the investment. 

The number of persons engaged in the fisheries of Virginia was 
19,378, the investment was $10,709,499, and the products amounted 
to 471,219,089 pounds, having a value to the fishermen of $8 541.724. 
The principal species were oysters, 3,963,569 bushels, or 27,744,983 
pounds, exclusive of shells, valued at $2,349.161; menhaden, 366,379,- 
425 pounds, valued at $2,158,518; shad, 7,293,805 pounds, valued at 
$1,145,106; squeteague or “sea trout,” 12,908,502 pounds, valued at 
$654,521: crabs, 40.911.237 in number, or 13,637,079 pounds, valued 
at $565,564; croaker, 16,872,134 pounds, valued at $513,975; ale- 
wives, fresh and salted, 16,665,100 pounds, valued at $259,258; 
clams, 449.440 pounds, exclusive of shells, valued at $229,645; and 
butterfish, 3,018,842 pounds, valued at $136,894. Compared with 
1904, there was a decrease of 9,490, or 82.87 per cent, in the number 
of persons employed, but an increase of $6,094,565, or 132.06 per cent, 
in the investment, of 115,903,291 pounds, or 32.61 per cent, in the 
quantity, and of $2,957,370, or 52.95 per cent, in the value of the 
products. 


SHAD AND ALEWIFE FISHERIES OF THE POTOMAC RIVER. 


The shad and alewife fisheries of the Potomac River in 1921 were 
engaged in by 983 fishermen. The number of boats used was 623, 
valued at $77,150. The fishing apparatus included 266 pound nets, 
valued at $87,295; 296 gill nets, valued at $37,565; and 6 seines, valued 
at $1.540. The shore and accessory property was valued at $7,735, 
and the total investment amounted to $214,885. 

The number of shad taken was 405,872, or 1,160,438 pounds, valued 
at $207.370, of which 49,681, or 138.207 pounds, valued at $25,191, 
are credited to Maryland and 356,191 shad, or 1,022,281 pounds, 
valued at $182,179, to Virginia. Compared with 1920 there was a 
falling off in the catch of 123,486 shad, or 819,342 pounds, in quan- 
tity and of $127,094 in value. 

The catch of alewives, or river herring, was 10,303,510 fish, or 
4,121,404 pounds, valued at. $44,041, of which 1,395,000 fish, or 
558,000 pounds, valued at $9,010, are credited to Maryland and 
8,908,510 fish, or 3,563,404 pounds, valued at $35,031, to Virginia. 


REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 17 
FLORIDA SPONGE FISHERY. 


The quantity of sponges sold at the Sponge Exchange, Tarpon 
Springs, Fla., in 1921, was 386,390 pounds, valued at $540,093. This 
total included large wool sponges, 173,723 pounds, valued at $463,170 ; 
small wool, 63,786 pounds, valued at $28,705; yellow, 70,218 pounds, 
valued at $30,428; grass, 65,745 pounds, valued at $12,823; and wire, 
12,918 pounds, valued at $5,167. The prices of small wool sponges 
were so low the latter part of 1920 that several thousand bunches 
were held over for sale in 1921. For this reason the quantity of small 
wool sponges for 1921 was larger than for the previous year. It is 
estimated that $40,000 worth of sponges were sold at Tarpon Springs 
outside of the exchange. In addition an unknown but compara- 
tively small quantity was sold at Key West. 


INQUIRY RESPECTING FOOD FISHES AND FISHING GROUNDS. 
INTRODUCTION. 


_It is an original and fundamental function of the bureau to inquire 
into the causes of the decrease of food fish and other useful resources 
of the waters, in order to seek means of checking decreases where they 
appear and of promoting increases wherever possible. Decreases of 
aquatic resources have occurred and are likely to continue with the 
increased demand upon the fish-food supply and with a growing popu- 
lation that steadily augments the number of possible fishermen and 
sportsmen. 

There is indeed a conspicuous contrast between the histories of pro- 
duction of land and water products, respectively. While over a span 
of years we see with gratification a steady and noteworthy develop- 
ment in the yields of principal products of the land, we observe at the 
same time and, unfortunately, with generally small concern, an en- 
tirely different trend with regard to the crops that are derived from 
our waters. While we grow more wheat and corn, more cattle and 
poultry, we have less halibut and whitefish and fewer crabs and lob- 
sters. New regions have been opened to production of potatoes and 
fruits, while considerable areas of water bottom, once productive of 
oysters, have become barren and sturgeon and other useful fishes dis- 
appear. Many of our fisheries bid fair to become merely historical 
records. 

It is notable, too, that when a serious diminution in land crops 
_ threatens there is almost invariably a prompt and compelling demand 
for the application of methods of scientific research to the study of 
causes and remedies. Appropriations and personnel are made avail- 
able so that serious losses may not continue indefinitely for lack of 
the services of skilled investigators or for want of proper equipment 
for attack upon the problems involved. On the other hand, the dis- 
appearance of useful aquatic resources has rarely awakened an effec- 
tive public interest, and only a small and frequently changing per- 
sonnel with very limited equipment is permitted to confront the com- 
plicated problems that concern a hundred different resources of seas, 
lakes, and rivers, While a diminution in the yield of corn becomes a 


12879—22——3 


18 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 


cause for action, a decline in production of shad remains a topic for 
conversation. 

This is not to say that the exhaustion of fishery resources is in- 
evitable or that the decline of fisheries has not in some instances been 
arrested or retarded. In many cases, though not in all, effective 
results have been gained by the application of measures of production 
and propagation as far as has been permitted by the knowledge avail- 
able and by the public will. Investigations pursued in the past have 
yielded a certain fund of knowledge regarding propagation, habits, 
and conditions of life of fishes, and upon such knowledge is based 
both the fish-culture work that is so extensively pursued in the United 
States and the great body of sound protective measures whenever in 
effect. Were the fund of knowledge greater, artificial propagation 
would be more successful and economical and would no doubt be 
effectively extended to other species, while protective legislation would 
be more wisely framed and more successful in the accomplishment of 
its purpose. 

Never, perhaps, has there been greater demand for the applica- 
tion of knowledge regarding fishes to practical ends for‘the public 
good, while yet there is no proportionate demand for the discovery 
of the knowledge that can be given application. 

During the past year the bureau has endeavored to apply its lim- 
ited resources to the problems of the fishes in the most effective man- 
ner, having regard, inevitably, to the qualifications and experience 
of its available personnel and to the limited funds and equipment. 
The story of the progress and accomplishments in biological investi- 
gations is told in the following pages. 


STUDIES OF FISHES. 


Extensive studies were conducted of the runs of salmon in Alaska 
_to determine the facts necessary for effective regulation of the fish- 
eries, to the end that they may be maintained and improved. An 
important feature of this work is the determination of the proportion 
of the runs that must be permitted to escape to the spawning grounds 
in order that the natural increase may compensate for the fish cap- 
tured before spawning. The bureau has accumulated some informa- 
tion on this subject in connection with its fish-cultural operations at 
Baker Lake and Quinault Lake, Wash., but conditions vary with 
the locality, and before the results can be generally applicable in 
a practical way it will be necessary to make careful studies in a num- 
ber of streams presenting diverse physical conditions. During the 
year a rack was established in Karluk River, on Kodiak Island, and 
careful check. was kept. of the number of. salmon passing to the 
spawning grounds after escaping the fishery conducted entirely below 
the point of observation. Studies of the life history and migrations 
of the salmon of the Pacific Coast States have been continued as in 
previous years. ; 
Investigations of the fishes of the whitefish family have been 
continued and during the fiscal year were extended to Lake Superior. 
Some of these fishes are of great present commercial importance 
and others have potential value but are not now exploited because 
of their place of occurrence, the ignorance of the fishermen concern- 
ing their habits and habitats, or the inhibitions imposed by laws and 
regulations made for the protection of some other species. 


REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 19 


These studies have included the systematic relationships of the 
several species, their distribution, life histories, and habits, rate of 
growth, ages at maturity, and maximum size, etc. Certain of these, 
particularly the age at maturity, appear to be subject to local varia- 
tion. It is expected that a report embracing facts of value to fish 
culture and serving as a basis for rational conservation measures will 
be practically completed during the next year. 

Owing to the great importance of the fisheries of Chesapeake Bay, 
the decline in numbers of certain important food fishes, the ease 
with which some of them can be intercepted and captured, and the 
fact that the waters of the bay are under the jurisdiction of two 
States that can not always reconcile their conflicting interests, it 
appeared important to undertake an investigation of the fishes in 
order to furnish information to those responsible for their conserva- 
tion. The field work was begun near the end of the last fiscal year 
and has now been brought practically to a close. The study of col- 
lections and valuable notes and records accumulated has made some 
progress. The fishermen have evinced appreciation of the practical 
value of this work and have cooperated freely in supplying speci- 
mens and information and in giving access to fishing records. 

Primarily as an incident to other duties, certain of the bureau’s 
workers have been able to make material additions to knowledge of 
fresh-water fishes of economic value. In particular the information 
obtained concerning the natural history of the rock sturgeon is of 
importance in the formulation of measures to protect that valuable 
fish, which is yearly becoming less abundant. 

Largely by volunteer cooperation with the faculty and graduate 
students of the University of Wisconsin, useful studies have been 
made of the food and feeding habits of certain fresh-water fishes. 


INVESTIGATIONS RELATING TO FISH CULTURE. 


The experiments in pond culture of the buffalofish that have been 
conducted at Fairport (Iowa) station for several years have demon- 
strated that while not entirely necessary it is definitely advantageous 
to cause a rise in the water level of the pond at the spawning time, 
thus simulating by the production of an “artificial flood” the con- 
ditions that prevail at the annual rise of the streams of the Missis- 
sippi Valley. In a pond used in the experiments the progeny of 
eight fish at the end of the season numbered 98,000 fingerlings from 
2 to 5 inches long, a product equivalent to a yield of about 1 ton of 
fish to the acre. A paper on the pond culture of buffalofish, one of 
the most important food fishes of the Mississippi, has been prepared 
for the instruction of owners of ponds desiring to raise fish for home 
or local consumption. 

The beneficent and maleficent, relations of aquatic insects to pond 
culture was continued as a useful subject of investigation during 
the year. The life histories of nine species of beetles and bugs were 
worked out, and methods of control of the undesirable species have 
been indicated. | 

“At the request of the Iowa State Game and Fish Commission an 
examination was made of Clear Lake, Iowa, which resulted in recom- 
mendations toward the development of a commercial fishery for 
“rough” fish, the propagation of game fishes, and the general man- 
agement of the water area in the interest of increased fish production. 


20 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 


Suggestion having been made that the method of stripping salmon 
and trout now practiced at the bureau’s stations was faulty, a scien- 
tific assistant was detailed to cooperate with the fish-culturists at 
Erwin (Tenn.) station in experiments to determine whether the 
method suggested, in which the fish is held in the natural position, 
belly down, and the pressure applied only back of the ventral fin, 
was superior to that now employed. It was determined that the 
established method, when carefully and skillfully applied, is better 
than that proposed, principally for the reason that less time is re- 
quired in the operation and the fish subjected to less handling. 

The position of fish-pathologist was filled in February, after a 
long vacancy, and the new incumbent has been active in investigating 
the causes of disease and mortality in fishes both in the bureau’s 
hatcheries and in wild waters. Immediate and particular attention 
was devoted to the high mortality among rainbow-trout fingerlings 
shipped from White Sulphur Springs (W. Va.) station, and it was 
practically determined to be due to a protozoan parasite occurring in 
vast numbers in the intestine. This organism appears to have an 
unusual life history, and it is still under investigation in the hope 
that a weak link in its life chain may be found to furnish a point 
of application for remedial measures. 

Various assistants and collaborators of the bureau have examined 
into the occurrence and causes of the death of fishes in lakes and 
streams, and progress has been made in the study of conditions affect- 
ing the prevalence of parasitism in fishes in natural waters and the 
possible relation of parasites to retardation of growth in their fish 
hosts. For a number of years there has been a number of deaths 
among diamond-back terrapin hatched at Beaufort (N. C.) station 
and held under the unnatural condition of nonhibernation and winter 
feeding. This has now been determined to be due to a characteristic 
bacterial organism, and further studies may develop methods of com- 
bating the disease. 


STUDIES OF RIVER, LAKE, AND SEA. 


In its investigations of mortality and diseases of fishes, oysters, 
crabs, etc., and of the causes of sudden or gradual changes in their 
abundance the bureau has often been baffled by the lack of accurate 
knowledge of normal physical, chemical, and biological conditions 
in the waters affected. With the purpose to remedy this deficiency 
an investigation of Chesapeake Bay was undertaken during the fiscal 
year 1921. The field work was practically completed in that year, 
but two supplementary cruises were made in 1922. During the year 
covered by this report attention has been devoted to the compilation 
and digestion of the physical and chemical data relating to the waters 
of the bay and to sorting the biological material preparatory to as- 
signing it to the specialists for study and identification. 

Research of the same character was begun during the year in Long 
Island Sound and contiguous waters, where the investigations of the 
bureau and of the States concerned into the difficult problems pre- 
sented by the failure of the oyster set have been hampered by lack 
of information concerning the extent and dissemination of pollutions 
inimical to oyster culture and fishes and the character of the currents 
and the distribution of temperatures and salinity of the water. 


REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 21 


In view of the recent and prospective development of hydroelectric 
projects much interest attaches to the effects of dams and artificially 
impounded waters on the fisheries of interior waters. When the great 
dam across the Mississippi River was constructed a number of years 
ago many persons expressed the opinion that, particularly in the ab- 
sence of a fishway, the value of the fisheries of the upper river would 
be seriously impaired. For this reason the bureau has kept Lake 
Keokuk, the large body of water thus created, under periodical ob- 
servation, and during the months of July, August, and September, 
1921, it made an examination to determine the quantity of fish feed 
developed in this lake as compared with the natural river and Lake 
Pepin, a natural lake of about the same size, lying in the course of 
the Mississippi River in Minnesota and Wisconsin. It was found 
that the content of floating organisms (plankton) per unit of water 
volume was considerably greater in Lake Keokuk than in the adja- 
cent part of the river but much less than in Lake Pepin. The yield 
of the fisheries in the part of the stream covered by Lake Keokuk 
has increased since the erection of the dam, probably as a result of 
the increased food supply. 

At very small expense the bureau has been able to continue co- 
operation with the Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Sur- 
vey in very important and fundamental investigations of the fish food 
resources of small lakes. The results indicate a surprisingly high 
production of plants and animals per unit of water surface and con- 
firm the opinion long held of the potential importance of lakes and 
ponds as producers of food. 


FRESH-WATER MUSSELS. 


The propagation of fresh-water mussels, which provide the raw 
material for the valuable pearl-button industry of the Mississippi 
Valley, years ago attained large proportions and in the opinion of 
the industry has achieved results. The bureau has not been satisfied, 
however, to rest on present accomplishment but is constantly striving 
to improve the economy and effectiveness of the work and to extend 
it to species that have not satisfactorily responded to the methods 
now employed. For these reasons a material part of the activities of 
Fairport (Iowa) laboratory have been devoted to research and ex- 
periment on these river mollusks. If a satisfactory method could be 
developed for rearing the juvenile mussels to a stage at which they 
_could be planted directly on suitable bottom a definite advance in 
mussel propagation in public waters would be achieved, and it would 
make possible a system of private mussel culture comparable with 
that extensively practiced with the oyster in coastal waters. 

Some of the experiments in this field at Fairport have been highly 
successful, while the results of others conducted under seemingly 
favorable conditions have been insignificant. There are unknown or 
unrecognized conditions involved, and in addition to the direct ex- 
perimentation the attachés of the station have undertaken the com- 
prehensive study of all of the biological and physical factors that 
may have bearing on the subject. The work as a whole has given 
such encouragement of ultimate success as to make its continuance 
imperative. 

In the method of mussel culture now practiced it is necessary to 
handle large numbers of live fish, and the minor injuries that they 


22 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 


receive permit infections by bacteria and “ fungus,” which often 
result in death. It has been discovered that this difficulty may 
be overcome by immersing the fish in a solution of copper sulphate 
after the encystment of the glochidia. The latter are not injured 
by the treatment. 

The recommendations of the bureau for extending protection to 
mussels having been given effect by a number of the States, some 
of the closed areas have been placed under systematic observation 
to determine the results. The condition of the beds has been de- 
termined with respect to the abundance and ages of shells of dif- 
ferent species for comparison with similar data to be collected five 
years hence. 

An examination of the records of the catch of mussels on White 
River, Ark., over a period of years has confirmed the observations 
of mussel buyers on the stream that the artificial propagation of 
the yellow sand-shell on the river a number of years ago has re- 
pine in a material increase in the production of that valuable 
shell. 


OYSTER INVESTIGATIONS. 


The grave difficulties with which the oyster industry has had to 
contend in recent years, particularly in Long Island Sound and on 
the south wash of Long Island, have continued to receive the bureau’s 
attention. 

In Long Island Sound the set of young oysters has never been 
regular within historic times, but until recently it occurred with 
sufficient frequency to permit the upbuilding of the most extensive 
oyster-cultural operations in the country. This region is on the 
minimal temperature verge of the oyster’s habitat, and the investiga- 
tions made by the bureau have now shown that a water temperature 
suitable for spawning and the development of the oyster larve is 
attained for but a short time each year. In the summer of 1921 
this temperature was reached exceptionally early, but this condition, 
which ordinarily would have been favorable, was interfered with 
by subsequent cold, rainy weather, during which the larve disap- 

eared. 

The inshore, shoaler, warmer waters, which formerly supported 
the natural beds furnishing the spat that seeded the planted beds 
in the colder deep waters of the sound, have been largely depopu- 
lated by pollution with trade wastes. The solution of the problem 
appears to lie in planting and maintaining spawning beds in shore 
waters not yet seriously contaminated and in reducing the pollution 
now existing in other areas. The work in Great South Bay re- 
vealed an early occurrence of spawning and a great abundance of 
oyster larvee widely distributed, and, later, a correlated abundance 
and distribution of young oysters on the planted shores, Still later 
practically all of this set died, and the investigator is of the opin- 
ion, although it was not possible to demonstrate it as a fact, that 
this mortality was due either to the generation of toxic gases or the 
exhaustion of oxygen by the organic matter in the bottom mud. 
It was observed that the oysters that had set on materials ex- 
perimentally raised above the bottom survived, and the investigator 
has suggested to the planters that a similar method be tried com- 

mercially during the season of 1922. 


REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 23 


During the year a plague of mussels interfered seriously with 
the oyster industry of Chesapeake Bay. An investigation in Decem- 
ber and January indicated that the distribution of the mussels was 
limited within a narrow range of salinity of the water and was 
probably due to the paucity of rainfall during the preceding sum- 
mer. ‘This is one of the oysterman’s troubles that is beyond control 
but that, while costly during its prevalence, will correct itself. 


POLLUTION OF WATERS. 


Pollution of interior streams and waterways by industrial wastes 
and municipal sewage has been the subject of complaint and protest 
for many years. Industry, itself, frequently has been a victim of 
its own acts through inability to use the polluted water with safety 
in boilers or for the many other industrial purposes that require 
pure water. The public health has been menaced, public works have 
been damaged, agriculture has suffered, and in some parts of the 
country the streams have been swept bare of living things, includ- 
ing fishes and other animals of economic importance. Recently the 
vast development of petroleum production and transportation, the 
use of its derivatives for manifold purposes ashore, and particularly 
as fuel on ships, has introduced a new element of serious pollution in 
the great harbors and in places on the open coast. 

The pollutions are almost as varied as industry and in many cases 
are not only complex in themselves but are further complicated by 
their reactions on one another and on the natural constituents of the 
waters themselves. The waters can not be restored to their pristine 
purity, nor to any state approaching it, by mere legislative fiat, 
and the sooner that fact is appreciated and constructive measures 
are taken the better for the public welfare. 

The pecuniary losses now suffered as the result of water pollutions 
are enormous, and the preventable damage to the life and beauty 
of our streams, lakes, and seacoast is beyond estimate in terms of 
mere money. If existing abuses are to be corrected and new ones 
prevented without inflicting widespread economic injury, something 
more constructive than drastic laws must come into being. There 
must be corrective legislation, but it should be based on something 
more substantial than a perfectly justifiable desire for improve- 
ment. Complete utilization of raw materials is an ideal not attain- 
able. Industry must be accompanied by “ waste,” and the wastes 
must be disposed of in some manner. The problem is to devise ways 
of disposing of them so as to minimize their harmfulness while still 
permitting industrial development. This is the problem of the 
biologist, the chemist, and the engineer working in cooperation. 

The effects of these pollutions on the fisheries are the only phases 
of the subject that officially concern the bureau, and it has continued 
to endeavor, so far as its means would permit, to contribute to the 
solution of the problems involved; but it is futile to expect that much 
can be done unless money and, particularly, trained and capable men 
are provided for the purpose of determining facts and their prac- 
tical and scientific implications. 


BIOLOGICAL LABORATORIES. 


The laboratory at Woods Hole was not operated during the sum- 
mer of 1921 because of the limitation of funds, but its facilities were 


24 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES, 


extended, at no expense to the bureau, to a number of investigators 
connected with the Marine Biologic al Laboratory. In the summer 
of 1922 the laboratory was reopened with a very small staff of the 
bureau’s workers and a considerable number of volunteers investi- 
gating marine biological problems of their own selection. 

The station at Beaufort continued without a scientific director 
on account of the inadequacy of the salary to attract a man with 
sufficient training to discharge the duties of the position. Experi- 
ments in terrapin culture were continued, and the facilities of the 
station were utilized by the Navy Department for investigations 
relating to the prevention of fouling of ships’ bottoms. Several in- 
dependent investigators were also accommodated. 

With the exception of two months the laboratory at Key West 
has been without a technical staff on account of the low salaries. 

The principal work of the Fairport (Iowa) laboratory has been 
briefly described elsewhere in this report. 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES. 
REVIEW. 


During the fiscal year 1922 the fish-cultural work of the bureau 
was conducted along established lines on the usual extensive scale 
and with satisfactory results despite many difficulties. On the Pacific 
coast low water, followed later by freshets, affected the collection of 
salmon eggs. Through the Great Lakes region warm weather in the 
early part “of the season retarded the run of whitefish and lake trout 
and lowered the quality of their eggs, but conditions improved later. 
Unseasonable weather occurred during the period when the pond- 
fishes were spawning and resulted in chilling the eggs of the basses, 
crappie, sunfish, and other spring-spawning species. 

A comparison of egg collections and of the output of the hatcheries 
with the previous year shows a considerable divergence in the num- 
bers of the various species handled. The present year exhibits an 
increase in the output of such species as the buffalofish, glut herring, 
shad, whitefish, Pacific coast salmon, trouts, yellow. perch, cod, 
striped bass, and winter flounder, while decreases are evident in the 
output of carp, smelt, pike perch, haddock, and pollock. These 
annual variations may "be accounted for primarily by climatic con- 
ditions, which favorably or otherwise affect the spawning of an erie 
species. Another factor that contributed largely to ts ie 
in output was the reduction of funds for fish-cultural dperations 
The force for the collection of eggs must be assembled and placed in 
the field in advance of the expected run of fish, that they may be 
in readiness to secure the eggs as soon as they are available. In 

many very promising fields it was not possible to conduct opera- 
tions until the close of the season nor to hold the field force for 
delayed runs of fish on account of limited funds. 

The most important operations of the division of fish culture are 
those addressed to the maintenance of certain of the great com- 
mercial fisheries, which because of their magnitude must be con- 
sidered factors of importance in the maintenance of the fish supply 
of the country. A reduction in the general fund set aside for the 
propagation and distribution of food fishes must necessarily affect 
this class of work. 


4% 
a 


ae ponarennse tf bok 


REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 


25 


Further points of interest to be noted in comparing the present 
season’s output with that of 1921 is an increase of approximately 
33 per cent in the production of fingerling fish, a decrease of 6 per 


cent in operating costsy ‘Aid a_decrease-of-but-d per cent in the ag- 


gregate output. 


The output for 1922 was 4995-084320; as com- 


pared with 4,962,489,405 for 1921, while the cost per million fish 
produced for distribution for the present year was SEE, 3 as against 


$128.06 for 1921. 


During the fiscal year 1922 fish-cultural work was conducted in 
States and in the Territory of Alaska through the operation of 
At these stations over 40 species 


main stations and 35 auxiliaries. 
valuable food fishes were propagated. 


the interior waters. 


ao 
38 
of 


The output may be classified 
on the following geographic basis, which agrees with the general 
character of operations at the hatcheries: Anadromous species of 
the Atlantic coast, anadromous species of the Pacific coast, marine 
species of the Atlantic coast, fishes of the Great Lakes, and fishes of 


Summary, by species, of the output of fish and fish eggs during the fiscal year 
ended June 30, 1922, 


Fingerlings, 
Species. Eggs. Fry. yearlings, Total. 

and adults. 
CEUTA Does Deere pe eR Rea op gl Spee’ op Ae et ea Pat ea a a 52, 137, 880 52, 137, 880 
Brtinlotishic cet 5 cee. sould. gy. sprees. cep 86, 906, 000 51, 000, 000 3,341, 480 |° 141” 247? 480 
CHS" See poe er a eR eer ret |e Ne 82, 050, 000 22) 006, 805 104, 056, 805 
SANE Sete REM. IL. ELREES. Ped PTI DENG 3 Saget See ice 63, 461) 200|L 0). LLL. 63, 461, 200 
Gitipriprminge sm sek Lae ee as een eo ge en cee $2600; G00) 15-22. ewe h. 82, 600, 000 
Wiesinorsiinems ema ee seek vA aA od 156, 242, 000 SOR Sa0. G00" os fA eee Wee 462, 592, 000 
Note tree mer ete ee se NRE en 220, 690, 000 4%, 400000 | xs. 3o5%4. doz 268, 090, 000 
Ghinggkisalmones.4 22 sae wae soonest oeeee 1, 400, 000 1,311,550 | 57,769, 870 60, 481, 420 
ea OTESES SAITO Rete SEE a RL Ge, ihe Foe hood ee 1, 540, 000 14, 027, 610 15, 567, 610 
Pieri pp ackesnlniOn =e ee eee eae Cee | sors oo See 369, 860 1, 119, 400 1, 489, 260 
DEVeRSauMOn ss... 1 veeeh IMR AP FRA Me Poe te se? 600, 000 11, 074, 940 11, 674, 940 
Sinaia igen bit Va) 0 ee ee 450, 000 20, 000 2, 028, 220 2, 498, 220 
SIUC GENS Yo} 5) Soe eee cre eee 150, 000 32, 600, 000 59, 522, 365 92, 272, 365 
SPEEA SALITIOLY. ©. of LEE ORES 2 STE eT Oh TOPE Re ee Lem 1,334, 000 180 1,334, 180 
sangiocked salmon eof ers h2 28s 115, 000 187, 230 95, 780 398, 010 
HAR HOW- THOU ete eet bs 2,377, 840 410, 700 4, 439, 685 7, 228, 225 
Bidekspotted:trout, Y) .. 3,2 o35) Seki lecec! 1, 097, 500 493, 400 931, 000 2, 521, 900 
Ui ure Sind Be yl ip e0) Fl Som alee Can LE <a ie Gay arn ete Ri al |e Se ear cm LE he 56, 000 56, 000 
Rateetmopee es: Si paeiel eek Pytehe sy ds 2,796, 000 29, 359, 365 213) 090 32, 368, 455 
ISTP OTOL AAC LER Ue SED eae) sane 255, 000 3, 019, 050 6, 717, 805 9 991, 855 
Grayling he See Tye IED ss: QIAO Mis Ve ae PHOLO00K|seee2 JA2K. 32 950; 000 
MTU te ae OE ones Shee ze Sherer eee Pe ol PR IA Daye 300; COON ide 5 nek ee 300, 000 
Pike and pickerel............- alee we Spee a he RA, § oot et aera a 679, 795 679, 795 
Cranpiels Asis ier sr as Ss >. eS een Cee eee eee 36, 468, 545 36, 468, 545 
Largemouth black bass -....-. ote ot 2 ae RE ee 281, 700 1, 652, 710 1, 934, 410 
Smallmouth black bass ....... Rs > EE. CE 568, 250 76, 990 645, 240 
SPUGE OARS ee eee ee ee PN Re cee oes 800 52, 095 52,895 
Warmouth bass...---2- 2.22... So 5 ohh EE ee CLG ee ee OEE a 2,515 2,515 
Snmfishpioliwah bingiigs rg ee MRT ae rye eee 52, 697, 985 52, 697, 985 
nike merch nes ft). 2 tee A) eA ..-| 79,650, 000 55, 897, 500 34, 390 135, 581, 890 
ellpyn perch peal kay 2 ee) est ON 34, 400, 000 207, 527, 000 1, 604, 350 243,531, 350 
NAOT) TOES ROHR @ Ue SRE SN SOMRERE 5 be SRT SS, UR Se oo (Se Oe 36, 510 36,510 
RIMEPECE RN ASSMet a. Cee Cee eke ee a tele Sieee Te ee 253530) 000" | ered Foe. oe 25, 530, 000 
MISO Wakely nutes. yh se sey rer bye lees eo ye. led PP. vee oy cress 242, 025 "949° 025 

Cit |. 2c) a apie Darr er gens, Caetlie PROMS THOUS E fa. cheaeee =p s Py DO AAOY 
Feacdaceiil. Jatt OOS WSO ONE . ele P ie re 29048201000) 245102 23 329218 2k e808 

Pai Ter iceres See Yerdne. Ah Nh SUES bominerrdey Br! SEs S27 SRONOOON fa kee 327, 380, 000 
Wanerpcommeeren erst Crea nses Os bee | Oh 193,178,000 | 1, 867,378,000 |....--.-.-.--- 2, 060, 556, 000 
Bolewiounder seu: tics) sugested. vel ss. Yee 52 ODOR OOOH iss «ata cbs cae on | Lace -cedek cas 5, 090, 000 
Macketcint a wersts ot Pin, Care Seman Cee uae Fo. ee POOH OOO) | aa <) ie Snttnte 1, 980, 000 
LEp) 2 Ree ate eR So 8 Psa 2 OE OE SS TB Ee 2P5OD, OOO LISS. ESSE. 2, 505, 000 
STE OBIS 4 EO ga ER CU, Fee 0 ate 2 eR IR BPG Cl Eee ee es 32, 000 
MMISCEMANCULISER VET TISHOS oe sass tse een Sones ae ey LeMans sachs eof 10, 402, 355 10, 402, 355 

LLCO HE bap ne 5 5 AS ea gee NR 339, 432, 375 


12879—22——_4 


26 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 
DISTRIBUTION OF OUTPUT OF HATCHERIES. 


The output of the hatcheries is given a wide distribution, fish or 
eggs being ‘delivered to interested persons and State commissions 
in'practically all parts of the country, including Alaska. To ac- 
complish this, ‘five specially equipped railroad cars, having living 
quarters ‘for a crew of five men and compartments in which live 
fish may be carried several days without loss, were in active service 
through thé greater part of the year. These cars traveled 77,128 
miles, and ‘detached messengers in charge of consignments of fish 
traveled 306,215 miles, in the efforts of the bureau to supply over 
10,000 applications for fish. 

The cars were employed principally in distributing the fishes of 
interior waters, which were supplied on requests of individuals, fish- 
eries associations, and State fisheries officials, and to waters of na- 
tional parks; Forest Reserve, and Reclamation Service. The com- 
mercial species of the Atlantic and Pacific coasts and of the Great 
Lakes are distributed for the most part by boats operated by station 
crews. ‘These fish are liberated on the natural spawning grounds, or, 
in some instances, in barren waters where conditions favor their de- 
velopment. Nonindigenous fishes are introduced with great caution 
and only after a study of environment and careful consideration as 
to the future effect that the introduced species may have on the in- 
digenous fishes. This is especially true with reference to the intro- 
duction of the spiny-rayed fishes into trout or salmon waters.. Trout 
eggs have been successfully planted in some of the more remote 
waters of mountainous regions by depositing them 10 or 12 days 
previous to the hatching period; approximately 10,000 to 15,000 eggs 
are allowed to a mile of stream. 


RELATIONS WITH STATES IN FISH CULTURE. 


Closer cooperation has been brought about between the bureau 
and many States engaged in fish culture, since it has been pointed 
out to them that there is more or less duplication of effort in stock- 
ing waters. In many instances the States and the bureau combined 
money and forces, resulting in a saving of funds and more efficient 
work. States having inadequate or no hatching facilities have been 
permitted to utilize the bureau’s hatcheries for the purpose of in- 
cubating their eggs, when the same could be done without inter- 
ference with the bureau’s operations. Increased travel in the United 
States, especially by automobile, has caused a serious depletion of 
fish life in many sections, and the States realize that their institu- 
tions are not capable of coping with the situation alone. By a com- 
bination of effort eggs and fish are moved from one section of the 
country where they may be surplus to another where they may be 
-used in stocking depleted waters. Fish are removed from oyvyer- 
crowded waters where they serve as forage for larger fishes and are 

laced in more suitable environments where they will eventually be 
of benefit to the public. The State authorities lend their assistance 
and cooperation in making this interchange possible and profitable. 

During the year the bureau found it necessary to call the atten- 
tion of State officials to the great and growing need for more ade- 
quate laws for the protection of food and game fishes. This need 


REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 27 
applies to the Southern States more than to any other section, as 
waters that were once teeming with various species of fish are now 
becoming ¢lepleted, owing largely to the increase of tourist fisher- 
men. The waters of the Southern States are naturally very pro- 
ductive, more so, possibly, than those of any other part of the United 
States, and owing to the abundance of natural food developed in 
them bass and other species grow to large size. In some sections the 
fish receive no protection whatever during the spawning season, 
when fishing should be absolutely prohibited. Many States have 
shown a deep interest in this matter, and in response to the bureau’s 
recommendations have expressed the intention of bringing about the 
needed reforms in fishery legislation. The most notable example is 
Texas, which has recently passed special legislation covering the pro- 
tection of bass and most of its important food fishes. 

Mutually profitable cooperative relations have continued between the 
bureau and the Canadian fisheries authorities. Exchanges of Atlantic 
salmon eggs for eggs of the rainbow, brook, and blackspotted trouts 
have been made, and the collections of whitefish and cisco eggs in 
the Great Lakes regions have been largely increased by the fact that 
the Canadian authorities allowed the bureau’s men access to waters 
in Canadian territory. The result of this cooperation has been a 
greater output of these species by both Governments. 

During the fiscal year 1922 the fisheries authorities of 26 States 
were supplied with fish or fish eggs, as shown in the following table: 


Allotments of fish and fish eggs to State fish commissions, fiscal year 1922. 


State and species. Eggs. Fingerlings. | State and species. Eggs. Fingerlings. 

Idaho: Whitefish....... 1000; 000! |o obec ec cee Missouri: 

Thlinois: Rainbow trout..... 113,0)) 36, 280 
Black bass 227 Yellow perch....... 4 00D» O00) | eee a nnjcia ad = 
@arpi sets Ae tl. 3 100 || Montana: 

CALHSRNGS = - ce vans |< nr 15, 165 Blackspotted trout. 587, 500 
QUAD MIC == 22.4. decldcceo bts cance 4, 800 Chinook salmon.... 100, 000 

res SSS. Se eee). 4h... 10 Lake trout.......... 100, 000 
APUG Sen See. alec s Ree aes 50 Rainbow trout... .- 215, 000 
Roek bassis 4323 42.2 UA sa. tS. 40 Steelhead salmon. . 72, 000 
Sec it ee oe oe 30, 800 Whitefish... i3-ccpines 5, 000, 000 
Yellow perch.......}..-..- pia Raa 25 || New Hampshire: Lake 

Indiana: Pike perch....| 13,800,000 |..........2. TROUT SY. BOM Ed. I ee 

Towa: New Jersey: Lake trout. 25, 000 
Brook trout!2 5122.4) -45ssoved he 41,500 || New Mexico: 

Lake trout.4 <. . amie. DO) QO0 hhc sie «ap bt =i5 Brook trout «pee. bol cfs o fed deuce 
Pike) perch* 2. . 2 /2.. 5,100,000 |............ Rainbow trout... .. 75, 000 
Rainbow trout. 2). 206, 000 1,500 || New York: 7 

Kansas: Yellow perch.. 9, O00) 0008. 3. ic. a geres 2 Ciscors 24 see sees T6305) 000) | e528 saan 

Maine: Lake trout...... SOS 0008 EE Es 8. Sis Lake trout.......... 1, 000,000 |J2s2s5 02220. 

Maryland: Steelhead salmon... 90,000 | edodecdeces 
WISCOTEEE Ee ceete se ce DE QUO il sateen ates: Whitefish........... NS COO FOUD eects ctecise <a 
Chinook salmon....|.............. 5,000 || North Dakota: 

Rainbow trout..... TSS O00! |. toa an iets wicte Black Passstecs cee tse Saeaee tele 930 

Massachusetts: Cathishis. 5 4i escent Seen. ctte tee 5, 600 
aartt st Lots ae lo clae ahopate es & olnim 250 (CRA DIRS ia weasel eg tae oe one eta anche 280 
arish ey Cases cnt. | t Sar eee se 5 4, 000 BUSH ea saN eee eae atites oecee 4,380 

Michigan: WellOw PerGhetsces vals vero cclenlee 700 
(yok eo ee 32, 000, COON Ed tocen ost Oklahoma: Rainbow 
rake trout ts. S27. oth. Sea Saa eS 600, 000 trout EE, HOES SA SIRS! 113, 500 
Rainbow trout... .. 390, O00). ooo a nile Oregon: 

Pike perch’: 22... DO PHO: CUO: ten Meee tse Chinook salmon. ... TNSU0s CUI = omic Sete ware 
_ Albino brook trout..|.............. 10, 000 Graylingés. (42533 h.| e025 seh ds. 25, 000 
Minnesota: Pennsylvania: 
Black bass ssi... ath. 6, 395 Catfish... SSI. EI Ak. IS 200 
(Ope y0) [eae EY SREY Re See eee 3, 150 CISCO aA Sik Bes ek 1141300000.) 4200202596 
Lake trout.......... 200 FOO Ml sete Sites 2 Lake trout.......... OO/O00 Ree cases « 
Steelhead salmon... 90,000) | 5. hist ho. 4 Pike perch..3:::../: 4; 200, O00 Went 3 2e'f.2i-2f 
DUGHSN, ocd ets wake |ededtos «chee we 39, 050 Steelhead salmon... BO OQ0| eo). So ee cise 
Mellow: perch: 2532/9: 2830-2. 3: 120 Whitefish........... 32; 340/000 |..c.... 2222. 


28 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 


Allotments of fish and fish eggs to State fish commissions, etc.—Continued. 


State and species. Eggs. Fingerlings. State and species. Eggs. Fingerlings. 
Tennessee: Rainbow || Wisconsin—Contd. 
tOUD se Fee oe 50, 000 16,000 Cranpie= 5.30 jak ieee eee 3 eee 660 
Utah: ASTI ee ne coon enero eo cre ote &, 400: 
Brook trout........ 25); OOD) as. cewicd ce b Yellowmerchisss sae esas 2,975 
Lake trout.......... LOOKOO TE = oc es anise om Wihitefish: 2 -25.12-2 21.000; 000) |=a anne aeee 
Vermont: Wyoming: 
Lake trout, ........: 25, 000 91, 865 Blackspotted trout. 250,000) | cic cine 
Rainbow/ trout... fy ae 3, 000 | Brook trout. see ease eee 24, 000 
West Virginia: Rainbow i| Lake trout.........: | 100,000 |s. = 22 eqqad¢ 
LEU treratee 2 aera ee odie all sis Boe ee re ore 116, 000 | Rainbow trout..... | 446; 280 1-22 <eeeee 
Wisconsin: | [| 
IBincksDass-s2-ee6 ses] ae) ae cee 6,790 Total ona ose eae 333,519,740 | 1,270,662 
MG AUBSIN aera «cto alot [em ctate «aaa tee 1,920 | 


Shipments of fish eggs to insular possessions and foreign countries, fiscal 


year 1922. 
Number Number 
Country and species. of eggs Country and species. of eggs 
shipped. shipped. 
Canada: Hawaii: Rainbow trout:..:--..-..--.- 51, 000 
Blackspotted trout ............... 200,000 || Switzerland: 
Landlocked salmon...............- 100, 000 TER OO LEO erste isp lac oth ceili ek eee 50, 000 
Rainbow? trout). 2240.52.04. 3/202. 450, 000 Rambow trout?) fg. Ge 50, 000 
Wititefishie yy eaiea (Woe 61, 192, 000 ———_—___— 
Czechoslovakia: Rainbow trout....... 100, 000 TBOUHU =. so0. ieee he ore eee eee 62,193, 000: 
! 


COOPERATION WITH FISH-PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATIONS, 


Realizing the necessity of greater protection for interior waters, 
the bureau has corresponded on the subject with fishing clubs and 
others who are interested in fishery matters. Many clubs have 
shown a willingness to protect the fish until they attain maturity 
and to curtail the number that may be taken. In some instances 
associations are holding fish furnished by the bureau in specially 
constructed ponds, where they will be fed and liberated later in the 
season. This cooperation has had the effect of reducing expenses 
and increasing the chance of survival of the fish furnished. The 
National Forest Service has taken the lead in this respect, having 
already ‘established many ponds in the territory under its control. 
Many of the forest rangers have been instructed in the handling of 
fish and their proper distribution, and a record has been kept of all 
suitable streams and the number of fish lberated therein. The 
bureau has been pleased to cooperate with such organizations. 


PROPAGATION OF MIGRATORY FISHES OF ATLANTIC RIVERS. 


The results of shad propagation on the Potomac River were good. 
Weather conditions throughout the season were generally favorable; 
there was a large catch of fish, and the take of eggs was over three 
times that of last year. The total output of the Edenton (N. C.) 
station was also materially increased. In this region the extensive 
operation of pound nets has had the effect of considerably curtailing 
the output of shad fry as compared with past years, most of the shad 


REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 29 


under present conditions being taken in a green state, between salt 
water and the spawning grounds. A few fishermen were permitted 
to operate gill nets on the spawning grounds under licenses issued 
by the State, and the eggs taken from the fish caught are turned 
over to the hatchery. The most notable increase in the work at the 
Edenton (N. C.) station during the year was in the collection of 
elut-herring eggs. This species ‘has commercial importance in Albe- 
"marie Sound, and it appears worthy of increased attention. 

In the Roanoke River, in the vicinity of Weldon, N. C., striped 
bass appeared in large ‘numbers, and over 48,000 000 eves were 
obtained, fully twice the number in any preceding year. The greater 
part of this increase was due to the more effective work of the fish- 
ermen in supplying ripe eggs to the bureau’s hatchery. 

In advance of the shad-hatching season the Bryans Point (Md.) 
station was engaged in yellow- perch propagation. Eggs of this 
species are secured by collecting the adult fish and holding them in 
specially constructed live cars anchored in creeks near the hatchery 
until their eggs have been deposited, when they are liberated. The 
eggs are transferred to hatching jars, and the resulting fry are 
liberated in the streams from which the fish were derived. Duri ing 
the season a total of 21,620 adult yellow perch were collected, and 
from the females, which constituted about three-fourths of the lot, 
199,660,000 eggs were taken, practically all of them being of first 
quality. 

The propagation of Atlantic salmon at the Craig Brook (Me.) 
station was conducted as heretofore. At the beginning of the year 
there were on hand in the station inclosure awaiting the ripening of 
their eggs 199 adult wild salmon that had been purchased during 
the preceding two months from commercial fishermen, but the num- 
ber was reduced at spawning time in October to 190, from which 
572,000 eggs were taken. In addition 1,000,000 eyed eggs were 
received from the Candian Government in March, in exchange for 
trout eggs, and from the combined stock 1,334,000 fry were liber- 
ated in the Penobscot River and tributaries in the month of May. 
At the close of the fiscal year 47 adult salmon were being held in the 
station pound. The number obtained was considerably smaller than 
usual, the decrease being due mainly to the low market price for 
Atlantic salmon, which did not justify the fishermen in expending 
much money in equipment. 

During the fall of 1921, 445,000 eggs were secured from wild hump- 
back salmon taken from’ Dennys River, at Dennysville, Me. These 
were incubated at the Craig Brook (Me.) station, producing approxi- 
mately 370,000 fry for return to the Dennys River and tributaries. 
This run of fish resulted from the transfer of humpback salmon 
eggs from the Afognak (Alaska) station in November, 1917, being 
the second generation to ascend the river for reproduction. It there- 
fore appears that the humpback salmon has become well established 
in the waters of the Maine coast. 


PROPAGATION OF COMMERCIAL FISHES OF GREAT LAKES. 
The bureau’s operations in this region are confined to the propa- 


gation of such species as whitefish, cisco, lake trout, and pike perch. 
Operations with the first two species showed a satisfactory increase 


30 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 


in output as compared with previous years, this being made possible 
largely by favorable weather conditions in the latter part of the 
season, which permitted the commercial fishermen to operate their 
boats and handle their nets at the time the fish were on the spawning 
grounds. However, in the Saginaw Bay field, in Michigan, the 
collection of pike-perch eggs was brought to a sudden close a few 
days after the opening of the season by a severe storm that de- 
stroyed many of the nets belonging to the commercial fishermen. 
The need of a hatchery at some point on Saginaw Bay to take care 
of the immense numbers of pike-perch and yellow-perch eggs now 
being wasted in the fisheries in that field, is as great. as formerly. It 
it estimated that approximately 1,000,000,000 eggs of each of these 
species are lost each year owing to the lack of proper hatching facili- 
ties for handling them. The eggs can not be successfully hatched at 
any of the interior stations because the water conditions there are 
not suitable, and the cost of transferring the eggs to distant hatcheries 
and returning the fry to the parent waters would be prohibitive, 
even if water conditions were favorable. 

In compliance with demand, carp propagation in the western end 
of Lake Erie was prosecuted, as heretofore, from the Put in Bay 
(Ohio) station and about 82,000,000 fry were liberated in Portage 
River and adjacent waters. Through the courtesy of Port Clinton 
(Ohio) fishermen, the bureau installed and operated a temporary 
hatchery in one of the fish houses. 

No attempt was made to collect whitefish eggs in the extreme 
western end of Lake Erie, as there were not sufficient fish on the 
grounds to warrant the fishermen in operating their nets. The fall- 
ing off in the run of whitefish in this section of the lake in recent 
years is attributed to trade wastes from the Raisin, Maumee, and 
Detroit Rivers. The fishermen are convinced that the fish are seek- 
ing new spawning grounds. and most of the eggs obtained during the 
season were derived from fish taken in the vicinity of Middle Bass, 
North Bass, and Catawba Islands, and Port Clinton, Ohio. There 
was a good run of fish in these fields, and the Put in Bay hatchery 
was filled to capacity with eggs, the total collection amounting to 
385,820,000. 


PROPAGATION OF PACIFIC SALMONS. 


There was an excellent run of sockeye salmon in the vicinity of 
the Afognak (Alaska) station. No trouble was experienced in secur- 
ing all the eggs the hatchery could care for, and it was estimated 
that not over one-fourth of the available fish were used in the spawn- 
ing operations. The take of eggs of this species for the season 
amounted to 53,835,000. On account of the warm weather during 
August and September the eggs advanced to the hatching stage fully 
three weeks earlier than under normal conditions, but no difficulty 
was encountered in holding the fry on the trays until the proper 
time for their distribution. A new method of transporting the 
fry, suggested by Alfred Nelson, was tested with good results. The 
fry were moved on trays stacked on a Yukon sled, with a tarpaulin 
covering, and it was found they could be transported in this way 
without bad effects when out of the water for as long as half an 
hour. A number of eggs that had been placed as an experiment in 


= 


REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 31 


gravel in an old hatching trough held in the creek were found to be 
a total loss, the eggs dying apparently on reaching the eyed stage. 

The collection of sockeye-salmon eggs at the Yes Bay (Alaska) 
station extended from August 29 to September 27, 51,000,000 being 
taken. Protracted rains after the middle of September caused very 
high-water stages, which interfered to a considerable extent with 
seining operations. The first eggs taken showed the eye spots by 
September 27, and by November 1 all of them were eyed. The fry 
were held on trays in the hatching troughs until the sac was absorbed 
and they had commenced to come to the surface in search of food. A 
branch of the creek in front of the hatchery approximately 2,000 feet 
long was closed with a rack and stocked with fry, and in this pro- 
tected area where the fry were fed, the edges of the grass and numer- 
ous little indentations along the bank were literally swarming with 
young fish. It is believed that this method of holding the fish more 
‘nearly approximates natural conditions and that the resulting 
fingerlings may be safely liberated in the body of the lake in the 
month of June, at which time but few of their natural enemies are 
present. The fry held in the hatchery were fed from June 1 to 29, 
when the food supply of salted salmon was exhausted and it became 
necessary to plant the entire stock. Two million fry were held in 
McDonald Slough, an arm of the lake located about 4 miles from salt 
water. They were put into the lake on May 11, and by July 25 those 
observed around the shores were 2 inches long. On September 10 
the screen was removed and the fish were permitted to migrate into 
the main body of the lake. An experiment was tried of planting eggs 
within four or five days of hatching in the sand and gravel around 
the shores of several neighboring lakes. It is believed that such 
bodies of water as appear to have sufficient natural food may be 
stocked by this method and that the young will escape to the sea 
during high-water periods without injury. The usual run of hump- 
back salmon entered the lake early in July, and approximately 
246,000 eggs of that species were taken. 

Operations were conducted at Baker Lake and at six of its 
auxiliaries in Washington. Five of these stations were open during 
the entire year, and all species of Pacific coast salmon and the steel- 
head were handled, the total egg collections of the group amounting 
to 47,693,000. Although there was a slight decrease in egg collec- 
tions at some of the stations, the work as a whole exceeded that of 
the past year. At Baker Lake the work of constructing buildings 
to replace those destroyed by fire several years ago was completed, 
and a new trap was installed at the outlet of the lake. This trap is 
located some distance below its predecessor and apparently functions 
better. The new hatchery has a capacity for 30,000,000 eggs and 
25,000,000 fry, when carried in the stacked tray system. The usual 
fish-cultural operations and repairs were conducted at all of the 
substations in Washington. Humpback salmon began ascending 
Duckabush River in the vicinity of the bureau’s station on Septem- 
ber 2, and the run lasted an entire month. It is believed that fully 
75 per cent of this run escaped the traps and spawned naturally. 
Eggs to the number of 874,000 were collected, and the resulting fish 
were returned to the river in the advanced fry stage. 

At Quinault Lake (Wash.) station, two concrete rearing ponds of 
the long narrow type with sloping sides were constructed. They 


32 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 


are 75 feet long, 6 feet wide, with an average depth of 30 inches, 
and have an estimated capacity of 50,000 sockeye fingerlings. Shortly 
after September 15, traps were placed in the rack at Big Creek, and 
the equipment was made ready for the spawning season, which 
opened October 1. The sockeye salmon counted through the trap 
at the end of June, 1922, numbered 199,489, in addition to 429 steel 
heads and 251 blackspotted trout. It is estimated that the run was 
equal to the big run of 1915. Many of the Indians secured excellent 
catches of salmon, some taking as many as 300 fish per day with dip 
nets, and a profit of from $200 to $300 per day for the gill-netters 
was not unusual. A price of 50 cents per fish, regardless of size, was 
paid by the packers throughout the season. Of the salmon counted 
at the weir 8.8 per cent had received gill-net markings at the mouth 
of the river. 

Fish-cultural operations were conducted as usual in the California 
field, and at Baird and its two auxiliaries an average number of fry 
was held and fed to the fingerling stage. The total number of 
chinook-salmon eges collected amounted to 6,853,000, All of these 
stations are in need of extensive rearing ponds and a more adequate 
water supply. 

The usual egg collections were made at the stations in Oregon, 
although a rise in the Clackamas River ended the season suddenly 
at Clackamas station on October 28, when a portion of the rack was 
carried away, allowing large numbers of chinook and silver salmon 
to pass upstream. Both runs of chinook salmon were equal to ex- 
pectations throughout the field except on the Rogue River and in 
Tdaho, the take of eggs at these points being materially lessened by 
high water during the late spring when the snow was melting. At 
Clackamas and its auxiliaries 63,685,000 eggs were collected, of which 
57,885,000 were chinook salmon. Salmon fry to the number of 
51,446,000 were retained at the various points to be fed, but it was 
found later that this heavy stock was overtaxing the capacity of the 
hatcheries, and the surplus had to be released. It is very essential 
that increased holding space be provided in advance of another 
season’s operations so that all salmon produced may be held and fed 
for liberation at a more advantageous period, The fish held ap- 
peared to thrive and showed no ill effects from a diet of middlings 
mixed with meat. Tt has been found that by feeding the fish slowly 
twice a day the results are better than if fed from four to six times 
daily. In liberating the fish from the sloughs and other inclosures 
experience has shown that it is preferable to release them in small 
lots. 


PRODUCTION OF MARINE SPECIES, 


Collections of eggs at the marine stations exceeded those of 1921 by 
approximately 800,000,000, but the output was materially less than in 
the preceding year, owing to the adverse conditions under which the 
eggs were obtained and their resultant inferior quality. On account of 
the shortage in funds spawn takers could not be placed on the vessels 
of the offshore fishermen to fertilize and plant the ripe spawn taken, 
The Boothbay Harbor (Me.) station confined its efforts to the propa- 
gation of the winter flounder, of which the output amounted to 922,- 


REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 33 


777,000. Operations at the Woods Hole (Mass.) station were some- 
what restricted on account of the few vessels operating on the fishing 
grounds as a result of the low market price for fish. Another factor 
that largely affects the success of the cod work at this point is that 
comparatively few of the vessels operating on the more important 
fishing grounds are constructed with wells for the transportation of 
live fish, and the supply of brood fish, therefore, is limited, During 
the season 4,023 brood cod were received, and from them 280,466,000 
eggs were obtained. ‘The propagation of winter flounders was un- 
favorably affected by weather conditions, the severe cold at times 
making it necessary to cut through several feet of ice in setting and 
attending the nets. At Waquoit but 71 brood females, yielding 
819,927,000 eggs, were obtained. Work at Wickford, R. I., which is 
conducted later in the season, was almost a failure on account of un- 
seasonably high-water temperatures. ‘The steamer //alcyon was put 
into the Newport field to collect eggs from fish caught in deep waters, 
but owing to the great depth and consequent low-water temperatures 
the fish did not spawn freely until it was too late in the season to 
make successful shipments of eggs to the hatchery. From a con- 
signment of 25,000 steelhead eggs transferred to the Woods Hole 
station from Birdsview, Wash., 20,000 fry were hatched and liberated 
in suitable waters on Cape Cod, most of them being placed in Johns 
Pond, at Mashpee, Mass. 

Pollock work was taken up by the Gloucester (Mass.) station in 
November. Throughout the season there appeared to be an abun- 
dance of pollock on the inshore fishing grounds, but they were 
continually moving, causing great fluctuation in the daily catch and 
necessitating frequent shifts of nets. Owing to this difficulty the 
total egg collections for the season amounted to but 507,270,000, 
nearly 100,000,000 less than in 1921. The experiments with the 
pole flounder undertaken in the spring of 1921 were continued into 
July, and considerable information regarding the nature of the fish 
was secured. It appears that most of the fish spawn in August 
and September. The eggs are about one-twentieth of an inch in 
diameter, numbering approximately 470,000 to the liquid quart; they 
are buoyant, transparent, nonadhesive, and can not be successfully 
transported from the spawning grounds to the hatchery, and it 
would appear necessary, if the propagation of the species is to be 
continued, to secure eggs from the ripe fish caught by the com- 
mercial fishermen, fertilize them, and plant them on the spawning 
grounds. The collection of cod eggs for the Gloucester station ex- 
tended practically through the entire winter and spring, though most 
of them were taken in March and April. During November and 
December numerous reports were received concerning the spawning 
of large numbers of cod off the coast of Plymouth, Mass., but on 
account of the bad weather it was not possible to make large collec- 
tions there. In January in the tae Bay field, the fishing boats 
were making large catches, when a heavy storm came up, scattering 
the fish and preventing fishing operations until late in March. Wit 
the approach of spring most of the gill-net fleet withdrew from this 
field, and from that time on the hatchery was dependent on the fleet 
of small boats operating there and in 1 EH anh Bay. Heavy 


34 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 


spring rains sometimes cause the coastal waters to become so fresh 
that it is impossible to handle eggs of the marine species at the 
Gloucester hatchery, and under such conditions the spawn takers are 
instructed to carefully fertilize the eggs and plant them on the 
spawning grounds. The total cod-egg collections for the season 
amounted to 306,960,000, and owing to the water conditions 124,- 
060,000 of this number were fertilized and planted immediately. 
The haddock eggs secured were for the most part obtained from 
fish caught on the inshore grounds, especially during March and 
April, when 90 per cent of the collection was made. Collections 
earlier in the season were curtailed by heavy storms. 


CULTIVATION OF FISHES OF INTERIOR WATERS. 


The output of brook, blackspotted, rainbow, and Loch Leven 
trouts for the fiscal year amounted in round numbers to 20,000,000, 
a decrease of approximately 4,000,000 as compared with the pre- 
vious year. Brook-trout operations at the Leadville (Colo.) station 
were very successful, and the large stock of eggs obtained produced 
a good percentage of vigorous fry, which were planted in the waters 
of Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana. Five hundred thousand eggs 
of this species were diverted to the Glacier Park hatchery for in- 
cubation and stocking the waters of that reservation. In cooperation 
with the State authorities, the superintendent of the Springville 
(Utah) station made a successful brook-trout egg collection, and 
after retaining a sufficient number of eggs to meet local require- 
ments, 1,959,000 were shipped to other stations of the bureau and 
State hatcheries. | 

In an effort to establish a source of supply for steelhead eggs in 
eastern waters, a consignment of eggs of that species was shipped 
from Birdsview (Wash.) to Manchester (Iowa) station, the result- 
ing fry to be reared for a brood stock. 

The Meadow Creek station, in Madison Valley, Mont., was oper- 
ated for rainbow-trout propagation as a subsidiary of the Bozeman 
(Mont.) station. A 6-inch wood pipe line was installed for the 
purpose of securing water from a spring and avoiding the use of 
creek water for incubation. The egg collection was somewhat 
smaller than that of the average season, due principally to adverse 
weather conditions during the spawning period. Through coopera- 
tion with the State of Montana, this station was kept open beyond 
the usual closing time, in order that the fry might be cared for 
until they had reached a suitable age for distribution in local waters. 
This avoided the heavy expense of shipping the eggs and returning 
the resulting fish from the main hatchery at Bozeman, and at the 
same time the loss was smaller and the fish better than would have 
otherwise been possible. By exchange, the bureau received a large 
number of blackspotted trout eggs from the Montana fisheries au- 
thorities. These eggs were considerably earlier than those produced 
in the Yellowstone park field and made possible a much more ad- 
vanced distribution than usual from the Bozeman (Mont.) station. 

Operations in Yellowstone Park were conducted by the superin- 
tendent of the Leadville (Colo.) station, who, with a force assembled 
at Gardiner, entered the park on May 25. The station was opened 
and racks installed in all suitable streams on the west side of the 


REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 35 


lake. On account of the large amount of snow in the mountains to 
the east of the lake, the indications were that no fish would be 
found in the streams of that section until early July. Collections 
during June, 1922, were about equal to those during the entire season 
of 1921, and for the entire season of 1922 will probably be larger 
than the average. This increase is attributed to the heavier stocking 
of lakes and tributary streams in recent years, made possible by co- 
operation with the National Park Service. The superintendent of 
Yellowstone Park has rendered valuable assistance by furnishing 
pack trains for transporting the fish to the more inaccessible waters. 
Credit is also due the State of Wyoming for incubating eggs in the 
State hatchery at Cody and planting most of the resulting fry along 
the eastern boundary of the park. The Forest Service assisted in 
distributing fish in the waters along its southern and western 
boundaries. 

The Saratoga (Wyo.) station constructed a field hatchery at Sage 
Creek, and succeeded in collecting 1,336,000 rainbow-trout eggs, 
most of which were utilized in stocking Wyoming waters, in co- 
operation with the State hatcheries. Glacier National Park hatchery 
was well stocked with eggs shipped from Bozeman (Mont.), Lead- 
ville (Colo.), and the Yellowstone Park (Mont.) stations, and a 
much larger number of fish were planted im the park than last year. 
In cooperation with the park authorities the waters have been cata- 
logued, and an effort will be made to plant therein the most suitable 
species of fish, pursuing the work systematically from year to year. 
Assisted by Glacier Park and Montana fishery officials, the superin- 
tendent of the Bozeman (Mont.) station planted a consignment of 
brook-trout fingerlings in the headwaters of the Upper Kootenai 
River and Cameron Lake. 

Spearfish (S. Dak.) station continued to make improvements to 
its pond system for the better handling of brook trout. This has 
been made possible through an arrangement with the city authori- 
ties for the use of the surplus water from the city reservoir. In 
the propagation of domesticated rainbow trout the results at this 
station continue to show improvement in both quality and numbers. 

The most successful rainbow-trout work in the eastern section 
of the country was accomplished at the stations located at Neosho, 
Mo., White Sulphur Springs, W. Va., Erwin, Tenn., and Wythe- 
ville, Va. In recent years the output of rainbow trout from the 
Manchester (Iowa) station has been inferior, owing to the poor 
quality of its brood stock, but new blood has been introduced, and 
it is believed that this station will soon be producing eggs of its 
former high standard. Neosho (Mo.) station made arrangements 
with a company at Roaring River, Mo., for the collection of eggs 
from semiwild rainbow trout, and approximately 600,000 were se- 
cured from that source. At the Wytheville (Va.) station a filter 
and settling tank was installed for the purpose of eliminating roily 
water, heavy rains in that region causing the spring to become very 
turbid at times. This apparatus will remove approximately 90 per 
cent of the sediment from the water, making it practically clear at all 
times: Formerly it was almost impossible to rear young brook trout 
at this station, large numbers perishing every year during the.roily- 
water period, but under the improved conditions it is believed no 
trouble will be experienced. 


36 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 


Anatomical studies of the rainbow trout by the division of scien- 
tific inquiry were continued throughout the year at the Erwin 
(Tenn.) station, and a number of facts pertaining to the reproduc- 
tive organs of the female fish that were heretofore not understood 
have been brought out. 

Climatic conditions during the spring of 1922 were not favorable 
to a large output of the pond fishes, except at San Marcos, Tex., and 
Louisville, Ky. At all the other stations of this class there was a 
marked decrease in the output, due to sudden changes in water 
temperature, which caused the bass to desert their nests. 

Owing to lack of funds the bureau did not cooperate with the State 
of Minnesota in the collection of pike-perch eggs in the Rainy Lake 
region. Buffalofish propagation was conducted as usual in the State 
of Louisiana. Previous to the opening of the spawning season the 
hatchery on the Atchafalaya River was removed to Pelba, about 1 
mile distant, because of the erosion of the river bank at the old site. 
Pelba is a more favorable location for the collection of buffalofish 
eggs, being nearer the center of the spawning grounds. Approxi- 
mately 142,000,000 eggs were obtained, an increase of about 35 per 
cent over collections of the preceding year. The spawning season 
was delayed somewhat beyond the usual time by the backward 
spring, the first eggs being taken March 9, and on April 4 collections 
were discontinued on account of high water. Taking advantage of 
an opportunity, the bureau collected approximately 57,000,000 
buffalofish eggs in connection with fishing operations on the upper 
Mississippi River at Bellevue, Iowa, and Lynxville, Wis. This is 
considered conservation work oft he highest importance, since the 
eggs would be sent to the market and lost were it not for the inter- 
vention of the bureau. 


RESCUE OPERATIONS IN MISSISSIPPI RIVER VALLEY. 


The salvage of food fishes from the temporarily overflowed lands 
along the Mississippi River has continued to be a prominent duty of 
the fish-cultural service. All of the important old fields were occu- 
pied, but no new territory was covered for lack of funds. The work 
at Meredosia, Ill., was discontinued, because the former fields are 
now utilized for agriculture and by clubs interested in creating duck- 
shooting preserves. The owners of preserves refused to permit the 
bureau to operate seines in the pools on the ground that it would 
disturb the ducks and destroy their natural food. The equipment 
at this point was distributed among the upper river stations, and the 
buildings were sold to the highest bidder. The principal centers 
of rescue work were Homer, Minn., La Crosse, Wis., Marquette and 
Bellevue, Iowa. 

Favorable water conditions permitted the rescue crews to start 
operations early in August, 1921. As the water receded additional 
crews were placed at points between Prescott, Minn., and Bellevue, 
Towa, and the work was prosecuted until stopped by freezing 
weather in November. At La Crosse, Bellevue, and Marquette re- 
taining stations are used for holding fishes needed for distribution 
to applicants. At other points it has been found more economical 
to operate from specially constructed house boats, as the rescued fish 


REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 37 


are placed immediately in the open waters, none being retained for 
shipment. The total number of fish rescued in the Mississippi River 
during the season was about 178,475,000, at a cost of approximately 
14 cents per thousand. Cooperation in the work was received from 
the States of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Illinois. 


DISTRIBUTION OF MOSQUITO-EATING FISHES. 


At a number of the bureau’s southern stations it has been found 
that the mosquito-eating fish Gambusia affinis can be obtained in 
large numbers for the mere cost of collecting them from the 
pools, and in some instances they have been reared in the same 
ponds with the food fishes. In response to requests from the Ameri- 
ean National Red Cross and various State health authorities, ship- 
ments of Gambusia have been made by express, those receiving 
them paying the transportation charges. On account of the great 
service rendered the public, the bureau has felt itself justified in 
meeting reasonable demands for this fish. 


ALASKA FISHERIES SERVICE. 
EXTENT OF THE ALASKA FISHERIES, 


The noteworthy feature of the salmon industry in 1921 was the 
great decrease in operations, only 83 salmon canneries being oper- 
ated, 2 of which were new plants, as against 146 in the preceding 
year. The reduction of activities was most marked in the southeast 
and central districts. The catch of red salmon in the western district 
exceeded that of the two years immediately preceding, while the 
catch of salmon in the southeast district was the smallest in 17 
years. The market for the cheaper grades of salmon was unsatis- 
factory, and this together with the anticipated light run of salmon 
in the central and southeast districts was no doubt largely responsi- 
ble for the great reduction in activity. 

The catch of salmon in the Alaska fisheries in 1921 was 37,905,591 
fish, of which 26,103,291 were red or sockeye salmon, 7,156,815 
humpback or pink salmon, 2.636.901 chum or keta salmon, 1,182,205 
coho or silver salmon, and 826,376 king or spring salmon. Appor- 
tioned by geographical districts the catch in southeast Alaska was 
11,852,511 fish, central Alaska, 7,929,346 fish, and western Alaska, 
18,123,734 fish. Comparing these figures with the returns for 1920, 
it appears that there was a net decrease of about 42 per cent; coho, 
chum, and humpback salmon were taken in less numbers and king 
and red salmon in greater numbers. 

The canneries, which utilized the greater part of the salmon 
catch, numbered 83, a decrease of 63 from 1920. The pack of canned 
fish was 2,596,826 cases, with a market value of $19,632,744, a de- 
crease of 1,832,637 cases and $15,970,056 from the previous year. 
The pack of red salmon was larger and that of all other species was 
smaller than in 1920. 

Other salmon products were 2,814,800 pounds of mild-cured fish, 
valued at $608,218; 2,016,400 pounds of pickled fish, valued at 
$179,414; 1,506,074 pounds of frozen fish, valued at $127,442; 
9,103,104 pounds of fresh fish, valued at $418,265; 18,533 pounds of 


38 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 


dried and smoked fish, valued at $2,479; 15,010 gallons of oil, valued 
at $4,102; and 464,000 pounds of fertilizer, valued at $13,920; giy- 
ing $20,986,584 as the total value of the products of the Alaska 
salmon industry in 1921. 

The halibut fishery ranks next to the salmon fishery, and in 1921 
yielded 9,575,287 pounds of fresh fish, valued at $910,375; 7,599,097 
pounds of frozen fish, valued at $565,915; and 1,890 pounds of 
cheeks and pickled fish, valued at $160. 

Products of the herring fishery consisted of 14,523,441 pounds 
of Scotch-cured fish, valued at $838,335; 406,250 pounds of Nor- 
wegian-cured fish, valued at $20,433; 892,000 pounds of fertilizer, 
valued at $26,760; 84,938 gallons of oil, valued at $21,236; and 
2,666,048 pounds of bait, valued at $27,280. 

The cod fishery yielded a catch valued at $457,320. The products 
of the shrimp fishery were 344,986 pounds of fresh shrimp meat, 
valued at $132,077. Minor items were: Whales, $19,950; crabs, 
$33,180; trout, $18,925; sablefish, $17,985; clams, $9,940; red rock- 
fish, $362; and smelts, $50. 

The entire Alaska fishing industry, exclusive of fur sealing, gave 
employment to 15,070 persons, represented an investment of 
$39,001,874, and yielded products valued at $24,086,867. 

A detailed account of the extent and condition of the Alaska 
fisheries in 1921 and of the activities of the bureau under the laws 
and regulations for the protection of the fisheries is embodied in 
the annual report. of the Wiech service for that year.’ 


ENFORCEMENT OF FISHERY LAWS AND REGULATIONS. 


Patrol of the fishing grounds in Alaska in 1921 was carried on 
with four bureau-owned and a number of chartered vessels. Three 
additional vessels were placed in commission by the bureau at the 
beginning of the fishing season of 1922, and a much larger number 
of small power boats are being made use of by stream guards and 
special employees. For the season of 1922 the persons engaged in 
connection with the enforcement of laws and regulations numbered 
91, of whom 23 were regular and 68 were temporary employees. 
This is the largest force the bureau has ever put into the field. 

A number of violations of the fishery laws occurred in 1921, 
being chiefly of four classes, fishing in streams or within the pro- 
hibited distances of the mouths of streams, fishing by aliens, wanton 
waste of salmon, and fishing during the weekly close period. 
Slightly over half of the cases were against natives, and over 80 
per cent were brought in the southeast district. Convictions were 
obtained in 874 per cent of the cases tried. 

It is anticipated that the greatly increased force of stream guards 
employed in 1922, with more vessels for patrol, will have a de- 
terrent effect on would-be violators. No doubt the knowledge that 
a bureau employee is stationed at the mouth of a stream will in 
most instances prevent any attempt at illegal fishing and thus with 
a minimum of annoyance and expense for prosecution the object 
of conservation of the fisheries will tend to be accomplished. 


OE OU EA yy Oe eee ee eee 


2 Alaska Fishery and Fur-Seal Industries in 1921. By Ward T. Bower. (Bureau of 
Fisheries Decument No. 933.) 


REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 39 


Work of erecting markers near the mouths of salmon streams 
was carried on, those destroyed being replaced, additional streams 
marked, and old markers moved to conform to the closing order 
of December 30, 1921, which made the 500-yard prohibition appli- 
cable to all streams of southeast Alaska as well as of other districts. 

A number of complaints have been made of the stealing of salmon 
from traps in southeast Alaska. Depredations of this character are 
regarded as outside the jurisdiction of the bureau, but assistance 
has been rendered to the officials of the Department of Justice, and 
transportation to its agents has been afforded on the bureau’s ves- 
sels whenever possible in connection with efforts to suppress the prac- 
tice. In the season of 1922 four vessels of the Navy Department 
were stationed in the southeast district to assist the Department 
of Justice, and Coast Guard cutters also took part in the work. 


PRIVATE SALMON HATCHERIES. 


The private salmon hatcheries in Alaska have been inspected as 
required by law.. In 1922 two such hatcheries were operated. One 
of these, on Naha Stream, liberated 12,885,000 red-salmon fry in 
the fiscal year 1922, and the other, located on Hugh Smith Lake, 
liberated 9,647,000 red-salmon fry in the same period. The total 
rebate of taxes on canned salmon, at the rate of 40 cents per 1,000 
fry released by these hatcheries, amounted to $9,012.80. 


NEW SALMON-FISHERY REGULATIONS. 


In accordance with announcements duly issued, hearings were 
held at Juneau on October 19 and at Seattle on November 15 and 
17 for the consideration of necessary changes in the regulations re- 
garding salmon fishing in Alaska. The waters affected were those of 
southeast Alaska and of the region from Cape Newenham north and 
eastward to the Canadian boundary. Statements were also permitted 
to be made by interested parties in regard to the Copper River, Kus- 
kokwim River, and Yukon River, in which commercial fishing is 
prohibited. As a result of these hearings the following order was 
issued on December 30, 1921: 


Hearings having been given, after due notice in accordance with law, for the 
purpose of determining the advisability of limiting or prohibiting fishing in 
certain waters in Alaska, and to amend or modify certain existing regulations, 
and all persons having had full opportunity to be heard, it is hereby ordered, 
by virtue of the authority vested in me by section 6 of “An act for the pro- 
tection and regulation of the fisheries of Alaska,” approved June 26, 1906, 
that until further notice all fishing for salmon, or other fishing in the prose- 
eution of which salmon are taken or mjured, in all hereinafter described 
waters of Alaska be and is hereby made subject to the following limitations 
and prohibitions in addition to the general restrictions already applicable 
by virtue of existing laws and regulations: 

1. Salmon fishing is prohibited in all streams, within 500 yards of their 

mouths, and in their tributaries and lakes, except as hereinafter permitted. 

' 2. Fishing is permitted at Karluk beyond the zone 100 yards outside the 
mouth of Karluk River where it breaks through Karluk Spit into Shelikof 
Strait. 

3. Fishing is permitted in Ugashik River below a line extending at right 
angles across the Ugashik 500 yards below the mouth of King Salmon River. 


40) REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 


4. The driving of salmon downstream and the causing of salmon to go out- 
side the protected area at the mouth of any salmon stream are expressly 
prohibited. : 

5, This order does not apply to persons taking salmon by any lawful means 
for local human food requirements, or for use as dog feed. 

6. The waters of the Afognak Reservation are covered by presidential 
proclamation of December 24, 1892, and the regulations promulgated by author- 
ity thereof are not modified or affected by this order but remain in full force. 

7. All previous orders of the Secretary of Commerce imposing limitations 
or prohibitions upon fishing in the waters covered by this order are hereby 
superseded. 

8. This order becomes effective January 1, 1922. 


Under date of February 17, 1922, an Executive order was issued 
creating a reservation to be called the Alaska Peninsula Fisheries 
Reservation, extending eastward from the Aleutian Islands Reserva- 
tion to a line from Foggy Cape on the eastern end of Sutwik Island 
to Cape Menshikof on the northern shore of the Alaska Peninsula, 
and including the Shumagin Islands and the territorial waters adja- 
cent to these lands and also the lands of the Aleutian Islands Reser- 
vation. The text of the order follows: 


In addition to the islands of the Aleutian chain, Alaska, withdrawn and 
made a preserve and breeding ground for native birds, for the propagation 
of reindeer and fur-bearing animals, and for the encouragement and develop- 
ment of fisheries, by the Executive order of March 38, 1913 (No. 1733), as 
modified by the Executive order of August 11, 1916 (No. 2442), a reservation 
comprising the islands, peninsulas, and lands adjoining the eastern end of the 
reservation established by the said Executive order of March 38, 1913, and 
extending in an easterly and northerly direction from Isanotski Strait to a line 
extending from low-water mark at Foggy Cape on the eastern end of Sutwik 
Island to low-water mark at Cape Menshikof on the northern shore of the 
Alaska Peninsula, including the Shumagin Islands and all other islands, penin- 
sulas, or parts thereof within the described area is hereby set apart as a 
preserve to more effectively insure the protection of the fisheries and for their 
encouragement and development. This latter reservation is to be known as 
the Alaska Peninsula Fisheries Reservation. z 

It is hereby further ordered that all straits, bays, and other waters over 
which the United States has jurisdiction by reason of their relation and prox- 
imity to the islands, peninsulas, and other lands to which this order, as well 
as the said order of March 3, 1913, applies, be and the same are hereby reserved: - 
and set apart also as a preserve to more effectively insure the protection of 
the fisheries and for their encouragement and development. 

The Secretary.of Commerce shall have power to make regulations for the 
proper administration of the said Alaska Peninsula Fisheries Reservation, 
and the straits, bays, and other waters reserved by this Executive order. 

The establishment of the reservations under this Executive order shall not 
interfere with the use of the waters. islands. or other lands for lighthouse, 
military, naval, or other public purposes, nor with the use of any of said 
islands or other lands under the laws of the United States for town-site pur- 
poses, mining purposes. or grazing of animals thereupon, under rules and regu- 
lations to be established by the Secretary of the Interior. 


Under date of April 18, 1922, the Secretary of Commerce issued 
the following regulations for the administration of the Alaska 
Peninsula Fisheries Reservation, including the waters of the Aleu- 
tian Islands Reservation: 


. 


1. For purposes of administration the following six fishing districts are | 
created : 

(a) Port Heiden district—Extends along the Bering Sea shores of th 
reservation from its eastern limit to the one hundred and sixtieth meridian 
of west longitude. 

(b) Port Moller district—Extends along the Bering Sea shores of the reser- 
vation from the one hundred and sixtieth meridian of west longitude to the 


REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 41 


north entrance of Isanotski Strait (otherwise commonly known as False Pass), 
which forms its western boundary. 

(c) Ikatan district—Includes Isanotski Strait south of its northern entrance, 
and extends thence along the Pacific shore of the reservation eastward to the 
one hundred and sixty-first meridian of west longitude. 

(d@) Shumagin. district—Includes the Shumagin Islands and the mainland 
shores and islands of the Pacific side of the reservation from the one hundred 
and sixty-first to the one hundred and fifty-ninth meridian of west longitude. 

(e) Chignik district Extends from the one hundred and fifty-ninth meridian 
of west longitude along the Pacific shores of the reservation to its eastern 
margin. 

(f) Aleutian Islands district—Waters over which the United States has 
jurisdiction from Isanotski Strait westward throughout the entire Aleutian 
Islands Reservation. 

2. No individual or concern shall engage in the business of catching, canning, 
or preparing salmon, except for personal or family use and not for sale or bar- 
ter, within the above-stated districts without first securing a permit from the 
Secretary of Commerce. Applications for annual permits shall be addressed 
on or before January 15 of each year to the Secretary of Commerce, Washing- 
ton, D. C., and shall give full information on the following points: (a) Name 
and permanent address of person or corporation desiring permit; ()) character 
of business proposed, whether fishing, canning, salting, or otherwise curing 
fish; (c) character and extent of plant to be operated and its location; (d) 
method and extent of fishing proposed; (e) exact place or places where fishing 
is to be carried on; (f) number and kind of each class of fishing apparatus 
to be used; (g) number of cases of salmon to be packed (based upon 48 one- 
pound cans per case) or number of barrels of salmon to be salted or tierces of 
salmon to be mild cured; (fh) when operations are to begin; (7) if applica- 
tion is for continuance of operations formerly conducted, the catch and pack 
of salmon by species and the amount of each class of gear operated in the next 
preceding season must be shown; (j) affidavit as to correctness of facts set 
forth in the application must be made by competent authority. 

3. Permits will specify the amount of pack and the character and extent of 
fishing operations allowed. 

4, Permits for the season of 1922 will be issued only to such individuals or 
concerns as are now operating within the reservation. 

5. Permits will be valid only within the district for which issued. 

6. Transportation of fresh salmon for canning, salt'ng, or otherwise presery- 
ing will not be permitted from one fishing district to another, or outside the 
reservation. 

7. These regulations do not apply to persons taking salmon with rod, hand 
line, or spear for the r personal or family use and not for sale or barter. 

8. These regulations will be subject to such annual revision by the Secretary 
of Commerce as may appear advisable in view of the investigation and the ex- 
perience of the preceding season. 

9. These regulations wll be in full foree and effect immediately from and 
after date of issue. 


Ten formal permits were issued for the operation of established 
plants within the reservation, as follows: 
aly ese aap: spel 3 1 Sy eh er ah ety cn, cpa a Ss ab ae Ikatan district. 


No. 48. Joint permit to Pacific American Fisheries, Nel- 
son Lagoon Packing Co., Phoenix Packing Co., 


and Fidalgo Island Packing Co__~__-_______+_- Port Moller district. 
INO=490 JB MCTetis PACKING MCOs es gee ee a Do. 
ING OUS ache American, HISHETIGS= ee i Leer a) Ikatan district. 
No. 51. PEE) TEES FERRER SO ty es ly fs ee Do. 
INOS2¢ oShumaginePacking (Co. sore eed obese wey ve ie Shumagin district. 
No: 53., Northwestern, Fisheries Co... 8 ___t Chignik district. 
No 54. Columbia River Packers’ Association_____________ Do. 
IND. DD. Alaska Fackers ASSOCIAbION 9 at es Gh T Do. 
ING? 5G) George’ A IPSrt 228 OE Pd Ts ee Pe soe Port Heiden district. 


A number of local residents have also been given informal author- 
ization to catch and prepare small lots of salmon, as has been done 
heretofore. 


42 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 
SPECIAL STUDIES AND INVESTIGATIONS. 


In the season of 1921 a rack was installed in Karluk River and the 
counting of red salmon passing through to the spawning grounds 
above was inaugurated. This work is being carried on again in 
1922, and a similar experiment has been undertaken in the Chignik 
River. The data to be thus secured over a series of years in these 
streams will help to solve problems of great importance to the salmon 
industry of Alaska, chief among which are the ratio between catch 
and escapement that will safely maintain the run and the production 
of salmon under natural conditions from a known escapement. 

An investigation of fishery conditions in the Alaska Peninsula 
Fisheries Reservation was undertaken in the spring of 1922 by a 
party under the direction of Dr. C. H. Gilbert, of Stanford Uni- 
versity. Statistics of the runs of salmon will be secured, and general 
study and observation of spawning escapement and operations of the 
companies will be made as a basis for recommendations covering 
operations in succeeding years. 

Statistics of the catch of salmon are also being collected by regular 
employees on all the chief fishing grounds in Alaska in order to 
afford more accurate data for the conservation of the industry. 

The destruction of predatory fishes was carried on in 1921 by an 
expedition to Bristol Bay region during the early part of the season, 
after which attention was directed to patrol of the fishing grounds, 
and later a survey was made of spawning grounds. Similar work 
is being done in the season of 1922. 


PROTECTION OF WALRUS AND SEA LIONS, 


No changes were made during the year in the walrus and sea-lion 
regulations issued April 21, 1921, nor were any violations reported. 


NEW LEGISLATION NEEDED. 


It has been realized for a number of years that a revision of the 
act of June 26, 1906, covering the fisheries of Alaska, was urgently 
necessary. Year after year efforts have heen made to secure legisla- 
tion that would be adequate to meet the new conditions that have 
developed and énable the department to exercise a proper control 
over the industry. The present law also refers wholly to the salmon 
fishery, with practically no application to the important industries 
that have grown up in the halibut, herring, cod, whale, shrimp, crab, 
and clam fisheries. 

Under the authority granted to the Secretary of Commerce by the 
act of June 26, 1906, commercial fishing has been prohibited in prac- 
tically all of the waters of Alaska over which the department has 
jurisdiction. It is unfortunate, however, that jurisdiction extends 
only over a zone 500 yards off the mouth of salmon streams, for 
outside of these waters with modern fishing appliances salmon can 
be taken with impunity, and practically without any control by the 
department’s representatives, in such_a manner as to catch far more 
than a safe proportion of the run. The results have been the steady 
and cumulative depletion of the finest fishing localities in Alaska, 


REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 43 


and yet the department is powerless to prevent it under the terms of 
the present law. No authority is given to the Secretary of Commerce 
to limit the number of plants in a given area or the amount of gear 
that may be operated by them. In some instances by voluntary 
agreement those engaged in the industry have limited their packs, 
basing this action upon information compiled by the bureau showing 
the critical condition of the fisheries in those sections, but in other 
cases the shortsighted policy of certain operators prevents a full 
appreciation of the actual condition of the industry and to an extent 
nullifies the efforts of the bureau. 

Following studies that had been made in 1921 and preceding sea- 
sons, the Secretary of Commerce called a conference in November at 
which Members of Congress, representatives of the salmon industry, 
the Territorial government of Alaska, the Bureau of Fisheries, and 
others were present for the consideration of the needs of the fisheries 
of Alaska and action to be taken for their conservation. As a result 
of the conference a bill was drafted. A hearing was held before the 
Committee on the Merchant Marine and Fisheries on H. R. 2394, 
known as the White bill, then pending in Congress, at which repre- 
sentatives of the fishing industry of Alaska and of the Territorial 
Fish Commission were present and recommended the substitution for 
the White bill of the bill prepared following the conference called 
by the Secretary. Opposition to certain provisions of the substitute 
bill developed, and it was never introduced. The White bill is still 
pending in Congress. 

The serious depletion of the salmon runs, which has occurred in 
certain parts of Alaska, has already caused the department to have 
recourse to the authority of the President for the creation of reserves 
within which a broader control could be had. It is now contemplated 
that further use of the powers of the Executive may be requested for 
the creation of a reserve to the northward and eastward of the Alaska 
Peninsula Fisheries Reservation covering the great red salmon dis- 
tricts of Bristol Bay and around Kodiak Island, and taking in Cook 
Inlet in central Alaska. Publicity is being given to these plans in 
order that the industry may be warned against undue expansions or 
new projects in the district, and the comments and suggestions of 
interested persons will be given due consideration, 

A great deal of discussion has occurred for a number of years as 
to legislation needed for the conservation of the halibut industry. 
The halibut banks lie chiefly beyond the jurisdiction of the countries 
most interested, and it is realized that efficient protection can be 
given only through joint efforts of Canada and the United States. 
The department has submitted to the State Department information 
as to conditions and needs of this industry and has suggested that 
a treaty be negotiated with Canada to provide a close season of 90 
days annually. It is hoped that this can be accomplished. 


FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF ALASKA FISHERIES. 


Great development may be expected in some of the fisheries 
that have heretofore held minor places in the utilization of the 
aquatic resources of Alaska. The herring fishery made a record 
production in 1921 and would seem to offer the greatest possibilities 


44 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 


of exploitation. A representative of the bureau in Seattle was de- 
tailed to assist the small packers in securing supplies and by giving 
them valuable instruction as to trade requirements in Seotch-cure 
herring. Preparations have been made in 1922 for an unusually 
large pack, which will be prepared principally by the Scotch-cure 
method introduced by the bureau in 1917 and succeeding seasons 
through extensive demonstrations at all of the chief herring centers 
of Alaska. This expansion is due largely to the poor quality of 
herring that has been received from other sections of the country, 
which has stimulated efforts of the Alaska packers to supply the 
ready market offered. Processes should also be developed whereby 
the small herring can be packed in tin and made a valuable source 
of food. It seems not beyond the bounds of probability that the 
herring industry of Alaska may some day rival the salmon industry 
in importance. Another industry of growing importance, particu- 
larly in the southeast district, is the shrimp fishery. The crab fishery 
also showed a promising development in 1921. 


ALASKA FUR-SEAL SERVICE. 
GENERAL ACTIVITIES AT THE PRIBILOF ISLANDS. 


The administration of the Pribilof Islands, including the super- 
vision and care of the native inhabitants and the carrying on of 
operations connected with the valuable fur-seal and blue-fox herds, 
is steadily growing in importance among the activities of the bureau. 
The size of the herds of both fur seals and foxes and the large finan- 
cial return to the Government, as well as the interest of foreign 
governments in the fur-seal herd, make this a business undertaking 
of considerable magnitude, requiring the best attention of techni- 

cally trained and experienced administrators. 

The work on the Pribilof Islands is carried on by the bureau’s 
staff of about 15 white employees, with the assistance of the native 
inhabitants, numbering more than 300 persons. Remuneration for 
general services rendered by the natives is given in the form of sub- 
sistence, including food, fuel, clothing, and miscellaneous supplies, 
and living quarters, medical attention, and school facilities are fur- 
nished by the bureau. A dentist also was at the islands during 
practically the whole of the fiscal year 1922 for treatment of the 
natives. The workmen also receive cash payments for takine seal- 
skins and fox skins and for certain other activities connected with 
the stations. In addition, from 40 to 50 native workmen from the 
Aleutian Islands are employed on St. Paul Island during the active 
sealing season. 

Considerable construction work was completed during the year, par- 
ticularly to provide facilities for washing and blubbering sealskins by 
the new method andto furnish necessary additional salt-house space. 
An electric-lighting system was installed and a concrete house for 
native use was completed on St. George Island. A large shop and a 
warehouse were also built on St. George Island for handling the in- 
creasing catch of fox skins. General repairs were made to buildings 
on both islands. Attempts by the Navy Department to drill an 


REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 45 


artesian well on St. Paul Island were again unsuccessful. Work on 
laying out the water system in St. Paul village was continued, and 
if a supply of artesian water is not secured a series of shallow wells 
will be utilized or water piped from a pond at some distance from 
the village. The by-products plant was operated on St. Paul Island. 

Transportation of supplies from the States to the Pribilof Islands 
was accomplished chiefly by the naval radio tender Saturn, but 
cargoes were also sent on the commercial vessels Oregon, Brookdale, 
and Apollo. Many courtesies in the transportation of passengers 
and small lots of supplies were also extended by the vessels of the 
Coast Guard. 

The bureau’s vessel Hider has rendered invaluable service during the 
year in the transportation of supplies, passengers, and mail between 
the Pribilofs and Unalaska, eight trips having been made. In addi- 
tion the vessel went to Kodiak in September for extensive overhaul- 
ing, returning to Unalaska in December. Three trips were also 
made to other islands in the Aleutian group to secure laborers for 
sealing work and to return them to their homes. 


SEAL HERD. 


The 1921 census of the seal herd, taken as of date of August 10, 


| ~{ndicated 581,493 animals of all ages, an increase of 28,785 over 1920. 


The tentative figures for the census of 1922 gave 604,971 animals on 


the same date, an increase of about 23,5f8. The number of pups 


born in 1922 was 185,914. The seals killed from one census date to 
the next are not included in these figures. The 1922 enumeration 
was made by Edward C. Johnston, who also made the counts in the 
preceding year. 

In 1921 two runways and towers were constructed to facilitate 
counting of seals, with such good results that in 1922 instructions 
were given for the construction of nine on St. Paul Island and one 
on St. George. Additional concrete markers were placed on the 
rookeries to separate the areas to be counted from the different tri- 
pods. Efforts were made to make as complete a pup count as pos- 
sible in 1922, an undertaking that is becoming practically impossible 
because of the number of animals in the herd and the extent of 
ground covered by the rookeries. 

The number of cows per harem in 1921 was 45; in 1922 the average 
was 52.19. 

The matter of methods of taking the seal census and determining 
quotas of animals that may properly be killed for their skins has 
been receiving most careful consideration by the bureau. In line 
with the effort to secure all available information in regard to the 
life history of the fur seals, a party headed by the Assistant Secretary 
of Commerce is making a trip to the Pribilof Islands and other seal 
islands of the North Pacific Ocean in the summer of 1922 and will 
make careful studies of the herds at each locality. 

Representatives of the bureau have authenticated 525 sealskins 
legally taken by Indians in the vicinity of Sitka, Alaska, during the 
spring migration of 1922. Indians also took 1,107 fur-seal skins off 
the coast of Washington, which were authenticated by the superin- 
tendent of the Neah Bay Indian Reservation under authorization 


46 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 


from the department. A patrol of the sealing grounds was main- 
tained by the bureau’s vessel A/wrre. Vessels of the Coast Guard 
carried out the usual extensive patrol during the migration from the 
waters off the coasts of Oregon and Washington, following the herd 
to the Bering Sea and patrolling waters adjacent to the Pribilof 
Islands and Aleutian Islands during the summer. 


TAKE OF SEALSKINS. 


__The number of seals killed under governmental supervision on the 


Pribilof Islands in 1921 was 233671, of which 22,560 were taken dur- 4 


ing the regular season ending August 5 and the remainder in the 


fall and winter. Seals 3 and 4 years old yielded 22,9%6 of the total 


number of skins secured. 

The quota of seals to be killed during the calendar year 1922 was 
tentatively fixed at 25,000, all 3-year-old males. At the time of the 
visit of the Assistant Secretary’s party to the Pribilofs in July the 
quota was increased to 30,000 3-year-old males, of which 25,000 were 
to be secured on St. Paul Island and 5,000 on St. George. Up to 
August 5, when killing ceased, 30,260 skins of all ages had been taken. 
Killings in the fall after October 20 will add a considerable number 
to this total. 

As a result of experimental work carried on at St. Paul Island by 
representatives of the Fouke Fur Co. a large number of the skins 
taken are now handled by methods much changed from those for- 
merly in use. In the past the pelts have been removed by the native 
workmen in the ordinary manner of skinning animals, which at times 
resulted in cuts or flays that lessened the market value of the skin. 
Under the new method the knife is used only to slit the skin along the 
abdomen and to cut around the head and flipper holes. The carcass 
is then pinned to the ground by means of an iron bar and the pelt is 
pulled off. The layer of blubber and meat that remains attached is 
removed when the skin is blubbered by a force of employees detailed 
from the dressing and dyeing company. The skins are then washed 
in running sea water and salted. Washing tanks and additional salt- 
house facilities have been provided to carry on this work. 


SALES OF SEALSKINS. 


In the fiscal year 1922 two public auction sales of fur-seal skins 
were held at St. Louis. At the sale on September 28, 1921, 10,778 


skins brought $333,772, and on April 3, 1922, 12,198 skins were sold 


for $388,288, a total of 22,976 skins and $722,060. The better grades 
of skins brought slightly higher prices than in previous sales, but the 
large number of low-grade skins from the killing of surplus old males 
kept the average at practically the same as in the sales the preceding 
year. 

At the sale on April 3, 1922, there were also sold 56 sealskins from 
the Japanese herd on Robben Island, representing the share of the 
United States in the skins taken in 1920.° These 56 skins brought 
$1,276. 

As a result of the sales of fur-seal skins from the Pribilof Islands 
in the fiscal year 1922 the sum of $94,634.16 has been paid to Great 


‘ 
: 


REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 47 


Britain and Japan as their share of skins to which they are entitled 
under the North Pacific Sealing Convention of 1911. 


FOXES AND REINDEER. 


The herds of blue foxes on the Pribilof Islands maintain them- 
selves naturally to a large extent on the refuse from seal killings 
and the thousands of sea birds that nest on the islands. Seal carcasses 
are also stored for feeding during the winter months. Since the re- 
sumption of commercial sealing ‘the fox herds have steadily grown 
and are now a valuable asset to the Government. Foxing operations 
during the winter of 1921-22 yielded a total of 712 blue and 21 white 
pelts. Warm weather and high seas during the trapping season 
interfered seriously with the ~ work, particularly on St. George 
Island, which has the largest herd, as so much food was available on 
the beaches that the animals did not come to the traps for food. 
Over 200 pairs of foxes were marked and released as breeders on 
St. George Island during the trapping season. 

The fox skins taken in the season of 1920-21, numbering 1,125 
blues and 14 whites, were sold at public auction in St. Louis Septem- 
ber 28, 1921. The price realized was $109,398, an average of $96.83 
for blue and $33 for white skins. 

An arrangement was also made through the Bureau of Biological 
Survey for “the sale of live blue foxes to natives of the Aleutian 
Islands for stocking fox farms. Four pairs were thus delivered in 
September, 1921, payment being made at the rate of $88.12 per 
animal, the average received at ‘the last preceding sale of Pribilof 
fox skins in St. Louis. 

The herds of reindeer on the Pribilof Islands have made satis- 
factory growth since their introduction in 1911. It was estimated 
at the end of the calendar year 1921 that there were 250 animals 
on St. Paul Island and 160 on St. George, a total of 410. In ad- 
dition 53 were killed for food during the year, 19 of which were 
used on St. George Island. 


COOPERATION WITH OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES. 


The International Committee on Marine Fishery Investigations 
held two meetings during the year, the first at Boston on November 
4, 1921, attended by two representatives of Canada and two rep- 
resentatives of the United States, and the second in Montreal on May 
26, 1922, attended by all representatives of the United States and 
Canada. On neither occasion was it possible for the representative of 
Newfoundland to be present. This committee, while engaging in 
no investigations on its own part, serves as a coordinating agency 
for the marine fishery investigations of the several countries. 
Through the discussions of work accomplished or in contemplation 
and the information and suggestions gained in meeting, it is possible 
for functioning agencies of the sever al Governments to plan and con- 
duct investigations in a manner more productive of results and more 
helpful to all concerned. 

As in the preceding years the bureau has cooperated with a number 
of other Government ‘bureaus, as a result of which it has both re- 


48 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 


ceived and extended helpful service. Such relations have been main- 
tained with several bureaus*within the department. The Bureau of 
Standards has rendered assistance in the standardization of instru- 
ments and testing of materials under investigation by the bureau. 
Arrangements have been made with the Bureau of the Census for 
the collection and exchange of statistical data of the production of 
fish oils and fishery by-products that are of mutual interest. The 
Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce has cooperated in the 
acquisition of information concerning the foreign trade in fishery 
products. 

Through the Consular Service, Department of State, much valuable 
information has been received concerning the condition of the fish- 
eries in foreign countries, interesting developments respecting them, 
and the markets for fishery products. Certain of these reports have 
made the basis for a forthcoming publication on the fish trade of 
Latin America. 

Kffective cooperation has been maintained with the National Park 
Service in the stocking of the streams of the national parks and 
with the Forest Service in like work in a number of the forest reser- 
vations. Through the helpful interest of the Forest Service a brook- 
trout egg-collecting station is being established in the White Moun- 
tain Forest Reservation, which will materially reduce the cost of 
supplying eggs to a number of the bureau hatcheries. 

Helpful relations have been continued with the Bureau of Indian 
Affairs and the Reclamation Service, and the Geological Survey has 
assisted this bureau in several instances during the year. 

A scientific assistant was detailed for work with the Public Health 
Service in connection with problems of mosquito control by fishes. 

The bureau was indebted to the Navy Department for the trans- 
portation of the annual supplies to the Pribilof Islands and to the 
Coast Guard Service for aid on numerous occasions, particularly in 
connection with work in Alaska. 


VESSEL SERVICE NOTES, 1922. 


In view of the excessive cost of coal and other operating éxpenses 
and the difficulty in securing a trained civilian staff at the salaries 
available, it was decided to discontinue for the present any attempt to 
use the steamer Albatross. Accordingly she was taken to Woods 
Hole, ‘Mass., and put out of commission October 29, 1921. The offi- 
cers and men were detached for regular naval duty and the vessel 
placed in the custody of the superintendent of the Woods Hole 
(Mass.) station. 

The hydrographic and biological survey of Chesapeake Bay has 
been completed as far as the steamer Fish Hawk is concerned, six 
round trips of the bay having been made during the fiscal year. 
The last one was completed May 24, and on June 7 the vessel arrived 
at Woods Hole, Mass., preparatory to undertaking similar survey of 
Long Island Sound. The first trip, which was in the nature of a 
reconnaissance, was begun on June 28. During the fiscal year the 
Fish Hawk steamed 3,181 miles. 

No special work was required of the Halcyon except during about 
five months of the year. From July to October her headquarters 
were at Boothbay Harbor, Me., and for the remainder of the year 


REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 49 


at Woods Hole, Mass. During August a cruise was made of 2,143 
miles to obtain bottom samples i in connection with the hydrographic 
survey of the Gulf of Maine. The run embraced Nantucket, Browns 
Bank, and Yarmouth; 118 stations were made. June was taken up 
with the preparation of appliances for current observations for the 
same investigation, and on June 30 the Halcyon sailed from Woods 
Hole to begin the work, During March and April the steamer and 
her crew were engaged in flatfish work at Newport for the Woods 
Hole (Mass ) station, but practically no cruising was required. In 
all, the vessel steamed 3,920 miles. 

On account of lack of funds the Phalarope was operated to but 
a limited extent, and what little she did was in connection with the 
Woods Hole laboratory in August, 1921. During July, September, 
and October the crew was occupied i in putting the ulmar in shape 
and transferring her from Woods Hole to Charlevoix, Mich. The 
engineer has been detailed to Washington for special duty, and 
the remainder of the personnel to the Woods Hole( Mass.) station. 

The Gannet was only required for use in connection with the 
Boothbay Harbor (Me. ) station during March and April, while the 
aab Ses work was going on. In that “period, however, she cruised 

2,865 miles in 52 days of actual operation. During the balance of 
the year her officers and crew were detailed to the Boothbay Harbor 
(Me.) station excepting for May and June, which were spent in 
overhauling and reconditioning the vessel. 

The Shearwater is used for fish-cultural work on the Great Lakes, 
and during the last fiscal year she was only operated 31 days: in the 
fall and 41 days in the spring. She steamed, however, 2,110 miles. 
There is no statutory crew provided for the vessel, and her operating 
costs are very reasonable. 

The auxiliary schooner /ider made eight round trips between 
Unalaska and the Pribilofs for the purpose of carrying supplies and 
Government employees and three trips about the Aleutian Islands 
for other purposes connected with the bureau’s work. During Oc- 
tober and November the vessel was overhauled at Kodiak. During 
the year she cruised 6,965 miles. 

The AMlurre and Auklet carried on the usual fisheries patrol in 
southeast Alaska during the summer of 1921, and in October were 
used by the fish-trap inspectors of the War Depar tment. The I/urre 
was also placed at the service of the Bureau of Education and De- 
partment of Justice in December and January. In February the 
Auklet towed the gas boat Merganser to Seattle, where a new engine 
was installed in the latter. The Murre and Auklet have both been 
equipped with 40-horsepower Standard engines, their original ones 
of 25 horsepower having proved too light. 

The gas boats Petrel and Merganser were placed in the Alaska 
Fisheries Service the latter part of the fiscal year. During the 
winter the gas boat Widgeon was taken to Seattle from Norfolk on a 
Navy transport, and at the end of the year was being altered to suit 
the needs of the bureau. She will be used in southeast Alaska. 

In April the purse seine boat Clatsop was purchased for $5,500 
and was sent to Bristol Bay for patrol duty. Her name has been 
changed to Scoter. 


50 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 
APPROPRIATIONS. 


The regular appropriations for the support of the bureau for the 
fiscal year 1922 aggregated $1,250,430, as follows: 


Salaries «a j4scpeee jeer ee Co wells Dy Waban pple 4 $444, 810 
Pay, officers and crews of vessels for Alaska service_________-__ | 26, 000 
Wixpenses OE ndvisory COpimiitiees,! ji. eT a ee 2, 500 

Miscellaneous expenses: 
AGMinisStration (ase. 78. 2 tod eR. Of De Sa 11, 000 
Propagation, of. food) fishes..-- ti antiyeyes Jet aie Foeee 400, 000 
Maintenance’ ‘of ‘ vesseis=. 2-2) LeRoi ae ea ee A esp Se OD. 
injiuiry respecting food). fishes... Soe ae ee eee 45, 000 
Stats tical’ Inquiry?) pe eNO, A TAA a AD ee ike ened 20, 000 
Protecting) ‘sponge fisheries_uil) oie Sti) BOW Dre Tere 3, 000 
Protecting seal and salmon fisherieso. 22 52 eee 165, 000 
Protecting seal and salmon fisheries, deficiency_____-__-_________ 3, 750 
Fish; bapehery, W yorlings Fs sue ts fe ee 0 ee ee 10, 000 
Totaloode OL SOPAU TART OF TER IO)) OSU Eee 1, 250, 480 


In accordance with law a detailed statement of the expenditures 
will be submitted. 
Respectfully submitted. 
Henry O’Mattey, 
Commissioner of Fisheries. 
Hon. Herverr Hoover, 
Secretary of Commerce. 


O 


CONTENTS. 


MER OCMeCTLON eo Oe re UN i Aue. Ty 7 EER LOR 
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INTRODUCTION. 


FRESH-WATER CRUSTACEA AS FOOD FOR YOUNG FISHES.’ 


By WILLIAM CONVERSE KENDALL, Scientific Assistant, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. 


Page. 


WOOO VOUS BP OD 


Some years ago a number of species of small crustaceans were 


recommended as natural food for artificially raised young fishes, par- 
ticularly salmon and trout. The claim was made that the ease with 
which certain species of these little animals could be kept and bred 
made them particularly valuable for fish-cultural purposes; but it 
was also suggested that natural streams and ponds deficient in food 
could be stocked with this kind of natural food, since some species 


Doc 


1 Appendix I to the Report of the U. 8S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1922. B. F. 
. 914, } 


4 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


were so common and of such wide distribution that a supply, as a 
rule, was conveniently available. 

The principal advocates of the culture of crustaceans were Evro- 
pean fish-culturists. In this country the idea had its supporters, 
although there were others who had no faith in it. The latter took 
the ground that while, owing to the small number of fishes raised, 
culture of crustaceans as food for young fishes was practicable in 
European establishments, in this country, where the business is con- 
ducted on a much larger scale, it would be impossible to maintain 
a sufficient supply to feed the fish. 

There can be no doubt that these crustaceans would afford a most 
valuable food supply for young fishes if their culture should prove 
practicable on a scale to meet the demand, for some of the smaller 
kinds form, under natural conditions, the principal food of almost 
all species of young fishes and almost the entire food supply of some 
adult small species, which in turn form the food of some adult large 
species, the young of which subsist largely upon the crustaceans. 

If a system of crustacean culture can be devised which will meet - 
the demand of the fish-culturist and the fish farmer, it will be a boon 
of inestimable importance. This paper does not pretend to devise 
such a system, but by reviewing what has been done and by afford- 
ing some information regarding the nature, distribution, and habitats 
of the little animals concerned, it is hoped that it may afford the 
foundation, or at least the corner stone, of the desired structure. 
Most of the information conveyed by this paper is derived from a few 
special works. The greater part of that pertaining to the habits of 
the lower forms is derived, sometimes verbatim, from Ward and 
Whipple’s Fresh-Water Biology, in which the subject of Phyllopoda 
is treated by A. S. Pearse, of Cladocera by Edward A. Birge, of 
Copepoda by C. Dwight Marsh, of Ostracoda by R. W. Sharpe, and 
of Malacostraca by A. E. Ortmann. Most of the matter pertaining 
to the Amphipoda, belonging to the latter class, however, must be 
credited to George C. Embody. . 

A list of the publications to which reference is made and credit 
given is appended. The date corresponds to that in parentheses 
following the author’s name in the text of this paper. 


CRUSTACEA. 


For convenience the crustaceans with which this paper is con- 
cerned may be classed as (1) Entomostraca and (2) Malacostraca. 


ENTOMOSTRACA. 


The Entomostraca are very small, and some are so very minute as 
to be quite invisible to the naked eye. They enter largely into the 
natural food supply of the youngest stages of various fishes and 
even adults of some fishes. 

The entomostracan class is subdivided into three distinct groups, 
designated as follows: Branchiopoda, Ostracoda, and Copepoda. 
Branchiopod is a name derived from the fact that the little animals 
have respiratory organs or gills attached to their “feet.” Branchi- 
opoda comprise two groups, Phyllopoda and Cladocera which for 
our purposes will be treated separately. 


CRUSTACEA AS FOOD FOR YOUNG FISH. 5 
PHYLLOPODA OR FAIRY SHRIMPS. 


The Phyllopoda, or fairy shrimps, have not been definitely indi- 
cated as possible food for fishes, although they occur in every part of 
the world, being found from sea level up to more than 10,000 feet. 
The distribution of all species, however, is apt to be local and their 
occurrence irregular and uncertain. A certain pool may swarm with 
them, while they may be entirely absent from near-by pools. A par- 
ticular species may be abundant one season and scarce or entirely 
absent for several years, or it may appear regularly season after sea- 
son. The greater part of the North American species occur in the 
Great Plains. Several species of Eubranchippus, however, abound in 
the Central and Eastern States. Most phyllopods occur, often in 
great numbers, in small fresh-water pools such as are formed by 
spring rains. Pearse (1918a) relates an instance of nearly half a 
bushel of dead 
Apus bodies hav- 
ing been observed «=; 
by him on the bot- 
tom of a shallow 
dried-up depres- 
sion about 20 feet 
in diameter. 

The majority 
of phyllopods are Fie. 1.—Fairy shrimp. Branchinecta paludosa, male and female. 
very small, al- Bulerged three times. After Ward and Whipple. 
though one spe- 
cies of Apus attains a length of 70 mm. (something over 2.75 inches), 
but another species, a common fairy shrimp (Lubranchippus vernalis) 
grows to about 38 mm. (about 1.5 inches). The smallest species are 
inclosed in shells, in appearance suggesting tiny bivalve mollusks, 
and range in size from about 3 mm. (0.117 inch) to 16 mm. (about 
0.669 inch) in length. 

All phyllopods are of separate sexes and males are usually much less 
common than females. The eggs of most genera can resist prolonged 
desiccation ; in fact it is apparently necessary for the development of 
some species that the eggs should first be dried and afterwards im- 
mersed in water. The mud of dried-up pools often contains large 
numbers of eggs which may be conveyed long distances by winds, 
birds, or other means. Many foreign species have been reared from 
dried mud brought home by travelers. Many eggs float when placed 
in water and development takes place at the surface. 


CLADOCERA OR WATER FLEAS. 


The most common of the branchiopods are the so-called water fleas 
belonging to the order Cladocera. These entomostracans have a wide 
distribution and some species are cosmopolitan. The majority of 
species found in this country are also found in Europe. They may 
occur in various sorts of environment. Some species are purely lim- 
netic, some intermediate, some littoral, and others indifferent, that 
is, they may occur in any one of the environments. The cladocerans 
are plankton organisms abundant throughout the summer, 


6 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


The food of these water fleas is mainly the lesser green alge and 
diatoms, and their great importance in aquatic economy is largely 
due to the facts that they are herbivores and form the principal food 
of most young and small fishes, and that they reproduce at an ex- 
ceedingly rapid rate. 

The reproduction of Cladocera is remarkable. At intervals of only 
a few days, during the summer, successive broods of eggs appear in 
the space on the back inclosed by the shell of the animal. These eggs 
develop without being fertilized, and produce females only. The 
eggs, which vary in number from 2 to 20 or more, according to the 
species, are deposited in a cavity, bounded by the top part of the 
valves and the upper side of the body, the so-called brood case. 
Here they develop and hatch in a form 
quite like the parent and are well grown 
before they are set free. Sooner or later 
true females and males are hatched from 
the eggs. These females produce only 
one or two eggs, which must be fertilized 
before they develop. The rapidly de- 
Fic. 2.—Daphnia ; “ water flea.” veloped young themselves soon reproduce. 

ugh onigreca, “atlety, male. ‘There are many genera and species of 

_ Cladocerans, but probably the best known 
and the most widely distributed are species of Daphnia, which 
occur in lakes, ponds, and: pools in every region and are the forms 
which have been most commonly raised as food for young fishes 
and small aquarium fishes. The largest species is Daphnia magna, 
attaining a maximum length of from 2 mm. in males to 5 mm. in . 
females (0.078 plus to 0.19 plus inch). The commonest species is 
probably Daphnia pulex, found everywhere. Its greatest size is 2.5 
mm. (about 0.1 inch). These little animals have a great economic 
value. Together with the copepods, they constitute the chief agency 
for converting the smaller alge of fresh water into forms edible by 
the carnivorous aquatic animals. They are the prey of insect larvee, 
which are in turn an important item in the bill of fare of the larger 
fishes. The Cladocera themselves are of great importance as food for 
young fishes and, as previously stated, there is scarcely a fresh-water 
fish which does not subsist almost exclusively upon Entomostraca at 
some stage of its existence. 

Mr. Atkins (1894) observed that, besides copepods, several species 
of daphnids were present in pools of Craigs Brook in the spring, 
even before the disappearance of ice. 

Referring to observations on the occurrence of aquatic animal life 
during each day of the year ending October 31, 1893, in the northern 
part of Germany, Atkins stated that at the biological station at Lake 
Pl6én during every month of the year the presence, in abundance, of 
several species of Entomostraca was disclosed. From January to ~ 
April, inclusive, there was the greatest scarcity, yet no less than 
seven species of Entomostraca were abundant in mid-January, and 
with the exception of the period from March 20 to April 10, there 
was no part of the entire year when some species was not found in 
abundance. 

Mr. Atkins then went on to say that in the year 1873 he had occa- 
sion to note at Bucksport, Me., a phenomenon of like character with 


CRUSTACEA AS FOOD FOR YOUNG FISH.. 7 


those recorded at Plén. He had built a dam across a brook to obtain 
a head of water to use in a hatchery. The ground was part of an old 
pasture and cows waded freely about the brook and, for a time, in 
the small pond formed by the completion of the dam. A portion of 
ground thus flowed was a small alder swamp. Late the following 
winter there came down into the hatchery great numbers of living 
Entomostraca, mostly daphnids. At that time it was the practice to 
- filter the water through a flannel screen set across the head of each 
trough, and so great was the number of Entomostraca that they often 
completely clogged up the screens, causing the water to overflow. 
This continued for several weeks. The pond was covered with ice 
all winter and the mean temperature of the water was as follows: 
In November, 39.1° F.; in December, 35.17° F.; in January, 34.5° F. 
Atkins remarked that whether these Entomostraca subsisted on their 
normal food (Protozoa) or not, it is evident that they found sufficient 
nourishment even in that very cold water, and the conclusion was 
warranted that daphnids might not only be bred in water cool enough 
for salmon and trout, but that they prob- 
ably might be brought out at any season of 
the year by proper management. 


COPEPODA. 


The copepods are the perennial Entomos- Fic. 3—Copepod. Cyclops 
traca of open water. They are of extensive  ¢hilliferus, adult female. 
geographical distribution both in salt and 
fresh water and are present summer and winter. Deep lakes and shal- 
low lakes have their characteristic copepod faunas, but this distinction 
does not rigidly hold, for frequently the species show a great deal 
of flexibility in adapting themselves to changed conditions. Ex- 
cepting the few winter forms, the maximum numbers of any species 
occur in the months from May to September or early November. 
Sometimes there are two maxima, one in the spring and one in the 
fall (C. Dwight Marsh, 1918). Atkins (1894) stated that many 
copepods were found in early spring in very cool pools, sometimes 
in Craigs Brook, even anticipating the disappearance of the ice. 
They are small organisms, the different species varying in length of 
adults from about 0.5 to 4.5 mm. (0.019 to 0.17 inch). 

The most common species of fresh-water copepods is Cantho- 
camptus minutus, and it is found everywhere in the northern conti- 
nents. Cyclops leuckarti is widespread and common. Cyclops bicus- 
pidatus is the most common of limnetic species and is characteristic 
of the Great Lakes. Cyclops viridis is a widely distributed species 
occurring in pools, ponds, and lakes, and attains a length of 1.25 
to 150 mm. (about 0.045 to 0.059 inch). Copepods feed upon 
animals, plankton, and alge, especially diatoms. They are them- 
selves important food for fishes, especially for young fishes. 


OSTRACODA. 


The ostracods are minute crustaceans, the head. body, and append- 
ages of which are inclosed in bivalve shells, whence the name. 
meaning shell-like. They are exceedingly common and of extensive 
geographical distribution. Some are free-swimming, while others 


8 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


live among water plants or in the ooze on the bottom. They may 
frequently be observed as swarming specks in pools where alge and 
decaying plants abound. 

The reproductive process and, therefore, the abundance of ostra- 
cods seem to be affected to a notable degree by the environment. The 
amount of light, the variations in temperature, the nature of the 
bottom, the presence or absence of algze, the composition and rate of 
flow of water, all have their effects in one way or another. Direct or 
intense light accelerates all their life processes. Shady or dark areas 
in pools are not likely to contain certain free-swimming forms, while 
well-lighted places may contain them in 
abundance. Uniform distribution of 
light is conducive to a uniform distribu- 
tion of these forms. On the other hand, 
the more stationary forms are more likely 
to occur in the deeper and darker places, 
in the ooze and slime of the bottom. How- 
ever, some forms seem indifferent to 
whether it is light or dark, shallow or 
deep water. Unpolluted water appears 
to be essential to the well-being of the ma- 
jority of forms, although practically no 
forms occur in spring water and running 
water is not especially favorable. Some 
forms are very tolerant of extreme stag- 
nation and some seem even to favor stag- 
Fic, 4.—Ostracod. Two varie- nant water. ; 4 Y 

Hes. pupris Tusegia 0 and, be Most ostracods subsist upon either ani- 

Enlarged 20 ‘times. After mal or vegetable food, and small animals 

PTS ane MED TS: form a considerable portion of their diet. 
Some will eat their own kind if the opportunity offers. Some species 
have been observed skeletonizing leaves. It is stated that in captivity 
most forms will eat from thin slices of potato. Their great numbers 
and greediness oftentimes make them very efficient scavengers and 
effective agents in purifying standing water. 

Most species of ostracods are bisexual, but a few are represented by 
females only, which reproduce by unfertilized eggs. Their eggs are 
said to have a remarkable vitality as do those of phyllopods and some 
Cladocera. An instance is on record of samples of mud being sent 
to England from Jerusalem and Entomostraca (Cypris and Daph- 
nia) being raised from them after a lapse of from 24 to 30 years. 
G. O. Sars, of Norway, has reported raising them from dried mud 
sent him from Australia and China. Some species of ostracods may 
be found throughout the year in different degrees of development 
under the ice in winter. Mud collected from the bottom in winter 
and placed in water in a moderately warm place may very soon 
yield plenty of one or more species. aes forms occur only as sum- 
mer forms, or from early spring to late autumn. The duration of 
life of the spring forms appears to be much shorter than that of 
the others. 

The numerous species of ostracods vary in adult length from at 
least as low as 0.42 to as high as 3.60 mm. (about 0.016 to 0.14 inch). 
The most common North American ostracod is Cypridopsis vidua, 


CRUSTACEA AS FOOD FOR YOUNG FISH. 9 


which varies in length from 0.60 to 0.70 mm. (about 0.023 to 0.027 
inch) in length and is usually abundant whenever alge are present. 
It is a free-swimming form, occurring below the surface. 

Cypris virens, 1.7 to 2 mm. (about 0.065 to 0.078 inch) in length, 
is common in muddy ponds from April to July and occurs from 
Massachusetts to Mexico. Cypris fuscata, about 1.30 mm. (about 
0.051 inch) long, is common everywhere in shallow grassy ponds and 
in swamps from April to June. 


MALACOSTRACA. 


This group of crustaceans comprises the generally larger forms 
and in fresh water falls into four distinct groups or orders: Isopoda, 
Amphipoda, Mysidacea, and Decapoda. 

Fresh-water Malacostraca are found practically all over the world, 
excepting in the antarctic regions. The various forms are adapted 
to different surroundings, some pre- 


ferring rivers, others creeks or 

ponds, or pools or springs. x 
The above-mentioned orders eR 

differ much in their superficial ap- RN Es ar es. j 

5 . fye2 2. 

pearance—shape of body, size, color, h AY hh fe 

and structure. All Malacostraca gp "\SsSyy-Gr 7 

have separate sexes and propaga- “=x 6) ie 

tion is by eggs. The different x BT Vaatiney SS 

groups of Malacostraca differ AT Wik N64 

greatly in their economic value, but Ya 7 KGS 

all are of importance on account of egal 


the service rendered as scavengers 
and owing to the fact that they Fic. 5.—Isopod; “ Asel.” Asellus com- 


: 4 is. Enlarged twice. After Ward 
serve as food for other animals. ana yebingles © 


ISOPODA. 


Tsopods are represented by several species, one of the most common 
of which is Asellus communis, about 20 mm. (0.78 inch) in length, 
which is widely distributed, occurring in ponds, ditches, etc., and 
living among decaying vegetable matter. It is related to the com- 
mon terrestrial sow bug or pill bug, to which superficially it bears 
but a remote resemblance. It feeds on water cress and other soft 
plants, living or dead, and to some extent on animal matter. It 
reproduces rapidly and, in spite of its cannibal habits when young, 
often becomes exceedingly abundant. An adult Asellus communis 
produces about 60 eggs at a time and carries them in a brood pouch, 
underneath her broad thorax, during incubation. There is a new 
brood every five or six weeks during the early summer season (Need- 
ham and Lloyd, 1916). 


AMPHIPODA OR SCUDS. 


The fresh-water amphipods or scuds are more commonly known as 
fresh-water shrimp or just shrimp, although various forms of the sea- 
shore and of brackish and sea water are more widely known as sand 
hopper, water fleas, sea fleas, etc. Some of the scuds are of wide 
distribution, the most common species being comprised in the genera 
Gammarus, Hyalella, and Eucrangonyx. The amphipods generally 


51503 ° —21——-2 


10 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


vary greatly in the nature of their habitats, but while the three just 
mentioned differ somewhat in this respect, they are very similar in 
their habits. They are quick and active in their movements, their 
thoracic legs being adapted for climbing, and their abdominal ap- 
pendages for swimming and jumping. They dart about among green 
water weeds, usually keeping well in shelter and swim rapidly when 
disturbed. 

They are hardy and their habits enable them to maintain their 
numbers, although they are not as prolific as many other crustaceans. 
They carry their young in a pectoral brood pouch until well de- 
veloped, and their agility and ability to conceal themselves serve to 
a considerable degree as pro- 
tection against predacious ene- 
mies. Among the enemies of 
amphipods are fishes, birds, in- 
sects, Hydra, and the plant 
Utricularia. (Embody, 1911, 
states that amphipods are ap- 
parently able to escape by eating 
their way out of the “ bladders ” 
» of Utricularia. 

Fic. 6—Amphipod;  “scud”; Caledonia The food of the four species 


hrimp. li  Enlarg . 
fnice. After Ward aml Wineple =", discussed in this paper. is essen- 


; tially the same for each species, 
consisting of living and dead animals and plants; but dead animal 
matter must not be much decomposed. Dead leaves and plant stalks 
are readily stripped of their softer tissues, and this material probably 
constitutes the larger portion of their natural food. 

The North American species of most importance as food for fishes 
in fish-cutural establishments are, Gammarus fasciatus, Gammarus 
limnewus, Hyalella knickerbockeri, and Eucrangonyx gracilis. ‘There 
are, however, several species of amphipods besides the above which 
may be of considerable local importance and which would afford just 
as good, if not better, results in the particular localities as any of the 
above. The important amphipod of Europe which has received fish- 
cultural attention is Gammarus pulex. . 

Gammarus fasciatus —This scud has a rather wide distribution, 
locally governed more or less by the character of the water. The 
U.S. National Museum records (1907) it from the Hudson River and 
Niagara Falls, N. Y.; Ann Arbor, Mich.; Lakes Superior, Delavan, 
and Geneva, Wis.; Havana, Ill.; Burlington, lowa; Redfoot Lake, 
mr Brookside, W. Va.; Washington, D. C.; and St. Johns River, 
la. 

In the vicinity of Ithaca, N. Y., Embody’s observations (1911) in- 
dicated that it was restricted to Cayuga Lake and its open tributaries, 
but he stated that it seemed to occur most abundantly where vegeta- 
tion was thickest and to bé associated with thick masses of Massilea, 
Elodea, Potamogeton, Myriophyllum, and Utricularia. Warm water 
seemed to be no bar to its distribution, since it was found breeding in 
cove water where the temperature rose as high as 30° C. (86° F.). 

The largest Cayuga specimen measured 15.3 mm. (0.60 inch). The 
average size of 16 egg-producing females was 8.73 plus mm. (0.34 
inch), and the smallest of these, which was 39 days old and pro- 


CRUSTACEA AS FOOD FOR YOUNG FISH. 11 


duced 6 eggs, was 5.8 mm. long. The average number of eggs pro- 
duced by a female was 22, repeated at average intervals of 11 days. 
The breeding season of the species was from April 18 to November 
3, a total of 199 days, when the temperature ranged from a minimum 
of 11.1° C. (51.98° F.) to a maximum of 30° C. (86° F.). It was 
calculated that the productive capacity of one pair and its progeny 
was 24,291. The young remained in the brood pouch an average of 
2.25 days. The period from oviposition to hatching was 8 days at 
an average mean temperature of 23° C. (73.4° F.) and in 180 days 
from hatching the young grew from 1.53 mm. to 9.32 mm. in length. 

Gammarus limneus—This is the “Caledonia shrimp” of early 
fish-cultural fame. Its general distribution is comparatively wide, 
occurring in certain characters of water. U.S. National Museum 
records (1907) are: Aroostook County, Me.; Caledonia, N. Y.; Mar- 
quette and Ann Arbor, Mich.; Isle Royal, Lake Superior; Fort 
Wingate, N. Mex.; Wasatch Mountains; Shoshone Falls, Idaho; 
Salt Lake City, Utah; Flathead Lake, Mont.; Yellowstone National 
Park. 

Embody (1911) says it seems to occur in greatest numbers near 
headwaters of a brook and in its tributaries, and even in springs 
themselves. In the upper part of the brook the yearly range of 
temperature was from 6° to 12° C. (42.8° to 53.6° F.). The largest 
numbers of individuals were found associated with the roots of the 
water cress, thick tangles of Chara, and under decaying leaves. No 
individuals were found well down the brook where the water gave a 
temperature above 16° C. (60.8° F.) They were equally abundant in 
rapid and quiet water, in any place where there was sufficient ac- 
cumulation of Chara, water cresses, and dead leaves, and where the 
water was sufficiently cool. 

This species, according to Embody (1911), attains the largest size 
of the four species observed. The largest individual seen was 22.42 
mm. (about 0.88 inch) long. The average size of 13 egg-producing 
females was 13.86 plus mm. (about 0.52 inch), and the smallest of 
these, which was 93 days old and yielded 8 eggs, was 9 mm. (about 
0.35 inch) long. The average number of eggs produced by a female 
was 25, repeated seven times in the breeding season of 266 days, 
from January 8, 1909, to September 10, 1910. At this time the 
temperature ranged from 6° to 12° C. (42.8° to 53.6° F.), with aver- 
age of 9° C. (48.2° F.) in 26 readings. The total reproductive 
capacity of one pair and its progeny during this season was calculated 
as 1,619. Observations upon two individuals gave the period from 
oviposition to the date of hatching as 18 and 21 days, the average 
mean daily temperature being 16.9° and 14.8° C. (62.42° and 58.64° 
F.), respectively, in February. The young remained in the brood 
pouch on an average of 3 days. In 180 days from hatching the 
vOuNe ah from 2.16 mm. to 11.73 mm. (about 0.085 to 0.46 inch) 
in length. 

Hyalella knickerbockeri—This form is one of the commonest 
fresh-water amphipods in the Eastern States. It has a very 
wide distribution, and in this country is found from Maine to 
Florida and California. The U. 8. National Museum records (1907) 
are: Caribou, Me.; Cambridge and Quisset Pond, Mass.; Ann Arbor, 
Mich.; Isle Royal, Lake Superior, Wisconsin River, Lake Geneva, 


12 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


Delavan, and Winnebago Lake, Wis.; Omaha, Nebr.; Urbana, Pekin, 
Clifton, Havana, McHenry County, Meredosia Lake, and Lake 
Michigan at South Chicago, Ill.; New Philadelphia and Tuscarawas 
River, Ohio; Piney Branch, D. C.; Point Pinellas, Fla.; ‘San Marcos, 
Tex.; Lake Merced, Fresno, Los Angeles, West Berkeley, and San 
Francisco, Calif.; Yellowstone National Park; Volcan Reventado. 
Costa Rica. 

Along with Lucrangonyx gracilis, Embody (1911) found it in the 
cold water of trout brooks as well as the warmest waters of Renwick 
Marsh; also in Cayuga Lake, Fall Creek, and the inlet both above 
and below the falls wherever there was any accumulation of living or 
dead vegetation. He said that in spite of the drying up of the marsh, 
the burning of the cat-tails and sedges, and the freezing of the 
ground to a depth of from 6 
to 10 inches, both amphipods 
appear each spring in the 
usual large numbers in vari- 
ous marsh pools. _ 

The largest Hyalella ob- 
served by Embody measured 
7.4 mm. (about 0.29 inch). 
The average length of 26 
. breeding females was 5.46 mm. 
Fic. 7—Amphipod; “scud;” “shrimp.” (about 0.21 inch). The small- 

Hyaielig knickertockeri., Enlarged 5 times. est egg-producing female 

measured 3.06 mm. (about 
0.12 inch) and was 35 days old, producing 6 eggs. The average 
number of eggs produced at one time by the females observed was 
18, which number was repeated on an average of 15 times in 152 
days, in the breeding season embracing the months of April to 
September (April 2, 1910—September, 1909). At this time the 
temperature ranged from 7.8° to 30° C. (33.4° to 86° F.) with an 
average of 20.14° C. (68.252° F.) in 26 readings. Observation 
upon individuals gave the period from oviposition to the date of 
hatching as 8.5 and 8 days, the average temperature being 23.6° to 
24° C. (74.48° and 75.2° F.), respectively, in July. The young re- 
mained in the brood pouch on an average of 2 days. The total 
reproductive capacity of one pair and its progeny in the period of 
152 days was 13,976 in 4 generations. In 180 days from hatching, the 
young grew from 1.27 mm. to 6.4 mm. (0.05 to about 0.25 inch) in 
length. 

Eucrangonyx gracilis—Several species of Eucrangonyx are com- 
aratively common in different parts of the country. The U. S. 
Vational Museum records (1907) are: Providence, R. I.; Ann Arbor, 

Mich.; Isle Royal, Lake Superior; Portage, Wis.; Champaign, I1.; 
Irvington, Ind.; Delaware, Ohio; Nashville, Tenn. 

Ortmann (1918) says they live in ponds, springs, and wells. Em- 
body (1911) indicated that #. gracilis like Hyalella, with which he 
found it associated, was common under extreme conditions and varia- 
tions of temperature from cold spring brooks to warm stagnant 
marshes. Its habitat seems to be indentical with that of Hyalella 
knickerbockeri, and both it and Hyalella seemed to be unaffected by 
the freezing of the marsh to 6 or 10 inches, or the burning of the cat- 
tails and sedges. 


CRUSTACEA AS FOOD FOR YOUNG FISH. 13 


The largest adult observed by Embody measured 11.47 mm. (about 
0.45 inch). The average size of 31 egg-producing females was 8.05 
plus mm. (about 0.31 inch). The smallest egg-producing female was 
5.6 mm. (about 0.22 inch), and it was 497 days old and produced 
25 eggs. The reproduction period for the species embraced the 
months from January 8 to November 3, a period of 299 days, during 
which time the range in temperature was from a minimum of 6° 
to a maximum of 30° C. (42.8° to 86° F.). Eight days constituted 
the period from oviposition to hatching, average temperature for the 
time being 23° C. (73.4° F.). The calculated progeny from one pair, 
producing an average of 45 eggs at one time, breeding approximately 
19 times, is 855 in 
299 days. A sec- 
ond generation is 
not produced in 
the same breeding 
season. The 
young are carried 
in the brood sack 
on an average of 
4 days, and in 
180 days from 
hatching grow 
from 1.27 mm. to 
3.57 mm. (0.05 
pageant 0.14. Fie. 8.—Mysis; fis ad de oie Enlarged twice. 

In this connection it would seem worth while to refer to a species of 
Eucrangonyx described as new by Embody in 1910. He called it 
Eucrangonyx serratus and stated that the type specimens were col- 
lected in March, 1908, from marginal vegetation of a “ railroad 
pond,” in Virginia, about 1} miles north of Ashland. They were 
said to be especially abundant in the thickest patches of sphagnum 
and Utricularia at depths varying from a few inches to 14 feet. 
Associated with them were large numbers of Hucrangonyx gracilis 
and Hyalella knickerbockeri. ‘The pond in which they lived in such 
great abundance was described as having an area of about 30 acres 
and was said to be fed by springs within the pond itself and by a 
small brook at the end. It was found that the fish of the pond fed 
upon the amphipods liberally. The fish were largemouth black 
bass (Micropterus salmoides), common sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus), 
and calico bass (Pomowis sparoides). The sunfish and calico bass, 
. 1 to 3 inches long, some of which were able to penetrate the thick 
masses of sphagnum which harbored the amphipods in great num- 
bers, were observed to be relatively the greatest amphipod devourers. 
This dense fringe of vegetation about the pond at all seasons, to- 
gether with the rather large productive capacity of the species in 
question, prevented any very serious reduction of the numbers of 
crustaceans. 


MYSIDACEA, 


Very few Mysidacea are known from the fresh water, and the only 
species known in North America is /ysis relicta, which is considered 
identical with a species living in lakes in northern Europe (Ireland, 


14 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


Seandinavia, and Russia). It is found in North America, under 
similar conditions, in Lakes Superior and Michigan, down to a con- 
siderable depth (150 fathoms). It is a delicate transparent creature, 
about half an inch in length. 


DECAPODA, 


The principal fresh-water crustaceans comprised in this group of 
particular cultural interest as fish food are the prawns and crayfishes. 

Prawn.—Of the prawns Palzemonetes is the most important. Two 
species, Palwemonetes paludosa and P. exilipes, both from North Caro- 
lina, have been described but are now considered identical. Pale- 
monetes has been recorded from Florida, the Illinois River, and 
Lake Erie. 

For the purposes of this paper the most important contribution to 
the knowledge of the fresh-water prawn, which is locally known as 
shrimp, is by Worth (1908). Worth calls it the true shrimp and says 
it is indigenous to the coastal plain region of North Carolina. It is 
the smallest of fresh- 
water decapods. It was 
stated that 136 to 140 in- 
dividuals were counted 
to a fluid ounce, from 
which it was calculated 
Fic. 9.—Prawn; “shrimp.” Palemonetes ewilipes ee po Phe ee 

Natural size. “After Ward and Whipple. tis 2,200 ma pint, as taken 
in early fall, young and 
old, with no culling. It is exceedingly abundant, “living in masses 
amongst water mosses and grasses,” which in North Carolina are 
practically universal on all bottoms. It abounds in creeks, mill 
ponds, or lakelets formed by river overflow, or in pits along rail- 
road lines where earth for embankments has been obtained. In 
the latter the shrimp is landlocked and dependent upon rainfall for 
its water supply. These holes, from 2 to 8 inches deep, are unshaded 
and subjected to extremes of heat and cold, the temperature ranging 
from 10° to approximately 100° F. In summer the water even ex- 
ceeds 100°, and in the severest winters it freezes several inches thick. 
The overflows from the Roanoke River, from a clay country, are ex- 
ceedingly turbid, but seem to have no deleterious effect upon the 
crustaceans. Instead of hibernating or burrowing during freezing 
weather, the shrimp appears merely to seek depth of water. It can 
not swim against a strong current. 

Crayfishes—The crayfishes or crawfishes are the commonest in- 
land representatives of Decapoda. The rather numerous species of 
Europe and North America are comprised in two genera. Potamo- 
bius includes the European crayfishes and the five species of Pacific 
slope of North America from California to British Columbia. Cam- 
barus is restricted to North America east of the Rocky Mountains, 
Mexico, Guatemala, and Cuba. It contains between 70 and 80 species. 

Crayfishes live in rivers, ponds, lakes, sloughs, etc., and some are 
more or less terrestrial and some subterranean, living in cave waters. 
They are mainly carnivorous, their food being smaller animals, dead 
or alive, but southward an omnivorous species makes serious depre- 
dations on newly planted fields of corn and cotton. A burrowing 


CRUSTACEA AS FOOD FOR YOUNG FISH. 15 
form has at times caused considerable damage to the Mississippi 
dikes. The different species vary much in size, many of them being 
large enough to be actually of considerable commercial importance. 
The smaller purely aquatic species form an important food for sev- 
eral species of fishes, and Hankinson (1908) reports that they “ form 
a very important, if not the chief, food of the black bass, rock bass, 
and perch,” in Walnut Lake, Mich. It is a favorite bait for the small- 
mouth black bass in Lake Erie, at least locally. The eggs of cray- 
fishes are carried during incubation attached to the swimmerets of 
the abdomen, and the young are of the form of the adult, when 
hatched. They cling for a time after hatching to the hairs of the 
swimmerets by 
means of their 
little upper feet, 
and are carried 
about by the 
mother crayfish. 


POSSIBILITY OF 
SUCCESSFUL = 
CRUSTACEAN Som 


ae 


28; 

oe 

reer 

= 
| 


CULTURE. : a ree, 
a ( Wis <0 Gy Sa 3 
Various persons \\ >) a 
have advocated the \\ See va 
culture of crusta- \\ \ Re er aat 


ceans as food for 
fishes, particularly 


= 


WR 


‘4 


young fishes, and 
have regarded it as 
a practicable pro- 
cedure. Such pronouncements have been based upon both experi- 
ment and theory. The reports concerning European practices 
of years ago indicated that they were to a certain extent successful. 
Information indicating to what extent the success has been main- 
tained or the methods improved is not at present available. In those 
early days American fish-culturists who advocated the same pro- 
cedure in this country based their confidence in the practice upon the 
success attained in Europe. Some, claiming to have tried the meth- 
ods, were enthusiastic in praise of the methods and the results ob- 
tained. One fish-culturist at least doubted the practicability of rais- 
ing the crustaceans on a scale to meet the demands in this country. 
The enthusiasm and special efforts to raise crustaceans seem finally 
to have died out, thus in a way supporting the contention of fish- 
culturists of adverse views. In more recent years in this country 
the question occasionally arises, but principally among those who base 
their views partly, at least, upon the reproductive capacity of various 
species. A few observations have been made with feasibility of cul- 
ture in view. 

Actual observations in this direction are valuable, as they yield 
scientific data. By correlating other data and known facts regard- 
ing conditions of environment, life processes, and competition, and 
considering possible unknown favorable and unfavorable factors, 
approximately correct conclusions may be reached regarding one 


Fig. 10.—Crayfish; ‘“ crawfish;” ‘‘ crab.’ Cambarus bartoni. 
Natural size. After Ward and Whipple. 


16 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


particular set of conditions. But all must be repeated more or less 
in another different set. To be regarded as successful, crustacean 
culture, as any other culture, must economically produce a supply to 
meet the requirements. 

To state that a project is feasible is one thing; to demonstrate it is 
another. To what extent success has been attained in the culture of 
any of the forms of crustaceans, and perhaps to some extent the pos- 
sibilities of the culture of some forms in this country, will appear in 
the discussion which follows, in which the subject of culture of crus- 
taceans will be taken up in the same order in which the classes 
were previously discussed: Entomostraca (Branchiopoda; namely, 
Phyllopoda and Cladocera, here treated separately; Copepoda; and 
Ostracoda) and Malacostraca (Isopoda, Amphipoda, Mysidacea, 
and Decapoda). ; 


ENTOMOSTRACA, 


PHYLLOPODA, 


Culture or artificial use of Phyllopoda as fish food is mentioned by 
no fish-culturist. While these crustaceans are temporarily abundant, 
their occurrence is usually so irregular and uncertain that no de- 
pendence could be put upon them for anything like a permanent sup- 
ply. When available, use might be made of them as a collateral sup- 
ply. They would thrive in small inclosures which may be employed 
for raising Entomostraca. In fact it is quite possible that such in- 
closures might become naturally stocked. In any event fairy shrimp 
are only incidental possibilities of the augmentation of crustacean 
food supply for the fishes. 


CLADOCERA. 


While the food recommended for young fry is usually indefinitely 
designated as Entomostraca, about every specific citation is of 
Daphnia. Daphnia pulex is one of the most common forms and is 
the one specifically mentioned as in use at Gremaz (Ain), France 
(a noted fish-farming region). It has been calculated that the pos- 
sible progeny of a single female might reach the astonishing figure 
of 13,000,000,000. However, in considering the possible capacity of 
the same female for fish-food production many adverse factors must 
be taken into account. 

The most successful method of raising Daphnia and feeding young 
trout at the Gremaz establishment, according to C. Raveret-Wattell 
(1887), was to raise the crustaceans in the same inclosures in which 
it was intended that young fish should feed. The “basin ” was first 
stocked with Daphnia and the stock allowed about a month in which 
to multiply. The young fish were then put into this inclosure, where 
they were said to find abundance of food. While this stock of food 
was being consumed another similar inclosure was prepared and 
abundantly stocked with Daphnia, which also were allowed a month 
for increase, when the fish were transferred to this inclosure, having ~ 
eaten about all of the food of the first place. A month later transfer 
of the fish was made to the first inclosure, which had been restocked 


CRUSTACEA AS FOOD FOR YOUNG FISH. Ney 


with crustaceans, and so on. It was stated that this method was 
extremely simple and convenient. 

Concerning the raising of Entomostraca, Seal (1892) wrote that 
stagnant waters everywhere, and especially those destitute of fishes, 
abound with certain kinds of Entomostraca, but principally with 
Daphnia and Cyclops. Water-cress beds and masses of other aquatic 
plants are alive with other kinds of crustaceans, such as “ water hog ” 
or “Asel” (Asellus), and “ fresh-water shrimp” (Gammarus). 
Masses of dead leaves in the waters of springs or spring streams 
harbor them in great numbers. But the conditions in nature that 
promote their development are not nearly so favorable as they can 
be made by combining the natural and artificial. There is no neces- 
sity for the introduction of any foreign material to stimulate a pro- 
duction of the crustaceans. It appears that in raising Entomostraca 
at the Gremaz establishment secrecy was maintained and nothing 
was revealed concerning some essential principle. This secret was 
offered for sale. Mather (1897) stated that it was some system of 
ordure in which he had no faith. Evidently referring to the Gremaz 
method, previously mentioned, Seal went on to say that there was no 
necessity for driving fish from one pond to another, as the food 
could easily be caught and transferred to the fish basins. Seal sug- 
gested spreading the water from a spring so as to make a shallow 
pond and planting it thickly with water cress, stating that nature 
would speedily stock it with animal life. 

The foregoing remarks by Seal would seem to apply more par- 
ticularly to conditions suited to the scuds (Gammarus) rather than 
to Daphnia. However, he added that the advantage of an artificial 
system over purely natural conditions in the production of Crustacea 
is the same as in the propagation of fish, saying that when exposed to 
the ravages of fish themselves, the multiplication of the crustaceans 
would be slow, if not wholly averted, owing to the destruction of the 
breeders as well as the others. In separate basins, however, there 
would be no restriction on the production and “ their fecundity is so 
great, the accumulation is enormous.” “Thus,” he says, “while one 
basin is being depopulated others can be repopulated.” As at first a 
more extensive but in the long run most economical provision for rais- 
ing Entomostraca (and probably other crustaceans), Seal suggested 
making wood or cement-lined trenches, covered with “sash like hot- 
beds,” through which the waters of springs could flow, the inlets and 
outlets to be protected by wire gauze. 

Raveret-Wattel (1898) described the methods of raising Ento- 
mostraca at a small fish-cultural establishment at Rouen, France. 
The fish-cultural operations were limited to 2,000 or 3,000 fry and 
the number of older individuals that resulted from that many fry. 
The fry were fed for a while exclusively upon Daphnia and other 
Entomostraca incidentally present. The entomostracan food was 
then gradually replaced by finely minced horse meat. A sufficient 
supply of Daphnia was maintained as follows: A cask was filled with 
water in which a light basket weighted with rocks and containing 
some stable manure, from which all straw had been removed, was 
sunk. Some Daphnia were then introduced, which in a little while 
multiplied sufficiently to provide a constant supply for the fry. 


18 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


In a paper? read at the American Fisheries Society in 1918, Austin 
F. Shira, then director of the Fairport station, described some experi- 
ments which he had conducted relative to the possibility of satisfac- 
torily raising Crustacea as food for young fishes. He stated that at 
Fairport the fish ponds are fed by Mississippi River water and that 
in the spring and early summer there is always an influx of Ento- 
mostraca which for a time affords an ample food supply for the 
young fishes, but that it is soon reduced considerably by the fishes. 

is experiments with Daphnia revealed that a single individual gave 
birth to three broods, and individuals from two of these broods each 
reproduced three times, making in all 143 progeny within 32 days 
after the experiment was started. From this data he calculated that 
if all the individuals in two generations produced as many young as 
the first individual cited, the possible number of young from all indi- 
viduals would have been 1,595 from March 13 to April 12. There is 
a considerable element of uncertainty in this calculation. However, 
apparently basing his conclusions upon this calculation, Shira states 
that by reserving small concrete or earth ponds for the production of 
these forms an abundant food supply would be available for a con- 
siderable portion of the year, and the pond would be well stocked 
with winter eggs for the next season. 


COPEPODA. 


The use of Copepoda as fish-cultural food supply is perhaps im- 
plied in the recommendations for the use of Entomostraca, and 
Cyclops is occasionally definitely mentioned as suitable food for 
young trout. Some species of copepods could doubtless be raised 
at certain times of the year, if not alone, in conjunction with some 
other Crustacea. Some of the free-swimming species would probably 
be the most easily available, particularly in winter or early spring. 
The character of the waters in which they are to be kept may be 
determined by that of the water from which they are obtained. 

From the foregoing discussion of the habitats and habits of cope- 
pods it is inferred that such waters as would be favorable to Hyalella 
would be suitable for some species of free-swimming copepods. 


OSTRACODA. 


The use of ostracods as food for young fishes has not been definitely 
mentioned, although it may be implied in the term Entomostraca. 
It is quite possible to obtain a stock of these little crustaceans from 
relict pools in a dry summer, when such pools are likely to swarm 
with them. It would not be necessary, in fact it might not be pos- 
sible, to secure and maintain a pure colony of ostracods. If not 
taken with the ostracods, other forms of Entomostraca would prob- 
ably gain access to the inclosures, provided the culture of the ostra- 
cods is on an adequate scale in tanks or outside ponds fed by surface 
water. Ostracods may be taken in sufficient quantities to form a 
large initial stock by using a dip net of cheesecloth or bolting cloth 
in the pools which contain them. 
we WM es yo Takes Vy hls bah Ta am =< 

2 Unpublished manuscript. 


CRUSTACEA AS FOOD FOR YOUNG FISH. 19 


MALACOSTRACA. 
ISOPODA. 


The Asellus, while fairly common at times and in places, com- 
pared with some other crustaceans is not. abundant. It doubtless 
enters more or less into all open crustacean culture inclosures fed by 
surface water. Its habits do not render it particularly desirable, 
although it is in itself a good fish food for fishes large enough to 
swallow it. No special effort to cultivate it has been suggested. 


AMPHIPODA. 


Of all the crustaceans, the amphipods, or scuds, inappropriately 
called shrimp, have been most strongly advocated and most com- 
monly used as food for young fish, particularly those which have 
attained the fingerling stage at fish-cultural establishments. The 
common amphipod of Europe which has been thus employed is 
Gammarus pulex (pulex meaning flea). 

Raveret-Watell (1887) stated that at Gremaz arrangements were 
also made for raising amphipods. Alongside the fish ponds artificial 
rivulets were filled with water cresses and other aquatic plants and 
stocked with these crustaceans. However, the fish were not placed 
in these rivulets or ditches to feed, but. the crustaceans were rationed 
out to the fish in their own inclosures. A sufficient quantity of 
“shrimp” was gathered in a few minutes to supply the fish with the 
amount of food required. It was said that when being fed the young 
trout would come from all directions “in dense masses” and would 
not allow a single “shrimp” to reach the bottom of the pond, and 
that no matter how large the quantity of shrimp it quickly van- 
ished. It was claimed that the young trout thrived admirably upon 
the diet. 

It was stated, also, that these small “shrimp streams” were so 
profitable that they would soon give place to a still simpler method, 
1. @., by proceeding in exactly the same manner as employed with 
Daphnia (alternately stocking and admitting fish to different in- 
closures). There were said to be 3 ponds (“basins”), each having 
a surface of about 120 m. and containing about 70,000 fish of the 
year, grouped according to size. It was stated that experiment had 
determined that one basin 35 m. (114.8 feet) long and 3 m. (9.84 feet) 
broad, with an average depth of 40 cm. (1.3 feet) of water, may con- 
tain 20,000 young fish from 8 to 12 months old, or 3,000 two-year- 
old trout having an average weight of 250 gm. (0.55 pound). Re- 
garding the amount required, it had been determined that 10 ke. 
(about 22 pounds) of “shrimp” per diem, or 300 kg. (about 660 
pounds) a month, would suffice for the fish; and that inclosures of 
the above dimensions ‘would produce 300 to 350 kg. (660 to 770 
ponds) of shrimp without at all interfering with Daphnia, Nais, 

imnea, insect larvee, etc., which were incidental or secondary prod- 
ucts of the shrimp culture. It was said that it was necessary to have 
only two ponds for each lot of fish and to transfer the fish back 
and forth once a month. 

Later Consul Frank H. Mason (1887) described the methods at 
the Gremaz establishment more fully than the preceding writer. He 


20 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


said that it comprised a gently sloping piece of ground about 6 acres 
in extent, which was watered by three springs, collectively yielding 
about 500 gallons of water per minute. The fish-cultural basins were 
rectangular excavations about 120 feet long by 12 feet wide, with a 
depth of 5 feet. These inclosures were cement lined, owing to the 
oravelly character of the ground, in order to retain the water. 
The various basins had the same general level and were separated by 
sliding gates of wire gauze sufficiently fine to prevent the inter- 
passage of the fry. For each of these inclosures 20,000 yearlings or 
3,000 two-year-old fish were considered sufficient. If the propaga- 
tion of crustaceans was ordinarily successful, the 20,000 yearlings 
or 3,000 two-year-old trout would subsist royally for a month in a 
tank of the size indicated. They would eat on an average 20 to 25 
pounds per diem, or 600 to 800 pounds in the month. Mr. Mason 
stated that each tank would produce 650 to 900 pounds of “ Crevettes ” 
(amphipods) to say nothing of Daphnia, Cyclops, and other species, 
simultaneously produced in the same inclosures. When at the end 
of the month the food of one tank had been depleted, a gate was 
opened and “the fish were driven like a flock of sheep to a new and 
similar pasture.” The first tank was then closed and left quiet, while 
the process of self-replenishment of the stock immediately began. 
Again at the end of two or three weeks the water was swarming 
with the aforementioned organisms. 

At an establishment in Spain operated by F. Muntadas (1887) no 
attempt was made to raise crustaceans as, it was said, a-plenteous 
natural supply was always available. Muntadas wrote that ever since 
his first season he had used nothing but small “shrimp” for feeding 
his trout, which grew amazingly fast. However, in the large in- 
closures, the fish found, besides the myriads of small shrimp, tad- 
poles, gudgeons, and crawfish. The fish were stated to be very fond 
of crawfish especially in the shedding period. Some of the fish in- 
closures were referred to as stone basins, which produced on an 
average of 1,200 trout every year, while certain “open-air basins” 
contained young fish by the thousands. The young fish were said 
to remain in one place from March until September and were fed 
two or three times a day according to their needs. During the first 
two months the food consisted of assorted small shrimp. The daily 
quantity weighed 5 ke. (11 pounds). By carefully counting the 
number of shrimp in 5 g. (about one-sixth ounce) he found the 
number to be 672. The total number of shrimp fed to the fish in one 
day was, then, not less than 672,000, or 4,704,000 per week. 

iacaceans to the use of crustaceans as fish food in England, A. N. 
Cheney (1892) quoted from a letter received by him from Thomas 
Andrews, of Guilford, “ whose reputation as a successful fish propa- 
gator was broader than his native land.” Mr. Andrews stated that 
he had made a specialty of natural food for his trout, devoting sey- 
eral boxes, 10 or 12 feet long, 6 feet wide, and 1 foot deep, besides 
several small ponds and side streams, to the purpose of raising 
Gammarus pulex mostly. He regarded young Gammarus as the 
best of food for airoskeold trout fry. e raised large trout in 
ponds containing an extraordinary amount of natural food. 

Von Marenzeller (1882) described in some detail a fish-cultural 
establishment. in Germany owned by August Fruwirth. The young 


CRUSTACEA AS FOOD FOR YOUNG FISH. A. 


fish (trout and saibling) were kept in small compartments and 
gradually admitted to larger ones. Connected with these were small 
shallow ponds of stagnating water, full of aquatic ete These 
were for raising crustaceans as food for the young fish. They re- 
ceived their water from the same “canal” that supplied the larger 
fish pond, and from these food reservoirs the crustaceans were ad- 
mitted to the compartments of young fish through “ subterreanean 
wooden pipes” which could be closed. Thus, it was claimed, the 
young fish at the inland establishment were raised on exactly the 
same food as they eat in open waters. Mr. Fruwirth believed that 
the feeding of young trout and saibling with good and sufficient 
food, from the moment they lost the umbilical sac until the time 
when they could be fed on meat or fish, was really the point on which 
their rational culture depended, so crustacean food was supplied in 
unusually large quantities up to the end of the first year, after which 
he began feeding with horse meat. 

Probably induced by the reported European success in crustacean 
culture, various fish-culturists in this country advocated a similar 
practice, and the subject was discussed at various meetings of the 
American Fisheries Society. During one of these discussions Mather 
(1897), having followed in his experiments, as he supposed, the 
methods employed at Gremaz and having met with unsatisfactory 
results, was skeptical regarding the practicability of crustacean cul- 
ture in this country, where the yearling trout were raised in far 
greater numbers than in Europe. In discussing Mather’s adverse state- 
ments, Mr. Thompson (Mather, 1897) stated that he had thousands 
of that year’s trout from one-half to 2 inches long, and yearlings 
weighing from one-fourth to one-half pound, which had received no 
artificial food whatever, but had fed on crustaceans raised in a series 
of small natural ponds. Mr. Fairbanks (Mather, 1897), also dis- 
cussing the subject, said that he had some 20 fine spring-fed, sidehill 
ponds, varying in size from 100 to 300 feet in length and 50 to 75 
feet in width; also some smaller than these, about 100 feet in di- 
ameter. These ponds were planted with water plants and stocked 
with crustaceans. Into each of these stocked ponds 50,000 good, 
healthy fry were placed and never fed, touched, or looked at until 
they were yearlings. Some often grew to 6 inches in length. This 
he called a practical success, which was repeated year after year. 

Embody (1911), in the introduction to his report upon his investi- 
gation of certain crustaceans, states that the studies were begun with 
the ultimate purpose of securing sufficient data to show the practi- 
cability or impracticability of propagating amphipods as food for 
fishes, and in the case of the former to determine which species would 
lend themselves most readily to such procedure. Embody’s studies 
resulted in important determination of the distribution, habits, and 
life histories of four species of amphipods occurring in the region 
under investigation. While nothing definite regarding the prac- 
ticability or impracticability of the culture of these forms is stated, 
that it would be practicable is perhaps implied in the last paragraph 
of his summary, in which he says: 

From its large size, rapid growth, and greatest reproductive capacity it is 


evident that G. fasciatus is likely to give the best results if propagated as food 
for fishes inhabiting the more open, quiet, and moderately warm waters. 


Be U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


As previously indicated, the other three species studied were 
Gammarus limneus, Fucrangonyx gracilis, and Hyalella knicker- 
bockeri, which are here named in the order of relative size from 
largest to smallest. 

Embody shows that Eucrangonyx and Hyalella have the widest 
distribution and are adaptable to a wider range of temperature and 
other conditions than the other two species. According to Embody’s 
observations, Eucrangonyx has the longest breeding period and 
Hyalella the shortest. Gammarus limneus requires the coldest water 
for breeding. Eucrangonyx produces the largest average number of 
eggs, G. limnwus next, and Hyalella the lowest average. The young 
of Eucrangonyx grows slowly as compared with the other three spe- 
cies. Hyalella, next to @. fasciatus, has the greatest reproductive 
capacity, followed by G. limneus and Eucrangonyx. 

A logical deduction from the foregoing would seem to be that, 
taken all in all, Hyalella would be of the most general practicability 
and best suited to the most varied conditions and the greatest number 
of species of fishes. For Salmonide, however, particularly the east- 
ern brook trout, G. limnawus would be the most suitable, for besides 
the possibility of raising it in waters cold enough for trout, next to 
Eucrangonyx it produces the largest number of eggs, and next to 
G. fasciatus has the greatest reproductive capacity. As has been 
previously stated, G. limneus is the “Caledonia shrimp” of fish- 
cultural fame. 

Shira,? by means of tables, gave the details of the partial repro- 
ductive capacity of one pair of Hyalellas, carried through 4 months. 
Assuming that the males and females of each brood were about 
equally divided, he calculated that the approximate possible number 
of progeny produced by the pair and succeeding generations was 339 
in about 4 months’ time. In ancther pen one pair produced 8 suc- 
cessive broods of a total of 122 young in 89 days, the shortest period 
between broods being 10 days. Shira’s opinion, based upon his breed- 
ing experiments with Hyalella, was that it had been conclusively 
shown that the species could be reared in a practical way in large 
numbers as fish food. On April 29 a pond was supplied with water 
and aquatic plants, such as Pontad eat Philotria, and Potamoge- 
ton. The plants grew rapidly, and by the time the experiment had 
terminated had produced a very luxuriant growth. Breeding Hyalel- 
las to the number of 2,583 were placed in this pond at intervals from 
May 12 to June 11. From June 15 to August 20 a total of 45,900 
were removed and transferred to another pond. At the termination 
of the experiment an attempt was made to approximately estimate 
the number still remaining in the pond. A small lot was volumetri- 
cally measured and counted, and from the data thus derived it was 
calculated that the total number was 63,800. Adding to this the 
45,900 which had been removed gives a total of 109,700 for the period. 
Shira thus says: “ With a larger pond area and improvement of 
method, the possibilities of rearing this shrimp as fish food would 
seem unlimited.” He states that the transfer of shrimp from one 
pond to another was the simple process of brushing through the 
vegetation with a small hand net of cheesecloth, by which means the 
shrimp were caught in large numbers. ' 


3 Unpublished manuscript, 1918. 


CRUSTACEA AS FOOD FOR YOUNG FISH. Z3 . 
MYSIDACEA., 


The Mysis would hardly seem of practical utility in fish-cultural 
establishments, as may be inferred from its known habitat and 


habits. 


DECAPODA, 


Prawn.—W orth (1908) regarded the prawn (Palwmonetes paludosa) 
as capable of broadcast artificial distribution and of becoming a re- 
source of incalculable value. It was learned from trial that they 
could be sent long distances with little care, if properly prepared for 
shipment. It was found from experience, however, that the species 
quickly succumbed in overcrowding. A large loss resulted from such 
a cause in a shipment from Halifax, N. C., to Neosho, Mo. However, 
in 10 one-gallon tin pails having perforated covers, with 150 
“shrimp ” to a pail, and 10 similar pails with 180 to a pail, prawn 
were shipped from Halifax, N. C., to Washington, D. C., a distance 
of 200 miles. The total time before delivery was 19 hours, without 
icing, aerating, or other attention. From the 6,050 prawns sent the 
loss was only 2 per cent. Worth expressed the view that there was 
_ no doubt that Palwmonetes was entirely capable of being easily and 
cheaply multiplied, “requiring no better accommodations than a 
typical mosquito hole,” in which its larger enemies such as fish do 
not occur. 

Crayfishes—It is not known that any attempt has been made to 
raise crayfishes as food for fishes, although Muntadas (1887) men- 
tions them as present in his ponds and says that trout are fond of 
them. The smaller forms previously mentioned are far better 
adapted to the purpose and more easily raised. The fact that black 
bass and other adult fishes, even the trout, feed upon crayfishes when 
available suggests the question whether or not they might be raised 
in conjunction with the farm fishpond for the purpose of feeding 
the larger sizes and adults of certain fishes. 

Commercial crayfish culture has been practiced with more or less 
success in Europe, but judging from the reports concerning these 
enterprises it would require quite as extensive plants to raise the 
crayfish as food for fishes as it would to raise the fishes themselves. 
It would be practically impossible to raise them in the same pond. 
Furthermore, the crayfish, while it is fairly prolific, produces but 
once a year at the most and is a slow growing creature. Moreover, 
ie problem of its food supply is quite as difficult as is that of the 

shes. 


POSSIBILITY OF STOCKING STREAMS AND LAKES. 


As the majority of streams and lakes probably contain or once 
contained before depletion some one or more forms of crustaceans, 
it would seem entirely practicable to add to the existing stock or to 
restock depleted waters, at least temporarily, by simple transfer of 
the organisms. The species which shall constitute the stock may be 
determined by the character of the water, the section of the country, 
and the availability of a supply. A near-by supply from similar 
character of water is desirable not only on account of convenience 
but because the species occurring there are the most likely to be 


24 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


suited to the waters proposed to be stocked. However, some crus- 
taceans, with reasonable care, may be shipped long distances. 

Cheney (1892) stated that he had succes Nae transplanted 
“shrimp” in trout streams with the best of results, but had never 
tried them in ponds. Castalia Stream in Ohio was stocked with fish 
food by transplanting mosses and water weeds with accompanying in- 
sect and crustacean forms of life from Caledonia Creek in New 
York. When a can of this material was opened it swarmed to such 
an extent with these organisms that Prof. J. A. Lintner could not 
believe that it was a fair representative of the fauna of the creek. 

That prawns can be transplanted has already been indicated by 
Worth (1908). Formerly Caledonia shrimp were quite extensively 
transplanted, with alleged success, into various lakes as well as 
streams. If it is possible to raise crustaceans of any kind in quan- 
tities to feed a large number of fish in fish-cultural establishments 
it should be possible to raise them on a scale to provide initial or 
occasional supplies for brooks, ponds, and lakes, particularly by State 
commissioners. However, as in the case of fish, the adaptibility of 
the crustacean to the water which it is proposed to stock should be 
ascertained. 

As an example of stocking water with nonindigenous fish food, 
Cheney (1892) cited a lake 36 miles long and from 1 to 24 miles wide 
in the State of New York that in 1878 was planted with 18,000 cray- 
fish. The introduction was said to have been made in two or three 
streams at one end of the lake, with the result that in the several 
years past the crayfish occurred in abundance from one end to the 
other of this 36 miles of water. 


METHODS OF OBTAINING STOCK OF CRUSTACEANS. 


The only methods that have been suggested and the only ones that 
seem necessary for any kinds of the smaller crustaceans are fine 
meshed dip nets or smal] fine meshed seines. Seal stated that a 
breeding stock could be collected with comparative ease in stagnant 
and still waters almost anywhere, especially amongst water cress and 
other aquatic plants or masses of dead leaves. A cheesecloth net and 
a bucket would suffice for a collecting outfit, using the net amongst 
the plants and leaves, and depositing the crustaceans, as taken, in 
the bucket of water. These could then be transferred to a small 
pond, wood or concrete trench, in which aquatic plants had been 
thickly planted. He stated that enough food to raise one yearling 
trout could be produced within the limits of 1 cubic foot of water. 

Muntadas (1887) secured enough “shrimp” from near-by natural 
waters to feed his trout, of which he stated that his basins contained 
' thousands. The shrimps were gathered by means of a small net 
“attached to the end of a stick.” The men who collected the crus- 
taceans for him said that the supply was unlimited, “the more they 
took, the more there seemed to be.” 

Worth (1908) found it easy to catch prawn by means of a small 
hand net operated from the shore or from a small boat, and by the 
use of a small seine. He stated that 1,000 were gathered in 30 
minutes at the rate of 900 per square rod, and with a 10-foot seine 
he collected 1,250 in three hauls. 


CRUSTACEA AS FOOD: FOR YOUNG FISH. 25 
VALUE OF CRUSTACEANS AS FISH FOOD. 


Mr. Raveret-Wattell (1887) said of the fish raised at Gremaz that 
from their well-developed stomach and their finely rounded forms 
it could be seen that the fish had not only never suffered hunger but 
that they had always had abundant food of excellent quality. This 
crustacean food, he said, was exceedingly suitable for young fish on 
account of the large quantity of phosphate of lime which it contains, 
and this circumstance explained the rapid growth and exceptionally 
fine and vigorous condition of the young trout raised at Gremaz. 

Mr. Mason (1887), after stating that the organisms thus raised 
and fed to the fishes at Gremaz far surpassed in value, as food for 
fish, anything that had been devised by man, enthusiastically con- 
tinued : 

Thus the simple inexpensive process goes on from year to year, the fish 
always healthy and vigorous, and larger at 2 years old than those artificially 
fed are at 3 years. Yearlings bred in this way are strong and capable of 
making their way in any open stream or pond supplied with food and suitable 
for their existence. One thousand of such yearlings have been found more 
effective in stocking a depleted trout stream than 50,000 young fry turned in, 
as has been so often done heretofore. 


Muntadas (1887) said that ever since his first season he had fed 
nothing but small shrimp to his young trout, “ which grew amazingly 
fast.” 

Seal (1892) said that young trout in aquaria would always take 
Crustacea in preference to dead food, and that it was natural that 
they should. 

Prof. Lintner, to whom Cheney (1892) had shipped Caledonia 
shrimp, had expressed the opinion that in time every order for 5,000 
brook trout would be accompanied with an order for 100,000 shrimp. 
In the discussion of Cheney’s paper (1892), Mr. Gilbert said that in 
his brook in Massachusetts the water cress and other aquatic plants 
were literally alive with fresh-water shrimp and that he did nothing 
to increase them. His trout fed on them all of the time, and in one 
place he had 20,000 yearlings. 

Mather (1900) expresses his belief that Gammarus is greatly over- 
rated as trout food. The stomachs of 247 trout from Wilmurt Lake, 
Herkimer County, N. Y., were examined by him and were estimated 
to contain but 5 per cent Gammarus. The same ration was found to 
obtain in 138 stomachs of trout taken from Meacham Lake, in the 
northern Adirondacks. He further stated that a trout of a pound 
weight seldom eats them. 

Dr. Jousett de Bellesme (1895) said that in their efforts to produce 
an abundant supply of annual food for fishes certain specialists be- 
lieved that the problem was solved by an unlimited supply of crusta- 
ceans. This was stated to be the system of Lugrin (at Gremaz), but 
that it had been demonstrated at the Trocadero Aquarium that feed- 
ing by means of Daphnia is simply a dangerous illusion, as these 
little animals possess very small value as food, and fish which are 
subjected to this régime do not grow. 

Embody (1911) says that it is common knowledge that the eastern 
brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) feeds upon amphipods, and espe- 
cially upon the so-called Caledonia shrimp (G@. limnwus). Three 
young trout approximately 100 mm. long (3.93 inches) captured in 


26 U. S. BUREAU ‘OF FISHERIES. 


January had eaten five and seven large Caledonia shrimp, respec- 
tively, notwithstanding the great abundance of Hyalella and Z. 
gracilis in the same stream. 

Shira * states that Hyalella has been found to be a secondary host 
for one of the parasitic roundworms that infests the young of the 
smallmouth black bass. For that reason the feeding of this species 
to the bass is not to be recommended. 


SYNOPSIS AND DISCUSSION. 


Pearse (1918) stated that most fishes are not indiscriminate 
feeders, but that they select specific objects from the available food 
supply, that in some instances the powers of selecting and rejecting 
are remarkable, and that a perch may have its whole alimentary 
canal packed full of Daphnias, when the surrounding water con- 
tains Daphnia mixed with greater quantities of alge. “Only the 
animal plankton is taken.” He also cited the fact that young suckers 
are able to reject fine particles of silt, retaining only the food or 
organisms, and stated that even large adult perch often have noth- 
ing in their alimentary canal excepting great numbers of cladocerans. 

The quantity of any food, particularly material found in the ali- 
mentary tracts of individual fishes, is not indicative of the amount 
necessary to sustain life, of the general supply, or even of the fish’s 
preference. It is merely indicative of immediate availability. That 

erch have been found gorged with Daphnia or trout with other 
orms of Crustacea might be considered presumptive evidence of 
exclusive selection or discrimination, although it is quite possible 
that of the food ever utilized by the fishes it is the only form con- 
veniently available at the time. It is a matter of common knowl- 
edge of those who have observed various fishes while feeding that 
any selection or rejection made is often after having taken the object 
into its mouth. 

The fact that Mather (1900) found only 5 per cent crustaceans in 
the stomachs of certain individual trout does not indicate that those 
trout would not have eaten more, even to the exclusion of everything 
else, had they been able to get them. Nor does the fact that Em- 
body’s (1911) observations showed that certain trout had eaten a few 
Gammarus limneus, while Eucrangonyx and Hyalella were also abun- 
dant in the brook, indicate a preference for that particular crusta- 
cean. Nor could the fact be regarded as positively demonstrating 
a power of discrimination, other than that produced perhaps by the 
larger and possibly more active, and therefore more conspicuous, 
Caledonia shrimp. Therefore absence, scarcity, or apparent dis- 
crimination exhibited by stomach contents in trout are, as a rule, 
no arguments against the use of crustaceans as trout food, for it 
has been shown that trout thrive and attain the pink of condition 
(literally and figuratively) upon food consisting largely of crus- 
taceans. 

On the other hand, what holds true for one species of fish might 
not for another. The fact that Pearse (1918) found a large black 
crappie containing 75 per cent pelagic entomostracans is no evidence 
that crappies could be fed exclusively upon Entomostraca. Pearse 


4Unpublished manuscript, 1918. 


—— 


ee ae ee 


CRUSTACEA AS FOOD FOR YOUNG FISH. A 


says that in considering fish foods and the feeding of fishes it is 
important to keep in mind that habits change with age. It is also 
quite evident that the feeding habits and food requirements of some 
species differ widely from those of other species, not only as they 
increase in size but even in the younger stages. Although it is recog- 
nized that entomostracans enter largely into the food of the young 
of many species and that there appears to be but little doubt regard- 
ing the high nutritive value of crustaceans, it has not been shown 
that crustaceans of any sort would be at all suitable as food for 
adults of every species of fish which has been cultivated. 

No experiment or experience has proved that a permanent, constant, 
and exclusively crustacean food supply is desirable for all stages of 
any fish, even if practicable, and its practicability has not been 
demonstrated. None of the experiments in feeding artificially reared 
fishes with crustaceans has wholly eliminated other forms of food. 
As Pearse (1918) says, little is known concerning the amount and 
variety of food required for fishes, and he further pertinently re- 
marks that the day when we shall know enough to figure out proper 
rations is far in the future and that in the meantime every effort 
should be made to provide better food for growing fishes. There is 
no reason why we should feed flour and liver forever without know- 
ing why. Referring to the raising of trout on fly larve by Atkins ® 
Pearse (1918) continues that there is no reason why other natural 
food should not be fed to growing fishes in hatcheries, adding that 
entomostracans are easily collected in quantities with pump or townet. 

However desirable “natural foods” may be and however easily 
collected, the question of raising them is impossible of a solution of 
general practicable application. What might. obtain in one locality 
or instance might not obtain in another locality or instance; what 
might suit one kind of fish might be entirely unsuited to another. 
For instance, it has been stated that one particular species of crusta- 
cean acts as a secondary host of a parasitic worm which infests small- 
mouth black bass. It is not known that any other species of fish is 
affected by this particular parasite, but the same sort of conditions 
may arise regarding other species of fishes and parasites. 

In a proposition, then, of utilizing crustaceans as fish food in 
hatcheries, the question becomes specific and local and must be solved 
by the individual or institution concerned. However, this much is 
sure: Crustaceans can be cultivated in quantities. The local con- 
ditions and the kinds of crustaceans will largely determine the extent 
of operations in this direction. In their cultivation heretofore, 
while attention has been directed to one or two species, various other 
forms of crustaceans, insects, etc., have been coincident products. As 
respects possible undesirability of an exclusive crustacean diet, it 
may be said that a mixed diet is assured by the usual pond culture 
method. As heretofore, the culturist need pay special attention to 
only such forms as he wants for different ages of fishes. Other 
forms are likely to be present whether he wants them or not. 

It has been seen that certain European fish-culturists, basing their 
conclusions upon actual operations, regarded the practicability of 
crustacean culture as successfully demonstrated, and for like reasons 


5 Atkins, Charles G.: Foods for Young Salmonoid Fishes. Bulletin, U. S. Bureau of 
Fisheries, Vol. XXVIII, 1908 (1910), pp. 889-851. Washington. 


28 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


certain Americans made the same claim. Later the subject was 
engaged from a biological standpoint. Recently Shira.’ having cal- 
culated the possible reproductive capacity of certain forms, stated 
that to determine the possibilities of raising quantities of those organ- 
isms it was only necessary to multiply the number indicated as the 
average reproductive capacity by thousands. So, basing his con- 
clusion upon the calculations and upon certain experiments in raising 
crustaceans, he pronounced the culture of Daphnia and “ fresh- 
water ” shrimp, in quantities to furnish an adequate supply of fish 
food, as perfectly feasible. 

One of the reasons previously given by Embody (1911) for the 
selection of Gammarus fasciatus as the particular form likely to give 
the best results if propagated as fish food was its greatest reproduc- 
tive capacity. Observations upon fecundity or calculations of pos- 
sible reproductive capacity of crustaceans alone do not afford any 
basis for positive conclusions regarding the practicability of raising 
them, or the selection of species to be raised. Prolific offspring pro- 
duction in organisms indicates only a provision of nature for the 
perpetuation of the species, not the “ geometrical progression ” of the 
number of individuals. It is an adaptation tending to maintain a 
natural balance; in other words, an offset to adverse conditions which 
naturally beset the species. Expectancy of multiplication and dura- 
tion of life of aggregations of offsprings can not be based upon the 
number of eggs or young produced without taking other factors into 
consideration. For instance, this expectancy is greatly reduced as 
respects organisms which are limited in powers of accommodation to 
changes of conditions and as applies to those forms which are eaten 
by other organisms or eat each other. 

On the other hand, when favorable predominate over unfavorable 
conditions, the expectancy rises above normal in direct accord with 
the degree of predominance of favorable conditions. In the culture 
of crustaceans, then, it should be expected that the nearer the arti- 
ficial conditions are to natural conditions the nearer will be the ap- 
proach to a balance. The degree of removal of unfavorable condi- 
tions, or protection against them, and the degree of maintenance or 
increase of favorable conditions will determine the degree of in- 
crease in numbers and quality of the organisms. Even if an in- 
dividual Daphnia pulew should, as has been calculated, produce 13,- 
000,000,000 progeny in 60 days, the assumption is not warranted that 
there will be that many individuals at the end of 60 days to survive 
and breed in the next breeding period. The same may be said re- 
garding the reproductive capacity of any of the other crustaceans. 
As previously indicated, any calculations based upon such figures 
alone yield no positive results, are mere mathematical gymnastics, 
and are more entertaining as curiosities of figures than of practical 
value. However, should it ever happen that a crustacean-raising 
establishment should be devised, whereby unfavorable conditions are 
greatly reduced or wholly eliminated, then the known reproductive 
capacity of the organisms in a given time would indicate which form 
would the most quickly yield the largest number, the approximate 
number of individuals that would have to be provided for, and the 
capacity of the rearing inclosures. 


6 Unpublished manuscript, 1918, 


CRUSTACEA AS FOOD FOR YOUNG FISH. 29 


It does not necessarily follow from the previously mentioned ex- 
periments, observations, and figures that crustaceans can be inex- 
pensively raised in sufficient quantities to eliminate the necessity of 
_ other kinds of food at times. But whether or not any of the forms 
can be economically raised in sufficient quantities to exclusively af- 
ford a constant perennial diet for a large number of young fish in 
hatcheries, it would seem quite practicable to supplement other 
kinds of food with crustaceans, at a very moderate cost, or even to 
make crustaceans a temporary almost exclusive diet. Furthermore, 
it would seem that natural streams and ponds might have the fish- 
food supply increased by means of artificial stocking or trans- 
planting. 

At present some method of pond culture would seem most feasible 
for raising Crustacea. Shira® stated that at the Fairport ponds, 
which are fed by the Mississippi River water, in the spring and early 
summer there is always an influx of Entomostraca, affording for the 
time ample food supply, but that it is quickly and considerably re- 
cuced by the young fishes in the ponds. He therefore recommended 
some accessory ponds for the breeding of Crustacea. In such ponds 
all the conditions and requirements having been considered, suitable 
water plants should be placed, then the initial stock of crustaceans 
secured. In some localities it is doubtless possible to obtain the 
plants and crustaceans at the same time from the same source. It 
has been seen that some forms of crustaceans are adapted to quiet 
and warm waters, others to cold ponds or the cold depths of lakes 
and to cold spring brooks, while still others seem capable of existing 
within a wide range of conditions. On the other hand, some waters 
may lack some essential element to support crustaceans at all. 

These are a few of the points which must be considered, whether 
it 1s proposed to raise crustaceans for hatchery food supply or for 
stocking natural waters. It goes without saying that the most com- 
mon and most widely distributed species are the forms most easily 
transported and adapted to the widest range of conditions and uses. 


7 Unpublished manuscript, 1918. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


ATKINS, CHARLES G. 

1894. The food problem in fish culture. Transactions, American Fisheries 

Society, 1894, p. 58-66. New York. 
BELLESME, JOUSSET DE. 

1895. Nouvelle méthode de culture des étangs. Péche et pisciculture, Nos. 
1, 2, 3, January—March, 1895, p. 2-11, 28-40, 50-54. Brussels. 

1897. New method of pond culture. (Translation of above, by Tarleton H. 
Bean.) ‘Transactions, American Fisheries Society, 1896 (1897), 
p. 69-94 (including discussion). Glens Falls, N. Y. 

Birer, Epwarp A. 

1918. The.water fleas (Cladocera). In Fresh-water biology, by Henry B. 
Ward and George C. Whipple, Ch. XXII, p. 676-740, 121 figs. 
John Wiley & Sons (Inc.), New York. 

BLANCHET, M. 

1914, Hlevage de muges et de bars, en eau douce a Saint-Valéry-sur-Somme. 
Bulletin, Société Nationale d’Acclimatation de France, 1914, No. 5, 
p. 183-137, 1 halftone. Paris. 

CHENEY, A. NELSON. 

1892. Food for fishes. Transactions, American Fisheries Society, 1892, p 

22-32 (including discussion). New York. 
Empopy, GEORGE C. 

1910. A new fresh-water amphipod from Virginia, with some notes on its 
biology. Proceedings, U. S. National Museum, vol. 38, p. 299-805, 
17 figs. Washington. 

1911. A preliminary study of the distribution, food, and reproductive ca- 
pacity of some fresh-water amphipods. Internationale Revue der 
Gesamten Hydrobiologie and Hydrographie, Bd. IV, Biologisches 
Supplement, IIT, serie, 1911, 38 p., pl., 5 figs. Leipzig. 

HAnkKINsoN, THOMAS L. 

1908. A biological survey of Walnut Lake, Mich. (Crustaceans, p. 233.) 
Report, Biological Survey of the State of Michigan, published by 
the State Board of Geological Survey as a part of the Report for 
1907, p. 1538-288, 75 pls. Lansing. 

HoutmMeES, SAMUEL J. 

1902. Observations on the habits of Hyalella dentata Smith. Science, 

N. S., Vol. XV, p. 529-580. New York. 
HunTSsMAN, A. G. 

1915. The fresh-water Malacostraca of Ontario. Supplement, 47th Annual 
Report, Department Marine and Fisheries, Fisheries Branch, Con- 
tributions to Canadian Biology, 1911-1914 (1915), Fase. II, p. 
145-163, 13 figs. Ottawa. 

JACKSON, HARTLEY H. T. 

1912. A contribution to the natural history of the amphipod Hyalella 
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ciety, Vol. 10, 1912, p. 49-60. Milwaukee. 

MARENZELLER, Dr. MIL VON. 

1877. Die Fischzuchtanstalt des Herrn August Fruwirth in Freiland bei 
St. Pélten in Niederésterreich. Abhandlungen der k. k. seu lpeietn 
botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien for 1877. 


30 


‘ 


CRUSTACEA AS FOOD FOR YOUNG FISH. 31 


MARENZELLER, Dr. HMiL vVoN—Continued. 
1882. The piscicultural establishment of Mr, August Fruwirth in Freiland 
near St. Pélten, Lower Austria. (Translation of the above by 
Herman Jacobson.) Report, U. S. Commission of Fish and 
Fisheries, 1879 (1882), p. 651-660, 1 fig. Washington. 
MarsH C. DWIGHT. 
1918. Copepoda. Jn Fresh-water biology, by Henry B. Ward and George 
C. Whipple, Ch. XXIII, p. 741-789, 73 figs. John Wiley & Sons 
(Inc.), New York. 
Mason, FRANK H. 
1887. Self-reproducing food for young fish. Bulletin, U. S. Fish Com- 
mission, Vol. VII, 1887 (1889), p. 203-206. Washington. 
1892. Idem. Transactions, American Fisheries Society, 1892, p. 58-77 (in- 
cluding discussion). New York. 
MATHER, FRED. 
1897. Natural food for trout fry. Transactions, American Fisheries So- 
ciety, 1896 (1897), p. 48-68 (including discussion). Glens 
Falls, N. Y. 
1900. Modern fish culture in fresh and salt water. 333 p., illus., pl. Forest 
& Stream Pub. Co., New York. 
MunrTapas, F. 
1887. Report on the piscicultural establishment of Piedra, Aragon, Spain. 
Bulletin, U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. VII, 1887 (1889), p. 211- 
215. Washington. 
1892. Idem. Transactions, American Fisheries Society, 1892, p. 52-57. 
New York. 
MuTTKOWSKI, RICHARD ANTHONY. 
1918. The fauna of Lake Mendota: a qualitative and quantitative survey 
with special reference to the insects. Notes from the Laboratory, 
Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey, December, 
1918, p. 374-482, map. Reprinted from Transactions, Wisconsin 
Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters, Vol. XIX pt. 1, 1918. 
Madison. 
NEEDHAM, JAMES, and‘J. T. Luoyp. 
1916. The life of inland waters. 488 p., 244 figs. Comstock Pub. Co., 
Ithaca, N. Y. 
OrTMANN, A. EH. 
1918. Higher Crustaceans (Malacostraca). Jn Fresh-water biology, by 
Henry B. Ward and George C. Whipple, Ch. XXV, p. 828-850, 16 


figs. John Wiley & Sons (Inc.), New York. 
PAGE, WILLIAM F. 


1894. Feeding and rearing fishes, particularly trout, under domestication. 
Bulletin, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Vol. XIV, 1894 (1895), pp. 289- 
314. Washington. [Important paper: Review of other experiences 
as well as his own, and recommendations. Bibliography, p. 314.] 
PARIS, PAUL. 
1911. Hssai d’incubation artificielle des oeufs d’ecrevisse. Bulletin, So- 
eciété Nationale d’Acclimatation de France, 1911, p. 56-58, 2 figs. 
Subaris: 
PEARSE, A. S. 
1918. The food of the shore fishes of certain Wisconsin lakes. Bulletin, 
U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Vol. XXXV, 1915-16 (1918), p. 245- 
292. Washington. 


ow U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


PEARSE, A. S.—Continued. 

1918a. The fairy shrimps (Phyllopoda). Jn Fresh-water biology, by 
Henry B. Ward and George C. Whipple, Ch. XXI, p. 661-675, 39 
figs. John Wiley & Sons (Inc.), New York. 

Prarr, HENRY SHERRING. 

1916. A manual of the common invertebrate animals, exclusive of insects. 

737 p., illus. A. C. McClurg & Co., Chicago. 
RAVERET-WATTEL, C. 

1887. The piscicultural establishment at Gremaz (Ain), France. Bulletin 
U. S. Fish Commission, 1887 (1889), p. 207-211. Washington. 

1892. Idem. Transactions, American Fisheries Society, 1892, p. 45-51. 
New York: 

1898. Sur les travaux de pisciculture de M. Goubert, 4 Rouen. Bulletin, 
Société Nationale d’Acclimatation de France, Vol. XIX—XX, 1898- 
1899, p. 118-115. Paris. 

SEAL, WILLIAM P., 

1892. The present status of trout culture. Transactions, American Fish- 

eries Society, 1892, p. 38-45. New York. 
SHARPE, R. W. 

1918. The Ostracoda. Jn Fresh-water biology, by Henry B. Ward and 
George C. Whipple, Ch. XXIV, p. 790-827, 59 figs. John Wiley & 
Sons (Inc.), New York. 

WECKEL, ADA L. 

1907. The fresh-water Amphipoda of North America. Proceedings, U. 8. 

National Museum, Vol. XXXII, p. 25-58, 15 figs. Washington. 
WortH, S. G. 

1908. Fresh-water shrimp, a natural fish food. Bulletin, U. S. Bureau of 
Wisheries, Vol. XXVIII, 1908 (1910), Pt. II, p. 853-858. “Wash- 
ington. 

Warp, Henry B., and Grorcr C. WHIPPLE. 

1918. Fresh-water biology. First edition, p. 661-850. John Wiley & Sons 
(Ine.), New York. 

WOZELKA-IGLAU, KARL. j 

1895. Beitrag zur Hebung der Salmoniden- und Krebszucht in Kleineren 
Wassergerinnen. Deutsche Landwirthschaftliche Presse, Nos. 28 
and 31, April 6 and 17, 1895. Berlin. 

1896. Contributions toward the improvement of the culture of salmonoids 
and crawfish in smaller water courses. (Translation of the above 
by Herman Jacobson.) Bulletin, U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. XV, 
1895 (1896), p. 869-378, pl. Washington. 


O 


PRINCIPLES INVOLVED IN THE PRESERVATION OF FISH 
BY SALT.* 


By Harpen F. Taytor, 


Chief Technologist, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. 


Contribution from the Fishery Products Laboratory, Washington, D. C. 


CONTENTS. 

Page 
SRST AD CMTARS (hl OTD eee ey ns a 08 Ms ee ea et fe re eT ees eer) oe al 
EVO SAllits. PPRCSCEV.Cg ees EE a | ae A Se a it 2 he ae es es ees acl 8 2 
LENO SPILT Cee PO Tih Fl £2) COD OS ek Ee SP eee gee eee oe eee ees aa 3 
METELOLS alLeCtine perTMeablliGy. Of NSN a2 ee oe se De ee 5 
LP LEDS ACOLAS COTY SCE | aS) ear ee ean ep SLES A Fe TAL De Se eR Pe dS 8 
Dives sine and. brine saline’ compared] =~ - ==" st 9 
Hoss Dyshishvot mutrients innbiimes ot. “OCT eee ee ee) ee lal 
Influence of method of cleaning fish on salting_________________________ 13 
Improved method of salting fish especially for warm weather___________ iby 
SOLE DSO TEM E Tol VST ae OY eae ga ee es eR I Ne ae te Sees ee eae ee 16 
Ty TiN Gos FFE EG) SR Aaya a a Sa A a lll Sect J 16 
IBeChaVWionOn tat.cuning Salting process2 52 Vas Fs) a ha Bee eS 16 
Reddeninecat cod <andshadd oGikc! es = Soe eet ees os oe or se ie oe ee 18 
ReCOVeCRVen Or shi Gk 3 BE et oy Sl ces Fey 19 
Accessory chemical agents and other factors in salting_________________ 20 
CG SEU EPR Tg Tat S 9 Sa ale goa SAS Bi la ati lL ti ig ict Sac 21 
SoPIMEAN La one meen nce) SAAS RE ae EEO ELE io) BOE Ed) eB OEE ATS A a ee bee ae 21 

INTRODUCTION. 


The art of preserving fish by means of salt is of great antiquity. 
It was practiced by the Phoenicians and Greeks and was brought to 
a high degree of perfection by the Romans. Mixed with spices, salt 
was used for the preservation of food on the shores of the Mediter- 
ranean and the outlying country in the time of Christ, reference being 
made in the Sermon on the Mount to a salt which has lost its savor, 
meaning a salt in which the spices have lost their aroma by evapora- 
tion. In the centuries following the art continued, both in the Occi- 
dent and the Orient, to play an important part in world economy. 
Shakespeare put in the mouth of his most wonderful character, Fal- 
staff, the words: “If I be not ashamed of my soldiers, I am a soused 
gurnet ”*—a pickled gurnard, the gurnard being held in such light 
esteem that it was a term of contempt. Whether “sousing” or pick- 
ling made the fish doubly contemptible had better be left to the phi- 
lologists to determine. Less than 25 years after Shakespeare wrote 
that play the Plymouth Colony landed in America and brought with 


1 Appendix II to the Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1922: B. FR. 
Doe. 919. 
2 King Henry IV, pt. 1, Act IV, Scene II. 


2 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


them the arts of sousing and pickling fish. The descendants of the 
Pilgrims are still pickling fish around Cape Cod and particularly 
at Gloucester. 

To a great many people it may seem that science has contributed 
little or nothing to the improvement of methods of preserving fish 
by salt. Perhaps this view is shared by a considerable number of 
people who are engaged in the business of salting fish. To them it 
may appear that salting fish is just salting fish, and “that’s all there 
is to it.” It may be admitted readily that science has not so per- 
vaded and dominated the fish-pickling industry as it has other an- 
cient arts, but it has contributed something and is capable of con- 
tributing a great deal more, and here lies the purpose of this paper. 
That purpose is to present the rationale of salting and pickling fish, 
so that the reasons for the various steps and modifications will be 
readily understood and appreciated, to the end that the art may be 
practiced more intelligently and successfully. It is a further pur- 
pose of this paper, by showing what the few attempts made by 
science have done for the art, to convince and persuade those on 
whom the industry depends for its existence and progress that science 
can be expected to do a great deal more than it ever has done if it 
is energetically studied and applied. 


HOW SALT PRESERVES. 


Salt preserves by extracting water. Spoiling is a series of chem- 
ical activities for which water is necessary; remove the water and 
spoiling is arrested. The removal of water by means of salt is in 
some senses a truer dehydration than actual drying in air, for changes 
of an undesirable sort take place in air drying that are never cor- 
rected, while salting may be done in such a way that few changes 
other than removal of water are brought about. The statement that 
salt preserves by extracting water is to be taken strictly and liter- 
ally, for salt has no peculiar preserving or antiseptic quality, as 
many people seem to think. Things live, die, and putrefy in the sea, 
which is one-tenth saturated with salt. But by sufficient concentra- 
tion salt, an otherwise almost inert, harmless substance, becomes a 
powerful preservative, merely because, if concentrated sufficiently, 
it extracts water. 

The process of transferring water from one place to another, as 
from the inside of a fish to the outside, under the influence of con- 
centrated solutions, is known to physicists and chemists as osmosis. 
This principle of osmosis is of almost universal application in 
nature and is used by men in the arts, but a good understanding of it 
is not common. By osmosis our food is taken from the intestines 
to the blood without any communicating opening. By osmosis 
oxygen is taken from the air into the blood without any leakage 
of blood. By the same principle the kidney tubules remove unde- 
sirable substances from the body while holding back all desirable 
substances. By osmosis the roots of plants select the necessary 
minerals from the soil. A weak sugar solution will readily ferment, 
but if made concentrated it destroys yeast and bacteria by osmosis 
and is therefore an excellent preservative of fruits. Salt is also a 
preservative by virtue of its concentration. Any other neutral min- 


PRESERVATION OF FISH BY SALT. 3 


eral substance equally soluble would preserve in the same way that 
salt does, but salt happens to be the only one that the human palate 
and stomach will tolerate. 


HOW SALT EXTRACTS WATER. 


At the risk of appearing verbose the writer undertakes to elucidate 
the principles that govern osmosis, because osmosis is nearly the 
whole principle of salting fish. Without a knowledge of osmosis 
people may salt fish successfully by rule, but without such a 
knowledge it is quite impossible to understand the process. 

If a thin animal skin or membrane separates two liquids and if 
the liquids are alike and of the same concentration, nothing happens. 
But if they are unlike and of different concentration, one or the 
other or both of the liquids will pass through the skin to the other 
side. This passage through the skin or membrane is called osmosis. 
Just what components pass through the membrane, in what direc- 
tion, and how much depend on many circumstances. For the pur- 
poses of salting fish water is always the liquid, plus whatever is 
dissolved in the water. The dividing membrane is the skin of the 
fish and the membranous inclosures of the microscopic cells of which 
the substance of the fish is composed. We thus have water and salt 
outside, cell membrane between, and fish juice, or protoplasm, in- 
side, and we desire to know what will happen and how we can in- 
fluence the process to suit our needs. The quantity and direction 
of flow through the skin or cell membrane will depend on (1) the 
nature of the dividing membrane, and (2) the nature and quantity: 
of the substances dissolved in the water on each side. 

The nature of the dividing membrane will be considered first. 
Almost any substance can be made into’a thin film or membrane. 
Such things as glass, tin-foil, and mica may be exceedingly thin, 
but are totally impermeable and therefore uninteresting in the pres- 
ent connection. But other membranes or films, such as parchment 
paper, gelatin films, animal bladders, and goldbeater’s skins are 
permeable to a greater or smaller degree. Suppose pure water were 
on one side of a membrane and water containing dissolved salt on 
the other. If the membrane is perfectly permeable to all constitu- 
ents, water will pass through to the salt solution and salt will pass 
through to the water, and these movements will continue until the 
two sides are alike and then stop. It is always the tendency for 
the two liquids to come to equilibrium, and they would do so if the 
membrane were perfectly permeable. Nearly all membranes, how- 
ever, permit a freer flow of the solvent, in this case water, than they 
do of the solute (that which is dissolved), in this case salt. 

If the membrane permits the water to flow but absolutely prevents 
passage of a dissolved substance, the membrane is said to be semi- 
permeable. In the example taken above, of pure water on one side 
and salt solution on the other, if the membrane were semipermeable 
then the water would pass through to the salt solution, but the salt 
could not get through to the water. The level of the pure water 
would fall and that of the salt would rise. The difference in liquid 
_ level would exert a pressure called osmotic pressure. Ideally semi- 
permeable membranes are not realized in nature, though some of the 


4 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


membranes in plants and animals approach ideal semipermeability 
while they are living. Ideal semipermeability with respect to par- 
ticular dissolved substances has been achieved and is found in living 
organisms. 

It is to be remembered that in case of semipermeable membranes 
the solvent will flow from the less concentrated to the more concen- 
trated side of the membrane, so that if we wish to extract water we 
need only to make the outside more concentrated than the inside. If 
we wish to add water, we make the outside less concentrated than the 
inside; that is, we use pure water outside, as has sometimes been done 
unfairly to swell oysters and make them appear “ fat.” 

It is also to be remembered that the degree of permeability of mem- 
branes does not necessarily remain unalterable. The permeability 
of the membrane can very readily be changed, as will be seen later. 
There is reason for believing, for example, that the permeability of 
fish to salt increases after death—for stale fish strike through more 
quickly than fresh fish—and that permeability increases at tempera- 
tures near the freezing point of water. 

The tissues of fish consist mostly of cells. Each cell is a bag of 
semiliquid, like the white of egg. The surface of every cell either is 
or acts like a semipermeable membrane. If we surround the cell with 
water, the inside will be more concentrated than the outside and 
water will go in. If we surround the cell with strong salt solution, 
water will pass out to the salt. Some salt will also pass into the cell, 
which fact shows that the cell wall is not ideally semipermeable. 

But what of the protein within the cell? Why does it not come out 
while the salt is going in? In order to answer these questions it is 
necessary to pass from a consideration of the nature of the mem- 
brane in osmosis to a consideration of the nature of the dissolved 
substance. 

By a great many experiments it has been found that some dissolved 
substances never pass through membranes under any circumstances, 
while others will pass through some membranes. It is found that 
those which never pass through are also those which on drying out 
do not crystallize but shrink to a tough mass. They are called col- 
loids. Examples of them are glue, albumen, gelatin, and soap. The 
smallest possible particle of these substances 1s comparatively large, 
too large, we may imagine, to go through the texture of the mem- 
brane. They are not only large of molecule but complex in structure. 
The bulk of animal bodies consists of colloids called proteins, dis- 
solved in water. The other class of substances, those that may pass 
through membranes and which on drying out crystallize in regular 
geometrical shapes, are the crystalloids. Examples of this class are 
salt, sugar, and like substances. It is not to be supposed, however, 
that all crystalloids will pass with equal facility through any given 
membrane. Nearly all membranes are in some measure selective of 
particular crystalloids. The ideal semipermeable membrane permits 
none to pass, but as membranes degenerate from ideal semipermea- 
bility to complete permeability they permit more and more of these 
dissolved things to pass through. 

The phenomena of osmosis having been briefly reviewed, one may 
readily perceive the importance of applying the principles to the © 
salting of fish. Salt is brought in contact with the exterior of the 


PRESERVATION OF FISH BY SALT. 5 


cell. It dissolves in some of the moisture, forming a saturated solu- 
tion. This solution is separated from the contents of the cell by a 
cell membrane which is more or less semipermeable. Water passes 
out of the cell to the salt and the processes of decay are stopped be- 
cause of insufficiency of water. The membrane, not being absolutely 
semipermeable, permits some salt to enter and the fish remains salty. 
The contents left in the cell are proteins or the valuable food ele- 
ments of the fish which, being colloids, are not permitted by the cell 
membrane to pass out. Thus water is extracted, salt enters, and the 
fish is preserved. 

When the time comes to eat the fish the process is exactly reversed. 
The fish is bathed in pure water. The cell contents are more con- 
centrated than the exterior, so water passes in. The cell membrane 
is to some extent semipermeable, so the protein does not escape, but 
the salt does. This exchange is carried to a point where the meat is 
again plump and a sufficient quantity of salt has been removed. 

Thus by exposing the meat of fish to salt we have removed the 
water and caused some salt to enter the meat and have stored the 
fish. We have then by exposing the fish to water put water back 
in the cells and taken out the excess salt. The actual food material 
of the fish—the cell protein—is still where it was, for practical pur- 
poses unchanged. If every step has been scientifically correct we 
have at the end very nearly the fresh fish we had to start with. But 
there is the rub. At every turn it is possible to depart from the 
scientifically correct. The principles of osmosis here very briefly 
stated are the fundamentals of the art of salting fish. In all that 
follows there will be frequent occasion to refer to osmosis. 


FACTORS AFFECTING PERMEABILITY OF FISH. 


The preservation of fish by salt is practiced extensively in the 
cooler parts of the United States, but very little has been done south 
of Chesapeake Bay. The reason fish have not been salted in the 
warmer parts of the country is that the process has not been satis- 
factory. Repeated efforts to salt alewives on the St. Johns River in 
Florida previous to 1920 uniformly resulted in failure. In 1918 re- 
search on this problem was undertaken under the immediate direction 
of the writer. The results of a part of this program were published.* 

The hypotheses which guided this work were somewhat as follows: 
During the course of “striking through” the fish two things are 
happening—(1) the flesh is breaking down by autolysis (a process 
to be explained later) and (2) the salt is penetrating the flesh. Salt 
arrests autolysis when it arrives, but considerable damage may be 
done before the salt has reached the innermost parts of the fish. Now, 
these two processes—salt penetration and autolysis—are running a 
race,so to say. If the salt penetrates to the innermost parts before 
autolysis has destroyed them, the salt wins the race and the fish is 
saved. If before the salt can get to the innermost parts they have 
been decomposed by autolysis to an intolerable degree, then autolysis 
wins and the fish spoils. High temperatures accelerate both proc- 
esses, but while accurate measurements have not been made we know 


3 Tressler, D. K.: Some Considerations Concerning the Saiting of Fish. 
Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1919, 55 pp. B. F. 
Washington, 1920. 


Appendix IV, 
Doc. No. 884. 


6 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


by practical experience and by experiment that at a sufficiently ele- 
vated temperature the fish will invariably spoil if blood be present. 
Now, to make certain that the race mentioned shall always be won 
by the salt, we may do one of two things, namely, retard the rate of 
decomposition or accelerate the penetration of salt. Working at a 
lower temperature is the only practicable means of retarding de- 
composition, but since we desire a method suitable for warm climates 
it is necessary to accelerate penetration of salt. How can the salt be 
caused to penetrate fish more rapidly ? 

The physiologists have shown that in living animals compounds of 
calcium, barium, and magnesium have a marked effect in retarding or 
arresting penetration of membranes. By examination of numerous 
analyses of commercial brands of salt it was found that the salts of 
calcium and magnesium are those nearly always present as impurities. 
A few of these analyses are given herewith: 


ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS SALTS FoR CuriING FisH.2 


| . Leslie 

Turks |Trapani,| Iviza, Diemane Velvet 

Substances present. Island Italian | Spanish aomestee Grain, 
salt. salt. salt. Raye iC! Califor- 
. ; nia salt. 


'| Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. 
95. 82 98. 05 99, 99. 96 


SodiumiChlondes cts = orc Me oe nee eee Senne ee 96. 52 yi 
Calciumiehionider sis 222.2. 41:. See BBs | See 32 495 Ee ee eee 
Catetim sal phate... .ji<-<-8 <2 .2 sce seeeee eee See UB Ret G-boeee (serena cr 37 - 067 
Magnesinmrcnloride -2 2:22). 32 seese eee noe oe 1.20 1 ase Se 00 - 00 
Magnesium sulphate. .. 3 /. 9; 22 48 425 - S42: -Sece- -n4 . 80 1.75 . 80 00 .010 
SUTTON OU Cte oo cinta sere afarsie Sienee Lees erat at ve ere ee eae 13 15 . 06 . 00 . 022 


1 These figures represent analysis of single samples of each brand taken in the market and are not aver- 
ages of numerous samples. Not only is some variation in manufacture unavoidable, but the chemical 
determination ofsuch small quantities ofimpuritiesis subject tosmallerrors. Thereforeit should not be 
expected that any purchased lot of salt would conform exactly to the composition shown here. The 
figures represent in a general way the degree of purity that can be expected. 


By appropriate methods of measuring the rate of penetration of 
salt into fish it was found that if absolutely pure salt is used a very 
rapid penetration is obtained, but that even small additions (from 
3 to 5 per cent) of these salts of calcium and magnesium cause 
a very pronounced retardation of penetration. For example, by 
appropriate methods of analysis it was found that pure salt pene- 
trated as deeply in less than five and one-half days as did salt con- 
taining 1 per cent calcium chloride in nearly seven days. Similarly, 
a salt containing 4.7 per cent magnesium chloride penetrated no far- 
ther in five days than pure salt did in three. In order to bring about 
a much more rapid penetration of the tissues then, we have but to 
obtain a salt free from these impurities. The time gained by the use 
of pure salt enables fish to be salted at a much higher temperature 
and yet not spoil. Fish were salted in an incubator room in Wash- 
ington at a temperature of 90° F. at first, rising to 100° F.—the 
hottest summer weather. No unpleasant odor developed, and the fish 
upon being cooked and eaten were pronounced excellent. 

There was a further and somewhat unexpected difference between 
the effects of pure and impure salts. The flesh of the fish salted by 
impure salt is white, opaque, or chalky in appearance and much 
harder or firmer in consistency; that of fish salted with pure salt is 
translucent and somewhat yellowish and much softer. While the 
former white, firm fish is the customary quality demanded in com- 


PRESERVATION OF FISH BY SALT. 2 


merce, there are strong reasons for believing the softer and yellowish 
fish produced in pure salt to be superior. There is reason for be- 
lieving that the whitening of the fish in impure salt is explained by 
the fact that the calcium coagulates the protein, just as heat by coagu- 
lating egg white causes it to be white and firm. But where there is 
no calcium in the salt the protein retains its natural translucency and 
yellowish color. The calcium in impure salt is retained by the fish, a 
matter that will be discussed later under the subdivision on flavor of 
salted fish. 

While no investigations appear to have been made on the influence 
of temperature on the permeability of fish flesh, investigations have 
been made on a great variety of other living things, so that it is prob- 
ably safe to generalize cautiously regarding such influences on fish. 
Osmotic pressure varies, approximately, as absolute temperature.* 
That is, if we double absolute temperature osmotic pressure is doubled, 
other factors being held constant. The range from 32 to 100° F, 
within which fish salting is usually done is, on the absolute scale, 
rather narrow (491.4 to 559.4° A.), so the maximum variation due 
to this cause would be about 14 per cent. It is, however, a com- 
mon experience in pickling fish that the warmer the temperature the 
more rapid the striking through, a difference too great to be accounted 
for by temperature variations of osmotic pressure. The cell mem- 
brane itself must change. Whether any more free permeability 
caused by warm temperature is permanent after the fish is chilled 
again is not known, but the question would be well worth investi- 
gating. Cold, when in the neighborhood of freezing, also promotes 
permeability, as has been proved by various experiments. It is quite 
possible that fish chilled to a point near freezing (as in the mild cur- 
ing of salmon) would strike through much more quickly than fish at 
the customary warmer temperatures. This matter also should be 
investigated. 

Stale fish—that is, fish whose cell membranes have “ died ”—are 
more permeable than fresh fish. Some fish were held in the labora- 
tory all day at a temperature of about 75° F. and toward night were 
salted in pure salt and put in an incubator at 100° F. By the next 
day they were struck through. The combination of stale fish, high 
temperature, and pure salt brought about extraordinarily rapid 
penetration. 

At this point mention should be made of another effect of salt 
upon the protein constituents of fish. Strong solutions of salt pre- 
cipitate certain protein substances, different substances falling out 
successively from a mixture of dissolved proteins as the concentra- 
tion of salt is increased. The nature of the proteins is not altered 
by this precipitation, for upon replacement of the salt solution with 
fresh water the proteins redissolve and appear to be restored to 
their original condition. Salt thus causes a temporary precipita- 
tion or fixation of proteins in fish, to a certain extent hardening the 
tissues and reducing the likelihood of changing. Not only does 
quite pure salt penetrate the fish more rapidly, but when the time 
comes to cook the fish it is found to soak out more rapidly also. 
Practical experiments in the experimental kitchen of the Bureau of 


oe 


4 Absolute temperature is based on absolute zero, the point of no heat, or absolute 
cold,-which is —273° C. or —459.4° F. If we use degrees the same size as Fahrenheit’s 
degrees, then 0° F. is 459.4 absolute; 50° F. is 459.4 + 50—509.4 absolute, ete. 


77635°—22—2 


re) U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


Fisheries indicate that fish preserved in very pure salt soak out in 
oa ag a third to a half the time required by fish preserved in crude 
Salt. 

What is the practical lesson of this work? It shows that by the 
judicious selection of salt, not on the basis of its cheapness but on the 
basis of composition, one can produce a salt fish of almost any 
desired quality. If salting is to be done in very warm weather it 
will be necessary to use the purest grade of salt to secure very rapid 
penetration. In this way a soft, yellowish fish of excellent quality 
is obtained. Where weather is cool enough to permit, a salt contain- 
ing more calcium and magnesium may be used, in which case a 
whiter and firmer fish will be produced. 

Can these very pure salts be obtained commercially? Several 
brands of salt of the highest degree of purity are available both on 
the east and west coasts and at a cost not. much above the price of 
cruder salt. In many cases the single item of fish saved that might 
otherwise spoil will repay the extra cost of pure salt, to say noth- 
ing of the improvement in quality of the salt fish. 


FLAVORS OF SALT FISH. 


The calcium and magnesium are taken up by the protein in the 
cells and held, not coming out when the fish is soaked. Now, these 
impurities,. particularly calcium, have an acrid taste and greatly 
accentuate the “saltiness” of salt. Pure salt is not so “salty” to the 
taste as crude salt. If the calcium is held by the tissues at the time 
of soaking out while the salt is removed, then after soaking there is 
a much greater amount of calcium present in proportion to the 
amount of sodium than there was in the original salt and a corre- 
spondingly more acrid “salty” taste. It is therefore necessary to 
soak out fish much longer or until they are “ flat” if they have been 
cured with crude salt, while with pure salt they may be soaked out 
until they suit the taste, after which they retain their original flavor. 

Certain improvements in the flavor of fish have been noted after 
they have been salted by improved methods. The fish variously 
known as mud shad or gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) is 
plentiful in certain parts of the country but is held in very low esteem 
because of its muddy, unpleasant flavor. After being washed free 
from blood and salted in pure salt this unpleasant flavor disap- 
peared and the fish compared favorably with fish commonly more 
esteemed. The muddy taste of the carp and other fish from muddy 
ponds and streams is believed by some to be caused by species of 
Oscillatoria, a blue-green alga growing in the slime of the fish; by 
others it is believed to be humic acid derived from the mud. Per- 
haps the two views could be entirely reconciled, but the actual 
chemical compound or compounds responsible for the unpleasant 
flavor seems to be removed by the brine. 

It is not difficult to understand how the alteration of taste: may 
be brought about by salting. The’main bulk of the fish, pure protein 
and pure fat, is believed to be tasteless and odorless. The substances 
which give rise to taste are free fatty acids (decomposition products 
from fats), amino acids (decomposition products of proteins), highly 
odoriferous methylamines, and various waste materials classed by 
the chemist as purines. The absolute quantities and also the relative 
proportions of these materials vary from species to species of fish, 


PRESERVATION OF FISH BY SALT. 9 


and they even change in the same individual fish as staleness de- 
velops. Now, most of these odoriferous substances are soluble in 
water or brine, and after the salting process would be found in the 
brine. They are not replaced when the fish is soaked out. It might 
therefore be anticipated, as has actually been found, that the fresh 
fish, disagreeable because of the presence of strong substances, are 
rendered sweet by the removal thereof in the salting process. 

If this lead were followed in detail, it is quite possible that salting 
would turn out to be the best method of utilizing fishes that are of 
a rather poor edible quality when in the fresh condition. This aspect 
of the matter deserves particular attention of the canners. Many 
species of fish of great abundance might in time be profitably packed ~ 
if the flavor were inviting. With highly improved technique in 
salting, the undesirable flavors might be removed by curing and 
soaking out before canning. This process would be unthinkable on 
the basis of the customary salting methods where there is in the 
end an excessive saltiness or flatness of flavor, but the mild, sweet 
fish prepared by improved technique and pure salt is a much more 
promising possibility for canning. 


DRY SALTING AND BRINE SALTING COMPARED. 


The next question taken up in the investigations referred to was 
that of the relative merits of the application of the salt to fish in 
the dry state and as a concentrated brine. In the Chesapeake Bay 
region the herring are usually pickled in brine. By a strict compari- 
‘son of the two methods it was found that there is developed a smaller 
quantity of the products of decomposition—the amino acids—when 
the salt is applied dry. Not only this, but it was also found that salt 
applied in the dry condition penetrates the fish more rapidly. 

Among the products of protein decomposition are amino acids. 
A determination of amino acid nitrogen was taken as a measure of 
decomposition—the more of the amino acid nitrogen present the 
greater the amount of decomposition. This being true, the following 
table, summarized from Tressler’s results, will show the superiority 
of dry salt over strong brine for preserving fish. 


AMOUNTS OF AMINO ACID NITROGEN FoRMED PER KILOGRAM OF FISH AT DIFFERENT 
TEMPERATURES. 


Amount of amino acid nitrogen per 


Tem- kilogram of fish after— Condition 
Method of salting. pera- at end of 
ture, * en salting 
‘adires hiner days. | 7 days. | 9 days. period. 
° F. |Grams.|Grams.|Grams. |Grams. | Grams. 
TAIVISAUI DEE eee 2 ha SS 63 0.078 / 0.083 | 0.085 | 0.085 | 0.119 | Good. 
IBTrine Saiede sls AS os Sok emepe oewe oe 63 . 084 . 129 135 . 183 . 234 Do. 
UD ies iN rels oot Oe sep ee gn em | lee 70 . 084 . 086 . 098 .097 . 126 Do. 
Brine saltedeens 2). Sese4:... 31 4se0 Fa229 2 70 . 100 . 165 . 158 . 190 . 292 Do. 
Dry Sal ed eects ae pe coo tana cia == oo oin.o rere outs 75.5 .077 - 092 . 099 . 104 .134 | Fair. 
Ppisie Saltedeeemaaess jetties. sea Y. SEE 75.5 . 102 . 186 .179 . 228 .316 Do. 
Dry salted... sae eee G == x 80 .074 - 086 .119 .141 . 158 Do. 
Brine salted. . 80 086 189 . 210 . 300 383 | Spoiled 
Dry salted.... 87 076 089 . 159 .195 20 to) 
Brine salted. ... 87 . 097 . 244 . 266 .377 .510 Do. 
Diy salted ss fees iS LO. aL 93 . 065 .105 GI . 193 . 236 Do. 


IBISROSAItO ences i See Beas, oe ES 93 . 080 . 238 . 320 - 465 . 666 Do. 


10 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


It is seen that the brine-salted fish consistently undergo a greater 
decomposition than those salted with dry salt, as shown by the 
abundance of decomposition products, amino acids. The average 
excess of amino acid nitrogen in the six lots pickled in brine over 
the six lots in dry salt is 51 per cent, a very material difference. It 
will be noticed in the last column of the table that spoiling of fish 
pickled in brine takes place at a lower temperature than it does in 
dry salt. Fish were satisfactorily salted in dry salt at 80° F., but 
at this temperature fish pickled in brine spoiled. 

To complete the evidence in favor of using dry salt, the following 
table from the same paper shows the rate of penetration of salt into 
squeteague when applied dry in comparison with brine: 


PENETRATION OF SALT. 


Percentage chlorine in dry sample after— 
Method of salting. Section of fish. — —— 
1 day. 4days. | 7 days. | 10 days. 

Dry. saltedase= on tone eee Outer layer, from surface to a 9.8 16. 2 19.6 19.5 
depth of 4 centimeter. 

1D Yapeiar ga Big Pt ae abate Fs Inner layer, from 3 to 1 centi- 2.6 11.0 16.0 18.7 

meter below surface. 
Brine/salted -) 275-25. Lbs See Outer layer, as above.....--.. 8.4 15.3 17.3 17.8 
DOR. ee. Sa see eee Inner layer, as above.......... 1.8 8.3 12.2 15.7 


What is the reason for the superiority of dry salt over strong 
brine or pickle, especially since the dry salt very shortly forms its 
own pickle? In answer to this question it is necessary to refer to the 
principles of osmosis. It was shown that the flow of water is from 
the less concentrated to the more concentrated. The relative con- 
centrations govern the direction of flow and also the rate or quantity 
of flow. Salt is going into the fish and water coming out. If brine 
is used, it is losing some of its salt which penetrates the fish and is 
being diluted with water which is coming out. This process rapidly 
brings the contents of the cells into equilibrium with the brine; that 
is, with the film of brine immediately in contact with the fish. Stir- 
ring as usually done may cause a momentary increase of penetration 
by removing the film of dilute brine adjacent to the fish, but we may 
imagine that a new dilute film forms again very rapidly. If instead 
of brine dry salt is placed in contact with the fish very material dif- 
ferences are at once apparent. Part of the salt dissolving in the 
free moisture forms strong brine, which begins its extraction of water 
from the fish. The water coming from the fish is not able to dilute 
the adjacent brine, because some of the excess of dry salt present 
immediately dissolves, and thus assures saturated brine at all times. 
It should also be obvious that since the very purpose of using salt 
on fish is to extract water the addition of water at the beginning 
sunply supphes just so much water to the salt and satisfies the 
affinity of salt for water to that extent. The water should come from 
the fish and not elsewhere. 

To put into words the conclusions from this section of the paper, 
when salt is applied dry to the fish there is a more rapid penetration 
of salt, less decomposition of fish, and it is possible to preserve fish 


PRESERVATION OF FISH BY SALT. ide 


at a higher temperature. The superiority of dry salt over brine 
resides in the fact that the brine in contact with the fish is not per- 
mitted to be diluted if salt is present in crystalline condition. 


LOSS BY FISH OF NUTRIENTS IN BRINE. 


The liquid that comes from fish during the salting process is not 
pure water, as every fisherman knows, but contains a quantity of 
material derived from the fish. Most of the nitrogenous matter 
found in brine represents just so much good food gone to waste and 
just so many pounds of fish that might have fetched a good price 
gone overboard. The quantity of protein that escapes into the brine 
is highly variable, for reasons that will appear later. That some 
idea may be had of the magnitude of the loss of fish substance in 
brine the following figures are given. These figures were obtained 
in the course of investigation on the recovery of valuable materials 
from old brine: 


Loss BY FisH or NuTRIENT MATERIALS IN BRINE. 


Grams | Avoirdu- 
ry pois 

Brine. protein | ounces 

per liter per 

of brine. | gallon. 


OC RAS Brin ONrOMUAUasin® <8 eeasr els bi | Yee Sab Se eee 29. 30 


3.9 
orm britia Ome Gloucester. 2225 eo ye) ee a Oh eae Wer Sh oe 34. 80 9.8 
Grads bintier Oni Gloucester ssw se) 252120? Se Ne a esa 73. 30 4.6 


Since all the nitrogen in the brine was calculated as protein, these 
figures are undoubtedly too high; but the bulk of the nitrogen is cer- 
tainly of protein origin, so the figures may be taken to illustrate the 
point made. If we assume fresh fish to be 75 per cent. water and 25 
per cent dry protein and express the results in customary units, the 
figures show the equivalent amount of food-fish flesh dissolved in 
brine to be 15.6, 39.2, and 18.4 ounces, respectively, or from 1 to 24 
pounds to the gallon of brine. Bitting® calculated the losses in the 
curing of codfish as follows: Loss of weight in dressing, 40 per cent; 
loss in salting, 40 per cent of what remained after dressing; drying 
on flakes, 9 per cent of the salted fish. The 40 per cent of the dressed 
fish contains besides water much protein or valuable nitrogenous food. 
It would certainly seem to be worth our while to examine into the 
causes of this loss and to prevent or salvage it if possible. 

How does this protein get out of the fish? It was said above that 
protein is a colloid and that colloids do not diffuse through mem- 
branes. A smal] amount must come from the blood and from the cut 
surface on the fish, but most of it will probably be found to come from 
the interior cells by a process not yet investigated. We do know 
something directly about autolysis, however, the great enemy of the 
fish dealer, which liquefies the contents of fish flesh, and we have 
every reason to believe that if autolysis were stopped the losses of 
protein into brine would be reduced to a minimum. What is autolysis 
and how does it do its damage? 


5 Bitting, A. W.: Preparation of Cod and Other Salt Fish for Market, U. S. Depart- 
ment of Agriculture, Bureau of Chemistry, Bulletin No. 133, 63 p. Washington, 1911. 


A Iy4 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


Protein, the colloid, can not pass through an osmotic membrane, 
but proteins can be decomposed into simpler substances which readily 
dissolve and pass through. The agency which breaks down protein 
into these simpler substances is called an enzyme, and protein must 
always be so liquefied or digested by enzymes before it can be ab- 
sorbed through membranes; hence the necessity of digestion in the 
stomach of animals preparatory to absorption of food through the 
intestines. Now, animals, including fish, require a certain amount of 
new protein to support the body activities, which, failing, the animal 
would immediately perish. But the hazards in the existence of any 
animal often make it obligatory to do without food for a shorter or 
longer period. If the stomach became empty because of temporary 
shortage of food or an injured mouth, the animal would die unless 
special provision were made to supply protein from some other source. 
But nature has provided a means whereby the proteins in the less im- 
portant parts of the body can be used for the time being to support 
the activities of the absolutely necessary vital parts. The stored pro- 
tein is within cells and could not possibly be carried by the blood 
stream to the point of need unless it could get out. So there is in 
each cell stored along with the protein some enzyme ready in case of 
threatened starvation to break the protein down into simpler sub- 
stances which penetrate outward into the blood for transportation to 
the point of need. Fish may thus live for a time at the expense of 
their own bodies. 

These enzymes, present in every part of the fish, while almost an 
absolute necessity to the living fish, become the greatest enemy of 
the dead fish, for they soften and liquefy the cell contents, cause 
unpleasant tastes and odors, and permit the contents to escape from 
the cell into brine. The proteins could not escape as long as they 
were proteins, but when they are broken down by autolysis into sim- 
pler substances the latter rapidly diffuse into the brine and are lost. 
This at least is the hypothesis, supported by some facts. 

What factors promote autolysis and what factors oppose it? 
Warm temperatures promote it directly. A temperature sufficiently 
high to destroy the enzyme stops it. Low temperatures retard it 
directly. 

If cells are ruptured, as they often are by rough handling of the 
fish, autolysis rapidly decomposes the protein, and for this reason 
every bruise received by the fish during capture and subsequent han- 
dling results in the loss of so much protein during salting. <A bruise 
on a fish has about the same effect as does a bruise on an apple, pro- 
moting rapid decomposition. Perhaps if the bruised fish turned 
brown, as the bruised apple does, the fisherman and packer would 
be more careful in the handling of their fish. 

Factors that increase permeability of membranes seem to promote 
autolysis. Low temperatures seem to increase the permeability of 
the cells, so that fish that have been chilled decompose more rapidly 
on being warmed than fish that have never been chilled, though as 
long as the fish remain on ice the low temperature may prevent the 
enzymes from doing their work. It is as if increased permeability 
increases the escape of the enzymes, and that once escaped they play 
havoc if temperature conditions are allowed to become favorable. 
The optimum temperature for autolytic activity is about human body 


PRESERVATION OF FISH BY SALT. ifs} 


temperature, 98° F. The autolytic enzymes act under a slightly acid 
condition. In neutral or alkaline medium they act very little, if at 
all. It has been noticed by various investigators that autolysis does 
not begin until two to four hours after death. During rigor mortis 
there is a decided development of acid that may very materially pro- 
mote autolysis. It may therefore be that salting fish immediately 
after capture would strike through the fish before autolysis gains 
any headway. It may be possible, also, to take advantage of the 
removal of soluble products by brine in the salvaging of fish on the 
point of spoiling. Fish that have been held a long time are soft 
and of a disagreeable’odor, because autolysis and possibly some bac- 
teria have decomposed the tissues to some extent. 

One might reasonably expect research to show that if rapid pene- 
tration is secured by means of pure salt the amino acids and other 
sour or disagreeable substances in stale fish resulting from autolysis 
would be removed by changing brine a few times, leaving the fish 
in a condition quite wholesome and fit for food. It is, of course, not 
intended here to encourage the practice of holding fish until they are 
bad and then salting them, but it is recognized that it is in the 
public interest neither to destroy food that can be used nor to mar- 
ket fish unfit for food, and it is recognized as legitimate and desirable 
to develop a means of saving fish whenever they have, through the 
unavoidable exigencies of the fishing business, come near to spoiling. 

It would not be profitable to present this complicated subject any 
further here. Enough has been said to show that the loss in salting 
fish by solution of protein in brine is very great. Some discussion 
has been presented which will serve to show that losses of this kind 
are preventable, to point out the probable direction in which the 
remedy for this great loss will be found, and also, we hope, to assist 
in convincing the skeptics that scientific work on this aspect of the 
salting process would be worth while. It is of the greatest impor- 
tance that research work be undertaken for the purpose of discover- 
ing the conditions under which the cell proteins are digested and 
pass out and for ascertaining the conditions under which these proc- 
esses may be arrested. Specifically, such questions as follow should 
be answered: Once the permeability of cells has been increased 
by abnormally high or low temperature, does this increased per- 
meability persist after a normal temperature has been restored? 
When autolysis is set in action by a bruise, do autolytic enzymes 
affect only the part bruised or do they escape and attack the unin- 
jured cells, destroying them also? To what extent does the acid of 
rigor mortis accelerate autolysis, and can this acceleration be pre- 
vented by early application of salt? To what extent is loss of solu- 
ble material in brine due to rough handling and to what extent to 
other factors? Can advantage safely be taken of the removal of 
products of protein decomposition by brine to salvage fish that are 
on the point of spoiling ? 


INFLUENCE OF METHOD OF CLEANING FISH ON SALTING. 


In the various processes of salting or pickling fish the fish receive 
no preliminary treatment, or they may be gibbed, beheaded, split 
through belly, split through back, or cleaned perfectly by being cut 


14 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


open, scraped, and washed before the salt is applied. By what cri- 
teria can we judge the merits of these various methods? The best 
way to answer this question is: Other conditions being held con- 
stant, which method or methods of cleaning result in least decom- 
position during the salting process? 

A series of trials was made by cleaning the fish by the various 
methods and salting them by the same process and determining the 
amounts of amino acid nitrogen developed. Two sets complete were 
tried, one consisting of one sample each cleaned by the various 
methods and held at a temperature of 79° F. during the salting 
process; another set similar to the preceding but held at 88° F. 
during the salting process. Both temperatures are high for salting 
fish, and the test is correspondingly severe. The results are shown 
in the following table, which is abbreviated from the paper by 
Tressler : 


DEVELOPMENT OF AMINO AcID NITROGEN IN FISH CLEANED IN VARIOUS WAYS. 


[Fish salted four hours after capture, with Diamond Flake salt containing 99.78 per cent sodium chloride; 
salting period, nine days.] 


Amino 
acid 
; nitrogen 
Average | formed 


Method of cl eaning. tempera-| during Condition of fish at 


ture of | salting end of period. 
salting. | period 
per kilo 
of fresh 
fish. 
elie Grams. 
No-cleaning, saltedsroumd'> 222024 .2228 52-22 eee. eps ee 7 0.77 | Badly spoiled, bloated. 
PIN DOO sce cate Beak ve hme pene hee aeeee le Tee pocesoeeesee 79 .63 | Spoiled. 
Head cut off, abdominal cavity split open, viscera, except 79 - 68 Do. 
milt and roe, removed. 
Cleaned perfectly, milt and roe removed, kidney and mem- 79 .37 | Excellent condition. 
branes scraped, and all blood washed out. 
No:cleaning, salted round)... 2... cee cseeeeseceseereceecss 88 1.12 | Badly spoiled, bloated. 
Pipped i.) coe) See cea eh. SS A Res 88 .76 | Badly spoiled. 
Head cut off, abdominal cavity split open, viscera, except 88 . 82 0. 
milt and roe, removed. 
Cleaned perfectly, milt and roe removed, kidney and mem- 88 .47 | Excellent condition. 


branes scraped, and all blood washed out. 


Since amino acid nitrogen indicates decomposition, the conclu- 
sions from this table are entirely obvious. Only those fish were 
successfully salted at temperatures of 79 and 88° F. which had been 
thoroughly cleaned and from which all blood had been removed. 
While these high temperatures were chosen for the test because severe 
tests bring out differences in a more striking way, the differences will 
still exist even at lower temperatures and manifest themselves in the 
poorer or better quality of product. Now, it may be either the blood 
or flesh, or both, in which the decomposition takes place. Since the 
perfectly clean fish decompose only slightly, it may be that only the 
blood decomposed in such cases as those given in the table, and that 
the decomposed blood pervading the otherwise sound tissue gave the 
appearance and odor of decomposition to the whole fish. On the 
other hand, it is possible that the enzymes in the blood when present 
operate to decompose not only the blood proteins but the tissue pro- 
teins also. However, this may be, the indisputable fact remains 
that if fish are to be salted in very warm weather it is absolutely 


PRESERVATION OF FISH BY SALT. 15 


obligatory that the blood be removed. The blood can not be re- 
moved by mere eviscerating and rinsing in water. The kidney, a 
very bloody organ inclosed by a membrane against the backbone, 
must be scraped out before the fish is washed. If fish is cleaned in 
this manner and salt of a very pure quality applied in the dry con- 
dition, it is astonishing not only what severe temperatures it will 
stand, but also how excellent it is when cooked. 


IMPROVED METHOD OF SALTING FISH ESPECIALLY FOR WARM 
WEATHER. 


Several factors have now been shown to have a marked influence 
on the quality of fish pickled in salt, namely, care in handling before 
salting to prevent bruises, use of salt free from calcium and mag- 
nesium (less than 1 per cent total impurity), packing in dry salt, 
and thorough cleaning and removal of kidney and blood. By com- 
bining all these factors into one method highly satisfactory results 
under the most adverse conditions have been obtained. 

A trial of the method- was made in the herring season of 1920 
(March, April, and May) on the St. Johns River, Fla. This region 
was selected because it offered a combination of the conditions sought. 
The climate is excessively warm, and there is an abundance of fish 
(alewives) adapted to preservation by pickling in a region where an 
industry might well be built up and where repeated efforts to salt 
fish in the past had failed. Accordingly, the interest of local fisher- 
men and dealers was enlisted to cooperate in the undertaking, and an 
experienced fish packer from the Chesapeake Bay region was sent 
to Florida, after he had been thoroughly instructed in the technology 
of the process, to try salting by the proposed method on a small 
commercial scale. 

The details as conveyed to the fishermen for handling the fish were: 
(1) Avoid (a) bruising the fish in removal from gill nets, (6) walk- 
ing on, and (c) piling deep in boats; (2) salt as soon as possible; 
(3) wash and scale in cold water; (4) behead and eviscerate and (a) 
scrape out kidney or (0) split nearly through to the back and la 
open; (5) wash in weak brine to remove all traces of blood; (6) et 
with fine salt of a high degree of purity and pack backs down in a 
barrel, leaving fish hghtly covered to form their own brine; (7) after 
they have been struck through pack down and add other fish of the 
same lot to fill barrel; and (8), 1n conclusion, (a) head up barrel and 
pour saturated brine into bunghole to cover fish for storage, or (0), 
if to be sold for consumption at once, take out of the brine and rub 
in fine dry salt, then pack in sugar barrels or other light containers 
and ship immediately. 

The results fully justified expectations in every way. The fish 
were preserved successfully, and none that had been handled in the 
prescribed way spoiled. In eating qualities they were pronounced 
as good as or better than the best commercial salt herring from the 
Chesapeake Bay region. In order to test the absolute necessity of 
the prescribed methods, other small batches were put up in different 
Wave Dy using cheaper salt, leaving roes in, and other such modifica- 
tions. These trials were failures without exception. About 80,000 
' fish were packed by the prescribed method and marketed the first 
vear, 


16 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


The successes and failures under these extremely adverse conditions 
tell us much about what could be expected under more favorable con- 
ditions. What succeeds under severe conditions will be a finer prod- 
uct under more favorable conditions, and what spoils under severe 
conditions will be an inferior product under conditions in which it 
does not actually spoil. It should be noted that the product prepared 
by this method is mild and sweet, approaching very closely fresh fish 
in eating qualities, if it has been properly soaked out. 


SCOTCH-CURED HERRING. 


The discussion in this paper so far presupposes the desirability of 
preserving as far as possible the flavor and eating qualities of fresh 
fish. The Scotch cure does not involve this supposition but aims 
curectly at giving the cured fish a new and distinct flavor from partly 
decomposed or fermented blood, the purpose being the same as that 
governing the flavoring of cheese by ripening. The blood is not 
removed, the fish rather being allowed to cure in its own blood pickle, 
a distinctive flavor thereby being imparted. They are gibbed, rubbed 
with dry, fine salt and packed, more fish being added to make up for 
shrinkage, and shipped or stored in the original blood pickle. This 
method is suitable for cold but not for warm climates. Since, how- 
ever, Scotch-cured herring come in a special class of fermented 
products where different motives and processes are concerned, the 
method will not be further discussed here. 


MILD-CURED SALMON. 


In the preservation of salmon by salting advantage is taken of the 
naturally cool temperatures prevailing in the Northwest, so that the 
extreme of dehydration by salt is not necessary. Even here no 
chances are taken, for in most instances the casks of mild-cured 
salmon are held in cold storage at about 388° F. The selection of salt 
is principally on the basis of fineness, because a fine-ground salt is 
necessary to stick to the moist fish, only that which sticks to the fish 
being used dry. It appears that in the mild curing of salmon some 
of the principles already referred to may be important. It was 
pointed out that calcium and magnesium salts combine with the fish 
protein to form a white, hard flesh. In the case of salmon it is desir- 
able to preserve the red color which is contained in the fat, but the 
precipitation or coagulation of the otherwise transparent protein is 
in all probability the cause of whitening, which masks the attractive 
red color of the fat. Also, what was said about the loss of nitroge- 
nous matter as a consequence of bruises applies to the mild curing of 
salmon. 


BEHAVIOR OF FAT DURING SALTING PROCESS. 


So far in this paper discussion has been timited to the behavior 
of the protein or meat constituents of fish. It will be found that fat 
is also of the greatest importance and requires very careful considera- 
tion and study. All fishes have some fat, but the quantity is variable 
from species to species, between individuals of the same species, and 
within a single individual from season to season. The distribution 
of fat is also different in different species of fish. Some fishes, such 


PRESERVATION OF FISH BY SALT. 17 


as herring, salmon, and alewives, contain fat well distributed through- 
out the body tissues. In others, such as cod and haddock, the fat 
is localized in some particular part of the body, as in the species 
mentioned the oil is contained in the lever, the flesh being almost 
entirely destitute of oil. For reasons that will be set forth later fat 
fish must not be exposed to the air because of untoward changes that 
air causes in the fat; but no harm is done to the protein constituents. 
Therefore fish which do not contain fat may be dried in air after 
they are salted. 

In practice these differences are well recognized. In the case of 
cod and haddock, in which the muscle tissue is free from fat, the 
greater part of free water is extracted in the usual way by salt, 
later assisted by the pressure of piles or kenches, in which the lower 
layers are pressed by the weight of the upper layers in the kench, 
and finally by drying out of doors or in artificial drying tunnels. 
Fish prepared by this method are packed and shipped in the dry 
state, with advantages in saving of freight and simpler handling in 
general. In the case of mackerel and herring and such other fishes 
as have fat tissues the fish must at all times be carefully excluded 
from contact with air. If the fish are directly exposed to air for a 
time, the fish “ rust ”—that is, the fat becomes reddened and rancid— 
and the value of the fish for food is very greatly impaired. This 
rusting, especially of salt mackerel, is of immediate and pressing 
practical importance, for there is a regular waste of a large per- 
centage of mackerel on our northeastern coast for no other cause than 
rustiness and rancidity. This aspect of the subject has not been in- 
vestigated to any great extent, but there is just as much reason to ex- 
pect valuable results to accrue from work on this problem as have 
accrued from the work already described. 

Fats consist of a combination of glycerin with fatty acids. In 
the absolutely pure state, which is scarcely attainable, in fact, they 
would presumably be colorless, odorless, and tasteless. They usu- 
ally contain a greater or smaller quantity of coloring matter dis- 
solved, and under certain conditions the combination, glycerin-fatty 
acid, may be broken down, free glycerin and free fatty acid resulting. 
Free fatty acid has both taste and odor; in fact, our choicest fishes, 
such as salmon, shad, and mackerel, owe much of their peculiarly pala- 

table flavor to the small amount of free fatty acid present. But 
many of the free fatty acids of fish oils readily oxidize on exposure 
to air and light, developing during the process a darker color and 
an unpleasant odor and taste which we call rancidity. Once fats 
have become rancid they can never be restored to their original 
sweetness. 

What conditions promote rancidity? First, the fat must be de- 
composed or “split” into glycerin and free fatty acid. Next it must 
oxidize. Just as fish contain autolytic enzymes that decompose pro- 
tein, so they also contain fat-splitting enzymes. ‘These enzymes re- 
quire moisture and warmth for their activities. Fat that has been 
removed from the tissue that produced it may be kept under proper 
condition for a long time, because only a small amount of fat-split- 
ting enzyme goes with the oil, but when the fat is not removed from 
the original source all the enzyme is present and available to produce 


18 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


decomposition. So in salt fish the fat is in the presence of moisture 
and an abundance of enzyme, and the necessary warmth is usually 
present also, ideal conditions for decomposition. The fat having 
been split to fatty acid, there are two factors, so far as known— 
namely, air and liight—which promote oxidation. 

Some little study has been devoted to the effect of salts, such 
as sodium. chloride and calcium chloride, on the splitting of fats, 
but not enough is known about the effect of these substances in con- 
centration to be of any assistance. Whether or not bruises have the 
effect in promoting decomposition of fat that they have in promot- 
ing decomposition of protein is not known but would be well worth 
knowing, and here further investigation is certain to be of value. It 
is known that much of the fat in living fish is contained within in- 
closed cells, and that even the fattest fish is not greasy when fresh. 
But whenever the cells are ruptured by rough handling, decomposi- 
tion or whatever cause, the oil escapes and is exposed to all the un- 
favorable influences of enzymes, moisture, air, and light, and the 
fish becomes greasy; eventually it will become rancid. And, further, 
oil escaped from the fish, being of a lower specific gravity than 
brine, at once rises to the top of the barrel and is lost as food. 

All sorts of possible preventives of rust are practiced or suggested 
for practice—such things as impermeable barrels, air-proof covering 
over the liquid, a reducing substance in the brine to absorb 
the oxygen, cool, dark storage, and the like. There is, of course, 
much dissolved oxygen in the juice of the fish and in the brine and 
also considerable amounts of free oxygen occluded in the cavities 
of the fish to effect considerable rancidity, even if all outside air is 
excluded. This dissolved and occluded air can be removed by a 
vacuum pump, but this has never been tried commercially, so far as 
the writer is aware. Very little improvement can be expected until 
the problem has been thoroughly investigated by scientific methods. 
In the improved technique recommended.by the Bureau of Fisheries 
in Florida complete covering of the salt fish by brine in tight barrels 
was specified. 


REDDENING OF COD AND HADDOCK. 


If cod and haddock escape rusting because of lack of fat, they 
are subject to another enemy perhaps as bad, namely, reddening, by 
which large quantities of cod and haddock are lost every year. For 
the past three years work has been conducted by the division of 
scientific inquiry of the Bureau of Fisheries on the causes of redden- 
ing and significant results have been obtained. The cause, in gen- 
eral, has been known for many years to be bacteria, but otherwise 
little has been known of the origin of these bacteria or of their 
peculiarities. 

Briefly stated, the results of the work cited are as follows: The 
bacteria that cause reddening are of two distinct kinds—a spirochaete, 
which in colonies is pale pink, and a bacillus whose colonies are deep 
red. The two organisms grow in such close harmony that mixed 
colonies occur which vary in color from pale pink to deep crimson 
as the proportions of the two organisms present vary. The evidence 
points to the solor sea salts from the tropical and subtropical seas 
as the source of the infection. Solar sea salts, both American and 
foreign, are infected. Mined salts seem to be free from the infection. 


PRESERVATION OF FISH BY SALT. 19 


Every species of bacteria is acclimated to some particular set of 
conditions, some of them almost incredible for living things. These 
red bacteria are accustomed to live and grow either on moist salt or 
very strong salt solutions. If bacteria are particularly resistant to 
some condition, as to strong salt in this case, it does not follow that 
they are likewise resistant to all severe conditions. It is the bac- 
teriologist’s business, by studying all the habits and peculiarities of 
the organism, to discover its weakest point where attack will destroy 
it. The strongest resistance of these bacteria, that against salt, is 
also the weakest, for it has been found that water less than 15 per 
cent saturated destroys them. ‘Thus, the present indications are that 
the best and simplest remedy for the trouble is clean, fresh water 
and plenty of it. There is some evidence that may support the view 
that the usual impurities in salt, calclum and magnesium compounds, 
are essential to the growth and multiplication of these bacteria. 
The implication here is, of course, that pure salt itself would be a 
poor supporter of the bacteria. Of course, it would be futile to try 
to stop the reddening of cod as long as every shipment of salt brings 
new infection, and the butts, floors, buildings, and the surroundings 
at packing plants are heavily infected. Facts already given indi- 
cate also that for other reasons salt free from impurity is better. 
The results of the study of reddened cod only emphasize this advice. 

The research on reddening should not, however, end here. We are 
again dealing with questions of permeability. The bacteria are ad- 
justed to strong salt solutions, that is, the body fiuid is of such con- 
centration and their covering membrane is of such partial perme- 
ability that when surrounded by strong salt solution they live nor- 
mally, but when water or weak brine surrounds them these relations 
are disturbed and they die. Probably water enters the cell in ex- 
cessive quantity. It is known that the reddening does not attack 
fat fish. Perhaps the fat acts directly on the membrane, or indi- 
rectly by acting on the calcium and magnesium in the salt, to effect 
the disturbance. 

RECOVERY OF BRINE. 


Even crude salt now costs considerably more than coal. Yet the 
fish packers, who are usually very careful to economize in coal, are 
prodigal in the use of salt. Every hundred pounds of brine that 
goes overboard contain about 25 pounds of salt, to say nothing of the 
valuable nitrogenous matter that the brine has extracted from the 
fish. Considerable work has been done by the writer and his as- 
sociates on the development of a process to recover salt and other 
substances of value from old pickle by precipitating the proteinace- 
ous matter with sodium silicate. <A trial plant was in use and under 
observation at an important fish-packing establishment for over a 
year but was not satisfactory under the circumstances. Brine pure 
enough for use was recovered, while a substance very rich in 
nitrogen was yielded as a by-product. This substance in the dry 
condition is nearly white and friable and contains enough nitrogen 
to command a handsome price as fertilizer if suitable for that pur- 
pose, but it may be more valuable for other uses. The method re- 
covered brine, and for this reason some other method that would pro- 


20 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


duce dry salt may be better. The experience gained in the work 
already done indicates that the recovery of valuable material from 
brine would not go well as a part of a small fish business but, having 
its own peculiar problems, would be more properly conducted as a 
separate business. In any event, this promising subject is com- 
mended to the chemists and engineers for study. We can not doubt 
that a few years will bring forth a complete solution of the prob- 
_ lem of recovering things of value from brine that will make us 
wonder why we ever threw it away. 


ACCESSORY CHEMICAL AGENTS AND OTHER FACTORS IN SALTING. 


Various other chemicals are sometimes used in salt or along with 
it for various purposes. Some of these will be briefly discussed. 

Saltpeter performs two functions in brine for the preservation of 
meat, namely, it combines with the red substance of blood, hemo- 
globin, which is unstable, to form a permanently stable red deriva- 
tive, nitroso-hemoglobin. By virtue of its oxidizing power it may 
also oxidize hydrogen sulphide into sulphur dioxide and water; that 
is, a very foully odoriferous stuff to a substance which both bleaches 
and sterilizes. Saltpeter is, however, little used in curing fish, for 
the red color is undesirable, and hydrogen sulphide is rarely trouble- 
some. 

Boric or boracic acid is sometimes added to the final application of 
salt to dried salt cod. This is to prevent reddening. Undoubtedly it 
does do so, and undoubtedly most of it is removed from the fish when 
the latter is soaked up before cooking. Nevertheless, it seems that - 
the end of this practice is not distant. Boric acid has long ago been 
condemned as a food preservative. With the comparatively small 
amount of scientific investigation that has already been done we have 
reason to hope that not only can reddening be prevented, but that 
by the general refinement and improvement of methods it will be- 
come unnecessary to use artificial preservatives to prevent reddening. 

A method of promoting the preservation of fish by salt- by the aid 
of sodium hypochlorite along with the salt has been patented. The 
original ‘idea, it is understood, was to decompose the salt in sea water 
by electrolysis, sodium hypochlorite being formed. It was claimed 
that the sodium hypochlorite penetrates faster than ordinary salt. 
This substance contains some oxygen that may be given off to act as 
a sterilizing agent, and after the oxygen is given off ordinary salt 
or sodium chloride remains. What advantages the process possessed 
are not altogether apparent, for nothing appears to have come of it. 
It may be said, however, that sodium hypochlorite readily destroys 
urea, so that this substance might be advantageous in the preservation 
of grayfish and sharks but is unstable and must be used as soon as 
it is made. 

The size and shape of the fish obviously have much to do with the 
time required for salt to penetrate through. Salt effects no preserva- 
tion of parts until it reaches them. A thick fish may spoil, while a 
thin fish may be saved; hence the splitting of fish. Other methods 
of applying the salt to the inner parts of fish may be used, such as a 
needle syringe, whereby the brine is forced into the tissues, and com- 
pressed air, which is used to force brine into fish after the excess air 
has been removed from them in vacuo. It should also be possible 


PRESERVATION OF FISH BY SALT. 21 


to insert a needle in the gill arch and with pressure completely irri- 
gate the whole system of arteries and veins of a fish, removing abso- 
lutely all the blood at one stroke without cutting the fish. 


CONCLUSIONS. 


The preservation of fish by means of salt is an excellent method, 
even in the crude and inexact manner in which the art has hitherto 
been practiced. The comparatively small amount of scientific re- 
search that has been done on the problems and principles involved 
has not only justified itself in practice but furnishes abundant 
grounds for the expectation that a great deal more of valuable results 
will follow further work. It is not mere guessing to say that when 
advantage is taken of all that is known of improved salting methods 
a fish nearly if not quite equal in edible qualities to fresh fish is ob- 
tained, and in some cases the quality is decidedly improved by salting. 

There is every reason to expect a good future for the salt fish in- 
dustry, but progress must be made. Preservation by this method is 
eminently practicable, simple, and reliable for holding and transport- 
ing our sea fishes to the inland population. 


SUMMARY. 


1. A discussion of the principles involved in the preservation of 
fish by salt has been presented. 

2. Salt possesses no inherently peculiar preserving qualities, but 
preserves food by extracting water. 

3. The principle by which salt (and other soluble substances) in 
concentrated solution extracts water is called osmosis. Osmosis is 
the passage or interchange of liquids and solutions through mem- 
branes which are more or less permeable. The permeability of cell 
membranes in fishes appears to be affected by high and low tem- 
peratures. The presence in or absence from the salt of certain im- 
purities, notably calcium and magnesium compounds, the treatment 
of the fish, and the staleness of the fish, are factors which govern the 
_ permeability and have an important bearing on the preservation of 

fish by salt. 

4, Calcium and magnesium compounds in addition to retarding 
penetration cause a whitening and hardening of the fish. There are 
chemical reasons for looking upon this whitening and hardening by 
these compounds as undesirable. 

5. The flavor of fish is often altered by the salting process. Cal- 
cium salts retained in the tissue increase the salty taste and make 
necessary a prolonged soaking out. Undesirable flavors of fishes 
from muddy waters may sometimes be removed by salting the fish. 

6. Salt applied dry ‘penetrates the fish more rapidly and effects a 
quicker cure with less danger of spoilage in warm weather. 

7. There is a very material loss of protein material from fish 
during the salting process. This material probably arises from the 
decomposition products ordinarily unable to pass out of the cells but 
which are digested by autolysis, an internal destructive process. 

8. Autolysis is increased by crushing, bruising, rough handling, 
pewing, elevated temperatures, low temperatures followed by a rise, 
and, in general by factors that increase cell permeability. It is 


22 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


retarded or arrested by continued low temperatures, sufficiently high 
temperatures, and by salt. 

9. The damage done by autolysis appears to be in large part pre- 
ventable. q 

10. Fish containing blood, or otherwise not well cleaned, spoil at 
a lower temperature than those thoroughly cleaned and freed from 
blood. Thoroughly cleaned fish may be salted at from 90 to 100° F. 
if pure salt is used. 

11. A method of curing fish embodying the improvements cited 
was tried in Florida on a small commercial scale with gratifying 
success. 

12. Scotch-cured herring develop a peculiar flavor which is derived 
from the fermented or otherwise altered blood. This method has 
for its aim an alteration to suit particular tastes, while other meth- 
pena salting discussed aim at the preservation of the fresh qualities 
of fish. 

13. There are reasons for expecting that the improvements made 
in the salting of other fish, particularly those which depend on the 
use of a very pure salt, will find application in the mild curing of 
salmon. 

14. Fats undergo certain changes after the fish is salted, resulting 
in a condition known as “rusting.” Rusting consists of oxidation 
of fat after the latter has been split into free fatty acids. This split- 
ting is caused by tissue enzymes in the presence of warmth and mois- 
ture. Oxidation is brought about through the agency of light in 
the presence of water. While rusting causes large losses of fish, the 
means of preventing it, such as tight barrels, air-tight covering, and 
cool dark storage, are not very satisfactory. The problem demands 
further investigation. 

15. Fishes whose fiesh is not fat and therefore not prone to rust 
are subject to damage by reddening. Reddening is caused by two 
organisms, a spirochaete and a bacillus. They may be destroyed by 


fresh water or live steam. They originate probably in solar sea salt — 


and are apparently not found in mined salt or other purified Ameri- 
can salt. 

16. Some work has been done toward the development of a process 
for recovery of salt and other valuable materials from brine. There 
are a number of promising possibilities which should make this an 
attractive field for chemists and engineers. 

17. Certain substances are sometimes used as adjuncts in salting 
fish. Saltpeter preserves a pink color and neutralizes hydrogen sul- 
phide. Boric acid is used for preserving cod against reddening. 
Sodium hypochlorite has been proposed as advantageous in conjunc- 
tion with salt. It may be produced electrolytically from sea water. 

18. The size and shape of the fish influences the rate of penetration 
of salt into it. Certain mechanical methods of forcing brine into 
large fish may be advantageous. 


O 


U Ss. B. F.—Doc. 920 


FIG, 1.—‘KITCHEN MIDDEN,” OR BANK OF SHELLS, NORTH OF YACHATS, 
OREG. 


These shell heaps were made by the Indians many years ago and represent places where 
mollusks were prepared for food. The shells, for the most part, are of the species of mollusks 
existing in the vicinity to-day. ‘“‘Ikitechen middens” are common along the Northwest coast. 


FIG. 2.—EAST SHORE OF WEST ARM OF COOS BAY, LOOKING NORTH TOWARD 
EMPIRE mCi ys 


This portion of the bay supports Schizothaerus nuttalli, the “‘great blue clam” (fig. 6), Cardium 
corbis, the ‘“cockle”’ (fig. 12), and Paphya staminea, the “little neck clam” (fig. 8). None of these, 
however, is very plentiful in the bay. Mya arenaria, the ‘“‘eastern mud clam”’ (fig. 4), is abun- 
dant in another part of the bay. See discussion under the Coos Bay Region, beginning on page 3. 


SHELLFISH RESOURCES OF THE NORTHWEST COAST OF THE 
UNITED STATES.’ 


By CHARLES H. EDMONDSON, 
Temporary Assistant, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, 1917-1919. 


CONTENTS. 

Page 

PTR EC TRE PCT SR sR 3 ee Ee RS eee ae A we ATS il 
SHevHsh resources Of major importance. =2-- 3 
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ithe sourmwesterm Washington. revion=_ 2.20 2" ee bye 
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SeVEIST ELMS Nl B42 IN ae ee ae ene Dees Ss Sw Ae ee Gee eee aN a eee pint oe 19 
“STEIN, BREIL AN Se Te eS es eRe eles: eee san COREE > Fe 19 

ee SUES) BRINE cp) cet te is ee Pp pee ae alee ee ee ee Ue ar een ee ee 19 
ISN Tare ty cin ae oe ee ces TE) SE ee 19 
Ghd es BYETONG Mopars BYer7(Cl n\ oes = OME OA Say 2 Saeed Se me Mee eee Re 19 

Sea Tee aya Td Cla COTE LUS1O 11 Spore Sot oe ee aa ts etree hn Bh hie 20 


INTRODUCTION. 


During the summer of 1917 the writer was appointed as temporary 
assistant by the United States Bureau of Fisheries, which services 
were renewed during the summer of 1918 and continued at. intervals 
through May, 1919. The specific purpose of the appointment was 
to make a survey of the shellfish resources of the northwest coast of 
the United States, including the shore line, bays, and rivers of the 
State of Oregon and the southern portion of Washington. 

The undertaking being in the nature of a war measure, with the 
ultimate purpose of food conservation in view, it was considered ad- 
visable to first make a survey of the coastal region in order to de- 
termine the varieties of shelifish existing, their relative abundance, 
and their accessibility to markets or centers from which they might 
be distributed, and to encourage the more general use of such sea 


- foods as clams, oysters, mussels, and other shellfish. 


, 


It was also deemed advisable to make studies of the spawning 
seasons of the common edible shellfish and learn, if possible, some- 
thing of their rate of growth and the conditions under which they 
best thrive, that such information might be available in the future 


_ should it at any time be considered wise to undertake the cultiva- 


tion of certain species of shellfish or to place further restrictions 
upon the present rate of destruction. 


1 Appendix III to the Report of the U. 8. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1922. B. F. 
Doe. No. 920. 


a 


2 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


The first section of the northwest coast surveyed extended from 
the mouth of the Siuslaw River, in Lane County, Oreg., to Tillamook 
Bay, in Tillamook County, of the same State. This survey was made 
during a period of 17 days and included a hasty investigation of the 
location and distribution of beds of clams and mussels, the determi- 
nation of the species of shellfish contained therein, and other infor- 
mation and observations which might serve as a basis for later and 
more intensive work. 

Among the rivers and bays of more or less importance in shellfish 
resources, this stretch of coast line includes the Siuslaw River. one 
of the larger rivers of Oregon, the Yachats River with a small bay 
at its mouth, Alsea Bay, the Yaquina River and Bay, Siletz Bay, 
Nestugga Bay, Netarts Bay, and Tillamook Bay. Besides the above, 
long or short sand beaches alternate with rocky points and rugged 
headlands, each serving as habitats for certain forms of shellfish. 

The above coast line was traversed, for the most part, on foot, as 
that seemed to be the most efficient means of acquiring the desired 
information relative to the location and distribution of species of 
shellfish. This region of the Oregon coast, as can be said of prac- 
tically the entire length of it, is very sparsely settled, with public 
roads paralleling the coast line either in very poor condition or absent 
altogether. In not a few places the public highway is the sand beach, 
a splendid roadway at low tide but dangerous or quite impassable at 
high tide. Trails may usually be found leading over or around 
headlands, but frequently these are overgrown and indistinct, due to 
lack of use. 

The principal villages and settlements throughout the extent o 
the Oregon coast from the Siuslaw River to Tillamook Bay include 
the town of Florence on the Siuslaw River, about 4 miles from its 
mouth, a few scattering houses at Heceta Head, the village of 
Yachats at the mouth of the Yachats River, the town of Waldport 
on Alsea Bay, Newport on Yaquina Bay, Taft on Siletz Bay, Pacific 
City on Nestugga Bay, Netarts on Netarts Bay, and Tillamook City 
on Tillamook Bay. Interspersed with the settlements mentioned 
above are a few ranch houses where the nature of the immediate 
coastal region permits farming on a small scale. 

The physical conditions, the settlements, and the means of com- 
munication of the above section are mentioned in detail, as these facts 
have considerable bearing upon the accessibility or lack of accessi- 
bility, as the case may be, of certain shellfish resources on this coast, 
and their values as market products. 

At later periods during the summer, fall, and winter of 1917 sur- 
veys were made of the southern shore of the State of Oregon to a 
distance of about 5 miles south of Bandon, a town at the mouth of 
the Coquille River, with special attention given to the Coos Bay 
region. Investigations of the northwest section of the coast of Ore- 
gon were also made during 1917 and also the following year. These 
latter surveys extended from Tillamook Bay northward, including 
the Nehalem coast beaches, Cannon Beach, the Clatsop County 
beaches, opposite the towns of Seaside and Gearheart, and on to the 
mouth of the Columbia River. Surveys were also made of the 
beaches on the Washington coast up to Willapa Bay. The shellfish 
resources of this bay were investigated, approaching it from both 


be 


SHELLFISH RESOURCES OF NORTHWEST COAST. 3 


the west side by way of Nahcotta and the east side by way of South 
Bend. Olympia, Wash., was visited for information relative to the 
shellfish resources of the southern Puget Sound region. 

Since the coastal territory covered in these investigations is so ex- 
tensive and so varied in character of its geography it naturally re- 
solves itself into a number of more or less distinct shellfish centers, 
each with some characteristics peculiar to itself. 

For purposes of system and convenience in this report, six more 
important shellfish centers or regions will be discussed under sepa- 
rate headings. Following these, consideration is given to localities 
of minor importance. ‘The species of shellfish found in each region 
and their distribution, relative abundance, and importance are indi- 
cated, together with such other investigations and observations as 
- were made during the course of the survey. The photographs in- 
cluded in the report are illustrative of some of the regions dis- 
cussed and of the typical shellfish of the Northwest. A summary 
and conclusions are to be found at the end of the report. 


SHELLFISH RESOURCES OF MAJOR IMPORTANCE. 
THE COOS BAY REGION. 


Coos Bay, in Coos County, Oreg., is one of the larger bays of that 
State. It is shaped lke an inverted V with the apex directed north- 
ward and the outlet of the bay toward the lower end of the left arm. 
Near the head of the bay, Coos River and other smaller streams feed 
it with fresh water and much silt from the surrounding territory. 
In parts of the bay on either side of the navigation channel are 
broad mud flats, exposed or nearly so during reasonably low tides. 

On these broad mud flats a number of species of edible clams have 
become well adapted to their surroundings. Extensive beds of Mya 
arenaria Linnaeus, the eastern mud clam, are to be found on the 
north side of the channel opposite the town of North Bend. During 
favorable conditions of weather the channel can be crossed by a row- 
boat and the clams transported to North Bend or Marshfield, an 
adjoining town. Here Mya arenaria grows to a fair size and is 
present in considerable abundance. . 

During 1917 and for several years previous to that date Frank 
LaRue supplied the local demands for this shellfish. No attempt 
was made by Mr. LaRue to develop outside markets for the clam, 
as he believed that Mya could not be obtained in sufficient quantities 
in Coos Bay for both local and export trade. In 1917 the local price 
received for Mya was $0.75 per 5-gallon can of fresh clams, includ- 
ing shells. 

Early in 1918 Samuel Terrill came to North Bend from Florence, 
Oreg., and established a market for shellfish and other sea products. 
This permanent place of business, with a supply of clams, crabs, 
etc., on display where the public might see them, was an apparent 
stimulus to their use as articles of food. Mr. Terrill was carrying 
on a good business locally during the fall of 1918. He made little 
or no attempt to place clams on the markets of Willamette Valley 
towns, although there is direct communication by rail with Portland 
and intermediate points, the time required for transportation by 
express from North Bend to Portland being about 12 hours. The 


4 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


Willamette Valley, however, as is noted in a later section of this 
report, is supplied with shellfish from another source. 

In Marshfield, a town adjoining North Bend but of greater popu- 
lation than the latter, the shellfish trade is also good, the hotels, 
restaurants, and other patrons being supplied by a local meat con- 
cern which employs its own clam diggers. Owing to its greater 
relative abundance, A/ya arenaria is the only clam found on the 
markets in any quantity in and about the Coos Bay region. 

Southward from Empire City, a small town on the west arm of 
Coos Bay, and especially on the east side of the channel are dis- 
tributed other species of shellfish of edible quality, although not 
found in large numbers. Well up toward Empire City, in 1917 and 
1918, small quantities of Schizothaerus nuttalli Conrad, the “ great 
blue clam,” were to be found. Few of these reach the markets of 
North Bend or Marshfield. Paphya staminea (Conrad) also occurs 
in small numbers below Empire City on the east side of the channel, 
extending into South Slough at the southern end of this arm of 
the bay. This species grows to a moderate size here but is nowhere 
abundant, and little profit would accrue in attempting to market 
the species from this source. 

During the summer of 1918 a small shipment of Paphya was made 
from Coos Bay to the Siuslaw River, in Lane County, in an attempt 
to establish the species in that locality. The experiment was not 
successful. In Coos Bay the species lives just beneath the surface 
of ooze and is fairly well covered with masses of seaweed. In the 
Siuslaw River it was found necessary to plant it in a more ex- 
posed locality free from seaweed. Whether this greater drainage 
at low tide had a disastrous effect upon the species can not be deter- 
mined, as no further attempts were made to transplant this clam. 

Associated with Paphya staminea in this region is found Cardiuwm 
corbis Martyn, the “cockle.’ It exists here under similar condi- 
tions as Paphya and is scattered in a very general manner. The 
species is a negligible factor as a food product in this locality. 

The prospect for the success of oyster culture in Coos Bay is 
promising. Fourteen acres have been set aside by a group of local 
men interested in the enterprise and planted with the western oyster, 
Ostrea lurida Carpenter. The season of 1917 proved to be a suc- 
cessful one. A satisfactory amount of spat was collected, which 
gave encouragement to the project and led to the consideration of 
a material increase in the acreage. The season of 1918 was also 
reported to be successful. The writer was able to advise regarding 
materials for cultch and encouraged the extension of the plantation. 
He entered into correspondence with the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries 
relative to the planting of western oysters in Coos Bay on a larger 
scale than could be undertaken by the private parties of North 
Bend. It was not deemed advisable at that time, however, to under- 
take the project. 

At one time Coos Bay evidently supported the western oyster 
in great abundance, if one can judge from the quantities of shells 
that are cast out of the bed of the bay by the activities of the steam 
dredgers. These oysters became extinct, however, many years ago. 
The cause of the extinction is not positively known. The Indians 
believe it was a result of a great forest fire which swept the Oregon 
coast nearly 100 years ago. 


SHELLFISH RESOURCES OF NORTHWEST COAST. 5 


Cape Arago and Sunset Bay are a short distance south of the 
Coos Bay bar and, while included in this region, may be dismissed 
with brief consideration. The chief economic Mollusca of this 
rocky point and small bay, of which mention need be made, are two 
species of sea mussels, W/ytilus edulis Linnaeus and Mytilus califor- 
nianus Conrad, the latter being of much larger size, when adult, and 
possessing a rougher shell than the former. The larger species is 
the more characteristic of the outer rocks where the waves are strong. 
Although these two species are plentiful in the vicinity of Cape 
Arago they are seldom used as food. 

Experimental investigations carried on in the Coos Bay region 
included studies concerned with the determination of the spawning 
seasons of certain clams and mussels inhabiting those waters. It 
was believed that microscopic examination of the ovaries and sper- 
maries of large numbers of individuals of a given species through 
as many months or seasons of the year as possible would reveal the 
limitations of the spawning period or periods of that species. Such 
investigations in the Coos Bay locality comprised work upon Paphya 
staminea, Cardium corbis, and Mytilus edulis. Asa result of these 
observations it can be said with assurance that Paphya staminea 
spawns in this region during the late summer and early fall, or 
during the months of August and September. No definite assertion 
regarding the spawning of Cardium corbis or Mytilus edulis could 
be made after many examinations at North Bend during the periods 
spent there in 1917 and 1918. 


THE SIUSLAW REGION. 


The Siuslaw River flows into the Pacific Ocean in western Lane 
County, Oreg. It is a broad, expansive river for more than 10 miles 
from its mouth and the influence of salt water is felt for about twice 
that distance during high tides. About 4 miles from the mouth of 
the river are the towns of Florence, on the north bank, and Glendale, 
on the opposite side. The village of Acme is a few miles up the 
river on the same side as Florence. Between these two towns, mostly 
on the north side of the channel of the river, are some excellent beds 
of Mya arenaria, the eastern mud clam. The writer has examined 
beds of this species in many localities of the northwest but no finer 
specimens of Mya have come to his notice anywhere than those found 
near Florence. The beds here occupy mud flats which are very acces- 
sible from the shore and are uncovered during a moderately low tide. 

No other economic mollusk is associated with Mya arenaria here. 
In this respect the Siuslaw River flats differ from others of this State. 
Even Schizothaerus nuttalli, the “ great blue clam,” common both to 
the south and north of this region, has not gained a foothold here. 
Mya_arenaria was carried to the Siuslaw River from Coos Bay by 
one David Morse more than 30 years ago and has done exceedingly 
well in this locality. 

That food is sufficient for the mollusks may be indicated by the 
large size which they may attain in this environment. The author 
has measured numerous shells from these beds which were well over 
6 inches in length. That the waters are well supplied with micro- 
organisms which serve as food for the clams is shown by opening the 


6 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


stomachs of the mollusks immediately after they have ceased feeding, 


as the tide recedes. Diatoms, Protozoa, and other microorganisms 


are found to make up a substantial portion of the stomach contents. 

During the summer of 1917, when the writer first made observa- 
tions on the clam beds of this region, Samuel Terrill, mentioned 
above, was engaged in digging clams for the local demand as well as 
for export to Willamette Valley towns. Four miles above Florence 
at Cushman, a station on the Siuslaw River, direct railroad connec- 
tions may be had with Portland and intermediate points, the time re- 
quired to Eugene, where a good many clams were shipped, being 
about three hours, and to Portland between seven and eight hours. 
Clams taken in the Siuslaw River during an early morning tide 
would be delivered to the market or consumer in Eugene, Albany, or 
Salem the evening of the same day, and early the next morning in 
Portland. This railroad connection had much to do with stimulating 
the shellfiesh markets of the Willamette Valley towns mentioned 
above. 

Although certain portions of the clam beds near Florence had been 
systematically worked over in years previous to 1917, at this latter 
time areas comprising 25 acres or more on the north side of the chan- 


nel of the river and about one-fifth that area on the south side were ~ 


well stocked with clams. The mollusks were doing much better in 
the rich, deep mud well out in the middle of the beds than they were 
nearer the shore where the soil was more sandy in character and 
where a longer exposure between tides reduced the duration of feed- 
ing periods. 

It was gratifying to find in 1917 that the clams were being used 
extensively by the people of that locality and of near-by towns. 
Mr. Terrill during that year was able to make a fair income by 
working the clam ‘beds for local demands and for shipments to the 
markets of Williamette Valley towns. The 5-gallon oil can was used 
as a standard of measurement for clams, for which quantity 50 cents 
was the regular price. On a favorable tide Mr. Terrill was able 
to dig from five to eight cans of clams. It is estimated that the 
clam beds near Florence would net one who could devote most of his 
time to this industry from $1,000 to $1,500 annually. Early in 
1918, Mr. Terrill, believing that he could do better financially in a 
larger town, established a permanent place of business in the town 
of North Bend, on Coos Bay, where-he now supplies the local demand 
for clams and other sea foods. 

The removal of Mr. Terrill left no responsible person in charge 
of the digging and marketing of clams from this region. Others 
took up clam ‘digging on a small scale, but were not able to devote 
much time to it, ‘and as a result in 1918 the export shipments of 
clams from the Siuslaw River were much curtailed. There was even 
a scarcity of this food product in Florence. It was observed here, 
as elsewhere, that many families will make use of clams if they are 
delivered at the door, but few will take the trouble to go and dig 
them, although conveniently at hand. 

The writer made use of the clam beds of the Siuslaw River during 
the period from August, 1917, to May, 1919, for experimental work 
upon the spawning “period, the growth, and the shipping tig 
of Mya arenaria. 


Se ee SS ee ee oe ee 


SHELLFISH RESOURCES OF NORTHWEST COAST. “4 


An estimated census of the clams was taken in 1917. In the most 
densely populated areas, from 25 to 30 claims per square yard were 
often taken, with the number frequently reaching 50. From the 
point of maximum yield in bed the number was reduced to few or 
none per square yard as the shore line was approached. Local resi- 
dents who had observed the clam beds in the Siuslaw River for 
many years believed in 1917 that there was no appreciable reduction 
in the abundance of clams from season to season. It is the author’s 
opinion, after viewing the beds at intervals for nearly two years 
that, although certain areas which in past years were systematically 
worked over and exhausted have not restocked themselves, the clams 
are holding their own fairly well. 

Sudden catastr ophies have occurred, however, and may occur again 
to inhibit the natural development ‘of the clams inthe Siuslaw 
River. The North Fork, a tributary of the Siuslaw River, flows 
into the latter about 14, miles above Florence, near the upper end of 
the clam beds., During December, 1917, and J anuary, 1918, ex- 
cessively hard rains filled all of the mountain streams tributary 
to the Siuslaw River and for nearly two months this river and the 
North Fork were overflowing their banks. An immense amount 
of silt was carried down the streams and deposited over the clam 
beds. During that time the clams were continuously under this 
flow of fresh water, and when next observed, late in January, 1918, 
it was found that large numbers of the young clams, which in the 
preceding December had measured from 10 to 25 millimeters in 
length, had perished. Medium-sized and large clams were unin- 
jured, but the small ones situated near the surface could not maintain 
themselves. Their appearance was similar to that assumed by other 
clams of the same species killed in fresh water during experimental 
investigations. This destruction resulted in a noticeable reduction 
of half-grown clams in the beds in the following summer. Although 
heavy rains are characteristic in western Oregon during the winter 
months, rarely are floods of so long duration as they were in De- 
‘cember, 1917, and January, 1918, and similar destruction of young 
clams probably seldom occurs. 

That Mya arenaria spawns in late August and during September 
on the Oregon coast is well established. In the early part of Sep- 
tember, 1917, an examination of the ovaries and spermaries of the 

species ‘was made at Florence. The clams were found to be in spawn- 
ing condition with mature ova and very active sperm. These observa- 
tions were verified during the corresponding season of 1918. That 
spawning does not occur at other seasons of the year was also demon- 
strated by repeated microscopic examinations of the gonads of the 
species during nearly every month of the year. 

Portions of the clam beds of the Siuslaw River were, in 1917, 

well covered with eel grass which gave support to the elochidia, as 
was apparent by turning over the upper layers of mud in which 
the eel grass was rooted. Here during late November and early 
December, 1917, were to be found large numbers of young clams 
from 10 to 25 millimeters in length in the surface of the ooze beneath 
patches of the eel grass. Spawning in late August or September, 
apparently young clams may reach a length of 25 millimeters Dy 
December if conditions are favorable. 


8 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


It was also shown by repeated experiments on the rate of growth 
of Mya that young clams 25 millimeters in length will, in favorable 
positions in the bed, double their length in six months’ time, or 
reach a length of 50 millimeters. How long the clams will continue 
to live and grow has not been demonstrated here. It is estimated, 
however, that the larger clams of these beds, those of a length of 6 
inches or more, are probably more than 5 years of age. 

Attempts were made to restock depleted areas of the beds by 
replanting young and medium-sized clams. These efforts were, for 
the most part, successful. It was demonstrated, however, that suc- 
cess could not be attained by planting too near the shore, or in too 
exposed areas, or in localities where the soil consisted of sand with 
small amounts of black mud. The lack of food was probably a 
deciding factor under these conditions. Young and medium-sized 
clams when transplanted in the rich, black mud readily took hold. 
The planting was accomplished by digging holes in the mud with a 
pointed stick and dropping the clams in with the siphons up. If 
large clams were planted, it was found advisable to set them about 
1 foot below the surface, as they did not readily dig much deeper 
than they were placed, and if left too near the surface they usually 
perished. 

Shipments of Mya arenaria were frequently made during all sea- 
sons of the year from Florence to Eugene in order to test the ship- 
ping and keeping qualities of the clam under varied conditions. If 
kept in a warm dry place, the clams will soon die, usually within 24 
hours. By reducing the temperature of the container in which the 
clams are kept to near the freezing point, they have been found in 
good condition at the end of a week, and they have been kept alive 
for 14 days by being placed directly in contact with the ice. It is 
obvious that Mya arenaria is a good shipper under proper condi- 
tions. If transported in refrigerator cars properly iced, there is 
every reason to believe that Mya might be shipped several hundred 
miles and still be fit for the market. 

The writer encouraged the use of Mya as a substitute for the red 
meats in various parts of the Willamette Valley and was gratified 
to find an increased response on the part of the public in spite of 
the widespread prejudice against “things that grow in the mud.” 
A number of lectures were given by the writer on the sea-food 
resources of our northwest coast and the newspapers were used in 
stimulating an interest in shellfish as food. 

The only other bivalve which may be considered of economic 
importance appearing in the Siuslaw region is Mytilus edulis. It is 
not uncommon on the rocks at the mouth of the river and advances 
at least 4 miles up the stream from its mouth. No attention, how- 
ever, is given to the mussel in this locality. 


THE YAQUINA REGION. 


The Yaquina region includes the Yaquina River, Yaquina Bay, 
and the beaches immediately to the north and south of the latter. 
While the preceding region was characterized by the presence of 
a single edible clam, besides a sea mussel, here are no less than six 
species of mollusks besides the western oyster and two sea mussels, 


SHELLFISH RESOURCES OF NORTHWEST COAST. 9 


which are used to a greater or less extent as articles of human food. 
The region is a large and extensive one, comprising long stretches 
of ocean beaches, a broad bay, and several miles of the Yaquina 
River with its muddy margins exposed at low tide. 

No single clam can be said to be characteristic of this region. 
Schizothaerus nuttalli, the “ great blue clam,” is abundant on both 
sides of the river between the towns of Newport and Yaquina. It 
lives in the soft mud here and is easily removed, as it is quite near 
the surface, which is unusual for this species. The “ great blue 
clam ” is one of the principal clams used as food by local consumers. 

In 1917, when the writer first made observations on the shellfish 
of this locality, Messrs. Reeves and Doig, fishermen who lived on 
the bank of the Yaquina River, chiefly supplied the people of the 
town of Newport with shellfish. Local fish markets also handled 
the product and there was a brisk demand and a supply always on 
han 

Associated with “the great blue clam,” but more abundant on the 
south side of the channel, are Cardiwm corbis, the “ cockle,” and 
Paphya staminea, the “little neck clam.” These are also used by 
local consumers to a considerable extent. Jfacoma nasuta, the 
“bent nose clam,” was quite abundant on the north side of the 
bay in 1917 and 1918. This clam was found to be used as food to 
a limited degree. Those who were accustomed to make use of it 
commended its flavor very highly, stating that it was more like the 
oyster than any of the others. For this reason it has been given 
a local name of “ oyster clam.” One of the chief objections to this 
small clam is that it ingests so much sand that it is somewhat dis- 
agreeable if prepared immediately after having been removed from 
the water. If the clam is placed in clean fresh water, however, a 
short time before it is to be prepared, most of the sand will be 
ejected and the clam will be much more desirable as food. 

Mya arenaria is also found on the markets of Newport and is much 
sought after by shellfish consumers. The species is taken from the 
river above the town of Yaquina and brought down to the Newport 
markets at irregular intervals, but usually two or three times every 
week. 

The beach immediately north of the mouth of the Yaquina River, 
known as Nye Beach, is abundantly supplied with a rock borer, 
Pholadidea penita (Conrad), which is considered a great delicacy 
by local consumers of shellfish. The soft sandstone rocks which 
parallel the beach and are exposed at low tide offer favorable 
habitats for this bivalve. The species occurs at other localities along 
the northwest coast, but this region may be considered a center of 
great production. Tourists who spend a few months at Newport 
during the summer frequent the beach at low tide to break out 
the rock borers with pick and crowbar. There is great destruction 
of the young mollusks as well as of the old, as a result, and the 
species in the rocks near the shore was apparently well depleted 
in 1918. How long the species will survive here is a question which 
can not now be answered as its life history and rate of growth have 
not been determined. 

Sea mussels thickly cover the rocks of the north jetty at the mouth 
of the river, those that stand out from the shore at the north end 


10 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


of Nye Beach and those about the base of Yaquina Head. They 
are also common on Seal Rocks 10 miles to the south of Yaquina Bay. 
Two species of mussels are found in this region, Mytilus edulis and 
Mytilus californianus. . 

Formerly the razor clam, Siliqgua patula, was very abundant in 
the ocean beaches of the Yaquina region. As late as 1914 and 1915 
large quantities of this clam were obtainable both north and south 
of the bay. No very satisfactory reason can be given for the rather 
sudden disappearance of the clam south of the Clatsop County 
beaches. After careful observation of the beaches formerly popu- 
lated by the razor clam in this region and elsewhere the author is 
inclined to the opinion that the shifting of the sand has been a 
large factor in the disappearance of the clams either by smothering 
them or by washing them out into deeper water. A: great many of 
the clams have been destroyed in the past few years as is evidenced 
by the quantities of shells that are cast up on the beaches. If they 
have been washed out into deeper water there is a possibility that 
they may return by inshore migrations.. It was gratifying to find 
during the summer of 1919 that the razor clam was apparently 
coming back at a number of points along the Oregon coast, as will 
be noted in a later section. 

The Yaquina River is the center of the oyster industry in Oregon. 
The most productive areas are about 1 mile above the town of 
Yaquina near Oysterville. They include both natural and private 
beds. The natural beds are under the control of the State Fish 
and Game Commission which prescribes rules and regulations for 
the protection of the beds and for the taking of the oysters. The 
closed season as to natural beds has been fixed by statute, being from 
the 15th day of June to the 10th day of September of each year.? 

Certain areas are set apart and designated by law as beds for the 
artificial planting of oysters. Such beds are limited in size, not 
to exceed 2 acres in each plantation, and each holder of a claim is 
required to comply with local regulations fixed by the association of 
oystermen.* 

Since the beds are, for the most part, located in the channel of 
the river, in 1917 the fishermen on the artificial plantations were 
having considerable difficulty, as had been the case in previous years, 
in preventing the oysters from being smothered by the sediment 
carried down the river. Frequent tonging was resorted to to keep 
the silt moving. Little or no artificial methods were resorted to in 
order to catch the spat. The old shells were considered, by those 
engaged in the industry, as sufficient cultch with the occasional help 
of the bark of trees. 

In spite of the fact that the Yaquina oyster fishermen have cer- 
tain natural difficulties to contend with, they made a fair profit 
during the season of 1916-17. At that time 15 men were engaged 
in oyster fishing. By working diligently each man was able to 


take from four to six sacks per week, the standard sack being 110 ~ 


pounds, including shells. During that season the price realized in 
Portland, where nearly all of the oysters were marketed, was from 
$6 to $8 per sack. This price of the Yaquina oyster was somewhat 


2 Wish and Game Laws of Oregon, 1919-20, sec. 187, p. 76. 
3 Fish and Game Laws of Oregon, 1919—20, sec. 186, p. 76. 


| 
. 


SHELLFISH RESOURCES OF NORTHWEST COAST. Lt 


in advance of that of previous years, due to the curtailment of the 
supply of oysters in the Northwest, resulting from a partial destruc- 
tion of the beds of the Puget Sound region by freezing during a 
previous season. 

In 1897 the eastern oyster was introduced into Oregon. The 
Yaquina River was selected as the most favorable locality for the 
growth and possible development of the species. Plantings were 
made near Oysterville and cared for under the direction of the State 
biologist for a number of years, during which time the oysters grew 
and matured. It was reported that spawning occurred, but the 
hope of collecting spat was given up after the failures of several 
seasons in the belief that the water was too cold. 

Investigations looking toward the determination of the spawning 
seasons of the clams and mussels of this region were conducted at 
intervals during the summer, winter, and spring months with the 
result that Schizothaerus nuttalli, the “ great blue clam,” was found 
to be spawning during the month of March, the limits of the period 
probably being from the last of February or the first of March to 
well along in April. At no other season was the species found to 
be spawning although examinations were made during other months 
of the year in this locality and elsewhere. 

Paphya staminea was found to be in a spawning condition during 
the month of March at Yaquina, while the species was found in a 
similar condition in Coos Bay during the late summer and early 
fall. The hermaphroditic character of Cardiwm corbis was first 
observed during the month of March in this locality. That spawn- 
ing of this species occurs here in the spring months can hardly be 
doubted. No positive assertion could be made regarding the spawn- 
ing periods of other species of clams and mussels investigated here. 

The trial shipments of Schzzothaerus nuttalli, Cardium corbis, and 
Paphya staminea were made from Newport to Eugene, Oreg., at 
intervals during the winter months of 1918. These were made to 
determine the shipping qualities of the different species and enabled 
the author to reach conclusions as to the marketable value of the 
clams, in fresh condition, at points some distance from the source 
of supply. The time required by express from Newport to Eugene 
is usually seven or eight hours, with one transfer. 

Schizothaerus does not ship well. Its shell is quite brittle and is 
often broken into fragments in transit. The clam is a “ gaper,” the 
adductor muscles relaxing soon after the animal is removed from 
the salt water, permitting the shell to open widely. Cold-storage 
methods were not successful in preserving this clam in an edible 
condition for more than three or four days. Advice: given to the 
public was to prepare the “great blue clam” for use as soon as 
possible after it was taken, otherwise it might prove to be a dan- 
gerous food. 

Much of what has been said about the previous species may be 
said of Cardiuwm corbis. The shell of the “ cockle,” however, will 
withstand the shocks of transportation, but the clam is also a 
“oaper” and can hardly be relied upon as food after being out 
of water for 24 hours, unless placed upon ice, which method may 
preserve it safely for another day. The species is an excellent one 
for local consumption, but can not be counted upon for shipment in 
a fresh condition. 


12 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


Paphya staminea is a good shipper, but can not be taken in this 
locality in sufficient abundance to make it profitable for other than 
local use. 

The conclusion arrived at in 1918 was that there were no species 
of clams or mussels in the Yaquina region that were obtainable in 
large enough quantities and that had the proper shipping qualities 
for purposes of commerce, in the fresh condition, beyond the local 
demand. 

Messrs. Reeves and Doig, mentioned above, in 1917 carried on a 
small export trade in canned clams shipped direct to consumers in 
Willamette Valley towns, the method being to seal the edible por- 
tions of the clams in jars of fresh water, the cooking to take place 
when the destination was reached. This did not prove to be a very 
popular way of handling the product and was not long continued. 

It was gratifying, however, to find that large quantities of shell- 
fish, including clams, crabs, oysters, etc., were used locally in and 
about the Yaquina region. The people of that locality were, for 
the most part, fully aware of the value of the sea-food products 
conveniently at hand. 

In the spring of 1918, after advising with the office of the U. S. 
Commissioner of Fisheries, a shipment of “ pismo” clams was ob- 
tained from San Luis Obispo-Bay, Calif., and planted in the 
Yaquina region between Nye Beach and Agate Beach. Through 
the efforts of the California Fish and Game Commission 750 pounds 
of the clams were secured and shipped. They arrived at. their 
destination apparently in good condition and were planted on a 
beach which, in the author’s judgment, was well suited to them. 
Several days after the planting occurred, a single clam was found 
about 200 yards from the place of planting. The clam was alive, 
in the edge of the water and half covered with sand. This led to the 
belief that more of the clams may have become scattered up and 
down the beach, although no others were located. In 1919, a year 
after the planting, no sign of any of the clams could be discovered, 
nor were any shells to be found along the beach. The success or 
the failure of the project can not be determined at this date. 


NETARTS AND TILLAMOOK REGIONS. 


These two shellfish centers in Tillamook County, Oreg., may be 
considered as one. Netarts Bay is a long but very shallow arm of 
the sea, with the outlet some miles north of Cape Lookout. The 
bay is so shallow that during an extremely low tide nearly all of 
the water runs out, leaving much of the bottom area exposed. The 
salinity of the bay is essentially that of the ocean, as practically no 
fresh water enters it. 

The bay supports a number of species of edible shellfish, among 
the clams being Schizothaerus nuttalli, Cardium corbis, Paphya 
staminea, and Sawidomus giganteus Deshayes. Schizothaerus pre- 
dominates and seems to show little or no evidence of depletion from 
year to year. The species occupies the gravel beds of severai acres 
in extent at the north end of the bay near the outlet, which are very 
accessible from the shore. The clams are very abundant here, but - 
are quite firmly embedded in the gravel, and are more difficult to 
remove than in those localities where they inhabit soft mud. 


SHELLFISH RESOURCES OF NORTHWEST COAST. 183 


Cardium and Paphya are associated with Schizothaerus, but are 
much less numerous than the latter, their scarcity rendering them of 
small significance as food products in this region. 

Saxidomus giganteus, a very excellent food mollusk, was formerly 
very abundant in Netarts Bay, but has become greatly depleted in 
recent years. This depletion was more apparent during the summer 
of 1918 than during the previous year. Excessive digging of the 
clam seemed to be the chief factor making for its extinction. 

In former years the razor clam, Siligua patula, was a familiar 
species along the ocean beaches outside of Netarts Bay as well as 
within the bay. In 1917 practically no razor clams were found 
along the open ocean beaches in this region, and the same conditions 
persisted in 1918, but each year a few have been taken from the 
sand beds in the bay proper. 

This region is one of the most fertile in the production of the 
large sea mussel, Mytilus californianus Conrad, of any part of the 
territory surveyed. The coast north of Netarts Bay, in the vicinity 
of Cape Mears, is very rugged. Here large areas of the rocks are 
densely covered with masses of this large mussel. Aside from a 
very insignificant local consumption as food, the immense beds of 
sea mussels here and elsewhere along our northwest coast have not 
as yet been turned into any economic value. . 

During most of the year the village of Netarts, on Netarts Bay, 
consists of a few scattered houses of permanent residents, but in 
the summer season it becomes a tent town of considerable size. 
From June until September, during the years 1917 and 1918, many 
people from inland districts of Oregon and other States visited 
Netarts for periods of from one week to a month or more. While 
there, clams were a constant article of diet, and nearly every family 
canned quantities of the shellfish to be carried away for future 
consumption. 

Netarts is in an isolated region and at times is almost or wholly 
cut off from communication with inland points, due to the bad con- 
dition of the highway. During the rainy season of 1918 the road 
from Tillamook City to Netarts was, at times, entirely impassable 
for wheeled vehicles. With the improvement of means of trans- 
portation from this region markets may more easily be established 
for such species of shellfish as are suitable for distribution at points 
some distance from the coast. The markets of Tillamook City, 9 
miles from Netarts, are supplied in part from Netarts Bay, but the 
quantity of fresh clams shipped from Netarts to more distant points 
is not large. Portland is from 8 to 10 hours by rail from 
Tillamook City, and to reach the upper Willamette Valley towns 
requires an additional 4 or 5 hours, after one transfer is made. 

n consideration of the quality of the clams that were available 
for export from Netarts Bay in 1918 and the uncertain means of 
transportation, it was not deemed wise to encourage the shipment 
of this product to inland markets. 

Trial shipments of Saaidomus giganteus and Schizothaerus nuttalli 
were made from Netarts to Eugene at various times of the year. 
Saxidomus is a very good shipper. The shell is heavy and firm 
and the adductor muscles contract strongly when the clam is re- 
moved from the water and remain in that condition for a long 


14 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


time. As far as the keeping qualities of this clam are concerned 
it could be marketed from Netarts Bay in many of the inland towns 
of the State within two days by express if the means of transporta- 
tion from the source were more certain. The author has been able 
to keep Saxidomus for a week in good condition by placing it in an 
ice chest. 

The depletion of Saxidomus giganteus in Netarts Bay during the 
summer of 1918, however, prevented any further attempt to secure 
markets for this species. Advice was given local diggers during 
August of that year to discontinue the taking of Saxidomus for a 
period of two or three years in order to give the clam a chance 
to restore itself. This was recognized by some as a proper method, 
but there was nothing to prevent many other people from taking 
the species whenever they had opportunity. 

The conclusion formed after numerous shipments of Schizothaerus 
from Netarts to Eugene was that this species could not be depended 
upon to come through in good condition. The same limitations 
were found to exist as in case of shipments from the Yaquina region. 
Danger from slow and uncertain transportation, the fragility of the 
shell, and the gaping nature of the clam inhibited the possibilities 
of successfully placing the species on other than very local markets. 

During the latter part of July, 1918, after securing a permit from 
the State Fish and Game Commission, the writer made a shipment 
of the razor clam, Siligua patula, from the Clagsop County beach to 
Netarts Bay for the purpose of transplanting the same on the ocean 
beaches in that locality. The clams were carefully packed and iced 
in Seaside and transported by express to Tillamook City and from 
there to Netarts by stage. The clams were out of salt water for 
a period of about 30 hours and reached Netarts in good condition. 
They were immediately planted on a selected beach south of the 
outlet of Netarts Bay. Favorable reports came to the writer during 
the summer of 1919 relative to the appearance of razor clams on 
this beach. 

Tests of the keeping qualities of Mytilus edulis and Mytilus cali- 
fornianus were conducted in the Netarts region. Neither of these 
species is a good keeper after having been removed from the salt 
water. The larger species may be kept alive for two or three days 
on ice, but neither is to be recommended as proper food for a longer 
period than 24 hours after having been taken from the rocks. The 
temperature with which they are surrounded will largely determine 
their keeping qualities. 

Although this region is abundantly supplied with the larger sea 
mussel there is scarcely a probability of its soon becoming a common 
article of diet. Even if it were fully appreciated as food by the 
public, its inaccessibility would be a handicap to its possible market 
value. These sea mussels are used locally to some extent and the 
writer can bear testimony that when rightly prepared they are very 
palatable. 


Much work looking toward the determination of the spawning — 


period of Saaidomus giganteus was done while the author was in 
this region and later with clams shipped to Eugene. This spawning 
period was not positively ascertained, the gonads appearing about 
equally developed in March, June, and November. More investiga- 


| 
. 


SHELLFISH RESOURCES OF NORTHWEST COAST. 15 


tion is necessary to determine with certainty the spawning season 
or seasons of this species. ? 

The western oyster has existed in Netarts Bay for many years. 
Its productivity here, however, has never been large. In 1918 the 
supply was insufficient for local demands, and few, if any, oysters 
reached outside markets from this source. The statutes of the State 
define the limits of the natural and artificial beds of oysters in 
Netarts Bay and the regulations governing the same, as in case of 
the Yaquina River.* 

Salt-water crabs are very plentiful in Netarts Bay in certain sea- 
sons of the year. The closed season, during which no crabs may be 
shipped out of the county or canned, has been fixed by statute from 
July 1 to September 30 of each year.® During the open season 
shipments of crabs are frequently made to outside markets and many 
are consumed locally. 

The Tillamook region comprises Tillamook Bay to the north and 
east of Netarts Bay. The most important clams of Tillamook Bay 
are Mya arenaria, which is inferior in size and quantity to the same 
_ species in the Siuslaw River, and Cardium corbis, which in 1917 was 
very plentiful opposite the town of Garabaldi on the north side of 
the bay. The species grows to a very large size here, and during 
1917 was the chief, although not the exclusive, bivalve used by the 
clam cannery of Tillamook City. This clam cannery, the only one 
on the Oregon coast, 1s owned and operated by E. J. Bowers. The 
chief product of the cannery is minced clams put up in one-half and 
one-pound cans. The output in a normal year is from 500 to 1,000 
cases, each of forty-eight 1-pound tins. A ready sale is found for 
this minced clam product and it is widely distributed. The activity 
of the cannery, however, is not constant, owing to the fact that 
the supply of clams is very irregular, it being difficult to get fisher- 
men to devote their time to clam digging when more money can be 
made in the salmon boats. During the year of 1917 the cannery did 
a very good business, but its activity was not so great during the 
following year for the reason previously stated. 


THE CLATSOP COUNTY REGION. 


The northwestern coast of Oregon from Tillamook Head to the 
Columbia River consists of a long stretch of sand beach nearly 14 
miles in length. It is, however, only the southern extremity of 
this beach that is of interest in connection with the shellfish resources 
of the Northwest. The beaches opposite the towns of Seaside and 
Gearheart, just north of Tillamook Head, are the principal sources 
of the razor clam, S2iqgua patula, in Oregon. . 

As mentioned in a previous section, the razor clam during a period 
from 1913 to 1916 became almost totally extinct along the shores of 
this State south of Tillamook Head. But whatever may have been 
the cause or causes of the depletion to the south, no appreciable 
effect was made upon the species north of this headland. 

Of all the species of clams on the Oregon coast the razor clam is 
the only one protected by law, and this protection is made applicable 


4Oregon Fish and Game Laws, 1919-20, sec. 194, p. 78. 
5 Oregon Fish and Game Laws, 1919-20, sec. 198, p. 79. 


80320°—21 2 


16 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


to Clatsop County only. A closed season is here established, mak- 
ing it unlawful for one to take the razor clam for sale or canning 
or shipment out of the county during the period from June 20 to 
September 20 of each year. Anyone may take the clams, however, 
without limit at all times for his own use.°® 

The closed season does not prevent a considerable amount of 
wanton destruction and waste of the razor clams during the summer 
months. Seaside and Gearheart are summer resorts with a greatly 
increased population during the months of July and August. Hun- 
dreds of inexperienced clam diggers attempt to dig razor clams often 
for the novelty of it alone, and in so doing destroy a great many 
young or half-grown clams, or crush the shells of adults in trying 
to remove them from the sand and throw them away. 

Siliqua patula is considered by many to be the best edible clam 


in the Northwest. It brings the highest market price, usually © 


selling for 25 cents per dozen. During the open season it is almost 
constantly on the Portland markets, shipped either from the Clatsop 
County beaches or from the Washington shore north of the Columbia 
River.e In former years this clam was to be found in the markets 
of many of the cities of northwestern Oregon, but in 1919 the species 
was rarely handled outside of Portland and Astoria. These cities 
are in direct connection by rail and boat with the sources of supply 
and markets here find a ready sale for all razor clams they can 
secure. 

Siliqua patula is not a long-lived clam after having been removed 
from salt water. It is good for the Portland markets which can 
be reached from Seaside in five hours by express, but the clams 
would hardly be good for food after the second day even though 
thoroughly iced. ‘The razor clam is a food to be consumed or canned 
locally, or marketed within a short distance from the source of its 
production. 

That the razor clam spawns on the Clatsop County beach during 
the summer, from the latter part of June through July, has, it is 
believed, been well established. At no other season of the year 
was the writer able to discover the gonads in a mature condition. 
During the first and second weeks in September large numbers of 
young, ranging from 10 to 25 millimeters in length, may be found 
just beneath the surface of the sand. These are, without doubt, 
results of the spawning of the species during the previous June or 
July. The author was not able to determine the rate of growth of 
this species throughout an entire year or the age of the larger indi- 
viduals. Owing to the fact that the razor clam travels about through 
the sand, more or less, it is impractical to attempt to judge the rate 
of growth by means of artificial plantings on the open beaches. 

Shipments of razor clams for the purpose of restocking depleted 
beaches were made during the summer of 1918 from Seaside beach 
to Netarts Bay, as mentioned under the discussion of the preceding 
region, and also to Cannon Beach, immediately south of Tillamook 
Head. There is reason to believe that both of these plantings were 
successful. 


® Oregon Fish and Game Laws, 1919-20, sec. 143, p. 62. 


a ee eS eee 


SHELLFISH RESOURCES OF NORTHWEST COAST. 13f 
THE SOUTHWESTERN WASHINGTON REGION. 


This section of the survey included the ocean beaches north of 
the mouth of the Columbia River to the outlet of Willapa Bay, the 
latter body of water, and brief investigations of the resources of 
sections of Puget Sound in the vicinity of Olympia, Wash. 

In 1917 the ‘output of minced clams of the canneries of Nahedtta, 
a town on the west shore of Willapa Bay, was very limited, the 
reason ascribed for the unusual inactivities of the canneries being 
an apparent depletion of the supply. During the following year, 
however, the clams were much more plentiful and the output. of the 
canned product was greatly enhanced. ‘The Washington beaches are 
a source of supply of fresh clams for the markets of Portland and 
other cities of the Northwest. 

Willapa Bay is one of the chief centers of distribution of the 
eastern oyster in the Northwest. Artificial plantations of consider- 
able area have become established in these waters. The “toke- 
point ” oyster is a familiar one in the markets of many cities of the 
Northwest. 

It is customary for the oyster companies to ship young eastern 
oysters from the Atlantic seacoast in carload lots, plant them for 
periods of from two to four years, and then place them on the 
markets. 

That there are prospects of inducing the eastern oyster to propa- 
gate on the west coast is indicated by the spawning of the species in 
certain localities in Willapa Bay during the season of 1917. Here- 
tofore it was the general belief that the temperature of the waters 
of the Pacific coast was too cold to permit of the propagation of the’ 

eastern species. 

The Long Island Oyster Co., with headquarters at South Bend, 
Wash., reported to the writer in 1918 that it was its belief that the 
degree of temperature of the water was not the deciding factor, but 
that a uniformity of temperature must be maintained to induce 
spawning. This belief was based upon careful observations of the 
spawning of the eastern species by the above company on certain of 
their plantations in Willapa Bay during the previous season. 

The broad mud flats of the western shore of Willapa Bay main- 
tain a good supply of the eastern mud clam, Mya arenaria, but this 
species is little used here as food except by a very few local con- 
sumers. 

The gravel beds of the southern arms of Puget Sound supply the 
markets of many cities of Washington, of Portland, Oreg., and of 
many of the upper Willamette Valley towns with the “little-neck 
clam,” Paphya staminea. Paphya is one of the best of shippers 
among the shellfish of the Northwest, having a hard shell which 
closes tightly when the clam is removed from the water. 

Tests with Paphya staminea from this region and others in the 
course of the investigations indicate that the clam may be kept in an 
edible condition for at least a week after having been taken if it is 
well iced. It will remain good for several days without ice if kept 

in a cool place. 


18 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


The oyster industry of southern Puget Sound waters was greatly 
handicapped by excessively cold weather during the winter of 1915, 
which froze large quantities of the oysters. The output from this 
region was curtailed during the following seasons while the beds 
were being restocked. , This reduction of Puget Sound oysters in- 
creased the price of western oysters grown in the Yaquina River in 
Oregon, where no such calamity occurred. The latter region, how- 
ever, could not supply the demand, and there was a noticeable scarcity 
of oysters throughout the Northwest. Three or four years were de- 
voted by the Puget Sound growers to restocking their beds, but by 
the season of 1919 almost normal conditions prevailed in the oyster 
industry of the Northwest. 

Pectens have not been taken from the open ocean in large amounts 
off the northwest coast. The writer has, however, seen quantities of 
them dredged in the San Juan Archipelago about 100 miles north of 
Seattle, Wash. Several species of these mollusks have been taken 
here while dredging was being done for other material. Enough 
have been taken, however, to indicate that they are well distributed 
in these waters and present in considerable numbers. 

The author has been informed that pectens have occasionally been 
taken from the ocean off Yaquina Bay and have appeared on the 
Newport market. There seems, however, little attempt on the part 
of fishermen to make surveys along the northwest coast for pectens, 
and the boats are usually without proper dredges or trawls with 
which to take these mollusks. 


SHELLFISH RESOURCES OF MINOR IMPORTANCE. 


In addition to the regions discussed above, which represent the 
chief producing centers of shellfish in the territory surveyed, there 
are a number of other localities of minor importance which should 
be mentioned in order to make this report complete. They are, for 
the most part, in isolated regions and in thinly populated districts 
having inconvenient means of communication with outside points. 

Shellfish, although frequently occurring in large quantities in 
these isolated regions, have, at present, little economic value except 
as they may supply a very limited local demand for sea-food prod- 
ucts; or, the shellfish may be species not yet generally recognized as 
proper human food. To this latter group belong the mussels. 

On the Oregon coast, among regions of minor importance, the fol- 
lowing may be mentioned: 


CANNON BEACH, 


This locality, immediately south of Tillamook Head, at one time 
supported large numbers of Stliqua patula, the razor clam, but in 
1918 the author was not able to find a single one throughout the 
entire length of the beach. Mytilus edulis and Mytilus californianus 
are common forms on the rocks standing out from the shore, but 
little importance is attached to them in this locality. 

During August, 1918, plantings of the razor clam were made on 
this beach from a shipment from Seaside. 


~~ a. ee ee 


CE a eT eT ee ee ee ee ee! 


SHELLFISH RESOURCES OF NORTHWEST COAST. 19 
NESTUGGA BAY. 


In Nestugga Bay, at the mouth of the Nestugga River, are to be 
found small areas well stocked with Mya arenaria. The species 
here is inferior in size to that of the Siuslaw River and plays little 
part in the food economy of the locality. Some slight use is made 
of the clam by the inhabitants of Pacific City, a small village near 
the mouth of the river. This local demand is larger during the sum- 
mer months, when the population is increased by tourists, but this 
shellfish center is of slight importance, due to its isolation. 


SILETZ BAY. 


Siletz Bay, in Lincoln County, Oreg., is at the mouth of the river 
bearing that name. Mya arenaria and Schizothaerus nuttalli are to 
be found in some abundance on the mud flats of this bay, but, being 
in a very inaccessible region, little use is made of these shellfish 
except occasionally by the inhabitants of Taft, a small settlement on 
the bay. 

‘About 10 miles north of Siletz Bay is a stretch of sand beach 
several miles in length, paralleled by a fringing chain of large 
rocks, now disconnected with the shore, but easily reached from it 
during low tide. Here covering the surface of the rocks are im- 
mense quantities of the large sea mussel, Mytilus californianus. In 
the region surveyed the productivity of this locality is rivaled only 
by that of the Netarts Bay region, mentioned above. Should a 
market be provided for this shellfish, there would still remain the 
difficulty of transporting it from a region so isolated and inaccessible 
as this one north of Siletz Bay. 


ALSEA BAY. 


' This body of water, 14 miles south of Yaquina Bay, supports a 
good supply of Schizothaerus nuttalli, the “great blue clam.” The 
demand for this clam here is wholly local, small quantities being 
used by the inhabitants of the town of Waldport and by the few 
ranchers in the immediate region. 


WINCHESTER BAY. 


Winchester Bay, at the mouth of the Umpqua River in Douglas 
County, Oreg., may be mentioned as another center well supplied 
with the “ great blue clam,” Schizothaerus nuttalli. A few tourists 
spend some time at this place during the summer, but the region 
about the bay is very sparsely settled. The chief means of reaching 
Winchester Bay is by motor boat from points farther up the river. 
Due to the isolation of the district and the inconvenient nmieans of 
communication little value may be attached to this shellfish source. 


THE BANDON BEACH. 


From the mouth of the Coquille River southward the chief shell- 
fish are the sea mussels which are very abundant opposite the town 


2°20 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


of Bandon, at the mouth of the river, and elsewhere on rocky points 
and headlands. 

Many of the sections of this portion of the coast are isolated 
and sparsely settled and, although the mussels are used to some 
extent locally, little economic value can be ascribed to the mollus- 
can shellfish on the Oregon coast south of Coos Bay. 


SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS. 


1. Certain regions of the northwest coast are abundantly stocked 
with shellfish, some species of which have been widely recognized 
as excellent human food. Others, however, such as the sea mussels, 
have not yet gained that same recognition, and there remains to be 
devised in the future some plan or method to convert this vast quan- 
tity of sea product into economic usefulness. 

2. The isolation of certain regions producing shellfish, especially 
in the coastal zone of the State of Oregon, and the lack of high- 
ways paralleling the coast or other means of transportation render- 
ing sources of shellfish accessible has, in some places, proved a handi- 
cap and in others a complete prohibition against the general use of 
these sea-food products. ; 

3. Demonstration has proved that certain species of shellfish, how- 
ever excellent food they may be when prepared immediately after 
having been taken from the salt water, lack lasting qualities and, 
therefore, are not adaptable to markets at any great distance from 
the source of their supply. 

4. Other species as Mya arenaria, Saxidomus giganteus, and 
Paphya staminea have lasting qualities and may be kept, under 
proper conditions, for many days in a fresh condition and marketed 
several hundred miles from the coast with perfect safety to the 
consumer. i 

5. Species not adaptable, in a fresh condition, to markets other 
than local should be prepared and consumed as soon as possible after 
they have been taken from the salt water, or they should be pre- 
served by canning, pickling, or other methods insuring the destruc- 
tion of harmful bacteria and at the same time retaining something 
of the qualities of the shellfish. 

6. In many of the regions of the Northwest where shellfish are 
abundant the people are found to be very generally appreciative 
of the bivalves as food, especially if markets or centers of distribu- 
tion have been established where the product can be obtained without 
too much effort. 

7. A certain amount of indifference, sometimes amounting to 
antagonism, against the use of shellfish as food, was encountered in 
some localities. This was met as tactfully as possible and by con- 
versation, lecture, and sane publicity the aversion to these sea 
products was in some measure dispelled. 

8. The apparent depletion of an excellent food mollusk, Saxidomus 
giganteus, is taking place in Netarts Bay. It may be advisable to 
restrict or prohibit entirely the taking of this species for a number 
of years. 

9. After the almost total disappearance of the razor clam from 
the Oregon beaches south of Tillamook Head, it was gratifying in 
1919 to learn of and to observe its reappearance in a number of 


secetee- Zi a a “a Ve 


U. S. B. F.—Doc. 920. 


FIG. 3.—VIEW OF CLAM BEDS OF SIUSLAW RIVER, ON NORTH SIDE OF 
CHANNEL, LOOKING TOWARD FLORENCE. 


Mya arenaria is abundant here. The beds are very accessible and the clams, in size and 
quality, are not surpassed by any of the same species in the Northwest. 


FIG. 4—SHELL OF Mya arenaria, TWO-THIRDS NATURAL SIZE. 


Mya is one of the best clams of the Northwest both for local consumption and for shipping. 
See discussion under The Siuslaw Region, beginning on page 5. 


FIG. 5—MUD FLATS OF NORTH SIDE OF YAQUINA RIVER, LOOKING TOWARD 
YAQUINA. 


Here is a large supply of Schizothaerus nuttalli. The beds are accessible from Newport, and 
the clams are easily taken as they are not deeply imbedded in the mud. Cardiuwm corbis, Paphya 
staminea, and Macoma nasuta are also found here. See discussion under The Yaquina Region, 
beginning on page 8. 


FIG. 6.—SHELL OF Schizothaerus nuttalli, THE “GREAT BLUE CLAM,” TWO- 
THIRDS NATURAL SIZE. 


This species is well distributed along the Northwest coast and is used as food locally to a greater 
or less extent wherever it occurs. 


U. S. B. F.—Doc. 920. 


FIG. 7.—SHELL OF Macoma nasuta, NATURAL SIZE. 


It is called the ‘‘oyster clam’”’ at Yaquina, where it is used as food to a slight extent. The 
species was common on the north side of the bay in 1917. The photograph is of a shell from 
Winchester Bay and is somewhat larger than the average in Yaquina Bay. 


FIG. 8.—SHELL OF Paphya staminea, THE ‘LITTLE FIG. 9.—SHELL OF Phola- 
NECK CLAM,” NATURAL SIZE, FROM YAQUINA didea penita, A ROCK 
BAY. BORER, NATURAL SIZE. 
The species occurs in almost all of the bays of the North- The species is characteristic 

west. It is one of the best market clams. of Nye Beach, on the ocean side 


of Newport, whereit is plentiful. 


U. S. B. F.—Doc. 920. 


FIG. 10.—ROCKS ABOUT THE BASE OF YAQUINA HEAD, 4 MILES NORTH 
OF YAQUINA BAY. 


These rocks are well covered with sea mussels, both Mytilus edulis and Mytilus californianus 
occurring here. Little use is made of them as food. See figure 13. 


U. S. B. F.—Doe. 920. 


FIG. 11—SHELL OF Saxidomus giganteus, TWO-THIRDS NATURAL 
SIZE; 


This species is characteristic of Netarts Bay, but is not so abundant there as 
it was a few years ago. It is one of the best food clams of the Northwest and 
makes an excellent market clam as its shipping qualities are good. Its scarcity 
in Netarts Bay at the present time, however, precludes its shipment to outside 
markets. See discussion under Netarts and Tillamook Regions, beginning on 
page 12. 


in BA pssPOd Hoee 
Leo eee? 


Leda 


thse ame 
POL fn tial A: 


t Phos 


= 
= 
« 
55 
=, 
u 
“ 
ws 
wa 
=. 


MUA As AAPL hee 


Wi¢.4, 


FIG. 12.—SHELL OF Cardium corbis, THE ‘‘COCKLE,”’ TWO-THIRDS 
NATURAL SIZE. 


This species is well distributed from Coos Bay northward along the Northwest 
coast, and is abundant in Tillamook Bay. 


U.S. B. F.—Doc. 929. 


FIG. 13.—UPPER, Mytilus californianus, THE LARGE SEA MUSSEL; LOWER, 
Mytilus eduliss THE SMALLER SEA MUSSEL; EACH THREE-FOURTHS 
NATURAL SIZE. 


Both species are very common along the Northwest coast. 


FIG. 14.—PORTION OF SURFACE OF A ROCK NORTH OF NETARTS BAY 
COVERED WITH Mytilus californianus, 


U. S. B. F.—Doc. 920. 


FIG. 15.—VIEW OF CLATSOP COUNTY BEACH OPPOSITE SEASIDE, OREG., 
LOOKING SOUTH TOWARD TILLAMOOK HEAD. 
Although the razor clam, Siliqua patula, has almost disappeared elsewhere on the Oregon 


coast, it has maintained itself in abundance on this beach. See discussion under The Clatsop 
County Region, beginning on page 15. 


FIG. 16.—ROCKY COAST AROUND TILLAMOOK HEAD, LOOKING SOUTH. 


Sea mussels are typical shellfish of rugged headlands such as this. 


U. S. B. F.—Doc. 920. 


FIG. 17.—CLATSOP COUNTY BEACH, LOOKING NORTH FROM SEASIDE AT LOW 
MIDE 


The sand heaps represent places from which razor clams have been taken. This is the center of 
the razor clam production in Oregon at the present time. 


FIGS. 18 AND 19.—YOUNG RAZOR CLAMS, NATURAL SIZE. 


These were taken on the Seaside beach during the first and second weeks in September. 
The species spawns on this beach in midsummer. 


FIG. 20.—THE RAZOR CLAM, Siliqua patula) TWO-THIRDS NATURAL SIZE. 


This species is considered one of the very best edible clams and is used as food extensively. 
The supply for the markets of the larger cities of the Northwest comes from Clatsop County, 
Oreg., and from the beaches of the Washington coast. 


U. S. B. F.—Doe. 920. 


FIG. 21.—SHELL OF THE EASTERN OYSTER, Ostrea virginiana,. TWO-THIRQS 
NATURAL SIZE. ; : : 
This species is planted when young and grown to maturity in the waters of western Wash- 


ington. The eastern oyster industry is not yet developed in Oregon. See discussion under 
The Southwestern Washington Region, beginning on page 17. 


FiGe22-—SHiEEE TOR whe FIG. 323:—S PAT “OF THE WESTERN 
WESTERN ONSTIER; ON STE RS COLEECTED sO INi sa riE 
Ostrea lurida, TWO- SHELL OF Paphya staminea, TWO- 
THIRDS NATURAL SIZE. THIRDS NATURAL SIZE. 

This species is grown in The spat was collected during the season 
both Oregon and Washing- of 1917 and was about five months old. 


ton. In Puget Sound the in- 
dustry has become an exten- 
sive one. 


U. S. B. F.—Doc. 920. 


FIG. 24.—SECTION OF SHORE LINE 10 MILES NORTH OF SILETZ BAY. 


The rocks paralleling the coast are densely covered with the large sea mussel, Mytilus cali- 
jornianus. This region is an isolated one. 


FIG. 25.—PORTION OF SURFACE OF ONE OF THE ROCKS IN FIGURE 24, 


Masses of the large sea mussel are shown in the upper half of this picture. 


SHELLFISH RESOURCES OF NORTHWEST COAST. 21 


localities on the coast of that State. A complete restoration of 
this important food mollusk is not impossible during the next few 
years. Successful transplantings of the razor clam from Clatsop 
County beaches to other points on the coast, made in 1918, were 
not wholly responsible for the reappearance of the species the fol- 
lowing year, as it appeared on beaches other than those where plant- 
ings were made. 

10. Information gained relative to the spawning seasons of certain 
food clams as Mya arenaria, Siliqua patula, Schizothaerus nuttalli, 
Paphya staminea, etc., may be valuable in the future should it be 
deemed wise to place restrictions upon the taking of the species. 

bl. Oyster culture has been an important industry in the North- 
west for many years, especially in the waters of Puget Sound and 
Willapa Bay in Washington. In Oregon the industry, although 
of considerable importance, has never reached the proportions that 
it has north of the Columbia River. The success of recent plantings 
of the western oyster in Coos Bay gives promise of the development 
this industry on a larger scale than heretofore in the State of 

regon. 

12. Several species of pectens are known to exist in considerable 
quantities in certain parts of Puget Sound, namely, about San Juan 
Island. Whether or not species of pectens are sufficiently abundant 
off the northwest coast, other than in Puget Sound, to make them 
of commercial value has not yet been determined. 


O 


USE OF FISHES FOR CONTROL OF MOSQUITOES IN NORTHERN 
FRESH WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES.* 


By J. Percy Moorr, University of Pennsylvania, Temporary Investigator, U. 8. 
Bureau of Fisheries. 


CONTENTS. 

Page 

CEM NT TTI’ Cl Bn a See ESS RS Rpetaeme eerie Ft: SN a eee ee oe ie ee oe Pe eT ee 
Some aspects of the mosquito problem_________-_-_-_-»_-____ APIA. ea ee 2 
Biological factors in the natural control of mosquitoes_________________ 3 
Methods and results of investigations on fishes_____________-__ % 
Roach or golden shiner (Abramis crysoleucas) ~~ ~_-__-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_- 10 
Goldfish (Carassius. quratus)22 aS H PRET Shs 14 
Mine MNO Ws 1 -CLINLOTE NUGMIEE) ee ik ee a a 15 
Common killifish (fundulus heteroclitus)  _-_________-_-___-_- 23 
Translucent killifish (Fundulus diaphanus) 2 ~~~ se 28 
Fopramimnow -0GCnousia afinis yeia25 is - ss) Sep eit ie he 31 
Blue-spotted sunfishes (Hnneacanthus gloriosus and EF. obesus)____- 36 
Long-eared sunfish (Lepomis aurttus) —-____-__ + 40 
Conon: sunfish’ (Hupomotis gibbosusy oo 40 

Some general conclusions and considerations bearing upon the use of 
ASRESLOr COMMS te MOSGUILOES 4-7 9 State) one hati Sey Ee NED 53 
SeOMREMUER Dia ee an Sg I eS ee i A oP Es ear ee a gery. 5S 
LADIES APE SY i 0 Beta Da ae A eS eC EE hg See © a SE he we rey heel Sie : 59 

INTRODUCTION. 


At the outset of our participation in the World War a demand 
arose for the suppression of malaria and mosquitoes, especially with 
a view to improving the healthfulness of cantonments and increasing 


_ the efficiency of workers in war industries. The Bureau of Fisheries 
was early called upon to cooperate, and its correspondence of that 


period included many requests for advice on the employment of 
fishes as destroyers of mosquito larve, especially in waters to 


which the engineering solution of drainage could not be satisfacto- 


rily applied. In the South this phase of antimosquito work was bet- 


_ ter understood and the remedy rather extensively applied. The mos- 
- quito-eating habits of the top minnow (Gambusia) were well known 


and tested, and especially under the able direction of S. F. Hilde- 


brand this little fish has been very successfully employed. In the 
_ North fishes have been little utilized hitherto in the actual work of 
combating mosquitoes in fresh waters, though the killifishes (Fun- 


“ 


x dulus) are well known as destroyers of the salt-marsh species. 


The writer having volunteered for war service was, therefore, 


in the spring of 1918 assigned the problem of determining what 


_ species of fishes in northern fresh waters were mosquito destroyers 


and what the conditions of their utilization were. At his request the 


“s 1 Appendix IV to the Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1922. B. F. 
_ Doc. No. 923, i 


3. : £ 


2 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


investigation. was broadened to cover the whole subject of mos- 
quito control through natural biological agencies as distinguished 
from mechanical measures which aim at the complete elimination of 
breeding areas chiefly through permanent drainage and filling. 

During the three seasons of 1918, 1919, and 1920 as much time 
was given to the investigation as other duties would permit. The 
work as planned was broadly observational and experimental and 
covered a territory providing as great a variety of conditions as pos- 
sible. The principal experimental work was done on ponds, creeks, 
and marshes in Philadelphia and Delaware Counties, Pa., and in 
Palisades Interstate Park in New York. Observations were made 
and minor experiments were conducted at other points in these and 
the adjoining States of New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland. Salt 
and brackish marshes were studied principally in Cape May County, 
N. J., and on the Eastern Shore of Maryland; fresh-water tidal 
marshes, on the Delaware River and its tributary creeks in Pennsyl- 
vania and New Jersey; and upland waters, consisting of a great va- 
riety of swamps, swales, ponds, dams, lakes, and streams, especially 
in Philadelphia, Delaware, Chester, Montgomery, Bucks, and Mon- 
roe Counties, Pa., Gloucester, Mercer, Essex, and Morris Counties, 
N. J., and Orange and Rockland Counties, N. Y. 

So many persons were helpful in various ways that it is impracti- 
cable to name all, but special mention must be made of Mr. and Mrs. 
George F. Yerger, of Mound, La.; W. V. Becker, in charge of 
the antimosquito campaign in the Hog Island region; James HE 
Brooks, engineer of the Essex County (N. J.) Mosquito Extermina- 
tion Commission; Prof. C. C. Adams, of the New York State Col- 
lege Of Forestry; and Maj. William A. Welch, chief engineer and 

eneral manager, and Edward F. Brown, superintendent of Camp 
ctivities, both of the Palisades Interstate Park staff. 


SOME ASPECTS OF THE MOSQUITO PROBLEM. 


Tn the several decades that have elapsed since Ross, Grassi, Gorgas, 
and. other pioneers worked out the methods of combating the mos- 
quito hosts of the malarial, yellow fever, and filariasis parasites, 
which were later applied to mosquitoes in general, a considerable 
change has become noticeable in the expert’s attitude toward the 
problem. While engineers now work with a confidence and precision 
born of successful experience, we nevertheless hear much less of mos- 
quito extermination than in the early days of enthusiasm. The mos- 
quito problem has grown in magnitude and complexity as knowledge 
has widened and deepened. As the larger difficulties have been 
overcome the smaller ones have multiplied. Mosquito extermination 
has become a futile ideal except for limited metropolitan or other 
comparatively circumscribed and wealthy areas, where large sums 
of money for permanent construction and drainage are available. 
Some of the worst breeding places may be eradicated anywhere, but 
to completely abolish the moderate breeding which takes place in 
natural waters over the country generally is beyond our practical 
resources. It is doubtful if complete mosquito extermination, even 
were it really desirable, could be effected otherwise than by the elimi- 
nation of all standing water, and a waterless world would hardly 
be fit for human. habitation, 


eee ee ee ee em ne 


FISHES FOR CONTROL OF MOSQUITOES. 8 


The larger aim, therefore, is shifting from extermination to miti- 
gation and control, especially as it has been found necessary to ex- 
tend the operations farther from the densely populated centers to 
suburban and rural districts where sparse population and limited 
funds forbid expensive methods. This is notably the case in the 
South, where boards of health and sanitary engineers are grappling 
with the stupendous malarial problem and are seeking methods of 
mosquito control less expensive and often more desirable than com- 
plete drainage. Judging from the experience of the past two or 
three years one such means has been found in the use of the top 
minnow. To determine if any similar means capable of wide and 
general application at small expense exists in the fresh waters of the 
North this investigation was begun. 

It has long been known that many species of small fishes and 
predacious insects inhabiting these waters will eat mosquitoes, but 
little has been done to determine the conditions under which they 
may be used effectively or the technique of their application to mos- 
quito control. In the absence of precise biological data the develop- 
ment of this technique has made little progress. While many mos- 
quito fighters appreciate the value of fishes, others hold one of three 
conflicting views—either they are unconvinced that fishes have a 
place in their particular programs, or they think that almost any 
species of small fish once introduced into mosquito-infested waters 
should automatically destroy the larve, or they complain that al- 
though fishes are present they do not eat the mosquitoes living in the 
same waters. None of these shows a full understanding of the rela- 
tion that fishes bear to the associated mosquitoes or of the conditions 
under which they may be effectively utilized in their control. It is 
the biologist’s duty to furnish these data. 


BIOLOGICAL FACTORS IN THE NATURAL CONTROL OF MOSQUITOES. 


Without destroying or greatly altering the habitats in which they 
live or without killing them, together with associated organisms, by 
means of poisons or other purely artificial means, how may the con- 
ditions under which mosquitoes live be so modified as to reduce their 
numbers to a minimum? Thus stated, the problem obviously be- 
comes an ecological one. It is a problem of the relation of mos- 
quitoes to their immediate physical environment or habitat and to 
their living environment or associated biota. 

The theory of the repression and control of mosquitoes in the in- 
terest of human health and comfort may be stated as follows: From 
the point of view of the biologist both man and the mosquito “are 
successful types which in their spread over the earth have come into 
conflict. Human dominance requires no discussion. That of the 
mosquito is evidenced particularly by four facts: First, their nearly 
cosmopolitan distribution ; second, their great diversity in species and 
genera; third, their great range of adaptability to nearly every pos- 
sible variety of still-water habitat and the complexity and perfection 
of their specific adaptations to special conditions; and, fourth, their 
great fecundity and almost inconceivable abundance in places widely 
separated geographically and of great climatic and physical variety. 
Anyone aE doubts this should read such a book as Howard, Dyar, 
and Knab’s Monograph (1912-1917) or visit the Arctic tundra, the 


4 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


undrained salt marshes of New Jersey, the tropical swamps of Cen- 
tral America, or the plains of New Zealand. 

As is always the case with widely distributed and abundant ani- 
mals, mosquitoes have acquired a host of enemies which prey upon 
them at all periods of their lives. They are also afflicted with para- 
sites, both animal and plant. Furthermore, many species of mos- 
quitoes in their immature stages must compete for food with a va- 
riety of animals, and the food supply of the female imagos is a more 
or less precarious one. Also, the very perfection and complexity of 
their specialized adaptations renders their adjustments to unstable 
environmental conditions delicate and easily upset. 

Nevertheless, with all the great array of dangers with which they 
are beset and the numberless enemies which press upon them from 
all sides and seek to devour them in water and in air as eggs, larvee, 
pupee, and imagos, mosquitoes are only too obviously abundant and 
nearly omnipresent. How does this happen? Why do not their 
enemies and competitors overcome them? Clearly it is because dur- 
ing the long period of their evolution, along with their associated 
biota, mosquitoes have acquired a degree of fecundity sufficient to 
furnish not only the toll demanded by their raveners but a surviving 
surplus to maintain the several species at their normal but change- 
able numerical balance. The fact that mosquitoes and animals which 
are known to prey upon them are found in association is a necessary 
consequence of this relation and does not mean either that the latter 
will in time exterminate the former or that they are exerting no 
checking influence upon them, both of which opposite assumptions 
are sometimes made. It means only that the index of fecundity of 
each is such as to maintain the necessary balanced relation between 
predator and prey, so that the racial survival of both is secured. 
Were this not true of mosquitoes they must have ceased to exist, and 
doubtless species have become extinct for this very reason. In the 
interaction of the multitudinous checks and balances that operate 
among the elements of an ecological complex there is always a large 
reserve or factor of safety (residing mainly in reproductive ca- 
pacity) as there is in all compensatory regulative processes in nature. 
These relations are seldom simple and direct and may seldom be as- 
sumed. Many examples of this might be cited. All biologists un- 
derstand the significance of these interrelations called the balance 
of nature, but persons without biological training often misunder- 
stand their meaning. 

If, therefore, mosquitoes occur in such numbers as to prove a pest 
in any locality, they may be attacked by so modifying an existing 
relation or introducing a new condition as to effect changes beyond 
their range of adaptability or regulation, thereby establishing a 
higher rate of mortality and reducing or overcoming their factor of 
safety in reproduction. The engineer works chiefly by modifying 
the physical environment. The knowledge that mosquitoes pass the 
immature stages of their lives in standing water enables him te 
greatly restrict breeding by destroying such bodies of water. The 
knowledge that most species of mosquito larvee and pupz respire 
chiefly by means of trachez, the air in which must be renewed at 
the surface at frequent intervals, has suggested the second most gen- 


a oe 


eee ee) 


« » eek eee 


FISHES FOR CONTROL OF MOSQUITOES. 5 


eral means of attack. By spreading a thin film of oil on the surface 
of the water the opening of the breathing tube is clogged and the 
mosquito, either repelled by or unable to break through the film, 
consequently quickly succumbs to oxygen starvation. 

These methods and others that operate by changing the physical 
environment have the disadvantage for universal application that 
they are seldom confined in their effects to the mosquito alone. The 
complete destruction of pools or swamps, of course, destroys along 
with the young mosquitoes all of the associated life dependent upon 
aquatic conditions. The effects of the oil film are equally deleterious 
to other insects having habits similar to the mosquito larvee, to the 
surface plankton, and to many delicate, partly submerged plants 
and even to some fishes. Other larvicides in common use are also 
not specific in their action and may be poisonous to other organisms 
than mosquitoes. A larvicide that will kill the young of mosquitoes 
only is a great desideratum. . 

Quite aside from the natural desire of the biologist to preserve 
rather than to destroy life there are important reasons, chiefly pisci- 
cultural, sanitary, or esthetic, why aquatic life should be disturbed 
as little as possible. With the progressive contamination of our 
larger streams the waters of swamps, ponds, and brooks are becom- 
ing steadily more important as reservoirs from which must come 
certain of the purifying organisms upon which to a considerable 
degree the salubriousness of an area depends. 

More directly apparent is the viewpoint of the fisheries. The 
very bodies of water in which mosquitoes breed so freely teem also 
with those minute forms of life which are the primary source of 
food supply of many insects, worms, and small fishes which again 
form the dietary of important food and game fishes. If the supply 
of the latter afforded by our fresh waters is to be increased, as is ob- 
viously desirable, or even to be maintained, these reservoirs of pri- 
mary food supply must be safeguarded. The Bureau of Fisheries is 
greatly interested in this aspect of the problem as are the numerous 
State commissions and societies for the promotion of the inland 
fisheries and angling. 

There are many other reasons why ponds and marsh areas should 
be conserved, as far as possible. The infant art of aquiculture will 
have much need of them when in the future it comes into its own. 
To wipe out absolutely entire ecological associations because a single 
member of a numerous community happens to offend is unscientific 
and clumsy and likely sooner or later to bring reprisals. Our suc- 
cessors will condemn us as we have condemned our predecessors for 
like delinquencies if we of to-day fail to conserve these resources. 

Societies, like individuals and species, are possessed of a great 
capacity for self-regulation. They are plastic and within ascertain- 
able limits will readily adjust themselves to disturbances in both 
the delicate internal balances existing between their component mem- 
bers. and the external balances between the whole complex and its 
external environment. How to change the status of a single mem- 
ber of such a society clearly lies within the province of study of 
that branch of biology now generally called ecology, which is a 
modernized and scientific natural history characterized especially by 


6 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


methods of relative precision. The solution of many existing aspects 
of ae mosquito problem must be sought through the methods of 
ecology. 

In applying these methods to an existing mosquito nuisance* the 
first step toward mitigation is to ascertain the species involved, 
whence they come, and the ecological associations to which they be- 
long. When the latter come to be studied, it will probably be learned 
that a condition or conditions exist peculiarly favorable to the de- 
velopment and survival of the young stages of mosquitoes or, what 
amounts to the same thing, that are unfavorable to the action of 
natural repressive influences. Such may be the absence or paucity 
of enemies or their ineffectiveness through the existence of physical 
or physiological barriers. It may be that the productive breeding 
places are newly established water areas, into which the more im- 
portant inhibitory elements of the association have not yet pene- 
trated or where they have not yet reached their normal numbers. 
It may be that some specific change in the physical or organic en- 
vironment has taken place which acts as a check to the multiplica- 
tion of an important enemy but remains neutral to the mosquitoes; 
or it may be that a barrier has arisen which prevents these enemies, 
although present in sufficient numbers, from reaching the mosquitoes 
and which serves, therefore, as an added means of defense for the 
latter. It may be simply that food for the larve is unusually abun- 
dant and nutritious, and this again may arise from conditions of 
water, temperature, etc., favoring the growth of minute organisms; 
or it may be due to the absence or scarcity of animals which ordi- 
narily compete for the same food supply. All of these and other 
conditions were met with in the course of this investigation. 

When the factor or factors which (from the viewpoint of mosquito 


control) are at fault in any particular case have been ascertained, 


it remains to neutralize or remove it or them with as little disturb- 
ance of the remaining factors as is consistent with attaining the 
desired end of reduction of the mosquito element to a very subor- 
dinate place in the complex. In many cases it has been found easily 
possible to effect this without seriously jeopardizing any of the other 
living elements or other human interests. Looking upon the rela- 
tionship as a struggle between the mosquitoes and their enemies and 
competitors and on man as a powerful ally of the latter, the general 
strategic policy should be whenever possible to weaken the defenses 
and protective adaptations of the mosquitoes and to strengthen the 
offensive of their enemies. ‘The tactics suitable to particular con- 
flicts readily follow. 

The theory of natural control has been discussed at some length 


not because the writer considers that he has anything particularly 


novel to offer on the subject—for doubtless all biologists and cer- 
tainly all biologists of ecological training view it from much the 
same standpoint—but because conversations with a number of per- 
sons engaged in antimosquito work have shown a prevalence of the 
so-called practical attitude of demanding quick results and a single 
purpose, which is the attitude that has stripped our country of its 
forests, lowered the fertility of much of our agricultural land, con- 


2 These principles have no application to small, artificial containers of water, temporary 
pools, waters badly polluted by sewage, reclaimed swamps, etc., which produce vast num- 
bers of mosquitoes and which are best dealt with by mechanical or chemical means. 


— 


FISHES FOR CONTROL OF MOSQUITOES. 7 


taminated our watercourses, squandered our coal, petroleum, and gas, 
jeopardized our fisheries, and exterminated much of our larger wild 
life, and which if persisted in may be expected in time to defeat its 
own end by expediting human self-destruction. 

In view of the very extensive antimosquito operations now in prog- 
ress or planned, has not the time arrived to ask if a too exclusive ad- 
herence to the one thought of killing mosquitoes without regard to 
the effect of the methods employed upon the associated forms of life 
may not lead to regrettable consequences? Should we not seek to sub- 
stitute, where feasible, ecological methods of control for elimination 
of the habitat ? 

In beginning the investigation data were collected and observations 
made upon a wide range of aspects of the subject, and a number of 
promising leads were discovered. Some of these have been followed 
far enough to yield material of considerable significance. It very 
soon became apparent that the problems involved are so numerous 
and intricate that many workers and much time will be required for 
their solution. Precise data are required upon so many points that 
only thoroughgoing, systematic, and long-continued investigations 
will answer.® 

For this reason and because of the somewhat insistent demands for 
advice of immediate applicability attention was early concentrated 
upon fishes as affording the most effective and most readily utilized 
of all enemies of mosquitoes, thus confirming the judgment of many 
previous workers in widely separated parts of the world, but chiefly 
in the Tropics. The small fishes of the general region of the Dela- 
ware Valley afforded an abundance of material. The body of this re- 
port is limited to the results of investigations on several of these 
fishes, concerning which fairly definite conclusions have been reached. 
It is hoped that the investigations of certain other species of fishes 
and of other elements as well may be continued to a point where the 
results will be worthy of presentation in future reports. It seems 
probable that the reason why fishes have so far proved more amenable 
to utilization is chiefly because their habits and needs are better 
known. Far more attention has been devoted to the culture of fishes 
than to almost any other group of aquatic animals. If we were as well 
acquainted with the conditions of multiplication and spread of some 
of the predacious insects, for example, they might prove equally 
efficacious. 


METHODS AND RESULTS OF INVESTIGATIONS ON FISHES. 


The methods of these investigations were at once simple, fairly thor- 
oughgoing, and comprehensive. After a preliminary examination of 
many ponds, swamps, streams, etc., at diversified localities in eastern 
Pennsylvania and New Jersey, during the course of which collections 
of the fauna and flora and ecological data were made, a number of 
typical bodies of water, chiefly small ponds, illustrating as wide a 
range of natural and artificial conditions as possible, were selected 
for detailed study. Stations were then located on each selected body 
of water at points where mosquitoes were breeding and at others where 

® Such an investigation of the anopheline mosquitoes has been in progress at Mound, La., 
under the joint auspices of the Bureaus cf Entomology and Fisheries, conducted for the 


=i of Entomology by D, L. Van Dine and for the Bureau of Fisheries by R, L. 
arney, : 


8 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


none were found. The aim was to visit each of these at weekly or fort- 
nightly intervals, but this was found to be practicable in the case of 
the more accessible stations only, such as those near Philadelphia and 
Media and in Palisades Interstate Park during the summer of 1919. 
The outlying stations were examined at longer and more irregular 
intervals. 

Usually on each visit collections of fishes and other organisms 
were made with minnow seine, dip net, and by hand. So far as 
possible these were determined and recorded along with other eco- 
logical and physical data. Samples of the fishes taken were dropped 
immediately into 4 per cent formaldehyde to stop digestion and 
preserve the stomach contents for laboratory study. ‘The density 
of mosquito breeding was determined by taking a number of sam- 
ples of water (usually 10 at each point) in a small dipper. These 
were made as uniformly as possible of 3 to 4 fluid ounces. The 
number of mosquito larvee, pupe, and egg boats in each were counted 
and recorded and samples preserved for identification. While this 
does not give an accurate determination of the number of mosquitoes 
present it does give a fair basis for comparing the rate of breeding 
at different stations or at the same station on different days or under 
changed conditions. If adult mosquitoes were flying, samples of 
these also were preserved. This procedure was repeated at each 
station as often and as thoroughly as circumstances would permit 
and comparisons made between the fishes taken and the contents 
of their stomachs at mosquito-breeding and nonbreeding stations. 

Numerous experiments were tried by modifying conditions in such 
manner that fishes were admitted to places from which they had 
been absent previously or, on the contrary, were debarred from 
places to which they had had free access. In general, comparison 
being made between stations in the same pond, the former were mos- 
quito-breeding areas, the latter mosquito-free or nearly sot These 
two sets of experiments served as reciprocal checks on each other 
and on the natural conditions remaining. 

Admission of the fishes was effected by cutting or otherwise re- 
moving vegetation, removing stranded logs-or débris, taking out 
rocks, cutting channels through bars or banks, etc., thus giving 
them natural access to new waters. In some cases actual transplan- 
tation of certain species to small ponds or detached pools was made 
on a small] scale. 

In order to bar fishes from a closed area, an opposite procedure 
was adopted. Most frequently wire screen was used for this pur- 
pose, and while there was no uniform size or form of inclosure 
a standard pen used in a number of cases measured 8 by 4 feet, 
divided into two parts each 4 by 4 feet, one being’ made of one-half 
inch or three-eighths inch cellar window screen, the other of wire 
mosquito screen, supported on a light wooden frame and held by 
stakes driven into the bottom. The fine screen stopped all fishes 
even the smallest fry; the coarser one permitted the passage of 
minnows up to about 2 inches long and sunfishes up to 1} inches 

4In no case was a body of water selected for experiment in which mosquito breeding 
had not been detected at some point or points within or in immediate proximity thereto, 
as in a communicating pool or bordering marsh. A number of bodies of water apparently 
suitable for breeding purposes were found from which mosquito larve were nearly or quite 


absent through the operation of causes other than the presence of fishes, These may be 
discussed at another time, 


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’ 


FISHES FOR CONTROL OF MOSQUITOES. 9 


long. In many cases instead of pens a screen was stretched be- 
tween two rocks projecting from the shore, or a stranded log was 
similarly utilized. In other cases little dams were built of drift- 
wood, stones, brush, or whatever happened to be at hand and made 
tight with mud or turf. Sometimes holes were dug close to the 
side of a pond but separated from it by a narrow strip of the 
bank and allowed to fill with water. In general, the purpose was to 
accomplish the result with as little change in the existing condi- 
tions as possible, and one of the great merits of the work in Palisades 
Park is that an abundance of perfectly natural checks both ways 
were always at hand. Experiments were also made in introducing 
mosquito larve to fishes free in ponds or confined in pens, tanks, 
rain barrels, and aquaria, but little value is attached to these as 
bearing on the main problem of natural mosquito control. 

Mosquito counts and other observations and collections similar to 
those already mentioned were made periodically both within and 
without the experimental areas. Comparison of the stomach con- 
tents of fishes proved especially interesting. In the original notes 
the stomach contents of each individual are recorded separately, and 
the different objects are entered both by numbers and as estimates of 
bulk in terms of percentages of the whole. Owing to lack of time 
specific determinations were seldom made except of mosquitoes and 
forms already familiar. In most cases genera were determined, 
but frequently the records give only families or even larger groups. 
This seemed sufficient, as the object was not to determine complete 
and exact dietaries but only whether the fishes were eating stages 
of mosquitoes and how the presence of other food might influence 
their use of mosquitoes. It was noticeable that mosquito remains 
were found more frequently in later than in earlier examinations. 
Probably this is due, in part at least, to an increasing familiarity 
with the minuter parts of the larve and pups, which were more 
often detected as the eye became better trained. Any error in the 
frequency of recording mosquitoes is of omission rather than other- 
wise. They are easily overlooked. 

Of all the experiments made during the three seasons the most 
conclusive were those made in Palisades Park. In the vicinity of 
Philadelphia much annoyance and delay was caused by the depreda- 
tions of mischievous boys and vandals, who constantly meddled with 
or destroyed the control pens and inclosures. Many experiments 
had to be discarded for this reason, and in some localities, as along 
Darby Creek, it became necessary to abandon work altogether. The 
excessive rainfall during the summer of 1919 also worked havoc with 
some experiments by causing streams and ponds to overflow the bar- 
riers. Notwithstanding these mishaps and limitations, a consider- 
able body of sufficiently definite results concerning several species 
has been accumulated. 

In reporting these results it seems best to select a few typical 
observations and experiments for somewhat detailed description as 
affecting particular species rather than to deal with all in a summary 
way. Other cases would merely add cumulative evidence. In re- 
porting the stomach contents, also, some duplicate lots as well as 
some nonsignificant ones have been omitted from the tables, and in 
order to save space and make the facts clearer the data have been 


10 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


condensed by grouping the stomachs in lots and recording the con- 
tents under comprehensive taxonomic groups. The percentages 
given were determined volumetrically by means of a short section 
of a graduated burette tube or, when the amounts were very small, on 
a plankton counting slide. However, owing to the usually frag- 
mented condition of the remains and to the difficulty of completely 
assorting them and of separating the mucous and other foreign mat- 
ter, they have no accurate quantitative value. In column 6 of the 
tables the first numeral indicates the number of stomachs in which 
mosquitoes were detected; the second, the total number of mosquitoes 
counted. When all of these data are brought together and com- 
pared, they present a significant and in some cases a conclusive body 
of direct and circumstantial evidence. 

During the course of the investigation observations were made 
upon 29 species of fishes belonging to 9 families. Some of these have 
only an indirect or casual relation to the mosquito problem, others 
a very direct and important relation. In the case of some of the 
larger species the young only were studied, the habits of the adults 
being such as to remove them from the category of mosquito destroy- 
ers. Most definite conclusions were reached concerning the 9 species 
which receive special consideration in the following pages, viz, roach 
or golden shiner, goldfish, mud minnow, common killifish, translu- 
cent killifish, top minnow, blue-spotted sunfish, long-eared sunfish, 
and common sunfish. 


' ROACH OR GOLDEN SHINER (Abramis crysoleucas). 


This species, with its subspecies boscz, is distributed over practically 
the entire United States east of the Rocky Mountains and is nearly 
everywhere abundant. In the region of these investigations, cover- 
ing roughly a considerable part of the Delaware River and a portion 
of the lower Hudson River drainages, it is ubiquitous and found in 
waters of nearly all kinds—in the larger creeks and rivers, both tidal 
and upland, in the pools of small rivulets, in natural lakes and ponds 
of all sizes, in reservoirs, dams, water-filled quarry holes and clay 
pits, and in ornamental ponds. Everywhere it is one of the most, if 
not the most, abundant of fresh-water fishes. The black-striped 
young in small schools of scores or hundreds, often associated with 
various minnows and other small fishes, parade and explore the 
shallows on all kinds of bottom except where densely grown with 
plants. The adults are found in deeper waters, in the channels, about 
the mouths of creeks, at dams, at the openings of sluices, and along the 
borders of dense growths of vegetation where they breed. Neither 
the adults nor the young, although they thrive in weedy ponds and 
even appear to prefer the vicinity of vegetation and though always 
active, are adepts at penetrating dense vegetation or working into the 
little pools and pockets of irregular shore lines. The young are very 
timid and are always ready to turn and run upon the slightest alarm. 
Possibly it is for this reason that although frequenting the shallows 
they seldom glean to the actual shore line. The roach is exceedingly 
prolific and propagates successfully in a variety of waters. 

Several accounts of the food of the roach have been published. The 
results reported from localities in New York, Illinois, Michigan, and 


oe Sree 


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FISHES FOR CONTROL OF MOSQUITOES. Li 


Wisconsin differ considerably. The stomachs of adult fishes con- 
tained chiefly entomostracans (Pearse), caddis-fly larve (Baker), 
mollusks and insects (Forbes and Richardson), filamentous alg 
Sone Pearse) or silt and mud (Forbes and Richardson, 
earse). Pearse (1918) has studied the stomachs of a number of 
young roach and found over 90 per cent Entomostraca, a few insect 
larvee and pups, water mites, and considerable quantities of fila- 
mentous alge and Volvox. He sums up (p. 252): 
Considering all things, it appears that when young the golden shiner feeds 
chiefly on entomostracans, and mature fish on almost any available organisms. 
The author’s observations on food were intentionally nearly con- 
fined to the young in the striped stage. The stomach contents of a 
few adults varied greatly, in one case consisting entirely of Lemna 
along with a heavy growth of diatoms and associated protozoans and 
rotifers. Culex pipiens larve were plentiful about the margins of 
the ornamental pond from which this fish was taken. In another the 
stomach was distended with a mass of winged flies, beetles, and bees 
to which the fish had evidently risen as they dropped into the water, 
besides a small quantity of plant remains. This fish was caught on 
a line in Ridley Creek at a point immediately adjacent to which was 
a spring-fed swale accessible from the creek through a drainage ditch 
in which both Culex and Anopheles were breeding freely. In other 
cases the contents of the stomachs of adults were similar to those of 
the young, except that the percentage of insects was usually higher. 
The contents of 66 stomachs and intestines of young roach from 28 
to 65 mm. long are reported in Table 1, page 12. About as many more 
were examined less thoroughly and found to have similar contents. 
These consisted chiefly of a dark greenish or greenish slate-colored 
mudlike mass, largely composed of filamentous alge of various 
kinds, diatoms, desmids, Protococci, fungus spores, pollen grains, 
seeds, débris of vascular plants, the tests of protozoans, rotifers and 
insect eggs, together with some mineral particles. Taking the aver- 
age of all the stomach contents, this comprised certainly more than 
one-half, or about 60 per cent of the volume. Next most frequent 
and abundant were entomostracans of various kinds, sometimes 
mixed, sometimes almost purely of a particular kind that happened 
to be abundant. Sometimes the food consisted almost exclusively of 
Cyclops, Daphnia, or Bosmina. The general percentage of entomos- 
tracans was estimated at 30 to 35. The remaining 5 to 10 per cent 
consisted of various insects, water mites, and small quantities of 
plant tissues. The insects were chiefly chironomid larve and adult 
flies, including in one case two adult male mosquitoes (Aedes syl- 
vestris). In no case were mosquito larve or pup detected. 
Observations of the feeding habits of these young both in nature 
when unalarmed and when confined in aquaria make it clear that a 
major source of their food is the surface film, consisting chiefly of 
animal and plant plankton, air-borne dust particles, etc., together 
with the very similar coating of slime abounding in minute organ- 
isms which covers the surface of plant stems, exposed roots, and 
other submerged objects and the surface layer of the bottom ooze. 
This harmonizes with the nature of the stomach contents and with 
the results published by Pearse. 


U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


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FISHES FOR CONTROL OF MOSQUITOES. 13 


Neither the published accounts of the food of the roach nor the 
author’s notes record young stages of mosquitoes as actually found 
in the stomachs. This result was quite unexpected, as in beginning 
the investigation it was believed that the roach would prove one of 
the most useful species, and it was recommended as a probable 
mosquito destroyer during the first season. It was so regarded by 
Prof. Smith, who wrote (1904, p.106): ~ 


That this fish in its younger stages at least is an excellent mosquito control 
is proved by observing that wherever it occurs mosquito larve are absent, 
except in places which it can not reach. Hxperimentally it was proved by 
introducing a specimen into a water barrel swarming with wrigglers. In a 
couple of days it had devoured practically all of the larve and was then trans- 
ferred to another barrel where its work was equally thorough, if a little 
slower. As against Culex this species is excellent, as against Anopheles and 
some other species that favor grassy areas it is of less account. Mr. Seal 
seems to consider it the only fresh-water minnow worthy of attention in this 
connection. 

In a later paper Seal (1910) again recommends it highly. 

Smith’s observation that roach will partake of mosquito larve 
under artificial conditions has been verified by the author several 
times on the young fishes in aquaria and rain-water barrels. At one 
of the marsh pools on Darby Creek, below Philadelphia, a quantity 
of water filled with wrigglers was gently poured in proximity to a 
school of young roach, which snapped them up very quickly. On 
another occasion, however, when a boat containing rain water swarm- 
ing with larve and pupe of Culex pipiens was emptied at a sloping 
shore of Upper Kanawaukee Lake in Palisades Park, many young 
roach in the vicinity remained aloof, while other small fishes imme- 
diately rushed in and quickly devoured the insects. 

Most of the stomach contents reported in Table 1 (p. 12) are from 
fishes taken in waters where mosquitoes were breeding more or less 
plentifully. This was notably the case at Oakes’ Pond (No. 1890a) 
and Pine Brook Bridge (No. 1890e) in Essex County, N. J., and at 
the Westinghouse sluice pond (No. 1881g) and the Darby Creek 
pumping station pond (No. 188160) of the Hog Island antimosquito 
project in Delaware County, Pa. At Oakes’ Pond on September 6 
hundreds of young roach were swimming in schools over a shelving 

ravelly beach and feeding on the outer side of a not very dense 

lodea zone about 8 feet wide, while on the shore side of this barrier 
not a single one was seen, where in the shallow water among the 
rather sparse emergent vegetation Anopheles larve were present 
generally at an average density of nearly three per dipper and in 
aay Culex pipiens larve at three to eight per dipper. At Pine 

rook Bridge several schools of young roach kept in the current both 
of the Passaic River and of a small] tributary stream, while a few 
feet away was a sheltered plant-grown offset where both Anopheles 
and Culex were breeding in moderate numbers. At neither place 
did the stomachs examined yield any trace of mosquito larve. At 
Westinghouse pond and the pumping station pond in August, 1918, 
large numbers of roach were taken, and in not a single case was a 
mosquito larva found in the stomachs, although they were at hand 
and were found in the stomachs of common sunfishes (Table 7, No. 
18816d, p. 43) taken with the roach at the former place and in killi- 
fishes (Table 3, No. 18816m, p. 27) at the latter. 


14 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


Further indications of the relative ineffectiveness of roach as 
mosquito killers were found in some of the experiments at Car Pond, 
N Here young roach were abundant along with mud minnows 
and young of the common sunfish as well as other small fishes. The 
roach and sunfish schooled separately but were found in the same 
places and frequently were taken in the same seine hauls. When ob- 
structed shallow waters in which culicine mosquitoes were breeding 
abundantly were opened up, the roach did not enter them freely as 
did the sunfishes and mud minnows and the stomachs of the few 
that were actually taken within these areas yielded no mosquito 
larvee, while those of mud minnows and sunfishes taken at the same 
time did. (Compare records under dates of July 12, July 15, etc., 
p. 16, 44, 45.) 

The roach evidently fail to react strongly toward these conditions 
and do not push their way into the very shallow plant-grown waters 
where the mosquitoes breed. In all other respects they seem well 
qualified for mosquito control. They are widely distributed, abund- 
ant, unusually prolific, adaptable, and active, and they will eat 
mosquito. larve but seem to lack the courage and enterprise to go 
after them. 

While further experiments under other conditions will be neces- 
sary before a final conclusion is reached, the results of this investi- 
gation to date indicate that the roach has been much overrated as 
a mosquito destroyer. It has, nevertheless, a definite place and value 
in pond culture. Where ponds are stocked with bass, pickerel, or 
other predacious game fishes and it is desired to establish sunfishes 
for purposes of mosquito control, the simultaneous planting of roach 
would be an advantage. They will furnish abundant and natural 
food for the larger fishes and thus greatly reduce the destruction of 
the young sunfishes. For this purpose they are preferable to the 
species of Notropis, as they are not only more prolific but are less 
inveterate spawn eaters. That they will eat spawn of sunfishes dur- 
ing the absence of the owners from the nests has been observed by 
the author; but because of their timidity they are more easily held 
off by the fishes on guard than the bolder minnows and darters which 
will rush into the nests and often secure some of the tempting spawn 
- whenever the attention of the guard is turned from their immediate 
direction. The success of the roach in life may be attribyted mainly 
to its great fecundity and the adoption of the “safety-first ” prin- 
ciple rather than to the possession of any of the heroic and aggres- 
sive qualities that characterize the sunfishes. 

Furthermore, in so far as they compete with the young sunfishes 
for food, especially for Entomostraca and chironomid larve, they 
might be expected to drive them to a keener search for other more 
hidden food, including mosquito larve. Thus indirectly they might 
aid the purposes both of mosquito control and of food and game fish 
production. 

GOLDFISH (Carassius auratus). 


This well-known introduced species is widely naturalized and is 
frequently mentioned as a mosquito repressor. Indeed, it is a com- 
mon practice to feed aquarium stock upon mosquito larvee, as has been 
done at the University of Pennsylvania vivarium. The goldfish is 
largely a plant eater and scavenger, and all of the stomachs of both 
young and adults examined by the author contained almost ex- 


FISHES FOR CONTROL OF MOSQUITOES. 15 


clusively masses of filamentous alge, pieces of roots and leaves of 
vascular plants, and such things as might be picked up in random 
feeding. In a few small ponds and reservoirs where the shore lines 
were clean and undbstructed and in which gold fishes only were pres- 
ent the author found practically no mosquito larve. This is also 
frequently the case in fountain basins. In such places there is but 
little food, and any larve that appear are probably quickly eaten 
by the hungry fish. For a number of years the author has kept 
several rain-water barrels free of mosquito larve by placing in each 
one or two small goldfish. If the fish died or was removed, the barrel 
would be abundantly populated within a few days with wrigglers usu- 
ally of Culex pipiens, but occasionally of Aedes triseriatus. With the 
replacement of the fish the larve quickly vanished. A number of 
other fishes were tried, but, while not more efficacious, the goldfish 
lived longer than any of them, often even surviving the winters when 
the water in the barrels did not freeze solid. 

These observations, therefore, fully confirm Smith’s statement 
(1904, p. 107) that— 
the goldfish has its field of usefulness in fountain basins and in small artificial 
ponds not too much overgrown. In such places where it can reach the very edge 
of the water it serves very well. 

It should be added that to produce the best results the fish should 
be fed little or nothing during the mosquito season, as small, hungry 
fish are many times more useful than overfed and overgrown ones. 
If multiplication be desired, a portion of the pond should be screened 
off in the spring with cellar window wire to provide a retreat for the 
young fry from their cannibalistic elders. The fry should be fed 
until established. 


MUD MINNOW (Umbra pygmeza). 


Jordan and Evermann give the distribution of this species as low- 
land streams and swamps coastwise from Long Island to the Neuse 
River. The closely related Umbra limi is found in the Great Lakes 
basin and northernmost part of the Mississippi Valley drainage. 

In eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey this interesting little fish 
is abundant in sluggish creeks and ditches having soft, muddy bot- 
toms or luxuriant vegetation and in the shallow pools and holes of 
swamps and bogs where they spend much time buried in the mud or 
Sphagnum. In the shallow water, often only a few inches deep, of 
shaded swamps they often abound where no other fishes occur. They 
were also found commonly in the shallow weedy waters and swamps 
about the shores of lakes and ponds in Palisades Park. They are 
exceedingly hardy and will live a long time out of water or buried 
in the mud of drying pools, a peculiarity which they owe largely to 
their ability to respire in part by means of the swim bladder, prob- 
ably assisted by the highly vascular fins, as in Amia. 

No important published account of the food of the eastern mud 
minnow has been found, but the stomach contents of the closely 
related Umbra limi have been recorded by Pearse (1918), who re- 
ported upon a total of 110 stomachs examined and sums up the 
results of the studies of himself and predecessors as follows (p. 276) : 


The mud minnow is a rather versatile feeder, with the chief constituents of 
its food, insects (35 per cent), entomostracans (31.8 per cent), and vegetation 


87028°—22 2, 


U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


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(18.6 per cent). Forbes and Richardson (1908) found that Wolffia and unicel- 
lular algse formed three-fourths of the food of this species, insects and crusta- 
ceans making up the rest. Hankinson (1908) reported entomostracans, alg, 
mites, midge larve, snails, and insects. 

The detailed records show a much greater variety than this list 
would indicate, including many protophytes and protozoans, rotifers, 
oligocheetes, leeches and nematodes, amphipods and isopods, spiders, 
and considerable quantities of silt and mud. It must be noted that 
of all the considerable number of individuals covered by these authors 
not a single one is reported to have eaten mosquitoes, though it is 
quite certain that some of them must have been taken from waters in 
which immature stages of mosquitoes were present. This may be 
taken as indicating the ease with which they may be overlooked 
rather than their total absence. 

Most of the stomachs reported upon by the author (Table 2, p. 
16-17) were collected in the course of experiments in Palisades Park 
from specimens 17 to 73 mm. long. The food is quite similar in 
general character to that of Umbra limi, but the percentages differ. 
Taking all of the stomach contents of the 50 specimens together, the 
approximate percentages of the principal items are: Insects of all 
kinds, 70 per cent or over; crustaceans (chiefly entomostracans), 12 
per cent; mollusks, 6 per cent; plants (exclusive of protophytes). 
4 per cent; organic mud and silt, containing large quantities of 
diatoms, desmids, protozoans, and other minute organic remains and 
débris, 5 or 6 per cent. Stomachs of individuals taken in the after- 
noon were generally empty or nearly so, while the intestines were 
full. Those taken in the early morning usually had the stomachs 
distended with food, much of which was little digested. The infer- 
ence from this condition is that the mud minnow feeds habitually 
by night and fasts during the day while lying concealed in the mud 
and weeds. Many specimens taken in the ditches along the Dela- 
ware and Schuylkill Rivers in Pennsylvania and New Jersey had 
eaten much larger proportions of ooze and plants, but the diet was of 
the same varied character. 

A comparison of stomach contents with conditions of collection 
and the progress of experiments clearly brings out the relation of 
the mud minnow to mosquito breeding. Of the 50 stomachs reported 
22, or 44 per cent, were found to contain mosquito larve and 
pupee, which formed about 4 per cent of the total contents, or about 
64 per cent of the insect contents. These remains represent 40 larvee 
and 12 pupa of Culea pipiens and Aedes sylvestris actually separated 
and counted. Probably others were present but not isolated. 

The results of three experiments at Car Pond involving this spe- 
cies are now described. Station J 6 (figs. 2,3) is a nearly circular 
hole about 7 feet in diameter and 20 inches deep situated in a little 
delta in the midst of a dense growth of tussock ferns at the mouth of 
Stahahe Brook which opens into the head of a shallow bay. Evi- 
dently the earth dug from the hole had been built up all around to. 
form a solid dam, shutting off completely the deeper water of the 
brook on one side and the shallow water of the bay and marsh on 
the others. The pool was therefore completely isolated. The bottom 
was of soft ooze supporting a strong growth of Potamogeton and 
Utricularia, and a rank growth of grasses on the banks formed a 
pendant fringe. The water was foul with decaying vegetation and 


FISHES FOR CONTROL OF MOSQUITOES. 19 


swarming with Infusoria. When first discovered, on July 7, there 
was excessively heavy breeding (counts not recorded) of Culex 
pipiens. ‘There were larve of all sizes, egg boats, and many pupe, 
besides a few Anopheles. The bottom and water were thoroughly 
explored with seine and dip net and not a single fish found. Tad- 
poles, aquatic Hemiptera and Coleoptera, chironomid larve, cope- 
pods, Asellus, Physa, and Stylaria were plentiful, and there were 
some insect larvee, amphipods, ostracods, Hydra, and a few Glossi- 
phonia, Erpobdella, and Planorbis. Chironomid larve were espe- 
cially abundant in the soft bottom mud. Outside of the hole 
mosquito larvee were equally plentiful in little pools among the tus- 
sock ferns, but there was no breeding whatever on the brook side and 
only moderate breeding among the plants on the bay side of the pool. 

On July 11 opposite openings were made in the banks, placing the 
pool in communication with the brook on one side and the bay on the 
other and inducing a current from the former to the latter. On the 
morning of the following day the use of the dip net immediately 
demonstrated the presence of mud minnows in the pool. The stomachs 
(Table 2, No. 2334, p. 16) of these were well filled and all contained 
larvee of Culea pipiens and one of them no less than 12 entire pupe 
of the same species. These, with two Corethra larve, comprised 
about 35 to 40 per cent of the entire stomach contents, the remainder 
being 12 per cent of the larve and pupe of other insects, chiefly 
chironomids and mayflies, about the same of entomostracans, and 
small amounts of ooze, plant remains, and miscellaneous matter, in- 
cluding one leech. It will be noted that these newly admitted mud 
minnows accepted animal food in the approximate order of its abun- 
dance and accessibility. 

On July 15 only two mud minnows were secured, along with a 
few sunfishes. They were taken in the afternoon and their stomachs 
(Table 2, No. 2353a) contained little. Two Culex larve were found 
in one, none in the other, most of the food being chironomid larve, 
some larve of other insects, and a quantity of mud and plant re- 
mains. Ten water samples yielded a total of 30 larve and 1 pupa 
of Culew pipiens, an average of three, and a very striking decrease 
in four days. In the undisturbed small pools among the tussocks 
every sample yielded 28 to 30 or more larve besides some pupe and 
egg boats. 

On July 24 two mud minnows were again taken from the pool, 
together with two sunfishes and a large number of young minnows 
(Notropis). On this date mosquito breeding had fallen to an average 
of less than one-third larva per sample, but in the check pools re- 
mained undiminished. None of the stomachs of any of the fishes 
examined yielded undoubted mosquito remains. The collection was 
made close to noon and the food (Table 2, No. 2359b) of the mud min- 
nows was in an advanced stage of digestion. It consisted chiefly of 
fragmented insect remains, including many chironomid larve, many 
copepods, and much of the mudlike material containing filamentous 
algze, protozoans, protophytes, plant débris, and sand grains. In the 
ee were some broken hairs that may have come from mosquito 
arvee. 

On July 30 three stomachs (Table 2, No. 2363a) contained one 
Culex pipiens, many chironomid larve in tubes, large numbers 
of a large Cyclops, and some insect remains, Ten samples yielded 


20 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


two Culex larve. Throughout the remainder of the summer breed- 
ing here remained at the same low point, and this was true on the 
author’s visit in August, 1920. 

| J 4 (figs. 4, 5) is at the side of the same bay, about 20 yards from 
J 6. Many loose rocks are tumbled about on the shore here, and 
among them are numerous pockets into which the water seeps, form- 
ing little pools quite cut off from direct communication with the lake 
waters. The brook previously mentioned flows past this shore, car- 
rying clean water 18 inches to 2 feet deep up to the very rocks 
that bound the outermost of these pools. Large numbers of small 
fishes, chiefly schools of young sunfishes, roach, and minnows, are 
constantly swimming along this shore, and mud minnows may always 
be seined. Many of these pools are separated from the lake waters by 
single rocks a foot or less across, yet are quite shut off from access 
to the fishes which come to the outer side of the barrier. 

On July 11 and 12 this place was thoroughly studied and a 
number of the pools selected and marked for various experiments. 
Others were filled with earth by the laborers. Those pools nearest to 
the lake usually supported a good growth of Lemna and filamentous 
algze and abounded in diatoms, desmids, rhizopods, ciliates, and 
other microscopic life, together with many entomostracans, minute 
oligocheetes, and a few amphipods, aquatic insects and their larve, 
leeches, etc. To the hand the water seemed warmer than the circu- 
lating water of the lake but was always clean and pure. In all of 
these pools mosquito breeding was very dense, while in the lake only 
a foot or two removed there was little or no breeding except where 
obstructions of driftwood or vegetation had accumulated. 

Selecting for further discussion one of these pools about 2 feet 
in diameter (fig. 4) and another immediately contiguous one about 
14 inches in diameter for a check, both of which were separated from 
the lake water by not over 15 inches of rock, the mosquito count 
gave numbers running from 20 to upward of. 50 larvae of Culex 
pipiens and Aedes sylvestris for each sample. As many were newly 
hatched the actual number present probably exceeded the counts. 
In addition there were some egg boats and pupe and an occasional 
Anopheles larva. Thorough exploration with a small dip net failed 
to disclose the presence of any fishes in the pools. 

On July 12 mud minnows (Table 2, No. 2336, p. 16) seined in the 
lake at this point contained no mosquitoes but various insect larvee, 
gastropods, entomostracans and isopods, diatoms, desmids, Conferve, 
and silt. At the same time by removing a single stone an opening 
6 or 7 inches wide was made into the larger pool, no change being 
made in the smaller one. 

On July 15 a single small mud minnow (Table 2, No. 2354) was 
taken from the opened pool. Its stomach contained two full-grown 
culicine larvee and two other insect larve. On this date there was 
little if any diminution in breeding (average 36 per sample). 

The opening was enlarged and made more direct. On July 24 
great numbers of young sunfish were swimming in schools along 
the shore, and a number of these, together with three mud minnows, 
were taken from the pool. In the latter (Table 2, No. 2357a) in a 
mass of much fragmented material were many body hairs, siphon 
combs, and mouth brushes of larval Culex, some Cyclops, débris, 


FISHES FOR CONTROL OF MOSQUITOES, 91 


and in one specimen a large number of well-preserved chironomid 
larvee and pupe. In 2 stomachs of fishes (No. 2356c, p. 16) taken at 
the same time just outside of the pool were remains of 1 Culex larva, 
a small dragonfly nymph, 2 small Planorbis, 1 mayfly nymph, a few 
filaments of Spirogyra, and fine débris containing remains of ento- 
mostracans, protozoan tests, diatoms, and desmids. The larval count 
had fallen to an average of 3.6 per dipper, just one-tenth of what it 
was on the previous count, while in the check pool the number of young 
larve was so great that they could not be counted accurately, the 
actual counts running to 40-+ and 50-++ per dipper. 

On July 30 only one small mud minnow and no sunfish were found, 
their absence probably being accounted for by the presence of a 
water snake in the pool. The minnow (Table 2, No. 2361) contained 
remains of Culex larve, chironomids, undetermined insects, and some 
small insect eggs. Mosquito counts ran from 0 to 10 (average, about 
4) per dipper, no pup, and a few egg boats. In the check pool 
breeding had increased if anything, the counts running from 45 to 
over 80, of which about 20 per cent were large or full grown, the 
rest of various sizes, largely newly hatched, pupz about 2 or 3 per 
dipper and egg boats as in the opened pool. Mud minnows (No. 
2362c) taken from the lake close to the pools contained 1 Aedes syl- 
vestris larva, a few chironomid larve and other insect remains, snails, 
and a small quantity of alge and plant tissues. 

A third experiment (D 1) involving the mud minnow was on 
a larger scale. An area of about one-third acre at the head of the 
cove above Brooklyn Industrial Camp was much obstructed by drift- 
wood (figs. 6,7). Many logs had stranded on the bottom in shallow | 
water or had lodged on the projecting rocks and the few drowned 
trees left standing. Reinforced by large quantities of débris and 
Lemna, together with some emergent and marginal vegetation, these 
formed a barrier to the entrance of fishes. When this area was first 
examined on July 5, culicine mosquito breeding was very general 
but unequal, varying from an average of 30+ larvee per sample in 
the more obstructed parts near shore to 4 per sample in the outer 
parts. Most of these were third and fourth stage larvee, together with 
a few pupe of Culex pipiens and all ages of Aedes sylvestris. On ac- 
count of the many snags seining in this area was ineffectual, but 
thorough dip-net explorations discovered no fishes except on the 
outer margins. Tadpoles, newts, water bugs and beetles, many kinds 
of insect larve, etc., were taken in the abundant Ceratophyllum. It 
is possible that a few mud minnows may have escaped detection, but 
aire were certainly not many in the more obstructed parts near 
shore. 

On July 10 and 11 most of this area was cleared of obstructions (fig. 
8). On the 11th large numbers of sunfishes and mud minnows were 
seined on the border of the opened area. Stomachs of four of the 
latter (Table 2, No. 2330, p. 17) yielded no mosquitoes but many 
chironomid larvee, some entomostracans, and considerable mud with 
diatoms, desmids, etc. One contained some eggs of sunfishes which 
were nesting a few yards away on a gravelly beach. 

Of fishes taken here on July 24 four mud minnows (Table 2, No. 
2360d) were examined. The stomachs of two were empty, the others 
contained many lary easily recognized by their siphons as Culew 


22 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


pipiens. ‘These made up the bulk of the food, the only other contents 
being Lemna plants and one midge larva. Culex larve at this point 
ran regularly 2 to 4 per sample, except in some of the inaccessible 


‘pockets where the number rose to 20+ to 30+. These were of all 


sizes, including some of Aedes sylvestris and a few pup. 

Of mud minnnows taken on July 30 (Table 2, No. 2364a, p. 17) 10 
stomachs were studied; 4 were empty, 5 others contained a total of 
11+- Culex larve and remains of a large number of chironomid lar- 
vee in tubes, some fragments of other insects, some entomostracans, 3 
Planorbis, and some protozoans and desmids. On this date general 
mosquito breeding in these opened waters was practically abolished, 
only an occasional larva being found except in some better protected 
indentations of the shore where the counts averaged from 6 to 8. 
Most of these were obstructed by rafts of Lemna and were doubtless 
the source of most of the mosquito larve found in the stomachs. 

These three experiments are typical of a number and are selected 
because the results appear to be unequivocal. No change whatever 
was effected in these natural breeding places of mosquitoes other than 
to open them to the active life of the lake and especially to the small 
fishes. Just as far as the latter penetrated, the density of the mos- 
quito breeding steadily declined during July and August while ob- 
servations continued. In undisturbed portions of each station left 
as checks the original rate of breeding was maintained. Other sta- 
tions at which similar experiments were conducted were sometimes 
tampered with or may have been subject to other influences which 
might contribute toward repression of mosquito breeding. The most 
important of these are wind and wave action, from which these three 
experiments were perfectly sheltered, the use of oil, which was not 
employed in the vicinity of any of these stations, and the effects of 
copper sulphate used in the lake against water bloom but not used 
in this area during the progress of the experiments. 

The results, taken in connection with others, appear to the author to 
establish the value of the mud minnow as a factor in mosquito re- 
pression. It is, of course, not meant to credit this species with all or 
even most of the reduction in numbers of larve. As will be shown 
later, that credit belongs in larger part to the common sunfish. 

The reverse experiment of excluding mud minnows as well as other 
fishes from open areas free from mosquito larvee was made both near 
Philadelphia and in Palisades Park by means of wire screens and 
earth dams. In due time most of these pens became prolific breedin 
places of culicine mosquitoes which grew to maturity undisturbe 
except when the pens were opened, when the larve quickly disap- 
peared. This was repeated many times. As all fishes were excluded 
it is not possible to differentiate the specific part played by Umbra. 
There was not time to arrange experiments to attempt this differen- 
tiation, but this may be done later. 

Prof. Smith (1904, p. 112) writes of the mud minnow, after stating 
that one left in a bottle over night with a lot of wrigglers ate them 
all, that— 
in these very pools known to be inhabited by these minnows there are always 


plenty of larvee to be found, so that Mr. Seal is probably quite right in his con- 
clusion that the species is unworthy of consideration in this connection. 


In a later paper (1910) Seal considerably softens this verdict. 


. a Pe 


: 
4 
1 


FISHES FOR CONTROL OF MOSQUITOES, 93 


The author’s observations are in harmony with and explain this 
statement. It is quite true that in swamp puddles where no other 
fishes occur culicine mosquitoes of several species will sometimes 
breed in association with mud minnows. While in the numbers in 
which they commonly inhabit such places the mud minnows may be 
considered inadequate in their influence, it is nevertheless probable 
that without their services a much larger number of these mosquitoes 
would mature. The mud minnows have the very great merit of 
penetrating the swamp pools, the nooks and crannies of the banks of 
ponds and ditches, and the dense growths of vegetation, as well as 
into foul waters, places where no other mosquito-eating fishes native 
to this region habitually go. Perhaps their chief deficiency is in 
numbers. Nowhere are they sufficiently numerous to alone keep mos- 
quito larvee down. However, their cryptic habits cause them to be 
overlooked, and they are often much more plentiful than one would 
expect. They lie concealed in mud, under stones and logs, and in 
vegetation, and large numbers may be had if one goes after them in 
the right way. They are so hardy that it is probable that they could 
be propagated artificially and planted in swamps and other waters 
where they would prove useful. Further work in this direction is 
recommended. 


COMMON KILLIFISH (Fundulus heteroclitus). 


The common killifish is distributed along the entire Atlantic and 
Gulf coasts of the United States, according to Jordan and Evermann 
from Maine to the Rio Grande. This is essentially a tidewater spe- 
cies, equally at home in the network of thoroughfares and creeks of 
the salt meadows of New Jersey, the brackish estuaries and affluents 
of Delaware Bay, and the creeks and ditches of the fresh-water tidal 
flats of the Delaware River system as far as Trenton. 

Tn countless millions the killifishes move with the flood tide up the 
little creeks, draws, and ditches, and as the rising waters spread over 
the flats, penetrate to all parts of these, retiring again with the ebb 
to the permanent deeper waters of the larger creeks, rivers, and 
thoroughfares. Thus twice daily during most of the mosquito-breed- 
ing season, the entire accessible area of these coastal and river marshes: 
is invaded by hosts of hungry active little fishes seeking for food. 
In the salt and lower brackish regions this killy is accompanied by 
several other species chiefly of related cyprinodonts, but in the fresh 
waters associated fishes are neither numerous nor regular in their 
movements. As the tide recedes many killies are left stranded, and 
either remain in little pools or more often wriggle over the mud to 
regain the receding waters. They have also become landlocked in 
ponds and obstructed parts of ditches, and will breed in such places 
as well as normally and usually on the gravelly shallows of the creeks 

‘and rivers. Many warm shallow pools literally swarm with the 
young during the summer. . 

The value of this species in limiting the numbers of the salt-marsh 
mosquitoes is thoroughly established and attested by scores of anti- 
mosquito workers in New Jersey, New York, and Connecticut. The 
method of ditching of the salt meadows worked out by Prof. Smith 
and now extensively applied under the direction of Prof. Headlee 
and the several county mosquito extermination commissions of New 
Jersey is essentially based on the principle of concentrating breeding 


24 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


in places fully accessible to the killies, and although vast numbers 
of the larvee are killed by the rapid drying of shallow pools the meas- 
ure of control is chiefly determined by the success with which this 
principle has been applied. This is shown by numerous cases where 
long continued rains have kept in a flooded state portions of the 
meadows usually well drained but not open to the fishes, by the effect 
of obstructed drainage ditches and of construction work which inter- 
fered with the movements of and renewal of the supply of killies, and 
by the results of the repellent influence on the fishes of contamination 
of certain waters by manufacturing wastes. In many such cases the 
areas affected, some of them extensive, have produced great swarms 
of mosquitoes which quickly waned whenever the barrier conditions 
were corrected and the killies permitted to do their work. A volume 
might be filled with the description of such instances. Headlee 
and Carrol (1919, p. 17) write: 

Two natural agencies limit or entirely eliminate the broods. If the weather 
is bright, the shallow sheet water covering large areas of marsh surface and 
filing the shallower pools is quickly evaporated and the wrigglers die. The 
deeper pools harbor small killifish, which promptly eat all wrigglers that may 
appear. The result is that comparatively few mosquitoes get on the wing. If, 
however, the weather is cloudy and the atmospheric moisture high, the sheet 
water disappears very slowly and an enormous brood of mosquitoes may 
escape. If the covering tide is very high—so high as to bury the meadows 
deeply—killifish penetrate everywhere, and whether the weather is bright or 
cloudy prevent the emergence of a large brood of mosquitoes by eating up the 
wrigglers. 

Under these conditions it seems remarkable that the similar relation 
which these fishes bear to the fresh-water tidal swamps should be so 
little appreciated. For example, one sanitary officer having direction 
of an extensive antimosquito project involving large areas of such 
swamp told the writer that the use of fishes in such an area was not 
a practical proposition. For this reason a general study of mosquito- 
breeding conditions in the marshes bordering both sides of the Dela- 
ware River was made, especially favorable facilities being afforded 
through the interest of William V. Becker, the engineer in charge of 
the operations in the Hog Island region. A full description of the 
. many interesting and sometimes exasperating conditions in this rap- 
idly developing industrial district would require too much space, 
but a brief summary may be given. 

Broadly considered, three sets of conditions prevail. First, there 
are the natural tidal swamps bordering the river and the lower por- 
tions of its tributaries. These are intersected by a network of creeks 
and channels and for the most part covered with a heavy growth of 
reeds. At flood tide they are covered ordinarily with shallow water 
which again drains off with the ebb but leaves numerous small pools 
and puddles. Second, are the reclaimed tidal swamps, rich alluvial 
lands originally taken up for agricultural purposes but now mostly 
either neglected meadows or passing over to industrial uses. These 


are inclosed by dykes and drained by systems of ditches emptying 


into the river by sluiceways guarded by automatic tide gates. Some- 
times the drainage ditches are supplemented by wider canals origi- 
nally designed to facilitate transportation about the farms. Many of 
these drainage systems are very old, dating back to the original settlers. 
With the industrial development of the Delaware River front many 
of them have become obstructed, disarranged, or neglected. The 


}! ee 6a ae? & 


en ae eee 


FISHES FOR CONTROL OF MOSQUITOES. 95 


tide gates often fail to function properly; the ditches are grown 
with vegetation; and inasmuch as most of these protected areas lie 
below the level of high water natural drainage is sluggish and nu- 
merous more or less permanent pools are formed. Third, bordering 
the tidal marshes and often the meadows and extending as a fringe 
up the creeks at and just above the limit of tide action is a zone of 
typical fresh-water swamp varying in width with the topography. 
Islands of this character also occur within the tidal area. 

The mosquito pests in this region are produced chiefly under the 
second and third conditions. Prolific breeding is almost universal 
where these conditions occur uncorrected. Under the first condition 
it is exceedingly rare to find a mosquito larva in any place open to 
free circulation of water. It is only on the margins of the tidal area 
or at points where obstructions occur that breeding is found. This 
corresponds exactly with the natural distribution of the killifishes. 
They range freely with the tides, and mosquito larvee do not thrive in 
places to which they have easy access. While physical conditions in 
the actual tidal currents are unfavorable to mosquito development, 
there are large areas perfectly suited to it where larve are rarely 
or never found. Furthermore, wherever on such areas obstructions 
occur which bar the entrance of the killies, such as dense growths of 
vegetation at the heads of ditches and alterations due to construc- 
tion work, which are frequent in this region, there breeding is likely 
to oceur. On the other hand, under the second and third conditions 
instances were found where the killies were admitted to ditches or 
creeks or had been planted in gravel pits and ditches filled with 
stagnant water in which there was no mosquito breeding. Through- 
out this whole region the contrast between mosquito producing and 
nonproducing areas in their relation to tidal action and killifishes 
is most striking. Almost invariably areas deprived of killifishes 
from whatever cause become sources of prolific breeding of Culex 
pipiens, while similar areas to which the killies have access are free 
from Jarve. There need be added only brief accounts of a few 
specific examples selected from a large number. 

In the midst of an undyked and tide-swept area on Darby Creek, 
not far from Corbindale, is an old farm now abandoned for agricul- 
tural purposes. The drainage ditches on a dyke-inclosed field of 
perhaps 20 acres have become so clogged and filled that they are 
altogether ineffective. Surface water has filled what remains of the 
ditches and has spread in a shallow sheet over the surface generally, 
its depth varying with the rainfall. The whole field is heavily 
grown with reeds, with patches of cat-tails and marshmallows in the 
deeper pools, and a border of grasses, giant ragweed, and Cepha- 
Janthus. It has reverted to the condition of the tidal marshes with- 
out the tides and killifishes. Throughout the summers of 1918 and 
1919 Culex pipiens bred heavily throughout this area. They were 
found by the author on visits made on July 26, August 16, and Sep- 
tember 13, 1918, and on June 25, 1919, and they were reported fre- 
quently by Vernon Lockwood. On none of these occasions were any 
Funduli found except on the last date a few in one of the closed 
ditches. Immediately across the dyke bounding this field on one 
side is a section of the natural marsh, and a wide open ditch which 
carries the tide to it. This ditch and its laterals always swarmed 


26 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


with killies, and near low water multitudes were seen in the pools 
or wriggling across the mud. Except in a narrow fringe around the 
landward side of this marsh, beyond free tidal action and the reach 
of the killies, no mosquito breeding was detected here. 

On September 13 a pool about 70 by 40 feet, cut off by the exten- 
sion of a new railroad embankment across a large ditch, was exam- 
ined. In it were numerous landlocked killifishes (Table 3, No. 
18913¢, p. 27), and not a single mosquito larva could be detected any- 
where. Across an old railroad embankment bounding this pool on 
the other side, and separated from the latter by the width of this 
embankment only, was a similar but smaller and much older pool. 
This was alive with all stages of the young of Culex pipiens. No 
killifishes could be seen or found with a minnow seine. One hundred 
of the fishes were transferred from the first to the second pool and 
immediately began to feed actively upon the larve and pupe. The 
author was unable to visit this pool again to determine the final re- 
sult. A number of pens and inclosures placed along another section 
of Darby Creek to test the mosquito-eating capacities of the killes 
were destroyed or tampered with by meddlers, but the experiments 
of Viereck (i Smith, 1904), Chidester (1916), and others on the 
salt marshes furnish all needed evidence on this point. 

Contamination of water may serve as a bar to the killifishes. A 
number of examples of this were met with, and the reports of the 
New Jersey Mosquito Extermination Association record several. 
One such case affected an extensive area along Darby Creek. In 
1917 a large manufacturing plant emptied great vats of strongly 
alkaline water into the creek. Probably as a result of the conse- 
quent change in the normal acidity of the water the killifishes aban- 
doned a stretch of the creek exceeding a mile in length for a period of 
several weeks. The result, which appeared to be directly. connected 
with the absence of the fishes, was that a great brood of mosquitoes 
matured on this area where but few were produced before and after. 

Little has been published relating to the food of this species, the 
se pia na being the paper by Chidester (1916), who writes 

praiyr 

Hxaminations of the stomachs of adult Funduli showed that they eat larve, 
pupse, and adults of all the salt-marsh mosquitoes. They also eat Dytiscus, 
Notonecta, and many Daphnids. In the winter small quantities of algal mat- 
ter and a few small shrimps constitute the most of the food of the active indi- 
viduals. In the early fall the chief food besides mosquitoes seems to be insect 
and snail eggs and occasionally a few fish eggs. 

The author has examined 42 stomachs of this killy, mostly taken 
from the fresh waters below Philadelphia (Table 3, p. 27). In only 
four cases were mosquito larve found. One was ina fish one-half inch 
long taken on the tidal flats of Darby Creek on July 26 (No. 18726k). 
The other food was ostracods and copepods. Two others were from 
the pumping station pond (No. 18816m). The stomachs of adults 
contained large quantities of organic ooze with plant débris, minute 
animal and plant life, oligochetes, mollusks, entomostracans, and 
insect larvee. In some cases the sole stomach content was Spirogyra 
and other Conferve. 

May it not fairly be claimed that the use of Fundulus on the salt 
meadows is the classical example of the employment of a natural 
agent in mosquito control and that no other species of fish, not even 


27 


FISHES FOR CONTROL OF MOSQUITOES. 


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Gambusia, is employed so successfully or on so large a scale? How- 
ever, much yet remains to be done. The slightly brackish and fresh 
marshes of the Delaware and other rivers and the estuaries of Chesa- 
peake Bay have scarcely been touched, and most of the work done 
there has taken little account of the fishes that are at hand to help. 
It seems probable that on many tracts where actual reclamation work 
has not been or is not to be done methods similar to those employed 
on the salt marshes, with modification of the form and arrangement 
of Ea ditches to suit the different conditions, would be equally suc- 
cessful. 

Fundulus heteroclitus has also been recommended for transplan- 
tation into upland ponds, and some experiments of this kind have been 
made, but the author has been unable to follow the results sufficiently 
to form a definite opinion. Undoubtedly this killy is sufficiently 
adaptable and hardy to withstand the change, but its behavior in 
relation to the tides is so pronounced that it seems hardly probable 
that it will thrive and propagate entirely away from their influence. 

It is very desirable, however, that such experiments should be 
carried to a conclusion. 


TRANSLUCENT KILLIFISH (Fundulus diaphanus). 


The translucent killifish is found from Maine to Cape Hatteras 
along the coast as well as inland and is continued westward to the 
Mississippi River by the subspecies menona. Though found in the 
salt waters of the back bays and throughfares this is particularly 
a brackish and fresh-water species, abundant in the river systems of 
the New England and Middle Atlantic States, and unlike the common 
killifish is a common fish of the upland waters. It is exceedingly 
abundant in many of the streams and ponds of the Delaware River 
drainage and in similar situations in northern New Jersey and 
southern New York. 

The author’s studies on the translucent killifish have been limited 
chiefly to observations made in northern New Jersey, though the fish 
was met with at Philadelphia and in Palisades Park. Like the other 
killies it is gregarious and frequents the shallows, where it feeds at 
both bottom and surface, and penetrates into the intricacies of the 
banks and among open vegetation. As it breeds freely in landlocked 
fresh waters it is readily established in upland ponds. 

The writer knows of no detailed account of the food of the eastern 


form, but the subspecies menona has been thoroughly studied by 


Pearse (1918) and Forbes and Richardson (1908). The former sum- 
marizes the contents of 149 stomachs, in percentages, as follows 
(p. 262) : 

Fish embryos, 0.8; insect eggs, 0.8; insect larve, 23.4; pups, 1.7; adult insects, 
2.7; mites, 3; amphipods, 14.1; ostracods, 15.7; copepods, 4.9; cladocerans, 15.3; 
Spheeride, 0.4; snails, 3.5; oligochetes, 2; nematodes, +; plant remains, 5.5; 
algee, 0.9; silt and débris, 4.2. 

The top minnow ate 36 per cent entomostracans and 28 per cent insects, as 


well as amphipods, plant remains, the débris from the bottom and the surface | 


of plants, mollusks, ete. Forbes and Richardson (1908) reported the food of 
this species to be insects, amphipods, snails, and plant seeds. The large per- 
centages of ostracods, oligochzetes, and Chydorids and the species of insect 
larvee found in the present investigation indicate that the top minnow frequently 
feeds near the bottom or among vegetation. 


No mosquito larvee are reported to have been found, though chiro- 
nomid larve were common. 


29 


FISHES FOR CONTROL OF MOSQUITOES. 


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30 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


The contents of 48 stomachs of fishes taken in ponds and streams in 
northern New Jersey reported in Table 4 (p. 29) agree fairly well 
with Pearse’s statement. Chironomid larve constituted the largest 
single item, or about 33 per cent; other insect remains, 11 per 
cent; crustaceans (with the exception of a few isopods, all ento- 
mostracans), 19 per cent; miscellaneous animal remains, 18 per cent; 
and plant remains, mostly filamentous alge, organic ooze, and 
débris, 20 per cent. A single Culex pipiens larva was found in 
each of two stomachs, two in another, and an Anopheles larva in 
still another. Three of these fish came from Oakes’, the other 
from Vanderbilt’s Pond. All of these were taken in September, 
and it is of interest to compare conditions in the three ponds 
selected for illustration, from two of which they came. All are 
located on Third River, a tributary of the Passaic, in a series of 
which Oakes’ is the uppermost and Vanderbilt’s the lowermost. 

Oakes’ Pond in large part was heavily grown to aquatic and emer- 
gent vegetation, particularly at the much silted-up head, and at the 
time of the author’s visits was so bad a breeding place of Culex pipiens 
and Anopheles that the Essex County Mosquito Commission had 
declared it a nuisance and was cooperating with the owners in 
revising its shores and channel. Small fishes were found in mod- 
erate numbers, the species collected being roach, translucent killifish, 
young carp, and chub sucker. Roach were most plentiful. The 
point at which those reported upon were taken is a bit of open 
shelving beach free of vegetation. On each side of this was a zone 
of Elodea extending continuously as a barrier a few feet from the 
Shore. In the space behind the Elodea was a growth of emergent 
plants chiefly composed of Sagittaria, Pontoderia, Polygonum, 
sedges, and grasses of varying density. Here Culea pipiens and 
Anopheles were found generally in numbers varying from place to 
place. No larvee were found in the open space at the beach. Of 
22 killies (Table 4, No. 18906b) examined at least three had eaten 
mosquito larvee, which they must have secured behind the Elodea 
barrier. The principal food was chironomid larve, aggregating 
about 60 per cent of the total contents. It should be noted that none 
of the young roach which were taken at the same place and time 
were found to contain mosquito larve. 

Davies’ Pond, lying next below Oakes’, is generally similar but 
was noted to differ in the following respects: It was less filled with 
silt, and the vegetation, though similar, was less dense. On one 
side it was heavily shaded by a wood of large trees, and the bank 
here was fairly steep with little marginal or emergent vegetation. 
On the other side, which was also shaded but less densely, the water 
was very shallow, with the Elodea zone sparse and far out. There 
was consequently a broad inner zone of open water nearly free from 
vegetation in which killifishes were seen in large numbers and some 
collected (Table 4, Nos. 18906m and 18906p). At all points around 
the shore this species was encountered in large schools, and it was 
practically the only species of small fish present. Personally the 
author failed to find a single mosquito larva in this pond, and Mr. 
Brooks stated that the inspectors always reported practically no 
breeding here. 

Vanderbilt’s, the next pond below, is a larger body of water, which 
has a bad reputation among the Essex County inspectors as a source 


ae 


SE ee Cr Ch 


FISHES FOR CONTROL OF MOSQUITOES. SL 


of mosquito breeding. It had recently been drained and refilled, 
and at the time of the examination no larve were found, though 
the author had been assured that they were always present in con- 
siderable numbers. The shores of the pond were heavily grown 
with brush to the water’s edge; and the growth of emergents at 
the head was dense. At the foot, toward the dam, the growth of 
Elodea was very dense and the water was full of accumulated decay- 
ing vegetation evolving decomposition gases. No fishes were seen 
anywhere in the pond, and the-seine brought to light only a very 
few young roach and killifishes. Of four (Table 4, No. 189061, p. 29) 
of the latter examined one contained a Culex larva, while the 
same number of roach yielded no mosquito stages. In a pool be- 
low the dam, however, the killies were present in considerable num- 
bers, possibly having been carried out when the water was drawn 
off. Of 10 (No. 18906g) of these examined the stomachs were mostly 
empty. 
The facts that it is desired to emphasize are: (1) That the trans- 
lucent killifish does eat mosquito larvee, to a limited extent at least; 
(2) that in the very pond where this species was most abundant and 
the shore conditions most favorable to its action, mosquito breeding 
was practically nonexistent; and (3) that in adjoining ponds where 
fewer of the killies were present and where plants grew more luxuri- 
antly, both Culex and Anopheles bred freely. While the species was 
met with in other ponds and creeks no observations of value were 
made. Some experiments to test its practical value were suggested 
to the Essex County commission, but nothing seems to have been 
done, and there was no opportunity for personal experimentation. 

Little is known of the translucent killifish in relation to practical 
mosquito control. Seal (77 Smith, 1904) advises against its introduc- 
tion for this purpose “ because it would destroy the eggs and young 
of more valuable species, which are by nature better adapted to land- 
locked or stagnant waters.” Pearse’s investigations show only 0.8 
per cent of such food, and it is doubtful if this killy is greatly more 
culpable in this respect than most of the fresh-water minnows. It is 
certainly quite as well adapted to many mosquito-producing waters 
and more efficacious as a mosquito destroyer than they. For muddy 
ponds and sluggish streams the author would recommend it much in 
preference to the common killy, but experimentation is much to be 
desired, 

TOP MINNOW (Gambusia affinis). 


The natural range of this top minnow is from Delaware through- 
out the South Atlantic and Gulf States and up the Mississippi Val- 
ley to Illinois. It is an inhabitant of shallow estuaries, sluggish 
creeks, lagoons, ponds, and marshes and is equally at home in 
brackish and fresh waters. While preferring clean water, it will 
live in that which is most extremely foul, as the writer observed in 
drying borrow pits in Louisiana. It is excessively abundant in the 

outh, 

The value of this little fish in the natural suppression of mos- 
quitoes, and especially of the anopheline mosquitoes, has long been 
recognized, and in the South, during the war period and since, it has 
been extensively and successfully utilized in the antimalaria cam- 


87028°—22——3 


32 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


paign. The conditions of its utilization have been especially worked 
out by Hildebrand (1919), and some of its ecological relations by 
Barney and Anson (1921). For the purpose of mosquito control 
Gambusia is almost ideal. Its natural predilection for the aquatic 
stages of mosquitoes as food, its vivaparity and fecundity, its hardi- 
ness and adaptability to a great variety of aquatic habitats, and par- 
ticularly its fitness to the marsh and swamp associations to which 
mosquitoes naturally belong, its top-feeding habits, small size, great 
activity, and proneness to penetrate into the shallowest waters and 
dense vegetation, and its wide distribution and abundance are among 
its outstanding merits. Within its natural geographical range its 
value may be taken as fully established, and it has been successfully 
planted and employed against mosquitoes in other warm districts, as 
in the Hawaiian and Philippine Islands. A related species has been 
utilized recently in Mexico. 

As long ago as 1904 Seal experimented with this fish and pointed 
out its great promise as supplementing the native fishes found in 
New Jersey, especially in relation to the anophelines. After a pre- 
vious thorough and futile search for Gambusia had been made in 
southern New Jersey, Seal in 1905 planted 10,000 individuals. Ap- 
parently this attempt at colonization failed unless the Gambusia 
found by Fowler (1907) in small creeks emptying into Delaware Bay 
in Cape May County in 1907 were derived therefrom, which seems 
improbable. At the time of Fowler’s discovery they were abundant in 
small ditches and creeks in the vicinity of Goshen. In July, 1918, the 
author visited this locality with Mr. Fowler in the hope of securing 
a supply for experimentation. Not the slightest trace of the top 
minnow could be found anywhere in the neighborhood, though Fun- 
dulus was very abundant in the very creeks and ditches from which 
the Gambusia had been taken. The previous winter had been a very 
severe one, and it was learned from the natives that all of these 
creeks had been frozen to the bottom. The resulting mortality among 
many of the animals inhabiting these waters, notably the blue crabs, 
was reported to have been very heavy. It was therefore concluded 
that the Gambusia had been exterminated by the cold. It seems clear 
that the established natural range of Gambusia does not extend north 
of Delaware. Some inquirics were made to determine whether this 
northern limit fluctuates with the degree of severity of the winters, 
but no reliable data were secured. . 

Gambusia is so eminently fitted as a factor in the biological con- 
trol of anopheline mosquitoes within its natural range that the de- 
sirability of extending the area of its usefulness northward seems 
unquestioned. The determination of a means of accomplishing this 
is of some importance. A few experiments have therefore been tried. 
On August 21, 1918, 200 Gambusia received through the Bureau of 
Fisheries was introduced into a small ornamental pond (fig. 14) on 
the campus of the University of Pennsylvania from which all other 
fishes had been removed previously. Their increase was so rapid that 
by the middle of September many young could be seen everywhere 
aeuit the edges of the pond which was kept nearly free from mos- 
quito breeding for the remainder of theseason. The following winter 
was a very mild one, and there was a light covering of ice on the pond 
for only two or three weeks. During the warm weather of Febru- 


FISHES FOR CONTROL OF MOSQUITOES. 33 


ary and March a close watch was kept for Gambusia, but none was 
seen. Karly in April boys displaced the screen which had been placed 
across a trench connecting this pond with a larger one and admitted 
some sunfishes. On discovering this the small pond was immediately 
seined and the intruders removed. Only a solitary female Gambusia 
was found on April 12. There is some uncertainty whether the others 
were eaten by the sunfishes, but no traces of any were found in the 
digestive tracts of the latter, and in view of Hildebrand’s observation 
of the successful association of the two this seems improbable. Small 
plantings in two ponds at Media and single fish placed in rain barrels 
had likewise disappeared, except that a dead fish was found in one 
of the latter. A brood stock of several hundred kept in an aquarium 
tank in the University of Pennsylvania vivarium and fed first on 
Culex pipiens larve and later on ground boiled liver and living 
Daphnia not only survived but increased in number. 

On May 26, 1919, after repeated thorough seining which yielded 
no additional Gambusia or sunfishes, and the temperature of the 
water being 64° F., 40 female and 12 male top minnows from the 
reserve stock were introduced. At this time the water was thick 
with entomostracans, chiefly Daphnia, upon which the Gambusia 
immediately began feeding eagerly. While these lasted the Gam- 
busia partially neglected the mosquitoes, and moderate breeding 
continued at the rate of 3 to 4 per dipper in easily accessible places 
and at nearly 10 times that rate in protected places. By June 5 
the swarm of entomostracans had nearly disappeared and the Gam- 
busia were searching among the plants and close to shore for food. 
Several small groups of young were already seen. Mosquito larvee 
were present in exposed places at the rate of 2 to every 3 samples. 
In the fine screen check pen the numbers ran 8 to 15 Culex and 1 to 
6 Anopheles per sample. On June 18 Gambusia were much in 
evidence all over the pond and mosquito breeding had fallen to only 
4 Culex larve in 30 dippers taken all round the border of the pond, 
including thick vegetation, while in the check pen the average was 
4.8 per dipper, about 20 per cent being Anopheles. 

On June 30 conditions were the same, except that the rate of 
breeding in the check pen had risen to an average of 14.3. Dur- 
ing July the Gambusia increased in number astonishingly. On 
July 23 they swarmed everywhere in both the small and larger 
ponds, into which latter they had escaped through flooding of the 
ponds. A remarkable succession of heavy rains during midsum- 
mer caused the ponds to overflow several times. The surplus water 
poured down a walk and over the grounds, leaving short-lived pools 
here and there when the rain ceased. From a single one of these 
301 Gambusia were recovered and in addition many dead were seen 
on the ground. When it is considered that these were only a small 
part of those that escaped and that the fishes still swarmed in both 
of the ponds it can readily be seen that the 52 fishes introduced 
on May 26 must have increased to several thousand in the course 
of only three months. This is quite consistent with what is known 
of the number and size of the broods and early maturity of this 
fish. With the exception of a few dragonfly and Dytiscus larve 
which were abundantly supplied with other food they had no enemies 
whatever in the small pond. They continued to increase through- 


34 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


out August and September and nearly eliminated mosquito breed- 
ing in both ponds except in the fine wire check pen. In October 
a reserve stock for the winter was secured and kept as before. The 
winter of 1919-20 was long-continued and severe. These ponds 
were frozen over about Thanksgiving Day and remained locked in 
ice, which reached a thickness of 18 inches, until March 23, 1920. 

During the last week of March and during April repeated searches 
failed to disclose any Gambusia, and as only five sunfishes were seined 
in the small pond their complete disappearance can be attributed 
only to their inability to survive the winter. On April 22, 1920, the 
water temperature being 60° F’., 23 females and 13 males were intro- 
duced into the small pond. By the middle of May young began to 
appear and rapidly increased in number. On August 2 they had 
become very numerous and young, one-half to three-fourths inch 
long, were everywhere and very active. Mosquito larvee which were 
widely distributed in this pond in moderate numbers early in the 
season had now totally disappeared. As no other fishes were present 
in the pond their disappearance may be safely attributed to the 
Gambusia, though stomach examinations always gave negative eyi- 
dence. On October 29 the winter’s brood stock of 300 was removed 
to the vivarium. The winter of 1920-21 was one of the mildest ever 
recorded at Philadelphia. Only three times did ice form on the 
pond, and at no time did it remain as long as eight days and only 
then exceeded three-fourths inch in thickness. During most of the 
winter the water was open. Nevertheless not a single Gambusia 
could be found in the spring of 1921. 

Similar experiments were tried at Broomall’s dam near Media. 
Here several small ponds about 12 to 15 feet square, separated by 
narrow earth embankments and cut off from the main pond by 
similar embankments, were arranged. These were filled partly 
by seepage from the pond and partly by a small spring and were 
planted with aquatics and densely grown with vegetation around the 
margins, especially saw grass, spearmint, and tear thumb, and at 
times are the most prolific source of Anopheles of which the writer 
knows in this neighborhood. Both the shallows of the main pond 
and certain of these small ones were planted with Gambusia with 
the same result, so far as rapid increase and winter killing is con- 
cerned, as described above. In one experiment eight females and 
three males were placed in a pond about 12 feet square and 2 feet 
deep on June 9. At that time there was light breeding of Culex and 
no Anopheles. On August 27 Gambusia was plentiful, and 10 
samples of water yielded 1 Culex pipiens larva and 1 pupa and 2 
Anopheles larvee, while an exactly similar contiguous pool without 
Gambusia yielded 22 Culex and 12 Anopheles. On October 8 the first 
pool yielded in 20 samples 1 Anopheles and no Culex, and the second, 
20 larve and 1 pupa of Culex and 10 larvee and 2 pupx of Anopheles. 
Gambusia was then present in abundance in the first. 

A single Gambusia placed in a rain-water barrel was found to 
keep it clear of Culea pipiens and Aedes triseriatus, which also breeds 
in rain barrels at the author’s home, but they did no better than small 
goldfish or sunfish and had the disadvantage that owing to their 
small size and top-swimming habits they were washed out in heavy 
rains or if the barrels were covered were injured on the top. This 


FISHES FOR CONTROL OF MOSQUITOES. 35 


was easily overcome by making a screened overflow a couple of inches 
below the top of the barrel. 

The above account shows that Gambusia may be successfully em- 
ployed north of its natural range in controlling mosquitoes in water 
gardens and other small ponds heavily grown to vegetation. A few 
specimens introduced in the early spring will have increased to 
effective numbers by the time mosquito and especially Anopheles 
breeding becomes active. The water temperature of 60° F. for plant- 
ing was selected arbitrarily, and it may be that they could be planted 
successfully at lower temperatures, but it is safer to avoid too great 
a Shock. The greater number of individuals should be females, but 
it is desirable to have some males, though as the species is viviparous 
it may be that the first brood from pregnant females would supply 
this need. Of course the larger the number introduced the sooner 
will effective control be established, but under favorable conditions 
they increase with astonishing rapidity. It is also important in 
these small ponds that predacious fishes and other enemies should 
be removed as thoroughly as possible. The adults also devour the 
young, especially when other food is scarce. For this reason the pop- 
ulation in a pond will in time become self-limiting. To postpone 
this as long as possible it would be desirable at the beginning of the 
season either to isolate the breeding fishes in a pen of one-fourth inch 
cellar window screen through which the young may escape or to 
provide retreats for the young. As maximum destruction of mos- 
quitoes depends upon the hunger of the fishes they should not be 
artificially fed. 

After a supply of Gambusia is once secured it is a simple matter 
~ to maintain it by removing in the fall to a greenhouse or other suit- 
able place indoors a sufficient number to provide brood fish for re- 
stocking in the spring. They are easily caught with a dip net or 
minnow seine, and several hundred may be kept in an ordinary tub 
in which are a few sprays of Elodea or other water plant. They may 
be fed with fish foods, yolks of hard-boiled eggs, or boiled liver 
ground fine, or still better with mosquito larve or entomostracans. 
As hundreds of Anopheles-breeding ornamental ponds are found in 
country places, parks, and the suburbs of every large city aquarium 
dealers might find a profitable business in furnishing Gambusia for 
stocking them. 

Another type of mosquito-breeding habitat, where Gambusia 
would undoubtedly prove extremely valuable, is found in the very 
shallow plant-choked waters about the heads of many ponds and in 
swampy areas generally. But such areas are often too large for an- 
nual stocking. The planting of a permanent self-perpetuating stock 
only would suffice. Up to the present such stocking in the latitude 
of Philadelphia has failed. Just why Gambusia will not live over 
winter is not clear. The winter of 1920-21 was no more severe than 
those to which the top minnow is frequently exposed within its nat- 
ural range, yet in four ponds in which they thrived during the pre- 
ceding summer not a single one appears to have survived. In an 
attempt to solve this second problem it is proposed to search the 
northern border of this fish’s range for a cold-resistant race or to 
attempt the isolation of such a race by selection and possibly by 
hybridization. ‘ 


86 U. S&S BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


BLUE-SPOTTED SUNFISHES (Enneacanthus gloriosus and E. obesus), 


The two species of Enneacanthus (gloriosus and obesus) which 
together are distributed throughout the Atlantic coastal watershed 
from Massachusetts to Florida are so closely similar specifically and 
in habits that the author is not sure that they were always distin- 
euished in his limited field observations which were made chiefly in 
Palisades Interstate Park and near Bristol, Pa. However, most of 
them were certainly Hnneacanthus gloriosus. 

Of all the sunfishes found in this region the small size and vege- 
tation-haunting habits of these species would seem to recommend 
them most highly as mosquito destroyers. Seal (1908, p. 352) con- 
siders them one of the most valuable fishes for this purpose, and the 
author’s observations lend support to his view. 

Table 5 (p. 37) records the contents of stomachs of 36 specimens 
taken in Car Pond and Cedar Lake, N. Y., during July and August, 
1919. It is noteworthy that the food was almost exclusively insects 
and crustaceans. There were no mollusks and no worms and mere 
traces in a few cases of alge and other plant remains. Larve of 
Culex pipiens and Aedes sylvestris (in two cases in large numbers) 
were found in 10 stomachs, a pupa of Culex pipiens in each of 2, and 
eggs or egg boats in 4, the whole comprising about 6 per cent of the 
entire stomach contents. Chironomid larvee, together with a few syr- 
phids and other Diptera, constituted about 23 per cent, all other in- 
sects 35 per cent, crustaceans, chiefly minute forms, 30 per cent, leay- 
ing 6 per cent for water mites, spiders, algee and other plants, and 
miscellaneous objects. In one case the entire contents consisted of 
amphipods; in another 70 per cent was Cyclops. 

Examples of E'nneacanthus gloriosus taken in a sluggish, weedy 
creek near Bristol, Pa., were used chiefly in laboratory feeding ex- 
periments in which it was determined that when confined in aquarium 
tanks they fed freely upon Culex larve and egg boats which were 
often detected even among masses of floating Elodea, Ceratophyllum, 
Lemna, and other water plants. 

A number of observations and field experiments were made at 
Palisades Interstate Park. In shallow plant-grown waters in Car 
Pond a few blue-spotted sunfishes (Table 5, No. 2356a)—some of 
which may have been “L'nneacanthus obesus—were taken along with 
common sunfishes. None of these was found to contain mosquito 
remains. Indeed, their stomachs contained very little food of any 
kind, and it may be that owing to the presence of great numbers of 
the more aggressive and pugnacious common sunfish they were pre- 
vented from feeding freely. 

The most favorable conditions for studying this species were 
found in Cedar Lake, particularly at one point (M), to which at- 
tention was directed by Prof. Hankinson. This was an area of shal- 
low water (fig. 9) sheltered behind an island and thickly grown 
with aquatic vegetation, chiefly Myriophyllum and Utricularia, to- 
gether with patches of Sagittaria and flowering rush. The shore 
here was swampy with a flooded area about 20 by 30 feet cut off from 
the lake partly by projecting banks and partly by masses of vegetation 
and brush (fig. 10). There was also a number of pools of various 
sizes isolated by rocks. In the lake itself at this point Hnneacanthus 
gloriosus was found to be by far the most abundant fish, though the 


87 


FISHES FOR CONTROL OF MOSQUITOES, 


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seine yielded also roach, catfish, common sunfish, and yellow perch, 
all of small size and in small numbers. Whirligig beetles (Gyrinus) 
were abundant in the quiet sheltered waters. Close to the shore, 
among the vegetation, egg boats of Culex pipiens and a few newly 
hatched larvee, both of this species and of Aedes sylvestris, were found 
in considerable numbers on June 14 and subsequent dates, but not 
a single advanced larva or pupa was found in the lake at this point. 
Eggs and young larvee of mosquitoes were found in 30 per cent of the 
stomachs of blue-spotted sunfish taken here on July 15 (Table 5, No. 
2345, p. 87)—strong evidence of its importance as a factor in pre- 
venting the maturation of mosquitoes in these plant-choked waters. 

The pools cut off from the lake waters and inaccessible to fishes 
and in which no fishes could be found were, on the other hand, 
sources of prolific breeding. In these and especially in the rock 
pools not only were egg boats and young larve found in great num- 
bers, but there were all stages of larve as well as pupe of both 
Culex pipiens and Aedes sylvestris, together with many cast pupal 
skins, showing that development had been completed. In one of 
these pools (fig. 11), measuring 6 by 2 feet and separated from the 
lake by a barrier less than a foot wide, formed partly by a rock 
and partly by the root of a tree, and in which Utricularia was 
growing in abundance, 12 blue-spotted sunfishes were placed on 
July 15. At that time culicine breeding was so dense that the 
larve could not be accurately counted in the dipper, but every 
sample contained 50 and more larve of all sizes, together with 
pupe of both species, besides frequent egg boats of Culex pipiens. 
Ten days later, on July 25, the rate of breeding in this pool had 
been reduced to an average of 6, and on August 7 to 4.6 per dipper 
for 20 samples, while neighboring similar pools in which no fishes 
had been placed showed no diminution in the rate. During the in- 
terval exceptionally heavy and frequent rains had raised the level 
of water in the lake, and it is possible that the barrier had been 
slightly submerged, though there was no evidence of this. Owing 
to the irregular contour of the bottom and sides of the pool it was 
found impossible to secure any of the sunfishes for stomach ex- 
aminations. 

To overcome the latter difficulty, a mosquito screen box, open 
above, was placed in a neighboring similar pool (M 3), where the 
rate of breeding had been maintained, care being taken that condi- 
tions within and without the screen both as to plants and the density 
of mosquito breeding were exactly similar. On August 7, after 
allowing the screen to remain undisturbed for a week, 10 small 
blue-spotted sunfishes were placed therein. On this date the number 
of mosquito larve (mostly half grown) both within and without 
the screen averaged 30-+ per sample. On August 11 the average 
within the screen was 8.1, outside it was 22. The stomachs of two 
(Table 5, No. 2372) of the fish taken from the screen on this date 
contained, besides a large number of Cyclops and Daphnia (about 
60 per cent) and plants, consisting of Lemna, filamentous alge, and 
diatoms (about 12 per cent), no less than 10 larvee, 1 pupa, and 
several disintegrated egg boats of Culex pipiens and 6 larve of | 
Aedes sylvestris. 


39 


FISHES FOR CONTROL OF MOSQUITOES. 


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40 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


On August 21 breeding in this pool had fallen to an average of 
32 per sample, while inside the screen only one larva was found. Of 
the seven fishes (Table 5, No. 2376, p. 37) remaining within the 
screen on this date three contained Culex larve and one a pupa, the 
remaining contents being chiefly copepods with a few insects. Other 
experiments gave more or less similar results but offer only cumula- 
tive evidence or include some element of doubt. Enough is known of 
the blue-spotted sunfishes to recommend placing them on the list of 
species for stocking plant-grown ponds and streams. 


LONG-EARED SUNFISH (Lepomis auritus). 


The long-eared or red-bellied sunfish is abundant throughout all 
of the Atlantic and Gulf Coast States from Maine to the mouth of 
the Mississippi River. Thriving best in the larger streams and 
ponds it is less likely to come into contact with mosquito breeding 
than are other species. In small ponds it is almost always associ- 
ated with the much more abundant common sunfish. For these 
reasons it was given little detailed attention. In only two cases were 
any mosquito larve found in the stomachs, and little specific evidence 
of the value of this species as a mosquito discourager can be offered. 
Nevertheless, the young frequent the shallows along with those of 
the common sunfish, and it is probable that they will eat mosquito 
larvee under similar circumstances. In stocking a pond it seems 
desirable that the two species. should be introduced together, inas- 
much as it is probable that a given body of water would maintain 
a larger number of the two combined than of the common sunfish 
alone. For food see Table 6, page 39. : 


COMMON SUNFISH (Eupomotis gibbosus). 


From Maine the native waters of the common sunfish or pumpkin 
seed extend southward to Florida and westward to Minnesota. It 
is, perhaps, the most widely and best known of all of our fresh- 
water fishes. While absent from few bodies of water of any de- 
scription (along the Atlantic coast it even meets the oyster in brack- 
ish waters), the species is especially abundant in clear brooks, ponds, 
and lakes. In small ponds it is often present in enormous numbers 
and becomes dwarfed, probably owing in part to the limitation of 
the food supply. Under such conditions mosquitoes are rarely found 
breeding, even where there is a fairly dense growth of vegetation. 

This last observation, together with its promising characteristics— 
namely, its wide distribution, abundance, fecundity, adaptability, 
hardiness and instinctive aggressiveness, alertness and curiosity— 
led the author to study this fish more extensively than any other, 
especially as the statements of previous writers regarding its anti- 
mosquito value varied greatly. Seal (in Smith, 1904, p. 108) gives 
it a leading place among native fresh-water fishes, while others, as 
Hildebrand (1919, p. 15) consider it of very doubtful value. As will 
be seen, the author’s results show that these conflicting opinions can 
be harmonized and on the whole are at least confirmatory of the high 
value placed upon it by Seal. 

Previous studies of the food of the common sunfish have dealt al- 
most exclusively with the adults. Pearse (1918, p. 260) reports 


FISHES FOR CONTROL OF MOSQUITOES, 4l 


toad eggs, larval, pupal and adult insects, amphipods, crayfishes, 
leeches, snails, sponges, and alg and other plants, and continues in 
this summary : 

The food of the pumpkin seed was made up of insects (22.1 per cent), large 
Crustacea (10.3 per cent), snails (25.8 per cent), plants (25.5 per cent), and 
other things. Forbes and Richardson (1908) found that more than half the 
food of the fish they examined was mollusks; the rest was amphipods, isopods, 
and insects. Hankinson (1908) reported midge larve, may-fly nymphs, cray- 
fishes, amphipods, snails, leeches, and caddis-fly larve. Reighard (1915) found 
snails, insect larve, and Chara. Insects formed the chief food of those fish 
examined by Baker (1916). 

In the course of this investigation 360 stomachs of the common 
sunfish were examined. All but 30 of these were of young or small 
fishes, as it soon became evident that these and not the adults fre- 
quented the extreme margins of ponds and similar situations where 
mosquitoes are likely to oviposit. Table 7 (p. 42) records the sum- 
marized stomach contents of 224 examples of fishes measuring from 
18 to 97 mm. long, the great majority being under 80 mm. The grand 
summary gives as food: Mosquitoes in all stages, 9 per cent; chirono- 
mid Jarve and pupz with some other Diptera, 33 per cent; all other 
insects, 14 per cent; crustaceans, chiefly entomostracans of all kinds, 
18 per cent; mollusks, 7 per cent; vertebrates, 4 per cent; all other 
animal matter, 6 per cent; alge and other plants, 5 per cent; and silt 
and débris, 4 per cent. The great diversity and richness of the 
dietary are only partially apparent, however, and it would seem that 
anything that is edible and obtainable is eaten. 

The principal contents of individual stomachs or of uniform lots 
of stomachs differed greatly. In many cases they were chiefly or solely 
chironomid larve, in others Entomostraca, sometimes purely a single 
species of Cyclops or Daphnia, in a few cases dragonfly or mayfly 
nymphs or the larve and pupe of culicine mosquitoes, or amphipods, 
isopods, tadpoles, or annelids, and in one case goldfish eggs. Adult 
fishes were found with the stomachs packed with grasshoppers or 
17-year cicadas or dragonfly nymphs. There is great variation with 
age, season, and locality. The young conspicuously subsist more on 
entomostracans and small insect larve, the adults on the larger in- 
sects, crustaceans, snails, and leeches. In the spring mayflies and 
lamellicorn beetles will be prominent, in the fall grasshoppers and 
crickets. In brooks caddis-fly, stone-fly, and crane-fly larve with 
crayfishes will often dominate; in ponds, chironomid larvee; and in 
sluggish plant-grown creeks and rivers, snails. Propinquity and 
abundance appear to be of even more importance than choice in de- 
termining what is eaten, though the latter is undoubtedly a factor 
when not overcome by the stronger stimulus of nearness and bigness. 

In correspondence with the abundance, ubiquity, and importance 
for the investigation of this species observations were made over a 
wide extent of territory and under a variety of conditions. The 
ieniil ica experiments were made near Philadelphia and in Palisades 

ark, 

In the first place abundant confirmation was found of the state- 
ment made by Seal and Smith that “this is undoubtedly the most 
useful species of sunfish as a destroyer of mosquito larve.” Smith 
again states (1904, p. 108) that it “keeps the ditches and streams in 
cranberry bogs free from wrigglers.” It may be added with reser- 


U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


42 


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46 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


vations that will appear later that it is equally effective in the nu- 
merous ponds, dams, lakes, and other bodies of water in which it is 
abundant. 

In Broomall’s Dam, near Media, Pa., most of the shore is clean and 
nearly free from dense growths of vegetation. Frequent examina- 
tions, especially in the early morning and evening, invariably found 
large numbers of small sunfish of this species exploring and feeding 
to the very edge of the water. At one point is a shallow area which 
was covered by a rather dense growth of saw grass, tearthumb, Sagit- 
taria, and other plants. Much light drift material had collected here 
and blocked a zone about 40 yards long and from 8 to 2 feet’ wide. 
Within this area fishes were seldom seen. Another area at the inlet 
was silted up and obstructed by stranded logs, brush, etc., brought 
down by floods, so that fishes could not enter freely. At another 
point a large flat-bottomed scow was so stranded in a shallow cove 
that a pool behind it was completely cut off from the lake. 

Throughout the three summers covered by this investigation the 
history of this pond was followed closely. Except for an occasional 
egg boat or larva sheltered behind an obstruction practically no 
breeding was ever detected round the open shores of the pond fre- 
quented by the sunfishes, but in each of the obstructed areas referred . 
to breeding continued just as long as they were barred to the fishes. 
In the first mentioned there was always light breeding of Culex 
pipiens, together with a few Anopheles larve. In the other two, as 
well as within the boat itself, there was heavy breeding of Culex 
pipiens only. When the boat was moved and the other areas opened, 
sunfishes immediately entered and devoured the larve and pupe with 
avidity. In the plant-grown area breeding was never entirely 
stopped except during a period of about six weeks in 1919. A few 
larvee of both genera could always be found behind shelters, and in 
little shut-off pockets breeding was sometimes dense. 

During the summer of 1919, while some repairs were being made, 
the level of the water was lowered sufficiently to entirely drain this 
area. Under these conditions the fishes could penetrate to every part 
of the water, and while they were deprived of the shelter of the 
plants no mosquito larvee whatever were found in any part of this 
pond. This was in marked contrast to conditions in some check pens 
constructed on one side of the pond and separated from its waters 
by earth embankments not exceeding 2 feet in thickness. In these the 
breeding of Culex pipiens would often run up to 30+ per dipper and 
some Anopheles could always be found. When, however, sunfishes 
were introduced into one of these pens the number of larve quickly 
fell to one-third per dipper. 

This pond is deep and cold, being fed by springs, and fish food 
is not overabundant, while sunfishes are very plentiful, so that 
they are probably chronically hungry, as is indicated by the eager- 
ness with which they will take almost any kind of bait. Not all of 
the credit for keeping this pond so nearly free from wrigglers should 
be given to the common sunfishes, for there were also long-eared 
sunfishes, calico bass, and roach present. Except for the last, how- 
ever, the common sunfishes were by far the most plentiful, and the 
area of freedom from mosquitoes corresponded exactly with the 
observed area of their activities, while it did not agree so closely 


on 


aie dl 


FISHES FOR CONTROL OF MOSQUITOES. 47 


with the range of the others. Moreover they were the only species 
that was actually seen to eat the larvee and the only one in whose 
stomachs larvee were actually found, 

On the plant of the Hercules Powder Co., at Kenvil, N. J., is a 
natural pond of several acres area. This was visited in September, 
1918, and thoroughly examined on August 18 and 14, 1920, a time 
when mosquito breeding was generally at a rather low ebb. Most 
of the shore of this pond was clean, and while vegetation was often 
plentiful it was seldom sufficiently dense to form an effective barrier 


to prying fishes. There were many excellent places for the nesting 


of sunfishes, and that they had been utilized was shown by the large 
number of young seen everywhere patrolling the shores to the water’s 
edge. Young roach also were plentiful but showed less of the ex- 
ploring instinct. Nowhere round these shores, even among the 
vegetation, were any mosquito larve found except at one point, where 
a heavy log had lodged across the mouth of a small bight and being 
both ea sunken in the bottom and reaching above the surface 
formed a complete dam. Behind this in the cut-off pool larve of 
both Culex pipiens and Anopheles were found, and this was the 
only Se in the pond that was not open to the fishes and the only 
one where breeding was detected. 

On the other hand, in a near-by swamp where there were no fishes 
there was abundant breeding of Culea pipiens and Aedes sylvestris, 
and immediately across a low narrow railroad embankment was a 
large pool, except for size, exactly similar to Duck Pond and probably 
originally part of it and now fed by seepage through the embank- 
ment. In this pool there were no fishes of any kind and Culex pipiens 
was breeding everywhere in moderate numbers (3.4 per dipper). 
The stomach contents of the fishes taken in Duck Pond are shown in 
Table 7 (No. 20813g, p. 44). The sunfishes contained 40 per cent of 
chironomid and a few other larve, the remainder being entomos- 
tracans with a trace of alge. In the 13 stomachs examined no 
mosquito remains were found. More than a score of similar instances 
might be given showing a correlation between the distribution of the 
common sunfish in particular bodies of water and the absence or 


‘ paucity of mosquito larve, together with their presence in parts of 


the same waters to which fishes do not penetrate. 

The history of mosquito breeding (chiefly Culex pipiens) in the 
larger pond in the University of Pennsylvania botanical gardens il- 
lustrates some of the conditions limiting the effectiveness of the com- 
mon sunfish in relation to mosquito control. This pond (figs. 12, 13, 
14) is filled with water lilies and other ornamental plants, but in few 
places is the growth dense enough to prevent the small sunfishes 
which occur in great numbers from reaching all parts of the shore 
line. Besides the common sunfish were some long-eared sunfish in 
the ratio of about 3 to 1, many large goldfish, and a very few roach. 
Bullfrogs and tadpoles were very abundant, and there were some 
predacious beetles and bugs. There were no young goldfishes, as the 
sunfishes ate their eggs as fast as laid. The sunfishes, however, bred 
successfully. Many nests were seen, and the young abounded dur- 
ing the summer. 

uring May and the first half of June, 1918, mosquitoes were 
flying in considerable numbers (produced by some tubs of water in a 


87028°—22——4 


48 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


potting shed) and ovipositing. In the pond they made no headway, 
except within the fine wire check pen and in a gutter, also screened 
off from the fishes. 

By the first week in July these conditions had greatly changed. 
The vegetation had become much more dense, and masses of Con- 
ferve had collected along the shore. On July 8 mosquito larve, 
mostly in early stages, were found almost everywhere near the shore 
and in places where the vegetation was heaviest were as numerous 
as within the check pens. But even large larve were found in places 
fully accessible to the fishes. At this time the water was swarming 
with Daphnia, and great numbers of plant lice were falling from the 
leaves of water lilies and other plants. In the bottom mud and on 
submerged plants chironomid larve of several kinds were in very 
great numbers. Examination of stomachs of sunfishes (Table 7, 
No. 18708d, p. 42) at this time showed them to be packed full of this 
abundant and nutritious food to the neglect of mosquito larvee. 
During July the numbers of entomostracans and plant lice gradually 
diminished, but the chironomid larvee remained plentiful and formed 
the chief food of the sunfishes. 

About the middle of August a reduction was apparent in these 
also. On August 13 mosquito larve were again detected in the 
stomachs (Table 7, No. 18813a, c), the contents of which became 
much more varied, indicative of a necessity of covering a wider range 
in foraging. On August 28 mosquito breeding had been nearly 
abolished in the pond generally but continued with undiminished ac- 
tivity in the check pens, while some tubs of water nearby were swarm- 
ing with larve. The stomachs of sunfishes (No. 18820d) examined at 
this time (Aug. 20) contained many young larve of mosquitoes; 
one 2-inch specimen had eaten little else. Later, as the rate of breed- 
ing declined, they again disappeared from the stomachs. Until mos- 
quito breeding ceased about the middle of October conditions re- 
mained the same. Breeding was negligible, the number of larve 
averaging about 1 in each 4 samples taken in all parts of the pond, 
while in the check pens the average fell gradually from 13 to 2.3 per 
sample on October 11, when the last count was made. 

In 1919 the first oviposition of Culex pipiens in this pond was 
observed on May 2. The first Culex larve were found in stomachs 
of fishes taken on May 16 (Table 7, No. 19516a). On May 19 light 
breeding was found in the check pens only. On May 24 the general 
average in the pond accessible to sunfish was three-fifths larva per 
sample. Most of these were small Culex pipiens, but an occasional 
Anopheles larva, mostly of large size, was found. In the coarse 
screen pen the average was nearly 1, and in the fine screen pen 
between 7 and 8 per dipper, some being nearly full-grown Culex. 
In the gutter the rate was about the same as the last and a few 
Culex pup and Anopheles larve were found. 

On June 5 the pond generally yielded one-fourth larva per sample. 
This rose to 4 to 6 in the coarse screen pen and the densest vegeta- 
tion, to 20 (mostly first and second stage Culex) in the fine screen 
pen and to 8 to 15 Culex and 1 to 6 Anopheles in the gutter. Many 
of the latter were full grown or nearly so. The stomachs of fishes 
(Table 7, Nos. 19524c, d, and 19611c, e) taken during this period 
frequently yielded mosquito larve. On June 18 these breeding avy- 


FISHES FOR CONTROL OF MOSQUITOES. 49 


erages were, respectively, 0.25, 3.6, 14, and 5 and on June 30, 2.5, 3, 
about 20, and 13, respectively. On July 21 they were nearly 3, 4, 
and 16, there being no record for the gutter, as the water had flowed 
around the screens. 

The next thorough examination was made on August 15. During 
the interval heavy rains had flooded the ponds and escaped Gambusia 
as well as young sunfish had penetrated everywhere except the line 
screen check pen. In correspondence with this there was practically 
no breeding anywhere except in this pen. In 60 samples taken in all 
parts of the two ponds no larve were found in the small pond, 2 
small Culex in the gutter, and 3 in the large pond. How much of 
this reduction was due to the sunfish and how much to the top 
minnow could not be determined. Stomach contents of sunfishes 
(Table 7, p. 43, Nos. 19721a, d; 19806b; and 19815a, e) taken 
during this period gave results similar to those obtained in 1918, 
namely, during the period of great abundance of chironomid larvee 
and other food in July and early August mosquito larvee were neg- 
lected but reappeared in the food on August 15 as part of a much 
more varied diet. On later dates, owing probably to the presence 
of Gambusia and greatly diminished breeding, none were found in 
the stomachs. 

These and similar experiments made on ponds in Delaware County 
and numerous observations made at other places make it clear that 
the common sunfish is very effective in keeping culicine breeding in 
check, except for a period from about the middle of June to early 
August, during which the great abundance of attractive and easily 
secured food leads to the neglect of the mosquito larve, at that time 
well protected by the increased vegetation. The fact that this is 
their breeding season probably also affects this result. Later in the 
summer they again turn to mosquitoes, as is evidenced both by the 
diminution in the numbers of the latter and by their presence in the 
stomachs of the fishes. There is also a parallel effect upon anopheline 
breeding, but this is far less evident and certain and is not supported 
by the results of stomach examinations. The very efficient control 
that was exercised during August and September, in spite of the 
greater density of the plant growths, is due mainly to the large num- 
bers of young sunfishes which penetrated the vegetation and entered 
the very shallow waters. 

Some of the experiments in Palisades Interstate Park during July 
and August, 1919, were made on a larger scale and show the positive 
role of this species in mosquito contro] even more clearly. Of these, 
two typical experiments in which the common sunfish was the chief 
actor will be described. The first (D.1) relates to a little sheltered 
cove (figs. 6, 7, 8) described on page 21. On the open shore of the 
lake outside of this area there was no breeding except in detached 
pools, etc. No fishes were found in the barred area, but outside 
of it they were numerous. Mud minnows, young roach, long-eared 
sunfishes, blue-spotted sunfishes, stone catfishes, and especially com- 
mon sunfishes were seined. Adults of the latter and of the long- 
eared sunfish were breeding in large numbers along a sandy and 
gravelly shore here, and 100 nests were counted without exhausting 
them. No mosquitoes were detected in the stomachs of sunfishes 
taken on this date (July 5), 


50 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


On July 10 and 11 the obstructions were removed and most of the 
choked area (D 1) opened to fishes. On the latter day large numbers 
of mud minnows and common sunfishes had entered these waters. 
Most of the latter, which were very numerous, were yearling fish 
from 2 to 3 inches long. Of the stomachs of 10 examined (Table 7, 
No. 2331, p. 44) mosquito larve were detected in four, the remaining 
food being of the mixed character found in fishes taken outside of this 
area and consisting chiefly of chironomid larve with some other 
insects, mollusks, minute crustaceans, and a small amount of plant 
remains. 

The rate of breeding in different parts of this area on July 10 
averaged from 16 to 60 per 10 samples at each point, or 32 for the 
entire area. 

On July 15 the rate of breeding had fallen greatly in all places 
accessible to the fishes but remained undiminished where still barred 
to them. 

The area was next seined on July 24, when large numbers of sun- 
fishes were taken close inshore throughout the experimental area. 
Of seven (Table 7, No. 2360a, b) examined, mosquito larve and 
pupz were detected in three, and in one of these were several. The 
breeding rate had fallen to an average of below 4 for the opened 
area, while in unaltered checks, natural cut-off pools, and pens it 
averaged 28, including some pupz of both Culex pipiens and Aedes 
sylvestris. 

On July 30 only an occasional mosquito larva could be found in 
the opened waters while in the checks the rate was undiminished. 
Of 3 stomachs of sunfishes (Table 7, No. 2364b) taken here which 
were examined 1 contained 3 Culex pipiens larve. 

On August 23 breeding averaged 1 larva to 5 dippers except in an 
occasional sheltered spot where egg boats or newly hatched larvee 
were found. In the latter case counts ran as high as 6 per dipper. 
In the checks the averages for each ran from 8 to 20 larve and 
pupe in addition to many egg boats. On this date, of 13 stomachs 
(Table 7, Nos. 2377a and 2377b) examined, only 2 contained mosquito 
larvee, showing a falling off in their use as food as their numbers 
diminish. 

Similar treatment was given to a shallow bay (fig. 1) at Globe 
Camp (J 3) on Car Pond. This exceeds 500 feet in length and 
averages 300 feet wide. At its head and along its eastern side was 
a heavy growth of emergent vegetation, chiefly grasses, while in the 
open water just off the shore was a dense barrier of Ceratophyllum 
and Utricularia. Along this side and about the head a low rocky 
shore was favorable to the formation of many small pools isolated by 
rocks and other barriers from the open waters (fig. 4). When first ex- 
amined on July 7, 1919, an area exceeding an acre was badly choked 
with driftwood and débris in addition to the vegetation. In this 
stagnant area Utricularia, Lemna, and filamentous algze were grow- 
ing luxuriantly, the water was somewhat contaminated by kitchen 
drainage from one of the camps, and conditions were ideal for 
breeding of Culex pipiens. Large numbers of the larve and egg 
boats of this species were found not only in the choked part of the 
bay, but also associated with Aedes sylvestris, especially in the iso- 
lated pools (40+ per sample). Fishes (mud minnows, common sun- 


FISHES FOR CONTROL OF MOSQUITOES, 51 


fishes, and young roach) were abundant on the clear shores and 
among the more open vegetation. 

On the afternoon of July 11 this area was cleared of obstructions, 
some grass was cut and removed, and some detached pools were 
opened up. Some of the latter and several small portions of the 
former were allowed to remain unchanged as checks. On July 12, 
a.m., a collection of fishes (Table 7, No. 2335, p. 44) was made close 
to shore in the opened waters. Six of 10 sunfishes examined contained 
Culex larve; 1, a pupa. On July 15 mud minnows and sunfishes 
in large numbers had penetrated to all parts of the opened area and 
the breeding rate had fallen to an average of 3.6 per sample, while 
it averaged 25, including a few Anopheles, in unopened parts. 

On July 24 swarms of young sunfishes averaging about three- 
fourths of an inch long were feeding here close to shore. There 
were also a few yearling sunfishes, mud minnows, and a few blue- 
spotted sunfishes. Collections were made at three points—on the 
originally clean shore where mosquito breeding had not been ob- 
served, on the shore at the head of the opened area, and within sev- 
eral of the opened pools. Sample stomach contents of these are 
shown in Table 7. Of the first lot, five stomachs (No. 2356b) con- 
tained no mosquito larve; of the second lot (No. 2356d), 6 out of 
10 of the stomachs showed a total of at least 13 larve and 2 pup 
together with several egg boats; of the third lot, every stomach ex- 
amined contained larvee, those (No. 2357b) shown in the table being 
all that were taken in one pool. The 4 contained at least 14 
larvee and 1 pupa. The remaining stomach contents were a few 
chironomid larve and entomostracans. In spots where two weeks 
before the breeding rate exceeded an average of 40 the number had 
fallen to 3.6 where the fishes had entered, whereas in pools and small 
areas from which they had remained debarred the average now ex- 
ceeded 50 per sample. 

On July 30 the average population of larve in opened-up pools 
from which mud minnows and sunfishes were collected was nearly 
4 (mostly newly hatched) per dipper, while exactly similar check 
pools containing no fishes so far as could be ascertained ran from 
45 to 80 or more, of which about 20 per cent were nearly full-grown 
larve, 3 or 4 per cent pup, and the rest mostly young stages. 
Both contained egg boats in about equal numbers. Large numbers of 
young sunfishes (Table 7, No. 2362b) about an inch long were taken 
alongshore close to the pools. The stomachs of 3 out of 10 of these 
contained mosquito larve, the bulk of the contents being chironomid 
larvee and entomostracans. [ive stomachs of fishes taken directly 
from the opened pools all contained mosquito larve, the remaining 
contents being similar to the last. 

Mosquito production in the opened waters continued at a low 
point throughout August. On August 23 breeding in the opened 
waters was at the rate of 14 small larve per dipper and in the 
checks 124 per dipper, including 8 per cent of last stage larvee 
and 2 per cent of pupx. In the shallow water fishes were much less 
in evidence on this date, but some small sunfishes, roach, and horned 
pout were seined close to shore. Of 6 of the former examined 
(Table 7, No. 2378a and 2378b) one 32 mm. long contained some 
eggs and larval bristles of Culex pipiens, and one yearling 3 full- 


52 U. &. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


erown intact Culex pipiens larve. In the others no.mosquito remains 
were found among the chironomid larve which formed the chief 
item of food of the larger and Entomostraca of the smaller fishes. 
On August 27, 1 larva per dipper in the open waters and 20-+- in the 
checks were found. 

Both of these areas (D 1 and J 3) as well as others were examined 
in August, 1920. Mosquito breeding about the lake shore generally 
at that time was at a low ebb. It was evident, however, that the 
work of the summer of 1919, supplemented by further clearing up 
of the shore lines while the water level was lowered, had had a lasting 
effect. Small sunfishes and other fishes were plentiful, and careful 
search in the opened areas disclosed absolutely no mosquito larvee. 
In sample check pools and other spots that remained closed to the 
fishes counts averaged for 10 samples each 2, 24, 34, 64, 18, and 20, 
most of the larve being Culex pipiens but some Aedes sylvestris. 

The above recorded data, together with many others of a similar 
character, should remove any doubt concerning the place occupied 
by the common sunfish in natural societies in which they are associ- 
ated with breeding mosquitoes. It is unquestionably an important 
agent antagonistic to the multiplication of the latter, the aquatic 
stages of which serve as food. Under the most favorable circum- 
stances this influence may amount to total suppression, in which, 
however, other fishes usually play a part. It is seldom that such fay- 
orable conditions exist throughout the entire extent of a pond or other 
body of water or continue through the entire season. Usually some 
mosquitoes will be produced in any body of water offering otherwise 
favorable conditions, and it is evident that in many cases the density 
of the immature mosquito population varies positively with the limi- 
tations placed upon the activity of sunfishes in feeding upon them. 

These limiting conditions are numerous and often delicate and com- 
plex. The principal ones disclosed by the data recorded in this 
paper are (1) the presence of barriers which more or less fully pre- 
vent the passage of the fishes and (2) an abundant supply of other 
easily accessible food. Under the former head the most important 
are dense growths of plants and a great variety of other mechanical 
obstructions which cut off areas of water often of very small extent 
and provide shelter and concealment where the mosquitoes may 
breed nearly unmolested. But the barriers may be physiological, 
such as result from changes in acidity,® temperature, or contamina- 
tion of the water. The influence of the food supply is complex and 
bears a close relation to the density of the fish population. If other 
food is abundant and the number of mosquito larvee small, the latter 
occupy a correspondingly unimportant place in the diet; but if for 
any reason the total available food supply be reduced or the supply 
of mosquito larvee available to the fishes be increased, the percentage 
of the latter found in the food correspondingly rises. ‘The influence 
of the fishes on mosquito breeding is therefore one of compensatory 
regulation which operates most vigorously when mosquitoes are 
breeding in large numbers and other equally accessible food is scarce 
and which falls as the supply of mosquitoes is diminished until a 
point of equilibrium for the existing conditions is reached. How 
‘to bring the mosquito element in this balance to the lowest possible 


5H ion concentration may be an important factor, which of the author’s students 
has agreed to investigate. 


FISHES FOR CONTROL OF MOSQUITOES, 53 


numerical point is the practical problem of natural mosquito control, 
but it is obvious that the sunfishes may be utilized in effecting it. 

Little more than this can be said for any species of fish that has 
been used in mosquito-control work. Both Fundulus heteroclitus and 
Gambusia affinis, the value of which is now acknowledged by practical 
antimosquito workers, are subject to similar limiting conditions, 
though not in exactly the same combinations or degrees. The recogni- 
tion of this fact in the case of Fundulus is the fundamental principle 
underlying the practical method used in controlling the salt-marsh 
mosquitoes, and Hildebrand (1919) has recently laid great stress upon 
the importance of plant growths in limiting the effectiveness of Gam- 
-busia. The author was much impressed with this fact during a visit 
of inspection of some of the antimalaria work in the South during the 
summer of 1918. It was very rarely that some Anopheles larve could 
not be found in bodies of water occupied by Gambusia. It is also 
probable that the factor of food supply operates with this species 
much as with the sunfish. The author has in mind particularly a 
small pond situated near the village of Hamburg, 8S. C., which 
swarmed with Gambusia and in which large numbers of Anopheles 
larve of all stages could be seen easily not only sheltered in Con- 
ferve pads and among débris, leaves, etc., but also to some extent 
floating in open spaces apparently in full view of the Gambusia. In 
this pond were great numbers of entomostracans, naidiform annelids, 
and various small insect larve. The Gambusia reacted toward the 
mosquito larve exactly as sunfishes do when overfed, and doubtless 
they were in the same state of satiation. 

In addition to the nine species of fishes treated above there is reason 
to believe that several others may have a supplementary or under spe- 
cial conditions even a primary value in mosquito control. Several of 
the minnows (Notropis) belong in this category. Like young roach, 
Notropis chalybaeus and NV. bifrenatus were observed to snap up mos- 
quito larvee with great eagerness when fed to them in the waters in 
which they lived under entirely natural conditions. Some experi- 
ments with these planned for the summer of 1920 had to be aban- 
doned. A most unexpected observation was the presence of Culex 
larvee in the stomachs of several of the swarming young of the yellow 
catfish (Ameturus nebulosus). The stickleback is another species 
worthy of investigation. About the shores of Carnegie Lake at. 
Princeton, N. J., there appears to be a close negative correlation be- 
tween this species and the presence of mosquito larve, including 
Anopheles. The young of the smallmouth black bass were observed 
on one occasion in Little Long Pond, Palisades Park, to feed eagerly 
on Culex pipiens larva when a boat half filled with water containing 
large numbers of them was emptied. 


SOME GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND CONSIDERATIONS BEARING 
UPON THE USE OF FISHES TO COMBAT MOSQUITOES. 


. _ In the preceding section there was presented considerable evidence 

that small fishes exert a powerful repressive influence upon the 
emergence of mosquitoes from fresh waters. This applies particu- 
larly to ponds, lakes, and sluggish streams under natural condi- 
tions. The relatively small numbers of mosquitoes produced by such 


54 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


waters result chiefly from this influence. Indeed, it may safely be 
said that were these fishes suddenly to be wiped out mosquitoes would 
* immediately and generally become intolerable nuisances. That the 
latter statement is not fanciful is sufficiently shown by the very 
numerous cases where precisely this result has followed such local 
disturbances of the balance. Many instances could be cited (for sey- 
eral see p. 25-26) where through human interference waters have 
become inaccessible or unsuited to mosquito-eating fishes chiefly 
through industrial or domestic pollution and thereupon have produced 
vast numbers of mosquitoes where previously there were few or none. 
Not a few of the worst mosquito pests from which the more populous 
regions of the northeastern States suffer are in whole or in part man 
made. 

Nevertheless, vast numbers of mosquitoes are produced under un- 
disturbed natural conditions. Witness the enormous swarms that 
occur at certain seasons even in many regions nearly or quite un- 
inhabited by man. For the most part these arise from temporary or 
_ other fishless waters. But even in waters in which fishes abound 
mosquito control is seldom or never perfect. Almost always some 
breeding may be detected, and it is evident that great differences in 
completeness of control exist in different ponds, in different parts 
of the same pond, or even in the same parts at different seasons. Fre- 
quently from ponds abundantly stocked with mosquito-eating fishes 
great numbers of mosquitoes will emerge at a certain part or season 
while otherwise they are effectually checked. To what may this va- 
riation be attributed? Evidently the initial rate of mosquito breed- 
ing is not the primary factor, for there is abundant evidence to show 
that with increase in the number of eggs laid and hatched within a 
given area there is a corresponding increase in the number eaten, so 
that this relation is largely self-regulating. There are other con- 
ditions limiting the degree to which aquatic stages of mosquitoes 
enter into the diet of fishes. 

If fishes are to be employed to the best advantage in mosquito- 
control work, these limiting conditions must be clearly defined. While 
in their entirety they are complex and variable with species and con- 
ditions, some of them are brought out by the studies described in the 
section on “ Methods and Results of Investigations on Fishes” (p. 7). 
In the first place, the farther typical pond conditions are departed 
from and the more closely typical still-water swamp conditions are 
approached the less effective fish control becomes until a point is 
reached at which it appears to cease altogether. Both direct obser- 
vation and experiment show that shallow water in itself does not 
deter the fishes, for young sunfishes and others will enter and feed 
in the very shallowest water clear to the actual shore line. If the 
water be physically fit, nothing but actual mechanical barriers will 
prevent the entrance of the more aferessive species, as was shown ex- 
perimentally. It is the broken and obstructive character of the waters 


and perhaps in addition the absence of deep-water retreats that de-_ 


bars them. 

By far the most generally prevalent and effective of such barriers 
is the vegetation growing in the shallows and at the shore. If these 
growths be dense, they will almost always afford shelters in which 


| 


a se 


P 
, 
? 
; 
: 
4 


FISHES FOR CONTROL OF MOSQUITOES, 55 


mosquitoes and especially the anophelines breed freely. This fact is 
so well known that such areas are generally recognized by antimos- 
quito workers as potential mosquito producers. Students of mos- 
quito-eating fishes also have pointed to the vegetation as enabling 
large numbers of larve to escape the fishes and to mature. As deal- 
ing with these waters, Seal, Smith, and Hildebrand may be cited. In 
most mosquito-control work in fresh waters much money is spent in 
removing vegetation, chiefly to facilitate spraying with larvicides, but 
partly to give access to fishes. Numerous observations agree that 
the latter respond promptly and effectively to such treatment. There 
is little doubt that in most uncontaminated ponds the problem of 
fuller mosquito control resolves itself mainly into a problem of plant 
control. If the plant barrier can be kept within bounds, the fishes will 
usually find and destroy most of the mosquitoes. To keep the vegeta- 
tion under subjection it is customary to cut it with scythes or sub- 
marine saws or to uproot with suitable tools and rake it out on the 
banks. This is effective while it lasts, but because of the repetition 
required becomes expensive. 

A number of observations made or collected by the writer indicate’ 
that a simple, effective, and economical method of accomplishing ade- 
quate control without actual destruction of the marginal and submar- 
ginal pond flora may be found in bodies of water in which the level 
can be regulated. This consists in alternately raising and lowering 
the water level so that periods in which the emergent and marginal 
vegetation is completely submerged and denied access to the air and 
full light are followed by periods when it is left high and dry above 
the water, exposed to the desiccating action of sun and wind. 

It is not intended to present here the full data upon which this sug- 


gestion is based. Such material is being gathered for later publica- 


tion, which also awaits the results of some experiments being carried 
out in Palisades Interstate Park under the direction of the chief engi- 
neer, Maj. W. A. Welch. Every observant person must have seen cases 
illustrating the repressive action on plant life of change of water level, 
and the striking effects of permanent drying of a swamp or pond or 
of the flooding of a new area previously dry are familiar to everyone. 
In the first instance aquatic ilante disappear and the area is occupied 
by land plants; in the second, the reverse takes place. 

Where changes in level are restricted similar but less extensive read- 
justments take place. When they are temporary, the changes are ini- 
tiated but checked and by reestablishment of the former levels reversed. 
Not infrequently it is noticeable that ponds serving as sources of in- 
dustrial or domestic water supply in which the water level fluctuates 
markedly because of unequal seasonal consumption or of unequal sup- 
ply have a sparse flora. The same is often true of rivers which become 
low during the dry period of late summer and autumn and full in the 


spring and early summer, as compared with rivers of steady volume 


of flow. It is also true of canal locks as compared with the uniformly 
filled body of the canal. It is sometimes the practice in pleasure 
parks open in the summer only to empty boating ponds during the 
winter. Such ponds are usually, if not always, barren of true aquatic 
and emergent plants. The author has known of a few ponds in which 
a well-established flora was greatly depleted by this custom. An 


56 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


oscillation of only 1 foot twice repeated during the summer of 1919 
produced an appreciable weakening effect on the vegetation of a pond 
near Media.® 

Among information and opinions furnished by others, an excerpt 
is quoted with permission from a letter from Clyde B. Terrell, who 
has had much experience in developing aquatic game preserves: 

Where it is possible to periodically lower and raise the water level, as you 
mentioned in your letter, this is possibly as good a method of destroying the 
vegetation as any. In our work of planting feeding grounds for ducks, fish, 
and game we have often had to remove undesirable growths to make room 
for the more desirable plants to provide food. * * * I know from personal 
experience that it is difficult to make any kind of vegetation grow where the 
water is constantly raised and lowered, especially if one can effect the change 
of depth of water of 8 or 10 feet. * * * JT have noticed that the establish- 
ment of aquatic growth was difficult where the water was raised and lowered 
by dams. I have two places in mind, one on the Coosa River, near Talladega 
Springs, Ala., and the other at Lake Delta, near Rome, N. Y. 

The ecological principles involved are manifest. The fixed pond 
margin flora is a complex made up of three principal associations, the 
submerged aquatic, the aquatic emergent, and the landward marsh 
plants. These are in constant and severe competition, but as each 
species grows best under certain optimum conditions of depth, bot- 
tom, soil, etc., the zones which they occupy remain clearly defined 
so long as the level remains constant, but when the water level fluc- 
tuates these optimum conditions shift and the zones become ill defined 
and overlapping. If the level be varied at such periods that optimum 
conditions for few or none of the plants are maintained for a time 


sufficiently long to enable them to become well established at the new . 


levels, not only is competition increased, but nearly every component 
of the flora is weakened by unfavorable conditions of changing 
severity. It is to be expected, therefore, that the flora as an aggregate 
will deteriorate. The details of the process are familiar to every 
field biologist and need not be dwelt upon here. 

Inasmuch as different species of plants differ greatly in their 
adaptability and powers of resistance to this treatment, what is most 
needed is that the frequency, length, and season of the periods neces- 
sary to effective control of particular associations and species should 
be worked out experimentally. A few long periods of considerable 
amplitude of change will prove more effective than many short ones 
of little change as the adaptive factor of safety of most plants will 


carry them through the latter. A whole association of plants has . 


become adapted to and thrives under diurnal tidal fluctuations. But 
there is an experimentally determinable limit of endurance. The 
more the physiological factor of safety is strained the more the plant 
will suffer. What is harmful to one type of plant will prove bene- 
ficial to another, and reversal of conditions should take place before 
the replacing types have become well established. These compensat- 


ing effects will prove the best index for determining the number and . 


length of periods and the range of oscillation necessary to secure the 
most complete control. Probably some plants, especially perennials, 
will require supplementary measures. 

If persons desirous of effecting mosquito control in ponds by means 
of fishes would employ this method wherever possible, a suitable 


6In a paper published while this report was in press Headlee (1921, p. 172) recom- 
mends dropping the level of water about 12 inches in June and returning it to the former 
level at the close of the season as a means of opening the plant barrier to fishes. 


FISHES FOR CONTROL OF MOSQUITOES, 57 


technique could be quickly worked out and the practicability and 
limitations of the method determined. By what means and under 
what conditions it can be economically applied, and how it may be 
adjusted to the uses to which the ponds are put are questions for the 
engineers to determine. In'the lakes of Palisades Park these have 
been solved, at least tentatively. In glacial and other lakes of fixed 
level mechanical means must continue to be employed. 

A second limitation depends upon the available food supply. The 
experiments with the common sunfish show that during periods of 
great abundance of other food the number of mosquito larve de- 
stroyed decreases and the rate of residual breeding and number of 
winged mosquitoes produced increases. There is also some evidence 
that the same holds true of other species of fishes. To maintain a 
maximum antimosquito efficiency of the fishes the general food supply 
should be kept at a minimum. When the fishes are hungry they are 
more alert and active foragers and will seek out and eat more mosqui- 
toes than when overfed. As food supply relative te the consuming 
population and not the absolute food supply is the factor with which 
we are concerned, it is clear that a pond containing a superabundance 
of fish food is generally one insufficiently stocked with fishes. This 
condition is therefore best remedied not directly but indirectly by 
increasing the fish population. This reaches a higher maximum 
when a variety of fishes rather than only one or two species are 
introduced. Doubtless the most satisfactory conditions will result 
in ponds stocked not only with a variety of small mosquito-eating 
fishes but with suitable food and game fishes as well. The fry of 
black bass, calico bass, and doubtless of other similar species will 
eat mosquitoes and compete for the other food of the small fishes: 
The reduction of the flora will assist by its direct influence upon the 
insects and other animal fish food dependent upon it. 

As a third important condition for permanent stocking, care must 
be taken to provide suitable conditions for propagation. This in- 
eludes not only suitable places for oviposition or nesting sites but 
means for insuring the safety and food supply of the young. Ex- 
actly what will be required depends upon the species involved and 
the characteristics of the body of water. In general, the welfare of 
the fry is best secured by providing shallow refuges and shelters 
to which they can escape and where they can find suitable food. 
This desideratum comes somewhat into conflict with that of re- 
duction of plant barriers, for conditions affording shelter to fish 
fry may also afford shelter to mosquito larve. This is an addi- 


tional reason for not completely destroying the shallow-water vegeta- 


tion. Most of the larger fishes are deterred by a plant screen of a 
density that the smaller ones and fry will pass, and the presence 
of predacious fishes in the deeper water outside of the screen may 
be expected to concentrate the mosquito-eating fishes in the very areas 
where they will meet with the mosquito larve. The ideal should 
be to provide conditions that will afford the maximum concentration 
of mosquito-eating fishes with the minimum of shelter and protec- 
tion to breeding mosquitoes. There is little doubt that this can 
be attained through intelligent experimentation. If a thoroughly 
rational system of balanced aquiculture is once worked out, it is prob- 
able that many ponds will produce fish food for human consump- 
tion having a value exceeding the cost of establishing and main- 


58 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


taining an efficient and aimost self-operating natural mosquito 
control. . 

These studies also illustrate the general attributes that a species 
of fish should possess in order to be of value in mosquito control. 
They are: First, that it will eat mosquito eggs, larvee, and pupe, 
when accessible, at least as readily as other food; second, that it 
can maintain itself in the habitat and biota to which the mosquito 
belongs; third, that it can propagate rapidly under the conditions 
afforded by the bodies of water concerned ; fourth, that it is abundant, 
widely distributed, and adaptable; and, fifth, that it is active and of 
aggressive habit. There are other qualities requisite for particular 
conditions, but the usefulness of any species is limited by the de- 
gree to which it departs from the maximum of the five characteristics 
named. 

SUMMARY. 


1. No fish to which mosquitoes are more than an incidental item of 
the diet has been found in the fresh waters of the northeastern States. 

2. Several species of small fishes and the young of some larger ones 
native to these waters eat mosquito larvee, pups, and eggs more or 
less habitually. 

3. The most important of these mosquito repressors are the com- 
mon sunfish, the mud minnow, and the common killifish. 

4, Fishes are far more detrimental to culicine than to anopheline 
mosquitoes. While in the aggregate fishes destroy vast numbers of 
eggs, larvee, and pups and (along with other enemies) probably pre- 
vent mosquitoes from becoming everywhere an intolerable nuisance, 
the destruction is never complete. Some breeding of mosquitoes con- 
tinues in nearly all bodies of fresh water even when well stocked with 
mosquito-eating fishes. 

5. This imperfect suppression arises through conditions limiting 
the efficacy of the fishes, most important of which are (a) the barriers 
that almost all natural bodies of water afford and which prevent the 
fishes from finding the young mosquitoes, and (b) abundance of 
other food for the fishes. Water contaminated by an excess of decay- 
ing vegetation, or otherwise, favors mosquito production, inasmuch 
as most native mosquito-eating fishes do not thrive in such water. 

6. The most prevalent barriers are the shallow water and marginal 
vegetation. 

7. In ponds formed by dams provided with head gates a simple, 
effective, and economical method of controlling and reducing the 
marginal vegetation is by lowering and raising the water level peri- 
odically, thus alternately drying and drowning the plants. In ponds 
and lakes of fixed level mechanical means of clearing the margins 
must be employed. 

8. The most practical method of keeping the per capita food sup- 
ply low is by overstocking with a variety of small fishes. Reduction 
of the vegetation also diminishes the supply of fish food. 

9. Rapid multiplication of small fishes should be encouraged by 
providing suitable nesting sites and protection for the fry. 

10. The common sunfish is the most useful species for ponds and 
lakes generally. With it may be associated the long-eared sunfish, 
roach, some of the smaller minnows, black bass, ete. If there is much 
aquatic vegetation, the blue-spotted sunfish will prove a valuable 


pias 
7 


FISHES FOR CONTROL OF MOSQUITOES, 59 


addition; if very shallow or swampy areas occur, the mud minnow. 
The common killifish is very effective in fresh and brackish tidal 
marshes, and the translucent killifish is useful in upland creeks and 
dams. J 

11. Gambusia has not survived the northern winters but multi- 
plies so rapidly that it may be used effectively against both Culex 
and Anopheles in small ponds and water gardens by planting a small 
number each spring. Small goldfishes are useful in fountain basins 
and smail ponds with clean sides and are preferable to Gambusia for 
use In rain barrels and tanks. 


LITERATURE CITED. 
BAKER, FRANK C, 
1916. The relation of mollusks to fish in Oneida Lake, N. Y. Technical 
Publication No. 4, New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse 
University, Vol. XVI, No. 21, p. 23-324. Syracuse. 
BARNEY, R. L., and B. J. ANSON. 
1921. Abundance of the mosquito destroying top minnow, Gambusia affnis, 
especially in relation to male frequency. Ecology, Vol. II, No. 1, 
p. 538-69. Lancaster, Pa. 
CuHIDESTER, I. E. : 
1916. <A biological study of the more important of the fish enemies of tlie 
salt-marsh mosquitoes. New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Sta- 
tions Bulletin 300, 16 p., 1 pl., 2 text figs. New Brunswick, N. J. 
Forses, 8. A 
1883. The food of the smaller fresh-water fishes. Bulletin, Illinois State 
Laboratory of Natural History, Vol. I, No. 6, p. 65-94. Peoria, Ill. 
Forbes, 8. A., and R. EH. RicHaRpDson. 
1908. The fishes of Illinois. Natural History Survey of Illinois, State 
Laboratory of Natural History, Vol. III, exxxi+357 DP. Dan- 
ville, Ill. 
Fow ter, H. W. 
1907. Gambusia in New Jersey. Science, N. S., Vol. XXVI, No. 671, p. 
689. New Era Printing Co., Lancaster, Pa. 
Hankinson, T. L. 
1908. A biological survey of Walnut Lake, Mich. Michigan State Biolog- 
ical Survey Report for 1907, p. 156-288, 75 pls. Lansing. 
HEADLEE, THOMAS J. 
1921. The mosquitoes of New Jersey and their control. New Jersey Agri- 
cultural Experiment Stations Bulletin 348, 229 p., 129 text figs. 
New Brunswick, N. J. 
and MitcHEL CARROLL. 
1919. The mosquito must go. New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Sta- 
tions Circular 111, 44 p., 10 text figs. New Brunswick, N. J. 
HILDEBRAND, SAMUEL F. 
i919. Fishes in relation to mosquito control in ponds. Appendix IX, Re- 
port U. 8. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1918, 15 p., 3 text figs., 
6 pls. Washington. 
Howarp, LELAND O., HARRISON G. DyAr, and FREDERICK KNAB. 
1912. The mosquitoes of North and Central America and the West Indies. 
A general consideration of mosquitoes, their habits, and their rela- 
tion to the human species. Carnegie Institution of Washington, 
Publication No. 159, volume one, vii+520 p., XIV pls., 6 text figs. 
Lord Baltimore Press, Baltimore, Md. 
1912. The mosquitoes of North and Central America and the West Indies. 
Plates. IJbid., volume two, x p., 150 pls. 
1915. The mosquitoes of North and Central America and the West Indies. 
Systematic description (in two parts). Part I. Jbid., volume 
three, vi+523 p. 
1917. Idem. Part II. Jbid., volume four, p. 525-1064. 
JORDAN, DAVID STARR, and BARTON WARREN EVERMANN. 
1896. The fishes of North and Middle America. <A descriptive catalogue 
; of the species of fish-like vertebrates found in the waters of North 
America, north of the Isthmus of Panama. Part I. Bulletin U.S. 
National Museum, No. 47, 1x-+1240 p. Washington. 
1898. Idem. Part II. xxx p.+p. 1241-2183. 
1898. Idem. Part III. xxiv p.+p. 2183a-3136. 


60 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


NEw JERSEY Mosquito EXTERMINATION ASSOCIATION. 

1914. Proceedings of the New Jersey Mosquito Extermination Association 
of the State of New Jersey. First Annual Meeting. 92 p., 1 fig. 
Trenton, N. J. 

1915. Idem. Second Annual Meeting. 136 p. 

1916. Idem. Third Annual Meeting. 159 p., 14 figs. 

1917. Idem. Fourth Annual Meeting. . 205 p., 18 figs. 

1918. Idem. Fifth Annual Meeting. 117 p., 3 figs. 

1919. Idem. Sixth Annual Meeting. 144 p. 

1920. Idem. Seventh Annual Meeting. 132 p. 

PEARSE, A. S. ‘ 

1918. The food of the shore fishes of certain Wisconsin Lakes. Bulletin, 
U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Vol. XX XV, 1915-16, p. 247-292. Wash- 
ington. 

REIGHARD, J. 

1915. An ecological reconnoissance of the fishes of Douglas Lake, Cheboy- 
gan County, Mich., in midsummer. Bulletin, U. S. Bureau of Fish- 
eries, Vol. XX XITI, 1913, p. 215-249. Washington. 

SEAL, WILLIAM P. 

1908. Fishes and the mosquito problem. Their serviceability as mosquito 
exterminators. Scientific American Supplement, Vol. 65, No. 1691, 
p. 851-352. Munn & Co., New York City. 

1910. Fishes in their relation to the mosquito problem. Bulletin, U. 8. 
Bureau of Fisheries, Vol. XXVIII, 1908, Part 2, p. 831-838. Wash- 
ington. } 

SMITH, JOHN B. 

1904. Report of New Jersey State Agricultural Experiment Station upon 
the mosquitoes occurring within the State, their habits, life his- 
tory, etc. v+482 p., 136 text figs. Trenton, N: J. 


O 


USS. B.0F.—Doec;, 923: 


its head. 


Fic. 1—Globe Camp bay, Palisades Interstate Park, showing the plant-grown area (Sta. J) at 


Fic. 2.—Globe Camp bay showing details of vegetation and shore conditions at mouth of Stahahe 
Brook near pool J 6. 


U. S. B. F.—Doe. 92 


Fic. 4.—dead of Globe Camp bay showing shore conditions with mosquito-breeding pools and 
obstructions on July 9. The upright stake marks pool J 4 which was opened by removing the 
stone and logs on the opposite side. Compare figure 5. 


U. S. B. F.—Doc. 923. 


Fic. 5.—Head of Globe Camp bay after removal of obstructions, showing the pool J 4 opened into 
the lake. The stake marking it is inclined. Compare with figure 4. 


Fic. 6.—Head of Brooklyn Industrial cove, Palisades Interstate Park, showing obstructions 
in the mosquito-breeding area in the foreground (D 1), July 9. 


U. S. B. F.—Doc. 923. 


Fic. 7.—The same cove as in figure 6 showing emergent vegetation, etc., at mouth ofa rivulet (D 4), 
July 9. 


Fic. 8.—The head of Brooklyn Industrial cove after clearing out driftwood and brush and opening 
of passages through the vegetation. Taken a little to the left of figure 7 with the camera 
farther from the water. 


U. S. B. F.—Doc. 923. 


Fic. 9.—Shore conditions on west side of Cedar Lake, Palisades Interstate Park, showing character 
of the vegetation at shallow bay where blue-spotted sunfish abound. At the right are the lake 
waters. At the foot of the man is a cut-off mosquito-breeding pool (M). 


Fic. 10.—Details of the pool (M 1) showing the broken Lemna mat and clear patches of water on 
one of which a library card is floating. No fishes were found here. 


U. S. B. F.—Doc. 923. 


Fic. 11.—Rock pool (M 2) on shore of Cedar Lake, the lake waters to the left foreground, a library 
card floating on the surface of the pool and a tree root and rock separating the two. 


Fic. 12.—The inlet of the larger pond in the University of Pennsylvania botanical garden showing 
one of the screen check pens (A 6). 


U. S. B. F.—Doc. 923. 


ar 


POE tg 


Fia. 13.—Another portion of the same pond (A 3) shown in figure 12, illustrating the character of the 
shore and emergent vegetation. 


Fiac. 14.—Portion of smaller pond (B), University of Pennsylvania, showing character of marginal 
vegetation. The Lemna mat which later in the season completely covers this pond has not yet 
appeared. This pond was used for Gambusia experiments. 


MORTALITY IN PIKE-PERCH EGGS IN HATCHERIES.’ 


By Franz SCHRADER, formerly I’ish Pathologist, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, 
and 
SaLty HucHeES Scuraper, Temporary Assistant, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. 


The remarkable losses in the hatching of pike-perch (Stizostedion 
vitreum) eggs have frequently made this phase of fish culture a 
ground for investigation. It is, however, not unjust to say that very 
little detailed study has been made and that no definite conclusion 
as to the causes of the high death rate has ever been reached. 

The methods used in the handling of parent fish and eggs are, in 
the main, very much alike at the various stations that hatch pike 
perch. The fishes are caught in nets that are usually pulled once a 
day, weather permitting. Those that are ripe are stripped immedi- 
ately, either in the field or at the hatchery, while the rest are retained 
in pens or live boxes. They are examined in turn daily until found to 
be ripe. In some years the sexes are found to be disproportionate in 
number. If males are scarce, the same individual may be used to 
obtain milt on several successive days. Fertilization is by the dry 
method, no water, or very little water, being used in the process. Milt 
and eggs are stripped into a bowl in more or less regular alternation, 
and the whole is gently stirred at frequent intervals to insure the con- 
tact of the eggs with the sperm. When the bowl is sufficiently full— 
generally after 10 to 15 minutes—the contents are diluted with water 
which after a varying period is poured off and renewed until the eggs 
are contained in clear water. Cohesion of the eggs, which at this time 
are extremely sticky, is prevented by active stirring or by adding 
silt or starch to the water in addition to such mechanical agitation, 
Finally, after several hours, the eggs are put into the hatching jars 
through which a gentle current of water is kept flowing. 

As already indicated, the losses are very great. Nevin (1887) 
considers a hatch of 50 per cent’ a very fair success, and this would 
be agreed to by most fish-culturists. The cause of this great mor- 
tality is, in general, ascribed to failure of the eggs to be fertilized 
or else to injuries incurred while the eggs are being handled, espe- 
cially the active stirring and the addition of foreign materials to 
prevent cohesion. It seems almost certain that these last-named 
crude procedures—which so far are unavoidable—are very apt to be 


1 Appendix V to the Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1922. B. F. 
Doc. No. 926. 


91376°—22 : 


2 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


harmful, and a certain amount of loss is probably due to them. 
Reighard (1890) found that by very careful handling of the eggs at 
and immediately after fertilization the percentage of eggs that 


started segmentation soon after fertilization could be considerably . 


increased. Describing the loss met with in the ordinary course of 
the routine methods, he states that in 252 samples examined 11 per 
cent had died due to lack of impregnation and 33 per cent due to 
injury. Unfortunately, although he designates the day and hour 
at which these observations were made, the age of the eggs is not 
specifically given. From the context it would appear as 29 hours. 
It seems that an egg was designated as dead when it showed an 
opaque white color, a criterion which was adopted also in the present 
investigation. 

The figures of the losses in ordinary handling of pike-perch eggs. 
given by Reighard are somewhat at variance with those given by 
L. H. Almy in some unpublished notes on the pike perch. His find- 
ings and those of the authors follow: 


Almy. Schrader and Schrader 
Age of eggs. P rca Age of eggs. P pee 

BPAOUIES eee TN Ne Ee I Bt. Sd 275) hours. Ab Wiad ae Too 0.5 
ZLOB TN CEPT CIM 2 Say ane en era ee 50/4. ]|)4 bouns 80 miniites...) siedsee aes see 1.0 
ole Seay ioe a lls SE er ee ae 8.1.|| Shours 15minutes- .-..-2scL 22.2. ee 2.4 
MSP etd Lede tag CEA tee cles te 12467) 49-hours: 2... Rebs bee eee eee 4,3 
EDN craic oly SU ae ie ae ed S10 || SO ROUTS. ose. oe oe aes shee ee ane 5.0 
AS esas ts 8 UE. Oe = REE to eee 35: 55) 2adays. A. bbs .2s Sao ee de oe 8.3 
UNS oe see BS Socata cunt wort ok shot ee 89,10 WB. CayScc- soar et doves ee owas. te setneseasene 13.3 
BEEN in oS i talline cea a Dc Re re UY a: 97 6 Pa Pe ep ae (ne 33. 2: 

SOS gdb SETA. Si ee SE 37.1 


It will be seen that in contrast to the 33 per cent of white eggs 
given by Reighard, Almy observed only 5.4 per cent at 27 hours, 
while our own observations are lower still. Almy’s and our figures 
agree fairly well, the latter being lower up to two days and a trifle 
higher at four days. It is not quite clear to what such a discrepancy 
could be due, although Reighard’s hypothesis of injury as a cause 
of mortality would, of course, itself allow for large differences on 
account of the varying skill and care bestowed on the eggs. (Tem- 
perature conditions were in all cases apparently the same, the water 
being in the neighborhood of 45° F.) Reighard describes the in- 
jury as taking place most easily over the oil globule, and there is 
no reason to dispute the observation. However, the following ex- 
planation which he advances to account for this phenomenon does 
not seem to rest on a very firm physical basis (Reighard, 1890, pp. 
33, 34) : 

In the natural position the yolk sphere lies with its lower half against the 
egg membranes. These membranes, therefore, support this half of the yolk, 
surrounding it as if it were resting at the bottom of a cup. The upper half 
of the yolk is, on the contrary, not of the same form as the investing membrane ; 
its spherical surface is interrupted by the protruding oil globule. 


The result of this arrangement is that when any pressure is brought to bear 
on the egg membranes, so that the space within which the yolk lies is reduced, 


the yolk is able to resis. this pressure by fitting itself against the egg mem- ~ 


brane at every part of its surface except over the oil globule, The strain, 


a oe 


MORTALITY IN PIKE-PERCH EGGS IN HATCHERIES. a 


therefore, comes on that part of the protoplasmic investment of the yoke which 
covers the oil globule and here it bursts. In almost every case the white spot 
which indicates the rupture of the yoke investment makes its appearance at 
the oil globule, usually at the equator. 


Almy’s as well as our own observations show that the death rate 
increases rapidly and steadily to the fourth day and then advances 
more slowly. To begin with, it must be noticed that a small per- 
centage of dead eggs is found practically as soon as the fishes are 


2 CN SD Ss 
Besos cleat | Pec chat 
Ae 2 ae eae 
bee | ee OT Se a 
A Ns NRE OSL FT he UE es a 
Rah ae ices 


-_ 
_ 


5 : ja VY 
oO = x > o 


‘Ss bbe fo juve 4) 


f) — —— 
a a ca 
ee AAA Fae cl 7 ea 
5 cS 
ie oa Pe) a eee 
pala dl a d do d diolad sala sd rd ad sd ad a 


Age of eqqs in hours. 


aR EES 2 
PS 
= 
a 
7 
ieace | 
plore] SA | 
18 
ES! 
Bias 
ee 
bel 


Fie. 1.—Graph showing the variation in numbers of abnormal and unsegmented pike- 
perch eggs during development. 

stripped. It is surmised that these may have been injured in the 

process of stripping, or that they may have died through some de- 

velopmental irregularity while still in the fish. 

Coming now to the hypothesis that failure of fertilization is re- 
sponsible for a greater part of the mortality of hatching eggs, it is 
generally assumed that lack of impregnation and failure to segment 
are closely correlated. A detailed examination of the material does 
not bear this out. We found that in eggs 4 hours 30 minutes old there 
was a considerable percentage which showed no trace of cleavage. 
This was true also at 5 hours 30 minutes, 6 hours 45 minutes, and 


4 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


even 8 hours 15 minutes. Most of the unsegmented eggs at the 
latter stages on being examined cytologically appeared to be normal. 
They were therefore merely lagging behind. The proportion of 
eggs which has failed to cleave becomes progressively less with age, 
which in itself supports the idea that we are dealing here rather with 
a delay in cleavage than with a lack of impregnation. The curve 
in figure 1 (p. 3) shows graphically the numerical conditions en- 
countered. These data are emphasized here merely to show that it is 
manifestly impossible even after eight hours to designate eggs as un- 
fertilized when the absence of segmentation is taken as a criterion. 


Fics. 2 to 10.—Surface views of pike-perch eggs. Magnification, approximately xX 100. 


Fig. 2.—Normal 6-hour 4-celled blastoderm. Fic. 7.—Abnormal 19-hour blastoderm, 
Fic. 3.—Normal 19-hour blastoderm. Fic. 8.—Abnormal 19-hour blastoderm, 
Fie. 4.—Abnormal &-hour blastoderm. Fic. 9.—Abnormal 29-hour blastoderm. 
Fic, 5.—Abnormal 10-hour blastoderm. Fic, 10.—Abnormal 29-hour blastoderm. 


Fic. 6.—Abnormal 10-hour blastoderm, 


In addition to all this it must be considered that in thé artificial 
insemination of the pike perch the eggs are immersed in milt which 
is diluted very little. The chance of a normal ripe egg remaining 
unfertilized must therefore be extremely small, and, as a matter of 
fact, it is surprising that polyspermy is not more often encountered. 

In addition to the eggs which are found to be dead almost imme- 
diately, and to those which are slow to cleave, there is a third class 
which has been designated as “abnormal.” In explanation it must 
be stated that minor irregularities in cleavage are not necessarily an 
indication of pathological conditions (H. V. Wilson, 1891), and only 
such extreme cases as are shown in figures 4 to 10 were rated as 


— 


| 
. 
. 


——————————— 


i, 


MORTALITY IN PIKE-PERCH EGGS IN HATCHERIES. 5 


abnormal. Eggs showing normal cleavage are shown in figures 2 and 
3. Extreme variations, such as are shown in figures 4 to 10, in 
size of cleavage cells were found in nearly all cases to be correlated 
with internal conditions which presaged embryonic death sooner or 


Figs. 11 to 17.—Sections of pike-perch eggs. Magnification, approximately xX 200. 


Fig. 11.—Horizontal section of a normal egg of 64 or more cells. 

Fig. 12.—From a 29-hour egg showing cytasters and abnormal spindles. 

Fic. 13.—From a 29-hour egg showing size variation in cytasters. 

Fic. 14.—From an 8-hour 15-minute egg, showing elongated nucleus. 

Fig. 15.—From a 29-hour 15-minute egg, showing partial segmentation. 

Fic. 16—From a 29-hour 15-minute egg showing degeneration in chromatin and multi- 
plication of chromosomes. 

Fic. 17.—From an 8-hour 15-minute egg showing monaster. 


later. The number of such abnormal eggs increased steadily with 
age, ranging from 1 per cent at 4 hours 30 minutes to 21 per cent 
at 19 hours. As the curve in figure 1 shows, this increase runs 
parallel with a decrease in the number of unsegmented eggs, which 


suggests the possibility that such abnormal cases are derived chiefly 


6 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 7 


from eggs which are slow to cleave. It may be remarked that it is 
difficult to draw a strict line at times between the abnormal and the 


22 


Fics. 18 to 22.—Sections of pike-perch eggs. Magnification, approximately x 1620. 


Via. 18a, 18b, 18¢c,—Side views of three sections of a plate showing 30 chromosomes, 
the normal number. 

Itc. 19.—Side view of a plate in another cell in the same blastoderm as figure 11, 
sbowing 15 chromosomes, the haploid number. 

Mig. 20,—Polar view of normal plate. 

Fic. 21.—Abnormal multiplication of chromosomes. 

Fie, 22.—Abnormal elongated nucleus—abortive division. 


unsegmented types in the first few hours. At that time one or a few 
minute excrescences are occasionally budded from the germinal disk, 


MORTALITY IN PIKE-PERCH EGGS IN HATCHERIES. if 


and it becomes a question whether these should be regarded as cells 
or not.?. On the other hand, at the 29-hour stage, abnormal eggs 
are often segmented into such small cells in such a way that, exter- 

nally, it is very difficult to tell them from normal eggs, although in- 
ternally they may be shown to be very irregular in ‘behavior. The 
intermediate stages are therefore the best material for this phase ss 
the inv estigation. 

Those cytological features in the development of normal eggs 
which bear on the work in hand are as follows: Up to the 16-cell 
stage cell walls are sometimes partially or completely absent, but 
asters and spindles are normal in size and occupy the same position 
that they would if there were a distinct separation into cells. Fol- 
lowing the 16-cell stage, the cleavage, which becomes externally com- 
plete at least in the surface layer of cells, gives evidence of this fact 
internally by the presence of very distinct cell walls. Mitosis is at 
first synchronous in all the cells, but this regularity is soon lost, so 
that certain cells of an egg may be in the resting condition while 
neighboring cells may be undergoing mitotic division. 

As alr eady indicated, cytological examination of uncleaved egos at 
4 to 8 hours showed the majority to be normal (fig. 11, p. 5). “The 
few exceptions were found to have anomalous mitotic figures, and 
their number was increased in the 8-hour stage. At 29 hours every 
uncleaved egg showed anomalous internal features. The exceptional 
8-hour eggs often show a very large monaster (fig. 17, p. 5). Other 
eggs may show several cytasters and an occasional spindle (figs. 12 
to 16, p. 5). At 29 hours no such large monasters are found in eggs 
of this type or in those called abnor mal and generally there is only 
an increase of cytasters in the former. 

The abnormal eggs often present a curious mixture of spindles 
and asters of varying sizes, drawn-out nuclei, chromosomal irregu- 
larities, and partially formed cell walls (figs. 12 to 1(,,,.21,,and,22); 
Frequently an egg is found in which a part has undergone regular 
cleavage while the rest is filled with cytasters and shows no indica- 
tion of cell walls (fig. 15). As it was expected that such irregu- 
larities would be peileeted A in the distribution of the chromosomes in 
division, evidence of such chromosomal abnormalities was sought. 
But, as in other teleosts, the chromosomes are usually so clumped that 
an exact analysis of them is very difficult. In at least one case, how- 
ever, the metaphase plate in one cell showed close to 30 chromosomes 
(which seems to be the diploid number as obtained from counts in 
normal eggs, fig. 20), while the adjoining cell contained only about 
15 (figs. 18 and 19). This might be explained as a case of partial 
fertilization, in which the sperm has instigated a division of the 
egg nucleus and later has fused with one of the nuclei resulting from 
this first division of the egg nucleus. The fusion nucleus would then 
be diploid and the purely maternal nucleus haploid. 

Irregularities in cleavage and mitotic figures practically identical 
with those here described have been obtained experimentally by a 
number of investigators. It will be noted that in every experiment 
of this nature the effect is to induce development with one of the 


2Reighard (1890a) mentions excrescences aS occurring in correlation with the flow of 
protoplasm in the formation of the protoplasmic cap. Since the number of eggs showing 
the excrescences mentioned above increases long after the formation of the cap, in our 
case, the phenomenon described by Reighard is probably not related to it. 


8 U. 5. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


parent nuclei absent or in a weakened condition, with both in a 
weakened condition, or with the pronuclei incompatible through 
hybridization. A limited survey of the extensive literature on this 
subject will suffice to show the trend of the work. 

. B. Wilson (1901) found that in artificial parthenogenesis, where, 
of course, only one of the parent nuclei is present, there occur such 
abnormalities as the formation of cytasters, the multiplication of 
chromosomes without accompanying cell division, multipolar mitoses, 
and delay in cleavage. The chromosome number in the eges which 
seem to show normal development is haploid. 

Dungay (1913) weakened or injured sperms of several species of 
invertebrates by means of chemical treatment, heat, or staling, and 
development in eggs fertilized by such sperms resulted in delayed 
cleavage, abnormally sized cells, multipolar figures, and similar 
defects. 

O. Hertwig (1911) and G. Hertwig (1912), among others, have 
described the effect of fertilizing eggs with sperms treated with 
radium. Both authors remarked especially a budding phenomenon 
correlated with delayed development. They also describe drawn-out 
nuclei, multipheation of chromosomes in a nucleus, giant nuclei, and 
cytasters, all almost identical with phenomena which we have de- 
scribed in the abnormal pike-perch eggs. 

C. Packard (1914) found that sperms which had been treated with 
radium may stimulate the eggs to cleave but fail to take part them- 
selves in the subsequent development. When the eggs are “radi- 
ated,” they show various irregularities, such as abnormal divisions 
or the failure of pronuclei to unite. 

G. and P. Hertwig (1914) produced similar effects to those already 
mentioned by weakening sperms with methlyn blue among other 
reagents. Still more striking are the phenomena produced by fer- 
tilizing the eggs of teleosts with sperms of another species of teleost. 
The whole list of abnormalities given above was reproduced in such 
development. 

It is not. within the province of apphed biology to go into a 
theoretical consideration of these phenomena. Suffice it to say that 
the weakening or injury of either sperms or unfertilized eggs will 
produce the same defects in the development of all animals so far 
investigated. Physiological and cytological phenomena identical in 
appearance with those produced experimentally in this way have been 
observed also in abnormally developing pike-perch eggs, and it sug- 
gests itself that the cause of such irregularities is of similar nature. 
In other words, there is a weakening of either sperms or eggs before 
fertilization. 

It is highly improbable that natural conditions should induce a 
state that would cause such a large mortality in the embryos, and it 
becomes almost certain that the injury is incurred during the period 
of the captivity of the fishes. 

As has been said in the introduction, most of the fishes are found 
not to be ready for stripping when first caught. They are therefore 
retained in pens or crates until the reproductive products can be 
obtained from them by stripping; in other words, until they are 
“ripe.” The penning of fishes prior to spawning is a practice of 


ee 


ee 


: 


—————_ 


MORTALITY IN PIKE-PERCH EGGS IN HATCHERIES. 9 


long standing in the handling of pike perch as well as many other 
species. Some of these species are known to stand such confinement 
fairly well, but many show various ill effects, such as hardening of 
the ovaries, wateriness of milt, and low percentage of hatched fry. 
Whatever the cause and physiological process involved, be it abnor- 

mal hydrogen ion concentration due to the crowding of the parent 
fishes, or more directly circulatory and nervous relations, the result 
isa degener ation of eges and sperms. In the case of the pike perch 
especially the consequent mortality may, of course, fluctuate from 
year to year due to such causes as sudden changes of temperature 
(a sudden change of temperature is known to mater ially retard the 
ripening of the fishes in the pens) and weather conditions which 
may prevent pulling the nets and therefore postpone examination of 
the caught fishes. Some specimens do not lay eggs even when ripe 
under such conditions. 

It may be of interest in this connection to give the opinions of men 
who have the supervision of pike-perch hatcheries which are located 
at Constantia, N. Y., Swanton, Vt., Put in Bay, Ohio, and Duluth, 
Minn. Their opinions, given in response to a letter of i inquiry, are 


Fic. 25.—Eggs of Stenotomus prior to maturity. a, Normal egg; b, egg from a parent 
kept in a tank for two weeks. 


not based on numerical data but are the results of practical obser- 
vation. All of these four superintendents and a fifth, who was 
formerly connected with pike-perch work, agree that the mortality 
of eggs is proportional to the time that the adult pike perch are 
retained in pens and, conversely, that the percentage of hatched eggs 
from fish stripped when taken from the net is much greater than that 
of eggs from penned fish. Four of the men believe that both male 
and female are affected by penning, but that the female is more 
susceptible, while the fifth does not commit himself on this point 
but cautions against using the males more than once, i. e., on several 
days. 

earing more directly on the problem are some experiments made 
by the senior author in connection with some other work. Females 
of the common scuppaug (Stenotomus chrysops) were nétted shortly 
before the spawning period and retained in a tank supplied with a 
continual flow of fresh sea water. Specimen of these impenned fishes 
were dissected at intervals of a few days and the ovaries examined 
histologically. A progressive deterioration of the nearly ripe ova 
was observed, which at the end of two weeks had reached such a stage 
as shown in figure 23. 


10 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


The generalization that the high death rate in pike-perch eggs is 
due to lack of impregnation thus seems to be unwarranted. That the 
present methods of preventing cohesion of the eggs are responsible 
for a certain percentage of the mortality is probable, but they do not 
account for all the loss. On the other hand, it has been shown that 
about 25 to 30 per cent of representative samples of 29-hour eggs show 
abnormalities that must lead to either malformation or death. Ti an 
average loss is then considered as 50 to 60 per cent (and that is a fair 
estimate), about half of this is due to the agency which manifests 
itself in abnormal development. This cause is in all probability to 
be found in the practice of retaining captured fishes in pens for the 
purpose of permitting eggs and sperms to mature. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


DuNnGAy, NEIL S. 
1913. A study of the effects of injury upon the fertilizing power of sperm. 
Biological Bulletin, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, 
Mass., Vol. XXV, No. 4, p. 218-260, Pls. I-II. Press of New Era 
Printing Co., Lancaster, Pa. 
HERTWIG, GUNTHER. 
1912. Das Schicksal des mit Radium bestrahlten Spermachromatins im 
Seeigelei. Eine experimentell-cytologische Untersuchung. Archiv 
fiir mikroskopische Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte, Bd. 79, 
Abt. 2, p. 201-241, 3 Taf. Bonn. 
, und PAULA HERTWIG. 
1913. Beeinflussung der miannlichen Keimzellen durch chemische Stoffe. 
Archiv fiir mikroskopische Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte, 
Bd. 83, Abt. 2, p. 267-306, 2 Taf. Bonn. 
1914, Kreuzungsversuche an Knochenfischen. Jbid, Bd. 84, Abt. 2, p. 
49-88, 1 Taf. 
HERTWIG, OSCAR. 
1911. Die Radiumkrankheit tierischen Keimzellen. Ein Beitrag zur ex- 
perimentellen Zeugungs- und Vererbungslehre. Archiv fiir mikro- 
skopische Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte, Bd. 77, Abt. 2, p. 
1-95+97-164, 4 Tuf.+2 Taf. Bonn. 
NEVIN, JAMES. 
1887. Hatching the wall-eyed pike. Transactions, American Fisheries So- 
ciety, Seventeenth Annual Meeting, p. 14-16. New York. 


PACKARD, CHARLES, 

1914. The effect of radium radiations on the fertilization of Nereis. The 
Journal of Experimental Zoology, Vol. 16, No. 1, p. 85-129, 8 pls. 
Philadelphia. 

REIGHARD, JACOB. 

1890. Experiments in the impregnation of pike-perch eggs.* Transactions, 
American Fisheries Society, Nineteenth Annual Meeting, p. 30-86. 
New York. 

1890a. Thé development of the wall-eyed pike, Stizostedion vitreum Raf. 
A popular introduction to the development of bony fishes. Ap- 
pendix, Ninth Biennial Report, Michigan State Board of Fish Com- 
missioners, Dec. 1, 1888, to Oct. 1, 1890, p. 98-158, Pls. I-X. Lan- 
sing. 

1893. The ripe eggs and the spermatozoa of the wall-eyed pike and their 
history until segmentation begins. Jbid., Tenth Biennial Report, 
Oct. 1, 1890, to Dec. 1, 1892, p. 89-166, Pls. I-V. 


WILSON, PE. B. 

1901. Experimental studies in cytology. I. A cytological study of artificial 
parthenogenesis in sSea-urchin eggs. Archiy fiir Entwicklungs- 
mechanik der Organismen, Bd. 12, p. 529-596, 7 Taf., 12 figs. 
Leipzig. 

1901a. Experimental studies in cytology. II. Some phenomena of fertili- 
zation and cell division in etherized eggs. III. The effect on cleay- 
age of artificial obliteration of the first cleavage furrow. Jbid., 
Bd. 18, p. 353-395, mit Taf. j 

WILSON, HENRY V. 

1891. The embryology of the sea-bass (Serranus atrarius). Bulletin, U. S. 
Fish Commission, Vol. IX, for 1899, p. 209-277, Pls. LXXXVIII- 
CVII, 12 text figs. Washington. 


8“ Presented at the meeting by Herschel Whitaker and erroneously attributed to him by 
the editor of the Transactions.’ (Quotation from Dean’s Bibliography of Fishes, Vol. Il, 


11 


_ Pp. 329, published by the American Museum of Natural History, New York, 1917.) 


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SOURCES, PREPARATION, AND PROPERTIES OF SOME 
ALGAL GELATINES.’ 


By Irvine A~ FIELD, 


Late Professor of Biology, Clark College, and Special Investigator, U, S. Bureau 
of Fisheries. 


INTRODUCTION. 


Many seaweeds when boiled in water yield a highly gelatinous 
product called gelose, which is employed in various ways in science, 
medicine, and commerce. The jellies of the different species of 
algze vary somewhat in chemical composition and have quite dif- 
ferent physical properties. In general, however, gelose will absorb 
water and swell up but not dissolve unless heated almost to boiling. 
The solution coagulates on cooling to a more or less colorless 
translucent jelly. The gelatinizing power in some cases is more 
than 10 times that of ordinary animal gelatin. Algal gelatines 
lose their property of gelatinizing when heated with water under 
a pressure of six atmospheres or when boiled with dilute acids or 
alkalis. In a hot solution of dilute hydrochloric acid they yield 
galactose. Treated with nitric acid they yield mucic and oxalic 
acids. Some of the American seaweeds that yield gelose are dis- 
cussed below. 

IRISH MOSS, CHONDRUS CRISPUS. 


Carrageenin is the name given to the gelatinous extract of Irish 
moss which grows in abundance on the rocky portions of the North 
Atlantic coast just below low-tide mark. The chief source of supply 
is centered around Scituate, Mass., where about 30 or more men are 
engaged in moss collecting. Other localities where the moss is har- 
vested are Cape Porpoise, Portsmouth, York, and Rye, N. H.; Cape 
Sable, Rockport, Gloucester, Marblehead, Nahant, Cohasset, Ply- 
mouth, White Horse Beach, and Cuttyhunk Island, Mass.; Block 
Island and Montauk, N. Y. 

The moss is scraped from the rocks by means of a special rake and 
spread on a clean sandy beach where it. is washed in sea water and 
sundried alternately several times until bleached white. Dew or 
light rain assists in the bleaching process, but a heavy rain will ruin 
the product by extracting the jelly and giving the moss a yellowish 
discoloration. When ready for market it is packed in barrels or 
bales weighing about 100 pounds each. In this condition it sold for 
about 10 cents a pound in 1920. 

Chemical analyses show that fresh Irish moss contains 79 to 80 
per cent water. The water-free substance is composed of: 


Per cent. 
Gelatinous (matter owe! Gir coeur) da hapne bs 65 
mmr Hyl Tg tS a OE i ie 2-3 
LG EPOyaiG FS) ih aaa, SLO eS aie ie eee 0.7-1 
Veh” Us A ee Ee MIN AR TER SG ne ats led te ni 10-15 


1 Appendix VI to the Report of the U. 8. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1922. B, FB, 
Doc. No. 929. First issued as an Economie Circular (No. 51, supply exhausted). 


99916°—22 1 


9 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


The ash contains calcium oxalate, sodium, potassium, and mag- 
nesium with chlorine, bromine, iodine, and sulphur. 

These salts apparently bear an important relation to the proper- 
ties of the gelatinous matter; for if this matter is extracted after the 
moss has been washed in fresh water, dilute acid, or alkaline solu- 
tions, which would remove the salts, it comes out as a thick mucilagi- 
nous mass which fails to jellify on cooling. On the other hand, from 
quickly dried unbleached moss which has been rinsed for a short 

‘time only in sea water and boiled for three to five hours in fresh 
water in the proportion of 1 part by weight of the dry moss to 50 
of water, a stiff gel may be extracted. 

Separation of the solution from the insoluble matter is accom- 
plished by filtering the mass roughly through a 14-inch mesh gal- 
vanized screen and then through one or more layers of cotton flannel. 
The clear filtrate may be evaporated to dryness on a water bath or 
in a vacuum chamber, ground into fine flakes, and preserved in air- 
tight receptacles for future use. This method of preparation does 
not seem to be employed commercially, although it puts the carra- 
geenin in a clean and most convenient form for quick and ready use. 

The gelatinizing properties of Irish moss are easily destroyed 
by the additicn of small quantities of acid salts and alkalis. Acids 
in stronger concentrations than 1 per cent N/8 will liquefy the 
jelly; neutral salts, and especially calcium salts, increase the firm- 
ness of the gel. Perhaps this is why such small quantities of carra- 
geenin are capable of coagulating milk. “nat 

Irish moss is used in a variety of ways. It is employed as one 
of the ingredients of so-called water paints. Certain shoe stains 
contain a solution of carrageenin for the gloss it imparts when 
dry. As a sizing for paper, cloth, and thread it is considered ex- 
cellent. Recently a British patent was taken out for Irish moss 
extract treated with formaldehyde, which makes a size that becomes 
insoluble after drying. To a limited extent it is used as a thick- 
ening for colors in calico printing and for stiffening silk. Soap man- 
ufacturers and barbers use it because of the velvety lather it makes 
with soap. As a clarifying agent, it has been used extensively in 
the manufacture of oil and beer. Bandoline is a perfumed mucilage 
of Irish moss that is employed as an ointment for the hair or fixa- 
ture for the mustache. As a therapeutic, a decoction of Irish moss 
with lemon juice serves as a demulcent and emollient in pulmonary 
affections. It is also recommended for scrofulous complaints, dysen- 
tery, diarrhea, and disorders of the kidney and bladder. Accord- 
ing to the United States Dispensatory : 

Carrageenin is said to have been used as a substitute for acacia under the 
name of imitation gum arabic; the latter occurs in three forms—white, light 
yellow, and yellow. They all have similar properties, swelling up like traga- 
canth when mixed with cold water but not forming a clear solution unless 
the mixture be boiled, in this latter respect differing from tragacanth or 
albumen. 

Carrageenin extracted from unbleached Irish moss has proved 
suitable for use as a medium in packing fish that otherwise are too 
soft to stand up in cans. Experiments show that 114 to 1144 grams 
of the dried extract added to a 14-ounce can of fish are sufficient to 
form a jelly firm enough to prevent such soft fish as whiting and 


} 


SOME ALGAL GELATINES. 3 


herring from breaking to pieces when subjected to the ordinary 
rough treatment of transportation. 

For many years Irish moss has been used as a food, although its 
nutritive value is very slight. Its importance in this respect les 
in the fact that it can render certain very nourishing foods, such as 
inilk, more palatable and increase the variety of ways in which they 
can be served. 


BLANC MANGE. 


Blane-mange pudding is probably the most popular dish prepared from 
Trish moss. It is made according to the Boston Cooking School Cook Book as 
follows: One-third cup Irish moss, 4 cups milk, 44 teaspoonful salt, 14 tea- 
spoonfuls vanilla. Soak moss 15 minutes in cold water to cover, drain, pick 
over, and add to milk; cook in double boiler 30 minutes; the milk will seem 
but little thicker than when put on to cook, but if cooked longer, blane 1ange 
will be too stiff. Add salt, strain, flavor, re-strain, and fill individual molds 
previously dipped in cold water; chill, turn on glass dish, surround with thin 
slices of banana, and place a slice on each mold. Serve with sugar and cream, 


CHOCOLATE BLANC MANGE. 


Chocolate blane-mange pudding is made by adding to the above hot extract 
a smoothly stirred mixture consisting of 14% squares of melted Baker’s choco- 
late in % cup of boiling water and 4 cup of sugar. Chill and serve with 
sugar and cream, 

This method, which has been in use for many years, can be simplified greatly 
by using, instead of the 4% cup of Irish moss, 2 level teaspoonfuls of the dry 
ground extract of Irish moss to each quart of milk placed in a double boiler. 
It dissolves in about 15 minutes and requires no straining. Besides saving 
time and the trouble of straining and of washing extra utensils, it conserves 
materials. The saving of carrageenin, resulting from the use of the pure dry 
extract, would probably pay for the extra expense involved in its preparation. 


AGAR-AGAR, 


Agar-agar is the commercial name applied to the dried, gelatinous 
extract of certain species of red alge. The alge most commonly 
used are Gelidium corneum, G. cartilagineum, Gracilaria confer- 
woides, Hucheuma spinosum, and some species belonging to the 
genera Gloiopeltist and Gigartina. Of these, the Gelidium varieties 
produce the best quality of agar. Most of the agar of commerce is 
produced at present in Japan, China, Malaysia, and Ceylon, although 
there seems to be no reason why the United States should not manu- 
facture more than enough for its needs. During the year 1920 
this country imported 240 tons, having a value of nearly half a 
million dollars. 


1 In the original manuscript of the author this name appeared as Tenax, which was 
evidently an error of the copyist. Since the death of the author occurred, just after 
completing the manuscript in longhand, there was no opportunity for correction of the 
manuscript by him. Dr, Marshall A. Howe, of the New York Botanical Garden, has 
offered the following suggestion and comment: 

“T suspect that what Dr. Field had in mind was Gloiopeltis tenar, which, with other 
species of that genus, is the source of thé ‘ funori’ of the Japanese, a sort of glue that is 
extensively used in the Orient for the sizing of cloth. Japan is said to produce two 
or three million pounds of it a year. The word ‘agar-agar’ appears to be of Ceylonese 
origin, and the ‘Ceylon moss’ of southern India, from which the agar-agar of commerce 
is still in part derived, is chiefly Gracilaria lichenoides. Species of Gigartina occur in 
considerable quantity on the California coast and might perhaps be used commercially in 
this connection. Huchewma isiforme, a species of Bermuda, southern Florida, and the 
West Indies, rich in gelatin and of large size, could probably be successfully cultivated in 
protected salt-water lagoons of southern Florida.” 


4 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


The preparation of agar involves quite a number of steps, but 
on the whole is a simple process: (1) The seaweeds are collected 
by hand or rakes ahd spread upon the beach to dry and bleach in 
the sun. (2) The dry weed is beaten or pounded by hand or passed 
through a concrete mortar-and-pestle battery to free it from cling- 
ing shells, incrusting Bryozoa, sand, and other foreign matter, and 
is then alternately washed and sundried again until thoroughly 
bleached and cleaned. This treatment requires from two to several 
days. Some manufacturers are said to shorten the process by bleach- 
ing with chemicals instead of sunlight. (8) The bleached raw ma- 
terial is boiled with about 50 times its weight of water in an iron 
kettle for three to five hours to extract the gelose in soluble form. 
The solution is then separated from the insoluble matter by filtering 
the mass first through coarse cloths and then squeezing it through 
linen bags in a press. (4) The filtered jelly is next poured into 
wooden trays about 2 feet long, 1 foot wide,.and 3 inches deep to 
cool. <As the filtrate cools it solidifies into a hard jelly which the 
Japanese call “tokoroten.” In this form it is cut by means of 
sharp knives into blocks 1 foot long and 2 inches square. ‘These 
blocks are in turn pressed through a coarse wire grating which cuts 
them into bundles of slender straws. (5) In this condition the 
“tokoroten” is subjected to a freezing temperature of —5° to 15° C., 
either out of doors or in an artificial freezer, until the sticks are 
frozen solid. This causes the water to crystallize out and when it 
is melted the substances soluble in cold water drain off in solution 
leaving the gelose in pure condition. By repeating the freezing 
and thawing process and at the same time drying the material in the 
sun and open air a pure agar which is insoluble in cold water is pre- 
pared. (6) Before the sticks are entirely dry they are sometimes 
put through a forcing machine which flattens each fine strip into a 
transparent sheet. They are then dried in the sun and tied in bun- 
dles weighing from 4 to 3 pounds each. 

Agar-agar is prepared also in the form of sheets 8 to 12 inches 
long and 1 to 14 inches wide, and as rectangular blocks about 8 inches 
long and 1 inch square. ; 

The chemical composition of agar-agar has been most carefully 
studied by Carl R. Fellers, whose results are published in the Jour- 
nal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, volume 8, No. 12, 
1916, pages 1128-1133. Analyses of 15 samples collected from various 
sources and representing different brands gave the following results: 


Per cent. 
MOIStuT ee See ee ee ee ee ee 15. 75-17. 84 
Proteinn(Inix G20) ee ee ee 1. 63- 2. 94 
INitrorenireeviextnach ses. a= see 72. 72-78. 21 
ERO T exh Clea eee eee ae es ee .17— .45 
Crude vitbersa ci: 2 soe tt ey ee . 39— 1.60 
YAO Ris DA aie Le EP Pees Bt 3. OS— 5. 68 
SPLICON GIO es en ee eee Al) aya lah 


SOME ALGAL GELATINES. 5 


Another series of analyses based on two samples gave the follow- 
ing results : 


= 


Sample No. | ; Sample No. 
' | 
1 2 | 1 2 
Per cent. | Per cent. Per cent.) Per cent. 

AOR ee Sere gait tS eieid sie «fete almnalas 1.02 0. 82 Cli rr SIGN oc aha nals betatek t | 0.26 0.17 
NOE es See 595 Beta EUG il td Di as ai A ee | (+) (+) 
DONE {Set seas abatadncce ceo: 235 204) | WECTDOSATIS|= oayetnaicia sis «ea ineae = | 2.996 3. 236 
ISO) ae ABR Gear ae eer a - 062 VO NRGalactantese erm ale Saw 24. 34 21. 40 
Fe.O3+ AloO3...........-0--.- ays . 052 || Solution in HO at 20° C...... seep Fb 18.9 
Pebae eeee Pee scl cia a c's atafa'a Ss } iti ~ 55 Solution in H:O at 100° C..... 96. 5 95.9 
SLOP ROSS ee a Se 2. 65 . 264 || Protein in alcohol precipitate. 94 1.30 
esse Pepe clei oe eee oN . 056 .048 || CC excess N HCl per gram 
LS Os Bas cs 2 eee see (—) (-) | pea AAT wie Se ee PO ae ti a - 034 . 024 


Agar-agar has been put to many uses, the number of which is in- 
creasing from year to year. It has long been esteemed in China and 
Japan as a food. It is employed in the preparation of jellies, thick- 
ening of soups, ice cream, fruits, meat, or fish, and in candy making. 
In this country it is used most extensively in hospitals and in bac- 
teriological laboratories. As a base for culture media it is unexcelled 
by any other substitute, since it remains solid with a smooth, firm 
surface at the higher temperatures required for cultivating certain 
species of bacteria. Other jellies are useless because they melt under 
the requisite conditions. Recently it has been found to possess con- 
siderable therapeutic value in the cure of chronic constipation. Its 
action is dependent on the fact that it has the property of absorbing 
and holding water, becoming at the same time a lubricant and mild 
mechanical stimulant, affected but little by the digestive enzymes. 
The action is not violent as with ordinary cathartics, and it leaves 
no harmful aftereffects. It has also been found a valuable dressing 
for certain types of wounds. Emulsions for photographic plates 
much superior to the ordinary gelatin emulsions are claimed to 
have been made. 


AGAR-AGAR RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES, 


A recent very incomplete survey of American seaweeds that 
yield gelatin has brought to light another one of our valuable 
natural resources that has been totally neglected. Up to the present 
time we have been importing agar-agar, an essential product to our 
general welfare, from countries thousands of miles distant, when a 
superior product is to be had, probably for less cost, from alge 
growing on our own shores. Even should the cost of production 
prove to be more than that of the imported product, it is important, 
as a step toward national security, to develop domestic sources of 
supply. Of a dozen or more species of alge on the California coast 
supposed to yield gelatin, the writer has been able to examine four 
with the following results: 


GELIDIUM CARTILAGINEUM. 


The species Gelidiwm cartilagineum was reported by an agent of 
the Bureau of Fisheries as growing in abundance on the California 


6 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


coast from the shores of San Luis Obispo County southward and 
on the west coast of Lower California. 

The amount of dry gelatin which can be extracted from this spe- 
cies is from 40 to 45 per cent of its weight when dried in the sun 
and air, and the quality seems to be equal to that of the best agar- 
agar. 

A 2 per cent solution of this dried extract will form a hard elastic 
gel with a smooth surface which remains firm at temperatures below 
50° C. Furthermore, when in hot solution it has a comparatively 
low viscosity, and hence can be filtered and clarified with little 
difficulty. 

To get a pure, translucent extract it is necessary to beat the dry 
seaweed, wash it in fresh water, and dry it in direct sunlight daily 
for a week or more. Rain apparently does not harm but rather 
helps not only in the bleaching process but in the extraction of the 
undesirable soluble matter. A thorough washing in fresh water be- 
fore extraction begins will result in making the final product of best 
quality. A sample of this extract was tested at the Army Medical 
School and pronounced a satisfactory substitute for the imported 
agar-agar. 

GELIDIUM AMANSII. 


A small quantity of Gelidium amansii was found mixed in with 
the sample of G. cartilaginewm received from the Pacific coast. This 
was sufficient for one test only, which yielded 28.93 per cent dry 
gelatin calculated on the weight of the sundried weed. 

The properties of this extract are very similar to that of the pre- 
ceding species and agar-agar. A 2 per cent solution makes a hard, 
elastic jelly as good as that prepared from reguiar agar. A sample 
of the jelly placed on a water bath remained hard at 58° C. and did 
not begin to liquefy until it had reached a temperature of 76° C. 

A single fat determination made by the Soxhlet method gave 
0.195 per cent, which means that the weed is practically fat free. 


GELIDIUM AUSTRALE. 


Two small samples of Gelidium australe which were extracted 

ielded 32.3 per cent and 37.5 per cent of dry gelatin, respectively. 
Ihe fat content of water-free samples varied between 0.25 per cent 
and 0.405 per cent. 

A 2 per cent solution makes a firm gel, but since it becomes soft 
and mushy at 40° C. it is an unsatisfactory substitute for agar-agar. 
It may, however, prove to be a valuable product for such purposes as 
carrageenin is now used. 


ENDOCLADIA MURICATA. 


Another seaweed from the California coast which readily yielded 
a large supply of gelatinous extract is /ndocladia muricata. It yields 
from 37.5 to 48 per cent of gelatin. 

The properties of the Endocladia jelly are much like that of the 
Trish moss, in that it is very viscous when hot, rather soft when 
cold, and has a low melting point. This renders it unfit for use as a 
substitute for agar-agar. As a size or an ingredient of water paints 


a 


ES 


—— 


SOME ALGAL GELATINES. 7 


it promises to be a valuable product. It may possibly find use in the 
preparation of certain food products. 

‘A small sample of an unidentified seaweed just received from Key 
West, Fla. (1920), yields a Jarge amount of a soft, transparent, very 
elastic jelly, very different from : any of the jellies examined so far. 
Quantitative determinations and a study of its properties have not 


been made. 
ALGINIC ACID. 


The examination of a large number of seaweeds brought out the 
general conclusions (1) that ‘the gelatinous products related to gelose 
are confined to the group of'red seaweeds; (2) that the green sea- 
weeds yield little or no gelatinous products, and (3) that the brown 
alge produce a gelatinous substance very different from gelose. The 
gelatinous principle of the brown alge is known as alginic acid or 
alein, and was first isolated from the kelp Laminaria by E. C. C. 
Stanford (Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, Vol. III, 
No. 5, 1884, pp. 297-303; Vol. IV, No. 9, 1885, pp. 518-520, 595; and 
Journal of the Society of Arts, Vol. X, No. 481, 1862, pp. 185-199). 
His method was to macerate the dried’ kelp in water to remove the 
water soluble matters, which amount to about one-third of the dry 
weed. The insoluble residue contains in part the alginic acid which 
is rendered soluble by digestion in a hot dilute solution of sodium 

carbonate. It dissolves out as sodium alginate. This is filtered out 

with difficulty, and the alginic acid is precipitated by treating the 
filtrate with hydrochloric acid. The precipitate separates out as an 
amorphous substance of light amber color, which is washed and 
bleached. When dry the alginic acid resembles albumen or horn. 
It is insoluble in either cold or hot water. 

Soluble algin or sodium alginate is produced when alginic acid is 
allowed to react with a solution of sodium carbonate. According to 
Stanford, a solution of soluble algin has 14 times the viscosity of 
starch and 37 times that of gum ar abic. ‘The alginic acid is precipi- 
tated from the solution of its sodium salt by most mineral acids and 
by picric, oxalic, tartaric, and citric acids. A 2 per cent aqueous 
solution becomes semisolid when acidulated with hydrochloric acid. 
Insoluble alginates are formed with most metallic salts, some of them 
being of curious composition. 

Soluble algin differs from gelose by containing nitrogen and not 
gelatinizing on cooling. 

Because of its property of combining with various elements with 
the production of numerous compounds possessing various degrees 
of solubility and viscosity, alginic acid promises to become an im- 
portant commercial product used in the preparation of waterproof 
fabrics and of pastes for the thickening of colors in the printing and 
sizing of cloth. 


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$un4 TEAR ne 


TRADE IN FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS AND 
RELATED MARKETING CONSIDERATIONS IN SEATTLE, 
WASH. ' 


By L. T. Hopkinson and W. P. Stuppert, Agents, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. 


CONTENTS. 
Page. Page. 
MeiPOd UOMO ese a<i- 2 see S54 -necackn cee = 1 | Reshipment of fishery products.............. if 
Population, 1920. -- 3222. cee -skee. Se ADEte 1 Carload: shipments... ...-....-+-2---+-55- 9 
Importance and growth..-......--- Suess Te 1 Mail-order business: . 0-22 -.s.- 2-25.22... 11 
Commercial species of fish. ...«......-..-.-.. 2 | Importance of Seattle fishin outside markets. 
rade mames. ......-<=.\- leet Sere eee ae 2 | Cold storage........... Perseoel nays atk egbrsiwe Nees il 
Important species. ..::...2.-.)9202-28- 4. 2 | Wholesale and retail trade........-...-....-. 12 
Species of secondary importance.....-.-- 3 Directory of sea-food dealers..........--- 12 
Species for which demand is limited... . 4 Retailtdisplay.../ Lie bmethe a 2) coh hl » 15 
Pantainenrses: - 5-5. Jomitadehie sc 3ckend ce 5 Attitude of retail meat dealers handling 
Sources of supply and fishery products re- fIiSHVAS A /SIGG NING 22 5=< \anseee eee 15 
COIMCO Sao cc ee ee ee. 8. BASS 5 Attitude and methods of retail dealers 
Carload arrivals of oysters.....-.-.-..--- 6 handling fish in conjunction with other 
fo0dS..cctewewtsesmsndseser ese teieee 16 
INTRODUCTION. 


This report of the results of the Seattle market survey constitutes 
the fifth of a series of fish-trade reports issued by the bureau. Those 
already published are for Louisville, Ky.; Pittsburgh, Pa.; Chicago, 
Tll.; and Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minn. In each of these previous 
reports precedence has been given to local consumption. In this 
report, however, since Seattle is in the strict sense of the word the 
first primary market for which a survey has been undertaken, the 
predominant consideration has been given to production and dis- 


tribution. 
POPULATION, 1920. 


The population of Seattle, Wash., according to the 1920 census, 
was as follows: 


Ds Evy: regione esd gaming dire phe eliotn Seiad tie leet le ae ie aninaal an cis eh 228, 705 
crc ners Walter e: or Ss eee eee oe PN LO) VEY SO Oe 73, 875 
papmmeeess 22 329510912 BS SO TOG Dh URS BUN ah). - Jena ci aul! 7, 874 
COMO ete alana are at aes La Se eee aN SIS UN Snel bard 258 Ltn sen 2, 894 
Tr US ES el 2 SC anaes PUL 2 > age Ceene SOU ek wa OY Jane MOS 1, 351 
Lt PES Ey Beee iis tepeealle Septem pe ox sort Reig lagen crocs artnet CE aags Ceraniins I rate 613 
pes O63) Pt. Aad) IR ORION ABP O6.AT. EVOL TS ES Ne ERs 315, 312 


IMPORTANCE AND GROWTH. 


Seattle occupies a unique place among the primary fresh and 
frozen fish markets of the country. As a distributing center it is 


1 Appendix VII to the Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1922. B. F. Doc. No. 930. 
a 


2, U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


the most important on the Pacific coast and as a fishing port is ex- 
ceeded only by Boston and Gloucester, Mass. In quantity of fish 
handled, its growth has been unusual, increasing fourfold in the past 
25 years. From landings in 1895, amounting to less than 12,000,000 
pounds, the industry has grown until to-day the annual arrivals run 
in excess of 45,000,000 pounds. Even greater than its increase in 
quantity received has been its increase in rail shipments, which at 
present are almost seven times what they were 25 years ago. In 
1895 the quantity reshipped from Seattle by rail amounted to 4,252,- 
000 pounds, or 37 per cent of the total quantity received, while in 
1921 the quantity reshipped by rail amounted to 28,612,000 pounds, 
or 63 per cent of the quantity received, an increase of 26 per cent in 
the proportion reshipped, in spite of a large increase in consumption 
within the city itself. 


COMMERCIAL SPECIES OF FISH. 


TRADE NAMES. 


A nomenclatural conflict exists in this market, as in others, so the 
following explanatory list is included for the reader’s guidance. 


Standard and local names of species of fish sold. 


Name used in tables. Local names. 
alibutee et. escceeecuast Halibut or fiatfish, graded as follows: Whale, when weight exceeds 90 pounds; 


medium, when meat is blue and weight ranges from 10 to 90 pounds; No. 2, 
when anpal is white or mushy; and chicken, when weight is less than 10 
pounds. 

Salmonct §.. ... preserssé Five species, named as follows: Chinook, spring, king, tyee, blackmouth, or 
quinnat; sockeye, blueback, or quinault; silver, coho, or silverside; pink, 
humpback, or humpy; chum or dog. 


1 Coy rielo ls) ee ee ees ee Flounder, flatfish, or sole. 
Mitachoneets st See: Eulachon or Columbia River smelt. 
Red rockfish... ... FEsLe Red snapper. 

Black rockfish........... Rock cod. 

Sablefishiji(ey7. 9402. _3 Sablefish, black cod, or skilfish. 
DQUIG se Fo. toe .-| Squid or inkfish. 

Octopus etree sree Octopus or devilfish. 

Clams, hard............. Butter clam or little neck. 


IMPORTANT SPECIES. 


Salmon and halibut constitute the backbone of the Seattle trade, 
the combined landings of these two species during 1921 amounting 
to slightly over 83 per cent of all fresh and frozen fishery products 
reaching this market. Of this amount 44 per cent is credited to salmon 
and 39 per cent to halibut. 

Aside from halibut and salmon, several other species are of con- 
sequence, some of which have come into prominence within very 
recent years. Perhaps the most notable of these is the sablefish, 
or blacks cod, the out-of-town demand for which has dropped off 
materially since the war period, at which time its sale attained 
considerable proportions. In the local market, however, sablefish 
is considered a steady seller and finds particular favor among the 
Scandinavian population. Smelts, red rockfish, and filleted fish are 
also regarded as regular sellers in the city proper. 


FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS, SEATTLE, WASH. 3 


The shellfish branch of the trade is of considerable volume in itself. 
Approximately 50,000 dozen crabs are handled yearly, over three- 
fourths of which are reshipped to coastal cities. Although shipments 
of this excellent sea food ave gone through to New York in fair 
condition, there is but a negligible amount shipped to eastern markets. 
Hard-shell clams, from the standpoint of quaritity received, rank 
second among the shellfish. Local channels absorb 50 per cent of 
the quantity handled, and coastal cities, principally those of Cali- 
fornia, purchase the remainder. Shrimp meat, arriving mainly from 
Wrangell and Petersburg, Alaska, is frozen at Seattle and held for 
the demands of the trade. A small quantity, about 5 per cent of the 
total amount sold, is received aanbiclled from local points. The 
height of the trade in eastern oysters extends from October to March, 
and in quantity used surpasses that of the native oyster by a ratio of 
about two to one. 


Species of fish that constitute over 90 per cent of the trade, Seattle, Wash. 


Esti- 
mated oo Fe ee 
Principal Principal : 
Species. Take sources of form in which Mice aig 
received supply. received. es 
frozen. 
alibutaireshs eo ooo ts 2 Ocean Banks and | Dressed with head on.| Vessel’s hold and in 
Alaska. 500-pound boxes. 
Halibut, frozen........ 15> | Alaska 202-5 s-soscss se Dressed sossssse sy" ] 330-pound boxes. 
Sablensh fresh: . 222... |... toe. Ocean banks and |..... (Ce ee See Vessel’s hold and in 
Alaska. 500-pound boxes. 
Sablefish, frozen....... TO || AAAS eee ote eee eres OSes ey eh 335-pound boxes. 
Salmon, fresh (includ- |......... Alaska, British Col- | Round and dressed....| Fishing boats and in 
ing steelhead trout). umbia, Oregon, and odd-sized boxes. 
local points. ! 
Salmon, frozen........ & | PAL askar shot Se acc Alea Sones Se oe 340-pound boxes. 
ISHIOGTScte \oby Ne ath er eS Se ee iocalipoimtsssees. sas Ronidsaaeaes aos 50-pound boxes. 
Red rockfish.......<¢%.2|-t i242. Ocean banks.......... Wressedwms eee ees Vessel’s hold and in 
500-pound boxes. 
(GRE OS Le ao eee aE) Eee Mocalipoints! Seas apse Aliviete see eee soc oe = Boxes, by boat and 
rail. 
BUA Sais: Sok a s-ce - |= 5 50ce-- Alaska and __local| Cooked; in shells and | Boxes, by boat. 
points shelled. 
Oysters, eastern (exclu-|......... Atlantic coast points | Shucked in cans and | Expressincarload, and 
' sive of transplants). unshucked, 1. c. 1. lots.3 
Clams hard ais 222) 3] 82555 ..52 Local points and Brit- | Unshucked............| Sacks, by boat. 
ish Columbia. 
LE YU TS. LISLE |S ld ae So lh a el a Ah Od Ma oe cys hi 


1 “Local points” is here used to designate seeltits within the State of Washington. 

2 Fish-freezing plants in Alaska are located at Seward, Sitka, Ketchikan, Juneau, and Petersburg. 

3 Shucked oysters arrive in 1 to 5 gallon cans, crated, when in less than carload lots; uncrated, when by 
carload. 

4 Fillets are made chiefly from halibut (largely chicken), lingcod, flounders, and red rockfish. 


SPECIES OF SECONDARY IMPORTANCE. 


With the exception of oysters, the group of fresh and frozen fishery 
products of secondary importance finds fayor mainly with the foreign 
population of the city. According to local dealers the aversion of 
Americans toward most of the fishes falling into this group is due to 
the extra pains required in preparing them for cooking. An example 
of this condition is shown in the case of filleted “lingcod,”’ for which 
a considerable demand has been built up by several establishments. 
When sold whole or sliced, however, it is regarded as a comparatively 
slow seller. 


4 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


The much esteemed Olympia oyster, which is native of the State of 
Washington, holds a peculiar position in this market in that it com- 
mands a higher price than the eastern oyster shipped here by rail for 
a distance of over 3,000 miles. The higher cost of the native oyster 
at home than that of the imported eastern oyster is attributed by 
men in the trade to greater expense in cultivating and handling, the 
cost of culling and opening a gallon of native oysters alone being 
about equal to the selling price of a gallon of eastern oysters on their 
own seaboard. 


Species of fish for which the demand is moderate, Seattle, Wash. 


Principal form in Usual containers in which 


Species. Principal sources of supply. Sai burcciaiaetl Seen 
Black rockfish. ....... Local points...22- 2525465 s.58 Rownd <2); -5ceeceees Boxes of various sizes. 
Blue:perch4. es 2cccn cel escee GOiesevsee he weis ee oesltare s i (o ee 5 55 or Do. 
Cod 2.2... teet.. akties Ocean banks and _ local | Dressed and round..| Fishing boats and boxes of 
points. various sizes. 
HMolachon. --. pecseenes Toca Moin tS esas cee eee IROUNd Secmeceem eet. 50-pound boxes. 
INFOUNGGYSEys 5c 2te peel saaee C0 .23he ten. pons. seo cee eee Goteeyse: 1. . 12 Boxes of various sizes. 
Herring es. --scsecee British Columbia and local }..... Co (oe eee Fishing boats and boxes of 
} points. various sizes. 
“TLingeod?? 62)... Ocean banks and local points} Dressed, head on.... Do. 
Shadens4:fysgsenist-- J Local points and Oregon....| Round............-- Boxes of various sizes. 
DUUIPCON..jacectnaced Ocean banks, local points, |--.... WOsees sec tse Fishing boats and boxes of 
and Oregon. various sizes. 
Momeod es -sceecpeces Local points... - somes secsea|ves oe GOs. 225cikecess sae Boxes of various sizes. 
Wihite-perch-sscs2ec.22|s- 22 GOS eee eet ce tce coe cee sec elaseee Cc Lo ueceremer cnt ae Do. 
Oysters: 
NAL VOlo seers at osoe GOscaccaastetas tah eeeee fe In shellgoué4.--4-2-.- Sacks, by boat. 
“Transplants”’ 4. .|..... GO. sero beceockh ee eclcoree G0.saetcgesns-ae- Boxes, by boat and rail. 


1 “‘Local points’’ is here used to designate points within the State of Washington. 

2 One of the surf fishes ( Tniotoca lateralis). 

8 One of the surf fishes (Damalichthys GAY ORO NA) 

4 Matured eastern oysters grown on local beds from seed oysters shipped from the Atlantic coast. 


SPECIES FOR WHICH DEMAND IS LIMITED. 


In the following table it will be noted that the demand for prac- 
tically half of the species for which there is only a small sale is limited 
to the oriental trade. 


Species of fish for which demand is limited, Seattle, Wash. 


Species. Principal sources of supply.! Reasons given for small sale. 
Barracudasysis = -n-5< San Pedro, Calif. ............- Restricted chiefly to oriental trade. 
BORO ron eek xicin'sia>-|5 04S QOS a purer ae ae eer acee Do. 
Carpi tiie geeks «ei Local points and Oregon. ..... Restricted to Jewish and oriental trade. 
ChUDS2.<ceecis sinc os |-- ae dO. s steep neh. cee sey Restricted chiefly to oriental trade. 
Gravlsh i eericse 2 -'- OCA POLNtS.- naac ace eeeacee Demand fallen off; not popular. 
Mackerel. ........-.. San Pedro, Calif............-- Unpopular. 
hg CS ee a | Pee (ol 2, ee ee ee Do. 
Durie a. Abels. 2 Points in California. ......-.-- Restricted chiefly to oriental trade. 
Yellowtail. ......-.- San Pedro, Calif...........-.- Do. 
SQUIGSs ~see reste cs Points in California......-...- Unpopular. 
Octopuseieeh. 2325 Loca) points. .65368f 22.2 Restricted to oriental trade. 
Shad TOC hes. owas ce Local points and Oregon. ..... Supply limited; price considered relatively high. 
Shark meat......-..- Decal polttss: arse. eee e ne Unpopular. 
Skate wings........-]....- GOs severest. Se ERE Eee Popular principally with southern Europeans. 
Clams, razor. .......| Coastal beaches of Washington | Demand limited. 

and Oregon. ; 

Scallops... 25.32. 4-- Mocal noints. = .Fawas 34 boccck Supply limited. 


1“QVocal points” is here used to designate points within the State of Washington. 
2 One of the minnows ( Mylocheilus caurinus) reaching a length of 12 inches. 


a 


FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS, SEATTLE, WASH. 53 
CONTAINERS. 


Boxes are used as containers where arrivals are not in bulk in the 
holds of vessels or in gunny sacks. For outgoing shipments boxes 
are used exclusively. 


Size and capacity of containers in which fishery products are received and reshipped, 
Seattle, Wash. 


PRINCIPAL TYPES OF BOXES! AND SACKS IN WHICH FISH ARE RECEIVED. 


Inside measurements. 


Varieties. oS ae Se Average net contents. 
Length.| Width.| Depth. 


Salmon, sablefish, halibut, rock 


fishes and cod: Inches. | Inches.| Inches. 
Wreshis ete so. 2 Bee boxes..| 54.5] 30 15.5 | 500 pounds. 
Wroeven. 2... ../ 2c. do....| 485 | 23.75] 17 330 to 340 pounds. 
Crabs: 
Puget Sound ..-........- do....] 40 24 22 20 dozen. 
Wilappa Harbor....-.-... do....| 40 24 13 8 dozen. 
Shrimp meat.-.............-- do....] 545] 30 15.5 | 320 pounds. 
Oysters: 
Eastern “‘transplants” ...do....| 19 11.5 11.5 | 250 shells. 
Olympia or native 
BES ante a6 diss gunny sacks. .|........]......--|-....-.-| 105 to 115 pounds. 
lamic hard. .2245-.2.2--.->< CU) Sel LEB S-/ iRee se” eae 100 pounds. 
LET GTS ee ee C Lee | SES RS Se ee 65 pounds. 


PRINCIPAL TYPES OF BOXES USED FOR OUTGOING SHIPMENTS. 


Fresh fish: 
Various species... .5.5........- 48.5) 23.75] 17 400 pounds. 
100 by Se RSE CORE Dey Seem 42.5 | 20.5 11.5 | 200 pounds. 
DOs s 25 eh SN IES 42 16.5 11.5 | 150 pounds. 
DO-=-2: 37.5 | 15.5 11.5 | 125 pounds. 
Do. 37.5] 15.5 9.5 | 100 pounds. 
Do. 28.5 | 14 9.5 | 75 pounds. 
Do. 28.5 | 12.75 8.75 | 50 pounds. 
-Do. 25.5 | 10.75 7.75 | 40 pounds. 
Do2 21.5 10.75 7.75 | 25 pounds. 
Frozen fish: 
EUINOBE SINGUC e Setoecae ease 26 7 6.5 | 8 to 10 pounds. 
SEAS Ae ae Se ae ei 49 24 17.5 | 340 pounds. 
HeMi pupal... 385.2 RL. 2 1.5; 49 24 17.5 | 330 pounds. 
Shellfish: 
Hard clams, oysters, and 13 11.5 9 25 pounds of clams, 10 pounds of shrimp 
shrimp. meat in cans, or from 1 to 2 gallons of 
oysters in cans. 
Hard clams, oysters, and crabs.| 18 12 9 50 pounds of clams, 1 dozen crabs, or 3 
gallons of oysters in cans. 
Hard clams, oysters, and 19 12.5 11.5 | 75 pounds of clams, 25 to 30 pounds of 
shrimp. shrimp meat in cans, or from 4 to 5 
gallons of oysters in cans. 
Hard clams, oysters, and crabs.| 18 18 11.5 | 100 pounds of clams, 2 dozen crabs, or from 
5 to7 gallons of oysters in cans. 
Crabs and shrimp .......-.---.- 24 19 12 50 pounds of shrimp meat or 3 dozen crabs. 
iD) pei Sepeeea Seem Meee 32 19 12 75 posgae of shrimp meat in cans or 4 dozen 
crabs. 
DOR oncepewe c4--5-4 5b - 228 40 19 13 100 pounds of shrimp meat in cans or from 


5 to 6 dozen crabs. 


1 Numerous other types of boxes a reat no standard size are also used. 
* This and above boxes have a }inch hole bored in each end as a receiver for hooks to facilitate handling. 
8 These boxes are paper lined. 


SOURCES OF SUPPLY AND FISHERY PRODUCTS RECEIVED. 


The local designation and delineation of the four general supply 
areas referred to in the statistical tables contained in this report may 
be defined as follows: (1) ‘Outside fishing areas,” restricted almost 
entirely to ocean banks extending from the southern boundary of 


6 


U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


Oregon to Portlock bank, Alaska; (2) ‘‘ Puget Sound,’ comprising 
Puget Sound proper, eer with the Strait of Juan de Fuca, 


Rosario Strait, Canal de 


aro and adjacent bays, straits, and sounds; 


(3) ‘‘ Alaska,” including principally boat shipments from Alaskan 
ports, exclusive of direct landings of fishing vessels operating off the 
coast of Alaska; and (4) “ British Columbia,” including mainly boat 
and rail arrivals exclusive of direct landings of fishing vessels operat- 


ing off the coast of British Columbia. 


These areas overlap in a num- 


ber of instances, but the limits described are as definite as the scope 
of the field permits. 


Quantity of certain fresh and frozen fishery products received at Seattle, Wash., during 
1921. 


[Thousand pounds (000) omitted.] 


Leal es a ee 
Species and source| a . ; a re a} F 4 : 
of supply. 3 oa eer | ie ane ey | ee: ees 2 3 | 3 
A} Sled! Geb & leo id oe | Sob. 2) 5. lage tet 
5 = < = 5 5 <4 io) o) Z A a 
HALIBUT. 
ANAS A oy cin ceo 2 148} 324] 384) 454) 310] 366) 606) 562) 410) 510) 590) 628) 5,292 
Outsidefishingareas.| 410} 564} 690] 1,112) 1,660] 1,604] 1,602] 1,670] 1,256] 690] 466, 372/12, 096 
British Columbda. .. . 26) . 110 24 6 38 Aleta see cee nee na 16 40 56] 340 
Motalee secos.ne 584] 998] 1,098] 1,592] 2,008} 1,974] 2,208] 2,232] 1,666) 1,216] 1,096] 1, 056/17, 728 
SALMON. 
Alaskqaes sons wae" 86 68 82} 166} 446) 522) 614 172 194 40} 336 54) 2,780 
Outside fishing areas. 2 ee em 10\e ces. 6 92) 156) 190 88 10 10) sete 590 
British Columbia... - 70; 116) 248) 250) 488) 580) 872) 848 1,334) 132) 62 14! 5,014 
Puget Sound fishing 
STOASS <ul UMA eIeE 50 ABRIL eect em LE 6171 753] 2,199] 2,898] 1,750 3,126]......|.....- 11, 481 
POURIES hecciece = 322} 184) 340) 416) 1,557] 1,947) 3,841) 4,108) 3,366) 3,308} 409) 68/19, 866 
+ =_ | ee 
MIXED FISH. 
TAGES a ee peg ey 18 38 De ae 8 6} 358 38 46 10} = 128) 20| 672 
Outside fishing areas. 22 76 76} 120) 64 122} 172) 1,236] 764) 440 78 14| 3,184 
British Columbia. ... 42 46 26 24 ZBI 2h. Bde cca mmmincie||. . ta Oe 10} 184 
Puget Sound fishing 
SICAS -'S <:cc0 sce nner 202) 342) 191 156 57 47 52 91 66 72} 130) 221) 1,627 
AN 0) | eee ye 284) 502} 295} 300) 157 177| = 582| 1,365) 876) 528) 336) 265) 5,667 
—II!_[|_—S =—SS ——————SS_ ——S=|_|s OE nd ————S=|—_sS¥KX»FD]_OXk——||_E—S=_ _E—— 
CRABS. 
Puget Sound and 
local points........ 130 95] 123 126 86 51 AD) Seoeal2, eee 130} 144 161} 1,095 
SHRIMP. 
Alaska and local 
DOME eee seks 17 32 13 8 14 16 15 21 13 15 38 241 226 
OYSTERS, SCALLOPS, 
AND CLAMS.2 
Atlantic coast, local 
points, and British 
Columpia. -........»..|s denis imewem|saoees lash balebeastl ews cet eeeerreye ce sea nek Pe Huet eT le 2s oleae 664 


1 Includes sablefish, gray cod, tomcod, ‘‘lingeod,’’ rock fishes, flounders, smelts, perch, herring, etc. 
2 For table of oyster arrivals see page 7. 


CARLOAD ARRIVALS OF OYSTERS. 


Oysters in carload quantities were received in Seattle during 1921 
from points in Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York, and Virginia. 
The oysters all arrived by express and were received only in the 
months shown in the following table: 


FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS, SEATTLE, WASH. 74 


Express carload arrivals of oysters at Seattle, Wash., during 1921. 


Number of cars unloaded during 1921. 


Point of origin. 
January Nene October. | N Ades ers Total. 
Connecticut: South Norwalk.........----- ae 1 1 1 3 8 
Massachusetts: Boston...-.....-.--.------ 1) tees 3 Dea ee I eee ee eee 1 
ING VEG RR INGN 7 8d Sl Opa bat et eee Reeeereh os Pece shoes. secGoce sae Diliwe tase 12 
arrinia ss Weler-sec tits: peace con Sect wo ee lemme <2 cian|| t= =e eeis soe se~ = 2 22 
pee 2. gs 2 A 3 | 1 | 1 3 5 13 


1 Of this number 1 was opened at Spokane, Wash. 
2 Opened at Spokane, Wash. 


RESHIPMENT OF FISHERY PRODUCTS. 


Consuming locally but a fractional part of its landings of fresh and 
frozen fishery products, Seattle is dependent upon distant markets 
for the greater part of its business. ‘To these markets the principal 
carrier is the railroad, the quantity leaving Seattle by rail during 
1921 amounting to 28,612,000 pounds, as against 1,166,000 pounds 
shipped by boat during the same period. Less-than-carload ship- 
ments are made by express and are largely confined to cities located 
west of Omaha, Nebr.; 92 per cent of the carload shipments are con- 
signed to cities east of Omaha. This division also roughly represents 
the boundary between what may be termed the steady and the 
surplusage market in that the former corresponds to the area of 
less-than-carload shipments and the latter to the area of carload 
shipments. 

The following table shows, by months, shipping agency, and cer- 
tain destinations, the number of thousands of pounds of fresh and 
frozen fish shipped from Seattle during 1921: 


Quantity of fresh and frozen fishery products shipped from Seattle, Wash., to certain 
destinations during 1921. 


[Thousand pounds (000) omitted.] 


° nu at 5 
> 2 5) 5 
Shipping agency| © EI ie = = 5 = e 4 
and destination. 2 = 3) a : é | 2g S 2 @ = 
= AS ce =F iW i Oe = = 2 =P a oe) 
S| Be ee heed Si hoist send ea bce | Onaltea dicen tices 
Shipped by boat to— M- 
Mlaskaibyeas Joc: 22 46 20 60 52 20 60 78 54 38) 28 24 502 
British Colum- 
bigacd: sex. 222 46 86 10 6 6 40 40 82 4) 32 126) 6| 1484 
@alifornia....---. i1)) Pee Slee se agen a)aaes oclaceee cloak sla | $5535) sways die wavs ot 218 
Great Britain..--|....-.- DLO bs eet eet ct at eve Meet 35 sh he et Ae Shs Sees fa ebrereils stetarans 20) 130 
Hawaiian Is- 
Dpecpbeurnitigce ess arse elk |: Jueza| oescvalies seni ses Le leas tio) ka ant 6 a} St 10). 82 
Shipped by rail to— 
Points in United 
States and 
Canada? ...... 3,060] 4,210) 1,609] 2,218] 2,110] 1,988} 2,009] 2,256] 2, 120) 2, 744| 1,937] 2, 345/28, 612 
Total....2...| 3,138) 4,452) 1,647| 2,284] 2, 168) 2,048] 2, 109| 2,422] 2,182] 2, 822) 2,095) 2, 405/29, 778 


: paekeaes 41 tons of halibut, 13 tons of salmon, and 188 tons of miscellaneous fish. 
ysters. 
3 Combined c. 1. and 1. c. 1. shipments of all species. For detailed table of carload shipments see p. 9. 


108075°—22 2 


8 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


Short-line travel distance and freight and express rates on fresh and frozen fish from 
Seattle, Wash., to principal distributing centers. 


Shoe ue Rate in cents per 100 pounds. 
° A rave ee rm" 
Destination. distance | C.1. Lc. 1. ChE L.e.L 
in miles. | freight. | freight. | express.1| express.? 
Pent eae a “ 3 221 45 207 
Califommia: Sanitranciscos. 2.) 2.2. sss ce tecbe eee eee 955 155 221 { ; 
Colorado: { - Ae 262 
Dire ca SS eM Ree ils UE 2 2% |. 1,559 {79s 406} 359 455 
[gig (3 | een iere see Sgr sea RROr 8s 1,678 |{ 7322, | 4064 359 455 
District of Columbia: Washington...............--.- 2,985 || 7939 |} 6164 428 788 
Mrnpie icago =. faa. caste - bdeee dead tanced 2,198 || 73h |} 566% 393 595 
Indiana: Indiamapolis......-.--.--- ee eee eeeeeees 2,382) 7325 |} 583% 428 621 
Des Moings...8 = eee ee eee 2,055 H” 7 5oe |} 860 393 595 
Biotx Clty... iw o-pes epee eee 1,860 { 7 Sos, |} 500 359 499 
RepinepiosaWViiiibiaS site. a oe ee ee 2,172 735m, |t 500 359 512 
Maryland: Baltimore.............--2--2--2-22-22-0-- 2, 995 { i \ 616} 428 788 
Massachusetts: BOStOM: 2 mo. soe cee ae oe ee 3,231 { eo \ 6163 - 428 788 
Minnesota: ; 
Minnpapplig. -apelc hott eek eee heat 1,741 7 oe, 4} 500 359 512 
Biante Wel h det ane eg lene, 1,784)|4-° (7 808 500 
Missouri: ; pi } sm ho 
Kansas City aie (iat beneaa ke. bs ete S705biH)) $38 500 359 512 
BE ibuis 21 Od DONS a) “Pak OF 2,328 {7 pa 550 393 595 
Mottanan Bure: cece cee ee eee ee 668 |{ 7 fers |} 2814] 8 290 385 
New York: 3 a 
"ER cages Lee et A ileME nite WOlteen” 2,723 1 7536 |} 6164 428 788 
Gaps Witmer’ 34) 2h eer cea” Ae secu 2, 969 { ae \ 616} 428 788 
Newironk) Adve. All). off adtal att 3,107 |{ 7 335 \ 616} 428 788 
Nebraska: mabe ses. et en 1, 909 { ee \ 500 359 512 
North Dakota’ argos... stato eae tees 1, 587 { 7 0c \ 500 359 512 
ee POLMANG Se ce toate eee nar eee cee 183 6 45 10 |S acess dees 4156 
0: 3 428 
Cintgininia titihes <. 3 ane oe eee coe ee aOR 2, 483 { 7 250 \ 5834 aS on 
3 428 
Clovelanidislss-2t 4G - meme Oy = Soe ped 2,555 { 7 250 \ 600 428 736 
3 428 
: Seaeaey ar eee Tae ee see So Oko ea 8 2,497 { 7 250 \ 600 = 6 
ennsylvania: 3 428 
TUTOR cis oe. . ee et Os ee | 2, 650 { 7 250 \ 600 |...---.--- 761 
3 428 
ey RT es EAN ee Oe ee a ee 3,015 { 7 250 \ 6163 eae fhe 
3428 
in ee ae ee ee 2, 666 { 7250 \ 600 = Ou 
an: 
pee; WES. a Dee BF boa TO 1,034 | 9 1673 284} 359 398 
SE yy Chin es SS dee. 2S one comene s—eecpe sae 3 1,071 9 1674 2843 359 398 
‘Washington: Spokanes. .-. iG. 52: S2.- 65-08-12 ee. 309 10 923 155) \|seaeee ees 411 218 
Wisconsin: Milwaukee...........2..-0.seseeeeeeeeeee 2,113 \{ * 398 566} 393 595 
7 2083 


1 All carload express rates are subject to the following: Weight basis applicable, net weight, subject to 
minimum weight of 20,000 pounds, except when cars of less capacity than 2,050 cubic feet are furnished at 
carrier’s convenience, minimum weight of 15,000 pounds willapply. Initialicing, $6.93 per 2,000 pounds; 
minimum charge, $27.72 per car. 

2 All less than carload express rates are subject to the following, unless indicated by reference mark: 
Minimum charge, $0.34 per shipment; weight basis, 25 per cent added to the net weight of the fish, unless 
actual gross weightisless at time of shipment; refrigeration, ice to be furnished by sie at owner’s expense. 

3 Applies on fish, fish roe, fresh or frozen, carload minimum weight, 20,000 pounds, when forwarded on 
pee trains. Refrigeration chargesin addition, initialicing to be furnished by shipper, or, if supplied 

y carrier, willbe charged for at rates of $6.93 per 2,000 pounds; minimum charge, $27.72 per car. Also 
reicingin transit will be charged for atrates varying with points at which furnished. 

4 Same as Note 2, exer no minimum charge of $0.34 per shipment. 

5 In lots of 1,000 pounds or more. 

6 Carload minimum weight, 24,000 pounds. 

7 Fresh fish, packed in ice, will be billed and charges collected thereon at gross weight of fish, including 
the Packaes (less 6,000 pounds for ice), subject to minimum carload weight of 30,000 pounds. 

8 No unloading in transit allowed between point of origin and destination. 

9Fresh fish, packed in ice, will be billed and charges collected thereon at gross weight of fish, including 
the packages (less 6,000 pounds forice), subject to minimum carload weight of 20,000 pounds. 

10 Carload minimum weight, 20,000 pounds. 

Rate quoted from tariffs on file but can not be vouched for if shipment moves ‘‘intrastate.”’ 


a 


FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS, SEATTLE, WASH. 9 


CARLOAD SHIPMENTS. 


Statistical records dating back to 1895 show that 82 carload ship- 
ments of fish were made from Seattle during that year. Last year 
more than seven times this number were dispatched. Of the 635 
carloads shipped during the past year over half were consigned to 
but four cities, namely: Chicago, New York, Kansas City, and Bos- 
ton. Under the tariff provision permitting the opening of certain 
cars of fish en route to final destination 227 of the cars shipped in 
1921 were so opened, while 408 were shipped direct to final desti- 
nation. 


Carloads of fresh and frozen fish shipped from Seattle, Wash., during 1921, by destinations 
and months. 


Jan- Feb- 4 
uary. | ruary. March. | April. | May. | June. | July. 
Destination. : 18 : |% - |8 : 18 : |¢ : |§ : |§ 
So = ea ars Oe We ee ne es bs an Ps as ery WS oe 
Soe] 3 foe] gs /oS!] FS [oe] FS [oe] 8 [oe] 8B jos 
Sjse2/ eo l88/ 0/838) Sigel ojsgs! cs igsisigas 
#22) 8 (22! 5 22] 4/22) 8 ge) 8 lee) & ee 
Blo. PRS joi. -| EG lO-- |. sor eke eo reRiS 
DOMINION OF CANADA. 
British Columbia: Vancouver.............|....|...- i Ug ee ee es | ee te ey Wa Pe Fee |e aes 
WuTArOMOLONLO Net 452 on. 2s a62 5. Moa cnoe at | odocladcel cece 1D lira fa hae ra [seit | Ste ara lec. tne ercearal epee | SS 
UNITED STATES. 
California: San Francisco. ...-.........--- oye 2) 3 As | Fos all Seka | so asleey scl Rotel tae 
Colorado: 
1 1 ay ene ee ene gery 1 Bs - 
District of Columbia: Washington... 28 S| 3-2 ae etal neal sien bacc| a cecilaas-|ss05| atelier eal aee aleve - 
Miltoiss Chicavoss 2:24. .2sca6case ose ee aGr | ate adelnss || vomiecton |e OFlt tor Loy Ie ben hen cis hee: 4, hm 8 
indiana: Indianapolis. 5.20. 0.25.0526-0-% hoe | aaa Rael ise ses Saicie| seo ee alle ee.s|osmalleaee eet] eee 
Towa: 
WesPMOMese Pata shah ses assoc |. ceca Bees aad eee pare Seca heed soca pene peael cee 
IOUS Citye ene stesee ck eek = choses cn UN ote|| — Lele |e cal tsicalemee [sae lncael eaets| omeeteeee 
Kansas: 
RG ECL yeas aiain cis oe ose os ie notes | pa els 5 aye tal =e ae layers [ees eer ess = 
Wichita te ey cute ee aS 1 1 eel Saaa eee eecalloe a eh 
iKeninekys* Louisville... 0.2. .223..2ck-s0s.- ps Tali: Sse lateness eee eee eee 
Manviands: Baltimore. 2-c6-<<o<se<seced5¢ 4 |. fale SASS Seed (see eric ni oe = 
Massachusetts: SOStOM. eck. ad aeocke coe. On lei] 4a Clee Dl Sat} eedaya fe Ty 2 
innesota: 
TOOT EGTA BL ge 80 FOr MN” ee are eee OLN Te | | A x sid pees eed be 2h ee ee 3 
ETTCANONS Zot steko eh Se ae. 3 4 1 Boa albiatelemac|spaslese : 
Shi, LEA ia lee ae 8 Bees ie Beat Re ae eee pe Bulla oe 1 DPS crate | Meera ees terse A 
Missouri: 
Keamsas Olivier sss cccci<2 ccs Eee Ste Po Csi be aie Ne 1b DO de | ote da 8} 3 4 
SS Ue OISIS! «is Seas ae ere eran che See ce ES Gilecaalh |e TRE SE aoe 2 3 Sula 1 
Metana’ DULG el oce ts cces 2 ot oe dee we: Sapa fe ed hale Dal ca | ely ces Serer s|| Be arattiarstehes| sete lee 
New York: x 
LSS 72 | (0) Ma dopa ale ie Seabee ibe SS el eB et aed SS ee See fase aciehsl Seo 1 3 6 
CapenvenCentis ce. ste jos ee nent yes cae Fe | Re ee AS |G 2 Lee es cer sete (ee Se ie a SR IR | Se eas 
ING Wa iO sete ap te tere ne bc oe teeratie LS TT A PERS Nt ace ara TL aan Nm jay reel ested bss a (My fail Dae 31S) 7 
Bi ORNSubar ken Sct of ce ea eae Le Sal eat = cee | eee eee ae Sse emcee sole alsethl eee alle mae 
Neuraskas Omahae hehe 2) 2 2) eye pe eres uscae dere [ice Le be 2p | 4 4 3 5 
MGR ORD AlKop as AUP Oss cc <icmis=sacies exons Beene pacee ean sees Snel s scm emcetocas aimesifociers [aera= | teers |e mere 
OTEPONSPEOMGIEHG « daercac cto eno cae oe eene Samy EL ieee pan mate ol lian lace ater edo| etal tees |= cote lliaeay’ |Atrote 
Ohio: 
UCR Be te og Be Oe ee ae tls ee We erage lisa acts | sec fecoaline salem lates 
WIGMGIAN ey cetse es ccc ac waters Pil | eal i (EA Vena 1g) OE Se Nigra Pars A ert [a eel be Se | 
BARGUSKWCE peaches oa tccte wens Pee (eee Saas |(ody eases ence loot pSece| omalSsceleeeoscel@ee a ease 
Pennsylvania: 
DS Weer ttl ato ate cea aetecal| ee eet are shell ie at 1 E 
Utah 
g BEE tential Sate ewes | neces ate emate| cecil sce |eieres| se delle 
SaliWakoOlevecnodeccacceonsetoessee- 1 Zi ae| Sere ae ed Oe eel eae ere ciel eis esis. cece [eens : 
ISHIDA TACOMA] ao ees x. ts atop - <@ | DSS Seen ea eee lee Seeeleen seaalakse : i ee ee = 
Wisconsin: 
Give TM By ae ee ee a 2 eee eee eta [ect | yee eileaee ecae |: seclaeestecen |ciae clo ton tele 6 
ET WANIR OG Stee tic nace Coates ccicaccenace Lo sae laces ae see enclose Pier [kitce Lace [aac sellentes 
Au iD aS eS Be. oe ee ee ee 66 4 | 43 4} 21 | 10} 21 | 18| 27 | 26| 19 | 33 | 18] 33 


10 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


Carloads of fresh and frozen fish shipped from Seattle, Wash., during 1921, by destina- 
tions and months—C ontinued. 


Sep- Octo- | Novem-| Decem- 
August.| tember.| ber. ber. r, | Total. : 
A rae ae . lq . |g = Pea ee 
Destination. sie? Jag log i/o J alo lg a l®./s 
2 (as] 2 jee] 2 Be] e (2S) 2S] FREI 
BIS2/ 5 \S5] 5 |28] 3 |25) 5 ge) & jee] 
BO |X lo |B JO |F jo |B lO |B Ilo |S 
DOMINION OF CANADA. 
British Columbia: Vaneotiver. 220.6. 3osces les obo. Vee eel Saal ee acalbaeatsesetectelanse i) 2 Salome 
Ontario: ‘Toronto scsccccccsn coast sococse sence] = see] sosa|-ss+] seed soaelesemleeee sae sens leese Lilet ieee 
UNITED STATES. 
California: \Sanvlranciscos{.2.beco ss snen = oe) see |< cael eite eet c| Mec fete ell eee ee 2 isc ately Facies 14 
Colorado: : 
DONVOR 25. sos. snucieeieem se dujerae nis ance cone Geers | ace eee pete sts 7H te ee eee FESS 8] 11 9 
BueblO= 2.55. s32cc sees case ae one ecien ase ases | Spieal eae lesa eee 0 eer Be Sse Gets. 2] if 
Districhor Columbia?) Washinpton:-c2s2-seee\cene ames |ccer| sacelaeee Soe at all eee | ame eee ae eece 1 
Tlinois? Chickge?= 2s act ease eae rene. See del so) 19 2) 6 2 | PASE eee Oa oe 
Indiangeeindianapolis=:4. fe sess see ene lee emails ease Wy ecme|| Ee ocslinsio|[eae - Fase o- 2 
Towa: 
DessMomessarersses sees as ee ee Be ee eas See ae eae Ee Bae een esc Bone 1 ees 1 
SiouxiCihy. ts hee SEE eae sche aes Cee alemes [Garcia sere a i eee (ae Le 9b a) Anse 4 
Kansas: 
Dodge, City s. 5.. -eacee seta easde eet ceeiet lode alaces ae afecee| seer Ae fet emer Saee| ee a i 1 
aWiGhita: ps SSE Cape 1 at ee Seer Eee Se ial sae eee wees Sail See al Sean lames leone eee Hel iar 2 
KMentuckys tlonisville. f2 2) a do ae SE eee lleoealbaee 1 eg Gees Same] baad Ree Lecce 1 
Maryland: Baltimoreincodace «cea eoctie ne scence bern Se oe lems PN ee Fae ee 4.) seco epee eens 11 
IMASSaChHSCLIS: IDOSLON=se.e stn) ae. cae ee PERS LOY) 2a) SS ieelaiees Sess 4) Ly}. 52.)436 7) “68 
Minnesota: 
DIED ese aaj eben mae aes Sawa Se seetee laos eree ecters | Ste ell sree a tes cll ie [averse 1 eee) et 12 ars 1 
Minneapolis s:$. os Ze cecee cea eteeeesaltece|-ces|eece eres ST oe cal Estat) pete Peacoat Sey 17 
| AE den eee eee a satn bh oasosetoapaesered Beds acue PA sete On| secdlen tel secs nO es) ese Sh 13 
Missouri: 
WeAMSASICLIUY=.. oc osc des sek e ce cccpmnie tee 2) 42) 2) OP Ti By Sessa Oa Pease eee eee 
SG MOUS 5.14 tor atime ole oe oye nctate ere etcaeae BS gl ie B81 By Qilccal Bits cal Cole wee eee 
Montana: Butte See dli Dees eee eS Pa) yer 2 
New York: 
Buffalo... s25.- AsleeL lecsthe Deze 6/723) 29 
Cape Vincent a 1 5/285 
New York PH 67 | 834 | 101 
StAvohps*Park.b 20. §: 8b oe. Joe Deo eee |e ation aa emanate tell faeces eB ekr 1 
Nebraska’ ‘Omaha: sens ek et ee sleek coe Pe Vinee «fol (ear emi A) fae Ua: Se) PM ey Pe Ba a i a 2 at ge 
North Dakota: @ango.cs 3: o2- bs. adaace Sac e eel tees eee alee ecten ose PSs ae WO ere tiene (BF 5 se 1 
Oregon: Portland........... Pe ee ee BAR Be CS ice Pek Mise toca posi A) 5/55] Seas Sees r} 
Ohio: 
Cincinnati: 3 Sos es fase cP ae aoe ee eee eaten ates Eee eee 4 Sileseelee se tems ball eel 8 
Cleveland : sisessniecwd.ss setae eet erdabesss|bascheweeleoek ase albcee eee een [sete 2} 101 3 
Sandusky: vi/s2csds eecgetk ewes acteteoad bxiccloocalsomieees lees Seca Saas] re locos eee eee 3 
Pennsylvania: 
BTIG ss sone ts sot eerasecckeseaces teeters So BAN cis) Spee Perc) eer ceed ccs To 22) 2 eee 1 
Philadelphia: so0 Ao ssshe nesses Seal ete S| aces | sees |te oo|eoee|seeeleescleees 1 OP cea 1 
Pittsburgh. bosch csdes cutecndeee ements Bevel gnacll etetere Ne pee Gl Basal eee ese 3 ]....] 10] 22) 12 
Utah: . 
Opdenzicrs teenth cesteetmaccda eee a Ps es ess) Pek! (etal Mics ceo isons) focus = Leet 1 
Saltbake Citys. 5.32242. Massa Schone sraslec rel iclec ware Ja eee) Sickie] Meee BO eee ee atl esots 6 
Wiasbinetonms (Pacoma: odes snc cccie mae sceletee Ren RAR Se orl e548 Rese noes Gpecl fens hooo ese: HB ys 1 
Wisconsin: 
Green Bayes. once shite te. we seal eee Bae SE ee eee Di scal 4escal ed? | sace) nie 8 
Milwatikee:is22fishates cides s asisadlkeke A Sle a lcks |ese alee d 3] ee 1/21 2 
Yo fo | eREA saiet Se de Paeeiey Se pe ee ee ae 23 | 39 | 27 | 28 | 67 | 22) 32} 6 | 44] 4 | 408 | 227 | 635 
1 Opened at Salt Lake City, Utah. 2 Opened at Denver and Colorado Springs, Colo. 


3 Of this number, 4 cars were opened at St. Paul, Minn., and Milwaukee, Wis.; 2 at Milwaukee, Wis.; 
4at St. Paul, Minn.;3 at Omaha, Nebr.;12at Fargo, N. Dak.,and St. Paul, Minn.; 8at Denver, Colo., and 
Omaha, Nebr.;3 at Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minn.;1 at Fargo, N. Dak.;and 3 at Cae lis, Minn. - 

4 Of this number, 5 cars were opened at Chicago, Ill./2 at Milwaukee, Wis., and Chicago, Ill.;1 at Fargo, 
N. Dak.,and St. Paul, Minn.;1at Omaha, Nebr.;4at Buffalo, N. Y.;2at Fargo, N. Dak., and Chicago, 
Tll.; and 1 at St. Paul, Minn., and Chicago, Ill. 

5 Of this number, 14 cars were opened at St. Paul, Minn., and Omaha, Nebr.; 1 at St. Paul, Minn.; 1 at 
Fargo, N. Dak.,and Omaha, Nebr.;3at St. Paul, Minn.,and Sioux City fowa;1 at Fargo, N. Dak.,and St. 
Paul, Minn.; 19 at Denver, Colo.; 1 at Sioux City, Iowa, and Omaha, Nebr.; 3 at Salt Lake City, Utah, 
and Denver, Colo., and 1 at Omaha, Nebr. ; 

6 Of this number, 6 cars were opened at Chicago, Tll.; 5 at Milwaukee, Wis., and Chicago, Tll.; 2 at Sioux 
City, Iowa, and Kansas City, Mo.; 1 at St, Paul, Minn.,and Chicago, Ill.; 2 at St. Paul, Minn.; 3 at Salt 
Lake City, Utah, and Denver, Colo.; 3 at Omaha, Nebr., and Kansas City, Mo. 

7 Of this number, lear was opened at St. Paul, Minn., and Cleveland, Ohio; 3 at Chicago, Tll., and Cleve- 
land, Ohio; 16 at St. Paul, Minn., and Chicago, Ill.; 1 at Omaha, Nebr., and Chicago, Ill.; 1 at Cleveland, 
Ohio; and 1 at Denver, Colo. 

8 Of this number, 11 cars were opened at Buffalo, N. Y.; 3 at St. Paul, Minn., and Chicago, Tll.; 5 at 
Omaha, Nebr.;2at Fargo, N. Dak., and St. Paul, Minn.;1 at Chicago, Ill., and Buflalo, N.Y.;6at Chicago, 
Tll.; 1 at St. Paul, Minn., and Buffalo, N. Y.;1 at St. Paul, Minn.; 2 at Denver, Colo.,and Omaha, Nebr.; 
lat Milwaukee, Wis.; and 1 at Denver, Colo. 

9 Of this number, 1 car was opened at St. Paul, Minn., and Sioux City, Iowa,; 3 at St. Paul, Minn.; 20 
at Salt Lake City, Utah, and Denver, Colo.;1 at St. Paul, Minn.,and Fargo, N. Dak.; 17 at Denver, Colo., 
of which one was partially loaded at Portland, Oreg. P 

10 Opened at Chicago, Il. 1 Opened at Chicago, Iil.,and Cleveland, Ohio. 1 Opened at St. Paul, Minn, 


FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS, SEATTLE, WASH. 41 


MAIL-ORDER BUSINESS. 


Four concerns in thé city may be classed as doing a strictly mail- 
order business. A good many other fish houses also sell to a greater 
or lesser degree by this method, especially during the holiday and 
lenten seasons, and it is even an important factor with some of the 
larger wholesalers. The general method of advertising employed by 
the regular mail-order houses is to circularize certain sections of the 
country for orders. In these establishments quite a proportion of 
the business is made up of express shipments of single salmon, the 
package being iced at the time of shipment by the consignor and re- 
iced in transit by the carrier. The retail price, which includes trans- 
pomaion charges, averages about $2 delivered to points west of the 

ississippi and about $2.25 delivered east thereof. During 1921 
approximately 18,000 shipments of single salmon, weighing from 8 
to 10 pounds each, were made, some of which were successfully made 
to Florida. It is alleged by some dealers that much damage has 
been done to this business by unscrupulous dealers shipping inferior 
fish. 

IMPORTANCE OF SEATTLE FISH IN OUTSIDE MARKETS. 


To show the relative importance of Seattle fish in certain outside 
markets as compared with the other varieties sold in such markets, the 
following table has been compiled from extracts taken from the 
senior author’s previously issued reports on Louisville, Ky.; Pitts- 
burgh, Pa.; Chicago, Ill.; and Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minn. 


Importance of Seattle fish in outside markets. , 


Relative importance compared with other varieties sold and 


Species and markets. opinions of dealers. 


Eulachon: ‘ 
PHPSDUEP OS Pano: fens tootsie 5 Sale limited on account of general unpopularity. 
CIEE 15 uj Se ale Mi bee ea ac Do. 
Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minn. Do. 
Flounders: Minneapolisand St. Paul,} Unpopular except among certain classes; proportionate sale in 
Minn. nearby small towns larger than in Twin Cities. 
Halibut 
Louisville; Ky #22... 2345 85.5. Of only moderate importance. 
BitEsburehy Bates 25 ew s.cacisinm In better demand than any other fish sold here. 
Ghicgao ilies eeu ee eo! Of considerable importance; regarded as a staple. 
Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minn. Do. 
“TLingcod”’: ; 
Whiesce. Tso aves oe ces. ace Sale limited on account of not being well known. 


Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minn.| Sale limited; efforts to increase demand reported unsuccessful. 
BoceAsbest Minneapolis and St. | Sale limited on account of not being well known. 
aul, 


Sablefish: 

PATUSDUESU, Ate oan ~ oten Handled principally in winter in frozen form; sale limited. 

Chigago Mt B29 5.55 Abie: Only limited sale when received fresh on account of poor keeping 
quality; sale in frozen form, although at present limited, shows 
tendency toward increase. 

Minneapolis, Minn..-........-.-.. Only limited sale when received fresh on account of poor keeping 
quality: sale in frozen form at present moderate but demand re- 
ported falling off. 

Salmon: 

WFORIS VA PKGY Ss eee 3 3 3 ban sacle Received from Chicago; sale limited on account of high price; the 
name ‘‘salmon”’ is also applied here to the pike porate: received 
from Lake Erie for which there is a good demand. 

Pittshursee tesa... eee Of moderate importance. 

Ohicago were’. Hs Se es 2 Of considerable importance; sale of lower-grade salmon for chinook 


charged against many retailers by wholesalers. 
a and St. Paul, Minn.} Of considerable importance. 
melt: 
Chickeo Mes woo PS 3562.58? Sale limited; accepted when eastern smelts are not available. 
Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minn.| In fair demand until Christmas; eastern smelt preferred. 
Grebe) Ming eapolis and St. Paul, | Sale limited on account of high price. 


12 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


COLD STORAGE, 


The city’s combined sharp-freezer capacity is upward of 200 tons 
in a 24-hour period. Two companies engaged in the wholesale fish 
business operate large cold storages, two general warehouses are 
equipped with facilities for fish freezing, and the Seattle Port Com- 
mission maintains a freezer and storage. These plants are the 
reservours in which a great part of the North Pacific’s fish surplus- 
ages are frozen and held for foreign and domestic distribution. In 
addition to the above all wholesale establishments are provided with 
insulated cold rooms. No regulations obtain in this city as to the 
length of time fish shall be allowed to remain in storage, which in 
most instances is comparatively brief. 

The following table shows the number of pounds of the different 
varieties of fish in storage at the beginning of the year, the number of 
pounds frozen, received frozen, and withdrawn during the year, and 
the number of pounds on hand at the end of the year, for the year 
ended December 15, 1921. 


Cold-storage fish record at Seattle, Wash., for year ended December 15, 1921. 


Onhandat| Frozen Received | Withdrawn} On hand 
Name. beginning during |frozendur-| during at end 
of year. year. ing year. year. of year. 


Balmonieet ess oe Fe ee Wes 3, 949, 982 | 6, 156, 292 780,319 | 6,209,562] 4,677,034 
Halibutze sae ss Rs. See. Fee Bee ee 3,818,648 | 3,637,979 724, 446 | 6, 137, 484 2,043, 589 
Sablefishie: Soeteks cone cederobe nckeeeemene 460, 79 1, 401, 700 222, 790 946, 489 1, 138, 797 
Horminpae tsa. 6.2 once ee ep am hae 30 121, 370 109, 435 225, 287 4 

Smeltss-.ie520)-ete EA teiceaperecternencer 19, 444 97, 886 5. 82, 404 35, 456 
0106 Ee ae or er ea oe Oe Bae 48, 010 55, 716 2, 685 92, 781 13, 630 
SIs aR eae At NS ae 7, 145 Si, She das ase ote 12, 632 25, 275 
Roeksfishes east jvns- yodse- gies Sevnesescn-s 54, 014 A, LOY) | os sc ce cbeigs 60, 064 18, 057 
Mackerel oo = 2. <0 vc.onseulgabeks acenieres - 3,304 GOLD | to. cca seem 7, 364 2,455 
Shadirparsesath (cet eae eee eee 233 As O51 4 4 se5 cee 3, 166 1,121 
Searbusaapeneeaersscertrerert cop eceneees 1, 480 ITO seeseavceces , 748 502 
Miscellancousss. 2. cos sccaapeecaseceeeses 121, 458 487, 347 237, 702 572, 657 273, 850 


Pitted. <=. aa, 8, 486, 144 | 12,025,501 | 2,077,907 | 14,352,638 | 8, 236, 914 


1 Frozen herring are used in the halibut fishery for bait. 
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE. 


In Seattle the fish business is carried on by 15 wholesale houses, 4 
wholesale and retail firms, 48 retail fish markets, 14 peddlers, 4 mail- 
order houses, and 72 grocery stores and meat markets handling fish 
part of the week. Fresh and frozen fish are handled by 17 whole- 
salers, oysters by 12, other shellfish by 14, salt fish by 16, smoked fish 
by 12, stockfish by 4, and canned fish by 4. In the retail trade fresh 
and frozen fish are handled by all dealers, oysters by 56, other shellfish 
by 53, salt fish by 65, smoked fish by 94, canned fish by 22, stockfish 
by 24, meats by 61, delicacies by 8, and groceries by 20. Stores and 
meat markets et fish as a side line. 


DIRECTORY OF SEA-FOOD DEALERS. 


In the following directory the names of the sea-food dealers in 
Seattle have been listed alphabetically under the groups designated 
above; that is, wholesale, wholesale and retail, retail only, mail-order 
houses, and butchers and grocers handling fish part of the week. 
The products handled are shown for each group except the last. 


EEE eEeeEeeEEEEeEeEeeEe ee ee 


FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS, SEATTLE, WASH. 


Directory of sea-food dealers in Seattle, Wash. 


13 


[The following are the symbols in table: C=Commission; D= Distributor; I=Importer; J=Jobber; 
P= Producer; Pk= Packer; S=Smoker.] 


SeeooaoaoaoaoaooaoaoooEEoEoEooaaaEaEaaBaEaBBBDnBBBBnBBnDAD7™ADBnD9D9@SQQSee SSS —eeeaeaeaesSS——aeaeaa=aSaean—SSSS=_ 


Fish handled. 


Dealers. 


WHOLESALE ONLY. 


American Sea Food Co., 1527 Railroad Ave. 
Booth Fisheries Co., foot of Wall St....-.. 


New England Fish Co., Pier 81.........- 

Newport Fish Co., Pier A.............-- 

Olsen Fish & Cold Storage Co., Pier 12... 

Puget Sound Fish Co., foot of Washington 

t. 

Ripley Wish Co.; Pier 9. .)..5.:...-j..722-- 

San Juan Fishing & Packing Co., foot of 
Stacy St. 

Sebastian Stuart Fish Co., Spokane 
Street-Dock 


Superior Fish Co., 2621 Railroad Ave....|-.-.|....|-.--|---- 


iz Fish Co., 1525 Railroad Ave....... 
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL. 
Jackson Fish Co., 511 King St...........- 
Main Fish Co., 615 Sixth Ave.,S......... 
Palace Fish & Oyster Co., 819 Railroad 


Ave. 
Washington Fish & Oyster Co., Grand 
Trunk Dock. 


RETAIL ONLY. 


Allite Products Co., City Dock.......... A 


American Fish Market, Economy Pub- 
lic Market. 
angus Fish & Oyster Co., 815 Railroad 


ve. 
Augustine & Myer: 
HE OS PANG 2 8 stains ota Se ciaclaase oe 


1507 Queen Anne Ave..........-...-- 
1520 PDHIT AW ©, 5.24 = Lass -3-be eee don 
Calderon,Jos.,134 Westlake PublicMarket 
Comper Fish Market, First Ave.and Pike 
Diamond Fish Market, 12214 Yesler Way. 
Elliot Fish Market: 
Pine Street Public Market.........- 
South End Public Market-........... 
Eskenazi, M.,1522 Fifth Ave...........- 
Fishermen’s Fish Market, 36 Pike Place, 
Public Market. 
Gerrish Bros., 1903 Market St........-.. 
_Haines& Holt, Cooperative Public Market 
Jack’s Fish Market, South End Public 
Market. 
Japan Fish Market, Jackson Street Pub- 
ic Market. 
Joe’s Fish Market: 
107 Nineteenth Ave................-. 
LO 2e ROI g “bt asians eaeia io Cir 2 oE= 
King Fish Market, 6094 King St......... 
Kumamoto Market, 675 Main St.......-. 
Lucky Strike Fish Co., Olympic Public 
Market. : 
M. K. Fish Market, 511 Main St........-.. 
Madison Fish Market, Madison Public 
_ Market. 


aes 
Kah x 
ON 
Ke} x 
xe) 3 
1 
x | Xx 
alle: 
x | X 
1% 
vain ih 
Sih x 
p aa 
Su X 
as 
aps 
x | X 
aa 
pane 
x | x 
ates 
% x 
baie 
Mtns 
x | X 
pope 
Shas 
pease 
pa be 


xX 


xX KXKX 


x 


x XKK KKKK K KKKKKX 


XX XKKXX 


Other shell- 


x XXX 


xX 


x 


fish. 


XXKX K KKKKXKXK 


XX KKXKXKXK 


x XXX 


x 


1 Did not operate. 


x 


x 


x XXX 


xX xKXK KX 


Other goods. 

| 

2 
ee sa 
s/2\8/8 
21s lals 
BlSlals 


eed ees eres ees eres be 


cet St Et a 
Tesla) 


yy yy 


ws 


Symbols. 


is | 


ealels) 
Pig 
dai 


by 


» 


aman 


I<) 
Wied: 
eg else 
r 


a 


by yg 
yr ar 


a 
‘a 


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by by vod 


oy Oy 
sx 


14 


U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


Directory of sea-food dealers in Seattle, Wash.—Continued. 


Dealers. 


| Fresh 
Frozen. 


RETAIL ONLY—continued. 


Municipal Fish Market, Pike Place Pub- 
lic Market. 

Northwest Fish Market, 1220 First Ave. - 

Olympia Fish & Oyster Co., 14 Corner 
Market. 

Olympia Fish Market, 1512 Pike Place... 

Oriental Fish Market, 506 Main St......-. 

Pacific Fish Market, 803 First Ave....... 

Palmer, George, 417 Pike St............- 

Pavish, Lawrence, 2303 Market St....-.-- 

People’s Fish Market, Pike Places .--s-\- 

Philadelphia Fish Market, No. 10 Sani- 
tary Market. 

Pioneer Fish Market, 5103 Ballard Ave. . 

Puget Sound Fish Market, South End 
Public Market. 

Pure Food Fish Market, 1511 Pike Place. 

Queen City Fish Market, 44 Queen City 
Market. 

Sanitary Fish Market, Sanitary Public 
Market. 

Seaboard Fish & Oyster Co., 30 Queen 
City Public Market. 

Seattle Fish Market, 109 Occidental Ave. 

Sunset Fish Market, 31 Sanitary Market. 

United Fish Market, 713 Railroad Ave... 

Water Front Market, foot of Yesler Way 

Westlake Fish Market, 46 Westlake 
Market. 


XXXKK KX KR KK KK KKXXKXXKX KX &X 
XK KKKXKK K K KK KK KKXKKXKXXXK KK X 


Yesler Fish Market, 901 Yesler Way....- x 
Yesler Way Grocery and Fish Market, | 
725 Yesler Way. 
MAIL ORDER. 
Hamilton, Andrew, Seaboard Bldg...... x |x 
Norway Pacific FishCo., Bell Street Dock.| X | X 
Pacific Salmon Co., Pier1 .......-....... <ul OX 
Ocean Fisheries Co., 1529 Railroad Ave..| X | X 


Fish handled. Other goods. 
4 : 
a G Z| ¢ Symbols, 

A al) Ge bp 
Bleale(SiBlalBlalsls 
Bigale/slalsielsla\s 
olf jalaldijalalsalals 
a) OM le Seat esis epetete | Sen are eel eee ee hie 
BRI Duke bell DXi lia eeate | eereneed 6 ote cH Sl rei ll ero 
Py Gl ><) WEP. Gaal Hot PSP pee o> | pee fae reel | fy 
Dall OY Hl Ga ees ol eeepc ae Ea eee 
SF Ceo ON mere | ates ecko a nee ocala 

DRL CG XII SOM | Saices WON laws cde pixel cect brmte 
> Gl] aio Gel ne el [>in fe [Nh JS WI ae ate ia =, 
OSES | ale cele cic le cieralers eve lee ee] setae amees 
IK a HL KH Nl) Mall ove Suleasisheie ol ae ecllanee 
KA XA) ON Nol CSl A letetab ro cilee eel tari 
PCAN SCOIE SSSiee cleaes Bay (Earn [EA le (hel 
DG RIOR, [ermtem [ait erel sreete| sees | oii eerste 
Pe SX al Nea acai eee a ol ie well eae el ee 
> <ul Geil loess SES SSIs) oc > 
> Gal Wi al Lil he al (PS) ses Pe fa | Se 
pd ie Gt ae a he <i ey) Psd leet eer fr 
DO SOS See Ka re eel cecya | Sectoid eats 
Sa (WPS Waele ae Ieee es Sees bee) bao clinic 
Gl > Cam (Persea ee Gal erga (Serene |e my Ie os 
> Seal > Gn Fil Goal Ey A he | ea Pi | fe a et 
DRA DKS Mavese ls bal oases recoel sree pete eee] nee 
> > IE >a Be ees aa Pige [s2 4c) tee 
> Gl Sal Wall te | (Ephrata hs el Fs = x 
Seeder alee las sepee sal ee ceil cha ie ole 
dels |odete DRG SDK t| Samra] ace al chemo |e atels'| sin ere mate 
ee ae 5 oP a | Sele eT Ue WR 


SEATTLE BUTCHERS AND GROCERS HANDLING FISH PART OF THE WEEK. 


Alki Market and Grocery, 5902 Admiral Way. 

Arrow Market, 201 Eastlake Ave. 

Barbours M arket, 2701 Beacon Ave. 

Becker Bros., 8421 Greenwood Ave. 

Belleview Market, 239 Belleview St. 

Biles, W. E. & Co., 2136 and 2660 California Ave. 

Boylston Meat Market, 608 East Denny Way. 

Brooklyn Market, Fortieth and Brooklyn Ave. 

California Avenue Grocery and Market, 6501 Cali- 
fornia Ave. 

Capitol Hill Market, 426 Fifteenth Ave. 

City Hall Market, 612 Third Ave. 

Columbia Meat Market, 4861 Rainier Ave. 

Courage Bros., 816 Union St. 

Eastern Market, 605 Eastlake Ave. 

Empire Market, 614 Broadway. 

Terry Market and Grocery, 1321 Harbor Ave. 

Fussy Market, 905 James St. 

Garfield and Eastlake Market and Grocery, 1600 
Fastlake Ave. 

Green Lake Market, 304 East Sixty-fifth St. 

Happy Home Market, 3817 Seventeenth Ave. SW. 

Harrah Bros.,621 North Broadway and 903 Nine- 
teenth Ave.,N. 

Harvard Meat Market, 204 Broadway. 

Herretts Grocery, 2601 California Ave. 

High School Market, 721 East Pike Place. 

ape Meat Market, 2306 Twenty-fourth 

ve., N. 


Junction Meat Market, 4218 West Alaska St. 

Kenwood Market, 2104 North Fifty-fifth Ave. 

Lake View Market, 3318 East Cherry St. 

Madison Park Market, 4220 East Madison St. 

Madiscn Street Market and Grocery, 1019 East 
Madison St. 

Madrona Market, Thirty-fourthand East Union Sts. 

Maple Leaf Market, 7308 Woodlawn Ave. 

Middleton Market, 1826 Sixth Ave., W. 

Miller’s Meat Market, 5257 Fourteenth Ave., NW. 

Minot Market, 7956 ast Green Lake Way. 

Mount Baker Meat and Grocery Co., 2415 Jackson St 

Mount Baker Market, 2807 Mount Rainier Drive. 

Nelson’s Market, 4861 Rainier Ave. . 

New College Market, 4301 University Way. 

North Broadway Market, 226 Broadway, N. 

North End Meat Market, 7821 Greenwood Ave. 

Northfield Market, 4254 ‘Fremont Ave. 

Pearl Market, 5621 Fourteenth St., NE. 

Peterson’s Market and Grocery, 5904 California Ave. 

Phillips Market, 4557 California Ave. . 

Pioneer Market and Grocery, 2306 California Ave. 

Pioneer Market, 4230 Rainier Ave. 

Power House Market, 2020 East Madison Ave. 

Quality Market, 3938 ‘Wallingford Ave, 

Queen Anne Market, 621 Queen Anne Ave. 

Reese Bros., 2518 Dearborn St. 

Renton Hill Market, 1408 East Pike Place, 

Schuman & Busse, 4901 Rainier Ave. 


pa 


ee ee 


FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS, SEATTLE, WASH. 15 


Sennett Grocery and Market, 5507 Duwamish St. Victory Market, 1024 Howell St. 


Sound Market, 2209 North Forty-fifth Ave. Wallingford Hill Market, 1926 North Forty-fifth 
Stadium Market, 4509 Fourteenth Ave., NE. ve. ! f 

Stevens Meat Market, 119 Madison St. West Seattle Meat Co., 2354 California Ave. 

Stongs Market, 501 Pine St. Wildwood Market, 761 Rainier Boulevard. 

Tenth Avenue Market, 2407 Tenth Ave. Windsor Market, 416 North Thirty-sixth St. 


Tesack Benson Co.,3203 East Pike Place Yesler Way Market, 1732 Yesler Way. 


University Grocery and Market, 4755 Fourteenth | York Grocery, 3404 Rainier Ave. 
Ave. NE Youngstown Market, 2601 West Andover St. 


Valley Meat and Grocery Co., 2739 East Madison St. 
RETAIL DISPLAY. 


Protection of fishery products displayed in retail markets is largely 
governed by city ordinance No. 24027, which states, in substance, 
that all fish on display must be covered with glass or other protective 
material in such a manner as to exclude, so far as practicable, dust 
and flies or other insects.. In markets handling fish as a major 
commodity glass-covered cases with tile bottoms are the rule. 
Refrigeration of display cases is accomplished in 39 establishments 
by the use of ice alone, in 5 by pipes running through the cases in such 
a manner as to support trays or platters, and in 4 by the use of 
both pipes and ice. 

The smaller varieties, as well as sliced fish, are displayed on white 
enameled trays by 4 dealers, on white crockery platters by 5, on 
granite trays by 9, on white enameled and white crockery platters 

y 13, on white crockery platters and granite trays by 12, and on 
white enameled platters, white crockery platters, and granite trays 
by 5. Of this number 40 dealers also place a portion of their display 
directly on ice. Added attractiveness is lent fish displays in 27 
establishments by garnishes of lettuce, parsley, etc., which makes a 
very evident appeal to the appetite. 


ATTITUDE OF RETAIL MEAT DEALERS HANDLING FISH AS A SIDE LINE. 


In Seattle there are 61 retail meat markets carrying fish as a side 
line. Representing, as these dealers do, over 49 per cent of those 
coming in direct contact with consumers, their attitude toward the 
handling of fish is perhaps the best indication of their desire to foster 
fish trade in their respective communities. Primarily they are inter- 
ested in the sale of other goods, and according to the statements of a 
majority of these dealers fish is handled solely to accommodate their 
customers—a situation also obtaining in a number of other cities, 
but for which apparently no satisfactory solution has been found. 
The leading arguments advanced by these dealers, which concur in 
substance with those advanced by similar dealers in Minneapolis 
and St. Paul, Minn., may be summed up as follows: (1) The volume 
of fish business in an individual store does not warrant the exclusive 
attention of one man, thereby making it necessary for meat cutters 
to handle fish and meat alternately, which in itself requires repeated 
washing of hands and detracts from concentration on meat. (2) 
Considerable time is lost in cleaning fish during rush hours, when 

uick turnovers in meat are essential. (3) The limited and spasmodic 

emand for fish causes a material loss through spoilage. (4) The 
space required for fish could be devoted to meat, which as a single 
commodity is in better demand. 


16 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


ATTITUDE AND METHODS OF RETAIL DEALERS HANDLING FISH IN CON- 
JUNCTION WITH OTHER FOODS. 


That a consensus of views and methods of retail dealers handling 
fish in conjunction with other foods might be had, each of the 72 
such iannenie was asked questions identical with those put to 
similar dealers in Minneapolis and St. Paul, which are given below, 
with a summary of the answers received from Seattle dealers. 

1. Do you consider fish a profitable side line, or do you handle it 
only for the convenience of your customers? In answer to this ques- 
tion 27 dealers stated that they considered fish a profitable side line, 
and 45 stated that they handled fish solely for the accommodation of 
their customers. 

2. What has been the trend of business during the past two years ? 
Has trade decreased, held even, or increased? In answer to which 
49 dealers reported a decrease owing to the high price of fish, and 23 
reported trade holding even. 

3. In your opinion do reductions in meat prices retard the sale of 
fish? Replies to this question revealed that 19 were of the opinion 
that reductions in meat prices had no effect whatever on the sale of 
fish, 20 were of the opinion that reductions in meat prices affect fish 
buying only among certain classes, and 33 believed that they material- 
ly affect the sale of fish. 

4. For the purpose of comparing your sales from year to year, etc., 
do you keep a record of the different kinds of fish sold in your store ? 
Answers to which disclosed that 5 firms kept a comparative record, 
26 kept their fish bills separate, and 41 kept no record by which they 
could accurately determine the number of pounds of the different 
species sold. 

O 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN 
MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA, SOUTH AMERICA, WEST 
INDIES, AND BERMUDAS.’ 


Compiled by Lewis Rapcuirre, 
Assistant in Charge, Division of Fishery Industries. 


CONTENTS. 
Page. 
Tm reduction. A aokse ts en Fat oh 2 | South America—Continued. 
DEED aac soek Pte ae de ate a aa 2, SO ace gare enn anne a ane Saat sine 
Matamoros: .2t-t) (Pes eg rus Ssh oft 2 Paka yy3-- sesig-P Petre - sas. Stee. a 
LOIGT MDE (a ae Re 2 pl en panne 3 ROLDAN DUCO- 6 ena aaeere ste oo nae 
Mianteroyn sess. e et 8s. FI A esd 3 Balitey ISU TIERS SIE. ee ee Lt Reade 
Piedras Negras 4 Rjiods Jancirossso 545 oes ese aes 
ESSE T Py iil ie eel SE Mechelen hee Rah Ag & 4 ISL in SETH OS yates ant ieee de bee as ee 
Ciudad Juarez. . 5 Santosss3.-yerreeectjis43- 43. PELE Ee 
Guaymas... 5 Porto Alegre. cs. bese suse eh pee ee 
Mexicali... 7 Paragtnly sfc}. Cee sesso eek. SU 
TBTAS Tray: | a Ca a ons eee oy ee ee 8 ASH GION AS oe. ah etre nhs Wind d st ree te 
IV EAE ALT CL, ta a appl gt id faa 10 (URE TATE Ore ne Aes meetin sedis Fae, ec ees 
Aguascalientes.......2.-22--202-2--eeeee-e- 12 Montevideo: sasisy- ftv. OE oe 
(PUIG AAT ETRee Bese S55 ae an ane 12 JN 4 5101 as Pare aa ara Be < Le eS Se 
Manzanwlol GL. SORE. 13 Buenos)Atres IIIA TL ORs. MNT 
iL LOTATTT Op Ree ROE RE Gia ed NT NE EES Tee AWOSE Undies oo. cha Bao T ve Ek ee 
Tt 10) VA ep ee Ye SN 14 CEA ea ae eee PEM ea 
Wespuldd.n'; lla atl... eaves 15 Hababa ¢ ers. bi-5ijeteie ach... 
tr CrEIZ aes. eo eae 15 IMatADZaSe eo ogee. oes tne Pe eon 
rompers ces Losi eOo. Lh LIV. BL: 16 Amita ya. 121233 PATA DEL AO. $3 
PRY i game see 6 ee GE Ow Lene s 16 Cieutnegos: 6. 3. Bl We pele 
Caniraivninericas tts. SNS) kh Ar eA ER 18 SETI Pee hl peg R ee fei Art at. da 
Guatemalatec, s47/syteecls. ascht 25. & 18 Isle of Pines3 ier: zi. Sacer rte. partys 
enpemala Clty: (-c55 5. omc ete 18 Nueva Gerona’ 2-2: ccee wp eg. cen ns 
Honduras Vio Seals 10. Boe ae 19 TTS ESET DAL ONy ee 
[Pieter HaNC (01a 7) Age ee Et ace mn 19 POFMAT BRIN GA. kan Joe op ee ete 
Pige eFeTSeTAE MI SAO i BEI or 20 Cape. Haitrente? 1 ing ses _ aAt at 
PA Goiba bye. soteccebusetet csreeriee 20 Dominican Republic. .............2....... 
BSlvadOne enon er oes ea ee 21 1 55 Coie ad Bd 67 ee sea erg me aarti ps Sele 
SantSalvad or! 2.2800 VteeLeiet 21 Santo/Domingo..fcinWielitn). Wii, 
INCYTE CS, Semis Vee 2 2 eet 21 Gund elon per eo a ta OS eee: 
BIGENSINSte eee eee ee et AR She ee 21 MarinigUes «Sts 2S 2 2 Fe eA A! 
22 Hort, de/France: o-s62 ds ées. 2 as. 
23 Barbados 
23 Drinidad [8 O20). 50. LEIS 
24 Curacao 3 2. ba dt ke 
5 JaHIniCAM se SPRY: 
25 Kingston 
onal abenmudas. a2. 23222552 
28 Hamilton 
28 | Selected bibliography...............------.-- 
28 iArsontina |. £23332 20 Oe SAT ee 
IDSETAniG il laeeeereee oleae ease ee 29 1 BU (16 Qu EE Eee ee ere, & Sapa 
Ouriappnas Saeed es Se IS abe 30 CHG NEE SEE INE OAS Re TS eee 
Wenad or... 2 -esasede esa yok ct PORE Ob face 31 Colombia lat. 2ac28ths ced. 2 eS 
Gad yaquileetemne sees oo oon es caceons oe 31 1 0 cael Ml pee se te a eR Noe ene 2B 
BE: <3 36 joo eC ase Sz ket. 2 32 Galapagos Islands (Ecuador)............-. 
Callaco-Limaziiy. Pe IAfton. AGU 32 Guatemala litter. MPS. SLO 
Ghile*. 3.5. ste. 12 ba gous epee 36 1 he See aes sare aepas i= Sat tea, Bee 4 
Toigtes. 252 seen Ay Fle ee AN dg: 36 Hone nrasee er ee le ee ee 
Anitotagasta Bs - sas 2). see, 205722 37 Jamaica x755..-$7isn tee ccs liset- ash A 
Valparaiso: taser ey 2-5 cb se elles 38 Hawer California. ...29-\2--.4--s25scecs cones 
Concepcion. 9285-39233 LOSE LEGET 22533 40 Mexicows ECL 0c $3622 . SISEy Teer ty eh 
Pinta Aren ss eee ae Fw oe Bion aeegeere 51 UIGRER PUES soe 8 eee OES eA nas 
WGHOZTICLS+ . Soe teem tee cn act ore sdoe ce De OPC ahs a oe ae eee ee Lee oe a acee eee eee 
Maracnibbast! Saat 245. oobeaccse od. - 52 Santo Domingo: J. .cce oh ecergegesiesego. 
Puerto Cabeliguaseers kets trees on: 54 Winpusy: vetoes. cen dese tere tae eek 
Pa Gusirals. goats. tee OFS. 10. 54 Menozuola 'TAtt its. ECL t soc Li 
British GniaBnt esa eae cutis sets eke e < ate 55 IMISGGHANCOUB=. foc e noel aannon cb abe 
Georrvotowls. Pete ee cw wanc at cimcicenee 55 


1 Appendix VIII to the Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1922. B. F. Doc. 931. 


- 


1 


2 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


INTRODUCTION. 


In August, 1921, a questionnaire on the fisheries and market con- 
ditions for fishery products was forwarded by the Department of 
Commerce, through the Department of State, to American consuls 
in Mexico, Central America, South America, Bermuda, and West 
Indies. The pune of the inquiry was to obtain information on the 
principal local fisheries in each consular district; local methods of 
preservation and preparation for market; character and value of 
exports; character, value, and countries of origin of imports; reasons 
for preference for a particular country’s products, such as salmon, 
sardines, and cod; measures necessary to increase imports from the 
United States; and reference to literature extant in each district 
devoted to its fisheries. The replies contained so much information 
which should prove useful to the trade that it was deemed desirable 
to include the more important matter in a printed report for the 
use and guidance of Americans interested in the development of 
trade with the countries included within the scope of this inquiry. 
In such a report it is desirable that the facts reported be made known, 
so that American business may meet any objections raised and may 
be cognizant of opinions relative to their products. 

In some instances consular officers submitted with their reports 
articles prepared by others familiar with *the local fisheries. Con- 
sidering the large number of contributors and the impracticability of 
returning revised manuscript to each for examination without greatly 
delaying the publication of the report, an occasional error, particu- 
larly in the statistical matter, may be discovered. In all cases the 
name of the consul or other contributor is given in connection with 
the report. A selected bibliography compiled from these reports 
and other sources is appended for the use of those desirous of obtain- 
ing more detailed information on the fisheries of these countries. 

uring the past year the bureau has issued a series of market sur- 
veys on the trade in fresh and frozen fishery products and related 
marketing considerations in certain of our primary markets, namely, 
Bitsburch. Pa.; Louisville, Ky.; Chicago, Ill.; Minneapolis and St. 
Paul, Minn.; and Seattle, Wash., for the use of the trade in increasing 
the consumption of fish and as a guide for educational work and the 
proper conduct of the business. 


MEXICO. 
MATAMOROS. 


[By G. R. Willson, consul, August 17, 1921.] 


The only fishery product of the Matamoros consular district con- 
sists of several varieties of fresh fish taken from the Gulf of Mexico, 
about 25 miles distant, by means of seines or hook and line. The 
fish are preserved by the use of ice and are transported by trucks to 
Brownsville, Tex., where they are either disposed of locally or shipped 
to interior points in the United States. Exports of fresh fish to the 
United States for the period January 1 to June 30, 1921, amounted 
to 98,375 pounds, valued at $10,000. 

The imports of fishery products, consisting of cheap canned salmon 
and sardines, are entirely from the United States and are practically 


4 
' 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN MEXICO, ETC. 3 


insignificant, due to the preference shown for the fresh product. 
The imports of canned fish for the period January 1 to June 30, 1921, 
amounted to $1,395. It is not believed that importations of canned, 
dried, or salt-cured fish can be increased materially until the people 
have acquired a taste for such products. 


NUEVO LAREDO. 


[By Edwin B. Adams, vice consul, September 12, 1921.] 


There are no fishery products in this consular district. The bulk 
of the fish imported into this district is during the Lenten season, 
when approximately 800 boxes (40 pounds each) of the 1-pound 
fish brick and 300 boxes (40 pounds each) of salt fish are imported, 
most of which are shipped to other points in Mexico. Due to the 
Mexican import tariff, practically all of the demand for all kinds of 
fish in this district is met by the dealers in Laredo, Tex. During the 
month of August, 1921, 696 pounds of canned fish, valued at $312.31, 
and 156 pounds of fresh fish, valued at $50.13, were purchased in 
Laredo, Tex., by the residents of Nuevo Laredo, Mexico. 

Following is a statistical report of fish exported through the La- 
redo (Tex.) customs district for the year,ending June 30, 1921. Ap- 

roximately 85 per cent of these fish passed through the Nuevo 
Tancdo (Mexico) customhouse, and practically the entire volume 
was consigned to Mexican points other than the Nuevo Laredo con- 
sular district: 


Species. Pounds.| Value. Species. Pounds. | Value. 

Mreshish eis. . 20 R0419.. 70, 366 $11}:809' |’ Oysters. £2 8. IS. od Ou bbe ae eed $19, 836 
Cod, haddock, etc-..--...---- 355, 493 110, 880 || Other shellfish’... .£- 0-3 - 2.-|- 4-beeo-- 20, 664 
BIN OPE ees Moon as Seip oS Seg 7, 679 O61. |\"Othier fish toc tenstet sce tc oos.|scasecsne: 83, 749 
Other dried fish... ..........- 7, 702 2, 342 cesseress 

Canned salmon...........---- 841, 785 77, 721 Li 80) | Ee AE I Se Oe Oa asec oe 679, 500 
Canned fish .-7. 32325-2052. S225 )5. 2 ehh 3hk2 351, 538 

MONTEREY. 


[By Thomas D. Bowman, consul, August 25, 1921.] 


There are no fisheries in the Monterey consular district. A limited 
amount of canned and dried fish products is imported into the district, 
but it is impossible to obtain any statistics regarding the amount. 
The produae imported are sardines, tuna, kippered herring, salmon, 
fish flakes, and all the standard canned fish products. Dried cod- 
fish is also found on the local market. Because of the high cost of 
these products the market is limited to the wealthier classes. Fresh 
fish is brought in, iced, from Tampico, Mexico,.throughout the year. 
There is no reexport of imported fish from this district. By far the 
larger proportion of imported fish products come from the United 
States. ere is an occasional preference for Spanish sardines, 
based upon particular taste of certain consumers, but the amount of 
sardines imported from Europe is negligible. It is difficult to in- 
crease the imports of fish products into this district because of their 


high cost. 


4 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


PIEDRAS NEGRAS. 
[By William P. Blocker, consul, August 25, 1921.] 


The Piedras Negras consular district is strictly interior, remote 
from the sea. There is no fishing industry, with the exception of 
sportsmen fishing for black bass. During various times of the season 
small amounts of fresh fish are imported from the seacoast towns 
of Corpus Christi and Galveston, Tex., arriving in Piedras Negras 
about two days after being packed for shipment at the seaport. 
Local merchants usually plan ther orders for fresh fish in order to take 
care of Catholic fast days, but it has never been considered a profita- 
ble business, owing to the possible loss caused by spoiling while en 
route and the nonsale of the entire amount. 

As the State of Coahuila has no seacoast, the State authorities 
have made no study of the fishing industry, and the rivers and lakes 
are not large enough to make fishing a business in this district. 
Canned fish, such as sardines and salmon, cod and dried herring, are 
imported monthly, all of which is usually sold to the wholesale 
merchants by American firms in the United States. After carefully 
questioning the wholesale houses here I have been unable to find any 
who purchase fish products from European countries, it being con- 
sidered, apparently, that the American fish products are closer and 
of superior quality. 

CHIHUAHUA. 


[By J. B. Stewart, consul, September 1, 1921.] 


There are no fishery products in this district, which comprises the 
southern two-thirds of the State of Chihuahua. However, the city 
of Chihuahua is regularly supplied with fresh fish caught in the very 
large artificial lake known as La Bequilla and situated about 100 
miles south of Chihuahua. 

Fishery products, consisting of sardines in both cottonseed oil 
and tomato sauce, salmon, codfish, shrimp, and oysters, are im- 
ported into this district almost exclusively from the United States. 
One large retail grocer is now, as previous to 1914, importing these 
goods from Spain, but they are so high in price that only a few 
Spaniards and some wealthy Mexican families can afford to purchase 
them. ‘These imports are probably not more than 3 per cent of the 
total imports, about 97 per cent coming from the United States. 
Since Chihuahua is not a port of entry, import statistics are not 
available. There is no reexport of imported products practiced in 
this district. 4 

In the years before the war a very large percentage of all the better 
grade fishery products came from ean countries at reasonable 
prices, and it is now believed that if it is ever possible to again bring 
these goods in at prices approaching American prices all except the 
poor people will again buy the European product in preference to the 
American because of its past reputation. However, as about 50 per 
cent of the inhabitants of this district belong to the working class and 
receive low wages, the big demand is for the cheaper grade of sardines 
and canned salmon, and dealers do not anticipate that European 


countries will be able to compete with American manufacturers of © 


this class of goods. Regarding dried cod, it should be mentioned 


—. — % 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN MEXICO, ETC. 5 


that this article is only used during Lent, and so the consumption is 
very small compared with that of sardines and salmon. ‘ 

Very few complaints have come to the attention of this office 
regarding the sialite? of American sardines and salmon. One serious 
complaint has been received several times regarding sardines which 
were supposed to be packed in oil but which sometimes arrived with 
scarcely a drop in the cans. Whether the oil leaks out of the cans or 
is not placed in them is not known. It is suggested that the matter 
be given serious attention by manufacturers, as it appears that the 
sardines soon spoil when there is no oil in the cans. 

As nearly the total present amount consumed is imported from the 
United States, it is only necessary for the American manufacturer to 
fill orders according to samples and to exercise thoroughness in taking 
orders, in packing, billing, and shipping of goods in order not only 
to retain the trade in hand but to increase it as well. 


CIUDAD JUAREZ. 
[By John W. Dye, consul, August 18, 1921.] 


There are no fisheries in the Ciudad Juarez consular district nor any 
exports or reexports of fishery products. Small quantities of pre- 
served and canned fish, principally salmon and sardines, are imported 
and consumed in the district. Most of these come from the United 
States in small lots, largely from El Paso, Tex., just across the inter- 
national border from this city. There is little prospect of increasing 
the sale of any fish products in the district, as the population is small 
and the people poor. A list of El Paso merchants selling fish to 
pec may be obtained from the chamber of commerce, El Paso, 

ex. 

GUAYMAS. 


[By Bartley F. Yost, consul, August 19, 1921.] 


In their seasons considerable quantities of fish are shipped fresh, 
packed in ice, and in a dried salted state. The principal varieties of 
export fish caught in the Gulf of California near Guaymas are the 
white bass, black bass, and red snappers. The Spanish mackerel and 
“bonito”? remain unexploited as far as commercial fishing is con- 
cerned. Most Mexicans are adverse to eating ‘“‘scaleless’’ fish, such 
as catfish and “pompano.” Among the other varieties of fish found 
in the Gulf in more or less ample quantities are the rock cod, cabrillos, 
mullet, sardines, ‘halibut,’ sharks, sand dabs, chanos (milkfish), 
porpoise, and sundry small fishes of more or less questionable food 
value. There are also large oyster beds found at Lobos Island, 
south of Guaymas. Shrimp are plentiful after October. Turtles 
are found at all seasons of the year. The catch of spiny lobster is 
unimportant. 

Oysters are taken mostly for local consumption. They are not 
favorably received in the United States because of the dark fringe. 
Borie this fact considerable quantities of fresh oysters packed in 
1-gallon cans, well iced, were shipped to El Paso, Tex. last winter, 
sold well and brought good prices. They are of excellent quality. 
The white oyster, not considered so good here, is most in favor for 
export and, as a canned product, is said to equal the best oysters 
from the Atlantic coast. A small packing plant located at Guaymas 


6 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


last winter put up a quantity of oysters, but on account of the lack of 
an effective sales organization the venture was not a success. 

Shrimps and spiny lobsters are not canned here, neither are they 
shipped. The Listy bass, black bass, and red snappers are the only 
varieties obtained in commercial quantities and at prices capable of 
PPD Sue with the California prbéuckd in the fresh state. 

The method employed by local fishermen in obtaining fish, either 
for export or local consumption, is with hook and line, baited with 
sardines and anchovies. During the fishing seasons about 20 canoes, 
each containing two or three men, may be seen fishing near the 
entrance to the Bay of Guaymas. The fishermen seldom venture out 
into the Gulf for any distance. They leave early in the morning and 
invariably return in the evening about sundown. 

A local English fisherman tried fishing with a seine but had to 
abandon it, as this method requires too many men, most of whom are 
inefficient and lack organization and teamwork. In seasons when 
fish are quite plentiful it is believed that this method would be more 
successful. It is interesting to note, as an indication of the way in 
which the several varieties of fish are found in a mixed state, that in 
a haul of 26 fish made this spring on the Morito Beach there were 
25 different species. It will be observed that fishing is not carried on 
here in a systematic or businesslike manner. 

As has already been pointed out, there are no fish canned at Guay- 
mas. The only ae et of curing fish are those practiced by fisher- 
men on the coast of California. In the case of steak fish, with thick 
steaks, they are cut open about every half inch and salt rubbed into 
the incision. They are then laid in the sun, either separately or 
stacked, and left until the salt has penetrated the fish and all mois- 
‘ture has disappeared. These fish are destined chiefly for local con- 
sumption, although an occasional shipment is made to Mexico Cit 
during Lent or other festivities. Smaller fish are simply opened, 
rubbed with salt, and then laid on the ground or hung on lines in the 
sun to dry. There would appear to be a good opening here for a 
commercial venture in drying fish and sending them to other parts of 
the country. It is also believed by a reliable local fish exporter that 
a market for dried fish could be developed in Cuba and Central 
America, where they could easily compete with codfish. Black bass 
is said to make an excellent steak, even superior to codfish, and the 
cost of the raw product is quite low. 

There are no canned fish or dried fish exported from Guaymas. 
For shipping the fresh fish the California method is employed; that is, 
100 pounds of fish to a box, packed in about 25 pounds of ice. The 
high price of ice is a serious handicap to the industry. It retails at 
about $1.35 per 100 pounds. These fresh fish are shipped to Hermo- 
sillo, Magdalena, and Nogales in Sonora, also to Nogales, Tucson- 
Phoenix, and a number of mining centers in Arizona, as well as to 
El Paso, Tex. As a rule the shipments arrive in good condition. 
Only white bass, black bass, and red snappers are shipped. Although 
there are no exact statistics available as to the exports of fresh fish, 
the leading exporter has furnished the consulate with the following 
approximate figures: 


—_ 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN MEXICO, ETc. 7 


Tons. Tons. 
2 5255S HP RT ae Oe SMO 0 2 AN eS ee See 10 
BTOWEINDED O90 66 os 22 0 cn ae = ois GA ee on on ne ok ae eye eos aie 8 
iDeCember/ 19208. . 227 R0 OT ts 2 | Me Rocc tos. Ghee ee eee 5 
Janviary, 19212). 22) geo. ol) - doen. - Yi (Gene @boeiee! Sl. aes... suid Js 8 
iy sTaLO aig 27 ae Sees pee an 3 


Limited quantities of canned salmon, sardines, and oysters are 
imported from the United States, but the sales are relatively small. 
The prices to the consumers are about 100 per cent higher than in the 
United States. There are a few Spanish mackerel on the market, 
but practically all the canned sea food used here is imported from the 
United States. There is no reexport of imported products, due to 
the unfavorable location of this port as a distributing center for 
more than a local territory. 

The only canned product arriving here from countries other than 
the United States is an occasional shipment of Spanish sardines 
packed in oil. If the European product could compete with the 
American packed goods in the matter of price, it is believed that the 
former would be preferred by the natives, owing to the traditional 
taste of the Latin race for highly spiced food. Since the outbreak of 
the World War the unfavorable transportation facilities have pre- 
cluded the possibility of bringing European goods to any extent to 
this part of Mexico. However, with the establishment of steamshi 
service between European ports and the west coast of Mexico, whic 
will soon be accomplished, the market here for many articles is certain 
to be lost to the erican exporter. 

There is little likelihood of there ever being a considerable market 
in this consular district for American packed sea food of any kind, in- 
asmuch as most of the district can be served with fresh fish from 
Guaymas. Advertismg campaigns and artificial stimulants could 
help but little to develop the market. Fresh fish is abundant most 
of the year, and the canned products from abroad are almost pro- 
hibitive in price except to people of means. The masses can not 
afford canned sea food. . If the mines are ever reopened, there will 
be a limited market for canned goods among the mining population, 
where fresh fish and fresh fruit can not be delivered. 


MEXICALI. 


[By Walter F. Boyle, consul, August 17, 1921.] 


There are no local fishery products in this district. At one time a 
group of Americans tried to exploit the fishing grounds at the head 
of the Gulf of California, reputedly very prolific. They employed 
a power boat from the headwaters of the gulf to La Bomba on the 
Colorado River, and thence shipped by motor truck to Mexicali, 
nearly a hundred miles, over very indifferent roads. The trans- 
portation charges proved too onerous, and the enterprise was aban- 
doned. Several attempts have been made to exploit the fish in the 
Laguna Salada, some 20 miles from Mexicali, solely for the purpose 
of obtaining fertilizers, but this too has been abandoned. ‘This 
shallow lake at times goes dry because of evaporation in a rainless 
valley. All commercial fishing has been with nets used as seines. 
The effort to bring fish from the Gulf of Colorado was directed to 
packing in ice, while the fish caught for fertilizer in the Laguna Salada 


8 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


were allowed to decompose on the beach. The Diario Oficial, the 
official publication of the Mexican Government, from time to time 
contains fishery concessions to exploit the waters around Lower 
California. Some 12 tons of fertilizer cover the only fish products 
exported since the opening of this office on January 1, 1919. 
here are no available statistics relative to fish products imported, 
though it is safe to say that practically all imports of this nature 
came from the United States, it being customary for the consumers 
to buy most of their provisions at retail on the American side of the 
border, exporting them for use on their plantations, or if in small 
uantities for direct personal use, bringing them across in person, 
thus avoiding the payment of customs duties, small parcels of food 
being freely nadgsed without the assessment of duty when carried by 
the purchaser. There is no reexport of imported products. 

The only fish products imported from foreign countries other than 
the United States are several varieties of dried fish from China, 
imported exclusively by and for the consumption of the large Chinese 

opulation in Mexicali. The United States has the trade, and as 
ong as this district remains without transportation to foreign coun- 
tries other than through the United States and continues to do its 
retail trade on the American side of the border, two conditions 
which seem likely to continue, there is but little chance of losing the 
trade. Advertising might help to increase the demand, but there is 
no foreign competition to be met. 


ENSENADA. 


[By William C. Burdett, consul, August 29, November 4 and 5, 1921.] 


The fisheries of Lower California constitute its most important in- 
dustry. Aside from a small amount consumed locally all of the fish 
is exported to the United States, and due to the abundance of locally 
caught sea food there is no importation of fish into the Territory. 
The principal fish are barracuda and “‘halibut,’’ the several varieties 
of tuna coming next, with sea bass, yellow tail, bonito, rock cod, and 
mackerel each furnishing its quota. Minor catches are made of 
perch, sea trout, shark, whitefish, and smelt. 

Several fish canneries were established in Lower California but did 
not prove profitable, and at this time none are in operation. The 
tuna, comprising about 8 per cent of the total catch, and the skip- 
jack, 2 per cent, are canned at San Diego, Calif. The remainder of 
the fish is sold fresh to the fish companies at San Diego and San 
Pedro, from which cities they are sent throughout California and the 
southwestern States. 

The sea food exported from Lower California to the United States 
in 1920 totaled 8,129,173 pounds. Of this amount there were 
6,981,503 pounds of fish, 942,020 pounds of crustaceans, cen y SB 
lobsters, and 197,585 pounds of mollusks, chiefly abalones. No fis 
fertilizer is exported trohn Lower California, but a small amount of 
shark oil finds its way to the United States, as well as a few hundred 
st annually of shark fins, this last destined for consumption by 

inese. 

The following table, compiled by the California Fish and Game 
Commission, shows the number of pounds of fish received at San 
Diego and San Pedro, Calif., from Lower California during 1920: 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTSIN MEXICO, ETC. 9 


Species.1 San Diego. |San Pedro.| Total. Species.1 San Diego.|San Pedro.| Total. 
Abalone.......... 63, 651 31, 459 95,110 || Sea trout.......-. 5, 562 |....- MTEL s 5, 562 
Barracuda. ..-.-. 1,055, 444 | 2,560, 503 } 3,615, 947 || Shark............]....-....-- 12, 628 12,628 
BASS SR. 2 25525- 234, 763 70, 305 305, 068 || Skipjack.......-. 4, 245 10, 844 15, 089 
Bonito. .......... 36,079 | 165,176 | 201,255 || Smelt....22...... 9, 877 3, 835 13,712 

WS: Jesse kee. oe 73 4, 827 5, 55 Stingareg. a. 9.5 bl -'e << odes <4 24, 885 24, 885 
Halibut (bastard)} 1, 631, 531 46,008 | 1,677, 539 |} Tuna...........-- 226, 318 10, 844 237, 162 
Lobsters,spiny..| 941, 590 430 942,020 |} Tuna, yellowfin..|........... 487,119 487,119 
Mackerel......... 33, 426 17, 306 50, 732 || “Burtle-. ee... TD GSR CA asec sects 76, 983 
Perch, surf....... 4,355 5,240 || Whitefish........ 3,377 1, 475 4, 852 
Rock cod (rock- Yellowtail........ 76, 750 141, 650 218, 400 

fish) 132 WELB. | 97, 116 545 97,661 || Miscellaneous....| 12, 043 1, 424 13, 467 
Sardines (pil- a 
Ghards)s52 4 sc) secs 5. 3, 185 3, 185 Total..---.. 4, 533, 840 | 3,595,333 | 8,129,173 


1 Fish caught outside the 3-mile limit are free from Mexican taxes and are not included in the table. 


All fishing is done from power schooners ranging from 3 to 40 tons 
net and sailing out of San Diego and San Pedro, Calif. The larger 
boats are operated by Austrians and Serbs and carry purse seines. 
There are some 55 such boats in San Pedro, of which number 42 
fished in Lower California waters during October, 1921. Purse 
seines average 250 fathoms in length and 20 fathoms in depth, with 
a mesh of only 24 inches. When the catch is made, the fish are iced 
and taken to market at San Pedro. 

Effective November 1, 1921, an important decree affecting fishing 
activities in Mexican waters has been issued. According to the new 
law the use of purse seines is prohibited in the waters of Lower Cali- 
fornia. Various influences have urged upon the Mexican Govern- 
ment the importance of prohibiting purse seining here. The new law 
will result in somewhat limiting the supply of fish in Southern Cali- 
fornia ports, with a possible increase in price, but this condition will 
be temporary, as the same boats will provide themselves with other 
types of nets of smaller size and larger mesh, so that eventually the 
same amount of fish will be taken to port. The new law provides 
for a heavy fine and confiscation of the boat for violation, and a 
Mexican coast patrol vessel has been ordered to seize all offenders 
after November 1. Americans, Italians, Portuguese, and Japanese 
operate smaller boats and fish with gill nets, hand lines, and jigs. 
Tuna are caught exclusively with hand lines. 

The Mexican Government collects a fishing tax of $1 per month 
per gross ton from boats fishing within the 3-mile limit, and in addi- 
tion a tax of $18.50 per ton of fish caught, maintaining inspectors on 
the docks at San Diego and San Pedro to weigh the fish as they are 
brought in. 

The chief export from this consular district is abalone. This mol- 
lusk abounds all along the Pacific coast of Lower California and is 
found attached to rocks from low-tide line to a depth of 30 or more 
feet. The industry is handled by Mexicans and Japanese having 
their offices and distributing centers in San Diego, Calif. There are 
three varieties of abalones—red, yellow, and black. The red is rarest 
and best, the yellow more common and not so much esteemed, while 
the black is the most abundant and least liked. Abalone may be 
fished for in Mexico throughout the year, and there is no size limit. 
Divers working with Saguldtian diving suits and going down to a 
maximum depth of 30 feet pry the abalones off the rocks with pinch 
bars. A good diver will collect 2 tons of abalone in a 4-hour day, 
weight figured on shell and meat together. 


10 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


The abalones are usually cured and canned before export. The 
process consistsfof removing the mollusk from the shell, boiling it 
three times and changing the water with each boiling, then drying it 
in the sun. When thoroughly sun baked, they are packed in 1-pound 
tins, averaging three abalones to the tin. ter reaching the United 
States most of the abalone, both dry and canned, is reexported to 
Hawaii or Japan. Its consumption is almost entirely confined to 
Japanese and Chinese. The shell is exported to the United States, 
where it is used for carving curios and shell buttons and is also ground 
for poultry food. 

The spiny-lobster fishery is becoming one of the most important 
industries of the Pacific coast of Lower California. While this crus- 
tacean is marketed in the United States as lobster, it is quite distinct 
from the lobster of the eastern seaboard. The spiny lobsters are 
found along the coast from the American border to Cape San Lucas. 
The best fishing grounds, however, are between Point Eugene and 
San Ignacio Lagoon. Camps are established along the coast, and 
the fishermen work out in rowboats, placing their lobster pots at 
intervals along the rocky islands and coves. These pots are made 
with a small aperture into which the lobster crawls, attracted by a 
bait of meat or abalone. Sharp prongs prevent its egress. 

The lobsters are then eclledted at the camps and carried by fast 

ower boats to San Diego, Calif. A converted submarine chaser is 
paid tried out as a lobster carrier, speed being essential in order to 
get the crustaceans to San Diego while still alive. ‘The carrier boat 
must submerge the lobsters once every 18 hours on the trip to San 
Diego, this being accomplished by lowering the crates over the side. 
Thirty-four power vessels from the United States are now engaged 
in the industry. On arrival at San Diego the lobsters are at once 
boiled. A few are kept alive and thus sold to restaurants, but most 
of them are marketed already cooked. They are placed in boilin 
water while still alive, and after boiling for 20 minutes are coole 
and placed in cold storage. From San Diego they are distributed 
throughout the southwest. Only such spiny lobsters as are between 
104 and 16 inches in length may be taken into the United States, 
and imports of undersize or oversize lobsters are subject to fine. 

_ At this time fishermen are paid 9 cents a pound for the lobsters 
laid down at the camps. There is a certain loss in shipment and a 
shrinkage in weight of 15 per cent when boiled. At this time the 
cooked lobsters sell at San Diego for 26 cents a pound wholesale. 
The Mexican Government, besides several minor duties, dues, and 
charges, places a flat export tax on lobsters of 2 cents, American 
currency, a pound. 

La Paz is the center of the pearl-fishing industry. Although the 
Gulf of California is a very neste fishing ground, very little market 
fishing is done, as there are no gulf ports readily accessible to the 
United States. 

MAZATLAN. 


[By E. Schroder, vice consul, September 2, 1921.) 


The principal local fishery products in this consular district are 
fish, oysters, shrimp, and shark fins, but at the present time no 
commercial fishing for export .purposes is carried on. The few 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN MEXICO, ETC. 11 


dried fish, shrimp, and shark fins that are being exported at the 
present time are purchased from local fishermen at different points 
in this district in small quantities by various houses, principally 
Chinese concerns. 

Straight nets and cast nets are used for catching fish in shallow 
water. The cast net is also occasionally used for shrimp, but the 
majority of shrimp are caught in an oblong trap called a cacaiste. 
This is similar in appearance to the oblong wire traps used for catch- 
ing rats and is made of sticks and twigs, braided and_ interlaced. 
It is baited with decayed meat, bones, fish, and similar matter, 
weighted with stones, and dropped into the water from the side of 
the canoe. Fishing for both fish and shrimp is always done at night 
and only in inland waters. Sea fishing on a commercial scale is not 
followed at the present time, as no one in this district has the neces- 
sary apparatus. Oysters are obtained by diving, very few being 
secured in any other manner. 

Fish and ie are cured both by Chinese and native methods. 
In curing fish by the Chinese method they are packed in large boxes, 
thoroughly salted, and allowed to remain packed for from four to 
eight days, according to the size of the fish. They are then taken 
out, thoroughly washed and scrubbed with a small brush, and put 
out in the sun to dry. Fish cured by local methods are split open 
from the back to the belly. The side to which the backbone is 
attached is again split and the backbone removed. They are then 
scored with a very sharp knife, on both sides in squares 4 inch to 
1 inch wide, then thoroughly salted, and placed in the sun to dry. 

Shrimp cured after the Chinese method are cooked from 15 to 20 
minutes with a very little salt in the cooking water. After being 
taken out of the cooking kettle they are placed in a sack and beaten 
against a wall or board. By using very little salt in the cooking the 
shell separates from the body without difficulty in the process of 
beating. As the select trade demands a perfectly clean shrimp, 
with no particles of shell adhering to the meat, after this beating 
process the shrimp are placed in a conical basket of special construc- 
tion. This is about 24 feet high, 2 feet across the top, and from 12 
to 14 inches across the bottom. It is filled to about one-third its 
capacity, and the contents are churned with a three or four pronged 
stick, which removes any particles of shell or legs still remaining. 
Curing by local methods, shrimp are cooked for the same length of 
time but with a great deal of salt. Upon being removed from the 
cooking kettle the shell or skin is shriveled and hard and can only 
be removed by picking it off with the hands. This is caused b 
using so much salt in the cooking in contrast with the Chinese method. 

Oysters are cured almost wholly for local consumption, only one 
small shipment having been exported to the United States from this 
district in the last two years. They are opened by toasting over a 
light fire, removed from the shell, placed in a large tin container, 
thoroughly salted, and shipped to the local markets. They will 
keep indefinitely by this method, but the oyster gets very tough 
and unpalatable. According to consular invoices certified to at 
this consulate the quantities and values of fishery products exported 
to the United States from this district for the fiscal year ending 
pecemper 31, 1920, and from January 1 to August 31, 1921, were as 

ollows: 


12 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


Fiscal year ending | Jan. 1to Aug. 31, 
Dec. 31, 1920. 1921. 
Product. 


Pounds. | Value. | Pounds.| Value. 


Mish} dried and pated io. IS). See et neeeeiee see «hie 107,097 | $10,560 | 127,953 $8, 853 
SHar Nn eee cm dace be pan ee aek o- ers ek op 4afe- -PP ee Pe 507 362 608 781 
Shichi oh ts Cs Re pee eee gee Samora Rs eas Cee a es. 84, 825 20, 630 21, 142 4, 401 
Wishisromaens!. [5535/5 5- cee. ssoee Vee sd sO) SEL 68d. SEED Seer ee eee 211 32 
OWSLCIS WONICd ore so. Joop sae eee sen eS Pe aeect ae he ed aoe dees =o eee ae 37 7 

Motel: 2.2: be epi de weapons phase - marie yer ae aera 192, 429 31,552 | 149,951 14, 074 


The only importations of fishery products into this consular dis- 
trict are canned salmon, sardines, and a very little tuna, crab, and 
lobster. According to the best information obtainable none of these 
imported products is reexported. The only fishery product imported 
from countries other than the United States is sardines. While no 
figures are available as to the quantities and values of the sardines 
imported, it has been estimated that the quantity would not amount 
to over 50 per cent of the amount imported from the United States. 
The majority thus imported usually come from Spain. To increase 
the imports of all fishery products packed in cans or in jars into this 
consular district, the excessive import duties placed on these products 
would have to be considerably reduced. Packers in the United States 
should make an effort to ship a superior quality of goods. 


AGUASCALIENTES. 
[By H. G. Bretherton, vice consul, September 3, 1921.] 


There are no local fishery products in this district. Fishery 
roducts are imported to the amount of approximately $15,000, 

nited States currency, annually, and consist principally of sardines, 
canned salmon, and dried cod. About 60 per cent of all fishery 
products imported into the district comes from the United States, 
dué principally to the proximity of the two countries. At present 
the American sardine dominates the market, but the Spanish is 
following close, and if Spain continues to, lower sardine prices and 
the transportation facilities improve no doubt the Spanish article 
will lead, Ree it is put up in olive oil, while most of the American 
sardines received here are packed in cotton-seed oil. The American- 
dried cod dominates the market, due to the proximity of the two 
countries, but the Norwegian-dried cod is preferred. Other than 
reasons stated, the lowering of prices, which all the other countries’ 
are Brae at present, will do more than anything else to increase 
importation from the United States. 


GUADALAJARA. 
[By A. J. MeConnico, consul, August 26, 1921.] 


There are no fisheries in the Guadalajara consular district. Ac- 
cording to conservative estimates the value of fish products imported 
into this district annually is $66,000. 'The United States supplies 
fully 90 per cent of this, the remainder being supplied by Spain and 
Norway. The market for salted, smoked, and pickled fish is limited, 
the annual consumption not exceeding 3,000 pounds. Norway 
contributes about 2,000 pounds and the United States the remainder. 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN MEXICO, ETC. 13 


This is imported in tins containing 5 or 10 packages and is retailed 
in 1-pound or in 1-kilo packages, at the rate of 55 cents, United 
States currency, per pound. Dried fish from Vera Cruz and Man- 
zanillo is also consumed to a small amount by certain classes. 

United States exporters control the market for salmon. About 
5,000 cases, valued at $25,000, are imported annually from the 
United States. Most of the imported varieties are known as ‘‘pink”’ 
and ‘‘chum,” there being little demand for the ‘‘red.”’ 

It is estimated that 7,000 cases of sardines, valued at $40,000, are 
imported annually. Spain supplies 1,000 cases of the better grade 
sardines preserved in olive oil, and the United States 6,000 cases of 
sardines preserved in tomato and cotton-seed oil. All of these are 
packed in 1-pound tins, with the exception of the variety known as 

‘California,’ the weight of which is 15 ounces. Spain commands 
the market for the better grades preserved in olive oil, because the 
prices are nearly 50 per cent less than American sardines preserved 
in olive oil. The United States commands the market for the 
cheaper grades preserved in tomato or cotton-seed oil, six cases of 
American sardines being sold to one case of Spanish. There appears 
to be a decided preference for the Spanish sardine by the more 
exacting, and this preference can not be overcome till the American 
exporter offers sardines of a better grade preserved in olive oil at 
prices as reasonable as those of the Spanish product. 


MANZANILLO. 


[By Stephen E. Aguirre, vice consul, October 14, 1921.] 


The fishermen of this district do not go to sea to fish, as is customary 
in other parts of the world, except during the holy weeks. Because 
of the large demand in this district for fish and the decidedly high 

rices paid there should exist a very good opportunity on this coast 
or the development of a first-class fishery. There are no fishery 
roducts other than for local consumption. | Such fish as is consumed 
ocally or shipped in small quantities to Colima or Guadalajara 
during holy week is caught by a few natives who use fishing lines 
in the absence of suitable nets. No methods of curing fish for 
market are employed, since nothing but fresh fish are shipped. Only 
small quantities of fresh fish are exported from the district and those 
cared to interior Mexican cities. 
anned salmon and sardines imported through this port to cities 
in the interior of Mexico come from the United States. Recently a 
shipment of 2,250 cases of canned salmon, valued at $6,579 United | 
States currency, was brought to this port. Imported fish products 
are not reexported. Fish products imported to this port from the 
United States predominate over foreign goods because of the short 
distance to American markets as compared with Spain, Italy, or 
France. Until a fishery is established at this port or on the west 
coast of Mexico American fish products will find a ready market, and 
the present volume of business can be increased by the establishment 
on the Mexican west coast of a central distributing point for American 
products, the location of which should be carefully selected. Mer- 
chants in Mexico who purchase large quantities of American canned 
fish would no doubt increase such purchases if able to obtain these 
goods at a Mexican port. 


14 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


MEXICO CITY. 
[By Cornelius Ferris, jr., consulin charge, August 24, 1921.] ¢ 


There are no fisheries in the consular district of Mexico City. 
Fishery products are imported only from the United States. 


VERA CRUZ. 
[By Willys A. Myers, vice consul, September 28, 1921.] 


The warm waters of the Gulf teem with fine fish, turtles, crabs, 
oysters, and nats Chief apps the prized fishes is the Huachi- 
nango (Lutianus blackfordi), a red snapper, very abundant off the 
coast. The red snapper is a deep-water fish, being taken on the 
fishing banks outside the 3-mile limit, and is fished for by the Mexican 
fishing fleets, thus insuring fresh fish in the Vera Cruz market at all 
times. Numerous American fishing schooners in the past years have 
been sent here by the Galveston and Tampa fishing companies of the 
United States. At certain times of the year there are heavy runs of 
small mackerel suitable for canning, which are sold very cheaply. 
In the spring and fall there are runs of a species of sardines of small 
size and of a very delicate flavor. At present the only use made of 
these two runs is domestic. 

Shrimp and fish are sundried. There are no large drying plants, 
the work usually being done by the local fishermen. The quality of 
the fish is of a very low grade and is consumed only by the poorer 
classes in Mexico. 

Vera Cruz is the distributing point for the east coast of Mexico and 
all interior points. The only fishery product exported from_ this 
port is the octopus or cuttlefish, known here as the “pulpo.”’ Dur- 
ing the he 1920, 21,645 pounds of octopus, valued at $3,842, were 
exported. 

odfish, salmon, and sardines are imported in large quantities, 
statistics regarding the values and amounts of the above-mentioned 
products not being obtainable. Whole dried codfish is the best seller 
and is imported principally from Norway, although a certain amount 
is roboisrist from the United States. American salmon, Alaska pink, 
in Pinte tis tall cans, is demanded by the buying public in Mexico. 
Until within the past two years the greater part of the sardines sold 
in Mexico came from Spain. At the present time American sardines, 
packed in oval cans with tomato sauce, net weight 15 ounces, are 
the largest sellers and sell at a cheaper price than the Spanish product. 

As Mexilo is a Catholic country, there are numerous feast days in 
the year on which fish of some kind is always served. As fresh fish is 
always available here, there is a much larger quantity sold in the 
interior than in this immediate territory. Labels for salmon cans 
should have the word “Pink” in large letters, as the buying public 
always look for the word “Pink” when making purchases. The 
higher grades of salmon do not sell here, and there is little demand for 
“Chuni? ’ Alaska pink being the best seller. 

Sardines packed in pure olive oil, oval cans, weighing 15 ounces net, 
should have a good sale here. The objection to the American sardine 
in oil is that cottonseed or a substitute for pat olive oil is used. 
Spanish sardines are all packed in pure olive oil in small cans. There 
is a growing demand here for the larger sized containers. %Newspaper 
advertising and window displays would increase the sale of these 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN MEXICO, ETC. 15 


products, as the Mexican people are beginning to call for and demand 
the advertised goods. Prompt shipment of orders, c. i. f., careful 
packing to insure delivery in good condition, prompt forwarding of 
all documents of shipments, notification to purchaser as to bank at 
destination through whom papers have been sent, would help to 
increase the importation of these products. There are no pure-food 
laws or inspections of these products in Mexico. The Mexican import 
duty on codfish is 10 centavos per kilo, or 5 cents American money, to 
2.2 pounds; on salmon and sardines, 20 centavos, or 10 cents Ameri- 
can money. 

ACAPULCO. 


[By Harry K. Pangburn, vice consul, November 24, 1921.] 


The principal local fishery products in this district are fresh sea 
fish, lobsters, clams, and oysters, which are sold locally. Fishing is 
usually done at night from canoes with lines and nets. There are no 
power boats or sailboats regularly employed in fishing, although 
trolling from power boats is resorted to occasionally. Practically all 
the fish are sold at once, while fresh, in the local market place. Some- 
times certain species of fish are cleaned, salted, and dried in the tropi- 
eal sun. No fishery products are exported. There has been a 
limited market here for imported fishery products, such as canned 
sardines, canned salmon, and dried codfish. While the exact figures 
of importation are not obtainable, careful inquiry from the im- 
porting houses of this district developed the fact that the total im- 
portation of fishery products in the district does not exceed $1,000 

er year in value. For some years past all importations have come 
Pauhs the United States and have been shipped almost entirely from 
San Francisco. There is no reexport of imported fishery products. 

The abundance of fresh sea products easily obtainable at a low price 
makes difficult the sale of the imported fishery products which have 
to pay duty and consequently have to be sold at a higher price. The 
importers see no chance for a more extensive sale of imported fishery 
products until the present business depression passes and the people 
are enabled to purchase these food products which are now con- 
sidered as luxuries. The purchasing public of this district has never 
acquired a taste for the sea foods mentioned above, and if a market 
should be sought here it might be well to send for free distribution 
some small samples of the products in order that a demand may be 
created for them. 

SALINA CRUZ. 
[By Lloyd Burlingham, consul, September 6, 1921.] 


A limited amount of fresh fish is taken from the sea and sold fresh 
for consumption. There are no other fishery products. Fish are 
taken in nets either in the outer harbor or else with rowboats about 
1 mile from shore in good weather. Fish are not cured. No fishery 
products are exported. 

About 500 cases of pink salmon are imported each month from the 
United States. Perhaps 10 to 25 cases of tinned sardines are im- 
ported per month into this consular district, about half coming from 
the United States and half from Europe. There are no other imports 
of importance. There are no reexports of imported products. Sar- 
dines are the only fish imported from Europe. The price is probably 
the governing factor. 


107940°—22——2 


16 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


FRONTERA. 
[By Harry W. Pascoe, vice consul, September 20, 1921.] 


The many rivers of this section furnish an abundance of fish which 
supplies the local markets, but none is exported. Shrimp in large 
quantities are found off the coast, but these are used entirely for local 
consumption. 

The fish imported consist almost entirely of canned products, such 
as sardines of all kinds, salmon, oysters, lobster, and anchovies. 
Some dried cod is also imported. The imports come chiefly from the 
United States and Spain; some come from Norway and Sweden. 
Dried cod sells for about 25 to 30 cents, United States currency, per 
pound; canned salmon, for about 20 cents per can; sardines, for from 
20 to 30 cents per can; oysters, for about 20 cents per can; and lobster, 
for about 65 cents per can. 

Between the Mexican ports of Puerto Mexico and Frontera lie 
three river bars, Santa Ana, Dos Bocas, and Chiltepec, across whose 
sands pour immense quantities of water. In each case rather large 
lagunas (lakes) are found at the mouths of these rivers, in which 
several varieties of fish abound, as well as oysters and shrimp. The . 
native oyster is much larger than the Louisiana cove oyster and 
has an excellent flavor. It may be found in sufficient quantities to 
warrant exploitation for the establishment of canneries. The 
robalo, ‘‘shad,” sardine, and several native fish known locally as 
huachinango, lisa, pargo mulato, and cazon, abound in these lagunas 
also in such quantities as to merit the attention of canning firms 
seeking an extension of their business. Due to the tropical climate 
the oysters and fish must be handled rapidly whether intended for 
canning or for refrigeration. The season for most of these varieties 
is from April to September. The “‘shad” is the most numerous. 
These lay eggs in masses weighing from 3 to 7 pounds which may 
be made to rival caviar. Sodan kinds of turtles are also found. 
The water on these bars varies in depth from 5 to 9 feet deep, and 
only small schooners call there. A voyage of 12 hours is required 
to reach either Frontera or Puerto Mexico, the nearest customs 
ports. 

PROGRESO. 
[By O. Gaylord Marsh, consul, August 26, 1921.] 


The principal local fishery product in Yucatan and Campeche, 
Mexico, is fresh fish, mainly yellow jack, pompano, red gurnard, 
Spanish mackerel, red snapper, jewfish, red grouper, moharra, 
robalo, stingray, dogfish, weakfish, mullet, and grunts. Of the 
foregoing dogfish, red grouper, red snapper, and pompano have 
the eat ae Fishing for this market 1s carried on off the port 
of Progreso, on the Campeche banks, and at the Alacran Reef. 
The smaller settlements do fishing at various points on the coast. 

The largest number of fish are caught on hook and line, some are 
speared, and some, principally pompano and mullet, are caught 
innets. The fish are kept in wells in the smacks and brought to the 
marketfresh as needed. Some fish, principally dogfish and pompano, 
are preserved by smoking, salting, orcooking. There are no exporta- 
tions of fish. Lobsters, octopus, squid, white turtle, turtle eggs, and 
mullet roe are also offered for sale in the market by the fishermen. 

Considerable quantities of American canned salmon are imported. 
Canned and dried codfish of American origin is offered for sale by 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN MEXICO, ETC. 17 


the leading grocers. American and Spanish sardines are imported in 
important quantities, the choice of the one or the other being based 
on personal taste or business reasons of the moment. A few other 
American and European, principally Spanish, preserved fish products 
are available in unimportant quantities. None of the important 
products are Fe aie No statistics or estimates are available at 
the local customs and internal revenue offices as to importations. 
The importations of foreign preserved fish products are now on the 
decrease and will be very small until the henequen industry has a 
favorable reaction, which may not occur for a couple of years. The 
only “ey means of advertising American fish products and 
stimulating their use is by means of correspondence with importers 
and by soliciting the patronage of American export commission 


houses. 
LIST OF THE FISHES OF YUCATAN. 


Native name. English name. 
Copertimctansd) ST! P0877. DA ETOTE A OO Ih a2: Skipjack. 
Wecmbvemial 70) l ait deeiladsa- bys do steolnste Yellow jack or yellow mackerel. 
ACRE ok fa odie Wed oe al weaved Cavally. 
©1115 1 yl eles RR aia 9 Se IN hee Pompano 
ald aM itp Aas Tell ele 5 fll si in Catfish 
Pere POSS OT) 2. JSTLOCE SUSU Eby? 22 Red gurnard. 
Maniion.i}bily po i5cdsi- ia Nes Picts ayes! Tuna. 
pmeeneeretetset es opt eye. - = 2 =i = ee = Octopus. 
Sete etal SDOLLCM «o-oo ee ot cee es Spanish mackerel. 
Sierra, large, not spotted...-..........-.-...-- Kingfish. 
ieaielae SORTS! 40S. Ul TELL ASOT. It Barracuda. 
Hapehibangor::: 1). ol4e - 4-..ua- 9p be tesidas Red snapper. 
OTe ae Se Soe Ore aera regs Jewfish or gausa. 
12 SoM SSR aes 2 Se Seer Oe oc eee ee Gulf scup. 
De) or iedion Cicer la eh Set ere te fe ee I Red grouper. 
eawentertey $80: SLUR UE JIMS IPI A Tarpon 
OTe ee ee eee eres Moharra 
MOIENO: ox 2 Fas nisl 3 Bay sores iene “bys HS 6 |=} 
7 STL ee Sa IRS a aia el mai PN Robalo. 
EE ers eat tae at So se ne tS eee ais Porpoise. 
Pepe ee ie 2 OD PUR OA) oe F022 82M Stingray 
Gamary .istesle! jas. ot. fret losciisepieut. ih. 3 Dogfish 
IA a8 crept 3 hee? < ehh - bye cit tcory - Bay= seats Weakfish 
Lun ly ae SEE ae SaaS Ment pa Mullet. 
ob LecOdinbbe Wace wade aries tesa Siege Toadfish. 
Doradory Oy 27-500 JU IIL Squirrel fish. 
Salmot'1es..)- sustlee = bongs. vabsthriis. 

a eS Te Se ee eee Angel fish. 
ee SEE Shee tac 8 aie dee ob aso hs Doctor fish. 
EE OEE onl bs a nes Sead aay eae hips ok Oldwife 
SST BOR Oly (SIIB DE AG F223 0 Bonefish 

ghogettetet Theis GeO ie lnd.vi de Bonyfish 
IRS 8 es ls Aa oe on aes ents Coe is -'4 =e 
LS) Ta Ne pl a ee AE oe SBR ee ae 

Fs secs et athe Peet 5M aieke Oe area bod 
Ohetmnits OF BABS... DOO Os ITS. FA 

est ODS. a2. Of Maree ree..alas Hogfish. 
oot 1 a Srey ee aees Serene Tae BOS Sardine or sprat. 
BST 6 a apes Pena bE Cowfish. 

bee cee = shih ia lah He Sara Hind. 

CRMCERILOMLER RONVIVO. MORQLIC. HONE Grunt (blue striped and others). 
Hejerey aise .tiiet] ol. gaits ach... DEBS 

Blea yh epee t = a epee oy 4954 ral seo ee 

LSE NOL Ee ek Ee! aR el a aa ee Shark sucker. 

SeeCHUUE tmnt eee fo Gens. ls lees hons cece 

Pee 26h oe Oe Sailor’s choice (species of grunt). 
Bealedatass(: ssteati ine dbetusciste to wategd. 2 
Maa aT Ad da cs one, 00 wines id mieioalg Swordfish, 
MEMIOBUG) 6. o-ccdcdadavcaeace ccvscdascsedvass 


18 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


CENTRAL AMERICA. 
GUATEMALA. 


GUATEMALA CITY. 


[By Arthur C. Frost, consul, October 19, 1921.) 


The fishing industry in Guatemala is of purely local concern and 
very limited in scope. Fish are caught both on the Atlantic and 
Pacific coasts and are sold for the most part in the near-by markets. 
Shipments into the interior are of neligible importance. 

Red snapper, Spanish mackerel, shrimp, and crayfish are caught in 
Guatemalan waters, the total catch in the principal ports amountin. 
to no more than a few hundred pounds a day. Hook and line an 
hand-drawn seines are employed in obtaining fish in Guatemala. 
The catch is eaten fresh, except for a small amount of shrimp which 
is sun dried. No fish are exported or reexported from this country. 

A limited amount of salted, pickled, and smoked fish is imported 
into Guatemala, but the market is necessarily small. An abundance 
of fresh fish is to be had on either coast, and Guatemala City, which is 
the chief commercial center and consuming point of the Republic 
can en fresh fish from the Pacific port of San Jose, a distance of 
75 miles. 

The people of Guatemala eat very little preserved fish, and fresh ° 
fish is rarely an article of diet for people living in the interior. _ Pre- 
served fish is eaten by the Guatemalans, as a rule, during Easter 
week only. The consumption during this week probably exceeds 
the entire quantity used during the rest of the year. Fish products 
are imported principally in the first calendar months to provide 
especially for the Haster season. 

The total white population, native and foreign, of this Republic is 
only about 60,000, and this class constitutes the sole users of imported 
fish products. The foreign population eat preserved fish of various 
kinds throughout the year, but the consumption is of slight com- 
mercial importance. Retail prices of canned fish are two, three, or 
even four times as much as those prevailing in the United States 
because of ocean freight, inland transportation, and heavy duties. 

The principal fish imported include canned salmon, sardines, 
anchovy, oysters, kippered herring, caviar, cod, and other salted fish. 
The United States, France, England, Sweden, and Norway are the 
chief sources of supply. Codfish sold in the capital comes from San 
Francisco, New England apparently having no share in this trade. It 
is sold in cardboard packages of 1 or 2 pounds, and also in 1 or 2 
pound bricks which come packed in wooden boxes, 40 pounds net and 
50 pounds gross. Pickled fish is imported from Alaska to a very 
slight extent. It comes in barrels, containing 400 or 500 fish, net 
weight 600 pounds, gross weight 700 pounds. Kippered herring and 
eaitibe are the principal smoked fish imported and are sold in cans of 
14 pounds, 1 pound, and smaller sizes. Smoked herring is imported 
from Alaska, Norway, and England. Sardines, lobster, caviar, and 
other specialties are imported to a limited extent from the United 
States and Europe, principally for use by the foreign colonies. In the 
case of certain products, such as sardines, there is a preference for 
European varieties on account of taste or supposed superior quality. 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN MEXICO, ETC. 19 


The imports of dried, salted and smoked fish for the years 1913, 
1919, and 1920, according to Guatemalan customs statistics, are 
stated below. This table does not convey a correct idea of the market 
however, because, on one hand, European goods enter via the United 
States, and, on the other, certain kinds of preserved fish are not 
included in this table but figure in the general custom statistics 
among unclassified preserved products. 


1913 1919 | 1920 


Value. 
$22, 235 


Value. 
$12, 316 


Pounds. 
125, 893 
400 


Value. | Pounds. 
$14,801 | 65,659 


Pounds. 
ECM SLALOS sane ace ee accmet ccc ccs ss <ms 236, 221 
PRUE ree so Same ooo ke cn deacds e[esaseitcecis 


As the market in Guatemala for fish products is so limited, it is not 
considered of sufficient interest to the American exporter to justify 
an advertising campaign or the sending of a representative to solict 
business except as a side line. Fish products are sold by the grocers 
in Guatemala, who purchase directly from abroad, and the best 
means of selling these products is to place them in the hands of one of 
the principal dealers. 


HONDURAS. 


PUERTO CORTEZ. 


[By Albert H. Gerberich, vice consul, August 31, 1921.] 


There are small deep-sea fisheries in the vicinity of Puerto Cortez, 
and for this reason fresh fish are always available at the port and coast 
towns. In San Pedro Sula and the interior of the district, however, 
fresh fish is a rarity. The following tropical fish are those usually 
sold hereabouts: Jackfish, barracuda, grouper, red and _ black snap- 
per, etc. Many lobsters and crayfish from the keys of British Hon- 
duras find a ready sale. Fish marketed in this consular district are 
usually taken with a seine. The fish mentioned and the following 
additional warieties are salted and cured on the keys of British Hon- 
duras and are sold in the local market: Spanish mackerel, kinefish, 
rockfish, and others. The fish are cured by cleaning, salting, and 
drying in the sun. No fishery products are exported. 

The following fishery products are imported: Canned salmon, 
sardines, salted herring, codfish, and mackerel, pickled mackerel, 
smoked herring, and codfish bricks. The salted fish come in cases 
of 20, 40, and 100 pounds; the pickled fish? in 50-pound tubs; the 
_smoked fish, in 20-pound wooden boxes; the codfish, in bricks in 

40-pound boxes. ith the exception of the smoked fish the market 
is comparatively small. Canned salmon and sardines sell very well 
thradakiout the district. All imported fish come from the United 
States, with the exception of a very small quantity of mackerel 
from Spain. There is no reexport of imported fish products. 

American fish products practically monopolize the Honduras 
market, and it is believed by the officer who submits this report 
that all methods of increasing the market for such products from the 
United States have been exhausted. While there is a good market 
at the present time in proportion to the number of inhabitants, 


20 U. 8. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


the largest consumers are the foreign families and the native families 
which from long residence along the coast have acquired a taste 
for American canned goods. 

No figures are available at this consulate for fish imported from the 
United States during the last fiscal year; with the exception of salt 
and pickled fish. Of these 80,194 pounds were imported, representing 
a total value of $21,617.51. It is probable that figures representing 
the total value of fish imported into Honduras can be secured from 
the consulate at Tegucigalpa. 


TELA. 


[By S. L. Wilkinson, vice consul, September 25, 1921.] 


Other than a very negligible quantity of small fresh fish taken by 
primitive methods and sold each morning on the beach in open 
market there are no fishery products in this district. The fish are 
caught in small throw nets or with hook and line, usually from small 
canoes or the wharf. Dried fish is the principal diet of the ‘‘Caribs”’ 
(Jamaican negroes), who live in small villages along the coast. The 
fish are cleaned, salted for a short period, and placed in the sun to 
dry. No scientific method of preparation is employed. 

The fishery products ainored: consist of sardines, shrimp, crab 
meat, salmon, etc., in tins or cans. None of the imported products 
are reexported. While no statistics are available at this port, this 
office has made a thorough investigation and taken note of the 
stocks of canned fishery products of practically all the merchants 
handling this class of goods, and of the seven stores visited only 
two had supplies of canned fishery products originating in countries 
other than the United States. These consisted of small stocks of 
sardines and ‘‘calamares’”’ (squids) imported from France and 
Spain. In the cases cited the preference for foreign goods is no 
doubt due to the fact that the merchants are Spaniards and have 
long-established connections with Spanish exporting firms. Cus- 
toms importation statistics by ports of entry and for the Republic 
may only be obtained from the ‘‘Oficina Estadistica” in Tegucigalpa. 
Over 95 per cent of the total fishery products imported into this 
district originate in the United States. This is believed to be a very 
conservative estmate. 

LA CEIBA. 


[By Alexander K. Sloan, consul, November 30, 1921.] 


Although the sea in the vicinity of La Ceiba abounds in food fish 
such as tarpon, mackerel, and red snapper, there is not enough sea 
food brought into this port to supply the local market. The reason 
for this condition seems to be the fact there is a tax upon fishermen 
which costs them $6 every time they lift their nets. As a consequence 
there are no fish cured, preserved, or canned for either local consump- 
tion or export. 

While there are no statistics available which show the value of 
the imported fish products, it has been estimated by the principal 
merchants and commission men of La Ceiba that the total amount 
imported averages about $4,000 per annum. Lobsters, oysters, 
clams, and shrimp are imported almost exclusively from the United 
States, sardines from Spain, Norway, and France, although a small 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN MEXICO,ETC. 21 


percentage of these come also from the United States. None of 
this class of goods is reexported. 

As stated before, the only fish products imported from countries 
other than the United States are sardines. The merchants of La 
Ceiba claim that the Spanish sardine is not only cheaper than the 
sardine imported from the United States, but is packed in olive oil, 
not cottonseed oil, which material they claim is used in the packing 
of sardines from the States; that sardines packed in oil, the only kind 
equal to the Spanish sardine, are so expensive that their importation 
is rendered prohibitive. They also claim that the sardine from 
Norway is as good as that from the United States and much cheaper, 
and that the French sardine is put up in much better shape and costs 
no more. 

If exporters can convince the merchants here that the American 
sardine compares favorably with sardines from other markets or, 
failing that, can offer prices which will be slightly under that of 
the other sardines, it will be an easy matter to drive European 
competition from this market. This is true for two reasons: First, 
the element of time is greatly in favor of American exporters, and, 
second, fully 95 per cent of all the goods used in this vicinity is from 
the United States, the people being accustomed to the American 
trade-marks and liking American goods. 


SALVADOR. 


SAN SALVADOR. 
[By Lynn W. Franklin, vice consul, September 30, 1921.] 


There are no local fishery products in El Salvador. A small amount 
of fishery products is unported, but there do not exist any available or 
reliable statistics showing their kinds and value or country of origin. 
According to reliable official information none of these imported prod- 
ucts are reexported. During the war, fishery products were not 
imported to any extent from Foildioni countries other than the United 
States. From personal inquiries it appears that approximately 
$100,000 worth of these products is imported annually, of which 25 
per cent comes from the United States in normal times. 

There is a tariff for certain products from France, Germany, Italy, 
Belgium, and such other nations having treaties with El Salvador 
containing the favored-nation clause, and fishery products from the 
United States pay approximately 25 per cent more than those from 
such favored nations. American products, such as sardines, canned 
salmon, dried cod, etc., which are also produced in foreign countries 
and imported therefrom into El Salvador, have to compete with 
similar products enjoying reduced import duty, as well as to over- 
come the general impression among the buyers that the Europeans 
sell a better quality of article, except canned salmon and dried cod. 


NICARAGDA. 


BLUEFIELDS. 
[By Thos. W. Waters, vice consul, September 21, 1921.] 


The principal local fishery products in this district for export are 
hawksbill and green turtles. Fishing for other species is carried on by 


22 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


local fishermen for the local fresh-fish market only. The method 
employed in fishing for turtle is by nets, which are set where the 
turtles run, while the harpoon is employed occasionally. Fresh fish 
are caught on a very small scale in nets made locally by the natives, 
who go out in small dories, mostly singly. There is no curing of fish 
for market. 

Hawksbill and green turtles are exported from the cays along this 
coast, finding a market generally in Tampa, Fla., being conveyed in 
small fishing schooners that ply in this trade. The total value of 
turtles exported during the year ending December, 1920, was $27,530. 
The price paid locally for green turtles ranges from $10 for females to 
$14.50 for males, full grown. Hawksbill turtles are often sent out 
alive, and the meat is then used as well as the shell, but the value is 
based entirely on the size and is arbitrary. 

The fishery products imported are salmon in tins, all from the 
United States, price in New Orleans, La., from $1 to $3.25 a dozen; 
codfish and hake put up in 40 to 100 pound boxes, from the United 
States, at 9 cents a pound; sardines in tins, the cheaper grades from 
the United States and the better from France, Norway, and Spain, 
American from $4 to $9 a case, French about $16 a case, and Norwe- 
gian about $22 a case; fish flakes and tuna fish all in tins, 63 to 7 
ounces, mostly from the United States, fish flakes $1.40 a dozen, and 
tuna fish $2.10 a dozen. 

All fishery products imported are for local consumption only. 
Sardines are imported from France, Norway, and Spain, as the local 
opinion is to the effect that these countries produce a finer grade and 
that they are better put up in olive oil or tomatoes. The other 

roducts, such as codfish, canned salmon, etc., all come from the 

nited States and are very popular. It is probable that, in the ease 
of sardines, an educational campaign by the manufacturers would 
be advisable. The fresh-fish trade is taken care of locally, and there 
is not much opportunity for expansion. There should be a much 
larger trade in codfish and hake, which are very popular food prod- 
ucts in this district. , 


CORINTO. 


By Henry 8S. Waterman, consul, September 21, 1921.] 


The fishery products taken in this district are for local consumption 
only. They are salted and dried, the business being conducted in a 
very primitive manner and flourishing principally during and just 
before Lent. At that season of the year coast natives fish for what- 
ever they can catch, clean the fish, salt them, and hang them over 

oles to be sundried. The fish usually caught on the Pacific coast of 

icaragua, in the order of their abundance, are the yellowtail (ureles), 
rooster fish, red snapper, Spanish mackerel, pike, and barracuda. 
None of these products are exported. On the two large lakes, Mana- 
gua and Nicaragua, there is a more or less permanent industry of 
salting fish, locally called sardines, in a similar manner. These are 
small fish, about 4 inches long, which when salted are sold in the 
market by the basket. 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN MEXICO, ETC. 23 


Fish products imported into Nicaragua tn 1913, 1919, and 1920. 


Year and country of orizin. Salted, pickled, and smoked. 

1913. Pounds. | Value. | Pownds.| Value. 
IT EBR SCAT PSe ee 5a kb lok a ees Sie eel es 52,373 |$4, 368.09]... 2.2.2 esle.eecseeee 
DELL VERSE aes eae ee ee eee PRONE A eine oar 167 QOS ce cee Snel scsi ee 
(ost Ricadiesssottel ol ogasd- Leo escent ile eee Ie 79 SOO TEC ere Seto. 
MDT EA THURICHEE COMPMUTIOS 5. o 8 joe 2 <a Ry oc Sa eee paeaee 64 S00) se wea eae 
Papen ss el! ey. li A. Ak ila 110 SDS SO! [ste Pe hr. eee tees 
[gt Met S 22 a COE ee Ce ee ee een ee enn 6) yi ST ers 224 IBOVZO L422 Spel eed levees 
Motalst saree 4/2 Ve). 4b ee ese ee STE 53,0177) 4, 686084 tetous Lh ied. 

Salted and smoked. Pickled. 

1919, Pounds. | Value. Value. 
MUTE OCIS tAbOS R=) ee sc oko. we a ee. oe Sete Dee ae ees 17, 939 |$3, 808. 25 $231.55 
yields 4 ER sake pd coll ROR ES ne OT Dba hie, Eaprgnenet 20OeNmn ole 90 14°00" ese. cece] 2 cence 
Le LN LI GU reeset Batra omega ers eto 2) 2 dette aa a 79 21.00 18.00 
RELIVE een eee a Sel eka Boker oemasieicicba soe cee ede ers 26 7OxaoUl Eo See eee tee eee 
Titictl Ae SE CRESS Dee SO Cunt olan 18, 134 | 3,919.60 249.55 

1920. . 

(United StateseSes 1k eee Ob ker | | RE ME Ye 39, 998 | 7,778.33 494.00 
RCA ES TIGenay © So Phe A ang foley «hte eld OS EE oe eS Se 79 poral A AM aaa es poe! hey Pm 
Ps Se a ee ete ke Oe pi 462 Se) peepee eras Gal lity pele Bs Fo 
Pe Leo oé el ae SRE SR JOSE CT ES ETAEE RISE Uneaten! (hae 607 A ONTD: || Ac Somers 84 eepne eies 
HAMS CLATEAS = 4 Seater) PR WN 232 VON IY) seh Te a 348 ZiT) WI he ats ne he hea ed 2 
Sey eee ee eee ere Sie en cama dee 29 28. 50 hae He ee Bee 
SNARE SEIETUENCE ELPA LOS oats e ea Tae ketene owe bce eae outs doclew pee ey eclelsecwe cone 65.00 
OPT) SBA IE ESL Ss ee adie fe i ho 41,523 | 8,054.71 559.00 


As will be noticed, the imports of fish products are very small, 
as fresh fish are obtained in abundance, and only the foreigners 
and a very few of the wealthier natives use imported fish of this na- 
ture. Practically all of it comes from the United States. The only, 
way the imports of fish products may be increased is to have grocery 
salesmen feature these products when traveling through the country. 
The demand is so small that it is believed an extensive advertising 
campaign would not be warranted. 


COSTA RICA. | 


LIMON. 
By Stewart E. M. Millin, consul, September 9, 1921.) 


The more common fish products to be had in Limon are fresh red 
snapper, kingfish, and mackerel scad, obtained within or in the 
vicinity of Limon Harbor by local fishermen from native-made boats 
during calm weather, using hooks and lines. Occasionally lobsters 
or shrimp are obtained, but few of these find their way to the local 
market, The supply of fish caught in these waters is too small 
to meet the demand of the inhabitants. None of the fish is preserved 
and none reexported. 

Codfish, salmon, and tuna are imported from the United States 
and sold locally in various stores, but there are no statistics available 
here as to quantity. These figures may usually be had through the 
consulate in San Jose, in which city the various customs figures are 
preserved. The demand for salmon and tuna here, while small, 
is steady and is slowly increasing. 


24 _U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


SAN JOSE. b 


[By Henry S. Waterman, consul, November 15, 1921.) 


The fish caught in this district are those common to these waters, 
such as red snapper, barracuda, Spanish mackerel, etc. There is no 
regular fish-curing industry, although fish are occasionally cured for 
consumption in the interior of the country and for holy week. This 
curing consists simply of splitting the fish in half and hanging in 
the sun. No fish are exported. The statistics for imports of fish 
for 1920, compared with 1914, are as follows: 


1914 1920 
Product imported and 
country of origin. Normal Present Normal Present 
Pounds. | exchange | exchange | Pounds. | exchange | exchange 
value. value. value. value, 
Codfish: 
United States............. 530, 431 | $39,973.73 | $22, 350.90 426,131 | $68,056.94 | $38, 053.34 
United Kingdom..........| 151,323] 9,749.19] 5,451.16 62,498] 11,552.93 6, 459. 70 
Germany... sco. seen es 102, 905 8, 779.67 4,909.06"). 2... 2... |. 28-2. = nee nee 
Other countries........... 299 34.41 19.24 1, 547 351. 08 196.30 
TROTRISS So oe Seaet eee o's 784,958 | 58,537.00 | 32, 730.36 490,176 | 79,960.95 44, 709.34 
Dried fish: 
(UMmITOdS tates nek cite. cleo 42, 504 4, 200. 81 2, 348. 84 82,027] 14,012.31 7, 834. 84 
United Kingdom.......... 1, 256 95.79 .56 58,287 | 4,463.07 2, 495.48 
Other countries........... 1, 267 292.02 163. 28 1, 725 891.87 498. 68 
PROLALE eee eee stone 45, 027 4, 588. 62 2, 565. 68 142,039! 19,367.25 10, 829.00 
Preserved fish: 
United'States si 4... co} jaes- 240,370 | 14,884.19 8, 322. 34 698,403 | 96, 288.95 53, 838. 98 
United Kingdom.......... 52,360} 3,160.14] 1,766.96 38,625 | 11,498.99 6, 429. 54 
Genmany ss -s.055. i) dhe 57,779 6, 115. 68 3, 419. 52 304 154. 38 86.32 
BDAln sibs otek ane ae 69,986] 7,024.29] 3,927.56 62,099 | 13, 138.58 7, 346. 30 
raniee.U... eI Ie NY 24,033] 3,025.76] 1,691.82 16,276 | 5,361.92 2, 998. 06 
Other countries........... 6, 206 772. 83 432.12 13, 035 9, 754. 77 5, 454.28 
Total's. .2h4 ahtsecocget 450, 734 | 34,982.89 | 19,560.32 828, 742 | 136,197.59 | 76, 153. 48 


Note.—In the above table the figures for the United States include American goods reexported from 
PanamatoCosta Rica. Thenormal value ofthe colon is 464 cents, at which rate all statistics are compiled, 
but at present it is worth about 26 cents. : 


Although the consumption of imported fish is normally large for a 
country of less than 500,000 population, the imports in 1920 were 
abnormally large. This was due to the high prices of coffee from 
1918 to 1920, which brought considerable eenth into the country, 
and also to the fact that duties on all canned goods were to be raised, 
which resulted in the placing of large orders in order to retain the 
advantage of the low duties. A large importer of these products 
states as his opinion that the coming years will not exceed 50 per 
cent of the amount imported in 1920. The principal variety of fish 
imported is codfish, which comes in tins and boxes containing 25 
pounds each and in boxes containing 25 paper packages of 1 pound 


each. Other dried fish is imported in kegs of from 25 to 100 pounds, 


and fish in brine comes in kegs of 8 and 12 pounds and in tins of 10 
and 25 pounds. 
No fish products are imported for reexportation, as this would be 
impracticable because of the high duties. The duties are per kilo- 
ram gross weight and are payable at the gold value of 463 cents 
63 one colon. As a consequence, all packing should be as light as 


ee 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN MEXICO, ETC. 25 


possible, consistent with safety. As the greater proportion of fish 
_ products imported come from the United States, it would seem that 
there is not a preference for foreign goods. The English products 
are preferred by their own nationals, and some of the high-class French 
and Spanish products are liked on account of the ape! of the oil 
in which the fish are preserved. It is not, however, believed that 
American fish packers need fear foreign competition in Costa Rica. 

The only practical manner of increasing the AA of Ameri- 
can fish products in Costa Rica is to have salesmen call on the princi- 
pal importers as part of a more extended trip through Latin America. 
They could then appoint agents and determine which is the best 
method of advertising their goods. It is further suggested that in 
order to obtain large initial orders salesmen should time their visit 
before Lent, as that is the period of the year when the largest amount 


of dried fish is consumed. 
PANAMA. 


COLON. 
[By Julius D. Dreher, consul, September 7, 1921.] 


In this consular district fish are caught with hook and line and also 
with nets to supply in part the local demand of the market in Colon, 
but no fish are cured here. The only fishery product exported from 
Colon is tortoise shell, which was exported in 1920 to the value of 
$49,562. 

Fishery products were imported in 1919, according to the latest 
statistics available, to the amount of $113,255, for the entire Republic 
of Panama. Of this amount the United States furnished products 
to the value of $103,353, or 91.3 per cent. The remainder, $9,905, 
was furnished by other countries, as follows: China, $4,312; England, 
$2,876; Japan, $1,932; other countries, $785. The products imported 
from China were special articles for Chinese residents of the Republic. 
The fish products entered at Colon amounted to $38,226 and at 
Bocas del Toro to $30,026, a total for this consular district of $68,252, 
or 51 per cent of the total for the country. The official statistics 
do not show the reexport of any fish products. 


PANAMA. 
[By George Orr, consul, December 20, 1921.] 


Edible fish are quite plentiful in the waters of Panama, but the 
fishing industry has sith babes developed further than the direct sale 
of fresh fish to the consumer from the boats of the fishermen or the 
public market. A number of the inhabitants are fishermen by oc- 
cupation, but the supply of fresh fish obtained is altogether inadequate 
to the demand, and considerable quantities of dried and canned fish 
are aparte annually. There are no local dealers in fresh fish other 
than the fishermen at the beach or in the market and no industrial 
establishments engaged in the preparation of fish products. 

Official statistics of imports published by the Statistical Bureau 
of the Republic of Panama are not available for any period later than 
the first six months of the year 1920. Import statistics show 90 per 
cent or more of shipments of fish received as having come from the 
United States. The proportion of such shipments actually originat- 
ing in Nova Scotia or Newfoundland and transshipped through 
American ports to Panama can not be readily determined, though 
it is probable that considerable quantities of cod, mackerel, and 


26 


salmon are obtained in this manner. 
ments of cod have been received direct from 


U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


During the present year ship- 
alifax, but much larger. 


antities of Halifax cod, mackerel, and salmon are still bought 


u 
unowih commission houses in New York. 


Imports 


from various 


countries during the years 1918 and 1919 and the first six months of 


1920 were as follows: 


1918 1919 First six months, 
Product imported and country of origin. 
Quantity Quantity Quantity 
(pounds). Value. (pounds). Value. (pounds). Value. 
Codfish: 
United States 484,704 | $63,576 | 412,386 | $63,157 | 194,300 $27, 069 
i i 3, 991 MBL Me WCPO IER Eee POSTS 
© | SecBenioe caltease te eeoltd Raccoon hace aa enes 5, 364 729 
- thease 220 67 
416,377 | 64,428 | 199, 884 27, 865 
Cuttlefish or squid: 
Waited States : 25 sci. peas ae peeked eae ee eke aeetee 7 2, |. «at0's «See wee eee ae 
Spal Se te eiswiees Sere. Sees cite oe ee eee eee es 319 122 158 57 
China 348 117 1,373 494 537 353 
Soyeambe: SPSS EE PLEAS CEES Se eee es [etek eras: |e anne ens. 158 48 282 103 
BPO as Mere meni erste ere eeicteic's atacratettes aia 348 117 1, 857 666 977 513 
Dried fish in general: 
United States . 9, 073 1, 927 1, 992 4, 759 925 
Columbia...... 1,078 96 79 541 90 
Chinas wae secsee: 2,374 568 1, 236 1, 558 556 
Japaniee. ft. sof -sopriry eyes. test 1, 685 479 473 836 219 
Ppa 8. SP AAA ALD. 2A AN? Dg ela 14, 210 3, 070 3, 780 7, 694 1,790 
Fish in sauce in general: 
Mnited Statdsycpcsevorn ack bf. 2 1,742 313 4, 099 28, 897 5, 717 
UT ee aN SONS < ae oo ea w2|2 IER coe el aad doen oleh cape ele tet ce leteaneeee 4, 336 1, 433 
Wiparaste 2 bo eek tee Bo ee ee eee ee ccwdn ces see agce tec 154 135 
Ching ti pra edvoweee ecee die-cast 1,725 258 484 |2 sce 5, aCe heme er 
Total}: nd..jo 2haabiegt ae 3, 467 571 4, 583 33, 387 7, 285 
Herring: 
United Statess .cmbeopl, os seb cep escem: 81, 292 8, 028 4, 070 15, 257 1,398 
WTEC PIC OUIN oo che tone ey ccs c at nce los Sec emesiaien sane 773 7, 568 1, 089 
TOtaltosecaeceuencc cee sees Ree 81, 292 8, 028 4,843 | 22, 825 2, 487 
Mackerel: ; 
WMI teGIStAles aa cecec amma e mec see eee 82, 504 11, 885 5, 241 11, 823 1, 331 
EHHcabst thick ce Same base ate lent Ascot ccaale pertas ae ota 44 31 12 
Dotale ofa) Bea. sees dete «se se ee ate 82, 504 11, 885 5, 285 11, 854 1, 343 
United, States. 2t4.-eeezd-i. sgeb 01.8 31 15 BU CLS S. | secu 
(GALA ran lel oe ope, * — zeta 10, 888 451 606 5, 025 659 
TOA ae camara yieete=-orceerien cots 10, 919 466 611 5, 025 659 
Salmon : 
AS TULOU SURUOS § vos «as. Pe aise Mebane 110, 288 6, 579 4,935 | 191, 809 
prrissy ssa Ea EL ORE Oe Sad Be 5d 22 Se SS co ota arte’ 53 
PEDUALTAY 2s coe ons Soe, eee rac care 110, 288 6, 579 4,935 | 191, 862 
Sardines in oil: 
United States :.Lutwtce sledss A 113, 740 20, 986 5, 266 46, 246 
United Kingdom sa. cci23 544 i duecee $s Haspelesebebldeeespece eles ests -- bo]-seb pee ee - 1,115 
Spain. LFS Se eee ee 495 TSU a eacascs 2 |aaeeee => 202 
Prance.) LL jo iemcews ae sage 0a 22 ECU REL EB. Pea ee Ee 416 333 873 
Totaly oid Bilal AR AION 114, 235 21,117 27, 212 5, 599 48, 436 
Sardines in sauce: 
United States)... 6. asd sees eee.|.(1 106, 209 18, 424 5, 623 1,392 36, 344 
[uf helaahtll petal etapa plgl ates pei cape “ons, Sagas Wien eieiae t= | Fete Sper: 440 128 255 
Franed Uses a sees MP TTA | DCP TEE ee eee ee baa 112 
DOA. tS Sao ess. SMES 106, 209 13, 424 6, 063 1, 520 36, 711 
——s 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN MEXICO, ETC. 27 


First six months, 
1918 1919 1920. 


Product imported and country of origin. 
Quantity Quantity Quantity!  - 
(pounds). Value. (pounds). Value. (pounds). Value. 
Sardines, dry: | 
MILER SUALES osc hoes -- ces ee aoe 1, 597 EPI crctocs AEBS apenas | Rees Seay ey BS 
Pypains: = 222+ 4 . 345-2 hetgsay ses cee ads. 44- eReeee eee eens alg b> 543358 114 $38 
Mataltay) Sie Stet Oe EO) ve St eee 1, 597 DBO IR MINE e Eee 114 $38 
Shellfish in general: 
United States: s..y.ps. sees sn. 4aeh4-.8 348 115 1, 335 $508 106 4 
12) DET ee ARE SEL ES SE vs ee ee 794 130 1, 135 1G) ee ee Eee acre 
ORGS oo noes cnoosoc cagdesedeooacence | 196 88 BOOKS. SII e2 WT Pe 
MOtAl eso. oe OSG a es stacey tees. wel 1, 338 333 3, 002 849 106 4 
Shellfish, preserved: | 
United States L946 YS ft ask IR | 21, 892 7,141 57, 044 12, 516 25, 227 4,104 
Wnited Kingdom. ...-..-.5:-.,JsA4¢ eee Ns wag coon 5, 54 842 7, 066 1, 600 
pane. 2 ete ENE APSE 7, 009 1, 580 5, 867 1, 261 9,121 2, 269 
OwMayy 2s ysadrel Aad Vee Sh 4, 886 801 5, 447 1, 412 2,119 751 
PN TCP E ac Scan ast.ge ae ac enon aewaens 1, 496 290 9 30 915 501 
uml yee week SC es Sas SS SUICA NEO EES Sak 2 77 4Si fs. 2. RLM DOD 
TAP ae Se ees coe ee Roe. rk ME oe aM ot eters a Sie ds arate 99 44 
MOMGMIDD anno saa tase tech eres ence sce 44 Del ataemis cafes ones angles acetate eee 
NG eee anes a Sores oss aie we clare = MEER 35, 327 9, 817 74, 071 16, 109 44, 547 9, 269 
Miscellaneous: 
PALE SEALS 2 oc. Ns ee neon tee 51 14 4 Fey bes et EO etd i Se 
pean Sete e ge. «aisle t Peeea Sy ca eg elect: eee 31 20 114 38 
BRC See one ace ha eicfer ici sa micin bare ak | ednin aa Beakeailie sie ea eases 9 DY dere fa sdink |e camels 
AMMPEANICL Me Meyers Sate oe Sco beet ul eet ee eek AS te lS ES ae Ra 4 7 
UG Te Tyee ar I il al 51 14 44 33 118 45 


General figures recently published by the statistical bureau of 
Panama show total imports of fish for 1920 to have been 1,057,604 
a gine valued at $177,625, and for the first half of 1921 to have 

een 601,729 pounds, valued at $66,385. A larger proportion of 
fish and fishery products is imported from the United States than 
the general average for all commodities. Some shipments of dried 
fish and shellfish, insignificant in comparison with total imports, are 
obtained from China and Japan, and small quantities of certain fish 
products not obtainable in the United States are imported from 
other countries. 

The varieties of fish most in demand are cod, salmon, sardines, 
mackerel, herring, and preserved shellfish, the last item including 
principally shrimp. Cod, mackerel, and salmon in barrels are ob- 
tained chiefly from Halifax through commission agents in New York. 
Salmon in cans is mostly shipped from San Francisco and sardines 
in cans from San Francisco and New York. Shrimp in cans and 
dried shrimp in barrels come principally from New Orleans. 

The preference shown for Halifax cod, mackerel, and salmon is 
due mainly to their being cheaper than American products, prices 
being about $10 less per barrel, although it is claimed by local dealers 
that the Halifax cod is of a quality which sells better in this market. 
Halifax cod contains the bone and is purchased dried in barrels of 
300 pounds. Boneless cod of the description sold largely in the 
United States is stated to be unsuited to the requirements of the local 
market. The present price of Halifax cod, shipments of which have 
recently been received direct, is about $30 per barrel of 300 pounds, 
c.i.f. Panama. There is no reexport trade in imported fish products 
in this consular district. 


28 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


SOUTH AMERICA. 
COLOMBIA. 
SANTA MARTA. 
[By Leroy R. Sawyer, consul, September 13, 1921.) 


In this consular district, comprising the department of the Magda- 
lena, the principal fishing centers. are the bays on the north coast, the 
large swamp traversed by estuaries (Cienaga Grande) forming a part 
of the delta of the Magdalena River, and the same river serving as 
the western boundary of the department. 

From the Santa Marta Bay and Taganga Bay, lying to the north- 
east, bonito, pictia, sierra (saw fish), and pargo (red snapper) are 
obtained in considerable quantity, the first two, however, in greater 
abundance. The sdbalo is also occasionally brought in. In the 
Cienaga Grande the catch consists chiefly of lisa, bagre (catfish), 
mojara, and libranche, a fish the flesh of which contains a large per- 
centage of oil. It has not been possible to obtain any data relating 
to the fishing industry for municipalities situated on the Magdalena 
River proper. Those municipalities are, furthermore, almost ex- 
clusively se endent upon Barranquilla for such fish products as may 
be imported, and data in this connection would be reported by the 
consulate in that city. 

The bonito and pictia are seined, and the sierra and pargo are 
caught by hook and line. The greater part of the catch obtained in 
the Cienaga Grande is secured by the use of the circular bell-shaped 
net, the usual procedure being for a fleet of fish boats to select a des- 
ignated fishing ground and nets being cast to cover the area chosen. 

he sdbalo is usually harpooned. It is probably safe to say that 
several thousand people in and around the Cienaga Grande devote 
themselves to fishing for a livelihood. In fact, the residents of Sala- 
manca (the long ribbon-shaped island facing the Caribbean Sea), 
Pueblo Viejo, Isla Rosario, Bl Morro, Buena Vista, and Trojas de 
Cataca, towns and settlements located on the shores of the Cienaga 
or built out over the water or situated on islands within the Cienaga, 
are almost entirely fishermen. Fishing is free of any governmental 
restriction throughout the department of the Magdalena except in 
the case of the municipality of Pueblo Viejo, located on the shores of 
the Cienaga, in which instance the fishing rights are subject to taxa- 
tion when the industry is carried on for commercial purposes. Dur- 
ing 1920 the sum of 5,477 pesos, Colombian currency, was collected 
on this account. 

All the fish in this district, except the lisa, are put on the market 
and consumed the same day they are caught. The lisa is split open 
cleaned, salted, and sun dried, and in this form becomes an article 
of considerable trade with Barranquilla and other cities and towns 
located on the lower Magdalena River. No fishery products are 
exported. There is, however, a fair amount of interdepartmental 
trade in fish, lisa principally, particularly between this and the 
adjoining departments of Atlantico and Bolivar. 

0 separate statistics covering imports of fishery products are kept 
at the local customhouse, but approximately correct data have been 
obtained from the principal local merchants handling such goods. 
This information follows: 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN MEXICO, ETC. 29 


Kinds. quae ia Retail price.! Countries pf ori 
Salted codfish, dressed cut....| 150 cases of 20 pounds. ....| 35 centavossper pound..... United States. 
Canned sardines.............. 20\CASES. ates cet eseem- bs 15 to 40 centavos per 4-| United States, 
ounce tin. France, Nor- 
way. 
Canned salmon, pink and red.| 10 cases...........-------- 35 to 50 centavos per | United States. 
pound can. 


1 Retail prices stated in Colombian currency—100 centavos or 1 peso equals 86 cents, United States cur- 
rency, prevailing exchange. 


The only fish product imported from countries other than the 
United States is canned sardines. The French and Norwegian brands 
can be obtained in choicer varieties than is the case with similar 
American products, so local dealers state. There is no reexport of 
imported products from this district. 

n view of the importance of the fishing industry at this and near- 
by points, as well as the relative cheapness of local fishery products 
as compared with those imported, it is doubtful whether much 
additional impetus can be given to the introduction of such products 
from the United States. e interior districts of Colombia, however, 
are unable to obtain fresh fish from the coast and should offer unusual 
opportunities for trade extension in this line of goods, provided the 
needs of the consumers and dealers in those sections of the country 
can be ascertained and satisfied. 


BARRANQUILLA. 
[By Edmund B. Montgomery, vice consul, December 9, 1921.] 


Fish products constitute a very important part of the daily food 
consumption of this vicinity. Sea fish from Puerto Colombia and 
Salgar are in the greatest demand, though a kind of river fish known 
as “‘lisa’’ is consumed in large quantities by the poorer classes. It 
is estimated by the department of statistics that about 1,000 pounds 
of fish arrive at the market in Barranquilla daily from various sources. 
The principal products for local consumption are sea fish known as 
lebrancho, robalo, mojorra, sierra, chivo, bonito, and the river fish 
lisa. Most of these are consumed shortly after being caught, though 
a considerable amount of salt fish is also sold. In addition to fish 
other sea food, such as crabs, lobsters, shrimp, and oysters are also 
sold in varying quantities. Sea fish are caught at Salgar and Puerto 
Colombia, the former being 14 and the latter 17 miles by rail from 
Barranquilla. These fish are brought daily to the Barranquilla 
market for sale. 

River fish are caught in the Magdalena River by native fishermen 
and brought in canoes to the market, which is connected by a canal 
_ with the river. Fish may be bought either from the market or from 
canoes and other small river craft which line up along the banks of 
the canal at the market. Fish bought directly from the river boats 
can be obtained at slightly lower prices than those prevailing in the 
market. The river fish ‘‘lisa’’ are sold at 5 cents each, or in quanti- 
ties for 2 and 3 cents each. Fish products are crudely cured by 
cleaning, salting, and allowing to dry in the sun for about two days. 
Cured in this manner they keep for about two weeks. Most fish, 
however, are sold shortly after being caught, without being cleaned 


30 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


or cured. No packing of fish products is carried on and none are 
exported. 

The following table shows the value of fish products imported 
through the customhouse at Barranquilla during the first six months 
of 1920. Later statistics are not available. 


eee Spain. | France. | England.| Italy. 


Wriediandsalveds: «0524.25 Ss ee ees ae o Bee ee cetoe $678 Joe... ec scc]ec enw eeee tbe oa eee 
FCRTOGK sock die disc ewih's dddaecs haat cee eepmue ate denise 3, 989 $20 ccm toseenl occ aacescle eee 


rigid soot. cs, ee ae ene See 115,040] 59,957 | $16,997 | $7,396 | $2,976 


There is no established reexport trade. The principal competitors 
of the United States in canned fish are Spain, France, England, and 
Italy. The United States exported to Colombia, through Barran- 
quilla, during the first six months of 1920 more canned fish than all 
other countries combined, furnishing $115,040, or 56 per cent, of a 
total of $202,366, or about twice the amount received from Spain, 
the strongest competitor. One Barranquilla house ships about 
$200 worth of French sardines per month into the interior. 

The reasons for part of the demand being supplied by other countries 
are as follows: (1) Connections had been established before United 
States actively entered the market. (2) Considerable numbers of 
dealers are nationals of Spain, the strongest competitor of the United 
States; (3) Sardines from Spain and Italy sell for 15 cents per can, 
while the cheapest American sardines are sold at 20 cents. Better 
grades of Spanish sardines sell at 25, 30, and 45 cents, and Italian 
sardines sell at 15, 20, and 25 cents. 

The sale of American canned fish might be stimulated by corres- 
pondence, which should be in Spanish. Appointment of representa- 
tives to handle sales in the interior should prove of considerable 
benefit, though in this vicinity there are no American firms handling 
food products and but one American, who is a manufacturer’s rep- 
resentative, handling food products. It is possible that sales in 
Barranquilla might be stimulated by advertising. 


CARTAGENA. 
[By E. C. Soule, consul, November 24, 1921.] 


The fishing industry in this consular district is limited to the 
supplying of fresh fish to the local market. The fish are salt-water 
fish, caught by the native fishermen by seining, trawling, and dyna- 
miting. The latter method is illegal, but it is believed to be in 
rather general use. Dried shrimp constitutes about the only fish 
product, and these are not put through any special process other 
than being dried in the sun. There are no exportations of fishery 
products ia Cartagena and no reexport of imported products. 

The importations of salmon, sardines, and cod for the year 1920 
are given in the following table: 


Product. United States. Spain. France. Great Britain. 
Pounds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value. | Pownds.| Value. 
alin Coin BS S26 9. See eN Sere 112,356 |s$16, 6DL'| J... 0 - achuaat - spel ph a> ol sac pee 70 11 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN MEXICO, ETC. 31 


The Spanish sardine is now offering the keenest competition with 
the American product, and its oe | sa has been increasing. It 
is palatable to these people and cheap, retailing in small tins at 10 
cents each. American fishery products should be marketed here 
through the established dealers in groceries and provisions. The 
people like American food products but find them usually expensive 
after freight and duty on gross weight have been paid. 


ECUADOR. 
GUAYAQUIL. 


[By Frederic W. Goding, consul general, September 2, 1921.] 


The principal local fishery products of this district are fresh and 
dried fish, large crayfish, eels, oysters, prawns, pearls, and tortoise 
shells, while in the ocean some whales are captured by Norwegian 
whalers. Also, there are two kinds of seals, both the fur and hairy 
varieties, to which no attention is paid. The methods employed 
in obtaining these products are similar to those utilized for the 
same purpose in the United States, with the exception that in obtain- 
ing fresh fish near Guayaquil the water in the inlets is poisoned 
with a pulverized nut called barbasco, which stupefies the fish but 
does not injure them as food. 

Fish are the only products preserved, the preserving being done 
by cleaning and salting the fish and drying that in the sun in the 
most primitive manner. This industry is carried on mostly in the 
vicinity of the ports of Manta and Salango. 

The only products of Ecuadorean fisheries exported are pearls and 
tortoise shells, the value of which varies greatly in different years. 
While the fishery products imported into Ecuador are not important 
they deserve attention. The imports for the years 1913, 1914, 
1915, and 1916, compiled from the official statistics, are given in the 
following table: 


Product imported 
and country of]| 1913 | 1914 | 1915 | 1916 
origin. 


Product imported 
and country of 
origin. 


Cod: Dried salted fish: 
United States....} $114 |$2,550 |$3, 740 | $4, 262 United States-... 
United Kingdom|].......]....... 2, 009 12>. 2- Chi 
Nrancessysss3. +. Og). Cees e| <b vee y 45 lho Brancegd: L602 


Germany........ Dy 2AS NNO IASB. | Sec EOE pRD) QLLSLY ce occ ccm ccs: 
Tally. fe 13335. 20. D3: [>a a toad PALE SA” Japan se 2S. 
IN OR Bee wee bc cece hie hrs au wou 2,990 Wh fe Per eco cen wens 
erm Shepeaee Sed) AH es Cf By i ben ea Air 
Spas cee dads. tei tqs ISH PeL Ee y- Wy er re. e. 
I WOUG eas oui sin] s Tncce [stetas fe |) Py OOD |e seek? Wir yy mee Lotal. ve<csee.0 
Totalasgas iis: 5,453 | 8,998 |14,652 | 7,297 |] Sardines: 
United States... 
Canned salmon: United Kingdom 
United States....] 9,520 |13, 150 |14, 836 | 18, 465 Belgium......... 
Germany........ i070 pe ead ie ad OTB Hrancs. 232). .¢5 
No cleat eee see scl cower | ee R bl: teas Saal bey) GREIMAILY laa su 


107940°—22——_3 


82 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


It will be noted that in 1913 the United States enjoyed nearly 38 
per cent; in 1914, 264 per cent; 1915, 39 per cent; and in 1916, 
524 per cent, or an average of 34 per cent of the fish trade of Ecuador 
for the four years mentioned. Besides these imports, under the 
heading “Unclissified conserved animal food,” appearing in the 
published statistics, about $50,000 worth of products are mentioned 
as imported annually, among them being some fish, oysters, shrimp, 
and lobsters, which, however, can not be separated. 

The imports for four months of the year 1920, are given in the fol- 
lowing table, which has been compiled for the purpose of showing the 
value of the more recent trade in fishery products, in which it is 
shown that 86 per cent of the imports were from the United States. 
None of the imported fishery products are reexported from Ecuador: 


. United 

Products imported. be i Spain. King- France. ens Italy. ane Japan. | Chile. 

Value. | Value.| Value. | Value. | Value.| Value.| Value. | Value. | Value. 
COdry oboe tee cee $5,499 |....--0- $2018 awe $1, 386+ $205 -Sselasiessns| ies ened eee 
Caviar ses. Lt k cee tee 6 ODOT "| deaits sete | kaon bier BOB eee Se Sek ELA So AA oa 
Bish, canned: 20 bps taqe- is 6, 274 $448 42 TGs casavewe $124 $481 $86; [ab des. 
Lobsters and crabs.......... 4206) soit cleats crete EE Sea hare a's | ciate: ys grote |e mpeintecemts 45 $240 
OnySters:.b. ees: eee eg a4 OD) Net Po ees wasee Tessa SROIEELE 2 Eee 52 86 [fi a.i022. 
Salmon sci s doce seenaes eBe 1B; OTL areca leeaeeses| semaine beetac cet 5 al PER sia SN 
PBLUCCIS Ue. cs. Jec caeicwiaae nie D5 O20 oe scien clinics tn'acin| woe Salta ||sate seed a lets clots ou ates cptal| Oa es erates te ae 
BATCINOS Ao} Ce sen bcaeveee DB, 065) 22,665) LOB Zid 25200 | dace wea| stata ee|o stone aps de aealetaeeee 
RENE Dees wads sShet darters GOON aches ce | caneee ec leb cathe cal sete creed eertome gm 32 BB Ut Bb e E 
DAG E. tasict cpt t. ee FE WO4C be e248 28524) BAW Libs MseiG SS hale Josh Se ee ee 
Motal toiritt. see. oe 144,544 | 13,113] 4,047 | 2,603) 1,386 | 1,039 565 327 240 

PERU. 


CALLAO-LIMA, 


[By Fred D. Waddell, vice consul, November 4, 1921.) 


The fish most used in Peru are the corvina or corbina, the lisa, the 
lenguada, and the pejerrey. Of these the corbina is the most useful, 
as it attains a large size and is of fine and pleasing flavor. ‘This fish 
is similar to the salmon found in northern waters, ranges in size from 
3 to 30 harem and is found in enormous quantities off the Peruvian 
coast. It may be cooked in any manner and is a regular item in all 
meals in every Peruvian home and in the hotels and restaurants. 
The lisa and the lenguada are also excellent fish, attain quite a large 
size, and are used a great deal. The pejerrey, or “ Fish of the Kings,” 
is a small fish similar in size and flavor to the American smelt and is 
considered a great delicacy. It is found in enormous numbers and 
at all seasons of the year. 

In addition to the fish above named and described as those most 
used, there are many others suitable for food which are in daily use. 
Also, there are many fish which are not used as food but which might 
be utilized. In the northern part of the Peruvian waters, in the 
vicinity of Tumabez, for instance, great numbers of sharks abound, 
which are never eaten, as the supply of other edible fish is so great that 
they are not needed. 

Several varieties of shellfish are found on the Peruvian coast, the 
principal ones of which are the cameron and the conchita. The 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN MEXICO, ETC. 33 


cameron is known as the Peruvian shrimp. It is identical in shape and 
size with the crayfish found in great numbers in some parts of the 
United States. This shellfish can be found at all seasons of the year 
in great quantities and is much used. It is excellent for salads, as 
its meat is of fine flavor. It is also said to be concep He of canning 
and preserving in the same manner as shrimp. The conchita is a 
bivalve and is found only in limited quantities. It has a beautiful 
shell, brown on the outside and white inside. These shells are all 
uniform, but they are of no value except for ornamental purposes. 

The meat, however, is delicious, either cooked or raw. » It is in two 
parts, one part, attached to the shell, being firm and white and similar 
in taste to the scallop, the other part being a very small scarlet tip 
of soft substance. These shellfish are very delicate and must be 
eaten very soon, after gathering, as they spoil very easily. There are 
several other varieties of shellfish found, but they are very little 
used. Some of them are bivalves and some crustaceans. 

The methods used in obtaining fish in Peru are the most primitive. 
For the offshore fish, such as corvina, bonita, lisa, etc., hooks and 
lines are used, either in anchored boats or trailing from moving sail- 
boats. For the smaller fish caught near the shore hand nets are used. 
The lines used offshore have several hooks to the line. The largest 
boats used are not over 3 tons, and these are only exceptional. The 
majority are sunply smali sailboats, which very seldom go out over 
10 miles from the shore. Canoes even are used, and occasionally 
the ancient raft may be seen. The fishery industry is essentially 
coastwise. 

There is no canning industry in Peru, and neither is there any 
refrigeration, so that the fish caught are eaten at once or thrown 
away when they become spoiled. owever, in the northern part of 
the Republic, in the vicinity of Pimentel, San Jose, and Paita, a 
small quantity is salted. They are dried in shady places, and in 
some instances a one-fifth part of saltpeter is added. The amount 
thus cured does not exceed 12 or 15 tons per year at the most. 

Because of the lack of canneries, refrigeration, and facilities for 
curing no fishery products are exported from Peru, except in very 
small quantities, to neighboring countries, consisting of salt fish alone. 
These exports are as follows: 

1915. To Ecuador 312 pounds, salt fish, value $10. 

a Chile 231 pounds, and to Ecuador 304 pounds, salt fish, total value $41. 

. one. 


1918. To Bolivia 116 pounds, salt fish, value $29. 
1919. To Bolivia 179 pounds, salt fish, value $45. 


Quite a large amount of fishery products is imported into Peru. 
The principal preserved fishery imports are sardines, differently pre- 
served, salmon in tins, tunny fish, herring, eel, stockfish, lobster, 
oysters, crabs, and several other kinds. There are also a number of 
different kinds of pickled fish imported. 

Following are the statistics showing the amounts of the different 
kinds of fishery products imported into Peru during the years 1913, 
1917, 1918, and 1919 and the countries of origin. "The year 1919 is 
the latest for which these statistics are available. 


34 


U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


1913 1917 
Country importing. | 18h, Pickled in | Fish, in tins,china, | Fish, pickled in | wich, in tins, china 
ers, and dried or a pcg a ers, and dried or | OF. 8 tag 29 en 
smoked fish not | . fish in tins. smoked fish not | fish in tins. 
Bead Pounds. Value. | Pounds. | Value Pounds Value Pounds Value. 
PI a elaine aisha a aie miele pec aaaap ad saynawck rel eapiees= aad ttledste < Rear sees Semele oe etEee = 
Chile 1,931 $51 64 $3 1,849 S204) ace os ba Cee 
Mranc@z.. <.. 22 1.0. che et ECE eeesos See 326 DANE ES eel ah ee Ta See: | ee ee 
Germany 3... . <2 2224e0 8, 902 236 | 320,450 14182) | ae eel eae cae |S. oes 08s be 
Great Britain........ 125 3 23,1 BOL js Se AE ee 4, 564 856 
Hongkong 5.2 e as 6,019 160 4, 302 190 5, 307 585 3, 275 614 
Ttaly 2/30 Lhe 2, 422 65 1, 434 63-[ Heme tk |e otal pout atte ee ee 
Japan ei 5ec--Pare-- 592 16 1,792 79 | 18,172 2,003 | 37,990 7,121 
NO Wie Beare —seeaded| SSaes658s4l Mobs 5a5si4 GShS- s4as PSASARB SS ae eel eS ae 13,614 2,552 
Portupalati ok i.secees 4,132 109 791 SOPs alee as eA e 687 129 
[ete Bene te ec seine 172 5 242 11 40 381 71 
United States bh fn 672 18 3, 263 144 46, 291 5, 103 180, 377 33, 808 
Not specified: 2122. :¢\Seyq4sdece|-ea. oa oe tele -Lvetee dieece EL 9, 153 1,009 20 4 
rrotalc: sce 24, 967 663 | 355, 764 15, 690 80, 812 8,908 | 241,042 45,180 
1918 1919 

Bolivia Broa ELS <> sacl bee scab ele ctke se oeek $10 198 $2E 2) Sot. CER Sa ae oe eee 
LEE? Ug aie 5 2 Pa oe ea a De a 9, 505 1: S| 
Whiles: . 47 SPAe EG ese. Sa PSS 085 578 131 OL | owtee hence emer eee 
Great BEAN —. 3. < qatt|-cedet oe yl asa ~ deel dueken set hasses es ced] -- Ree bpise -|Wepee tee 1,875 $351 
Hongkong rugthicae berth 7, 335 809 4,333 812 2, 637 180 2,078 390 
AVVEER Cones See ESN TIS ap bh als snnttab Me atle tee ak. naleitcadasss «|o dae a See eda cae tae ded 1,314 246 
ananassae ee sane 23, 631 2,605 | 118,064] 22,127] 47,538 5,241 | 111,912 20,975 
WORUUBALR ete. Cs kee oa secs sae cat oieclas Sceaclwccmceaces 66 1 107 39 
(TM oss4a5 sussdoinau Posed seb |seenoseao- 2,021 379 218 24 234 44 
United States........ 60, 841 6,708 | 106,642] 19,988 9,675 1,066 | 115,361 21, 622 
Not specified......... Hy e12)| LEST BO ess AAA) oe ek ed 1,278 D4 Gh SE ee 
Total...........| 104,660 11,539 | 234,198 48, 894 71,347 7,759 | 232,881 43, 667 


None of the fishery products imported into Peru are reexported. 
The American fishery products, such as sardines, canned salmon, 
dried cod, etc., predominate in this market, and when any of such 
products are imported from countries other than the United States 
it is not because of better quality but is simply a matter of price. 
It is true that some varieties of canned fish are imported from other 
countries on account of being prepared and preserved differently from 
those produced in the United Peele but, on the whole, the American 
goods are the most popular, and when two articles of the same class 
and kind are presented for sale—one from the United States and the 
sea from another country—the American product is generally 
chosen. 

Recently the price of American canned fishery products has been 
higher than the price of foreign goods of the same kind, and on 
account of the low rate of exchange between Peru and the United 
States there has been comparatively little importation of the Amer- 
ican products. Thus these two elements are the real ones that make 
competition with other countries difficult and are the cause of these 
goods being bought in countries where they can be produced and sold 
at a cheaper price. Of course, such articles as a certain kind of fish, 
preserved and packed in a way peculiar to a certain country, are 
imported only from that country. The above statements do not refer 
to that class of goods, however, but to fishery products that are 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN MEXICO, ETC. 35 


common to all trades and that have come to be staple articles of diet 
in practically all countries. 

The American exporter of fishery products should, first of all, 
endeavor to retain the high quality of his goods for which American 
goods of this class are now known and should not try to force an 
inferior article on the market at the same price. Next, strict atten- 
tion should be paid to packing, which should be strong enough to 
withstand the handling it will have to undergo when shipped to the 
west coast of South America, where most of the unloading is done in 
lighters, since practically all the harbors are open roadsteads. 

The terms upon which these, as well as other classes of goods, are 
sold in Peru are generally cash against documents. During the war, 
and at a time when the European countries could not compete with 
the United States, the United States obtained a large advantage in 
this trade, but now that the countries of Europe are beginning to 
export, better credit terms are being offered, and unless the American 
exporters can devise some method of being able to meet these credit 
terms it will be a difficult matter for them to meet the European 
competition. 

It is therefore thought that if American exporters will meet the 
terms of the other countries in regard to the above-mentioned mat- 
ters and let this fact be known among the Peruvian importers it 
will have a tendency to increase trade between the two countries 
to a considerable extent. Complaint has been made of the inferior 
packing by American exporters, that goods received do not come up 
to sample, and that where American firms require cash payments 
European and other firms extend reasonable credits. These matters 
are given a great deal of consideration by the Peruvian buyer, and 
they should also be considered by the American exporter. 

A summary of the possibilities of the fishing industry in Peru is 

that hitherto there has been no local interest in the development of 
this industry, but recently the Peruvian Fisheries Department has 
been trying to evolve a plan of increasing its fishery products. As 
to the possibilities of this industry, it may be said that they are many 
and great. There are no canneries in Peru and no facilities for 
refrigeration or for curing fish. The waters of the Pacific Ocean off 
the coast of Peru literally teem with fish of many kinds, a great 
number of which are of very fine food quality and undoubtedly 
suitable for canning, preserving, and curing. Good indications of 
the quantity are the vast number of fahineibeona which inhabit the 
coast and the islands of Peru and the fact that the supply of fish 
used by the human population must be obtained daily and with a 
great loss of the fish caught, since facilities for keeping those not 
consumed are lacking. 
__ The equipment for obtaining the fish is primitive, and undoubtedly 
if modern methods and equipment were employed the catch could 
be anette) increased. Should canneries and refrigeration facili- 
ties be installed, this catch could be preserved for marketing, not 
only in Peru but in the other parts of the world. Undoubtedly 
this is one of the industries that in the future will be seen in opera- 
tion to a great extent along the west coast of South America. 


86 U. 8. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


CHILE. 
IQUIQUE. 
[By Homer Brett, consul, September 14, 1921.] 


Fish products produced near Iquique consist solely of fresh fish 
taken principally with hook and line from small boats. There is 
some seine fishing, and swordfish, known locally as “‘albacore,’’ are 
killed with harpoons. These are remarkable for the large amount 
of clear meat they yield and the small quantity of waste matter. 
There is no doubt that this fish would be most excellent for canning. 
When the catch of fresh fish is unusually abundant or is made at 
places distant from markets, it is salted lightly, but there is never 
any exportation nor even shipment to other points in Chile. In 
central Chile the question of establishing a national fishing industry 
is one of perennial discussion, and many articles, all favorable to the 
enterprise, have been published in the newspapers of Santiago, but 
thus far little or nothing has been accomplished. 

The imports of fish products into Iquique have been as follows, 
the latest years for which statistics are available: 


Fish products imported. 1917 1918 1919 


Kilos.1 | Pesos. | Kilos.1 | Pesos.2 | Kilos.. | Pesos.2 
Shellfish ies « dejaarpeiga da. Sie ak cesses sepia; biel. asses 8, 508 14 |S. 5255. Cee 
MISH UTED OL SHILEG-< see eee Se ete ane nese 15, 115 14, 941 44, 050 45, 257 5, 755 7, 891 
@snnedilopster. chases. Ceti ret: RIPEUEL . GaP Cast Ss 251 600 25 58 
Canned fish and shellfish..............-..- 3, 764 4,789 9, 346 17,317 5, 592 6, 608 
@Canntedsalnonv is... eb, SNe 80, 104 34, 486 80, 065 44, 440 31, 072 19, 174 
@anned sardines. .o-. 72sec ees 23,010 | 24,523 8,236} 12,302] 12,215 14,017 
1 One kilo equals 2.204 pounds. 2 The peso is the gold peso of 18 pence. 


Countries of origin are not shown for the importations into the 
individual ports, but only for those into the entire country. From 
these it appears that in 1917 Japan was the principal supplier of 
dried and salted fish, followed closely by the United States and 
next by Great Britain. Norway, Spain, and Argentina supplied 
small quantities. In 1918 Japan led in quantity and the United 
States in value, and in 1919 Japan supplied half of the total in value 
and more than half in weight, while the United States shipped 
approximately one-third. In Chile, as in all Spanish countries, 
codfish is considered a delicacy, although cheapness is the first con- 
sideration. During 1917 the United States and Spain led in sup- 
plying canned fish and shellfish, with Italy and France followin 
with much smaller quantities; in 1918 Spain was_ the panne 
supplier, with the United States following with considerably smaller 
quantities; in 1919 these relative positions were maintained. 

Canned salmon comes almost exclusively from the United States, 
though small quantities are credited to Great Britain and Japan. 
Sardines came principally from Spain in 1917 and 1918, though in 
both years the ete States competed closely. In 1919 the weight 
of sardines from the United States for all Chile was 159 tons and the 
value 152,779 pesos, while Spain shipped 157 tons, valued at 258,481 

esos. 

5 It is almost certain that the import of American fish products 
into Iquique can not be increased in the near future. They are 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN MEXICO, ETC. 87 


well known and liked, but this district is in a state of profound 
industrial depression owing to the lack of demand for its one product, 
nitrate of soda. Nearly all the plants are closed down, thousands 
of idle laborers have been sent to the south, and business is at a 
standstill. The high foreign exchange makes it impracticable to 
import anything but the "hikes necessities. American exporters 
would do well to attempt to make only small sales, more as a matter 
of advertising than anything else, until the revival of business, 
which it is hoped will take place in 1922. 


ANTOFAGASTA, 
[By B. C. Matthews, vice consul, October 15, 1921.] 


In this consular district local fishermen supply fresh fish. The 
quantities caught and sold are for local consumption and are negli- 
gible. The catch is sold the same day it reaches shore. There are 
no refrigeration plants here, and no part of the local catch is stored 
or preserved. The methods of fishing are both by nets and lines, 
and all the catch is salt-water fishes taken a few miles from shore. 
There are no exports or reexports of fishery products from this 
district. 

In 1917 salmon to the value of 82,033 Chilean gold of 18 pence 
were imported at Antofagasta, the nee countries of origin in 
order of importance being United States, Great Britain, and Japan. 
In the same year dried fish to the value of 6,661 Chilean gold of 18 
ae were imported, the countries of origin in order of importance 

eing the United States, Japan, and Great Britain. Sardines to the 
value of 54,613 Chilean gold of 18 pence were imported in 1917, the 
Seems countries of origin in order of importance being Spain, the 
nited States, and France. 

There is a decided preference for § panish sardines packed in olive 
oil, the trade mark being “‘Curbera.”’ This is an excellent product, 
- and because of the grade of the oil used it is considered superior to 
any other product imported here. The major portion of the salmon 
importations come from the United States, and a low grade, ‘“‘Chum,”’ 
forms the bulk of this trade. However, there is a good demand for 
pink salmon here when prices are not too high. Salmon are im- 
ported from England, but the demand is not large. Dried codfish 
in packets of 1 pound is salable, and sometimes in tins of 11 and 23 

ounds. The imports are mostly from Scandinavian countries and 

apan. ‘The Scandinavian product is g8od and of excellent flavor, 
erhaps more palatable than the Alaskan article that arrives here 
rom San Francisco. 

The wholesalers and retailers here are familiar with the different 
qualities of American salmon, and the increased demand for this 
product really rests more upon the cost to the consumer. With re- 
gard to sardines it is not believed there is much room for competition 
with the Spanish product unless an oil equal in quality is used in the 
preservation of small: sardines. The larger sardines put up in 1- 
pound oval tins, packed in California, have established themselves in 
this market, apparently to stay. It would seem that fish packers 
on the Pacific coast should keep in constant touch with this market 
through their exporting houses in San Francisco, and for the grades 
of sardines packed in cottonseed oil on the Maine coast packers 


38 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


should likewise keep in close touch with the exporting firms in New 
York City. Besides canned fish there are ey large importations 
of dried shrimp in barrels, mostly from New Orleans, La. There 
should be a efor ne demand here for this product, depending to a 
great extent upon the market price at that port. 


VALPARAISO. 


[By Edwin H. Livingstone, vice consul, December 9, 1921.] 


In the territorial waters of Chile, in the neighborhood of the thirty- 
eighth parallel, the center of which is the port of Lebu, south of Tal- 
cahuano, there is an abundance of edible fish and shellfish. To date 
the fishing industry in this section exists in a crude and ancient state 
on a small scale. Deep-sea fishing has not been inaugurated, as no 
company has undertaken this task with sufficient capital to carry it 
through to a successful business. The fishing industry employs but 
3,350 fishermen, or about 8 per cent of the population of 4,000,000 
inhabitants. It is wala ptesle that the products of the fishing indus- 
try of Chile amount to 11,172 tons of fish a year, or 3.34 tons per per- 
son engaged in the industry. 

In Chile fishing has never been prosecuted on a scientific basis but 
is handed down, generation by generation, from father to son, the 
new generation carrying on the work exactly the same as the old 
generation, with very little progress, consequently, in the develop- 
ment of the industry. The Chilean fisherman uses a small boat, 
manned by two or three oarsmen, and generally fishes at a distance 
of 1 or 2 miles from shore, and never more than 4 or 5 miles. The 
majority of the fishermen use rowboats, very few boats bein 
equipped with steam engines or motors. The industry is so sma 
that it is far from adequate to meet the demands of the home market, 
resulting in an enormous difference between the prices at the point 
where caught and the final retail price in the cities. The following 
table will demonstrate this difference, taking as a basis the prices of 
the products on the island of Santa Maria, one of the industrial 
centers of the Chilean fishing industry. The prices are based on the 
metric quintal of 101 pounds. 


Prices at a Prices at . 
ee ; Prices at ‘ Prices at 
Species. Santa 5 Ss - Santa’ | aos 
pee Marin, | Santiago. Ros Maria, | Santiago. 
Pesos. Pesos. Pesos. Pesos. 
Congrio colorado.......-....-- 36 GOs || SEALS aetna ake aeeeniae tie ae 48 230 
peers tn MOQTOs cies coupe ce te see a Dy el ees Sais nsletisocax oat eee Ee ae = 
PN VINS ccaatededae so anes QUO) ccs spn ne eh et ances 
Hghalo Woes ta. fess Sc tt a sSEp= 5 Hy ba ries PAELELOL. Jal dh. Eee . He 
WELZ Oso «ub ale $aU alee s'S noeele es OCD re gaeae: Sak min < ole deein ane 
TROLS Stas ot REC REIL. Uke 24 OUAMENIZO SS oon32) 52 steh Pe aanweree 12 85 
Cabrilaec titans 2 snc cerereese 24 10) }} CROvOrs cs ss. caves eee LOE? 15 60 
Tenguardors fs): eeteeemeee a. 60 ZOO EAU ase Paive a. aco an ebbe anes 6 50 
Pescadss oaseuseet) tess eee 9.6 40 


In this large difference that is observed in comparing the cost 
price and the retail price the railroad rates are not the influence 
that cause the high price, as might be thought, but the scarcity of - 
fishermen and the small production against demand. The small 
' retailers of fish and shellfish sell their stocks at very high prices, 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN MEXICO, ETC. 39 


taking advantage of the scarcity of fresh sea food, even going to the 
extreme of closing their doors to the public and refusing to sell 
their fish when by some unavoidable influence the prices of the 
fish drop and the retailer can not get the prices he is accustomed to 
charge the ultimate consumer. 

Of the shellfish the ‘‘langosta,’’ or lobster, has a large sale and is 
very popular. This lobster is to be found in large numbers on the 
group of islands. known as Juan Fernandez Islands, including the 
islands of San Felix and San Ambrosio. These lobsters are usually 
caught at distances averaging from 1 to 3 miles from shore. In 
order to keep them alive, they are placed in boats, with screen 
bottoms, maintained afloat by air tanks, through which water is 
continually flowing. They are brought to Valparaiso in small 
fishing schooners and command an immediate sale. The demand 
for these lobsters is large, much larger than the supply, with the 
result that the retail price is very high, averaging from 8 to 10 pesos, 
the kilo of 2.2046 pounds. These lobsters are also exported to the 
Argentine, where they command a price from 12 to 15 nacionales. 
This is a very high price, but the A ee of the lobsters is such that 
they find a ready sale. To date this industry has been exploited 
only on a small scale, although periodically the newspapers publish 
notices of the prospective formation of companies that are going to 
carry on the industry on a large scale. owever, nothing as yet 
has materialized. 

Of the mollusks the small oyster, found in abundance in the 
southern part of the country, commands a large sale. Artificial 
oyster beds have been cultivated in this region, and these oysters 
are brought to the north, where they are sold in the city of Santiago 
for 60 pesos per box, containing from 150 to 200 oysters. Following 
the oyster in importance is the ‘‘choro,” or red clam, which is to be 
found. in abundance in the north as well as the south of the country. 
Annually this industry yields approximately 80,000 sacks, which 
command 34 pesos per sack in the city of Santiago, the sack con- 
taining 220 pounds. The seaweeds denominated ‘‘cochayuyo”’ and 
“cuyotallo” are eaten by the poorer classes in considerable quantities. 

The city of Talcahuano has a cold-storage plant for the preser- 
vation of fish, with a capacity of 8 tons of frozen fish daily and the 
same storage capacity. Santiago has a cold-storage plant with a 
capacity of 8 tons of fish daily and storage facilities for 15 tons. 
Coquimbo and Antofagasta also have cold-storage plants with 
unknown capacities. 

Codfish are imported into Chile in tins of 5 and 10 kilos each, or 
11 and 22 pounds. The 1-pound tins are not a size that would sell 
readily in this market, as the 5 and 10 kilo tins have met with a 
much more ready sale, and the trade has been cultivated to that size 
tin. The codfish are shipped in cases of four tins, of 10 kilos each, 
from Norwegian ports, and eight tins, of 5 kilos each, from Japanese 
ports. There appears to be some antipathy toward both the Japa- 
nese and American codfish in this market, due to the repeated 
urivals of shipments in bad condition. Both the Japanese and 
Norwegian cod sell at approximately 50 pesos gold (one peso equals 
363 cents United States gold) per ease of 40 kilos, or 88 pounds. 
This is the present market price, but a few months ago the price 
was up to 85 and even 100 pesos gold per case of 40 kilos. No 


40 U. 8. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


codfish have been imported into the country in any amounts for 
some six or eight months. At the present time the demand is very 
small and everybody seems afraid to buy. 

The season for codfish in Chile is between the months of April and 
August, and it is thought that one of the chief reasons for the-lack 
of importation is due to the fact that the past season proved a failure, 
as very little demand was made on codfish, with the result that the 
market is cautious as to stocking for the coming season. On the 
basis of 50 pesos gold per case of 40 kilos the present market price 
of codfish is about 21 cents United States gold per pound. From 
inquiry it appears that the only reason foreign Ahad of codfish, 
etc., are preferred is because of the lower price, combined with the 
fact that importers are afraid to risk bringing in American cod due 
to the arrival of shipments in bad condition. 


CONCEPCION. 


[By Doyle C. McDonough, consul, November 22, 1921.] 


Fish are very plentiful in the rivers of the southern part of Chile 
and in the nehohbs brit ocean, although the number of species is 
said to be small. The fisheries are unorganized and supply only the 
market of Chile. The principal fish which are extensively caught 
and eaten are the following: The ‘‘congrio,’”’ including the red 
‘‘congrio”’ (Genypterus blacodes) and the black ‘‘congrio” (Genypterus 
chilensis), the ‘‘corbina” (Cilus montti), the ‘‘pejerrey” (Atherinch- 
thys regia lh eta Beas and A. mauleanum), the ‘‘robalo”’ (Eleqinus 
maclovinus and EH. punctipennis); and the ‘‘lisa” (Mugil cephalus, 
M. rammelsbergi, and M. curema). These fish exist in great 
abundance and are excellent for table consumption. There are 
several other varieties which are not considered so good for food, but 
are abundant and are also consumed as food. Among these latter 
are the fish which are known as the ‘‘pescada” (Merluccius gayi). 
Of these fish the ‘‘pejerrey,’’ the ‘‘lisa,’”’ and the ‘‘robalo” are both 
fresh and salt water fish, while the ‘‘congrio,’’ the ‘‘pescada,” and 
the ‘‘corbina” are found only in salt water. Salmon, salmon trout, 
and carp;have been put in the rivers, the two former being found in 
fair numbers in some of the rivers, such as the Cautin River. Salmon 
were brought from Germany in 1905. There is a fish hatchery on 
the Cautin River at Lautaro, Province of Cautin, which has stocked 
the rivers of Southern Chile with salmon and also breeds other fish, 
such as carp and ‘“‘pejerreys.’”’ It has been hoped that the salmon- 
canning industry could be established in Chile, but this seems very 
doubtful. Sardines are numerous at certain times of the year and 
are packed to a small extent at San Vicente, near Talcahuano. 
Dolphin and right whales are also abundant, a whale having been 
caught in Concepcion Bay at Talcahuano recently. 

Shellfish of many kinds are numerous. Oysters of good flavor are 
grown near Puerto Montt and Calbuco in the Province of Llanquihue 
and in the waters of the island and Province of Chiloé. Mussels are 
very abundant and are highly regarded as food. Crabs of several 
kinds are found in large quantities and are highly esteemed. Several 
kinds of barnacles are eaten. The most important of these is the 
large species known as the “pico” (Balanus psittacus). These are 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUOTS IN MEXICO, ETC. Al 


canned to a considerable extent. Sea urchins, known here as 
“erizos’’ (Strongylocentretus albus), are considered a delicacy. 

Whaling is of some importance at Valdivia and Corral. A com- 
pany having three small ships has just started business at Dichato 
near T'alcahuano with one of its ships. The whale oil is consumed 
in Chile, being used mostly for lighting and by the soap factories. 
The Arauce Railroad, which runs from Concepcion to Curanilahne, 
consumes a considerable part of this oil for lighting. Considerable 
oil is also consumed in the soap factories at Concepcion and Coronel. 
Some whalebone is exported. At Talcahuano there is one old 
whaling ship, the James Arnolds, which was an old American whaler. 
It goes out whaling every year, although it is 50 years old. Before 
the American Civil War Talcahuano was a great port for American 
walens. Whales seem to be numerous in the ocean off this part of 

e. 

At San Vicente, near Talcahuano, there is a very small sardine- 
canning factory owned by Spaniards. These sardines, although 
cheap, have a very small sale. Owing to scarcity of tin plate and 
lack of sale the plant is running at about half capacity. The plant 
has some very good machinery and equipment. About one and 
one-half years ago one of the partners went to Europe to buy 
machinery and to study how sardines are packed. 

The ‘Boletin de Bosques, Pesca and Caza,” or “Bulletin of 
Forestry, Fisheries and Game,’ published at Santiago, in its Novem- 
ber (1912) number, volume 1, No. 5, pages 340 and 341, states the 
following concerning sardines: 

In Chile we have three sardines—the Clupea sagax, commonly known as the 
Spanish sardine and which ranges in the Pacific from California to the Straits of 
Magellan, reaching the waters of Japan on the west; the Clupea fueguenis and the 
Lycengraulis grossidens, which are simply known as sardines. The second is found 
only in Chilean waters, being abundant south from Talcahuano, and the third in 
the waters of Peru, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil. 

The abundance of these species varies with the latitude. In the northern part 
of the country it is the Lycengraulis grossidens, which becomes stranded in great 
numbers on the beach during the spring and summer, because pursued during that 
time by other migratory fish, especially by the pescada (Merluccius gayi), the jurel 
(Trachurus picturatus), and the sierra ( Thyrsitops lepidopoides). 

The Spanish sardine, whose migrations are not yet well known, does not come 
very close to the Chilean coast, and to fish for it it is necessary to yse tackle for 
deep-sea fishing. The canning of the third species has already been successfully 
commenced in order to supplant the European canned sardine. Unfortunately in 
sardine canning only a small capital has been employed and the industry has lacked 
not only skilled workmen but also proper methods of catching the sardines. 

The canning of shellfish is of importance in the extreme southern 
province of Chile, especially at Calbuco in the Province of Llanquihue, 
where there are several small canneries of considerable importance. 
They pack principally mussels, sea urchins, and barnacles. Their 
product is said to be of good quality. During the World War tin 
plate was so expensive that a tin can cost more than the selling 
price of a can of preserved seafood, and the imported salmon and 
sardines were sold in place of the native products. Now, with 
cheaper tin plate, it is believed that the canned shellfish of the 
southern provinces will again find a market. The local branch of 
an American house has taken the agency to sell the products of some 
of these canners in order to be able to sell them tin plate. 


49 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


The island of Santa Maria, which is three hours by boat from the 
port of San Vicente, near Talcahuano, is one of the principal fishing 
centers of Chile. Fresh fish and shellfish are landed at Talcahuano, 
and also some fish are dried and a sort of codfish prepared. Two 
motor boats are employed in these fisheries. The officer in charge 
of the fisheries of this island and of the fisheries at and near Tal- 
cahuano in his report to the head of the Government bureau at 
Santiago for the months of July, August, and September, 1921, says 
that the fishing industry on the island of Santa Maria and at and 
near Talcahuano continues the same as in former years without any 
increase in the products; that the production of the fish known as 
‘trite’ has increased fourfold over that of the same period of former 
years, this increase, however, being in the preparation of smoked 
fish, as this fish is the one best suited for smoking. He further 
states that the mussels are beginning to disappear and will do so 
unless steps are taken to protect the beds. 

In the vicinity of Palkahubno there are about 500 fishermen. 
They live at the small port of San Vicente or on the “Isla de los 
Reyes”’ (Island of the Kings) at Talcahuano. They seem to be very 
good fishermen but have only small rowboats with which to fish. 

An article in La Union, of Concepcion, Chile, October 19, 1921, 
says that the Mocha Island, which forms part of the Province of 
Arauco, being opposite the Department of Canete, has fish and 
shellfish. Further, it states that sea lions are very abundant, 600 
having been killed in about an hour, and that their oil is sold to the 
coal-mining companies. 

Fish have become much scarcer in the rivers near Santiago, owin 
to the use of dynamite for killing fish and the catching of the smal 
fish in seines of small mesh. Although the use of dynamite in the 
streams of the country is unlawful, it is now thought that the penalties 
are not sufficiently severe, and certain newspapers have advocated 
making them more severe. The native fish have also been greatly 
injured by the introduction of carp and other worthless fish that 
eat the eggs and young of the valuable fish. The use of the waters 
in the rivers for irrigation has also injured the fish. 

Fish are generally caught in small nets used from small flat- 
bottomed beats and hand lines from such boats. _ Fish are also caught 
by fishermen on shore with lines and with nets. Seines or dragnets are 
operated from the shore where there are beaches. In fishing for cer- 
tain kinds of fish lines with many hooks are used. The methods of 
obtaining shellfish and barnacles differ with the kind which is being 
sought, but generally are caught by hand by means of hooks or rakes. 
All the methods are simple and are those of fishermen that have no 
capital for obtaining elaborate fishing tackle or well-equipped fishing 
boats. 

The methods of curing fish are of the most primitive, and only 
small quantities are Uitte as fish are generally sold and eaten fresh. 
The fish known locally as “ pescada” are dried in the sun by stretching 
them on the wire fences. The fish known as “trite” are smoked in 
very primitive smoke boxes. 

Fishery products are exported from Chile in very small quantities, 
the principal exports being of whalebone. The Alea gures for 
1919 and 1920 show the extent of the exportations: 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN MEXICO, ETC. 


43 


Fishery products exported from Chile, 1919 and 1920. 


WHALEBONE. 
1919 
PORTS Pounds. | Value. 
Gognimboen- cs. . 22252222222 bases cc ce qeaceccscnoncenns sonninas[eees=-2-\--|-0= 2-2 >> == 
inicaiitarOee bee = ste Petes ttle date cedesseegas star tesenis = 2, 552 $840 
Walt Peay se ee SAPs ice Se lee BL ae Reith tai SS Sohit4 asa EmpSeerd aoe arora 
4 eee ee GO nC UE epOEeEr HEP bse ddsncdecccspasras 2,552 840 
COUNTRIES. 
DN CERT ERS ee ae ern cone a dee ccwcceecccsmaneneecae |= s-smeripaal aneisigaiia 
Thoaig ah ulivete ieee: Awe eee ge Ree aOBee Ge aeacosebe roe sepceasos 2, 552 840 
ARERR ee Ae he ese = SAP eae ticle ciao state atialein/efafelatalo sims tes 2, 552 840 
SPERMACETI. 
A EE a eee ee 
PORTS 
Wal AanaisOse ene. Soc cea ates faa se eeitccctaac= Semmes <a = 8, 008 SISAG0N ces 2 eae eee 
COUNTRIES. 
_ Siig tales & 4 Soke iegd bani es fees) dooce Sees Sees ee sce aera oe 5, 808 1 O05! oo 8 ote ee 
inited: Raned@nt. ot ins 5-5-5 ded tebe nant sno omen eae se 2, 200 360) | Ua. les. ete 
Tay ile: Wee eee Be Tea J SARe Se ee Os Sees er ee See 8, 008 YAO Necro es| trees 


PORTS 
sD URE) CONS iG a ay ae ed ea US, Bees Sea 251 $226 471 $315 
do DSi (tl i ee ee ee Sle en es Oe nor Reno ern ero rr 3, 150 588 
WAP ETO PIR PSs hota! Saks Renee laced passer eS Aaaerce -aaeaers 2, 440 1, 260 374 167 
Vithi: Wali Ses 2 ey eS ee Reine eras eo er eons 26, 213 12, 932 172 86 
MOMania eek be ise Peo =D SERIO 28, 904 14, 418 4, 167 1, 156 

COUNTRIES. 
PURINE enya e ce hs. Char eee. eek eee oa iad 26,213 | 12,932 3,322 674 
in Eye eps Oe oe SAP Re ER Re = SP Se Se te oD 8 251 226 471 315 
‘CHIT D banal SEER eS ee Oa eee ae pe teeter eres ase See 75 VL acige daa ey eee 
SER RAOES. Meet ee SRN 2. Nees eee ca nicleh cieninges eemce 880 DOD came cin iceil sees aie sees 
Nebueriqudess sce sgosees- 642. a9. adegee Sys se ce EERE Hack 62 ID nck ose Leeks. 
LiL See ages I She Seo eee oe 8 eee eee aoe. oe 1,346 806 374 167 
Simea@en= if). etree Fare | SIO AI eh OSS 77 GO SETTER. Seb A 
BE US ear AN ne DAM Be eee econ cn tock olsen te 28, 904 14, 418 4,167 1, 156 
CANNED FISH AND SHELLFISH. 

: PORTS 
Aeieae FEEL ES N29. 35. (15 Sih. 7 OAL DOLTOCIULL O28 376 2,746 $440 
PER ANUREO AS Ushers 2 re ei ee 1, 254 2,193 606 
aig MES seh ale Jas She hoouet PeSdbeeocoercderameboseecmecerrcs 1, 210 3, 432 193 
Walparaisé. tcf. a.) 4s tae a deass Pyevset oop yest oet- 5, 863 3, 003 793 
TE SSDUHDS ENR LICE Spare it eerie Ree. SR“ ARaN ips A 7, 891 627 282 
RS a a a OE, ee OE etn | mene oe ae eae, 16, 594 12,001 2,314 

; COUNTRIES. 

PRP OU UMA siewatewte sate ance no ance ee cae sag ema ga ncsesicieassc5 as 10, 067 4, 059 475 
Olivia Sere airser Bou. ....eaet ad! 1,630 4,939 1,046 
ROOLOMID IB ss Arete for aR ad uh east belt atecds a A401 et 18S Ne eee sl peebc dad : 
Meundor he te so ehh kite LEADS ES eet AM Mes 660 “FAAS AABE bee eek ciel 
GOrmMAn Ver weenie Bee ee pias des FTTH = Pee yee aes TES sda. - SER ehh? > 66 61 
Great Briain samme The Lor noo seo ants cid sare galzple 13 ol ga See 92 18+ cpkcons aes lesaegunosa 
aly tee Sie svete. Woe AO ated: I RO ded TIVO .t 39 
PN GOUNETIA TI GS: aay Wee ee ek ee cad ace Saco berne deem 48 Bilis snbere} t-bee nadie 
PIU sh Pea ee MR Le Ret kth cbiantate smacteaets gm aeamee se ue 2,777 602 2, 761 703 
United States... ......... Seite cpscerert ae doargdz7ss Odd dseeeed 880 Meio. --Lo-|-eeesHs- 


44 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


Fishery products exported from Chile, 1919 and 1920—Continued. 
FRESH, DRIED, OR SALT FISH. 


1919 1920 
PORTS 
Die Oe Ye a See a Ri ee Ed Sees BAS eE oe Bee Sees, Pare se ae a eee 9, 900 $1, 560 
ANtOlAPasta ces ens MOR EEE: |< +b aeiss dee oid eh stio- a oe Sern oo acne 2a) Retna elena | eee ar 510 138 
COG TINO Mra aes «hala = oiatm = abit Poet oisidd = oleic alam maleraat alata alates 286 $58 |... ..\.2 sts ae 
EDO NTEVG | Si SY a RS ES SARIN Serer Wea eee oe ema ae EBs te 2,037 95.| - foc 
PUTER PAB ORGS 3. ose oa bee hee ete gale wom glenn de ace bine ane | eee tee. ant ee eeree ees 737 116 
MOLBle sca e = oc Aves cas Seae seers Meee tomate ee ae aae ost aens 2,323 153 11, 147 1, 814 
COUNTRIES. 
ATPOMHINA. 5 (ohne ta SS or een ee eee ann cys cicelga mei aate sala 2,037 95 737 116 
150) ER ra Ee MD OR RIES CP ET SRREE SoG ae soebosecoeedgsed||aiomeoedeadbactencece 10, 410 1,698 
(Peres toe. Bee oe OSes see hak sete olen tate te lclers seater 286 OB cdo ses aes cee 
GURL Soee oa ce Seam te nee ace ee ae ae ee cece a ma ere ey 2,323 153 11, 147 1, 814 
SHELLFISH 
PORTS 
PACA eC) jb Ba ete. See ae eee Re ee See.) 2 eee Eee 1, 980 $748: )ioo. hen cee 
PNW) CARES ahs Began Bey COREE OE his, <AupeS AS om aS Sebo be po aobCe 90 27 286 $162 
HUGS ATIC GS ee te Serae ee Ace Date mes Lote ys Sea Sais: Taree Sialets 19, 342 1,661 31, 480 2,760 
(PUNCH CATON ES force ae te hee et eetane ane: oe aoe oeemmememen 176 73 97 24 
Motalen..: tense. pasbale tek on ese esse at eeh eet astee sees 21, 588 2, 509 31, 863 2,946 
COUNTRIES. 
J ACEC BLOC: Eye Ae Ee ete (sa I ae Ne A 19, 518 1,734 31, 577 2, 784 
1B) Eno ee pre acre AN ORMOND AO ONNSSEnS- GASH QS SSR BOUnECroIt Hc 2,070 5 286 162 
LC i) UE ae (Res Ae ey, Se a ay ae eae 21, 588 2, 509 31, 863 2,946 


Fish products, such as canned salmon, canned sardines, canned 
lobster, and dried codfish form an important item in the import trade 
of Chile. There is a decided preference for sardines from Europe and 
especially from Spain. The preference on the local market is for 
the small sizes, such as 180 to 190 grams gross per tin, and smaller if 

ossible, because sardines are principally sold to the very poor people. 
The wholesale price of sardines is 50 Chilean gold pesos, or about 
$14.50 United Eats currency, per case of 100 tins of 180 grams 
each, f. o. b. Taleahuano, with 8 per cent discount. A few tins weigh- 
ing 470 grams are also sold, but they are too expensive. The foreign 
brands which are most popular have the preference because they © 
are so well known that the quality and weight is considered guaran- 
teed. American sardines are imported into Chile in large quantities 
and seem to find a sale on account of their very low price. 

To increase the imports of fishery products from the United States 
it seems advisable to give attention to good quality and to good 
presentation. Sardines should be well packed, so as to avoid objec- 
tions now made to them. As the cottonseed oil is reported to congeal 
and bulge the tins this should be remedied. Nothing seems necessary 
in the case of salmon, although during the early part of 1920 there 
was much discussion of competition from Japan and Norway. 

The detailed figures for 1919 and 1920 given below show the kinds, 
quantities, values, ports through which imported, and countries of 
origin of each fish product. The importations for this district are 
shown by the figures for its ports, Taleahuano, Coronel, and Valdivia. 
The Chilean gold pesos in which official statistics and customs duties 
are given in Chile have been converted at the rate of 364 cents, 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN MEXICO, ETC. 45 


United States currency, to the gold peso, which is the rate declared by 
the United States Treasury; but the value of the gold peso fluctuates, 
now being about 29 cents. A great deal of canned fish is sold to the 
peo le of the poorer class, who often buy a can of salmon or sardines 
or lunch or dinner instead of eating a regular meal. The market for 
imported canned fish has grown considerably in recent years. Durin 
the World War the imported article supplanted the domestic canne 
shellfish produced in the southern provinces, as the tin plate for a can 
cost as much as selling price of the can of fish. Now, with cheaper 
tin plate, it is possible that the lower-priced domestic canned shellfish 
may to some extent take the place of salmon and sardines in this 
part of Chile. 

American salmon is supreme in this market, and all merchants unite 
in declaring it excellent, of fine quality, and of excellent reputation. 
Almost all the salmon now comes from the United States, principally 
from San Francisco, although some formerly came from other coun- 
tries. There is a large demand for it here. It is necessary for it to be 
‘Red label,’ and the popular size is the 1-pound tin. The two 
classes which are principally sold are the “pink” and “chum.” 
Also red salmon is sold, but the price is much higher, and only the 
rich people van buy it. The wholesale price of salmon is 7 pesos gold, 
or about $2.03 United States currency, per dozen, with 8 per cent 
discount, dispatched at Talcahuano. The salmon comes in cases of 4 
dozen 1-pound cans. 

Canned salmon pays under tariff No. 27 an import duty of 0.25 
ed peso per kilo, or $4.14 per 100 pounds gross weight. The import 

uty was not increased by the recent tariff increase. The importations 
of salmon have increased considerably during the last few years. The 
detailed statistics for 1919 and 1920 follow: 


Amount and value of canned salmon imported into Chile, 1919 and 1920. 


1919 1920 
BORIS Pounds Value. | Pounds Value 
JSUHLCT Maan cAO RGAE Ce Doe Eee Tee nn ea aaa a 8, 138 $910 12, 030 ' 
2 TEE AO SR LTE Et hls bt ac) rah teeth ee 68, 358 6, 998 212, 766 16, 296 
MNecopilla 32: <p tecedasehs sors! 3. yy. 2 )yess 17, 349 2, 030 31, 823 4, 289 
JEN EE PAE CT Ds hel = el pei bal sw eh at i 62, 777 8, 418 620, 437 66, 458 
APHID SRSA IT CS 2 ERY IAD. 2ee: Pe es SE eed 21, 1, 993 
CLV” EE SE ae SS SEAL Dane 2 COE Oe mee EN ae ee we Reel ge Sen 9 ee 14, 210 1,577 
OGIO? 79 Ih FF AP LI Pa NI eee coat ae 55, 057 6, 439 217, 120 15, 809 
Walpardiso: <4 Soyer cetencem -adoszrecyer. (ty ds. 1, 269, 319 130, 526 | 3, 447, 504 352, 124 
IEA Se eset Sa nae ake nan eae cs ais 2d 75, 542 7, 487 413, 021 48, 348 
Garam eusrset tse. 53. $0). 624559. $3207 IES 2 NITE SY AS. ELE WG. , 776 809 
WEG ia CEM Cae ine SueisGee CRITI Lc Ee gut ane Sa sty Sine ane DRY Nn [SEs eget 104, 149 10, 847 
PitntavArorass MOM T9358 OLE Ds ATE Eos 75, 090 7, 119 76, 309 , 805 
ICOM DMS beers nase aeehe be se ebees Siglecimetssagccess 35 
TT GLAlaen omen A ieee nr oR cds 8 te 1, 631, 652 169, 932 | 5, 177, 986 527, 630 
COUNTRIES 
PATO CITING risen see eae otal o oan sieia y erslsie% wroletmrcldinnas 953 I | ierotct esta tsa eae el eee 
STAD Me aaeinae eee ran ant Seen e eee Medi deede dee sdoctt sank Mase cles ead 42, 231 7, 272 
DRA Ay Peer sneer nes ti ie a ennee Pree ta Es cen eneeleoswel cans sl Meeeegece st 394, 836 34, 828 
Greate riiaitt, meeneeee es” s. AR e Soa eu cA caacea ba eens 34, 109 3, 891 8, 296 ; 

Y sac ce eee eP mee Ao SERS a Shak Cle detees 17, 600 Co) be I Se ae eee 
EADIE cree Ns ohn ya ea Aare dS char cin'ara wislase cic ateraye 14, 868 2, 271 11, 220 2, 148 
INGUWHYa csr on cece em ren cu Lum kee AA Leelee cam kibced mamas oa Ab toe te ccam ie 200 

BUDS SEBEL RS! cot oe 2 222/50 TSR ee Beene OD CODD ASE AH] HES SRS Cnr tac] SRrCppe er ran 20, 240 2, 188 
RECO OTN jai tecate hee tease) ai osc. ois aS crore sicleimremubtal| ple calsaeen (ators OS ORE REE 658 365 
PSUS setae Oy oh 2a as he on lsralwaicie Sain neice |s'eie,o wainse mee belcmiesueee ae 482 194 
United! States sl weet ys oh olor) oe bese eee 1, 564, 122 162,605 | 4,699, 823 479, 556 


Mowal.s:: SAW tite et NOLL. Je. _ AOR 1,631,652 | 169,932 | 5,177, 986 527, 630 


46 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


The second most important fish product is the sardine. The 
statistics show that American sardines make up a goodly part of the 
total importations by Chile. Under tariff No. 28 canned sardines pay 
a duty of 0.30 gold pesos per kilo, or $4.97 per 100 pounds gross weight. 
The duties were not increased by the recent amendment to the 
customs tariff. The detailed figures of importations for 1919 and 
1920 follow: 


Amount and value of canned sardines imported into Chile, 1919 and 1920. 


1919 1920 
LADEN Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value. 

Ue Ag eee telly SCRIME NS Aas aes pare Aes Sets ASO mea Ga SECM Aric 2, 765 $508 22, 464 $7, 110 
Honliqney: Prysy.. eed jek. tyeebtep ks: -9724- aft beyes-seeze ser 26, 873 5, 116 740 18, 829 
ROC ODM lek n cic pete sisi eee oe aeink Aaet: eee Geseae eine nasil nial 4!) 1,198 5 1, 684 
AmtotagaSte s) 71). SISTA GSTS CAE EEE SEES. CAPERS Soak 51, 757 13, 257 | 151, 259 49, 278 
Ut Le age ee, ee nn eae s semen rs G1 Ee 4 ee 2, 759 989 4, 259 1, 132 
Ghatiaralie 2064. 6 Fee ee AE ee sd eee een omc ome anew ce tem saa ane em an 233 29 
Goauim bo! too. vers: < g sss ee dock -- ave bs ~ sep - Jeeta 2 see EP 5, 223 1, 076 57, 581 17, 714 
TOS "AGES Sau oo woe dato ter yee Ee or Pp aeeen arse ste -| .20, 253 1,717 748 163 
Valparaiso). 20e0h.- ee See -| 562,553 | 131,298 |1, 496, 442 325, 935 
AIGA RMANO! «Sea. -= eatasner jatar aye -| 41, 140 9,288 | 271, 102 51, 356 
Coronel. -...... 3920 ay 18920) 4, 845 26, 600 7, 350 
Waldivias pus cacy che ese fee dee 455 Seis ateee 434 Series bebe pee - ches -b--- st SP etee Fe °47, 474 8, 163 
Punta Arenas 71, 874 17,171 41, 400 15, 491 
(Parcel Postet . 15. OUTTA. PE. TEES. MS SEE fetal 48 9 268 146 

TCA oe Nee a ee eee nea ators eats cao iaatate steele are 807, 894 | 186, 472 |2, 181, 933 504, 380 
Argentina 
BPrancosgs- 232} 1... 
German 
Great Britain... 
TRAINS. - Reser oye 
Fapaneee eee ewe eeane se ase en etn = San ope a eee eel 
Netherlands 
Norway 
Bere ee ak. joe sane sean eee atd- ot acieee see er ick Sela a rgeet le 
Portugal 
Spain )2 2 oon a etciew ole ve eel = lee te ra emanas oe 
SWGd C0 acres ese are eins ens earn ee RNS REIS eS , 4, 
Wriited States: seas eee dacien ce etececs cata eee = ae ae ee Seer 350, 200 55, 764 | 887, 570 139, 030 

Ca) Oe i oe apart eM A sea es mn cosaac atc 807, 894 | 186, 472 |2, 182, 066 504, 380 


Canned fish or shellfish of various kinds are imported, to a limited 
extent, the imports through the ports of this district being very small. 
One of the principal items under this head is caviar. Under tariff 
No. 14 fish or shellfish, not otherwise specified, pay a duty of 1.20 
gold pesos per kilo. or $19.86 per 100 pounds gross weight. Under 
tariff No. 15 fish roe, known as caviar, pays a duty of 3 gold pesos per 
kilo, or $49.66 per 100 pounds gross weight. The detailed imports for 
1919 and 1920 follow: , 


— 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN MEXICO, ETC. 


47 


Amount and value of canned fish or shellfish tmported into Chile, 1919 and 1920. 


1919 1920 
ORS Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. Value. 

JSD RED, sp OCS BOC ABODE CROC OCA BOE GEE ED ODSE EOE On Abes Hee EOsisac 108 $43 878 $252 
Tquiqyat. Sse REON hse 2s. LG Eg 12, 302 2,412 7, 262 2, 403 
Se Gy onl BIS Sasa Gero GeO RSF Sa SS OASAM eRe ae an rn amen = Sa EA SEES 464 152 1,771 417 
UID STM agp RSRS60 Sen ae eT ee eR EERE Beanee Sees -Reeraas ase 7, 207 2,687 46, 651 17,047 
Tn @ SS, VA SERBS Be SOG Abeer cc 0 BREED EBDE Beer PE Eer Sere COC. Cerer | SoSeAant clCeemeerice 616 158 
Per AN A oreo e ra dacin nnn gonnemcsac ceca dace ss Wace aaeeteemnets 275 49 651 181 
CTO EEIITC enone SCRE SEC OCC CR SON SeE ar Seana SSS SSeS Aer sees 1, 263 453 117 15 
ns Gun yi lee ee ae Bee rbOc ee taCenbner GemEor mr cerer arccescac 462 394 568 91 
IVs SISO (ater S 5. PARES et SEONG Sh da ana cin eincicisiowminle bina 42,713 13,971 | 110,704 55, 010 
MMPESUNITRTIOL EY = 6 n= -\9) 5 5 cnn nm aminnjninie cin miami nwiclalnclaiiael oa miatatatt aa 1,745 426 10,311 4,497 
(ESP TCU SRC ae er ee Sy ee ee ee ee 5,777 3, 248 765 485 
Letiei i Sine CRS eerie Rese eet ae Seen errr Ere Creer err © 23,555 7,402 23,976 9,043 
BAECS DOSE bem ciate = <ni- Salaam =) 2.0.5alabeld otal win wfeinimeerernin inert miateraintalavats 447 145 46 25 

CNT EUG eas es ae eo) Oe eee eee 96,318 31,382 | 204,316 189,624 

COUNTRIES. 

POP CSPITIA Teena ila dslaicienmicit et a oaiaisininnieale cle cinin~'alelwa'cie'nwisininimisae'=i= iia 5, 168 1,602 675 135 
Ln OD ea. ost Aine Shoshana Sobh ec adeadee AtooeRbeocessGeoseAcad SSaSseSoce] Seesea rae 77 13 
Par Rey Ss eee eae ae Geen een actaainiaialamie si erct=)antae 5, 432 628 1,379 189 
TIOD). eee he cabs eacclena naa aint elnlaininps slatmlocoe\slaraialeia(<(=istmiatata= 3, 949 2,417 25, 533 19, 415 
SRE OL | Sees Bone Bae ash eooe stabcbetontcetete cece! Secsescte5||aeeceeeae 354 49 
OD ETRURUTUT? Ufa, eal See IE See Besee Aaa eee ececene 9,176 .| 1,994 23,701 6, 892 
lar te peepatas Oe | PSR ON © LOSE OUTS lp sere p ns Nana ee TT 2,413 204| 12,747 6, 528 
Bae Th neg ee ae nce eee gaia ne iaainniee maicinmcinaiesinieinawionininta 3, 907 981 6, 013 2,671 
LOS Gein Kia -aegioe “SS ee Sse her: SRS eee en so See Borne eenerereeencs| So coeemen| Sanam cess 2, 759 1, 047 
UAE Sena 28 <a stale An io an od ang Sa = on premtnenmecnineninm 1,430 329 26,921 9,107 
RED eo eemere meee an co beshascehermereresccrerrreeees|===s=2=—20-|pone en eeee 13 9 
ST ee Sent i ete ee PRS Renee 41,906 | 15,343] 47,300 22, 889 
6 OP TGEL 25 6 aoe JESS EE Sanaa SaaS raya 440 146 11, 898 5, 772 
MICO CLAUON Secs baer man t-Cesdocn- tp ccepecicccerecnscinns 22,497 7,73 44, 946 15, 273 

Thavia 1S oh SRR Soe al Biase ape Ie See eee eae age 96,318 | 31,382] 204,316 | 189,989 


1 Difference in value ofimports by ports and by countriesin 1920is due to an error in officialstatistics. 


Canned lobster finds only a very small market in Chile, and prac- 
tically none in this district, owing to the abundance of a large crayfish 


similar to a lobster. 
of 1.20 gold pesos per kilo, or $19.86 


The statistics of imports for 1919 and 1920 follow: 


Amount and value of canned lobster imported into Chile, 1919 and 1920. 


Under tariff No. 14 canned lobster pays a duty 
per 100 pounds gross weight. 


1919 1920 
. AEB Pounds. | Value. | Pounds.| Value 
Ei gen ree meee ea ee Sy a eee 55 Seb |Tocaecseeelocacsecee 
PE OUA PED e ne tt nee ee cae a ica | oa nes ateteisoe ei Gancabeine sie 88 Ot ES EOc Bes pioseeesicrs 
LAUTAN 3 ESS o sas eee og cued) oe: -S6edbr SpHSocpSeScoEcdnonorae 788 591 357 $332 
CENTOS BS 52 SSO Une ce ela) Sete none |e eon ean eee 37 17 24 13 
NUTS ened aden k so cess th hebsamccegewtecteeecs ce eecccnes 623 250 1,729 1,192 
UME EC SVE Gt bese seine ea eae Bs REGS SRE Sabine he SER A rete he a as et | a 9» oe CN 429 350 
EEN eS ALT CELA More ata oa 2 rere aie o seb RUE ddlbo eg ewsccciocmeate soceeess 5, 328 1,761 4, 459 2, 842 
SNES Los. a oe ok LR SE cn > cA Ea alate sieht cen 6,919 2,68 6, 998 4,729 
COUNTRIES. 
A@ROO TINA. Sam Fe oct HOR SS...) WRU ol. cwonsmassenasddaas 891 314 275 146 
SRAUI tee abornceee es Seen a onss se ksaecce eee cacc aes 75 GENT, Seco honales vamae ene 
Wnited Kain edom et s9 te 2..beesawa ss sdteaevedesheeceaadtee 125 110 3, 144 2, 289 
Wmited Stated: <2. sce et... Lee at oa dcnccnsconncatedcasess 5, 828 2, 221 3, 579 2, 294 
Tove ere cetera oc ot deeebeescdecccccanccnccsanngeee 6,919 2, 689 6, 998 4,729 


Dried codfish has a good sale locally. The better grade comes from 
the United States and is more in demand than the cheaper Japanese 


107940°—22——4 


48 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


article, although at much higher prices. Some codfish also comes 
from Scotland and Norway. Codfish under tariff No. 12 pay a duty 
of 0.30 gold pesos per kilo, or $4.96 per 100 2 att gross weight. 
The statistics for 1919 and 1920, which follow, show the importations 
of all kinds of fresh, dried, and salted fish including codfish. 


Amount and value of fresh, dried, and salt fish imported into Chile, 1919 and 1920. 


1919 1920 

Fone Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value 

VATA CA «soe oh stole oak = cA SUE Cobos SoBe Roh naa Shea sescatnncnaaneaecanl Ee neeeeee + oem eee 1,441 
TG MIQHOs <1 skies. cence BUA oe ad Re aec. trace aneencemaaeO aces 12,661 | $2,878 | 36,714 11,344 
Mocapilla; baswe eeciosk Sts ae a6 sao bee -Be oe binainncinSacanmacineie(eets 1,802 3355). <i0c SHES eS 
AMPOLARASAEEcccas eae siete co cec eee Pet acle som elimmemiaciisicicriamieiinietajore 42,645 8,751 95, 781 36.460 

Charmarale eso. cemecbice catucraccer eee aeths feteen tp cseseetceme | seen eet mem cnet 
Coauimbo! wes.see..! Bek ee. On At te ne eee 6,050 1,357 9,218 1,275 
TOS SANG OS osm isresniaruturatcreraterarararatata wininelse See's o's cia was ee oseseniss cicee 88] 8) |... eee eee ee ene 
Wal NaraisGa<-jsnc eu case cccen sien se sceeeesinekiccsscen=awaice asa css 351, 371 56,501 | 681,131 133, 509 
ANGIE 9 Bagporo sce “ase non moar reson InSconacrc Basecnosanea pes -aeo-d4|peacoscch: 59, 473 12,250 
Coronele sea cc cab mosh ae nciisesciteweciobete suentenane monet eer lee see meee Meme eaenen 550 79 
Waldivias 48). cb Ces es S23 Sas genic cm aon einen semen omiekl wasn cael 17,827 3,605 
Bimita tArenagh ss 5.ct Seencs sta depeatmcnt cheeses euben nice cepens am 53, 763 8,457 83, 233 17,075 
ATCO POSE Ree sce ekobcccehtcesdosnede coset eccmareevecsesenreene 46 7 40 13 
Ty Bn a es nea DO COTO ND Teg IC UBS NODC HOS SenBaSenOs 468, 426 78,294 | 985,751 216, 026 
COUNTRIES 

IRECOMTING Jagan Saves betes oacaccstetacicccsbceponiscmk seen wsesueen 7,328 1,324 1,767 615 
BOISE See S48 -k ernsic tonne Seabee eden col leetebawklee eemsercmebp sited deemuds Dia faeietoe eine’ 3,476 427 
73 
793 
926 
1,288 
536 
7,411 
16,153 
28,004 
6, 650 
89, 126 
3,596 
11,801 
39 
48,500 
216,026 


Shellfish are imported in very small quantities and pay a duty of 
0.30 gold pesos per kilo, or $4.96 per 100 pounds gross weight, under 
tariff Nos. 12 and 13. The imports for 1919 and 1920 were as follows: 


Amount and value of shellfish imported into Chile, 1919 and 1920. 


1919 1920 
pont Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value. 
To Gue. 25 dveweccn dose8 ahs ccc hemettans sdasmecatescctacseceses , 637 $7, 70 $39 
AMLOLAROBUDs aaccc ee ermete ree tier nccrine oe idan s speeceuncewe cone. 55,097 19, 482 2,442 1,175 
Veinarnis0: acuta. 04 mMacns reetekecnsusatccrearseersccscsse 3, 463 1,392 7,812 4,135 
RiGecbronverasswerecccst cer ce re ooo vec casen ssc ncuiccevest|- o> s cpanel MapeeRee 198 33 
Motal-weococcs sds phe. soece CR, ee renee saameetas 80,197 | 27,896 | 10,522 5, 382 
COUNTRIES, 
Chita... ...: Sei bcc hi titve..c. Se ssotsivercomeencnees 3,810 1,049 70 39 
DADAN esos ooosrer eet cnc ircs can cbr oe dee ecu vesen shop nceRpan 1,349) 563 |...-.ssc-ctoe Pest 
RETAILS. 5 s.0icg SOND Ae ise ne Mee atten winbots te candaweseeeeeasee sooner mninaetarse ats [soases esc 198 33 
United States: ...caccescccnbocncs SAREE EAE Re AS en a 75, 038 26, 284 10, 254 5,310 
TODAS. a dandsde cdaclaucaecn dere anen cad giccs suas cscs mee aie 80,197 27,896 10,522 |- 5,382 


Sponges are here classed as a fish product. Under tariff No. 51 
they pay an import duty of 4.30 gold pesos per pound, or $74.50 per 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN MEXICO, ETC. 49 


hundred pounds net weight. The importations during 1919 and 1920 
were as follows: 


Amount and value of sponges imported into Chile, 1919 and 1920. 


1919 1920 


PORTS. Pounds. | Value. | Pounds.| Value. 
2 $29 4 


Wein RC ae Oe OBESE BROS SUE” Sao Boe aes pcr E55 56eae errors 3, 225 10, 290 1, 230 6, 524 


PMN URE ens es ta tra Sako hacen. to desde velobaeiee seine sciea aes 66 330 51 659 
Coronel 13 CJ ee eae S| ee pee ee 
Valdivia 22 Tiloccton sues |coemaeenee 
Punta Arenas 97 304 37 119 
Parcel post 81 598 143 1,122 
3,561 | 111,921 1, 509 8,775 
Argentina 37 186 13 21 
STE VASk 2 ae ee a ne toe SRN Re tees Soe iniaiccinala lone Se cmicm|| eas seven. 4 6| te omiecerna 4 33 
France 141 1, 276 383 3, 816 
BRETH ATE Cieye eae Maes eile Salotes His eae ee etoile cemins sc |sadcessaaeldosecisccac 18 64 
Great Britain. 724 3, 292 335 2, 333 
Ital 9 37 35 
: idle oc IS Oe CAD 3a SBE net eB Oe de dae « BOE pnE Se CC CODCUGNOD Adar dnsroe Soseearoos 2 7 
United States 2, 651 7, 134 719 2,230 
The, Bean Eee eae eae aes 3,562 | 111,925 1, 509 8,775 


1 The difference in values of imports by ports and by countries in 1919 is due to an error in official 
statistics. 


The spermaceti consumed is principally produced in Chile. Under 
the provisions of tariff number 50 spermaceti pays a duty of 0.30 
gold peso per kilo, or $4.96 per 100 pounds gross weight. The im- 
ports for 1919 and 1920 were as follows: 


Amount and value of spermaceti imported into Chile, 1919 and 1920. 


1919 1920 
a Pounds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value. 
ATR Be te ee 2. eee ee 9 Ae 26 teil ee erse ae 
ORAM AP AS SA Soe aera tue tomas crete e eet 5 «ue ainicomewsegteese s 33 BE etree soul eee ue 
FAUT DOR Se Sant. EY ee oe ee Race tak nua Sasa mo eneannes 33 14 |e ooe es ca eeie see ce 
WANBARAISG pu irciatas, alata aeecine se eeitina ace dB tedee ep eeitcad ds 742 149 227 $67 
PL OLASA = ote fo ee eee EE bot tamteh gh a ween gh ictal 834 187 227 67 
COUNTRIES 

rerip pam PM Orns) sate. Seeman.” . [sae nheeee sks es rn ts oes | 794 175 156 43 
NUN SE AteS Ese irr An 28 ees So tanta latae date midin n nlotciersame.cfebiecu ot 40 12 71 24 
PD OVATE ERE Les c tae deste as ctic te tonckoets eases ee ras 834 187 227 67 


Crude whalebone is produced in Chile to some extent and is not 
imported in commercial quantities. Under tariff number 30 it pays 
a duty of 0.75 gold peso per kilo, or $12.42 per 100 pounds legal 
weight. The imports for 1919 were 11 pounds, valued at $77. There 
were no imports in 1920. 

The reexport of imported products is not of importance. The 
reason for the existence of reexportation of such products is simply 
that some small quantities of fish products which are imported into 
Chile are reexported to the Hisisibieni countries, such as Bolivia 


50 


U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


and Argentina, but this is not a regular business and seems to be 


largely accidental. 
trict. The following statistics for 1919 an 
the reexportation. 


Very little of this reexportation is from this dis- 
1920 show the extent of 


Imported products reexported from Chile, 1919 and 1920. 


CANNED SALMON. 


° 1919 1920 
PORTS Pounds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value. 
NEMA PASTOR «p- oi< 2 <icbemmelpeics de cee ee cee t et os eee eee e eee eel eaten nee tee 136 
B10. Ae IRIS Bh ROE Be TT al wh le Dyce Been, 4, 587 $649"). =. 2327: ee 
IRUITUSPATOUSSS. ccc ce hace cmon nat metee ene eee ee 2, 273 2,479 550 161 
ReGOMPrOnterases Meh oes cece theme ares Coen ean ner en 1, 320 402 66 20 
4 Wo) 1f:" [Besa ge tad GRA arate Dia RE ey RD ae ert pai Se 8, 180 3, 530 752 245 
COUNTRIES. 
FG CTO AEE: ee ee API Pare AT apiyA, aes el elects ere pepsin a dete a 2, 273 2,479 550 161 
ISON Vitronectin cee ce meee nce ee Cee hee rere ee eee ee ane eae CaS 4, 587 649 202 84 
IEC eetege apse te Riis) RPO E ne Unie he aii elke See Ter tae mca, 1, 320 402 "|. se cete ele eee 
AROSE RE or REPS rel MAH EEEEMEC gh tae prety reeset east 8, 180 3, 530 752 245 
CANNED SARDINES. 
PORTS. 
PRBIC De sie war ehei ie sein pao otal elwiore/ aoe emus parebceRotaas clencaacicnieees 783 $336 330 $102 
APLGIGPASt amas f...c06 gu Oe. Fae Boi eae oe ee a 524 394 3, 155 1, 565 
MEIDRTAISO tonic Ge tebe cco tae quaees Soeur mmeeen eee cen cle ec aten a acon te teclekeos cme es 51 13 
unis pArenast ee sscec ners ce oeen cal ec cn ee cen eet ene ce ceen oetee 928 518 1, 162 419 
Radel ranteras ici. od. aid: 4h Cab ask sodden ed. Ne. dite. & 405 RZ | oJ. aoc ese. abe. 
Ota ses Sahat cinta sath tine Sieetenion neten see emee Sooo eeeee 2, 640 1, 425 4, 698 2,099 
COUNTRIES. : 
OT OOMDLINA 058 Wanda ais ae apne mre & 44 coe ree ree eee cated 928 518 1, 162 419 
Olivia: oe NP LAS Oe! Sy ENGNG AM COOP ERA IEEE NESS Den 1, 307 730 3, 485 1,667 
We@YAC OE f% 4. oie oa b Ee ULIG Silo SEU EE h eb otdeaCas doe ode ebed. AAeh Be ely aese. 51 13 
BOM hia 'eninie ecco tise Sclaucewiaw teen iecioe ace Cee BE nace omen 405 177 |cco eas e25| see eeeenee 
COURIC Een ths oo cea wn ee nce caeanta eae eee teen ee ee 2,640 1, 425 4, 698 2, 099 
CANNED FISH OR SHELLFISH. 
PORTS 
ATICAIIST Se OT SSE See ee eee ee 803 $244)... 5c oe See ee eee 
PATUGOLR PASTS oreo cic able sce MC ee ee eel Pe ooo ae 2, 440 2, 371 440 $306 
ostAmidles: ASE eat i, SER: SEMI So cwtcccecctet sce alee 108 18 |ceiea sls See 
BUNtatATenagis ohosae meee ce sete aa ec cn twecaewaroadconeante 930 433 715 238 
LOGAN ct cs asisc are ie mee dae aas aes chatumwetineraacaat ae satan 4, 281 3, 066 1,155 544 
COUNTRIES. lay: 
AMPENINAE teeta =n op ete ct f-Reae acs cep acbocaessuavadeaeaae 1, 038 451 715 238 
Bolivigiesccereverss Biwed eters detest opee ht cccecscaseubseaiseeine 3, 243 2,615 440 306 
Ota seri cee rab catevecisewd ctite ss ee cbwwaceamucsineeiecondet 4, 281 3, 066 1,155 544 
FRESH, DRIED, OR SALT FISH. 
PORTS. 
ADCOISZASLB. 6 nos trace tupee'd screens ance cert coke Bs creates Pe rate ov Beare cxeas Cagis ceemeaeained 741 $362 
HostA realest. toi, PARI fa eS oe eee ea Coates oolas con ack ele eaeeee 2, 420 411 
Valparaiso. (35) cgetoppepes- diese b-gasbestide ssc evel saebene 29 
TPUMUESA TODS. oe cers nna aciape acute nian do aennghate cece aoa meee 
otal wire: bisu le eens ced ateeecnesae eras aaetes eee 
COUNTRIES. 
TPRUNG UO lot cin h sca cea aplog ste bpeeam eaten sick see asinine eae 
Bolivia... 2 GQiJOd mil. 1. TO. Bf. Alas yas.: Gea. 362 
TERA Oh om tow walle 6 cuesign'< tak bb nce binpingninn bkioiktinn cae 
Upiitpd Kein gdomy.'22 223.924. SMe Ae Seo El Ee ee eee 
EL OLA yo caw odiniguin tot hinne nous tersedatmedacedes neebaeec sateee 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN MEXICO, ETC. 51 


PUNTA ARENAS. 


[By Austin C-. Brady, consul, December 3, 1921.] 


The fishery products of this district consist principally of two 
species of fish, the rébalo and the pejerrey, a crustacean, the centolla, 
and mussels of several sizes. There are trout in some of the streams, 
but few trout are taken. Some sea urchins taken along the coasts 
are used as food. The centolla is the only product of this district 
that is now prepared for market. Centollas are taken in encircling 
nets, which are usually allowed to remain in place over night. Rdba- 
los and pejerreyes, both salt-water fish, are also taken in encircling 
nets, some of which are drag seines. 

The centolla, an eight-legged crustacean, resembles an enormous 
spider, and probably is of the same family as the spider crab. The 
flesh is similar in taste to that of the lobster but more delicate. 
Centollas are found at places in the Straits of Magellan and in the 
protected waters of the Chilean coast, both north and south of the 
straits. Itis reported that similar crustaceans are found in Japanese, 
South African, and Australian waters. 

Centollas are canned in Punta Arenas during the months of Novem- 
ber, December, and January. The closed season extends only from 
June 1 to October 1, but it is stated that usually it is possible to 
take them in large quantities only during the three months men- 
tioned. There is at present but one establishment at this port 
engaged in preparing them for market, 50 persons being employed 
during the canning season. The centollas taken for canning range 
in weight from 1 to 44 pounds. They are dumped into iron kettles 
and boiled, and immediately thereafter the flesh of the body and legs 
is extracted and placed in cans. The cans are thoroughly steamed 
after sealing. The local cannery handles from 60,000 to 100,000 
centollas yearly. It is estimated that 70,000 will be handled this 
year and that the output will be about 50,000 cans of one-half kilo- 
gram each, or a total of approximately 55,000 pounds. ‘The shells 
of the centollas are sold by ie cannery to local poultry farms. 

The Punta Arenas cannery is now marketing its product at the 
rate of 180 Chilean paper pesos (about $20 at the present exchange 
value of the American dollar) a case of 48 half-kilogram cans. Almost 
the entire ouput is shipped to central and northern Chile. Practically 
no fishery products of this district are at present exported. Occasion- 
ally small shipments of canned centolla are made to Argentine Pata- 

onia. 

i Chilean customs statistics show the following imports of fishery 

roducts into this district during the calendar years 1918 and 1919: 
n 1918, dried and salted fish, 11,288 Chilean gold pesos ($4,120 
normal exchange); canned salmon, 20,451 gold pesos ($7,464); 
canned sardines, 46,914 gold pesos ($17,123); other canned _ fish, 
including shellfish, 22,421 gold pesos ($8,183). In 1919, dried and 
salted fish, 23,170 gold pesos ($8,457); canned lobster, 4,825 gold 
pesos ($1,761); canned salmon, 19,504 gold pesos ($7,118); canned 
sardines, 47,043 gold pesos ($17,170); other canned fish, including 
shellfish, 20,279 gold pesos ($7,401). Statistics showing countries 
of origin are not yall here. 

Some supplies for Argentine Patagonia and Argentine Tierra del 
Fuego are oBtiined from Punta Arenas, and in 1919 the total value 


52 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


of imported products reexported to those districts was 2,497,860 
gold pesos ($911,718 normal exchange). The following were the 
reexports of fishery products: Dried and salted fish, 5,552 gold pesos 
($2,026 normal exchange) ; canned salmon, 6,792 gold pesos ($2,479) ; 
canned sardines, 1,420 gold pesos ($518) ; other canned fish, including 
shellfish, 1,186 gold pesos ($432). 

Most of the canned salmon consumed in this district is from the 
United States. Much dried codfish from the United States was 
sold here during the years of the war, but due to prevailing exchange 
conditions none is now being imported. An inferior quality of 
codfish from Japan now is on sale, and the better grades in the 
local market are from Norway and Scotland. Sardines are imported 
from Spain principally, the Spanish sardines being preferred to all 
others except the French, which cost more and consequently are 
not sold as extensively. Dealers and exporters’ agents explain the 
preference for the Spanish and French sardines on the ground that 
they are packed in olive oil. During the period of the war there 
were imports of American sardines, smoked and in tomato sauce 
and in oil. In pre-war years some Norwegian sardines exported 
by German concerns were marketed here, and offers of these sardines 
are again being made by German exporters, at prices lower than the 
Spanish products. 

Imported fish products are among the food products that have 
been affected by the business depression prevailing in this district, 
and the sales at present are limited. Salesmen sent by American 
exporters to other districts of Chile should visit Punta Arenas; 
important local concerns are direct importers. American exporters 
should be prepared to grant to responsible importers the same 
credit terms obtainable from European houses. Fish products are 
not subject to customs duty on entering the Territory of Magallanes 
at Punta Arnas. 

VENEZUELA. 


MARACAIBO. 


[By William A. Hickey, vice consul, October 15, 1921.] 


Lake Maracaibo yields a munificent supply of many varieties of 
fresh and salt water fish, which is consumed by the people of this 
district. The poorer classes live almost entirely on the fish product 
of Lake Maracaibo, and many types of fishing craft are daily engaged 
in supplying the local needs. The principal fishery products of the 
district are the ‘‘corbina,” weighing from 3 to 6 pounds and con- 
sumed by the poor people without much preparation or cure; the 
“lisa,” weighing about 2 pounds and considered by many to be the 
best eating fish of the district; the ‘‘jurel,” weight from 2 to 4 pounds. 

The most common method employed by the native fishermen in 
this vicinity in obtaining the fish product of Lake Maracaibo is by 
means of large nets. Sailing craft of various types operated by the 
peons of the district bring the day’s catch to market. The fish 
product of Maracaibo is salted and sun dried before being placed 
on the market, but the peons consume the lake fish without prepara- 
tion of any kind. The only fishery product exported from the es 
caibo consular district is the ‘‘corbina.” ‘This product is shipped 
by a Chinese concern of Maracaibo to the United States for trans- 


—_— wo 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN MEXICO, ETC. 53 


shipment to Hongkong, China. The value of this product exported 
in 1919 was $387.73; in 1920, $398.82. 

The following are the imports of fish products into this district 
with countries of origin and values for 1918, 1919, and the period 
from January to July, 1920. The statistics for the remaining period 
of 1920 have not as yet been made available by the Venezuelan 
Government. 


Value of fish products imported into Maracaibo consular district 1918, 1919, and January 
to July, 1920. 


Sardines: Salmon, aren. cage! and 
Country of origin. 
January January 
*1918 1919 to July, 1918 1919 to July, 
1920. 1920. 

Oi aT 6 S12) Ee ee Le oo ee $474. 51 | $17,975.90 | $22,619.42 | $205.59 [$4,808.52 |$29, 042. 34 
EE ded sgeenee Boe: aae ie RAcees ner eS amcre 6,456.47 | 51,776. 54 |.....-...- 187.49 | 7,872.88 
Germany. -ec ce +. 245 252-- ce 44k Sas dl voce eas | gaeacc sob SE SPR OM Be eral saat oaeon Pree riper 
LRG Spek aes See per aa | ee ae | Sees are W920 SES socsscalssassaccee 1,369. 81 
LOS TEIES oe | ech 2 8 Rs BE Pe SAE EG) See oe ee ee ee ADMITS 25. SSt Stile 224 8522 544. 68 
UO BARS some cs oo Fee eee Te oe ce Bee | ee ery ee atte Ie Ie 2 Oe eee Rey Ferre gel coer te 194, 23 
Motales iy23 epi 4i A oh ece spt st 474.51 | 24,432.37 | 81,868. 82 205. 59 | 4,996.01 | 39,023. 94 


Separate statistics for the products are not obtainable, as the 
Venezuelan Customs combine the classification of all canned fish 
imported into the country with the exception of sardines. No fish 
products imported into the Maracaibo consular district are reexported. 

A comparison of the above values of imports shows that in 1918 
the United States supplied all of the small amount of fish products 
imported into this district, while in 1919, 74 per cent of the imports 
of sardines and 97 per cent of all other fish products came from the 
United States. For the period from January to July, 1920, Spain 
took the lead in supplying the district with sardines, furnishing 63 
pet cent of the total amount of this product, as against 28 per cent 

y the United States. 

The opinion of one of the leading wholesale merchants in Maracaibo 
is expressed relative to the comparative merits of the American and 
Spanish canned sardines as follows: ‘‘ While the American canned 
sardine is much cheaper in value, it does not contain pure olive oil 
which the Spanish product does, and therefore the American goods 
do not maintain the reputation of having the preservative qualities 
of the Spanish products.” 

It would appear advisable for the American exporter of canned 
fish products to take into consideration the climatic conditions of the 
district and its effect on the preservative quality of a product enabling 
it to withstand the extremes of heat, moisture, and long delays arising 
from the lack of modern facilities in transporting goods to the interior 
of Venezuela. In the preparation of canned sardines the opinion 
has been expressed by several merchants that the American sardine 
‘is not prepared in an oil of sufficient properties to remain edible for 
more than a short period of storage. The constant heat of the Lake 
Maracaibo region is exceptionally destructive to all goods not prop- 
erly prepared. 


54 U..S.' BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


PUERTO CABELLO. 


[By Wm. P. Garrety, consul, September 22, 1921.] 


The latest statistics of imports into this district are those for the 
first six months of 1920. The classification given is that of the 
customs regulations of Venezuela. 


Country of origin. Fish and shellfish. Sardines. 

Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. 
WMILTPOMSUAlES s))- 20 sel chee sedoe eee cicnee keener cemones 164,399 | $22,763.19 150,436 | $21,303. 53 
BAM cute eee vs ister tee sete. Si re 3, 060 1,312. 40 120, 881 28,951.35 
OUANG fogs 825 = oe So AY de ce te ee 1,496 492. 92 5,335 3, 860. 00 
BEAICE. hc cas See eee ee eae Ee EER Lame ees 1,522 1,096. 82 4,132 3, 060. 98 
GTSRtEBTIbAINSS cesses Coe oe Teron enn eae 6,413 1, 252. 18 19, 897 5, 250. 95 
TERA ees ee Ss a re oe Na ter ee re ae pee ae oa 396 ALSS02" |. co oe sate cae [pees ae ee 
a a ee eee 
Otel. 2s. MCh c Soe ven aus Leos + obeatee . ae cee 177,286 | 27,330. 53 300, 681 62, 426. 81 


From the above statistics it appears that although the quantity of 
sardines imported from Spain is somewhat less than from the United 
States the value is considerably greater, indicating that the Spanish 
article is more highly valued. If the Spanish article is really no better 
than the American, it might be possible to educate the consumers to 
a knowledge of this. It is difficult to greatly increase the imports of 
fishery products, as there is an abundant and excellent supply of 
fresh fish always available. No fishery products are reexported. 


LA GUAIRA. 


[By S. J. Fletcher, vice consul, November 8, 1921.] 


Fish are abundant along the northern seacoast of Venezuela, ana 
one of the chief industries of the island of Margarita, the islands of 
the Tortugas, and the coast of the mainland from Cumana to Carupano 
is the catching and dry-salting of fish. Many of the immediate 
tributaries of the rivers of the coastal Andes are destitute of fish, 
and the coastal fisheries find a ready sale for their products through- 
out the Andes as well as in the interior of the country. Certain 
small quantities are also exported, mainly to the neighboring islands 
of Trinidad and Curacao. Fresh fish of many varieties are consumed 
in the coastal villages and cities, but for the preparation of salt fish 
the species most commonly used are the dogfish, sawfish, anchovy, 
shad, and sardines. 

Nets, baited drop lines, and fish traps made of local reeds are used 
in catching fish. As a rule, fishing is done by groups of men in small 
boats, often nothing more than Indian dugouts, who watch for the 
appearance of a shoal of fish and then hastily arrange their nets. 
Various-sized nets are used, the mesh and size depending upon the 
size of the fish it is desired to take. The transparent waters of the 
Caribbean enable the fisherman to see the fish from great distances. 
The hauls are taken ashore to the houses of the fishermen, where the 
whole family helps in the cleaning and dry-salting of the catch. 
There are many small settlements on the northern coast of Venezuela 
and on the Island of Margarita and the Tortugas devoted entirely to 
the catching and drying of fish. 


OO 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN MEXICO, ETC. 55 


As stated above, most of the fish caught in Venezuelan waters are 
consumed locally or shipped to the interior towns of the Republic. 
However, there exists a small export of dry salt fish to the neighbor- 
ing islands, the total for the year ending December 31, 1919, being 
224,342 kilos (493,552 pounds), valued at 104,614 bolivars ($20,190.50). 
Ports of shipment and ports to which the dry fish were consigned 
were as follows: 


From— To— Pounds. | Value. 
ba Guairat: . SIO. SE tll Porto Rico...... REBT Oe SE) Gh 748 $57. 90 
MEL RE AIO rst repre Soo SS ae ve Curacao, Dutch West Indies.............. 150,986 | 7,537.42 
1 1A ee ee pea gapped gee UN Ted Siates i aeseeentas Rete aces © 5, 493 331.19 
Tes s'teys-4{. feet. yeewela. Trinidad, British West Indies............. 26, 635 934.70 
1D i er Settee ete Canada oye Soci ceelees aol eee ace oasis 1,316 23.16 
Puerto! Cabello. CIOL OL. Rd Bonaire, Dutch West Indies.............. 550 23.16 
LOY 32 ag ERE? SPaney Peres ate Curacao, Dutch West Indies.............. 29,722 | 1,202.78 
1315) G7 1 0 ec eg leaeael se et ale aa a gerry, British West Indies............| 18,920 907.10 


Various kinds of canned, dried, and smoked fish, and sardines are 
imported into Venezuela from the United States and Europe. For 
the purpose of statistics and for the assessment of customs duties 
they fall under two classifications, namely, fish and shellfish, and 
sardines. The total imports to Venezuela for the year ending Decem- 
ber 31, 1919 were: Fish and shellfish, 576,561 pounds, valued at 
$91,183.04, and sardines, 806,359 pounds, valued at $102,475.47. 
Through the port of La Guaira importations were made from the 
following nations: 


From— Fish and shellfish. Sardines. 

7 Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. 
RISMIRM SUES Sass ee Se LER E One CR ogs a tteae 162, 965 | $19, 503. 23 230,769 | $26, 960.17 
i 30,551 | 3,377.50 112,523 | 17,791.51 
4,215 1, 039. 69 9, 975 2, 085. 37 
1,349 WAGE 49) |e a sepe ee. Werioccice noes 
706 DD OU sete etten c= cletealse nic aenes 
1, 597 448.15 10, 883 2, 858. 33 


It will be noted from the above table that the United States is well 
in the lead in furnishing canned fish and sardines to the Venezuelan 
market. The small amount of French, Spanish, and Italian goods 
found in the market is due more to the enterprise of the merchants of 
these nationalities than to a lower-priced or better grade of product. 
The American products can be obtained in almost every retail grocery 
store, and their supremacy in these markets seems secure. 

Naturally, the imported products are consumed in the cities, 
principally at Caracas, and the interior mountain villages. 


BRITISH GUIANA. 
GEORGETOWN. 
[By Christie W. Davis, consul, September 18, 1921.) 


The local fisheries are of small economic importance. A few small 
vessels, each manned by two or three men, supply Georgetown and 
New Amsterdam with fresh fish, consisting of snapper, snook, querri- 


56 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


man, and the like. The smaller fish are caught in seines near the 
mouths of the rivers and larger fish by hook and line. Among those 
secured by the latter method the gilbacker is of some importance, its 
air bladder being used in the reduction of fish glue. Shrimp are 
obtained along the seacoast by nets dragged by hand. On the upper 
portion of the rivers many fish are caught by weirs erected across 
the mouths of small creeks. A gate is dropped across the opening 
at high tide, thus preventing the escape of the fish. A few fish are 
cured for private use, but cured local fish are not on sale. No fish 
are exported. 

Cured fish is one of the most prominent items among the pro- 
visions imported into the Colony and is second only to flour in value. 
It is of interest to note that salt fish has always been imported in 
comparatively large quantities. Formerly such imports consisted 
largely of salt herrings for the slaves, but cod and scale are now more 
important. In the days of the old “trading factories” ship’s rations 
were issued. Later similar rations were issued to the slaves on the 
plantations to supplement the local vegetables. Codfish and plan- 
tain still remain a staple food among the negroes, although the a 
price of the plantain fie rendered it somewhat of a luxury, and the 
pct meal now consists of rice boiled with a small quantity of salt 

sh. 

Figures showing the values of imports of fish and the countries of 
origin during 1920 are not yet available. The following are the only 
figures for imports yet published for that year: 


Quantity. Quantity 
C5 Le ep tied ee yee 62) 8 ewt.. 3,238 | Herring, smoked............. Ibs.. 99,221 
Seales susie She ies epee do.... 31,674 | Mackerel, pickled......... bbls... 3,608 
Hemming -pickled===-=-- = bbls?" 3; 19)" Saimon—-tiniied-c2- 222225 cases.. 14, 800 


More detailed figures are available for the years 1919 and preced- 
ing years. Figures for 1913 and 1919 follow: 


Amount and value of fish imported into British Guiana, 1913 and 1919. 
TINNED, CANNED, OR PRESERVED IN JARS OR BOTTLES. 


Country of origin. 1913 | 1919 
Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. 
United states iT. RA. 112, 710 $14, 709 188, 719 $47, 726 
United ain gdam no nck t= Sor eis sae epmiatemy- epehe- osg 151, 497 16, 707 30, 893 7,780 
ONT (Gl pes 4 ees ieee Ra miner fata 9, 806 1, 531 70, 257 15, 806 
Britash West Indies:(512 459. each icp. 23. fab hh es eee bake Ohl tbe Powe 7, 203 1, 668 
Portugal... b<2 poe eso sees dee ce eaten stots foenece ase F . 00/008 |) SY) SS aOO LS. bc. cece: ate ee 
Other countries... 00.1 AOI 13, 297 ” 650 3, 222 1, 270 
Dotalss, Tee ee ar eee mama oe ace 342, 364 41, 956 300, 294 74, 250 


United'States 5.12225 seed hk Ae a cae Sete eee 309, 792 $21, 930 435, 456 $54, 258 
Wnited- Kingdom ws. oh clbei sec 3b ecacanc slowpnee reese 3, 518, 928 LBS ESOL. |. » 0:0; a:0' an ainicinioe eee 
Canada ore oe cee a A SE 1, 384, 544 68,103 | 2, 738, 848 322, 452 
Otbericourttries. 32... 45h Cee ee. See ct tap eee aes 17, 248 859 174, 048 17, 035 


roma als: SIAL BRU oe eae 5,230,512 | 244,693 | 3,348, 352 393, 745 


i 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN MEXICO, ETC. 57 


Amount and value of fish imported into British Guiana, 1913 and 1919—Continued. 
MACKEREL AND SALMON, PICKLED. 


Country of origin. 1913 1919 
Barrels. Value. Barrels. Value. 
(PISA UATOS c's fico fois Boom ec cele Leen oe cea 39 $512 99 $2, 524 
THE BRR e COM. 2 oases ich 3-4--ba-scase eee 191 TUN decodicerermacl beearicetecia 
(CA TG ISAS FRM: ie SRG RRR RAY 1: 846 9, 929 2, 259 55, 472 
MPINEDAVVOS TRIN GIES: Suet aoc osc yscceincc ean see ee ee oni 69 794 97 2, 287 
Otheryeountries: .tinfagss. ith. joalline. BRM pas 90 bE CUS yf PRS ae a ee FB oe 
Moar av Oxs th dL... BOSC Tee 1, 235 13, 563 2, 455 60, 283 


isitensStaties 3. S232 LEE Les Be Pe Be tad 
United Kingdom se 
aotaseALe 7 }4 


AM age RL eS a Ln ten ements Ly 2, 620 7,143 3, 733 39, 168 


“DNS Re OUTER Coe ae ee ROG AE Oe a ee eae |e SY Cae $37, 109 so. saccqep oe $104, 648 
miner Acre domes VAN) ORE EADS RD LAGER PIA. Sp ee oser LF HOS: | theta altd 7, 780 
anaes ab oe ease ose teertes toesel dA ctet .-esepeet et listen. hyaey 4. 86, a ies t dsade- 426, 442 
DRPIRIRCOUTINIOS te owes are ces .|. Wen are smalins|> ose Ss cee WONT de). sae ee yaa 27,515 


There is a small reexport of fish, mostly to Dutch Guiana. In 1919 
these exports were valued at $10,645. The reason for such trade is 
that steamship communication is better and more frequent from 
North America to Georgetown than to Paramaribo. 

It will be noted that Canada has a preponderance of the trade in 
fish products. Granting that quality is equal, price is the governing 
factor in the placing of local orders. The present high rate of Ameri- 
can exchange and the preferential duty accorded to goods produced 
in the British Empire afford a considerable advantage to SaAwdian 
fish. Because of these adverse factors it is not advised that any 
steps be taken at this time to increase the trade from the United 
States. American firms are well represented in the local market 
and would undoubtedly secure a larger share of the business were it 
not for the exchange and preferential duty. 


BRAZIL. 
PARA. 
[By Geo. H. Pickerell, consul, December 31, 1921.) 


The principal local fishery products are dried-smoked and dried- 
salted fish. The methods of capture are of the simplest nature— 
hook and line or spear—none of the modern improvements being 
employed. In fact, capital is so lacking and conditions are so pecul- 
iar to this region that it is doubtful whether up-to-date measures if 
employed would find a remunerative return. 

s to method of cure, there is none of a scientific nature. The 
usual way is to cut up or open the fish, according to its size and 


58 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


uality, hang the flesh on racks, and allow it to dry. If it is desired, 
they simply add the salt. Dried-smoked is prepared by covering 
the fish with the fine leaves and foliage of the goiabada tree or other 
aromatic plant, which, when it catches fire, creates an intense smoke 
and some heat, about sufficient to cause the fat to drip, which in 
turn. keeps the fires going. When sufficiently smoked, the fish are 
packed in lots and sent to market. 

Within the last two years the Government of Brazil has under- 
taken to develop the fisheries and has called in foreign advisors to 
study and report upon their possibilities. The Government also 
maintains a special steamer that visits the different fishing colonies 
and is doing much to consolidate these and make them effective as 
food producers. 

There is little or no foreign exportation of fish products, but within 
the last two years considerable quantities of fish have been exported 
to Maranham, Ceara, Pernambuco, and other States to the south. 
No statistics are available to show the amount of this exportation, 
but it is increasing monthly and is reported to be affecting the im- 
portation of codfish from the United States and Canada. This market 
is a small importer of American codfish and salmon, but at the present 
time is importing nothing on account of adverse exchange and the 
fact that it is well supplied locally with fish almost as good. Sardines 
are imported from Portugal and France, but the former country sup- 
plies by far the most. There are no reexports of imported fish. 

As to preference, the largest colony (foreign) in this district is the 
Portuguese, and they are very patriotic, insisting upon having as 
many as possible of the products of their own country. Canned 
salmon and cod they expect from the United States, and as both 
are luxuries the amount consumed does not figure heavily in their 
sustenance account. French sardines are well and favorably known 
to the British colony, which is probably their largest consumer. 
This preference is not a matter of advertising or superior selling 
ability or price, but a preference based upon a liking created years 
before the consumer reached Brazil. 

Fish that is not sufficiently cured to withstand the tropical climate 
should not be shipped, as it only means loss to the importer and no 
doubt to the exporter as well. The best advertising that can be 
devised for this industry is the sending of good fish, for the people 
like codfish, especially the Portuguese. Following is a statement 
showing receipts of fish prepared at this port for the years 1917 to 
1921. The weights are in metric tons: 


Product. 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 
Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. 
RWI soar cihic cps cedl ie iis wie past aetmph Se aek ee ret Sa 2, 205 1,793 1, 643 1, 245 
Other jsalted fish. 1365 sp seT es Lk GlL hk PL ELLE 244 491 409} . 1,140 
otal... /. cA. id ASS Behe 2,449 2, 284 2,052 2,385 


PERNAMBUCO. 
{By C. R. Cameron, consul, September 27, 1921.) 


The fishery products of this district consist almost exclusively of 
fresh sea foods, such as salt-water fish, mostly, and in a lesser degree 


{ 


ee a 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN MEXICO, ETC, -59 


fresh-water fish, shrimp, lobsters, oysters, etc. Whales sometimes 
appear in these waters, and the latest available statistics show that 
the State of Parahyba, which is the only State in this district, so far 
as known, having a whale-fishing industry, exported 248 tons of 
whale oil, worth $31,483.20, United States currency, on the basis of 
$0.23 United States for 1$ Brazilian currency, the official rate of 
exchange for 1916. Locally produced salted fish are sold in small 
quantities in some of the interior markets. The fish are taken mostly 
by line fishing off the coast, with some seine fishing on the beach. 
Some gill nets are used in the rivers. There are also a certain number 
of fishponds maintained along the coast. As stated, almost none 
of the sea foods of this district are preserved. The few fish that are 
preserved are cleaned, salted, and dried in thesun. With the excep- 
tion of whale oil, no fishery products are exported from this consular 
district. Dried codfish is the principal fishery product imported 
into this district. Imports for 1919 and 1920 were as follows:1919, 
20,011,154 pounds, valued at $3,940,193; 1920, 23,617,879 pounds, 
valued ‘at $3,304,490. 

The above sums in American currency are converted from Bra- 
zilian currency at the official rates of exchange adopted for 1919 and 
1920, namely, 26 cents for 1$ and 22 cents for 1$, respectively. The 
exact figures for imports into this consular district from the various 
countries are not available, but about half of the codfish comes from 
Terra Nova, Newfoundland, and the remainder from other parts of 
Canada and the United States. Salmon and sardines are also im- 
ported, most of the salmon coming from the United States and the 
sardines from Portugal. No fishery products imported into the 
district are reexported. The United States sells a certain amount 
of codfish here, having supplied during 1919 more than one-sixth of 
the total amount imported into Brazil. The following table shows 
the total importation and the importation from the United States 
into all Brazil for the past five years: 


1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 


: : Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. 
Totalimportations..................-.-.-- 52, 537,823 | 45,346,417 | 47,976,505 | 39,409,430 | 65,119,475 
Importations from United States ..)..yds.2) 4,426,837 | 3,816,163] 1,645,632} 5,105,854 | 12,394,261 


It will thus be seen that there has been a steady increase in the 
proportion of the importations from the United States. During the 
same period the proportion of importations from Newfoundland 
has steadily gone down. There does not appear to be any decided 

reference for Newfoundland codfish, and the whole matter seems to 

e one of price, prompt delivery, and custom. There are a number 
of English commission merchants here who make codfish a specialty, 
and their connections are with Canadian and Newfoundland exporters. 
If the American exporters would place an active agent in Pernambuco, 
there is no doubt but that they would be able to increase their 
business here. 

Regarding other fish products, such as sardines, which are con- 
sumed to a very slight extent in Pernambuco, the market. is largely 
supplied from Portugal as a matter of habit. Brazil having been 


60 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


colonized by Portuguese, its inhabitants are accustomed to Portu- 
guese food products. In fact, many of the owners of grocery stores 
are of Portuguese nationality and naturally preserve their Portuguese 
connections as far as possible. 


BAHIA. 


[By Thos. H. Bevan, consul, September 9, 1921.) 


The city of Bahia is situated on a peninsula, with the Atlantic 
Ocean on one side and the Bay of Bahia on the other. Notwith- 
standing its ideal location as a base for fishermen, there is not a single 
trawler operating out of the port. The city is therefore dependent 
for its fish supply on a small number of native fishermen who can put 
to sea only under most favorable weather conditions. The two fishes 
principally caught are the red snapper and a species of mackerel. 
The supply is very small, and only tha wealthy classes can afford to 
buy fresh fish. 

Codfish is imported from St. Johns, Newfoundland, in large 
quantities, ranking first in importance among Bahia’s imports. The 
entire Canadian supply of codfish is shipped to Bahia during the 
off-fishing season in small three-masted fishing schooners. These 
schooners average about 300 net tons and carry about 350 tons dead 
weight. Their average voyage from St. Johns to Bahia is around 
35 days. There is apparently no reason why the American fish 
merchants can not enter this trade and deliver the codfish here as 
cheaply, if not cheaper, than the present suppliers. The Americans 
would have a shorter haul by several hundred miles. 

Prior to 1920, when the value of the dollar was quoted around 
Rs. 3$500, the bulk of the imports of canned fish came from the 
United States. As the dollar appreciated in value the local importers 
turned to other. markets and are now purchasing their supplies of 
canned sardines, salmon, lobster, etc., from Scandinavian countries, 
England, France, and Portugal. As soon as the dollar approximates 
its normal rate of exchange the business will undoubtedly come back 
to the United States, as European canners can not successfully 
compete with the American canners for the South American trade 
under normal conditions. 

There is an excellent demand for codfish in Bahia and the sur- 
rounding country. For the past five years the value of the codfish 
imported here has been greater than that of any other commodity. 
The official customhouse statistics show the values (United States 
qurnen cy) and quantities imported during the past three years, as 
follows: 


4 


Year. Pounds. Value. 


1918.20 UG 49 DE BIDE OTN TS S202 1 ARERR ae Reena nae as 15, 426,422 | $2, 160, 303 
WMD 56! iside bb aes L-4hb <b ERGO 4052 14-944 EL Boe gg Lek ESR gE a3 11, 673, 818 2) 177, 427 
77 | ae ahaa aetna itn aie - Rent fr cob tees me oes cee a ety eA 15, 755, 298 2) 500, 000 


About 95 per cent of the codfish sold on this market is imported 
from St. Johns, Newfoundland, the remainder coming from the 
United States and Scandinavia. The shipments from St. Johns are 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN MEXICO, ETC. 61 


invariably made by fishing schooners during the offseason. During 
1920 there were 18 shipments made in schooners carrying an average 
of 325 tons of codfish each. It is shipped in barrels of 142 pounds 
(65 kilos) and half-barrels of 72 pounds (324 kilos). The shipments 
from Europe are made in boxes of about 60 pounds each. 

Codfish is one of the principal articles of food in this part of Brazil 
and is shipped in large quantities into the interior of the States of 
Bahia, Sergipe, and Piauhy by mule pack trains, two half-barrels 
making a full load for one animal. It is for this reason that such a 
large proportion is imported in half-barrels. The 1920 imports 
amounted to 58,507 barrels, 102,067 half-barrels, and 1,423 boxes. 

On account of the long haul from Canada to Brazil on sailing ves- 
sels, it frequently deteriorates in value on the voyage, causing the 
Bahia price to fluctuate according to quality. The best. quality sells 
wholesale in Bahia for about Rs. 110$000 per barrel, and retails 
around Rs. 2$500 per kilo. 

The Brazilian tariff provides for a duty on codfish of 50 reis per 
kilo, less an arbitrary tare of 10 per cent in weight deducted when 
ee in either barrels or boxes. As 55 per cent of the duty is col- 
ected in Brazilian gold (about 4 paper milreis to the gold milreis) 
and 45 per cent in paper currency, the actual duty amounts to 
considerably more than the ostensible rate quoted in the tariff. 
There are in addition to the duty a number of subsidiary charges 
that can not be avoided in connection with the dispatch of the goods. 


RIO DE JANEIRO. 


[By A. Gaulin, consul general, October 5, 1921.] 


The principal fishery products in this district are herring, sharks, 
rays, mullets, drums, Bluefish, seriolas (amberfish), groupers, bonito, 
snapper, roballo, Spanish mackerel, sardines, flounders, bass, shad, 
oysters, and crabs. The methods employed by the Brazilian fisher- 
men for capturing fish are somewhat antiquated and are limited to 
the use of rods, hand lines, baskets, and nets of various kinds. 

Fish for local consumption are generally transferred immediately 
from the fishing boats to the market and are not cured. Whenever 
the market becomes overstocked they are simply preserved in ice. 
Fish for export and consumption in the interior of the country are 
usually sundried and crudely salted. 

The fisheries of Brazil are under the supervision of the navy 
department, which is organizing a special service to fishermen in 
order to encourage this industry. A law that greatly affected the 
local Portuguese colony was recently passed. It excluded all but 
Brazilian citizens from the domestic panties Fishery products are 
only exported to a small extent, and statistics of these exports are 
classified as follows: 


Products exported. 1919 1920 


Pounds. Pounds. 
Oysters .:223) 2326p Jag tlie s2! MCU ES. F555 Jocjidds ade he Peet -- oases Sette s8U. SO. 143, 299 149, 913 
Dried ‘and preservadmison fo ts.2c.6 j<t\incp ond -bepbatien eas baie elpaes see 4s 284, 393 244, 711 


62 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


Of all fish products dried cod is imported in largest quantities at 
an average rate of 4$758 per dollar. The official statistics of these 
imports in 1920 are given below. 


Country of sa Country of sas 
origin. Pounds. Milreis. Dollars. origin. Pounds. Milreis. Dollars. 


United States. .| 12,394,261 | 8, 493:935$ |$1, 746, 193 || Newfoundland .| 32,760, 356 | 20, 303:973 |$4, 267, 333 


Great Britain. .| 3,267,217 | 2,725:8868 | 7572) 905 || Unclassified....) 773,815 | °450:669$ |” 133,740 
Norway......-. 7,508, 868 | 6, 463:7798 | 1,358, 295 eee Cea ENN, be 
Canada........ 8, 414,958 | 5,788:6538 | 1) 216, 806 Total. ...| 65,119, 475 | 44, 226:895$ | 9, 295, 272 


Canned fish, such as salmon and sardines, are imported in con- 
siderable quantities, but these products are not separately classified 
in the customs returns, being included with preserved fish and ex- 
tracts unenumerated. No preference is given to any one country in 
the importation of these products. The main consideration in the 
purchase of dried cod is the price. During normal times the United 
States competed favorably with other countries in this trade. A large 
variety of canned sardines has been imported in the last few years. 
Importations from the United States, France, Norway, and Portugal 
have been irregularly made. Canned salmon was formerly imported 
from the United States in moderate quantities. French sardines 
are predominant on the market at the present time. The exclusion 
of the American products from the Brazilian market to-day is due to 
the existing unfavorable exchange situation. An advertising cam- 
paign by an American concern established in this district would 
materially assist in increasing sales. Sardines are canned by a firm 
in this city. There are also two small canning factories in the State 
of Rio de Janeiro, one at Itacurussa and the other at Ilha Grande. 

Following is a report prepared by Dr. George Wilton Field for the 
American consulate general at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: 


The most conspicuous event in the fisheries is the awakening to the prejudicial 
effects of the importation of fish to the neglect of local resources. This importation, 
with attendant loss by spoilage and unnecessary expense in oceanic transportation 
which could find more pfoatable use, is of great economic disadvantage to Brazil. 

The jurisdiction of the fisheries has been transferred from the Ministry of Agriculture 
to the Ministry of Marine, for the reason that the navy could organize the fishermen 
as a coast defense and better provide for the enforcement of the laws and for the organi- 
zation of the fishermen into colonies under the direct supervision of the navy. ‘Thus 
it would be practicable to insure for them more sanitary living conditions, an organized 
local government, better primary educational facilities, the necessary capital for 
improved fishing gear, and special instruction in the methods of capturing fish and pre- 
paring the product for market. 

To this service the auxiliary cruiser Jose Bonifacio (formerly the Astor yacht 
Nourmabal) was assigned, in charge of Capt. Frederico Villar, who proceeded to enforce 
the law vigorously in the States of Maranhao, Para, and Rio de Janeiro. It is prob- 
able that this work, carried out with sympathetic justice and wisdom, will do much 
for the improvement of the deplorable conditions which were found by this ‘‘Com- 
mission on Fisheries and Sanitation of the Coast,’’ in the recent exploration of the 
vast, remote, and barren coastal regions between Belem (Par and Recife (Pernam- 
buco), where the main support of the inhabitants is the still unutilized wealth of 
marine life. In spite of the abundance of fish suitable for marketing (fresh, salted, 
or smoked), the monthly catch ae man, fishing with hand lines from a jangada 
(a raft provided with a cotton drill sprit sail and a centerboard) rarely exceeds 1,000 
pounds gross weight of the fresh fish. The sun dried and em salted product is sold 
to middlemen in barter or cash and transported on mule back to the hinterland. 

Near the large coast cities fairly prosperous fisheries exist, but even here the still 
relatively small catch per man, the crude methods of handling, and the inefficient 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN MEXICO, ETC. 63 


means of transportation and distribution so enhance the cost as to make fish a luxury 
rather than, as it may well be here, a staple food sold in such a manner and at a price 
that would replace meat to a considerable degree, and thus be of a greater economic 
value to the nation. 

Brazil is far behind other nations in the big problems of the fisheries, videlicet, 
how best to secure cheap and efficient means of capture and distribution of marketable 
fish, which will provide a regular and perpetual supply and be a continuously well- 
paid remuneration with freedom from undue exploitation to the fishermen; to the con- 
sumer a fair market price for both fresh and conserved fish sold under the best sanitary 
precautions; and a just and reasonably secure return on the necessary capital and labor 
required for economical development and maintenance of such a system of distribu- 
tion as the climatic and local conditions require. i 

Just as North America was developed by European colonists and foreign capital, 
so to-day the same capital, augmented in the development of North America, is seek- 
ing new fields of beneficence in Asia, Africa, and South America. Just asin North 
America the slogan of ‘‘ America for the Americans” had short vogue and has given 
way to the broader and wiser policy of accepting and assimilating every capable 
right-minded person and well-intentioned capitalist, whose object was to take part 
in the wise development and conservation of the natural resources of the country 
for the ultimate benefit of the nation and of a world-wide human interest, so it is to 
be anticipated that the slogan of “‘ Brazil is for the Brazilians,’ now so conspicuously 

laced before the fishermen, will ultimately make for growth of Brazil by demonstrat- 
ing its futility as a basis for national prosperity and progress * * * if Brazil is 
to attain and maintain her place among the great nations of the world in the great 
readjustments and developments into which we are now entering. ‘ 

Competent authorities agree that Brazil has a remarkable abundance of edible 
fish in the cdol waters of her coast and in the vastness of her rivers, which merely 
wait wise utilization to become a great and permanent factor in her national wealth, 
freeing her from a part or the whole of the burden of importing between fifteen and 
twenty millions of dollars’ worth of fish annually from other countries. j 

It is probable that the Government will in the near future assure conditions which 
will make possible the employment of increased local and foreign capital— in securing 
cheaper methods of capture and distribution of fish—in the development of this 

reat nationalasset. At present the normal average low retail price to the consumer in 

io de Janeiro is about 24 cents per pound for herring, ranging upward through sharks, 

rays, mullet, drum, bass, bluefish, seriola (amberfish), groupers, bonito, snappers, 
to robalo and Spanish mackerel at 50 cents per pound. 

The use of the type of fish traps commonly known in the United States as a “* pound 
trap’ with one or more leaders is prohibited. The size of mesh used in seines is 
regulated. The fishermen must be either native born or naturalized Brazilians. 
The wisdom and even the constitutionality of these laws is being questioned. 


Following are extracts on fisheries from ‘‘ Annual Report on Com- 
merce and Industries for 1919,” Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, November 
10, 1920: 


In 1919 the Ministry of Marine equipped the auxiliary cruiser Jose Bonifacio for 
a trip along the coast to study the conditions of the industry with a view to intro- 
ducing more modern methods. 

During the war the Amazon River developed the piracurti fishery serving as sub- 

stitute for codfish, which it had been difficult to import from abroad. The fishin 
industry in the Amazon River, at least for export purposes to other places, is eonfhied 
to eo ltiae: and drying this one fish, the paracuber Other varieties are only locally 
consumed. 
_ Only one important firm, located in Acarahi, Ceara, is engaged to a limited extent 
in salting and preserving fish. However, due to its being unable to secure material 
for canning fish, it has suspended operations temporarily. Various fish-canning fac- 
tories were established in Rio Grande do Sul, and salted fish is now selling in bales, 
cases, and barrels. _ Rio de Janeiro is manifesting a. certain amount of interest in the 
preservation of fish, and while no great developments can be predicted at least two 
concerns are ordering machinery for canning fish. 

The Federal Government requires that all fishermen, as well as their boats, should 
be registered. * * * A project is contemplated to form a cooperative colony of 
Brazilian fishermen who are duly registered. with the local authorities in places where 
at least 40 people earn their living by fishing. The object is to erect a school of fisheries 
for the members and their children, shipyards for naval construction and repairs, and 


107940°—22-—__5 


64 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


factories for the manufacturing of nets and fishing tackle. It is also planned to estab- 
lish stations for fish cultivation on islands given by the Federal Government for this 
purpose, or on lakes given by the state government, and to institute a cooperative 
credit system for fishermen. 


SAO PAULO. 


[By E. M. Lawton, consul, September 9, 1921.] 


The State of Sao Paulo borders on the Atlantic Ocean, and the 
capital city is less than 40 miles from Santos, the principal seaport 
of Brazil, commercially speaking, the two cities being connected by 
numerous daily trains and by automobile roads. Santos has a 
wonderful beach, and the fisheries there supply Sao Paulo city with 
all the fresh fish needed. 

The consulate at Santos is a separate office from Sao Paulo. It is 
sufficient to explain that the fishermen there are usually uneducated 
men who live very humbly near the beach and have only such knowl- 
edge of fishing as they have learned from infancy. The common 
practice is net fishing, especially during the months of May, June, 
and July, the nets being laid by small boats and drawn in by hand 
from the shore. ‘There is also a certain amount of hand fishing from 
boats and by nets when the fish are not running inshore. The fisher- 
men also have a practice of building traps of wood, so arranged that 
the fish enter the traps but can not get out, and are taken with nets 
from the inclosed sections. 

Owing to the nearness of the market (Sao Paulo) the greater part 
of the fish are sold without preparing them in any way. For the 
interior sections of the State they are usually salted or smoked. The 
methods in curing the fish are very primitive and consist simply in 
cleaning the fish, splitting them open transversely on each side, and 
rubbing in plenty of salt, or in drying them over wood smoke, accord- 
ing to the taste of the consumer, Fish eggs are also salted or smoked 
an are sold separately, as they are considered an especially nice 

elicacy. 

The Tahini industry in Brazil is not yet very much developed, and 
no publications seem to be available to explain scientific methods or 

ive information on the art. The few fishing companies which have 

een organized along the coast are to be found only in the most impor- 
tant ports, and even when organized continue to conduct the opera- 
tion on the plan and by the methods in vogue from primitive times. 
There is therefore no complete information about the quantity of 
fish marketed here, but in general it is more than sufficient for this 
city of more than 500,000 inhabitants. 

There are no exports of fish from Sao Paulo, with the exceptiontof 
a small amount of oysters which go to Argentina. A considerable 
quantity of whale oil is brought to Sao Paulo from the north of Brazil. 
Fish oil, in general, is produced all along the coast of Brazil and, 
especially in this district, is used for treating leather. On the other 
hand, codfish and preserved fish are brought from the United States, 
Norway, Portugal, Spain, and Italy and a small quantity from Japan. 
None of these products is reexported in any form, but they are 
entirely consumed locally. 

For the year 1920, 3,841 long tons of codfish were imported into 
this consular district, of which the United States supplied 1,905 tons, 
Norway 983 tons, and Canada 733 tons. For the same period 28,435 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN MEXICO, ETC. 65 


pounds of tinned fish were imported, over 50 per cent of which was 
divided equally among Portuguese, Italian, and Spanish imports, the 
United States supplying about 768 pounds. Sardines from Portugal 
and Spain are the most appreciated in this market and, together with 
Italy, that preference is easily explained because of the predominant 
influence of those countries among the people of Sao Paulo. North 
American salmon is also extremely appreciated but is very little sold 
because of the excessive price. The reason that salmon and sardines 
from the United States are not sold in greater quantities can be 
summed up in one word—price. If American companies were to com- 
bine on having a warehouse in this city and send down in sufficient 
quantities to cut the cost down to the lowest margin the goods would 
unquestionably sell well, because American canned salmon is consid- 
ered a very fine dish, and its appearance on one’s table is considered 
an indication of real extravagance, which it certainly is in the hight 
of the present comparative rate of Brazilian milreis in terms of 
American dollars. 


SANTOS. 


[By Herndon W. Goforth, vice consul, April 25, 1922.] 


Various kinds of fresh fish, oysters, mussels, shrimp, and turtles 
are found in the rivers, estuaries, bays, and ocean about the port of 
Santos. These fish products are said to be plentiful, but recent 
legislation by the Federal Government has made it compulsory for 
all fisherman to take out licenses before being permitted to engage in 
fishing. ‘This has driven all independent fishermen from the fields, 
has practically killed shipments to the city of Sao Paulo, and has 
made fresh fish a luxury hard to get at any price in the local markets. 

Fish are caught in drag nets of from 1 to 2 inch mesh, shrimp in nets 
of one-half inch mesh, and oysters and mussels are taken with hooks, 
grapples, etc., wielded by hand. Only a very limited portion of the 
catch is cured, and such curing as is done is chiefly by drying in the 
sun. The entire catch is at present easily disposed of at as high 
prices as fresh fish, but a company recently has been formed at 
Santos for exploiting the fishing industry and establishing a curing 
and canning plant. 

There is no exportation of fishery products from Santos, although 
considerable quantities of fresh fish formerly were sent to Sao Paulo, 
the capital of this State. These shipments have fallen off greatly 
since the fiscalization of the fishing industry, which resulted in the 
Se that fishermen be duly organized and pay heavy license 
ees. 

The following figures, published by the State government of Sao 
Paulo, show the total importation of fish and fish products through 
the port of Santos during the years 1919 and 1920. It should be 
remarked that only about 5 per cent of the quantities represented 
by these figures were consumed in Santos, the remaining 95 per cent 
having been shipped by rail to the city of Sao Paulo and there con- 
sumed or Aitrihated to other cities. 


66 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


1919 1920 
Dried cod: | Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. 

fArgonuingsr: hl 222bis2 clk geek aD RO BOe SES? PEPE OPER cos 3 24, 651 $3, 767 
Canadate seg sect t-th- 2 sgeseape seh -doeeee Re-eaee 1, 245, 592 $240,239 | 1,614,677 258, 222 
Bit le 2: eed leaht A epceane Seating rp rape ge 52: 1, 520, 536 310,419 | 4,191,942 574, 972 
Great Brittani >! s9i¢%. 49. A ef ceag. esi J. ee 6, 387 1, 136, 329 25, 306 
INGIWE Yas 252-0. seek see seete es cue ee eee 2 161, 480 38,062 | 2,163, 896 398, 972 
Swedes. 6 Uo. AL oles AAD Leh Dod SNUG D SSC SD ha A Settee allan ercnaere eae 286, 079 31, 157 
Woeywdonndland ye ooo. ot sie b a -waeamaemete my pao | nan eei aed Geleecre ees ee 33,315 7, 508 
MOFURUAY <miga hen oe pre mk goatee ce wma qeincne efi caine ae oa ne eee entero 865 

Totnes st .U.cint Sees eons tee Somes tee 2, 933, 995 589,964 | 8,450,889 | 1,300,769 

Unclassified canned and preserved fish: 

NCUTITALY Yio poo = Sra apd een oe pa ote Hie sera htm Sialgh late neee | ereyeeie tgeterate | eis el eeneetete 2,387 204 
Canads.(s2st. S580). SSeIs Tes eevee Sa 8, 826 2, S35 Wie. 4b ere lab eee eee = 
United! States te dr sce este gon ee cote ees 284, 324 115, 004 277, 097 97, 512 
Mranices: ALOE EI a. SPELL? . 2 ORS h saat poe 12, 250 9,061 57, 387 34, 768 
PBT BAS STU E ro ste ea a aes orate eee aie aie ele 73, 990 15, 648 286, 667 50, 750 
SDAIBES. 23 aw. Se cerca sea on bere rape masse seat oa ck 262, 766 49,610 444, 864 101, 398 

olland #89. 425-32 [3218 PSs LE Fee ee oe 16, 614 2,011 32, 960 4,079 
GAL y. Pipiiee Phe sige Ay oe 5 Pt oy ntact oe i 165 37, 431 11, 029 
Japamet: 441. RIAA, | Mossi nate bodes kek deh oot Soe es Lett aeee « 
INO We yo Me Wee ERAN ios A RUPAWT DS EDO a 2, 732 962 319, 037 63, 416 
Portiewal ico se Ge eee Um ERG 643, 164 230,067 | 1,034,090 189, 133 

Motel Aus vipe. . kar ae. 6 Saas Cen aes 1,304, 767 425,063 | 2,492, 026 552, 344 


Notre.—The average value of the Brazilian paper milreis was $0.2621, United States currency, for the 
year 1919 and $0.2104 for the year 1920. 


The value in United States currency of the entire importation of 
codfish during 1920 was therefore $1,300,769, of which 44.2 per cent, 
or codfish to the value of $574,972, was imported from the United 
States as compared with a total importation valued at $589,964 for 
1919, of which the United States furnished 52.6 per cent, valued at 
$310,419. The value of the entire importation of unclassified canned 
and preserved fish (kippered, salt, and smoked herring, lobster, 
salmon, sardines, and shrimp) during 1920 was $552,344, of which 
the United States furnished 17.7 per cent, valued at $97,512, as 
compared with a total of $425,063 for the year 1919, including im- 

orts valued at $115,004, or 27 per cent of the whole, from the United 
tates. 

A heavy decrease in the total importation of both codfish and un- 
classified fish products is recorded for the year 1921. The milreis value 
of the dried codfish imported during 1921 is stated as 4, 493: 502% 
against 6,182:363$ for 1920. The decrease in dollar value is far 
ase, since the milreis declined to an average value of about $0.13 

or 1921 as compared with $0.2104 for 1920. The United States 
suffered a heavier proportional loss in this trade than did certain 
other countries, chiefly because of the high rate of exchange. 

Santos is the port of the State of Sao Paulo, and of certain parts of 
the adjoining States of southeastern Brazil. The local consumption 
of fish products probably does not exceed _5 per cent of the total 
quantities imported, most of which enter Santos in transit to the 
city of Sao Paulo. There is no reexportation of fish products to 
other countires, however, and the entire quantity imported is con- 
sumed in this section of Brazil. 

Portuguese fishery products are preferred locally because of the 
fact that more than 30 per cent of the inhabitants of Santos are 
Portuguese and about 50 per cent Brazilians with close affiliations 
with the former mother country. The local trade is also in the 
hands of the Portuguese and Brazilians, who naturally prefer to 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN MEXICO, ETC. 67 


handle the products of the country with whose language and customs 
they are familiar. Furthermore, lower prices not infrequently are 
quoted on Portuguese fishery products than on competitive goods 
from other countries. Local dealers also make the complaint that 
American canned goods do not withstand the Santos climate, in that 
the tins rust badly, which greatly injures the sale of the goods and 
often causes complete loss. 

The high rate of exchange made impossible the profitable importa- 
tion of fishery products from the United States during the year 1921. 
The Brazilian paper milreis, which has a normal average value of 
about 25 cents, declined to an average value of about 13 cents 
for the year 1921, and is now being quoted at 14 cents. American 
dried codfish is, however, still imported to a limited extent, and also 
a small quantity of canned salmon, but practically all other American 
fishery products have been driven ak from this market. 
This trade probably can not be regained until the milreis is again 
quoted at a rate approximating its normal average value. The use 
of a rust-resisting container by American packers would also be 
instrumental in reestablishing and retaining the market for American 
canned fish. 

Codfish packed in earthenware containers enjoys a discount of 40 
per cent from the duties; when packed in barrels, a discount of 30 per 
cent. Unclassified fish enjoys a discount of 10 per cent in duties 
when packed in casks, tubs, or cases. Exporters should secure exact 
information as to duties from the nearest Brazilian consulate in the 
United States and carefully follow the instructions of the local im- 
porter as to manner of packing. 


PORTO ALEGRE. 


[By Samuel T. Lee, consul, September 14, 1921.] 


The local fishery products in the Porto Alegre Consular District 
are the various kinds of subtropical salt-water fish taken chiefly at 
Rio Grande (do Sul), as well as a few shrimp and occasionally a few 
low-grade oysters from Santa Catharina. Small seimes are used 
chiefly, and the amount of fish taken supplies the markets of the 
larger port cities of the district. When there is an abundant catch, 
some are salted and dried and a smaller amount canned. The entire 
product is consumed locally, and fish has never figured as an article 
of export from this consular district. The industry is carried on in a 
most primitive manner and on-a small scale. 

Codfish is the only sort of salt fish imported into this market. It 
comes from Norway, through England, is not boneless, and is packed 
in boxes of 30 and 60 kilos, or 66 and 132 pounds. _A number of pro- 
vision dealers import Norwegian codfish occasionally from England, 
but one firm deals exclusively in codfish and distributes it to the 
various markets of Brazil. They are large importers and occasion- 
ally receive cargoes running from 20,000 to 30,000 boxes. 

japan and anchovies are the leading kinds of pickled fish im- 
ported into this market. The herring come chiefly from Holland 
and are packed in tins of 1 dozen and of 50. Anchovies come 
from Holland and Spain and are packed in tins holding 50 fish. The 
trade in pickled and smoked fish is limited, and these lines are con- 


68 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


sidered specialties rather than staples. Occasionally some of the 
dealers import small consignments of pickled fish and smoked fish, 


but the trade in these specialties is chiefly in the hands of two firms — 


in Porto Alegre. 

Pound bricks of fish packed in 40-pound boxes are unknown in 
this market. The trade in imported fish is rather limited, because 
the supply of fresh fish is good and quite abundant for local demand. 
There is, Hitikatiso) an active movement in Norwegian codfish shipped 
through England. No official statistics segregated for this consular 
district are available, and on account of considerable transhipment 
of freight at Rio de Janeiro it has not been possible to obtain an 
estimate of the approximate quantity of preserved fish imported into 
this district. 

PARAGUAY. 


ASUNCION. 


{By Harry Campbell, consul, October 26, 1921.] 


Since Paraguay is located approximately 1,000 miles from the 
ocean, local fishing is limited to the large rivers, the Paraguay and the 
Parana, and their many smaller tributaries. Although fish in these 
streams are quite plentiful and are used extensively as food for the 
inhabitants of the country, there are no statistics available of the 
total production or consumption, with the exception of the quantities 
sold in the central market of Asuncion, amounting to 156,860 pounds 
for the six-months period January 1 to June 30, 1921. These are for 
the most part fresh fish, and little effort is made locally to cure or 
prepare the native fish for sale or export. 

The fish imported are largely canned salmon and sardines, the 1920 
imports of the latter, with the quantities in kilos and pounds, and the 
values in Argentine gold pesos, being as follows: 


Country of origin. Kilos. | Pounds.} Pesos. Country of origin. Kilos. | Pounds.} Pesos. 
United States.......-. 4, 434 9, 755 Hef sea ad Op 00 1 0 (0 lp a 1, 050 2,310 262 
France. 14:\. $5-L62:0765 4,190 9, 218 LOLA eOthersen . J 49..3 5 1524! 1, 565 3, 443 393 
POGUE Hci. ao sok romeo 2,341 5, 150 585 oe | 
Argentina............- 7,893 | 17,365 1,978 Motel 2? Sil. 60, 004 | 132,009 | 15,123 
Spas aw ce «dt 2a 38, 531 84, 768 9,714 


The Government statistics do not indicate the imports of salmon 
and other canned fish except as they may be included in a miscel- 
laneous item covering canned fish, as well as vegetables, which 
amounted in 1920 to 40,823 kilos (89,811 pounds), valued at 12,284 
Argentine gold pesos. It is not possible to state what proportion of 
this amount is fish products, but probably less than half, since the 
figures for sardines are not included therein. 

Although the imports of sardines from the United States are small 
compared with the other countries mentioned, such a proportion 
would not be shown in the importation of salmon, of achtithh it is esti- 
mated that considerably more than 50 per cent is of North American 
origin. The American salmon is preferred to the European brands, 
although the latter, owing to lower prices, are able to compete at the 
present time in that part of the trade that demands low prices re- 


OO 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN MEXICO, ETC. 69 


gardless of the quality of the product. There is absolutely no preju- 
dice in this country against American salmon and with prices equiva- 
lent, it should compete very favorable with the European product. 
The exchange rate for the dollar has been unfavorable for the past 
few months for the sale of all kinds of American goods, but this has 
been improved of late in an SRA ASINE manner. All foreign busi- 
ness in Paraguay is done in Argentine gold peso, the Paraguayan cur- 
rency consisting only of nonconvertible paper. 


URUGUAY. 


MONTEVIDEO. 
[By Sherwood H. Avery, vice consul, September 27, 1921.] 


* The following information has been furnished this office by J. N. 
Wisner, former director of the Instituto de Pesca (Bureau of Fish- 
eries) of the Uruguayan Government, now in business at Buenos 
Aires, Argentina: 


The fishery products in Uruguay are confined almost exclusively to fresh fish. 
Practically all fish are taken, at least the larger part, by line fishermen. Some are 
caught in gill nets and a very few with seines. At times a little trawling is done by 
the Government-owned trawler. Practically all fish are consumed fresh. Some 
few are salted, and fewer still are smoked and sold as delicacies. 

A lot of fishery products are imported by Uruguay in tins and also a considerable 
quantity of dried fish. Most comes from European markets. At times some cod fish 
is imported from the United States. Practically speaking, there is no reexport of 
imported fish products. At the present moment the question of exchange precludes 
importations from the United States. In ordinary times the retail and wholesale 
merchants are Spaniards, Italians, etc., and it is only natural that they should import 
what is produced by their friends or relatives or fellow countrymen and to which 
the clients feel friendly. Price, quality, and products that appeal to the local appe- 
tite are the essential factors in increasing the imports from the United States. Canned 
salmon is about the only fishery product which might be looked upon as strictly 
American, but a few canned oysters are, of course, sold. The market for either canned 
salmon or oysters is negligible. 


The following tables, taken from official statistics, show the 
amounts of fish exported from Uruguay during recent years. Quan- 
tities of fresh fish are given in ‘‘colleras’”’ (bunches of 3, 4, or 5 fish, 
according to size), dried and canned fish are given in kilograms, and 
the official valuations of all are expressed in pesos ($1.034). 


Amount of fish exported by Uruguay, 1917 to 1921. 


Year and product exported. sire Pesos. Year and product exported. wee Pesos, 
1917. E 
Mresh Mish h. wcis=cce-ab:s's colleras. ./300, 850 | 30,085 || Fresh fish............... colleras. .|153,164 | 15,316 
Canned -fishiee---22-522 72. kilos. .| 26, 667 5, 333 
Dried fishtqete-m. cl do ‘ 00 | 
Hreshifishe tse =-6 5 colleras. .|245,350 | 24,350 
Totaltaee tess Jas sass sch ae 36, 018 
1921. (Jan. 1 to July 31.) 
1918. Wreshifish=> 28) 23tc. tesa colleras. ./148,500 | 14,850 
Presh fish)33 9. 523s colleras. .|189,694 | 18,970 
C&hned fish issn! kilos. .| 10, 495 ms 
Matalive« Spite Baek ese es§ oy eae hs 21, 069 


The fish station at Montevideo (Alojamiento de Pescadores) reports 
that during 1920 there entered this port 8,633,940 pounds of fresh 
fish. Classified, they were as follows: 8,575,741 pounds of large 


70 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


and 58,199 pounds of small fresh fish. Of the large fish 2,723,622 
ounds were again exported and the rest consumed locally. 
The following tables show the quantities of fish imported into 
Uruguay for the years 1915, 1916, and 1917. Countries of origin 
are given for 1917, while only the totals are given for other years: 


Anchovy imports into Uruguay, 1915 to 1917. 


Year and country of origin. In oil. | Pickled. | Total. 
Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. 

VOL BE eee ack bie, ciopid sas kied epee CARO RCE Mon CEC occ chee ctn Coe Se eR o Ee 557 35, 682 36, 239 

TOG Sse Se eS Ak ot 58 Gera S Ste ae COCR ae Soe eemeatee 154 42, 460 42,614 
1917: 

AT SONTINAa! 62 oo hee ehib discs Semacie anise AOR awe BR peed eek oe aiteiciaee 462 242 704 

Sains 2 ate io seg hs Neh re Fe ak Yar a 1,430 | 25,168 26, 598 

EN ATICOS See 2 RSPAS re cen RENTS RR RR A, A ae Se eek Pee eee PP Wi pees sts 229 

Ptaliy < Joye =t geet cya t 3. -eeqeeg Sd. .cpky eed erekue da: feeb dfs SeCK EES £8 10, 296 10, 296 

Totalifor O17 Rese ei. AAS... HACE. 2 eR Se? Ye 2,121 | 355, 706 37,827 


The following imports of codfish were made during the year 1917 
and from the following countries: Argentina, 128,100 kilos (281,820 
pounds); Spain, 260 kilos (572 pounds); United States, 22,466 kilos 
(49,425 pounds); England, 40,260 kilos (88,572 pounds); and Nor- 
way, 1,200 kilos (2,640 pounds); a total of 192,286 kilograms (423,029 
pounds) imported during the year. Imports for 1915 and 1916 were 
395,953 kilograms (871,097 pounds) and 288,541 kilograms (634,790 
pounds), respectively. 


Imports of sardines into Uruguay, 1915 to 1917. 


Year and country of origin. In oil. | Pressed. | Pickled.|} Total. 
Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. 
RU Ey caper re oie Ne PR race ere Bea i Sere ic RM abe ee ee 179, 137 74, 470 7,322 260, 929 
DO1G ere Soke oc cece cnos ced anak howler er ae ee ee eee ae 185,922 | 117,779 110 308, 811 
1917 
Anpentine 2 ises SAF oath eB Eee atic cite sieiece Jeb (2 Dig Searle 154 27, 148 
TAZ | passe a abi - Sis diye SAC ATET EES Phe s SHARE OP ELE: os eke JRO sta. So sctl. eee he 189 
DBDalils tose Son gece atte tea cell, eee oe Pe eee ete 5 2 79, 600 53, 020 9, 075 141, 695 
United States! £0. (SWISSOTEL 1, 028 | Jo). 23sd28|ss eee , 
TATICO's W/o kis POSER RE ot ae dees BREE ER. Mae aeee tienes = gangas D827 |, cima ets 110 11, 937 
Hngland s\.¢ base vs kee Eom cle ons ae cs cla cis dle ana cen s 8, 769 16,852) | suse detent = 25, 621 
OLD PAL Sr Le wok cebie tome cci a teeth orice meine cid hie ead cate enete 13,323 ||. o5 ocgims tel pete 13, 323 
DOTA OR UA eee = tens Ps ee a oa ee nS 148, 230 69, 872 9, 339 227, 441 


Imports of fish in general into Uruguay, 1915 to 1917. 


Year and country of origin. Pickled. | In boxes.| Dried. Total. 
Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. 
LUE RS oh MANE SHI Le RAED DROIT = 0. 48.0 SY a ee Oh cata et 00} 574: |beeeene ne 1, 074 91, 648 
A916 2 3 EE Se ae A: De a Re 34, 214 1, 907 220 36, 341 
1917: ; 
Spaint oc oesctedyacd seats ccht ht pos sce ks bts Soee ee ee 165 apt 6 Papin = 3, 278 
WHITGA StATGS$ 215. dooce s cates coe one cee cate eee EGLO Nene oa] cis ce eects 25, 476 
Deland. see MEER SS APS Te 3 ed er eee MODS: | 5 aches ocd $3 |e scgae oe j 
Total tor 19s? ek ee Pe PAIL SRE, Sa eee 26, 697 3,113) eh see 29, 810 


One firm furnishes a considerable part of the fish consumed at this 
port. This firm owns and operates two fishing vessels equipped to 
to carry 66,000 pounds of fish in their different compartments and also 


nt oi 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTSIN MEXICO, ETC. 71 


has a station for depositing coal and ice and for taking water. The 
system of fishing used by this company is the “‘otter trawl,” and the 
trips vary from one to six days. The one-day trip results in the 
catch of eight to ten thousand pounds of small fish, such as corbina, 
small hake, sole, marine crabs, sea urchins, lobsters, sea bream, 
conger eel, white braize, palometa, rayas, rayones, chuchos, sea fish, 
black corbina, criollas, sargos, brotola, borriqueta, whiting, crab, 
sea-wrack, etc. Deep-sea fishing requires longer voyages, usually 
from four to six days, and results in the catch of the following classes 
of fish: Merluza, castafietas, white braize, sea bass, ruffle, chanchitos, 
cod, quineos, mackerel, rougé, caballitos, canarios, soles, anchoa, 
horse mackerel, shrimp, potas, canadas, cuttlefish, moscardines, 
poulp, mussels, etc. These fish are caught in waters of 200 to 500 
feet in depth, and it is stated that an average catch of a six-day trip 
of one vessel is about 33,000 pounds. 

The firm has an agreement with the Bureau of Fisheries (Instituto 
de Pesca) to furnish it 50 per cent of all the common or small fish and 
20 per cent of the ‘“‘merluza”’ caught. Common fish are quoted at 
5 centésimos per kilogram, or 2.345 cents per pound, and the fine 
or choice fish at 15 centésimos, or 7.03 cents per pound. ‘The bureau 
resells the fish at 7 and 35 centésimos, respectively, or 3.3 cents and 
16.4 cents per pound. It is stated that the prices quoted by this 
company are about 30 per cent lower than the wholesale quotations 
at the fish docks. Fresh fish are also sent to such interior towns as 
Artigas, Rivera, Melo, San Fructuoso, Trinidad, Durazno, Mercedes, 


and Minas. ; 
[By William Dawson, consul at Montevideo, March 18, 1919.] 


The Uruguayan Institute of Fisheries recently inaugurated a cold- 
storage and ice plant situated in one of the Montevideo port deposits. 
The plant is equipped with a Sulzer (Swiss) refrigerating outfit that 
can turn out 10,000 kilos (22,046 pounds) of ice in 24 hours. The 
initial cost of the machinery was about $30,000, while about $17,000 
and $7,000 were spent on installation and plant, respectively. The 
capacity of the cold storage chambers is 600 cubic meters (21,188.7 
cubic feet). A temperature of —20° C. has been obtained in the 
course of experiments. The primary object of the new plant is to 
furnish the ice and cold-storage facilities required by the institute 
for preserving and shipping fish for consumption at interior points. 


ARGENTINA. 


BUENOS AIRES. 
[By W. Henry Robertson, consul general, October 19, 1921.] 


According to information furnished by La Pescadora Argentina, 
one of the leading local fishing companies, the principal fishery 
products obtained in Argentina are fresh fish for domestic con- 
sumption, coming chiefly from the ports of Bahia Blanca, Mar del 
Plata, Necochea, and Montevideo, in the Republic of Uruguay, con- 
sisting of the following species: Corvina, pescadilla, pargo, anchovies 
sea bream, bonito, Limon, sole, conger eel, royal conger eel, raya, palo- 
meta, hake, squid, shrimp, and prawn. Fresh-water fish an La 
Plata River and its tributaries include pejerrey, shad, zurubi, pati, 
pacu, and other varieties of minor importance; from inland waters, 
pejerry; and from Rio Negro River, trout. 


12 U. §. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


According to the Argentine National Bureau of Fisheries in Buenos 
Aires, from which most of the information in the report has been 
obtained, with the exception of the question of foreign imports of 
fish, the city of Buenos Aires consumes by far the greater portion of 
the fresh fish domestically produced or imported, and the most com- 
mon varieties in the oie pe of Buenos Aires are the following: 
Marine fish—brotula, conger eel, corvina, lisa, pescadilla, and raya; 
shell fish—mejillon, prawn, and shrimp; river fish—bagre, dorado, 
pati, pejerrey, and shad. 


Selling prices of fish in Buenos Aires during 1920, according to species. 


United United 
Argentine} States Argentine} States 
paper | currency paper | currency 
per kilo. per per kilo. per 
pound. pound. 
Marine fish: River and lake fish: 
ake $2. 20 $0. 42 Pejerrey grande $1.38 $0.27 
1.30 +20 OULGEE RARE eee} as 1.00 19 
1, 22 23 Pejerrey tipo filet... - -95 -18 
1°18 APs Gln eSocp sa eee es 81 -16 
1.03 -20 Pejerrey chico. .......--.- -75 -14 
97 19 Dorad0-- peek. cns ee feo -70 -13 
. 89 -17 Surubil, (7. SINS Ye . 69 .13 
65 12 Pau bs s.é dagen es. .60 py | 
-62 -1l 12: A Viger Resear ch ee mt sy li I 58 a 
- 56 10 River sardine...........-- 45 - 08 
- 56 -10 yee Se eee 43 - 08 
-47 . 08 Mandufia 43 - 08 
Tararira 42 - 08 
5.12 .99 Mojarra 20 -05 
2.43 47 Small shad 21 - 04 
Ler Aas ean esas acer ne 1.55 30 Armado Sill - 03 
Brazilian oyster....-..--- 37 -07 BSBtiin esis cde ees games eeae= 13 - 02 
Shrimp css aes ae neriene -39 - 06 
Mejillon grande (a kind 
Of COCKIO) oo. - scene .35 . 06 
Mejillon chico (same as 
SDONG) pecne ope nieb pe ene 28 05 


The following statistics will show the greater part of the production 
of the national fishing industry during the ear 1920, only. the waters 
within the jurisdiction of the province of Buenos Aires having been 
taken into consideration, since it is in these that the exploitation of 
fish has its chief importance. 


Fresh water: Kilograms 
Parama (Rivertilos te see adoo. TO. see 548, 101 
WEY AINOD sb otenuek eles = 2b oe sent ke ai as bae <0 8 See 35, 000 
Extuary-of the Plata: cct..<.... =: AEP YEOSEE = 22222 222 eee 2, 874, 592 
Tmnland hwatelsice see oie pis 2 ws slat Unio Beieeeeins SN Be- See ee 2, 298, 830 

ath eee ene sw cee sees: Dae Ses ek da ee eee 5, 756, 523 

Maritime: 

Buenos Aires zone— 
Mari del Platag:vea a. 0.1.9.0. DOORS. S200 OM Oe 10, 279, 370 
Baliia Blaneds . scl: - - aesermpet -uitidd ee}. - fecal. TE aos- 1, 891, 685 
BiG. wees sents eck -chnae ere meadeeeaise: The ere 2, 200, 000 
CUCU. < vie s 2k oe segt ee oie eee Ee ne SE ae 400, 000 
Mite, Miahhis ch GOB CE ON ee i ae See gab oh cat Miata nia aah S8'G «= ore 30, 000 
Patagonian zone— 
Port, San Antoniol! bnceedr . afieeye d-eRGl Gee SEO Lt 100, 000 
Gulto Niévosnchc- cB sacar - Us Acmaasyeeay oe eremblatiesters-b - 4 2sfe 1, 000, 000 
PORE Santa, CUta cn. s.c 2 Nege cece cites St EERIE eof. ool Susie 150, 000 
Port Deseadoyys Mei hal A eee eee es tsp Mer 125, 000 
PortiGallegos: tic ..V ere tag ADI Oe BRREB AINE. Sid. epee 125, 000 
Port, San J tlian..'| . < 2scey dceeerd POP EEE =O -eeiioite 4 Ladd 100, 000 
Total sons iel6 os. See Ree ae cee 16, 401, 055 


— 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN MEXICO, ETC. 


73 


Summary of producti-n of national fishing industry, Province of Buenos Aires juris- 
diction, 1920. 


Fresh-water production. ct Na Mies dr. 2a alain 
Maptimo production ys 55:22 Elis fs ke eye SIR eT FSS SCE 


GrauGOndT tees sees Se IA A ee eet 


Kilograms. 


Pounds. 


Per cent 
of relative 
production. 


5, 756, 523 
16, 401, 055 


22, 152, 578 


12, 690, 830 


36, 157, 765 


48, 848, 595 


26 
74 


100 


Entries of fresh fish and shellfish into Buenos Aires (1920) and origin thereof. 


Month. Maritime. Lkae. River. Foreign Shellfish. Total. 
Pounds Pounds. Pounds. Pounds Pounds. Pounds. 

IOI hia Seen eae Sere 1,317, 404 186, 692 290, 340) |.22 At). 158, 774 1, 893, 210 
Mebrnnyee 25. 2... Teter: 1, 485, 484 219, 758 LEO OLE oe eer et 89, 727 2,020, 491 
Mate Aeepers cety. 2 8c rt ey: 1, 306, 426 328, 515 340, 890 |........2--- 63,261 | 2,039, 092 
CDTi eee nie. tte et TS 1, 666, 698 339, 570 SRO 820) (ote eke 89,078 | 2, 465, 166 
May. Soba. fee 3a St 1, 601, 688 326, 128 441, 980 66, 880 59, 675 2, 496, 351 
imc Seen Rp 1, 209, 648 290, 770 425, 040 276, 463 35,684 | 2, 237, 605 
Tulys SU PN 868, 912 273, 944 489, 720 403, 700 56,243 | 2,092, 519 
AN onstiaeere hd pices. a5 ol 1, 176, 384 311, 520 441, 408 326, 205 156,596 | 2,412, 113 
Septenioer: sss oe ee 1, 082, 576 15, 400 619, 300 390, 236 147, 059 2, 254, 571 
Octonersigai i be SEE ieplip ie co) EPR ge ie 519, 464 369, 248 72,222] 2,263, 422 
Nawpmiber saa os Be | OTe 7, ae 39, 204 282, 062 197,175 | 2, 246, 057 
December!2)5.0 2.1/2 1, 727, 792 268, 488 273, 900 179, 366 131,450 | 2,580, 996 

Migralee fess toe 16,473,116 | 2,560,785 | 4,416,588 | 2,294,160] 1,256,944 | 27,001,593 


The consumption of fresh fish in the city of Buenos Aires, a city of 
about 1,700,000 inhabitants, amounts to a daily average of about 18 
grams (0.71 ounce) per capita. An average of 65 cents, Argentine 
paper, per kilogram (12 cents United States currency per pound) was 
obtained for all kinds of sea fish, and an average of $1.30, Argentine 

aper, per kilogram (25 cent United States currency per pound), 
or all kinds of shellfish. The average price for all kinds of ca nett 
river fish reached 55 cents, Argentine paper, per kilogram (10 cents 
United States currency per pound), while the product of the lake 
fisheries, chiefly pejerrey, sold at an average of $1.02, Argentine 
paper, per kilogram (19 cents United States currency per pound). 

In spite of the best efforts and intentions toward this end, the 
interior markets of the Republic are deprived of the supplies of fresh 
fish, chiefly on account of the lack of refrigerating facilities and com- 
mercial organization in connection with the fishing industry. During 
1920, 1,692,085 kilograms (3,729,355 pounds) of fish were sent from 
Buenos Aires, Rosario, La Plata, and Bahia Blanca to several towns 
of the interior. The Cordoba market, which is the most important 
inland city of the Republic, has had a monthly consumption of 
7,890 kilograms (17,389 pounds) of fresh fish during the year 1920, 
while in the inland city of Tucuman the consumption of fresh fish 
reached an average of 27,000 kilograms (59,508 pounds) per month, 
only 30 per cent of the fish consumed belonging to the river fisheries. 
About 1,042,800 kilograms (2,298,330 pounds), with an approximate 
value of $484,920, Argentine paper ($205, 897 United States currency), 
were imported in 1920 from Montevideo and Brazil. 

The methods employed in fishing in this Republic in either the sea, 
the rivers, or the lakes are extremely primitive. One company for- 


714 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


merly had 11 trawlers but sold them to Russia at the beginning of the 
European war. 

In spite of countless difficulties the first estimate of the potential 
fishing capacity of this nation was made in 1920. Of course, the 
maritime zone of the Province of Buenos Aires is the one occupying 
the largest place in the fishing industry, there being 784 men engaged 
in fishing therein, besides an additional number of 150 men who take 
charge of the land work connected with fishing. Although these 
numbers are not very small, only 15 per cent of the men engaged are 
of Argentine nationality and 74 per cent carry on their activities in 
the zone around Mar del Plata. tt has been estimated that the capital 
invested in the whole of the maritime zone of Buenos Aires amounts 
to $885,655, Argentine paper ($386,049 United States currency). 
Of this amount 83 per cent corresponds to the value of the craft em- 
ployed, 136 of which are motor vessels, with a total capacity of 1,006 
metric tons. There are 82 sailing vesscls, with a total capacity of 
279 metric tons. ‘The smaller craft number 161 vessels. — 

The means employed in the Patagonian zone are not as important 
as the above. There are only 58 fishermen, 20 per cent of whom are of 
Argentine nationality. There are also employed in land work 25 
people in the preserve factories and other works. The capital invested 
in this large zone is very small, amounting to $142,445, Argentine 
paper ($59,547 United States currency). Of this amount 18 per cent 
corresponds to the value of the craft employed, 3 of which are motor 
vessels, with a total capacity of 17 tons. There are 11 sailing vessels, 
with a total capacity of 19 metric tons, the smaller craft numberin 
10 minor vessels. Thus the national maritime fisheries have a tota 
investment of $1,028,100, Argentine paper ($445,596 United States 
currency). 

Regarding the river fisheries, which have not as yet a very great 
importance, it has been estimated that in the zone of the Rio de la 
Plata there are 147 people engaged in fishing, 20 of these being en- 
gaged in operations on land. owever, the proportion of Argentine 
citizens is greater than in the maritime zone, as only 20 per cent of 
the total number of persons engaged are aliens. It must be specially 
borne in mind that the total capital vested in this zone amounts 
to $82,638 Argentine paper. Of this amount 27 per cent corresponds 
to the value of the craft employed, 8 of which are motor vessels, 
with a total capacity of 15 metric tons. There are 8 sailing vessels, 
with a total capacity of 15 metric tons. The smaller craft number 
38 minor vessels. 

There are 777 fishermen on the Parana River, only 4 of whom 
are permanently engaged in land work, 15 per cent of this total being 
Argentine citizens. The capital invested in this zone amounts to 
$144,006 Argentine paper. Of this amount, 41 per cent corresponds 
to the value of the craft employed, 242 of ma iite are sailing vessels, 
with a total capacity of 280 metric tons. There are seven motor 
vessels, with a total capacity of 28 metric tons. The smaller craft 
number 77 minor vessels, 

There are 56 fishermen in the Uruguay River zone, 6 of whom are 
engaged in permanent land work, 66 per cent of the total being Ar- 
gentine citizens. The capital invested amounts to only $20,541 
Argentine paper. Of this amount 62 per cent corresponds to the value 
of the craft employed, three of which are motor vessels, with a total 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN MEXICO, ETC. 75 


capacity of 9 metric tons. There are 6 sailing vessels, with a total 
Sine of 10 metric tons. The smaller craft number 32 minor ves- 
sels. 


The river fisheries are represented by a total investment of $247,430 
Argentine paper, and $1,028,100 Argentine paper has been invested 
in the maritime zone. There are about 60 men engaged in the lake 
fisheries, and the capital invested amounts to $60,000 Argentine 
paper. It is therefore evident that the fishing industry, in spite of 
the development so far attained, is carried on within a very limited 
sphere of action and with very primitive means, especially im the 
exploitation of the river zones. 

he Argentine industries derived from fishing and sea game have 
not as yet been properly developed, in spite of the effort of some small 
industrials. The preservation of fish has not succeeded, notwith- 
standing the fact that the people of Argentina pay every year several 
million pesos for the preserved products of foreign manufacturers. 
There is at present a fish factory in Mar del Plata, which shows signs 
of actual progress on account of the great variety of local fish. This 
factory specializes in the preservation of fish in tin cans, both in oil 
and tomato sauce. It also produces some pickled fish. The follow- 
ing varieties are commonly employed at this factory: Pescadilla 
corvina (a kind of conger or sea eel) and anchovies (blue fish). At 
Puerto Madryn (Chubut) there are three small fish factories in oper- 
ation. Their main products have been oil-preserved and _ pickled 
pejerrey and also filets of anchovies. This last variety has also been 
pickled and prepared in paste to a great extent and has had a great 
demand in the local markets. 

At Ajo (Province of Buenos Aires) all the fishery output is turned 
into manufactured products. They prepare at this place a dried 
fish, using mainly a fish known as corvina. However, the methods 
employed in the preparation of this product are quite primitive. 
There are in Argentina five small factories manufacturing fish oil 
and fish-scrap fertilizers, chiefly from shad. 

Regarding the sea game, in 1920 a total of 9,799 seals were kulled, 
which rendered a good production of oil and furs. The oil output 
amounted to 1,460 hectoliters (38,568 gallons). Seals are found in 
the following places: Punta Buenos Aires, Punta Norte, Punta 
Ninfas and Isla Escondida, along the coast of the Territory of Chubut, 
and in the Playa del Fondo, in the Territory of Santa Cruz. Whales 
are killed in waters near Argentina, not under its control. The out- 
put of whale oil amounted to 27,000 barrels. The limited production 
of scrap and bones has not been taken into consideration. A small 
Norwegian fleet, although it never called at the national ports, also 
during 1920 captured in the southern seas 1,200 whales, which 
yielded 50,000 barrels of oil. 

The compilation of official statistics was undertaken only a very 
short time ago. About 15 years ago the Argentine Government 
undertook to introduce fish culture, but operations have always been 
within a limited sphere of action and with elements inadequate to 
develop this kind of work to its highest degree. The starting point 
in this branch of activities may be found im the efficient cooperation 
of the Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C., which furnished the 
eggs of some varieties of salmou, these varieties having been tested 
in the different appropriate regions of the Republic. Toward this end 


76 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


there are maintained at present three unpretentious stations for pro- 
pagation. The first is located on the shores of Lake Nahuel Haupi 
(Territory of Rio Negro) and specializes in the breeding of small river 
trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). ot less than half a million specimens 
of this variety are distributed every year in the appropriate waters 
along the Andes, in the Territories of Rape Rio Negro, and Chu- 
but. There are many streams in these Territories where this species 
has been successfully introduced. The second station is located at 
the foot of the Sierra de Aconquija, in the Province of Tucuman, and 
is especially devoted to the propagation of the rainbow trout (Salmo 
irideus). Bo far the adaptability of this species has been evidenced 
in numerous streams in the Provinces of Jujuy, Salta, Tucuman, 
Cordoba, Mendoza, and Buenos Aires. It has also been introduced 
mul some success in the Santa Cruz River, in the Territory of Santa 
TUZ. 

While foreign species are being cultivated without interruption, 
the fresh-water pejerrey (Atherinichthys bonariensis) is also being 
distributed in the inland waters, a breeding station for this purpose 
having been provisionally established at Olavarria, Province of Buenos 
Aires. No doubt this is the species having the greatest economic 
value and the one that prevails in the lake waters. Pisciculture is 
thus carried on by the Federal Government in the inland waters 
only. With the above exceptions, neither the Federal nor the Pro- 
vincial Governments of Argentina are doing anything whatever to 
promote the fishing industry. No products of the Argentine fisheries 
of any class are exported nor are any foreign imported products re- 
exported to any material extent, although Paraguay might consti- 
tute a trifling Peceplipy in this respect. The only imports of fish 
into this country of importance are codfish cut and whole, canned 
fish, pickled fish, and sardines. Under the term ‘‘canned fish’’ are 
included salmon. 

During the five-year period, 1910 to 1914, there were brought in 
1,797,691 kilograms (3,954,920 pounds) of cut codfish, of a tariff 
valuation of $359,538. Of this 1,385,859 kilograms (3,048,890 
pounds) came from Norway and 371,213 kilograms (816,669 pounds) 
came from Germany. During the year 1915 Norway furnished 
168,000 kilos (369,600 pounds) out of a total of 181,356 (898,983 

ounds). In 1916 Norway furnished 81,149 kilos (178,528 pounds), 
wie States 26,063 kilos (57,339 pounds), and Brazil 12,000 kilos 
(26,400 pounds) out of a total of 133,000 kilos (292,600 pounds). 
In 1917 \ ee furnished 27,536 kilos (60,579 pounds), United States 
17,127 kilos (37,679 pounds), and the United Kingdom 5,862 kilos 
(12,896 pounds) out of total imports of 62,329 kilos (137,124 pounds). 
The imports of cut codfish in 1918 and 1919, respectively, amounted 
to 7,128 (15,682 pounds) and 15,491 kilos (34,080 pounds), it being 
impossible to give them by countries for those years, and the statis- 
tics of 1920 have not as yet appeared. 

During the five-year PEEOG: 1910 to 1914, there were imported into 
Argentina 21,949,390 kilograms (48,288,658 pounds) of codfish, whole, 
of a tariff valuation of $3,072,914. Of this supply N orway furnished 
14,389,569 (31,657,051 pounds), the United Kingdom 4,722,009 
(10,388,420 pounds), and Germany 2,387,519 (5,252,542 ounds) 
kilograms, 14 other countries furnishing the small remainder. In 
1915, 3,788,563 kilos (8,334,839 pounds) were imported in all, of which 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN MEXICO, ETC. “77 


Norway furnished 3,443,747 kilos (7,576,243 pounds). In 1915 
Norway furnished 1,755,941 (3,863,070 pounds) out of a total of 
2,035,448 (4,477,986 pounds) kilos. In 1917 Norway furnished 
1,051,121 (2,312,466 pounds), the United States 447,079 (983,574 
pounds), and the United Kingdom 355,331 (781,728 pounds) kilos 
out of a total of 1,872,347 kilograms (4,119,163 pounds). In 1918 
and 1919, 615,627 (1,354,379 pounds) and 1,507,439 kilograms 
(3,316,366 pounds) of whole codfish were imported, respectively. 

Canned fish.—During the five-year period, 1910 to 1914, 7,220,617 
kilograms (15,885,357 pounds) of canned fish were imported into 
this country, with a tariff valuation of $2,527,214. Of these imports 
Italy furnished 2,007,335 kilos (4,416,137 pounds), Spain 1,866,392 
kilos (4,106,062 pounds), the United States 1,096,230 kilos (2,411,706 

ounds), the United Kingdom 919,676 kilos (2,023,287 pounds), 
sian 766,470 kilos (1,686,234 pounds), and Canada 259,292 kilos 
(570,442 pounds), 15 other countries furnishing the small remainder. 

The following were the imports of canned fish by countries during 
the three years, 1915 to 1917: 


Country of origin. 1915 1916 1917 Country of origin. 1915 1916 1917 


Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. 
Spgin sch sas. bee 408, 628 7438 441,179 || France............- 43, 815 46, 990 28, 974 
United States....-.. 292,358 | 308, 216 292,992 |} Other countries....} 28, 701 37, 684 23, 954 
Talyefieeusev ttl: 473,774 | 486,812] 119,724 


United Kingdom...| 284,115 | 331, 954 50, 250 a ec 1,531,391 {1,756,094 | 957,073 


In 1918 and 1919, respectively, there were imported 674,258 and 
658,879 kilos (1,483,368 and 1,449,534 pounds) of canned fish from all 
countries. 

Pickled or pressed fish.—During the five-year period, 1910 to 1914, 
there were imported into this country 6,640,812 kilograms (14,609,786 
pounds) of pickled or pressed fish, with a customs valuation of 
$996,122. Of this quantity Spain furnished 3,894,313 kilos (8,567,489 
 earit Holland 979,341 kilos (2,154,550 pounds), Italy 932,514 

ilos (2,051,531 pounds), France 106,173 kilos (233,581 pounds), 
United Kingdom 75,454 kilos (165,999 pounds), Portugal 67,837 
kilos (149,241 pounds), and United States 8,472 kilos (18,638 pounds). 

During the next three years the imports were as follows: 


Country of origin. 1915 1916 1917 Country of origin. 1915 1916 1917 
\ Pounds. | Pounds.| Pounds. Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. 
Spain 1, 888, 924 |1, 534, 889 | 1,871, 540 || United States...... 29, 304 7, 561 35, 594 
tally =soxqrepee /5 fd. 216,931 | 191, 068 81, 754 || Other countries....| 64,275 40, 282 121, 053 
United Kingdom...| 13,187] 116, 635 37, 356 


Holland........... 436,498 | 109,721} 273,957 Total........ 2, 649, 119 |2, 000, 156 | 2, 421, 254 


During the years 1918 and 1919, respectively, there were imported 
into this country 833,411 and 1,188,494 kilos (1,833,504 and 2,614,687 
pounds) of pickled or pressed fish. , 

_ Sardines.—During the period 1910 to 1914 there were imported 
into this country 20,064,581 kilos (44,142,078 pounds) of sardines, 
with a tariff valuation of $5,018,143. Of these imports Spain fur- 
nished 14,189,046 kilos (31,215,901 pounds), Norway 2,683,783 kilos 


78 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


(5,904,323 pounds), Portugal 1,263,284 kilos (2,779,225 pounds), 
France 862,465 kilos (1,897,423 pounds), United Kingdom 372,727 
kilos (819,999 pounds), Italy 209,041 kilos (459,890 pounds), and the 
United States 77,951 kilos (171,492 pounds). 

During the next three years the imports were as follows: 


Countries of origin. 1915 1916 1917 Countries of origin. 1915 1916 1917 


Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. 
Cha Ree ee Be 3,178; 595 |5} 821, 759 |'3)359,'257 || Ttaly...2 2. .-.--...- 262, 339 92, 261 948 
Portugal.........-- 117,269 | 293/735 | ° 130,801 || United Kingdom...| 64,643 | 150,891 | 191,888 
United States...... 150, 271 268, 488 261, 094 || Other countries.... 15, 008 6, 701 143 
Norway.........---|1, 624,874 | 176,189 10, 296 Pies LL ES ERGNSE MD 6 os 
Brsnied. 1c. on ozs 291,568} 142,494] 140,540 Total fh 5, 704, 567 |6, 952,518 | 4,094, 967 


During 1918 and 1919, respectively, there were imported 1,418,641 
and 2,458,253 kilograms (3,121,010 and 5,408,157 pounds) of sardines. 

The standards imposed on imported canned salmon by the Na- 
tional Department of Health make it very difficult to work up a sub- 
stantial trade for the American article in this market. The high 
import duties, surtaxes, andothercharges are also detrimental. These 
obstacles apply, of course, to canned salmon from other countries as 
well, but they operate more unfavorably against our own salmon, 
because Americans are more apt to become discouraged in the face 
of such impediments and to give up the market than Europeans. 

It will have been seen from the foregoing statistics of this report 
that the preferred products such as sardines, canned salmon, dried 
codfish, etc., come from European countries, and it is considered that 
the reasons for such preferment are chiefly the following: 

(a2) European brands have been advertised and introduced here, 
and are much better known than the American, because Europe 
made a bid for the Argentine market long before the United States 
did so. 

(b) European prices before the war were uniformly lower than those 
of the United States, because of the lower producing costs, chiefly in 
the form of lower wages in the industries. 

(c) Freight rates from Europe have always been lower than those 
from the ae States, with the additional advantage to European 
producers of the ability to take back return cargoes of cereals and 
other Argentine products that the United States did not need. 

(d) European selling terms, credits, etc., have always been more 
favorable to purchasers than the American because of the keen 
competition between the various European countries. 

(e) The large Spanish, Italian, French, and English colonies in 
Argentina are accustomed to consume the products of their respective 
countries, while the American colony here is comparatively unimpor- 
tant in numbers. 

(f) It is only within the last six or seven years that special atten- 
tion has been devoted here by one or two American importers to the 
canned products of our Pacific coast, but it is believed that this trade 
must necessarily increase in view of the comparatively recent creation 
of a direct steamship line from Washington, Oregon, and California 
down the west coast to Latin America, through the Straits of Magel- 
lan, up the east coast, and through the Panama Canal on the return 
trip to those States. There is at present at least a monthly freight 


a 


— 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN MEXICO, ETC. 79 


service of this character, and it is believed that more frequent steam- 
ers will be used later on. 

(g) As arule Argentina, a great cattle-raising country, has produced 
beef and mutton so cheaply as to decrease the consumption of either 
domestic or foreign fish to a considerable extent, especially in the 
interior of this Republic, to which freight rates from the seaboard are 
so high. 

(h) “The quality of the corresponding European products has 
generally been considered superior to that of the American. 

(i) The heavy exchange premium that has ruled now for about 16 
months in favor of the American dollar as against the Argentine 
paper peso makes business of all kinds here in American products 
very difficult and in most cases prohibitive, and has correspondingly, 
of course, favored European competition in almost all lines. 

The possibilities of increasing American imports will be more and 
more expanded as American products are more and more advertised 
and handled here by responsible importers and the various brands 
become better known. There will always be serious competition, 
however, from Europe in the special articles under discussion. 


WEST INDIES. 
CUBA. 


HABANA. 


[By Theodore M. Fisher, vice consul, August 29, 1921.] 


The principal local fishery products in the Habana consular district 
are fresh fish, shrimp, oysters, and lobsters, and a small quantity of 
canned lobsters, squids, oysters, and turtles. The methods employed 
in obtaining these are practically the same as those in use in the 
United States. 

Nearly all fish, shrimp, oysters and lobsters are sold fresh; none are 
dried or cured. It is understood that the methods employed in the 
small canning factory at Batabano are the same as those used by 
American canneries. : 

No fishery products are exported. Statistics of imports for the 
last two available years, by kinds, value, and countries of origin, are 
appended to this report. No imported fish products are reexported. 

Preferential rates of import duty between Cuba and the United 
States, cheaper freight rates, nearness of the island to the United 
States and excellent transportation facilities, including a daily car 
ferry service, give American products a decided advantage over all 
other foreign fishery products. 

American fishery products are not well advertised in Habana. It 
would therefore appear that an extensive advertising campaign 
conducted along the same lines as those in general use in the United 
States would increase the sale of these products. It is believed that 
samples of canned salmon, etc., placed in the retail groceries would 
increase the sale of canned products especially. 

It is stated that the prices of fish products in Cuba are much higher 
than those in the United States and are not justified, even taking into 
consideration excessive transportation charges and rates of duty. 


107940°—22—6 


80 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


Importation of fish products into Cuba, 1918 and 1919. 


1918 1919 
Product and country of origin. 
Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. 
Codfish: Pounds. Pounds. 
UDIted SEStOSE ls. . pce CRE LES «1. Chief efapse ged cere 11, 471, 824 | $1,751,939 | 10,524,319 | $1,751,529 
Chie AUD a aa aaa Boab. Se) Sato dda dsosehe ade 18,815,376 | 2,418, 465 | 18, 197, 822 2, 924, 331 
Great Britain hat a ee 131, 592 29, 442 132, 905 42,219 
INGUWSY A -arad- aes ae Se teste tan ts hide Bn cee 55, 313 9,192 370, 949 64, 754 
UAH Mere cree aris ame soe em atalntee re RE aes aeeter 16, 841 5,077 258, 853 48, 365 
Colombia. ......- - a ecek Pe age. Cet bese: cceee 5, 755 320 10, 995 202 
British, West Indies. <i cscs: hoe noc ge ose eee 3,370 500! |azct we be seer coc oe 
Wansry Islands.’/.4) JS 28. SI9. Rade Sh LEE IM 2, 875 87 18, 114 474 
ENOL EMG BEME Becerra sect 44 499 eee eee re orece 1,690 S00 cae Beas tee ae 
SPOU teva c teas qeeicle se mcasceg ce chee s sm crnicgh seas tsaestenire: Clee wes cee er 2,178 320 
OKO ee oP eRe epee aon epocemoaccendare 30, 504,636 | 4,215,061 | 29,516,135 | 4,832,194 
Herring: 
Wited States ni) tjaca cremrse ss sates see earns ortaas eee 511, 439 41,633 | 1,081, 703 94, 901 
d 340, 744 32,316 322, 973 31, 750 
80, 520 3,214 59, 705 2, 142 
53, 124 3,792 65, 325 8, 512 
9, 530 314 7,627 402 
5, 660 758 16, 154 2,615 
2, 246 210 5,170 453 
1,190 88 .|3.0.62 oe 
803 37 1,622 200 
61 9 3,464 1,878 
lahgh tS Epa ci ech pcm, cpa Ne aes a ee a rego 3,349 282 
1,005, 317 82,371 | 1,567,092 143, 135 
Mackerel: 
UWnitediStatesc. was sah seesbaceeere ceded see emetes 49, 600 4,991 126, 680 12,850 
IDTIdISHVWVEStMIIGIOS ..ccmenicctce sos sac somos asitee aise 48 10" | 2 0.0 0d eee a eee eee 
Canary JIslands:... -- 30 5352M. 22 are eee ihe. | SSRIS AS See beter ee 2,013 72 
Af yeys ii peer ae Oe ie SSE = Se fey eRe ee EB AGS ISO SEAL cael Oise Pe eS 1,394 244 
(0,501 11 beget a eS OSCR EeS, 2s 3; e251 ICES eS: | GERD HesAl fiat. rs scbece 738 90 
Spain’ eee be cet ele clalet a sepe'ste eine sete step ealan palo dae|vaintas -lwetlel 110 6 
TOA So taa as Sasielea -Celisdusen cobc eb geite ne ss uanere 49, 648 5, 001 130, 935 13, 262 
Salmon: 
8, 198 1, 287 
271 25 
16 12 
Total =%. tS Seek hs yee Bes AO a ea ne eee 4,554 489 8, 485 1,324 
_— 
Canned salmon: 
Witited Statess.. os: tot hcce sho secan aaa eee ae 384, 914 43,012 | 1,686,062 177, 363 
"Of SheYs 1 [: See Sep ER ey et EA it arscaiak @ See IS Sy aeieeaeetcl Meee eee 6 311, 377 33, 832 
Total. oie 352 44 bie Ee. Se eee ea Ss 2 cL Ud 384, 914 43,012 | 1,997,439 211,195 
Canned sardines: : 
United States .cei ss 2.LOs7 aes 777. Jk Sen eset 4, 448, 756 604,726 | 6,041, 849 640, 664 
CANAOA. Sear Neh le cn se a te ae tes aelee OE «ccd Se losc dear canal Me Momo eae 316, 122 36, 489 
a Bi PERS. FAS Pah eattee Aded SSS oe EAL 18,379 3, 068 6, 248 1,474 
TANCR. rick «aad: « faeeme dae: scab. te, - couertie melee - -anath ales tate bene 693 429 
Portier asso eae tack Cane acts -b pe acewtnet staleeetceeeace.| see Remora ts 169 89 
BritishiWiestiWmdies 31s SSs Lb 22S Lose ds ete. 103 dy || oye eee. Pact hes - bed eee 
Totals: ei ss ldp CPI Ieee aoe ke to. Sed edt 4, 467, 238 607,799 | 6,365, 081 679, 145 
Other canned fish: 
United States....... abbDerbh EL) SoS REE bEGLRE. S49LS- 2,378, 598 315,433 | 2,571, 565 301, 183 
(Syohc tate he Pea ES SER MASE Rp ec S sda a ae se apc oce 1,328, 219 264,719 | 3,254,915 528, 755 
Canadas). RELA CAA. Re ID take AM Eis tober oc tees Ae ees 179, 859 20, 570 
i 18,154 2,312 
5, 368 , 400 
4, 732 2, 547 
2, 867 546 
779 91 
Hollands ne a iscci es bos < RR EL a reeeeabe ake Gene ee ee leee er eer tus 220 74 
Venezuelas): .s.2et Ai Rt beth: abacenes Setthinct= sda 22 tl Bits sss S8cnsc 445540 
TROGA Sat ol aod cohen te dues be Dag ak basdincte meric | ROI Me ELD 586,533 | 6,038, 459 857,478 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN MEXICO, ETC. 81 


Importation of fish products into Cuba, 1918 and 1919—Continued. 


1918. 1919. 
Product and country of origin. 
Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. 

Oysters: 

RUmited: States../ 288. Pe. ola sec cle ns ERM he neon 1,170 $136 15, 226 $1,631 
Other shell fish: i 

IITEMST ALES eo corte oasane ss cccceeereoetane 508, 583 195,676 | 6,502, 232 138, 851 

LU tTN EY oie ee eee 8 es eager meme aN a RI RR ar fe om oa 10,718 2,478 21,749 5,671 

TIPTERYAL tet Sete ol a ae REE 1,210 444 2,057 906 

Soh iene) Se ee ee ae eee Meer sa 1, 243 SU eset hos ae | ree 

RODEN VES LATIG Stns om oc amis se Save nian eaten wate a emtall ampere eee cl ipercra teks eee 634 30 

Mexico ea Riis.) 3. 2713.4. Ptiee say. eosin 106 BZ UF. . SS Stes A. REESE 

Rota AAA ROO AION oo. edd. 521, 860 198,690 | 6,526,672 145,485 

Fresh fish: 

United Stateset sucht cheodl .Jyetere gel ciel y 1,065, 533 35,053 | 1,315,376 82, 434 


MATANZAS. 


[By C. B. Hosmer, vice consul, August 30, 1921.] 


Only fresh fish are supplied to the local market in this consular 
district by means of local industry. A sufficient amount of very 
ood fresh fish to supply Matanzas and the surrounding territory is 
rought in by local fishermen each day. Only a sufficient supply to 
meet the demand each day is caught, as in this climate fresh fish must 
be used at once, and even with refrigeration it is not desirable as 
food after a short time. The fishermen use small fishing schooners, 
sailboats, and rowboats for their work and are provided with nets, 
lines, and other accouterments necessary to take the fish which 
abound in these waters. No effort is made to cure any of the fish 
brought into this port, and any surplus becomes waste, although this 
seldom occurs. 

No fishery products are exported, as would necessarily be the case 
from the facts already stated, and no such products are reexported, 
except possibly some chance shipment which has been refused by its 
consignee. As in practically all parts of Latin America, cured fish, 
and particularly dried cod, is one of the chief articles of diet in Cuba 
and is therefore a large import in Matanzas as in other Cuban ports. 

I am advised by the customs authorities of this port that there 
has been a very marked change in the proportion of fishery products 
imported into Cuba from foreign countries during the past two years 
and that the latest published statistics—that is, for the fiscal year 
July 1, 1918, to July 1, 1919—would give a very erroneous idea of 
the subject. The collector of customs has therefore very kindly 
compiled the statistics for the first seven months of 1921 for this 
report and informs me that while he is not in a position to furnish 
these statistics for 1920 he can assure me that they are in virtually 
the same proportion, though much larger in volume, than the first 
seven months of this year. 


82 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


Importation of fishery products at Matanzas, Cuba, Jan. 1 to July 31, 1921. 


Dried Dried Sar- Tunny- | Other Dried | Canned 


Country of origin. 


cod. | herring. | dines. fish. fish, shrimp. | shrimp. 
Pounds. | Pounds. Cans. Cans. Cans. Pounds. Cans. 
UOnitediStatpsceencs scat chiste cen 410, 918 7, 634 5, 623 1, 730 1,716 5, 282 2,947 
NOT WAV Esse hese sos'- wn oo ba = ccielce 162, 023 | 2-22 $s o/s su SSeEE| Oo as on cc ecce eee: Oreos oa Een 
Spain soneee eh OR fo ORE Ws ey bean 15 OSM Eek Bboeaue 54,288.12 sce SNE ot 
Mptale eyes a. 2 242k eo: 572, 941 7,634 | 20,716 1,730 | 56,004 5, 282 2,947 


Special attention is invited to the large importations of dried cod 
from Norway, which country now stands second to the United States 
in exporting this commodity to Cuba. Importations from Norway 
are increasing, and the product received is regarded in this market as 
of excellent quality. It should also be noted that the proximity of 
Habana makes it possible for dealers to procure such articles as they 
do not care to purchase in large quantities from wholesale merchants 
in that market. 

All fishery products of the United States, with the exception of 
sardines and other fish preserved in oil, are imported in larger quan- 
tities than from other nations. Until recent years Canada has led 
the United States in the importation of dried cod, but during the past 
two years the United States has taken the lead in imports of this 
article. Whether Canada will again obtain the leadership in the 
market for dried cod, which is an important article of import, will 
doubtless depend on the output of Canadian fisheries and whether an 
effort is made to increase Canadian sales in this market. 

There is a good demand here for such fishery products as are pro- 
duced for export in Spain, France, and Scandinavia, and as a large 
part of the merchants here are of Spanish nationality there is a 
natural tendency for them to purchase Spanish goods whenever the 
price and quality are comparable to those obtainable from the 
United States. Spanish and French sardines find favor in this mar- 
ket. This preference is claimed to be due in some measure to the fish 
used but principally to the superior oil used in the Spanish and 
French products. This reasoning applies to all fishery products 
preserved in oil. 

It is believed that keener competition from Europe and Canada can 
be looked for in this market and that American exporters should 
endeavor to prepare themselves to meet this competition and retain 
the very marked leadership which American fishery products now en- 
joy here if it is possible to do so. Any propaganda or change in the 
preparation of canned fishery products sent to this market that will 
~do away with the belief current here that American products of this 
class are inferior to those from Europe will be helpful. 


ANTILLA. 
[By H. C. von Struve, consul, August 29, 1921.] 


This consular district produces no fishery products of any kind 
anes a small quantity of fresh fish, usually not sufficient to ataey 
supply local needs. No fishery products of any kind are exported or 
reexported. The imports of fishery products into this district as 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN MEXICO, ETC. 83 


shown by the latest statistics published by the Cuban Government 
were as follows: 


Kind. 1918 1919 
Pounds. | Value. Pounds. Value, 
Godt d cc 1) =a $75, 694 | 1,092,648 | $152, 939 
Herring. ......-- Pe 5, 149 123, 182 11, 067 
Mackerel........ 2, 820 67, 426 6, 129 
Salmon... .. 2.292. 88 1, 185 107 
Canned Salmon.....-. a APS a ee 2, 500 271, 872 34, 708 
SITIOS SAU OA SD CSRs ATA APIA OU SUR IA SEES 35, 157 122, 326 14, 576 
Omer fish te org. fb pcrrsa st aye --e44-b - eed ar stat) a 32, ¢ 5, 044 75, 496 10, 516 


No statistics are available showing the countries of origin of the 
above imports into this district, but it is presumed that they come 
from the same countries and in the same proportions as similar 
imports for the entire Republic of Cuba, shown in the following 
table: 


Product and country of origin. 1918 1919 

Codfish: Per cent.| Per cent. 

TOT SSNHP PORE Bee OF Pa ALE new Sens re ame Cem ee raes Set a Se 37 34 

rea tirieer ees eo tee FLAS A Ae Sie ee ee nee ee sec eae nr 63 66 
Herring: 

PROG STATES ec <= a) ae, AAA ae SOO Wek OM ok Baws Ye le SNAG 2 oo 3 50 74 

Canada J. 3021352 54 eee 8 : 34 23 

Various countries 16 3 
Mackerel: United States. _ 1100 1100 
Salmons EniLeG Stateses - 2 spst e449. eas cae ode Tad. ee evo ese iek pe 1100 1100 
Canned salmon: 

Umiteansimares (OLELILT SAO Ie ee Be oa ee TED Oey 1100 184 

CETTE Et a ev RST Oe ee ae ee ae ee hy eee POS eet S wens We ene Qe oe Pe 1 
Sar esen OTHLOU NS EALES ees coke ee soe ee eta ee tee pean ee cee eee eae 1100 1100 
Other fish: 

IRC CROULUCS Eras er gst, ee ae ee he ST es as ple ehh Tee Re 65 44 

ST eee. Secrets Re eos PE LS Se ee AEs Re eee LO SO, 35 56 


1 Practically. 


There is no preference for fishery products of Canada over those 
of the United States, and the only reason assignable for the impor- 
tations from Canada is that possibly the supply in that country was 
more ample, leading to better price offerings. The small imports 
from Spain are due chiefly to the preference of the large number of 
Spanish-born inhabitants of the district for some of the products of 
their native land. 

As the district is believed to be importing as large a quantity of 
fishery products as its buying capacity will warrant, the source of 
supplies will depend on price offerings. Imports from the United 
States have a 25 per cent tariff advantage, and in addition American 
exporters have the advantage of more favorable shipping facilities. 


CIENFUEGOS. 
[By Frank Rohn, consul, November 16, 1921.] 


Practically the only fishing industry in any of the ports of this 
consular district is the catching of fish which are nearly all sold fresh 
in the local markets or peddled from house to house. The principal 
varieties are the red snapper (Pargo), sawfish (Sierra), ruffle (Cherna) 


84 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


resembling the salmon, and the lobster, shrimp, and oyster. Some 
fresh fish are also packed in ice and shipped to interior places, and 
lobster and shrimp are at times likewise sent to Habana. 

There is practically no curing nor canning of fish here, and hence 
no exportation of fishery products. The erican consular agent 
at Caibarien reports that some mullet is salted and cured in that 


district but is subsequently sold in the domestic market. Lobster ~ 


from the island of Turiguano, canned at Batabano, Cuba (Habana 
Province), is, however, sold to a considerable extent here. Various 
imported cured and canned fish varieties are sold in this district, but 
the official statistics indicate that by far the principal part of the 
Cuban importation is via the ports of Habana and Santiago. 

The following table, compiled from official sources, gives the direct 
importation of the principal fish varieties for the last three years at 
the port of Cienfuegos: 


Product imported. 1918 1919 1920 Product imported. | 1918 1919 1920 


Codfish (cases or bales)...| 7,550 | 2,244 6,363 || Herring (cases).........-- 328 ees lat eee sa 
i 20 | 10,252 


Cod and other fish (tubs). 500 170 1, 564 || Sardines (cases)........-- | 4,077 | 5,5: 


Other canned fish varieties are also imported direct into this port, 
but they are classed under the general heading of canned meat and 
fish. Both the white and black nape codfish are imported into this 
district; also in more limited quantities, boneless cod and herring in 
individual tins or packages, as well as tunny, hake, merluse, shrimp, 
and lobster, also in tins. As far as has been ascertained there is no 
reexport of imported fishery products from any of the ports of this 
consular district, and it is understood that any such reexport from 
Cuba is from the port of Habana. 

Dried cod, sardines, canned salmon, and other fishery products 
produced in the United States have in the past also been imported in 
considerable quantities from other countries, and it is understood 
that with the gradual return to normal conditions since the war, such 
importation from other sources of origin is again being revived. 
This preference is again asserting itself articularly in the case of 
Norwegian codfish, which is said to be of better quality and to be 
preferred in all parts of the district to the American product. Span- 
ish and Norwegian sardines are also again establishing themselves in 
this market, both being considered superior in quality to the American 
product. Since the population here is largely Spanish, the sardines 
from Spain are put up more in accordance with popular taste. 

This market for non-American products is bate established in 
spite of the 25 per cent preferential duty to the United States result- 
ing in higher prices for the non-American products and in spite also 
of the fact that in general the American tins are larger. The follow- 
ing table gives a comparison of the present wholesale prices per case 
of varying number of tims of American and non-American fishery 
products: 


a ae, = 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN MEXICO, ETC. 85 


: Whole- - Whole- 
Tins . Tins : 
A 38 f 
Product per case. ee Sa roduct per case. pes ee 
Dried cod: Salmon—Continued. 
JCTORT TENT ee SR See ee ee $9. 50 Mngush@s: j.os5 ae 100 $12. 00 
MOEWEPIAoeoe tte eoee |e eae ccs ee 11.00 || Tunny, hake, and merluse: 
Sardines: an quriean eR AE Sh 60 pa 
4 48 - Pamishe 220s. 055 . 60 5. 
American........-.------- { 100 5.00 || Oysters: American... whe 100 33. 00 
Norwegian..........-..... 100 8.50 || Shrimp: American............ 48 8. 00 
HPARISM ee 100 7.00 || Lobster: 
Salmon: PAMOPICANIE= Stine. <o<ace mee 48 32. 00 
48 7.50 (CUDENE sok ssceekeescestecs 48 15. 00 
ATNOMCA = 28 fon 5.2 hones 4 i 
96 4 
| 9.50 


American firms who desire to establish or increase a market for 
fishery products in this district are advised to communicate, prefer- 
ably in the Spanish language, with the principal wholesale importers 
in this line and the principal commission agents in the provision lines. 
Since many fishery products are imported into this district via 
Habana, which is understood to be a much more important market 
for these products, any general agency or importing house for the 
entire island should, of course, be established at that place. 


SANTIAGO. 
[By Harold D. Clum, consul, January 24, 1922.] 


There are no fisheries in this district, as the term is generally under- 
stood. Fish are not exported nor are they caught 5 ee quantities 
-and cured. The fish caught in the vicinity of Santiago are not suffi- 
cient in quantity to magetiGess demands, and some are shipped in by 
express from Manzanillo. Fish are not plentiful in the market of any 
town in this district, with the exception of Manzanillo, and even there 
fishing is not an industry of considerable importance. The fishing 
is done mostly with lines from small motor boats, sailboats, and row- 
boats, and the principal varieties caught are the red snapper and 
Spanish mackerel. Some seine and trap fishing is done in the ports. 
The fish imported into this district are principally cured cod, herring, 
and mackerel, and salmon and sardines in tins. The following tables 
show the imports of the principal ports of the district in 1918 and 
1919, from statistics published by the Cuban Government. Figures 
for 1921 are not yet available nor are complete figures for 1920 except 
as to imports from the United States. 


1918 1919 
Port. Pounds Pounds 
(gross Value. (gross Value. 
weight). weight). 
Codfish: 

Guantansniomeees manasa sds sete cesclwode 90, 827 $12, 220 448, 899 $67, 250 
UL STIZSiTIT sree oe: Ba ae Se Loe ec eS 381, 801 45, 657 518, 333 67, 380 
Sentinel es eeeee net. yh Ur eRe re Heenan pee ey hppa 9, 870, 694 | 1,236,166} 9,111,781 | 1,359, 702 
TCs Ds Seite a acne MRE Raa at ce ch 10, 343, 322 | 1,294,043 | 10,079,013 | 1, 494, 332 


i 


11920 statistics furnished by the Santiago customhouse show 8,692,859 pounds, gross weight, valued at 
$1,086,978, for Santiago. 


86 


U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


1918 1919 
Port. Pounds Pounds 
(gross Value. (gross Value. 
weight). weight). 
Herring: 
Guantanamo.........---------- Sse aa oe Eee a ane ee 66, 037 $6, 983 57, 209 $6, 211 
Manzanillo. .. 5,128 104 20, 305 1,962 - 
Sanviseon.... 22.2: 247, 490 22, 662 216, 276 26, 440 
MOtAl ooo. .dstssse es tee este eae 318, 655 29, 749 293, 790 34, 613 
Mackerel: 
Guantanamo 13, 665 1, 609 
Manzanillo sjes802 eecetk Jeep eee 1, 333 180 
BAIS On Ge poe a eset cata a ete ee toes 37, 619 4, 364 
AY) FE eS Siete See PEN Genie! Se a Mm LARUE A 52, 617 6, 153 
Salmon, cured: 
GUATARAIN Osea an cp e skies dase hie eae eco ce emcee 2,025 218 805 79 
Santiagors 21 See WT. sas Pe eC. ee 1, 084 116 2,938 319 
Rovadts’ V7 SNE REA SOR GO DE ee). BF Ar Rene 3, 109 334 3, 743 398 
Salmon, tinned: 
Giantambmo.: seh $1). 200954 SUERLECEL 26 CRF. Rf. ERS Ta ee 76, 423 9, 892 
WENA oaks SoG ce 5 SRF ae He egg seg one eae & 9, 698 1,130 44, 053 4,811 
Santiago. ....! SH OGL, VO Vong: By 247, 193 24, 399 723, 255 78, 380 
TROL See. core Mee es ase ae os tea ee es eae eer 256, 891 25, 529 843, 731 93, 083 
Sardines: 
(GA UEDTOY IE TATE a oles Ae en amie ee Sper tl lek Bee 48, 905 6, 867 45, 459 4,994 
Matin! eae te Ske ee oe at RA SRP 134, 299 20, 486 120, 214 13, 254 
PSs CHET ea gM es DS AIR a Soca algadea le 1, 625, 927 219,088 | 1,249,257 | 136, 404 
Motald e143 oy es. (ed atlas. torial 1, 809, 131 246,441 | 1,414,930 | 154, 652 
Other fish, tinned: : 
Manzanill oe. <2 4 4-EbR ee. bee orb ee beg - 53383- 3,461 491 68, 041 9, 306 
ATCA CO nie ne he See CSE ic Sete Ms cae as et crn ae 48, 407 7, 603 171, 509 31, 195 
Totaly ck te cee Nee ee ee a 51, 868 8, 094 239, 550 40, 501 
Shellfish: 4 
CTATTbAN AM Aes as ee. BO Nee Seice Ro eee ee ee Cee Je 547 213) Laat eee ee eta Te =e * 
Santingo /) LAS EO i AL A995 De lEOD. 10 ees 16, 440 5, 082 t 
mbtal 2 HOULDY, Also TOO UT Jp GM 547 273 16, 440 | 5, 082 


Statistics showing countries of origin of imports into this district 
are not available, but the following percentages, taken from pub- 
lished statistics for the island as a whole for 1919, may, with some 
exceptions, be taken as applying to this district. Owing largely 
to the direct steamship service between Halifax, Nova Scotia, and 
this port, more than 95 per cent of the codfish imported here comes 


from Canada. 


United 


United 


Product. States Canada. Spain. Product. States Canada. | Spain. 
1919 Percent. | Per cent. | Per cent. 1919. Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. 
Of’ s helices eee ES 36 (110) HAAS Ae SAT OITCS ise iancainin 94 5 2 
Pl emmine 2520555 262 66 22 61) (Other tisk 2: <...5... 35 2 61 
Mackerel..........- Zeca. c\ ees oe hate heehee Shelfishine Ja... 95 |. 2 usieeaul- aoee Omen 
Salmon (tinned) - - . 84 PU head 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN MEXICO, ETC. 87 


Imports of fish from the United States in 1920 were as follows, 
according to data supplied by the collector of customs of this port: 


Pounds Pounds 
Product. (gross Value. Product. (gross Value. 
weight). weight). 
1920. Salmon (tinned).........--.. 481, 578 $44, 343 
CARTES ee acme ace esate ce 270, 097 $35; 94a SALOUNES c= acess mscqs css 1, 272, 722 130, 673 
Herring 2:2. 40 +. Siete 213, 765 17,380'|) Other fishes s229.04 23220204 189, 377 36, 633 
Mark ene. ¢ 26 2. ep = 52, 658 4,992 
Salmon ( 


dared)... SCL. 405 35 Motale, AVE i lhh 2,480,602 | 268, 002 


There is no reexport of imported fish products. Codfish comes 
here principally from Nova Scotia, in drums of 128 pounds, net 
weight, about 3,000 drums being imported monthly. Very little 
comes from the United States. This fish costs about $10 a drum, 
c.i.f., from Canada. Merchants state that American codfish usually 
costs about $1 a drum more than the Canadian, and they do not 
consider that it is as well cured or seasoned. These considerations, 
together with the convenience of importation by direct steamers of 
the Pickford & Black Line from Halifax, give the market to the 
Canadian codfish. ; 

Normally 500 to 600 5-pound boxes of dried herring (bloaters) 
come into this port each month, principally from New York, but to 
a certain extent from New Brunswick. Importations of this fish 
have fallen off during the past year, owing to the departure of the 
Jamaicans (the chief consumers), on account of hard times and lack 
of employment. A limited amount of salted mackerel is imported 
in 100-pound barrels. This comes chiefly from New York and is 
brought in principally for consumption during Lent. 

The salmon imported here is the grade known to the trade as chum 
salmon. The greater part comes from the United States, though no 
distinction is made as to the quality between American and Canadian 
salmon. What is known as “Alaska” salmon is preferred, some of 
which is shipped from Vancouver as well as from the Pacific coast of 
the United States. No red salmon is brought here. 

Spanish sardines are preferred for quality, but large quantities of 
California sardines, larger and coarser fish than the Spanish sardine, 
are a a because they are cheaper. In this district the greater 
part of the sardines consumed come from the United States, as the 
market demands cheaper grades. French sardines are packed in 
fancy style and are expensive, and for this reason few are imported 
here. A limited amount of assorted fish, such as bonito, merluza, 
tuna, etc.,, comes from Spain. 


ISLE OF PINES. 
NEUVA GERONA. 


[By Charles Forman, consul, September 21, 1921.] 


There are various kinds of fish found in the waters surrounding the 
Isle of Pines, and some are used locally for food but always in a fresh 
condition. No fish are cured here or otherwise prepared for ship- 
ment elsewhere. No fish or fish products are exported. 


88 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


The fish products imported are dry-salted cod and salmon, sar- 
dines, and some oysters and clams in tins. Owing to the fact that the 
imported fish products consumed in this island, especially the codfish, 
are chiefly purchased in Havana, no statistics of imports can be given. 
The codfish are mostly the whole fish, containing the bones, packed 
in 100-pound boxes, and originate in the United States, Norway, and 
Nova Scotia. The American cod is a little the cheapest, the Nor- 
wegian being of a little better quality and higher priced. The canned 
salmon and canned oysters and Lend are American, the sardines 
mostly American, with some from Norway and Spain, which are 
higher priced. There is no reexport of fish products. This island 
has some trade with Grand Cayman, some cattle being imported 
from that island, but it is understood that fish products imported 
into the island mentioned are from Jamaica or the United States. 
The merchants who deal in fish products in the Isle of Pines are gen- 
eral merchants and grocers. 

As the bulk of the fish products consumed here is American, it 
is not believed that much can be done to increase American trade in 
these lines. The population of the island in 1919 was 4,228. About 
60 per cent of the inhabitants are Cuban citizens of the white race, 
mostly poor or in quite moderate circumstances. Of the remaining 
40 per cent about one-half are Americans and the other half negroes 
of various nationalities. The American residents form, on the whole, 
the most prosperous class in the island. Agriculture, transportation, 
and banking are mostly carried on by them. The number of well- 
to-do people is therefore small, and there is not much demand for 
expensive goods. 

HAITI. 


PORT AU PRINCE. 
[By Robert W. Longyear, vice consul, September 23, 1921.] 


The fishing industry, in common with other industries of Haiti, 
is extremely primitive. There are no companies or combinations to 
organize fishing on any scale. If a man has a sailboat and a net, 
he becomes a fisherman; and if he loses one or the other and can not 
replace what he has lost he may become a farmer or a laborer. 
However, since Haiti has a great coast line and since its waters 
abound in fish it has a considerable proportion of its poorer popula- 
tion engaged in the fishing trade. Just what proportion it is im- 
possible to state, for there are no statistics available even for a 
moderately accurate census. 

The principal local fishery products are restricted to the fish 
themselves. No facilities for extracting or sae by-products have 
been developed. There are five kinds of fish that are sold in the 
market fresh, as follows: Letaza, Saad (red snapper), Bousse, La Lune 
(moonfish), and sardine. Lobsters and shrimp are also among the 
fishery products. 

Fishermen use nets and traps to get their products. Both are of 
native quality and workmanship, necessarily primitive and in- 
efficient. The nets are the usual buoyed variety and the traps are 
wicker-work mazes baited with a fish head at the interior. These 
traps are about 4 feet square and 2 feet high and are lowered to the 
bottom in about 12 feet of water, where they are left for an inde- 
terminate period and then hoisted and emptied of all that may be 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN MEXICO, ETC. 89 


found in them. As may be seen, fishing is hardly a skilled occupa- 
tion. 

Fish are always brought to market fresh, and the market folk 
who buy them keep them for a day, more or less, and then clean 
and salt them themselves. This, of course, means that one can 
never have a guaranty of the freshness of a fish. The total fish 
product is consumed locally, there being not even intercommunal 
trade except with inland towns, and no exporting is done. 

Salt cod is the only fish imported in any large quantities. Sardines 
and anchovies are brought in in small quantities from France. 
The value per pound of products imported from France is, roughly, 
eight times that of the United States. 

There is no reexport of imported products. Haiti has no industry 
except agriculture and its dependent works, such as cigarette fac- 
tories and sugar mills. The small amount of sardines and tinned 
fish that is imported is hardly worth analyzing, and the convention 
between France and Haiti does not specifically include sardines in 
the general 33} per cent reduction of duties. The general sale of 
French sardines and anchovies is mostly due to the superior quality 
and better reputation of French products, aided by the paternal 
attitude of France toward Haiti and the natural close feeling aes 
two countries speaking the same language. All this, however, is 
purely relative, for while the French products are sold to a greater 
Lowe than the American the whole amount involved is extremely 
small. 

The balance of trade is so tremendously in favor of the United 
States at present that any increase in fish products coming in must 
either be in a wider consumption of more expensive fish, which is 
practically impossible at present, owing to the extreme depression 
now prevailing in the Republic, or in the creation of markets for 
by-products. This latter field is untouched in Haiti, because there 
are no industries which deal in such, and, so far as one can judge, 
there never will be any great or extensive manufacturing or industrial 
plants on the island while nature’s products grow so well and cheaply. 


CAPE HAITIEN. 
[By Avra M. Warren, consul, September 30, 1921.] 


In this consular district native fishermen catch sea turtles, shrimp, 
lobster, and fresh fish for daily local consumption. The fishing is 
done with small seines, or by fish and lobster pots, or by trolling 
from small sailboats. There is no curing of fish in the consular 
district. 

No fishery products are exported. Salt, dried, and smoked 
herring, mackerel, and cod were imported into Haiti for the year 
September, 1919, to September, 1920, from the United States and 
France, as follows: From the United States, 4,854,339 pounds, 
valued at $639,621; from France, 3,583 pounds, valued at $4,163; 
and from other countries, 80,780 pounds, valued at $3,546. There 
is no reexport of imported fish products. 

The only fish products imported from countries other than the 
United States are mackerel and herring, pickled or prepared in a 
manner exclusive to the country of exportation. As the import 
statistics indicate, the American market has a monopoly of the 
fishery products imported into Haiti. 


90 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. 


PUERTO PLATA. 
[By W. A. Bickers, consul, August 27, 1921.] 


The local fishing industry is confined to a few men with small 
boats who, in part, supply the coast towns with fresh fish. No 
efforts are made to ship fresh fish to the towns in the interior nor to 
dry or cure or asa ap fish in any way nor are there any exports or 
reexports of fishery products. 

The imports of fishery products are very important, as can be 
seen from the following table of imports into the entire Republic 
for the year 1920: 


From From From From 
Articles. United all Articles. United all 
States. | countries. States. | countries. 
1920. Pounds. | Pounds. 1920. Pounds. | Pounds. 
PiGhleg NSH pie cimaee ee 557, 812 565, 996 || Smoked fish................. 1, 790, 226 | 1,795, 163 
Salted or dried fish.......... 4,475,401 | 4,618,478 || Canned or preserved fish....] 1,886,245 | 2,069,951 


The imports of fish in 1920 were about double those of the years 
immediately preceding and will exceed the imports of any year for 
many years to come, but from the above table it is evident that 
American fish products predominate in this market, although it is 
not likely that the small quantities secured from other sources can 
be eliminated, as these quantities represent the individual preference 
of small groups of Europeans resident here. Although quantities 
of imported fish products were much greater than usual in 1920, the 
percentages secured from various countries have shown very small 
changes during the past years, as the United States has always been 
the source of supply for the bulk of the imports of this character. 

The bulk of the imports is composed of the cheaper grades of cod, 
mackerel, and herring. The price of the article is more important 
than the quality except for canned or preserved fish, as the poorer 
classes can not afford to purchase this kind of fishery product. 
Canned or preserved fish of good quality is desired, as the wealthier 
classes here are willing to pay high prices for the brands which meet 
their favor. As the various kinds of fishery products are on sale in 
all parts of the country, it is very doubtful if there is any way to mate- 
rally increase the consumption. 


SANTO DOMINGO. 
[By Geo, A. Makinson, vice consul, September 3, 1921. ] 


The inhabitants of the Dominican Republic, like the residents of all 
other West Indian Islands, are heavy fish eaters, but as the fishing 
industry in this country has not been developed beyond the embryo 
stage it is unable to eee even the needs of the home market, and 
appreciable quantities of dried, smoked, and preserved fish products 
are imported from other countries. 

The Dominican fishing fleet consists of about 50 small sloops and 
dories, manned by from two to four men each, none of which has been 
especially designed for this trade. Gasoline boats are not used. 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN MEXICO, ETC. 9] 


There are no fishing banks or other spots near this island where fish 
are known to be especially plentiful, so that the fleet operates along 
the entire coast. Modern American-made nets are in general use, 
and in addition a limited number of hand lines are employed. None 
of the fishing vessels carry ice for packing fish; consequently they do 
not remain out of the port more than afew hours. The principal fish 
caught in local waters are red snapper, gilt heads or dorado, barracuda, 
perch, shad, and jurel. The three first-mentioned classes retail at 50 
cents a pound; the others, at 30 cents per pound. The daily con- 
sumption of fresh fish in Santo Domingo, the capital and largest city 
of the Republic, does not exceed 150 pounds. No fish are caught in 
any of 88 Dominican rivers. Occasionally small sea crabs are 
offered for sale in the public markets, but neither oysters, clams, nor 
shrimp are obtainable. Fish are neither cured nor exported. 

F ich imports into the Dominican Republic aggregate nearly 
$1,000,000 per annum, and at least 95 per cent of these imports origi- 
nate in the United States. Owing to the absence of highways, which 
renders transportation slow and costly, and also to the fact that very 
few merchants in the interior towns possess ice boxes or other means 
for keeping fresh fish, the residents of these towns rarely ever see Do- 
minican fish and depend entirely upon imported sea foods. 

The following table shows the classes, quantities, and values of fish 
importations into the Dominican Republic during 1919 and 1920: 


Class. 1919 | 1920 
* Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. 
ENCHARCINISIME ED, Saas oe See face eters sf: ete ee cee ete 446, 864 | $34, 562 565, 996 $37, 357 
NIB On SAS Ad acer sae] ware heed res eet meee eee ses eers 262,401 | 325,994] 4,618, 478 432, 896 
SIGE pe ne ere Le AND, SEIN A LTE! Sethe LAE: th 991,705 | 105,011 | 1,795,163 | 160,731 
MGAENIEG ON PTOSUBYOUets: se eurr Alden eRe TL SESE SERRE E tet ose sece ete 171, 213 | 2,069, 951 331, 575 
Hayes hs ate A NS Oe A a ae hl te aS eA 1,700,970 | 636,780 | 9,049, 588 | 962, 559 


Smoked products (bloaters) brought into this country are packed 
in 15-pound wooden boxes and retail at from 3 to 5 cents each, 
according to.size. Haddock is the principal dried or salted fish im- 
ported into this market. It is packed in 120 and 480 pound drums 
and retails at 12 cents per pound. Salmon and tuna constitute the 
great bulk of tinned importations. Ordinary grades sell as low as 
20 cents, while the best quality brings 75 cents per pound. Sardines 
are generally sold in + and 4 pound tins, at from 15 to 60 cents, de- 
pending on quality. There are no reexports of fish products. Ameri- 
can fish products are widely and favorably: known in the Dominican 
Republic, but at the present prices they are beyond the reach of the 
laboring classes. Lower prices would result in greatly increased 
consumption. 

GUADELOUPE. 


[By John S. Calvert, consul, September 24, 1921.] 


Fish are caught for immediate sale and consumption in the waters 
surrounding Guadeloupe. They are never preserved and are not 
dried in commercial quantities. Imported dried fish are consumed. 
Refrigeration is not in use. No fish are found in the small rivers of 
the island. Fish obtainable in Guadeloupe resemble in variety and 
kind those usually found in West Indian waters. The best fishing 


92 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


erounds are located between the main island and the small islands 
“Tos Saintes,” about 10 miles offshore, and the bulk of the fishing is 
done by the natives of those islands, who sell their wares at Basse 
Terre, Pointe-a-Pitre, and the other towns. However, small boats 
put out to make a catch from all the localities on the Caribbean side 
of the island practically every day that the weather is not too bad. 
Weather conditions on the Atlantic side are not favorable to fishing. 
However, the population there is very small. 

Fishing is done both with hooks and lines and with nets, the latter 
being mostly used for catching inferior grades of fish near the shore. 
Bamboo traps are also used. The larger fish, those running from 5 
to 20 pounds, are very good. The industry is not large, and the 
catch is entirely insufficient to furnish any Tarps proportion of the 
diet of the mass of the population of 200,000. There are no exports 
of fishery products. 


Fishery products, chiefly codfish, are one of the large items of the 


imports into Guadeloupe. Codfish is a staple article of food. Official 
statistics of imports by all countries and values are available only for 
the calendar year 1920. They do not indicate quantities, but with 
regard to kind it may be noted that it is all codfish, with the excep- 
tion of about $20,000 worth of preserved fish imported from France. 


The table follows: 
Imports of fishery products in 1920. 


Value er 
: Unite 
Country of origin. Valueis States 

i currency 

at $0.069. 
ANCES = MSeteiae See ss eR EReE Ee at Reese cee santa eee aeae tone cite ata sne = eee 2,574, 502 $177, 640 
IETETICH COLONIES CMPALUINLO HO) ae ta cs te ce tats ela ee ie en oe eee ee 149, 131 10, 290 
THIbeG SHALCS or sean. baeeeawes seen eae a oi bic Seeiatoe male a ae tate ete eee 947, 265 65, 351 
IDTIL SU COLOUIES roe Acesat asta eae amie eae ett Ach ae matadents Face aE eee 1, 678, 584 115, 817 
Totaleg iif sod ek ee ALE) Pee he ee ee he re 5, 349, 482 369, 098 


The imports from France were of St. Pierre and Miquelon codfish, 
imported by way of France. There are, however, statistics available 
with respect to quantities and kinds imported during 1919 and 1920. 
thous the United States is grouped with the British colonies in 
these statistics, a rough calculation for the year 1920 gives 40 per 
cent to the United States and 60 per cent to British colonies. 


Imports in 1919 and 1920. 


—_ 


Product and country of origin. 1919 1920 


Codfish: : Pounds. Pounds. 
Bia rhOy oa fo of pag La dacdd «Sea eaare Scala ARs cn do 381,820] 1, 292, 544 
Allothier COUntTIesS seco. cence come ot amen teen a ee ene sab cine anit annm 1, 956, 098 1, 584, 545 

Pistaliscs sta cshe we sacpeeapen Weeet aan eee che ee semnmitnteh ke AB 2,337,918 | 2,877,089 

Preserved fisht Frances) hI III A PAA FIs SSS oan hs Se RARER ES SSD bh ttt 54, 745 79, 491 


The tremendous increase in the imports of St. Pierre and Miquelon ~ 


codfish brought in by way of France, 1920 over 1919, will be noted. 
Assuming that the United States furnished 40:per cent of ‘“‘all other” 
imports in 1920, or 633,818 pounds, it is found that the American 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN MEXICO, ETC. 93 


proportion has steadily declined since 1916, when imports from the 
United States were 1,531,522 pounds out of a total of 2,687,664 pounds. 
They were 895,478 pounds in 1917 and 720,000 pounds in 1918. It is 
necessary to note that during the war and extending through 1919 
codfish were exempt from duty Before the war there were prac- 
tically no imports of codfish from the United States. 

Regarding preserved fish, statistics show that 54,745 pounds, 
valued at 159,332 francs ($22,761 at year’s average of exchange) 
were imported in 1919, and 79,491 pounds, valued at 282,063 francs 
($19,462 at year’s average of exchange), were imported in 1920. 
Countries of origin are not given for 1919, but official statistics show 
that for 1920 all fish products classed as ‘‘ preserved fish’’—1. e., not 
salted or pickled in brine—came from France. It is highly probable 
that this is correct, and that no American tinned fish products were 
imported in 1920, due perhaps to the fact that the high exchange 
rates would make canned salmon much more costly than the excellent 
fresh fish obtainable locally. 

American canned salmon was imported in limited quantities prior 
to that year, and it is noted that many retail dealers still have stocks 
on hand, which apparently do not move very readily, owing undoubt- 
edly to the fact that it is offered for sale at prices based on the present 
exchange value of the franc, although most probably fia rbot before 
the present severe depreciation of that currency. It 1s noted that none 
of this salmon is the third-grade whitish variety sold in such quantities 
in the Orient and in some tropical countries. It is practically all 
marked ‘‘red” and is of very good quality. Its retail price has 
dropped recently, and it is now sold at 3.50 francs for 1-pound can 
(at present exchange rate 47 cents). The best fresh fish is, however, 
1.50 francs per pound, and the taste for salmon is not cultivated among 
those who could afford to pay the price. 

The different kinds of.fish preserved in cans have not been separated 
in import statistics since 1918. Even then sardines were the only 
item of sufficient importance to be so separated. A table of imports 
of sardines for several years follows: 


we a8 Value in 
nite United 
Year. Pounds. States Year. Pounds. States 
currency. currency. 
MOTO soe ree tai ees ae a eee 12,946 $2) 105) 19bteon-ce-oee a8 GEA CRY 45, 349 $8, 616 
AI Gtegs wi hee Oo. 25,779 OEE NPSIS NAINA oo ook cee 15,770 7, 660 


During these four years the value of sardines imported from the 
United States was $219. Canned tunny-fish are imported from France 
to a limited extent. In 1915 fairly large quantities of herring began 
to be imported from the United States, but these imports have de- 
creased, as the following figures show: 


ve in Value in 

nite J United 

Year. Pounds.| States Year. Pounds. | States 
currency. currency. 


PD) etree Sate eS. se 237, 457 S177 S62 Meret iene eke ce ees eee cen 306, 088 $32, 838 
TOT6 Ey ce <b ross seeps -azdsxy 273, 605 26, 80h i MOlBiaes pick. bb... gad. .tets 141, 966 20, 957 


94 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


Separate statistics for 1919 and 1920 are not available. Salted 
fish prepared on the island of St. Martin are imported into Gaude- 
loupe but not in sufficient quantity to appear in statistics. There 
are no reexports of fishery products. 

The opportunities to considerably extend the sale of American 
fishery products are not good. In the first place Guadeloupe is a 
low-wage country and its purchasing power is not great. In the 
second place, French colonial and French products are given the 
preference. 

Codfish, the staple, is listed on the Guadeloupe special tariff, and 
the reduced custom rate, 10 francs a hundred kilos, is not great. 
However, it appears to have been sufficient during 1920 to have 
greatly increased the imports of St. Pierre and Miquelon codfish over 
American and British colonial competition. 

With regard to canned salmon and sardines, as has been reported, 
there is no cultivation of taste for the first and no large importation 
of the second. Furthermore, French goods are duty free, while 
American goods are subject to the French general tariff. 

Different prices are quoted for the several different kinds of cod- 
fish sold. ae French codfish is graded as large fish and small fish, 
and now sells at wholesale at 2.40 frances ($0.192) and 1.90, franes 
($0.152) per kilo, respectively. British colonies’ codfish seems to be 
of one grade and wholesales at 2 francs ($0.16) per kilo. I can get 
no present quotations on American codfish but am reliably informed 
that the prices range above those for the better grade French. With 
regard to quality, it is reported to be superior to the other codfish. 

Smoked herring are sold at wholesale, packed in wooden boxes 
weighing about 20 pounds and containing about 80 fish. The pres- 
ent quotation is 25 francs ($2) the box for the Canadian product. 
There seem to be no stocks of American herring at present. 

Codfish, as has been stated, is a staple food of the mass of the peo- 
ue and is also generally used by the well-to-do. It is possible that 
ow-grade salmon, if sufficiently cheap, may be sold to a certain 
extent in competition with it. This is also perhaps true with respect 
to cheap grades of sardines. French sardines are now sold here at 
an average of 1.50 frances (about $0.12) per small box containing 8 or 
10 sardines about 3 inches long. The sardines are of very good 
quality. 

MARTINIQUE. 


FORT DE FRANCE. 


[By Maurice P. Genton, vice consul, September 20, 1921.] 


Like all the waters of the West Indies, those surrounding Mar- 
tinique contain a great quantity and variety of fish, comprising 
kingfish, flying fish, garfish, mullet, mackerel, red snapper, grouper, 
sea-pike, sardines, catfish, swordfish, tuna, rays, sea eggs, spiny 
lobsters, crawfish, crabs, etc. The tuna is quite plentiful, and in 
1918 there was talk of setting up a factory to can this fish for export, 
but the proposition never materialized. The fishing industry here is 
not organized, and all the fresh fish marketed is caught by negroes 
who go out to sea in their own rowboats with nets when they feel so 
inclined. As a result the quantity for sale each day is not nearly as 
large as it might be. If fishing were more regularly engaged in for- 


' 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN MEXICO, ETC. 95 


eign fish would have to sell far below the prices at present obtainable, 
provided there were not the marked preference for dried cod which is 
mentioned below. Shellfish, such as clams and oysters, are practi- 
cally unobtainable, and those found .are of a very inferior quality. 
Most of the fishing is done with nets, lines being very little used, 
while spiny lobster, crawfish, crabs, etc., are caught in pots made of 
interwoven strips of bamboo. 

There is no fish curing and no exportation of fish. Importations of 
fishery products include sardines preserved in oil, tomato sauce, etc., 
smoked and pickled herrings, pickled salmon, dried and salted cod, 
haddock, and hake. Sardines are usually imported from France, 
as they pay a lower duty than from foreign countries. Furthermore, 
olive oil, etc., is cheaper there than it is in some of the other 
countries. During the war, however, the bulk of all commodi- 
ties imported into hhubeinichie came from the United States. Smoked 
and pickled herrings are usually received from Canada and the United 
States, and sometimes from Barbados, where several of the large 
Canadian fish curers have agents to whom they ship on consignment. 
There are times when either the Barbados market is overstocked. or 
the Martinique market is short of pickled herring, and in such cases it 
pays to order from the British islands. Pickled salmon is imported 
in but small quantities and is bought more often from Barbados . 
rather than direct from the country of origin. 

_In the case of cod, haddock, and hake, comparatively large quan- 
tities are imported, considering the size of the island and its popula- 
tion of only about 200,000. A large part of these three kinds comes 
from St. Pierre and Miquelon and France, on consignment to two 
firms here that have the agencies of several French curers. This fish 
is the cheapest, pays a low rate of duty, and spares the purchaser the 
risks of exchange fluctuations, since it 1s bought in French currency. 
It can therefore undersell any foreign fish, making it highly attrac- 
tive to buyers. It has, however, the disadvantage of being poorly 
cured, possibly not dried enough, and shipments which arrive in 
first-class condition are in a state of putrefaction shortly thereafter 
because of the total lack of cold-storage plants. Consequently, it is 
a decided risk to the small retailer who may be obliged to keep a cask 
of 448 pounds more than a month before he can dispose of it. This 
permits Canadian and Newfoundland fish to compete successfully, 
even though it always sells between 10 and 20 centimes more per 
kilo, There is at present only one firm which receives cargoes on 
consignment direct from Canada, but considerable quantities of this 
stock are imported from Barbados, which is only one day’s distance 
by schooner from Martinique when the wind is favorable. An ad- 
ee in importing from that place is that shipments can be made 
immediately, thereby reducing to a minimum the risk of market 
fluctuations. 

Practically no cod, haddock, or hake are received from the United 
States and what do come from there have usually been shipped from 
Canada via New York. The American fish has not met with success 
in Martinique, first because the quality supplied by the American 
shipper has been far too superior and consequently too expensive for 
the poor negro laborers, who earn but a few francs per day. The 
average fish from Canada are small fish, 12 to 18 inches long and not 


107940°—22——-7 


96 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


very thick, that have dried rather dark instead of white as the fine 
quality received from the American shipper, but they are dry and 
stand the test of heat and dampness and keep well. This is the 
quality suitable for Martinique. 

Another factor which hampers the American shipper is that he 
never gets an order large enough to load a schooner. The freight 
which the purchaser here is obliged to pay is therefore much higher 
and increases his cost. Exchange is also an important factor. As 
matters now stand the Canadian supplier benefits by approximately 
15 per cent on exchange alone, which gives him a decided advantage 
over his American competitor. 


BARBADOS. 


[By John J. C. Watson, consul, September 21, 1921.] 


The principal local fishery products are flying fish, red snappers, 
and whale oil. The fish are sold fresh, and no canning or pickling is 
done. Whales used to be plentiful in these waters, but only one or 
two are now caught during the course of a year. Fishing is done 
in small boats with hooks and lines. Whales are killed by theuse 
- of darting guns and shoulder guns, fired from boats. Each boat is 
manned by 14 men. No fish are cured locally, and no fishery 
products are exported. 

Fresh, pickled, preserved, salt, and smoked fish are imported into 
this colony. The countries of origin, quantity, and value of each 
kind, according to the latest statistics, are as follows: 


, Product ae eeeiry of Barrels Waltie: Product and country of Barrels ||) Vahie. 
Fresh fish: Preserved fish: 
Trinidad . .LL0si346. Paes. $1, 849 Great Britain: 32260. 20/435 5020202 - $1, 503 
United States: ..--.7.--|---2.----.- 26, 600 CRITE. nets -SBoSsoL Ss Boe gees 8, 759 
Toth cecazaeseeees's- 3]----5-- pees 28, 449 MOGI. sto. cob = bans ve d-|snct-p- Degas 10, 262 

Pickled fish: Salted and smoked fish: Quintals.2 | Value. 
Ganadaes 4.2202. son ese 5, 265 57, 633 Great Britain........... 2, 240 24,527 
Newfoundland...--...- 2,544 27, 855 Chnadh fii... 14, 348 157, 109 
British Guiana. .-.-.... 120 1,519 Newfoundland...-.-.... 54, 911 601, 256 
United States.........-. 664 7, 265 WOTIMUUS. =. secce scape cee 48 525 
SS United States.......... 1,104 5,372 

Morales sae esse n= - 8,593 | 122,721 a 

otal MING. 8: 72, 651 788, 789 


1 The barrel weighs 200 pounds. 2 The quintal weighs 112 pounds. 


A small quantity of the fishery products is reexported to the other 
West Indian Islands. In 1919, the latest year for which statistics 
are available, 37,713 quintals of salt fish and 2,443 barrels of pickled 
fish were reexported. 1. 

Most. of the fishery products used here are imported from British 
countries.. The reasons for this are the preferential duty and the 
hard cure, which keeps better. American fresh fish competes 
successfully with fish from British countries, because fresh fish is free. 
If American manufacturers desire to compete with British manu- 
factures, they should hard. cure their fish and put them up as follows: 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN MEXICO, ETC. 97 


Pickled fish in 200-pound barrels, preserved fish in 1-pound tins, 
salt fish in 112-pound drums, and smoked fish in 12 to 28 pound 


boxes. 
TRINIDAD. 


[By Henry D. Baker, consul, September 5, 1921.] 


The waters about the coast of the islands of Trinidad and Tobago 
are noted for abundance of fish, especially around the Bocas Islands 
in the straits between the northwestern part of Trinidad and the 
Venezuelan mainland and connecting the Caribbean sea with the 
Gulf of Paria. The Island of Chacachacare is the center of the 
local fishing industry around surrounding small islands and banks. 

A well-known local work on ‘‘The Sea Fish of Trinidad,” by 
Harry Vincent, gives a classified list of 85 species of food fishes and 
31 species not used for food. Of the food fishes 15 are ranked as of 
superior quality, 34 of good quality, and 36 of inferior quality. The 
fish of superior quality include the following: 


Trinidad name. Scientificname. Habitat and means of catching. 


Red mouth grunt....-....-..- Heemulide (the grunts)..-. - Rocky Toevtens with cast lines or sinkers, 
also fish pots. 

Pargue (dentchien)........... Lutianus jocu. 2.2. S000 22.8 Rocky bottoms; with cast line or lines 
dormant. 

SOR tere came esas os cadens Aa eNUS ANAS Jo os cacesame = Do. 

Vivanot jolle-bleu..........-.. Mutianus azacy2 seek fe! Deep-sea bottom fishing; rocks or mud. 

ROG PTOUPErs 5... ccc ccn coer e Epinephelus morio...-.....-. ia y boston with line dormant or bot- 

om fishing. 

Tassard or kingfish............ Scomberomorus cavalla. .-.. Rocks or mud; trolling and occasionally in 
seines. 

Carangue gTass€......seeee--- Cargnx erysasy- 232. bj23- -E Et Trolling orinseines; rocky bottoms chiefly. 

Carangue a plume...........-- Nematistrus pectoralis...... Fone and bottom fishing; rare; rocky 

ottoms. - 

Pompano (eT | ngs dq945- bens Trachinotus goodei.........- Castline or harpoon. 

Coolihoo or jackfish.........-. Caranx bartholomei......-.- When small, in seines; large, on hook; 
bottom fishing. 

Codfish opmorue:.....222 22. - Gadus morrhua. .....-.--.-- Trolling and harpoon; very rare. 

Lebranch or mullet..........- Mugil brasiliensis. ......-.-. In mullet nets; will not take hook; mud 
banks and estuaries. 

BAMIGHUE.. Mas ete es 2 Scent ~ seed Mugil trichodon...........-- Mud banks; inseines; seldom by hook. 

Black doctor fish or tang..-..-- Teuthis hepatus..........-. Rocky bottom; fish pots; will not take 
hook; good food. 

WAileronde.iifi0.:.2ec2b. 2... Achirus lineatus.........--. eh aot seine, and rarely hook; sandy 
snores. 


In the vicinity of the Bocas Islands during the months of June, 
July, and August the fishermen frequently catch in their seines 
schools of fish ranging from 10, 000 to 20,000 pounds’ weight, chiefly 
“cavalli” and “paoua,”’ considered of good but not superior class of 
local fish. These can be kept alive for some days in the seine, 
hauling the ends ashore and mooring the back of the bag or purse 
to a boat anchored out. Apparently the Bocas fishing grounds 
would be impracticable for trawling on account of the rocky bottom 
and reefs. Nevertheless, in the Gulf of Paria and in other adjacent 
waters there would seem to be good opportunities for steam trawling 
not now availed of. The local supply of sea food at present is de- 
pendent upon irregular efforts of fatintth dt and not upon any well- 
organized industry with sufficient capital and equipment. ‘The 
kingfish, mackerel, and jackfish of Trinidad might be salted and cured 
to considerable advantage, but this is not done here, although such 
cured fish is produced in Venezuela and sent here. ane 


98 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


The average daily consumption of fresh fish in Port of Spain, the 
leading town of Trinidad, is approximately 5,000 pounds, or about 
1 pound for every 10 persons. Such consumption of fresh fish seems 
very small, considering the plentiful supply as well as excellent 
quality of fish in surrounding waters. In competition, however, 
with beef from Venezuela and salt fish from Canada, the local fresh 
fish is usually higher in price, due to lack of sufficient organization 
and equipment in the industry. At present fresh fish in the Port 
of Spain market sells for 18 cents per pound, while beef from cattle 
brought down the Orinoco River in Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela, 
sells for only 15 cents per pound, and salted cod from Canada for 
14 cents per pound. 

Salt cod from Canada is one of the most staple articles of diet in 
this colony. The imports of fish of all kinds from Canada, but 
including chiefly salt cod, amounted to $688,195 in 1919 as compared 
with $438,369 in 1918 and $472,195 in 1917. The imports of fish 
from the United States include chiefly canned salmon and to a less 
extent canned lobsters, shrimp, oysters, etc. The total value of 
fish imported from the United States in 1919 was $13,185. American 
canned fish is always in better demand in the local market than the 
canned fish of other countries, except that a few specialties, such as 
sardines, are supplied from France, Spain, Portugal, and Norway. 

There is considerable local consumption of a small variety of oys- 
ters, which grow on mangrove trees under tide level along the coast 
of the Gulf of Paria. Shrimp are also plentiful. Large numbers of 
turtles are sold locally. These make an excellent soup, which is one 
of the favorite dishes of the West Indies, and turtle fins and turtle 
cutlets also have an important place in West Indian cooking. 

No fish is exported Horn Trinidad, except such imported fish as 
may be distributed from here to neighboring West Indian Islands or 
to Venezuela. 

CURACAO. 


[By B. S. Rairden, consul, September 5, 1921.] 


In the district of Curacao, with a population of less than 35,000, 
the fishing industry is of little importance, and deep-sea fishing is 
carried on by perhaps 20 fishing boats of from 3 to 5 tons each and 

uite a fleet of small ‘“canoes’’ catching sufficient to meet the local 
emands but not sufficient for export. 

The larger fishing boats, leaving the harbor before daylight, fish 
by lines and nets, the larger fish being caught by lines and the smaller 
in nets. The boats generally return before dark and dispose of their 
catch to fish dealers, who make their purchases from the boats. 
The fish caught are the usual tropical sea fish, such as bass, dolphin, 
mullet, and many for which names are not known and many which 
are considered poor food. The ‘‘canoe”’ fishing is done entirely 
with lines; small fish are generally caught and disposed of in the 
smaller harbors along the coast of |the island. Much of the fish | 
caught is salted and sold locally in the markets after bemg cured. 
It can be said that none of the fish supply is exported, except what 
is sold to the vessels in the harbor. Such fish sold amounts to about 
stat et year for the fresh product and $1,600 per year for the 
salted fish. 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN MEXICO, ETC. 99 


The importation of salt-cured fish into Curacao amounts to about 
$7,000 annually, imported entirely from Venezuela, and business in 
salt codfish, amounting to $3,600 annually, is done almost entirely 
with the United States. So far as known no imported fishery 
products are reexported. 

Statistics of canned goods imported do not specify the different 
kinds of articles under this heading. The total value of canned 
goods imported for the past year amounted to $114,000, $86,000 
worth of which came from the United States. Such goods imported 
from the United States are fish, fruits, and meats, while most of the 
canned goods coming from Europe and Great Britain, mainly from 
Holland, are vegetables. France and Spain, it is reputed, have the 
bulk of the business in sardines. Dried (salt) codfish is imported 
principally from the United States, and the bulk of the food products 
ae are also from the American market. 

t the present time the high rate of exchange prevents an increase 
in American imports, but the importers are favorably inclined 
toward American business, and it is believed in time such business 
will show up well in this colony. Many of the merchants in this 
district have good connections with American firms and are waiting 
a more favorable exchange to renew business in American goods. 
In the meantime | would strongly advise our exporters to send their 
representatives through the West Indies and South American coun- 
tries to endeavor to make further good business connections and 
compete with the slowly increasing German trade. 


JAMAICA. 
KINGSTON. 


[By William W. Heard, vice consul, December 8, 1921.] 


The Island of Jamaica depends almost entirely on outside sources 
for fish and fish products. Slight activity is evidenced in catching fish 
for local consumption, and this effort is so haphazard that a plentiful 
supply of fresh fish in the important coast towns, such as Kingston, 
Port Antonio, and Montego Bay, is a rarity. The fishing around 
Kingston has been carried on in such a ruthless manner that few 
fish, if any, are left in the waters forming the harbor, an area of 
approximately 26 square miles. It is therefore safe to say that there 
is no fishing industry in Jamaica. 

The following table shows the imports of quantities and values of 
the different kinds of fish imported into Jamaica for the half year 
ending June 30, 1921; conversions made at $4 to the pound sterling. 


Product imported. Quantity.) Value. Product imported. Quantity.) Value. 
Alewives---+.--.2--..-- barrels. . 2,158 | $20, 344 || Pickled, not specified. .pounds. . 4,018 $200 
Dried, salted fish..... pounds. .|4, 796, 452 | 484,188 |} Salmon, pickled. ......barrels.. 179 1,100 
Herring, pickled ....... barrels..| 15,410 | 128, 488 |] Salmon, smoked.......pounds. . 26 8 
Herring, smoked...... ounds..| 76,841 9, 528 —_——_ 
Mackerel, pickled...... arrels. . 3,092 | 60,160 Motalcsesaasecasessens we aaledes oaeaee 704, 016 


The greatest demand is for salt fish. This is usually packed in 
tierces containing 450 pounds and consists of three grades—bank 


100 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


fish or prime bank, prime shore, and extra dry fish. The last is the 
best pen . The next in importance is pickled fish. This is 

acked in bey a containing 200 pounds and is of three kinds— 

erring, alewives, and mackerel. The herring range in weight from 
4 to 16 ounces, the mackerel, from 12 to 24 ounces. At least 80 
per cent of all the fish imported into this island comes from Canada, 
and the remainder, about equally divided, comes from the United 
States and Newfoundland. The Canadian fish has been able to hold 
this market, as the product is good, the price right, and the dealers 
have become accustomed to handle certain recognized brands that 
have satisfied their customers. It is considered doubtful whether this 
trade can be turned to any other country, especially in view of the 
fact that the Canadian fish will soon have a preferential of 25 per 
cent over fish from other countries. 


BERMUDAS. 


HAMILTON. 


[By Albert W. Swalm, consul, January 20, 1922.] 


Although the waters surrounding the Bermuda Islands abound in 
fish of many varieties, there is little fishing, and for at least one-half 
of the year it is impossible for residents of the islands to secure fresh 
fish to supply their tables. During the summer months when the 
sea is calm there is a bountiful sup iy of fish, as fishing may be done 
from small boats and great duit bed ot but during the winter season 
small boats can not live in the open sea and there is no fishing. 
The local demand does not justify the expense of larger boats. There 
are no factories nor fish-curing plants, so year after year the residents 
of the islands have fresh fish only during the summer months, while 
during the winter months, when the islands are filled with tourists, 
there are periods of several days when no fish are to be had. 

Fresh salmon, mackerel, and other fish are imported from Canada 
during the winter months, and all preserved and tinned fish are 
imported from England, Canada, and the United States. Records 
kept by the customs’ officials do not give the amount of tinned 
fish, as they come under the general head of ‘‘ tinned goods.’”’ Pre- 
served fish in the following quantities were imported during 1920: 
From England, 587 packages, valued at $7,820; from United States, 
1,283 packages, valued at $14,670; and from Canada, 6,686 packages, 
valued at $64,150. Local grocers state that much of the tinned 
fish comes from the United States, as supplies of this nature are in 
most instances bought from wholesale grocers in New York. 


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FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN MEXICO, ETC. 101 


SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


ARGENTINA. 
LABILLE, F. 
1906. Lapescaen la reptiblica Argentina. Parte primera: produgcidén, consumo, 
transporte y legislacién. [The fisheries of the Argentine Republic. 
Part 1: Production, consumption, transportation, and _legislation.] 
Talleres de la Oficina Meteorologica Argentina, 1906, 212 p. Buenos 
Aires. 
VALeETTE, L. H. 
1921. Apuntes sobre la industria pesquera nacional. [Observations upon the 
Argentine national fishing industry.] Boletin del Ministerio de Agri- 
cultura de la Nacién, July to September, 1921, Vol. 26, No. 3, p. 320-373. 
Buenos Aires. 
Verritt, A. Hyarr. 
1908. Fish of the Caribbean. Tropical America, June, 1908, p. 204, illus. Lon- 


con. 
ZABALA, Dr. JOAQUIN. 
1909. La industria de la pesca en la reptblica Argentina........ Informe. [The 


fishing industry of the Republic of Argentina.] Revista Zootécnica, 
December, 1909, Vol. 1, p. 258. Buenos Aires. 
ANONYMOUS. 

1903. Demand for fishing nets. Board of Trade Journal, March 26, 1903, Vol. 40, 
p. 620. London. 

1913. Industria del pescado en el pais. [Fishing industry in the country.] 
Boletin Industrial, July 8 and 15, 1913, p. 54. Buenos Aires. 

1914. Las riquezas de la costa sur. [The riches of the south coast.] La Nacién, 
April 15, 1914, p. 11. Buenos Aires. 

1914. Las aplicaciones de frio 4. la pesca en la reptiblica Argentina. [The appli- 
cation of cold to fish in the Argentine Republic.] Revista Zootécinica, 
March, 1914, p. 381. Buenos Aires. 

1916. La industria de if pesquerfa. Riquezas Argentinas inexplotadas. [The 
fishing industry. The unexploited resources of Argentina.] La Prensa, 
December 31, 1916, p. 4. Buenos Aires. 


BRAZIL. 
ALVES, CAMARA, ANTONIO. 

1911. Pescas e peizes de Bahid. [Fish and fisheries of Bahia.] 1911, 124 p., 

pls. Typ. Leuzinger, Rio de Janeiro. 
Bevan, THomas H. 

1921. Brazilian market for codfish. Imports into Bahia in 1918-1920, quantities 
and value. Commerce Reports, September 5, 1921, No.1, p.15. Wash- 
ington. 

Costa iso eey 

1916. A industria de pesca. [The fishing industry.] Boletim do Ministerio da 
Agricultura, Industria e Commercio, April-July, 1916, p. 93, 11 pls. 
(1 col.) added. Rio de Janeiro. 

Cotrm, EDUARDO. . 
1918. A industria da pesca no Brasil. [The fishing industry in Brazil.] Boletim 
da Agricultura, January, 1918, p. 72-75. Sao Paulo. 
FRAZER, ROBERT, JR. 

1915. Bahia market for codfish. Commerce Reports, December 31, 1915, No. 306, 

p. 1261. Washington. 
OAKENFULL, J. C. 

1919. Brazil, past, present, and future. vii, 814 p., map, illus. John Bale, 

Sons & Danielson, Ltd., London. 
SEEGER, : 

1905. Fishery industry of northern Brazil. U.S. Consular Reports, May, 1905, 

No. 296, p. 185. Washington. ; 
ANONYMOUS. 

1911. Pesca Nacional. [Suggestions for developing the industry.] Revista 
Maritima Brazileira, Se tember, 1911, p. 385. Rio de Janeiro. 

1917. A industria da pesca. [The fishing in ustry.] Boletim do Ministerio 
da Agricultura, Industria e Commercio, April-July, 1917, p. 93, pls. 
Rio de Janeiro. _ ; 

1918. A industria da pesca e seus derivados. [The fishing industry and its by- 
products.] Jornal do Commercio, January 9, 1918, p.3. Rio de Janeiro. 


102 


U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


ANonymous—Continued. 


1918. 


Approveitamento do Peixo Amazonense. [Utilization of the Amazonian 
fishes. Importation and cost of codfish.] Boletim do Ministerio da 
Agricultura, Industria e Commercio, January-April, 1918, p. 127, 1 pl. 
Rio de Janeiro. 

CHILE. 


CastiLLo, Luis. 


1906. 


1906. 


1907. 


1912. 


El tollo y su aprovechamiento industrial. [The ‘‘tollo” and its industrial 

Pena Imprenta Cervantes, Delicias 1167, 1906, 8 p. Santiago 
e Chile. 

La caza de la ballena en la Isla Santa Maria. [The whale fishery at the 
Island of Santa Maria.] p.1-8. Imprenta Cervantes. San anode Chile. 

La reglamentacién de la caza de ballenas. [The regulation of the whale 
fishery.] Anales agrénomicas, p.1-11. Imprenta Cervantes. Santiago 
de Chile. 

Contribucién al estudio biolédgico de los pescas maritimos comestibles de 
Chile. [Paper on the edible marine fish of Chile.] Boletin de Bosques, 
Pesca y Caza, July, 1912, Vol. 1, No. 1, Imprenta Cervantes, Delicias 
1167. Santiago, Chile. 


Dosss, James M. 


1896. 
1913. 


1913. 


1913. 
1915. 


1916. 
1919. 


1920. 


Pearl fisheries. U.S. Consular Reports, May, 1896, Vol. 51, No. 191, p. 
631. Washington. 

A industria da pesca no Chile. [The fishing industry in Chile.] Boletim 
do Ministerio da Agricultura, January-February, 1913, Vol. 2, page 183. 
Rio de Janeiro. 

El problema pesquero de Chile. [Problem of the fisheries of Chile.] 
Boletin de Bosques, Pesca y Caza, August, 1913, Vol.2, No.2. Imprenta 
Kosmos, Delicias 1805. Santiago, Chile. 

[Article on methods and devices for fishing in fresh water.] Ibid., Sep- 
tember, 1913, Vol. 2, No. 3. 

Treatise on and map of the oyster beds of Chile in the Gulf of Quetalmahue 
at the extreme northern end of the Island of Chiloe. Anales de Zoologia 
Aplicada, June 30, 1915, Year 2, No. 2. Casila 2974. Santiago, Chile. 

El salménen Chile. [The salmonin Chile.] El Mercurio, March 26, 1916, 
p. 5. Valparaiso. 

Fishing industry. Sociedad Nacional de Pesca to foster fishing industry. 
Bulletin of the Pan-American Union, April, 1919, Vol. 48, p. 448. 
Washington. 

La industria de la pesca en Chile. [The fishing industry of Chile.] 
Boletin de la Sociedad de Fomento Fabril, August, 1920, p. 459. San- 
tiago. 


José PrupeEncio B, (?) 


1907. 


Apuntes biolégicos é industriales sobre la introduccién del salmén en 
Chile. [Biological and industrial notes on the introduction of the 
salmon in Chile.] Boletin del Ministerio de Fomento, Vol. 5, No. 12, 
p. 95-110, December, 1907. Lima. 


Keena, Leo J. 


1915. 


Dried fish in Chile. Commerce Reports, June 29, 1915, No. 151, p. 1450. 
Washington. 


LatHam, Cuas. L. 


1913. 


Whaling in southern Chile. Daily Consular and Trade Reports, July 12, 
1918, No. 235, p. 154. Washington. . 


Pomar, Luis. 


1901. 


Account of the fishing industry in Chile. Imprenta Moderna, 1901, 47. 
p. Santiago de Chile. 


Urnise, Luis. 


1901. 


The fishing industry in Chile. The Fisheries of Chile. Imprenta 
Moderna, 1901, 63 p. Santiago de Chile. 


Winstow, ALFRED. A. 


1912. 


Chilean fish industry and trade. Daily Consular and Trade Reports, 
December 11, 1912, No. 291, p. 1311. Washington. 


ANONYMOUS. 


1903. 


1912. 


[General description of the congrio, one of the most important food fish 
of Chile.]| Reprint of p. 154-192 of Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 
seventh year (1903). ca o de Chile. : 

[Article on the fish, such as salmon, salmon trout, and carp, which have 
been introduced into the streams of vill Boletin de osques, pesca 
y Caza, November, 1912, Vol. 1, No. 5. Imprenta Cervantes, Delicias 
1167. Santiago, Chile. 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS.IN MEXICO, ETC. 103 


COLOMBIA. 
Doses, JAMES M. 


1896. Pearl fisheries. U.S. Consular Reports, May, 1896, Vol. 51, No. 191, p. 
632. Washington. 
MANNING, . 
1908. Fishing industry and its possibilities. Bulletin of the Pan-American 
Union, Vol. 26, p. 63, January-June, 1908. Washington. 
ANONYMOUS.. 
1901. Coral and pearl fisheries of Colombia. U.S. Consular Reports, Vol. 66, 
No. 249, p. 168-169, June, 1901. Washington. 


CUBA. 
Poncr, MANUEL. 
1917. Marinerias otofiales. [Shark fishing.] Cuba y America, February, 1917, 
p. 181, illus. Havana. 
ANONYMOUS. 
1918. Reglamento del uso de los artes de arrastre. [Regulations governing the 
use of drag nets.] Gaceta Oficial, January 24, 1918, p. 1164. Havana. 
1921. Ley depesca. [Fishery law.] Jbid., April 26, 1921, p. 7106. 


. GALAPAGOS ISLANDS (ECUADOR). 
CARBO, ESTEBAN. 
1908. Fishing in the Galapagos Islands. Bulletin of the Pan-American Union, 
Vol. 27, p. 881, November, 1908. Washington. 


GUATEMALA. 
MEER, SetH EUGENE. 
1908. The zoology of lakes Amatitlan and Atitlan, Guatemala, with special refer- 
ence to ichthyology. Field Columbian Museum Publication No. 127, 
Zoological series, Vol. vir, No. 6, p. 159-206, illus. (incl. maps). 
ANONYMOUS. 
1914. Lake Atitlan fisheries. Bulletin of the Pan-American Union, Vol. 38, p. 
939, June, 1914. Washington. 


GUIANA. 
AIKEN, JAMES. 
1913. Notes on fishes of New Amsterdam market. Timehri, September, 1913, 
p. 49. Georgetown. 
Ropway, J. 
1913. Some of our food fishes. Timehri, September, 1913, p. 43. Georgetown. 


HONDURAS. . 
HARRIS, GARRARD. 
1914. Canning shellfish in British Honduras. Daily Consular and Trade Reports, 
No. 269, November 16, 1914, p. 764. Washington. 
WILLARD, Cuas. N. 
1918. Fish resources of Honduras. Commerce Reports, No. 77, April 2, 1918, 
p. 27. Washington. 


JAMAICA. 
ANONYMOUS. 
1894. Fisheries. Bulletin of the Pan-American Union, Vol. 1, p. 67, March, 
1894. Washington. 


LOWER CALIFORNIA. 
Burvpett, Wiriu1aM C. 
1920. Fishing industry important. Supplement to Commerce Reports, No. 35a, 
June 21, 1920, p. 6. Washington. 
GENERAO, EstvaDaA. 
1918. El trabajo de los pescadores de perlas en la Baja California. The work of 
the pearl fishermen of Lower California. Boletin de Industria, Com- 
mercio y Trabajo, Tomo 1, Num. 3, September, 1918, p. 75-81. Mexico. 


104 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


ScoFiELp, N. B. 
1917. La industria del enlate del atun al sur de California. The industry of 
drying tuna fish in the south of California. Boletin de la Direccién de 
Agricultura, February, 1917, p. 69, illus. Mexico. 
SmirH, SYDNEY. 
1919. Fishing industries on west coast of Lower California. Oommerce Reports, 
No. 293, December 15, 1919, p. 1512. Washington. 


MEXICO. 
CANADA, Wm. M. 

1912. Mexico’s undeveloped seacoast industries. Daily Consular and Trade 

Reports, No. 67, March 20, 1912, p. 1137. Washington. 
CHaprmMan, W. E. 

1917. Shrimp industry at Mazatlan. Daily Consular Reports, August 24, 1917, 
No. 198, p. 730-731. Washington. 

1918. Commercial fishes of the Mexican west coast. Commerce Reports, No. 
138, June 13, 1918, p. 1004. Washington. 

1918. Interesting information from Mexican western waters. Journal of Ameri- 
can Chamber of Commerce, September, 1918, p. 1, illus. Mexico. 

Crowe, A. RUSSEL. 

1918. Commercial fisheries of the Mexican west coast. Daily Consular and 

Trade Reports, June 13, 1918, No. 138, p. 1004-1007. Washington. 
Dyr, ALEXANDER V. 

1911. Mexican fishing concessions granted. Daily Consular and Trade Reports, 
July 3, 1911, No. 154, p. 41. Washington. 

Kunz, Georae FREDERICK, and CHARLES HueH STEVENSON. 

1908. The book of the pearl; the history, art, science, and industry of the queen 
of gems. 548 p., illus. The Century Co., New York. [The pearl 
fisheries of Mexico are discussed on pages 241-252.] 

Sutuivan, Lucren N. 

1910. Pearl fisheries of Mexico. Weekly Consular and Trade Reports, April 30, 

1910, p. 416. Washington. 
TOWNSEND, CHARLES H. 

1891. Report upon the pearl fishery of the Gulf of California. Bulletin of the 
U.S. Fish Commission, Vol. IX, 1889 (1891), p. 91-98, Plates XX VIII- 
XXX. Document 152. Washington. 

1916. Voyages of the Albatross to the Gulf of California in 1911. Bulletin of the 
American Museum of Natural History, 1916, Vol. XXXV, p. 399-476, 
illus. New York. [Fishery resources discussed on pages 433-452. | 

1921. Quantities of fish and oysters obtainable in the lagoons of the State of 
Tabasco Sata Bulletin of the Pan-American Union, Vol. 52, p. 
385, April, 1921. Washington. 


NICARAGUA. 
DosBs, JAMES. 
1896. Pearl fisheries. U.S. Consular Reports, May, 1896, Vol. 51, No. 191, p. 
647. Washington. 


PERU. 
CisNEROS, CarRtos B. 
1906. Fisheries. Resefia econédmica del Peru, 1906, vi, iii, 284 p. illus. Im- 
prenta La Industria. Lima. 
Coker, R. E. 

1907. La disminucién de peces en la Bahia del Callao. The diminution of 
fishes in Callao Bay. Boletin del Ministerio de Fomento, Direccién de 
Fomento, Vol. V, No. 10, p. 101-104, October, 1907. Lima. 

1907. Lacaza de lobos y pesca de ballenas y bufeos en el Peri. The capture of 
sea lions and the fishery for whales and porpoises in Peru. Ibid., Vol. 
V, No. 12, p. 64-95, December, 1907. 

1908. Condicién en que se encuentra la pesca marina desde Paita hasta Bahfa 
de la Independencia. [Condition of the marine fisheries from Paita to 
Independencia Bay,] Ibid., Vol. VI, No. 2, p. 89-117, February, 1908; 
No. 3, p. 54-95, March, 1908; No, 4, p. 62-99, April, 1908; No. 5, p. 
53-115, May, 1908. ; 

1908. La pesca con dinamita. [The fishery with dynamite.] Ibid., Vol. VI, 
No. 5, p. 48-53, May, 1908. 


FISHERIES AND MARKET FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN MEXICO, ETC. 105 


Coker, R. E.—Continued. 

1908. Las ballenas del Peri. [The whales of Peru.] Jbid., Vol. VI, No. 5, p. 
115-125, May, 1908. 

1908. El desarrollo de la pesca. [The development of the fisheries.] Memoria 
del Director de Fomento, Tome 1, 1907-8, p. 410-613, illus. Lima. 

[Reprint of previous articles. | 

1910. The fsliatics and the guano industry of Peru. Bulletin of the U. S. 
Bureau of Fisheries, Vol. XXVIII, 1908 (1910), p. 333-365, Pls. XII- 
XVI. Washington. 

1910. La ostra en Tumbes. [The oyster in Tumbes.] Boletin de la Direccién 
de Fomento, Vol. VIII, No.8, p. 64-114, August, 1910. Lima. 

191€. Condiciones de la pesqueria en Mollendo. [Condition of the fishery in 
Mollendo.| Jbid., Vol. VIII, No. 10, p. 50-64, October, 1910. 

1911. Lake Titicaca. ‘‘The most remarkable lake of the world.’”’ Interna- 
tionale Revue der gesamten Hydrobiologie und Hydrographie, Bd. 
IV, 1911, p. 174-182. Leipzig. 

1913. Las industrias de la pesca y del guano en el Peru. [The fishery and 
guano industries in Peru.] Anales de la Direccién de Fomento, Jan- 
uary, 1913, 28 p. Lima. From Bulletin of the U. 8. Bureau of Fish- 
eries, Vol. XXVIII, 1908 (1910), p. 333-365 [referred to above]. 

EVERMANN, Barton WARREN, and Lewis RaADCcLIFFE. 

1917. The fishes of the west coast of Peru and the Titicaca basin. . Smithsonian 
Institution, U. S. National Museum. Bulletin 95, 166 p., 14 pls. 
Washington. 

ANONYMOUS. 

1915. Peruvian fisheries. [Kinds of fish and methods of fishing,. West Coast 

Leader, October 21, 1915, p. 2. Lima. 


SANTO DOMINGO. 
ANONYMOUS. 
1917. La pesca, gran industria. [Fisheries, a great industry.] Listin Diario, 
September 19, 1917, p. 4. Santo Domingo. 


URUGUAY. 
ANONYMOUS. : 
1897. Report of Fisheries Bureau published in annual reports of the Minis- 
terio de Industrias. 
1918. Fresh fish—fishery institute—seal fisheries. Commerce Reports, De- 
cember 10, 1918, Supplement No. 47a, p. 9. Washington. 


VENEZUELA. 
Pearse, ARTHUR SPERRY. 
1919. Fishing in Venezuela. Reprinted from The Scientific Monthly, January, 
1919, p. 81-88, illus. Science Press, New York. 
Torren, Rap J. 
1911. Fish industry of Lake Maracaibo. Daily Consular and Trade Reports, 
No. 59, March 13, 1911, p. 958. Washington. 
ANONYMOUS. 
1896. Fisheries. Bulletin of the Pan-American Union, Vol. 3, p. 5$3, March, 
1896. Washington. 
1918. Fishing industry in Venezuela. Commerce Reports, No. 162, July 12, 
1918, p. 150. Washington. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 
Brown, CHARLES MELVILLE. 
1910. Pearl fisheries of the Americas. Bulletin of the Pan-American Union, 
May, 1910, p. 749-780, illus. Washington. 
EIGENMANN, C. H. 
1913. The fishes of South America. Bulletin of the Pan-American Union, 
Vol. 37, p. 781, December 1913, illus. Washington. 
Vincent, Harry. 
1910. The sea fish of Trinidad, Port of Spain. 2 p. 1, (3)-97 p., front (chart), 
plates, map. J.J. Little & Ives Co., New York. 


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FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF FISHERY INDUSTRIES FOR 1921.1 


By Lewis Rapciirre, Assistant in Charge. 


CONTENTS. 
Page. | New England vessel fisheries—Con. Page. 
ENPYOCUCHON 52a. daswe Sinise kckise.seiaesa cle bars 2 Species—Continued. 
Summary of operations...............---.----- 2 TER GM. Hg sens dhe ausecosooscos4amedcaqoe.. 49 
Publications of the division...................- 3 IP OMOCK oe cane eee peaniats lapis ees eae 49 
ISGCTERIOUUSS es ere tes te ee ence neas tae 3 Cuskn scene n sss secaee teense caer neers 49 
Beanemic cirenlars 2.02. fo. eee8 get. 2, 3 Balibuten2) 2). shoages: gras. sete; 49 
Biavisnicalipulletins a2 .-c22s acc ome smc 3 Mackerel (5 oc Sk oe a be a heh ie eee 49 
Notes on fishery apparatus...-.............-.- 3 Swordiish. 255) 5, 93335. . asses Soe 50 
SWEeep Neb OF SOINGseHs J ack. - an ae Be toaee 3 MIGUNGOLS 2.5 fab eon nse er eeine Shee aedas =n5 50 
Crawfish fishery of Wisconsin.............-.- 5 ELODDIN Pe epee econ mc seen Sa emu mace eee 50 
Improvements in merchandising fishery prod- Otter-trawl fisheryss7s 3512. 3.5355. < 245522 51 
TES LS See eet See eae Vessel landings of cod, haddock,andhalibut. 54 
Improvement in transporting sea crawfish... 7 | Vessel fisheries at Seattle, Wash..............- 61 
MSRR Gn SULVEY Ss-sck. 5 sted. She sae = shot e aes 7 | Smoked-fish industry of Maine, 1921........... 64 
Increasing the use of fish as food......-.....-.- 9 | Fishery products received at Municipal Fish 
Pink and chum salmon...............-...-.- 9 Wharfand Market, Washington, D.C....... 64 
Nattonalbish Daye. 22 2). .ceccce = sie cecte = 9 | Shad and alewife fisheries of the Potomac River, 
Hisheryconferencds. 222! S22 2280. Seiko 9 LOZ SG SSELT eS Pee EL Ee RAS kee Be 
Technologicalinvestigations..........-.-.-.--- 10 | Brief review of the shad fishery of the Potomac 
Preservation of fish nets..... rece il TUIVGT Utne Se ane ene See ee ee eee ee ee 
Brine freezing of fish............. : 11 Introduction=2:.¢* 73: Jpbee siete eS 67 
The fry bath in canning sardines............ 12 ENSLOLY c-s ose sont ee tan etaeenaessesasabacs.d 68 
paltimpiriverherrne. : Cb .. Sse sh Lise. eck 13 | Notes on sponge fishery.............-.----.---- 70 
Canned fishery products and by-products of PTOZenI Shes se So Oe Ce ee ae 71 
the United States and Alaska, 1921........ 13 Cold-storage holdings during 1921............ 71 
Canned fishery products. . :2c.52252s2-- 2 -- 13 Quantities frozenin 1921. 02... .2222 2. ls nccene 73 
Waimea sa MOM oo ooo aio aegeis semieesics o05m 13 | Fisheries of California in 1921.................. 74 
Canned sardines...... OEE. SHIRES MOTELS 17 | Fisheries of Maryland and Virginia in 1920..... 77 
Canned shad and alewives..............--- 17 Marien DMCA CONS = oA Seon oc = an ate nei Meebicwts 8 
Canned albacore, tuna, and mackerel in Common and scientific names of fishes....... 78 
California: 2:2 234)... 22g SERRE 18 lericralista peices... 3. 2.2 oso Shoes ese 79 
CSNTEC SHUI sis [228 4 ee celeb a eamis sma 19 Crab fishery of Maryland and Virginia....... 81 
ORTON CT RDS fo saat ahem sn opedaie eae eens eat 19 Shad and alewife fisheries of Maryland and 
Cantipiiclamsiesey ie: eee ye 19 Warpinia ts et sks oh Peer a Oe 84 
Canned oysters? st.252 -asee-ceucel is oki 21 Oyster industry of Maryland and Virginia... 8 
Miscellaneous canned fishery products....-. 21 Fisheries of Maryland.-.................5..- 88 
By-products of the fisheries...-...-....--.... 21 Misheries Dy COUNTIES: «25 oe -eataesai- -eeeee 90 
SMOUSs 6. 5. oSea ages hud s - dame seeaeeoe ae 21 Fisheries by apparatus.......---.-.-...-.. 96 
Mash scrap amd! meal... {36.4 £f55. tle a4 22 MG USiTICS Ses FLEW RE ee OLE URE EE 106 
Poultry eritiand lime... (<2 andes ces 22 Salt-fishiindustrys. 2. ne. oc25- skuand=-< 106 
MenHagen industry. 2.t\'.. cot ece te leee 2 23 Cannineindustry ss i221 .760).20 Bias. 2s 106 
Miscellaneous by-products............-.-.- 24 IBY -PLOQUCUS: fe oe de- Pas Sepiet ce aoe ce ts 106 
GUS CAMO Lot cae x.cina = ximepew steieiceeeieae 25 WOMESHIC WACO. sc tsnme ootemie aciepicee -- 106 
Fish-seale essences). 225 -/24-4-0 84168 2. 25 Fisheries of Virginia............... b 107 
APATIAPAT eo: yo P i ne assoc «eA oe eRe te Fisheries by counties.............- - 109 
Wew England vessel fisheries Fisheries by apparatus.-.............- et 19 
General statistics... Industries. = feb ccc: 2b. ces eises besttne seers 134 
DPRCIOS canine te eas om, Wholesale fishery trade.........-...-.-.- 134 
Coda estat. FITS 2. 23. - A855. Be Menhaden‘industry: - 5-204...) .. ics. weeae 134 
TSS OC eo cs rath Sin a oo 5 Ihe Feat oan ee Miscellaneous industries-................ 135 


1 Appendix IX to the Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1922. B. F. Doc. 932. 


i 


2 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


INTRODUCTION. 


The very threatening situation confronting the fishery industries 
in 1920 continued throughout 1921, with slight indications of im- 
provement late in the year. As a result there was further curtail- 
ment in the production of important fisheries and retrenchment in 
operations. In the New England vessel fisheries centering at Boston 
and Gloucester, Mass., and Portland, Me., the decrease in production 
in 1921 as compared with 1920 amounted to 27,415,595 pounds in 
quantity and $2,504,384 in value, a decrease since 1918 in excess 
of 54,000,000 pounds in quantity and $4,750,000 in value. The 
average price per pound received for these fish in 1916 was 3.44 cents; 
in 1918, 5.12 cents; in 1920, 4.61 cents; and in 1921, 3.79 cents. 
The pack of sardines in Maine in 1919 was 2,450,268 cases, 
valued at $11,933,986; in 1920, 1,877,757 cases, valued at $7,435,- 
056; and in 1921, 1,350,631 cases, valued at $3,960,916. Such 
well-known fishes as red snappers taken in the fisheries of the 
Gulf of Mexico were aarlahed with difficulty and considerable 
quantities sold on consignment at less than the cost of production. 
In Alaska the pack of salmon in 1918 was 6,605,835 cases, valued 
at $51,041,949; in 1920, 4,429,463 cases, valued at $35,602,800; in 
1921, 2,596,826 cases, valued at $19,632,744. In 1920 the pack of 
sardines in California exceeded 1,000,000 cases, with a value of 
nearly $3,000,000, and in 1921 it amounted to 415,587 cases, valued 
at $2,346,446. 

Post-war readjustments have compelled a closer study to be made 
of costs of operation and means of effecting economies in operation. 
This is reflected in the increased demand upon the bureau for the 
service this division performs, particularly in the fields of statistics, 
technology, and merchandising. The increase in the division’s 
appropriation beginning with July 1, 1921, has made possible an 
enlarged program of operations, and a number of investigations 
which promise to a important practical results have been 
autintge: 

SUMMARY OF OPERATIONS. 

During the year statistical canvasses were made of the fisheries of 
Maryland and Virginia for 1920, of the take of shad and alewives 
in the same States during the fishing season of 1921, and of the 
canning and by-products industries of the United States in 1921. 
The last was confined to the number of plants operated, the raw 

roducts utilized, and the quantity and value of the finished products. 

he landings of the vessel vee at the ports of Boston and Glouces- 
ter, Mass., Portland, Me., and Seattle, Wash., have been collected 
as heretofore and published as monthly and annual bulletins. The 
results of these canvasses are embodied in the present report, to- 
gether with a summary of the cold-storage holdings of frozen fish in 
1921 and quantities frozen; the quantity of fishery products taken 
in California in 1921, shown by species and by months; the fishery 
products received at the Municipal Fish Wharf and Market, Wash- 
ington, D. C.; the shad and alewife fishery of the Potomac River 
in 1921; and certain sponge statistics. 

In fisheries technology noteworthy progress has been made in the 
fields of net preservation and brine freezing of fish, and in the methods 
of canning such fishery products as sardines. In June there was 


— a 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. 3 


begun a series of market surveys, which has included the following 
centers: Louisville, Ky.; Pittsburgh, Pa.; Chicago, Ill.; and Minne- 
apolis and St. Paul, Minn. The division has continued to aid in 
increasing the use of by-products of the fisheries, in increasing the 
use of fish as food, and in effecting improvements in the merchandis- 
ing of fishery products and the methods of capture and has prepared 
for publication, for the use of those interested therein, the results 
of work completed. 


PUBLICATIONS OF THE DIVISION. 


During the calendar year 1921 the following publications, prepared 
in this division, were issued. This list does not include the monthiy 
statistical bulletins for Boston and Gloucester, Mass.; Portland, Me.; 
and Seattle, Wash. 


DOCUMENTS. 


Preservation of fish nets, by Harden F. Taylor, 8°, 35 p., 1 text fig., Document 
No. 898. 

Improvements in process of salting river herring, especially adapted to warm 
climates, by Harden F. Taylor, 7 p., Document No. 903. 

Fishery industries of the United States. Report of the division of statistics and 
methods of the fisheries for 1920, by Lewis Radcliffe, 8°, 187 p., 9 figs., Document 
No. 908. 

ECONOMIC CIRCULARS. 


Trade in fresh and frozen fishery products and related marketing considerations 
in Louisville, Ky., by L. T. Hopkinson. 8°, 8 p., Economic Circular No. 50. 

Trade in fresh and frozen fishery products and related marketing considerations 
in Pittsburgh, Pa., by L. T. Hopkinson. 8°, 9 p., Economic Circular No. 52. 

Brine freezing of fish, by Harden F. Taylor. 8°, 8 p., Economic Circular No. 53. 

Trade in fresh and frozen fishery products and related marketing considerations 
in Chicago, Ill., by L. T. Hopkinson. 8°, 21 p., Economic Circular No. 54. 


STATISTICAL BULLETINS. 


Statement, by fishing grounds and by months, of quantities and values of certain 
fishery products landed at Seattle, Wash., by American fishing vessels during the 
calendar year 1920. Statistical Bulletin No. 487. 

Statement, by months, of the quantities and values of certain fishery products 
landed at Boston and Gloucester, Mass., and Portland, Me., by American and 
Canadian fishing vessels during the year 1920. Statistical Bulletin No. 488. 

Statement by fishing grounds, of quantities and values of certain fishery products 
landed at Boston and Gloucester, Mass., and Portland, Me., by American and 
Canadian fishing vessels during the calendar year 1920. Statistical Bulletin No. 489. 

Fisheries of the South Atlantic States, 1918. Statistical Bulletin No. 494. 

Fisheries of the New England States in 1919. Statistical Bulletin No. 497. 


NOTES ON FISHERY APPARATUS. 
SWEEP NET OR SEINE. 


In view of the widespread interest aroused by the introduction of 
the Danish sweep net or seine (snurrevaad) in the British fisheries, 
the following notes on operation and construction may be of interest 
to American fishermen as well. In construction the sweep net is 
similar to the otter trawl, but it is smaller and less expensive and can 
be operated by smaller vessels at less expense. In operation one 
end of the warp is attached to a buoy held in position by an anchor 
while the vessel follows a circular course laying the net across the 
tide, bringing the two ends of the warp together at the buoy. The 


4 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


vessel is anchored, the two ends of the warp are passed through the 
rope rollers onto a winch, and the net hauled in directly against the 
tide. 

There are two different types of these nets—the plaice net and the 
haddock net. The first is the type for flat fish and the second for 
round fish; the size of mesh in each is therefore slightly different. 
Both these types are carried on each vessel. The total length of the 
net is from 33 to 36 fathoms, the depth from 6 to 7 fathoms, and the 
length of each warp from 750 to 1,000 fathoms according to the 
depth of water. In the plaice net the size of mesh in the wings is 
2-inch bar and the cod end 14-inch bar. In the haddock net the size 
of mesh in the wings is 24-inch bar and in the cod end 14-inch bar. 
The wings are 16 fathoms and the center 4 fathoms in length. 

The cod end is of double cotton mesh. The head and foot ropes 
are of hemp 14 inches in circumference, and the net is of cotton. 
The whole net is of very light construction. The warp is 24 inches 
in circumference and may be of English manila, Danish manila, 
Danish sisal, etc. The head line is provided with either cork floats 
or glass bulbs to keep the net upright; the footrope is weighted with 
lead sinkers, slightly heavier in the center. The floats and sinkers 
are adjusted so that the net just touches the bottom, though with the 
plaice net it is necessary to drag to a certain extent along the bottom. 
In some cases pieces of chain about 2 feet in length are attached to 
the ground rope for “‘tickling,”’ an ash stick 6 feet in length is seized 
on either end of the net to assist in keeping it open, and to this stick 
the warp is attached, but this is not universally used. The length 
of the cod end is about 9 fathoms. The cost of the haddock net 
(1921) was about $121 and of the plaice net $73. 

The ship’s anchor, with the warp attached, is dropped and buoyed. 
The ship then steams about two points off the tide; that is, with the 
tide setting north, the ship steams NNE. or NNW., paying out warp 
as she goes. After paying out about 600 fathoms or more, accord- 
ing to depth, the ship turns so as to lay the last 100 fathoms of warp, 
the net, and a further 100 fathoms of warp, across the tide, when she 
turns again to pick up her moorings, paying out warp at a sufficient 
speed to prevent any drag on the net. When fast to her moorings, 
both warps are attached to a special winch and are hauled in to- 
gether. When hauling, the warps act as “‘ticklers’’ and drive the 
fish into the net. The fact that the warps remain on the bottom 
keeps the net open till within 50 fathoms of the ship. The whole pro- 
cess of shooting and hauling is said to take less than an hour. The 
fish are all taken alive and are in first-class condition. The boats 
used vary in size from the small motor boat of about 10 tons to the 
small steam trawler of about 90 to 100 tons, though the most suit- 
able seem to be wooden drifters of about 45 net tons. 

It is believed that this type of fishing can be carried on only in 
fine weather and can not be regarded as a whole-time method. 
Several skippers, however, who are using this net claim that with 
proper care it can be used all the year. The majority of vessels 
fitting with this type of gear propose to take up line fishing during 
the winter months, and vessels are chosen with a view to being suit- 
able for either purpose. A steam trawler which burns about 5} 
tons of coal per day when trawling is said to burn only 2 to 24 tons 
per day when seining, although the catches have been about equal. 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. 5 


This net was formerly manufactured exclusively by the Danes. 
Recently (1921) the demand has been so great that the nets have 
been made in sections at Bridgeport, Dorset, and sent to Esbjerg to 
be completed. The cotton used 1s of a special kind and comes from a 
firm in Manchester. One difficulty in the use of this net has been 
that those who use it have been unable to obtain the particular kind 
of cotton needed for mending purposes, and in some cases when the 
net is badly damaged have had to send it to Esbjerg for repairs, 
where this particular kind of cotton is obtainable. It is now being 
manufactured in England. 

A special winch and coiler are used for this net. Until recently 
these have been manufactured exclusively in Denmark, but the 
English concerns are now manufacturing them and improving upon 
their construction. The price of the winch at present (1921) is 
$583 and of the coiler $124. A special point about the winch is that 
both warps are brought through a fair lead and three turns are taken 
around each drum; thence the warp is taken over a small drum and 
passed through an aperture, one side of which has a concave wheel 
and the other a cog wheel, which holds the warp tight by a spring. 
When the winch is set in motion, the coiler is actuated by a chain 
belt, and underneath is a circular metal rotary hopper which coils 
each warp into a neat coil as it revolves. The drum of the winch 
can be worked together or separately, so that if any obstruction 
occurs with one warp the whole net can be hauled in by using the 
other warp only. Mistakes have frequently been made by putting 
more than three turns of warp around the drums, for if any obstruc- 
tion occurs instead of the warp slipping it parts with the strain, and 
the net is liable to be lost. The winch is placed just forward of the 
wheelhouse. Part of the fish hold is roofed over with wooden drift- 
ers to accommodate it. Experiments are being made to place an 
iron bedplate underneath the winch to strengthen its construction. 


CRAWFISH FISHERY OF WISCONSIN. 


In the Green Bay district of Wisconsin there is a small fishery for 
crawfish which, with the development of more extended markets, is 
capable of some expansion. In 1899 the catch of crawfish in this 
region amounted to 135,861 pounds, valued at $3,498; in 1903, 244,464 
pounds, valued at $7,897; and in 1917, 80,495 pounds, valued at 
$4,427, the catch being limited to market demands. 

The fishery is conducted from July to November, shipments being 
made principally from Green Bay, West De Pere, Sturgeon Bay, and 
Little Suamico to points as far east as Cleveland and New York, and 
as far west as Omaha, Kansas City, St. Louis, and Leavenworth. 
The principal markets are Chicago, Milwaukee, Omaha, and New 
York. Shipment is usually made in baskets or small boxes of various 
sizes, carrying 200 to 500 crawfish. In the warmer months crushed 
ice and sawdust are included in a compartment of the package during 
periods of high temperature or for long-distance shipment. 

An ingenious pot (Fig. 1) is used to capture the crawfish. Following 
is a description of one of these pots: Four sides equal, 16 by 8? inches, 
of 14-inch lath, four laths to a side; ends square, each with a four- 
sided funnel that -has an exterior aperture 44 inches square and a 
mouth about 14 by 1 inch, with the upper board projecting over the 
mouth about } inch; lower ends each with a triangular cement block, 


6 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


fitted around the funnel and extended upward to the middle of the 
end, to sink and hold the trap on the bottom; top removable, with a 
wire hook projecting downward from center of top, on which the bait 


Fic. 1.—Crawfish trap. 


(any inexpensive fish) is fastened. To one end is fastened about 8 
feet of %-inch rope with a short wooden float at the free end. 


IMPROVEMENTS IN MERCHANDISING FISHERY PRODUCTS. 


The bureau realizes the importance of rendering all possible assist- 
ance in effecting improvements in fish merchandising and has aided 
as fully as practicable those seeking such assistance. It is hoped that 
provision may be made for more extensive aid in this field. There is 
special need for the assemblage of specific information on such sub- 
jects as the losses through shrinkage in the handling of fresh fish and 
its preparation for the consumer, in both the fresh and preserved 
state. Many factors need consideration, such as the losses through 
evaporation under varying conditions, the shrinkage factors for each 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. 7 


of the species of commercial importance, etc. What are the losses 
in weight in freezing, salting, drying, skinning, boning, pickling, 
smoking, and canning? These are items that enter into costs regard- 
ing which the trade should have definite information if it is to operate 
efficiently, and members of the trade have emphasized the fact that 
to realize the greatest good from such work it should be conducted 
by a Federal-agency such as the Bureau of Fisheries. The following 
iHdstrates one of the bureau’s efforts to render service in this field: 


IMPROVEMENT IN TRANSPORTING SEA CRAWFISH. 


About 40 per cent of the sea crawfish or spiny lobsters shipped from 
pets in Florida to the Washington (D. C.) markets formerly arrived 

ead, resulting in heavy losses to the express carriers. At a confer- 
ence with a representative of the carriers it was learned that the 
crawfish were packed in alternate layers of ice. The bureau sug- 
gested changes in this method of packing which were carried out and 
have reduced the losses to about 2 per cent, eliminating all claims 
against the carrier, except for packages lost in transit. The im- 
proved method of packing follows: Inside the ordinary large lobster 
tub is placed a smaller tub, the bottoms of the two being fastened 
together. The lobsters are packed in the smaller container in even 
layers to within about 6 inches from the top, and the balance of the 
space is filled with sponge scraps or seaweed and covered with a 
slatted top, securely fastened. On top of this tub is placed a chunk 
of ice of sufficient size to last until shipment reaches destination, and 
the top of the outer container is covered with matting or burlap. If 
reicing is necessary it is a simple matter to remove cover of outer 
container and put in more ice. This method of packing keeps the 
spiny lobsters from actual contact with ice, avoiding the abrupt change 
in temperature, and the melting ice dripping down through the layer of 
sponge scraps or seaweed keeps them moist and cool. 


MARKET SURVEYS. 


There is a dearth of information on the subject of fish marketing 
without which progress in effecting improvements in the methods of 
handling and distribution of fishery products, in intelligently com- 
bating the prejudices of the consumer, in increasing the consumption 
of fish, and in educating the public to the proper place of fish in its 
dietary, must be slow and extremely costly. For several years the 
bureau has been desirous of contributing to this phase of the fisheries 
but has lacked both funds and workers properly equipped for such 
an undertaking. In June, 1921, a survey of Louisville, Ky., was 
made, followed by surveys of Pittsburgh, Pa.; Chicago, IIll.; and 
Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minn., all of which were completed before 
the end of the calendar year. (See List of Publications, p. 3.) 

These surveys have been confined to the trade in fresh and frozen 
fishery products and include such subjects as composition of popula- 
tion, sources of supply, trade names in use, grouping of species into 
those on which the bulk of the trade is based, those of moderate 
importance, and those for which the sale is small, character of con- 
tainers, cold-storage holdings, carload freight and express arrivals, 
short-line travel distances and freight and express rates from prin- 
cipal sources of supply, wholesale and retail trade, including direc- 
tory of dealers, ae eeaiaae and display. 


8 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


The trade has evinced a deep interest in these reports which have 
been distributed as far as practicable to those persons who will 
make the best use of them, the edition, limited blab; being inade- 
quate for distribution to all in the trade, to those on regular mailing 
lists, and to inquirers. The following tables based on these reports 
are given for comparative purposes: 


SumMARY OF MARKET SURVEYS FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN CERTAIN CITIES. 


free Pitts- F Twin 
Items. Louisville. burgh. Chicago. Cities. 
Population... .......+-----+2-- 2-02-22 seen e eee e eee eee 234, 891 588,343 | 2,701,705 615, 280 
Ratio of dealers retailing sea foods to population........} 1: 16,778 | 11:8,914| 1:16,275 1: 16,629 
Number of species: 
1313 Ree ROR SOE SRRR Rabe sro achorotasomoucce 37 70 82 59 
On which bulk of trade is based. ..-..........------ 26 328 3811 48 
Of moderateimporpance 226 — ese eee - ane aes 5 7 13 6 
or whiensaleisismallisi07 dit essen: ac. eon 26 55 58 45 
For which following reasons explain slight sale— 
Supply limited: -......-...- 2.4 eo Se hoee eee ee 5 11 18 4 
TUM pOpielen tee PENA teks EL EOED | CA St cat ala 10 21 13 9 
Prices too Nigh s.: i hee an Soe ae ne oe ae = 9 a 1 ll 
Sold chieily totorcigners: “222. 2 Soe See soe. see a nee ce alee 9 5 3 
Sold chiefly to hotels and restaurants..-..--....|....-.....-- 1 7 2 
Principal containers and capacity: serie 
100, 150. 100, 150, 
IDOKGSSE ce tne sate ee aes ceiae ls ee seins yates ounds. . 1 ree) need] 
P » { 200, ; 206, 300 
Barrels etke te. we soe cee tas oe ens ot oae nae ss dor: OO |S eee cm niann'a|bloinjaiah ale =a atete elaeee ae 
Number of carload arrivals during 12-month period: 
HV RCIEHOn en fof eR one eet Roget eae te eee 45 67 470 84 
BiydOxOUCSS ashe tek es nea Fete atin eee - teal oae |r atare = Welets ain sl ie oteiie tml 523 2 
Partialunloading 6 100 eye shee g 2 2 Sos es Sal oe atallcteeat lata 422 186 
Number ofsea-food dealers®...............------------ 14 ps 222 48 
Wholesaleexelisivelyndo. . cer 24 - Sekeris-laase -2 tS ILE ae alsa. S93 5 56 1 
Wiltolessie and recalls sens cerca ee tee eee 2 6 18 5 
Retailvonlly ts. $277 fg Lee s-- eso es ee ee 12 60 148 32 
Retaging trestifish ye oon oe eo tae pec 14 59 165 36 
Also handling— 
razenwish.. 1. Aoe- £55. 2t S rere eee = 10 50 157 33 
GNIS) Kelas has le ae Meme Be ee 12 59 131 28 
Otherishellfish 52 ?: £3 sto5724. SS 5 fat Pe az 3 25 126 25 
Salted fishies ace sao a eae ee en eee 2 38 120 25 
Smokediish 55 0 OA ee eee oe S| eee eee 42 126 28 
Canned fish! v2.2.2 & fo sx Peppa s- pis ok 2 -| ee ies oe 34 88 22 
LETT In he See eE eS eeaes hee Mase igh a RSE SES 4 38 7 29 
IM@ALS* cod coma fw ran somiaeemne dan st eke ames een 20 6 30 
GTOCELICS: <2. . Sat cece = 2 - Reta ae ee 1 30 25 10 


1 The ppparent explanation of this low ratio is that there are few butchers or grocers handling fresh and 
frozen fish as a side line. 

275 per cent. 370 per cent. 490 per cent. 

5 Exclusive of butchers, grocers, delicatessen stores, etc., that handle fish as a side line, of which there 
are large numbers in Louisville, Chicago, and the Twin Cities. 


IMPORTANT AND SECONDARY COMMERCIAL SPECIES OF FisH IN CERTAIN CITIES. 


{i, important commercial species; S, species of secondary importance. Important commercial species 
represent 70 to 90 per cent of the sales.] 


Louis-| Pitts-} Chi- | Twin Louis-| Pitts-| Chi- | Twin 


Species. ville. |burgh.| cago. | Cities. Species. ville. |burgh.| cago. | Cities. 
Buffalofish. .......-- ey cree I iS) Red snapper Le ewalse. Nee BIN 
Buliheads 1s, « ates nce) sceeaen|thek ce 8 s Sablefish.. .. nna dels tepinn seel+ = sult Petes 
Carp.-.- LTA 3 I 8 Salmon’. (os rence cleseees s s I I 
Catfish Dey hldeteave SS ht | wack city Smeltey cress, mits sangeet 1 Sam ENRN ks cick 
Ciscoes I I I I Spanish mackerel....) S  |.......]. Searle se 
Codse hos ckce eee) Tee I Sie Rae B aE Suékerse je eas oe 8) ets. 
CLAD DIO a. «poise See ae onan p adie'| =aeeele 8 SUngSNe set Sout ore paek ~ tail atari casein =| Pee 
Haddock CP SOF. 42 ROR See Sess ss ee UTES cei AR gs ae 0) Bae ener Wp bare BY Vaobteen 
Halibut... .. S I I I Whitefish, J )25 23-26) 23.4-.2: I I 
Lake trout... - (sey || Gea y I Yellow perch........|....... tS) | iam GARR = 
Pike or pickerel.....|.......|-..---.| I E Oysterss. “204. Ahee2! s I I 
Pike perches: Hard clams..)....3-...|one---% iS) Bigeledagete 

Blue pike. ....--. I I Ball sees Philip. sese sees ose slaeeene = Ss Bir tloeene s 
Sauger... -- Se lsde I. I Sie i ack ee oj (Purges a. . os oe S31 35. bG0 GS). sesiehed eeakee. 
Yellow pike. 8 Ji I I 


we 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. 9 


The trade will find the comments on methods of display, extent 
of advertising of fishery products, city health ordinances governing 
the sale of same, regulations governing the cold storage of fish, the 
tables of short-line travel distance and freight and express rates on 
fresh and frozen fish from principal sources of supply, the sources of 
supply, etc., of particular interest. 


INCREASING THE USE OF FISH AS FOOD. 


Lacking special provision for operations in this field and a trained 
ersonnel essential to the success of such work, the activities of the 
ureau have been limited. The series of market surveys now in 

progress are supplying data of marked value for future operations. 


PINK AND CHUM SALMON. 


With large holdings of canned salmon at the beginning of the 
year, the salmon interests inaugurated an extensive advertising 
campaign to increase the consumption of this excellent food and 
requested the bureau to lend assistance. Holdings of the cheaper 
erades, pink and chum salmon, were at the time offered for sale at 
unusually low prices, furnishing the consumer with one of the lowest- 
priced protein foods on the market. To aid in increasing the con- 
sumption of these products, the bureau issued attractive posters 
and an economic circular from which the following is an extract: 

Pinks and chums usually contain less fat but are equal to the redder varieties in 
protein—tissue-building material. They are low priced because of their abundance 
and the use of labor-saving machinery in handling and canning them. Their high 


protein content and lower cost render them more economical than most animal foods 
in common use.” 


NATIONAL FISH DAY. 


For several years Canada has observed the first day of Lent as 
National Fish Day, and the plan is reported to have proved ‘‘a very 
successful means of stimulating interest in the fishing industry and 
in increasing home consumption.’”’ A similar move was initiated in 
the United States, March 9, 1921, being observed. This move on 
the part of the trade received the hearty support of the Secretary of 
Commerce and was given all possible aid by the Bureau of fisheries. 
While the period within which preparations had to be made was 
exceedingly short, the observance of the day is reported to have 
markedly stimulated sales of fish and interest in the industry. 


FISHERY CONFERENCES. 


The conferences of representative men of the fishery industries 
called by the Secretary of Commerce during the year have developed 
a clearer understanding on the part of the trade of the important 
problems falling within the scope of the bureau that need attention 
and of the limitations beyond which it can not go. The first of these 
conferences, attended by representatives of the fresh, frozen, salt, and 
canned fishery industries, including the oyster, crab, shrimp, and 
menhaden fate from the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, the Great 
Lakes, and the Mississippi Valley, was held at the Department of 


2Canned Salmon: Pink and Chum. Economic Circular No. 48, issued Feb. 16, 1921. 


10 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


Commerce on May 9 and 10, 1921. The following committees were 
formed and have submitted reports: Transportation; education; 
fresh and frozen fish production and distribution; salt and canned 
fish trades; oyster, crab, and shrimp trades; fertilizer and feed 
industries; and pollution and Federal and State Control of fisheries. 

Among the recommendations made that bear particularly on the 
division’s work were the following: Importance of insuring catches of 
unquestioned freshness; avoidance of mutilation by the use of forks 
or pews and otherwise; careful packing for shipment in the most 
approved type of containers with adequate icing; importance of 
prompt shipment after landing to the nearest central market; co- 
operation with the bureau to secure improvements in freezing and 
preparation for distribution, including a thorough investigation of 
the possibilities of the new brine-freezing methods and the publica- 
tion to the fishermen of the results of the investigations; education of 
and cooperation with the wholesaler and retailer, including the exer- 
cise of care in handling and storing of stock and its sale amid sanitary 
conditions; employment of improved trade practices in order to 
determine the essentials of a model fish market and to develop more 
even distribution of sales throughout the week; education of the con- 
suming public to remove prejudices, to promote more intelligent 
buying, to secure a better understanding of the importance and place 
of fish in its dietary and recognition of seasonal variation in abun- 
dance; establishment and maintenance of standards of quality and 
Sete for preserved products; and development of foreign fish 
trade. 

With respect to by-products of the fisheries, recommendations 
included an investigation by experts of the various and contradictory 
methods of manufacture in producing fish scrap, meal, and oil, with a 
view to (a) standardization of those processes that insure the best 
product at the lowest cost and (6) equipping the industry to with- 
stand foreign competition; a market survey for the expansion and 
development of new markets for the products of the industry, includ- 
ing investigations to reveal the suitability of products to present uses, 
development of improvements, new products, and increased use for 
products now manufactured, such as the advantages of fish oil in the 
manufacture of paints. 

During the year the problems of fish merchandising and refrigera- 
tion, including brine freezing, have received special consideration 
by the division. 


TECHNOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS. 


Under conditions obtaining during the past few years the need for 
and importance of technological investigations have been felt by the 
industry as never before in its history. By way of illustration as to 
the necessity for such work, in 1915 the products of the fisheries of 
California exceeded 93,000,000 pounds and in 1919 the catch is re- 
ported to have approximated 260,000,000 pounds, about 90 per cent 
of which is made up of species of importance in the canning industry. 
Within a period of a decade more than 40 canneries have been built 
and equipped in that State, and the annual pack of canned fish has 

rown from a few thousand cases to more than 1,500,000 cases. 
nder such conditions of expansion and growth it is not surprising to 


a 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. 11 


find the number of differing processes employed approximating the 
number of plants operated. Pindiwtos time, labor, and capital have 
been wasted through ignorance and for lack both of the development 
of standard methods that will yield high quality products and of 
specific information as to the best and most economical procedure. 

The annual losses in other sections, as the New England district, 
resulting from rusting of mackerel and other fish and from reddening 
of cod and related species are heavy. It is important that technolog- 
ical studies be made of such problems to develop means of preventing 
or at least minimizing such losses. The bureau is endeavoring to 
utilize its facilities in this field to the fullest possible degree but is 
greatly hampered by its inability to obtain and retain the services of a 
properly trained personnel, because of the inadequacy of the salaries 
of such positions as have been created. 


PRESERVATION OF FISH NETS, 


A review of the literature on the subject of net preservation has 
been made and a report issued which includes a discussion of the 
fundamental principles in the light of chemistry so far as they are 
known. This report was prepared in nontechnical language in so 
far as practicable to make it readily understandable and includes such 
subjects as nature of disintegration of nets, coloring of nets, preserva- 
tion of nets by tarring materials and by methods not dependent on 
tarring materials, and references to the literature. 

Following this preliminary work an investigation of the subject has 
been begun. This includes tests of the relative value of various net 
preservatives, including some in commercial use, also tests to de- 
termine the increase in weight of the net by addition of the preserva- 
tive, shrinkage, breaking strength, wearing quality, etc. Treated 
lines are being used by actual fishermen as one phase of wearing tests. 
In addition efforts are being made to effect improvements in the 
preservatives used and in the methods of their application. 


BRINE FREEZING OF FISH. 


Although the work in this field was seriously interfered with during 
a considerable part of the year progress has been made. A paper 
reviewing the present status of brine freezing was prepared by the 
chief technologist and issued for the information of the trade. This 
emphasizes the need of giving more attention to improving methods 
of freezing and storage and less to types of machinery; discusses the 
shorter time required to freeze fish in brine than in air, the non- 
evaporation of moisture from the fish during the brine freezing, the 
bright luster of the brine-frozen fish, and the pliability of fins and 
tail; and presents evidence that defrosted brine-frozen fish are firmer 
and may be held satisfactorily for a considerable time and that such 
fish may be frozen again. Mention of the difficulties of glazing brine- 
frozen fish is also made, and methods by which such fish may be prop- 
erly glazed are given. It is stated that the most important aspect of 
brine freezing awaiting development is its practical application on a 
large scale. It is to this feature that the investigations now in pro- 
gress are especially directed. 

The conclusions reached by the author are that brine freezing 
promises to contribute much of value to improvements in the dis- 


12 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


tribution of fish; that it gives an unquestionably superior product; 
that such difficulties as have been encountered are not insuperable; 
and that the proper design of suitable plants is the principal problem 
ahead. 

THE FRY BATH IN CANNING SARDINES. 


In the process of canning sardines in southern California, after the 
fish have been scaled and cleaned they are brined in a strong salt 
solution, dried, and then fried by being passed through a cottonseed- 
oil bath heated to a temperature of from 100 to 115° C., after which 
they are cooled and packed in tins with the proper sauces, then sealed 
and retorted. The fry bath consists of a long metal tank with a 
horizontal set of steam coils, midway of its depth, and an endless- 
chain conveyor passing over the coils carrying the trays of fish 
throughout the length of the tank. The tank is filled with water 
almost to the bottom of the coils, and sufficient oil is added to cover 
the baskets of fish passing through. With continued use the oil 
becomes viscous and almost black in color and acquires a disagreeable 
taste and odor. In addition some of the oil is carried by the fish to 
the tin and detracts from the quality of the pack. The packers have 
endeavored to diminish these difficulties by mechanical and chemical 
treatment, as the frequent renewal of the oil is expensive, but have 
met with little success. In view of the large quantity of oil used, the 
failure to develop satisfactory means of purification, and the effects 
on the character of the pack, the problem is one of some importance. 
A study of the changes taking place in the oil used has been made at 
the bureau’s experimental laboratory at San Pedro, Calif., and the 
following conclusions have been reached: 

1. The use of corn oil and a hydrogenated oil, in addition to cotton- 
seed oil, for frying sardines is fensible: 

2. The presence of varying quantities of fish oil and the action of 
air and heat are largely responsible for the changes which take place 
in fry-bath oil. 

3. Sardine oil is present in varying quantities in the fry bath in 
which sardines have been fried. When fat sardines are used its 
increase is so rapid that in a short time the fish are being fried in 
oil which is largely fish oil. To keep the fish oil content of the fry 
bath as low as possible, the sardines should be fried in the minimum 
quantity of oil that can be used. This is applicable to all cases 
except when fat sardines are being used with resultant increase in 
oil content of bath. In such cases the oil should be allowed to in- 
crease as far as conditions will permit and as long as such a condition 
exists. 

Attempts to reclaim used fry-bath oil by chemical treatment were 
unsuccessful. It is improbable that a cheap successful method will 
be developed. The presence of small amounts of the fry-bath oil 
can be detected in the canned sardines when they are eaten, and 
it is believed cause the lingering taste often observed some hours 
after one has eaten a considerable quantity of the fish. 

_ In conclusion, the investigation points to the desirability of 
developing a satisfactory substitute for the fry bath. It is probable, 
however, that no method developed will wholly displace frying in 
oil, as the trade in some quarters appears to demand fish put up in 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. 13 


this manner. On the other hand, it is believed that a pack in which 
the use of the fry bath is eliminated may appeal to persons who do 
not now use sardines because the flavor of the fried product is 
distasteful. 

SALTING RIVER HERRING. 


Lack of satisfactory markets and high transportation rates are 
reported to have prevented large-scale salting of river herring on the 
St. Johns River, Fla. The 1921 pack of fish put up according to the 
bureau’s recommendations and demonstrations amounted to about 
125,000 fish, all of which were marketed. A packer reports that 
some of the fish retained in the original brine for a period of three 
months were in perfect condition. By adherence to the bureau’s 
methods an Er callent product is obtained, and with improvement 
in the market situation it is anticipated that packing operations 
will be conducted on a much larger scale during the coming season, 
as the packers are desirous of developing this additional outlet 
for their catch. 


CANNED FISHERY PRODUCTS AND BY-PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED 
STATES AND ALASKA, 1921. 


The bureau has made a canvass of the canned fishery products 
and by-products of the United States and Alaska in 1921 for the use 
of the trade as an aid to the intelligent prosecution of business and 
to prevent waste or shortage through over or under production. 
These statistics also serve to reveal the growth, extent, and importance 
of the industry as a guide to its perpetuation and development. 
In the presentation of the statistics many of the combinations of 
States or products have been necessary to avoid disclosing private 
enterprise. It is believed that their value will be enhanced by show- 
ing the products in greater detail, and when the trade is prepared to 
acquiesce in presenting them in such detail the Bureau will gladly 
give them in more detailed form that they may be of the greatest 
possible use. The total value of canned products in 1921 was 
$46,634,706 and of by-products $8,351,827. The statistics are 
shown in Statistical Bulletin No. 526, and discussions and statistics 
follow. 

CANNED FISHERY PRODUCTS. 


CANNED SALMON. 


In 1921 there were 138 plants engaged in canning salmon on the 
Pacific coast of the United States and Alaska. Of this number 81 
were operated in Alaska, 23 on Puget Sound, 20 on the Columbia 
River, 10 on coastal streams of Washington, 2 on coastal streams of 
Oregon, and 2 in California. 

The pack during 1921, on the basis of 48 pounds of fish to the 
case, amounted to 3,599,774 cases, valued at $28,867,169, of which 
72.14 per cent of the quantity and 68.01 per cent of the value are 
credited to Alaska, 17.51 per cent of the quantity and 15.20 per cent 
of the value to Puget Sound, 9.28 per cent of the quantity and 15.22 
per cent of the value to the Chasis River, and 1.07 per cent of the 
quantity and 1.57 per cent of the value to the coastal streams of 
Washington, Oregon, and California. Compared with the pack of 
1915 there has been a decrease of 2,861,545 cases in quantity and an 
increase of $915,588 in value. 


14 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


In Alaska the pack amounted to 2,596,826 cases, valued at 
$19,632,744, divided as follows: Red or sockeye, 1,765,798 cases, 
valued at $15,841,404; humpback or pink, 423,984 cases, valued at 
$1,788,778; chum or keta, 255,495 cases, valued at $942,525; coho 
or silver, 106,555 cases, valued at $600,140; and king or spring, 
44,994 cases, valued at $459,897. 

On Puget Sound the pack of sockeyes amounted to 97,035 cases, 
valued at $1,782,449; of pinks, 402,688 cases, valued at $1,732,219; 
of cohos, 76,806 cases, valued at $570,587; of chums, 28,431 cases, 
valued at $103,864; of red springs, 11,516 cases, valued at $136,605; 
of pink springs, 4,218 cases, valued at $22,791; of white springs, 
9,628 cases, valued at $38,231; and of steelheads, 9 cases, valued at 
$136. The total pack on Puget Sound amounted to 630,331 cases, 
valued at $4,386,882. 

The Columbia River pack, amounting to 334,009 cases, valued at 
$4,394,335, was graded as follows: Chinook, fancy, 231,632 cases, 
valued at $3,507,776; chinook, standard, 34,916 cases, valued at 
$354,295; chinook, pink, 9,067 cases, valued at $54,791; chinook, 
white, 7,372 cases, valued at $25,108; coho or silver, 30,395 cases, 
valued at $213,004; steelhead, 12,510 cases, valued at $133,747; 
sockeye or blueback, 6,851 cases, valued at $101,848; and chum or 
keta, 1,266 cases, valued at $3,766. 

Canneries located on coastal streams of Washington packed 
13,552 cases, valued at $93,082, consisting of 2,571 cases of chinooks 
or springs, valued at $28,538; 4,321 cases of cohos or silvers, valued 
at $22,537; 1,068 cases of sockeyes or bluebacks, valued at $21,350; 
5,435 cases of chums, valued at $20,029; and 157 cases of hump- 
backs or pinks, valued at $628. 

The pack on Oregon coastal streams, amounting to 15,760 cases, 
valued at $226,516, consisted of 15,638 cases of chinooks or springs, 
valued at $225,966, and 122 cases of cohos or silvers, valued at $550. 

In California the pack was made up entirely of chinooks to the 
amount of 9,296 cases, valued at $133,610. 

The following tables give the quantity and value of the pack of 
the various species of salmon canned during 1921, by geographic 
divisions, for the Pacific coast of the United States an st Teskea) and 
by fishing districts for the Pacific coast States: 


Pack or CANNED SALMON ON THE Pactric CoAstT OF UNITED STATES AND ALASKA IN 
1921, By GroGRAPHIC DIVISIONS. 


Alaska. 
Products. 
Southeast. Central. Western. Total. 

Coho or silver: Cases. Value. Cases. | Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. 
-pound flat............ 4,004} $31, 846 80 $6405. ie lone). 4,084] $32, 486 
1-pound flat.........--- 7 GIS WG gets fle ote cael ee en do 7,918} 51,710 
1-pound tall.........-.- 78,880} 431,666) 9, 630 50, 299) 6,043} $33,979 94,553} 515, 944 
Total ee ee erent 90,802} 515,222 9,710) 50, 939 6,043; 33,979] 106,555) 600, 140 

Chum or keta: 

}-pound flat............ 608 3183) 220.2.) ALAC LES IAS. § 608 3, 183 
1-pound tall............ 180,839, 650,134} 34,571) 127,508} 39,477| 161,700] 254,887] 939, 342 
Totals). Os RE AAL 181,447; 653,317] 34,571) 127,508 39,477) 161,700) 255,495) 942,525 


| 
——SS So o>—————HE]>=|P———X—r————= 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. 


15 


Pack oF CANNED SALMON ON THE Paciric Coast oF UNITED STATES AND ALASKA IN 
1921, By Grograpuic Divistons—Continued. 


Alaska. 
Products. 
Southeast. Central. Western. Total. 
Humpback or pink: Cases. | Value. | Cases.| Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. 
}pound flat............ 1, Wives $8, 7aslere yee weromwe eae eS ee et) og 1,292] $8,774 
1-pound tall...........- 415, 489| 1,750,743] 7,147| $29, 018 56 $243]  422' 692] 1,780; 004 
Total..............| 416,781] 1,759,517| 7,147] 29, 018 56 243| 423,984) 1,788,778 
King, chinook, or spring: 

+ pound hy Sale D208 ef SA mod BBG ime SEISEe «ee ecle ce aneces 4,061} 62,428 
1-pound flat aeneentcttl 2,950] 32, 450 560 7,840| 15,682) 205,376] 19,192] 245) 666 
1-pound tall...........- 3,763} 25,396 6,404) 47,843; 11574] 78,564) 21741] 151,803 

MOA So encminccae see 9, 109 95,686) 8,629 80, 271 27,256) 283,940 44,994, 459,897 
Red or sockeye: 

sound ateeese aos. oc 17,958) 279,429) 29,970} 440,769 12, 903 90, 179 60, 831) 810,377 
1-pound flat............ 32, 649 407, 929 21) 985} 253,781 16,474) 169,241 vile 108} 830,951 
1-pound tall............ 54, 325 453, 350 531, 087| 4,599, 963) 1,048, 447] 9,146, 763} 1, 633) 859)14, 200, 076 

Rope: } ane 104, 932| 1, 140, 708} 583,042} 5,294, 513) 1,077, 824| 9, 406, 183] 1, 765, 798|15, 841, 404 
Grand total........ 803, 071| 4, 164,450) 643, 099| 5, 582, 249) 1, 150, 656| 9, 886, 045| 2, 596, 826 19, 632, 744 
Pacific Coast States. 
Products. 3 : Grand total. 
Washington. Oregon. California Total. 
Coho or silver: Cases.| Value. | Cases.| Value. | Cases.| Value.| Cases. | Value. | Cases. Value. 

pound flat... 38, 480| $334, 568| 15,473] $126, 228)......|........ 53, 953) $460,796] 58,037] $493, 282 
1-pound flat... 26, 745 179, 104 2. 639 22) (CO ae Benne 30, 384} 201,844) 38,302) 253,554 
1-pound tall.... 24) 120 127) 278 3; 186 16, TOU a2 socloceian ce 27,306) 144,038} 121,859) 659, 982 

Total......- 89, 345} 640,950] 22,298] 165,728]......]........ 111,643} 806,678] 218,198) 1, 406, 818 
Chum or keta: tebe SLs Re ee 

}pound flat....| 629} 3,497] 42 LS el ee 671} 3,665 1,279 6, 848 
1-pound flat. -.- 137 548 500 TG00| asec see eteee 637 1,948 637 i 948 
1-pound tall. ...| 33,624) 121,326 200 778 Pees ee Soe 33,824] 122,046} 288,711) 1, 061; 388 

Toes. asus) i2n,374) Fade OP ONRN So ls... 35,132} 127,659} 290, 627| 1, 070, 184 
Humpback or 
pink: 

4-pound flat... 37,621} 225,017) 38,913 233, 791 
i-pound flat... 36, 286] 1817430| 36,286] 181” 430 
1-pound tall... 328, 939|1, 326; 400| 751, 631] 3, 106, 404 

Motal_{2)./: 402, 846]1, 732, 847| 826, 830] 3, 521, 625 
King, chinook, or 
spring: 

4-pound flat... . 171, 781|2, 684, 530) 175, 842| 2, 746, 958 
geod oval. . "357 %, 854 357 7, 854 
1-pound flat. . 131, 071/1, 557, 338} 150, 263| 1, 803, 004 
1-pound oval... 73 5, 423 90; 249 5, 423 90, 249 
1-pound tall... .| 17, 037 117; 586) "LOR S5 708154 ime Pte ores 27° 222 187, 740} 48, 963 339, 543 

Total... .../122, 985|1, 636, 288 203, 573 2, 757, 813] 9, 296] 133,610] 335, 854|4,527,711| 380, 848] 4, 987, 608 
Red or sockeye: 

-pound flat. ...| 76, 956|1, 462,016] 2,954| 45,088|......|.......- 79, 910/1, 507,104] 140, 741] 2,317, 481 
1-pound flat... 22,;810|}- 363, 102) sete Soe: 3]. od GS ods 22’ 810 "3637 102} 93,918) 1, ney 053 
1-pound oval... =f 228 Bie 7 Va ee ee mea | iy Sean teas, oe "908 3; 420 228 3, 420 
1-pound tall....} 1,989] 31, 824 17 197) 5. Sivssod. i. 2,006] 32) 021/1, 635, 865/14, 232’ 097 

Total 20". 101, 983|1, 860, 362) 2,971] 45,285|......]........ 104, 954/1, 905, 647|1, 870, 752|17, 747, 051 
Steelhead: 

#-pound flat....| 2,060] 24,444] 4,302) 54, 754]......|........ 6,362} 79,198} 6,362] 79,198 
1-pound flat....|| 334/ 3,297] 5,720] 50, 358)......|.......- 6,054) 53,655} 6,054] 53,655 
Ipoulid pale gM nd | nee Soke ee a cteeeeer 103} 1,030 103 1, 030 

Total.......| 2,497} 28,771] 10, 022 05 el ea 12,519) 133, 883) 12,519) 133, 883 
Grand total ae 046/6, 024, 589/239, 606|3, 076, 226] 9, 296 133, 610]1, 002, 948|9, 234, 425|3, 599, 774/28, 867, 169 


111621°—22——2 


16 


U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


Pack OF CANNED SALMON IN Pactric Coast STATES IN 1921, By Fisuine Districts. 


Locality and species. 


Puget Sound: 
Mano Orsiver secs Osees cs peace eee 
Chom or kota’.’..3..2232 30%. .} ase 
Humpback or pink... 2.22t<-.0c0% 
Sockeye or blueback. ..............- 
pes or spring— 


Columbia River: 
Coho onsilver ss soso ces Soe 
Chum or-keta 242222 SS See 
Sockeye or blueback. ......-.-..---- 
Chinook or spring— 
Fancy By Set 8 5) Sa a a 


LE or iS SUDA CDEIIRTIGOH See BOA TE 


Washington coast: 
CoolopSilver. 24.52.5225, ee 
Chumvorketas. $225) 2 
Eimppack-or pinkee--saee ace ceases 
Chinook: OL SPrIRG - se sabe cee oe 


Oregon coast: 
Cohoonsilvercseen. nee sees See 
Chinook or spring 


1-pound tall. 1-pound flat. 1-pound oval. 

Cases. Value. Cases. Value Cases Value 
18, 633 $99, 444 215200"|'" $148; 296) || o--22se Se leaeee ee 
27, 687 99) 916 137 548) |... aisle aee sce aa 
328, 782. | 1,325, 772'| ) 38,286") ,181,430 |. __._c_cullebeasades. 
1,989 31) 824 22,810 363, 102 .|....-..2. ole, bse 
451 3, 603 7, 805 82, 647 |. hoe ee oe ee 
63 259 3, 695 ES FAI |. 25 - s<eall eee 
9, 085 35, 527 243 972) 20.20 sea) soa eae 
386,690 | 1,596,345] 92,176] 795,470 |..........]...-.---.- 
4, 845 25,115 8, 824 51, 676 2.22 noe 
702 2,101 5 3400 ou. he cgee | See 
17 LOT | Bec cece bl | oaceeees in 228 $3, 420 
6, 883 84,963 | 97,706 | 1, 254, 404 5,211 86, 645 
3, 203 32,019 | 10, 518 92, 094..| .lsaicelta| Sarre 
1,610 5, 151 1, 170 6;1559, |< cecePene eee 
4, 245 12, 043 1,370 4 B08 «| evorreceieten| Sa ete 
103 1,030 6, 054 53;655 |! 22. «eens | eee 
21,608 | 162,619 | 126,142 | 1, 464,291 5, 439 90, 065 
3, 706 18, 929 360 1872) |a2s:. - oe ee oe 
5, 435 20; OFGICL | Crea eS Se eee 
157 G28- |b Sesere sche cos cce seers as tennererl oes 
1,065 9, 239 380 3.0500) oo 
10, 363 48, 825 740 5, 824 |o2 i oc ee ee 
122 BDO: ee coke solace eennetycce lace > chee lees 
617 4, 936 5, 600 62, 724 212 3, 604 
739 5, 486 5, 600 62, 724 212 3, 604 


Locality and species. 


Puget Sound: 
Coho or silWe@ecd< ow scsse cers woes 
Chum:ariketat) she. Se! . Pe ao 
Humpback or pink...-.. 2.22 -2s<s<s¢ 
Sockeye or blueback. .........--...- 
Eee or spring— 


Columbia River: 
Coho Omsilver. ido. sas sacctesmec asees 
Chim or ketal . 2452985 .2c¢@ 2. <2 
Sockeye or blueback...............- 
CH or spring— 


Washington coast: 
GCohoronsil ver... decenee sl bee ate de 


CG a bc Oa 42) ot: Ye pee AR 8 ag pepe) IE RR at he Ed ae tT apes ae il Een SPI 
Hamphack.or Pink. cnc. pases awe te [se ats seas [o> eee sano oa miele Seine <ateece 


Sockeye or bluéback. ..............- 
Chinook or spring...............---. 


419, 400 | 1,813,275 | 227,242 | 2,359, 317 5, 651 93, 669 
_ 4-pound flat. 4-pound oval. Total 
Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. 
36,978 | $322, 840-|. cc cccssee|ewwsenciews 76,806 | $570,587 
607 3 400i Scie s nepeeeee bees 28, 431, 103, 864 
37,620 225: Olea occamsseslbacmcimsenis 402,688 | 1,732,219 
72,236 | 1 ,387, Oe eee Beet aee 97,035 | 1,782,449 
3, 260 50, Obb | Wes Letisde Bees. ees 11,516 136, 605 
460 4,057 | ae... eels. ~ one 4,218 22,791 
300 dL Gag; |Seh2 BC ee ites. ee 9, 628 38, 231 
9 $36: }eeea eS Sse Be. ees 136 
LBD ABB O95 SOG Tbe ccs crerats 5 sei) emintoiceas basen 630,331 | 4,386, 882 
16,726 1386 213i seen. 2 be seas a saves 30,395 213,004 
64 265" | -ba64. ces tet wpe 1, 266 3,766 
6, 606 98,281 |. --sceelp aap aces 6, 851 101, 848 
121,475 | 2,073,910 357 $7, 854 231,632 | 3,507,776 
21,195 7-40 eet Teepe Al [aps cies 34, 916 4,295 
6, 287 43,081 | spec. eeieaaes tices 9, 067 54,791 
1,757 BO y Nie eerie ic) antesin ccle 2 7,372 25,108 
6, 353 495 OO) bac crete leam ace ate © 12,510 133, 747 
180,463 | 2,669,506 357 7, 854 334, 009 | 4,394, 335 
255 1,766 | cies as oaele-pe == ome 4,321 22,537 
5,435 20,029 
157 628 
1,068 215000! [a5 codes 52 teemedee 1,068 21, 350 
1,126 LES Fee al cn an Pa wesapenints 3 2,571 28, 538 
2,449 OS, 4oerlteass- sess sever eenas 13,552 93, 082 


a FY _  ] —— 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. Ly 


Pack OF CANNED Satmon IN Paciric Coast States IN 1921, By Fisnine Dis- 
TRIcTS—Continued. 


! 


Locality and species. 3-pound flat. }-pound oval. Total. 
Oregon coast: Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. 
EGHONOUISIIVOR oe = - jo -<).0c ie 2 = noo 0's ona eee ae ees) 2 ee eee esa| Gceaccecr, 12: $550 
CRinook OF Spring 3.2.58 «2 s/acesscmeess 9209. ($1545702 | 255s .ccclecowse dee 15, 638 225, 966 
11 ae a eee Sa C0" )| <0 15/7 (072 eee eae 15,760 | 226,516 
California: Chinook............-.------- GIMP ORO does ee cst 9,296 | 133,610 
STANGIEOCAl | =2 2 SASK | a2 Beh ones 350, 298 | 4,960,310 357 $7,854 | 1,002,948 | 9,234, 425 


CANNED SARDINES. 


The pack of sardines in Maine in 1921 amounted to 1,350,631 cases, 
valued at $3,960,916, as compared with 2,450,268 cases, valued at 
$11,933,986, in 1919 and with 1,877,757 cases, valued at $7,435,056, in 
1920. The pack of quarter-oils in 1919 was 1,902,430 cases, valued 
at $9,327,665, or an average of $4.90 per case; in 1920, 1,458,670 
cases, valued at $5,669,352, or $3.88 per case, and in 1921, 1,127,578 
cases, valued at $3,265,574, or $2.89 per case. The quantity of 
herring utilized was 73,706,536 pounds, valued at $441,353. 

The pack of sardines in California in 1921 was 415,587 cases, valued 
at $2,346,446, of which 379,928 cases, with a value of $2,056,367, 
were 1-pound ovals, or an average price of $5.41 per case. It is re- 
ported that the pack in 1920 amounted to 1,062,996 cases and in 1919 
to 1,150,616 cases. The quantity of pilchards utilized was 33,274,853 
pounds valued at $175,165. It will be noted that there has been a 

eavy curtailment in production in both fisheries as compared with 
previous years. 


Pack or SARDINES IN MAINE AND CALIFORNIA, 1921. 


Sardines (herring). Maine. Sardines (pilchard). California. 

? Cases. Value. Cases. Value. 
In oil: Quarters (100 cans) .. .|1, 127,578 | $3,265,574 || 1-pound oval (48 cans)....... 379, 928 | $2, 056, 367 
In mustard: 4-pound oval (48 cans)......-. 11, 357 44, 88 

Quarters (100 cans) .....- 111, 987 345, 787 || 4-pound square (100 cans)... . 586 7, 465 

Three-quarters (48 cans).| 110,520 346, 825 |} +-pound square (100 cans)....| 20,893 208, 033 
In tomatosauce: Halves and fue flat (100 cans)....... 2, 485 26, 050 

1-pound (48 cans) ....... 546 2,730 o. 10 round (6 cams)........ 338 3, 650 


Le pee eee 1, 350,631 | 3,960, 916 Cie) OE RRS 415,587 | 2,346, 446 


CANNED SHAD AND ALEWIVES. 


The eanning of shad and shad roe is confined to the States of 
Oregon and Washington. In 1921 the pack of shad amounted to 
841 cases, valued at $2,455, and of shad roe to 53 cases, valued at 
$142. These products are packed in half-pound flat and oval and 
1-pound tall cans. 

ost of the alewives are canned in the Chesapeake Bay district. 
The pack of fish amounted to 312 cases, valued at $813, and of roe 
to 40,530 cases, valued at $157,841. Reducing cases to number of 
cans, there were packed in 1921, 8,976 cans of fish and 1,197,288 cans 


18 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


of roe in Maryland and Virginia, including a small pack in North 
Carolina, as compared with 27,144 cans of fish and 1,191,048 cans 
of roe in the Chesapeake Bay district in 1915. 


Pack OF SHAD AND ALEWIVES, BY STATES, 1921. 


SHAD. 
Sizes. Oregon. Washington. Total 
Cases Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. 
4-pound flat (48 cans)...->....-.-.-------- 44 $132 315 $943 359 $1,075 
4-pound oval (48 cans)...-..-...------.--- 42 fo Poeianeess|5ssseeca5 42 84 
1-pound tall (48 cans).......-.--....------ 328 984 112 312 440 1, 296 
Roe: 
F-pound at) (48CANS) soo ec eens eee lee eee eta| eta eet 12 24 12 24 
A-OUNG OVAL (4SiCRMS) (oe = oom eae elmo | = mnie metal ==) =l-in i=l! io inn 17 51 17 51 
IEfefje are AU CECA) ene Ssecoseeacsac|bbos-2s5s4|pgascchse- 24 67 24 67 
Lf A ae ee OPP ERE 414 | 1,200 480 | 1,397 so} 2,597 
ALEWIVES. 
L Virginia and North 
Sizes. Maryland. Caroling, Total. 
Cases. Value. Cases Value Cases. Value. 
Nonip4s'cans):rie%...b e-4e-b Jo -ise tee bs 50 $170 6 $213 
nN (Op OL: Wh aS) VRP eens Some coeere a5 250 (211,08 PAB eco! adaac Soc 250 600 
oe: 
INO.34% (48 CAMS) ~ ence <inre op = f= SF = o JO = lan «mine nmin = fee mepienin'= 1,000 6, 400 1,000 6, 400 
NOM (4S CANS) meet ene ener ae emacs ane 2,600 12,640 5, 757 29,705 8, 357 42,345 
INO. 2\(241cams) 2ecce22-2ttee noche -2 3, 168 12, 554 28, 005 96, 542 31, 173 109, 096 
otala sfx eH FF. SPASISILLE STIS 6, 068 25, 964 34,774 | 132,690 40, 842 158, 654 
CANNED ALBACORE, TUNA, AND MACKEREL IN CALIFORNIA. 
The pack of albacore, tuna, and mackerel in California in 1921 


amounted to 421,076 cases, valued at $3,085,956. In 1915, the only 
one of these products packed was albacore to the value of $1,517,858. 
From available data it appears that the 1921 pack of the tunas was 
smaller than for any year since 1915. 


Pack oF ALBACORE, TUNA, AND MACKEREL IN CALIFORNIA, 1921. 


Tuna. 
Sizes. Albacore. Feed <j Mackerel. 
uefin an 4 
yellowfin. Striped. 
Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases Value 
}-pound round...... 24,964 | $134, 876 4,695 | $24, 408 2,122 $8; 597 | os wxccoaal|'ca0 See 
3-pound round...... 179, 735 | 1,266,258 | 35,926] 186, 216 4,349 | 20, 707 2,000} $11,000 
3-pound oval........ 14,900 | 116, 808 5,370 | 26, 850 750 Si750t £23 5145490). Qcko oe 
i-pound round...... 72, 016 754, 089 3, 434 32, 123 10, 906 16; SOD faye.« dees oars) eas cee a 
1-pound tall........- 831 Mo Pee Seek oe Sais 08 REE BS 8 Fo 255 1,275 
1-pound oval........ 50, 482 351, 898 7, 152 BL pt BRB Sar, Se Seer ees Heese Pee e a 2. 
4pound tall......... 1, 189 D3s 780) | osteo ae jae = [aimee sem ele = oo Merete em teiaste's m1m.= [> «iets ate iia eee 
Total..........| 344,117 | 2,657,266 | 56,577 | 306,486 | 18,127] 109,929 2,255 12, 275 


ee aaa cEnEIIEEEEET UE TERE EEE EE ee 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. 19 


CANNED SHRIMP. 


The pack of shrimp in the South Atlantic and Gulf States in 1921 
amounted to 667,558 cases, valued at $3,804,781, as compared with 
a pack valued at $2,012,437 in 1918 and 448,443 cases, valued at 
$1,436,851, in 1916. Louisiana outranked the other States in 1921 
with a pack of 273,218 cases, valued at $1,530,072, and Mississippi 
ranked second with a pack of 169,751 cases, valued at $958,268. 
The bulk of the shrimp are packed in No. 1 cans, 48 cans to the case. 


Pack or SHRIMP IN SoutTH ATLANTIC AND GuLF Starss, 1921. 


No. 24 and No. 10 
State. No. 1 (4 dozen). No. 14 (2 dozen). (2 dozen Total. 
and 4 dozen). 


Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. 
Georpia 1b o.5-..... 5 69,193 | $401, 230 9).664)]) $55,998 |<. ss ece| fens ov nee 78,857 | $457, 228 
WMilorida: fnew. 25-1 63,376 | 397, 107 ASOOG PROS "6551 leer eee ae. 68,372 | 425, 762 
Miapamaleees =. Ab 68,086 | 380, 210 9,116} 51,819 158 | $1,422] 77,360) 483,451 
Mississippi........-. 160, 747 907, 373 §, 004 DOR SOD) | aerneteetetectea| sem testets ces 169, 751 958, 268 
Louisiana........... 236,072 | 1,322,057 |. 37,146 |.-208, 015 |.........- eceiene 273, 218 | 1,530, 072 
Mote sre oer 507, 474 | 3,407,977 | 69,926 | 395, 382 | 158 1, 422 | 667, 558 | 3, 804, 781 


1 Includes the output of one plant in North Carolina. 


CANNED CRABS. 


In 1921 there were six establishments engaged in canning crabs, 
of which two each were in Virginia and Alaska and one each in 
Louisiana and Washington. The pack amounted to 11,960 cases, 
valued at $115,800. In 1920 the imports of crab meat amounted 
to 4,078,980 pounds, valued at $2,166,068. Of this amount, 4,013,530 
pounds, valued at $2,144,928, are credited to Japan; 32,806 pounds, 
valued at $3,437, to Canada; 20,016 pounds, valued at $13,241, to 
Hongkong; and 12,628 pounds, valued at $4,462, to Norway. 


Pack or Crass, BY States, 1921. 


Virginia, Washing- 
Sizes. ton, Louisiana, 
and Alaska. 
Cases. Value. 
eral: Sonne (2 d0zen) sac SI ee OOS. 2s TR Sy 1 EO pe aS Se 840 $4, 080 
da epalldi Or onnce! Cd Ozen eet softs LOL AULT TE ON DN OR ono seas) BOM 7, 550 69, 780 
6, andl ounce (2 doveriyse 2. Se. Has Oe eS ESSE Een STOLE 3, 570 41, 940 
BR Gea lemeeeee nico cs ak oe ee ee ae asec eS | hen hw 3 wie AS 11, 960 115, 800 


CANNED CLAMS. 


The 1921 pack of canned clams amounted to 226,130 cases, valued 
at $1,166,507, of which 92,085 cases, valued at $509,122, were razor 
clams, packed chiefly in Oregon and Washington; 46,207 cases, valued 
at $212,846, hard clams, accredited to Florida and Washington; 
and 87,838 cases, valued at $444,539, soft clams, accredited to Maine 
and Massachusetts. The value of the pack of whole clams was 
$537,767; of minced clams, $446,298; and of clam bouillon, chowder, 
extract, and juice, $182,442. 


20 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


Following are the statistics of canned clams, the combinations 
made in the tables being necessary to avoid disclosing private 


enterprise: 
Pack oF Ciams, BY StTaTEs, 1921. 


RAZOR CLAMS. 


Washington and 


Sizes. Oregon. Miasta Total. 
Whole: Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. 
7-ounce cans (4 dozen).......---------- 433 $3, 464 5,499 | $41, 503 5, 932 $44, 967 
9-ounce cans (4 dozen)........-.------- 500 2 LOD || pationee esa eect eceiat 500 2,750 
16-ounce cans (4 dozen)---.-.--- Fes Se) epee oe eee ae 11,420 9, 940 1, 420 9, 940 
45-ounice cans (4: G0Z6N) =~. 2. Seco nen lee ey ee eee = 1, 593 17, 284 1,593 17, 284 
Minced: 
34-ounce cans (4 dozen).........------- 4,712 23, 090 45,097 | 224,965 49, 809 248, 055 
5-ounce cans (4 dozen)........--------- 3, 421 19, 166 24,728 | 144,335 28, 149 163, 501 
A 9-ounce cans (4 dozen)-_--__------- Soibe 171 1,710 3,758 18, 384 3, 929 20, 094 
uice: 
Wo- Licaris (4 Gozen)ize ese sssccee seal oat aa cetial nnd sonnei 20 55 20 55 
INOs.2 CATS GOZO) eee cases ala aaeaae mela alate alaole el 565 1,300 565 1, 300 
INO: LOCans Gi dozen) ier oo ao tee ae nana seeee nelestecr acer 168 1,176 168 1, 176 
Motalle 209. x. ncneeee ste ss sates 9,237 | 50,180 | 82, 848 | 458,942 | 92,085 | 509, 122 
HARD CLAMS. 
: Florida and ‘ Florida and 
Sizes. Washington. Sizes. Washington. 
Whole: Cases. | Value. || Bouillon, chowder, and juice: Cases. | Value. 
No. 1 cans (4 dozen).......... 9,883 | $58,175 No. 1 cans (4 dozen).........- 8, 341 | $30,211 
No. 2 cans (2 dozen) .......-.- 8,658 | 39, 463 No. 2 cans (2 dozen)-...°--.-- 2, 430 7,190 
No. 10 cans (4 dozen)......... 3,672 | 26,413 No. 3 cans (2 dozen).....-.--- 4,788 | 20,413 
Minced: No. 10 cans (4 dozen)......-.. 184 501 
No. 1 cans (4 dozen).........- 2,457 | 10,255 14 and 3 ounce bottles........| 1,753 5, 257 
No. 2 cans (2 dozen).......... 901 3, 708 7 and 14 ounce bottles (2 
No. 10 cans (4 dozen) ........- 80 685 GOZOW se Se tece ae voce 3,060 | 10,575 
Totelesce cou ce 34 eeee 46, 207 | 212, 846 
BN A lt RL ee eee 
SOFT CLAMS. 
a ee oS eet 
A Maine and P Maine and 
Sizes. Massachusetts. Sizes. Massachusetts. 
Whole: Cases. | Value. || Bouillon, chowder, and extract: 
4and 5 ounce cans (4 dozen)..| 26,403 |$134, 203 2, 4, and 8 ounce jars and | Cases. | Value. 
6 and 84 ounce cans (2 dozen).| 3,525] 14,017 bottles (2 dozen)..........-- 1,349 | $5,702 
8-ounce cans (4 dozen).......- 10,075 | 67,783 10 and 104 ounce cans (2 dozen)| 10,548 | 45, 803 
10-ounce cans (2 dozen)....-..- 4,4 22, 250 1-pound cans (4 dozen). ......| 3,735 | 17,555 
15 and 16 ounce cans (4dozen).| 13,416 | 68,571 3 and 6 pound cans (2 dozen)..| 7,977 | 36,704 
2-pound cans (2 dozen)?....-.. 6,381 | 31,951 
Potalestsasesssseesest eee eee 87, 838 | 444, 539 


1 Packed in Alaska. 2 Includes small pack of clam chowder. 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. 21 


CANNED OYSTERS. 


The pack of oysters in 1921 amounted to 455,550 cases, valued at 
$2,179,271. Maryland leads in the quantity and value of the pack, 
Mississippi ranking second, and South Carolina third. 


Pack oF Oysters, BY SratTss, 1921. 


Sizes. Maryland. | North Carolina. South Carolina. Georgia. 
Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. | Value. Cases. | Value. 
S-curnee Cans.(4-dozen) |t.427 2228/22 Sh SJ. Ih 200 $720! aed. Jats see 
4-ouncecans(4dozen)| 21,616 | $77,698 450 | $2,520 PO82 |i rg8, S65) a vk oe ees even 
5-ouncecans(4dozen)} 92,000 | 440,001 11, 333 56, 726 94,698 | 417,653 11, 332 $60, 760 
6-ouncecans(4dozen)} 10,799 50}: 202) 05 sie. Aae oe fa obs 300 2, 100 200 1, 400 
7-ounce cans (2 dozen) 262 ODDS |e se gaara cial ace poe |e oima se eel Se nee ete ae obeeare a sioll Se eee we 
8-ounce cans (2 dozen) 5, 679 28, 980. (cu toe Se. ose JIE 450 1 O80. Se. 2% pe ASE EE Eo 
10-ounce cans (2 | 
MOPON ine oecmc cane 25,975 | 179,944 2,734 14, 056 17, 687 69, 993 1, 092 5, 460 
12-ounce cans (2 | 
(3 ay 2121) fea a a 100 100) lore ciclo cie See Sees Cet Senooes Sees 50 400 
Potalescs.-Sce|) 106,431 ||, 7782435 14, 517 73,302 | 115,417 | 501,311 12, 674 | 68, 020 
. : Alabama and 55 Gare 
Sizes. Florida. Lenisians) Mississippi. Total. 
Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. 
OUUCECANS(AGO7OD) |. . 2. #2 chads Sool... cud. reclbexeeien-bo|s dances selec soresck 200 $720 
4ounce cans (4 dozen)|.......... 1,310 $6, 288 28, 489 | $132, 951 53, 947 228, 322 
5-ounce cans (4 dozen) 3, 213 6, 125 28, 210 75,878 | 376,247 | 294,579 | 1,394, 355 
6-ounce cans (4dozen)|.......- 503 PAOLO Eemetae eas leestei sel 11, 802 56, 318 
7-ounce cans (2 dozen)}.... hes ARATE: BOCES OR CUS [ER 8 a SSIES _ 8a 3 262 900 
8-ounce cans (2 dozen)}.....-.... 501 2, 405 17, 903 84,379 | 24, 533 117, 694 
10-ounce cans (2 
dozen) 75.2 Bet. 43 503 2,515 21,668 | 105, 828 70, 077 379, 802 
12ounce cans (2 
Goze) ngosc seine. SEE SSIS e Pee ye ERE) ae We cettee: 150 1,160 
3, 631 16, 764 8,942 42,034 | 143,938 | 699,405 | 455,550 | 2,179, 271 


MISCELLANEOUS CANNED FISHERY PRODUCTS. 


In addition to the products given in the tables, there were packed 
in Maine, Massachusetts, and North Carolina 259,644 cases of miscel- 
laneous fishery products, valued at $778,978; in California, 2,186 
cases of abalone, valued at $15,496, 11,712 cases of barracuda, 
yellowtail, and fish cakes, valued at $77,967, and 666 cases of squid 
and mussels, valued at $4,998; and in Washington and Oregon, 
other canned salmon products to the value of $69,170. 


BY-PRODUCTS OF THE FISHERIES. 


The bureau has continued its efforts to bring about a more com- 
plete utilization of the waste products of the fisheries and their con- 
version into products of the greatest economic value. The postwar 
slump in the prices of scrap and oil served to curtail greatly the pro- 
duction as compared with recent years. 


FISH OILS. 


The production of fish oils in 1921 in the United States and Alaska 
amounted to 7,446,281 gallons, valued at $2,078,670. Of this amount 
the largest item was menhaden oil, 6,260,478 gallons, the production 
of other oils being as follows: Whale oil, 354,372 gallons; herring 


22 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


oil, 283,815 gallons; sperm oil, 168,729 gallons; salmon oil, 71,522 
gallons; cod and cod-liver oil, 49,772 gallons; and miscellaneous, 
257,593 gallons. Imports of fish oils entered for consumption for 
the calendar year 1920 amounted to 2,268,736 gallons, valued at 
$2,462,232. This amount includes cod oil, 1,044,624 gallons, valued 
at $979,891; cod-liver oil, 445,167 gallons, valued at $892,965; herring 
and other fish oils, 575,842 gallons, valued at $402,325; seal oil, 
13,085 gallons, valued at $11,761; sperm oil, 99,783 gallons, valued 
at $98,033; other whale oil, 86,788 gallons, valued at $75,176; and 
other rendered oils and combinations of, 3,447 gallons, valued at 
$2,081. The exports of fish oils in 1920 amounted to 428,292 gallons, 
valued at $406,966. Of this amount 253,494 gallons, valued at 
$185,502 went to England; 53,690 gallons, valued at $50,948, to 
Canada; 26,452 gallons, valued at $24,850, to Cuba; 14,662 gallons, 
valued at $30,431, to Mexico; 14,596 gallons, valued at $7,298, to 
Belgium; 13,513 gallons, valued at $36,564, to Germany; and 13,419 
gallons, valued at $8,700, to France. 


FISH SCRAP AND MEAL, 


The production of fish and whale scrap and meal and shrimp 
bran in 1921 amounted to 107,273 tons, valued at $3,557,142. Of 
this amount 60,031 tons, valued at $2,613,361, was dried scrap and 
meal; 44,454 tons, valued at $895,140, acidulated scrap; 2,160 tons, 
valued at $31,827, crude or green scrap; and 628 tons, valued at 
$16,814, shrimp bran. Of the total quantity produced 89,559 tons 
are credited to the Atlantic and Gulf coast States and 17,714 tons 
to the Pacific coast States and Alaska. It is estimated that not less 
than 15,000 tons of the dried product produced on the Atlantic 
seaboard were used as fish meal for feeding purposes. This in- 
creased use of fish meal is directly attributable to the aid given by 
the Bureau of Fisheries and the Bureau of Animal Industry. 


POULTRY GRIT AND LIME. 


The demand for and use of ground oyster shells for poultry grit 
and lime for fertilizer has developed rapidly in recent years into an 
important industry. In fact, when consideration is given to the 
decline in the catch of oysters in recent years and the utilization 
of stocks accumulated before the demand became so great, it is to 
be expected that there will be a lessening of production and a de- 
crease in the number of operators. At the same time efforts will be 
made to draw upon other similar materials, such as scallops, clams, 
etc., in an effort to meet the demand. 


ANALYSES OF SHELLS OF OysTERS AND SCALLOPS. 


Oysters. | Scallops. Oysters. | Scallops. 


Calcium carbonate...........-. 93.12 97.35 || Magnesium oxide............. 0. 25 0.32 


Silica, iron, and aluminum WAIGimGmIde. eee c cece Sec c 52.15 54,52 
OXIdES Jocce sh cacacmecee ee ce 3.55 -40 


From the analyses it will be noted that the scallop shells have a 
much smaller percentage of impurities, silica, iron, and aluminum, 
than oyster shells. As the scallop shells grind to a snow-white 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. 23 


powder, it is possible that they may be superior to oyster shells for 
some purposes. As a poultry feed, it is possible that little difference 
will be found between the two. However, the bureau has arranged 
with the division of poultry husbandry of the Department of Agri- 
culture to ascertain whether any differences can be detected. 

In 1921 there were 54 plants engaged in the production of poultry 
erit or lime, of which 18 were in Maryland, 11 in Virginia, 5 in Louisi- 
ana, 4 in Mississippi, and 3 in Florida. The production of poultry 
grit amounted to 185,474 tons, valued at $1,759,120, and of lime to 
73,764 tons, valued at $502,634, or a combined production of 259,238 
tons, valued at $2,261,754. 


PRODUCTION OF POULTRY GRIT AND LIME FROM GROUND OysTER SHELLS, BY STATES, 


Jol. 


State. Poultry grit. Lime. Total. 
Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, and New Tons. Value. Tons. Value. Tons. Value. 
PeNOUSS Yes eae Sate oes arm arn nics at wlan nas 15,239 | $157, 372 5,241 | $29, 084 20,480 | $186, 456 
Mamprma Session ash 2 hts 44 bee 8h 51, 408 492, 958 26,859 | 148, 624 78, 267 641, 582 
VinPIT ASF rote Cao ee eke wg ye hese 26, 150 325, 125 33,478 | 306,645 59, 628 631, 770 
North Carolina, South Carolina, and 
Gcorpinkes: ta. errr eh. 2g. sie 2, 957 26, 630 1, 555 9, 535 4,512 36, 165 
Florida and Alabama...................- 48,855 | 392, 340 3, 045 4,810] 51,900] 397, 150 
Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas........ 40, 865 364, 695 38, 586 3, 936 44, 451 368, 631 
TRIP ILsk  n e 185,474 | 1,759,120 | 73,764 | 502,634 | 259,238 | 2,261, 754 


MENHADEN INDUSTRY. 


In 1921 there were 39 factories engaged in utilizing menhaden for 
the production of scrap, meal, and oil, distributed as follows: Massa- 
chusetts, 2; Connecticut, 1; New York, 2; New Jersey, 3; Delaware, 
1; Virginia, 14; North Carolina, 15; and Florida, 1. The number of 
menhaden utilized was 1,031,540,831, or 618,924,499 pounds, valued 
at $1,929,219, as compared with 1,061,843,750 menhaden, or 637,- 
106,250 pounds, valued at $2,210,165, in 1912. The yield of scrap 
and meal in 1921 was 82,662 tons, valued at $2,286,095, as compared 
with 88,520 tons, valued at $2,138,165, in 1912, and 6,260,478 gallons 
of oil, valued at $1,719,892, in 1921, as compared with 6,651,203 gal- 
lons, valued at $1,551,990, in 1912. 


Propucts or MENHADEN INDusTRY, By StTaTEs, 1921. 


Massachusetts, Connec- | New Jersey and Dela- raerene 
Products. ticut, and New York. ware. Virginia. 
Fish utilized: Menhaden Quantily. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. 
Ti eee number. . 228, 229,333 | $506,906 | 84,760,000 | $179,710 |403, 340, 000 $806, 120 
Manufactured products: jee yee 
Dry scrap and fish meal 
Fae AOR Sn Sn ee tons. . 125 SHOT RI SMe. gh Bam aaa bos, Jy 30,311 | 1, 106, 855 
Acidulated scrap....do.... 24, 850 520, 000 10, 760 215,200) | prcanccooocta| MeV eeeh. cc 5.5 
Crude or green scrap 
cece OOS-ORL 1S 2 tons. . 350 TOMS OOU ES cscs = bPAl eee cnc tel eros | deers eroee ae Me 
Totalvig-8.2.04--c, dosecs 25, 325 536, 375 10, 760 215, 200 30,311 | 1,106. 855 
Ol i2. ..) 208 the gallons..| 2,066,812|  591,745|  789,666| 187,377 | 2, 210,000 605, 760 
Grand total.~-2<cersees|eewsrees ees fred A283 \120-(eseses. oc s ADA SKM sac sasee eae | 1,712,615 


24 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


Propucts oF MENHADEN INDustTRY, BY States, 1921—Continued. 


J North Carolina and 
Products. Florida. Total. 
Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. 
Fish utilized: Menhaden..................-. number. .| 315, 211, 498 $436, 483 /11,031,540, 831 | $1,929, 219 
Manufactured products: 
Dry scrap and fish meal..................-. tons.. 7,422 267, 725 2 37, 858 1, 380, 455 
PMEIGUIA COG SCLAD. sas 0.52<snti ee ae ge ee einnoe do -. 5 8, 844 159, 940 44, 454 895, 140 
Cradeior green scrap! ..fSte08. 8-3 eee ane GO. 5.5 | Shan tonbe os eles eee ae 350 10,2 J 
ROU Ge eh = = Sasa sce hs choos foe a see eta ae = 16, 266 427, 665 | 82, 662 2, 286,095 
Ea = See eR es PAIS genera Pn Metin gallons..| 1, 194, 000 335, 010 6, 260, 478 1,719, 892 
EG Pec ee ee ON SR HY SON SESS (UR gee) 762,675 | Ste aey 4,095, 987 
1618, 924,499 pounds. 


2 Of this quantity 5,396 tons, valued at $250,130, were reported as sold as fish meal. 
MISCELLANEOUS BY-PRODUCTS. 


In addition to the production of poultry grit and lime and the prod- 
ucts of the menhaden industry, miscellaneous by-products—scrap, 
meal, and oil, shrimp bran, liquid glue, shark and porpoise hides, 
agar-agar, fish-scale essence, shark fins, whalebones (skeletons), ete.— 
were produced to the value of $2,084,086. It is impracticable to 
reveal the quantity and value of many of these products without 
disclosing private enterprise. 


MIscELLANEOUS Fishery By-Propucts, By Srarss, 1921. 


; = North Carolina 
Maine and Massa- | New York, Mary- : rpahecrenars hi é F 
Products. j + oinia | Florida, Mississippi California. 
chusetts. land, and Virginia. and@'Louisinas= = 


Fish scrap and meal: | Quantity.| Value. | Quantity.| Value. | Quantity.| Value. | Quantity.| Value. 
Dried...... tons..| 2,365 | $74,817 1,344 | $38,035 750 | $36,750 | 15,293 | $926, 020 
Crude or green 

ee wen ois bof ONS 2 1,810 PY B27 |anas- 6 522). Sadere bse Ek oe culer bos deeb) dae ees ee 
Shrimp bran 
Facts saias6 POUS 519 35 st¢kE- sLe-. oeeste|es-eeceu |saaae eee ee 628 16}.814 |J 3. Adoe St ck eee ane 
Oil: 
Dardine gallons! js. SAS Ss od Rieseta ae. eecae eee. og 170, 977 35, 760 
Herring....do....| 27,900 SyAQOW 5 wad an 'csre| is ened dt} oss Cit eplacmeet aae3 |b. aoe koe sl ae 
Sperm oil..do....| 168,729 QA TOT || out- wantwelemece-cealoeeeee seal ten eee cee eae ee ee 
Liver...... Go ss22] (143,757, 16} 193 (et chk [2 aes ocoeelede SRN reel 8 eek 
Cod-liver ..do.... 6,015 8,905 eos Sos Sa Glam Sacto nl almar Otte wells earcehe Ok Oe |e ere 
Miscellaneous 
bois se gallons..| 1,161 1,033 | 33,585 4,520} 16,499 4,970 | 451,770} 123,115 
Liquid glue... .do-...| :347,048 | 364,415 |i 22.5. s2M22f22 2a) See ce), SS Se ee 
Miscellaneous by- 
products. .pounds. . 1,125 12000) |. eats alee ceageeee 191, 840 24,184 | 340,042 10, 462 
otal eas sb ee BOANOIGN fone cee AD 5554 eee ke ROS | Soe eee 1,095, 357 
Oregon and Wash- 
Products. 8 ington. Alaska. Total. 

Fish scrap and meal: : Quantity.| Value. | Quantity.| Value. | Quantity.| Value. 
Dried. .|. GokO8s. 292: Abe wee. tons..| 1,743 | $116, 604 678 | $40,680 | 22,173 |$1, 232, 906 
Crude.or green sacs. ~.222cs<ecest CTR Pe soer oes despa rraceene=.-| [linc jasnl- 1,810 21,327 

a DHE DIDIAl esos) ten cca ane GOoscle cote tee veloc cas ce elecb «aso eee 628 16, 814 

il: 
BON £18. Geos cia djainnmciims gallons..| 56,512 16, 060 15,010 4,102 71, 522 20, 162 
Banding ope? s,s Boe eee COST SOS Soi. SOO] SB oe Sk SCO ee oe = onal eee ters 170, 977 35, 760 
lerinieee cat. cou te Meee oe TE ReneS: NRE <h 84,938 | 21,236 | 112, 838 26, 735 
Siete ber sso seare rere ce aee fac eee Pome a 20 See See ace oo: 22. 168, 729 94, 767 
LINC cco eaviwsrcreiee see rerie ys DO seas }roresd cee | poeeeceses| See ste ese | Sane ccc ace 43, 757 16, 193 
Wodsiver: ree Oe oie. Co fs A | Se sy | ey | See ee See 6,015 3,965 
Miscellaneous. ............--.... do....| 108,950 DOOR rsceeeeel occ ecl cece 611, 965 161, 196 
Metqrid. clue, rk se eS Ste ea. Cosy see... 803] A I a 347, 048 364, 415 
Miscellaneous by-products....... pounds..| 288, 000 43 200 nore lt oes 7388 821, 007 89, 846 


U.S. B. F.—Doc. 932. 


FIG. 2—MENHADEN STEAMERS ON FISHING AREAS. 


FIG. 3—MENHADEN FISHERY. PURSE-SEINE CATCH BUNTED UP FOR TRANSFER 
WOMViESSEE’S OED: 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. 25 
FISH LEATHER. 


There is continued interest in the use of shark skins for tanning into 
leather, and fancy leathers of excellent quality and appearance are 
being tanned. It has also been demonstrated that shoes made of 
shark leather wear fully as well as high-grade calfskin shoes and retain 
_ a better finish without abrasions. The present tendency in finishing 
these leathers is to retain the special characteristics and finish, which 
adds much to the attractiveness of such articles. As the unexpended 
balance of the special appropriation for “ Developing aquatic sources 
of leather” was not ads available for use during the current fiscal 
year, the bureau is restricted by lack of funds as to the service it might 
render in developing this industry. Of the $10,000 provided in the act 
approved by Congress June 12, 1917, there were expended during the 
five years ended June 30, 1922, $5,759.39. 


FISH-SCALE ESSENCE. 


It is reported that the production of fish-scale essence in the United 
States is sufficient to satisfy the demand, and inquiries have been 
received from abroad relative to obtaining supplies in this country. 
It is estimated that this commodity was produced in 1921 to a value 
exceeding $15,000. 


AGAR-AGAR. 


Agar-agar, one of the most useful seaweed products, is now being 
produced in southern California and gives promise of becoming an 
industry of some importance. It is HeNbrtad that along the coast of 
southern California there are at least 15 species of alge suitable for 
the purpose as compared with 7 or 8 in Japan. The red alex, from 
which agar is chiefly made, grows unusually large on the California 
coast, reaching a height of 3 or 4 feet. The material is gathered 
chiefly by Japanese divers and to some extent by wading along the 
beaches at low tide. It is dried in the sun on the beach and is baled 
for shipment to the factory. 

The manufacturers are endeavoring to develop gelatinous substances 
of varying characters suited to a large number of new uses for such 
products. The extent of the supply of the seaweeds suitable for the ~ 
purpose will, it is believed, fix the limitations on the industry. 


NEW ENGLAND VESSEL FISHERIES. 
GENERAL STATISTICS. 


In the vessel fisheries at Boston and Gloucester, Mass., and Port- 
land, Me., during the past year there was a decrease in the number of 
trips and also in the quantity and value of the products as compared 
with the previous year. At Boston there was a decrease in the products 
landed of 11.96 per cent in quantity and 31.71 per cent in value, and at 
Gloucester a decrease of 29.36 per cent in the quantity and 36.98 per 
cent in the value. In the products landed at Portland there was an 
increase of 3.84 per cent in the quantity but a decrease of 2.83 per 
cent in the value. Statistics of i fisheries have been collected by 
the local agents and published in monthly bulletins showing by | 
species and fishing grounds the quantities and values of fishery prod- 
ucts landed by American and Canadian fishing vessels during the year 


26 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


at these ports. Two annual bulletins have been issued, one showing 
the catch by months and the other by fishing grounds. 

The fishing fleet at these ports during the calendar year 1921 
numbered 3898 sail, steam, and gasoline screw vessels, including 23 
American and 3 Canadian steam trawlers. These vessels landed at 
Boston 3,078 trips, aggregating 104,368,629 pounds of fish, valued at 
$4,190,135; at Gloucester, 2,073 trips, aggregating 33,016,166 pounds, 
valued at $920,250; and at Portiand, 2,055 trips, aggregating 13,- 
480,311 pounds, valued at $612,244. The total for the three ports 
amounted to 7,206 trips, aggregating 150,865,106 pounds of fresh 
and salted fish, having a value to the fishermen of $5,722,629. This 
total includes 72 trips—49 at Boston, 7 at Gloucester, and 16 at 
Portland—landed by 22 Canadian fishing vessels, amounting to 
4,222,319 pounds of fish, valued at $127,549. Of this quantity, 
1,849,702 pounds, valued at $65,388, were landed at Boston; 239,209 
pounds, valued at $8,409, at Gloucester; and 2,133,408 pounds, 
valued at $53,752, at Portland. There was an increase of 4 vessels 
and 18 trips and of 1,634,101 pounds in the quantity and $8,521 in 
the value of fish landed as compared with the previous year. ‘These 
fish were landed in accordance with an arrangement with the Cana- 
dian Government as an emergency war measure granting reciprocal 
privileges to fishing vessels, by which Canadian fishing vessels were 
permitted to land their fares at American ports direct from the 
fishing grounds. Canadian vessels began to utilize this privilege in 
April, 1918, and the arrangement was canceled to take effect July 
15, 1921, but a number of trips were admitted after that date, the 
last one being landed in September. 

Compared with the previous year there was a decrease of 400 
trips, or 5.25 per cent, in the total number landed by the fishing 
fleet at Boston, Gloucester, and Portland and of 27,415,595 pounds, 
or 15.37 per cent, in the quantity and of $2,504,384, or 30.44 per 
cent, in the value of the products landed. The only important 
species showing an increase in both quantity and value was halibut. 
The catch of halibut increased 1,876,698 pounds, or 49.52 per cent, 
in quantity and $61,253, or 8.25 per cent, in value. The catch of 
cusk increased 243,676 pounds, or 13.13 per cent, in quantity but 
decreased $10,241, or 21.30 per cent, in value. There was a decrease 
in both quantity and value of the catch of all the other more impor- 
tant species. The catch of cod decreased 8,750,568 pounds, or 14.05 

er cent, in quantity and $906,870, or 34.38 per cent, in value; 
Eeadbek: 7,866,768 pounds, or 10.45 per cent, in quantity and 
$693,882, or 25.32 per cent, in value; hake, 185,248 pounds, or 3.92 
per cent, in quantity and $44,273, or 28.77 per cent, in value; pollock, 
1,615,890 pounds, or 18.87 per cent, in quantity and $97,486, or 
37.19 per cent, in value; mackerel, 3,909,541 pounds, or 53.60 per 
cent, in quantity and $427,468, or 56.01 per cent, in value; herring, 
4,384,444 pounds, or 62.65 per cent, in quantity and $125,894, or 
75.70 per cent, in value; and swordfish, 934,024 pounds, or 36.89 

er cent, in quantity and $175,796, or 35.57 per cent, in value. 
he catch of Newfoundland herring declined from 3,097,024 pounds, 
valued at $110,157, in 1920, to 551,400 pounds, valued at $19,584, in 


1921. In the various other species combined there was a decrease ' 


of 1,889,486 pounds, or 37.89 per cent, in quantity and of $83,727, 
or 38.08 per cent, in value. . 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921, a 


The catch of cod, haddock, and hake is sold in different grades as 
landed from the vessels. Cod are sold as large, market, and scrod; 
haddock as large and scrod; and hake as large and small. It will be 
noticed in the statistics that the quantity of scrod cod and serod 
haddock is very small as compared with that of the other grades of 
these species. This is said to be due to the fact that the price re- 
ceived for scrod cod and scrod haddock is so low that the fishermen 
do not save all that are caught. The catch of scrod cod landed at 
these ports during the year was 1,150,577 pounds, valued at $10,844, 
and of scrod haddock only 30,562 pounds, valued at $535. 

The following tables present in detail, by fishing grounds and by 
months, the fishery products landed at Boston and Gloucester, Mass., 
and Portland, Me., by American and Canadian fishing vessels for the 
calendar year 1921. The weights of fresh and salted fish given in 
these statistics represent the fish as landed from the vessels, and the 
values are those received by the fishermen. The grades or sizes 
given for certain species are those recognized in the trade. 


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47 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. 


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48 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


The fishery products landed at Boston and Gloucester, Mass., and 
Portland, Me., by fishing vessels each year are taken principally from 
fishing grounds off the coast of the United States. A the calendar 
year 1921, 85.39 per cent of the quantity and 77.99 per cent of the 
value of the catch landed by American and Canadian fishing vessels 
were from these grounds; 4.08 per cent of the quantity and 7.32 per 
cent of the value, consisting chiefly of cod, halibut, and herring, were 
from fishing banks off the coast of Newfoundland; and 10.51 per cent 
of the quantity and 14.67 per cent of the value from fishing grounds 
off the Canadian Provinces. There was a considerable falling off in 
the percentage of products from grounds off the Canadian Provinces, 
but an increase in those from grounds off the United States and New- 
foundland. Newfoundland herring constituted less than one-half 
of 1 per cent of the quantity and value of the fishery products landed 
at these ports during the year. The herring were taken from the 
treaty coast of Newfoundland, and the cod, haddock, hake, halibut, 
and other species from that region were obtained from fishing banks 
on the high seas. All fish caught by American fishing vessels off the 
coast of the Canadian Provinces were from offshore fishing grounds. 
The catch from each of these regions is given in detail in the following 
table: 


QUANTITY AND VALUE OF Fish LANDED By AMERICAN AND CANADIAN FISHING VEs- 
SELS AT BosToN AND GLOUCESTER, MAss., AND PoRTLAND, ME., IN 1921, FROM 
FIisHING GROUNDS OFF THE COAST OF THE UNITED States. NEWFOUNDLAND, AND 
CANADIAN PROVINCES. 


Species. United States. Newfoundland. |Canadian Provinces. Total. 
Cod: Pounds. Value. Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. Value. 
Mreshs u.5 5515 42,396,111 |$1, 368, 185 260,366 | $6,475 | 5,449, 769 |$138, 797 | 48, 106, 246 |$1, 513, 457 
= ee ae ee oe 742, 208 29,948 | 2,877,308 | 114,889 | 1,789,252 | 72,523 | 5,408, 768 217,310 
addock: 
resis sc etan 6450195889))|, 1 958; O32) [oe cnwancieme|eccwee eee 3,377,530 | 87,056 | 67,397,419 | 2,045, 988 
a Salted: sacec 12, 275 137 65 1 2, 950 44 15, 290 182 
ake: 
Fresh..:....| 4,361,017 107, 008 42,080 521 90, 778 1,309 | 4,498,875 108, 838 
Salted....... 895 17 32, 148 586 9,190 162 42, 233 765 
Pollock: 
Brosh... 56. 6, 586, 314 159, 784 1, 260 9 305, 445 3,936 | 6,893,019 163, 729 
C pa saeeabic 16,095 270 10, 825 172 25,072 471 51, 992 913 
usk: 
YESH bo cee 1,741, 877 32, 816 5, 990 87 312, 115 4,145 | 2,059, 982 37, 048 
cota Boeakae 10, 030 203 17, 335 338 11, 068 240 38, 433 781 
ibut: 
resis <c.ec 1, 482, 565 243,748 | 2,306,722 | 267,119 | 1,828,310 | 285,131 | 5,617,597 795, 998 
Salted....... 110 13 47,221 6, 958 1, 100 105 48, 431 7,076 
Mackerel: 
INGESD nc cwsee 1, 029, 002 145, 440! | a6 cteriniowiectel| oom Semie 1,705,678 | 144,715 | 2,734,680 290, 164 
Balt on JS ccbeuwe vices amet tales ceteae ce apemiat essen sein gee 649,500 | 45, 462 649, 500 45, 462 
Herring: 
PES este see 2, 062, 140 20, 823 200; 000 |} TOFD00: | fe. . iS. <cleine samc cae 2, 262, 140 30, 823 
Saltedicccsn el sontace ate smleciescteaee'e 351, 400 QADS4. |. ois sin = w= Sell aw stern aia 351, 9, 584 
Swordfish: Fresh} 1, 282,556 260, 365 12, 753 2,317 302,336 | 55,724 | 1,597,645 318, 406 
Miscellaneous: 
Freshj2:. 569 3, 089, 653 6, 203 215 | 3,095, 856 136, 072 
Salted....... GOO PP Ma See cuecs + alam cian. 221 Semis aes SMe cree ate 600 33 


Total...... 128, 833, 337 | 4, 463, 588 | 6,165,473 | 419,006 |15, 866,296 | 840,035 |150, 865, 106 | 5, 722,629 


SPECIES. 
cop. 


In 1921 there was a decrease of 73 vessels in the fishing fleet landing 
fish at Boston, Gloucester, and Portland as compared with the pre- 
vious year. There were 23 vessels in the salt-bank fishery, or 3 more 


eS 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. 49 


than in the previous year, and 98 in the market fishery, or 13 less than 
in the previous year. These vessels landed their fares of cod and 
other ground fish at these ports during the year, and large quantities 
were ais landed by vessels fishing on the shore grounds. The catch 
of cod landed at these ports during the year was 53,515,014 pounds, 
valued at $1,730,767, of which 48,106,246 pounds, valued at 
$1,513,457, were fresh, and 5,408,768 pounds, valued at $217,310, 
were salted. Cod ranked second in both quantity and value among 
the various species landed. 


HADDOCK. 


The catch of haddock for the year ranked first in both quantity and 
value, exceeding that of cod by 13,897,695 pounds and $315,403. 
The quantity of haddock landed at these ports by fishing vessels 
during the year amounted to 67,412,709 pounds, valued at $2,046,170, 
all of which was fresh except 15,290 pounds salted, valued at $182. 
These fish were taken chiefly on Browns Bank, Georges Bank, South 
Channel, off Chatham, and shore grounds, and the greater part of the 
catch, or 55,241,726 pounds, valued at $1,731,356, was landed at 
Boston. 

HAKE. 


The catch of hake amounted to 4,536,108 pounds, valued at 
$109,603, all landed fresh except 42,233 pounds salted, valued at 
$765. More than half of the catch was landed at Boston. The 
yield of this species has been comparatively small in recent years. 


POLLOCK, 


The catch of pollock amounted to 6,945,011 pounds, valued at 
$164,642, all landed fresh except 51,992 pounds, valued at $913, 
salted. The greater part of the catch of this species was taken from 
Browns Bank, Georges Bank, Jeffreys Ledge, South Channel, and 
shore grounds, and about one-half of the product was landed at 
Gloucester. 

CUSK. 


The catch of cusk was 2,098,415 pounds, valued at $37,829, all 
landed fresh except 38,433 pounds, valued at $781, salted. There 
was an increase in the catch of cusk of 243,676 cpennGs in quantity 
but a decrease of $10,241 in value as compared with the previous 

ear. 

u HALIBUT. 


The catch of halibut was 5,666,028 pounds, valued at $803,074, 
all landed fresh except 48,431 pounds salted, valued at $7,076. 
There was an increase of 1,876,698 pounds in quantity and of 
$61,253 in value as compared with the previous year. The catch 
was the largest taken in the past six years. The quantity landed at 
Boston was 3,808,468 pounds, valued at $556,592; at Gloucester, 
433,361 pounds, valued at $46,510; and at Portland, 1,424,199 pounds, 
valued at $199,972. 


MACKEREL. 


The total catch of fresh mackerel taken by the American fishing 
fleet in 1921 was 40,323 barrels, compared with 79,799 barrels in 


50 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


1920, a decrease of 39,476 barrels. The total catch of salted mack- 
erel was 3,242 barrels, compared with 4,897 barrels the previous 
year, a decrease of 1,655 barrels. The quantity of mackerel landed 
at Boston, Gloucester, and Portland by the fishing fleet during the 
year was 3,384,180 pounds, valued at $335,626, of which 2,734,680 
pounds, valued at $290,164, were fresh and 649,500 pounds, valued 
at $45,462 were salted. These were all landed by American fishing 
vessels. There was a decrease in the total catch of mackerel landed 
at these ports of 3,909,541 pounds in quantity and of $427,468 in 
value, as compared with the previous year. 

In 1921 the total catch of mackerel up to July 1 was 33,632 barrels 
fresh and 3,143 barrels salted, compared with 60,842 barrels fresh 
and 3,357 salted the previous year. In the southern mackerel fishery 
the purse-seine vessels had a poor season and the gill-net vessels had 
only fair success. The fleet numbered about 35 seiners and 125 
netters. The first vessels sailed on March 30, which was about a 
week earlier than in the previous year. The weather was unfavor- 
able for fishing most of the time. ‘The seiners reported seeing more 
fish in the South than for many years. The first vessel arrived at 
New York April 7 with 6,000 pounds of fresh mackerel weighin 
from 1 to 3 pounds each, which sold at 50 cents per pound. These fis 
were caught in latitude 37.50 in 32 fathoms of water. A large fleet 
of netters arrived at New York May 23 with about 300,000 pounds 
of fresh mackerel, which was one of the largest day’s receipts at that 
port in recent years. The weather was good on the Cape Shore, and _ 
this fishery was comparatively successful, three vessels making second 
trips. The fish were caught mostly at night andinsmall schools. The 
first arrivals from Cape Shore were on May 31, one vessel having 
50,000 pounds and another 75,000 pounds, which sold at 10 cents 

er pound. The Cape Shore fleet consisted of 27 vessels, which 
anded 2,160,100 pounds of fresh mackerel and 3,143 barrels of salted 
mackerel, compared with 30 vessels and 1,290,000 pounds of fresh 
mackerel and 3,217 barrels of salted mackerel the previous year. 
The fish averaged large; the fresh sold from 6.6 to 16 cents per 
pound and the salted from $12 to $13.50 per barrel. 


SWORDFISH. 


The catch of swordfish amounted to 1,597,645 pounds, valued at 
$318,406. The number of vessels engaged in this fishery was 66, or 
4 more than in the previous year, but there was a decrease in the 
catch of over 36.89 per cent in quantity and 35.57 per cent in value. 


FLOUNDERS. 


The catch of flounders in the vessel fishery amounted to 2,604,657 
pounds, valued at $111,956, a decrease of 1,033,117 pounds, or 28.39 
per cent, in quantity and of $54,939, or 32.91 per cent, in value. The 
catch taken by boats under 5 tons net tonnage is not included in 


these statistics. 
HERRING, 


The catch of herring amounted to 2,613,540 pounds, valued at 
$40,407. Of this quantity, 2,062,140 pounds, valued at $20,823, 
were taken off the coast of the United States and landed fresh; and 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. 51 


the remainder, including 200,000 pounds, fresh, frozen, valued at 
$10,000, and 351,400 pounds, salted, valued at $9,584, were New- 
foundland herring. 

OTTER-TRAWL FISHERY. 


The use of the otter trawl in the New England vessel fisheries began 
with one steamer at Boston in 1905 and hee gradually grown to a 
fishery of considerable importance. In 1912 there were six specially 
constructed steamers owned and operated by a company at Boston 
engaged in this fishery. An otter trawler from New York also 
landed fish at Boston for several months that year. The catch 
landed at Boston by these vessels in 1912 amounted to 15,025,150 
pounds of fish, of which it is estimated that nearly 14,000,000 pounds 
were haddock. The otter trawlers landed part of their catch of had- 
dock at Portland, Me., for canning purposes. The fishing was con- 
fined chiefly to Georges Bank and South Channel. Several trips were 
also made to Western Bank. 

In 1913 three new steamers were added to the fleet, increasing the 
number to nine, with one additional vessel from New York occa- 
sionally landing at Boston. The number of trips made was 326 and 
the quantity of fish landed at Boston was 14,366,283 pounds, taken 
chiefly on Georges Bank and in South Channel. During the spring 
months a number of trips were taken on Western Bank and part of 
the catch was landed at Portland, Me. 

In 1914 the fishery was conducted on the same grounds as in the 
previous year. The fleet consisted of nine vessels, in addition to 
which two vessels from New York operated from Boston part of the 
year. During the year several vessels began to land their fares reg- 
ularly at Portland. The number of trips made by otter trawlers was 
376, of which 64 were from Georges Bank, 272 from South Channel, 
and 40 from Western Bank. The quantity of fish landed at Boston 
by this fleet was 16,921,295 pounds, of which 14,832,950 pounds were 
haddock. The quantity of fish landed at Portland was 5,830,603 
pounds, a large part of which was taken on Western Bank during 
the spring months. 

In 1915 this fishery was carried on by 12 steamers as in the previous 
ear. There were 380 trips landed, of which 105 were from Georges 
ank, 248 from South Channel, 26 from Western Bank, and 1 trip 

from Browns Bank. Western Bank was resorted to in March, April, 
and May, when haddock were less plentiful on Georges Bank and in 
South Channel than during the winter months. The year’s catch 
taken by these vessels amounted to 21,116,300 pounds of fish, of 
which 17,062,732 pounds were haddock. Of the total catch of haddock 
39.38 per cent were scrod. With the exception of several trips 
landed at Portland and an occasional trip at Gloucester, when there 
was a glut of fresh haddock in the market, the fish caught by otter 
trawlers were landed at Boston. 

In the years immediately following, pperiolly during the war 
period, there was considerable increase in the number of otter-trawl 
vessels and also in the number of firms engaging in the otter-trawl 

hery. The reciprocal arrangement with Canada, permitting 
Canadian vessels to land their fares at American ports direct from 
the fishing grounds, also added a few otter-trawl vessels to the fleet 
landing fish at Boston, Gloucester, and Portland. In 1919 the otter- 


52 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


trawl fleet included 25 American and 2 Canadian vessels; in 1920, 
41 American and 3 Canadian vessels; and in 1921, 23 American and 
3 Canadian vessels. In 1920 otter trawlers landed 646 trips of cod 
and haddock. The catch of cod was 6,311,389 pounds, valued at 
$315,434, and of haddock, 51,962,457 pounds, valued at $1,882,748. 
The haddock taken by otter trawlers amounted to 32.68 per cent of 
the quantity and 26.71 per cent of the value of the total catch of this 
species landed by fishing vessels. 

In 1921 there were 346 trips landed at Boston, Gloucester, and 
Portland by otter-trawl stead; amounting to 30,506,057 pounds of 
fish, valued at $903,878, which was 20.22 a cent of the quantity 
and 15.99 per cent of the value of the total catch landed by fishing 
vessels at these ports. The catch included cod, 2,482,833 pounds, 
valued at $81,258; haddock, 26,734,893 pounds, valued at $750,312; 
hake, 241,650 pounds, valued at $4,798; pollock, 255,500 pounds, 
valued at $7,014; cusk, 892 pounds, valued at $19; hahbut, 64,038 
pounds, valued at $11,579; and other species, 726,251 pounds, valued 
at $48,898. The catch by otter trawls consists principally of haddock, 
which in 1921 amounted to 39.65 per cent of the quantity and 36.66 
per cent of the value of the entire catch of this species landed. The 
greater part of the catch in both years was taken from Georges 
Bank and South Channel. 

The following tables give, by fishing grounds and by months, the 
catch of cod and haddock landed by otter trawlers at these ports in 
1920, the catch of cod, haddock, and other species landed by them 
in 1921, and the catch of cod, haddock, and hake for various years: 


Cop anp Happock LANDED AT BostoN AND GLOUCESTER, Mass., AND PORTLAND, 
Me., By Orrer TRAWLERS IN 1920. 


Num- 
ber of Cod. Haddock. Total. 
trips. 
BY FISHING GROUNDS. 
East of 66° W. longitude. 
Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. 
La Have/Bank......4. «--.-.-=- Da leet Lead lees ett 10,000 $250 10,000 $250 
Western Bank’) ...22.2.'... 25 961,265 | $33,471 | 1,997, 255 63,736 | 2,958,520 97,207 
Quereau Bank...........---- 1 79,415 2,099 19, 125 387 98, 540 2, 486 
West of 66° W. longitude. 
Georges Bank. 2° ..5. 52-5 208 | 2,450,403 | 153,156 | 15,972,435 652, 834 | 18, 422, 838 805, 990 
South Channel..-............! 396 | 2,775,986 | 124,980 | 32,758,942 | 1,121,445 | 35,534,928 | 1, 246,425 
Nantucket Shoals............] 15 44, 320 1,728 | 1,204,700 44,096 | 1,249,020 45, 824 
Uta ee eee See ellie Se! 646 | 6,311,389 | 315,434 | 51,962,457 | 1,882,748 | 58, 273, 846 | 2,198, 182 
BY MONTHS. | 

JANUAIY, saree clape elas et brea.zs | 70 541, 858 43,412 | 4,507,060 245,160 | 5,048,918 288, 572 
WEDLUMEY Sie Ot ate tem feces 58 869, 780 63,204; 4,754,060 233,952 | 5,623,840 297, 156 
Margy tsi. LORI RS Ss 90 | 1, 047, 335 54,353 | 6,495,320 211,508 | 7,542,655 265, 861 
1.5 0) ri LRA a ert, - See ae 58 787,570 31,084 | 3,796,791 129,651 | 4,584, 361 160,735 
Bye. COs A SF Ataaaee 57 770, 280 24,974 | 5,147,055 166,509 | 5,917,335 191, 483- 
JURE: -. et. Weccoree ian sed 59 837, 304 27,690 | 4,722,810 145,777 | 5,560,114 178,467 
VUVoce cence eesaae + oe Cae 45 372, 941 16,777 | 3,199,505 96,956 | 3,572,446 118, 733 
Augist=/ $225) 2223. SAME 49 302, 797 10,316 | 4,370,013 104,923 | 4,672,810 115, 239 
SCpEGM DEL. aseecenh es ret =e 44 182, 470 7,445 | 4,466, 233 100,279 | 4,648, 703 107, 724 
October: hei Ohi A. g 32 197, 320 10,858 | 3,823,530 96,753 | 4,020, 107,611 
Nave betes sce-coe epckee reas 36 204, 569 13,053 | 3,286,575 168,926 | 3,491,144 181,979 
WECEHIDE!. S22 eat ec oot = abe 48 197, 165 12,268 | 3,393,505 182,354 | 3,590,670 194, 622 


Le ee ee eS ee 


Potal 4 oe. oo 646 | 6,311,389 | 315,434 | 51,962,457 | 1,882,748 | 58,273, 846 | 2, 198, 182 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. 53 


FisHERY Propucts LANpED at BosToN AND GLoucESTER, Mass., AND PoRTLAND, 
Me., BY OrreR TRAWLERS IN 1921. 


Num- 
ber of Cod. Haddock. Hake. Pollock. 
trips. 
— i : z 
BY FISHING | | 
GROUNDS. 
East of ay W. longi- 
tude. 
Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. Value. | Pownds.| Value. | Pownds.| Value. 
Western Bank...... 12 496, 500 | $9, 594 1, 565, 955 | $36, 925 1, 635 $32 32, 650 $303 
West of 66° W.longi- 
tude. 
Georges Bank...... 105 | 1, 298,920 | 46, 246 8, 726, 380 | 239, 925 17; 115 | 310 59, 050 2, 474 
South Channel...... 227 685, 563 | 25, 384 | 16, 345, 558 | 471, 680 | 222, 900 4,456 | 163, 575 4, 231 
Nantucket Shoals... 2 1, 850 34 97, 000 3 Ay Co? jal |e Be a nt 225 6 
Votaleea------ 346 | 2, 482, 833 | 81, 258 | 26, 734, 893 | 750, 312 | 241,650 | 4,798 | 255, 500 7, 014 
BY MONTHS. 
January..........-- 53 | 378, 960 | 22,963 | 4, 157,720 | 158,542] 5, 435 237 | 74,470] 3,149 
Webruary......-..-- 34| 354,176 | 9,393] 3,433,005] 81,656] 2,430 179 | 12, 295 715 
Manche 5 text sh 4. 5 124,960] 2,793 662, 450 | 24, 999 70 2 2, 445 133 
APT on oe ae a's. nas 3 11, 000 232 SU KU OD [ia Rs 1 Ua ee || eee 13, 060 110 
I eae las 16 255, 785 | 4, 987 1, 558,615 | 33, 507 4, 120 75 12, 180 112 
TMCS aE? Me 28 351, 530 | 6,692 | 2,630,603 | 46,614] 30,965 426 | 11, 165 152 
PASE ASE SD 2 tht 28 32, 267 | 1,159 | 2,100,600 | 36,251 | 63,570] 1,456 1,545 54 
CRIS (Pca a3 = 33 82,755 | 2,707 | 2,491,085 | 33,768 | 22, 900 366 2, 890 94 
September.......... 26 396, 713 | 10, 228 1,993,120 | 39, 432 8, 380 147 | 20, 505 387 
Octoberss-<:.4.- -<: 33 210,155 | 6,985 | 2,564, 565} 66,915} 27, 200 453 | 10, 540 187 
Novembers- 5; -5-<.- 38 151, 965 | 5, 381 1, 942, 535 | 73,423 | 45, 790 517 | 36, 850 634 
December.....-.--- 49 132, 567 | 7,738 | 2,619, 895 | 142,674 | 30,790 940 | 57, 555 1, 287 
Roba 5 kanes 346 | 2, 482, 833 | 81, 258 | 26,734, 893 | 750,312 | 241,650 | 4,798 | 255, 500 7, 014 
Num- 2 
ber of Cusk. Halibut. Miscellaneous. Total. 
trips. 


BY FISHING GROUNDS. 
East of 66° W. longi- 
tude. 


Pounds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value. |Pounds.| Value. | Pounds. | Value. 
Western Bank....... 12 480 $10 4, 332 $689 2, 990 $87 | 2,104, 542 | $47, 640 


West of 66° W. longi- 
tude. 


Georges Bank....... 105 PRESS .. i] Beet eek 32, 848 5, 301 | 285,198 | 16,683 | 10, 419, 511 | 310, 939 
South Channel....... 227 412 9} 26, 858 5, 589 | 430, 233 | 31, 837 | 17, 875, 099 | 543, 186 
Nantucket Shoals. 2 7, 830 291 106, 905 2, 113 


726, 251 | 48, 898 | 30, 506, 057 | 903, 878 


53,757 | 5,648 | 4,675,705 | 192, 016 
38,450 | 2,554 | 3,851,637] 97,551 


6, 030 349 | 796,917] 28) 474 
EPs 5 eal Soe ay 605, 165 | 12, 928 
21, 328 879 | 1,854, 871 | 40, 009 
17, 041 946 | 3,048,074 | 55, 799 


25,705} 1,520] 2,226, 834] 40, 888 
55,925 | 3,262 | 2,657,561 | 40, 445 
114,775 | 6,032 | 2,547,167] 57,170 
131,972 | 8,646 | 2,951,325 | 84 525 
183, 830 | 10,325 | 2,369, 849 | 91) 995 
77, 438 | 8,737 | 2,920, 952 | 162) 078 


726, 251 | 48, 898 | 30, 506, 057 | 903, 878 


54 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


Cop, Happock, AND Hake LANDED aT BosToN AND GLOUCESTER, MAss., AND 
PortLaNnD, Mg., By OTreR TRAWLERS IN VARIOUS YEARS, 1908 TO 1921. 


Year. | Trips. Cod. Haddock. | Hake. Year. | Trips. Cod. Haddock. | Hake. 


Number.| Pounds. Pounds. | Pownds. Number.| Pounds. Pounds. | Pounds. 
to 44 | 209,800] 1,542,000] 46,600 || 1913.... 326 | 1, 667, 806 | 12,488,992 | 209, 485 
1909... 47| 159,800] 1,719,000 | 74,400 |} 1914.... 387 | 1, 149, 595 | 15, 383, 550 | 259, 913 
1910.... 59 | 125,850] 2,775,000 | 46,600 || 1920.... 646 | 6,311, 389 | 51, 962, 457 |......... 
1911.... 178 | 564,500 | 7,367,100 | 151,700 |} 1921.... 346 | 2, 482, 833 | 26, 734, 893 | 241, 650 
1912.23 295 | 1,952, 950 | 12, 966, 700 105, 500 ¥ 


VESSEL LANDINGS OF COD, HADDOCK, AND HALIBUT. 


The following tables give the catch of cod, haddock, and halibut 
landed at Boston and Gloucester, Mass., and Portland, Me., by fish- 
ing vessels in 1921, taken from each fishing bank each month by 
otter trawls and by all other forms of fishing apparatus. The land- 
ings include both fresh and salted fish, but the latter have been 


converted to the equivalent weights of fresh fish in the condition 
landed. 


VessEL LANDINGS OF Cop, Happock, AND HatiBuT AT BOSTON AND GLOUCESTER, 
Mass., AND PorTLAND, Me., For EacH Monts or 1921, SHOWN By APPARATUS 
AND FisHina BANKS. 


[Salt fish have been reduced to the basis of weights of fresh fish.] 
JANUARY. 


Trips. Cod. Haddock. Trips. Halibut 


BY OTTER TRAWLS. 
East of 66° W. longi- 
tude. 


Number.| Pounds. Value. | Pownds. Value. | Number.| Pounds. | Value. 
Western Bank......... 2 12,665 $411 60 290 $1, 722 1 180 $51 


West of 66° W. longi- 
tude. 


Georges Bank........-- 36 | 296,257 | 19,219 | 2,980,790 | 112,182 27 4,282 | 1,223 
South Channel......-.- | 16 70,038 | 3,333 | 1,116,640 | 44,638 8 901 203 
Total....:..------| 54| 378,960 | 22,963 | 4,157,720 | 158,542 36| 5,363 | 1,477 


SSS OES OEE SSS OeEeEeeESoomomnn]aEaEaEakEapannph"4_oESaAaLh]_—LyapaEaESESESaEL—LESESESSSSS SS 


| 
BY OTHER APPARATUS. | 
| 
East of 66° W. longi- | 
tude. | 


La Have Bank......... 5 215,975 8, 798 145, 335 5, 532 5 2,463 711 
Quereau Bank......... 2 9,419 AE a Asoc sails ciniwiaid cc oh 1 4,980 1,441 
Cape Shore............. 6 149, 535 3,536 23,945 240 fain coal. | ome cnnn Sede 
Gulf of St. Lawrence... 1 24,750 1,052 12,000 25D [acces ssticclossaceccaa] ae 
West of 66° W. longi- 
tude. 

Browns Bank.......... 41 992, 431 41, 562 714, 960 22,927 35 34,805 9,157 
Georges Bank.......... 33 643, 200 30,775 | 1,092,845 34,118 25 6, 502 2,034 
Fippenies Bank........ 3 23, 330 1,804 10,575 692 1 59 24 
Middle Bank........... 40 135, 252 7,516 263,218 18, 485 19 1,857 619 
Jeffreys Ledge.......... 19 52,035 2,027 153, 362 8, 082 15 1,183 271 
South Channel......... 2 10,195 959 25, 100 VAS ane Se Ba TE Se eee 
Nantucket Shoals...... 2 4,010 141 22,215 697 1 55 14 
Off Chatham........... 10 28, 470 1, 286 183, 800 6,472 6 1,192 320 
Shore, general.......... 243 272, 638 9,996 124, 922 7,428 29 796 175 

So CS es 407 | 2,561,240 | 109,724 | 2,772,277 | 101,382 137 53,893 | 14,766 


Grand total...... 461 | 2,940,200 | 132, 687 | 6,929, 997 250, 924 | 178 | 59,256 | 16,243 


‘FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. 55 


Vesset Lanpines or Cop, Happock, AND HauiButT AT Boston AND GLOUCESTER, 
Mass., AND PorTLAND, Mz., ror EacH Monts oF 1921, SHown By APPARATUS 
AND FisHina Banxs—Continued. 


FEBRUARY. 


BY OTTER TRAWLS. 
West of 66° W. longi- 
tude. 


Number.| Pounds. Value. | Pounds. Value. | Number.| Pounds. | Value. 


Georges Bank.....-.... 31 311, 830 $8,155 | 2,983,255 | $68,316 28 8,870 | $2,387 
South Channel......... 5 42,346 1,238 449, 750 13,340 5 2,411 667 


Total-2...52---=-- 36 354, 176 9,393 | 3,433,005 81, 656 33 11,281 3,054 


East of 66° W. longi- 
tude. 


BY OTHER APPARATUS.| 
Quereau Bank......... 4 47, 406 O74) Lee a ee) |e 2 52,136 | 12,959 
CORP) UPA eae ese Sed al lGee ako 4 Se oo 4) soee o4Sere| Basesedenee| Gaee aeedoe 1 21,163 5,455 
St. Peters Bank........ 1 5,059 1 Re Bees Pee ome 2 62,499 | 11,386 
ThorGnliv- -.-22322- -. 1 2, SY fal Bene aopeess hone asace 1 27,751 5, 422 
West of 66° W. longi- 
tude. 
Browns Bank.........- 1 2,500 (i ee ee) Sea See are 1 6,177 996 
Georges Bank... ...... 106 | 4,770,378 | 134,819 | 2,478,299 67,845 65 10, 942 3,423 
Middle Bank.... ...... 17 28,990 914 204, 370 7,944 10 861 149 
Jeffreys Ledge.......... 73 145, 334 3, 788 469, 557 20, 482 35 1,490 285 
South Channel......... 5 19,905 534 145, 640 4,509 5 25 74 
Off Chatham........... il 33, 750 915 250, 550 8,513 9 1,160 274 
Shore, general.......... 302 222,593 7,036 401, 913 17, 816 11 234 59 
Potaleecoen tates 521 | 5,288,818 | 149,848 | 3,950,329 | 127,109 142 | 184,666 | 40,482 
Grand total...... 557 | 5,642,994 | 159,241 | 7,383,334 | 208,765 175 } 195,947 | 43, 536° 
MARCH. 
BY OTTER TRAWLS. 
East of 66° W. longi- 
tude. 
Western Bank......... 1 27,275 $513 198, 400 $7,418 1 279 $55 
West of 66° W. longi- 
tude. 
Georges Bank........-- 4 97, 685 2,280 464, 050 17,581 + 683 143 
Rotaleess Beis se: 5 124, 960 2,793 662, 450 24,999 5 962 198 
BY OTHER APPARATUS. 
East of 66° W. longi- 
tude. 
La Have Bank......... 2 61, 840 2,506 110, 450 5,044 2 11,090 2,460 
Western Bank........-. 9 29,810 TSOG2H 2 322 SSAA coe se 7 | 211,581 | 42,249 
pucreserioaiile. «222 |e eee OR CRO 4 87,346 | 18,400 
The Gully....<...-- 169,376 3,178 155 1 3 85,015 | 16,813 
West of 66° W. longi- 
tude. 
Browns Bank.......... 332, 600 9, 859 229, 600 8,115 11 8,258 2,115 
Georges Bank.......... 5,146,646 | 137,272 | 1,601,280 50,977 44 10,581 2,726 
Middle Bank........... 23, 363 839 138, 400 6, 423 10 572 145 
Jeffreys Ledge.......... 61, 500 1,927 110, 150 5,577 7 217 46 
South Channel......... 140, 307 6,110 843, 620 37,362 19 1,377 329 
Off Chatham........... 69, 470 1,951 393, 290 17,312 a 409 110 
Shore, general.......... 572, 452 21,656 | 1,686, 289 81,116 10 980 221 
Total. 26s) 42.. 6, 607,364 | 186,360 | 5,113,234 | 211,927 124] 417,426] 85,614 
Grand total...... 6, 732,324 | 189,153 | 5,775,684 | 236,926 129 | 418,388 | 85,812 


56 


U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


VessEL Lanpines or Cop, Happocx, AND Ha.tsut AT BosToN AND GLOUCESTER, 
Mass., AND PortLaNnD, Me., ror Eacn Monra or 1921, Saown BY APPARATUS 
AND FisHing Banxs—Continued. 


APRIL. 
Trips. Cod. Haddock. Trips. Halibut. 
BY OTTER TRAWLS. 
East of 66° W. longitude. 
Number.| Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. | Number.) Pownds.| Value. 
Western Bank.........- 3 11, 000 $232 580, 700 | $12, 531 2 405 $55 
BY OTHER APPARATUS. Pix 
East of 66° W. longitude. 
La Have Bank......... 9 191, 623 4, 857 338, 955 17, 819 9 26, 072 4,713 
Western Bank......... 6 249, 618 4, 461 20, 705 532 il 1, 5380 361 
Quereau Bank......... 1 4, 500 LOS s|\eccaeae cee ke seemee eee 1 17, 534 2, 821 
StsPetersiBanke s5 55. 2) 52a se eh espa. SESE See. Se eee aoe oom 1 24, 134 3, 895 
Burgeo Bank........... 1 10, 663 P77 le ae Th eal Ee Meee if 34, 853 5, 051 
Mhe Gullyy-ak.- |. 2. 35. 4 74, 430 1O52 il 5 « HOOSSES | 2S= See 4| 121,302 fi 
West of 66° W. longitude. 
Browns Bank......... 39 | 1,072, 465 31, 122 860, 725 47, 016 33 36, 801 6, 844 
Georges Bank. _......-.- 57 | 1, 348, 731 31, 291 165, 970 6, 045 27 | 234,997 | 42,438 
Clarkes Bank .......... 1 43, 340 1, 215 20, 200 1, 240 i 584 117 
Middle Bank.........-.- 7 21, 140 642 45, 890 2, 620 6 437 72 
Platts Banks. i739... 13 70, 090 1, 557 32, 220 1, 563 4 478 72 
Jefireys Ledge... .|. 5)... 6 26, 505 815 17, 740 1, 200 1 52 8 
South Channel......... 48 453, 476 14, 774 | 1,074, 885 63, 656 37 8, 799 1, 288 
Nantucket Shoals...... 3 14, 245 713 Dees ey | 2 43 10 
Off Chatham... .). 3..... 11 98, 375 3, 568 1389, 045 10, 159 7 497 96 
Shore, general.........- 564 538, 301 17, 055 | 1,019, 637 62, 203 20 5, 123 996 
DOLBE AF oi tices 770. | 4,212, 502 | 118,918 | 3, 735,922 |. 214, 053 155.| 513,241 | ,91, 270 
Grand total. ..... 773 | 4,223,502 | 114,150 | 4,316,622 | 226, 584 157 | 513,646 | 91,325 
MAY. 
BY OTTER TRAWLS. 
East of 66° W. longitude. 
Western Bank.......-.- 4 235, 060 $4, 228 463, 065 $9, 984 2 1, 516 $235 
West of 66° W. longitude. 
South Channel......... 10 18, 875 725 998, 550 21, 741 3 847 204 
Nantucket Shoals. ..... 2 1, 850 34 97, 000 (22 ee SL 
MOpAle coc aicobid6,52 16 255, 785 4,987 | 1,558,615 33, 507 5 2, 363 439 
BY OTHER APPARATUS. | | 
East of 66° W.longitude. 
La Have Bank......... 5 89, 090 2,775 60, 330 1,613 5 22, 672 3, 914 
Western Bank....-..... 4 193, 550 ABS ios aise ns. abs Stee 3 65, 767 | 11,498 
Quereau Bank......... 1 66, 937 ers eae Sern Mer ae mee lls 
Mishing Banke .. 2b 45 s3.|.<t Sage. cop dees <b REe- < - b SUE ES). belo e « 1 27,971 5,033 
Grand Bank..-....-..-..- 2 140, 283 2882 |... «bsg... Boe. 2 24, 833 2, 855 
ne Gilllvie ce. bh... 1 11, 040 Pele Del (a ERS SN) See ls i 17, 508 3, 255 
West 0f 66° W. longitude. 
Browns Bank.......... 21 480, 033 19, 485 463, 440 15, 449 20 19, 499 4, 266 
Georges Bank........-.- 72 | 1,681, 824 47,157 270, 485 7, 237 52 | 147,677 | 27,008 
Middle Bank........... 2 4, 765 159 7, 500 244 2 86 185 
Platts Bank ’.:.... 44... 7 39, 865 847 3, 350 195 5 4, 016 792 
Jeffreys Ledge 5 15, 955 551 9, 390 648 2 146 13 
South Channel. . 81 475, 611 16, 548 | 2,663, 535 83, 549 62 11, 589 2, 298 
Nantucket Shoals 9 82, 700 2,378 1, 165 21 3 556 107 
Off Chatham... z 5 141, 475 2, 850 75, 000 1, 463 5 3, 387 600 
Shore, general.......... 320 656, 114 23, 661 141, 646 6, 910 19 4, 861 975 
Total. os. .-) ee. 535 | 4,079,242 | 125,224 | 3,695,841 | 117,329 182 | 351,342 | 62,799 
Grand total. ..... 551 f 5, 254, 456 150, 836 187 | 353,705 | 63, 238 


4, 335, 027 | 130, 211 


™ 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. 57 


VesseL LANDINGS oF Cop, Happock, AND Hatisut At BostoN AND GLOUCESTER, 
Mass., AND PorTLAND, Mz., For Each Monta or 1921, SHowN By APPARATUS 
AND FisHinc BANKsS—Continued. 


JUNE. 
Trips. Cod. Haddock. Trips. Halibut. 
BY OTTER TRAWLS. 
East of 66° W. longitude. 
Number.) Pounds. Value. Pounds. Vaiue. | Number.| Pounds. | Value. 

Western Bank......... 2} 210,500} $4,210 | 263,500] $5,270 1 1, 952 $293 
West of 66° W. longitude. 
South Channel......... 26 141, 030 2, 482 | 2, 367, 103 41, 344 18 4,818 676 

Tobakeest cet. se 28 351, 530 6,692 | 2,630, 603 46,614 19 6,770 969 
BY OTHER APPARATUS. | pa 
East of 66° W. longitude. 
La Have Bank......... 10] 271,350 4, 987 59, 880 706 7| 18,876 | 2,725 
Western Bank+s .. 22. . 5 609, 767 125078 Ie: = 5 -Pea ei = 8S =< 9 | 217,832 | 22,602 
Quereau Bank......... 9] 187,586 4,053 79, 700 753 5 | 135,748 | 17,856 
Grand Bank........... 13 536, 305 11, 403 134 1 5 | 122,741 | 12,366 
Sambro Bank.......... 1 20, 068 CIA ee Saran Seber Segal Sse: Cocen|Gsee- -.- aE Seshoo 
IBV FSPEGron! oy a eee AO | GS pe | eae Sie |e 2 eal | Sees Saree GaSe. eee 2 44,176 5, 314 
Cape Shore..........:.. 27 87, 201 1,975 39, 680 443 3 3, 686 539 
The Gully.t 2H. J.08_. 1 58, 760 1,807 (2 .. 820, 3e 0 1 ESE 1] 21,136 | © 3,457 
West of 66° W. longitude. 
BrownsBank.......... 43 | 1,420,263 | 29,334] 302,695 2, 504 61 | 28,437] 4,635 
Georges Bank......... 57 | 1,666,734 | 37,890 | 229, 486 2, 144 1| 117,052 | 14, 183 
Cashes Bank.......... 1 7, 325 ATE 2; AE. OE Pes 1 2,217 4 
Clarkes Bank.........- 1 3, 700 185 48, 500 1, 005 1 100 15 
Fippenies Bank...... 1 7, 985 141 1 1, 692 268 
Platts’ Bank 22 oS. 8 , 899 693 190 11 7 5, 736 1, 023 
Jeffreys Ledge.......... 2 3, 370 100 am ao Gabooaliagpmosnced sad: Ggericl Fepae spaael macencee 
South Channel... ...... 65 | 706,915 | 19,900 | 2,331,655 | 38, 758 60 8,669 | 1,383 
Nantucket Shoals. ..... 4 12, 800 60 6 1 297 
Ob Chatham. 5.22. 2 30, 145 859) los siecialaiaie Maecenas 2 2, 355 293 
Shore, general.......... 329} 683,104 | 20,435 36, 209 1, 469 20 6,214 | 1,086 

Potten so 579 | 6,354,237 | 146,463 | 3,128,354 | 47, 801 187 | 736,964 | 88,241 

Grand total...... 607 | 6, 705, 767 153, 155 | 5, 758, 957 94, 415 206 | 743,734 | 89,210 

JULY. 
BY OTTER TRAWLS. 

West of 66° W. longitude. 
South Channel........- 28 32,267 | $1,159 | 2,100,600 | $36, 251 16 3, 147 $448 
BY OTTER APPARATUS. 
East of 66° W. longitude. 
La Have Bank......... 15} 748,264} 14,127] 240,350 2, 371 7| 27,910 | 3,056 
Western Bank......... 11 | 1,008, 247 DOS es. demest als -ecasres 5 | 127,684 | 13,359 
Grand Bank? tt. i322: 8 557, 844 IDSs. 0d sestealop asda woes 8] 375,720 | 38,273 
Cape Shore.....2...2.-- 2 67, 380 1, 706 1,775 9 2 180 
West of 66° W. longitude. 
Browns Bank.......... 34 | 1, 402, 435 41, 569 161, 105 2,017 22 86,304 | 10,060 
Georges Bank.......... 108 | 1,194,381 | 30,886 | 227,369 2, 481 23} 159,644 | 18,911 
Cashes Bank........... 1 2, 520 Biles... d-POeaN EL dodo. 1 175 
Fippenies Bank........ 1 6, 255 156 20 1 1 106 21 
Platts Bank. t.....5... 7 28, 989 1, 069 290 15 ‘a 5, 392 760 
Jeffreys Ledge.......... 4 4, 130 126 1, 410 25 3 207 
South Channel 52| 564,841 | 19,078} 2,278,135 | 46,956 50 8,200 | 1,181 
Off Chatham..... 9 57, 035 2, 309 580 3 199 35 
Shore, general.......... 212 362, 326 15, 642 51, 181 1, 325 9 2, 002 303 

Tota Jet... As 464 | 6,004,647 | 159,875 | 2,991,175 55, 780 141 | 793,723 | 86,047 


Grand total...... 492 | 6,036,914 | 161,034 | 5,091, 75 | 92, 031 157 | 796,870} 86,495 


58 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


VessEL LANDINGS or Cop, Happock, anp Hatrsut at Boston AND GLOUCESTER, 
Mass., AND PoRTLAND, Me. FOR Eacu Monts oF 1921, SHOWN BY APPARATUS 
AND FIsHING Banxs—Continued. 


AUGUST. 


| Trips. Cod. Haddock. Trips. Halibut. 


BY OTTER TRAWLS. 


West of 66° W.longi- 


tude. Number.| Pounds. Value. | Pounds. Value. }|Number.| Pounds. | Value. 

Georges Bank.....-...- 8 38, 560 $1, 244 510, 230 $6, 709 3 226 $29 
South Channel......... 25 44,195 1,463 | 1,980, 855 27,059 12 1,780 219 
ro. hs 33 82,755 2,707 | 2,491,085 33, 768 15 2,006 248 


BY OTHER APPARATUS. 
East of 66° W.longi- 
tude. 


La Have Bank......... 11 333, 076 7,720 31, 935 319 8 54, 216 6, 227 
Western Bank......... 2 179, 665 3,579 10, 800 108 2 46,628 5, 642 
Green Bank....... Se acd |e co scue ee Seats coe e eat ha neda Metalic oa deleatiot Plaats soe ers it 40, 933 3,322 
Grand Bank........... AOE 7371643 AG, Aly ose eeeae | eens dcace 20 | 645,169 | 62,730 
West of 66° W.longi- 
tude. 
Browns Bank.......... 44 | 1,669, 208 43, 843 226, 630 2,213 28 76 433 9, 152 
Georges Bank.......... 124 | 1,426,089} 39,830} 589,730 5,900 33 | 126,984} 17,030 
Cashes Bank........... 1 3,170 102 30 1 1 1,172 183 
Jeffreys Ledge.......... 12 15, 682 439 22, 385 939 5 342 49 
South Channel......... 64 752, 665 24,783 | 2,908, 360 43,315 63 20, 424 2,949 
Nantucket Shoals...... 3 , 200 1,099 670 10 1 "9g 2) 3 
Off Chatham..........-. 10 60, 770 2,144 39, 820 629 7 273 43 
Seal Island..........-.- 1 43, 800 1, 233 325 3 1 47 10 
Shore, general.......... 187 | 329,173] 13,629 43, 537 1, 252 25 1,750 242 
Totals .ci. << - 499 | 5,591,141 | 154,818 | 3,874,222 54, 689 195 |1,014,391 | 107,582 
Grand total. ..... 532 | 5,673,896 | 157,525 | 6,365,307 | 88, 457 210 |1,016,397 | 107,830 
SEPTEMBER. 
BY OTTER TRAWLS. 
West of 66° W.longi- 
tude. 
Georges Bank.........- 19 383, 983 $9,591 | 1,330,525 | $22,337 9 11, 990 $704 
South Channel........- 7 12,730 637 662, 595 17,095 6 1, 684 240 
Mota eee sree 26 396, 713 10, 228 | 1,993, 120 39, 432 15 13, 674 944 
BY OTHER APPARATUS. 
East of 66° W.longi- 
tude. 
La Have Bank.......-.. 7 176, 805 3,323 62, 905 633 3 7, 225 894 
Western Bank......... 13 | 1,175,198] 25,686} 105, 230 1, 252 3| 35,286] 5,172 
Quereau Bank..-......- 1 74, 371 Ute) RARE ooecod| Speer secon 2 36, 694 4,390 
Grand Bank........... 18:1, 3 GASI0R |. SEGRE ass eee alesse denn cu 20 | 576,245 | 63,667 
St. Peters Bank........ 2 587, 599 PAG voc soadetnins epidcenec 1 990 42 
Cape Shore...........-- 18 90, 031 4,605 4,100 D0 )ccccdeacleesee oo ee eae eS 
The’ Gullyosstscsedemec- 5 190, 547 TAG. doen acalee a saonen 1 50 2 
West of 66° W.longi- 
tude. 
Browns Bank.......... 6 174, 660 7, 835 21, 850 803 4 2,897 472 
Georges Bank.......-.- 94 | 1,563,019} 55,537 | 1,206,474 | 20,529 34| 61,006 | 8,608 
Middle Bank..........- 1 i 3, 918)|. .. Joe... edea love deccnclpanncsmeeel pees 
Platts Bank. .......4... 5 15,950 497 4, 756 327 3 560 53 
Jeffreys Ledge.......... 19 27, 864 1,476 12, 235 637 7 1, 106 166 
South Channel..... 7-- 45 286, 806 13,608 | 2,122,235 56, 690 39 13, 489 1,993 
Nantucket Shoals... ... 3 43,545 1,938 1, 400 ZB jon cclnanina|a == obeeeea2 Seer 
Off Chatham........... 6 34,980 1,475 | 107,630 3, 166 6 496 61 
Shore, general.......... 162 | 105,853 4,796 12,793 474 1 565 72 
Totals. fet... 555. 405 | 6,359,605 | 178,206 | 3, 661,608 84, 624 134 | 786,609 | 85,592 


Grand total. ..... 431 | 6,756,318 | 188,434 | 5,654,728 | 124,056 149 | 750,283 | 86,536 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. 


59 


VesseEL Lanprnes or Cop, Happock, anp Hatisut at Boston AND GLOUCESTER, 
Mass., AND PoRTLAND, Me., For Each Monts oF 1921, SHown By APPARATUS 


AND Fisoing Banxs—Continued. 


OCTOBER. 
Trips. Cod. Haddock. Trips. Halibut. 
BY OTTER TRAWLS. 
West of 66° W. longi- 
tude. 
Number.| Pounds. Value. | Pounds. Value. | Number.| Pounds.| Value. 
Georges Bank.......... 82, 840 $3, 030 231, 265 $3, 898 5 1,932 $219 
South Channel. .......- 26| 127,315 3,955 | 2,333,300] 63,017 22 4,824} 1,116 
otaleenc 24k 31 | 210,155 6,985 | 2,564,565] 66,915 27 6,756 | 1,335 
BY OTHER APPARATUS. 
East of 66° W. longi- 
tude. 
La Have Bank......... 14| 273,632] 10,172] 232,805 5, 182 12 9,163} 1,779 
Western Bank......... 7 318, 093 9,506 18,345 167 3 47, 559 5, 613 
Quereau Bank......... 8 82,575 Dials | cscs eee baw c- se bee 8 | 231,995 | 33,095 
Green Bank. ........... 15 330, 894 GYS26i| soe sees ieee ace << 3 | 129,083] 19,157 
Grand Bank........... ct def SA Can RR [i 8 | 289,096 | 38,681 
St. Peters Bank........ 1 373, 099 LOO Sdmte sais wo0'aate at ise. |eicteitie aise cio are w'aajul ond Siepamale 
Cape Shore............. 2 32, 720 2, 283 550 22 1 122 43 
West of 66° W.longi- 
tude. 
Browns Bank.........- 30} 723,093] 31,029] 216,217 3,519 17| 29,479] 6,688 
Georges Bank.......... 35 727, 144 23, 887 616, 375 8,342 17 10, 489 1,719 
Fippenies Bank........ 2 15, 315 759 2,115 152 1 405 41 
PYEUSKO ATK. soon choca 22 93, 920 4, 239 10,055 604 6 223 29 
Jeffreys Ledge.......... 46 168, 700 6,500 54, 857 2, 143 18 3, 896 625 
South Channel...._.... 85 | 517,829] 28,766 | 2,483,268] 70,137 53 6,502 | 1,273 
Nantucket Shoals...... 4 42,245 2,207 , 115 25 2 28 8 
Shore, general.........- 373.| 612,516} 25, 159 16, 701 995 15 838 117 
Matas. Us Ae: 654 | 5,085,295 | 175,109 | 3,652,403 | 91, 288 164 | 758,878 | 108, 868 
Grand total. ..... 685 | 5,295,450 | 182,094 | 6,216,968 | 158, 203 191 | 765,634 | 110, 203 
NOVEMBER. 
BY OTTER TRAWLS. 
West of 66° W. longi- 
tude. 
Georges Bank.......... 3 77, 345 $2, 182 196, 265 $6, 802 3 4,495 $532 
South Channel......... 32 74, 620 3,199 | 1,746,270 | 66,621 27 4,209 | 1,180 
otal... .8 ee 22k 35| 151,965 5,381 | 1,942,535] 73,423 30 8,704] 1,712 
BY OTHER APPARATUS. 
East of 66° W.longi- 
tude. 
La Have Bank......... 9 161, 926 4,061 96, 010 2,145 4 797 186 
Western Bank......... 1 23, 090 DOs asin atest Seen 1 100 25 
Quereau Bank......... 4} 201,321 4,038 9, 737 71 1 200 8 
Green Bank............ 3 27,170 HBO [acd aatsihak o|(s close dale = 1 2,040 465 
Cape Shore............. 9 167, 580 4, 269 55, 825 1715 4 389 121 
Roseway Bank......... 1 39, 300 2,338 2,900 GH Pci 3 So. lee eae eee neeemtonrs 
West of 66° W.longi- 
tude. 
Browns Bank.......... 24 459, 521 16,931 277, 855 11, 243 18 13,007 2, 956 
Georges Bank.......... 18 , 025 8,025 267,970 8, 184 12 3,330 822 
Beret ot a re 2 12, 555 657 150 |~ 549 1 156 21 
Middle Bank........... 6 21, 545 980 32, 815 1, 256 3 518 85 
Platts Bank............ 9 , 900 1,596 , 680 521 4 421 71 
Jeffreys Ledge.........- 30 91, 793 3,534 60, 318 3, 848 18 1, 903 334 
South Channel......... 63 | 400,311] 18,303 | 1,384,885] 55,051 33 4,929} 1,192 
Off Chatham........... 3 19, 005 1,539 36, 725 1,639 1 185 93 
Shore, general.......... 469 | 327,552 9, 880 90, 780 4,327 5 218 44 
Total: 651 | 2,237,594 | 77,280 | 2,332,650} 90,710 106 | 28,193 | 6,423 
Grand total. ..... 686 | 2,389, 559 82,661 | 4,275,185 | 164,133 136 36, 897 8,135 


60 


U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


VesseL LANDINGS oF Cop, Happocr, AND Hatisut at Boston AND GLOUCESTER, 
Mass., AND PortLAND, Mz., ror Eacn Monta or 1921, Shown BY APPARATUS 
AND FisHing Banxs—Continued. 


BY OTTER TRAWLS. 
West of 66° W. longi- 
tude. 


Georges Bank....--..-.- 
South Channel........- 


BY OTHER APPARATUS. 
East of 66° W. longitude. 


La Have Bank......... | 
Western Bank..-...... 
Quereau Bank..-...... 
Grand Bank...-..-..... 
St. Peters Bank........ 
Capemhorezs ee acee- 


West of 66° W. longitude. 
Browns Bank.......... 


Georges Bank.........- 
Fippenies Bank. -...... 
Middle Bank.... 
Platts Bank... 
Jeffreys Ledge.-.-....-. 
South Channel..-..-.-.... 
Nantucket Shoals, ..... 
Off Chatham... .«.-:-.--- 
Shore, general.....-....- 


DECEMBER. 
Trips. Cod. Haddock. | Trips. Halibut. 
Number.| Pounds. Value. | Pounds. Value. | Number.) Pounds. | Value. 
1 10, 420 $545 30, 000 $2, 100 il 370 $64 
48 122, 147 7,193 | 2,589,895 | 140,574 21 2,237 636 
49 | 132,567 7,738 | 2,619,895 | 142,674 22 2,607 700 
3 36,915 1,911 49,075 2,839 | 2 759 348 
Re Pet | I Sci) mee el | aes Oh a ied 1 12,710 1,827 
1 1,975 ar (aie peg cl jolene OB 1 445 997 
1 3, 150 7A ae Bele 9 || oe SR Ea 1 7,489 1,418 
2 22,540 GATS Mec =< depp teres «bape ecw cikcae c |] =o Seeger 
5>| -° 145141 4,798 3, 850 150 1 23 7 
| 
39.| 636,818 | 29,196 | 891,060] . 46,521 36| 18,829] 5,687 
3 37, 230 2, 086 82, 395 4, 354 3 2,313 432 
4 24, 575 1,545 12; 655 751 3 1, 146 280 
<b 23, 080 1,072 44,135 2, 502 5 688 115 
4 22,125 1,184 10, 150 896 4 95 12 
53 262, 546 10, 123 188, 143 11, 587 28 2,181 389 
24 150, 165 7,309 322, 595 18, 330 20 6,382 1, 298 
1 9, 285 EG Sree. mt oe te ets yo preta | Sng a ses | Sere att yee ee 
9 45,545 2,798 | 117,225 6,698 8 1,598 941 
292] 201,924 9, 439 64, 725 4, 488 11 437 60 
448 | 1,592,014 | 72,683 | 1,786,008 | 99,166 124] 61,095| 13,811 
497 | 1,724,581 | 80,421 | 4,405,903 | 241,840 146 | 63,702 | 14,511 


TOTAL, JANUARY TO. DECEMBER. 


BY OTTER TRAWLS. 
East of 66° W. longitude. 
Western Bank.......-. 
West of 66° W. longitude. 


Georges Bank.......... 
South Channel......... 
Nantucket Shoals. ..... 


BY OTHER APPARATUS 
East of 66° W. longitude. 


Twa Have Bank......... 
Western Bank......... 
Quereau Bank......... 
Misaine Bank 
Green Bank. . Be 28 
Grand Bank. <....)2.+ 
St. Peters Bank........ 
Sambro Bank.......... 
Burgeo Bank........... 


496,500 | $9,594 | 1,565,955 | $36,925 7 4,332 | $689 
1,298,920} 46,246 | 8,726,380 | 239,925 80| 32,848] 5,301 
685,563 | 25,384 16,345,558 | 471,680 138 | 26,858 | 5,589 

1850 34], ° 99,000 |; 1,782 |20..4.---]..---pptigall eee 
2,482,833 | 81,258 |26,734,893 | 750,312 225 | 64,038 | 11,579 


Gane PO TON Gin ois ac tome 3 
Gulf of St. Lawrence... 
THE: Gullivecee ces dare 
Roseway Bank......,., 


2,560,496 | 65,237 | 1,428,030 | 44,203 64 
3,787,038 | 82,090] °155,080| 2,059 35 
676,090 | 14,966. | 89, 437 824 25 573,078 | 91,967 
6 
64 
4 


986, 200 1" 20,080 psa sb Soeetleeacie de ae 87,623 | 15,323 
20, 068 7h 9) a «CER A et oy prep 
10, 663 OF a ee a 3| 79,029 | 10,365 
708,588 | 23,172 | 129,725 | 2,669 1 a 739 
4750. 1,058): 12 000A “BEG ).....cccc-ot 
517,056 | 11,228 155 1 ii | -272,762"|" "51, 437 
39,300 | 2,338 2,900 ih ene eS AE aS 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1021. 61 


VesseL LANDINGS oF Cop, Happock, AND HauiputT At Boston AND GLOUCESTER, 
Mass., AND PortiAND, Mz., ror Eaca Monts or 1921, SHown By APPARATUS 
AND Fisninec Banks—Continued. 


TOTAL, JANUARY TO DECEMBER—Continued. 


Trips. Cod. Haddock, Trips. Halibut. 
ats Ss ae 

BY OTHER APPARATUS— 

continued. 
West of 66° W. longitude. 

Number.) Pounds. Value. | Pounds. Value. | Number.| Pounds. | Value. 

Browns Bank.......... 329 | 9,366,027 | $301,840 | 4,366,137 | $162,327 286 | 360,926 | $63, 028 
Georges Bank........- 814 |20,455,401 | 579,455 | 8,828,678 | 218,156 336 | 891,517 | 139,334 
Cashes Bank... ert 3 3,015 260 30 1 3 3,5) 659 
Clarks Bankpyys 4. _ 22222 2 47,040 1,400 68, 700 2, 245 2 684 132 
Fippenies Bank........ 13 90, 015 5, 062 34, 540 2,146 8 3,564 655 
Middle Bank........... 93 | 406,399 | 15,340} 736,328] 34,524 55 5,793 | 1,370 
Platts Bank............ 75 | 341,698 | 11,682 68, 691 4,132 40} 16,921] 2,812 
Jeffreys Ledgev........- 297 | 875,414 | 31,417 | 1,099,547 | 55,168 139 | 12,723|. 2,219 
South Channel........- 562 | 4,479,026 | 170,672 18,583,863 | 519,767 441] 90,613 | 15,258 
Nantucket Shoals. ..... 29 249, 030 : 26,7 782 10 1,00 88 
Off.Ghatham~=..-... =... . 91 619, 020 21,694 | 1,372,625 56,631 61 11,752 2,866 
Sanlisitnd (2025502 S52 1 43, 800 1, 233 325 il 47 10 
Shore, general........_- 4,017 | 4,884,546 | 178,384 | 3,690,333 | 189,803 185} 24,018] 4,350 

Total. =. 450 cep 6,719 |55,973, 699 |1,649, 509 /40, 694,023 |1,295,858 | 1,791 15,650,421 | 791,495 

Grand total...... 7,063 |58, 456,532 |1, 730,767 |67,428,916 |2,046,170 | 2,016 |5,714,459 | 803, 074 


VESSEL FISHERIES AT SEATTLE, WASH. 


In the vessel fisheries at Seattle, Wash., there has been a decrease 
in the total quantity and value of products landed by the fishing 
fleet but an increase in the quantity, with a decrease in the value, 
of products landed by collecting vessels, as compared with the 
previous year. The decrease in the products landed by the fishing 
fleet was due chiefly to a decrease in the catch of halibut. There 
was an increase in the catch of sablefish, but some decrease in that 
of “lingeod” and rockfishes. Statistics of the vessel fisheries at 
Seattle have been collected by the local agent and published as 
monthly and annual statistical bulletins, giving the quantity and 
value of fishery products landed by American fishing and collecting 
vessels at that port. 

In 1921 the Fchaais fleet at Seattle landed 866 trips, amounting to 
13,666,700 pounds of fish, having a value to the fishermen of $1,423,- 
303. This catch was taken from fishing grounds along the coast 
from Oregon to Portlock Bank, Alaska. The fishing areas from 
which the largest quantities of fish were obtained were Flattery 
Banks, west coast of Vancouver Island, and Hecate Strait. The 
products included halibut, 11,481,000 pounds, valued at $1,335,658; 
sablefish, 1,519,400 pounds, valued at $63,685; “lingcod,” 463,300 
pounds, valued at $16,391; and rockfishes 203,000 pounds, valued at 
$7,569. Compared with the previous year there was an increase of 
44 trips by alg vessels, but a decrease of 688,750 pounds, or 4.79 
per cent, in the quantity and of $569,456, or 28.57 per cent, in the 
value of the products landed. There was a decrease in the catch 
of halibut of 1,202,450 pounds, or 9.48 per cent, in quantity and of 
$578,191, or 30.21 per cent, in value. The catch of “lingcod”’ 
decreased 49,735 pounds, or 9.69 per cent, in quantity and $4,762, 
or 22.51 per cent, in value; and the catch of rockfishes decreased 


62 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


5,765 pounds, or 2.76 per cent, in quantity and $225, or 2.88 per 
cent, in value. There was an increase in the catch of sablefish of 
569,200 pounds, or 59.90 per cent, in quantity and of $13,722, or 
27.46 per cent, in value. 

The fishery products taken in Puget Sound and landed at Seattle 
by collecting vessels during the year amounted to 12,428,525 pounds, 
valued at $778,878. These products included salmon, 10,349,700 
pounds, valued at $679,171; herring, 560,000 pounds, valued at 
$4,340; steelhead trout, 90,260 pounds, valued at $10,353; smelt, 
370,805 pounds, valued at $24,081; perch, 60,400 pounds, valued at 
$3,476; rockfishes, 147,480 pounds, valued at $9,712; “lingcod,”’ 
32,000 pounds, valued at $1,650; flounders, 106,500 pounds, valued 
at $2,086; sole, 207,080 pounds, valued at $6,724; and crabs, 
504,300 pounds, valued at $37,285. Compared with the previous 
year there was an increase in the products landed by collecting 
vessels of 2,614,559 pounds, or 26.64 per cent, in quantity, but a 
decrease of $102,188, or 11.59 per cent, in value. 


QUANTITIES AND VALUES OF CERTAIN FRESH FISHERY PRoDucTsS LANDED AT SEATTLE, 
WasH., By AMERICAN FISHING VESSELS, CALENDAR YEAR 1921. 


Number 


of trips. Halibut. Sablefish. 
BY FISHING GROUNDS. 
Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value 
OF OODIN CORSE cudecho ce ae dsssb can p See ess 5 105, 400 $14,173 21, 200 
Elatteryebanks).. 55. . 29g ses eae 326 | 2,635,600 325, 913 791, 000 32,610 
West coast, Vancouver Island..............-- 299 | 3,101, 000 385, 272 620, 200 26, 285 
Queen Charlotte Islands grounds..........--. 19 367, 900 57, 481 26, 500 ; 
Hecdte Stialtss:. bwstg ssi ke BE Ae 186 | 4,158,600 413, 107 18,500 
Forrester Island grounds...........-.-------- 2 58, 000 5,695 40, 000 1,600 
Coronation Island . (£21..0f22)2ii25 $4 253323 3 68, 000 1, O83!) 5. icon eet aoe eee 
Cape Fairweather grounds..............--..- 4 96, 000 12, 000 1,000 50 
Vaetitat PrOUnNdS seer cea alee esse csc sweets 20 786, 500 103, 984 1,000 60 
Portlock Bank: s.42.721540 9272s ete od 2 104, 000 10,350": S22 S22 eee 
TNotalte.gAr.. LOMA. se. ee 866 | 11,481,000 | 1,335,658 | 1,519,400 63, 685 
BY MONTHS. 
January .S3IALLU SLES. LL ee ree 11 377, 000 61, 533 8, 500 510 
Mebritarys tbe ay <a - eres eek se eases 40 560, 900 82, 851 51, 700 3, 065 
March 65 702, 900 97, 588 32, 000 1,510 
99 | 1,083, 000 154, 049 8, 
139 | 1,685,500 182, 353 19, 200 9 
118} 1,387,800 156, 772 129, 500 5,975 
80 | 1,406,500 134, 461 91, 000 f 
85 | 1,664, 800 46 103, 500 4,140 
ah ckeybs Bere AS eee 87 | 1,183, 200 115, 954 508, 500 21,105 
OGHODGE fase nie - 30 Oe nin oe epeme ~ aan See 80 699, 600 115,508 484, 000 19, 000 
INGVOMADEr. 562i Sas - eee sek ccolt te Mminielccine 49 491, 800 61, 72,000 2,840 
Decem Per . 1472 = -c asec rc --Passereeed tease 13 238, 000 26, 815 11,500 525 


Ey 


Poti .d obit ab aeaeeh et. teak A 866 | 11,481,000 | 1,335,658 | 1,519, 400 63, 685 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. 


63 


QUANTITIES AND VALUES OF CERTAIN FRESH FisHERY PRODUCTS LANDED AT SEATTLE, 
WasH., BY AMERICAN FiIsHING VESSELS, CALENDAR YEAR 1921.—Continued. 


Num- 
ber of “Lingcod.”’ Rockfishes. Total. 
trips. 
| 
BY FISHING GROUNDS. 
§ Pounds Value. | Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. 
OPO IGOAS Ti f2 Ne cln'n cia’ we os eis 5) SUE RRR one eee 6 Seer chee SL 126, 600 $15, 033 
Flattery Banks...............---. 326 | 286,000 | $9,980 | 83,500 | $3,162 | 3,796,100 | 371,665 
West coast, Vancouver Island....} 299 | 123,800 4,601 76, 500 2,817 |. 3,921, 500 418, 975 
Queen Charlotte Islands grounds..}| 19 2,000 80 1,000 40 397, 400 59, 021 
Hecate Btenit eae 186 | 43,500 1,410} 36,000 1,310 | 4, a 600 oe 627 
orrester Island grounds...-...... 112, 000 855 
Coronation Island............--.- 68, 000 ra 683 
Cape Fairweather grounds 97, 000 12,050 
Yakutat) Grounds..-. 2535-22628 787, 500 104, 044 
Portlock Banks... --[j......<-2-- 104, 000 10, 350 
Totale: We. - 5. JOS... AH 866 | 463,300 16,391 203, 000 7,569 | 13,666,700 | 1,423,303 
BY MONTHS. | i eas 
RASTUMEY ees eee ens ones tee aaes HES eee eles easienesl esses: ae cece ace 385, 500 62, 043 
HORA TY eee ae See Sos Med 3 40 | 22,800 966 | 11,000 390 646, 400 87, 272 
Mein Me NS ee SAE Ne tort Sus 65 | 27,000 850 | 16, 500 510 778,400 | 100, 458 
priate: vse eens eons 99 | 74,000 2,050 | 25,000 720 | 1,190,000 | 157,249 
sein Sess PERT: Ge 139 | 45,500 755 5, 000 70 | 1,755,200! 184,103 
AIRE Ra EeD (3 Pe DEAS SASS SS eeSee: 118 8, 000 280 6, 000 230 | 1,531,300 | 163, 257 
TIS Sass Fede l asa 5e fens sss 80 | 79,500 3,140 | 25,500 1,020 | 1,602,500| 142,281 
JME Fee eee gS eRe ee eee 85 | 67,000 2,740 | 34,500 1,400 | 1,869,800 | 154,520 
(SYeiu rein 6) sneer ene Seis eta 87 | 123,500 5,305 74, 000 3,119°| 1,889, 200 145, 483 
Geraber Stet epee es 80 | 14,500 290 5,500 110 | 1,203,600 | 134,908 
MOveMbEr a Ts22fs sic cells. ee 49 1,500 LIEN Kobare ge ey | Saat era 565, 300 64, 389 
IDES 20S Goes ae pa eeeap so Nec ares Ay) || cesetageclsectee eens Paaenseas. |Aoteed oer 249, 500 27,340 
POU eRe eae sececeescapeec es. 866 | 463,300 16,391 | 203,000 7,569 | 13,666,700 | 1,423, 303 


FisHERY Propucts, By MonTHs, TAKEN IN PUGET SOUND AND LANDED AT SEATTLE, 
WasH., BY COLLECTING VESSELS, 1921. 


Species. January. February. March. April. 
Poumds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value. 
Herring.......- 102,000 | $510 | 200,000 | $1,000 | 68,000 | $680} 60,000] $600 
Salmon: 
Be igien Or scour as tO O00") 125480) [a2 site en. | Sonoran ls Oe ae eta loeieate onic cineminn siete | n\nine aimee 
PRES PAOL STITT MN IGOO) | 2,202) | RROE Sh eRe ae soe] eae cecle|ecnce nee 


Miscellaneous 
Trout: Steel- 


2;640 


? 2 
10, 400 ; 1,930 ; 8,000 
“‘Lingcod’”’.....| 5,800 116 | 16,200) 1,184] 10,000 ZANT | SSR i aes) ener a a) (Ee) ts 
Wiermaers.! E008 oft. 11,500 230 | 11,500 230 | 10,000 200 | 16,500 330 
Soler. .tes. =.= 18, 000 540 | 20,800 624 | 34,000} 1,360} 23,000 840 | 18,000 540 
Craperecee...o. 66,000 | 4,500 | 47,900} 3,490 | 58,520 | 3,990} 61,600 | 4,200] 28,600 1,950 
Totale... - 376, 800 | 24,454 | 359,030 | 11,038 | 232,360 | 10,206 | 203,600 | 9,280 | 641,860 | 71,495 
Species. June. July. August. September. 

Salmon: Pounds.| Value. | Pounds Value. | Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value. 
Humpback or pink....|......2..|...---... 224,000 | $4,480 | 1,351,900 | $40,557 | 311,600 | $9,348 
Gurntomiketa.e- 3c. -bocc5 sso cdewpeozene 14,300 429 83,660 | 2,509 47,850 | 1,385 
King or spring..-..... 518,400 | $62,218 | 1,623,000 | 162,000] 977,050] 97,705 | 528,200] 47,538 
Coho or silver........- 66, 600 7,992 61,000 6, 100 185,090 | 10,500 703,100 | 35,155 
Sockeye or red........ 64,800 | 7,128 66,000 | 3,300 TET as Tas ees Mn eit e 
Miscellaneous........- 21,000 DON e oc croee thee pak sc Se eek a a oda dee cd ( RMqetlre | tame petart ala|atere rete 
Trout: Steelhead........ 14,500 | 1,740 11,000} 1,110 6, 400 640, | nv «cesta eRgS - 
SMEG. . $F ade cack eRe ee wee Se eee ote Late los. 55, 865 1,891 33, 000 1,320 
Rockfishes. . iyo. sdds0c 12,100 847 16,300 960 11,300 678 10, 000 600 
HTOUNGErS. - oceans 17, 200 250 14,000 180 4,000 80 5,600 250 
Soles {02.32 4p: 14,000 490 17,480 596 12,000 360 12,000 360 
Totsizc-scece ree. 728,600 | 82,975 | 2,047,080 | 179,155 | 2,718,205 | 156,467 | 1,650,750 | 95,906 


111621°—22—_5 


64 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


FIsHERY Propucts, By Montus, TAKEN IN PuGEetr SouND AND LANDED AT SEATTLE, 
Wasu., By CoLLEcTING VEssELs, 1921—Continued. 


Species. October. November. December. Total. 


Pounds. Value. | Pounds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value.| Pounds. | Value. 


IGERINEEE foee oc ced on actcendleticnsesteculoeeecetee 50,000 $750 | 80,000 $800 560,000 | $4,340 
Salmon: 
Humpback or pink....... 11,760 CyB Se a are crate etl eee V8 Agel EE | 1,899,260 | 54,620 
Chum or keta........---- 1351800) |'1253086)| «en aoa5|cee. os kl aso eeee see 1,601,610 | 41,789 
King or spring. -..-.---.- 30, 650 35065) | 58.5 Saha. 2 Ae ere marcia 4,187,500 | 434,050 
@oho or silver.-.-2-.:...: 1440, S00 MP 72,040) | Fe. =.|- Wel-pecains Hues. eck ee Seae eee 2,456,590 | 131,787 
Sockeye Orjhed tier: aaa. |. ce eee See eee ae oneal arto me ol ae eee eee 161,740 | 11,975 
Miscellaneous vse ssc eons ok ete all aimiw m mcts Oe | ae se tatolal paete'= te stetetn.c Se the bl tara aha 43,000 4,950 
Trout: Steelhead..........- 7,000 CULO UF Seer Gna ocorrata| Meee col ere sc 90,260 | 10,353 
Smelt... AEeee Sh ten 38, 600 2,300 | 40,000 | 4,000 | 67,000} 4,020 370,805 | 24,081 
Renchis. 22h Pe Sh Ses et. . Eee an ateceer 12,600 910 | 10,600 700 60, 400 3,476 
Riocksishes! 282. ee < cms nic <n 12,800 1,024 | 12,350 865 | 13,600 952 147, 480 9, 712 
fOr eos Ee oF 5 spegcdnees| Pocpenpoasol aececcuedl sconcecaoleeckecra) Scoacm ol Raenecke 32,000 1,650 
Mlounders-eese. 822 s4: ee 6, 400 128] 4,100 82 | 6,300 126 106,500 | 2,086 
Soleeee.t Clee SEL so. (eee : 29 |S. on Sete ee wee 24,500 735 207,080 6, 724 
Crabstaess-keesaasecmeecyese 66, 440 5,285 | 85,920 | 6,755 | 89,320] 7,115 | 1504,300 | 37,285 
AGFA eee sc cedcogne 2,974,550 | 110,092 | 204,970 | 13,362 | 290,720 | 14,448 | 12,428,525 | 778.878 
1 22,880 dozen. 


SMOKED-FISH INDUSTRY OF MAINE, 1921. 


Exclusive of a few individuals smoking small quantities of ale- 
wives, there were 28 firms engaged in smoking fishery products in 
Maine in 1921, as compared with 50 firms in 1919. 

The quantity of smoked products prepared amounted to 2,624,744 
pounds, valued at $259,683, divided as follows: Herring, 2,111,206 
pounds, valued at $189,653; finnan haddie, 471,205 pounds, valued 
at $67,105; and alewives 42,333 pounds, valued at $2,925. As 
compared with 1919 there has been a decrease of 41 per cent in 
quantity and 50 per cent in value of smoked fish prepared in the 
State. 


SMOKED FisHERY PRopuctTs oF MaINg, 1921. 


Products. Pounds. Value. Products. Pounds. Value. 
Smoked alewives........-.. 42, 333 $2,925 || Smoked herring—Contd. 
Finnan haddie!............ 471, 205 67, 105 Medium scale........... 44, 000 $2, 770 
Kippered herring..........- 78, 080 9, 148 Boneless 42). ojcmprs se 1, 005, 201 101, 780 
Smoked herring: IWiholeset iS. Seas. 615, 650 43, 997 
Bloaters soo cn dane cess ch 208, 050 18, 090 oe 
Lengthwise...........-.- 160, 225 13, 868 Potalege ss. tir tacts 2, 624, 744 259, 683 


1 Includes small quantity of finnan cod. 


FISHERY PRODUCTS RECEIVED AT MUNICIPAL FISH WHARF AND 
MARKET, WASHINGTON, D. C.3 


The receipts of fishery products at the Municipal Fish Wharf and 
Market, Washington, D. C., in 1921 amounted to 9,066,744 pounds, 
an increase of 492,760 pounds, or 5.43 per cent, as compared with 
1920. The five most important products in terms of quantity 
follow: Squeteagues or “sea trout,” 1,956,483 pounds; oysters, 
1,926,379 pounds, or 263,805 bushels; river herring, 1,447,192 
pounds; shad, 592,337 pounds; and croaker, 581,734 pounds; a 
total of 6,504,125 pounds, or 71.73 per cent of the entire receipts 


3 mcm reports of the quantity of fishery products received at this market are received by the bureau 
for tabulation through the courtesy of the Health Department of the District of Columbia. 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. 65 


at this market. These were the five most important species in 
1919 and 1920, representing 69.49 per cent and 70.65 per cent of 
the total receipts, respectively. The increase in receipts as compared 
with the previous year appears to confirm the slight improvement 
reported over conditions existing in 1920. The following fishes are 
usually abundant in the Washington (D. C.) markets: Bass, butter- 
fish, carp, catfish, croaker, flounders, haddock, river herring, 
mackerel, perch, shad, spot, squeteagues or “‘sea trout,’ striped bass, 
whiting, oysters, and crabs, including crab meat. 


FisHERY Propucts, IN PounpDs, REcEIvED aT MunicrpaL FisH WHARF AND MARKET, 
WasuHineton, D. C., 1921. 


Species. January. oe March. | April. May. June. | July. 
Bass, black and sea..............----- 48,526 | 29,981 | 12,683 1, 200 | 10,600 | 14,600] 3,872 
TELE STS Se ee ite aa EMS spi 600 BON) es es. alestaeineos vee en sees 3, 800 500 
1S EES 0 mesg EES OAs aa oni tal Ba Sea yg | BOOS sa ss Sere. (anemia tooo a> alae 
SSMVEGREIS DS oe ey oS ooo ated eats dich 100 100)| 82.4... 3,590 | 12,800] 30,000} 27,160 
(CD10 Spee See re eee ar aeeaee | 15,511 | 13,085} 13,596 14,978 | 10,050] 18,248] 11,385 
Gafnnhet Slee ot. dob 6,583 | 15,564 | 45,712 17,794 | 10,590 | 20,730} 12,875 
Lik 2 See ee eS 4,100} 9,050] 4,900 5,350] 1,550] 3,700 
Crappie tees ss. st ees. 8 600 CSUN) | het Meee Boo ae 9 elle ce Pe ||MO etalREE Rey O s 2 gd 
GEANAH Oe mo ose ok coco cosa ent edeoeek 200 100) (Ret oo een «Sons |p cme 5 See ee ene 
Greer epee ies eo do 7,100 | 6,157 | 122,032 77,465 | 43,300 | 118,480 | 98,100 
0 13 oc8. dopbaasocnogee Sel rOpoerBEe UE) [ese aneg| Se fms oe UR eh eee teas Aer ee: | ~ ae  e ee 
pla oe eek ac lc cckaclae neat ek 200 108 2,603 1,624 1,775 840 
INGUIN EN See raw ee ee socks S063 8s 27,500 | 27,093 | 52,336 11,080 | 15,825 | 29,122 7,800 
Gia ar Gi saan: Ree eretatne oe etree en aoa no AAO cinta eal esis nce place ose | ane 
13 rot trate | ae oad See eee ee 10,450 | 22,850] 50,725 | 35350 |, 4.5;650) [1 150) |p eee 
PIgICO Ns Greed eee hoc REEL cs acl 2,550} 1,100 Ni [ees cease | Schemes os =e ene 1 
Halipuic. ©.) cto... 2 bee see. --| 10,360 5,650 6,017 5,060 | 10,350] 19,450} 11,175 
IGrTIae, TiVErs22 65... fea. s. 2h 27,565 | 42,911 | 146,954 707,037 | 252,125 GOD | eee 
Hickory shad or ‘‘jacks’’............. 200 400 5,974 356853) =: 20-0 Asec|o-s-2o2 ce eee 
VTA Se is lee 2 cape a AS ea ALI | et el epempea er || Rr rein 3 A400 ee Lone anes See 
Markeraleee so. cc_. - 08 ee oe 5,400 | 10,100] 18,200 600 | 7,900] 16,850] 7,600 
Mrdletesicc st to nes eee Se ETE BBS | 4 s071|| 113 eee See | ees ees 
TT Cie aha eee i a a 30,049 | 33,139 | 56,868 13,369 | 8,250] 5,051] 1,700 
Biker pickerel::+5...... ie 24--..-0 2, 805 2,985 pon Cs i Ee neers meee (ese Sera isa ee cee 150 
placket.) ert s.t nek Swed 1,500 hee hs 405)| Bree 1,300 600 2001/5. 2a: 
Redfish or red drum.................- B60 Eo se eee FO See ceeeel Meiers ster 600 ||sssatees 
Salmowss:. =? 660s .osb eeu sun 2.8 GOOM Se 8 oe se. eee 1,000 500 5,000 
SCHDROY DOLLY 258.67! 22 Cash ee ee ae LADD US oaks Sonata SS So beeerse | Bes ae 400 2,500 
PCfot ase 2) Renee eae as & 2° Rap, 30,101 | 13,713 | 156,015 | 360,254 | 24,508 TABS GEIR 
SUSIE poe nic ARSE OME SERA eR er Ne aD, DIE se ae eee (Ee | a ae | ae (Seeeeeeerne mee Ts! 2 
heepsnead-« 26. 0-5...) saee 0-5. see ose NOON Mae et eae eee (to aol ed acl Bee 
PEt cl ce pee, Riga ay Uae ae Bs ee 1,345 E7iey Rae DBRS Speer lies Is See eis 
STEC Tea tea cA OLE Sam ae sere Nai ae en We PERERA 200 GOOE| Ee as sense al Es ecencaes 900 1,900 
Squeteagues or “‘sea trout’’........... 84,388 | 16,150 6,610 132,120 | 418,105 | 239,650 | 287,400 
Siniped(pass! Sect aece eb 1,240 | 3,588! 90,841 18,459 | 9,752] 16,320] 14,335 
SITET EG OT ee RS Ee BGS Ss MEST Nat] NOES il (SRY HS CeCe eee 266 133i\ cb sacee 
Aumtigh: = -- 3 -as-b66-5--- eee eee - 4 Peg. ee “AO [Ae apne Pease Mercere Jie Sie 
OS Beas hg Riana Ry Me 450 | 5,875] 2,115 1,325 700| 3,725| 1,550 
Ce eiecne hoe hr eee Peereenee 210 375 PE | kere caps aise a ame nat wane ta 
Wiki telish:<..¢ 2)... friniedou2/2 Stacie M- 100 S003 |e cm. Shut yegaes Soule? eden Ree se 
WHR gee ds hae sobs cst bcos cect ona | capone tee ase elmaee 2a. badly lela se Se SI Sept 35000) jt 33.Fs8 
Clasna, hard! ee ee 5,152} 10,560] 7,936 3,264 | 7,296| 11,776] 10,656 
ysters 
lei Lheishellae 5.00. 25527 wt. Ae 93,961 | 180,649 | 115,920 38, 052 336))| .ceooliaa |S aes 
ered ees ee So: 75,745 | 51,364] 35,021 135200) / Re 5 oll teh ewe aIU ee see 
Scallops. -.5a ee ES a Ee 196 ihe = sees teh. Cah Fe Ne | ee ee 
Crabsseo?. - SA Vis. to ATC oa 2-80. ole Z5A0O VE PL. 2 27,150} 53,220 
DEAD BOA Ds cen cacicecas ns cceadseneeaee 2,620 2,600 375 2,380 3,560 | 12,835] 18,720 
Oe Tae ES. sad See tg SLE 5 EL | Abe. Suet Se ce BE Ue REE CABS alee Sends Pao osama lee ore 
WUGBeierssei eS T fit CAVIAR et Ye eee) DOO: IR SERIE BSE. ah ate SS, 140 
Shrimpae Pee yrs Sh igows ale Caley | 2 525 1,650 S150 Becee Cdoes 800 100} |S5-seee = 
"TUPTIeS Sas ese cee aa ee cented ae aE SL 416 yn ne See tg) (eee er a 
Total eee fase. ea 499,364 | 519,644 | 961,247 | 1,442,553 | 857,688 | 600,661 | 578,088 


66 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


FisHERY Propucts, in Pounps, REcEIvED at MunicieaL Fish WHARF AND MARKET, 
WASHINGTON, D. C., 1921—Continued. 


Species. August. i angi October. ig December. Total. 
Bass, black and sea....... ee tee 7,950 4,600 4,470 13, 200 14, 800 166, 482 
1g) [rch cs Se Eh oe Re oes Oe EP rR 8 2 5, 650 22;800 |e tees Ae. tenes 600, 33,900 
BOW ee se dae eh Se decnenpticctaccdlt mises mae hoes fet ee Bl oo oe > Seats = Sta Pe Leeann 400 
Bitertish? 2374 tos. rbot eee 48, 290 42,300 27, 450 21,000 13, 200 225,950 
0). 0) eS eS eee ee ner ene 8c, ba: 3,780 9, 825 8, 560 5, 275 10, 595 134, 888 
Gates: Set oc sows seanees seme eee ns 5,550 11,100 18, 200 28, 400 32,625 225, 723 
OO na patoopeenscsotentogcoteecedsasoa¢ 800 600 1,000 3, 400 7,700 42,350 
Chapple. 98 one 2 aemaeepe-=25- Mart aleetcemeee ite <back eolpebet = cert Coronet oer 800 5,700 
AGPOV AG Eo re Ca caec ce cdeicsw sla seas alady pce rane SE Seman [eee eee omer ls met ce ree 00 
‘oan Wade tides Pose oes tte ses seh aee 72,700 12, 200 8,600 8,900 6,700 581,734 
GCC nasi cases Meas sees eke eae hee eh | ee | ei ne ee ete aoe aie ea 
Meals Bukoswatcs stereotasereoee ees saat eee ee ee see eaies see loco ree een Seen eens 6, 230 13, 430 
Mlounders:c serch ecto saaee setae eeee 12,600 12, 400 10, 100 5,700 19,300 230, 856 
Gizzand Shad.g¥s}ss7-chb =~ dee Ss es ce ISIS Re e etek aelar 1,500 1,650 
Haddock -.ccesccehsorsaceeiqecs se sseee- 200 1,300 1, 200 1, 800 1,900 100, 575 
ake: 3b aah a ee ee tS ee eee 9, 800 64, 700 19, 800 98, 250 
1S BD Baca RA Sane SS acasab SoneRaorade 12, 400 16, 200 11,500 19,000 18, 500 145, 662 
Herring wravernts.. eee Aho. Pop asso. Sib ees. | Peer oo « 60, 000 90, 000 120, 000 1, 447, 192 
@Mickory Shiatd, Ori! Gacks”- ts aoccsaroco| ara ens | eee tot ce ee aeons eee eee eee 10, 259 
IKSMPRSDE = oon ooo obwiws wcioe <brmrearetaannaaralh Aenea oad | aceon oi ten ara iaas 2 WEA sors eee eee 3,400 
Mackerel: cas. 0e EE. er oes 4,7 1,900 500 39, 800 7,400 120, 950 
Mullet: - 1-256 85..) at, ea ees ee ek Baa Ae 800 455 8,100 1,800 16,927 
IBerchy....}-065.06. 2 30a We SS ces 1,215 2,920 1,000 6,580 14,700 174, 841 
Bekeor pickerel).-2 Met f.. ee e 22. |- eR eH 190 GY (0 Bepmeeee me 3, 400 12, 241 
OMG: Be Sens Ai wns cine enon oases 1,000 2,800 5, 500 6,300 20,605 
edhshiormed arin = <r eo eto oel ameter tsers 100 230 shes oe See eee eee 1,790 
Selman. + Fe 44 5.; Wes. Pa. Ices 4,300 5, 400 8,500 5, 400 5,700 36, 400 
STD o(0/ ea oY 0 2) ey ee ee tee SE OY | Sot nee a Oct SAD Dor oe] nee De noes lickincome sei 3,900 
BOSt en FAR. Shoe ee SETURL ORE ee 400 TODA A rdrs.tor7s 5,900 592, 337 
Sharks ..3. 295962 .4 ee bat PIE gs | REE AO S| FO ih Nae elena te re Noes es meee ae 200 
Sheepshead ese ae 5 See Perera ete oc ce 4 cereale oes =| Peston riot sell hater fee ror otal Bere ere meena 100 
Smelfi- 225 Sede se! 0 Os Sa A = Ee eee | Re ee. RAE One Samra a teehee cic 1,920 
SHOb- <-c5—54 LePTR PASE | Og ES 5,000 8, 700 21,000 17,000 |1.5 220242 se25 55,300 
Squeteagues or ‘‘sea trout’’.......-.-. 191,940 | 171,100} 161,320] 159,600 88, 100 1, 956, 483 
Striped! bass. =. 1-408 See.) Se ee... | 12,860 21, 400 21,140 21, 100 12,915 243,950 
Sturgeons ae eee. ee PR ea oe gaa tt tae. eee 404 
SUMS <1 eciegaacules Haas 5 cee Pees So teers balsa terete aarerapart or erent Seale eT tA are are eae 400 
Milehish <r" ae Taso .  o 400 1, 850 1,500 1,700 |2c2-225ss226 21,190 
Mollipee ss. 452232. Sek TE AE oR OS ee eS See sler men ae nen eae nets 815 
Wittitefish £24. 3) ee B.S Pee 1, Sat Ds 4] Se 3 Pe oe serio ese esa atemee 
WWE 5 ih ceed 22h Rone auc] peek accl aeeeee as ts 12,800 45, 600 11,300 72,700 
aes, hard D523 OR Se Ee 9, 056 6,944 2,496 5, 632 3,632 2 84, 400 
ysters: 
Tn themiell = § 5. Lk cimrersrcranre 399 40,705 | 183,855} 319,200 427,000 | 31,400,077 
Mpenedh Zoe Toccence see nawe aa) Ses 8,498 70,331 | 100,031 172, 013 4526, 302 
Scallops: Pao 602.4 2 Ae.) es. LCE SBR Ee | RS ee. SE ie 120: | sssase see ese 1,196 
CTEDS be sansi-pad onc deh eee oEecemsl 40, 650 25, 875 2: 2A) | eruentee bl acassnceeens 151, 554 
Cra miPAlscemcnecitos ose 3 ereee cere 14,975 27,973 8,975 250 250 95,515 
TUTORS oho estetcfajsed Stns ws 0, och ae nee Se El bec chee Cee ME Oe te | erates eto | DE ey erred athe © emaaetee 
Wopsters! HG... Foe oo 5 hwwcitcic aes) SORE oe SAO... lee ced ena kee ses seen 340 
Shrimp. 2453.22. 5 OE SIR A DRE ae 200 || Aa Aa Se eee 300 (HOR see oe 3,875 
WBegiies. <b ee Ae FSET Oo RK 2 Fe as eRe deal cccn nen |ssanceeaseee 151 
ObAl ss =. crdsocaswosc ce eaceE cee 455,617 | 458,632 | 661,302 | 997,288 | 1,034,660 9,066, 744 


1 The clams have been reduced to pounds on the basis of 8 pounds of meat toa bushel, the oysters on a 
basis of 7 pounds of meat to a bushel and 8} pounds to a gallon. 

2 10,550 bushels. 

3 200,011 bushels. 

4 63,794 gallons. 


SHAD AND ALEWIFE FISHERIES OF THE POTOMAC RIVER, 1921.4 


The number of persons employed in these fisheries in Maryland and 
Virginia in 1921 was 983, of whom 321 are credited to Maryland and 
662 to Virginia. The number of boats in use were 623, valued at 
$77,150; pound nets, 266, valued at $87,295, of which 68 are credited 
to Maryland and 198 to Virginia; gill nets 296, valued at $37,565; 
seines 6, valued at $5,140; and shore and accessory property to the 
value of $7,735. The total investment amounted to $214,885. 


- nae canvass Of these fisheries was made by Winthrop A. Roberts, statistical agent, U. S. Bureau of 
eries. 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. 67 


The number of shad taken was 405,872, representing 1,160,438 
pounds, with a value of $207,370, of which 49,681 shad, or 138,207 
pounds, valued at $25,191, are credited to Maryland, and 356,191 
shad, or 1,022,231 pounds, valued at $182,179, are credited to Vir- 
ginia. The falling off of the catch of shad in these States in 1921 as 
compared with 1920 amounted to 123,486 shad, or 819,342 pounds in 
quantity and $127,094 in value. 

The catch of river herring numbered 10,303,510 fish, or 4,121,404 
pounds,. valued at $44,041, of which 1,395,000, or 558,000 pounds, 
valued at $9,010, are credited to Maryland and 8,908,510 river her- 
ring, or 3,563,404 pounds, valued at $35,031, to Virginia. 


SHAD AND ALEWIFE FISHERY OF THE Potomac River, 1921. 


Items. Maryland. Virginia. Total. 
Number.| Pounds.| Value. Tey Pounds. | Value. sible = Pounds. | Value. 
Fishermen........ SPA teks epg sal Soe cal Lae wie win, 7 ines eee Sta |e eer Secene ce lsaoeeaee 
Row, sail, and 
houseboats... .. 1133) peas se $3, 080 GAY) bape. od egal $9, 420 SF eA $12, 500 
Gasoline boats. ... ATi fo cticgene 11, 500 bt ee ae 53, 150) 25l zeae scen 64, 650 
Pound nets......- (34 bees Phe Be 9,395 POS Goes eee 77, 900 71.) Bree ere 87,295 
(CONE: fe Co 1 | 17,390) 169} -<4s3s8e5- 20,175 Po ees 37,565 
Sci (eae ae CSS ae acs 1,140) Dee seek 4,000 GS sek goose 5,140 
Shore and acces- 
RU VSDLODELU Yee <| = <a teea| lence 2k Vi) ee Fl (NS ESR Berar DeAT Ol Me oe ce wal ens ceecitee 7,735 
Totals |ad See Ee AME ()| War teat aortas (4 1557 | pera ees asec oe 214, 885 
Shad caught: 
With pound 
MotsEe on. 6,320] 21,418] 4,137! 260,581} 735,990] 127,174! 266,901] 757,408) 131,311 
With gillnets.| 35,761] 97,501] 17,316| 93,950] 281,056] 54,196] 129,711] 378,557] 71,512 
With seines. . . 7,600} 19,288) 3,738 1,660 5, 185 809 9, 260) 24,473) 4,547 
? ? ? ? 
otalins <.. 49,681) 138,207) 25,191 356,191) 1,022,231) 182,179) 405,872) 1,160,438) 207,370 
Alewives caught: 
With pound 
MGS See 11,115,000} 446,000) 7,010) 8,383,060] 3,353,224) 29,956/19, 498,060) 3,799,224) 36,966 
With gill nets.) 80,000] 32,000 800} 365,450} 146,180} 4,115} 445,450| 178,180) 4,915 
With seines...| 200,000} 80,000] 1,200} 160,000] 64,000 960} 360,000} 144,000} 2,160 
Potal...5-). 1,395,000} 558,000, 9,010) 8,908, 510] 3,563,404} 35, 031|10,303,510| 4,121,404] 44,041 


1 Includes 30,000 alewives salted by the fishermen, weighing 12,000 pounds, and valued at $300. 
BRIEF REVIEW OF THE SHAD FISHERY OF THE POTOMAC RIVER. 
IN TRODUCTION. 


The perpetuation of the important shad fisheries of the Atlantic 
coast is a matter of concern to many of our fishermen. Beginning 
with 1915 the bureau has made an annual canvass of the shad fishery 
of the Hudson River, a river in which practically no fish-cultural 
operations have been practiced. Beginning with 1919 the bureau 
began a similar canvass of the shad fishery of the Potomac River, a 
river in which the propagation of shad has been conducted on a con- 
siderable scale for many years. In this connection it will be of inter- 
est to review the history of the Potomac River fishery briefly in so 
far as there are available data. In Figure 4 the catch of shad in the 
river is shown. ‘The figures used for the period 1866 to 1880, inclu- 
sive, are based on an unpublished graph in the bureau’s files that is 
believed to be sufficiently authentic as an index of the trend of the 
fishery to warrant publication, and those for later years are the re-- 


68 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


sults of actual canvasses of the fisheries given for such years as they 
were taken. In addition to this, a curve of the number of shad in- 
spected in the District of Columbia from 1873 to 1920, inclusive, is 
also shown in Figure 4. For the period 1873 to 1896 Stevenson ° 
states these represent from 50 to 75 per cent of the total yield of the 
river. 

From the following table of the number of shad inspected in the 
District of Columbia from 1897 to 1920, inclusive, it will be observed 
that beginning with 1908 there were considerable receipts of fish in 
January and February, indicating receipts from sources other than 
the Potomac River. It is believed, however, that the curve furnishes 
a fairly reliable index of the fluctuations in catch over the period in 

uestion, and this is borne out by the closeness with which it follows 
the curve of the number of shad taken in the river in those years for 
which statistics are available. 


NuMBER OF SHAD INSPECTED IN THE DistRIcT OF COLUMBIA FROM 1897 To 1920, 
INCLUSIVE. 


Year. January. |February.) March. April. May. June. Total. 


——_—_—$—— |) $$ _— J 


SAM COLE, lett ec 190,593 | 182,164 | 22,794] 11,534] 397,085 
2| 34,558 | 167,690 | 66,986 |  2)810| 2727047 


= eiernie igre ay Stare cle eragetera 6,615 | 115,115 15, 788 618 138, 136 
'3| 12208 | ‘e6270| 8856 | Sor] doteoe 
ES fe (OES ok MORE *....| 69,545 | 487996 310 | 118,781 
9,007 65,983 | 101,272 22,540 25 201, 414 
6,190 | 74,318] 14,196 | 25,849 336 | 121,916 
6,948 | 109,211 | 123,608] 25,152 1,270 | 266,897 
5,660 | 80,928 | 235,025 | 73,180 68 | 396,215 
Ssos | 437290 | los'zi7 | ‘sis03| “a | footoce 

98 43, 3 
(2) “i es e 2) 131) 958 
Q@ (2 fs 2 (2) 126,013 
(2 3) 2 . (2) 238, 518 
ta © ts a ee MR 
(2 2) ) (2 ) 390,590 
(2) (2) C C @ 267, 442 

1 Includes 90 shad inspected in October. 2 Monthly records not shown. 
HISTORY. 


A study of the graph reveals that the fishery for shad in the Potomac 
has fluctuated greatly. Even in the period from 1866 to 1880 the 
fluctuations were surprisingly large, the catches for 1867 and 1873 
exceeding 1,250,000 fish, with much smaller catches in the inter- 
vening years. Following 1873 the catch steadily declined until in 
1878 1t was only slightly in excess of 160,000 fish. Of this early 
period it is stated: ° 


The fisheries of this river annually decreased in value and production up to the’ 


time of the war. The intermission which then ensued in the fishing operations on 


6 The Shad Fisheries of the Atlantic Coast of the United States, by Charles H. Stevenson, in Report 
ofthe Commissioner, U. S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, for 1898 (1899), pp. 101 to 269. (See p. 200 
for table of fish inspected y 

6 The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, by George Brown Goode and associates, 
Section V, History and Methods of the Fisheries, Vol. 1, 1887, p. 645. 


—— 


“spuesnoy} poipuny Ul WAOYS Yo}VO “OAISNPOUT ‘TZET 0} HOST ‘IOATY ovMI0}Og oy} JO AJOYSY peyS—'F “OIA 


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69 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. 


- Seat AaAHEYN-Sos on RSs 


70 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


account of those of a martial character allowed the fisheries to recuperate, so that in 
the years immediately succeeding the war it was found that they had in a measure 
recovered from their former depletion. In 1878, the minimum of production was 
attained, during which season less than 200,000 shad were taken in the entire river. 
In 1879 the results of previous artificial propagation first manifested themselves, and 
there was a considerable increase in the run of shad, from which time the shad fisheries 
steadily increased, until in the season of 1880 nearly 600,000 were taken. 

In the years preceding 1896 Stevenson (ibid., 1898) states that the 
average annual yield was about 750,000. From 1896 to 1921 statis- 
tics of the number of shad caught are available as follows: 1896, 
684,063 shad; 1904, 372,647; 1909, 203,971; 1915, 182,402; 1919, 
544,469; 1920, 529,358; and 1921, 405,872. Following 1878 it is 
apparent that the fishery was at a very low ebb in 1885, 1905 to 1907, 
1909, 1914, and 1915, with occasional years of relative abundance. 

Factors which have contributed to the depletion of the supply are: 
Intensiveness of fishing operations; changed conditions in the river, 
resulting from the advance of civilization, productive of conditions 
in its waters destructive to maintenance of supply of our important 
anadromous species; and such fluctuations as may be induced by 
weather conditions affecting the migration of the shad into and up the 
river. Of the first much has been said and written, of the second rela- 
tively little. Some close students of the question suggest that the shad 
is doomed, that the changed conditions in ourrivers resulting from the 
advance of civilization are steadily growing more unfavorable for 
reproduction and that it is only a question of time until this important 
fish disappears from our waters. Certain it is that there is need for 
further investigations to determine the relative importance of the 
different factors contributing to the decline of this fishery and the 
extent to which fish-cultural operations and protective lepislaliaad 
are helping to maintain the supply. Such investigations should 
include studies of the changes taking place in the rivers and the 
possibilities of restoring them to a condition favorable to the repro- 
duction and growth of such anadromous fishes. The annual statis- 
tical canvasses are being made for the purpose of yielding helpful 
information to those who may undertake such an investigation. 


NOTES ON SPONGE FISHERY. 


In 1921 the quantity of sponges sold at the Sponge Exchange, 
Tarpon Springs, Fla., was 386,390 pounds, valued at $540,093, of 
which 173,723 pounds, valued at $463,170, were large wool; 63,786 
pounds, valued at $28,705, small wool; 70,218 pounds, valued at 
$30,428, yellow; 65,745 pounds, valued at $12,623, grass; and 12,918 
pounds, valued at $5,167, wire. The prices of the small wool sponges 
were so low in the latter part of 1920 that several thousand bunches 
were held over for sale in 1921. For this reason the 1921 totals of 
this kind were larger than for the preceding year. It is estimated 
that sponges to the value of $40,000 were sold outside of the exchange 
at Tarpon Springs. ; 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. 71 
FROZEN FISH. 
COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS DURING 1921. 


Beginning with October, 1916, the Bureau of Markets of the Depart- 
ment of Agriculture has been collecting and publishing data on the 
cold-storage holdings of frozen fish. These reports give the holdings 
on the 15th day of the current month. Arrangements were made in 
December, 1921, through the courtesy of the Bureau of Markets and 
Crop Estimates, for the Bureau of Fisheries to publish and dissemi- 
nate this information beginning with the returns for Janaury 15, 1922, 


TENS OF 


MILLIONS 
OF POUNDS MONTHS 


JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER 
00 


Fig. 5.—Cold-storage holdings of frozen fish in fons of millions of pounds, by months, 1917 to 1921, 
inclusive. 


in the form of a monthly statistical bulletin. This bulletin gives the 
holdings by species, by sections; total holdings on hand for the 
current month and for the same month in the preceding year; the 
5-year average; holdings for preceding month; and quantities of each 
species frozen during the month. These bulletins are being distributed 
on a separate mailing list. 

The following table contains a summary of the holdings of frozen 
fish by species and by months for 1921 and totals for the years 1917 
to 1920, inclusive, based on the returns furnished by the Bureau of 
Markets and Crop Estimates. The total holdings on the 15th of each 
month for the years 1917 to 1921, inclusive, are shown in graphic 
form in Figure 5. 


72 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


Pounps OF FrRozEN Fish inv Cotp Storace Eacn Monta, By Species ror 1921 
AND BY ToTALs FoR 1920, 1919, 1918, AND 1917. 


Species. Jan. 15. Feb. 15. Mar, 15. June 15 
1921. 
237, 000 212, 000 128, 000 
Butterfish 662, 000 355, 000 153, 000 
Ciscoes..... 4,957,000 | 3, 945, 000 2,525,000 
Cog; hake, pollock, and had- 

SES, apa Mapai yee eS IB Sf 3,131,000 | 2,815,000 1, 955, 000 
Croake: on 
ibut 4,375 
Herring ‘ 2? 889) 000 
Hake trout). 2ce scmeccmc c= aso é , 394, 944, 000 
iMackerelaa st eaaccoe eee ec aeae 1,695, 000 
FROCIISHES ES. clo ee inese ieee 57,000 
Pablefisht=actcsaseteese tenes 270, 000 
Salen oni-yeisaeert Seale BEERS 1, 466, 000 1,621, 000 
Sr Dien Se TRIE 52'000| 777000 | 1987000 

BG anteee aeieesie a se increas 96, 000 
Shadtipe so.) Bete ue) 23000 187 000 54) 000 
Smelt, eulachon, ete. .-.-.-.... 304, 000 293, 000 248, 000 
Squeteagues Beet setae eee f ee : ed 

quid.......-.........-------- 7 000 
Wihipekist st Fiti5. St wae tmeu 1,400,000 | 1,067,000] — 985/000 
Wibitin 222 eee ess: oe 2,606,000 | 2,366,000] 2,690,000 
Miscellaneous oJ. 2.2222 es oe2e 9 318, 000 7, 918, 000 8, 211) 000 | 7,646, 000 8, 022, 000 
Total, 1921 Seek coc «<5 53,851, 000 | 42,116, 000 | 33, 404, 000 | 28, 444, 000 , 346, 32,311, 000 
Moral, 19205 aie... Sac R ES SAE 61,510,357 | 47,904, 057 | 29° 958, 132 | 20,632, 834 | 19, 803,817 | 27,779, 230 
otal 1019. fe 65.4 80,683, 761 | 67,617, 473 | 50, 036,475 | 37,110, 856 | 37,174,104 | 48/8407 359 
Mintel pO Bet kt igeces soto 51,116,037 | 35,907,071 | 28, 457,301 | 26,548,272 | 31) 403/495 | 50; 2987 027 
otal OW noc Gae 2 sc goed sae eee 32, 234, 530 14) 727, 099 13, 374, 429 | 9,516,217 27; 791; 047 
ee 
Species. July 15. Aug. 15, Sept. 15. Oct. 15. Nov. 15. Dec. 15. 
Bluefish 114, 000 282, 000 442,000 748, 000 745, 000 667, 631 
Butterfish.... 154, 000 255, 000 422,000 612, 000 826, 000 664) 621 
Ciscoes 2,605,000 | 4,444, 5, 839,000 | 6,343,000 | 5,894,000 6, 243° 839 
Cod, hake, pollock, and had- 

Fi lieth SC VR: SAO RN ET 1,916,000 | 1,878,000 | 1,865,000 | 1,633,000 | 1,766,000] 1,721,849 
CLOSKEr ee ete eee rey 277, 000 331, 000 338, 000 266, 000 219, 000 545, 788 
TECAT qui HISe na eee ineeee Berean, 6,213,000 | 7,693,000 | 9,129,000 | 8,486,000 | 7,995,000) 6,868,971 
erin beh ct sake eet 3,775,000 | 3,715,000 | 3,870,000 | 5,259,000 | 5,624,000 | 5,788; 866 
akattr out seat ead eee 1, 032, 000 991,000 | 1,053,000] 1,213,000 | 27004) 2} 488) 786 
Mackerel he a-ueds= coment 1,670,000 | 1,696,000 | 1,603,000 | 1,496,000 | 1,667,000 | 1,834) 162 
ockctishes': sf aces. sa-cae acct 71, 000 69, 000 69, 000 57, 000 66, 000 28, 929 
Sablefish, 22. ye. hho ecasneee 456, 000 600, 000 977,000 | 1,619,000 | 1,624,000 | 1,486,155 
PANO. ken saae see eons 3,087,000 | 4,809,000 | 7,033,000 | 8,716,000 | 9,149,000] 7,526, 214 
NOM DAS seest eee saoae eseee , 000 68, 000 61, 000 ' 59, 000 , 754 
LG | Sa a heer eee Seager ee, 270, 000 325, 000 349, 000 331, 000 344, 000 287, 205 
SHAG MNOS hen cee ceescedece see ee 54, 000 45, 000 43, 000 28, 000 28, 000 26, 694 
Smelt, eulachon, etc........-- 268, 000 272, 000 335, 000 334, 000 317, 000 380, 396 
Squeteagues...2..........+.-. 1,405, 000 | 1,640,000 | 1,751,000 | 2,193,000 | 2,044,000] 1,735,097 
Raids ss 0c hen! oe ee ce 3,170,000 | 3,177,000 | 3,017,000 | 2,855,000 | 2,581,000] 2) 151; 850 

ROLISH) = ato cee tee eck ee 1,278, 000 | 1,587,000 | 1,782,000} 2,022,000 | 2,360,000} 2,614,334 

AW Mathntargae 5", Bons Seen ee, 4,499,000 | 4,974,000 | 5,258,000 | 5,096,000 | 5,405,000] 4,750; 282 
Miscellaneous. .c<csecerweeret 7,790, 000 | 8,580,000] 9,233,000 | 9,536,000 | 10,511,000} 11, 262, 223 
Motaly 1920 esis. 228 ose 40, 160, 000 | 47, 431, 000 | 54, 469, 000 | 58, 899, 000 | 61, 228, 000 | 59, 125, 646 
otal O00 Wea es tockee 36,617, 706 | 47, 140, 132 | 56, 205, 975 | 64,730, 531 | 67) 549,377 | 65,841,000 
Total, itt: ape eee Been Sees 59) 674, 301 65, 145, 234 | 69, 580, 555 | 76,763, 253 | 78,769,101 | 74, 202, 339 
Total, NOMS so So see eee ances 64, 864, 532 re 554, 798 89) 203; 946 93) 811) 909 | 99,631,789 | 96,600, 247 


Total, LOL7 Eee fhe IS. Be 38, 431, 221 44) 024; 666 47, 197, 660 60, 676, 722 | 70, 938, 957 69) 986) 671 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. 73 


QUANTITIES FROZEN IN 1921. 


The quantity of fish frozen between December 15, 1920, and 
December 15, 1921, was 79,173,892 pounds, as compared with 
93,973,589 pounds for the preceding year. The principal varieties 
frozen were as_ follows: Halibut, 10,773,803 pounds; salmon, 
10,033,619 pounds; herring, 9,827,671 pounds; cicoes, 8,649,315 


SPECIES MILLIONS OF POUNDS 


0 | 2 3 4 5 6 T 8 9 10 uM 1S 


MISCELLANEOUS 
HALIBUT 
SALMON 
HERRING 
CISCOES 
WHITING 

SQUID 
MACKEREL 
LAKE TROUT 
WHITEFISH 


SQUETEAGUES 


cOD HADDOCK 
HAKE & POLLOCK , 


SABLEFISH 
BUTTERFISH 


BLUEFISH 932,727 


SMELT, EULACHON, 610,753 
Ec 


SHAD 428,400 


CROAKER 341439 


FIG, 6.—Quantities of fish frozen during 1921, by species. 


pounds; and whiting, 5,527,047 pounds. The item of miscellaneous 
fishes amounted to 14,436,657 pounds and includes a large variety 
of fishery products—true fishes, both mollusks and crustaceans, etc. 
In Figure 6, which shows the relative amounts of each species, frozen 
shad roe has been added to the item of shad, and rockfishes, amount- 
ing to 77,255 pounds, and sea bass, amounting to 132,249 pounds, 
have been included in the item of miscellaneous fishes. 


74 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


Pounps or Fish Frozen Montuty, By SPECIES FOR 1921 AND By ToTaL ror 1920. 


Species. Jan. 15. | Feb.15. | Mar. 15. | Apr.15. | May 15. | June15. | July 15. 


Bluchant y. LET i! 2,000 1,000 Ct, CE 22,000 19, 000 186, 000 
Butterfish. 550. cece. 4. 7,000 000 IT eaatsesigel-\s.3 datttewes 14,000 2,000 108, 000 
ACT eeepc Seyeemeieliage 45,000 38, 000 69, 000 14,000 61,000 | 292,000 | 2,056,000 
Cod, hake, pollock, and 

MAGGOUK: vw. ose el. 172,000 39, 000 72,000 47,000 126, 000 114, 000 88, 000 
(Croaker sect ec. 22 fale 2,000 OOOH ieee eal Ee a 11,000 | 108,000 32’ 000 
Je 021] 076 | pe eee ee elas ai ice 303, 000 153, 000 344,000 915,000 | 2,045,000 | 1,455,000 | 1,893,000 
12 a ag te 427,000 | 205,000 89,000 | 288,000 | 1,671,000 | 1559; 000 643,000 
Pakertroutes. 2. 82.5.8. 81, 000 1,000 4,000 31,000 145, 000 125, 000 33, 000 
Mackerel. ..........-.... 81,000 | 141, 000 94, 000 25,000 | 1,114,000 | 169,000} 242’ 000 
VOCKUSUCS. «coe epee ne ce <= NOU ol mate Sere ae tere 15,000 10, 000 14, 000 , 000 5,000 
Dablefish: S23 es oe 4,000 58, 000 52,000 40, 000 110, 000 66, 000 185,000 
Salmon... | ssaeeneemenias 344, 000 129, 000 60, 000 41,000 | 345,000 | 1,250,000 | 1,867,000 
SGnpass eS epee secre Dy UUs emeiiae = cetae TCO0T | meas ste ras 14, 000 33, 000 18, 

EXO: iSeaee) tosh, Semon See 1,000 12,000 12,000 5,000 175, 000 46, 000 56, 000 
Shadiroe. . |. s3apeeees peters eee has 7S 15,000 3,000 36, 000 19, 000, ): roca 2" 
Smelt, eulachon, ete... -. 253, 000 177, 000 £3; OUD! [coma <leiaid = DAL UE Bes ose) 8,000 
Squeteagues.........-.-- 6, 000 8, 000 4 O00" eae ine eae 44,000 | 1,194, 000 299, 000 
Squid: ..-' ae | ayes 19, 000 20)000:|- s- 2seseee 487,000 | 1,791, 000 261, 000 273, 000 

nitetish= ser -2t. ....-be - 148, 000 38, 000 136, 000 11,000 12, 000 272, 000 289, 000 
Winitiric Ase to oe 36, 00 120, 000 3,000 117, 000 786,000 | 2,016, 000 599, 000 
Miscellaneous... . - arses So. 900, 000 621,000 | 1,424,000 664, 000 | 1,076,000 | 1, 143,000 965, 000 

Topalagger 2,843,000 | 1,770,000 | 2,413,000 | 2,698,000 | 9,624,000 |10,151,000 | 9,845,000 
Motal1920" 6.20.00. 2,273,744 | 2,630,482 | 2,465,375 | 3,687,538 |10,094,367 |12, 761,791 | 13,620, 232 


Aug. 15. Sept. 15. Oct. 15. Nov. 15. 

180, 000 341, 000 91, 000 77,000 igi eaks 932,727 
203, 000 243,000 347,000 22,000 6,112 959, 112 
1, 875, 000 1,076, 000 1,394, 000 1, 157, 000 572,315 8,649,315 
95, 000 617,000 286, 000 186, 000 150, 154 1,992, 154 
93 O00 mec cases cick 31,000 61, 000 1,439 341, 439 
1,363, 000 423, 000 872, 000 629, 000 378, 803 10, 773, 803 
632, 000 1, 937, 000 980, 000 1,272,000 124,671 9,827,671 
93, 000 215, 000 910, 000 854, 000 9,995 2,501,995 
105, 000 192, 000 212,000 201,000 118, 684 2,694, 684 
f 2,000 1,000 8,000 3,255 77,255 
339, 000 655, 000 121, 000 34, 000 13, 548 1,677,548 
2,182,000 | 1,892,000 | 1,637,000] 153,000 | 1337619 | 10,033,619 
4,000 5 9,000 9,000 30, 249 132, 249 
28, 000 19, 000 1,000) |: cee tee. 355, 400 
SHAG I00 3.25. oss cnc eas icc.b cad neces sete © | mew teers Saye] pearl ete <tetee alael S | Se 73,000 
Smelt, eulachon, ete....-....-- 65, 000 16, 000 9,000 12,000 45, 753 610, 753 
SQ USHEA PUES. cic 5-28 oe Sed 190, 000 462, 000 7,000 3,000 13, 253 2, 230, 253 
Sanider eos ee : 53, 000 7,000 3,000 18,000 11,311 2,943,311 

Weibitenshy=242 0552 soe ees 207, 000 357, 000 245,000 640, 000 48,900 2,403, 
DVO ee i es ae 464, 000 160, 000 589, 000 441,000 196, 047 5,527,047 
Miscellaneous............--.+- 1,181,000 | 1,367,000 | 2,124,000 | 2,396,000 575,657 | 14,436,657 
Ur Ac) 1) bea £4 ie ren 9,356,000 | 9,990,000 | 9,869,000 | 8,173,000 | 2,441,892 | 79, 173, 892 
otal 16V0 55 Ge. wee es oe 11,803, 606 | 11,168,810 | 9,711,800 | 9,750,844 4,005,000 | 93,973,589 


FISHERIES OF CALIFORNIA IN 1921. 


Through the courtesy of the California Fish and Game Commission 
the bureau has received copies of its monthly sheets showing the 
catch of fish, by species and by localities, for the calendar year 1921. 
These have been compiled by species and by months, as shown in 
the table following the discussion. 

In 1921 the catch of the fisheries amounted to 127,728,623 pounds, 
as compared with 212,635,075 pounds in 1920, a decrease of 84,906,452 

ounds, or 39.93 per cent. Following are the principal products: 

ilchards, 59,332,305 pounds; albacore and tuna, 19,831,680 pounds; 
flounders, 8,429,595 pounds; salmon, 7,990,932 pounds; rockfishes, 
4,641,156 pounds; barracuda, 4,588,900 pounds; mackerel, 2,914,613 
pounds; yellowtail, 2,139,626 pounds; white sea bass or squeteague, 
2,069,544 pounds; anchovies, 1,946,881 pounds; abalones, 1,481,170 
pounds; bonito or skipjack, 1,376,712 pounds; sablefish, 1,022,556 
pounds; and shad, 862,897 pounds, 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. 75 


There was a decrease in the catch of pilchards in 1921 of 59,185,424 
pounds, or 49.93 per cent, as compared with 1920. For the same 
period the decrease in the catch of albacore and tuna amounted to 
16,312,660 pounds, or 45.13 pat cent; bonito or skipjack, 7,237,869 
pounds, or 84 per cent. There was an increase in the catch of 
anchovies of 1,376,195 pounds, or 241.15 per cent, and of sablefish 
of 241,524 pounds, or 30.92 per cent, as compared with 1920. 

The imports of fresh fish from Mexico in 1921 amounted to 6,699,817 
pounds, as compared with 8,121,225 pounds in 1920. The principal 
species imported were: Barracuda, 3,036,262 pounds; flounders, 
1,314,918 pounds; sea crawfish or spiny lobster, 943,547 pounds; 
and white sea bass or squeteague, 500,075 pounds. 


Propucts, IN PouNDs, OF THE FISHERIES OF CALIFORNIA, 1921. 


| | | 


Species. January. | February.| March. April. May. June. July. 
Albacore and tuna........-.- 2,493 332 590 339 972 | 219,224 | 5,356, 858 
Morchepiess | S55. O25 253 ER 50; 870)|2222--- 22 7,755 238,152 | 394,240 | 149,052 | 1,016, 987 
Barracnda. Lo ieee 67,680 | 135,161 | 514,378 | 797,412 |1,154,100 | 781,672] ’ 436, 230 
Bluefish, California, or sque- 
teague 5, 259 6, 006 7,030 3, 265 1,813 6, 094 8, 394 
Bonito or skipjack. oe 23,177 6,598 104 580 12, 429 38, 611 
Lop, Jan 27, 259 28, 746 11,364 3,330 3, 693 2.925 
Catfish... ...-....--.--+----- 18, 906 fiv0i 040, 734; (G29 2b, 918}. 13,217 | ooo. bleak Jee 
Croakers 30, 535 26,457 4,663} _ 4,420 1,140 2, 084 
Flounders 732, 012 717,557 622, 260 772,656 | 739,561 630, 231 
“Hake” 3, 061 4 3, 250 6,837 | 13,239 13,325 
Hardhead 38, 399 5, 941 2 aes oes ei ee lS ae tae 
ering. 6 S50... tae 233, 978 45,564 5,074 1200... 4eees) Sega 
Kingfish 58, 389 46, 707 57,104 | 52,533 | 25, 538 7,217 
Gitte cod?” 28s 4.02. 51.-5 22, 246 21,478 28, 610 25,302 | 16,895 | 12,355 35, 760 
Mackerel ie 1 Seer 223,401 | 205,858 | 361, 874 al, 422 | 309, ae 221,338 | 189,732 
: (3) Peotiooe are BPE Cee Goose] Caen ieee | Ca ae emer ie 433 146 ile 7! 933 2, 35: 
“Perches,” surf......-..----- 22, 234 23, 634 50, 773 47, 534 5, 821 4, 039 vA Bh 
Pike, Sacramento..-.....-..-- 1,726 1, 888 Deto 846 721 226.) uo laEei 
Lilo hts Sin et 3 eee aS 2,302,314 | 8,706,484 | 9,945,896 | 6,014,034 | 250,793 | 935,870 990, 638 
Pompano, California..-...---- 354 2,652 863 3,431 376 1, 167 56 
ockralress =. 293.28... 2.2 = 743, 743 586, 409 479,778 | 359,367 | 201,826 | 144,502 253, 305 
Sabiphshs <2). 2054225..00bsees 28, 082 52, 290 73,623 | 163,038 | 189,126] 93,786 94, 781 
fo ELI (17 eae ee a i 14, 868 78,913 | 384,909 | 522, 681 |1, 063, 289 /1, 441, 335 | 1,500; 780 
[Slatl ope SE QeeeeeE csc 3, 862 4,780 5,126 10, 392 9, 840 3, 239 77 
Sea bass, black..........---- 14,504 7,110 1,566 3,919 6,425 | 11,656 6, 204 
Sea basses or “‘rock bass’’- - . 5,677 8, 842 18, 997 35, 604 33,317 54, 189 62,317 
Sea bass, white or squeteague. 4,219 32,520 50, 106 251,295 | 302,910 | 552,640 252, 674 
oli eaten SAPS? Seen eee 97 339 42,772 355,026 | 423,134 |.......... 272 
SinarkuGece Sweet ical 63,904 | 101, 735 88, 392 89,635 | 51,003 | 47,209 18, 122 
Sheepshead..............---- 2, 095 4, 167 4,049 7,107 1,960 216 
REGNOS 64.5 i ssanesecacasleee 11, 164 11, 003 3,428 4,565 935 3, 883 2,710 
WMiniplt,?. ike scecccsesizess 26, 936 42, 446 93, 158 71,508 | 33,191} 42,202 59, 271 
Seeail: J. 28h)... 4 Sie 7, 296 4,550 647 46 140 neds een cas 
Striped bass.............-.-- 73, 397 41,115 50, 430 95,611] 104,083 |.......... 94 
Stingarees or stingrays...-.-.- 1,555 203" fescsse se ssscsscecsce ei! 0 ee re 
BCR EES ee ee oe 410 1, 566 SD eects Tasers wicnisd aul mete cionlontc lee seme aoe 
PSS 0 EET ce a SS Se Pe ee em ee ae ab 332 818 
ee ~ 5) aaa AS 4, ant 6, 766 4,181 1,681 0 4,549 2, 405 
PURI = 6 See tas a wraid ose ars oa 4 182 116 
Trefish eee Le . 288: 2, 757 2, 006 10,332 1, 229 901 590 437 
OY Gllowtall .< sesee. sar ode at 6, 781 92, 635 95, 292 80,130 | 154,303 91,003 19, 827 
ROPRETISN soe cee ee eee ete 4,786 8,218 13, 001 6, 687 8, 795 88, 548 998, 466 
Grabs yes. 0s lees oe Se 74,514 95, 326 65, 142 43,516 | 77,660] 28,292 21,912 
(SUSEEE pp cee a a ee 23, 284 36, 186 91, 384 62,930 | 90,648] 61,685 82, 561 
Sea crawfish orspiny lobster.| 34, 233 OLPAUI Mare tie. tetels nas feels ea) Jan sce 2 24) sc eee | toe 
Abslonps te. S52 5 i= tsa a5 7 (e ne 163, 769 120,216 | 165,367 | 135,774 220, 515 
Cikiig eee see sos 40, 456 43, 054 48, 784. 47,563 | 49,687 | 51,228 43, 185 
Cockles 2 BE LS ken 3, 956 1, 883 1,497 1,520 1, 058 479 269 
Mascelis: 2s 98 = 28 597 100 590 UN Be Seed Reece meal ee ee 
Oysters: 
Masteani ta an cc 7, 024 5, 218 6, 743 3, 951 3, 451 3, 482 1,923 
Dips ib Wee es eGo} oe? soo] Tas aio] 77282 | te 2. 
Ontopus... ee oe 4,471 7, 236 10,372 4,959 5, 050 3,349 2,147 
Saale SL SE es PR 22 251 85,538 | 70, 838 105,955 | 52, 846 1, 426 
OB a2 vont eran a MOL SE amet nl aciaencd alien or ipa yeaa <).- ono oc] sosacicen ne 
Total. eee e. 4, 859, 578 11,578,641 13, 732,572 |10, 359, 590 |6, 084,970 |6, 048, 653 |12, 386, 140 


76 


U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


Propucts, IN PounDs, oF THE FISHERIES OF CALIFORNIA, 1921—Continued. 


December. 


1,978 
2195 
32, 274 


3,389 
54) 846 
3, 265 
14, 907 


644, 388 
11,105 
6,157 

67, 133 
62, 968 
49, 136 
316, 642 
1,611 

18, 224 
1,920 
4,354, 410 
2, 333 
471, 954 
44, 392 
27, 696 
1,522 

17, 476 
12,058 


Total. 


19, 831, 680 
1,946, 881 
4,588, 900 


Species. August. |September.} October. | November. 
Albacore and tuna 9, 876, 898 | 3,684,325 622, 901 64,770 
Anchovies 27, 325 19, 805 26, 675 13, 825 
Barracuda 188, 499 255, 245 143,572 82,677 
Bluefish, California, or sque- 

USE I OES ber nose seoes. 6, 247 5, 091 13, 911 7,366 
Bonito or skipjack.-.........- 245, 904 880, 227 92, 046 10, 053 
cap Piainiereie: ie = nie ia'e she's =\2-= ae ee 7, 803 379 2, 282 1, 216 
MO RTIS Mee ae nee ae = oss eee ese 291 2, 283 12, 734 * 15,620 
Gropkers'.(.j/35-..p 5-4 SIGs es . ak, LE foes ae ER ee eee sl eel ees ade cee 
HOLOUN GELS. «| yatta se -se e = ee 925, 725 729, 726 750, 528 587, 003 
‘SWeke?). 4... $e. teo si. ae 3, 660 13, 935 13, 920 4, 245 
andhead ee oe eee meen Oe Reese aoe eee eee 2,106 5,559 
WEL QPRING |. toe ceac ce cote ol see COE eee toe et eee eee 217 
Karretishienecsee sees eee ee cee 6, 801 7, 392 15, 437 4,560 
EOMNe cod Veo oue meee ey eats oe 82, 340 56, 960 45, 249 29, 212 
Mackerel sic ttceesesacscece =< ot 296, 923 241, 878 263, 365 202, 897 
sh FL ES) A Se a ee 249 5| ten) Bs S. 3, 443 176 
“Poerehes.?” Suri=s = 4520 2200 22 2 9,419 17, 889 14, 230 21,157 
Pike, Sacramento.....-.--..-- 5 89 275 227 
Rilchards spots oe. eee 7,212,767 | 6,982,391 | 5,491,251 | 6,145,457 
Pompano, California......-... 332 579 2, 786 1, 404 
Rockfishes 366, 031 301, 130 434, 944 298, 167 
Sablefish 136, 834 67, 612 59, 906 19, 086 
Salmon 1,661,519 933, 198 187, 959 173, 785 
Sculpin 582 3,677 TORIES: 7, 838 
Sea bass, black 5,061 4, 460 4,100 4,715 
Sea basses or ‘‘rock bass”... . - 47, 089 26, 254 26, 938 24, 420 
Sea bass, white or squeteague. . 292,128 190, 182 37, 413 68, 799 
Shadkas:-2 ee ss... <8 eee. = - 16, 072 1-143 Ha 17, 326 
DBATES ce. tocscece xed nctateee me 31, 410 6, 043 9,904 2,924 
Sheapsheadiel. i. .<. ised = 173 156 122 1,029 
SEATOS 1. octet ce op ateb ete 1,218 765 1,835 3,935 
“malt Vee eee. ee 66, 174 81, 302 98, 865 83, 048 
Splitspatly eee oo ota cemecma| Ee = ese sees | SAME Ie. Sel Re ae ee 49 
Steelhead trout..<.> 28S... PRR eee SR ee Ga 52 777 
Strmped) bassust 2. - =.) Steeee = - 60, 425 22: G06 |/B5. Ss cee 64, 499 
Stinigareesion stingrays eect =. | See 2a aes | SRTEE Bee elope eee eee ae BAe Se 
SUCKS 7.2-hee LES Sb See Sete IE OS ee od | SM BRR epee 313 1,000 
SWordtishs See... eee. 8,576 4,344 GoOe [saceisinferale Ree 
Domecod:..)-Hee.s-.-.t Ager - 4,715 4, 864 6, 338 438 
Wihitebait: Bet: 2 ot Wee 751 592 15 GO 24 Ae eee 
MWihigefish ! 672 cis... Soy Fee 805 1,313 1, 868 3, 029 
Yellowtail: Sai.'... LGA. -2 196, 451 532, 941 549, 530 255, 776 
Otherifishs e522 5.5. oo. Le - 25, 059 8, 687 26, 585 7, 582 
Crabss sche PO sch eee. cI SSE) ORE rfl Re Pe laces ae cli 96, 580 
Shrimps! (3:03 fei 60 bees abe 87, 162 122, 866 81, 415 110, 919 
Sea crawfish or spiny lobster..|........-.-.|..--.-.----- 84, 353 117, 433 
Atpalonies:!s28.51.. 12e @. 155, 787 162, 553 77, 811 147, 245 
Glame= oS fet che. bt Sto Sie = 38, 393 36, 488 31, 737 32, 925 
Coekies = pte. cee. -- clea eee 677 938 316 1,528 
Mussels. $5 occ oc -< BEd Sek 1,033 1,941 1, 427 936 
Oysters: 

MaAstemmss(s. «2. -- + svRe ts ~~ 3,976 4,527 6, 314 6, 639 
Native cfc 2-2-0 SoS nis cmc) Pattee Sep ainc a | Reed aa cin dence cen ook et cet en oscod aaa anen eee 
Scallops... tssn2 g5 05.08 Seb See's ot Sak ee ee S| ae. eek ot dal as ae 2 oa AE ec ediee nc |eseacaeeeeee 
OCtODUS. i500) de sac sess eee 1,641 2,361 2, 859 4,679 
Solids: ..h... 652.0 kee 31, 217 1, 205 6 7,107 
Turtles edo 6 saci aceh et Albina sola cit ial enone See 160 75 
otal Raewcss theese eee 22,132,193 | 15,422,342 | 9,259,249] 8,761,929 


7,102, 766 


127, 728, 623 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. 


tt 


MeExiIcAN FisHERY Propucts, in Pounps, IMporTED INTO CALIFORNIA, 1921. 


Species January.| February | March. April. May. 
Mamacndateset 2-284. 2 s.... 559, 264 665,346 | 533,311 1ZSP SA SS: 
Bonito or skipjack.........-..-. 13, 358 8, 825 AQF) 83 2eseodlttelos-te = 
Gr Rt nee eke e cts de cess acloctancseee 125 117 (0) ees SSeS aE ee 
Hilaire es eee ca ce 57,270 | 119,978 | 59,185] 34,205} 79,608 

“DP uihing Bae Sie ie 1 
Mackerel. . 
MTGE salen! ate 3 acs. sie 
‘SPerches)’” surf: . = - 
Pompano, California. 
HACKeSHESS o> 27... SRS. 525 
CHL DUAs stots cacti wape ce qaccqeaen 
Sea basses or ‘‘rock bass”’ 


Sea bass, black 


Sea bass, white or squeteague .. 5,775 
ST G0 Oe eee ees 105 
MEETS AS ey a tle er A Br 682 
\WATIUGHE) es eee acer fo 600 
Mellowtail ss... -nods:+ eae enk 3,215 
GURGMHSH o.oo. aoe a Ree es - 45 Es os 24a 
Sea crawfish or spiny lobster....| 100,363 
PRD MNOM OS eee eee en sacs ee ecces|oneoeewsce 
POPES as EAS IS... ceebiet te Se 145 
ENTE Se eel a i A tet 776, 292 
Species 
etmACHO de ciace sence net occ cee ce ces aceuee 
Bonitoionskipjack. ../-{J2i0 )etes.<.a8 
CHDAR GIS shee ee eek toes bese paces Sece 
OUNCES Me renee ee ck co eccnoc ence 
UOE OPTI 7 ee Sa eee ee eS Sir 
Mackereles: ff . 224. ~. aztwastodd...2. pass 
Mullet. 520. <<—- =< 


“Perches,” surf. ... 
Pike, Sacramento. -.. 
Pompano, California. 
Rockfishes 
SUM Biers ance. sae ones 
Sea basses or ‘‘rock bass’’.. 
Sea bass, black 
Sea bass, white or squeteague 
“Smelt”’ 


See ee ee 


Sea arawiish orspiny lobsters 0.2.1... 
Abalones 


1, 034 1,607 

16, 787 69, 445 1,189 6, 407 2, 853 

390 112 PAG eS hades apentoace Seatac 

Doe wast late eters 59, 835 32, 169 16, 380 

82,210 dsd09 do leshaelh Bal sae 7,530. 

100,424 | 182,492 | 169,690 | 148,766 |.......... 

1,190 6,004) |. ee hope ie NOP REe 

SS eeees Per eely 675. json Liha 088 
1,036,137 | 871,666 | 280,397 | 268,195 | 95,833 
August. Fi tea October. ae ae Sea 
25,365 | 56,339 | 327,249] 548,693 | 283,075 
1,470 43. 6, 640 12, 088 38, 208 


69 260 
103,032 | 68,773 
51 497 

5, 966 3, 850 
"9/815 | 20,112" 
449,420 | 301,063 


649, 521 


FISHERIES OF MARYLAND AND VIRGINIA IN 1920. 


141, 722 


Total. 


3, 036, 262 


preg A Pan ap 1 
2, 164 8, 154 

6, 875 2,325 40, 235 

142; 918 4,175 | 500,075 
430 | 3,230 9) 335 

195 | 136,548 | 267,156 

phiy treks 200 800 
46,580 | 144,457] 351,170 

150 2,117 2) 467 

0r| sect. 30 

118,759 | 77,588 | 943,547 
Bee. sae 8, 094 

ET eee sean 2 275 
1,069,317 | 760,254 | 6,699, 817 


The fisheries statistics contained in this report are based on a 
regular canvass of the fisheries of the States of Maryland and Virginia 


for the calendar year 1920. 
however, represent the oyster season of 1920-21. 


7 


The statistics of the oyster industry, 
This report also 


includes the number, quantity, and value of the catch of shad and 


alewives in the fishing season of 1921 for the two States. 


The sta- 


tistics of the shad and alewife fishery of the Potomac River, following 
the practice of making an annual canvass of this fishery beginning 
with 1919, and brief history of the shad fishery of the Potomac River 


are given on pages 66 to 70 


3 7 This canvass was made by Winthrop A. Roberts, Rob Leon Greer, Andrew J. Messner, and Fred F, 


78 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


EARLIER PUBLICATIONS. 


Some of the earlier publications relating to the fisheries of Maryland 
and Virginia and published in Washington, D. C., follow: 


1887. Maryland and Its Fisheries. By R. Edward Earll. Jn The Fisheries and 
Fishery Industries of the United States, by G. Brown Goode et al., Sec. IT, 
Pt. X, p. 421-448. 

Virginia and Its Fisheries. By Marshall McDonald. Jbid., Sec. II, Pt. XI, 
. 449-473. 
misters and Methods of the Fisheries. Jbid., Sec. V, Vol. I (xi+808 p.) and 
Vol. Il (xx+881 p. and atlas of 275 pls.). 

1892. IV. Fisheries of the Middle Atlantic States [1887 and 1888]. In Statistical 
Review of the Coast Fisheries of the United States, prepared under the direc- 
tion of J. W. Collins. Report, U. S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, 
1888 (1892), p. 323-351. 

1894. The Oyster Industry of Maryland. By Charles H. Stevenson. Bulletin, 
U.S. Fish Commission, Vol. XII, 1892 (1894), p. 203-297. 

1895. A Statistical Report on the Fisheries of the Middle Atlantic States. By Hugh 
M. Smith. Bulletin, U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. XIV, 1894 (1895), p. 
339-467. 

1899. The Shad Fisheries of the Atlantic Coast of the United States. By Charles H. 
Stevenson. Appendix, Report of the Commissioner, U. S. Commission of 
Fish and Fisheries, for 1898 (1899), p. 101-269. 

Notes on the Extent and Condition of the Alewife Fisheries of the United 
States in 1896. By Hugh M. Smith. Jbid., p. 31-43. 
1901. Statistics of the Fisheries of the Middle Atlantic States [1897]. By C. H. 
_ Townsend. Appendix, Report of the Commissioner, U. 8. Commission of 
Fish and Fisheries, for 1900 (1901), p. 195-310. 

1904. Statistics of the Fisheries of the Middle Atlantic States [1901]. By Barton W. 
Evermann. Appendix, Report of the Commissioner, U. 8. Commission of 
Fish and Fisheries, for 1902 (1904), p. 433-540. 

1905. The Crab Industry of Maryland. By Winthrop A. Roberts. Jn Report of 
the Commissioner, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, for 1904 (1905), p. 415-432. 

1907. Statistics of the Fisheries of the Middle Atlantic States for 1904. In Report 
of the U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1905 (1907), 122 p. 

1911. Fisheries of the United States, 1908. Special Reports, Bureau of the Census. 

1911. Shad and Alewife Fisheries [1909]. Jn Report of the U. 8S. Commissioner of 
Fisheries for 1910 (1911), p. 27-28. ; ‘ 

1914. Oyster Industry [1912]. Jn Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 
1913 (1914), p. 40-49. 

1915. The Menhaden Industry of the Atlantic Coast. By Rob Leon Greer. Appen- 
a a Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1914 (1915), 27 p., 
7 pl. 

1917. Crab Industry of Maryland and Virginia [1915]. Jn Report of the U. S. Com- 
missioner of Fisheries for 1916 (1917), p. 60-64. ; fH 

Shad and Alewife Industry of Chesapeake Bay and Tributaries [1915]. bid., 
» 65-72. 

1919. Crab Industry of Chesapeake Bay. By E. P. Churchill, ir. Appendix IV, 
Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1918 (1920), 25 p., XII pls. 

1920. The Oyster and the Oyster Industry of the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts. By 
E. P. Churchill, jr, Appendix VIII, Report of the U. 8. Commissioner of 
Fisheries for 1919 (1921), 51 p., XXIX pls., 5 figs. 


COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF FISHES. 


Following is a list of the common and scientific names of the fishes 
of Maryland and Virginia to which reference is made in this report: 


ley; Pomolobus xstivalis. 
hip abs Ns bciabal ae Sie WA Be Sa ER ta OEP ES Sci Pomolobus PEN OREN 
Micropterus salmoides. 
Black Bass.«.....-.---.---+--++++2sseeeee ee eeeee ee {iftoopterss dolomieu. 
Black Grin. occn065 Js bones eke Si Fetes tea Pogonias cromis. _ 
USAR EY vi<1 : Wee ee Pema eau Meare Ti ay 9 NS ROAR chase 4! Pomatomus saltatrix. 


Bonttoce, (wie hades L sebo dsc aeat ae erat 4 Sarda sarda. 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. 79 


PUiePUSH. 4.5.02. - OOS - --mewsie happen vo-+7 e043 Poronotus triacanthus. 
PLD 8 ei aie eta et eR ca ee Cyprinus carpio. 
AE a. Ss Siluride (species). 
Crevallé (including blue runner)..........--------- Caranx (species). 
Le Se Seer yes SY Se ER oaeeeee Micropogon undulatus. 
Cosh 1 eS See MRE Bo ie a ae 5 a Anguilla roueae. 
Paralichthys dentatus. 
Flounders...........-----++-+-24+2sses2ee2-2222+ eee (species). 
Sperry = Lk se ed SE ee Dorosoma cepedianum. 
Deaemeiereere 2b acot ls ool ee te oe ee eee Carassius auratus. 
L270. 1575 eS ee eae belie BE Aue BPs Sos 2 He Pomolobus mediocris. 
USA CV Oi hie. i oer Pee ee peer aren ame 4) S. Menticirrhus (species). 
Lot cle =<) Ope Sa aeenS ei eeree meee eee Ree ae Scomber scombrus. 
RNAI eee ASE Gos AN ea aden Sake oe 5 oe Agee gh i Rabel 
Mugil cephalus. 

RE I ae er ph eee {ifegit pee 
7 STEEL TUS ee Se ee A Mola mola. 
2 ast ST ee EE So eS Ot) See er Morone americana. 
SMEUEMION 2s he cee Lae tise ce ots ed te Perca flavescens. 
Jl 2c be So ee ee ee Orthopristis chrysopterus. 
pe ORAPC ETON 2! SIEM ea aks ow ele ee aed Esox (species). 
oS Se ERR i gel Trachinotus (species). 
peGUenthiGr red GTUM .fese-455- 53... 2522. - ces e's eee Sciaenops ocellatus. 
20) LE ee ee ee ae Stenotomus chrysops. 
oP) ODES) Jelena gle pm ld Si ee Sg Centropristes striatus. 

= SSE LYE a a ide ee Oe Alosa sapidissima. 
EIEN Bo oo tt BOS SRO 2 fs we che cee Archosargus probatocephalus. 
(25 OLAS EY SL aig) eae (eee See Spat ee ee Scomberomorus maculatus. 
PN oS cecal io hn P's wat 5 ai ew Leiostomus xanthurus. 
maucIesowenion sea trout” ....--.--2--. 3 ).2ccee8 eens reas 
SES 5 ea eh > nS o> eee Roccus lineatus. 
PSTD se 21 Se eee 8 ree Ree ee ee eee ae Acipenser sturio. 
See eT ae ee Se pe ee i See Castostomide (species). 
“25 SELES, Gee SR f+ es Ce Se See ms Centrarchide (species). 
VE ee eee se ee ee ee Merluccius bilinearis. 
Wellowtad or “silver perch” .. 31.00... 22 i eerie: Bairdiella chrysura. 


GENERAL STATISTICS. 


The number of persons engaged in the fisheries, the investment, and 
the quantity and value of the products of the fisheries of Maryland 
and Virginia in 1920 are shown in the table which follows. 

In 1920 the total number of persons engaged in these States was 
40,761 as compared with 59,205 in 1904, a decrease of 18,444, or 31.15 
per cent. The total investment was $18,275,933 as compared with 
$10,598,399 in 1904, an increase of $7,677,534, or 72.44 percent. The 
products of the fisheries amounted to 530,749,884 pounds as compared 
with 426,311,000 pounds in 1908, an increase of 104,438,884 pounds, 
or 24.49 per cent, and 436,444,664 pounds in 1904, an increase of 
94,305,220 pounds, or 21.60 per cent. The value of the products in 
1920 was $12,740,392 as compared with $8,022,000 in 1908, an in- 
crease of $4,718,392, or 58.81 per cent, and $8,380,845 in 1904, an 
increase of $4,359,547, or 52.01 per cent. 


111621°—22——6 


80 U.%8: 


BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


FIsHERIES OF MARYLAND AND VirGIntA, 1920, 


Items. 


PERSONS ENGAGED. 


Maryland. 


On WeSselsmiShinet t LGR LITIOS EIS Jc. coe cisesneises 

On vessels transporting 

In shore fisheries.....-.-- 

SUNG) SESTTOO Slag pee teas Saino ee PRM Ieco SSeS oe 

Totals fr sbye } sepsb et ive dael oe cde sees 
INVESTMENT. 

Vessels, fishing, Steam: e4-bea-.Meeee. 4. etna mee | aaa ote eels fee eerie 45 | $2,232,025 
PONS PO aap cla eis epee Bern ees fe eee Actes ofa Sot. eats tees sea aee See e eee Ee Pee esse 
UIT eee ane RpPa as sapndek Bosse Gea ee secnasee.| Peceanaatas.| Sepeensscs<|osoqeeceass: + 486, 561 

Vessels, fishing, pasoline.Di09Y_ 29's. «ei Riese 14 $11, 050 81 456, 975 

OnnagC: 32 we ebes Seer eens es. . Uline ~- oe ee es LOT st te. eee 1, L500 ee 
Outfits 25. Be eee ee Senter aoe ee ements. 25860) | osama > eee 108, 523 

Vessels sushing sallecc.: se veceere cetera reer a 402 451, 385 44 i 
Tonmagverasaypoys RE A oe aceite. GPS 3) Bebe Ge ae 354+ reeee eee 
OUthtS TSA fesse wiee | See A. 35 rset seal eae oeard|W ah OOD NOLL | ae ee ee 14, 572 

Vessels, transporting, gasoline.....--...-...-.-------- 124 375, 450 

OUNAPUs: eects see aceee scmere moneme een aca ee A! | SC barr DA WS eS 
OUtHt ee Oe eeee me atte ete eae name aa aceeeine| teem autos tone eA O02 MN Saale cto 80, 752 
Vessels, transporting; Sailzcen,ianabP. 5.2.0. 2-2 -5- 184 128, 900 
OMDB PO 8 oho teem tee 8 Qe a wn oe nieatane 5,131 .|..s4--2s2-s|.., 5. 1,086) | ae 
(OUD patna here lay pe eR lH il bp een P | (Mama ARS oly PP Pb Sy 13, 660 

Boats, sail; rows bes teee oe PSA. os cones 3, 264 194, 136 

Boats Powerewet wecvee- SSOssee aes wwe ecsvese obs 994, 000 

Apparatus, vessel fisheries: 

Purse'seimes-....-_.. - 121, 800 
Haul seines......--.. : 150 
Crab. Scrapesiyst asters weet ee ee et eee 172 
(Ghee oye haere FEES, Ee RE Sees Sanaa baaebe one asa ates aesioaoe 2,450 
Oystengred geste cpa ne ere te rene teenie oe 856 4, 470 
OD PSE aici de ee ee SRR eee eet dete anhele nit ieee 28 271 

Apparatus, shore fisheries: 

PUTSG SQUIB Sieg ne Eee Se ewe en eninge aie i eee ,Un eceememcnees: e Se a 2 
SETA S GMOS eae eee ete ore etal eee o ete inl 218 41,505 
GillnepsGt SI Sos ea een eee s = Set shies tome oe 4, 247 98, 108 
Pound netsiandweils- - <2 2-3 52525 --- 62 ee. eee yas 1,072 895, 762 
Brame NOs oe en een ee nici ie ee == By|) gt BAB) wae s hicks set ol Soe eee 
Ly AOU) Khao ey Sea tse epee pesca Sastsaaoc 3, 868 24,092 
IBOWSUGUS. 2252 ac odes eo oilers tee eieemts, ME eee pie’ 37 : 

IDipiMGts ieee mein. esata eee cepa ee lee tote 1,305 560 
BiOPIGIS estes ere gee e er = eer eee 2 120 
Obterimayls ss cas a tcee tatoo cease cla mte rn etteieretcte wie 1 125 
Lines, hand /and trot 2.0.2 ss oe eew ee en epcwces|geeeseecece=| Oy 000) |WSnecen awn 8, 847 
Slatitrapsior baskets. 0125... S)-29 52259. 22002. 84! il 600 
Helpotseg: = So5 «aesitec agtaste © sc iobs dae se temee Pee 4, 226 1,132 
MUONSPEALSeocne eee ee tee anne neememee 9 10 
Crab'traps:: . sss lo d= cls 228 Se -Hf4 439-324 4- =| 22. SISZEES EU eg-Ee. Ses 18 
Crab scranessssses ota cca ta dee seers ease sae 1,396 3, 784 
@rabidradges Gi 2s. fEh. ISEB ILER cA ISI ECC OICE . clas soe tee mnee « tote 1,056 
Onstendred ses, tc6 9 once eases yan tae 547 3,610 
Scallap/dredeaseS * seo hor Se, Se. ee eee lo cece aoa 2, 244 
Tongs, nippers, rakes, and hoes.........-..--..-- 6, 006 45, 000 

Shore and accessory property, 
Gash capitalteGsy TeAce 22.5.3. ee eek. yb ee 
Motal 2: ss 2 Ses Peete A SoSse tinct de meee 
PRODUCTS. 

AND WAVES IL OSihen «nie sap oo arin sece anee ois an eeeaminteialstete' otal 114, 470 

Alpwivas:Saltetce. seb? - f75. agit se. EET. . 22 CEES 426, 62,770 900 

Se] DASE: meat Seri 2 Selatan amis tas Sagar a Rat Ce 77, 388 18, 969 44, 525 

Black (dsm $3520.42 2 bet Sse tse Geke . seeks are 700 8 792 

Bluefish yscy #. ves. gh Pees. See : te te. - eeeasy = 2 73, 595 16, 764 27, 211 

Ho 40,1ahh 13 Ut yapescnee ek 6A Seok Cl ok Dien rare, So 46, 420 2,785 13, 358 

IBUCLOrish..Seeee sercete meee are cs Yoee. seeee 875, 827 24, 302 136, 894 

Carp sae aksi ii steed. ou eee eee oe goes. ees 329, 450 22,925 20, 559 

MOR UTISU tee chia ste Saat anne ee aoe assess aemiees 471, 207 29, 367 48, 383 

Crevellecs sie docket aoe cneme coms cteees cat eemaneraes 3, 200 760, 448 24, 378 

GNOSMORS ES ach ec ons mupes Geb oue See ceh ee eee = ween 2,519, 770 66, 576 16, 372, 134 518, 975 
IMeLS Cress oe ees Oe ns Ue sae ate acre 170, 118 18, 936 121, 800 

PRIGIS, SAULEM. =: cac'ct se cislrena acne econ aehincemameire 31, 450 3, 145 

MOUMOSTS 8: fee BA sce ct eset eee tee seen se aap 287,765 15, 078 

GIZZaTOISNEO eae so = accese ce ean cece emeaceemeee reese 30, 067 913 

Golda ST ees cee ed ee ee eae 500 38 

(Peary Shad jcoste ec <.s sce case uct meee eee een pr a eeine 2,100 95 

FRG VIAN oo See Ca cca ee onl Seniseeemresinilsise 9,190 1,741 

IMACKEIGleme ss se cewer ere aesiee ce neecee ree sesamiae Scones Lae keaecens leeee sete nee 

Manhadenics. ot. besseccusccestsouere mcs mewectunemnane 7, 500 


| 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. 


FISHERIES OF MARYLAND AND VriraintA, 1920—Continued. 


81 


Items. 


Maryland. Virginia. 
: Foun ty (Ot fer 
pPRODUCTS—continued. Ldiemier. Value: Normter. Vale. 
Mrilin@eee acess 222222251. 253.h0 set bec ee 101, 357 $5, 162 458, 158 $17, 417 
Oceatstinish. ss 22.2.2 0 55.42.52 0.2 eo egeeee eee eens eames cna 1 
BERCHMWHItONe oc: 2.0. 00.5 552. 02sse sede eee 321, 739 32, 991 648, 165 46, 638 
Rerchy ellowgge: <2 == 2tH.--. SCR. ees 2a 310, 398 31, 452 117, 755 10, 547 
“Sho SO eer Seep BERENS pees CC as SO LU 69, 300 3,523 
feecermrprckordl >: .f22.22..422:.5). be 64, 458 13, 688 80, 860 8, 081 
GHIA OS ee cece oebs ok ad 2}s eked eee soccs 73 147 6, 930 1, 430 
Redfish orred drum:..!-..-:..8.:.../.4.s25y OR es 41,535 627 117, 550 3, 753 
SGA OS coe ee 4a ee RAEN ercimecniod of ara 101, 980 2,611 35, 140 2, 418 
Seaipnssmenetk 26/6 eg 42,980 3, 447 18,975 1, 427 
JTS Leite a Se | Sa a RiP Eee: SONNE 1, 867, 196 355, 217 7,293,805 | 1,145, 106 
Hee WSHead. O28 2s cck bsciecic~ Mice cout paces acd dae ee 8 2, 155 263 
Bpanismmmackerdlsees tects sere toes: ce lon 8,477 1, 282 33, 8389 5, 039 
Spoisss--. S asia ee ee | Ree J patie sh hoes 364, 759 6, 829 967, 296 67, 270 
Squeteagues or ‘‘sea trout’’: 
eT SO, ie oC ee 2,274, 490 91,514 | 12,908, 502 654, 521 
Daltede2cbtets 7, 000 C0) | date wits ogaee ale ao ceeeaes 
Striped bass....... 1, 040, 274 198, 295 379, 568 68, 858 
Sturgeon.......... 21,411 5, 55 78, 388 14, 368 
Sturgeon caviar 2, 784 8, 750 5,172 16, 038 
ULE LOTNT 90108 aL oer Goer SeAMSCGE HEPSE Aes Seercrecnct ea eaareed bam Ses ieee 4>) panied Sateen 101 150 
DHUMPESE EEE MEE ataisesde< gauss di coe qe eects See deeee 2, 0u0 160 2,800 85 
Sika i TES Se Bee ER ee Ce § ek pee, Seance 5, 800 CONES Saneeeing Jee boe Acs cceic 
Wihitinetesesc! 6 .c Mo croc ee Gf 11, 730 PEM I) We SEeOe SF ga ||Ds SOS aC 
Melowtailoresikver-perch’--pesse2 ee coc es tne. 400 40 3, 350 126 
GHILS Tah Ge © Gap Rae SE ee Fi Isaac Sees 15, 165, 703 248,160 | 212,465, 342 401, 295 
CEL SITE SES, ¢ Remi eens MRIs Ses pape 83, 897, 271 494,784 | 41,171,737 164, 269 
SGT SE ERE ae Bes Seeae ae Oc) Wes ae 468 29 42, 150 1, 475 
Wlamisshand: + tosececssoseor esses ete 5 30, 200 10, 575 6 499, 440 229, 645 
Gystersmarker public... .2--b.s..5.-b ck wee oe 729,953,581 | 2,111,345 | 8 10,757, 488 993, 548 
Oystprsyminniket; private .....-¢4....5.-t- 2 od. ec: 91,878, 716 179,775 | 1011, 823, 420 1,174, 375 
Wystessesced, PUIG. 2°. eek ances eee ome. oe 11 5,008, 150 178, 038 
Oysters, seed, private 12155, 925 3, 
PCHUGD SERRE Soe awa eh ac esincct + anstenSnepesesecte 13 113, 760 26, 852 
LUGieT ots eek Seen a Bolen Vieks Ses ences Seem ns eee 248 360 
LUGS SA Dee Soe Sen eee Sees tee eta eee 18,680 1,165 
LING 2 een a a a 480 120 
Cahomibas.. 2. 3.2: 0. 900 90 
Mlompincealeseer.. io osc s sceelach Mets PRS oe dee 10, 203 1,055 
Gi ee Se a Seen Cobar k, NE Me SS Fe 59,530,795 | 4,198,668 | 471,219,089} 8,541,724 
115,497,109 in number. 6 62,430 bushels. 11715, 450 bushels. 
2 37,396,026 in number. 1 4,279,083 bushels. 12 22,275 bushels. 
3 11,691,813 in number. 8 1,536,784 bushels. 18 18,960 bushels. 
43,515,211 in number. 9 268,388 bushels. 
5 3,775 bushels. 10 1,689,060 bushels. 


CRAB FISHERY OF MARYLAND AND VIRGINIA. 


The decline of the crab fishery of Maryland and Virginia in recent 
years has been so rapid as to alarm those interested in its perpetuation, 
also to develop considerable interest as to the relative destructiveness 
of the various forms of apparatus of capture and the regulatory 
measures necessary to restore the fishery to its former magnitude. 

At a conference at the Department of Commerce in Washington, 
D. C., on July 13, 1921, attended by the Commissioner of Fisheries 
of Virginia, the chairman of the Conservation Commission of Mary- 
land, the Secretary and Assistant Secretary of Commerce, repre- 
sentatives of the Bureau of Fisheries, and others, the State authorities 


agreed to seek concurrent legislation upon the following: 
be unlawful to take or have in possession a “sponge” b 


(1) 


That it 


earing crab 


at any time of the year; (2) that it be unlawful to take crabs by the 
use of a trot line between December 1 and March 81, inclusive, and 
that the dredging of crabs be allowed only from December 1 to March 
31, inclusive; (3) that the minimum size for a peeler crab be estab- 
lished at 3 inches from tip to tip of spine and for a soft crab at 33 


inches. 


82 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


The crab product of Maryland and Virginia in 1920, by counties 
and for various years from 1880 to 1920, are shown in the tables 
which follow, and the quantities of hard ‘and soft crabs, by States 
in various years, are shown in graphic form in Figure 7. The total 
catch in these States in 1920 was 22,700,053 pounds as compared 


“MILLIONS YEARS 
OF POUNDS 


, 180 


Sa 


920 


45 


40 


\ 
\ 


COMBINED CATCH 
MD. € VA. 


y 

Sry alias 
reba ssl as Ver alee 
ee ee 
Hp 
ee eee ee 


Eines VA. SOFT CRAB. 
Fie. 7.—Crab product of Maryland and Virginia in millions of ae for various years, 1880 to 1920. 


20 


VA.HARD CRAB 


au 
Peete 


MD. HARD CRAB 
MD. SOFT CRAB 


with 50,343,268 pounds in 1915, a decrease of 27,643,215 pounds, or 
54.90 per cent. The decrease in Maryland in 1920 as ‘compared with 
1915 a 21,030,908 pounds, or 69.88 per cent, and in Virginia, 
6,612,307 pounds, or 32.65 per cent. 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED 


STATES, 1921. 83 


HArp AND Sort Cras INDUSTRY OF MARYLAND AND VIRGINIA IN 1920, BY COUNTIES. 


States and counties. Crabs, hard. Crabs, soft. 
Maryland: Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value 
PRN GPATUNGEL, sacs ole ators. bss = = = 761,195 | $31,070 100,812 | $28,160 
[elim icy fhe Ae SS 77,730 4,105 7,270 
“MARY De een n anne trates s4aeenee 73, 125 2, 800 32, 058 
RUHR IOS ee pee eee nase ac ie 137, 575 BE STO anne tesen =| Moers cease 
Warchestens--2EO 2 475. 22254 1,140, 182 70, 988 215,791 26, 403 
ORG eet = Cec css ooes cas <= 5 6, 000 B00) Saree eee Beco Se eeae 
KRenmperepeeern sa Sesto tb 2s 440, 000 ab! LD 7liys fe age ae meee Mea Seh eS ta 3 
QueenvAnnes. Sere s,s. -F - 2- 143, 125 A BGO cic din sees = tele ope ca shar 
SEMMAnVSe ee eee Soren aye 217, 000 7, 280 105, 425 18, 495 
Samersets 2: sree hes. ae 764, 229 55,764 | 3, 435, 915 | 411, 406 
RAM Obee At heres secs s 1,273,375 2 DADE Tl lager ie ea BE Sheet res 
Wacomicottzte 2 £5: 5352. 20225 2 36, 167 DUO We cat aatee tes chee tote 
\WWOCes 2) et oe rr ae 96, 000 ZAGCO! [seo sagsuehs| ea ee sas 
Motal:22::.5413.20f)i2-2 5,165,703 | 248,160 | 3,897,271 | 494,784] 9,062,974 742,944 
Virginia Tee ee 
INOUTIIE TORRES ean ae eae See 776, 475 32,616 944,807 | 120,688] 1,721,282 153, 304 
KivabethGity 732) &: 245-2 2,038, 900 OFS 759) | EONS a ES. 222 2,038, 900 67, 759 
Gloucestetn 2 << 2532s Aec setae 962, 666 25 O80), | 2) cian 2 ae | aoe ae gecs 962, 666 25, 980 
Isleof Wight. <.. 2752.2 eks zoe 6, 250 DOO) Ree ee eet 6, 250 200 
Hang; George <n or seren -mns- 8: 64,375 2 O60 iL? seme: 35) |b stra «3 64,375 2,060 
King and Queen..........--.--- 56, 250 SPO. eas atees oc oisesmae ae 56, 250 1,350 
Rasp Walliams Ssivecetege- 3.2 18,750 45012 ERE |e css 18, 750 450 
WIANCASECT «coc <- oe ets ss eeras= 4 211, 900 6,357 45,760 8,081 257, 660 14, 438 
Mathews: 2-5-2. .steb2 5 Me £ 926 , 200 28438 WE. ESOa 4 leas 2 Abe 926, 200 28,138 
Middlesex 74. 0.2.4 boo ee ee G2O 700A 1S, GSMA Fo. ete peer! ae 2 622, 700 18, 681 
INEISCINNONG =. 3-2 oo ce oon DOOr nik Sele lee nacsiae cae Wes Seen es 200 75 
INonfolike. #4 3.6 et Os3228 2. .235!93 1, 206, 075 41rOnia! Te Vibe aae. 1, 206, 075 41,951 
Noribanipton™ 5. - 22.0: -..%6: 664, 151 22,120 19, 862 3,125 684, 013 25, 245 
Northumberland. .....-......--- 545, 065 20, 068 144, 748 30, 625 689, 813 50, 693 
ferinpessvAmNe.. ©... 389.2 22. 900, 000 21,600 Waeees beers S[ Beas. des 900, 000 21, 600 
Sia GL SPs eae SeBNaRte pr Siena 18, 335 RS GOO as ocecte Sot Al se ge cietcsctags 18, 335 1,600 
Westmoreland .................- 255, 000 7,655 560 150 255, 560 7, 805 
MOtK 2222 nen acs eee ssaeesosseee 3, 192’ 050 102? 635 16, 000 1,600} 3, 208, 050 104, 235 
LOOT be Se eh Soa Meee 12,465,342 | 401,295 | 1,171,737 | 164,269 | 13,637,079 565, 564 
Grandutotaliys.o. 6.6 -. byes: 17,631,045 | 649,455 | 5,069,008 | 659,053 | 22,700,053 | 1,308, 508 


CoMPARATIVE STATISTICS OF THE CRAB PRopUCT OF MARYLAND AND VIRGINIA, 
Various YEARS, 1880 To 1920. 


Maryland. 
Years. 
Crabs, hard. Crabs, soft. Total. 

inde ca Pounds. ye Pounds. Value. 
1 PEs) e lose oad seul et Sa eae 
2) 757,638 36,969 | 1,636,530] $133,788 | 4,394,168] $170,757 
2) 674, 675 37,438 | 2/2087 829 161,331 | 4/883; 504 198, 769 
2776808 | 377460| 42808872 | 2667356 | 726087770] 303°716 
5,333,316 39,949 | 4)115,879| 177,637 | 9,449) 195 217) 586 
9 824) 793 85,884 | 4/303/582| 202/563 | 14/128°375 288, 447 
Ee ae eae ee ee a mae ee ae caer Meee CA 
1915..........2..-1-.-.2.+2---.] 22,491675 | 335,375 | 7,602,207 | 329,276 | 30,093, 882 664) 651 
Fc) Gh aig Si a 5,165,703 | 248,160 | 3,897,271 494,784 | 97062) 974 742) 944 

Virginia. 
Years Grand total. 
Crabs, hard Crabs, soft Total. 

Foe. ae Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds. Value 
88 1 yk A RS ee ee ERE 
”626,820| 15,479 & ) Tokai | ee ee ak ee ae OI | Ea CEs Che cles co 
956,843 | 24 669 (1) Os ogee bee UR CI A eS SoC ce: 
5 7 0, 365,778 
5,331,398 | 28,331 | 1,068,116| 39,914] 6,399/514| 68,245] 15,848,709| 285/831 
6,113,277 | 52,863 | 1,288,424| 65,972] 7)401)701 | 118,835 | 21,530,076 | 407,282 
10,356,052 | 179,575 | 1,910,654 | 92;909 | 12° 266,706 | 272) 484 | 30,664)853 | 631,331 


18,765,148 | 242754 | 1,484°238| 74; 402 | 20,249) 386 
12,465,342 | 401)295 | 1,171,737 | 164;269 | 13;637,079 


326,000 | 45,456,000 | 645,000 
317, 156 | 50,343,268 | 981,807 
565, 564 | 22”700,053 | 1,308, 508 


1 Statistics not available. 


84 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


SHAD AND ALEWIFE FISHERIES OF MARYLAND AND VIRGINIA. 


The perpetuation of these important fisheries is a subject of special 
concern to the States of Maryland and Virginia. As the fisheries are 
conducted at the same seasons with the same apparatus and present 
like problems, association of statistical tables aad discussions regard- 
ing them is a matter of convenience. In making the canvass it was 
found practicable to obtain statistics of the catch for 1921 in addition 
to the detailed statistics for 1920. 

In 1920 the catch of shad in Maryland was 1,867,196 pounds, val- 
ued at $355,217, and in Virginia 7,293,805 pounds, valued at 
$1,145,106, a total of 9,161,001 pounds, valued at $1,500,323. In 
1921 the catch in Maryland was 1,807,074 pounds, valued at $347,396, 
and in Virginia 6,936,001 pounds, valued at $1,204,595, a total of 
8,743,075 pounds, valued at $1,551,991. 

Compared with 1915 there was an increase of 412,661 pounds, or 
28.37 per cent, in the catch of shad in Maryland in 1920 and of 
352,539 pounds, or 24.23 per cent, in 1921. The increase in Virginia 
in 1920 as compared with 1915 was 2,579,671 pounds, or 54.72 per 
cent, and in 1921, 2,221,867 pounds, or 47.13 per cent. 

The catch of alewives in 1920 in Maryland amounted to 7,071,688 
pounds, valued at $177,190, and in Virginia to 16,665,100 pounds, 
valued at $259,258, a total of 23,736,788 pounds, valued at $436,448. 
In 1921 the catch in Maryland amounted to 6,504,845 pounds, valued 
at $144,584, and in Virginia to 18,834,164 pounds, valued at $245,945, 
a total of 25,339,009 pounds, valued at $390,529. 


In 1920 there was a decrease in the catch of alewives in Maryland — 


amounting to 5,495,892 pounds, or 43.73 per cent, as compared with 
1915. There was a further decrease in 1921 amounting to 6,062,735 
pounds, or 48.24 per cent, as compared with 1915. In comparison 
with 1915 the catch of alewives in Virginia shows an increase in 1920 
and 1921, amounting to 610,970 pounds, or 3.80 per cent, in 1920, and 
2,780,034 pounds, or 17.31 per cent, in 1921. 

Comparative statistics of these fisheries for various years, the catch 
in Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries, and the number and value of 
shad, by counties, are shown in the tables which follow. The catch of 
the Potomac River is shown in detail on pages 66 to 67 


CoMPARATIVE STATISTICS OF THE SHAD AND ALEWIFE PRopucT oF MARYLAND AND 
VirGINIA, VARIOUS YEARS, 1880 To 1921.1 


Maryland. Virginia. 
Years. 
Shad. Alewives. Total. Shad. 
Pounds. Vatue. Pounds. Value. Value. Pounds. Value. 
8. PR SPE 3, 774, 426 | $140, 926 , 203, 959 | $139, 667 | $280,593 | 3, 171,953 $134, 496 
FY hese I, I fad th ste 4, 040, 8 146, 95 11, 062, 270 89,273 | 236,234 | 3,815,126 172, 272 
TESGERN S SE SATR ORR FASE 4, 868, 485 | 176, 655 11,511, 774 110,291 | 286,946 | 7,056, 473 1, 634 
TROD eae he ike Reena aeln 7, 127, 486 19, 766,994 | 143,793 | 386,702 | 7,266, 207 228, 897 
TRONS Shee niece ahs ong 6, 224,873 | 211,575 850 | 131,245] 342,820] 6,498, 242 
TRB Eee ets bene ewe”) 5,541,499 | 166,551 | 17,667,315 | 126,050] 292,601 | 11,170,519 307, 055 
PROM «ESS Cree ae 5,799,563 | 159,365] 17,139,459] 123,453] 282,818 | 11,529,474 04 
OEE agit BEN Td ae 3,111,181 | 120,602] 13,747,157] 91,308] 211,910] 6,972,212 366, 203 
PO eraie oe Seco Geen eee 2, 912, 249 159, 772 14, 484, 970 137, 982 297, 754 7,419, 899 439, 625 
TEU ll Mla hkl : 28,805,000 | 157, f 
POON ce ne eater 3,252,688 | 272,869 | 23,637,320] 155,499 | 428,368} 6,030,2 488, 336 
A 6 C5) Sara Ns lpn), Sard > 1, 454, 535 191, 517 12,567,580 | 131,779 | 323,296] 4,714, 134 658, 010 
TODO Ese | SU AAe es 1,867,196 | 355,217] 7,071,688] 177,190] 532,407} 7,293,805] 1,145, 106 


PE mapmapmonamere ree omg 1) 807,074 | 347,396 | 6,504845| 144,584 | 491/980 | 6,936,001 | 1,204,595 


1 The catch of shad and alewives in these States outside of the Chesapeake Bay region is included for 
some years, but is practically negligible. 


—— ee 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. 85 


CoMPARATIVE STATISTICS OF THE SHAD AND ALEWIFE Propuct or MARYLAND AND 
Virainia, Various YEARS, 1880 To 1921—Continued. 


Virginia. Grand total. 
Years. 
Alewives. Total. Shad. Alewives. 
Pounds. Value. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. 


6,925,413 | $76,300] $210,796 | 6,946,379 | $275,422 | 16,129,372 | $215, 967 

4,401,635} 29,585| 201,857 | 7,855,946 | 319,223 | 15,463,905 | 118) 858 

6, 453,005 | 40, 369 362,003 | 11,924,908] 498,289] 17,964,779 | 150, 660 
10,641,698 | 91,674 320,571 | 14,393; 693 471, 806 | 30,408,692 | 235) 467 
11,013,485 | 93,905] 301,299 | 12,723,115] 418,969 | 28 432/335 | 225; 150 
12,197,607 | 63,024 | 370,079 | 16,712,018] 473,606 | 29/864/922| 1897 074 
13,689,510 | 70,841 375,289 | 17,329,037]  463)813 | 30,828,969 | 194’ 204 
13,913,444 | 115,424 481,627 | 10,083, 393 486,805 | 27,660,601 | 206, 732 
14,603,866 | 90, 733 530,358 | 10,332,148] 599,397 | 29)088/836 | 228) 715 
37,885,000} 171,000| 657/000 | 11,251) 000 733,000 | 66,690,000 | 328, 000 
27,787,980 | 128375 616,711 | 9). 282’ 888 761,205 | 51,425,300 | 283874 
16,054,130 | 165,950] 823/960} 6, 168, 669 849,527 | 28,621,710 | 2977729 
16,665,100 | 259,258 | 1,404,364 | 9,161,001 | 1,500,323 | 23/736,788| 436/448 
18, 834, 164 | 245,945 | 1,445,539 | 8,743,075 | 1,551,991 | 25,339/009 | 390,529 


CatcH OF SHAD AND ALEWIVES IN CHESAPEAKE Bay AND ITS SEVERAL TRIBUTARIES 
IN 1920 AND 1921. 


Shad. Alewives. 
Waters. 
1920 1921 1920 1921 
Chesapeake Bay: Number.| Value. | Number.| Value. | Number. | Value.| Number. | Value. 
Wirpinialeass a... 1,056, 736] $509, 935) 1,066,227] $623, 969] 17, 401, 503] $98, 019] 17, 384, 450|$87, 275 
Maryland........... 370,099} 202,078) 405,789] 239, 223] 11, 456, 400] 98, 223] 10, 521, 345] 79, 055 
Totalestayeose 22.2 1, 426, 835| 712,013) 1,472,016] 863, 192] 28, 857, 903] 196, 242] 27, 905, 795/166, 330 
James River and tribu- 

feries-s-. 1 Sa eek. 326, 720| 210,684; 276,808) 168,325) 4,791,563} 43,139] 3,986, 500] 34,615 
York River and tribu- : 

TRIPS ee Be oe oe = 75,839] 49,734 74,581] 48, 755 5, 000 50 5, 000 50 
Rappahannock River. -. 71, 133 29, 564 71, 428 43,002) 1,954,230) 17,943! 2,377,450] 18, 666 
Potomac River: 

Wireinials arene ccs: 448,414] 278,501) 356,191} 182,179} 7,681,561) 41,197] 8,908, 510] 35,031 
Maryland........... 80,944] 55,963/ 49,681) 25,191] 1,077,775] 13,940} 1,395,000] 9/010 
Total.d.24. 02s<0- - 529,358] 334,464) 405,872) 207,370] 8, 759,336] 55, 137| 10,303, 510} 44, 041 
Patuxent River........- 8, 292 6, 955 3, 661 ii 48, 100 534 69,975] 1,022 
Maddie River-aae 25. =...) GRY 49. «|| & Sole BOR ces ctaenianielsscceaee se 6, 143 76 ff 44 
Girpowder Rivers so: [ses sae. Steer Eocene] sets ck oe 12, 288 151 15, 575 91 
Eanes ivers isis. es. (RE ee CIS ge ie | es ee 18, 431 226 23, 362 136 
Bushy River .|. 33.47.24. 205 98 600 350 205,000) 1,735 135, 000 925 
Susquehanna River 

(Uh hy es Be eras Bee 15, 020 7, 338) 10, 775 6,520} 2,105,700) 31,146) 1,908, 770] 28, 155 
MIKGRVeR. .) joy. $540 2, 150 1, 002 1, 300 780| 542,700 509, 700] 5, 097 
MMOS Rivers. 550. Se I ME Pe Serpe ee 92,500} 1,053 57, 500 575 
Chester River........... 150 72 750) 370 124, 300 893 214,500) 2,442 
Choptank River......... 46,304] 19,205, 47,834} 19,637] 324,837] 1,965) — 303,150| 1/561 
Tuckahoe Creek......... 980 811 532) 3, 000 16 3, 375 18 
Little Choptank River. . 3, 849 2, 266: 4,700 2,716 66, 955 217 49, 200 158 
Fishing Bay { a». ...-...- 18, 882 8, 502 19, 507 8, 788 113, 950 680 100, 738 526 
Blackwater River....... 7, 224 4, 200 4, 330 2,375 138, 800 967 239,400} 1,434 
Transquaking River. ... 2, 066 1,171 2, 328 1,301 72, 875 576] 104, 375] 794 
Chicamicomico River. . - 47 31 39 27 22, 375 90 20, 000: 80 
Nanticoke River (Md.)?. 16, 675 11,111 17, 080 11, 395 196,550} 1,719 191,125} 1,392 
Wicomico River.........| 12,351 9,775| 12,676 9,666] 157,087) 1,035} 145,837] 941 
Manokin River.........- 956 432 991 BAD) ra aeniclsioosia|s siSiv wicars |i Sa eee et ape eee 
Pocomoke River (Md.)*.|_ 17, 131 9,188} 15,474 7,920} 156,692} 2,109} 138,340} 1,519 
Tangier Sound: 

Virginia.. -........- 27,570} 13,722} 22,412} = 11,205]: 257,328] 1,930] 233,280] 1, 862 
Maryland............ 4, 2,141 3,685 1,936] 198,535} 1,520} 216, 833] 1, 662 


ed Oo a ee 


455,863] 3,450] 450,113] 3, 524 


—_—_———_—— es ees ea 
_———SSEV vw eS SS SS eS Oe | 


1 There was no commercial fishing in the Susquehanna River in Pennsylvania in 1920 and 1921. 
2 No canvass of the fisheries of Nanticoke River in Delaware was made for 1920 or 1921. 
’ There was no commercial fishing for shad and alewives in the Pocomoke River in Virginia in 1920 and 


86 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


CatcH oF SHAD AND ALEWIVES IN CHESAPEAKE Bay AND ITs SEVERAL TRIBUTARIES 
IN 1920 anv 1921—Continued. 


Shad. Alewives. 
Waters. ; 
1920 1921 1920 1921 

Pocomoke Sound: Number.| Value. | Number.| Value. | Number. | Value. | Number. | Value. 
Wineiniates cess. oe 57,339) $30, 166 45,450] $23,637 496, 853} $3, 825 436, 520) $3, 476 
vise toe cst. 5b 1, 447 963 1, 456 955 19, 538 117 18,175 109 
OUR seed a5. eas = b 58, 786 31, 129 46, 906 24, 592 516, 391 3, 942 454,895) 3,585 
Grand total......- 2,672, 523| 1,465, 441) 2, 516, 564| 1, 443, 980/449, 748, 569] 370, 655|549, 720, 973/317, 721 


4Includes 4,504,750 alewives salted by the fishermen, valued at $63,670. 
5 Includes 4,597,450 alewives salted by the fishermen, valued at $59,951. 


NUMBER AND VALUE OF SHAD TAKEN IN Eacu County OF MARYLAND AND VIRGINIA 
IN 1920 anp 1921. 


Counties. 1920 1921 
Maryland: Number. Value. Number. Value. 

Anne Arundelisse it .2s 2. ste dee ether hee ena 11, 895 $8, 642 18, 335 $9, 755 
BAIMMOLOS oo 2. ete IER ors ee ee 40 30 150 105 
Calkvertiesctins cles eae eae an ee re Bae ee ee 26, 623 13, 576 38, 435 14, 085 
Carolizigc: cso Sep Ss So SSeS ee ee eeeates 5, 710 3, 714 5, 901 3, 828 
Aeci) Peet SADE DOR a ey ee ee Ae Se 60, 024 28, 097 54, 153 32,717 
Chiarleswent yeh ye. a Sets Mies de CEES, She! 57, 725 39, 227 38, 938 18, 930 
Dorchester....... Jie hee ce ate Satara Male eae pee ais oe 103, 955 60, 220 84, 694 44, 541 
Parignd.- selene. eno. Soh ee ot 22, 847 10, 606 21, 060 12, 476 
Gite ute ee 2 OR ee Ee ee sey ee 109, 410 59, 319 121, 100 77,977 
IPTANCONGOOIP RS" fe sor .ceoacn se secere coaen eae 26, 329 19, 435 6,773 3, 877 
GOiresur ans. .| saa 4. SEE eS Re 430 299 1, 250 780 
StepMarysen ob. As Me Ble ad 5 Were) Oe Pe 28, 450 14,141 22,990 13, 808 
SOMErsepens is You ee. BOD. es. CER A. Cea 12, 845 6, 939 12, 643 6, 791 
DBD Ob cncqeteedvanl'|seesie erat Wace sree See eS ETE 98, 271 60, 452 128, 380 79, 195 
Waiconmicme: $6 eee Nin See See ree Ea Se SS 26, 876 19, 413 27, 763 19, 558 
Wooreeshor: traits sect epett eee ee ae 18, 029 11, 107 16, 072 8, 973 

TOA AG.2 CORY Re SSeS DL Le Bae < eS LOR, ASS 355, 217 2 598, 637 347, 396 

Virginia: 

ACCOMACT IS, AGAR YE, ese SSO> So ANY le 2 i 150, 649 77, 172 99, 560 51, 466 
ARID SE OU cccarmesers wire SSS SECTOR ERS Se TASES OE 26, 740 15, 288 37, 158 22, 895 
Caroline sis -Rtke eae s. 82E Rs Ce ea es 2,195 989 710 406 
Charles City... -. i 79, 000 56, 770 63, 000 40, 458 
Cheaterireld #62828 -2 eae see | OE ae De ee 10, 000 6, 900 7, 250 5,001 
HilizabethiCity. scracwe~ eeeerecsesd Sores eee eee 113, 500 54, 210 139, 000 83, 300 
Dinwiddie: iy. N22. Ss Oey ee 4, 000 2, 760 2, 100 1, 452 
TSS ASS 322s ictal Miran eane SES poe 2, 950 1, 328 595 357 
Fairfax. . . L(G 31, 209 19, 150 26, 030 13, 433 
Glompester. = =e. 82 See he 2 2 SES eS 67, 073 31, 568 52, 208 32, 071 
Isle of avieht. atin so. eee Res 2 es. 5 eee 57, 445 41, 325 40, 619 29, 128 
JATNGSKCIIY ....- ale cE Blas an Sarco om Sot emmee 36, 750 22, 208 33, 460 18, 449 
KingpyGeorge as. 8). eee ee Cee. Ss. BEBE 18, 970 10, 886 11, 418 6, 884 
King and Queen... .. 8 ree iene feck sono 49, 807 32, 941 43, 850 28, 371 
Kinpw iliam. 2011.42.08 70. S. Wee O.. .. we 11, 992 7, 466 14, 051 9, 244 
angasters.”. -b5)..6.° 40. Se... 5 SRD. oc SI 171, 553 82, 019 173, 884 99, 443 
Mathew sis... oc bit Wine Ges ee 8 637, 425 305, 916 653, 245 392, 256 
Mid@igsage.. . 7o8... 2 Ne es MRE eS 6, 444 2, 8, 8383 4,625 
Nansemand . :. ee. 6.0 Sas Jee eee eee 19, 975 14, 275 10, 395 7, 444 
NewsWant..°. Jaf. .52-- ORR: .. .. BROS... ee 63, 890 82, 322 72, 480 36, 806 
Noriolk 0%. 2.26... Li. ..- GES. ee 19, 395 6, 747 37, 879 25, 553 
Northampton... 268. 3 =. PBS 2hk od 0SE Bow on ete 3, 957 2, 258 , 1,390 
Nortiimberlangiy.:.. 99 Bet. eee. 2. eee 452, 659 218, 070 414, 729 206, 626 
PringesspAnne ies .2.-. S24 Soo ss JIG). .c 7, 691 5, 025 6, 944 3, 800 
PrincayGeoree. 00. 3 <<. Pies ie = ncdeteens “Eas wn 26, 000 18, 480 20, 000 13, 800 
Prince William. . mis : 26, 890 17, 176 16, 870 9,201 
Richmond. .... j 15, 119 q 14, 165 8, 499 
SDOMYIVaNIaAs fo... 5 a eshep ene peer ee ls coe om 3, 345 2,075 2, 1,375 
Stattond s62 ......004 5... Se... Cea... RS 13, 065 7, 163 7,175 4,105 
SUED Yc ccte ners maa CeO SERRE Seep aeeet 13, 050 8,127 12,915 7,619 
WAT WIOK. seine Hisaed node ln tiece MOLI di Ae ee 21, 450 11, 936 19, 270 12,218 
WV estmoreland jcc). eee Bee. USER, =. RE 8, 335 4, 767 11, 733 , 520 

orlerg 1445 ..-'=KiGe.2. Jc SCE... ABBE. 3, eee 37, 250 17, 880 38, 300 21) 400 

Total: 44... & 4 eRe Ooh) 2 Seki SPO 42,209,773 | 1,145,106 | 5 2,094,730 | 1, 204, 595 

1 1,867,196 pounds. 2 1,807,074 pounds. 


8 The shad catch for Chesterfield County in 1921 was inadvertently omitted from Statistical Bulletin 
No. 520 for Maryland and Virginia. The correct catch for Virginia on the bulletin should be 6,936,001 
pounds, valued at $1,204,595. 

47,293,805 pounds. 56,936,001 pounds. 


Tey 


a 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. 


87 


OYSTER INDUSTRY OF MARYLAND AND VIRGINIA. 


The total quantity of oysters taken in Maryland and Virginia in 
1920 was 8,511,040 bushels, valued at $4,640,081, of which 4,547,471 
bushels, valued at $2,291,120, are credited to Maryland and 3,963,569 


bushels, valued at $2,348,961, to Virginia. 


The decline in this 


important fishery in recent years has been quite marked. In com- 
parison with 1912 there was a decrease of 962,950 bushels, or 17.47 
per cent, in Maryland and of 2,242,529 bushels, or 36.13 per cent, in 
Virginia, the decrease in the two States amounting to 3,205,479 
bushels, or 27.35 per cent. 

Following are statistics of the oyster industry of Maryland and 


Virginia for various 


ears and for 1920, by counties, and a graph 


(Fig. 8) of the catch for various years in millions of bushels. 


OysTtER INDUSTRY OF MARYLAND AND VIRGINIA, VARIOUS YEARS, 1880 To 1920. 


Years. Maryland. Virginia. Total. 
Bushels.| Pounds. | Value. | Bushels.| Pownds.| Value. | Bushels.| Pounds. Value. 
1880.....- 10, 600, 000/74, 200, 000|$4, 730, 476] 6, 837, 320/47, 861, 240|$2, 218, 376|17, 437, 320/122, 061, 240|$6, 948, 852 
rye Bee 8, 148, 217/57, 037, 519] 2, 683, 435|12, 921, 140/20, 447, 980| 1, 002, 901111, 069, 357| 77, 485, 499] 3, 686, 336 
TRAS) Ss o- - , 531, 658/59, 721, 606| 2, 877, 790) 3, 664, 433/25, 651, 031| 1, 336, 012|12, 196, 091] 85, 372, 637| 4, 213, 802 
1890...... 10, 450, 087|73, 150, 609] 4, 854, 746] 6, 074, 025/42, 518, 175] 2, 482, 348/16, 524, 112/115, 688, 784] 7, 337, 094 
fete, 9, 945, 058/69, 615, 406| 5, 295, 866| 6, 162, 086/43, 134, 602] 2, 524, 348/16, 107, 144/112, 750, 008| 7, 820, 214 
WoT 7, 254, 934150, 784, 538] 2, 885, 202) 7, 023, 848/49, 166, 936] 2, 041, 683/14, 278, 782| 99, 951, 474| 4, $26, 885 
1901...... 5, 685, 561/39, 798, 927] 3, 031, 518] 6, 067, 669/42, 473, 683] 2, 621, 915/11, 753, 230| 82, 272, 610] 5, 653, 433 
1904... ... 429, 650/31, 007, 550) 2, 417, 674] 7, 612, 289/53, 286, 023] 3, 459, 676|12, 041, 939] 84, 293, 573] 5, 877, 350 
1908... 6, 232, 000/43, 624, 000} 2, 228, 000] 5, 075, 000/35, 525, 000] 2, 348, 000/11, 307, 000] 79, 149, 000) 4, 576, 000 
tei, 20 5, 510, 421/38, 572, 947] 2, 127, 759] 6, 206, 098/43, 442, 686] 2, 286, 340/11, 716, 519] $2, 015, 633) 4, 414, 099 
1920...... 4, 547, 471/31, 832, 297| 2, 291, 120| 3, 963, 569|27, 744, 983] 2, 348, ica 8, 511, 040| 59, 577, 280] 4, 640, 081 


1 Exclusive of the James and Potomac Rivers. 


Tue OysteR FisHeRY oF MARYLAND AND VIRGINIA 


IN 1920, By COUNTIES. 


Seed oysters | Seed oysters 
States and Market oysters | Market oysters : 
counties. from natural rock.| from private beds. fanaa fromprivate Total. 
= a eg ge eset ie Bush. | Value.| Bush. | Value. ss le exci 
Anne Arundel... : , Coo exozoo0 | SleOoolsss.22..|sbq... Se. Pik. ore 
Baltimore. .....- 106, 635] 56, 100|.........|..... Fel a ln gh 635] 56, 100 
Calvertt 2)... 22: 956;/530) C3101; 570) 115, O75), p25 250) esse aloes coeletteiacalcpicne sl 151, 605) 113, 820 
Charles. ......... 57, 625] 30,265} 14, 700 ( BUS) AAPA Cocbcec! bc ace aap ease 72, 325| 37, 890 
eee = ann3e ip re ah a Daan ee OO MAN fonlee cancelesee ce cleseece craiccaas \1, oe eS a aa 
“idlien Sogo: seas 7 } BOG) ia ia: crate Sate aera tata a tate oe fell eaten ate el strate oak irate eee 36, , 
SuECmaeTOres =a eho 7 ODl TOO 2eUleeee anes teens eits cocbalacosees|cccaceedlsaneen. 265, 700] 106, 280 
St AMarys. 2... 2 9, 335} 157,495) 19, 060 SOIR ee alae. coete|eaee eel same ee 298, 395] 165, 705 
Somerset........ We 260) 26, 17" (37, 782 28, 1561 .2~.--.|s eres atesee en ee 740, 194] 554, 335 
a ee 961;687|' 308; 854" 4 150) 11,9451) 22 |r ree 965, 837] 310, 099 
Wicomico......- 133, 5 SOR5OL D5 BOO r= 695750 | sess ca loscee 4 beets f | egeee 259, 096] 144, 251 
‘Worcester....... DIN RADr eee ORT on one tol ||} ATs 704 aes clo loco eels does ante detect 47, 56, 775 
Potals +... 45279. O8sI2 101, 345], 26S: 989|) 179 775| fe slots. | soap e alles eae 4, 547, 471/2, 291, 120 
Virginia: 
Accomac........ 160, 949] 111,984] 285,571] 203, 120] 30,500] 8, 825] 20,000] 2,450! 497,020] 326,379 
Elizabeth City..| 22,500} 11, 025] 324, 822] 204, 360) 78, 300] 19, 575|.......)...---- 425, 622| 234, 960 
SSEK heat. t cece B50) 18,00) 27, 200 19, O60 sh. c wee dc ae lace 2+ <claniaes- - 53, 050| 37, 135 
Gloucester......} 34,370) 25,654] 136,797| 103,973} 2,000]  500|.......|-..---. 173, 167} 130, 107 
Isle of Wight... 75, 0U0| 33, 750 19, 655 9, 827/169, 100] 42, 275|.......|...--+- 263, 755 85, 853 
ames City...... ees eae eee ae 4 OOO), 40,00 \ cece core [ade aw cts|scadscelacecnes ; 
King George....| 7,330] 3, 600|.........|.....-..el.0--20-[cs2s00 eee eu 7,330| 3,600 
Kingand Queen.| 2,700; —1,790| 60,000) 45, 500 62, 700 é 
King William Ogio Lr oa]sak eke ek 7,000) 58,707 
‘Lancaster....... 131,612] 47,034] 38, 878 
Mathews........ 70,320) 64,776) 46,695 
Middlesex... 236,321] ‘1, 050 735 
Nansemond. 56, 360} 56,955) 28, 450/103, 250) 25, 813)... 
ae Keil. . 0s. Pee 1, 300 , 000 
Norfolk. .... 57, 750] 151,083) 95, 911]......eloeeen cclccanceslacces 


88 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


Tue Oyster FISHERY OF MARYLAND AND VIRGINIA IN 1920, By CounTIFs—Contd. 


Seed oysters | Seed oysters 
from natural | from private Total. 
rock. beds. 


States and Market oysters | Market oysters 
counties, from natural rock.| from private beds. 


Virginia—Contd. | Bushels.| Value. | Bushels.| Value. | Bush.) Value.| Bush. 
, 


Value.| Bushels.| Value. 
279, 3: 1 


Northampton...| 30,650] $17, 808] 208, 233| $123, 076] 40, 500| $8, 100|.......|....... , 48, 984 
Northumberland) 80, 996| 55,850} 58,930) 46, 540.......].......|...-...|--...-. 139, 926} 102, 390 
Princess Anne. .|.....-..- pirtfen ON 12, 451| 35, 772|....... |e ae 2,275| $750| 14,726] 36, 522 
Richmond...... 29, 605| 21,525} 21,500/ 19, 230)....... | bsworde We eet ett Ee 51,105 40, 755 
arwick........ 75, 250| 37, 550| 5,000| —_-2, 500120, 000) 30, 000|.......]....... 200, 250| 70, 050 
Westmoreland..| 145,193! 73,454 10,150/ 3, 875|....... VEE. GMERIIGLE. “6 155, 343} 77,329 
Matis. seek 63,100 29,120] 65,553] 46, 686171, 800] 42, 950|.-.2...|....-.. 300, 453} 118, 756 
Total......../1, 586, 784) 993, 548|1, 689, 060/1, 174, 375715, 450,178, 038| 22, 275| 3, 2003, 963, 5692, 349, 161 
| poke see ar? ae 


178, 038| 22,275] 3, 200)8, 511, 040/4, 640, 281 


_—<——— a 
Grand total.|5, 815, sor 104, 893]1, 957, 448|1, 354, 150/715, 450 


FISHERIES OF MARYLAND. 


In 1920 the number of persons employed in the fisheries of Mary- 
land was 21,383, of whom 1,947 were on vessels fishing, 733 on trans- 
porting vessels, 9,859 in the shore or boat fisheries, and 8,844 on 
shore in wholesale establishments, canneries, and other fishing 
industries. 

The investment in fisheries amounted to $7,566,434 and includes 
416 steam and gasoline fishing vessels, valued at $462,435, with a 
net tonnage of 4,330 tons and outfits valued at $98,677; sail and 
gasoline transporting vessels to the number of 308, valued at 
$583,475, with a net tonnage of 6,610 tons and outfits valued at 
$85,910; power, sail, row, and other boats to the value of $1,156,106; 
fishing apparatus employed on vessels to the value of $21,646; 
fishing apparatus employed in shore or boat fisheries to the value 
of $614,929; shore and accessory property to the value of $3,589,956; 
and cash capital amounting to $953,300. 

Products of the fisheries amounted to 59,530,795 pounds, with a 
value of $4,198,668 to the fishermen. The species of chief import- 
ance arranged in the order of their value were: Oysters, 4,547,471 
bushels, or 31,832,297 pounds, valued at $2,291,120; crabs to the 
number of 27,188,922, or 9,062,974 pounds, valued at $742,944; 
shad, 1,867,196 pounds, valued at $355,217; striped bass, 1,040,274 
pounds, valued at $193,295; alewives, fresh and salted, 7,073,688 
pounds, valued at $177,240; squeteagues or “sea trout,”’ fresh and 
salted, 2,281,490 pounds, valued at $92,284; and croakers, 2,519,770 
pounds, valued at $66,576. 

Compared with 1904 there were decreases in the number of persons 
employed in the fisheries of Maryland of 8,954, or 29.51 per cent, 
and in the quantity of products taken, amounting to 21,598,071 
pounds, or 26.62 per cent, but increases in the investment amounting 
to $1,582,969, or 26.45 per cent, and in the value of the product 
amounting to $862,108, or 25.83 per cent. 

For comparative purposes the products of certain of the pe eed 
fisheries ar the State for various years are shown in the following 
table. It will be noted that there has been a marked decline in the 
catch of alewives, shad, crabs, and oysters. In 1890 these four prod- 
ucts represented 74 per cent of the total catch of fishery products 
in the State; in 1891, 71.39 per cent; in 1897, 93.88 per cent; in 1901, 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. 89 


85.30 per cent; in 1904, 82.34 per cent; in 1908, 85.09 per cent; and 
in 1920, 83.71 per cent. These percentages clearly indicate the im- 
portance of these four fisheries to the State of Maryland and the 


peeTienS YEARS 


F 
veg 1880 1887 1888 1890 1891 1897 190 1904 1908 1912_1920 


Fig. 8.—Catch of oysters in Maryland and Virginia in millions of bushels, for various years, 1880 to 1920. 


importance of their perpetuation without danger of serious impair- 
ment if its fishing industry is to continue to be one of importance. 


90 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERTES, 


The catch of croakers and squetegues or “sea trout” shows a 
material increase. The catch of striped bass decreased from 1890 
to 1908, but shows a substantial increase in 1920, being slightly less 
than the catches of 1890 and 1891. 


Propucts oF CERTAIN FISHERIES OF MARYLAND, VARIOUS YEARS, 1890 To 1921. 


Species. 1890 1891 1897 1901 1904 1908 1915 1920 1921 


Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. | Pownds. | Pounds. | Pounds. 


Alewives. . . ./19, 766, 994)17, 418, 850]17, 139, 459/13, 747, 157|14, 484, 97028, 805, 000|12, 567, 580}7,073, 688/6, 504, 845 
Cronker So0 53s. eae eal eee eee 236,295) 303,405} 165,840) 179,000)........-. 2; 519, 710) see ae 
Shad. -.4-eee 7,127, 486) 6, 224, 873) 5,799, 563) 3,111,181] 2,912, 249) 3,937,000) 1,454, 535/1, 867, 196|1, 807,074 
Squeteagues 

or “sea 

tROUb 22 Fcc 687,173} 750,465} 597,179] 1,018,775) 785,215} 1,191,000).......... 272815490) 2e-b o < oe 
Striped bass.| 1,365,928] 1,264,693] 935,347] 824,418] 721,240] 640,000|.......... 1,040; 274 Gee eee 
Grabs esc 6,444, 209| 7,605,770) 9,449, 195/14, 128, 375|18, 398, 147/20, 373, 000|30, 093, 882/9, 062, 974)......... 

Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. 

Oysters...... 10, 450, 087| 9,945, 058} 7, 254,934) 5,685, 561| 4,429,650) 6, 232, 000/15, 510, 421/4, 547, 471|......... 

1 For 1912. 


FISHERIES BY COUNTIES. 


The number of persons engaged, the investment, and products 
of the fisheries of Maryland in 1920 are shown, by counties, in the 
appended table. In the number of persons employed Somerset 
leads with 5,263, Dorchester ranking second with 3,820. The largest 
investment isin Baltimore City. Dorchester County leads in quantity 
of products but ranks second in the value of products, the value of 
the catch of Somerset County being greater. 


PreRsoNS ENGAGED, INVESTMENT, AND PRODUCTS OF THE FISHERIES OF MARYLAND 
IN 1920, By COUNTIES. 


Items. Anne Arundel. Baltimore.! Calvert. Caroline. 
PERSONS ENGAGED. 
Number. | Value. | Number. Value. Number. | Value. |Number.| Value. 
On vessels fishing. ..... HON |S ceitosee 1) | SSR ers ee 52 si. feel sea teee lacs eee 
On vessels transporting. TP) Rader Sane Sialee sana eeae 5 iy | eee Sees sees es 
In shore fisheries...-...- LOG ale. wee sc ODS. este ks G07 Batu ose ce aoe 
Shoresmen’.: 22.3. 2..2:¢ ASO fe ete 2, 015 a eee eaceee (23 Il | Pee Gees re See 
Motas. Saasacee 1) OCG a-7 sae 22443 We Ose wobec 75D ||Mesd= tock 66)\5. Sucee 
INVESTMENT. 
Vessels fishing: 
Gasoline: 2. 4..:2:2. ete TIERS Sergei See ae 7 
Tonnage....... b. SN SS SE et on wwe 148 
Ojnthit. SAEs So ene MOO how fs cosdcclectectinetce | teodecuentad 
Sail poset «dee ce sole mes ameee lnninee ete 24 8 
Tonswiaee fee eles se ae eee ee 711 113 
Olttfitite dit pecs ihe iedinwho peed alee ieee cetera rr OAL Ove ceeetenas 
Vessels transporting: 
Gasoline :s<% 2. -t.. 21 31,400 6 4 
Tonnage PIA ete Sn lll 54 
Olithtcdeseses |e reto rhe 6{08b-|sareseee cee SALOON Steere 1200)" (Se see see eee 
Sails aeeere 6| 9,500 3 Sill; 20/8001 |... sec teelacaeeee 
Tonnage. ey 11 Oe Pear Ses 1,07 3 2a | eee | Meine sen) Se 
Outs ea 15900 |i0)45.2854) | VGAQIO4. Seas 2, S36}. ..cth foie. seu 
Boats: 
Sail, row, etc......-. 307 7,990 116 218 7, 085 36 $915 
Bower s.\eae to. cee 422 | 115,725 29 194 | 54,210 6 | 1,075 
Apparatus, vessel fish- 
eries 
IDredpes. Joti ste) acess nkae eee oeciaas 96 2,325 22 425 Ceo Fa sata SCE ees 
AT Ge ae aera et 16 S20 Yo Pa i eg 1 Na to 8 7.7.94 PRR a pe pa Ce 


1 Includes Baltimore City. 


Oe 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. 91 


PERSONS ENGAGED, INVESTMENT, AND PRODUCTS OF THE FISHERIES OF MARYLAND 
IN 1920, By CountiEs—Continued. 


Items. Anne Arundel. Baltimore. Calvert. Caroline. 


ee ee | 


eries: Nnmber. | Value. | Number. Value. Number. | Value. | Number.| Value. 
Haul seines.......-. 52 | $1,631 29 $2, 710 18 | $1,620 5 $500 
(COE a See 15 330 27 1,160 17 185 121 2; 757 


GEOG soe = PINS 2 <\| asin eos GA ies co eesien DAG ooh cratorcnorek: 60455 ceases 
Mal pots:- 2. -5 Say Se 100 175 220 SIDI lacie berries ba esters oe See eer oe 
Tongs and nippers.. 880 PRO GOR Seieeret nic ccc|xaceces cece 586 SOUS: (PRES Tae 
Shore and accessory | 

DIOperty;2c- Ae Ele cet Se ciene 
Cashcapitale: Sr (osteo es 2 


PRODUCTS. 


Alewives, fresh......... 
Alewives, salted...../..|........... 
agckabass. 5-5) noa0,. 


wet wee wee eee wees 


Melspfreshy ..s/o2c BBs 
Mlounders, 5422.1 2 


Se tecde anna smn 
Squeteagues or “sea 
trout”: 

Hresipge 2) PAS... 78, 825 6, 155 32,392 3,296 8,785 745 


eoOs)  -) StSael). | VAD. ssagencz|eee esos 
Striped bass............ 47,240 | 7,353 65, 085 10,617 12,758 | 3,025 | 2,470 470 
Banish - sear Se 5d SR IB 5 2C0 Vlog acuseewwt | oscen besa scccsogacdleneenes 
Crabs, hard.. ...| 761,195 | 31,070 77,730 4,105 735125 | 2,800) |sc2-.. See 
Crabs: soften...) eo = 100,812 | 28,160 7,270 3, 225 32,058 45095» |Saeon eee 


Oysters, market,public.| 2,054,500 | 124,726 | 746,445| 56,100] 955,710 | 101,570 
Oysters, market, pri- 


(aol ee ee 23, 450 UGGRD | 2252 = 8 Sea warm cece ) 105; 525: | <2; 250: a2 cecees|e esse 
i 2 a 3,615,304 | 228,122 | 1,128,682 92,502 | 1,876,696 | 159,048 | 52,333 | 5,253 
Items. Cecil. Charles. Dorchester. Harford. 
PERSONS ENGAGED. 
Number. | Value. | Number. | Value. | Number. 
Onvvesselsifishing wer lis.c.. 5 bit sc... 05c8 10) |S. - 228 658 
On vessels transport- 
ing ae MS OE ee eee ge 6 161 
In shore fisheries...... 218, | avansacts 437 |. 1, 255 
Shoresmen............ iB eaeeers ee 100 |. 1,746 
Totals...) 520. O87 ld. 4.cdae 553 3, 820 
INVESTMENT. 
Vessels fishing: 
BY oi sane SoBe ob Be. =icie 4 HU Pees s a ate 2| $1,000 141} $129,110 
AMarebats re). Citi hd RR: Ri A oe i rr TQBD' |e nos eiees 
OTF Eiri bis BA aie NOS AS Rel EA IN aS ee BOS) |ectctvae seated 21, 334 
Vessels transporting: 
asoline...-.....: 3 | $3,300 1 1, 200 22 44, 550 
Tonnage. ..... ri al eye eoitet (a Se ar GIG Bet ceccsc ne 


92 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


Persons ENGAGED, INVESTMENT, AND Propucts OF THE FISHERIES OF MARYLAND 
In 1920, By Countres—Continued. 


Items. Cecil. Charles. Dorchester. Harford. 
INVESTMENT—Contd. 
Vessels transporting— 
Continued. Number. | Value. | Number. | Value. | Number. Value. | Number.) Value. 
‘Seri | FS en se ac ae 1] $2,000 1 $600 48 | $110,400 
Tonnage. ..... te eke 5 ae iy Gb T7059")... Leer 
OUtht e255. | sasceeeeeee BDO). sia kecmn SAOrle see eee 
Boats: 
Sail, row, etc.....% 60 2,890 150 4, 250 400 " 
Ppwer,....2 2c eee oe 78 | 20,255 134 | 25,525 511 119, 930 
36 
g 282 
Apparatus, shore fish- 
eries: 

Haul seines....-.- 20 2, 405 36 4,670 7 1,850 8| 3,775 

Gill nets...-. e 309 9, 437 55 9,975 49 717 371 | 7,103 

Trammel nets 3 208 \oactersnwesel sees ccc eee cece ete etre cee dee 1 200 

Pound nets.... 122 | 23,950 59 8, 150 227 44, 470 14] 6,200 

Fyke nets 1, 853 8, 086 123 590 3 50 210 | 1,020 

Dapmets:.. hens AOA beee seabed 67 60 12 48 

Eanes, hand and : 

nO: SB eb ono Sade ays 5 ApSre 35-4 Bepeece. ar 126M) 222. 5 Sader 3, 790. 1..02eso% 5 
slat. traps or bas- 
kets. ..... E 1 100 

Eel pots...... ‘ 320 640 

Crab scrapes 

Mredgesee. + Ueee |e. - 6 esse 

Tongs and nippers.|...2s222 a... se 

Shore and acces- 
sory property : 

Cash’capital. faae-|cs- e-em - 178) 800.)|502one een 1,000 
DOtal -. =. hee ee |< hee oe 1,063, 757. |... RE OE. 58, 066 
PRODUCTS. 

Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. Value. |\Pounds.| Value. 
Alewives, fresh........ 692, 880 | $18,711 370,900 | $12,320 595, 482 $8, 839 | 453,840 |$10, 599 
Alewives, salted....... 4iU;900)| 12,088) \.ee. - OEE acoso b cece 230, 400 | 24, 480 
IBIACK PASS... 225 5-80.< 46,440 | 11,612 12,775 2,976 3, 210 785 2,540 
Black drums...) .tebs| 00S Se bs 2008 Pe =|be sk Bee | aocieon ee 700 8) 2-20 2sme|eneeeee 
BLGCHSH  escic knee sca caleced se Seer | ce otetane|nacceeacces | ee meee 1,630 DAT | 62. RUSS 
IDUtternishs no. 2 sac oc] jaan Seas oo Does cls cede oeee Oboes 1,915 137 ||; -. See SReR. 
BLD s Lobe scien tie inte es 85, 230 7, 293 49, 525 2, 887 7, 685 355 | 24,093 | 1,206 
Gatfish psi oh tae: 44,406 | 3,707 82,700 | 3,717 44, 680 2,423 | 9,610 898 
(Cronkantice seende sees yanteoee: ulb ate meee 17,470 670 380, 945 10; 573.|..-242,2.c] Sean 
Helsyiresh-2 2... Semee. 9,785 989 6, 345 780 71, 323 8,519 | 4,800 435 
Hels, SaliGds 00 -teec|t «. t-SR RRs --s-ebealnoes- ¢-Ceeelececc see 27, 400 2, 140 eae SIE EO 
H Sy Ceyb bao (2) eee fal Fa eet | BY ee | Ceeeee 11,300 BIOL So RISES IE ete 
GIZZATO SNAG. 5c. ce% oc cl sine dalemteee [ere casters 2,750 64 4,917 140 [292300 IEEE 
Goldfish... <0 /-Bit.|Woe sob teeae eee te cme 500 OR b cleie win ee lem oon anne omen ore ated 
ee Shad Seanad 1,000 BO aleravaeraravcteseretl to rsrerarwcrarare)| roreremreretareretete lPatees te ain ase, /= | Simca ee 
a Pe Dm Sale Oe 11, 137 335 795 57 150 12 890 67 
perch, Whites sede sees 52,600 | 6,310 25,965 | 2,084 53, 433 3,606 | 8,400] 1,008 
Perch, yellow....-.--- 42,547 | 5,087 52,455 | 4,126 31, 920 1,789 | 7,950 954 
Pike or pickerel....... 19,670 | 4,082 11,695 | 2,301 4,613 921} 4,015] 1,004 
Redfistyor4{ted drum?’ foe. ade c|b cad feet eeelocsesntce 2,500 41 iow scone owes 
folate Rea aae aeeee 165,762 | 28,097 190. ea 39, at eg are 63,964 | 10,606 
3121s 5 Sa Rese ARS Basco papers: 58 3 OOOH Fb S20 0 elie << 
Squeteagues or ‘‘sea 
oot,” treshe >... weet... 7. ees te nee 5,000 345 28,610 2220 |< . cnxntn mae sees 
Striped 0 ee 85,105 | 17,021 25, 040 4,620 83, 151 15,768 | 63,200 | 12,640 
PSpabigeites shoes ae Aa Al eae Ba gicd esocre Ae 45 15 150°], ., ROWSE. Scere SEAE zc 
BucKers. So cece canine 1,000 BO) | ciaererctca Mee |S < com dec lentes tee | cameo se eeee 1,000 80 
Siifish ye Soe 3, 900 39 200 DW slacererears CLE... Somahemess|ieeee bee. pemere Se 
Yellowtail or’ “silver 
OFCR? arc crtiewssseveevewesecoes|t ese aes reerthe seen Bere areas 400 Ob ies re, Ps 
Crabs namie 22235557 «bocscd Oe Gate - <n waiate 187,575 4,815 | 1,140,182 70, 988 6, 000 300 
Crabs s0ttssect tte octet itewetaen| Ste scuba eee cane "215, 791 26208 No semle see 
O Aa, market, pub- ie 
pu Mater aaa tec |pseie deaecin| siaataeatard 403,375 | 30,265 | 8, 287,657 563,528')|...sc0ceq]sacise malt 
Seater) market, pri- “ti 
VRLE ok pee ww erento Oh etter a homes oan loa 102, 900 7,625 158, 900 14 1507) rartrats cpa ereseeis ra 
NEA LAS alles Solr See 350 18 L 000 BD dl erodrwrare std alk dpatp tata SG = 55 all eee eine tel slates mia | 
Natal ceessee 1,729,712 | 115,519 | 1,499,394 | 119,022 | 11,516,027 | 796,096 | 880,702 | 64,915 _ 


— a < 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. 


93 


Persons ENGAGED, INVESTMENT, AND PRopUCTS OF THE FISHZ=RIES OF MARYLAND 
IN 1920, By CountreEs—Continued. 


Items. 


PERSONS ENGAGED. 


On vessels fishing............. 
On vessels transporting....... 
In shore fisheries..........-... 
PI GOSINOH St ost fiat esata a 


INVESTMENT. 


Vessels fishing: 
Gasoline...... 
Tonnage. . 
COfe UES ee a 
SE ee Ber Se aceERe ee hone 
MONNAGE <2. 5.4 -2 22 
Oigiitses Sete 


Wasaline sis. Sinise. 


ounage toh ex Se 

Oullts se eocbee es 

Boats: 

Sail, row ,tC.- 225-5. 22-6 | 

(EC RS Oe Se See eee 
Apparatus, vessel fisheries: 

IPUTSE SOINCS: Soe5 2 5s45 2220: 


g 
Apparatus, shore fisheries: 
Purse SeineSseo a= 22! pice st 
Iga Seines == sense teste 
GTS i Re = Sees SS os bewan” 


Lines, hand and trot...... 
MEE POUs ss--2 22522 55.538 25 
Tongs and nippers........ 
store and accessory prop- 
BEVY) ess co5es cok tee 6 
Washycapitalcr ? 2 33 sl enka 4 


PRODUCTS. 


Alewives,fresh................ 
inci Dass. fess tzoecs: 


M 

Perch, whitels.f -.22.3814.. 
Perch, yellows -.2t-.--.226252s 
Bike or pickerel): :.: 222242224 
Shad 


Crabs, hard 
Oysters, market, public....... 


| 


Kent. 


Number. 


Value. 


Prince Georges. 


Number. 


Value. 


255, 734 


120, 610 


Queen Annes. 


Number. 


Value. Pounds. 
$912 34, 000 

150 600 
fo sada 190 | 26,195. 
295 15, 705 
Ps EBs rey 60, 600° 
pets Toa kay 6, 900 
ec desseas 4, 050 
bouete tenes é 400 
mimes 8 i20| 1, 220° 
425 8, 800 

315 83, 820 

70 1, 000 

19, 435 1, 391 

h edasedes 4, 680 
8, 230 

24, 765 
ales 143, 125 

1, 859, 900 

205 

395 

21,980 | 2, 285, 981 


tee een nee 


94 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


Persons ENGAGED, INVESTMENT, AND PRopucts OF THE FISHERIES OF MARYLAND 
IN 1920, By CounTIEs—Continued. 


Items. St. Marys. Somerset. Talbot. 
So aE Number. Value. Value 
On vessels fishing............. COM eee pene LO joseectenecec| | 21s oe 
On vessels transporting....... DE Ve cce eb ceccen|y.  -] 2) 00) | Same eters | ee) tele eer 
In shore fisheries.............. 1, 0993| op oceeue gf S00 "| Sattwcteee a aaie |, 4 ODOUR eee 
MHONGSINCHS-Ge ecco. ena peeeees ISA | ada vs ern ate] eth) 2, DOD, Ip natmiciteete ata] ee LU eee 
EROGAL Sates 2s cca teeeeen ISSA |. ow ac batremte|! * TO, OS. | carpio] Se” ay ee ere nee ee 
INVESTMENT. 
Vessels fishing: 
Gasoline:..2. 4022s 1 $1, 050 
TRONMARC@..2.55<-4necece sesscaewdecat yee (Ld-leesessntacss| soccemn saat] Senne . 
Outhtr. 27.8521. fe ccaloacasuocewen|! , — |) (200s cteewcce|) | eee tO0! | ance oa ee 
Balti ns sane cnieeonaececes 13 8, 150 $50, 300 
Tonmaresnss.-2 8. e.8es OLiseawdabts ste a DEES Niemann hi brio coe 
Outfits ee a a eae tense AJGlION Ssaecaee esas 2 88 ee ae0! loc neem 7, 533 
Vessels transporting: 
GASOLNG. a5 erreteas 225 5 3 1, 200 22, 900 
MOnMAEO avert os csee PAN) Ber co Sane} |e ete aE Beopcr scat ee a aes 
DUfhtes cosas icc rs se beocorepeece WOKS Ioccccesssses|(" ot Ly OLR" Cwoweoasnae 3, 020 
tL ee ees aas Sas ton 20 29, 675 33, 000 
fifo aa: (SES Re eg AAGs ta teneeee| (oe Set O10! oacean ee eee Mee Sones ose 
Oathite as. Js 45 tess haere teas CE Se oeecmcdenc 1, 815 
Boats: 
Sails TOW; OlC.. cs. <id09052e 548 16, 525 7, 862 
Power i> pie 2. SPs. Ps5a538 265 62, 975 105, 800 
Apparatus, vessel fisheries 
Cie otc Ee Ae ease bpanodio dca bc IOC heehee hems lpia Ara Glatt Rogan Seema sn ep eaneee 
Wredges, WI. fs io. 4. See 28 0 2, 335 
ePONGS le deen Sass as  e 15 
Apparatus, shore fisheries: 
Haul seimes son oS 2s il 1, 150 280 
(en GSE Sane Se deer peeeoG posocce one Secrorig ssc 2, 631 
Pounidimets sss fsse tee 87 13, 835 48, 100 
WYK NEG eon seetls skaes 2 205 
Pp NES Ne co oesee eens 321 101 
Lines, hatid and trot.<22=:|-.-.-2.%2..- a A See Bran hana Seat) st encoamoaec on: 1, 633 
Eel pots nas Sieh ecee eee 77 ED 228 = GaSe recs « aalaee eee 
FlOUSD CARH 26. oe tate en a2 Ponigatlen te ere wee nacite 6.) ger DE ee se ee tee = 
Crab jScrapes.~ w.c.dcccssccfoeteeoser ac leceme meet anel ea 2OOg) 8 tSy (OE) |e sme cee eeel ae 
iDredgesemauessc2:.: Se7sss 94 2, 265 275 
Tongs and nippers........ 1,011 7, 275 4, 313 
Shore and accessory prop- 
CEL Ys cht ectoecen ee Mane =| cscne tess eae A5;'G6D occ cs asccces|’ (1 700; 001n nae 305, 736 
Cash ae ae pocrg A hiae s¥s ¥[oeceeeaeewee PIUVAGOAN i 3- wetesed she TOS 800+ |e ee eee 119, 100 
Dobalif:Asdsecenuni Shee hitio7 ul ead ere 5881; 155-|0oeev ot 716, 853 
eo Pounds. Value. Value 


vnprernd nA BE 8 ; $5, 257 


Barely WHiLC yep oe =< ose oe aeidne 

Perch, VWOUOW fren wins 3 0< sso cle cre 15, 850 LAE ec ae ees Soman sass AHS 
Pike or pickerel............... 450 90 10 
os or “Teddi sca sale oc. < jeep eelee sss -n ses WS Cama a a Pewee ep 


Striped DASE cucetmce® oo hoe 
DPITPOON. 2c hehe seks Ebel ese na lee 
Sturgeon caviar 
(ras DATO We caae.suhacbecen 
RSTGDS, SOU «son 5nce oh anie'se cation 

TGTOS HATO « pia qictets wieie ole Osis diem sicic fog ioe Pheeiciec- do Res 
Oysters, market, public....... , 955, 157, 495 
Oysters, market, private. ..... 133, 420 8, 210 
Pereaitivesse see uoee ates ae Sear 
Turtles 


wale wnnee tw neee 


Total..........-..c2-22.| 3,319, 968 236,178 | 9,787,551 | 1,047,353 | 10,788, 071 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921, 95 


PERSONS ENGAGED, INVESTMENT, AND PRODUCTS OF THE FISHERIES OF MARYLAND 
In 1920, By CountTiEs——Continued. 


Items. Wicomico. Worcester Total. 


PERSONS ENGAGED. 


Number. Value. Number. Value. Number. Value. 
On vessels fishing-............ OD) |e Saya Rial fate ea c's SE RE re = cies tie aia qe 1, Gaia tee seas so. 
On vessels transporting....... 200 eres. See aie yh es Be eee, (33. |.aoteceeee ee 
Tn)shore\fisheries: =. .'......-.-.- 92.7 ee Se 32 eee See 9. 859.25 dense. 
PHOVCSMON 4 pave src. «soe <jnisest Fe a eee ee (| eee ee §, 844: | .52cneres 
Pot ats sak. 2 -- Ses oi MOC rissa ot eee. Fe CE ee Se See 21.383) ...<<-. Sseees 
INVESTMENT. 
Vessels fishing: 
PEASOMTIO i550 5 SE canis! ate Sallis a Sicin s SERS Gad wise Toe cle [asain SURREY Sos Saks Seem 
ROMNALC oo 5 Sab wae sco esate ca tee coer cL et ee oc] nmcle Se aeMe cel | sie cee Rictoeper 
OTS shia chs svonclasacarenessalaaess babe te ladies heeled Smcmeb scenes 
Tornpges -. 2. -f eee 
CO TER) P+ = Sa Sele Oe | ae a Ie eae 
Vessels transporting: 
Gasoline see 235.0 ca > ajcint « 
Tonnage.-.... : 
Outiiteesiss:. 
Tonnage... ....2 26325 
Ouphtee. aa: o. 2 ayer k |=. -o88 5s se 
Boats: 
Pail row yelc-cs-4.-)-ce2-= 88 2,150 156 3, 590 3, 264 197, 508 
Se ee es ee 183 44, 665 123 74, 915 3, 128 958, 598 
UES vessel fisheries 
urse seines..:............ 1 UO Arcrcncreind o-heatalenal aichateyalate & mie S's 3 900 
ERAGON Ree Same ore teen nie. 2) ke eles lope ole nal elg ged 91 636 
NEY CREO ieee ere te ee orator aicounepe le note ed ciel auigtediaeisioe aleiewood wowace 856 19, 728 
Se EEC RO CISC TOR SETICIS ISCUSODOGHSISIO CGD SCRNSADG CBE CSENCIS Conor acer 28 382 
Apparatus, shore fisheries 
BITEOSGINIONS 2 Soa cate b Seon eo arenee oe Soe e es tote Se ok [ate eae ee eee live cece houan 1 200 
Haul sames. 2. 12 02522.28 1 SOD Sree aca wake eave cr Binns 218 24, 836 
riihmets2 fo s<> Ce TF 183 4, 058 597 14, 750 4, 247 86, 176 
PIC UETHLORTID LS ats ro ser persed Soe sae deena | bicwtege coiaiee =f nae wa aeriaeeal madera thotaie 533 
iPaand nets... 22 ihe oo: 39 8, 900 98 166, 060 1,072 390, 285 
HIV ROWICUS! a5 one man a sumiciese 16 290 145 Z 250 3, 868 29, 827 
BOW NOS .5- hs2--s2-- 02s 12 96 25 250 37 346 
PAROS: SS 5. cho a al a ary. calor eecee te bul: Seaested st sages cet este 1,305 1,389 
[SUG DN TELS |e Serle dtd Reaiuih a a Brett. ts fo pe’ lt eas ~ ape Su [tiles aes 2 125 
Otter trawls............... 1 iY meee A ETE tad PR he ee fs 1 95 
kines, hand and trot. .....|...--=--¢s- 72.5 Ce ae p>: 9,399 
BUS LEADS Ol” DESK OUSY eee Sue bee en Same See el ce eect ee een ie aes 1 100 
Heh potet=saert o.% 34235462 4, 226 4,128 
Eel spears. . . . a3 9 21 
Crab scrapes. . - 1,396 9,774 
1D 2's (se ae Oe } 547 13, 067 
Tongs and nippers..-..... 346 2, 453 104 738 6, 006 44, 628 
cases and ate prop- 
Soc et ees eee Asta SS taaeeteeees 58, G4 cs cc cncar 33,000) |snce-tacea<|* | 3,089, 900 
Cash Capitals. 22% 2°. IOs ais 33) G50)) 44 93 £2 feet. SODA Che. LE 953, 300 
otalese. 0232 STAR OU Re ILI I3s E76; 66671222 ss 302,502 KIS. eee 7, 566, 434 
PRODUCTS. 
Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. 
PAI WAVeS ATOSD.. 52. cnc coned 94, 455 $1, 459 468, 797 $13,696 | 5,647,388 $114, 470 
Alewives, salted............... 15, 000 QD0s |e aS a SEE 2 Bee 1) 426; 300 62,770 
LE ET Rs BEG ae TY RY gE Tee Re BS eae eS! > eg a Oe a, 77,388 18, 969 
LEU TE | LAT iene. ieee. Si's 2 Bile Le nies eich yes | Sp eel ake nae G8 i en | Dd nea ieee 700 8 
LEGG ee ae ae Rees Te 900 180 58, 606 14, 652 73, 595 16, 764 
LE DEL GD SS 2 SS eae aes ees | (ea a pee ee 46, 420 2,785 46, 420 2, 785 
“hic OT Ot Ee 2 Pea 5 (ee RS 857, 000 21, 433 875, 827 24, 302 
Sesto dss eae Sessa 69 5, 500 826 329, 450 22, 925 
Catneneespepe rs 3. 2 os. SoR.. 38, 950 4,005 4, 800 430 471, 207 29, 367 
(GEG Ee ca | Bane Gee een BRC SNE ec amet SG Sen [Ea SAR Se) | 2 cee ee 3, 200 96 
CYogkerece sc: ree... ee. 5, 000 500 | 1,389, 180 34,893 | 2, 519,770 66, 576 
Hels, frashit>. 5228-3. d-sg8s0 1, 250 150 4, 275 686 170, 118 18, 936 
Eels, ROURTGIE AL. | ps Uiiiasieped st) NS Sil ta usher | > same ee lees Se as a 31, 450 3,145 
Wlounders.c:issiexeedisesecc 290 cabo 224, 900 11, 245 287, 765 15, 078 
Gizzard ahiad ee eer). a a es de oe Pe tee od 30, 067 913 
Giolaishy.s4) Caer eee eae Soe ede aa) ee ee ct 500 38 
Hickory shad 2, 100 95 
King whiting 9,190 1,741 
Menhaden 7,500 30 
SU oe See Res Oe Se Sk > RO fo a et ce 36 . 101, 357 5, 162 
Perch, white 5 321,739 32, 991 


111621°—22——7 


96 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


Persons ENGAGED, INVESTMENT, AND PRODUCTS OF THE FISHERIES OF MARYLAND 
IN 1920, By Countres—Continued. 


Items. Wicomico. Worcester. Total. 
PRODUCTS—continued. 
Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. 
eranyyellawcesisecccascccte 940 $110 3, 200 $640 310, 398 $31, 452 
Pikeorpickerel 2. ...5.bcccss 450 59 2, 250 350 64, 458 13, 688 
[ROTA DAU O jap ee « o)o.6,0'nic in a re folate | brome ee ates | she daronydiaheene 734 147 734 147 
iRedtishior “red drum?” 5..-2.0|2eck ep seesee| a+ ca beeeree 36, 700 551 41, 535 627 
Ceiii a 3: re IONE RSs cei MPN 101, 980 2,611 101, 980 2,611 
Ny OL Sb eRSereTeRenaacmeete. SBoRG EES as.4 GaSe seSsoe 42, 980 3, 447 42,980 , 44 
SE es, 85, 280 19, 413 50, 850 11,107 | 1,867,196 355, 217 
BHEppshoead = Jo Sele ses oe see | eee ee | eee 51 8 
Spanish mackerele 2282 oce-e| anc eePeree leoees tee seek 8, 140 1, 221 8,477 1, 282 
Spote-Caeteee use ccs sexe mscacse 2,300 300 313, 067 3, 691 364, 759 6, 829 
2, 274, 490 91,514 
, 000 
1,040, 274 193, 295 
21,411 5,551 
2, 784 8, 750 
2, 000 160 
, 300 70 
iting : 11, 730 234 
Yellowtailior silver perch?’.~).\iszeclen. ten) sessstapeeee loses thee. --|ocs-ceeeeene 400 40 
Stabs hardts.sseeossestn ee 36, 167 2,170 96, 000 2,160 | 5,165,703 248, 160 
Crabs GOlts sac. ns =-- 6b ores |o~= 2b eee elds ote OMe El ooo oe pe | -2 oe 3, 897, 271 494, 784 
Sai eats ee oP ce ctclllaangd cme |S) eee 468 29 4 29 
Olanis/ hardis sss.ssdessseeet |i. cease |ooscan oe ee 26, 000 9, 100 30, 200 10,575 
Oysters, market, public....... 935, 172 80, 501 152, 894 14,981 | 29, 953, 581 2, 111,345 
Oysters, market, private. ..... 878, 500 63, 750 182, 847 41,794 | 1,878,716 179, 775 
ABEILADI Leese ani cet Se lloincc cee opal ese aeneeee smece Geter <i sack oeneneee 823 & 
Ttirblosse: SBeee eke tees oo =. |cat a dds cae deloent eee seek [oer ee cee eee ee 3, 045 147 
otal sepee. hse. gas esa 2, 141, 060 179,962 | 5,795, 884 260,957 | 59,530,795 | 4, 198, 668 


FISHERIES BY APPARATUS. 


The yield of the vessel fisheries of Maryland in 1920 was 11,868,150 
pounds, valued at $881,796, consisting almost wholly of oysters 
taken with dredges. In the shore fisheries the most productive 
forms of apparatus were tongs and nippers, with a catch of 17,954,078 
pounds of oysters and clams, valued at $1,265,560; pound nets, 
13,581,370 pounds, valued at $621,363, the principa: species taken 
being alewives, squeteagues, croakers, shad, and butterfish; lines, 
chiefly used in the fishery for crabs, 4,825,382 pounds, valued at 
$234,253; dredges used for taking oysters, 2,287,509 pounds, valued 
at $181,634; sees, 2,198,816 pounds, valued at $181,291, the more 
important species taken being alewives, croakers, carp, striped bass, 
and squeteagues; gill nets, 1,600,462 pounds, valued at $249,297, 
the more important species taken being shad, alewives, striped bass, 
and mullet; and scrapes for crabs, 1,454,908 pounds, valued at 
$286,586. 

The products of the vessel fisheries and of the shore fisheries are 
shown separately, by counties, in the appended tables. 


YIELD OF VESSEL FISHERIES OF MARYLAND IN 1920, By CouNTIES, APPARATUS, AND 
SPECIES. 


Apparatus and species. Anne Arundel. | Baltimore City. Calvert. Charles. 


Dredges: Oysters, market, | Pownds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value. | Pownds.|. Value. | Pounds.| Value. 
public 746,445 | $56,100 | 180,250 | $19,500 | 29,925 $1, 900 


a | a | 
| —_—__ | | | | 


Grand total........... 48,300 | 2,850 | 746,445 | 56,100 | 205,205 | 22,010 20,925 | 1,900 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE. UNITED STATES, 1921. 97 


Yr1eip oF VessEL FIsHERIES oF MARYLAND IN 1920, By CountTIES, APPARATUS, AND 


Sprctrs—Continued. 
Apparatus and species. Dorchester. Kent. Queen Annes. St. Marys. 

Purse seines: Pounds. | Value. | Pownds.| Value. | Pownds.| Value. | Pownds.| Value. 
IRGTOM WIDILO « cccectascc| =< tanciea cal nemeeeeere 400 CoS Rees oe oere oe se bot ee ae nae sens 
Anothosseth octet. tahscter'd! scodsct|) peas 1,000 OVALS 9285 8 SS (NT Ve ee 
Squeteapuestess. 2 be0n (Ps. : et ae] s ee Ee 48, 000 2480 RRS SSE tC ABEL ool erate ety SIE 
Striped oe Dm mwacetmencla ayeclet ee] eee ee 40,000 W200 eae e kes] hon coe ele a nt SRE OTS Le 

Poise. eet AGE SS AES 3. | 2 See 89, 400 D773) SERS cba AG. stlerstcencccicahse arth ee 

Scrapes: 

TADS HAT =. 2 - a8 oc 3,798 S815) ee el epescckciclBts ro cbs te wee schol en ctcaeis aes eet 
Crapssotte = -....2.-.. 55, 660 ACY (2 | Se ae a NE ere ee olen ee ee ese 
DOTALS --). Yikes. 3 ee 59, 458 65904 UE oc oan onbileccocmewe MG oe SER elem =. Testa] Ccmecet male meee 

pred eps: Oysters, market, 
publics: ©. .2093..... 1-088 5: 20gs22 | anmadas |t 2 st SRE ok ae 162,505 | $19,550 

Tongs: Oysters, market, 

Teh s) ORES oe 5 RR: ee en ee oe | tee) eee eae aa 16,800 SOGOu 22 So SE 
Grand total......... 5,260,780 | 324,037 | 89,400] 9,778 | 16,800 960 | 162,505 | 19,550 

Apparatus and species. Somerset. Talbot. Wicomico. Total. 

Purse seines: Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value. | Pouwnds.| Value. | Pounds. Value. 
PICIGHS Nese ac oe sac ol Sewee ahs aclodekie case (oeeeitewceno| same Sama's 600 $120 600 $120 
CLGANBES = occ chs UROL nec ose] ao ee Oe. Seiden ote alewesteces 500 50 500 50 
MUIOUHG ORGS. ob oo toler ces sacdc| eakeee Pec cllnos eae oclsnaseenss 90 17 90 17 
Edt VLOG ia Seseetel | Sane geet lm eens a bape Papen! ee eee kB ees eon eere 400 48 

be atts cis su Saas t= he bRoue ce higes [SSIES CEU SO SSeS 800 120 1,800 170 
Squetea nee Sos SA fe SE: WW (REE BE PRES Ses |e ee eee 5,680 568 53, 680 3, 048 
Sing [ECE TATE epee | Se aE fa Ie TERE (ER | Se (ee eer 500 125 40, 500 7,325 

dh 0) 2 Se BEF SO Se ee 2 | ree ee eee 8,170 | 1,000 97,570} 10,778 

Scrapes ike (ei dik Reel el eee Tn) 
ae BATA ..o: See. 6,815 kat | eS a ee 2 87,195 9,362 
Crabs, soft.......... RA SOR Dy a0: Otel et Ste Weel 2. Waves is bee. 8 62,475 | 7,155 

Wobale ere osesxcnus GO 203 Wa, Orel lee ees | SARs ook wal sone Sa 149,670 | 16,517 

Dredges: Oysters, mar- 

ket, public=s..... 22). - 2,970, 464 | 317,767 | 2,217,544 |$115, 041 |....2....]........ 11,508,455 | 846,901 


Tongs: Oysters, market, 
Dit blicteny Bas. 8 oe sn |abe ncn Geant |sebeadect IPFA 1 S2S0ulesesscaau lees dees 112,455 | 7,600 


Grand total . .....} 3,060,676 | 327,290 | 2,239,944 | 116,321 | 8,170 | 1,000 | 11,868,150 | 881,796 


YIELD oF SHORE FISHERIES OF MARYLAND FOR 1920. 


BY SEINES. 
Species. Anne Arundel. Baltimore.! Calvert. Caroline. Cecil. 

Pounds.| Value. |Pounds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value. |Pounds.| Value.| Pownds.| Value. 
Alewives, fresh..... 1, 400 $52 | 6,000 $75 3, 200 $80 | 4,400 $44 | 10,080 $252 
RM DRSS. opcicds. Isdegai-.\us.+ >in 2, 030 7 in age go PES ERE py Ne PS 29,150 | 7, 288 
tran - ae 25,550 | 2,084] 7,7 710 | 5, 900 365 500 20 | 57,400 | 5,870 

ODL TTS| 1 rape ey pperay oa 13,050 | 1,042 | 15, 375 6164916, 225) ). 3) GSB See. ot 2|oce incite 9, 050 
Croakere..23..-.-!- , 2,270 | 5, 200) | 25ADa Reb p2OOR| Sa. 05 5a-lte soca le erates] cnnane 
ipSeeesee areas ctaladesccemsloackonien 1, 695 171 DO him tna Disletowccins|'Aaeuees 250 25 
Giszard:shad<--22! -|-2722 2s 72}s222ee2 3 66 2, 100 2! Dsl ac Seg (Aaa SR is SA er A 
WANG opt w na ate so 2, 000 240 175 13 900 LOD AS Ska inie cl sisecaian 350 il 
Perch, white......-. 810 82 | 7, 265 873 1, 935 218 | 1,730 108 1, 600 192 

Perch, yellow...... 2, 800 385 | 5,710 715 743 635 41 762 
pine or cpa Ac 1, 330 258 | 1,715 415 1, 825 405 35 6 8,050 | 1,218 

ee oe Pec a 570 Tir | SESE |S SE Ieee Se ee) Ss se i a 29 
Spot RS ES AI FO 1, 400 65 450 45 | 3,600 2151 5s See ei wnaaseel, ood 
Squeteagues or ‘‘sea 

trout” insessaels 37,000 | 2,760 | 12,300] 1,395] 2,600 TO Byemaeee| Hae PP ee a ae i 
Striped bass....-... 5, 365 975 | 23,070 | 3,907 5,713 | 1,485 415 83 | 22,300 | 4,460 
Crabs, hard’.!5. 32 50 U5) Se ¢ ee ee Ate 2A RAP esors beaches Proce tmocrer| tocrnc aa eel tr 
Crabs, soft....--... Sl O20) D,AT OLIN GO, 4D0) f Pop sUUL | oats oan] aie wale ce annos|a cle snes(nay Sane |omieenee 
Lge ATs apa pRB G3 saat cl eae pa | eal | ape oR mie VRS ice ea 50 3 
Doialeoen sea 178, 950 | 19, 878 | 98,535 | 12,576 | 300,273 | 10,321 | 9,429 665 | 139, 332 | 20,364 


1Includes Baltimore City. 


98 


U. S. BUREAU 


OF FISHERIES. 


- YIELD oF SHORE FISHERIES OF MARYLAND FOR 1920—Continued. 


BY SEINES—Continued. 


Species. Charles Dorchester. Harford. Kent. Prince Georges. 
Pounds.| Value. | Pownds.| Value.| Pounds.| Value,|Pounds,| Value. |\Pounds.| Value. 
Alewives, fresh. ....| 150,000 | $6,000 |.........]....... 211, 200 | $5, 280 | 20, 000 $500 | 1, 400 $52 
AIG WAVES, SALLE. 6h) noone mn|n or cnc cnlen we oc ctleiale cee 230, 400 480), Loard dows t|aancertaletmeetee inne seas 
Black bass........- 12,240 ||. - 25.879.) s<ccewece|oeecrewe 600 150 600 15052 4.2 Al eee 
A RA eee 38,625 | 2,392) |eos 2. 1 226.08-) | 18, 600 930 | 38,225} 1,912] 1,700 90 
Caifish:.ccssceweane 83,025 :c)-9b B40) \omen eee sects 1, 600 160 | 2,100 39 | 2,000 100 
ae } a eee 3) a rr 84) 000) 1$2, 520.12... seewal dees cone 3, 500 105 |... «0a eae 
Girard shad ..cechs 1, 250 BE | cc wlecsncleccenas|scuseadealsaed ate | een dose u)a\tatiitl eae see oe 
Goldfish’ scdscsnce3 500 SSE EREC COI GOORSRO| ROR oRGSa fF Craerno Pope see eemrericcs ae osaie seit segeze 
MCLs mater necks 775 5G) Saiwiac- = hlacc cee ala eteeatae seer ee 2, 800 112 | 1,000 120 
Perch, white....... 6, 835 446 | 29, 360 | 1,590 3, 150 378 | 4, 800 316 23.2 cse alee 
Perch, yellow. ..... 25,955 | 2,086} 18,200] 910] 1,250 150 | 4, 800 576 | 1,000 130 
Pike or pickerel. . Tee cle Si talosousscculencee ee 400 100 230 58 100 20 
Sade haseocecne be 58, 650 | 11, 360 4, 200 725 1, 120 aa eee BEE rece 1, 930 500 
Sposa gens scan e =| ons ccobal asecces 8, 500 AQQ 2-5 owewen| 4 sanceen 7108} BO SG Yee esos 
8 ueteagues or ‘‘sea 
TOUt22 acrescxees 1, 500 75 2, 000 1S eee Brie 4E700.| 2, S02 een mcaleee ee 
Striped bass......-.. 8,440} 1,616 12, 367 | 2,390 | 24,000} 4,800 | 65,050 | 11, 829 150 22 
Buntish. 6 ojo. neeke 200 2D hiowisiniain-etim| ovw'eienrarell wns wie melee [ete bdreregra!| wreraiete eal cere ie ee 
Totals... <2... 349, 485 | 30,051 | 158,627 | 8,715 | 492,320 | 36,620 |184, 515 | 18,195 | 9,280] 1,034 
Species Queen Annes. St. Marys. Talbot. Wicomico. Total. 
Pounds.) Value.| Pownds.| Value.|Pounds.| Value.|Pounds.| Value.| Pounds. | Value. 
IN Gaye seis Baee) 64a) bao seicgd f doecacod tocqssn soe -noc|=—— eiotala ltuhetar=talete| el elatarerare 407, 680 | $12, 335 
SAV OWIVESHSAUEOG S «2. fo Bac dina.m i fafetelem alata alee cle ao | byes mia | eames oie) helo erm w tate once Senet 230, 400 | 24, 480 
Black. bass... ...-weww fe swowwer] aewoseweljesoettustapvarce portenrsfesesras Reset eestot aces x 44,620 | 10,942 
BAAS SN, Ses a2 sl ON. 4 <2 | Se SB es | Folnnic Same bo as oc tisimerre ce eect 300 $60 300 60 
COPD aos iewrem amet 22, 270 | $1,770 | 13, 550 |$1, 049 200 $11 100 15 230, 320 | 17, 218 
Catish 4c ssacecamec 8, 200 389 | 10, 459 400 40 250 25 111, 275 6, 109 
@roakert 825.55... ..: 45,400 | 1,362 | 39, 400 962 | 1,100 33 | 4,500 450 487,895 | 13,341 
CIS = Bese: oe 650 65 170 11g fe RO Na SR a Pe 3, 190 327 
Flounders.........- 200 12 75 Oe eae sen peace 5 200 36 475 54 
Giz7argishad acdc cc}aeececslacenaans 5, 300 v5 FN am 5 ee ees a Real ge 12, 250 472 
GOlDBS Bn. atdnieiaacapel ose gresi armecke| elves once wceees fe eee bsere | Aenea | Se reer a ae 500 38 
Maletet oe ac on aecleommecee fan sanas|ctases cee demesne dues pec sete lencemcnc eee 8, 000 652 
Perch, white....... 4, 800 305 4,975 GEL eis: SE Ue 700 105 67, 960 5, 334 
Perch, yellow...... SO 270 | 3,077 3, 400 450 | 3, 500 280 200 30 105, 282 9, 646 
Pike or pickerel . - 450 Uo PACS OOEd & BSrcan Saas acca) erseise 2 sce secant (seca 21, 680 4, 025 
AG Ss 4 -S5HEL SS sina lasers atow'n laenin's Seley Oo ease AIRE ee Meas eee as See oeice IS eee ete 68,474 | 13, 382 
3) 0) ae 4, 600 296 2, 950 1583 |vaecece | eeceee 1, 500 180 23, 710 1, 555 
Squeteagues or ‘‘sea 
GOW mo ine en 8, 180 788 4, 300 Ve eS Cee ee 1, 800 180 111, 380 8, 266 
rts bass: e022. <8 ,925 | 4,785 | 26, 200 | 3,785 850} 170] 1,000] 200] 218, 40, 07 
Grabs, ae Kade se teense | seose cat seacctwst Cetera aanmeee.s| aoeamtel seeenee aceecee 50 15 
Crabs, BOLE Socra isis so[2| Enpereisiotein|| « She ciosie [anes oaate abe ee eee ere alecaeees | aaaeemet oe eese 44,075 | 12,375 
MIVULOS = Saccis smcteac axes snc fseems cass cckincicn ele mate caleat woes al ceroue tal emee cee lepenese 50 3 
WTOrlapin sy: ¢ pas cmon 205 DB.) o a2 rc sfataa)| oinisrero 5c are wien el Sets wierd Wgmrate gate waren 205 135 
etal. 2335 151, 150 | 13,052 | 110,320 | 8,005 | 6,050] 534 | 10,550 | 1,281 | 2, 198, 816 | 181, 291 
BY GILL NETS. 
Species Anne Arundel. Baltimore.! Calvert. Caroline. 
Pounds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value. | Pownds.| Value. | Pownds.| Value. 
ANB WIVES ©) ute.c o doee s-seb cnet eat aieebias| ob Seo eee , 000 B20 nS Seed ataele wee 9, 820 $98 
Black Dass......4.28....b suet. 100 RL Se ern. ole amare dl Nene aetee as wed olate daaachid|e seule 
CBI... RE Moe dene. wait acinl eet Aare aby dee ele are.< cb Se Rao | SOS ees 272-58 50 3 
Obtfish! &--.. J. ee..cb Sake 5, 300 BIO epee soos ss een OoFe eee | ls 425 41 
Perch white. 2c. chest towsoee 1,195 155 3, 565 404 1, 200 $160 650 43 
Perch, VELLOW' «3-12 <oneb boa 3, 225 BD Nae cee oe ol nomad | ee aes arwrs\ea ol oleae ene eee 
_ or pickerel. ..........0. 790 PEO | ab Soret aslb scemtes] compere tela ve aateloces cence 
ay. ee eee et 8, 000 2,480 110 30 4, 500 780 | 18,341 2, 828 
acl es or. §Sea trout? 21.|s 5 viietcicfells oie ete 11,050 LEGO ie ASS b.fecwacce de acme eee alae sdaans 
Sitiped bases coda scosse une 400 100.4: 35; 580: |b'85; 7105S dees 730 <3 
Potato sess te 19,010 | 3,811] 51,305| 7,314] 5,700 940 | 25,016 3, 150 


1 Includes Baltimore City. 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. 99 


YIELD oF SHORE FISHERIES OF MARYLAND FoR 1920—Continued. 
BY GILL NETS—Continued. 


Species. Cecil. Charles. Dorchester. Harford. 
Pounds.| Value. | Pownds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value. 
PIGWAVOSI Sees S Lod wieviee aks 30, 400 $760 | 30,000} $1,200] 14,500] $145] 36,720 $918 
IER SSrras et 8. ere kin ~ 40 ERP eras | psec crea lavatanata ata 2 stayareranntore 1,000 250 
PETES eee Soe cr seeh crs cicarcirs oo coordina eoebicepeemane rectors leeccotce 1, 460 LG 2 Sha Se ers ee 
PEAR o oe tet ccc tose ncebee a 14, 675 MU ap Aer rcdeasite lek saa olemeeciot saedoaacc: 3, 350 168 
OP iis ise ey eee eens Saiies 1, 350 113 dy] MIR yl 3 Sia ee 180 18 4, 200 420 
MIN Gt et te i cidcc cee cbe ae 833 Oa a iis rer Bo) oP ae eine de |= a 200 10 
HSER WEL ee Sac hotjch wo: crok store a earkcsretete |b ave Rupees alee Ueto pae all ob ere bares 1, 530 108 250 30 
RCM OUON eee a oa .cienrabigea| neck een coh sete lance etaee |b wee es 550 33 2,000 240 
Pike or pickerel..............- 60 1) | ee Sas keene A | Ee grater) 8 Lencenctoratar 1,500 375 
SMe VEE es Se. anos cck see 107,016 | 18,272 | 128,000| 27,100] 6,975| 1,454 | 52,476| 8, 625 
Sitipedibass..\ |... ccc ccseek cs ASSOD | SOs) ers e peer ae 1,811 355 | 32,050] 6,410 
SiG] 24 |, sheep baler a rk 199,879 | 29,059 | 158,000 | 28,300] 27,006 | 2,328 | 133, 746 17, 446 
Species. Kent. Prince Georges. | Queen Annes. Somerset. 
Pounds. | Value. | Pounds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value.) Pounds. | Value. 
RCM OS etter es. keels) AN 7,680 PIO2Y Seto h. es foes. 3. LOSOOOE A? SUZ5 itso jae ee < cos. 
LEITCH" oss STS ae ep par eeenee eee apne 50 Ee eSee escort eaeicices| peer nec tomer ace Remote errr irs 
SIONS Hint ot Beha ee oo eal teeth I. hoc cineeditomaet cath ae Scie aclewstions 1, 769 $265 
Carnie RNa oe Ss fe 3, 450 1 bed BEE Selah eR |S REE IE RY apolar A SR ee 
Caiishe es Wee ty 2,575 35) [AT omnes ene Dei a vee [eres ee al ean ge 
reer Ey ets | crs kis. boone 750 2o7A a Sheetal IB Beka, take ball i Si Se ea [agrees ge el Pape 5) (PEE See 
IGIMIG ETS <5 oj ds. foe ohn 150 Wilcke repent cee ee paetans Sone ann alah  AROTEAR hE Soe 
Livi Gi 5 Sep eh ia RINE Tink hele OE Ene RS | Siac a UR Se et | ee eee ee St a 6, 235 374 
Rene av bitOc.. ic... 0.2cce= 25 5, 900 SSE Ek Boel sees Renae bt Seer is (eset theses (eee ese Sng 
Perch yellows 20° 20222. ...0% 2,500 SOO) ot SSN A SBy + es Be ae er tls ee ae oe seh aa ee 
IEIKG OF pleserels. sc foc | sae 2, 200 550) Serre ne Rer 5 y xaptte | eden po ol 2 ho «el en viet IN ee 
AG ES Sscpe e 4 oa = mireeya ce 303,100 | 58,599 | 75,500 } $18,485 |..-......|....... 11,237 | 1,956 
SUAMISHABACR BIOs Sane t oe. - (ee ee cine Sie tee etes cleaba cece Shad cee cee ool Ssseees 237 36 
Squeteagues or “‘sea trout’’...... 200 1774 bf Stic Spt el Seior ntielinls be Saye ta Ret pest yA SA Pe AEEE Nora Fy Pd 
Siemedwpasses. saa. | oot sek ce TG2R (DO) || ProdsGto (bat Sone, cL See ek | Leet s ne nies 2) > oo dec 
LTLET ep lORS Sal sett ket le 493,305 | 91,459 | 75,500} 18,485 | 10,000 125} 19,478 | 2,631 
Species. Talbot. Wicomico. Worcester. Total. 


Pounds.| Value.| Pownds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value.| Pounds. | Value. 


UME WAV OSES cid ee aso b eee 3, 600 $52 | 41,500 $815 | 125, 743 | $3,772 310,963 | $8,097 
IB WICK PASS y ef nla es sagen en abe ned aloe redid ate hine| awe eis see cutioeloe Semmes 1,190 304 
LiisGikl | Set! Bee ees 7,200 £27 FD) ORES HRS ees SOSH |e Hs PS PSE Pe 10, 429 1,344 
Ca oe Ais os tae nnn 75 Gils: OS sks Oe 5, 500 826 27, 100 1,917 
Gdinidin PAA SRE 010" ° oT TR 430 39 | 4,500 450 | 4, 800 480 23,760 | 2,132 
CrOnech reese man serie neat ee. Le ee do RY oe BR oe cde cucecs 750 22 
IDL T eet Ginseng Sper ann aaa |-clesptecam bY Cor xscid Perrerrt cron ep-eetn eel eee rt en Cee 150 6 
Weristoy nites tee: ee ee TRE ih AME UD TD Be ST oy 1, 850 273 1, 850 273 
bree See inte ele tote ea ee ol oreo ek bese zealeces karte ceicemce 66,020 | 3,301 73, 288 3,710 
Perchinphite.c .. 2: .- egos. am: 600 50| 2,950 436 | 1,950 390 19,790] 2,484 
IOS ei) ee ee 75 100 14 3, 200 640 11, 650 1, 758 
PARPVOUEPICKETEl= \. <8 ee lekescscc|hocesce 450 59 2, 250 350 7, 250 1, 559 
SARS 5 aereete ST ele TL aero. bs heedt! so eet cote Heb nae ce. 1,680 143 1, 680 143 
ad S35.) re a8 re el ae 7,150 | 1,536 | 63,614 | 14,823 | 6,250] 1,112] 787,269 | 158,080 
REINS GRO Se ie bp elk eee | Pye A en a ee tse o a(n te cece 237 36 
Squeteagues or ‘‘sea trout’’....... 2, 200 LAC | See | EA Re | Pe eT a | eee 13, 450 1, 338 
Stemped’ bass 82. Sie 2 late oe Died et) ey 00 td, BAN wo a al on taotes 288,641} 54,021 
bE PEO see (eo Fee 7 1 ee | eee Nee ee oP ss See 18,680 | 4,670 18, 680 4,670 
ueircconichiinr- <JaOk tire P| eS debe ee 2,335 | 7,403 2,335 | 7,403 
Lo) cS aa Cee ee 22,445 | 2,952 | 119,814 | 17,937 | 240,258 | 23,360 | 1,600,462 | 249, 297 


BY POUND NETS. 


Species. Anne Arundel. Baltimore.! Calvert. Caroline. Cecil. 


Pounds.| Value. |Pounds.| Value.| Pounds.| Value. |Pounds.} Value.) Pounds. | Value. 
Alewives, fresh...| 300, 200 | $5,405 | 4,200 | $208 | 243,840 | $4,445 | 3,450 $35 649, 400 | $17,615 


AIEWAY CS; SHIDGG= steven aclste ete tee Soe alec oce es 210003} 250! 5.525223)eecse52 477,900 | 12,088 
Black base 20 | aki fe a 270 7 Be a aa a ey eee ee ee 8,750 | 2,188 
Biluefishe. 2-2. 90 UD BAe Al See 50 1 Lal eee a St Se Uae ee (4.8 epee 
IBINipenbshes.e: sels Tho ated. Soest a cslseeeseas|socenes 675 CD PSB S | Rear aS Poouesaccsol poLouarc 


1 Includes Baltimore City. 


100 


U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


YreELD oF SHORE FisHERIES OF MARYLAND FoR 1920—Continued. 


BY POUND NETS—Continued. 
Species. Anne Arundel. | Baltimore. Calvert. Caroline. Cecil. 
- |Pownds.| Value.| Pounds.| Value. |Pounds.| Value.| Pounds. | Value. 
242 $1 610 + ON ate 5 r= Bee Sees 6, 055 $304 
24,050 | 1,015 8, 500 545 450 $40 19, 556 1, 231 
Sead BR ek 27, 375 ti Aces ee Pe es CO 
1, 260 115 500 DUE en sceee se tose ers 400 40 
npr eB ACS ee hd 3, 965 S00) 35 22seca ss i255 hk ee 
2,100 40 | 1,000 20) |08- lene) os sc ssc)... eee 
SE | Seen a bs oe ees 600 Aa Pre, oo be ee 1,000 50 
160 16 50 10' |x cepeemiae ses s2 6, 204 186 
Perch, white..... 8, 460 848 | 11,515] 1,712 | 9,900] 1,070| 1,371 96 19,850} 2,380 
Perch, yellow.... 3, 820 495 | 1,865 280 720 105 40 3 17, 135 2, 056 
Pike or pickerel.. 685 146 635 N30 Wo SS sores clacisbaeens paeeeeelne seams 2,760 698 
Gtigde.. Lucan 27, S02 In i OBTAE Se Las 70,180 | 12,796 | 1,115 | 239 57,288 | 9,518 
Spanishignackerel |i 2. - kalo neler sete 100 2d Vowce nee So 5052 ooo eee 
Spots: esse ao. 1,025 fehl | eae 5a bo Coa 1, 410 1267) erste cl 2. leet eee 
Squeteagues or 
“Sea trout”’: 

SU Tesh 222 204 40,625 | 3,295] 8,985 745 6,085 BBD | 5c chassis} eae l= | ee eee eee ee 
Striped bass... ... 41,060 | 6,188 | 6,360 985 6,945 | 1,530 575 115 14, 050 2, 810 
SOMOS Eoin coms mec ecel tacos sel Sas aot AIMS eno SAB Sa ase | Secence eee eee ce ome 400 4 
Crabs, hard...... 8, 050 Ee | | ey a oo | Neen cars|) memes lene green bs cmme Ie bic se siessisins— = |e SS eocins- - 

Maat see 487,037 | 25,302 | 61,642 | 5,332 | 403,505 | 24,022 | 7,001 | 528 | 1,280,748) 51,168 

Species. Charles Dorchester. Harford. Kent. 

Pounds.| Value.| Pounds. | Value. | Pounds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value. 

Alewives, freshs. 5.505. cke<esces 190, 900 | $5, 120 579, 282 | $8,677 | 185,200 | $3,883 } 152,000 | $2,780 
lack Passe a docks cetooenene 50 12 3, 210 785 240 3 al rere r= 
Blackdrum.- 5.45.60 eee oes eee see nee sable eee 700 dl Beg ey RE eee ke 
ICH S He ee so eo acmeiee Saws |ceoe cancel aeettions 50 Silseteseateleccede ae 3, 350 536 
DB ATLn Ae eAlcltl etree Met hae ste nal elated Os BS 8 1,915 137) | 5 Fee eh Pa iag 8,050] 1,449 
OSs Oy Se ace a eae eel ae 6, 150 353 7, 685 355 700 35 950 48 
Ggitishth ime. Sidi cc caackwn ents 33,375 | 1,702 44,200] 2,375 680 68 3, 250 326 
Greville n.c con <ncboso cet ake bce as (Oe owe | es eee el ed aoc ane TE eee ere | cies See nd see 3, 200 96 
CLOAKEDE ake ae a ee 13, 900 AQT Ae E2O3 E8250 10 S7e8O7h ao leenaes | Semana! 30, 350 gil 
LOTS) LE 2 arm Bi te, rae 98) Seely Sal eel toad ee 44 53 1, 400 98 3, 220 225 
Mion ders. sep dees. ee. ace | See: Ot eee ee 11,300 D (Ohi sicbestecs|camaenes 14, 800 592 
Givvardishad 3242 soos sek ee asec 1, 500 30 4,917 1407). scnte hy] Ss etecale tage 
Hickory:shad@rsssceccceewssms sexs labo costs te wdeenal eeeetenema wt ewe eset law bowers owl wersrereprere 500 20 

SUAS aio sas nin Seeman teriaanis 20 1 150 12 490 22) ||. no ate eee 
Perch: white. .......4....20eeoe 18,800 | 1,615 22,087 | 1,855} 2,000 240 | 20,450] 2,454 
Perch: yellow 22 29. 6.49et 3-22 21,700 | 1,730 13, 000 829 1, 700 204 j 228 
Pike on pickerel .... $2. -22:-.-5- 1, 500 314 4,613 921 215 54 125 
Redfish orjtedidrum. scl.) ate Gere.. ishact.b ade 2, 500 ALE. oases el tonecteslomeneeletee cammas 
Shag’: fe Bh. . Toes ee 3, 374 767 337,708 | 58,041 9,810 | 1,682 4, 200 720 
Spat, cb PE 8 558 ee ee 360 OU been teawiec |e toes | see cess Somem ce 19, 000 950 
Squeteagues or “‘sea trout’’: 

Hresh SO. 5sc.-:. ee oe 3, 500 270 23,1990 |} LR S08) | betamcten lean = = 265, 600 | 15,936 
Sitiped assy Fe .. ee ee 16,400 | 2,964 68, 283 | 12, 885 2, 850 570 | 180, 800 | 36,160 
PUUTECONY See semccete cee auwsta 45 15 150 30) |.5. 0.208 c|occ-ce oc | ane cee eee 

Mie) 72 | Se See 5 ie 311,574 | 15,409 | 1,420,005 | 97,436 | 205,285 | 6,919 | 712,120 | 63,556 
Species. Prince Georges.) Queen Annes. St. Marys. Somerset. 
Pounds.| Value.|Pounds.| Value.| Pounds.) Value.| Pounds.| Value. 
BIBWLVOS) Wests. <. ac! ese -cboeseee ss 4 22,400 | $860 $285 | 534,888 | $5,257/ 98,779 | $1,810 
Bgtterfisn so. scsceseesracctece uk cee eceteec (Piette ecenccte bee IN eR 8,187 | 1,228 
CRIN och nae cee na datIte tse eek ee eee tee 250 17 6, 575 304 300 15 
Cauiish: {fe Ses me oT daw eect see 1, 100 C7 eee ee | oe 23,775 | 1,247) 9,950 804 
CrosKer if ccs oy cs San ae See Reet. d] here retarted einen 15, 200 456 | 40,950] 1,243) 29,550 566 
Bales... f re. 2 ak SO Mee elk cece Bee Enel Cees 1, 875 196 243 34 
Ly Ca] FETE (lr PN 8 wy yews, melee | peers. | barat 200 10 750 95] 2 14, 905 982 
Gizzard shad... 2.2. 3. SOS e ee) Foe ee Ae EW RA RD SE ee Sore oe 2, 600 =f pga || 4 yea yes 
Moaribia den sooo ois osiccheen = Siecle sip Al om ee SS kn es eel Bee Sk Petia ee ete 7,500 30 
Orel White: scscdi Sesccdgacatnzceeioae 3,275 | 425] 1,250} 230] 5,500 663) 1,792 215 
Perch, Velow:s<s54ss szs25cseebecs chee 335 50} 9,650] 1,753 | 12,210 955)... ceens|osecuane 
Pike=orpickereloss< fseecasesereuccene | see eeee | socee ve ae <aeeee eee 450 90)... --sisine| vnwesnss 
Redhsh orred :Grum 3s23 2 5n2 8. Pe EU Res a ota eel eee mi cincin cia 2,335 35 
Sheds: Taree ot PD ONS 1,870} 450 | 1,391} 299] 80,750] 14,141) 25,043] 4,850 
Sites he oa nn de os ee RA oo Pee 4 1, 950 eS SHAUL 5 
Squeteagues or ‘‘sea trout’’: 
Dien. anauctt scar]. LAbeede 2 Aaluted Aah ....| 50] 4| 7,200] — 536] 103,356 | 5,459 
Striped Wake 525 Joh. 2) Meee 165 46 530 106 | 75,445 | 11,519 650 117 
Aa) bs 2 See POR PIR eS ar 29,145 | 1,896 | 52,601 | 3,164 | 794,918 | 36,428) 302,590 | 16,145 


2 Includes 13,370 pounds salted flounders, valued at $936. 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. 101 


YIELD OF SHORE FISHERIES OF MARYLAND FOR 1920—Continued. 


BY POUND NETS—Continued. 


Species. Talbot. Wicomico. Worcester. Total. 

Pounds. | Value. | Pounds.| Value.| Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value. 
Alewives, fresh........... 1,502,615 | $26,125 | 46,670 | $539 | 208,384] $5,884 | 4,746,208 | $88, 928 
Alewives, Saltedes Pic. s<s 682,000 | 24,052} 15,000 10.0) SSeS esess BENS Sce 1,195,900 | 38,290 
OP DEC LESS ac Gog: page| RRR DEMEROSET | 1053 10 ial ile ieee T eleanaeata 12, 520 3, 118 
EMG UIE ee ee an Sh eo ce crocs cla ce cee Semel eee ee Mecae sree ell sree sens 700 8 
SHIGE Stree oe gees ||- = ss «+ # eae Ree frame 2,936 734 6,476 | 1,298 
IBCESaEL AG = o-8 Spee pele ei [pep gi ky ips Sy a OT aad 25,020:| 1,501 25,020] 1,501 
CET 2527 aa ea Sea (AeA ASE Dasa Sead 5 eye en ae | ae $57,000 | 21, 433 875, 827 | 24,302 
(Cae See ae 800 48 BOO | teen 45: | sate se <5] swine sone 38, 567 2,059 
RUAUMSIE Re eee cae & cos 4,610 S691!) "LO" S00 1 O80) Per. ences aco mnaces 186,746 | 10,934 

revallers ok a Soe ida cee [Lee et eS | eee ee beater ternne 3, 200 
(Croakonier as. cdc e2pe 1s; 100l|” 4st abeccee ee aleo ce tee 1,311,280 | 32,774 | 1,928,305] 50,271 
[ETE tie cscarsg Neg aes a el Maples EINER | [AR lpr | Seal Pi gs Akos 4 | A 13,438 | 1,166 
ip L001 13 (eT ane Neen ae 10, 500 P25" | onc aceite] sce man 215,600 | 10,780 276,370 | 14,493 
REAL See. © eee” New ire aed CME ers Heese Ale tomar becoserccsaltces costs 16, 292 409 
LA CTUOIR 7 gb Oe Foe Serene [beet nemoe od pooseser Ooo Jeane Penoane fse-r ae acimae| Aer aames 2,100 95 
eine ybiting. cee... 7,340 | 1,468 7,340] 1,468 
We eG (210 eee eal late eres enema | [nee es Mert letese| [ape a ae | Bia ee 7, 500 30 
Tilib TEST ie oy ca ee SS Ol A |) | 7,074 247 
Perch, white............- 3, 300 DE IH eak R60 |r 650i base eres 134,410 | 14,734 
Perch; WENO. 22 -64--. =. 1 2,340 145 75 tH Ie | Ae Se ee 86, 490 8, 844 
Pike or pickerel.......-.. 100 Ite So ce caara| Re ad bee ee ae ean | Peano 11, 458 2, 488 
LA ERTPOTNO SL, a ee eo | 5 Se | IN 734 147 734 147 
PM eS HaOreEed) GIiMien a |bannctes.ccd|t coe'smcce |e ceitinsmnd| sponses 36, 700 551 41,535 627 
Senpetseese. see. (Le epee eRe eats ES ee 73,400 | 1,468 73,400 | 1,468 
SCT ee a2) ae eee 321,053 | 58,845} 21,666 | 4,590 32, 100 7,770 994, 870 | 180,695 
RAHOE PSHCR Se ono paren etc te Seca |v ante states | Wists Slalemlell meiinimiaic 51 8 51 8 
PapabIsthMmACKOrel aati ee aaa (a ccisce sas | seca lee a| =< See = 8,140 1,221 8,240 |. 1,246 
SCS 65) eee eee eee 1,000 ci UN Soe REA Sel eee 313, 067 3,691 337, 892 5, 014 

Squeteagues or “sea 
trout”’: 

resheereses ee coc 6, 450 591 4,000 240 | 1,571,200 | 47,136 | 2,041,041 | 76,575 
Saliedine s)he podlate ee. od) cae e 74000)}  eehFOi Pe pncreet se eo 7, 000 770 
Siripedspass--. =k na 53,300 | 10,660 3,425 BA cision slerarnce femcieciemie 470,838 | 87,214 
peliviy72s 10s See 510 127 fal Bee ee eee 2 2, 026 709 2,731 881 
Sturgeon caviar.......... 29 Be (Creates Soseiae = 420 1, 260 449 1,347 
s RiGee ech ee [Ramee ewes al eempierera se lates som cal teteite oc'le dR we=ajcia| oe cies name 400 uy 
\NA ET Riert oo ee age dese aaes | Sekeseaeee |PStBeoeea ec se ooac|ero asec 11, 730 234 11,730 234 
cae stn st en el hae ee eal aman = doleet doc aaee eas 468 29 8 29 
Crabs, INET tle oS Seep SSA [ieee eae | epee te al esa ie ey ieee | | Serhan saa «| Rene 8, 050 325 
PLotdieeses ste sot ese 2, 722,307 | 125,926 | 113,296 | 9,334 | 4,677,596 | 138,798 | 13,581,370 | 621,363 


Species. 
pS AVC pe eM ASSESSES 
Black Dassiste... 0s eee Se 
Carpe -eeesasces ace aeeasoe 
Caifish=eeseca: beast asesece 
ihr hi RASA SSS ee See 
PE CLCUM WILDS cre of dea soni aa 
Perch; VGlionped as dese seers ace 
Pike’or pickerel. .. 2.2 .05....2 
MEEIDGONH ASS! 402) Sots ce cee 
Hah eee oe eee Era 1,275 | 5,800 976 | 16,815 2,661 
BY FYKE NETS. 
Species. Anne Arundel. Baltimore.1 Caroline. Cecil. 
Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value. 
INTEWIVESUS sre tec sat scssek fec|Seeenccces|seneciese 4,545 $170 2, 200 $22 640 $16 
Black Passes... ttecststticaaleteete wece|sesstece 576 ere asic tat | aie wens 5, 500 1,376 
Garp! 3 eee Tee er ee Sa ke 320 35 200 16 6, 200 334 
Catfish OS Feo aise cece 14, 850 $710 41,346 | 1,649 830 78 13, 800 1,370 
Wels, fresh shoe o tees cic cec|e abe wcisee|e sarees 3,612 OLS sl: caves useeleeeesee 8, 735 
Gizzard shad................. 1,000 20 525 LPN Sena ge be| pceoo ace] Bbibonbe marl bosses 
Mullet. strac..... eteesestinss|savsen~ese|= sem sings Te eed ld aeons ce) Heorerec 3, 750 113 
Porch’ white=*=-st a seo ne 1,075 130 | 18,593] 1,812 5, 000 330 | 31,150] 3,738 
Perch, yollows3..9.2%2s8. 582 2, 460 350 7, 026 650 45 24, 650 2,958 


1 Includes Baltimore City. 


102 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


YIrLp oF SHORE FISHERIES OF MARYLAND FoR 1920—Continued. 


BY FYKE NETS—Continued- 


Species. Anne Arundel. Baltimore. Caroline. Cecil. 

: k Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value. 
Pike or pickerel.............. 425 $85 3, 055 90 304| Seamer an bee aeen 7,300 | $1,826 
SSS OS re <= fee ll Se ete es oc |b tne tinidlamastomtse eee mares 1, 257 $284 600 105 
Squeteagues or ‘‘sea trout”’..|.........-]-.-...-- BARI tH 6 Welle seimisis| pee cleieera |e nine ies ante tae 
DiTlped Passes... .. 2 ease eases seeee ee le weet 75 15 750 135 3, 050 610 
S1PTE AS 3) TAS Ie eter Sais i orienseitesl ins Soar Ie all SSCA is Sei cinag eMac + 1,000 80 
SMHSHE Mee eo ona teh co Sel cee eae nee eee 200 HE Sees Sy Ac| see 3, 500 35 
mpTcloss. Cole... wh RR oy es ec See ile i wc oh a ee cern a 300 15 

Totals. 28: >... sect seeker 19,810 | 1,295 | 80,755 | 5,690} 10,887 910 | 110,175 | 13,460 
Species. Charles. Dorchester. Harford. Kent. 
Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value. 
IOWAVESaaaets- ee ann sieaiewcie Sul sc nics cerise |p semaace 1,700 hf | pera | Seppe 1, 640 $41 
Blacksbags 140. =---52 beste ses 485 UY | Eee x) eee 700 $175 7, 200 1,790 
CAND Aaa Mrdcdoes sss sites eee ve 4,750 TED SS Soc cea ls eaccccdl ste cccss ces |bosceces 11, 925 387 
ORR Sapo d Rae FT 16, 300 666 300 30 2, 500 225) 18,850} 1,885 
Croakerha rots or... 2 Lone deetocles cone aenelecesine sic Pah whe a's atc let ve oeu| we as cee |peeeceee 1, 000 30 
BIS | ATES: Same cs cateemelecmer 320 26 soest ress lege ess 100 7 5, 250 461 
7 AE (oe eet ek ae aan ad ek || eee Ga MM 2) GE 100 5| 7,000 272 
ETCH, WHE pon. sca due peices 330 23 146 22 2, 900 348 16, 200 1,944 
Perch, yellow...........--.-- 4, 800 310 160 16 2, 800 336 | 18,100] 2,171 
Pike or piekerel_< 222-25. -:-.. 2, 650 Sys ese SSa5A2 a basso 1, 900 475 5, 400 1,352 
SAueteagies Ors “Sh PLOUb aa gare vistas = =~ |b ames. ye oil deiie pee = ho ese aterm Al are fa oo aoa aia 100 6 
ae Heese Se Seeeeme 200 BO Wee Se eae sce haa atniars deroicm ae lee a seetes $ 875 ns 4 
SE fete: ale ble e/ald. ow sielbiste's b'n's\elllfsie bh <lnicle' no | elaine ea = oll nwin.e)u\0 ee msl meieia/ae a e)|einte)s 5 0 e\e[n\| Sin mo) =i >. 
PURUIICS Poccse gai 33d e BGS ols asl Mere Ns Eie.s eit latest lait! tetetetae jai ” 500 25 
RUBHI sassnebiessaue? 29,835 | 1,802 2, 306 85 | 11,000] 1,571 | 103,040 | 12,127 
Species. Prince Georges. Queen Annes. St. Marys. Somerset. 
Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value. 
LAR ES hence nna UedEckccoe | Mac? saeroa s-ssecee|Sucoonece. d|loeg7 cent iocbosopuc| |bacesod- 7, 127 $103 
IB IAGKDASSS. oo c=.q- Pace Se ees 750 $150 600 $120) eeec eet este te 247 37 
CALD pork teen sn ncaiboust sistas 900 100 3, 675 72 Ae eee Pepree Brera 4 (56 3 py 3 
atiish tee cet ais o:tcte haere aie 3, 000 130 7, 505 448 200 $10 4, 500 380 
[Of T Aa Peed SER oe cetensr | Secs aesndia)| ar ansts | SaSonenis sl\scnchone|Poarueshe o)-chespec 7,025 217 
SRIpIS LOS Sete acs sean cya pall gpee aspen Seat ae 900 (fl ROR beh omasad bse cace ce eevee 
Delsesaltedapee vse. locates wallpecmeenene [sei see 250 20 lneeasoe ssaltecscees | ooeso: eee ae F 
uO! Payee ye (sins Ie ee eel eee eS: |e Ee eee |b EE i ke 50 Se ee woo 
iN LATS re ae eg as REA TS NE 1, 220 63. | eed scecaleeeecnee eeeeaeeeee [eee eee - 
PGRGe WIL oe oie nein aa nin '< cies n'nl|scwininin ante Serene 2, 750 229 100 9 930 lll 
Bench, yO O WW 3 aes micjanimininieieere 1,700 135 41,900 | 3,775 240 19+. wseckecns eae ‘ 
See Orgpickerel texeasceri- -s 335 50 550 LADS aidajaideierc| seize storie toh ie 
0 Ee eee so), aR aes eee oS Ceemee eel Sar 2 rm Beers 
Squeteaguesior ‘sea trout? ool cc yoicl| science «| ebceinenicmc [wie ence sla|eciceiese =<] alcmnm= = 4,617 277 
SHPO LC PaeeS at SESS EAS Sal MEISE eS Gaal cS AGS Ss 310 G2 ste occcecstoseeaces 300 45 
TATE OS slo ost le d= wipro hye zo ola aliera ee torn bon orctere 395 TOs eee alae ec uee 800 40 
Motilowte ts orate to 6, 685 565 | 60,055 | 5, 208 590 41 | 26,461 | 1,363 
Species. Talbot. Wicomico. Worcester. Total. 
Pounds. | Value. | Pownds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value. 
AIDWAVOS Ser nope ci cacti sate stele 650 $10 6, 285 $105 | 134,670 | $4,040 | 159,457 | $4,524 
ald [Op |e RG OP poe if macsiods 4 Ranke: a, Ug ecoee a ameencs --| 16,058 3,855 

Ld SRR ONDA OSB OE OARAEE ODS “c Ud ee: Oh ese s Fees Basses 56) PES S56. 18 Ae sc 
WO ULISe nh. Saas dco 18 eataie pis ao 265 21 1, 900 OO tia im one 
8 0 as Pe SR ORB eone 2a) icbccos te) Heesee Sol patsese Seite Sess Se 70, 300 
EIS necetee teeter eee aa See eee el tee eee ae eee nee ne | eee | eee ai 
FO oi Cee R Oe OS AR OR SO AnOO EOS ase Be sae 54/6 at so Gee apc Pome soscor 
(rn CE A SO mmoe emmaern oo onocc> lacacesor p>aateda sca aes Seales See se 
le BR Sr aS eae a Pa Pee eel macs cmon le eeree al meer ote ised 

OU die Bias e concede ccc adlsmad ele cccccece olds swelamialfele cies == © oil scission ma\| sina lsis-e aiuls wi 
POTS rT es toten tcl chalaictbamrale 1,300 130 605 90 2, 874 
Perch; yellow .22- +. <..2%--'-» 215 17 65 NOM wottch me 
PiKG OF PIGKEPOls + 4. srk win! ole EMS was = w =i= | bias oe SING ebinnin =feiea| wine olsjain loins oe abeealsiemy wat 

AGI hi cep ap ki vide ais als oe oie 340 7g SS a5 S85) SAR Ses BAP 985-115 Sea 
Squeteagues or “‘sea trout’’..|........-.]....-.06 450 45 26, 670 
Biriped ass. cot. .Jesgecss «58 175 35 525 LOD Ales bite alee es oe 
RIG OL SE tietate lain cc's di elula'ateln'e’aloin'cll a sipinrn ects Sbellto's wm piste oi ointh ole eiel| alaleiete pal wit tela eae a eels alee 

ASH Seated emesis oat sidl aa olen wale Sell owas oie wise wie SME pin cabs Oko mata pani nin cieeinin 
EDT CICS haat oe ich n oes oc eben nein eee tol eines ce Sele amma aon operate ell bia ea Sete ie erat alee 


_——— | | — | | | | 


Tota a4 ak. bee 3,035 | 289] 9,830| 545 | 234,514| 7,304| 708,978] 52,345 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. 103 


YieLD oF SHORE FIsHERIES OF MARYLAND FoR 1920—Continued. 
BY OTTER TRAWLS, STOP NETS, SLAT TRAPS OR BASKETS, BOW NETS, AND HAND. 


Apparatus and species. Anne Arundel. Harford. Somerset. 


Pounds. | Value. | Pounds.| Value. | Pounds. | Value. 
BHGUMOUACAND + cm. oclemcicnsccecsecacdes 3, 000 BOSU cede stacl| tec canapae| Las-> sacs eewetanate 


Slat traps or baskets: 


Apparatus and species. Wicomico. Worcester. Total. 

Otter trawls: Pounds. | Value. | Pounds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value. 
Catfish. . | 4,000 4, 000 $400 
Carp reais 60 60 9 
Perch, white. . 2,000 2,000 300 
Perch, yellow. 500 500 45 

pepbrinedubass. 2b ao te ac aac c eco. = 100 100 20 
paar reer Sete eR scargs ax Sait it oO 6, 660 CAA el ae oes eds eh ae 6, 660 774 

SEES ACRE De papers SR RRS ete i elie a el at et a ee ee ee | 3,000 330 

Slat traps or baskets: 

Pil cg Banas aoe he ces circ e ae ccce ane saaeions the| cee ca stmet |e cmen mace lee cto te 20, 000 500 
PSO SOR OR ASA SRS Ss CARAS ISRCEE GSES OE) REISE sl ae co RRS a Pena sect oom 443 23 
Catfish Be Sm 3. = Paras Helo salto Sisjave Uae nae [> o Cemivap pall saisieasiseh adligupe we sek |e pees ce ais 430 5 
Log Ss 5c e BEE Sa i Reape beet Sete dU I py seta Mpaicinn scoated No | eal pclae et alte he 100 10 
SEDUT as Ace ee eae MRF Pate ie (i A eRe 2] (SPEDE S 55) RRR REE: Semen ae 558 107 
SURAT EGL | LTC 2 ae eae ee S| Re eae ee el LR eae [pe hac (epee 100 20 
SCRE eee oa oc oe NE a MANS SL eeicc wank |? Us wake ene hia coe as eek ccces 1,000 80 
IGS ene, eR ES HANNS Se SSSR Re Ope ae eaten: ecepeeneeleremsen ace 22,631 745 

Bow nets 

Catfishis Ss. >.< 6 ov estes leceeweeeee 1,300 130| \ectescerrs|tever ise: 1,300 130 
ere ewhite:s spi. 2 shay bee 2, 266 BAGS | oe oat oe ole Sa Se 2, 266 340 
FESS hen taprinn aed mito dns en teeta de meen sian Saprry od met pte: 12,500 | $2,225 | 12,500 2,225 
Bintpedtbass 24%. L298 oo. fs = eye 1,385 27a see certns bes ste Faas 1, 385 270 
TATED ete 54 gee Soe eed ates Reape 4,951 740 | 12,500 2,225 | 17,451 2,965 

HEED (o 8 [Hera bs eae Sepa ee ees Al MEE PSISE 5 Sea [RES nd [ee ened 618 865 

3 BY LINES. 
Species. Anne Arundel. | Baltimore.t Calvert. Charles. Dorchester. 
Pounds.| Value. |Pownds.| Value.|Pounds.| Value.| Pounds.| Value.| Pounds. | Value. 

IPH R EERIE A La 2 eR) ae eae S| eal Lal aistoape |) Out wlth oe 120 $24 

Seago Midedccsess 2,000 $120) |. eechi cc] oeeee 600 S80ehsscesnc ce focke sts 3,120 156 

Perch, white........| 500} Fi | See | Oe ARN I Te E'S) Cs Pn 310 31 

DCTS CLG ee eee BEBE Abel EE SSEscr Hecenere Ge Grcae RETR ae Crceree Steere Cette 10 1 

Spot. Soi. :.. 500 BOh sawwciewels cesar o| acs ann|eae esas |asateeece|ss cess lowercase Meee [ta cemtee 

Squeteagues or 

“sea irons ia. 35. 1, 200 C0 ha 2 SE ID 100 ANS) Ee es eee | 2,620 262 
Stri Bassi. ca) 300 GO jie Ne... 100 | EY A ese 690 138 
Yellowtail or ‘‘sil- 7 

Pe pS SE odie a9. <5 | aa rere Inn ioe od Pepe | mPisis Fen seated Memyepael ba ae ats aed (MRE 400 

Crabs, hard........ 753,095 | 30,730 | 77,730 |$4,105 | 73,125 | 2,800 | 137,575 |$4,815 | 1,128,557 | 70,004 

Crabs, Botta ese 8,000 | 3,225 820 Bab Na dahoe tal tose nacl ante teenie ame te 7,897 

SUE OS Sas o2 eC EP ae oe aoe ese Sal ais aac eo ules osoclwake Sacclooaeus 1,000 Cd eee ees 

otal. -Seeeee 765, 595 | 34,320 | 78,550! 4,430 | 73,925 | 2,850 | 138,575 | 4,860 | 1,143,774 | 71,609 


1 Includes Baltimore City. 


104 


U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


YIELD or SHORE FISHERIES OF MARYLAND FOR 1920—Continued. 


BY LINES—Continued. 


| 

Species Harford. Kent. Queen Annes. St. Marys. Somerset. 
Pounds.| Value.|Pownds.| Value. | Pownds.| Value.| Pounds.| Value.) Pounds.| Value. 
(CREE tec GREER OFEE SRIAS bbe] ECORONE Mose Sease BESO ae Mee Scie SB rote 5 ~ 175 $10 | 10,500 $210 
TROT Ee eerie, baie cael Mra (eles Serle sei ae IE mae be A Roaster oe 1,330 40 
BERGA WHILE. oce oc ol cee acl sp aamwal en alde sn cal eae lacele'c| teecocden|pocaeate 500 40 , 200 92 
Spot..... 5 ORAS SED E MAearee) EMA Utes crate boccs aoe ees csc col Mande logacco=a-|adckece 857 60 

Squeteagues or ‘‘sea 
Wont eS ead |e SaaS e Ie Seas eos mens dod sSHede corso tocsude 825 50°13 5150 526 
Crabs, hard......... 6,000 | $300 | 440,000 |$19,225 | 143,125 |$4,660 | 217,000 | 7,280 | 191,059 | 14,299 
Potal 2222 6,000 | 300 | 440,000 | 19,225 | 143,125 | 4,660 | 218,500 | 7,380 | 226,096 | 15,227 
Species Talbot. Wicomico. Worcester. Total. 
Pounds. | Value. |Pounds.| Value.) Pounds.| Value.| Pounds. | Value. 
Blueiish 4220-0 s estas acetone etter esd =|. eos RRPER =e. |- tee ct 55,670 |$13, 918 55,790 | $13,942 
GH COC tee cited bie eathac eae | OM cle eee | ee ae 21,400} 1,284 21,400 | 1,284 
Gathishtesccesescce corre nseeseealeeere reese eee tees 165-7002|$15780) | sxteeeee |aoceeeee 16,700 1,780 
GiOskeni eb sees in nde ee igeecee + | anaes ce tels 4lecmeckie|ewecemmelee - sees 7,600 190 23, 995 716 
BTS Pe oe BSE pace ech ae ceiciee e let ewe oe icles ecto ce eteren rte eck eal] Sale <tc) eta eiclosiels 5 6 
ST Gti ans eas SCRE Eee [Cc = Mee cal ees dleaemeer oes ome 9, 300 465 10, 630 505 
Perch; White. 5s siydee ce oc etc e | coer res s|Raee clos | eee eiasotee ee cceeeet | aoe cece 10, 510 213 
Perehs Vauow?s pec. seseekee ee ee nee cek closer sonic gente cdeteme| aacemtiae| paleo eats 10 1 
CIT ae ee Se ow Samant cote ett once sbalmcws aoa eeeercideeetees 28,580 | 1,148 28,580 1,143 
SESH CCL Sea eee asses Sees oe Reet aaa eeose ou sak" 41,300 | 3,304 41, 300 3, 304 
[Slain ety ee See ene aes See ee Sean ee are ey ea ee soos coseemlatepeces 1,357 90 
Bevereacues ar “ses trouty7 ns ees cc ts ee see ce i ence cieseiber! 5, 150 155 23, 045 1,103 
(Sra of S10 bd OY: (Sellen elie i 8 x6 rata ala es Gal an eal Seer S| Oneal yachenod||oococta 090 213 
Yellow tailvor® “silver perch 755. (seers ess = alee econ ons sme ace nes acme|ecinekiaeen| sina tlevee 00 40 
Crabsrinand s.s2 onacdece ea ceeee 1, 273,375 |$42,823 | 36,167 | 2,170 | 96,000 | 2,160 | 4,572,808 | 205,371 
Crabs SOlt secs naee oo deone smc 16,717 4,497 
(UPTIOS" = etaeepnsweesicnen ener 1,000 45 
Miovaloen-<concaceeseee secs 1,273, 375 | 42, 823 | 52,867 | 3,950 | 265,000 | 22,619 | 4,825,382 | 234, 253 
BY DIP NETS, EEL POTS, AND SPEARS. 
| 
Apparatus and species. | Anne Arundel.| Baltimore.! Calvert. Cecil. Charles. 


SSS) | 


Dip nets: Pounds.) Value. |Pounds.| Valuec.|Pownds.| Value. |Pounds.| Value.|Pounds.| Value. 
AIOWIMESacta nicedeces| seine sites lee eas si| semen | oe semen te ae prea wanes 360'|""" $184) ees <a 
fo) Of: 6 1 separa Sie hiner aa Meera we Peele IA Iie ea lt aie eel mm aS 568 835 hl ite ae IAG Seo 
Crabs, soft.......,.. HO, LS fale lo, A000 aie oe,| <b acer 32, 058187, 095) lo 222 |e. eee ees 

Doldloaa sescesc ce DO, LOr || LO KACO co acita es [apt ieee 32,058 | 7,095 928 153) \o6 Senet eee 

Eel pots: 

CISHETGSI. ajeaciccees 6, 000 600 | 11,450 |$1,060 |........]......- 400 40 | 5,650] $710 
Totalwiriccenees 6, 000 600/11, 450'| 15-0608 |e. wirciees ew ewee 400 40 | 5,650 710 

Apparatus and species. | Dorchester. Harford. Kent. Queen Annes.| St. Marys. 

Dip nets: Pounds.| Value. |Pounds.| Value.|Pounds.| Value.|Pounds.| Value.|Pownds.| Value. 
AIGWIVGS:.<- < 0S. <wcine (See seese| neo ee-- 720 PUSH eee np | te eae - 4 lables ll ere dare ial ratte sadcnias 
Crabs; bard’. . 7....-. 4,902 $442 |i sca secs|Secscec|scce ross |eesceee [es we ee clan tase taeeeaetatat Een 
Crabs;soft.'.5..5--% 210s) (2.648 )| secs ener pererrrr be eed pee oe ber eee 105, 425 |$18, 495 

MOtalees sa terete 26,637 | 3,090 720 13 eee Were tl at a 105,425 | 18,495 

Eel pots: . 

elssiresh-s- Jd... 5. 70,833 | 8,460] 8,200} 320) 6,900| $528| 5,350] $535] 1,450 124 
Hels; salted! socss.c|42r5 000 ||" 25 r40Nlee hoes Geese es |acesncenieeeeeee 8,800 | S80). -fedlensies 24 
Wota). sey. . sceeaes 98,233 | 11,200} 3,200] 320) 6,900} 528] 9,150] 915] 1,450 124 


1Tncludes Baltimore City. 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. 


105 


YIELD oF SHORE FISHERIES OF MARYLAND FoR 1920—Continued. 


BY DIP NETS, EEL POTS, AND SPEARS—Continued. 


Apparatus and species. Somerset. Wicomico. Worcester. Total. 

Dip nets: Pounds. | Value. |Pounds.| Value.|Pounds.| Value.| Pounds. | Value. 
JST ESR YES 58 Ae RMI i Aa a SA feel ec be |e Wr , 080 $36 
Bhadbes seaetbevrsas. 25. ces jae SE | el yet: [et eeree SE ee = Scag 568 135 
Cinboshardase est hs ose PAE yy fatet | Ps ise S20 [es ene A | eel peels a peed 400,886 | 29,334 
Grabs: SOrtaet #09. 63.0 20313 1, 2016 Aon IEA 7G) | SS. BEL | eee NONE das 1,415, 810 | 187,924 

Motales Shee. 4s. FPA Ty SOTESSON ev iomliies | Meg elena eee ns hone 1, 818, 344 | 217, 429 

Eel pots: 

elsiresh: S:ere esa reeete te 9,393 1,309 | 1,250 | $150] 2,150) $430 124,026 | 14, 266 
PIBISESAITOGS sos seciaeins- ani ate eas anes sees | eee eal racer 5 eee Cain ace 31, 200 3, 120 
UNG) 2) ee Seah eee es 9,393 1,309 | 1,250 150 | 2,150 430 155,226 | 17,386 
Spears: Eels, fresh..-........---- 8, 272 AIBA sSen4.-|sseess 2,125 256 | 10,397 1,388 
BY SCRAPES, DREDGES, TONGS, AND NIPPERS. 
Apparatus and species. Anne Arundel. Calvert. Charles. Dorchester. 

Scrapes: Pounds. | Value. | Pounds.| Value. | Pownds.| Value.| Pounds. | Value. 
SOT US SATE eo ees eet hn i RN cee ce ects mucin eget tal ieee ein, 2,925 $227 
DEE ESCO ee eas Aah RS riot tn Ail Pree) rier! area See locate 130,499 | 16,129 

JB assa8s Suse Gels aat| A eRe sl eases Al eee eal f OBR eS eee Stel aescoee oe 133,424 | 16,356 

Dredges: Oysters, market, 

DUC Is eae AEG. De tetet als eee eooe|- 82 Seal aoe eee 29,750 | $2,265 | 1,073,436 | 75,756 

Tongs and nippers: 

ysters, market, public.| 2,006,200 |$121, 876 | 750,505 |$79,560 | 343,700 | 26,100 | 2,012,899 | 170,729 
Oysters, market, private.| 23,450} 1,990 | 105,525 | 12,250 | 102,900 | 7,625) 158,900) 14,755 
Tues Se 2,029,650 | 123,866 | 856,030 | 91,810 | 446,600 | 33,725 | 2,171,799 | 185,484 
Apparatus and species. Kent. Queen Annes. St. Marys. Somerset. 
Scrapes: Pounds.| Value.| Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value. 
SOS SISe KG PS ace ee 2B Aen es Sor Are eter Pet gngroe Baap cogeeod) beeccat ne 170,371 | $12,097 
Crea DSSOt ee 22s ane ele .| = ce mnee alee sene = Pain| So Paty =| choca = = ale =| Sai es 2,151,113 | 258,133 
ROU in ee ase = soe a | steherentd as] SER eer ee We as] +. Sethe | See acolo = = ol Bie oteinere. 3 2,321,484 | 270,230 
Dredges: Oysters, market, Te ey aa ss 
RIE ee ee Sones sc soe ade Sa age slat leataae a 2-| te Soke = 487,620 | $35, 045 614,313 | 65,012 
Tongs and nippers: 
Oysters, market, pub- 
COR A eee, nS 953, 540 |$40, 866 | 1,843,100 |$105,320 | 1,305,220 | 102,900 | 1,332,457 | 143,400 
Oysters, market, pri- 
Ven) Shes ce ee SGee Boole Soc. Se: 5 AE RESEES MAS aSeREeee SSaeee eee 133, 420 8, 210 264,124 | 28,156 
Olea Sy ays EE B= rae Bees Bearers tee Se aera Ds eee Se) Peer ers eae nese 4, 200 1,475 
Potahes: -: 5: = sauces 953, 540 | 40,866 | 1,843,100 | 105,320 | 1,438,640 | 111,110 | 1,600,781 | 173, 031 

Apparatus and species. Talbot. Wicomico Worcester. Total. 

Scrapes: Pounds. | Value Pounds Value. |Pounds. | Value.| Pownds. Value. 
“CROs Eee aC ere Sel at ol lm Spaced ol A as ok eB 5 RICE ad al eee 173, 296 $12, 324 
Grabssoft 522.0... . (ES Se GaN 8 RED EY eg Py Se ee eee 2,281, 612 74, 262 

TRG TS se eed lpr ag Al baa cen- rere psi aA Cteetebeba sed bean pad sed MA 1,454,908 | ~ 286, 586 

Dredges: Oysters, 

market, public...... pose 20 GW ee sabe ett PB 8 ae 2 (Cee Sey ee dd ee ee 2, 287, 509 181, 634 
Tongs and nippers: 
Oysters, market, 
publig2 ee. 4,409,475 | 188,977 935,172 | $80,501 | 152,894 |$14,981 | 16,045,162 | 1,075,210 
Oysters, market, 
privates: ate. 29, 050 1, 245 878,500 | 63,750 | 182,847 | 41,794 | 1,878,716 179,775 
CURTIS HALOS meee meee ences a aoe ote | aa a nee 26,000 | 9,100 30, 200 10, 575 
Total............| 4,438,525 | 190,222 | 1,813,672 | 144,251 | 361,741 | 65,875 | 17,954,078 | 1,265,560 


106 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


INDUSTRIES. 


Salt-fish industry.—Alewives are the only species of importance 
salted in Maryland, the output in 1920 amounting to 1,957,717 
pounds, valued at $69,483. The number of firms engaged was as 
follows: In Talbot County, 7; in Dorchester and Harford, 2 each; 
and in St. Marys and Somerset Counties, one each. Squeteagues 
to the value of $2,500 were also salted by a firm in another county. 

Canning industry.—The pack of fishery products in cans in Mary- 
land in 1920 amounted to 185,765 cases, valued at $851,576, of 
which 172,674 cases, valued at $784,569, were canned oysters. 
Small quantities of alewives and roe and squeteague roe were also 
canned. Of the total pack of canned fishery products, 147,516 
cases, valued at $640,811, are credited to Baltimore City. 

By-products—The most important source of by-products in 
Maryland is the oyster shell-crushing industry, which yielded 45,756 
tons of poultry grit, valued at $617,952, and 23,403 tons of lime, 
valued at $187,899. This industry is confined largely to Baltimore 
City. Im addition there were produced 571 tons of dry scrap, 
valued at $21,855, and fish oil to the value of $600. 

Wholesale trade-——In 1920 there were 345 wholesale fishery estab- 
lishments in Maryland, valued at $3,460,653, with a cash capital 
amounting to $945,750, and engaging 8,502 persons, to whom 
$2,147,830 were paid in wages. 

The important features of each of the above shore industries are 
shown in the appended tables. 


QUANTITY AND VALUE OF FisHERY PRopuUcTs CANNED IN MARYLAND IN 1920. 


’ 2 ! 
Products canned. Baltimore City. Bemends, of | Total. 
Oysters: Number.| Value. Number.| Value. |Number.| Value. 
4-ounce (4 dozen to case).....-.....-- cases..} 16,333 | $45, 898 5,000 | $31,800 | 21,333] $77,698 
5-ounce (4 dozen to case)........--..-- do....| 82,043] 340,858 | 18,844 | 105,177 | 100, 887 | 446, 035 
6-ounce (4 dozen to case). .......----.- GO 5222) EE DO5 oO 202 eres een se 11, 505 50, 202 
7-ounce (2 dozen to case).......------- 6 0 ell eae Sears aes Se A 262 900 262 
8-ounce (2 dozen to case)....-..---.--- dos. ..| 7 757679), |e 20; Oo00 h aeen ee eee ences 5,679 29, 030 
10-ounce (2 dozen to case)......-.----- do....| 31,856 | 174, 063 1,052 5,881 | 32,908 | 179,944 
12-ounce (2 dozen to case).........-.... thier 100 NOL ceticinnncal bekaene en 100 760 
TORS emtteos cide nono price Bealene sania e ame 147,516 | 640,811 | 25,158 | 143,758 | 172,674 | 784,569 
Alewife roe: ; 
No. 1 (4 dozen to case).......0 2025...) CASCS Toltincwececs|skminematar 6,624 | 42,143 6, 624 42,143 
No. 2 (2 dozen to case).....-..2......- GO see eee | 4,791 | 21,177 4,791 21,177 
EINE) RL oe ke Ea ea ae a Mae ae I ne rar is | 11,415} 63,320} 11,415 63, 320 
Alewives and squeteague roe Nos. 1 and 2,} | 
(TCR ee eee pee a NEE I ees nea (A Bo RE eS 1,676 3,687 1,676 3,687 


COPANO ODA es oc tee a = ab see e meebo teria 147,516 | 640,811 | 38,249 | 210,765 | 185,765 | 851,576 


1 No. 1 cans are packed four dozen to a case and No. 2 cans two dozen to a case. 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. 107 


QUANTITY AND VALUE or By-PRopucts MANUFACTURED FROM FisHERY PRopUCcTS 
IN BALTIMORE CiTyY AND VARIOUS COUNTIES IN MARYLAND IN 1920. 


gt eee al el Charles, oe 

Baltimore |Anne Arundel! orchester set, Talbot 

Baproducts: City. County. County. | and Wicomico Total. 

Counties. 
| 
Num- Num- Num- Num- Num- 

Ground oyster shells: ber. | Value.| ber. | Value.| ber. | Value.) ber. | Value.| ber. | Value. 
Poultry grit..tons..| 40, 368)$566, 072 $51, 880) 45, 756/$617, 952 
anne = sete do....| 14,264] 116, 924 51, 268} 23, 403) 187, 899 

Dry scrap do 21,855) 2571] +21, 855 

Oil from fish waste 600)-....... 600 

Total 125, 603]........ 828, 306 


1 Represents output of one plant each in Dorchester, Somerset, and Talbot Counties. 
2 Represents output of one plant in Dorchester, two plants in Somerset, and one plantin Talbot County, 
made from crab waste and fish cuttings. 


INVESTMENT, PERSONS ENGAGED, AND WAGES Pap IN THE WHOLESALE FISHERY 
TRADE OF MARYLAND, 1920, By LOCALITIES. 


Establishments. Baber 
Localities. SSS SSS Betta of persons Ml 
Number.| Value. engaged. 

Baltmorercnssceh esa: ss sace veces o~osscccited. cee es 78 | $1,885, 447 | $146, 450 2,015 $894, 492 
Crisfield, Lawsonia, and Smith Island......,..... 95 601, 236 } 329, 250 1, 953 512, 525 
Peririenee eee cee en. cath icc cc ecs 17 231,978 | 121,000 1,079 199, 005 
Oxford.and: Bollovus... = 2.4 ssoeeee jen cos Joncas eu 12 137, 071 33, 900 349 53, 842 
St. Michaels and Claiborne....................-.-- 7 84, 090 39, 100 358 74, 721 
MpHINAWISIANOG SS 2-2 5225 Sco. 2 ee 1 5 Ra 3) 12 74, 885 45, 200 352 58, 381 
RPT PONS ATO HASUPOIL > cca. sccdeccscoccsesscccee il 58, 535 16, 300 297 65, 516 
Dealisiand'and Chance. : ... esge. 2.0 0c ao senneees- 15 38, 059 50, 650 425 51, 543 
@hesterand Rock Hall. 2s sooo occ cece ccc ecneee 16 34, 737 12, 200 249 43, 470 
LOB NEES LSE Ob Gan eteeke vewatsrcncekes eee tees 10 44,785 25, 800 184 42,449 
Bishops Head, Wingate, and Toddville........... 10 24, 034 8, 750 260 13, 679 
Mount Vernon and Marion......................- 4 28, 224 24, 000 176 28, 732 
Wynne, Airedale, and Cornfield Harbor........-.. 5 5, 900 4,400 73 16, 550 
Rock Point and Blackistone...................... 3 34,350}  4)500 91 16,575 
LEAL VE Wey Soi en oe ea aa oa pa ea 4 8, 550 4,100 57 14, 600 
Whitehaven, Nanticoke, and Bivalve............. 4 7, 620 3,650 134 14, 700 
awOrisland Sete ct. tape ee ss Af bei EP te 4 20,171; 16,600 118 9, 880 
Havre de Grace, Perryville, and North East...... 5 9, 900 1, 900 43 6, 792 
Solomons, Plum Point, and Benedict............. 6 11, 470 5, 700 52 5, 700 
Fairmount, Inverness, and Rumbley...........-. 4 24, 699 6, 900 31 5, 136 
SHaryside te neeer eth <i eneara ia, enany 4 5, 305 2, 800 32 4, 200 
Lu Sea IY D (ol Ce oe 3 37, 100 4, 200 92 2, 925 
Miscellaneous localities. ............-.-.-.-------- 16 52, 507 38, 400 82 12, 417 

WARS pets 5h. 3-cpigt he. .} uate 345 | 3, 460, 653 | 945,750 | 8,502 | 2, 147,830 


FISHERIES OF VIRGINIA. 


In 1920 the number of persons engaged in the fisheries and related 
industries of Virginia was 19,378, of whom 1,995 were on fishing ves- 
sels, 563 on vessels transporting fishery products, 11,612 in the 
shore or boat fisheries, and 5,208 in the wholecale fishery trade, can- 
go et ieee ete. 

e amount of capital invested amounted to $10,709,499, which 
includes 448 fishing and transporting vessels, valued at $3,222,700, 
with a net tonnage of 9,883 tons and outfits valued at $704,068; 
8,880 boats, valued at $1,188,136; fishing apparatus with a value of 
$1,255,891; shore and accessory property to the value of $3,561,449; 
and cash capital to the amount of $777,255. 


108 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


The products of the fisheries amounted to 471,219,089 pounds, 
valued at $8,541,724. The species of chief importance arranged in the 
order of their value were as follows: Oysters, 27,744,983 pounds, or 
3,963,569 bushels, valued at $2,349,161; menhaden, 366,379,425 
pounds, valued at $2,158,518; shad, 7,293,805 pounds, valued at 
$1,145,106; squeteagues, or ‘‘sea trout,” 12,908,502 pounds, valued 
at $654,521; crabs, 13,637,079 pounds, valued at $565,564; croaker, 
16,372,134 pounds, valued at $513,975; alewives, 16,665,100 pounds, 
valued at $259,258; clams, 499,440 pounds, valued at $229,645; 
and butterfish, 3,018,842 pounds, valued at $136,894. 

Compared with 1904 there was a decrease in the number of persons 
employed in the fisheries of Virginia of 9,490, or 32.87 per cent, but 
increases in the investment amounting to $6,094,565, or 132.06 
per cent, in the quantity of products amounting to 115,903,291 
pounds, or 32.61 per cent, and in the value of the products amounting 
to $2,957,370, or 52.95 per cent. 

For comparative purposes the products of certain of the important 
fisheries of the State for various years beginning with 1890 are 
shown in the following table. It fo be noted from an examination 
of this table that the catch of shad, alewives, and squeteagues has 
fluctuated to a lesser degree than the catch of the other important 
species. There has been a marked increase in the catch of butter- 
fish, croaker, and menhaden, but a decrease in the catch of crabs 
and oysters. 


Propucts OF CERTAIN FISHERIES OF VIRGINIA, VARIOUS YEARS, 1890 To 1921. 


Species. 1890 1891 1897 1901 1904 
Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. 
Allemwi vos. hae coisk deer Mette sah oe ee: 10,641,698 | 11,013,485 | 13,689,510 | 13,913,444] 14,603, 866 
irttertishe So). : n/t ac eae sn cn home et 138, 753 120, 000 465, 828 1, 071, 860 1, 335, 391 
Créaker CU ok ES 6 AND 1,124,525] 1,075,690 | 4,161,529] 3,937,168] 3,842,709 
INrenNadon 2p iie: Gd Milne: ot Cee 107, 341, 713 | 105, 980, 334 | 178,656, 362 | 273, 493, 799 | 247, 918, 766 
Rhadeeen! Lets A MeMet ot ee 266,207 | 6,498,242} 11,529,474] 6,972,212) 7,419, 899 
Squeteagues or ‘‘sea trout”’............ 4,072,304 | 3,929,899 | 6,525,806] 7,431,496 | 6,951,068 
OTA pS tet Rte oe) MAME keen es 3,025,104 | 2,794,027] 6,399,514 | 7,401,701 | 12,266,706 
Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. 
OV a Een cit See Seem, Bee wd ace mee 6,074,025 | 6,162,086 | 7,023,848 | 6,067,669 | 7,612, 289 
Species 1908 1915 1920 1921 
Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. ounds. 
AIGWTV OSE sissanidancctccnseneondde cited de doce 37, 885, 000 16, 054, 130 16, 665, 100 18, 834, 164 
BitLenishes. catch woe ticsete oa savaeeweuctioee 203 000 Nie jeeeeoweses 3,018, 842]. occa Scere 
Groaker, 205th moete ht geek Meek eho sees AS30000) 12. chai vets ww 16,372) 11345| 9 is ae enaeaae 
Menhaden:?3 ies). 20 )55 00008. iid ek pare 190, 089, 000 |............-. 366; 379,425) (i260 l. Aen s 
UA eo cee wl a a, Malia. Re 7, 314, 000 4, 714, 134 7, 293, 805 6, 936, 001 
Squeteagues or “‘sea trout”’..............--2--6- BAD SOOO oS aac cee mites ae 12;.908, (502 (25... seem eee s 
TADS scenes hel So. di din edna teenth... Sede 25,083,000 | 20,249,386 | 13,637,079 |.............- 
Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. 


4) se Raa aV leeRa a 5,075,000 | 16,206,098 | 3,963,569 |.............- 
a Da a 2 ge > 


1 The statistics for oysters are for 1912. 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. 109 
FISHERIES BY COUNTIES. 


The following table shows the number of persons engaged, invest- 
ment, and products of the fisheries of Virginia, by counties, in 1920: 


PERSONS ENGAGED, INVESTMENT, AND PRODUCTS OF THE FISHERIES OF VIRGINIA 
IN 1920, By CouUNTIEs. 


Items. Accomac. Arlington. Caroline. Charles City. 
PERSONS ENGAGED 
Number. Value. | Number. 
Onievessels fishin ess. 52-422 Get PDT ee ee le Se cen ee 
On vessels transportin : 5 
In shore fisheries... .... ae 149 
BHOLEsSMONe. eos esertorst 5535 |} PROB alae ee 
154 
Sl fo eee TSE DOSS oS eo ae someon a= eos 
| } 
| 
| | 
| 
wee ee ee eee WeSC ee! SoeeSrioe eee eee es 
DANSE TOON RU ee His Fe SINE an AEE Settle So 
2 Seen ae 1 ee ee seer! ee oe eS Sore (mets 
ae Rome O05) eee ec eee eels See ae i ee 
"CeO ta Ree TSE SE ESET FE ene (| Fem a ee 
59, 485 53 | 3,175 15] $300 158 | $3,950 
235, 115 Ade Nee Orb Onn eee 5445 tee: 6 | 1,400 
BAO Re SU RS SIC RAE eMart ea be eo re 
Grabiscrapes= 222222: 222 24 TOA ees i eee ca Re es ave cs ened ares 
Oyster dredges......--.-.. 40 10) pseesseens Se Saseeel |e Secs ben oceon|Seosonso-)-So See 
Apparatus, shore fisheries: 
PAT SGINIGS.— «0-5 -- 2+ .- snc 12 910 5 AGO"). bos oars] emcee lee 1 300 
Guletssecctsce.s tte. 721 18, 005 64 | 8,375 94 480 154 | 8,085 
Pound nets and weirs..-.. UGG) LAO MLA occ isciemenc| ot sais oe 3 AB Oulism te Saeteal see simone 
Fyke nets..... COSSdaE RSéar 7 405 55 380 2 40 26 300 
Dip nets. ..... meando eral 330 BOO) seem tease est lace cela - hae sh clllae gots aoe ere 
Otter trawls. -<---=2.-:-.- 1 WZ Bevege soe Sele mae Sects + lewienys «2 onc tert ee see 
Lines, hand and trot......|.......-..- MPH OBT mee seems le oP eters ce ces earache | san oa aa eee 
HGIPOUSes aaierceees se see 3 p74 liter) * gdh 8 ac erg ay re (ger 2.8 10 20 
Grapscrapes: <2 2275-22127. 531 DHLOE | sa meeteeecieseaat als shames c|aee cxes les. etal ee 
Crab dredges:.-55:--.-.-.. 38 2 eee ee eee ers cca | cee area one cree o eiaraic | ee eee ent 
Crap trapss2o ee eee. cee 13 iN pat hee SSSR Sel ae A | ered 42% enema We DeES t 
Tongs, rakes, and hoes.... 1, 106 SaLG Ti aasemeee cl cence ponkc osera-elnccee hel oa. see uaN IAB oa < 
Oyster dredges: ....---...- 110 LISI Aa yal PS ais SE weirs eS ae ey I | a eRe Pe ee 
Scallop dredges........... 198 Lie 120Gb hee gS aa el ke eid Pee | eect oem bat circa er hae 
Shore and accessory property. .|........... SOMO | sess coe aee £00) | Schon sha o=- Seeks [aso cages 100 
Gash, capital... -eesssoror 22-8 )...2s5.028% 55105" ees eee Gee ter Roe Peetece Pete ese 
PRG ertiain ce ese tase we ace ince Seaee mec ise Talo} DB eee Ep Zo RLS | Se Siam eae PeZ(0 lo - eeone 14, 155 
PRODUCTS. 
Pounds Value. | Pounds. | Value. |Pounds.| Value. | Pounds. | Value 
Alewives, fresh--.-2-.2..---.2: SSO 2A Sle bI4" ose aae sects ease See 10, 800 $342 | 109,000 | $1,680 
IBIAGK ATEN. 92 sch 5+ ence nde ce 59, 480 FCM. cote ear coal| Reacher Becta [ese cece | ys wie mitene | oe tS el haere 
Minefisht. 2... - tosses 57, 595 OLE dal Pitas | icoe| LE eat ak eae tl lee raga pall Ela 
Gy Sy) Sees ie ae a 134, 750 SAIS) |S aaaseen ola sos conan => oaeeecee|s waseetaalaet aes 
tperfisnyo-- 2 Sooo so" TT 4 (ie Sat ie [ie Ol TE a le Ne de peed apt e | 7 D 
(CET Tao 2, SSC OS See Oe Pe eee es Seeman 1,795 | $160 280 14| 25,700] 2,020 
Cathie ese eaten ee eee he econ. 16, 300 795 500 25 | 22,200} 1,688 
Groakers223222285 22% <5. 2.2252 EMM TABS OL OL 7308 [mass 33/sSa GSE St| Siac coos. |e cee ieee 
HelSzcresessssaer ctw enimatice cc 5, 550 SOON tects cater teres | state cone seleerianere 2,000 120 
Blownd Graseme mass sete wines oct oe 60,710 ZEHOON See see ond sce nel ucsac seal pe dadee | amseem eee oer 
Gold fishes cece ee seco elo ic cae etclhoee eee co. 4,050 BBO" a2 2558 |S See epee eee eae 
Hickory shadisesi ee ecw cs... 4,120 PN eid pare eagle see 4, 500 TSO is Becwraralete RN renee tae 
King whiting) soft 2: 15, 443 17-2 RA ea LP eel as Ey Ua A i BR 
Mackerel: <2sszasaseetee- oases 70, 417 BSA5O Nie aces Satane wafas onesie clone amerelee tae co leans 
Monhaden= oni BT ORIMOnO eno ATO | usteet cksaae [ergo ns | ences heen Snr oA Is ane 
MABE e555 .50cs eee se 223, 163 4, 555 1, 820 FGI Res wR, Sc Ul Rae te A Te 
(Perch white Sse eee eee ee 1,325 123 | 2,070 194 | 5,020 498 
Perch, yellow........... One A Re Seencose] Racecar el WOM poems ei cec s 50 


110 


U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


Persons ENGAGED, INVESTMENT, AND PRopucTs OF THE FISHERIES OF VIRGINIA 
tn 1920, py CountTres—Continued. 


Items. Accomac. Arlington. Caroline. — 
PROoDUCTS—continued. 
: Pounds Value. | Pounds. | Value 
(POMPEO Semes ae slats t= scat ohne 


Redfish or red drum.... 


Sheepshead. --.-.--.-.-.--.--- 
Spanish mackerel. ........---- 
SF Opi AE Rees Oe Ors ie ee se 
Squeteagues or “‘sea trout’... - 
Striped bass.\-.2c= ee ea 
Shur PeGtes. =. schoo eee cee cee 
Sturgeon caviar......-.-.----- 
Crabs, Nard aes pence ene tana 
eles SOLU; 22> - Peete sa< == 


Charles City. 


. |Pounds.| Value. | Pownds.| Value. 


17,231 | 26,332 | 1,844 471, 20 | 62, 886 


Essex. 


56, 985,056 |1,431,422 | 108,762 
Items Chesterfield. Dinwiddie. Elizabeth City. 
PERSONS ENGAGED. Num- 
; ber. | Value. | Number.| Value. | Number 

On vessels fishing. oo. lcs oa 2| ole weenie onl ow wa) mm poe eet |p min win wig 
On vessels transporting. .---..|......-- SAE i: | Sees Bel Sos ee oe 
In shore fisheries: ..-.-------- ZA ES been 0 ee ee BOTh sao 
Shoresmen=ssoa2t2:2-c-e eo -|- > == NS yl Se | Ie Se. OUT laemiense 


Boats, sail, row, etc........... 
Boats, power......-.--- Shee 
Apparatus, vessel fisheries: 
Crab dredges.....-..+...-. 
Oyster CLedres acai 
Apparatus, shore fisheries: 
Haulseimes: fesse 2 ote 
Gill metsssesunt secs 
Pound nets and weirs..... 


Lines, hand and trot...... 
1 Be Oy ae 5 SSS ee 
Crap dredges cat 
Tongs, rakes, and hoes... . 
Oyster dredges.......--.-- 
Shore and accessory property. 
Cashicapital: «122 cse5t teen 


Seed 


26 1, 140 
28 1,155 

8 
201 | 29, 550 

6 

6 

52 

4 
es eee 326, 234 
tres EE 2 83, 000 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. Lil 


Persons ENGAGED, INVESTMENT, AND PRODUCTS OF THE FISHERIES OF VIRGINIA 
IN 1920, By CounTrEs—Continued. 


Items. Chesterfield. Dinwiddie. Elizabeth City. Essex. 
PRODUCTS. 
Pounds.| Value,| Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. Value. | Pounds.| Value. 
Alewives, fresh.........-....-- 6,000 | $120} 100,000 | $3,000 | 1,120,000] $8,750] 5,350] $164 
ibisielish cece kj aecct -_todliue tnd See SE eras | aeeenstee 5 6, 870 
BSQUHIOE SPP boc st cinta cece cee tice lone sce Galcht seb betas cele deere 200 
IULOTES Mie cn a ycicesiess spsclenseabae|cawecanibnceeeseeslemeaes = 694, 400 
(CPR - SAR GSeSRSeE Baan oee eee 1, 000 60 3, 000 ASO Frcteva cna trerctn | SESE a 
(CPISES Ll eee eeeeee Gene EEE eer 1, 200 72 21s GOO! fe a Pe 862s| cach ances eecewcess s 
OCU Ge actin micrmrncicjereicnm:ntaiavararntare'| enw avavercrate forenrereere | wetretiteua a estee tes 269, 800 
GNGAEDE son «3. fob. Soe oes | nace Fae naeaet ocemecastaclebetann= 4, 465, 600 
AGUS Becerra =tata aio =a sTee ior ainisio| i sielae Stal Siateemlatel | Sie almretals tere] letaleratetere . 
iS ferninve SS a Se ee ae te sen eraeeen secre ase] Coaddacis 28, 900 
Givgard saaden*. a5 astoet - 3 ch eed AIRS oe. . 2] - See apo emieeles ole cece aime ce lowes ses 
realy ei SS Be SB bese os) Seo ace o Secerad soos ese Meacrcrs 30, 700 
RGU ORIN = on che oo Some mance Siltaaee cl pence ses | sem ecicnn 4,700 
MennadGne fe - =< 4. ceieaie cs talk See cese 9,600 
UCIT ee oe See 40, 000 
Perch, white 7,900 
Pigtish 27 eee cae a 4, 880 
Pikeron mickerel: of. . o sce hane|siscs8e2=|asmsaselay ,.. (40) OG188 | Seo Si oo. 
INGERDANORR —f <2c5 Sonn connec sare 200 
Redfish or red drum.. 500 
Soph gsceeces -aeee 4,350 
Spa hasstea.2---2cccs-c 1,100 
Spade $e eee eb. joa... aa 408, 600 
Sheepshead 50 
STDS IAT SA a Vel a2) GI Se Se ce o| Cneeced) | Seeecsse Bosmernc 5, 900 
SiDTF as Sas conabne See paeee abel dase oe lessaena loneecacend S-cseece 142, 400 
Sanetescueson< "sea trout”... .-|. cceveisinda~-c|acmacenees|steasee- 2, 076, 000 
Siriped! bass-.- <<... <c--c6e=- 200 71) |b aoeeeee Beeoeeee 9,700 
SUGDSSUM. - OSS S956 SASS SRSSHSSS SSCS 442 cS ASS) 5- See SSS Shee 5, 250 
SIERO (CO ee SoA ee sooe Cpebere LSet sand oc Ons cee Bem orem 544 
Grabs, Bardeer st css css - elects alse cb OS Bs. sob eeus wees 2, 038, 900 
CIPI, ETCH 50 SS he SO ee pone eeebore | Seeoad||S = 58: Sose6| becoader 13, 600 
Oysters, market, public. ---..-)..- 2. -.)-. foe [anne n ne 157, 500 
Oysters;manket, private. — =~ -- |. 22. Js/e- ce. < | ecinacieln = -| «naa = =- « 2, 273, 754 
COSTS SLES LATO) 008) SOS A Re oe Seid Oe See receeris 548, 100 
ANTE IIGS 0, Sek 5 Se aaa ey eee (RN Ol Os 2 7, 500 
Motaleere sce 2... 2.58585 45,500 | 7,200 | 146,140 | 7,940 | 14,379,698 | 636,001 | 412,275 | 41,405 
Items. Fairfax. Gloucester. Henrico. Isle of Wight. 
PERSONS ENGAGED. Num- 
ber. | Value.| Number. | Value. | Number.| Value. | Number. | Value. 
Minivessels TSHIN PL. | sn scen|s  cscbec|esce sts Bilacarctiecs lessees onc] pee 74), Sea 
On vessels transporting.......)........|.--.-..- AO et 2. sete 2.) cen ses tal eee ee 
In shore fisheries.............- (Ol ee DOE [oes oe dais 6D) ) Js. See RAN ZIF. O52 
MHOLSIM DAM Ee Cristce <5 5 set eERE |G ss cone s|eeseetatl a cccectenn canes att |cocs cone) sce ccunia Td (Seto et 
oi N(2 | f21 repie ye Seabee naa S04 fossa e: 
INVESTMENT. 
Vessels fishing, gasoline.......|........|.....-.. 2 gL s SOO crete te maliges sect 1 $700 
YATE STS Er See ee BBG Eee 4 sc AREER 1 See oe es See ery Cb sce Guicuseeee 
Wri itise emery ac casa net soles saee |S concrete eoserss oe SOO! fic sce nticls s| Aoraraearsnl| Soest 50 
Vessels transporting, gasoline-!........|........ ABT Z2IGOO ee est a soneaas 4] 4,600 
PNM AS Oe ots see cae shale acimcee's| waa voees TESS Se OSs Ghe so) sc abae 8 5 Pee 
CONSTR Seal Soe rar dea aaa Oe lek are bs lar eee TO een bea (SR heel [BSE 1,000 
Vessels transporting, Sail 2... .| oc oc tl ccn cee 2 T8008 Css cstene|Gamcaroc|geoeemoseeieeeeeee 
a0 Tk eee SS ee PS | Ree oe ae ee QOS ce Bloc ah sees aaniannas edaseeaacetieeeeees 
OSTUn ETS ee ke ee eel Cae [Re eC | |S PA5 ie a2) ese] Sanesans boca eeeee eeeeeee 
Boats, sail, row, etc........... 50 | $1,745 264 7,650 60 | $1,500 29 675 
IBOAUS WOW Clas. ot nino io deo ks 18 | 3,525 AGHA, 54)825n|2 oe ose o |e ence 145 | 38,050 
Apparatus, vessel fisheries: 
WONSHEOUCUPOR= ooo. ooo ss | occ a nsnAhdc do eck 2 BO! hate ctea | aes 2 1 30 
"RORHSeeters vaat SRE as cae Be- |. 5s cae. soe 2 1 23 | Rema HO eae Jr eT re 
Apparatus, shore fisheries: 
Haulseiness ona cst. ces 5 GSbs| Sooo e os ieee a oees| thoes esate cases 2 350 
Gill nets. Sk geese. 525. 30 | 3,340 131 480 45 } 1,125 5,557 | 13,974 
Pound nets.and weirs-....|........|..------ RODS) BS 4050 ces )4 5 oir rina 4 , 500 
Byke Nets. note. 0.2 353 | 2,405 25 | 1,010 20 40 80 | 4,200 
WaITLOS, DANG AME tT Ole cocoa lea anc dalled eu aicemce mse c's DOD: |S 35 smitees | aateastqallan ene eee 18 
Slat trans On DASKeis seta [oon cd oolacactced [ae ec cta coterie coer ocrers 40 01h ae tie [= 
MG) POU. oa ccat Oe I: Go sehen acne Meth cee |e cee eae ee ee dak wa tenance coo las aiets oe 55 100 
111621°—22——-8 


£12 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


Persons ENGAGED, INVESTMENT, AND PRODUCTS OF THE FISHERIES OF VIRGINIA 
IN 1920, By CounTIES—Continued. 


Items. Fairfax. Gloucester. Henrico. Isle of Wight. 
INVESTMENT—continued. 
Appar shore fisheries— | Nwm- 
ontinued. ber. Value. | Number. | Value. | Number.| Value.| Number. | Value. 
Tongs, rakes, and hoes....|........|...--..- B13 |) -$2;3708 | 5 ca ocewenl sss ate 188 | $1, 260 
Ovster.dredgesse ic... Be]. SOR sob nee es 2 50) |sesiarecec|secce os c|.ceeeee neem 
Shore and accessory property..|........ $450 |. CO eek 8, 12BA| ace centn| sacs re ode emeee eee 15, 400 
Cashicapitals 55.655 <<a. ssere| oo eeee 


PRODUCTS. 


Alowives fresh: ..36F=,3-~.--AKe|e. ae- 
Butterfish Fes ee ike once Hepa See 


Hickory shad . 
Mullet 
Perch, white. 
Perch, yellow. 
Pigfish.........- 
Pike or pickerel - 
Sh 


Spanish mackerel 22. 3..../ 2).5.....- 
Spot ac nn ek Hata ne AN ee ane ce I 600 
Squeteagues or “‘sea trout’’...|........].---.-.- 1,324,990"| 66,250. | 22.222 .2)soc-ec3 38,250 | 3,330 
Striped bass---- --Sea-226--c25 3,625 725 16, 950 S156. ||soe5rss2nlosoeses 14,880 | 2,976 
SPELT 0B aes tog. Gaeeeromc|\¢ a erosa Soe rceer 1,650 3848 Bepeecerc| Saemenes Godca~snccc)c2 coc 
Seurepomics var =) so 3 5. eases oe fo satoe 295 (1.0 Pee ER BS SA el sss 5 
Grabs; hard (624-28 ste ot feel osrasete <node 962,666 ||). .25,980)) 2 2:0.22.|2-2-5-0- 6, 250 200 
Clamis Hard..- 3 Aap 8s- sis od ae lace ce ines ameen eae 4,928 D944 noses aks lowe cetosfe ce deter ete eee 
Oysters, markets public: 2-5 Msio5. 2. c.<hscendese 2405590). -25,1684 |\so2ocs2 ok sess 525,000 | 33,750 
Oysters, market, private.-=2--|=-2+---2|:--2-2-- Ct TA) | he Ut Sel esesecac becmmece 137,585 | 9,827 
Oysters, seed, public..........}........|.-..-+-- 14, 000 0004 b SF. 622 = | soseocs 1,183,700 | 42,275 
Notalicscsseessces- cee 272,990 | 31,515 | 7,082,004 | 341,695 | 736,600 | 16,536 | 2,410,578 |143,770 


Items. James City. King George. 


PERSONS ENGAGED. 
Number. | Value. | Number. | Value. 
On vessels transporting. .-..-- 8 2 
Inshore fisheries... .......22.. 
Shoresmenizsssececseoese22% 222 


INVESTMENT. 


Vessels transporting, gasoline... 


Boats, sail, row, etc..........- 

Boats, POWer-<. 2. <boocccmad soc 

Apparatus, shore fisheries: 
FS mSINOS © cb cine tenn 
GUS oan ects oe ne wncte ee 


Tinss nandand trotesdcer|ctasodetnslsbasaead| tapioca 
MSL VOSS sos cnet atone ae 
Tongs, rakes, and hoes. . . 
Oystordredges: case: « afeiecoete PE Poe caw elec ceee wae sheet tnaleee bette | am te sets 

Shore and accessory property..|---------- 

Cash Capital. <2. cpcccwwceceoaleececus bee cle seteed beter e tal sete bets Stem teeter ae esas |tanmematere 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. 


113 


Persons ENGAGED, INVESTMENT, AND PRopucts OF THE FISHERIES OF VIRGINIA 
IN 1920, By CountTIEs—Continued. 


Items. 


PRODUCTS. 


Hickory shad 
Mullet 


Squeteagues or “‘sea trout’’... 


James City. King George. | King and Queen.| King William. 

Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value. | Pounds.| Value. 

5 care 80,000 | $3,200 | 155,630 | $4,822 |....-..-../-.....--] 2,000 $50 

err 21,800 | 1,454 5, 755 AK [Sa aes ey Ran ie EE RE Ye (ea 

Be cid 61,300 | 4,716 37,100 | 2,062 6, 300 $378 | 35,000 2,100 

Sets 2, 400 1950 | Joes 2 Sle aes oe 2 2, 400 96 11, 025 441 

Searahe 13, 650 1,099 100 By eae aes oe Ss 8, 000 640 

eae 6, 190 Lt 7a) Pe eS eR ee 120 10 750 60 

eos 6, 100 19 Se eee) Gooey] Ete seer \eo ee el MRO Ene 

Boe oe see ta bes | Sec. ee ae ee 4, 560 UST WEe Soe wie eeadems|scnics tees eeeeeee 


MEEIPOG) DASS.-2 05-2 oe. -- 2 = ence 21,950 | 4,390 21,835 | 4,600 i 1,300 

SUL 00 eon eee eee eee 2, 240 Ta BS Searda= || Sano sou5| ise gseneel|secer ced Poaaccc\eekccc sic 

Sturgeon caviar.......-......- 237 ESE Gapr sce epboece| one cone saan =e pecPe Semone amel ete ce ce 

BUCKOLS eee sec ccoe =< es- = se) Sais 1,300 BO. asc See od lie Saeco ese ool Ne eae ee 

Grabs: Nard <<. 5. ise. 42-4. 288) aoe ~~ 3. bs 8 sae ots 64,375 | 2,060 56,250 | 1,350] 18,750 450 

Oysters, market, public..-..--|-..-.-.2:2]---.-2- 51,310 | 3,600 185900). 15/790) |fewnt Seen] see ere 

Oysters, market, private...... 378, 0004! 401500; se 5). ea pesk 3-23 420,000 | 45,500 | 539,000 | 58, 707 

cL '0 7  a ee 743, 299 | 81,343 | 448,700 | 34,541 | 647,841 | 82,297 | 673,896 | 71,949 
Items. Lancaster. Mathews. Middlesex. Nansemond. 
PERSONS ENGAGED. 
Number. Value. | Number. | Value. | Number.| Value. | Number. | Value. 

On vessels fishing. ......-. BOL |neeeaae cre Datars staan Botte. wr. da Sate Erocrs Recto « erate 

On vessels transporting. - ETE ies ake She oe clin Se aate pawl Seen SR PH Id bee ete 

In shore fisheries.......-. 998 loa: sae ee i ee DODGE eso. o A376). cece 

Shioresmen.?-- 255... 0-.-- S02 eee aeate te Gln eee 32: 17 | ee SOU aes se 

PROG LS Sa ceissmis alseieo Dole Nesey see EY i7 (| RE eee W207 |Sosaoee - TSR |S sera 
INVESTMENT. 

Vessels fishing, steam. . .. 6)|S268) 000s teak toons t= Jc |e Tene Mel tea coe ee ee 
MoOnnare sce ae MOZD Re. cc se Ih «beard te CMe pee soe. (loot Olt locos amie 
CONTE CORE Brae Sel Be eie ae cea 683000) | copcop Sty = oral eect anon nace ee, bese ec | Seekee ees cael eee ae 

Vessels fishing, gasoline. 10 | 217,050 2 | $2,300 1 | $2000) }iqoetec ek eee See 

OMAP IS ae oem cde ee iG bel aac eee 1 |Sdeiscecis|'= Sareea Oe 
OA a sect tn mininims op ao | slo nin) brattehe =o DT 290) | ont seem 800s So eee = 400) |. 320: sSeee sass 

Vessels transporting, gas- 

UNG. sa se secs ee 22 26, 000 16 | 41, 400 8 | 18, 100 12 |$15, 200 
PRORNAES cn ae 11S) ol eee IG5y aces tears ibe eee ALT Senate 
Jini SS Gke SAR ee Cae eee eC Sa ee OU G86" so peseees 2, 660 .|ezsterostec'? 2, 400 

Vessels transporting, sail. 2 1,600 4 | 10, 500 Di L400! bate eeseca|seeeee 
Tonnapes..-2-.--- asi 7 Re ee 83) | S36 acne DTD... os Sele sented feet 2 
OUtits aaa o- = <2) 2 =< |S s~- 22 les - 5 (Onl esate tenes ZR SOO Pegs ta acs DOO!|| 2 5 as, ates eRe < 

Boats, sail, row, etc...... 156 4, 875 497 | 15, 065 161 | 5,250 33 925 

Boats, power.........-.-. 388 | 103,180 334 |100, 525 407 | 79,725 58 | 17,600 

Apparatus, vessel fish- ; 

eries: 

Purse seines.......--. 12 28,900" occ ctan meric went as = seals seme Aacile comic |e. setae aa) seeeuaer 
MTS DIGTEULESt- se cnt colecsccnccsceclioweracees 2 GON ass eg Fo [tees pains. 6 ga SE eae 
Mauser GLEGGOS! eee ee oot doe cee omon ete: 8 5 150) pee ley e y 1F Se OR |e ey || = YR 
HUPSsacceseaac sete 6 MOOS cratitecicneloe we See 2 AD W sia a eel «.<| Sauna a 
Apparatus, shore fish- 


eries: 


Fy 
Dip nets 
Lines, hand and trot... 
Tongs, rakes, and 
HhOeS Faw Satis cna l ag 
Oyster dredges....... 
Shore and accessory prop- 


rg ae Dedeer renter cl aa SD) lbeonse «teu eaae 
576 | 5,714 635 | 7,890 133 804 

4 1, Satna ie Habe) 1 m5 eas 

Epi Pes ame 24/650 5ST TOO |ecaute « hi ho yO 
Ss ro 34200. Yai tee. -s. | 22, 800"|-2 2. aA 
9.) ee 353, 513 |..........|154,136 |..........| 62, 754 


114 


U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


Persons ENGAGED, INVESTMENT, AND Propucts OF THE FISHERIES OF VIRGINIA 
IN 1920, By CountTiEs—Continued. 


Ttems. Lancaster. Mathews. Middlesex. Nansemond. 
PRODUCTS. 
Pounds Value Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value. 
Alewives, fresh........... 2,060, 353 | $46,580 | 3,057,900 |$39,034 | 72,500 | $1,900 | 38,225 | $1,015 
Alewives, salted........-.. 20, 000 SOON eee eee see Pte siene cls Cela etal Sea oe een er 
Belnehish sas sec n min aisci~'='2 2,190 438 3, 556 OO SRE Hae RRARREeel Secs seiccrs mnecatat 
‘Buttertisie:.2)---25-.... 20, 200 1,175 361,|9955|| 10 |S000 | sees eae 495 24 
Giwzardishad.-.- otccn-me- 
Hickory shad 
King whiting 
Menhaden::..-........... 
Millet i 0e-0- 25 cere oc 
Perch, white.........-..- 
Pionah at eo hae: 
psc ORO Ber Sarees sos ae 72 42 
Shad: noses eee 526,129 | 82,019 | 2,295,730 305,916 | 22,554 | 2,900| 77,197 | 14,275 
Spanishanackerelssse. 4--|2seeee== =. a-|ee ner --e 2,479 SBE Samase seoe| aoosotsel |Ssscetses,| soc s555 
Spot. OHaes tee 6, 700 356 71,347 | 4,000 450 3 |... Se ee 
Squeteagues or ‘“‘sea 
LOU 74-teee ee see oes 59, 150 3,113 | 1,375, 230 | 68, 834 34,500 | 3,150 5, 750 288 
Striped bass..........-.-- 33, 025 6, 651 9,035 | 1,807 400 80 9,350 | 1,870 
Sturecou=--------1---<--- 1,040 312 1,815 40S" |e nc cca cle emececs|earce see se beeeeete 
Sturgeon caviar....------| 50. .2.---2|-5-------- 314 eed] PBeeee wees |t eee sae | 2 eee eee 
(Crabs ald ecencecceeo en 211, 900 6, 357 926, 200 | 28,138 | 622,700 | 18, 681 200 75 
Crabsysottreens.fenensee 45, 760 80814 sesceesleeele re sede ee sete Saale Seer see 
Clams, hard.) os25<.- bat paces ssacbed|bosemee do: 46G40)). UTS O7S |i osc =.2|P oe: < areas! oleate eure ee 
Oysters, market, public..| 1,094,835 | 131,612 | 661, 262 | 70,320 2, 118,340 |236, 321 | 873, 600 | 56, 360 
Oysters, market, private. 29, 238 38, 878 453, 432 | 46, 695 7, 350 7 398, 685 | 28, 450 
Oysters, SCGds DUDHCK =e RN hoe on ee as| cine mce nan eicc ae «ate aoe itll ew anc cei eee 722,750 | 25, 813 
Wopateccascee se = 109, 998, 635 | 745, 951 [is 206, 233 |645, 729 |2, 903, 744 |265,053 |2, 229, 452 |131, 946 
Items. New Kent. Norfolk. Northampton. Northumberland. 
PERSONS ENGAGED. Num- 
ber. | Value. | Number Value. | Number. | Value. | Number. Value 
On vesselsfishings .....<)/-cce cecil sascienme 19: | aeseant hte OSh| Sasa se 13087: |eweuewiscies 
On vessels transporting. .|........|..-.---- 46 Noce hoon aS hemcmeee 207 eon nomatae 
In shore fisheries -......- 204" Seteace Bo/522.Seee 1a aera Re coi Bernas ssc 
SHOreSMOM Soc aeoe eet eee meee toes c ene O38: |rsorh 222% ee ee Por L037 eae 
19) | ee Se 208 ne note 1336: | 0.3 echoes Se FF bs BR 5 1 il eh aA se 
INVESTMENT. 
Wesselsifishing; steam... |o 26.1.) -cncerpeascsce teens ceesteem= = 3 |$123, 750 30 |$1, 566, 406 
pte: (ee CE | Mes 5) en cc Rec aeAScl PrOnCo ag) pemmen mech MSOReoIse ROU al leseer sae sae 
OU GH occa ecte oe |b ac bec cen Some loc mm tape Olinnn = acelin 19; 250" |S sconces cone 352, 849 
Vessels fishing, gasoline..|........|....---. Be S22 0000 U4. < Seca. s|snc comes 10 60, 375 
IDORMANG «daha s atone as areola rondane Ci eee BR Ae RS an Sees ede ton 166 2 So occa 
ON ieee wen ct seer enloseeeeee fuer eens seetsreerectars Ey gees speee serer dens) Seaceao see 5, 700 
Wessels ishing, Salle ous. <sne|ar ones an| nceree tee [coerce omc melebip le ~ninie||= 0m salani 11 6, 850 
IOUT AL Oca eure es essl| trem cet aidaien alae» afeaiciae Oints|| 0's eee mleree [Caiatelacie mia = al elme's'eim c= a1 al GARE ee 
OT besoeee ohne bh cl oteceec olaeedoeee omer atten [sas nee ene rem mnnee acre tem oll ama ats itera 2, 760 
Vessels _ transporting, 

PHCOMM GE os teene nc cae seen nel ce etenle 21 58, 500 18 | 16,300 23 39, 650 
MOUMACGn tee eee | eens ee ele ees 192 ass seesne 156) sem eee 186. | oer 
OD fgroscoee tees |ote eo -|-=seb sealer eeeeces eh el Pe ceseis iat SAID NC soca eee 11, 165 

Vessels transporting, sail |........|.-..---- 2 3, 2] 3, 9 33, 050 
OMMEPO> once dewecnn|= amo cee | see emes (eee 2D |Last 506 5). as eee 
OUD Toco ee tale fa betes once see See tee eee UO P peo ae TR eae Pee 2, 995 
Boats, sail, row, etc. .--. 149 | $3, 835 192 4,575 439 | 15, 811 863 21, 765 
Boats, power--......---- 13 | 2,350 72 21, 050 68 | 43,795 244 69,715 
Apparatus, vessel fish- 

eries: 

PURO MOINES. 22. et ac|o nok eso wn nama|eees <p tel meee ween a 3 | 7,500 30 77, 000 

Crab-dredlees. Jo o6dsc|-cena deal site eee s 2 A EAR ERs coi aes) Re aca Seatesaee 

Oyster, dredges -- oo) oso tcl ccs aman 14 BLO Ne nsw aomeccsleremeasn 64 870 
Apparatus, shore fish- 

eries: 

Haul seines. .......- 5 | 1,100 15 8, 550 TOA, O75. | cao te ce meen eiaiee erin = 
Gill nets; :~ uss e8 317 | 2,750 80 1,105 20 | 1,110 2 350 
Pound nets and 

weils..... Saweestes ‘ 100 18 18, 900 55 1188, 270 281 128,775 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. 


115 


Persons ENGAGED, INVESTMENT, AND PrRopuctTS OF THE FISHERIES OF VIRGINIA 
IN 1920, By CounTres—Continued. 


Items. New Kent. Norfolk. Northampton. Northumberland. 
INVESTMENT—contd. 
Value. | Number. | Value.| Number. Value. 
MV HOtSsa seaman cisco |- wcacintgel = eatelt ce eee eb rebtelnte lb weaitraccinc |S cceecee 2 $25 
Dive eae ao Soe in ees) Bee eer Es 53. 2 SSIES 56 Saal | eee eemee eee a= 457 152 
Lines, hand and trot. BOAO oS eminnieion $1 020-2. .saeee 534 
Bel POUSse= 6 <= <== =~ See SS Se oo Bo steel aoc Aba ee ease Se eee 110 215 
MIPUS PORES. = ot sever. |E een n pon weeee | ete bere leet 2 10) |. fo cheese | Seeeey ee « 
Tongs, rakes, and 
OESss-. geese os 902 292 | 1,191 366 2,103 
WOysrer Greg ees. 5-1 |2- ae d-< [tat setae [eo omeeee ts etn iioe cell ee are acd eee eee 54 850 
shes a) oO bitets (Seed ER eared Asebe osc Seccseesane=se6cbses 106 (MO) retain armas I aS sia = 
Shore and accessory 
WLODORLY =o oo555 seen s--|2gseec.s] | BBD! 3-5 -ee ese T4Q Ole) Lae a 5-3 208562 |: Sac sess 1,046, 779 
Seach capiiale os ot sence oe [ob etn eee ae 215.000) |b. te2 25-2 2 850) It fate ao eee 169, 100 
otal scence dit sass LT OAT ees es ees Bb EA We oy cee eget 769, 264... 4 sesasee 3, 600, 033 
Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value.| Pounds Value. 
Alewives, fresh 69, 000 $1, 380 21, 000 $210 | 5,726, 586 $77, 184 
apwavess salted. 52-410 00089! A00N fees Sassi sys pep as eo al oe Semgalh Ste: ete Soleo Se 
welhvelie cl ober kee ds Bev Rise | Gis Soka oe See ey Re Seal Meee eee 500 LY BRS B ee coor seers 
Bluefish 2, 480 406 101, 538 | 13, 803 970 101 
Bonito 425 65 4G, SUS" 4,678) | co < «aos tet eens 
Butterfish 85, 950 5,097 | 698, 047 | 49, 600 16, 675 900 
BET ace cioc SEC IE EEE SEE (2 cesta es SEE aga bs a a) | |e Se 4, 000 160 
CISTI Sachem p oe eesere c05(00, 2 Vii 1600 J ik ieee [i SS | SPUR Sey | Sa e 1, 100 40 
Crevallé 37, 900 1,650 18, 250 #00 |Pue asec hase anes aia 
Croaker 256, 000 9,625 | 1,632,050 | 75, 962 688, 000 7, 482 
J Re cconcecicdod SS Saal eee ee] ae eae 50 1 1, 085 250 16, 870 2,358 
Flounders. . 51, 250 3, 746 26, 279 690 10, 724 448 
Hickory shad 1, 600 “| SS See Oe eee 20, 390 883 
King whiting 4,700 308 2,971 445) |. 2. 2 aaaaehsleaeeeee< 
Monhadorietas-) foes. c|-b eeenon| ne een Eee ae | are 12, 025, 500 | 23, 894 |207, 598, 310 | 1, 463, 722 
Mullet 141, 300 5, 995 Se S70 ol 400) hee ces Seen 
Opennismtisne tee fons ns |e Sees eee sea Soe. eal tk siaeeie = 100 Ul eee ae as eee 
Perch, white 28, 350 RT ghee oe | Sena ee 2, 455 250 
Pigfish. . . 12,010 562 7, 820 DOS cciccinenins| Sa gees 
12. TU TO ine Be yet) Ie GEE Ge SMM EN Bes See Peet a| Ie Rete eye es 1,150 ZAQN): Docs one oon: lesusecee L 
MedtishVor red) drum: -}. 2.260. [oto 2, 400 48 22, 800 238i, 2 tse c'e cic eins (aaa 2 
STC TE Braised’ CEE ees te| Mae Re Paar ich 2  e ( e U2 (0) ie Oe 9 Fes een Heys 2 oe 
Bombasgens hss so8s ssa]. ake s a 4, 000 3, 500 TOS 33.5 Does cece lt weenie « 
SiGe 6. ee a ae 211,741 | 32,322 | 63,358 6, 747 11,363 | 2,258 | 1,281,488] 218,070 
BHCEPSHEA s- asus sr ess seeps ssoss lee ouac| pee ciddecoe le ee erates om 825 126 |S i 2% 5, sc erat | foci eicto < 
Spanistamackerel:-=22222)sss2222|uee eee 22 250 33 4, 435 665 ooo oe. eee aera = 
Popes sencess secs prs ssrczcli ser scc: 260, 800 26, 098 43,638 | 3,095 18,115 1,075 
Squeteagues or ‘‘sea 
RGU eer = eanaases|ressstn alata. ss 303,600 | 19,480 | 1,813,120 | 92, 047 436, 450 11, 147 
Striped bass...........-. 200 40 420 84 3,225 | 1,140 49, 330 8, 241 
Pinecone es 9.2. - seine fis S| eos... 5, 260 1, 043 47,650 { 6,748 500 102 
Sturpeon-caviar. -.2-2222|:222s52}s22---6¢ 850 2,475 ¥59001)) 4,192"). ooo o ec cctas|pceseete 
PSUTIEZOOMFOS 2: < 32 Ses 22 52 Moses 2. sosscad secede dese [tebe » Sead EE acSAer iS scqneear 101 150 
Yellowtail or “silver 
PGR? tetescresarrass|sscasess|eeansaee 2, 500 ol eremta tects Sata eieterciale rat ete cle aise tall iota aes a 
Grabs, hard. 22. secs a2c)ecsaseee|-seasee2 1, 206, 075 41,951 664, 151 | 22, 120 545, 065 20, 068 
DraApSySeri sy = sessed. [See a. poo Per Ses. es 19,862 | 3,125 144, 748 30, 625 
Wlsinswbard see csesasiecclbedsrcseeesce. 4, 872 2, 085 PE AP Tp? | Lester n ay yee eaean mee (Re = Be 
Oysters, market, public |........|..--.... 735, 000 57, 750 214, 550 | 17, 808 566, 972 55, 850 
Oysters,market, private | 9,100 | 1,000 |1,057,581 | 95,911 } 1,457, 631 |123, 076 412, 510 46, 540 
DVStensysced, p UDG -252|s-sse2o2|tctrerassletecccesse|tiatencloes 283, 500) |) 8, LO0)|= 2c Jc eae eh eee © 
See Os SS es aa (a a ee eee ae eee (eee Se 12 COON "3; 000 oe Socec cen |eeer riers 
nimgles cSt 855. Seat 5-3 LOXON0S| Pet 000+ ke ssasssalbeh Bees. cc[cue eas not OLAS MER es ache levi F ie 
EGER ee See eee caaed 480 OO attea rare e ena Sct tee nae ce] are sc to | Ste cess cots: lacaepeeeer 
PIGWHO SCALES Scie asceealroosssre|=co toons eat UNS osc] aadesee age tsocced|sasseses 10, 203 1, 055 
NGC eg Bee ees 551, 521 | 50, 282 |4,337,981 | 285, 555 |19, 285, 849 |485, 429 |217, 551, 562 | 1, 946, 451 
Items Princess Anne. | Prince George. | Prince William. Richmond. 
PERSONS ENGAGED. 
; Number.| Value.| Number.| Value. | Number.| Value.| Number.| Value. 
On vessels fishing ates. =... ate teeeeee etre cas|s0 aboot occ | Geos soe Olt eacese Ce ee ee 
Oni-venseleiiranepontitipys 2 sons emeen 5 omc [ans see tee tie ate bm ote coc} ae ce bc ees | feb ce cae eT ee 
In shore fisheries ...........-- 309) | os -c22 5 (th (Sere (heh hee eneee 239! | Zo 2eeee 
HOresinGi seca te esses rss bae eee eal. neem al ee ee el sc cnc cot Pama pan Oa tee om oar OSs aeoe: 
Totaliicwwonecsececcose C12! [ee ipa TO) ene ona £35 3H tee nde 350 


116 


U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


Persons ENGAGED, INVESTMENT, AND PRODUCTS OF THE FISHERIES OF VIRGINIA 
IN 1920, By CountTrEs—Continued. 


Items. Princess Anne. Prince George. | Prince William. Richmond. 
INVESTMENT. 
Number.| Value.| Number.| Value.| Number. 
Vessels fishing, gasoline. .. ...|.-.-------]--------|---------+|--------]- 22-222 |-- eee eee 
Tonnage. .....-----------|------- 20+ |--- 2-22 - [eee ee eee] eee ee -|- ee eee eee] eee eee 
(Oiinit}) ee se Semester sel oS os rests lac ese Sel Soa S504) (SSermeco|lascme soot: 
Wessels fishing. Sails see score e eee | ete eee eee ee 1 
Tonnage 2h |beacaone Sal soseesac|posaqscses| far so5ae 6 
Onthtel se. ccs OS Bee Geese Beene Benno hhh bennnnnn Sener rnoon 
iMessels transporting, easoline|eeceec cs =|. e-em) Sane =e nee ee eer eee eee 
Loletel 22) ee re Oe ag seene |b sscrona sol secoddss| pemoesact Sorecss|poocinapicss|icesaasce 
(O)b init aa ee ee ee Shere Bcc Seanad HES eaeee| Bere sc ocsr amt on so sedacoseed | soscrsd||sesoos>—=- 
Boats, sail, row, etc.........- 41 | $1, 350 16 
Boats, power... ..0----------- 7} 1,400 36 
Apparatus, vessel fisheries: 
lati) SCINES nee Seer eet ewe eet enn Rote es ele ce eee eek See ee 1 
YO CS ep engosogg sag SoSdor | SsoctOde og Socscasos| seresecced HSso45s4| 45 7saseeer| i sesoncs 
Apparatus, shore fisheries: 
Haul seines. ....--.------ OZ as SOON ot semanas ab eee 3 
Gillnetse se s-2- os 2-- ee = ll 34] 2,550 37 
Pound nets and weirs DATIO S200 sect eee eh eee te oc ce ee homes 
Pyke netsreeess2. 2-2 <5 15 33 495 79 
tines Shand and troteee.4 sees eee e000 ll sameeren al Bee eee bee 
Eel pots Se ootisgscs sone bosib sodege 32 64 55 
Tongs, rakes, and hoes. 63 PRAT) + eeairenene |Pae, < aan ope mune ses | eee eee 
Shore and accessory property. Eee ta aie aia Os G0) ete mre aietaletoee! eee |Site 
(GFAsto cosy ah TLS NS 8 OR ee occa Sem caone| ae secame = bam SRR) Sees | See oe 
Oba eee ere se ieee a ce enes see Pan OCU aL eR BS" Rebeca ace 
PRODUCTS. 
Pounds. Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value. 
Alewives, fresh..........----- 110, 500 66,000] $930 600 $15 | 36,652 $769 
Black basseetee lech see oes 2 SADT O00) 44. D20 2 Be ce ee ce ete el ee ee om oe le ne eae ell aimee i 
Bluefish) csjo2s2ss2c4 S36. W976 |p B27 | cb coe ote | sche eos Late cencce stabs <a ee oe aaa ee | ee 
Bonito ce: fe sz 22822255. 4. -- 2 L245 eG Sete cole cece cect dee see leces sacle eee | 
Butterfishe >. ..c.ctcee eee 56,350.) 73,694) .6 tens ts SO ee cece es | cease ates ar 
Garpiorlssccesescsestaeee acs 92, 000 2, 890 $155 10, 595 $910 2, 230 $110 
Catfish. 2Secceneisccstscessced 37, 800 85,000] 4,680 36,000 | 1,790 85, 050 4,330 
Crovallé)icsscsecessboaee-e-- 44000) '2 180). boo eeilide eee solo de asies se [bee oc | sem cin Sere ee err 
GCroaker2: 222222522 5:5----e- <= 195; SOOT tO 70" | eee spoke cea]: peters c|mesteaes 16, 200 648 
Mels aoe teens tee noses se shee 200 7, 290 395 3, 800 345 1, 850 167 
Mlionnderss.2 ee 2-. tosh exo 2ay16D,\t: TGB0N ke once meal eckice noe Sees te eeiieeiecoeens 2, 400 192 
Gizzard'shads:ss52 22h 22.504 AA 190 HO Se ese eae eh eee ios| ect reanel hee eee 900 45 
ickoryshad.. <2 2ss.sos ..-.- DS A00 Ps TO eee cre weal eet o e| S cele ate lamellar eter ees at | 
King whitinge >. 2.0.25. -022- 2 AVS 7O |) SSS ese Se cp SE ce Se esac tee = See |e 
Mullet. feta eee ana osee 23,100, || Dy 20D | Eto a auiells shies 2al vce beetasine |t-5 tee. <a enee ee ene 
Perch; wittt@s-2---- ct men 435, 100 6, 950 8, 550 735 12,395 1,007 
Rerch, ,Yenow > ..2 2. .s5-- Se. 30, 000 780 7,150 565 2,700 321 
(Pigfish dereeeh ss secckeae ees 12,'250 f} Sef DD | abicpren once Cocoa Sokee cet yal betaine | Seah ehee Se awe 
Pikeiorpickerel: 525-020... 5G; O00 fi2, 000! |5-te oe ees neeecon- 325 65 500 100 
Tifa) wal OP CL0P 5 oh RE ne SAAS Serer T5380" " P20 fee] eee Bc cell atepeteiens £M rate te 
Redfish or red drum........- 4340) \b oe OF No bse gulls boo. ole ee Re) ee 
DCUpewsse assess ever 250 |b P25). bere seals eee ce. <1 hes o2is0| bomicine ale ae eee 
SHAG ce eee doctor tae 26, 099 97,400 | 18,480 | 79,032 | 17,176 | 49,836] 7,009 
Sheepshead... ....-.-..----.- 1 5) | eee 6s eS ee ea ee ee SMM eae Ie 
Spanish mackerel... ........- £980 Fy nots [bbs aace oes bien ol ocbjcs.c nos lbee beater |aeae Reema eee 
‘S700 Oe Pee eee ees scree 178,600} 15,460, |. 2 Sete cee oe eR oe eel See cine aor 
pquereaguesor “sea trout. | 070,200 | ¢,S00 | tek elect sleet wenoaelt ome 2,675 134 
DULPed ASS) s sen ose nee kino 6, 269 6,500 | 1,300 11,800 | 2,250} 35,200] 5,530 
SHIFBCO Fess hs saeccee. tess 40) (2) | eee 1 | Me a a | Pals See eg Me | SEER Pe 
Sturfeon Caviar 23222 2/00 3 T5005 e7O ce el seen lock abi os lPe ok well beer: eae rr 
UGK Crs! £45 2 RR Se oere te Stee | er ceo eee 950 2! Ree ee meer 
Yellowtail, or ‘‘silver perch”’. Boa ee le dio aseinsal win perasomin| occ ercb mien [Eater cate SORT: wee =i Cane 
Crabs, 11 haere Benet, 000) 20600)... ais cet ok soe all} ee eee Ey) 2 eee 
Clams tnard: s. co seeckccsch as 2, 0008/0 ~ (SUG | isbe wa ccmm [ecb bi ces | aches a6 Meee neeel eee. ace. fol eee 
Oysters, market, PUbLC | cscs n eal se aeto=oa|teeecin sae |oos eck Soe eee eee 207,235 | 21,525 
Oysters, market, private. .... SC ALOT Mast Col cabrcits ce a Scr ancl yee me ee been 150, 500 | 19, 230 
Oysters, seed, private SHA. oe 15,1925) Rad 750M ee ys od SLC PTS RS IBES. 5 ot cl a cetee ee 
Motaewer ee seat cdn.e 2,817, 872 |196, 602 | 273,760 | 26,726 | 157,852 | 23,851 | 606,323 | 61,117 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. 


£17 


PERSONS ENGAGED, INVESTMENT, AND PRODUCTS OF THE FISHERIES OF VIRGINIA 


IN 1920, By CouNTIES—Continued. 


Items. Spotsylvania. 
PERSONS ENGAGED. 
Number. | Value. 
MeMOSSOISIHSHING ; fo. ..2-2)-52--000-2| soso 
On vessels transporting. .....!.......-..|--..-.-- 
In shore fisheries..........-..- 20; eon caaee 
BEOLESMON 3a... -- << = 2 -isee === je (eae 
Pohaliens «<<. s25.qaao-es 29) bas aeSene 
INVESTMENT 
Wessels fishing, vasoline:.....<|/.2..5....|...-4.68 
LUOTIESH TEESE Se ae ens Seta (ae ee Se) a) rane Be 
Ohta ee oe Ree eee oe mers.— 
Vessels transporting, gasoline.|........../......-- 
OHA POM iets tee oo acess Sis| dew cies 
Pe ane eee al sos salead esow ce ee 
Boats, sail, row, etc....-.-.-- 24 $880 
Boas power. 2: . ~~. .<0ce.- ss 10} 1,550 
Apparatus, vessel fisheries: 
PRONG ee See ee os cn asm doaimcioaia|'esmiaaeels 
Apparatus, shore fisheries: 
igi SeINES << a2 -er- = ce 2 250 
Gill-netss. 2... 2-55-8424 11} 1,510 
Pound nets and weirs 15 605 
ONES: 2.02. 4 G9-<- 128 845 
Pnnesenand And trol. 9 .2| 2 Saceden a] acing escleinse oad. =< 
Hel potse> ....2---4-008.5- 50 75 
Tongs, rakes, and hoes 
Shore and accessory property.|.......... 4,100 
Gasbieapitaltes oso 52 -Ga5..|.-3228...2 100 
Motalbencctesesssocss=2| nde 5 eae 9,915 
PRODUCTS. 
Pounds. | Value 
sewives, 11933) (eee Ee eRe 58, 840 | $2, 200 


Bluefish 


Stafford. Surry. Warwick. 
Number.| Value. | Number.| Value.| Number.| Value 
‘dele | a a | ig ie ata. Oye rh 
LZ, eles ae 403 eaae an Dae soe 
Lo See AQ) eye 200 s=ee sos 
Sy ERIE aa aay ge ahem | ite id 1| $1,200 
BE Ser 4 Ae ae re | SES ee IE eg sp Dilaetksa le 
Seheted Se yond Die 32 Se ae ial RT ee 150 
iy |) $1, 000) bese... | Sees ce eae et eee 
Gun ccs IE ee soci goo | tea eee emer 
SETS ee 125) Res ernaan= ee cee~ o|teenia ss a eee 
19 { 1,070 27 $675 96 2, 850 
24| 3,850 13 | 2,650 91 | 25,500 
Pee ee See epee |e eno Ses | re 2 14 
10 | 4,900 3 600 1 200 
19 | 2,135 945 | 2,363 415 1, 037 
10 ZA | ates oh Sas Meee 2 Be 39 | 11,400 
58 420 35 1,700 32 1,080 
TOS {Bc tes vcrete 5 ls stays alts 100 
47 85 21 27 63 126 
a2 or 198 | 1,250 
ae aC oa ee 15) |e onahea helio, 150 
Psy. teeny D220 er pein al 4 Oy 080, a=, <0 < eee OO, 
Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value. 
82,840 | $1,877 | 45,000 | $450] 252,400] $2,674 


i 14, 185 500 
Hickory STEEN hate tet! leedkl te & a 2s SRR i Bee 40, 000 SOD ea ae c8 siete 6, 230 311 
eee posing, Ee Se eee Wa ee ed 989 52 3 A ee Soe ee ee ete! 228 23 
SO ORES OF Ry een Neen eae 3, 000 EN Ee Te ae | NR 2 (he ace 3 
Perch: WIL eee 972 15,750 | 1,355 5, 575 600] 11,795 | 1,415 1, 100 65 
Perch, yellow scaces. 2... 17,845 | 1,235 7, 050 602 580 Dol guacites so a| see aeee 
ERIE UR ar a We eo ae el ae 5, 310 621 
Pike or pickerel............-- 9,510 | 1,790 3,610 WIS eeemmseiem| «Asie ees] eens aaa Oe Sree 
Gnade. J a he hee 9, 2075 | 37,216] 7,163 | 46,536 | 8,127] 78,720 | 11,936 
ST aie ig Ye RK ei Eps SS ee et (et ee | oe a 150 12 22, 880 
PIPIBLOSSUGHION SOA tEDUL. fos]. ceases | mse nibs sal nbs seats «obese 2,300 184 | 501,240} 26,602 
Striped bass....-............ 1, 235 211 650 120 4,150 830 | 33,500] 6,700 
Riper S eee ey Se SSRN. AIL SP ey fa 8 ee ES lee OE ole alee Ale ets 700 140 
eeeMEGSO EN CHA W ACA oe wr ys Be is SS eae oe i ge cs Ne es 57 199 
RIeRpr Cs. se ee Ree Ar ee eT eae ym Sal ae 550 LY Ge ERS epee be Ste 
Bris, hardey ere. 9. 32a alec aS ecds ISHS 5 TGOO) Pek 15-4) assess aanccnesuapmeeeeeee 
Oysters, IMB CEyDUONCE AR faa. 5 eee Sat eae 2 oo eRe facie oo [Medina ain|cniecenn 526,750 | 37,550 
Oysters, markebsprivate. 222215.) 5055 Uc OG) SSE EAE UR: eee SE BS eae BETS | = ee 35, 000 2, 500 
PIVSteUSeSEGGn UbliC# smi El afebe Tele oe ee Ne ci 840,000 | 30,000 
Sriniles=: Aepmee TE hh tons Wood bh ee |BSeee. 52 AGO. 1" Cee epee eee 
Toate een tps. 203,215 | 14,168 | 280,241 | 19,415 | 155,921 | 12,981 |3, 225,445 | 154,191 
Items. Westmoreland. York. Total. 
PERSONS ENGAGED. 
Numober. Value. Number. Value. | Number. Value. 
Qn'vessels fishing se 220-2 as koa 89 onde ase 


On vessels transporting. senoae 


In shore fisheries 
Shoresmen........ 


118 U. 8S. BUREAU OF FISHERTES. 


PERSONS ENGAGED, INVESTMENT, AND PRODUCTS OF THE FISHERIES OF VIRGINIA 
IN 1920, By Countres—Continued. 


Items. Westmoreland. York. Total. 


INVESTMENT. 


Number. Value. Number. Value. Number. Value. 


OAS, DOWELEs — oo cle S ee es ch eet eisiaid 

Apparatus, vessel fisheries: 
IPULSOSEINCS@2 Jaaasec-) os 2% eae 
PAUSE ES = ele aan cls eeee eee 
Crabscrapes-. eit santae eee ace 
Crapidredres: 15 eee. cee sone 
Oyster dredges. .............-.-- 
DOUG Sete soe eases eee esc cee 

Apparatus, shore fisheries: 
ail seimes. . fos. ooo 2 es aces 
Gulligetss joe ao Ae ck 


Lines, hand and trot..........-- 
Slat traps or baskets. .........-- 
Heli nots si. . 2. seeeoe seen utes 
Mel SPears: soadsesscasteneueneeee 
Crab scrapes | 3055 5.35 2keeee eee 
Crabidtedges 3.027. 222 Bee 
Crapitraps ts eet ASE 
Tongs, rakes, and hoes... ......- 
Oystewdredres 29.2 522 Se 3. 
Scallopidredgess2f... 5 ks. 
Shore and accessory property 
Cashicapitee 2 Sober... 02 see eee en 


PRODUCTS. 


Alewives, fresh............ ....| 133,000] $2,525 
Al aWiVGS SRllOGs tas safe sece cece bees 


1 552, 924 


Flounders...... Lcmmete tot 31,190 

Gizzard shad... : 

Goldfish... .... 

ey shad. . 
Loe Bab eee pe 

Mackerel. .... 


16, 372, 134 
121, 800 


, 


313, 584 


1,717 
3, LNB eg A aie cars 


i6, 560 
24, 265 


Pike or pickerel... hae i ; Pa ce 
Pompano:.. 2. ....-2. F 

Redfish or red drum. . Sy 
BOUP sso ssp eeektecancvsrcseseetetoee 
cogil ae SSRs MSR. AR So SSR it Sea = 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. LTO 


Persons ENGAGED, INVESTMENT, AND PRopuUCTS OF THE FISHERIES OF VIRGINIA 
In 1920, By CountTreEs—-Continued. 


Ttems. Westmoreland York. Total 


PRODUCTS—continued. 


Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. 
SEG Dk Ba a SI aU a Oe 24, 078 $4, 767 134,100 | $17,88 7, 293, 805 |$1, 145, 106 
‘Sinecreslienti ie AE ee ene we MR ERE SS 5 Si SASS BSGRAReooce cl Someauee ae 2,155 263 
BP SHISN MACK CICL «oe =o So: aja sence sean cen ee | eeeeeee =e 155 25 33, 839 5, 039 
OIE eee. seed. 2 SSO. EE SEeL oe eee tee 55, 800 3, 721 967, 296 67, 270 
Squeteagues or ‘‘sea trout’”’....--..-- 17, 400 1,055 584, 250 33, 482 | 12,908, 502 654, 521 
DiMmneGibasseses a6 2-552 eset 45, 355 8, 058 5, 100 1, 020 379, 568 68, 858 
SHRP EO neice cess cone acd be ete cad | eee 1, 029 206 78, 388 14, 368 
SULCDOIMCAWIAT urs ns bo oS asia oat we Pa aon Se ere Sean | eters eerie eletet] Sreielane moja 5,172 16, 038 
UPEDERVIUT ODS ih NS 2, befor bes Steel | cee Meee eeee [ae ee Rime Pa ee releretneze|| eee tae Gare 101 150 
RSET SIGE eee ares imps ce etceareimicteicher wsmianal lo are eee ee omer oleate ee elas oe ein o aie eee 2, 800 85 
Mablowiatore<silverperch?-.. 42-2 .| os -\ncecoansi|ces como cal aaeeee setts Jaret ater ers = 3, 350 126 
Grabsnards . es 8 eh eo 255, 000 7,655 | 3,192,050] 102,635 | 12,465,342 | 401, 295 
Grabs, Af eae ae ER ate Be 560 150 16, 000 1,600 | 1,171,737] 164,269 


458,871 | 46,686 | 11; 823) 420 | 1,174,375 
1,202)600 | 42°950| 5,008,150 | "178,038 


LS a IGE a 155, 925 3,200 
SEE sent her CPN SN 113, 760 26, 852 
Petreer eset 248 360 
Gee eo 9" 4 ae kee 18, 680 1,165 
iS Ga 4 ASAE eR 480 120 
Pr go i eae 900 90 
Bee TREE tS, act 10, 203 1,055 
Tiel bahia 5 Raabe aioe 1,685,319 | 114,054 | 8,157,275 | 352,648 |471, 219, 089 | 8, 541, 724 


FISHERIES BY APPARATUS. 


The yield of the vessel fisheries of Virginia in 1920 was 366,805,629 
pounds, valued at $2,634,383, consisting chiefly of menhaden taken 
with purse seines, 360,145,505 pounds, valued at $2,136,404; oysters, 
taken with dredges and tongs, 4,229,694 pounds, or 604,242 bushels, 
valued at $384,469; crabs, with dredges and scrapes, 2,408,630 pounds, 
valued at $110,810, of which 2,368,250 pounds, valued at $105,965, 
are credited to dredges. In the shore fisheries the most productive 
form of apparatus is the pound net, the catch amounting to 59,554,037 
pounds, valued at $2,448,853. The species taken in the largest 
quantities with pound nets were alewives, croakers, squeteagues, 
menhaden, shad, and butterfish. Tongs, rakes, and hoes, used 
chiefly in the taking of oysters, yielded 20,343,099 pounds, valued 
at $1,897,186. The catch with lines, consisting principally of hard 
crabs, amounted to 10,591,468 pounds, valued at $345,842; with 

ill nets, 3,445,035 pounds, valued at $389,820, the principal species 
eing shad, croaker, alewives, and mullet; with seines, 2,838,227 
ee valued at $202,039, principally alewives, white perch, 
lack bass, croaker, and squeteagues. Of the total catch of crabs 
taken with dredges, amounting to 3,068,800 pounds, valued at 
$136,341, 700,550 pounds, valued at $30,376, were credited to the 
shore fisheries. Of the total catch of crabs with scrapes, amounting 
to 855,262 pounds, valued at $105,807, 814,882 pounds, valued at 
$100,962, are credited to the shore fisheries. 


120 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERTES. 


The products of the vessel and shore fisheries are shown separately 
in the appended tables. 


YIELD OF THE VESSEL FISHERIES OF VIRGINIA IN 1920, By CouNTIES, APPARATUS, 
AND SPECIES. 


Apparatus and species. Accomac. Elizabeth City. Gloucester. Isle of Wight. 
Pounds. Value. | Pounds. | Value. | Pownds.| Value. | Pownds.| Value. 
Purse seines: Menhaden...| 37, 218,600 |$245, 283 |...........]........- [Dorbee aes sit Scot. Seema eee 
Crab dredges: Crabs, hard.|............|.......-- 938,775 | $41,824 |......... ee ee 
Oyster dredges: f | 
Oysters,market, public 2885022") « 213748) | Se eem es neces see See eee 
Oysters, market, pri- 
Wate eA ce eae ee 168,000 | 18,000 | 2,082,535 | 190,701 | 21,000 | $3,000} 4,900 $350 
Topaliicst cca cseedune 456,022 | 45,748 | 2,082,535 | 190,701 | 21,000! 3,000 4,900 350 
Tongs: f ST Ok eh peels eee et eal) ae eae ree 
ysters;market, publici#...2 ve suai Ree Sok Ree So 2, 100 150 |scec23e. gee 
Oysters; seedy pubblcs 4S. tee eh Local anotetmeme alecemosees 14, 000 500) |< 22 asa watt 
Tay At As © RR apa A Ses aR ||) OUI beget ia el le te) 16, 100 650. |---i-...-3| See 
Scrapes: Crabs, soft....... ee eee ee en eee 
Grand total......... 37, 715, 002 | 295, 876 | 3,021,310 | 232,525 | 37,100 | 3,650] 4,900 350 
Apparatus and species. Lancaster. Mathews. Middlesex. Norfolk. 
Pounds. Value. | Pounds.| Value.| Pounds.| Value.| Pounds. | Value. 
Purse seines: Menhaden...... 104,989, 565 |$409,:533 |- 22-5 =< 2|= <2 25) a-0 20 clones cine |> nea ee | eee 
Crab dredges: Crabs, hard....|.............|...-- A] SDE AOON, eke antes lee | 261,075 (sii, 711 
Oyster dredges: f 
Oysters; market; private: | > - 26. feels eto CEE tO Me Oy ty eee ess ee 812, 000 | 69, 600 
Tongs: s Sle 
ysters, market, public. - 5, 600 07-8 56,000 |$6;'400 | 2. 52-5 2c Sole semen 
Oysters, market, private. 66, 500 7100) \a- 22 J5-Le|O: ee S25. eae ee ee ee 
A Wo) 1 Ee, oe nee 72,100 Wg B20))| Sees 48 Anes Feo 56; 000} .6,400 V's. UO. Lae ee 
Grand totale --- sce ses. 105, 061, 665 | 417,353 | 63,100 | 5,755 | 56,000 | 6,400 | 1,073,075 | 81,311 
Apparatus and species. Northampton. Northumberland. {Prince William.) Richmond. 
Pounds. Value.| Pounds. Value. |Pounds.| Value.|Pounds.| Value. 
Purse seines: Menhaden..| 11,400,000 |$22, 800 | 206, 537,340 |$1, 458, 788 |.......-|......-|.---.---].--.--- 
Haul seines: 
Cy ee, ROR e ae SOE RA S03 sence morsel 35905 5 Ma senoner qa th ja 8 $S-Bee 1,350 | «$150, )2 5... sclo ieee, . 
(Oy iR e SesAe esas dee soe | Senses cGnge ase ab See de56. 08s Fe ceess ae 8, 000 400 lose. o~ sleepers 
Perch, White s/c bk Sat. ck soece ta oeeeeaal: ste ceebes ae cldeneeeenend 1, 200 100 | noo f352) eet. 
TEBECHS VO HOW ate cei ain |e lenaine am Bind | Reb tell eee neta See ete aos 1, 250 PU ER Rapes es 
SETIGCCIDASS <6 sc rciesee lac ec cenhe ce alamemeee a Jove eee e ence eeneee ene eee 10,000 "|1,,950°)2 2-5 . ay] Seeeee 
POUR was nsccics<eanelomsca cabins Mee ee = tan saccro nemo) ues ate te nf 21,800) |. 2,700.4 2.5... cesta 
Oyster dredges: Oysters, | 
MALOU, DUDIIC S22, 23! Sanne ce cise eee lee 206, 472 21, 265512 ae ee. eee ane oko. 3 eee a 
Tongs: Oysters, market, 
DUDLIGI IF. aiee odee toe ate eae een Code as sede lo hele a de neki) Goede wot sae | emerge eee 24, 500 | $2, 800 


Grand total......... 11, 400, 000 | 22, 800 | 206,743, 812 | 1,480,053 | 21,800 | 2,700 | 24,500 | 2, 800 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. 121 


YIELD OF THE VESSEL FISHERIES OF VIRGINIA IN 1920, By CounTIES, APPARATUS, 
AND SpectEs—Continued. 


Apparatus and species. Warwick. Westmoreland. York. Total. 
re a 
Pounds.| Value.| Pownds.| Value.| Pounds. | Value. Pounds. | Value. 
LUIS GU SB Gila ie eee ie Ge le See Cle eee ee eer eee 360, 145, 505 |$2, 136, 404 
Haul seines: 8 
CA Pk ea SeS EEE Be) ARR PRR Ee (Sd ob icc o6Hebn nc SCee eae Soe eEee 1,350 150 
GLUES ease gir lel trachea (ae manelnd [oty Sige [fae Eon Ec) Ze FS SO ee 8, 000 400 
TELE EUG /LETI Sec eagle one ea en) fr emt Se gh he ee SS 1, 200 100 
Bereta VOUOW a2 0 ce no [St eee | 3 cicero ere eae ee oe ad a aes ey bead ek be 3 1, 250 100 
SHEPMEC DSSS ses cnpe cle mato see claceiyllcc me anal see meee ee eee ee enone tee enee 10, 000 1,950 
AVE SoS SS Sen PREPEOE a Preirmerine h Viees Sra tee ies pei epel Haney Pe epee d Boerne Late 21, 800 2,700 
Grabidredes:i Crabs; hard| 322224. . .|. /<2<ccleseeeees-|0: 2 2 1,150,800 | $51,550 | 2,368,250 | 105,965 
Oyster dredges: 
Oysters, market, 
[ojFL a) (Oak Sere SPARE (eben Se leet ailie 376, 0007 S21 TAO) eee ae e| eee eee 871, 059 76, 553 
Oysters, market, pri- 
TEN Su ne mace Beal ah RS ae ae | aaah | LES 2a See 3,133,935 | 286, 526 
LT Serge ees |e eae STOOD! P21, oO eats eee ee ae 4,004,994 | 363,079 
oe = 
ysters, market 
PUbLCs ese a. =e IAS OOO! S900 S22 scctecral sa cea see 29,400 | 2,370 131, 600 13, 340 
Oysters, market, pri- : 
ALO eee. ot MER Ene ca wce ae a(ees coe anal some ob alequan cebacs|sccete te 4 66, 500 7, 100 
usrersS6eCO DULCE Nie tere cculacs.ccccles acts cc a)e fens 12, 600 450 26, 600 950 
ia ees Sa a Be 1A" O00) MEN QUOM PERCE exe e 8 42,000 | 2, 820 224, 700 21, 390 
HCPAWeS Craps; SOM see Soe |qo el eee on | eee eel ace aeele quae kee ws] ees = oe 40, 380 4, 845 
Grand total........ 14,000 | 900 | 376,565 | 27,540 | 1,192,800 | 54,370 | 366, 805,629 | 2, 634, 383 


YIELD OF THE SHORE FISHERIES OF VIRGINIA IN 1920, By APPARATUS, COUNTIES, 
AND. SPECIES. 


BY SEINES. 
Species. Accomac. Arlington. Charles City. Dinwiddie. Essex. 

Pounds.| Value.|Pounds,| Value.| Pounds.| Value.|Pounds.| Value.|Pounds.| Value. 
PUB WEVOS  APOSD ieee = oe eee a so ood oka ise cx coals csewee 100,000 |$1,500 | 40,000 |$1,200 | 1,500 $60 
OE 5 TT SESE ae Se Se PN ie Ce eed DL GOOaP SLO ce ce ellon mane 1,000 GOR een an Sol orem 
CAGHSH eee om otis ode lie ce cell sacens PEST | yh ead as pe Spe 2) 2,000 120 | 1,800 90 
Croakeren: occ eden --s2ee DAPI Ce ened eeeee oleae cae sence dnote Nias. sein meee clan ahee cae cates 
Wlauriders-2 25. ssse 225.5 2, 82 LOG Ee esa e ceed omen en dle etecmnlenack tessa cee meta aee nee cee eee 
Goldtishi, S)-02 vera sce asi eo ss|-2 canes 2,050 TRO Pease cal eee ener tomas teem cee oe ceatete eee cee 
ead ee ees eae s| as saa ates ace fases oc cal sea ac cle ocmea cca) sate sso leete aoc feab nae & 1,500 60 
Sa ay MUS 2 ees. Le 800 UT ey a a |S | le | Ee es a Frees me Rae Bly oe oe 
LAS Fy eS a 2,813 225 | 1,570 AGO sec cal eeemee lc etone alte erased noeisermei ae ete 
pore, ae Se ere aannkan| meee Bod Seales ee | ee Sa ie a (Se a 3,600 36 
euch, OO Wt ge om sch. ee oleae ae Testa Ml (PPMaDe Ne ES eee eas | EP Lae ae ea al pe oe (Be 
=F Sees hee Cae Sani Jc Uh as 2g eat acatehacs| ner ik a et Rete fy) biel a] Sdrleme moe) eee 
Rh ee it oe ee | sek ie aenceslbasice as 6,200 | 1,260 740 138 | 1,050 135 
Sioieeceee os sae hes OUST IS SG [Sa | OS Re Sia US aie | aN i bm Babe RE 

Squeteagues or ‘“‘sea 
a a ee 1A BOS ele COO Dean oe Eee sean e aes | Rae 8 | ete Sales See alee ae ean ds 
SUT PEE 1 eS a | (Eee ae) (ne epee 140 DON apr Mak te cetinn | sresmete|e eaecioe 3,000 600 
2G) ee 60,260 | 3,025 | 13,610 | 1,010 | 106,200 | 2,760 | 43,740 | 1,518 | 12,450 981 

Species. Fairfax. Isle of Wight. | James City. | King George. New Kent. 

Pounds.| Value.|Pounds.| Value.|Pounds.| Value.|Pounds.| Value.| Pounds.| Value. 
BUCWLV OS TOS e pebnaee | See ee alse et cho s ssl sesaees ZOO! $200) 5s. aes See 170,000 | $7,800 
EAA a RRSP lt a | at al a Sa ba gi el [| ee a Loe ee cal | (ee 10,000 400 
5 RES eR Ba 8,550 | $810 | 6,000} $360 | 3,800| 228 3001 0 $25" | ee ale eee 
ESAS aoe le. bike ceeee 13,965 865 | 1,500 90 | 7,700 460 | 4,000 228 \o ecsmane eee 
Prmaikergeessss- os) - sos -|ebeensas|teneras LLU || te 6CUN RE secre eeBorcd ashe el cegeeh aoe as acrelece- ae 
Brleramisun <2 ss: 2h ae aale seoese|o see |anrcee DOU) eel Os) leprae stelele tel eee eee 


Perch, white....... cocnsfe MO Wlcsacccetaceem ck 2200 | Of Oeb0miy : 1bU \cstecesucimeeecs 


122 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


YIELD OF THE SHORE FIsHERIES OF VIRGINIA IN 1920, By APPARATUS, COUNTIES, 
AND SpEcteEs—Continued. 


BY SEINES—Continued. 


Species. Fairfax. Isle of Wight.| James City. | King George. | New Kent. 
Pounds.| Value.|Pounds.| Value. |Pounds.| Value.|Pounds.| Value.| Pounds.| Value 
Perch, yellow........... EYar0, 0 i 5, 010) RS te be ASE | (es SS Hoes Sik 700 $60 |... - cen eee : 
Pike or pickerel........ 125 20" |octhe aby |ashaa=4|Cnseeas sac eaee 250 50: | oie. teeleeecnas 
Renee eee ce on. cobs i cae coe ecto clea eee ale eer 8 TZ5ISL, LON Recetas ae 28,570 | $3,836 
Striped bass............ 3,625 | 725 | 1,500] $300] 5,500 | 1,100| 9,800 | 2,450 200 40 
PMICK OLS! Oto cfm) <0: S5 2|iteraemtee | eames ene | beeme 1, 200 BO) ies ce woe e|- toe oma eee ee 
MOG. soessepi sy toe 30,215 | 2,800 | 10,000 780 | 54,125 4,162 | 17,550 | 2,960 | 208,770 | 12,076 
Species. Norfolk. Northampton. | Princess Anne. | Prince William. 
Pounds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value.| Pounds. | Value. | Pounds.| Value. 
PANS IVOSs TLOSM: ores crciee Sen en oe See eee acemeaee tee sae ie aeeee cee 100; 00D:'| $15 000" | 2 -seeere | se eeee 
Black Dassebeemat Seat oe co CR oe R die oc | Uae ae eet a ee 340,000 | 44,200 |.........]-. 4 
Blicfishs.: 5.22) 2 $236 aa ite Beaitesteae sa Gera patoect 
Butterfish BL larcperemeia| acc cisisieal ceceaeisn cats lacie cee cee Beeeae See 
(OT Soe s HOSS ease oSeR Eee Eerie a Sseeroero besilts ea Nemes el eee ore 90,000 | 5,850 7, 800 
CAUSH ee tease ace cee noe ne senak el pee me maee | aoe meme Sreineaeacl soseetter 36,000 | 1,260 6,000 
@roakermie sneer ot ue eae 3:'705: || 26,355 || 1,240)|. 2.0.24 lessee oe 
MI OMUNGCNS cee a ois Seen eee! 19, 000 830 3, 209 200 cana eip ete imall Se mpetete oil ee ede ee eee 
Givzard Shag fe. 3 22d. VON S See PCa Pee Se Sete eee ce eee aera 36,000): ~ 1 260) | 52 See eters 
eainbawihtting esos tesco aul ae 2,200 118} 1,305 195 500 501 Lo een OR = 
ATiet ob eee cs sheen PA-S0Or| 92-195 like nsas select ekaee 3,500 280: | = -22 Oe De ta 
Perch, whiteles. oo .oke5 seo see ZOeTOO) || Ph 2k04Oh ees ees eal teen eee 422,000 | 26,340 200 20 
Berclivry ellow sensor ete coe ey aoa eec es [see anne |aecemeere le cmenns 4 18,000 | 1,170 250 20 
ipfish +20 eee PM IE 5,010 238 | 1,470 125 | S22 0s oe. occa 
IKO Ol PICKOLEls cc tea cocne oe oe case sisal see se cee |seeeeecncl mar aanes 45,000 | 2,430 125 25 
SIUC ESOE SSBSbab Ease eocsanaes.- 164,100 | 16,370 5, 870 515 5, 000 TOO Suse ae ee we 
Squeteagues or ‘‘sea trout’’....-. 125,600 | 8,590} 87,885} 4,910 1,500 150" |. eee eee ee 
Striped bass: sf oe one Meee Seen em eee 600 90 1,400 235 1,800 300 . 
Yellowtail or ‘‘silver perch”’ 2,000 GOS Sok S88 se atee deweGaaanenolaaansoecieee PR Weinert pan 
PLOUAMI Rc ees Nien 3 | 485,490 | 34,703 | 127,469 | 7,353 | 1,098,900 | 84,925 | 16,175 1,315 
Species. Richmond. Spotsylvania. Stafford. Surry. 
Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value. |Pounds. | Value. 
Alewives; 196SD- - <i) sya cis dsn eee Imptanch an lan\2 Sos eee sonee | ciel are pty 540.|| «0107. boctammsh ol neces 
CAL sarc toe od ola ste se oss ae ee aeons 400 $20 9,000 | $750 | 20,600 | 1,555 2,200 $110 
Catish: corre. cise. 3c eeeweeieveeeeess 150 9 2, 200 110 | 44,600 | 3,395 9,400 470 
Le eee ee par ee ere cers ar apes Heme sana re doce + ag oe anae 
IZ ZA TO ST ec tcle mete cele as eaicee oe toaeie same oe eee rll arate are ante ote etesetcie | erate ee ett 
iickoryshiad Wie Steerer ce vee nee el pane ater = ll hana Pane ee eereta eer ape 
is" OG ES) 6 Ae eae er a erie Re ah ee ts [mate Se [Br drei aah 
Perch, white.... 
Perch, yellow..... 


Squetesvues or “saa trowt/? salcescas|> oe see oeelececees 

BLLIPAO*PASS tie hs tes eso ore esc etRena ee ene lian see 4 

PS Th Lela itis) > peed (Ree DN Beal 8 ES eel ph ataes [he Ate! (Es iceti 

COURIER ERE bce ttc eee eee 550 
Species. Warwick. Westmoreland. York. Total. 

Pounds.| Value.| Pounds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value.| Pounds. | Value. 

Mlowives; fresh ici fb 5 Wess. e nels dee paaen ota s del tate ects lela. beletle | ee eee ERR CES se 473,940 | $13,127 

Wlowilves, Saltedioc.< Joosc soc sass mosisn elon | facts cla cmmeic lene Blades) secant eters a ac 10,000 400 

ISG ASS. eae poet eee rear welonee seme alee eaeed| name ree cee pe ca| aameeeeee eater cc 340,000 | 44,200 

BWIBASD cake 2) ba cee ctoeptert =,ce| esate meee ogee Yerg| Saceel temoie pene 500 $90 2,455 404 

Lo AH le ts Olay eileen hi oe Hl Oh Oe ikaa|ba il Poll at a le Le le ee 5,350 321 

CARD scessereee hceteawasahmadene-olvanncre grewell bnew ened 41,650-|-$4; 200-5) se-creretarcrare | w ereie ance 192,950 | 14,768 

Cats: oy a0 ae oa Been |e 14, 100 CYA Co 2G Seas 149,215 | 8,366 

a i ie Ne Ele PE ates ys 3, OGO 2408S LSU a ee +} 149,200 | 7,140 320,279 | 13,310 

OS; Eth as Leen cede cescc col YOR. ice ace tat] sees be tek Soe te Cane cee eRe] feta ie 

Wlouriderss! ss tweet week ass sesk sees lesa ties este ad Pelee asain te 350 4 25,379 1, 234 

Gizzard' shad: 0 <4. See. ood oe co Bese belleea sb aeee [ame beeen ne bane Onl o ete Steet 49,600 1,588 

Goldfish 2522120" 5. 4. ee Ee ee ae a oe PR ee ee eee ee 2,050 180 

Hickory shad’! :-.s..cscerss igs Mages desk ele wot eee eee teehee eee Ree See Seeee 41, 500 860 

Sing whiting} in s244 sss ceed SI ss Ee ee al fecreeeetsceteas 260 23 5,065 506 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. 


1238 


YIELD OF THE SHORE FISHERIES OF VIRGINIA IN 1920, BY APPARATUS, COUNTIES, 
AND SpEctEs—Continued. 


BY SEINES—Continued. 


Species. Warwick. Westmoreland. York. Total. 
Pounds.| Value.| Pounds.| Value. | Pounds.| Valwe.| Pownds. | Value. 
WITS otto ACR OCU Ce aS See Cen CREO Ger Ape Sssterc] |: .s5ceid scdre soc AbcSee ena Gocatsas 35,183 | $2,905 
BCPC VIVO S ia onmiereon cielo eninc’s [twee sre |eeeoets 6, 260 $772 350 $18 471,485 | 31,072 
Perch, BRD Ile Wye ee oe Chota. ga csc ae| cca aoe BOE OERe 5 AGW: 3. O70 [2 S| 220k: 45,190 | 4,965 

(i pe a aE pate APP he” Ne ek 350 32} 16,430 515 
Pi 12) O)e FOV Gis ee ee Peer] be DBO ML sro |ceeteeeetd|ezou cee! 54,195 4,575 
(ssl ekg A Mm Rete VaR pon) PUNO 9 €or 49,843 | 7,312 
BR ISHHAPKOIOL: ooo ons sclecance |e cnie no ace ee see |e meee bee = ere 55 10 55 10 
SET es 5 a we (A Se es eg G1 ee 19,000 | 1,330] 198,575 | 19,230 
Squeteagues or “‘sea trout”’..... 2, 5005/-SS2004 | ek 2 Se ck ie 55,000 | 5,500 287,883 | 20,490 
Striped 1,200 | 240 3,943 | 4;200 840 57,930 | 11,588 
RUE OLS Pe Mee o:t-< ovis neo motizie|oe oasda ace Reece salsa samen: Scere el. eee eae 1,600 48 
Mctowtaison. “silver perch??.. 2) 2 naw alen cbemalen smep eee sees yee bees a -perlseessese 2,000 60 

Motale pe <4 eb...) $9.2 6,700 | 680 14,047 | 229,265 | 14,997 | 2,838,227 | 202,039 

BY GILL NETS. 
Species Accomac. Arlington. Caroline. Charles City. | Chesterfield. 
Pounds.| Value. |Pounds.| Value. |Pounds.| Value.| Pownds.| Value. |Pounds.| Value. 
2. EXE SOS Sanat G0] AAGRE Rb HeSeob er Srenn ane eaeaeaes , 500 SOO eee See ae et ceme ete satot 
Bluefish; .-5.---. 820 CO Se eat 5] Ce COO] ACEI ict sem (Spc ane! (ee ees ened Sl [Arse 
OPTS soe eo OOD CEES BBREIEE BHO) Cemnne Bie | 2a eee et ener 180 A ee | AOS 4 acacicrn |Gaaea cc 
Croaker trecn:'./-%"1s-'=s TAM Sl CC 520) hoe Sai Sl eae cee Adie cee Al hei ae ee (bee eee eal Brae ae a lsmeiseeeid gece, 
ENCKOLY; SHAGE area =e cee a sea 28 eee ssse bees sth Ss 4, 500 (EU ee oa ae] piceets 4 eerincatel Mea ar 
King whiting 4, 643 0a Se SEES cl eS Seo lexserOOEe Ee ASRS! (Sel eet Sal [Aen Mapes at el bie 
Mackerel........-.-- OPAL T alt Be 450M ieee se | Serene ee eT ececm ac alsncmeacie |= +e esicrale es cmee 
Mranists:c. 2-00. csses PPA ETE, Dy ete )3 (0) pen | CRS me | | a Tage is hae, el Ree eee el inert a 
TEATS dct ae 9) A YS a i P00) en 21 U)al dS a heal ines eg BR Fe ae al be 
Sli, oS eee See ees ee ee ee 80, 282 |$15,288 | 6,737 | 867 | 300,300 [$55,510 | 37,000 | $6, 900 
POs co cscris oclc5 ~~ 22, 000 ESS Tl Ue ey |e a ec (OR 2) 5 ee ee (Re A ete ae ecto 
Squeteagues or ‘sea 
CRONE Be cial otts sic 10, 937 625 
Striped bass 
StiTee0N 2... ae). 
Sturgeon caviar 
Totalst cers 523, 535 | 21,230 | 80,282 | 15,288 | 17,617 37,000 | 6,900 
Species Dinwiddie Elizabeth City Essex Fairfax, 
Pounds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value. | Pownds.| Value. | Pownds.| Value. 
MIO WIVOSHE Sacccest sciqencscjdee 60000) | $1,800) [2-32 285.|b2. Sees: 00 cE Yai aS ee ce | eee 
Mill otitee ae co cc cel soc aegyagel boo Neecetanichan AQ OOONnS2H0008 |g eC i pipe Ss 2 Pe eo 
[Bench nwilleserocateneacccsccelensee sce chee ccurenteaure cools ss We 2, 200 DOO eet nae eee | eee aaa 
Oeesecec set eeedewsese esse 14, 800 ZNTODD Men tas tole sees se 8, 575 1,103 | 93,705 | $19, 150 
IS IATIBIOON DIAS ac cre clara a cia ao sem | ete ata Seger rata | She ange eet 6, 650 1 380 eteeecselteeese re 
Tigtale sc tee) eo anes. 74,800 | 4,560} 40,000] 2,000] 18,325 | 2,689] 93,705] 19,150 
Species Gloucester. Henrico. Isle of Wight. James City. 

; Pounds.| Value. |Pounds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value. 
plea Cnnars a's eisiicinieciase s cit onic (see calcein e tomas. s NO UO at EO Cea e are Beecteeene ecesocce oes easc 
CREHSH = eerrcss cesses oes cs 1,775 SB | acinar |b Aieestinengy ced ne Bana ene |e ae ee a eee 
(Crogan. chek sane: 15, 600 AGS) ake Latest |e aigy elaine ty |e ro! | aS 
ae. SLT 4-4 5s Aes Gs | ee eo eines eee a ae BO! OOOH? 1, 2008 (Ponce [5252 5.0.-) bu. eso een eee 
FS See ee 2,750 Sa ear tee eee et leek UG $180 3, 000 $300 
arch. WRELON een ote Se 390 QF er erscd sat seats [sree seme lee asec | oe ssa asa) ace eee 
had .2: Saye eee oo as 5, 950 Eo | Re a sl [Api ere 211,702} 39,476 | 125,007 | 21,058 
Spot,. 2 eee ee ed 6, 200 STO ea eee A A A | 
Squeteagues or ‘‘sea trout”’.. 7, 650 3332 | Bonarebibd phonon: 6| Seepenet 4 bocenebss nee snecer scence 
Mukiped DASS-" 2.2. gceke esos 3, 500 COU ce wed| se cecs cael des ae cees|sosiec< enc) tn ge danee seemeee 
UPON Snr eee eee ee sete cise clea ence c es] onsen ccs alscddccstelnvce avmdcleccwecece 2, 240 580 
EMC COUN CAVIEEs a ceeee ee neon ce cee rc aclecmr es coals woe ccs dlrcccer cate toca ec tclee cs cae 237 691 

PR OEAM tA. 5.,. <2. seen Saee 53, 815 3,578 | 330, 000 7,200 | 213,502 | 39,656 | 130,484 | 22,629 


124 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


Y1eE_p or THE SHORE FISHERIES OF VIRGINIA IN 1920, By APPARATUS, COUNTIES, 
AND Specites—Continued. 


BY GILL NETS—Continued. 


Species. King George. | King and Queen.| King William. Mathews. — 

Pounds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value. 

AW VERS foe ias da cc cre cec cms 13, 8800) $2; 002. |e cnininmn| se wintaasetel se eeoetees e e aeeee 
(STU GER es 8 CORAL Sd eee) AES ao eee S| Booaede Eemaeee nel =ase sane! SE 1, 800 $324 
Ae ASS Ce eee 4, 600 184: (| ie Ea afalesoio| cio s aieinigiom| eid paciied| <= s.- — 2s |e 
(Cryni Gl OS Ses ee eS eee Se 1, 900 9B). ~ es eecn|be eke. sosleaebaariec| bee oc Sel rece 
CTD ae A Saeee DBeIE see el Pee oocee | |2s0Ge Se06\- ces soqo| bac sog=—ei [ano 2 eee 55, 600 2,139 
ICKONY SHAGE ean. s en -nonce 4, 560 137, je «ina nin orm «/miebiniaseiala| Sere lant 0 vin = <2 =e |S 
MTT Gh 88 clo no. ha dja 2's Sell ae cle See sae REP ce ee 2,000 140 
erchs White uke. 3. Ooeicae = eae 8,750 8 2 BDO) aie spe ein) oe om cielaraual| wnaeli-iie(=| sin'= = tae olor 
AGE Sk ate sie Seta Seeee 51, 860 9,048 | 142,051 | $32,941 | 45,521 | $7,466 |.........)...-0... 
Beat. 4 rice a. - ghana = QR Seco ene ta PP Rd ce aime ee oN 15,500 | 1, 206 
equatesgues or "sea trout”. o.). 85 FE eee cen nlasaeeeeen lee see ee eee eee eneeeeee 19, 300 1, 897 
Striped bass........-.-.-.--.-. FR V7 UI NS SSE S'S", 5,500 | 1,100 
Motels sis 2 SS Ra ze 153,950 | 14,546 | 142,051 | 32,941 | 45,521 | 7,466 | 99,700] 6,806 

Species. Nansemond. New Kent. Norfolk. Northampton. 

Pounds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value. 
PMCS Hor oats 2 viaiam ale Sena se | sees oc eee ae Sea olsen aa ee oeee eee eae 12,500 $500 
0a ee A Ee Ree nes met eerit Gemcrrren tsmerrrsal cemencs as 40,000 | $1,600 2, 000 200 
A) oy 3 hac 1S RR pe See Bae A |e Sees ne, (Omer 3 ae 1, 050 OA. ios scene eats 
NIMIEL Sree ne otk ee cee va eNews |- see Ee A eees eee nto seen cen acne 117, 000 3, 800 8, 870 1, 400 
LEE FS 0 ales See arse caalen tel ee eis eee [eee A, seeps | bis oleae 3 , 000 240")... clea 
Pigfish Use ds ACCUSES SSAC heal Sot pa SASs| bo: ages le seaees s|saMe ge oe 300 os Ree seme a 
Shades 3 oss oder ce ika era 68, 250 | $12,600 | 183,171 | $28,486 | 1, 800 345. |... 2. - | 
PS] Tt) featyinietsteisinys Sapte cae ee est) A hl ese chee belle ic hy | ea 40, 000 4,160 3, 530 300 
SUUEBCONTI Ashe eosce te se nec Son moan wee as ae eee eel ees -aaete oie aie oie alee cl ee eee 2, 250 758 
SCUTPCONCAVAaT. St ss2 kook oe «|e hota Meaes neBelte soles Selb See Romp Sn con Se eees oe 230 552 
Totals nestemees anne tee 68,250 | 12,600 | 183,171 | 28,486 | 204,150 | 10,238] 29,380} 3,710 

Species. Northumberland.| Prince George. | Prince William. | Princess Anne. 


Pounds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value. |Pounds.| Value. | Pownds.| Value. 
Pale 


AlewiVess Gis ca oo Are Sara ae Se ele ct ee ee ae ee eee eee 600 $15)'|'St oesece naan’ 
ALP sts asiieto de och eenes coakecs sede ceanid|Gaeee te alteeeeoLe a leeeemeee O00 let 2. 405 pt eh eae 
Croaker.. 002 38.: Mae oe 5, 000 $50"). coe see ails ean cane ee selectoes (eee eee 3, 200 $192 
1 11) a ee ee ee Ree. eae ere eer ee UN ee 10, 000 1, 200 
SU ERY  2 eee ors eter ae ee arte 1, 280 270 | 97,400 | $18,480 |) 79,032: |. -17,176 |. ..-..-22)2 cece 
Squeteasussior “sea trout??.22| 1, 200yne) 25 yle ee: 9: | eles Se ee 1, 100 110 
WNobellics yes cconctsea nee 7, 480 345 | 97,400] 18,480] 80,132] 17,231] 14,300] 1,502 
Species. Richmond. Spotsylvania. Stafford. Surry. 


Pounds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value. | Pownds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value. 


58, 40 | $2,200 | 40,000 | $1,100 |....-.-2-]-+.+---+ 
35, 548 | $4,928 | 9,550 | 2,075 | 33,108 | 6,550 | 35,365 | $6,285 


35,548 | 4,928 | 68,740 | 4,345 | 73,108| 7,650} 35,365| 6,285 


Species. Warwick. Westmoreland. York. Total. 


Pounds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value.| Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. Value. 


Alewives.2j2r0sc2)cicc cna toe | ee ees glee a [ke Re OUT eee 538,720 | $13, 793 
Blueishs: Heb s Ae. > EN ee; Sale a RE ee peer alee as. 2 15, 120 1,029 
Car nantes atu se takin ces pal pee he eekly See eR RE eo eee ee 5, 280 233 
Cathe. fT eS Icy Der Ae Ee cee eo Sale a aed | ae eee a(S 3,675 184 
CROREEY nae liraccteces At bas |Re cae We Lee ee meee eed | ete ed 130, 724 | $3,921 446, 124 15, 090 
PlguUnders 1513540 lsccce tect eee as] Reet ena oeee es coal cone heal eee eae eee so 2 1, 050 8 
Hickory: Shad) cicss. enlace cede cee cetalts ceeeeae ence seen ene bee momen tert « 39, 060 1,517 
Kane whithoe os .. Se. cece ectlocceee yela| PERE RE SOLS Oe Sheen Cae Se Beene ome... 4, 643 3 
Mackerel Fou... Secu b etceci[oed ic eais|ete ee ei eae eae ee ene emeemeerenet eta 70, 417 8, 450 
Mulletgrecuoc sects cent Serle stent pee n eel ane eee cere 6, 000 240 411,770 13,728 
Perch, white sou. seo. -Elees Sobek |eesascc. 400 $40 2,100 105 19, 040 1,595 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921, 


125 


YIELD OF THE SHORE FISHERIES OF VIRGINIA IN 1920, By APPARATUS, COUNTIES, 
AND Spectres—Continued. 


BY GILL NETS—Continued. 


Species Warwick. Westmoreland. York. Total. 
Pounds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value.| Pownds.| Value.| Pounds. | Value. 
— Paetatts, <i sation as cos. 19,500 | $3, 400 3, 200 $7 ae popes eee ae 
0 ee Se O EEE SESS EE eesettel Berta seo ocace esol aesoerac é 119, , 8 
Squereapues.on.:‘sea trout?’.|...... 2. =|. basen pace coe eetenen 8, 250 "412 48, 437 3, 453 
aes HaSSjorstysasessectac|oees ook. ae ei a0 4, a 
TE O03 | oe eee O re Sere Pepe eco) Rersrio cs) Scmerionac|secimsece beet 1, 43 
Sturgeon caviar ” 505 1, 368 
Motaltes. 29 2... ks 19,500 | 3,400 4,000 820 | 169,924] 6,285] 3,445,035 | 389,820 
BY POUND NETS. 
Species. Accomac. Caroline. Elizabeth City. Essex. 
: Pounds. Value. | Pounds.| Value.| Pounds. | Value. | Pownds.| Value. 
Senge fresh S855... We 839,724 | $12, ae 6,250 | $250 | 1,120,000 | $8,750 2, 950 | $68 
[oe 53, 980 ele ae EE BMI SS 2 Reese cs onde gooftice hea Ol eee 
Bluefish. ....-.-.-.-..2+2+-+. 1g 0 | 14950 |--------- hecgaaas 6,870 | 1,374 |-........)-2. oe. 
GNitOs=seet as oes Se Te BATON Porson |etansee tel coseese le ee On|) rit 2 EO |merclee mictere!lule cares 
Butterfish................... 765, 2707), SELAH 1.22 Sf oes 694/400: |. 20,839 Ic. cs leiaP ae 
a + est TRIS Eee [oe ele ae | a 100 5 Pe 2, 400 80 
SEE ele oS pe ESOS BER EBeS MEsaeeee. bisa) GAaGcRnad locoopease Ss Eamodsc 69, OOK |Rierx aebel teenese 
Cua eG aeE fe eek tinctoe gba 98,454 Teeoosuec|poasce $5420, 000 wae Fecssccad|possece 
CIS Se Ree ieee eae rer ZA UU el 0 One SSE SoReal |e PRLS Uh ES Blo bere eal Sommaire 
Blounders....-.-.-.-.2+2+--. Or Naas i a as 28,900 | _ 1,156 J.-.5-22.4]-0.-. a 
LATE OG LSND hse eke Foe eRe ce Oa nese cee | COcre HeLa Sore eael Secdncocen lo -emaeer 
Hickory shad-.2-.-...2.... 4190 | 2it')-------2-)-----2- 30,700 | 1,360 "400 | 12 
EAP a tripe eee eee eee er HO) tem Gao peat aele emacs) 2 BO0N | 9" 280 (ee canaeee com as 
Menhaden... 020202020201. 4,062,350 | 13,833 9, 600 48 
erch, white ; 
eres ti Si ee 2, 380 
IPA Oe ees nessa s 200 
Redfish or red drum 500 
ee +8 
PAIORSS eee tee cee stones. 
SILT ee a eer era 414,927 | 76,822 945 122 408, “ 54, ae 700 96 
SLAG eS CG |e a ie eee Bi eS 1G |loeaeceasal lade lee aye el arial al SeBbecoe monesee 
Spanish mackerel 2.000..221 jis,630 | 2,720 foo ST poo |g Bec le ee 
(ie ioe Reese eee Ghipodctposa| ease ; OBO) | aes Seon Sees 
acoaie or “sea trout” .| 4,198,672 | 207,710 |..-......|-.2.2-- 2,058, 000 | 102,900 |......---|....--- 
piriped pass... 522. 525222.% 16,644 y are ansneyead |Sooeone HE b He 700 140 
fo HECPSE C10 Bye eR ae Rp beeen TOF ZAG) |e ee OL OW emeremee ael| sere ac POM ei O50) seen ae | cece 
Sturgeon caviar. -.2..0.0.0. 337 4, 500 |-.-2--02-J---2--- * pda | sds pO" ecco - steam 
WiGcocccocecaccccceccccccc| 8 «©6062, LOU | B10 [cme nc ccc leemeneme rc cnc ccc c ce [pe cc ence laseonenen (pe mnans 
ered ae) 2S | poets: "cee Shoei 7, 500 15: |eaee oe sits ere 
Motalow sae aestce see 13,419, 154 | 478, 547 7,915 426 | 9,226,544 | 321,564 | 10,150 600 
Species. Gloucester. Isle of Wight. | James City. | King George. 
Pounds. | Value. |Pounds.| Value.|Pounds.| Value.| Pounds.| Value. 
Alowivesfresh..2 234.3 ..</« anij- «ee - 1,068, 800 | $13,360 | 9,500 | $238 | 45,000 /$1,800 | 81,750 | $2,270 
Memtatiiitedre: Veet nics). cee. sea. : fe 460 bd <UL wh PL bea aes [sep sales secuslpameeee 
UTS tide sence Gee Se ae i ie Meso ne) ee cre ees 250 9) ER RES 570 29 
Oiitich rss oe. OG! 2 2. Feb owes aoe ae ee eee ate 400 ie] eee oP al soe 16, 300 977 
Grevaniiaeee 2-62-2256 --2-- 2-0-2 171, 200 5, 136 200 (ill ise Segh| Sosecna pe -s2s8ace tescee = 
Croaker Bois ot ees st tak. 1,961,300 | 58,839] 2, 00 ie aoe ecu saa | ane oa to ; 
ieee a eine tee eh ie ee oes eon el a S20!) fbeb) an eh ttle sce ort 
MUTOCTS a snie 5 cis sets == <i de ee ols 9, 261 SiO Be SA PR Soeel bare sere Eecmcre|sien.2 ss |S 
SENATE eo anc cp d mim nam me 456 28 300 SUNG E ee See as ee 8, 590 845 
cea eS penny) per bee: [si a Be aa 5 oe Hse ie Waal a el ae 2,200 175 
1A See ee ba ee I MCSE «1 ADH Pumlimrenth dhe | atrotrates |e Sheet loo otek cu | =o oie wacal| nia etm wiala’s| atomtenuie 
Pike iin este vil on Se Se mene ee ee seen aaa d Deemer ei seed le eee) Mere rng moras 25 5 
Shad osnnmseaeesctie- sponta 235, 344 30; 509°] 62) 990. 3964). cccc0. [onsen 10,035 | 1,838 
jpanish mackerel.................. Coleen) a ADeeeeeeeer cnc ta Malcctame oll rccteee aetotts wes oei|nemen ee 
SDH, cn ee eaten Mont CTR OR a 2 hl RES 2 ER PRN, RENIN NEN ars (De eee 
Squeteagues or ‘‘sea trout”’.......- 1,313,490 | 65,675 | 9,500 (G0) | sxmiceciee |e seems 400 20 
Striped basay.: kel Labaaus'. 4,400 880 APEOOA BOO Ie. 2d |e ae ores 13,350 | 2,905 
BELSON 23 Bo ani < aeta arale rite meen OS aOR | erate steele sie ars atte | ete’ hetmeened |e eie eloen| te etait | inte at 
PATE EON ‘CAVIAL .. cece nee e et ereiae'2 ” 995 OS) locate acute eseesa |pataeel ih cate we laa ccean ce pmabete 
[aa 4, 825,756 | 177,964 | 29,820 | 2,398 | 45,000 | 1,800 | 133,320] 9,072 


126 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


YIELD OF THE SHORE FISHERIES OF VIRGINIA IN 1920, By APPARATUS, COUNTIRS, 
AND SpEcrEs—Continued. 


BY POUND NETS—Continued. 


Species. Lancaster. Mathews. Middlesex. New Kent. 


Pounds. Value. | Pounds. Value. | Pounds. | Value. |Pounds.| Value. 


Alewives) fresh: ...>....---.--: 2,060, 233 | $46,578 | 3,057,900 | $39,034 | 72,500 |$1,900 | 90,000 | $3,600 
Alewives, salted.........------ 20, 000 BOO ole sete ep cll aaeeeeeaee 
Binofishe ser 4... 4-2 “ae: 2,190 438 1,756 
PSUIGLOGHSN eee wos. 2s fe aac wasn 20, 200 1,175 361, 995 
(Cha eS ee Aes BaP.) Src eas, Se 74, 703 
(ON/o pI) Be eee: Same pebet 141, 750 5, 712 | 1,748,355 
PEE Sere fais dis iaycieretm)=jatnic\al obama pierate 3,000 GOO, | emer dercnrel mein etree 
Mlopmaersae=* Fb Kj. see cm= 5 6, 100 445 4, 780 
HAUG CON VSN AC ec ie a i(= wick eo cine ciate 600 24 52,570 
iGuits 4) lo nbs tee ee Eee oerteqgeo| sssSccocs ol Jeueegede 260 
Membadene jujiss Samia tami 427, 500 DOG Sql ctmepaasera steal sic\e <n :aioj0 
INTHE he eee BemereeBmnereee Res eee lS ae Soi Be 680 ‘ 
Perch, white 2 sieecenenememnar 1,650 165.) xeseeeweene sacmmeane 
Pighishs ous 222 beh coe 2 a ee See = |e ee 350 
Shadweeere 2 op oc ae eel 526,054 | 82,006 | 2,295, 730 
Spanishwmackerelits 2s cen ceeos| cee ee seo. |saaet ens 2,479 
Spols eset eeceees 6, 700 356 55, 847 
Squeteagues or “sea trout’’.-. 59, 000 3,083 | 1,355,930 
Simiped basss..--5 ve 22 -.4-2e8 24, 675 3,998 3,535 
OULD POON eee ate ee ear eae 1,040 312 1,815 
StULseOM Ca yial:.: Wea cn ote | Sec eeder leer ees an 314 
Motels. oon seen ae 3, 300, 692 | 147,357 | 9,018,999 | 476,695 | 155,354 | 9,316 | 90,000 | 3,600 
Species. Norfolk. Northampton. Northumberland. | Princess Anne. 
Pounds.| Value.| Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value. | Pounds.| Value. 
Alewives, fresh. ............. 69, 000 | $1,380 21, 000 $210 | 5, 726, 586 | $77, 184 8, 700 $174 
BiaCe Grime secu tdaeccii< «ral dest errr | roe noe ee 500 Dis ore fate = 5 co all icin: sin mn nl ee 
Blnerish as 25058 popes a iasee ote 900 90 88, 263 | 13, 225 970 101 1,976 327 
Bonito sec ose ceet aetisinies'siete 425 65 46, 915 4 Glo ete a ote ee oe eee 1, 245 165 
Bigttertishc soso se cose 80,600 | 4,776 698, 047 | 49, 600 16, 675 900 | 56,350 | 3,694 
CBD oo tes ceo ce han Sabcawale ates ca ose eee ree seers eae os Geese see 4, 000 160115. 2.00 see) eee 
Cathisae oe ise ae tees ose ch Hep cece se cl teas oe lteee cbeetea ae eee as 1, 100 40 |. Wo. Ses. Sees 
CROVAN EE Soe yobates wie iesical 37,900 | 1,650 18, 250 (UM eRe a 2) Mere eae la 44,000 | 2,180 
Grodkeirsgecse cdieee Ke cbs 52,000 | 1,920 | 1,603,695 | 74, 522 680, 500 7,407 | 72,600 | 2,178 
CIS oes oo os cichoe gems cess 50 1 670 200 7, 495 1,118 200 20 
| 3 (orohors tig: ee eS eee 21,200 | 2,032 23, 070 490 10, 724 448 | 17,775 | 1,320 
Gizzardishad nai pcs pode olec:= see wel] Cociemnickl act ones nel eee ap atlaeeys eee seo erie 150 
Aickory Shas oo - pee ceee es 1, 600 5 (eee ee (are See 20, 390 883 1, 400 70 
eine Wing o5 ene csine wes 500 30 1, 666 DON Rae facts seeanec ate 7,370 483 
Menhaden. s- 5. Smee: 4-1-6 seers -eiealas sae n 625, 500 1,094 | 1, 060, 970 45984 | << ccees eee 
MMe Eee ake J Gage oe ceal| tee seed |e cs see toes eee Ree nan Reel nsen ieee eel aie se emiaate 10, 275 723 
Ocean sunfish 100 20) sdeeeee os kn| 635 co252|h. cee eee 
Petch) WHE... ii oesccecb lam -e<igce elon = oo seb [cee n coe aalaells cotta 2, 455 250 3, 100 314 
Pigfish 6, 350 ly 6 idl GRE BSOes SS) eseesers 5 8, 250 515 
Pompano eer soc Sic en- see tallass pects ae 1,150 Vy a fo eer se 1, 380 120 
Redfish or red drum 22, 800 7 ail eee sy 2a Pas EF, 4,340 97 
SCUp Sij3 oneciouth wReeemees tel peewee 17, 700 DPANGs I coe userelenmemccas 250 25 
SPAWOESS eee achip od wicine teen mlees -eredalee tants 3, 500 105. |= obs, s00.02 [osnccmee eee eee ee 
SHEd ee ence sons dae eee 11, 363 2,258 | 1, 280,208 | 217,800 | 26,099 | 5,025 
FST eY=Io] ola 2% I ee ese Bec S| SRS Shee Sec 825 1263). ca ioe cles eaeeeae 1, 250 
Spanish mackerel........... 250 33 4, 435 GON Lt Secese 3| Saw eee ae 1, 980 337 
MBOLFE soso eco dots anes 16, 700 768 34, 238 2, 280 18, 115 1,075 | 838,600 | 5,761 
Squeteagues or ‘‘sea trout’’.| 130,000 | 6,090 | 1,725,235 | 87, 137 435,250 | 11,122 | 55,600} 4,910 
Siriped buss..S.32252224-2-7- 420 84 2, 625 1,050 49, 330 8, 241 1, 669 334 
StirgeonM tee. fs22tcsc5.8 5,260 | 1,043 45, 400 5, 990 500 102 675 135 
Sturgeon caviar............. 850 | 2,475 1,120 OG} OOO) |= oprnaee aes Sascdacee 150 370 
Stureeon TOGw hs SoS SAL eae cee = |e nee oe pase erste: [pee 101 150 | vse ee 
Yellowtail or ‘‘silver perch”’ 500 16 a. Ste tetoreicll treeeewt. <(acteantdeenleeaeeneee 850 51 
Alewifescalesg...-5: 222232luenlasacteenlaepee ott b etnies [Papuan ence 10, 203 1055+ | 2d2s2 abe pee ees 
Totals: .. asics Hen 484,813 | 29,137 | 5,004,417 | 250,279 | 9,325,572 | 332,970 | 411, 234 | 29, 456 
Species. Richmond. Spotsylvania. Stafford. . Warwick. 


Pounds. vee Pounds.| Value.'Pounds.| Value.| Pounds. | Value. 
76 


Alewives, fresh..........0.0.desee000 36,652 |. SSQ08 |< ARs ileal we 252, 400 | $2,674 
HEN Gia a einen Dene aT ae Cr RSG BALES Lal sae a aa 700 |’ 140 
Biabbertialisecsesediewvccretnatvicene deodiouare wil wbeodbiendeuash seas! .|-..=.| (iain ean 
CHEB. .f Ge ik Stoehe ht es Dud 1,730 87 Fai see 825 | $50 | uP ea one 


JOUER Cine A eGemtrne: ane Se 79,250 | 4,037 | 22,560 | 1,455 | 2,000 100.) aoseeeees ee 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. 127 


YIELD OF THE SHORE FISHERIES OF VIRGINIA IN 1920, By APPARATUS, COUNTIES, 
AND SPECIE ontinued. 


BY POUND NETS—Continued. 


Species. Richmond. Spotsylvania. Stafford. Warwick. 
Pounds.| Value. |Pounds.| Value.|Pounds.| Value.| Pounds. | Value. 

ETH bRa BA SR ER sR) S| eS” le SR | es ane ae Se ee 135, 100 | $4, 053 
Cronier:. ho cee 2 8... LR 16, 200 eS es Ss SE a seaese S| Geese 466, 100 | 16, 692 
LAGS es ee es ee eee ee 1, 400 124 150 $10 300 $20 200 20 
[OUGTE2G (Se oo ae ae 2, 400 TA ed Se os Sle Seal Bee See ae scee 35,730 | 1,429 
Giezard Shady. 715222 32 ss bateeneme 900 45 | 6,050 PAD eon kenlhes nine lah scncueassteeeiee 
FERIGR ODA SHAY pete =.< 5 aera so ktm oe Semis saa POR os fares este eraibet-sey>)| =r "9/5 ele tay] 5 pis'el= ein 6, 230 311 
LUA a OU ae Rn eS en ee SEE) ee el ae 2 eee Gasca errcr cal rertard 228 23 
Perc i, PINNED 3 tan 8 vhs oa bey 12, 270 994 | 10,175 870 900 TOO! . 2 = sects le - head 
Perch, yellow 2 Seed EA ose ec cee 2,575 306 | 4,350 300 750 TOO! 5 a sCeee il = apsavee 
PIES EA oc ae c ke 55 htortotentd = pictomintsiaroll pmisiteaiates| 5's EE = 
YEOROr DiCkerel’: seuss see pe sece eee 200 
SHAG «25 eee - 2-88 2s 3 : 
EUS O05) eee eee eee ee 
Squeteagues or “‘sea trout’’........ 
Striped bass. -. .. Bee ee cick fe eee 
BE PCOM ae oo = seh cee tec oeneen | 
DUMITOOOH CAVIATAS <2. 8. Sen ep one on ons 

51) 27 [AS ER ee ed Pe ee 205, 740 | 14,987 | 45,930 | 3,318 | 5,975 700 | 1,645,655 | 69,374 

! 
Species. Westmoreland. York. Total. 
Pounds. | Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. 

Mlawaves; fresh. 22-2909 2. S.A. 133, 000 $2, 525 296, 400 $3,705 | 14, 998, 345 $218, 993 
Alewives, SE OG ers ee a's AG) crn a =i oe x tovaprctans [Seca rey en mreactacs,| tach ence Ean =' my secede ee ae 20, 000 500 
Black Grits cs... .l..ss teen seccrowe 54, 480 682 
Biotic eUGe os tenes ct eres 109, 475 18, 016 
amito. 2 MAS... ote e se ke ponerse : 183, 535 13, 358 
LOG ees paeteeraenes senemeisar 3, 012, 997 136, 549 
Carrs 4: 055. 2.2 2. So 7, 685 378 
“CET ESUA: Ses eat rae Me eee A 137, 025 7,370 
(Ni S17 Foe eee pean epee neey Sb pelle 789, 553 24, 342 
Crodker biti wa: TE ee. 8 14, 628, 950 444, 310 
WelgrePe reese nie lees stosees reuse 18, 815 3, 362 
LOU ONS San ns Be oe wt oh tne nis ap 235, 430 11, 159 
Giang Suaer. cos see seme | . _.8,600 350 
iickwpy Shad 22222 ene aek anon = g 129, 960 5, 533 
USSF LT 0 a iri en, ee 19, 874 1,683 
IBN ACG Wace cron too. Soe tet 6, 233, 920 22,114 
HOU) PSS Dain apa fer ape pane rth oe 10, 955 759 
RIGEAIN SPER TSN 23 SU oe, winfs cine apie c [skate oi=.5's 100 20 
PONG Whites... abate Sa < fee 59, 966 5, 120 
Perch, yellow.. 13, 600 1, 154 

a 36, 320 1,697 
Pi : or pickerel 3,510 650 
UN Pannen Se Pere ee eS eas As 558 6, 930 1, 430 
Redfish or red drum : 109, 880 3, 523 
Rie ia 38 Bist aaa tet Sea btn, eg 30, 550 2, 201 
SGEsDASS: .- <.2.-5-- eRe ascites cet er, 4, 600 197 
LO Ua BoE eiabdds Sich Stee Bk te 5, 524, 823 818, 948 
> PES]ESTES Gee ae SERA 2, 155 
PImctierinCkenel. = Shafi tee hens [AL Sate oS e a oe 100 15 33, 784 5, 029 
WPS ae bot eC Se BS Ie aa | Fear ieee 9, 000 450 490, 476 24, 360 
Squeteagues or ‘‘sea trout”’......... 17, 400 1,055 461, 000 23,050 | 12, 305, 652 606, 193 
BETIRIOU RUSS. eet Sanaa ee ee nt 23, 490 4,035 100 20 "901" 773 38, 100 
co EIS  ataeteanes Genteneiienee 6 iar pscee s mepsaeersery tmmoor cee 1,029 206 73, 568 12, 930 
REIN CRUIR Tice ea Se ae | toe eee tt aah eh | ae mcece cheno cacscms 2 4, 667 14, 670 
CITT NOO ak Sere ont Ana 2 | Pee cok dame meae ok laments oe eel te cine wince 101 150 
eA ell uorsperClls es o.c [de cobaccel tee ame cc mt seco sces seen ee ac eeeeee 1,350 66 
Civil... SRB ea eS fees | eee tre | Cees heer nee eet 42, 150 1,475 
TT ct ee ETT S SR PALE SSE SSP RD AAS Mises LIMOS LORY) See 8, 280 164 
PAOWESEEENOE eke oo Sok HOR O Wen ke asec are. Meme uk Seann ie ek so. 10, 203 1, 055 

Tope tte -p dooce fe 224,618 | 13,648 | 1,937,379 | 75, 645 | 59, 554,037 | 2, 448, 853 


111621°—22-—_9 


128 


U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


YIELD OF THE SHORE FISHERIES OF VIRGINIA IN 1920, By APPARATUS, COUNTIES, 
AND SpEecres—Continued., 


BY FYKE NETS. 
Species Accomac. Arlington. Caroline. Charles City. 
Value. | Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value. 
50 $2 9,000 $180 
100 5 25, 700 2,020 
: 400 20 22, 200 1, 688 
CRGAKENE eer --.i---2- eee eee OO) ee eee alee eal aie Pape ee eeeee Pesca --) (5028. 
MIGUNGers 2k... du siedeeenk LOO: | 22 RRO LSE eee re ok «wal ay cee ne 
BIO TISD = «2 sh dros toed us ere oe vie eS |e 2, 000 200 || 225, 2 2ecIiy. 0+. <b coca el 
Retlet Ah Der ob a Seaesamel cel nas asbeceel te beesid 250 2B bane mennelowaas-~-|--nnn eau eee 
Bereb white occ ssnan same in) seiics bce seew ened 475 43 250 25 5, 020 498 
Perch, yellowrereo.<55.255 JU. SEE ORE 600 iy (AL? 35 |e ae 500 50 
Ca RS es ew Ct an 1, 740 B50). bie EE LEE cel. | ee 
Striped bass... . 2. 2.52260. 750 150d SP eerie! | Pecer oul secs. coeliac 300 60 
Totes Ue ai obod semaine 13, 061 900 | 13,970 843 800 52| 62,720| 4,496 
Species. Chesterfield. Dinwiddie. Fairfax. Gloucester. 

, Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value.} Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value. 
Alewivesia.2e J... 44%... 2 6, 000 SLZO Wy ok See Sec Ue eal ce cod sabe ooseee]s cele eee 
Garp sate Meret ol peeccnh oe 1, 000 7s epee d| Mt oe Beat 3,350 1" “$335.5 eee ere 
Catfish... S2iise2 ies ois 1, 200 72 3,000 $180)\|) 112;120)], 6,,460)) 225-253 eee ee 
CreVANG Hee ooo wo sinccin sb beads sod ck pec eals oe tae ot Se oe Saeea ek oe See er een eee 400 $12 
Gromer) coer is mai avis lose Ste wis (4 os See a aretha aie | uae nae a tots | ote ats eee | ie eee 4,400 132 
DIE) Re Se Sa es SS te (ea eee eee CRE Ieee yemrynetes Pre eere ita 12, 390 815) See eee ee 
IN OUMOONSe se Se gan coo 8 cms ae epee scala nace ata] she dcas asdlon cn cvledck setcn ene terexeer 2, 200 88 
Perchiwhite. aaeee’. 22.20 100 8) .sseS ela ehbsers 8, 200 840 535 27 
Perchtivellowss: Hen J3....2 QUE se. 5 Oe) SR. os] SSS Sak. ee ae. 12,860 | 1,085 |... . Ses - leper ed 
FAROAOT DICKGEOLANK. 3 3). lect a vit Poeiiowae & e1a||cepeieaiama | ommicieincae leimacceiars 150 30 ||... -feine - lorena 
[S153 ee Se ee: Se ee steed yates dl Caine Berek a fete ssid cera St os Gave 2, 235 96 
Stuetéacues tor sen trout Ve.| S222 Wee ee, sl cee ee os eee eee eee ee 3, 850 191 
Striped bass.426.22 4)... 2... s% 200 TT | eae = | ERTS AS IE SE ee 8 be ee 9,050 1,576 

Potal s AP en. ctesense 8,500 300 3, 000 180 | 149,070] 9,565 22,670 2,122 

Species Henrico. Isle of Wight. James City. King and Queen. 

Pounds. | Value. {| Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value. 

iMleigives:. .|. Hm. OOF ..” Belek eeenee ees aed 65, 500 | ($1,632 1°, 15;'000'|' °° $600;| S222 teens 
rr tg SO ACY aR PR ME hE OP 4, 000 120 | :° 18,000"| "1; 296)| 22 .eeeee eee 
Gatfishy Ui ee See 2b. BE 3, 600 $216 8, 800 264 53,600 | 4,256 6, 300 $378 
GROSRErS Soe e eee Aine cida eden me eae she seees 132,760 | 3,982 2,400 195 2,400 96 
ETS See LMT nia cisintary cere beemaeiateicle & (eispcisistens 2, 300 220 1,150 99") 3.5. eaenieee ans 
Blnutiders: oie): 4-2 Ps oS Bk eee se 5, 400 324 6, 190 592 120 10 
GAZZATOSH AGE Fl oe Secde laisse lemme 13, 400 268 500 1 Ee aaa ste eae = 
RANCH White teh Be. ene 2-5ss | om t-Ebe| s/sineisiees 12,129} 1,212 5,700 570 120 12 
eencuy yy CLLONKMaR fe 2. )5= eae een eel neioeice.s| ae eee of eeetae=le 200 1G) | 5. os ete es oe 
SS Terns (as agen BE eS ie ee ie Aer sens BS02N" Mead cee cs scm s| ene eines] sie nlee > ae ee 
(S020) F aM f | 5.2 et) © SRI RT ee cic SP bees Bea 600 gs eee see Peeper mers santa 
Squeteagues or ‘‘sea trout’’..|..........|-.------ 26,750 | 2,410 3, 900 390 1, 200 120 
Airinead Dass Booed ce|meameaaees| nese 9,280} 1,856 16,450 | 3,290 500 100 
RUGECES 0 cls DOF. PSF e Feo <4 EE | eel Sie tio aE tenia = = a] ae siete aa aerate 100 #o)\|-'2. 2c ccs sae 
Totaly aey. se. ..1-224- 3,600 216 | 289, 221 | 13, 789 | 123,190 | 11,252 | 10,640 716 

Species. King George. King William. Lancaster. Nansemond. 
Pounds. | Value. | Pounds.| Value. | Pounds. | Value. | Pownds. | Value. 
IMB WINGS Gaeta ea seeeee laeaees cc clecdat ee 2,000 $50 120 $2| 38,225] $1,015 
BR MGLELUSHES Bele fie. science | Mamameb oe dll emma eeieoeeee Bsa RE SEES coc sone, 49, 24 
Gat. cs cen eee ok ose annie ans 285 S20 oe Jan sc cel eatcecccl ake see anisa taste 4,015 138 
Gahtish i)... fees. coches 14, 900 765 SL 500 i) P8801 eee sc coed eee 900 45 
Grevalle no so occcnatsinn neat lcauneeemiak| wnlee nities seme e ease allele estate ae alee ee a nee 495 24 
Crodker oh: ¢e6c bie. Ha-s Sesh ia sce eee ae oe 11,025 441 10, 000 100 85, 500 2,565 
GIS cst ect voc cure hs mse eenicel calaaleee mal wate cel glee eee rele rarest 5,400 | 1,080 775 44 
Miounderse she sesh wo ceece Seg aaecinnomtee sa 750 BOR eae ccc e peeeeatomisl= 5,300 318 
IPAPCH WIM) cleo r nap gen l= nl , 600 353 350 35 2,550 255 6, 000 600 
Bench y GUOW ashes <tessi 5,575 BoB coe ee sce eee emetic cmteatemes cates wc ete a oe rates 
Pike or pickerel............- , 750 725 | nin oh btoicisil we tele eet coe s alll eleiatews's=| von ate eeveke eee 
SOUP tes. SON oe oe ok deca] ocig ncemelp erie eaw| eine mo an| wanes | pecs mmoles] ein =sim a ae 215 42 
PACE erotic ok cate enn aera mesiiseece eee meie mpc aah A 8 8, re alA kay 
Squeteagues or ‘‘sea trout’’..|..........|-------- , 000 00 , 75 

Striped fae PAE ct REO Pe ty 85 15 3, 500 700 8,350 | 2,653 9,350 1,870 
otal gis) sees «4 be 28, 195 3, 876 26,645 | 4,133 | 165,967 8, 648 


| 2,303 | 56,125 


NN ee 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. 


129 


YIELD OF THE SHORE FISHERIES OF VIRGINIA IN 1920, BY APPARATUS, COUNTIES, 
AND Species—Continued. 


BY FYKE NETS—Continued. 


Species Northumberland. | Princess Anne. Prince George. | Prince William. 
Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value.| Pownds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value. 
PLEIN CS Rte se acc | ca a ge 1 800 $54 66, 000 $930")... ..- 3. see theses’ 
BE GE og CS ES SES See (RENAN eee (2 CL = 2 500 225i | sho Sd Sot SOSA oon eee es | oes 
SEO... COU SU TE REE PRE SR SORE SRR fe Sua er 2,000 130 2,890 155 945 $70 
Gapastaeye 4 ko... ge ee 1,800 72| 85,000] 4,680] 22,000] 1,090 
GREG AES ee 2,500 SO Sneet ata s5| Pty selec wm Sart | Mena tao 4 waa oe ee 
TOE. eS ea DN TE Ns SN ae A 1,790 95 675 45 
GuzvardisHads. ou... 2505 Hemel LI 9- =| wis A 8, 000 aU) a i SEC ae | ae ees tea eet p eb 
Perch, white...............-- te nals ee 10, 000 650 6,950 695 7, 150 615 
TBVE/RCIA, TVGINIGy, oe ae ee [cae | | ORES 12, 000 780 7 62 5,650 445 
prceyor pickerel....----si-\5254- |e pata hajaral| peers 11,000 EAU A - 2 Bee Pooe cee 200 40 
BRAD EGIDASS....0..6 Soap ene! aae IE cosletasa)ey a Sya bo o(ayarainlarsil weer aravaraceis [aterm G5 500) vk, S00) |<... 2. 55.) arate 
STDC SS Sa EE eee eee RE Ee dee ae || ae Se el a eee 950 20) oe ores eed | es S Oe 
“ilajhs) |e ee ee ae | 2,500 25| 49,100] 2,741 | 170,860] 7,946| 36,620] 2,305 
Species Richmond. Spotsylvania. Stafford. Surry. 
Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value.| Pownds.| Value. 
IMIG WIVES clei cchclecssnascacis|= oe ae caste eee ep a| te ae soso a ees 3: 400 $10 45, 000 $450 
rp 100 6,300 315 
470 4,550 297 
bie MoDe SAORI As ISOS: SCR So, 800 24 
10 250 10 
miaiefabaainpaial sitet sata t =| tyres este, | leatercne sets F ahs 17 
| ne 1 124 
Perch, Whit@ses< <<< eos o5 os 125 13 4,400 385 1,250 120 4; 370 524 
Rerchs yellowue.. 5 J.) eet 125 15 11, 945 825 5,150 412 330 33 
Pike! ompickerel ¢. ..5 2) ~i--.- 300 60 4,775 895 1,640 Ofte Pesos fee Meer cet 
oan Melee tater stats mlm aes! sie ofa simi aisle'| <= attomNS ll taal aera] Varun ores elie cree atare el [eas tole wtae [Meta ae 10,121 1,662 
DLE sec ece | DEM pe OC CG eT SSS er SSeS Soe CRP C. ol ce © See] Ete arena’! pm! anim a fae Sean el 150 12 
Piueiouettest Ole. SCA COME ae sates | oe mete re aaa ae | a ee oasis yell oe ayaa 1,800 144 
pyri] G31 1S CGE eae ey ee ee ae eek Sl fe a 200 BO) |r crclctch nba aye 900 180 
DUE RAINers Mer cfeycais oid o'5ces Sct hrell = 3 Smee tdi the ined tee nae on ered eae eso ay. ibe wel an 150 5 
Tasers s Pen gery. 2! SION Loc) ML Bae) ME OE 400 1 
Potalis.ccuasssick« eese 6,750 418 59,695 | 4,060 20,530 | 1,500 81,581 3,728 
Species Warwick. Westmoreland York Total. 
Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value. 
Alewives $5, 045 
Black bass 325 
Rutterish 24 
BRD force cremate aroncgs rotaforoh ora 1 
@atfish< s42-29..) ne ee Le BS 70 
PrevalGaneee sae sets cc caaee if 36 
Croakercseveest is 25 ee ieee 9, 206 
IB (clits Sens ae Ren ro 2? 486 
Flounders 1) 663 
Gizzard shad ” 682 
Goldfish 000 200 
Mite a PDA CNT Ley hs RTE be Tene poe 250 25 
HOCHCH WAMPEGs Se soo facut cen «he 300 30 200 36 80, 874 7,611 
OE ae ee ba a ht 2200 1g Mee a Oa Bae ee 4 De 57,715 | 4,328 
Pike (TSM ETLEL 2 RSE Sgro el (ee yo) PR 250 SO aap basset les boas 22,065 2,648 
aoa +. 2 SERBS re Sars egret | Meee Gn he es Oe ReereenS Aee eee Aa ears 215 42 
SSS RR Wane Ms Sn i pO amar ey Wier 4 PR 
Squeteagues or ‘sea trout’’.. 1,740 LOQMML ALS bel seseceee 10, 000 520 62,140 4,895 
SUripOd pee nos os occ wa wo 1,800 BN te ee 800 160 68,015 | 14,340 
Suckers eeeessaas. oy 8b Hem 8h.. ES | OO HO OST WN a OT | eee i 37 
Cee oo ne SECTOR (SRST IE IIE) REE el FPR SEES PgR Pee a 1 
Total sare eee ek 31,940 | 1,591 6,350 405 | 24,790 | 1,240 |1,468,090 | 89,350 


é 


130 


U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


YIELD OF THE SHORE FISHERIES OF VIRGINIA IN 1920, BY APPARATUS, COUNTIES, 


AND SprecrtEs—Continued. 


BY LINES. 
Species. Accomac. Dinwiddie. Elizabeth City. Gloucester. Isle of Wight. 
Pounds.| Value. | Pounds.) Valuec.| Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value. Pounds | Paldae 
Black drum....... 5, 500 $110 | 
Bluefishs 2. o.o0=- 51,025 | 7,682 
Cawisn: 1 OSs... | bocenc cn Sooo ae 
Croakker (220.82... 3,375 150 
Flounders........- 4, 250 165 
King whiting.....| 2,500 200 
LEN Tei Ga SRI | See ea | eee all as 2 Aa 
Redfish or red 
Bram. Fae 7,670 230 
Sap)... Me 4,375 175 
MESOASS eons 10,375 830 
Snopes ase. 1, 430 93 
Squeteagues or 
fésen trouty2ay.. . 16, 590 760 
Crabs, hard....... 499, 636 | 22,173 
Totals snes 606, 726 | 32,568 | 20,600 | 1,442 |1, 054, 300 962, 666 | 25,980 | 12, 750 495 
Species Has and faa | ee .t Lancaster. | Mathews. 
|Pounds.| Value.| Pounds.| Value.| Pounds.) Value.| Pounds. | Value. "Pounds Value. 
Gatfish. See os22 288. pee ee ee ee 34500 |} S200). oo coc ctere| Gein ww'ull sie aa Scherer 
SUELO CCS Ram se sre tere [ess eres | neg cneactall edeacincbors ce eae , 000 G00. |). csclet wrote] oasct od oan, 203 eS 
Grabs, harden. td5c: | 56, 250 |$1, 350 | 64,375 |$2, 060 18, 750 450 | 211,900 |$6, 357 908, 600 |$27, 258 
Potalee > 2. 1.028 | 56,250 | 1,350 | 64,375 | 2,060 | 25,250 | 1,260 | 211,900 | 6,357 | 908, 600 | 27,258 
Species Middlesex. New Kent. Norfolk. Northampton. 
Pounds. | Value. | Pounds, | Value. Prins. Value. | Pownds. | Value. 
TEI AVCCibS ths ae hs eeeepeete rine eee celle mer dere oul [eral Race Secs Irn $80' |. s mcaeelacemeeee 
Catfish. . 6 x ee oo ass ck 4 ee Cee: eee 60, 000 3 t$4; OOD GS <u. 31 on) oteln'sis on: Leeacaetmel en eee 
CYORRON Soca c nade ne soccabc | state arsaere Bails helio bes are pate stele | Stared 48000)| 2;ADO) | 2 cn c0ccenslseeeatere 
1 Sol Pec Ye Ch epee emp een tines appeal marae parental amon oe te Nog Sm 10, 000 800 |. cee 
poe Wautape TL fae Se Rec ripe | aa I eth NIRS is MAE ee 2,000 i eee coe ees 
Perch, waite foo Ss a. TAS | ae Eg ha 3, 600 LS! | Seer lous eke 
Ti CEE SI BO ee ety | Paap aes 2 [aoe Saeie | Soot dew) | eae 4° 000 TDi ee Escada 
SES oe CD, ee ee ae i a gates Se 2 |: ke See (oe ee FI 4, 000 400!) .33.c55e04| eee 
DOSE £ subeiee'S. J. hed Ps hhyeaee 2 Le of SESE LN be O2000}|| 4; 800i) 28 {cdo 
Squeteagues Rigiteed trot eesti or) Psa sc cePel iat gale, ae 8; 000 |. 4,800. | 5.2 0.2ese see aoe 
Grabs; Hardie ue a5 ¥. 622, 700) $18,680). ccc aeatelessas<ee 5,000 | 30,240 | 664,151 | $22,120 
Werties Some 21.2.2) ee SS ces o Rice eens | 10,000). <1,00D!\2.s:..ccbeliccen-edlooasaecs se eee 
Toraleo fpr do oP: 622, 700 | 18, 681 60,000 | 5,000 |1, 105, 000 44, 020 | 664,161 | 22,120 
| 
Species Northumberland.| Princess Anne. | Stafford. Surry. 
| 
Pounds, | Value. | Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value. 
Catfish. bsp e. aoe ce aes OR ae fF lees eae caed TN Sera Ne bn Se 4, 500 $270 
Croaker.. 2.2... 
Flounders.... 
King whiting. . 
Pipfish.-!) n5 a 
Bat ett may ek Joh edie cloacal o> cateee 
Squeteagues or “‘sea trout” 
Siriped ‘bags eee ooh paaeses debe cece bolocnces be "G40 Weed Ll coaee 500 100 
Crabs, hardac se. sk. cece 21,600 | 18,335 | $1,600 |..........]-.1e2 pik 
AP ORGY ate ee ee “yes 18,335 | 1,600 5, 000 370 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. 


131 


YIELD OF THE SHORE FISHERIES OF VIRGINIA IN 1920, By APPARATUS, COUNTIES, 
AND SpEciteEs—Continued. 


BY LINES—Continued. 


Species Warwick. Westmoreland. York. Total 

Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value. 
nek: AN seo tess 5, 500 $110 
ioe Re loin afastafclate sats oe , 425 7, 762 
SyhigliL, 2), Oeaene ba ee ele 8,600} 5,922 
2 ED oI RES 671,475 | 31,709 
iinGiviste Ci) Se 20, 250 1,325 
King whiting 10, 900 920 
CPC MWHILG-- oss 2 <sccces 3, 600 180 
mien cannot 5, 100 15,600 | 1,250 
a orred drum......... ene eae ate Oe Tee Le ee eee tate eee 75 ae 230 
Pipe CAAT GE TO a evr Os Weer etch lace ceeme cee cede ( on tre dl eaeod 4, 375 175 
Bpaibacweet sts deer Meret. [See | Meee tll eee Sie Ane S| MRR alee canes 14,375 | 1, 230 
RO eetee tee ee Pee es 8, 000 BOOS eat ees ee 5, 000 350 155, 230 | . 15, 907 
paetes es or “‘sea trout’’..| . 48,000 | 3,840 |..........|........ 50,000 | 4,000 0 16, 040 
tri HSN ae seeE Res hich seeds [sick ns wiotina|e ow eiscicalSackece eas SAE E Ts ASM ea A Sd » 1, 340 
CED, TE a ea 2 I Te | PS ee 255, 000 | $7, 655 |1, 687, 500 | 33,750 | 9,341,178 | 260, 742 
Turtles...............220222-]-----2----]--2--0--| Asnseeade® [Bactwoctcllonsensot se|bocasase 10, 000 1, 000 
T(E Race eee oe 111,100 | 9,240 | 255,000 | 7,655 |2, 142,500 | 54, 100 |10, 591, 468 | 345, 842 


BY CRAB SCRAPES, CRAB DREDGES, OYSTER DREDGES, TONGS, RAKES AND 


HOES, AND HAND. 


Apparatus and species. Accomac. Arlington. Elizabeth City. Essex. 
Crab scrapes: Pounds. | Value. | Pounds.| Value. | Pownds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value 
Crp seiarde s=t-ecstecmoos SON SCOS G2 CA Sh Suga eee awe ction. |[coempnses| on eae | seme ceieee | semen 
Cravsnsoits:'3:22<2425 2225. GIS, O22 3198 2205 = eet oe eee ee [eee ticle coeatee creck ees lhe eee 
Tinie, Se SE BESP ETD LE ee | ee Ee SRS ae rea ine, 
Crab dredges: Crabs, hard..... 271, 6750)! |6)3000)%...2u0a| .| ube. 125,125 | $6,735 |.zexbsatladent. 
Oyster dredges: : 
Oysters;market, public: -;| 149,345.) 33, 820i! 0.5 See ee ees ol EN. coe 
Oysters, market, private.| 139,370 | 12,587 |.........|......-. 121 569)! |) 8684s ceases sare 
PINON sie tows ana nt icine LOL WGO)4b QURSSOt) te ot OAM IE I es ccna | eee 
Hotals ss: ascesrs ech oszt SO0%475) || "470759 [nome esses ees 121; 569) | Sesdiine Aedes egret. 
Tongs, rakes, and hoes: _ 
Oysters, market, public...) 502,446 | 57,690 |......-.-|.-....-. 157,500 | 11,025 | 180,950 | $18,095 
Oysters, market, private..| 942,613 | 99,382 |........./........ 69,650 | 4,975 | 190,400 | 19,040 
Oysters, seed, public...... 
Oysters, seed, private. ...-. 
Glams;-hards.sso2s22ss2e2 
2155 De 2,032, 559 | 319,120 |....22.../...2222. 788, 450 | 40, 525 | 371, 350 | 37, 135 
Hand: : 
Oysters; market, public: --\\, 186,'830) |) 12726; |225! Reb te te este | olka so oa| OL Pees - 5 2 
Oysters, market, private: -| >. (749) 014.) 73,151. |2.2) Sb te! | A oe Sh se aoe ad Ae OT ok 
Oysters, seed, public...... 45, 500 cel aeecoariogl oceciecerd pone aetG REESE Beaseeeric Haeeeres 
Oysters, seed, private. ...-. 17, 500 A) res 2S SAL Ea 4 | 2 phe Le go PER © 0) a 
Clams, hard: -io2.22..22--:. Pac Ey org) (eb Ye SG Gree eese to [oe ase 400 TSO} Seo eee Sale gee eae 
Siig; SOlts > 22. seca aes 2,100 BION eascces Selec ences looms peel oe meet ee ease areas 
opin Bitten == Sena. oN AS 248 DOOM Maama See cites ey Rae era onsen te yee Ae amet ea 
BEM Dt. ccokeas cosas sn|cace sce toes |senceces 900 £1 be ee BP Ls age ep | tn 
TCT SRE See eee 1, 029, 368 | 105, 936 900 | 90 400 150) | Soe e sane | A 
Apparatus and species. Gloucester. Isle of Wight. James City. |King and Queen. 
Oyster dredges: Oysters, | Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value. | Pownds.| Value. | Pownds.| Value. 
market, private........... BOON | OD, LOO fon nce ccc oe pa see aac s [aa cites a ieee aaa enn nent bey og cae 
Tongs, rakes, and hoes: 
ysters, market, public.| 238,490 | 25, 484 525, 000 |$33,750 |...... 2.) tee saec 18,900 | $1,790 
Oysters, market, private.| 877,079 | 95,873 132,685 | 9,477 | 378,000 |$40, 500 | 420,000 | 45, 500 
Oysters, S60, DMPC sso | cs eg. c IGE Sa; COO) Aas hor None sees eee eral eee NT Ne 
Clams, hard. = cae es 4,928 Rae Neer el eee tae ae (ORE Whoa 3k ple ariel alien (ae 
LUG) ae ea ee fe 1,120, 497 | 123,301 | 1, 841,385 | 85, 502 | 378, 000 | 40, 500 | 438, 900 | 47, 290 


132 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


YIELD, OF THE SHORE FISHERIES OF VIRGINIA IN 1920, By APPARATUS, CounTIEs, 
AND SpPECIES—Continued. 


BY CRAB SCRAPES, CRAB_DREDGES, OYSTER DREDGES, TONGS, RAKES AND 
HOES, AND HAND—Continued. 


Apparatus and species. King George. King William. Lancaster. Mathews. 
Oyster dredges: J . | Pounds.| Value.| Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value. 
Oysters,'market, public 422i. 2.4}-.s.etsc]oces eos ctan i Geese eeeee bene eets cone 700 $75 
Oysters, market, private.|. D915 000! $102 400 tt anedse de disc = dai ie 30, 100 3,225 
Clams) hard... : SSL eAPe eee eee is|o eee eRe Coe eieee eed neem nealen San eee 2, 000 625 
OPA. |r Beale ee ka a wanton 91,000 | 10,400 |........... lewebieces 32,800 | 3,925 
Tongs, rakes, and hoes: ‘ a 
Oysters, market, public.| 51,310 | $3,600 |.........|........ 1, 089, 235 |$130, 892 660,562 | 70,245 
Oysters, market, private.|.........|.......- 448,000 | 48,307 | 262,738 | 31,778 | 377,832 | 38,595 
Clams hard: |i: pen teens eteee ese cobe etal Meee Re oee cert en nCemme en tn an eee 44,640 | 16,450 
Mobal hits 2 IMME a 51,310 | 3,600 | 448,000 | 48,307 | 1,351,973 | 162,670 | 1,083,034 | 125, 290 
Apparatus and species. Middlesex. Nansemond. New Kent. Norfolk. 
Tongs, rakes, and hoes: Pounds Value. | Pounds. | Value. |Pounds.| Value. 
ysters, market, public.| 2,062,340 |$229, 921 873,600 | $56, 360 
Oysters, market, private. 7,350 735 398,685 | 28, 450 
Oysters; seed, PUDHC:. 6-).| so cicccmenea|aetocanes 722,750 | 25,813 
Clamenhardssccsstc neces | sae cece tere oe eee ee 200 75 
WGtal.. ...0cg1e Ieee 2,069, 690 | 230,656 | 1,995,235 | 110, 698 
Hand: PROBS ---e-sseeeseeee-[seseeceseee[ ates co 3 VERE sees | Baia atte a 120 
Apparatus and species. Northampton. | Northumberland. Richmond. 
Oyster dredges: Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value. Value. 
Oysters, market, public... 127, 960 |$12, 490 |. 
Oysters, market, private.|.. 49,700 | 5,925 
SCAMOPS, wis55\..<ccesce nce} s+ 12,000) $5,500)... 58 lc RS. PST LG a ee ae ee 
Mot alincsvcte eve qassewore 177,660 | 18,415 


Tongs, rakes, and hoes: 


Oysters, market, public..| 93,450 | 9,198 | 232,540. }.22,095 |..........|..-..... 182,735 | $18,725 
Oysters, market, private.| 255,781 | 42,828 | 362,810 | 40,615 87,157 |$35,772 | 150,500 | 19,230 
Oysters, seed, PVIVATE (4H. |F552s 25-62) 00s 20cas|5 550 Set loos OEY 15, 925 TOON OUI ST ee 
Clams, hard..........-... 68, 712. | 20,176. |..<5 See. 0 eth 22’ 056 8960/01 cP cee o 
NOt les srs) esc sa yee 418,943 | 72,202 | 595,350 | 62,710 | 105,138 | 37,418 | 333,235 | 37,955 
Hand: 
Oysters, market; piblic=s| 121,100.) 8,610!) 25 ee SIS a ok | so, ce. eee 
Oysters;:market, Drv ates|1,200/850))|(80j2482) ace cine ccd etre «win || woes ew acne oe ae cee ee 
Oysters, seed, public. .... 283,500 "|, 7S, TOM eee eee Fede sce ale coun Sect e| acco oe omar eee aaa 
Clams bards <tc cee we 8, €603|...1,332, | osc BOG Ole ob? Hes... die calldewe  tolbeoey eee 
Crabs, S01tt bis <cnaamen sine 19, 862.) 3,125) ...f- ESE 2)0 2 Sete ee 1. eee ie Kieot Ses. oe 
Migtalestotce as taot 1, 629,072 [101,415 |..........|...002.. | Es | IT [ome saetehOs 
| 
Apparatus and species. Warwick. Westmoreland. York. : Total. 
Crab scrapes: Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. 
Crabs hard sh seks ale saciteret fete tate! | cicbewi sere tel Sree wile c [a rea te a 36, 560 
CrabsAsontes <5 .catqen|eaud-'<' Se.) thahate| s-ebel oss. |. oe eee a oe |e eens 778,322 
Ot Al 2 sm ch ceck ost eLaat seme ee mendeete | guorau ee eakos | caeayeedn | 0s again 814, 882 
Crab'dredges: Crabs;shard sae ers ee ea ee a 353,750 |$17, 335 700, 550 
Oyster dredges: , 
Oysters, market, pub- 
MIG Seve Se Seb ota eee | aeeteee Actaters treet 196,056" /$18, 554 (so. ce ca|o~~ cess 464, 961 
Oysters, market, pri- 
WaRESSSS earth nd penth Genes 4s dnvneaayns 28,000 | 1,400 49,000 | 4,900 | 568,239 


1 Includes 1,800 pounds (225 bushels) from private beds, valued at $1,125. 
2 Includes 1,056 pounds (132 bushels) from private beds, valued at $396. 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. 133 


YIELD OF THE SHORE FISHERIES OF VIRGINIA IN 1920, By APPARATUS, COUNTIES, 
AND SPECIES—Continued. 


BY CRAB SCRAPES, CRAB DREDGES, OYSTER DREDGES, TONGS, RAKES AND 
HOES, AND HAND—Continued. 


Apparatus and species. Warwick. Westmoreland. York. Total. 
Oyster dredges—Contd. Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value. 
CURTIS MATOS eo fetne cclee aes ke cant oats omen nea eeeeet | ossiicca|seeccccciecdlessaanen 2,000 $625 
CON OWE seen on te cos a.s.5| olen oce aa [asantetie ee matiet etna | omens (Gaccicimactsos lace maces 113,760 | 26,852 
NORA ee cm asic sacl nse cawactenlaeetene 214,956 |$14, 954 49,000 | $4,900 | 1,148,960 | 119, 636 
Tongs, rakes, and hoes: 

ysters, market, pub- 

ig eeeene ene 512,750 |$35,650 | 452,830 | 32,360 | 412,300 | 26,750 | 8,987,538 | 842,180 
oysters, market, pri- 

SET CRS ee eae 35,000 | 2,500 43,050 | 2,475 | 409,871 | 41,786 | 6,099,282 | 674,329 
Oysters, seed, public..| 840,000 | 30,000 |...........]........ 1,190; 000 | 42’500 | 476527550 | 167)363 
Oysters, seed, PUVACOs.| oS choc. s SSS seins] as moteelaeeteliatee BS oe eee coe see oer ee ”138) 425 2,888 
CIDE Spe Lavras ek Gy 2 | Ta Se let dapat ta | Ba 29,696 | 11,140 | 465,304 | 210, 426 

Motalere eee weeee Se” 1,387,750 | 68,150} 495,880 | 34,835 | 2,041,867 |122,176 |20,343, 099 |1,897,186 

Hand: 
O Cg market, pub- 
Incomes co neh i Sea Se Sula ou ae [lesan SA al (fe | pe Deh Uta 307,930 | 21,336 
Oysters market, pri- 

NdUeeese segacnsces|scige clone atadscs|o nee qolewets <lloe stance alemteneiss val|sce—mcms 1,949, 864 | 153,399 
DN SUEIRR Seen, DULDIG SY essausc ot nd wear e acne Clee asaceclnoa sence (ce emcees 329, 000 9,725 
Oysters seed, TUTE GCA bs che Resse ch PER aA heats MAR See eh ie ge Ai [nh fo 17,500 312 
| CUEETR ES, VEIPES BA pe as, ate a Maal banal eo | Sc een 1 tC co a NC a 32,336 | 18,669 
UTR DES LSD bese pieies stactel rseselete an Ie eon AG easel fea g Saa 16,000 } 1,600 37,962 | 5,300 
Terrapin Bee eae nerse loraecae cael tas Lp. til bak Sein, Set eles 0 RN |e Salo Sir |G seh 248 360 
LON Sin ind dae See aia ee Shaaiacel lear ever lereeese albreseesgal Petr feed Lac bun ce Bs el hee a 480 120 
WA OTTO Sa ob cor emrciealtacta ere etoile aiboo branch tore Sterartnral| aeretarcteredioatbnd ara bihaaralheralbrerera ts 900 90 

Motale cs toc ene coos eco cu NS, MA OS 16,000 | 1,600 | 2,676,220 | 209,311 


BY OTTER TRAWLS, STOP NETS, SLAT TRAPS, AND DIP NETS. 


Apparatus and species. Accomac. Dinwiddie. Henrico. Lancaster. 
Otter trawls: Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value. 
Crag pre es Sess see 5 ose 8, 750 ROO NEE seme cccloe aeem ele aats fe acelescen ad cicie see lanesemiee 
Bloutiierss; [iiiciss2c5:2 6, 250 POUR Wot see fol tomas nee coeliac oe ce leet nomen eee 
Rabalsace= seo =e see eeas 15, 000 GOO eee eaten cates tl oemetee Meee eran z 
Stop nets: 
Canpe sens cicas donate Setwld| osimsciiset|skteie acta « 2,000 
Catishiemecasnse sone less|snecasensesseegene 2,000 
Datel oo. ks seed), ER 4,000 
Slat traps: i 
Wowivesy...ateepsesiod|.- to cals age oleate neal 375,000 | $7,400 |..........|.......- 
(Ginny ap RES ae Net a ae (ee ai SRY | ale I rt i 2, 000 200; |S Bee abel 
Catfish. 1053 SOR MOLT OF UR ILCLOS) RTT Ae EO, 8,000 B20) | LU Ait site 
CE ORY, SUA ns ccs aceg y= 2 feet be eee |e od epee Wey 6, 000 MO Narra fataee al bee 
Perch WHS oho Saas c loon Sees eee eee eee 12, 000 O60" ee See iere cliente ere’ 
fait: ae 5 Sea atalenns > | eel y's va | Re ned ae come ot eae oP co £03 O00 ei) 120) (sa. 88 os | eee 
Dip nets: 
raps bard: 274.2% Itoh te a dba! Dosti Me atedes 2 aa: | pn Sie etc | 1 MAN leap eI IE mapa [a eet ebay Has Sg 
Crabs, soft). J2)9.-L- 1.2. - Pi iit SSD hy LS PBA Hs 2b. wasps Pee AOU LSI: Se yea, 45,760 | $8,081 
Motaleeritt 3s. 2I:2tt 130 7O3O WCE EQ ATTA L|  ee  eee Ok 45,760 | 8, 081 
Crab traps: Crabs, soft ....... 11,67 (7 F ste fle: pas eoREE EEL f | PTIG 3 | AD AD OE 


134 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


YIELD OF THE SHORE FISHERIES OF VIRGINIA IN 1920, By APPARATUS, COUNTIES, 
AND Specires—Continued. 


BY OTTER TRAWLS, STOP NETS, SLAT TRAPS, AND DIP NETS—Continued. 


Apparatus and species. Northumberland. Westmoreland. Total. 
(ARREARS rs pea) AVE ESSE |p suet ed RUE Sat . 

Otter trawls: Pounds. | Value. | Pownds.| Value. | Pounds. | Value. 
LOE SU To A I a I A oye ay abe $350 
Flounders...... bs ae oboe woke oe Baal mee! 6 250 

TC: 1 Aes ay ap a fk pe al etta' =Ap 600 

Stop nets: 

CARD A) 6 jo.22 6 cb cis saminin he tagtleeete aie 120 
Cates eset Beek ott et ee eet 120 
Mota. se cernteb meres ec elee ha stents ae 240 

Slat traps: 

AIGWEVOS toe signs tase =e eeE See 7,400 
Cane tee cacte 200 
ATUST ecw cect 320 
HHCKURWSH Ad eb ee tens ees eee eee ee 240 
IPERCHY WIKIES tee tees ccs soe ee eet ces 960 

AUG Ot Ae Bee O45 GRAnE Se oe See 9,120 

Dip nets: 

Wrabsuend sss asseahe. cist te eeeee ses SE Sa SESE eile (cee siege be! ae eo 18, 604 1,395 
Crabstsottas. ssseteesclteetecseecsees 144,748 | $30, 625 560 $150 | 303, 403 é 
Mopalvs nate ct aces tees ean anna 144,748 | 30,625 560 150 | 322,007 55,483 
Crab'traps: Crabs, softy £21. peescteee reeset sere | Sane SSM Bee srs ts hadsteran 11,670 1,816 
BY POTS AND SPEARS. 
Counties. Eels. Counties. Eels. 
Pounds. | Value. Pounds.| Value. 

A COOMACI Os ce sasbiemrssocses esse 750 $150 || Prince George. ..............--- , 500 $300 

CharlesiCity-sses eeese ees cee ee 2,000 1207) erince Wiliams s2oc cee cee 3,125 300 

Elizabeth) Cityes- 2s. aceasss4+-- 2,000 160. j\ Spotsylvania’... oa.) jccceewecee 12, 000 800 

Isle of Wight. . eed 9, 000 800 || Stafford 1,750 130 

James City... 12° 50031 ME O00! ||" Siniie ee beet eee os SEE Se ee 2, 000 160 

Kime Willian! sees s 8, 000 O20" || Warwiektero Ns... PEs tates ee ece 8, 800 856 

Northampton. -ceee-ceno aie aces 415 50 —_——_—_|—___—— 

Northumberland .............-. 9,375 1, 240 Total; .ceasecsh ose dies 77, 215 6, 706 


INDUSTRIES. 


Wholesale fishery trade—In 1920 there were 206 establishments 
engaged in the wholesale fishery trade of Virginia, valued at 
$3,387,201, using a cash or working capital to the amount of $777,255 
and employing 4,931 persons, to whom $1,809,545 were paid in wages. 

Menhaden industry.—In 1920 there were 18 factories operated, 
valued at $1,727,063, as compared with 20 factories, valued at 
$1,307,128 in 1912. The number of menhaden utilized was 536,- 
879,567, valued at $2,192,837, as compared with 511,061,050, valued 
at $1,065,560, in 1912. The manufactured products included 40,212 
tons of dry scrap and meal, valued at $3,035,169, and 2,053,363 
gallons of oil, valued at $546,198, as compared with 40,255 tons of 
dry scrap, valued at $1,208,321, and 1,907,083 gallons of oil, valued at 
$426,948 in 1912. The number of vessels operated in 1920 was 50, 
valued at $2,477,851, with a net tonnage of 5,229 tons, and outfits 
valued at $541,563. 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1921. 135 


Miscellaneous industries —In 1920 there were canned 31,919 cases 
of alewife roe, valued at $139,841, and of other fishery products 
5,863 cases, valued at $64,371. There were salted 5,738,703 pounds 
of alewives, valued at $158,795. The crushed oyster-shell industry 
yielded 20,075 tons of poultry grit, valued at $288,675, and 31,842 tons 
of lime, valued at $340,371. 

The detailed statistics of the industries referred to above are 
shown in the appended tables. 


INVESTMENT, Persons ENGAGED, AND WAGES ParpD IN THE WHOLESALE FISHERY 


TRADE OF VIRGINIA, 1920, By LOCALITIES. : 
Establishments. Nioeien 
Localities. of persons| ,Cash, | Wars 
engaged. 1a EPIC: 
Number.| Value. 
is Ricecet eins tel | eee a Plt 
| 

INE eos co SUAS See Se OAS ee 19 $596, 955 749 | $194,000 | $484, 363 
Reedville, Fairport, and Fleeton................-.-- 13 830, 470 537 | 103, 400 338, 454 
impound PHOS. 2.5 222s2- c= os eens se=8 14 298, 524 527 83, 000 185, 355 
RE le os enti te cnn ee ee 3| 130, 867 1s9 | 21,000| 73, 481 
Kilmarnock, Ocran, Taft, and Whitestone.......... 4 492, 394 203 43, 000 69, 618 
LT Rena ie ae ee Sent eee oe 8 123, 186 145 38, 605 67, 306 
ey raya | 8 RAG be PE a ee ee Oe 3 155, 827 136 36, 000 61, 582 
ens evenness. ete seas ca tas blade ce cam abet a cewe 6 98, 422 286 30, 050 58, 931 
ETE CO mec. seme ioe cen OUR hice duct ming canons 4 22, 000 115 5, 100 40, 830 
Wrpannaand Remilike 2) oo: 0.8 ob. cca eedcwmcce 4 14, 300 98 1, 600 34, 110 
Neva OMe eps ans OR a tice an ous aioetwlete anes em 6 63, 534 167 2, 500 33, 850 
WRENS e Re Reh clase 58 ie Sh tcl we dameenieen cciecaccele 7 16, 305 137 3, 650 28, 635 
Sy ecepreiene Boek eela in cis etc moat xem emis cine 5 15, 650 90 12, 500 26, 242 
Cape Charles, Magotha, and Oyster.............-... 5 171, 440 96 9, 400 25, 420 
Accomac and Chesconnessex..........-.-2-sss2s2ee. 4 25, 788 60 | 53, 150 17, 200 
SIPON(G) 16 LSS 7 ee See ae eee oma fabklc sae Rs ee ce 3 9, 620 93 7, 700 16, 989 
STENCIL oe Ge See ea gee | es Me pe 12 27, 273 60 8, 890 15, 150 
Walnut Point, Lake, and Lewisetta................ 6 20, 175 132 9, 300 14, 900 
SHAPES ANG SiMONSON! 2. — 65sec sc fees set te csecese 5 11, 500 95 2, 300 14, 192 
Ripe ee Neen tea acs dnhc a aticacaaacadue tececewcawe 5 13, 227 93 11, 250 9, 625 
HMigrkwolsiAnd ST 1pOrs 3). = s-4 sucns ce Jeceeccoesnves 10 2, 450 52 5, 700 8, 500 
Franklin City and Greenbackville.................. 8 10, 719 42 9, 950 8, 396 
Lodge Cowart and Mundy Point..................-. 3 24, 600 99 8, 000 8, 300 
Sampsonus Wharfand Mila_. 222... --22.2cesceee case 5 2, 875 32 3, 700 3, 200 
MIntEnAxIeOTIS | OCAIILIOS Se eiaac ccc Joos peace eee ssceces 44 209, 100 698 73, 510 164, 916 
TTT esa Set ee i a Saar a Gee? 206 | 3, 387, 201 | 4, 931 | 777, 255 | 1, 809, 545 


THE MENHADEN INDUSTRY OF VIRGINIA IN 1920. 


4 
Items. Number. Value. Items. Number. Value. 

PACTOMES 2 08/5. eae 18 |$1, 727,063 || Steam vessels, fishing .-...-.- 42 $2, 210, 526 
CABUICAD ba Dae toe te = so en ol nickctinsseae 206, 005 Tonnagell.s.clscesacac-((C's! 4/673) eee eee 
Wages paid factory em- Outfit... .. 481, 163 
PROV OCS ee pees ements Sloe esekoae 540, 082 || Gasoline vessels, fishing 263, 800 
Persons in factories......... S07 aces hese MOnNnAge! iF.) Sa2 see easeae ud (OSG aeweeeeaes 
Persons on vessels.......--- 5G 7a eee ee Outhits. 2. 59, 300 
Menhaden utilized.......... 536, 879, 567 | 2,192, 837 || Sail vessels, fishing Z 3, 525 
Products: TONTAgGCI se see oath fk UNDO faeces 
Wry. scrap..--.-.- tons... 37,890 | 2,845, 364 Oibit sates Se eels. ly es Ae 1,100 

Fish meal........ dose. 2,322 189,805 || Apparatus on vessels: Seines 
Oe... - - gallons..| 2,053,363 546, 198 (total length, 16,480 yards) 50 121, 800 


136 


U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


QUANTITY AND VALUE OF CANNED AND SALTED FisHERY PRoDUCTS AND OF FISHERY 
By-propucts MANUFACTURED IN VIRGINIA IN 1920. 


Items. Number. Value. 
Canned: 
Alewife roe— 
NG 3 (4 dozen to 
SB)acericce cases. 10 $90 
Hor 1 (4 dozen to” 
CASE) \occme cid cases... 2, 150 11,610 
No. 2 (2 dozen to 
case) -2... . . Cases... 29, 759 128, 141 
Other | products... .do. Sate 5, 863 64, 371 
otal’ ssecss case do.. 37,782 | 204, 212 
Salted: Alewives...pounds..| 5,738, 703° 158, 795 


Items. Number. { Value. 
By-products: 
Ty BCrapes: sock tons. . 37,890 |$2, 845, 364 
Wish meals -p--<.-d0...- 2, 322 189) 805 
Wishvoil? #9. J22 gallons. .| 2,053, 363 546, 198 
Crushed shells. .... tons 20,075 288) 675 
imee2. foe on 31,842 | 340/371 
POtaly. snp, cee che --|22--sceeeee 4, 210, 413 
Grand totals: ; 2 A222 oeee ce. <|snaes eee 4, 573, 420 


O 


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ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES IN 192I.* 


By Warp T. Bowrmr, Agent, Alaska Service. 


1 Appendix X to the Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1922. B. F. Doc. 933. 


> 


CONTENTS. 
Page. Page. 
ENCRODUCTION. < sche st eres ta sinat se ceessnee 2 | FisHERY INDUSTRIES—Continued. 

Regulations for protection of walruses and sea Minor fishenies:? "32s: (eels - seheiss aie <iateedtat'= 48 
AES ee ats sie aete e ae we wis casts elas asin 3 CEN} Co 5 Fa Ye Ae SE OR a SY 2 Pe ese 48 
Regular employees, Alaska service.........-. 3 @lamsth. BW. BELL eas Se 48 
BISmeny INDUSTRIES: 2825-2 -04- ens ceits da ccm 5 Miscellaneous fishery products......---.-.- 49 
Waters closed to commercial fishing........-. Ff WR UR-SEAL (ENDUSDRY occ. cog saris cucietes se ees 50 
Spream Marking... s2oc . Ja. see eseqeiss +. Jaa 7 Pripiloflslands 7c. 43062 . £32. Jastttie sles. 50 
PICEA E UALS sso tsa eo ccis as <isices ass cs acics ss 7 General administrative work.............. 50 
mishery Natrol. 444. 23! SACs Res isso 7 Personmebtt 22 Jjs21 his. eevee cet bec 50 
Alaska fishery intelligence service..........-.- 8 Purchase and transportation ofsupplies... 51 
Violations of fisheries laws and regulations... 9 Power schooner Hider....-...<---------2--6 52 
Territorial fish commission S59 CLE New fur-seal and sea-otter regulations. ....- 52 
Territorial license law...........---- 3, ie Construction Work: .255 -adenncigsintaandeas 53 
Merritariallicense tax). 21 fs eeLboiie. S522 13 Water supply on St. Paul Island.........-. 53 
Miopnak Weserveationy . 408 et. ba. = chais Goin 13 By-products'plant- 3 socisii-- sss eete ct ae cds 54 
Aleutian Islands Reservation.............--- 14 Improved sealing methods..............--- 54 
Annette Island Fishery Reserve.....-....--- 15 Nativesi tse: : (Ol Tite es hee eke to 55 
SRISLOME SY GISUUICG iio oom ose son wesc dome 16 Healt conditions. <0. oon oe aa 55 
Mrogt operationstist ..2clicf toe elise 16 BicHOOIStER EERE AUR: We AIST E SEO O. 55 

ns OL satmone .. 28 21. ek Soc ede eee 20 Attendance at Salem Indian Training 
TOISCH G57 23 hate ee ae 20 School, Chemawa, Oreg..........-.---- 56 
IPAtrOlee ress aso hin eres oS- JgsT He - dflee ss 21 Sayings'accoumts: (1/30. (ak a sasseee 56 
Spawning grounds..............--....-..:- 22 Payments for taking sealskins......-.. Se amy fi 
Recommendations..................---.--- 23 Payments for taking fox skins..........-. 58 
Copper, River, fishery. 's 65575 46 aoe ses 23 Census. a iecicceretane tees. -Leesiciesk Et 58 
Kanukinvestipations. <. 122. -cck-cnscseces 25 Fur-seal herd. .......... Ee Mod a's aise icp 59 
Wukon; River fishery? «4 4s2e't . 044-1 ..-n.2 26 Quotalfor killings. . Si = 435.0 59 
MIASCHOMIOS Ios. tars oo ealae do nhs Poca oHaela~ eo duis 27 IKoallin 2s OLSGANS sae aon Maadeciemagacimiins ce 59 
Extent of operations..............--...-..- 27 Age classes ofseals.............--.-.-.--- 61 
Hatchery rebates... 3250. slicks seal Sed 27 Branded: seale? ss. 222.22 3 243ckeb jae < 61 
IS LONErY OPCLaulOuS=. or cise vic lcc cancion 27 WeNSUS hae cece tec s sen saon eee ccna 62 
McDonald*Lakesitich 321 -Lgaesié 27 Specimens for scientific purposes......... 62 
Ajognak: cic eis Oss b eye ati 5 28 ORGS he ye eae oe Son soba 62 
Mortmannut S55). J. Abd t eee kt 28 Trapping season of 1921-22............... 64 
QUOTA ie ngs caare sep apres 28 Sale of\livefoxess. cye.css evi ces. REALE 64 
Juneau and Cordova.......... ey 12S Reindeer........... 65 
General statistics of the fisheries - 29 Pribilof fur-seal skins 65 
REIMOM INGUSULY 50s onan cs tobias cepbiasacicie 30 Shipments 65 
Salmon catch and apparatus............... 31 SET Seda aE yp ad Pas ea ppt ea ae gh 66 
BANNOMCANNING |... lade ete sce cco e 32 Disposition of all skins................-...- 71 
Changes in canneries................-..-- 32 Pribilonrecords: 52 2 os5 5 a ee ee 71 
Newicanneries! ..f 0.0.) rim eeo ass. 33 St. Louis record, Fouke Fur Co.......... 71 
Canneries not operated .......-.-.....--- 33 Pri PulonioxiSKins oath ccs sce sed = ou eye fe a8 72 
Total canneries operated..............--- 34 SREINEN [Seen ence eee watce re hie emanate 72 
Lossesiand disasters: s.246 3.2.4.3... 36 Salesta!.t srr 4. eh)..t - BLO aT. 72 
URES CEN lan sans aetee alterna Cela <(eini> 36 Fur-seal patrol by United StatesCoastGuard. 74 
Mild curing ofsalmon ...............------ 39 Patrol of Washington coast............-... 74 
ATH OMAICKUING 2.252 nis acon = ese nionn 40 Patrol of Alaska waters..........-........- 75 
Safest SANTOS... 55.3 cebebeaeiisnct- a= oa 41 Sealing privileges accorded aborigines,....... 77 

Salmon freezing. ...............----------- 41 Japanese sealskins delivered to the United 
Drying and smoking ofsalmon............ 41 RateSw ater ent oo evan Masnssnenesste oe 77 
Salmon by-products.........-...-..------- 42 | Fur-SEAL CENSUS, PRIBILOF ISLANDS, 1921... 78 
Pightimaeinnriiys Soke Dlvecbae 8 |g 42 Tinodsjand markers 4.350... .. dsteperk isons 78 
Statistical summary.........-....-...----- 42 TACs CHEOMMUSS Se ce cee ce cutee eee as 79 
Herrin Qanopy 3 fo0.525 .Sssah oosteise best 43 Pups; Ue oY ee I A 79 
Statisticalsummary................+.---s- 43 COW SS ae. as cb 8 Rho ee ease sate an Seed 80 
Cod fishery eet ee 2 19.2) £33. LIES. 44 LW be Fee concede. togceriedecusaciabe 81 
Statisticalsummary ...)..2.....-0.-%---2- es 45 Harem and idle bulls 81 
WHAlCTshehymaamesese ose ascot aas tants ses 45 Average harem 82 
Shrintps;, i. .bpeaya. 550-6. Mh Betsesseseth. 46 Losses of males... 83 
RSEADS. ce cc 00 conta Ce RE aaa e tencimncse les 46 Complete census 84 


INTRODUCTION. 


The bureau’s work in Alaska was conducted along the usual lines 
in the calendar year 1921. A force of temporary stream watchmen 
was again made use of during the active fishing season, working 
under the direction of the bureau’s permanent employees in the 
patrol of the fishing grounds for the enforcement of the laws and 
regulations. 

An expedition was again sent into the Bristol Bay region. It did 
excellent work in the destruction of predatory fishes and during the 
regular fishing season gave attention to patrolling the fishing grounds 
and enforcing the laws and regulations. Three hearings were held 
in the year, one at Juneau and two at Seattle, following which 
further restrictions were imposed on commercial fishing for salmon. 
Marking of stream mouths was continued in certain districts but was - 
discontinued in the southeastern district because of possible changes 
im regulations which would require new measurements in the season 
of 1922. 

A number of prosecutions of violations of the fisheries laws and 
regulations were made, convictions being secured in most cases. 

A special investigation was inaugurated at Karluk in connection 
with the counting of salmon ascending to the spawning grounds. 
It is planned to continue this for a series of years, thus furnishing 
reliable statistics and other data to furnish a basis for definite con- 
clusions as to relation between escapement and runs of salmon. 

Regulations for the protection of walruses and sea lions in Alaska 
were issued, as were also a circular, containing the laws and treaties 
relating to fur seals and sea otters and the regulations in effect, 
and a new edition of the circular containing the laws and regulations 
for the protection of the fisheries of Alaska. 

Operations in connection with the fur-seal and blue-fox industries 
and the administration of the affairs of the natives on the Pribilof 
Islands were carried on in a manner similar to previous years. The 
total take of sealskins in the calendar year 1921 was 23,681, and 712 
blue and 21 white fox skins were taken in the trapping season of 
1921-22. 

The Government employees and the necessary food, fuel, and sup- 
plies for the natives and white employees were transported chiefly 
on vessels of the Navy Department and the Coast Guard, although 
two shipments of cargo were made on commercial vessels that made 
special trips to the Pribilofs for the purpose. 

Three sales at public auction of sealskins taken on the Pribilof 
Islands were held at St. Louis in 1921 by the selling agents of the 
department. The fox skins taken in the two preceding seasons were 
sold at one of the sealskin auctions. 

The author of this report is greatly indebted to Edward M. Ball, 
assistant agent, for compilation of statistics of the fisheries and prepa- 
ration of accompanying text. Acknowledgment is also made to A. H. 
Proctor and Edward C. Johnston for assistance in the preparation of 
statistics and text in regard to the fur-seal industry. 


2 


ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1921. 3 


REGULATIONS FOR PROTECTION OF WALRUSES AND SEA LIONS. 


Under date of April 21, 1921, the Secretary of Commerce issued a 
new departmental circular, No. 286, containing the laws and regula- 
tions for the protection of the walruses and sea lions of Alaska. 
Extracts are printed from this act and from the Alaska game law of 
May 11, 1908. 

The regulations issued by the Secretary of Commerce in regard to 
walruses and sea lions are as follows: 


WALRUSES. 


1. The killing of walruscs for their tusks or hides, or both, is prohibited as being 
wanton destruction within the meaning of the act of May 11, 1908. 

2. The killing of walruses at their breeding places in Alaska is prohibited at all 
times. 

3. The killing of walruses throughout the territorial limits of Alaska is prohibited 
from May 1, 1921, to April 30, 1923, both dates included, except by natives for food or 
clothing, or by miners or explorers when in need of food, 


SEA LIONS. 


1. The killing of sea lions on their rookeries or hauling-out grounds is prohibited 
at all times. 

2. The killing of sea lions is prohibited from May 1, 1921, to April 30, 1923, except by 
natives for food or clothing, or by miners or explorers when in need of food, or by any- 
one in the necessary protection of property or while such animals are actually engaged 
in the devastation of runs of salmon. The killing of sea lions under any other circum- 
stances than the foregoing will be deemed wanton destruction and punishable as a 
violation of this order. 

The penalties and forfeitures imposed by law will be strictly enforced against all 
persons who commit acts in violation thereof or of the regulations promulgated in 
accordance therewith. 


REGULAR EMPLOYEES, ALASKA SERVICE. 


During the year 1921 the following regular employees were identified 
with the Alaska service of the bureau: 


Regular employees identified with the Alaska service in 1921. 


— = = —— 
Name. | Position. Headquarters or chief place of duty. 
! | 

Ward'T. Bower. .........- | Chiefiagents.\ 5-22-28 4.8 | Washington, D. C. ‘> 

Edward M. Ball.......... Assistant agent.............| Juneau. 

Harry J. Christoffers......|....- douesa est sugad eae | Seattle. 

Calvin F. Townsend...... IebASDCClOR. fs aa gent sc hos 22) lairbanks. 

Shirley A. Baker.......-..- | Assistant agent............. | Cordova. 

Lemuel G. Wingard....-- ee (eee ane k Stan Sasa | Koggiung. 

PeeryProctor’.-:.. 56... Superintendent.......2..... | St. Paul Island. 

Charles E. Crompton..... . Agent and caretaker....... St. George Island. 

Meme). Aller...--..2-..|.--.- ON. eee bee oat | St. Paul Island. 

Edward C. Johnston...... Storekeeper. .... ae. ee eS ee Baek Island. (Transferred from St. George 
sland.) 

ia nl ———— Ge arcte settee etwadeey ve pore Island. (Transferred from St. Paul 
sland. ) 

George B. Bowlby..... SA PELL YSICLAlI Ss (speete oa fee St. Paul Island. 

Win. MiiMaeptiys J22 0... | sous. dov Ae sree ei et: St. George Island. 

Henry Mygatt............ Assistant to agent........... St. Paul Island. 

Richard Culbertson... .... School teacher...--......... 0. 

Lois L. Proctor... La, do | St. Paullsland. (Resigned Oct. 16, 1921.) 

EdnaC Mygatt..........)..... dois: St. Paul Island. (Appointed Oct. 24, 1921.) 

John M. Orchardaee 2) |. 4. Gos. | St. George Island. 

Michael J. O’Connor. Warden. . Ketchikan. 

Bred H. ‘Gray .!o tees do: Wrangell. 

Joseph N. Braun.... essed do Port Moller. 

Wil E.. Baumann. ....|....-. do Afognak. 

Chauncey C. Combs.......|....- do Haines. (Reinstated July 1, 1921.) 

Heresies. Nevill...< 2.222, (ofe% do Wrangell. 


Seldovia. (Appointed July 1, 1921.) 


U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


Regular employees identified with the Alaska service in 1921—Continued. 


Name. Position. Iieadquarters or chief place of duty. 
Adolph. oot + 3... Wisden: fe ee ee se Naknek. (Appointed Apr. 4, 1921.) 
Arthur L. Mellick.......-.. Master power vessel Hider...| Unalaska. 
Edwin Hofstad........-..- Master steamer Osprey......| Wrangell. (Resigned June 30, 1921.) 
Jesse L. Nevill....-......- Master patrol vessel Auklet.| Wrangell. 
George G. Naud.........-.| Master patrol vessel Murre..| Juneau. 
Albert K. Brown.......... Cler RP. sate SO re pete ee Washington, D. C. 
Mary S.,Haines-\ 23-5 .2/5-.52 CO tr ceme sepictepe cee tees Do. 
William P. Rasin.....-...|--... Got: SEE Res. Lhe eee Washington, D. C. (Resigned July 26, 1921.) 
Moana Bishop... co. 222. 25-4}eeee G0ga2 ce falc gap eens as Washington, D.C. (Transferred from division 
of statistics and methods Oct. 14, 1921.) 
KH. Wlaine, Bell.o:: 2 occ 5.2) sea2- Geeta eta ce aden aaa Seattle. 
Gladys M. Gamlen........|-..-- Goes eee ud ee eee? Do. 


Regular employees at Government hatcheries in Alaska in 1921. 


Location and name. 


Position. 


Afognak: 
Edwin Wentworth 


Harry J. Heuver..-..-- 
Fred R. Lucas..-...-.- 


Thomas H. Morton 


Alfred Nelson..-.....-.-- 


Nicolai Boskofsky 


Russell Waterbury 
Gee Wah 
William Rossing. - 
McDonald Lake: 


C. H. Van Atta........ 
Calvin D. Ryan......- 
Albert L. Carlton...... 
George L. Savage. ...-. 


Arthur P. Swanberz.. - 


Anton Hougen.......- 
Barney Sevisen........ 


Casper Udstrand 


Frank W. Ross. ......- 


Melvin L. Soules 
John P. Mobley 


Sadie Ross...2 sii. 212 


Cook. 
Cook. 


Superintendent. 
Foreman. 

Fish-culturist. 
Fish-culturist. 
Fish-culturist. 
| Apprentice fish-culturist. 
REY Ss WV OOGS =. seis ym bare | Apprentice fish-culturist. 
Apprentice fish-culturist- 


(Transferred Sept. 15, 1921, to Baker Lake, Wash.) 
(Resigned Sept. 30, 1921.) 
(Promoted Oct. 1, 1921, from apprentice fish-culturist.) 


(Appointed Oct. 10, 1921.) 
(Reinstatement May 27, 1921.) 


..| Cook. (Appointed Apr. 26, 1921. Resigned Sept. 25, 1921.) 

-| Cook. (Appointed Novy. 4, 1921.) 

..| Superintendent. 

.-| Foreman. 

..| Fish-culturist. (Transferred Mar. 1, 1921, to Baker Lake, Wash.) 

..| Fish-culturist. (Transferred Mar. 1, 1921, from apprentice fish-culturist, 


Clackamas, Oreg.) 
Fish-culturist. Cap pmied June 1, 1921, apprentice fish-culturist. Pro- 
moted Jul 1.) 
Apprentice 
Pa ager fish-culturist. 
1921. 
Apprentice fish-culturist. (Resigned Apr. 13, 1921.) 
Apprentice fish-culturist. 
Apprentice fish-culturist. 


1, 19 
h-culturist. (Resigned Nov. 30, 1921.) 
(Resigned May 31, 1921. 


Resigned Nov. 8, 1921.) 


Reinstated July 1, 


bap pointed May 1, 1921.) 
Appointed Nov. 9, 1921.) 
(Resigned June 15, 1921.) 

(Appointed June 22, 1921.) 


FISHERY INDUSTRIES. 


As in corresponding reports for previous years, the Territory of 
Alaska is here considered in the three coastal geographic sections 
generally recognized, as follows: Southeast Alaska, embracing all that 
narrow strip of mainland and the numerous adjacent islands from 
Portland Canal northwestward to and including Yakutat Bay; cen- 
tral Alaska, the region on the Pacific from Yakutat Bay westward, 
including Prince William Sound, Cook Inlet, and the southern coast 
of Alaska Peninsula, to Unimak Pass; and western Alaska, the north 
shore of the Alaska Peninsula, including the Aleutian Islands and 
Bristol Bay and the Kuskokwim and Yukon Rivers. 

Detailed reports and statistical tables dealing with the various 
fishery industries are presented herewith, and there are also given the 
important features of certain subjects which were the objects of 
special investigation or inquiry. 


WATERS CLOSED TO COMMERCIAL FISHING. 


Section 6 of the act approved June 26, 1906, for the protection and 
regulation of the fisheries of Alaska, is as follows: ' 


Sec. 6. That the Secretary of Commerce may, in his discretion, set aside any streams 
or lakes as preserves for spawning grounds, in which fishing may be limited or entirely 
prohibited; and when, in his judgment, the results of fishing operations in any stream, 
or off the mouth thereof, indicate that the number of salmon taken is larger than the 
natural production of salmon in such stream, he is authorized to establish close seasons 
or to limit or prohibit fishing entirely for one year or more within such stream or within 
five hundred yards of the mouth thereof, so as to permit salmon to increase: Provided, 
however, That such power shall be exercised only after all persons interested shall be 
given a hearing, of which due notice must be given by publication; and where the 
interested parties are known to the department they shall be personally notified 
by a notice mailed not less than thirty days previous to such hearing. No order 
made under this section shall be effective before the next calendar year after same is 
made: And provided further, That such limitations and prohibitions shall not apply 
to those engaged in catching salmon who keep such streams fully stocked with salmon 
by artificial propagation. 


Pursuant to the provisions of this section, action was taken in 
1921 in regard to waters of southeastern Alaska and the waters from 
Cape Newenham north and eastward to the Canadian boundary. 
Under date of June 17, 1921, announcement was made of hearings 
to consider the desirability of changes in the regulations regarding 
fishing in southeastern Alaska waters. The text of the announce- 
ment was as follows: 


It having been recommended that the Secretary of Commerce amend the order of 
December 18, 1920, limiting or prohibiting fishing in the waters of Alaska east of the 
longitude of Cape Spencer, notice is hereby given, under the provisions of section 
6 of the act of Congress approved June 26, 1906, entitled ‘‘An act for the protection 
and regulation of the fisheries of Alaska,’’ that hearings, for the purpose of eliciting 
information as to what, if any, changes in the present regulations are desirable, will 
be held at Juneau, Alaska, on October 19, 1921, at 10 o’clock a. m., and at the office 
of the Bureau of Fisheries, 1217 L. C. Smith Building, Seattle, Wash., on November 
15, 1921, at 10 o’clock a. m., respectively, at which all interested persons will be 
heard. All persons having pertinent information are particularly invited to be 
present and to impart such information. 

5 


b U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


Under date of June 17, 1921, announcement was also made of a 
hearing to be held to determine the advisability of limiting or pro- 
hibiting fishery operations in the waters of northern Alaska from 
Cape Newenham north and eastward to the Canadian boundary. 
The text of the announcement was as follows: R 


It having been recommended that the Secretary of Commerce limit or prohibit 
fishing for salmon, or other fishing in the prosecution of which salmon are taken or 
injured, in all rivers from Cape Newenham north and eastward to the Canadian 
boundary, and in all lakes and other waters tributary to such streams and within 500 
yards of the mouths of such streams, notice is hereby given, under the provisions of 
section 6 of the act of Congress approved June 26, 1906, entitled ‘‘An act for the pro- 
tection and regulation of the fisheries of Alaska,’’ that a hearing to determine the 
advisability of limiting or prohibiting fishery operations in the waters in question will 
be held at the office of the Bureau of Fisheries, 1217 L. C. Smith Building, Seattle, 
Wash., on November 17, 1921, at 10 0’clock a. m., at which time and place all interested 
persons will be heard. All persons having pertinent information are particularly 
invited to be present and to impart such information. 


Incidental to and in addition to the specific purpose of the hearings 
as covered by the announcements, Assistant Secretary of Commerce 
Huston, who was present, stated that in response to request state- 
ments would be received in regard to the Copper River, Kuskokwim 
River, and Yukon River fisheries. Following the hearings on October 
19, November 15, and November 17, the department, under date of 
December 30, 1921, promulgated the following order: 


Hearings having been given, after due notice in accordance with law, for the purpose 
of determining the advisability of limiting or prohibiting fishing in certain waters in 
Alaska, and to amend or modify certain existing regulations, and all persons having 
had full opportunity to be heard, it is hereby ordered, by virtue of the authority vested 
in me by section 6 of ‘‘An act for the protection and regulation of the fisheries of 
Alaska,’”’ approved June 26, 1906, that until further notice all fishing for salmon, or 
other fishing in the prosecution of which salmon are taken or injured, in all hereinafter- 
described waters of Alaska be, and is hereby, made subject to the following limitations 
and prohibitions in addition to the general restrictions already applicable by virtue 
of existing laws and regulations: 

1. Salmon fishing is prohibited in all streams, within 500 yards of their mouths, 
and in their tributaries and lakes, except as hereinafter permitted. 

2. Fishing is permitted at Karluk beyond the zone 100 yards outside the mouth of 
Karluk River where it breaks through Karluk Spit into Shelikof Strait. 

3. Fishing is permitted in Ugashik River below a line extending at right angles 
across the Ugashik 500 yards below the mouth of King Salmon River. 

4. The driving of salmon downstream and the causing of salmon to go outside the 
protected area at the mouth of any salmon stream are expressly prohibited. 

5. This order does not apply to persons taking salmon by any lawful means for local 
human food requirements or for use as dog feed. 

6. The waters of the Afognak Reservation are covered by presidential proclamation 
of December 24, 1892, and the regulations promulgated by authority thereof are not 
modified or affected by this order but remain in full force. k 

7. All previous orders of the Secretary of Commerce imposing limitations or prohibi- 
tions upon fishing in the waters covered by this order are hereby superseded. 

8. This order becomes effective January 1, 1922. ‘ 


By the restrictions and limitations imposed by successive ordérs of 
the Department of Commerce all commercial fishing in the streams 
and lakes of Alaska and within a zone extending 500 yards off the 
mouths of all streams is now prohibited, with the exception of the 
Ugashik and Karluk Rivers, where, owing to peculiar geographic 
conditions, specified districts remain open to fishing. Limitations 
have been placed upon fishing by Executive order or proclamation 
in the following waters: Afognak Reservation, Aleutian Islands — 
Reservation, Yes Bay and Stream, and the Annette Island Fisher 
Reserve. 


ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1921. 7 


STREAM MARKING. 


The marking of the mouths of salmon streams and adjacent areas 
closed to commercial fishing was not resumed in southeast Alaska in 
1921 for the reason that contemplated changes in the regulations 
during the year would extend restrictions from the 200 to the 500 
yard line off the mouths of streams, thus making the regulation uni- 
formly applicable to all salmon streams regardless of width and to all 
forms of fishing apparatus. This condition did not exist in other 
sections of Alaska. 

In the central district several markers were renewed at the sloughs 
of the Copper River delta. Markers were also placed at the mouth 
of Bering River and at six streams tributary to Prince William Sound. 
Some markers were also placed in western Alaska. 


STREAM GUARDS. 


In enforcing the fisheries laws and regulations of Alaska it is ob- 
viously important to prevent, as far as possible, violations of the law 
as well as to detect infractions and prosecute offenders. With this 
object in view, the policy of stationing guards at important streams 
or localities was continued in 1921. ‘Twenty men were employed as 
stream guards during the months of greatest activity in the fisheries, 
10 of whom were detailed for duty in southeast Alaska, 6 in central, 
and 4 in western Alaska. 

The streams thus given special attention were tie Chilkoot and 
Chilkat Rivers, Petersburg Creek and Blind River in Wrangell Nar- 
rows, Salmon Bay, Lake Bay, Ratz Harbor and Eagle Creek, Thorne 
Bay, Karta Bay, Boca de Quadra, and Anan Creek, all in southeast 
Alaska. In central Alaska guards were placed at Abercrombie and 
on the delta of the Copper River, on Coghill River, Eshamy Bay, 
and Karluk River. In the Bristol Bay district they were stationed 
on the Nushagak, Egegik, Igushik, and Ugashik Rivers. The fore- 
going does not take into account the regular employees of the Alaska 
service who were engaged in law enforcement at various places in 
each of the districts named. 


FISHERY PATROL. 


The bureau maintains a small fleet of power boats in Alaska for 
patrol work in connection with the enforcement of the laws for the 
rotection of the seal and salmon fisheries of the Territory. Four 
Boats were operated in 1921. Of these the Auklet, Murre, and Puffin 
were used in southeast Alaska, while the Tern was engaged in work 
on the Yukon River. The patrol was extended by the charter of the 
power boat Standard and three one-man power boats in the south- 
eastern district, and the Prospector, Lily, Emma, and Coyote in central 
Alaska. The Swan was held in reserve on the Yukon. 

In October the War Department engineer office at Juneau used the 
Auklet and Murre for an inspection of active and abandoned fish 
traps in southeast Alaska, with particular reference to their obstruc- 
tion of navigation. It was understood that orders for the removal of 
abandoned traps would be issued, and that all active traps occupying 
positions of danger to vessels should be properly lighted during the 
winter months. 


8 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


During the year the Awklet cruised 6,110 miles, the Murre 5,433, 
the Puffin 1,633 and the Tern 3,300, a total of 16,476 miles. 

The steamer Osprey was towed from Wrangell to Seattle by the 
Auklet and sold at auction for $700 on June 29. On the return 
voyage the Auklet towed the Petrel from Seattle to Wrangell. This 
latter vessel, formerly the Cobra, was acquired by transfer from the 
Navy in 1919 and will be made ready for service as soon as funds 
are available for the purchase of a more economically operated engine 
than the 350-horsepower Duesenberg motor with which it is now 


equipped. 

Vessels of the United States Coast Guard gave considerable atten- 
tion to the fisheries industry, particularly the cod fishery in the region 
of the Aleutian Islands, aa was incidental to the seal patrol, and 
by the stationing of the cutter Bothwell in southeastern Alaska during 
the active fishing season. The following report has been received 
from the Coast Guard in connection with the patrol of the Bothwell: 


On August 9, 1921, the Coast Guard cutter Bothwell completed a cruise covering 
the principal salmon fishing area of southeast Alaska, and interviews with repre- 
sentatives of the Bureau of Fisheries, cannery superintendents, and fishermen elicited 
the following information: 

(a) The salmon run this season is very much below normal, less than one-third in 
most localities. 

(b) There are but a limited number of canneries in operation, less than half the 
number that operated in normal years. 

(c) There are but approximately one-third of the traps being operated that have 
been open in the past, and these few are being operated largely to hold the trap sites. 

(d) There have been no reports of trap robberies in the past 30 days and very few 
reports during the present season. 

(e) The prices being paid for salmon, and the effort on the part of the canneries to 
confine the pack as nearly as possible to red salmon, renders the illicit sale of fish very 
unprofitable, a condition that is furthered by the facts that none of the small can- 
neries are operating and that the large ones do not purchase fish without the owner- 
ship being well authenticated. d 

(f) It seems to be the general impression that the cannery season will be completed 
by the latter part of August. 

(g) Reports from purchasing agents and fishermen indicate that conditions in the 
deep-sea fisheries are normal. 

(h) There have been no reports of labor disturbances in the fishing industries. 

It appears that the principal disturbance in the past few years has been due to a 
systematic robbing of the salmon traps. These traps are, for the most part, located 
in distant localities and are guarded by watchmen who live on the traps. It seems 
reasonable to assume that the traps can not, therefore, be robbed without the knowl- 
edge of the watchmen, and in most cases it has appeared that the robberies were 
made with the connivance of the latter. Some cases, however, have appeared in 
which the watchmen were intimidated with firearms. Under the latter condition it 
would be necessary to apprehend the robbers in the act, as the boats are disguised 
and there appears to be no method of identifying fish except by experts. Under the 
conditions in which the watchman is a party to the crime there appears to be no 
solution. Trapped fish can be easily identified in contradistinction to fish caught 
by other methods, however, and the restriction of the purchase of trapped fish in the 
open market is suggested. 

From a general survey of the situation and the reports so far received, it appears 
that there will be no need for a patrol of these waters in reference to fisheries aiter the 
month of August. 


ALASKA FISHERY INTELLIGENCE SERVICE. 


The triweekly dissemination of telegraphic information regarding 
the price of certain fresh and pickled fish to the important fishery 
centers of southeast and central Alaska was continued by cooperation 
of the Alaska Military Telegraph & Cable System. The purpose of 


ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1921. 9 


this service is to make available to the fishermen in the several localities 
the market quotations on halibut, sablefish, red rockfish, and herring 
in the important buying centers of Ketchikan and Seattle. 


VIOLATIONS OF FISHERIES LAWS AND REGULATIONS. 


Violations of the fisheries laws and regulations of Alaska in 1921 
covered four classes, namely, fishing in streams or within the pro- 
hibited distance of the mouths of streams, fishing by aliens, wanton 
waste of salmon, and fishing during the weekly close period. Those 
of the first category constituted 72 per cent of the cases reported and 
tried. Of all cases prosecuted 55 per cent were against natives and 
45 per cent against whites. Considered by districts, 824 per cent of 
the offenses originated in southeast Alaska, 5 per cent in central 
Alaska, and 124 per cent in western Alaska. Acquittals were made in 
124 per cent of the cases tried. 

Fines, including costs of trials paid by offenders, aggregated $800, 
of which amount $548.30 was paid in southeast Alaska, $56.30 in 
central Alaska, and $195.40 in western Alaska. In addition judg- 
ments entered and satisfied in cases originated in southeast Alaska in 
1919 and 1920 increased by $594.25 the amount received as fines, thus 
making a total of $1,394.25 paid by those convicted of unlawful 
fishing. A brief review of each case follows. 

On September 2 Peter Vick was tried and acquitted by a jury in 
the United States commissioner’s court at Wrangell on a charge of 
fishing with a gill net within 200 yards of the mouth of a salmon 
stream at Thoms Place, Wrangell Island, July 11. 

Al Lundberg, an alien, pleaded guilty before the United States 
commissioner at Wrangell on September 7 to fishing at Thoms Place, 
Wrangell Island, on July 11, and was fined $100. 

In a complaint filed before the United States commissioner at 
Wrangell, September 2, Charles Jones, J. E. Willard, Edward Lott, 
and L. F. Paul were accused of wantonly wasting salmon on July 12 
near Point Warde. Three of the defendants were tried late in Sep- 
tember and acquitted, although they admitted having thrown over- 
board a considerable quantity of chum salmon, defending their action 
- on the ground that the canning company for which they were fishing 
would not accept chum salmon. [Edward Lott was not arraigned, 
but the case against him was dismissed in view of the outcome of the 
trial of his associates. 

On August 9 Arthur Nelson, Charlie Johnson, Harry Atkinson, 
S. Milne, and Alfred Dundas were charged in a complaint filed at 
Ketchikan with purse-seine fishing within 200 yards of the mouth of 
Ketchikan Creek on August 6. They were arraigned on August 10 
in the commissioner’s court at Ketchikan and pleaded guilty. A fine 
of $10 was paid by each man, in addition to which Milne paid the 
costs of the prosecution, amounting to $5.60. 

On August 9 complaints were also filed before the United States 
commissioner at Ketchikan, accusing Henry Hanson, Joe Baranovich, 
Eddie Young, and Joe Lemick of purse-seine fishing within 200 yards 
of the mouth of Ketchikan Creek on August 1. On being brought to 
trial on August 10 they pleaded guilty and were fined $10 each, the 
costs in the case, amounting to $5.60, being paid by Baranovich, 
owner of the boat. 


10 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


Robert Young and Julius Frank were arraigned in the commis- 
sioner’s court at Ketchikan on August 16, charged with purse-seine 
fishing within 200 yards of the mouth of Ketchikan Creek on August 38. 
They pleaded atte and were fined $15 each. The costs of $14.95 
were paid by Young. 

On August 15 a complaint was filed before the commissioner at 
Ketchikan accusing Joseph Howard, Charles Howard, and Henry 
Reeve of fishing with a purse seine in Carrol Inlet at 9 p. m. Sunday, 
August 7. When the case was called for trial, they pleaded guilty 
and were fined $15 each, in addition to which Joseph Howitd paid 
the costs of the trial, amounting to $38.75. 

On August 10 Marco Utropmi, T. H. Voss, Antone Zorith, and 
Robert Scherdl were found fishing with a purse seine within 500 
yards of the mouth of Naha stream near Loring. They were all 
brought to trial at Ketchikan before the United States commissioner, 
except Scherdl, the cook on the boat, whose case was dismissed for 
the reason that he had no part in the fishing and was not responsible 
for the acts of the others. Upon pleading guilty, Voss and Zorith 
were fined $10 each, without costs, while Utropini, master of the 
boat, was fined $25 and costs of $9.20. 

A trap located on the shore of Prince of Wales Island approxi- 
mately 1 mile south of Eagle Creek and owned by ied ptickabH & 
Clark, independent operators, was found in partial fishing order on 
Sunday, August 7. The apron over the tunnel was 10 feet too short 
and the heart walls were not opened. A complaint against Freder- 
ickson & Clark was therefore filed before the commissioner at Wran- 
ge, accusing them of a violation of the law. On September 6 

rederickson appeared in court and pleaded guilty to an uninten- 
tional violation of the statute. He was fined $50 and costs of $9.20. 

On August 15 Louis Sumner and Eli Fawcet fished with a purse 
seine within 200 yards of the mouth of a salmon stream emptying 
into Tamgas Harbor, Annette Island. They were brought before 
the commissioner at Ketchikan on September 10, pleaded guilty, 
and paid fines of $10 each without costs. 

Complaints were filed in the commissioner’s court at Ketchikan on 
September 10 accusing John Davis, Sidney Campbell, and Ernest 
Milton of gill-net fishing in Sockeye Creek and adjacent protected 
waters, Annette Island, on Angust 12. Upon arraignment, each 
man pleaded guilty and paid a fine of $5. 

On August 27 Jimmie Lee and Jimmie Brown were brought before 
the United States Commissioner at Haines charged with gill-net 
fishing within the protected waters at the mouth of Chilkoot River 
on August 23. Both men pleaded guilty and were fined $20 each. 

David Young, a native of Sitka, was indicted April 6 at Juneau for 
unlawfully setting a seine across the mouth of Chaik Creek, which 
empties into the south arm of Chaik Bay, on July 30, 1920. The 
case was tried April 14, and on motion of the attorney for the de- 
fendant, an instructed verdict of acquittal was returned on the 
ground of insufficient evidence, there being no proof that any salmon 
had been taken. 

On March 9 the grand jury at Juneau indicted Tony Flagas and 
John Constantine for fishing with drift gill nets in Berners Bay, Lynn 
Canal, during the weekly close period on September 15, 1919. hen 


ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1921. 11 


the case was called for trial on March 11, 1921, the defendants pleaded 
guilty and were fined $10 each. No costs were imposed. __ 

Complaints were filed before the United States commissioner at 
Cordova accusing Al Hamilton and Paul Fischer of fishing with set gill 
nets in Stevens Slough, Copper River delta, on June 3. Hamilton’s 
case was Called for trial on June 24 and Fischer’s on July 5. Both men 
pleaded guilty and were fined $28.15 each, including the costs of the 
prosecutions. 

On July 7, J. F. Johnson and R. Brodde, employees of Peter Nelson, 
were found fishing with gill nets in Kvichak River at Laxes Point, 14 
miles above the line marking the river’s mouth, above which fishing is 
unlawful. They were tried July 30 before the United States com- 
missioner at Koggiung, convicted, and fined $38.60, the costs of the 
case. 

On July 8, J. Maleren, H. B. Anderson, A. Erickson, and G. A. 
Brandt, fishermen of the Alaska Packers’ Association, were unlaw- 
fully fishing in Kvichak River at Laxes Point. Complaint was sworn 
to before the commissioner at Koggiung, alleging a violation of the 
regulations. On July 30 the accused were tried, found guilty, and 
fined $75.20, the costs of the prosecution. 

Iver Helset and Iver Iversen, fishermen of Libby, McNeill & Libby, 
were arraigned before the United States commissioner at Koggiung 
on a complaint charging them with gill-net fishing in the protected 
waters of Kvichak River on July 9 at a point 5 miles above the mouth 
of the river. They were convicted and fined $41.60, the cost of the 
trial. 

On July 10, J. Patone and S. Siliato, fishermen of the Alaska 
Packers’ Association, were found fishing with gill nets in Kvichak 
River near Laxes Point, approximately 2 miles above the mouth. 
They were tried at Koggiung on July 30, convicted, and fined $40. 

The case against Pete Knutsen and Ole Knutsen for unlawfully 
fishing in Petersburg Creek in 1919 as reported in that year was finally 
closed on May 23, 1921, when the defendants paid the fine of $250 
and costs of $56.65. 

The Ward’s Cove Packing Co. was indicted at Ketchikan November 
26, 1920, for fishing with a trap located on Clarence Strait, 4 miles 
north of Dall Head, during the weekly close period on August 2. 
The case was tried before the district court at Ketchikan June 13 to 18, 
and resulted in a conviction of the company. The court imposed a 
fine of $100 and the cost of the trial, amounting to $187.60. 

The case against the Starr-Collinson Packing Co., indicted at 
Ketchikan in November, 1920, for failure to open the heart walls of its 
_ trap on Prince of Wales Island during the weekly close period, August 
1, 1920, has not been tried. 

Other cases pending are against the Kenai Packing Co. for the wanton 
waste of salmon and against the Copper River Packing Co. for the 
wanton waste of salmon and for not opening the heart walls of its 
oe located in Prince of Wales Passage on Sunday, August 15, 1920. 
Indictments were returned against these companies at the Valdez 
term of the district court in October, 1920. 


TERRITORIAL FISH COMMISSION. 


The Alaska Territorial Fish Commission was authorized, under the 
act creating it, to carry on the propagation of food fishes, to protect 


12 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


and care for the natural spawning grounds of salmon, and to engage 
in technical investigations respecting the fisheries of Alaska. Accord- 
ing to the report A the commission for 1921, the hatchery at Juneau 
was operated, and a new eyeing station was opened at Eyak Lake 
near Cordova. In 1921 the commission expended on propagation, 
including permanent improvements and equipment, a total of 
$23,157.59, of which $12,358.80 was used in bnikcling and operating 
a station on Eyak Lake in Central Alaska for the partial incubation 
of red-salmon eggs. The cost of operations at the Juneau hatchery 
and its subsidiary stations was $10,798.79. 

The clearing of salmon streams by the removal of log jams and 
natural obstructions received the attention of the commission. In 
the Seward district work was done on Salmon River, Bear Creek, 
and Grouse Creek. Ptarmigan and Quartz Creeks, tributaries of 
Kenai Lake, were cleared of several barriers formed by the accumu- 
lation of driftwood, thus considerably increasing the area accessible 
to salmon for spawning beds. Similar work was carried on in 
southeast Alaska south of Wrangell. 

The commission allotted $2,000 for use in Bristol Bay in the 
' destruction of gulls and terns and predacious trout. It expended 
$2,133.25 in killing hair seals on the Copper River mud flats and 
reports that 1,325 such seals were slain. 

In summing up the season’s work of this character the commission 
reports the destruction of predacious fish as follows: Bristol Bay 
district, 34,758; Prince William Sound district, 23,000; and South- 
east Alaska district, 12,500; making a total of 70,258. The total 
expenditure for this work, including the allotments for Bristol Bay 
and Copper River, was $10,089.90. 


TERRITORIAL LICENSE LAW. 


At the biennial session of the Legislature of Alaska in 1921 chapter 
33 of the session laws of 1919, establishing a system of license taxa- 
tion, was repealed and a new law enacted which became effective 
from the date of its approval, May 5, 1921. Several changes were 
made in the rate of taxation of fishery products and of fishing 
apparatus. The act embraces new legislation, imposing taxes on 

roducts and apparatus heretofore untaxed and providing a license 
ee for all nonresident fishermen operating in Alaska. As it affects 
the fishery industry, the new law imposes license taxes as follows: 


Canneries.—Clam, 2 cents per case; herring, 2 cents per case; salmon, 7 cents r. 
case on kings and reds or sockeyes, 34 cents per case on medium reds, and 3 
cents per case on all others. In addition salmon canneries shall pay 1 per cent of 
their net annual income. 

Salteries.—Mild-cured red king salmon, 10 cents per 100 pounds; mild-cured white 
king salmon, 5 cents per 100 pounds; salted codfish, 10 cents per 100 pounds; and 
all other salted and mild-cured fish, 24 cents per 100 pounds. 

Apparatus.—Fish traps, fixed or floating, $200 per annum, so-called dummy traps 
included; gill nets and stake nets, $2 per 100 fathoms, or fraction thereof; seines, 
$10 for the first 150 fathoms, and $5 additional for each 25 additional fathoms or 
fraction thereof. 

Fishermen.—Nonresidents of the Territory, $5 per annum. The term ‘‘fisherman”’ 
shall include all persons employed on a boat engaged in fishing. 

Fish buyers.—Dealers in fresh fish, one-tenth of 1 cent per pound on fish purchased, 
except for sale at retail, whether or not the fish buyer operates a cold-storage plant. 


ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1921, 13 


Oil and fertilizer.—Fish oil works and fertilizer plants, 40 cents per 50-gallon barrel 
for oil and 40 cents per ton for fertilizers and fish meals: whale oil, 50 cents per 50- 
gallon barrel for oil, and 50 cents per ton for fertilizer. 

Under this law the tax on king and red salmon is increased 14 
cents per case. The tax of 24 cents per 100 pounds is made applicable 
to salted herring, which was exempt from taxation under the act of 
1919. The tax on fish traps is increased $100 per annum, while 
the tax on gill nets, seines, nonresident fishermen, and fish buyers 
is new legislation. Oil and fertilizer or meal made wholly or in part 
from herring were Previous taxed at the rate of $2 per barrel and 
ton, respectively, whereas under the present law fish oil and fertilizer 
or meal are taxed, respectively, at the rate of 50 cents per gallon and 
ton. The tax on whale oil is reduced from $1 per barrel to 50 cents, 
but a tax of 50 cents per ton is levied on fertilizer manufactured 
from whales, which product was heretofore untaxed. 


TERRITORIAL LICENSE TAX. 


Under the revenue laws of Alaska, as modified in 1921, license 
taxes were imposed on dealers in fresh fish and on nonresident 
fishermen, and higher rates were fixed on products of various classes 
and on the fishery establishments and apparatus used in the industry. 
Territorial taxes are payable to the treasurer of Alaska, who furnished 
a statement on May 2, 1922, covering the collections made to that 
date for the fiscal year ending December 31, 1921. The treasurer 
reported that collections were practically complete, probably not 
more than $5,000 remaining outstanding under the fisheries schedules 
of the tax law. The total for the calendar year is apparently about 
$75,000 less than that for 1920. 


Fishery license taxes collected by Territory for fiscal year ended December 31, 1921. 


Division Division Division 
Pye! No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. oe 

Satmonicanneries! (pack)\. 42: 2S iseh ie US. Se oT se $24, 747.07 | $1,561.70 |$118, 663.90 | $144, 972. 67 
Salmon canneries (net income)..........-.....----.---- B2IOCH E' TCE TA. 4, 696. 28 4,778.35 
ACTA ORIOR eo) sa tas cl eee Ae as aia cinl Gee ay foniasieis's|| aeecele bale she 3. 04 3.04 
TITEL C13 1 2 Ste ee ay A TB ol a Oat ree Adee ay 25; 000. 0G Pie cenestccee 18, 600. 00 46, 600. 00 
Salteries and mild-cure plants..........2....2...2....2- 2, 406. 14 138. 17 5, 422. 94 7, 967. 25 
Wrestepsit dealergos o.oo Abe: este ot oe cel mie nee Sale oie BOlarae |stecense seus 3.70 3,077.07 
Coldstoraga planters ee eset eeee een SL 13 400! 00, | 2272258... 375. 00 1,775. 00 
Fish-oil works and fertilizer and fish-meal plants. ...... 804-40 {Jic ceeee sede 158. 56 962. 96 
Gill anestake Nets lc. oe hop deka Uocepons cue Vacsueeek 440. 50 159. 00 5, 447. 87 6, 047. 37 
RERHES A Matn ceded mete ee eet oe. okCL ED... OGL 880500) I20 Y...8 1, 205. 00 2,085. 00 

efor AR es ie Eee Pi ae se ee rad A Re 61, 833. 55 1, 858. 87 | 154,576.89 | 218, 268.71 


AFOGNAK RESERVATION. 


Commercial fishing for salmon in the Afognak Reservation was 
carried on by 60 natives who were permitted to exercise that privilege 
under the order of March 21, 1912, and to whom the required licenses 
were issued. Of this number 45 were residents of Afognak Island 
and 15 of Spruce Island. Fishing began in May at the important 
fields of Malina, Paramanoff, Seal Bay, and Little Afognak and was 
continued until about the middle of August. The catch was sold 
to the Kadiak Fisheries Co., at Kodiak, and to the Katmai Packing 
Co., at Uzinki, a new concern in the salmon-canning industry. 


14 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


The total catch of salmon in the reservation was 192,694, of which 
146,123 were sold to the Katmai Packing Co. and 46,571 to the 
Kadiak Fisheries Co. Compared with the catch in 1920, when 
125,538 salmon were taken commercially in the reservation, this is 
an increase of approximately 534 per cent. As 90 per cent of the 
catch in 1921 was red salmon, a further interesting comparison may 
be made with the catch of that species in 1917, the year of the genesis 
of the run from which the catch of 1921 was made. In 1917 the 
number of red salmon taken was 71,527, or approximately 39 per 
cent of the catch of all species in Afognak waters. In 1921 the 
catch of red salmon was 173,443, or a gain in one cycle of more than 
242 per cent, assuming that they were chiefly four-year fish. Of 
further interest is the showing that tre runs were larger in practically 
every locality about the island, the most noteworthy increase 
occurring at Malina. Little doubt can be entertained that this 
improvement in the run of red salmon was due largely to the bene- 
ficial effects of fish-cultural work at the Federal hatchery on Litnik 
Lake. 

The enforcement of the laws and regulations and patrol of the 
fishing grounds was in the immediate charge of warden William E. 
Baumann, who made frequent trips to the several streams during 
the season. 


Catch of salmon in waters of the Afognak Reservation in 1921. 


| Coho. . |Humpback.| King. Red. 


Loeality. Chum Total 

IMPALINIA Ss as ee SO SOI at cio dt Rey tetas cee ble 71 191 5, 923 4 77,147 83, 336 
Paramanof BAY) dec cce cis vice tibvelstscasisele > =| Unesmaanic= 1, 004 5, 423 6 36, 995 43, 428 
ISIE ays LN ae SEY OS Se ek te les ee ee Se a 447 | 2 14, 067 14, 516 
Little: Afopnak adasgashs. pairs. 23s. Ss 1, 867 3 97 | 8 41,329 43, 304 
ENE BV rete catia aa pwr x fh Se pists SN Nos Speers 5 Bi lita bree Beira 2,779 
Litnik Bay.....2.---: Se a rol ROY faa Bay aderper emer ere weer errs |. < seasmntpeeaeter 4,197 
Pauls Bay: (tis e2 oh oes Ue ee Sh DALE ose Shee meas ae | deine otek setae eee ieee 1, 134 1, 134 

OLA ere seme tye epee rere eee aan 6, 136 1, 203 11, 892 20 | 173,443 192, 894 


ALEUTIAN ISLANDS RESERVATION. 


During the calendar year 1921 no additional permits for fishery 
operations were issued by the Department of Commerce. Four 
permits previously granted were canceled, as follows: Nos. 25 and 
29, issued to the ornteee Fisheries (Inc.) on January 5 and 24, 
1918, werg canceled February 9, 1921, when the company advised 
that no further operations were contemplated; No. 34, issued June 
29, 1918, to the Alaska Fishing Co., was canceled February 17, 1921, 
as the company had gone out of business; and No. 38, issued March 
25, 1919, to T. R. Gawley, was canceled February 9, 1921, because 
the permittee advised it was impossible to undertake operations. 
A total of 22 permits remained in existence at the end of the calendar 
year 1921. No joint permits by the Departments of Commerce and 
Agriculture were issued during the calendar year 1921. 

Under date of April 30, 1921, a revision of the joint regulations 
for the administration of the Aleutian Islands Reservation was 
issued by the Secretaries of Agriculture and Commerce. The sect?ons 
pertaining to the fisheries are as follows: 


ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1921. 15 


REGULATIONS FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE ALEUTIAN ISLANDS RESERVATION, 
ALASKA. 


1. Jurisdiction.—In compliance with existing laws and to carry out the objects of 
the Executive order establishing the Aleutian islands Reservation, all matters relating 
to wild birds and game, the propagation of reindeer and of domestic animals, and the 
propagation and killing of land fur-bearing animals will be under the immediate juris- 
diction of the Department of Agriculture; all matters pertaining specifically to wal- 
ruses, sea lions, fur seals, sea otters, the fisheries, and all aquatic life will be under the 
immediate jurisdiction of the Department of Commerce; and all matters affecting the 
reservation other than those specifically mentioned above will be under the joint 
jurisdiction of the Departments of Agriculture and Commerce. 

2. Residence on reservation.—Persons residing within the limits of the reservation on 
April 1, 1921, will be permitted to continue so to reside and carry on any lawful busi- 
ness not interfering with the purposes of the reservation. 

3. Resident permits.—Residents of the reservation desiring to engage in commercial 
fishing, or hunting, trapping, or propagating fur-bearing or game animals, or propagat- 
ing domestic animals, such as sheep, cattle, or reindeer, must first obtain a permit 
todoso. The Eskimos or Aleutian natives of the islands may hunt and trap without a 
permit except on islands held under fur-farming permits. 

4. Nonresident permits.—Anyone desiring to enter the reservation for the purpose of 
fishing, of hunting, trapping, or propagating fur-bearing or game animals, of propagat- 
ing sheep, cattle, or reindeer, of engaging in commercial fishing, salmon canning, sal- 
mon salting, or otherwise curing or utilizing fish or other aquatic products, or of engag- 
ing in any lawful business, must first obtain a permit to do so, but no permit to engage 
in any of the activities named above wiil be granted to an alien or to any corporation 
more than 50 per cent of which is owned by aliens. Permits to enter the reservation 
for the purpose of engaging in any business will be granted only when the department 
concerned is convinced that by so doing the objects for which the reservation was es- 
tablished will not be endangered thereby. 

5. Applications for permits.—Applications for fishing permits should be addressed 
to the Commissioner of Fisheries, Washington, D.C. Applications for permits to hunt, 
trap, or propagate land fur-bearing or domestic animals should be addressed to the 
Reservation Warden, Biological Survey, Unalaska, Alaska. 

6. Fishing permits.—Applications for permission to engage in fishing or fishery oper- 
ations should give full information on the following points: Name and permanent ad- 
dress of person or corporation desiring permit; character of business proposed, whether 
fishing, canning, salting, or otherwise curing fish or other aquatic products; character 
and extent of proposed plant and its location method and extent of the fishing pro- 
posed; place or places where fishing is to be carried on; and when active operations 
are to begin. 

* * * * * * * 

11. Walruses.—The killing of walruses within the reservation is hereby prohibited 
at all times. 

12. Sea lions.—The killing of sea lions on their rookeries or hauling grounds in the 
reservation is hereby prohibited at all times. 

13. Sea otters.—The killing of sea otters within the reservation is hereby prohibited 
until November 1, 1925, and thereafter except under special permit. 


14. Fur seals —The killing of fur seals within the reservation is hereby prohibited 
at all times. 


ANNETTE ISLAND FISHERY RESERVE. 


Fishery operations within the Annette Island Fishery Reserve were 
again conducted in the season of 1921 by the Annette Island Packing 
Co. under its contract with the Department of the Interior. Data 
in regard to operations have been furnished by the Bureau of Edu- 
cation of that department, which administers the affairs of the reserve 
for the benefit of the Metlakatla Indians residing therein. 

In 1921 the total number of fish taken by traps within the reserve 
was 747,328, on which a royalty of 1 cent per fish was paid, amounting 
to $7,473.28. A fee of $200 each for the four traps operated was also 
paid. In addition 267,525 salmon were taken by natives in purse- 


Rego € 
4562°—22 ye 


16 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


seining operations and were purchased by the company for $9,694.72. 
The natives received $16,266.06 for cannery labor, and other payments 
brought the total amount disbursed to the Indians by the Annette 
Island Packing Co. to $38,392.07, which was $32,674.67 less than in 
1919. 

BRISTOL BAY DISTRICT. 


During the season of 1921 a special force of employees, including 
a number of temporary men in addition to regular wardens and fish- 
cultural employees, under the direction of Field Supt. Dennis Winn, 
was sent as early in the spring as possible to the Bristol Bay district 
to continue the work of destroying predatory fishes. Efforts were 
devoted wholly to this work until the beginning of fishing operations, 
when attention was given also to maintaining a patrol for the preven- 
tion of violations of the laws and regulations for the protection of the 
fisheries. A survey of the spawning grounds was made near the latter 
end of the season. Part of the expenses of the expedition were paid 
by a fund provided by the fisheries companies and the Territory of 
Alaska. A report was submitted by Mr. Winn, as follows: 


All suitable help possible was secured in Alaska, but the greater number of the 
operators needed for this work were of necessity engaged in the States and transporta- 
tion was granted them, together with all supplies and equipment, on different cannery 
ships bound for Bristol Bay, as follows: 

n the Alaska-Portland Packers Association ship Berlin were four men, two launches, 
and supplies and equipment for Naknek and part of Nushagak. The Columbia River 
Packers Association transported on the St. Nicholas three men, one launch, and a 
portion of the supplies and equipment for the Nushagak district. The Abner Coburn, 
of Libby, McNeill & Libby, carried six men, together with supplies and equipment 
for Egegik and Ugashik districts. The San Juan of the same company transported 
two men for Kvichak section. The Kvichak of the Alaska Packers Association trans- 
ported necessary supplies for the Iliamna district, and the St. Katherine of the Red 
Salmon Canning Co. transferred three men to San Francisco on return. The other 
vessels transporting our men on the return trip were the Berlin, fourmen; Libby Maine, 
one man; Abner Coburn, three men; and the St. Nicholas, three men. 

The emsloyees of the Bureau of Fisheries detailed on this work were Dennis Winn, 
field superintendent, in charge of the work; J. W. Gardner, foreman, in charge of the 
Iliamna district; L. G. Wingard, assistant agent, in charge of Kvichak section; 
Thos. H. Morton, fish-culturist, in charge of Ugashik district; and A. T. Looff, 
warden, in charge of the Naknek district. Two practical fishermen were also 
engaged—Harry Savage, in charge of the Nushagak section, and H. B. Looff, in charge 
of the Egegik section. 


TROUT OPERATIONS. 


Naknek.—The Berlin, with the Naknek party, consisting of Dennis Winn, A. T. 
Looff, George Rogge, and David McGrath, left Portland April 29, arriving at anchorage 
off Naknek River May 22. Both launches were placed in the water the following day 
and the party went ashore. Arrangements were completed and the crew established at 
the foot of the rapids on May 25, their objective being the lake outlet. As the rapids 
are about 4 miles in length and are too swift and dangerous for power boats. the equip- 
ment and stores had to be lined in dories along the shore. To facilitate the work, it 
became necessary to clear the brush and obstructions along the entire left bank. 
After the completion of this work the remainder of the river was easily navigable by 
Evinrude to the lake outlet, where camp was established and fishing operations were 
begun immediately. 

The activity of trout and terns indicated the presence of small fish, which proved 
to be migrating salmon. Investigation showed good schools passing downstream. 
Fishing appliances consisted of set nets, drift nets, fyke nets, set lines, and hand lines. 
Set nets were by far the most effective. Trolling was conducted, when time per- 
mitted, with fair success. Drift nets were tried but were nat effective, owing to the 
numerous large bowlders and snags directly in the channel where the bulk of the trout 
lie in wait for the oncoming salmon. Practically all of the trout taken were of the lake 


U. S. B. F.—Doc. 933. 


FIG. 2—TRAP USED IN DESTRUCTION OF PREDATORY FISH, BRISTOL BAY. 


FIG. 3.—KOKHONAK FALLS, BRISTOL BAY REGION, WHERE A PASSAGE FOR 
ASCENT OF SALMON WAS BLASTED OUT. 


U. S. B. F.—Doc. 933. 


A 


a er 
ov ee eeeee ee eee 


FIG. 4.—TYPICAL SALMON CANNERY, BRISTOL BAY. 


FIG. 5.—SALMON SPAWNING GROUNDS, PILE RIVER, BRISTOL BAY REGION. 


ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1921. Li 


trout variety, Cristivomer namaycush, and all contained young salmon. Some of the 
trout stomachs examined contained as many as 50 skeletons of small fish and from 10 to 
20 red-salmon fingerlings. The skeletons could not be classified, but as there were 
large schools of young salmon noted, apparently just out of the gravel, it was felt that 
they could be none otherthansalmon. Many troutspecimens were thin and emaciated 
from disease. Examination of the eggs indicated spawning in the fall. It was noted 
on several occasions that the trout would pass downstream with the migrating salmon 
in the evening and the following morning would be back as usual to await the coming 
of another school. It would appear that they followed the salmon to about the head 
of the rapids. In 1920 some trout were taken below that point, but not in any num- 
bers. During the period the trout were absent the terns, which were always in evi- 
dence, would disappear also, only to return with the trout. 

About the middle of June the catch began to fall off rapidly. Examination of trout 
stomachs showed the presence of migrating salmon, and it was felt that the fishing was 
responsible for the diminishing numbers. It was decided then to move camp to the 
mouth of Kidawik Creek. A storm on the lake delayed the transfer, but camp was 
finally established the 18th. Fishing appliances were set out, and work on blasting 
a fishway over the dam obstructing Kidawik Creek was immediately begun. The 
obstruction was a ledge of conglomerate rock extending across the entire stream, 
forming a perpendicular fall from 6 to 8 feet in height that was piecaly impassable 
to ascending salmon, except in high-water periods. A satisfactory passage 15 feet 
in width, sloping back 25 feet from the base, was blasted over the leit edge of the falls, 
over which the fish can now pass without difficulty. This opens about a mile and a 
half of ideal spawning ground in the creek and permits free passage to Toms Lake 
at its head, a wonderful body of water 15 miles long by 3 miles wide. 

Prospectors and natives advised as to the names of Kidawik Creek and Toms Lake, 
which were used in 1920, hence their use in this report. Robert F. Griggs, in his 
article ‘‘The valley of ten thousand smokes,’’ in the National Geographic Magazine 
of September, 1921, has renamed these waters ‘‘ Brooks Creek” and ‘‘ Brooks Lake.”’ 

On August 6 a trip was made up the creek and around the lake. The creek was 
alive with fish both above and below the falls, as was the outlet to the lake. No 
salmon, however, were noted farther up the lake, although likely spawning territory 
was noted near the head. Very little spawning, however, was under way at that date, 
which may account for the nonappearance of salmon farther up. Fishing was con- 
ducted as aggressively as possible in connection with the work on the barrier. The 
total catch for the season was 1,583 fish, averaging 10 pounds each, or 15,830 pounds. 
Work was discontinued August 8, and the employees were transferred to the Alaska- 
Portland Packers Association cannery for the return trip on the Berlin. The equip- 
ment was stored at the cannery, where also the launch was placed on the ways. 

Egegik.—The Egegik party, consisting of H. B. Looff, Karl Kreamer, and Edward 
Jackson, was put ashore at Egegik May 29, by a Libby, McNeill & Libby boat. and 
permission was granted by the company’s superintendent, P. K. Clausen, to store 
supplies to be drawn upon as needed. An Evinrude engine was assembled and ends 
of dories cut down and arranged to receive same as an outboard motor. 

A storm of three days’ duration prevented immediate departure upstream, but 

camp was finally established at the rapids near the outlet of the lake on June 5. The 
lake was still filled with ice, but migrating salmon were observed passing downstream. 
The last of the migration noted was June 10, which would indicate that the main por- 
tion passed out before our arrival. For several days the ice interfered with and at 
times prevented fishing, but fair work was accomplished. Stomachs of trout, all 
Dolly Vardens, were examined and without exception contained young salmon. 
Terns, too, were always in evidence. The lake was clear of ice June 12, but severe 
weather prevented moving before June 16. Camp was finally located at the head of 
Little Becharof Lake on Kanatak Creek, which, with the lake at its head, is con- 
sidered the main red salmon stream of this section. 
_ The principal spawning grounds in this sector are those in Little Becharof Lake and 
its tributaries, which latter number 11 streams well suited for and occupied by spawn- 
ing red salmon, as were the entire east and west shores and part of the south shore of 
Little Becharof Lake. Several minor streams were noted, each containing its quota, 
estimated at from 100,000 fish at Kanatak Creek, the most important, to about 5,000 
fish at Point Creek, which is small and of limited capacity. An estimate of the number 
cf fish in the sector was placed at 327,000 July 30, so it will be readily understood that 
by far the greater portion of the fish due each stream were yet in the lake and only the 
early run had reached the creeks. Natives living at Kanatak Village for the last 10 
years report this year’s run the largest reaching the lake in their time. The salmon 
all appeared to be in good condition. 


18 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


Trout as large as the salmon were observed entering the lake with them. Operations 
were conducted in all streams successively, and as each creek was cleared of trout the 
camp was moved to the next until the entire lake was circled. The most successful 
method of capture was to set a seine across the stream near its mouth and then drift 
downstream with a gill net driving all the trout in the stream to the seine, which was 
hauled ashore. Specimens weighing 9? pounds were taken. The entire lake shore and 
all the tributaries were visited several times by the operators in the course of their fish- 
ing activities with good results. During the early part of the season, before the salmon 
arrived, the natives kept in close touch with the operators and received all the fish 
taken, so there was no waste. 

Operations came to a close August 10, with a total catch of 7,621 fish, which averaged 
24 pounds each, or 19,052 pounds, practically all being Dolly Vardens. The crew 
returned to the Egegik cannery of Libby, McNeill & Libby, stored equipment, and 
left on the Abner Coburn for Seattle August 13. 

Ugashik.—A party of three in charge of Thomas H. Morton was transported to Bristol 

3ay on the Abner Coburn and transferred to Ugashik on the Curlew, of the Alaska 
Packers Association, arriving at the latter point June 5. Dories and freight were un- 
loaded and a start made upstream the following morning. The party arrived at the 
Red Salmon Canning Co.’s cannery and through the courtesy of the superintendent the 
mess supplies were stored and a base established. The following day the party pro- 
ceeded upstream on the flood tide, arriving in the evening at the rapids, near the head 
of the river, where camp was established for the night. Camp was moved the next 
oe to the head of the rapids, where permanent camp was made and operations 
egun. 

Large schools of migrating salmon were noticed passing downstream. Several large 
Dolly Vardens were taken the first evening, but very few were in evidence. The 
water was crystal clear, so that any number of fish would be easily noticeable. In 
attempting to fish with a fyke net the migrating salmon entered in such numbers 
that it was necessary to remove it from the water within a few hours for fear of serious 
losses. A heavy migration was observed at the time of our arrival, but as all passed 
downstream within a few days thereafter, it is felt that the main body passed out 
earlier and we could only observe the tail end. 

As operations here were unsatisfactory, camp was moved across the lake and estab- 
lished on the stream connecting the two Ugashik lakes, where fair results were ob- 
tained. Most of the fish taken were Dolly Vardens, some weighing 8 pounds, with 
about half as many lake trout. These latter, unlike those at other points, were small, 
averaging 3 pounds. ‘Trips were made around both lakes in an endeavor to locate trout 
in any numbers. Some promising salmon streams were noted, but few trout were 
located. No numbers of predatory fish were noted anywhere until the ascent of the 
adult salmon, when they were noted ascending with them, some fully as large as the 
salmon, after which our best catches were made. The wire traps proved the most suc- 
cessful at this point, most of the fish being taken in this manner after we were able to 
secure salmon for bait, the trout not being particularly anxious for flesh of their own 
kind. Moderate success was secured with drift nets operated after dark, as also with 
set linesand bait. About July 20 the trout and also the few grayling taken were found 
to be full of salmon fry just leaving the gravel. The Dolly Vardens taken all appeared 
to be sea-run fish just arrived. The total number of fish taken was 6,388, averaging 2} 
pounds, or 17,567 pounds. 

Practically the entire shores of both lakes have fine clear gravel beaches, and schools 
of salmon were noticed almost everywhere along them. It was found to be impossible 
to estimate the number of salmon in the lakes in the limited time, but, in the opinion 
of the foreman, a practical fish-culturist who has had experience at collecting stations, 
there were large numbers in the lakes and tributaries, which would indieate an excel- 
lent escapement. Very few fish had entered the tributary creeks before our departure, 
only one stream seeming destined to receive any number. It was a large stream enter- 
ing the east side of the lower lake, where several good schools were noticed near its 
mouth. 

Nushagak.—Harry Savage, with two assistants, was transported on the St. Nicholas 
from Astoria, arriving at Nushagak anchorage on May 23. The patrol launch was placed 
in the water the following day and supplies and equipment were transferred to the 
Alaska-Portland Packers Association cannery at Snag Point, where a base was estab- 
lished for this sector. ; 

Necessary supplies and equipment were taken on the launch and in a towed dory, 
and a trip made to the lake outlet on the 26th. Ice in the lake precluded the possi- 
bility of proceeding up the lake before June 12. Fishing was conducted as aggressively 
as possible at the outlet, but as there was no migration as yet the trout did not school 
and those taken were scattered over a large area. As soon as the ice permitted passage 


ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SHAL INDUSTRIES, 1921. 19 


up the lake camp was transferred and fishing was conducted at the mouth of the river 
connecting Aleknagik with Nerka Lake, at the same point where good success was had 
last year. The small run of migrating salmon and the consequent scattering of trout 
made the work discouraging through the early stages and the centralization of opera- 
tions impossible. The fish taken early were not as large as those captured last year, 
but toward the latter part of June when the salmon began making their appearance 
the migration increased, trout became more numerous, and better catches were made. 
It also became necessary to remove the gill nets from the water, owing to the rush of 
salmon. Fyke traps and hand lines were resorted to with fair success. The trout 
entered from the sea with the salmon, making it impossible to use other or more de- 
structive gear. The trout destroyed numbered 12,702, averaging 34 pounds each, or 
44,457 pounds. Work was discontinued August 6, equipment stored at the Alaska- 
Portland Packers Association cannery, and the St. Nicholas boarded August § for the 
return trip. 

Iliamna sector.—In order to reach the streams tributary to the Upper Iliamna Lake, 
J. W. Gardner, with an assistant, was instructed to proceed via regular steamer to 
Anchorage, thence across Cook Inlet by launch to [liamna Bay, and from that point 
to Iliamna Village over the portage. Supplies and equipment were taken over the 
par teee by natives with dog teams. This party left Seattle April 13, arriving at 

liamna Village on April 28. All supplies were hauled across by the 30th. 

The lake was still frozen over on arrival, and work was begun on the Iliamna River, 
which was open. Although the people living in that vicinity always claimed great 
numbers of trout were present in the spring, our party found almost none. The river 
was thoroughly examined with little encouragement or result. Several trips were 
made over the trail to Pile River at the head of the lake, and set nets were carried 
over and placed in likely places near the river’s mouth, but poor results attended 
operations here also. Nor were there many trout noticed in investigations up river 
for several miles. These rivers were fished continually, and as the ice began dis- 
appearing in the upper end of the lake the operations were extended and transferred 
el point to point wherever indications were favorable, but the total results were 
small. 

Travel became possible across the upper end of the lake about June 1, when a 
launch was secured and supplies and equipment taken to the motith of Newhalen 
River, where a permanent camp was established. "xtensive operations were carried 
on. Floating ice interfered' with the work for a few days, or until it all passed out 
into the lake. Several of the nets were carried away, although all but one were re- 
covered. The ice disappeared rapidly, and it now being safe to cross the lake, a trip 
was made to Kokhonak Creek in hopes of establishing a station there, but conditions 
were unsuitable. The lake was extremely low and the creek high, making it im- 
possible to attempt any net work. Several streams that might present possibilities 
were visited, but by far the most promising one was Copper River at the head of 
Intricate Bay, and a camp was established there on June 10. 

Most of the ice was out of the lake by this time, and a trip was made to Bristol Bay 
for supplies. Some ice was encountered on the way down the river, but no danger 
was anticipated and the trip was made without incident. As soon as the Kvichak 
River was open and passage was possible, Lemuel G. Wingard, with patrol boat No. 
1, was dispatched to the lake with the necessary supplies for the party, and also to 
make a survey of trout possibilities in the vicinity of the flats in upper reaches of the 
river. The boat arrived at the foot of the flats, but owing to the extreme low water 
in the river was compelled to anchor. An ice floe passing down complicated matters 
by turning over the dory in tow with a load of supplies and equipment, and endangered 
the launch. Nearly all the equipment and supplies were salvaged, after which Mr. 
Wingard returned to Koggiung to await the arrival of the smaller boat from the lake. 
On the return of the small launch to the lake all streams were visited and fishing 
attempted, but at no point were good numbers of trout encountered. A great draw- 
back was the lateness of the season, which prevented work being attempted at the 
different streams before the trout were back in the lake after spawning. 

As few migrating salmon were noticed passing from Lake Clark through the New- 
halen River, it is felt that the migration had practically passed by that point before 
we were able to establish camp there. Through the spring and summer months the 
only time the Dolly Vardens and lake trout are to be encountered in large numbers 
is when schools of salmon are migrating. Throughout the season the trout were scat- 
tered and most difficult to locate and catch. The greatest success was had at points 
where the natives were drying their winter’s supply of fish and baiting the locality 
with refuse and fish scraps from the cleaning. The total number of trout taken for 
the season was 6,464, weighing 25,856 pounds. : 


20 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


At the close of the season the bureau’s launch was placed on the ways at Goose Bay’ 
and left in care of Mr. Millett, who has a launch of his own at the same point. Sup- 
plies were stored at Foss Ranch for use early next season, which does away with the 
necessity of the purchase of any supplies except perishables before the arrival of the 
cannery fleet. After this work was accomplished the party returned to Iliamna 
Village, thence over the portage to the bay and via launch to Anchorage, by rail to 
Seward, and thence by regular steamer to Seattle, arriving September 29. 

At Kokhonak Falls a fishway was blasted out of the rock through which it was 
hoped the fish could pass into the river above. A cut was made in the rock about 
30 inches wide by 3 feet deep and 10 feet long, with a 20 per cent drop, carrying about 
1 foot of water, which flowed intoa large pocket, then through a series of natural pockets 
to the foot of the falls. The fish ascend with little difficulty to the large pocket but 
find trouble in reaching the last pocket at the foot of the cut, where a leap of about 
4 feet is necessary. As the pocket is comparatively shallow, the fish are unable. to 
get sufficient power for the leap, although some accomplish it. More blasting and 
possibly some flume work will be necessary to make the passage thoroughly efficient. 
The location of the fishway is excellent, as it is protected by a rock blu¥ projection 
from the shore which precludes damage from ice or drift, and also has the advantage 
of being the side where salmon are most in evidence endeavoring to ascend. It was 
estimated that 1,500 red salmon were working at the falls and some were spawning 
near its base in comparatively deep water on our last visit August 20, about three 
times as many as the previous year. 

Summary.—The lateness of the spring season interfered greatly with the work, as 
in most cases the migration was nearly over before the ice had left the lakes. At 
both Iliamna and at Wood River the small migration was a contributing factor, as the 
attraction was not sufficient for large schooling of trout. The total take for the season 
was 34,758 fish, totaling 122,762 pounds. 


RUNS OF SALMON. 


While the number of fish ascending was more than double that of the preceding 
year, the run was of such short duration that no large individual packs were possible. 
It was estimated that about 950,000 cases of salmon were packed during the season, 
practically all reds. All canneries curtailed their preparations at least 20 per cent 
of capacity, but their packs fell short of anticipation. 

Salmon in large numbers first made their appearance July 1 in the Kvichak River 
and the following day in the Naknek River and vicinity. In the Nushagak sector the 
run began July 5. At each point the numbers immediately increased to such propor- 
tions that the different canneries, with one or two exceptions, set a limit of 1,200 fish 
per boat, which condition continued over a period of about a week, when the run 
tapered off rapidly and the limit was removed, but the crest of the run had passed and 
few large catches were again reported. An increase was noted July 15, but im- 
mediately the run fell to small and, in most cases, unprofitable catches. 


ESCAPEMENT. 
While the escapement in the different rivers and lakes was excellent, it is believed 


to be due in part to the efficiency of the stream patrols. An estimate of the numbers 
reaching the lakes is as follows: 


WOOG HaVel ti - nict tia <inicensl* dx Sevens BAe a -bcnieber ri eik SE's Ee eee 1, 000, 000 
VACHSS Bd VA se ict cdle hs bin tee An cin at cna p Birr eae nen aia 1, 000, 000 
Naknioks EiVOr hc 5 b's niche Hee picked =A We Mabini ine icine ese s 800, 000 
Egepik River... ..-- 2-4 see -nNsante tee vase sateen hes 500, 000 
Ugaabik River... cian ah deeeporncee shee =anemee caer in “eeenene 500, 000 


The run was inspected in the different rivers and checked as nearly as possible, 
and while the estimate is known to be faulty, it is believed to be close enough for 
purposes of future observations. ; 

Cuseryatisiia were almost wholly in regard to red salmon, but other species were 
noted in the Naknek-Kvichak section in rather small numbers. In passing up the 
Naknek River visits were made to each tributary stream. There were but two of 
any importance in connection with the salmon runs—King Salmon Creek and Ralph 
River. The former, about 12 miles up, is small but has fair possibilities. King 
salmon were noted ascending in small numbers. Later fair numbers were observed 
spawning in the main river over a stretch of about 3 miles below the foot of the rapids. 

alph River, a tributary about 7 miles below the rapids, is a fair body of water with 


ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1921. 21 


good possibilities. Practically all the silver salmon entering the Naknek ascend this 
stream. This evidently comprises the extent of the territory in this section occupied 
by the species mentioned. In the Kvichak River the king salmon ascend Kaskanak 
Creek but were not noted above that point. Humpback salmon ascend to Kaskanak 
Flats and spawn in the main river in that vicinity. Red salmon enter the Alagnak 
River and proceed to extensive lake areas at its head. 


PATROL. 


There were available for patrol work three launches, each 30 feet long by 9 feet 
beam, Columbia River type, with comfortable house over all, powered with 8 horse- 
power heavy duty Union engines and fitted with berths for three men, also stove and 
necessary mess equipment for living aboard. These launches were used for patrol 
in the Kvichak, Naknek, and Nushagak sections, and dories with Evinrude outboard 
motors were used in the Igushik, Egegik, and Ugashik regions. While the launches 
are thoroughly efficient in the rivers and several trips were made across the bay, 
they are not suited at all times for outside waters, especially during heavy weather. 
For this work the bureau should have a safe, well-powered boat 45 to 50 feet in length 
for use between the different stations, which would enable the directing officer to 
keep in touch with the wardens; also for assistance when the marshal serves war- 
rants and transports law violators. One serious drawback at present is the difficulty 
of serving warrants, owing to the distance apart of the commissioner and marshal. 
The former lives at Koggiung and the latter at Dillingham. The stream patrol at 
the different points began June 20 and continued through July 25, when commercial 
fishing became unprofitable. No nets were permitted in the water above any pro- 
hibitive markers other than by natives for their home use exclusively. 

Kvichak Disirict.—Assistant Agent L. G. Wingard and his assistant arrived at Naknek 
on May 13, where they were busily engaged in placing prohibitive markers at mouths 
of the different rivers in the Naknek-Kvichak district and posting signs at the different 
canneries relative to the prohibited area until the arrival of the ships on May 23. 
When the patrol launches were lowered into the water, No. 1 was turned over to 
Mr. Wingard with instructions to proceed to the Alaska Packers Association cannery 
at Koggiung. From June 20 to July 28 an efficient patrol was maintained in the 
Kvichak River by circulating back and forth in the vicinity of the prohibitive markers 
and above. Few extreme cases of law violations were encountered at any point. These 
were successfully prosecuted, and reports were duly made by Mr. Wingard. He 
returned to Seattle on the Libby Maine, of Libby, McNeill & Libby, and his assistant 
proceeded on the Berlin, of the Alaska-Portland Packers Association. 

Naknek.—Warden A. T. Looff, with patrol boat No. 2, was assigned to the Naknek 
River and was thoroughly effective. The method employed was to keep circulating 
in the mouth of the river among the fishermen and tally scows, and as the boat was 
always in evidence it had a wholesome effect with the result that there were few 
attempts to trespass. Two cases of violations were reported but were not brought 
to trial because of the absence of the marshal from Naknek and the subsequent ordering 
of the bureau’s representatives to other localities, which prevented their appearance 
to prosecute the cases. 

Nushagak District—Harry Savage was placed in charge of patrol boat No. 3, with 
warden supervision over the Nushagak section. His work was similar to that in the 
ot .er districts mentioned and was entirely satisfactory. No attempts were madeto 
trespass above the prohibitive markers in any of the streams. These markers or 
monuments were erected by the writer before the fishing season opened. A camp 
was established at the mouth of the Igushik River, and G. E. Madden was placed 
in charge as stream watchman, his equipment consisting of a dory with Evinrude 
outboard motor. It was an easy stream to police, and no infractions of regulations 
occurred. 

Egegik River.—This section was patrolled by William Jackson, who camped near 
the Libby, McNeill & Libby cannery, where the markers were located, his mode 
of travel being by dory with Evinrude outboard motor. He had no difficulty in 
enforcing the regulations. The river is easily handled, as the markers are at the 
canneries of Libby, McNeill & Libby and the Alaska Packers Association on opposite 
sides of the river, and fishermen have no occasion to proceed farther upstream in the 
performance of their duties. No infringements were reported. 

Ugashik River —Thomas Morton, with equipment similar to that in the Egegik 
River, patrolled this river to the best’ of his ability but with unsatisfactory results 
because of the fact that one of the larger patrol boats could not be placed at his disposal. 
It is hoped that this situation will be remedied another season by providing a launch 


29 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


with very shallow draft, Columbia River type, with 6-horsepower Union engine 
encased, the boat to be fitted with sail and tent cover like the regular fishing vessels. 
This would be thoroughly suitable for the work and would insure satisiactory living 
conditions for the stream guard. 


SPAWNING GROUNDS. 


The spawning grounds were all visited throughout the Iliamna district, and although 
the escapement was large the spawning area is so vast that while each tributary stream 
contained fish none appeared crowded, the greater numbers occupying the streams 
at the lower ends of both Iliamna and Clark Lakes. Some of the tributaries at the 
upper ends of both lakes contained but small numbers. It was reported, however, 
that the salmon arrive at the upper end of Lake Clark late in the season, which may 
also be true of Iliamna. A reliable resident at each point will keep close watch and 
make a record for future use. However, no salmon made their appearance last year 
at the head of Lake Clark at the time of the inspection or later. The principal spawn- 
ing streams of the Ihamna Lake district are along the southeast shore with consider- 
able spawning at different points on the lake shore. These streams were visited when 
the spawning was at its height for the purpose of inspecting the spawning area. Pass- 
ing from Kvichak River, various streams were visited where the following observations 
were made: 

Belinda Creek.—A fair run entered this stream but was drawn upon heavily by 
natives for their winter supply. Several thousand dried fish were in caches, and 
more were in the process of curing. A trip was made a few miles upstream, where 
a fair number of fish were noted on the beds. This stream is small and therefore 
limited in capacity. About 25,000 fish were seen on the beds. 

Prospect Creek.—There were a few fish around the inside of the mouth of this stream, 
but no numbers were observed on the trip, and possibilities were meager. 

Kokhonak Creek.—This is one of the best salmon streams in the system. It is an 
ideal stream, about 6 miles long by 65 feet wide, and is practically all used by spawn- 
ing fish. A trip was made with a poling boat up the creek to Kokhonak Creek Lake 
at its head. A peculiar circumstance in connection with this lake is that, although it 
is a wonderful body of water 10 miles long by 3 miles in width, no fish ascend above 
its outlet, and no spawning was observed along its shores. Fish in large numbers 
ascend to a small creek close to the lake outlet, up which they pass in great hordes. 
While the creek is well supplied, none of the fish seem at all interested in the lake. 
An estimate was made of about 250,000 fish in this stream. 

Kokhonak River.—About 1,500 red salmon were observed endeavoring to negotiate 
the falls, but although considerable work had been done in blasting out a fishway 
few could make the passage, and more work will be necessary the coming season. 
The opening of this passage will make available many miles of ideal spawning country. 
The fish were spawning in about 9 feet of water near the foot of the falls. 

Copper River.—This is considered tae best salmon stream entering Lake Iliamna. 
It is situated at the head of Intricate Bay, and finding the stream is indeed intricate, 
owing to the numerous islands and passageways. Investigations covered 10 miles 
in a poling boat upstream. Copper River is about 70 feet wide by 18 to 24 inches 
deep, with a 3-mile current. The entire bottom is suitable for spawning, and the 
fish were evenly distributed over its full length. Sloughs on each side of the river 
contained fish and nearly doubled the spawning area of the stream. It was estimated 
that there were about 300,000 red salmon in the stream. Many small creeks along 
the shore of Iliamna Lake to Iliamna River were visited, but their possibilities were 
so meager as to be almost negligible. 

Iliamna River.—Investigations were undertaken upstream for a distance of about 
14 miles. While the ratio was five to six times greater than last year at different 
points, the number noticed did not exceed 6,000 salmon for the entire season. 

Pile River.—This stream was investigated for several miles, but few fish were noted. 
It has never possessed a reputation for numbers of fish. 

Knutson Creek.—Knuytson Creek is at the head of Knutson Bay and is small, with 
limited possibilities; the creek proper has none. Several small spring creeks and 
sloughs tributary to the creek contained fish, although in small numbers. About 
1,000 fish were noted in this section. 

Chekok Creek.—A fair number of salmon were observed here and in the bay. A 
trip was made upstream several miles to a point where there are numerous small 
spring ponds tributary to the creek. Eight of these ponds, each being about 100 feet 
in diameter and containing from 200 to 1,000 fish, have bottoms thoroughly suited 
for spawning purposes. It is said that they seldom freeze and never contain more 
than a thin coating of ice. Some, however, contained water not over 18 to 24 inches 


ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1921. 23 


in depth, and many gulls were working on the eggs. Two small creeks near the 
Iliamna-Lake Clark portage contained good numbers of fish. The season was well 
advanced. On the northwest shore a visit was made to Upper and Lower Tularic 
Creeks about the middle of July. Few fish were in the streams at that time, but good 
numbers were observed near the stream mouths. As there are no harbors on that 
shore for storm protection, a trip is not deemed safe during the fall months. 

Lake Clark.—All the streams in this section were visited, but very little spawning 
was observed in the upper reaches of the lake. Spawning salmon were noticed in 
good numbers along the entire length of Newhalen River, and each of the several 
small tributaries contained some fish. Aleck C. Creek, a tributary near the head of 
the river, contained fair numbers of fish. Early in the season a large run passed u 
this stream to a lake at its head, and the natives seined about 8,000 fish at its mou 
in a few days and prepared them for dog feed. 

A small number of fish were seen in Tazimina River, beginning about 3 miles from 
its mouth and extending to the falls 4 or 5 miles farther up. Fish became scarcer 
advancing up the lake, and in the upper reaches the only specimens noticed were 
on the spawning grounds along the south shore in the vicinity of Tarnalia River, 
about halfway up the lake, and in Kegik Creek and Kegik Lake on the north shore. 
Few fish were seen in the creek, for the water, like that of nearly all the streams in 
this system, was greatly discolored because of warm weather and because it was 
glacier fed. Proceeding to Kegik Lake encouraging numbers were seen spawning 
and schooling near the mouths of two excellent creeks at the head of the lake. None 
had as yet entered the creeks, which presented ideal spawning possibilities. Accord- 
ing to the natives late runs enter here and live fish are observed through the ice in 
January. 

All other streams were visited but no fish were noticed, and none were observed 
along the north shore of the lake, where previously it had been stated the bulk of the 
spawning in this field occurred. While an estimate of 1,000,000 fish was made as to 
the escapement into the Kvichak, the available spawning area could easily accommo- 
date at least three times that number without detriment. 


RECOMMENDATIONS. 


It is recommended that powers be extended to the officer in charge to make arrests 
in accordance with the sense of the foregoing report. This plan would necessitate the 
use of a suitable seagoing launch for the officer in charge, somewhat larger than those 
now in use, so trips could be made at any time between the different stations without 
endangering lives or property. 

It is suggested that the bureau permit one or two men to winter in Bristol Bay, so 
as to gather all information possible about the spawning grounds of both salmon and 
trout in some special section, preferably Wood River. Available information indi- 
cates that the trout drop downstream into the lakes after spawning, when the ice 
begins forming in the creeks. If such could be proved to be a fact, the work could 
be planned to better advantage in dealing with trout destruction. In order to deter- 
mine this, it will be necessary to remain in that locality through the winter, as there 
are no facilities for leaving after the information is obtained. A suitable launch 
should be secured for the Ugashik work: 

In order to make the fishing regulations more efficient there should be a deputy 
marshal and a commissioner in the vicinity of Naknek, as there is difficulty in getting 
a marshal to serve warrants or a commissioner to have them executed in the absence 
of a marshal, as was the case this last season. The commissioner is at Koggiung and 
the marshal at Dillingham, making it extremely difficult to get action. 

Originally it was felt that the run of the year 1921 should be fair and 1922 good. 
However, the former fell far below expectations, and itis only reasonable to assume 
from the above basis that the coming year will be somewhat disappointing. As a 
safeguard it is recommended that a curtailment be made in the pack for the year 
1922 equal to that of the year 1921. 


COPPER RIVER FISHERY. 


The Copper River is the most important red-salmon stream on 
the mainland of central Alaska. It produces a run of red salmon 
that in quality is not excelled by that of any other section of Alaska. 
The run is not large, however, and it has been impaired in recent 
years through increased fishing operations, not only in the river 


24 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


proper and its several outlets, but in the contiguous waters of the 
delta also. 

In 1921 seven canning companies and two mild-curing operators 
took: Salmon from Copper River waters. Of these the Alaska Sea 
Food Co., Carlisle Packing Co., Eyak River Packing Co., Hayes 
Graham Fish Co., Hillery-Scott Co., Pioneer Packing Co., A. Colussi, 
and S. S. Lee carried on fishing in the delta district, while all fishin 
at Miles Lake and Abercrombie Canyon was done for the F. H. 
Madden cannery at Abercrombie. The Hoonah Packing Co. and 
the Canoe Pass Packing Co. did not operate. 

Gill nets, staked and drifting, were universally used in all Copper 
River waters, Say at Abercrombie Canyon, where dip nets were 
used exclusively. In the delta region 34,125 fathoms of nets were 
operated and in Miles Lake 2,275 fathoms were used, making a 
total of 36,400 fathoms for the district. The number of dip netters 
who fished in the canyon varied during the season, 55 being the 
maximum number engaged at any time. As compared with similar 
statistics in 1920, reports for 1921 show a decrease of 11,875 fathoms 
in apparatus used in delta waters and 1,952 fathoms in Miles Lake, 
or a total of 13,827 fathoms for the entire field. 

During the fishing season inquiry was made at Chitina, Copper 
Center, and other up-river points regarding the escapement of salmon 
and the supply secured by the Indians for domestic purposes. Later 
observations were made by Assistant Agent Shirley A. Baker at 
Klutina, Gulkana, and Summit Lakes as to the condition and use of 
the spawning grounds, but no evidence was found to indicate that 
the escapement was adequate to maintain the runs. More salmon 
were observed in Gulkana Lake than in the other waters visited, and 
the opinion was generally expressed by residents of the Copper River 
valley that more salmon reached the upper river and the main trib- 
utaries in 1921 than in either of the two seasons immediately pre- 
ceding. , 


Catch of salmon in Copper River from 1916 to 1921, inclusive, by locality and species. 


Locality and species. 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 
Delta district: 
Cohossif- sfonde: arate desedeetbee 79, 396 55, 564 36, 247 24, 872 ee a ee 
KASS echca tates ol. fa het aes 5, 440 5, 134 4, 292 8,972 | 15,086 8, 224 
HROUS. Noten eerie. Soe te wee Ae eee 300,157 | 455,001 745, 522 | 1,096,090 | 700,342 | 415, 426 
Humpbacksivecsote 2 saat das |) 81,578 Joss fee ee elise tie een cos caall ah eeelelewap ape. 
ROtAl A. 6.0 nae Sie eae parodia ede 416,571 | 515,699 786,061 | 1,129,934 | 770,912 | 423,650 


2 HE Neate ieee Piltsack BE aS: ee aled 36,034 | 36, 839 25, 509 15,778 | 18,440 377 
1 PT Neots G her we hd ra, sR Beh Sn 8,765 | 8,050 14, 806 4,002| 6,345| 2,429 
Rede Osa ea oe OT 407,980 | 309,324 | 484/607 | 157,597 | 150,755 | 76,937 


WDotale icprse uw ee Stee ee ete eur 452,779 | 354, 213 524, 922 177,467 | 175,540 79, 743 


GreniGtOtals io oer tem eects sie a 869,350 | 869,912 | 1,310,983 | 1,307,401 | 946,452 | 503,393 


Interesting observations were made at the Abercrombie cannery 
in respect to the unequal proportion of male and female salmon taken 
at the lake and canyon fisheries. In June three counts, aggregating 
800 salmon, gave 701 females and 99 males. Between July 1 and 15 
eight similar counts, totaling 1,200 salmon, gave 986 females and 214 


ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1921. 25 


males. Seven counts from July 15 to 31, totaling 1,100 salmon, 
showed 708 females and 392 males. From August 2 to 15 a total 
of 900 salmon counted resulted in 420 females and 480 males. All 
counts were made without selection at the iron chink from the day’s 
run of salmon through that machine. 

The counts showed that at the beginning of operations in the 
canyon 88 per cent of the red salmon caught were females. Later 
the proportions changed, females constituting 82 per cent of the 
catch in the first part of July and 64 per cent the latter part, and in 
August only 46 per cent were females. It seems probable that the 
smaller percentage of males caught at the beginning of up-river oper- 
ations was due to the screening effect of the gill nets at the delta, 
in that the smaller salmon, chiefly females, escaped through the 
meshes. 

At the Seattle hearing on November 17, 1921, at which Mr. C. H. 
Huston, Assistant Secretary of Commerce, was present, the owners 
of the Abercrombie cannery introduced evidence to the effect that 
there was an abundance of salmon in the Copper River sufficient for 
the needs of the inhabitants of the region and ample to maintain the 
runs over and above the limited demands of their cannery, and that 
in view of these representations the closing order of December 18, 
1920, prohibiting all commercial fishing in the Copper River on and 
after September 1, 1921, should be set aside. Contrary views were 
convincingly expressed, especially by Dr. C. H. Gilbert, who has 
made extensive studies and observations in the region. In the final 
analysis of the information presented the conclusion was reached 
that adequate protection of the Copper River salmon runs was unat- 
tainable under any relaxation of the closing order. 


KARLUK INVESTIGATIONS. 


Special work was inaugurated at Karluk in May, 1921, to secure 
data for the solution of problems of great importance to the salmon 
industry of Alaska, among which are (1) the ratio of utilization to 
escapement of salmon from any run that is sufficient to safeguard 
and maintain the supply, and (2) the production of salmon under 
natural conditions from a known escapement. These questions can 
not be answered in a single season, but painstaking inquiry and inves- 
tigation must go on through several years without interruption before 
the necessary data can be obtained. 

Karluk River seemed to possess peculiar advantages for this under- 
taking, as there is no complication of the questions under considera- 
tion by the mixture of salmon destined to other spawning grounds. 
A rack was placed across the river at a point approximately half a 
mile above the lagoon at the head of tidewater. It was equipped 
with three gates through which the ascending salmon were permitted 
to pass, a daily tally Bae kept of the salmon escaping. Counting 
began on May 26 and was continued until October 27. Broadly 
speaking, the escapement was good, but at times the effect of fishing 
at the mouth of the river was marked, as some days approximately 
90 per cent of the run was captured. 

nteresting observations were made regarding the migration of 
fingerling salmon which in the early part of June were noted in 
thousands at the rack. Specimens were collected for identification. 
Dolly Varden trout were also descending the river in large numbers 


2°26 U. S BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


from May 28 to June 10, but by the middle of June the migration 
had ceased. Dolly Vardens were first noticed ascending the river 
on July 9. 

YUKON RIVER FISHERY. 


Commercial fishing for export on the Yukon River was resumed 
in 1921 by the Carlisle Packing Co., which operated a floating cannery 
on Kwiguk Slough, and by W. F. O’Connor, who was chiefly engaged 
in pickling salmon. In addition N. L. Holmgren and Jacobsgaard 
& Jorgenson made small packs of salted salmon, and Waechter Bros. 
Co. were interested in mild-curing and freezing operations. 

Fishing was carried on in the south mouth of the Yukon, known as 
Kwikluak Pass, and in the coastal waters immediately off the mouth. 
The apparatus consisted of 8,850 fathoms of gill nets, 1 trap, and 2 
wheels. The species and numbers of salmon taken were as follows: 
Cohos, 1,000; chums, 111,098; and kings, 69,646; a total of 181,744. 
Of these 51,624 chums and 34,807 kings were reported as having been 
caught outside the river in waters unaffected by departmental regu- 
ations. 

The products prepared for export were 19,435 cases of kings, 6,867 
cases of chums, 124 tierces of mild cured kings, 8 barrels of pickled 
cohos, 53 barrels of pickled chums, 24 barrels of pickled kings, 3,203 
pounds of frozen chums, and 19,549 pounds of frozen kings. The 
value of the products was $331,079. Employment was given to 172 
whites, 58 natives, 33 Japanese, and 1 negro. The total investment 
was approximately $522,224. 

No record could be obtained of the number of salmon taken from 
the Yukon by Indians for local consumption, but it may be fairly 
assumed that their catch aggregated several hundred thousand sal- 
mon. ‘Though some localities reported fair catches, the concensus 
of opinion was that the runs of salmon were small and that an ade- 
quate supply of fish for the inhabitants of the Yukon Valley could 
hardly be secured. 

By the order of December 18, 1920, commercial fishing in Yukon 
waters for export was prohibited indefinitely on and after September 1, 
1921. Ata hearing in Seattle on November 17, 1921, at which Mr. C. 
H. Huston, Assistant Secretary of Commerce, was present, the Carlisle 
Packing Co. submitted documentary and oral statements to show that 
the runs of salmon in the Yukon were large; that the commercial 
catch had not appreciably affected the supply; and that the closin, 
order should be set aside, so that fishing in the river could be carrie 
on in 1922. 

These contentions were opposed orally by Dr. Charles H. Gilbert, 
of Stanford University, speaking for the bureau; by Bishop Peter T. 
Rowe, an eminent Episcopalian missionary of long residence in 
Alaska, for and in behalf of a large part of the native population of the 
region; and, further, by many unsolicited communications from per- 
sons who by intimate knowledge of conditions were able to contribute 
important information regarding the supply of salmon. After a care- 
ful review of all the evidence submitted no satisfactory reason appeared 
to exist for a suspension of the closing order. 


U. S. B. F.—Doc. 933. 


FIG. 6.—RACK IN KARLUK RIVER FOR COUNTING OF SALMON ASCENDING TO 
SPAWNING GROUNDS. 


FIG. 7.—LOWER KARLUK RIVER, SHOWING MOUTH IN DISTANCE. 


U. S. B. F.—Doe. 933. 


FIG. 8—-GOVERNMENT SALMON HATCHERY, MCDONALD LAKE. 


FIG. 9—GOVERNMENT SALMON HATCHERY, AFOGNAK LAKE. 


ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1921. pe 
HATCHERIES. 
EXTENT OF OPERATIONS. 


Four hatcheries, exclusive of Territorial plants, were operated in 
Alaska in 1921, two of which belong to the United States and two to 
private owners. The Federal stations are located at Afognak Lake, 
on Afognak Island, and at McDonald Lake, on the mainland of south- 
east Alaska near Yes Bay. The private hatcheries are located at 
Loring and Quadra in southeast Alaska, and are owned, respectively, 
by the Alaska Packers Association and the Northwestern Fisheries 
Co. The total number of red-salmon eggs collected at these 
four hatcheries in 1921 was 128,200,000, which is an increase of 
28,210,000 over the collections of 1920. This increase was entirely 
due to the resumption of fish-cultural work at the McDonald Lake 
hatchery, as the take of eggs at the other hatcheries was less than 
in 1920. 


Operations of Federal and private hatcheries in Alaska in 1921. 


Red or sockeye salmon. 
Station. Sal 
a Salmon : 

ges taken) wiberared, | Peps aken 

i ie in 1920-21. 3 
LCE FTE UG 1 Ae ce ee rae 9 gehen ae ot age meme 0 ae pee alii ale Y bay 2 da ae 14,025,000 | 51,000,000 
PATO EISSEME ue Se cere SPIES. LEE UDA SSS ley Sash 2. RES. ek 2§2, 300,000 | 47,808,000 | 53,835, 000 
inbiit 2 Dts: is Gk Oe eS A Se ee See AS eee See ee aS 18, 240,000 | 17,375,000 | 13,380,000 
OV hod. blithe Sn 2 A A 19, 450,000 | 18, 913, 000 9, 985, 000 
Tos sp BROS elite eater asa Speed) So aaa a Ua 6 al gyi flab 99, 990,000 | 88,121,000 | 128, 200, 000 


1 Hatched from eggs received from Afognak. 
2 5,000,000 eyed eggs shipped to McDonald Lake hatchery, 2,340,500 to the Federal hatchery at Quinault, 
Wash., and, 3,000,000 to the State hatchery at Bonneville, Oreg. 


HATCHERY REBATES. 


The Federal fishery law of Alaska, approved June 26, 1906, pro- 
vides that the owners of privately operated hatcheries shall be exempt 
from the payment of all taxes and license fees on their catch and pack 
id ee at the rate of 40 cents per 1,000 red or king salmon fry 
iberated. 


Rebates credited to private salmon hatcheries, fiscal year ended June 30, 1921. 


f Red-salmon Rebate 
Owner. Location. fry liberated. aie 
Alaska Packers Association 4... <2. - a4 sek, Naha Stream.......:......--- 17, 375, 000 $6, 950. 00 
Northwestern Fisheries Co. ./-..)...-.......: Hugh Smith Lake. ......... 18, 913, 000 7, 565. 20 
DeSean tae cplcieamieie 36, 288, 000 14,515. 20 


HATCHERY OPERATIONS. 
M’ DONALD LAKE. 


No salmon eggs were taken at McDonald Lake hatchery in 1920 
owing to the work of renewing the water-supply pipe line, which was 


28 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


not completed until after the close of the spawning season. Subse- 
quently a shipment of 5,000,000 eyed red-salmon eggs was made 
from Afognak, from which 4,025,000 young salmon were produced 
and liberated in McDonald Lake. In 1921 the collection of red- 
salmon eggs aggregated 51,000,000. The egg-taking season ended 
September 27. 


AFOGNAK. 


From the collection of 62,300,000 red-salmon eggs obtained at 
Afognak in 1920 shipments of 5,000,000 and 2,340,500 eyed eggs were 
made, respectively, to the bureau’s stations at McDonald Lake, 
southeast Alaska, and at Quinault, Wash., and 3,000,000 eyed eggs 
were shipped to the Oregon State hatchery at Bonneville. Out of 
the remaining 51,959,500 there were liberated #7,808,000 fry and 
fingerlings in Afognak Lake and tributaries. The loss of eggs and 
fry was 6.66 per cent. In the season of 1921 a total of 53,835,000 
red-salmon eggs was collected. The run of salmon was good, and a 
larger take of eggs might have been made had not high water inter- 
es operations. The season opened in July and closed Septem- 

er 20. 


FORTMANN. 


The Fortmann hatchery of the Alaska Packers Association on Heck- 
man Lake, Revillagigedo Island, liberated 17,375,000 young red 
salmon in Naha stream and lakes, out of 18,240,000 eggs collected in 
1920. The loss of eggs was 4.74 per cent. In addition 345,000 
humpback-salmon fry were hatched and planted in the same water 
system. Egg taking in 1921 began August 26 and ended November 
21. In that period 13,380,000 red and 900,000 humpback salmon 


eggs were collected. 
QUADRA. 


The hatchery of the Northwestern Fisheries Co., on Hugh Smith 
Lake, produced and released 18,913,000 red-salmon fry out of a total 
collection of 19,450,000 eggs in 1920. The loss was 2.7 per cent. 
Spawn taking in 1921 began in August and ended November 14. 
In that time 9,985,000 red-salmon eggs were taken. 


JUNEAU AND CORDOVA. 


The Alaska Territorial Fish €ommission continued fish-cultural 
work in the Juneau field during 1921 by collecting 6,300,000 coho and 
humpback salmon eggs. Of this number the commission reports 
that 5,300,000 were coho-salmon eggs, of which 1,000,000 were planted 
as eyed eggs and 4,050,000 were hatched and liberated as fry. The 
reported Toss was 250,000 eggs and fry, or approximately 4.71 per 
cent. The remaining 1,000,000 eggs of the total collection were 
taken from humpback salmon. Out of this lot 500,000 fry were pro- 
duced and distributed, 450,000 were planted as eyed eggs, and 50,000, 
or 5 per cent, were lost. Plants of eggs and fry were made in Baranof 
Lake, at. Warm Springs Bay, and in the streams of Admiralty and 
Douglas Islands and of the mainland near Juneau. 

Fish-cultural work was also inaugurated at Eyak Lake, near Cor- 
dova, by the construction of a battery of troughs for use as an eyeing 


ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1921. 29 
station. Red salmon exclusively were handled in this field. The 
collection of eggs aggregated 4,800,000, of which 4,600,000 were fer- 
tilized and planted. The loss was 200,000, or approximately 4 per 
cent. In the aggregate the commission collected 11,100,000 salmon 
eggs of all species. In 1921 it distributed in Alaskan waters12,400,000 
fry and fertilized eggs, of which 1,900,000 were fry produced from 
eggs obtained in 1920. At the end of the year 100,000 coho fry were 
being held in the Juneau hatchery. 


GENERAL STATISTICS OF THE FISHERIES. 


The total active investment in the fisheries of Alaska in 1921 was 
$39,001,096, or $31,985,125 less than in 1920, which is largely 
accounted for by the elimination of the value of all inoperative can- 
neries. The investment in the salmon industry alone amounted to 
$34,490,149, or approximately 88 per cent of the total investments. 
Employment was given to 15,070 persons, or 12,412 less than in 1920. 
The total value of the products in 1921 was $24,086,867, or $17,405,257 


less than in 1920. 


Summary of investments in the Alaska fisheries in 1921. 


Fea LEAD Southeast Central Western 

Industries. Alaska. Alaska. Alaska. Total. 

Salmon, canning) 266) 5 26 Voge teHos ge assc8 $8, 637,938 | $7,606,825 | $17,001,529 | , 246, 
Salmomimildcnrimes vis. So ade we [3 AT (a PP a ee | 613, 516 
Balarmuyiciltnere. Gr tes: Sena Law. thse ca| Se eign tae eas 2 62, 205 371,790 | 433, 995 
eC SNR eR OF DO eS eee JOP? 7 (8 Bae Ae ea se cee SEE err inpe aac 55, 027 
Salanion! by-products. =. 2.22.2. .sbsusag----.--- EE OM Aee oe meee es Balestier 141,319 
alibubmisheny 2. 22 csscve tendo cae 20s o- 2 UBB OW 2D il Cee eee we | NI. Eee oe 1, 835, 257 
UME Ts nd es es yc... 377, 538 1, 109, 014 25, 477 1 512’ 029 
(GENS ISSUE CTA aT St a an fe ee ee ee Ay eeene ee QSL GOB erence case 781, 665 
Shrinnpiishtory soe see eae ee ore see ee So IETS peerage ty Beet ceerate 147) 814 
Crab ishenya:s gis taut t See tend -ek 1 =... ode SAREE ke suka SRR Osos , 848 
WBMP SHIBIRV)S Se class saicd sok.c ajc t ods = 2m eens ee|eamslainccateee LOD; 834e es HS. eee 190, 334 
"TRG Co ho Ge mr OO 11, 852, 257 9,750,043 | 17,398,796 39, 001, 096 

Summary of persons engaged in the Alaska fisheries in 1921. 
Southeast} Central | Western | 
Cy aes Alaska. | Alaska. | Alaska. | 7T0tal. 

Whites eat eire 1 ds ovyck baiiag, a3) 02 enol haspangd) . uu 2, 085 1,982 4,166 8, 233 
UINHGERES MEM tet Oe Uae 2 VU eee Seas eke eS ae 1,595 7717 421 2,793 
Climese. 20h say ETS: $B ME eae oe ahs 114 225 558 897 
BAD AUESCS cate pre toe aes Rae ceep asec et ste be reply. (peer <e-Gs 314 247 87 648 
“PLETAL ae Sill 9 ai ea ye Pil am Lend Cis a S| a aa 140 100 717 957 
Peres es See tC. pias ert ery Tiny ceed wuste atin fe eae Eee 14 130 1, 229 1,373 
_. > Sh ASE SRS ats 8 08 pas heels ies an eIS 5 PS 13 4 93 110 
MGSGememmomis s 2)! = SPT. vote |. AMUSE OM) Us No Sst ia| 8 21 30 59 
“eal. 2 Sell ate tell 8 See Cae 8 Weis ins Ale le iver a Ue 4, 283 3, 486 7, 301 15,070 


30 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


Summary of products of the Alaska fisheries in 1921. 


Products. Quantity. | Value. 


Salmon:. 
Carine c c epbeacprps <aiacpe’ « setae rajes af Molt 9. SEMA. obo cployegduee = Syat eases. . 2,596, 826 $19, 632, 744 
INSURE ene ac tn ate in aise Os had ae eR ees eaeelee gan pounds. . 2, 814, 800 608, 218 
Rigkloatee Pretest SUM IRE! Peas). Pe eee Ste OE ee do..te 2,016, 400 79, 414 
ME OG coat -re seats cicsin om << se Satake a sha ain ave hah ee eee ee Oa dome 1,506, 074 127, 442 
Vindale ee ee oe i a eee eee ee ee ek we do.... 9, 103, 104 418, 265 
DNIed anim smoked! 248 SUS bs 25h eee GSR REE ees TIES eH adore: 18, 533 
Mermuizer so see sia siclainline le Nae ee rads Sk do.... 464, 000 
One e223 aie aid o wlcte bm CPI AC SRC hes ME SEARS Ns OUA ad ne gallons. . 15, 010 
Halibut: 
Hresh/. .. 4. 2 3 3 si 9,575, 287 
Frozen... .- : ado.ts3 7, 599, 097 
Pickled. ee Sed 100 
0) e125: oa ea meet emacs A ere Bean ta Eee euch ey dl A op Paes dp nl Peal qos 1,790 
Herring: 
Wresh tor Naibco caycces See sear es eee Mer eee Mian eee done. 1, 660, 048 
Rrozenfor' pati ds. Jgsa! Zia Fc atee ep ad ee ee eee) Pe ORES do.... 626, 000 
Piekledifompaiti: .F decd. go tae hee A ae pete Sele cid tie ote do... 380, 000 
ICRC SOC ONCIINC) Nemes nit a mein Mates iat Rees feen ee ae a cn doves 14,523, 441 
Pickled: INorwepianieurb: 5) 3 4 fd Pity 2 soft eth a Joe, Ee: do... 406, 250 
WEN ed 072) gia Be aN 9 ie Te gp RONEN lobe Ee Rae ne FG do... 892, 000 
OD-OAEC 7 £6. 0b 68 CES. eR fe ea 2 gallons. 84, 938 
Cod: 
Ty HSAMLOU A Se SS Ee esc. fe cae leak te oe ae oes eee Cee ee ate pounds. . 3, 510, 660 
1 PIG ANYO LAS aye as OS SE er too ge sep te Sean Oe fee oh Gols. 1, 276,711 
StOGW SD: oss oo oe re ee act aectnc tet aa eRe aes ae eae ane do 460 
Wihalejaues: 2.5. es ce SRB RON PEEL eee ee cee ree gallons 57, 000 
Trout: 
reshscs Si pesos ees aL Sb oe eas Fe eta pounds 113, 963 
MOLE ap cre te eas ok se Sp eo apap deat ee bee te ee ON I do. 15, 741 
12a" (2,0 Se ae rg tins PE Sin ae Geter Od Se Ae Ee Oe ee, SR do. 3, 800 
(FED alse cals leh AI ah oe gS I apn SEM nace een fe a pr cases 1, 420 
Saietish. Ay sie Pade jel We ek ae aS Rees pounds 392, 767 
IREGirOCK ESD ce 2 Ai ee AS se ake nes Meena se Soe Lee do.. 12,658 
Smiblishs) jes! eRe ee. FR a, 2 eR Joins toee do.. 2, 000 
SHOU Ss os bode ci ae se ot Sees seat eta ER | 3 ct een do. 344, 986 
Crabs 
Canned. (i 4/2y sonst de and sane de ce eee: aR: § eee cases 4,075 
FEF OSI 5nd oat cme epee bac erat ry date REO ERD ole a ce We pounds 2, 400 
LOLLY. . db oee dat aceon hee Eoin Le PRA as clea gee cedasincedd sce dlltrtettecteeeane 


1 These figures represent the value of the manufactured product. It is estimated that the value of the 
catch to the fishermen is approximately $7,000,000. 


SALMON INDUSTRY. 


In so far as the salmon industry of Alaska is concerned, the opera- 
tions of 1921 were conspicuous in at least two particulars, namely, 
(a) the marked reduction of activities in the southeast and central 
districts, and (b) the increased production of red salmon in the 
western district over the two years immediately preceding. 

The chief cause of lessened operations in southeast and central 
Alaska, where a large part of the pack each year consists of the 
cheaper grades of salmon, was no doubt the unsatisfactory market 
for such products, brought about by a surplus of canned humpback 
and chum salmon from the packs of 1919 and 1920; also, the antic- 
ipated light run of salmon in those districts was an important 
factor in discouraging financial outlays for unpromising results. 
This suspension of operations by several packing companies may 
ultimately be beneficial to the fisheries, as a larger escapement of 
spawning salmon resulted than would otherwise have been the case. 

In western Alaska the run of red salmon increased and the pack 
was larger than in 1919 and 1920, notwithstanding the voluntary 
limitation of operations by the companies established in that district. 


~~ 


ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1921. 31 


SALMON CATCH AND APPARATUS. 


In 1921 there were used in the salmon fisheries of Alaska 95 beach 
seines, aggregating 13,488 fathoms, and 118 purse seines, aggregating 
21,575 fathoms, a total of 213 seines, or 35,063 fathoms. This is a 
decrease of 499 seines, or 82,048 fathoms, from the number reported 
in 1920. Southeast Alaska is credited with 138 seines, having a 
total length of 20,525 fathoms; central Alaska, with 59 seines, 
having a total length of 9,908 fathoms, and western Alaska, with 
16 seines, having a total length of 4,630 fathoms. 

Statistics show that 3,235 gill nets, aggregating 375, 320 fathoms, 
were operated in 1921. Of this number 230 nets, or 43,850 fathoms 
of webbing, were used in southeast Alaska; 672 nets, or 47,950 
fathoms, in central Alaska; and 2,333 nets, or 283,520 fathoms, in 
western Alaska. This is a decrease of 1,362 gill nets, or 99,894 
fathoms, from the 4,597 nets, or 475,214 fathoms, employed in 1920. 

The total number of traps used in the salmon industry in 1921 
was 180, of which 127 were driven and 53 floating. As compared 
with 1920, when 653 traps were operated, this is a decrease of 473. 
Southeast Alaska is credited with 62 driven and 51 floating traps, 
decreases, respectively, of 225 and 146; central Alaska, with 59 
driven and 2 floating traps, decreases, respectively, of 91 and 9; 
and western Alaska, with 6 driven traps, a decrease of 2. 

Considering the total catch of salmon by apparatus, the. approxi- 
mate per cent taken by the three important kinds of apparatus was 
as follows: Seines 18, gill nets 47, and traps 32. In 1920 seines took 
26% per cent, gill nets 20 per cent, and traps 42 per cent. 


Percentage of salmon caught in each Alaska district, by principal forms of apparatus. 


Southeast Central Western 
Alaska. Alaska. Alaska. 
Apparatus. 
1920 1921 1920 1921 1920 1921 
HGRIAR Sisto b0b oi. .b See ee = Segoe ede. Bee 30 32 34 25 6 6 
Gitlmbise. 53-080); 252 5-1. GAN SA 3 ser weg. shes. 2 5 7 10 86 90 
TRAYS 2-2 - o-THES ER hon -b US fat < 2 co SRR Ato. ccs ess 66 56 59 63 8 3 


The production of salmon in Alaska in 1921 was 37,905,591, as 
compared with 65,080,539, in 1920, a decrease of 27,174,948, or 
approximately 41 per cent. The decrease in southeast Alaska was 
21,244,129, and in central Alaska 11,644,986. In western Alaska 
there was an increase of 5,714,167. The catch in Alaska as a whole 
compared with that of 1920 shows that cohos decreased 708,654, 
chums 7,476,776, and humpbacks 24,955,793, and that kings increased 
50,909, and reds 5,915,366. This is the smallest catch of salmon in 
southeast Alaska in 17 years, or since 1904, 

4562°—22——3 


32 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


Salmon taken in 1921, by apparatus and species, for each geographic section of Alaska. 


Southeast Central Western Total. 


Apparatus and species. Alaska. | Alaska. | Alaska. 
Seines: 
Coho; or silver. <<. 250 < se 236, 165 ee LOD Nk dice ot etyean 268, 355 
Chum, or keta........ 808, 442 3, 351 3,710 815, 503 
Humpback, or pink.. 2, 063, 941 55, DED |. S.0- << deters 2, 099, 856 
King, or spring. ....- Sylow tr Yip 658 5, 973 14, 108 
Red, or sockeye...... 710, 413 | 1,965,836 | 1,093,143 | 3,769,392 
TOGA. << 5c oss os swiecin cc contests eae = Pee geet 3, 826,438 | 2,037,950 | 1,102, 826 6, 967, 214 
Gill nets: 
Odlib, of silver. 72: - 20. Ait Ce ta ssssg 187, 102 5,970 85, 564 278, 636 
Cie OF KOES. i mebia ac < Gets foc Fene Yop <6 Sepianes 21, 722 63 444, 455 466, 240 
Humpback? orpink!!.. =O) 2B ose. BER 63, 301 674 939 64, 914 
Kings on spring. pC. . S252. asc: = pd ce- so se pe ee 37, 355 15, 434 166, 923 219,712 
IRAE GESOCKOY O25. 0s tepee ce caccuteeocacioce = seemee 288, 578 779, 460 | 15,666,571 | 16, 734,609 
TL EO ee ee ee ner ame: Sane, sae Seite ere 598, 058 801,601 | 16,364,452 | 17,764,111 
Pound nets: 
REDHO NGS WOR ree terete een rere ee ees 366, 007 52) 196 WILLA seas 418, 133 
Citation Ketar fn... Sees). 6.85. Fee epee 941, 466 367, 246 44, 446 1,353, 158 
Bunishack, or pink.co.  6.1--2544---Nect one smn 4, 865, 850 1265156. \n0.- gece tee 4, 992, 006 
Kaing,lor sprites 220) 2 od casi be Re ese 13,710 21, 996 8,101 43, 807 
Red; tor sockeye: fb. <b is dqagae- srecanrede- ofigp oot 457, 844 | 4, 455,630 601,709 | 5,515,183 
otal . S261 si. LEI SEs. chee. pe 6,644,°77 | 5,023,154 654, 256 | 12,322, 287 
Lines: Dig 
Coho, or'silver..£ 9. ps. esecn fy ee - apap 3 PA iar (| Pees oe ot eS 216, 704 
Humpback; or Pink: -. oo snc ceitoace ate oto eae 5 Na el OI tele ed see Se ie = 42 
ASI) Orispring? .- sali SI see ei OTe a: asses lee. 5463992*). Lo-tent. slid. -seceeges 546, 392 
Bed: OriSOCkey C2 << soe a5 bs pee dt aon ieee eiseme = 20; 000 ih ste-nic 2 4|- eee aes 20, 000 
Mitibess nt GLE a. SO ere ed ieee) || eee ae ee 783, 138 
Dip nets: | 
Coho, or silver. ........--- < $s 377 
King, or spring--.......-. z 5 ES 2,157 
Red, or sockeye p e: 64, 107 
AUTH later mck fea BR ee 5 SO ae Arr he G6j640"| "ees 66, 641 
Wheels: 
Cinsnas or Keta..-. s sais Anis tse ehegibces oe « $< 02<| sone ocnccesloanednosraer 2, 000 2, 000 
King; Or SPRING ss-2~ 5 5-222 naam ne emstesinrersa oie ra al Cree ree ieee | ere ote ee 200 200 
POL ake as.. << seis x <b - toga «ds ere eee = soot aa Se oee S Jegossesoe sce 2, 200 2, 200 
Total: 
Cohdor silvers. Stet Sscnulen See peat 1, 005, 978 90, 663 85,564 | 1,182, 205 
Chumfor ketam 2. Pe .. ) See LUE, ieee 1,771,630 370, 660 494,611 | 2,636, 901 
Mum packs, Ole plak- aa. ce ee eee eae eee 6,993, 134 162, 745 939 7, 156, 818 
GING FOr SPIN PY. 55 - ciaren tenia isotonic pl ss hela bee ee 604, 934 40, 245 181, 197 826, 376 
Reitarsiekhyes hn es oh oat. ee ee Ree 1,476,835 | 7,265,033 | 17,361,423 | 26, 103, 201 
Grandvpotalan =. 9a. cee oe eee as ee 11,852,511 | 7,929,346 | 18,123,734 | 37,905, 591 


SALMON CANNING. 
CHANGES IN CANNERIES, 


Several changes occurred in the ownership or operation of canneries 
in Alaska in 1921. P. E. Harris & Co. purchased the cannery of the 
Sockeye Salmon Co. on Isanotski Strait. The cannery of the Valdez 
Packing Co., at Valdez, was leased to Joseph Emil. The Mitkof 
Island Packing Co. was incorporated to take over and operate the 
cannery of the Petersburg Packing Corporation at Petersburg. The 
Admiralty Packing Co. operated the cannery at Pybus Bay, formerly 
listed under the name of the Pybus Bay Fish & Packing Co. Delong 
& Wolf leased the cannery of the Sitka Packing Co., at Sitka. The 


U.S. B. F.—Doc, 933. 


FIG. 10.—UNLOADING SALMON FROM SCOW AT CANNERY, BRISTOL BAY. 


tor ae a reek LV cso: = 
, = -— - 


ee aed 
Hr: 


» 


FIG. 11.—CANNERY SHIP, SALMON SCOW, AND TENDER, BRISTOL BAY. 


ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1921. 33 


cannery of the Union Bay Fisheries Co., at Union Bay, was sold under 
a foreclosure to the G. W. Hume Co., the chief creditor. The Ana- 
cortes Fisheries Co. was dissolved, and its canneries were transferred 
to the Northwestern Fisheries Co., a subsidiary of the Booth Fish- 
eries Co. The cannery of the Columbia Salmon Co., at Craig, was 
taken over and operated by the Sea-Coast Packing Co. as a mild- 
curing station. 
NEW CANNERIES. 


Two new canneries were built and operated in 1921, one at Copper- 
mount, in southeast Alaska, by the Hetta Packing Co., and one at 
Uzinki, in central Alaska, by the Katmai Packing Co. A few cases 
of salmon were also packed on the Yukon delta by W. F. O’Connor 
and at Pybus Bay by Fred Patten. The Phoenix Packing Co. re- 
Sue its plant at Herendeen Bay. The Mountain Point Packing 

0., whose cannery at Mountain Point was destroyed by fire in 1920, 
rebuilt and packed in 1921. 


CANNERIES NOT OPERATED. 


Sixty-eight salmon canneries remained closed during the year and 
two floating plants engaged in other operations. Of this number 51, 
including 2 es were located in southeastern Alaska, 14 in cen- 
tral Alaska, and 3 in western Alaska. The floating cannery of Ains- 
worth & Dunn was returned to Puget Sound; that of the Cpe Flat- 
tery Fisheries Co. and that of the Olympic Fisheries Co. were operated 
in the shrimp and crab industry. The canneries that were idle during 
the year were owned and located as follows: 


27 AISA Oo Saga eR RSite emete Shape re cc (NCIS Cee (7, aaa Waterfall. 
; Loring. 
Peeiteet rE SER OTS ASSOCIATION «2 Os io Soe elas a ainsi ee 3 Wrangell. 
Kenai. 
PARE REEHe PIBROFOS. as oo. 2k ORR ns eee {Verne 
Alaska Salmon & Herring Packers. ..........-.....------- Tyee. 
Aika Sanitary Packing: Co} 0%. : 25703)02. 8, ei. 2351992! Cape Fanshaw. 
American Packing Oo............... aU osbtoal Kh. peadgears Juneau. " 
Astoria & Puget Sound Canning Co.............----:----- Excursion Inlet. 
Auk oay pamon Canning Co...0.2...2.2.-6...5essaese es Auk Bay. 
SOT TIPE Mg 22 (SV 9. ald en ee pe Ce ne aap es ees Red Bluff Bay. 
rer ATC C0. os Mime nein ciate Shee ces oe Lake Bay. 
MauclarG Packing G0s.0isrcsos. ae eee ee eee ee Port Beauclere. 
Beegle Packing Co. . ...<. sae-sd deimibbe olmaescenAl - +--+ - Ketchikan. 
PeBPBeLibtilet Packt Cos oo aay bo RSE win oops wrote Sess Burnett Inlet. 
Cape Fanshaw Fish & Packing Co. (Inc.).....-.-....-..--- Cape Fanshaw. 
Punmanrt matmnon Cor. 2. 5M PeeeGe |. es esi ek - 22 = 2 Tenakee. 
(SOS ste) CSET) SE i eae ee 8 a re ea 
eee Inland Packing’ CO -...<:900,5 - -- = 4 EBT wo en ose ees {Pillar B ay 
Penne acing Oo... 2002 = os 5 a. SUB ENA sen a cioe es Hood Bay. 
Bering River. 
Hopmmnrirmebnne C0. 5.0525. .8 2 tee ap phwess-sce Gambier Bay 
Hoonah. 
Karheen Packing. Og~-s = 2.12. 2088 wah Pesos ee Karheen. 
Bercutcam Pagmine OU). oo... tee ae giba- anhows sss e ee ag Ketchikan. 
Marathon Jiahing © Packing; Gobese: yw 2 to 22). ces ele Cape Fanshaw. 
Mutual. Paekwag Co. c:s = .-2 507 PPPSU Ba eas ee sees Floating. 
Mount Baker pacrimyO0- 22-2 eo. ep a. enn sce ne Floating. 


Northern: Packing Co... .. 5: apwdsit. tao 2 Ton ss ace nee Juneau. 


34 


U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


Dundas Bay. 

Hunter Bay. 

Kasaan. 

Kenai. 
Nortitwesterm mushtories CQ. +. . 052s ea one e eee eee wanes aint 

Roe Point. 

Santa Ana. 


Seldovia. 

Shakan. 
Noves island Packing Co: .200 225. Jee ee eee ee Steamboat Bay. 
Racitic-American Hisherless:: =k sere eee ee ee eee ee 
Petersburg Packifg Corporation... x. --4.---4------paA- 4 Washington Bay. 
Pont. Wale Pack mo NGOs ee cate oars eyes rete Nem erator = Point Warde. 
Pure’ Food'iFish' Co. £29. SOAUL. AGE. 1G OBAIBY .O8! Ketchikan. 
Pyramid; Packing Ho:eodd.ad‘T-..-aiigh. hevtl-wa -73 Sitka. 
Baylis sacking 604 BE: aallT! 2. wo SE -patio pen Th bee Ketchikan. 
Sanborn (Avian: CQ. . cn 6. no Spee Sa ae ee tae Keke. 

Big Port Walter. 
Southern Alaska Canning Co..........-..-....24A03. 802 jgusd 

Rose Inlet. 
Starr-Collinson Packing Co. .....55. 2222-2525: wwaD <> Moira Sound. 
a TE Sana 5 i at le aon oe ree apis he cere Wrangell Narrows. 
Tedd, Packing, Co... aa aarl-y -hereiscares- Bartana S018 Todd. 
Lin ay: BB GReS COs ee ce ee ae Union Bay. 
Cande Paes Packie Oils: sees ee eon See. ae a ee Shepard Point. 
OCentraF Alaska Pisheries) 289008, FL S97 BOL OTOW eT Drier Bay. 
Copper ‘River:Packing' Co!}). 9:1)... ses lA. cisieow.s-t McClure Bay. 
Kenai, Packing @o- 3.4 4- chose sens -Ga-heasirtet -2e Drier Bay. 
King Salmon, Fisheries OG. oa... Ste} acd e-tea tack e eae Unakwik Inlet. 
EGOS Ee IO" CNT we ere a eee eee we Ee etter Orca Inlet. 
Shumapin Packing Co 4A T9(UI0D. ONL... YSN ON Gah). Squaw Harbor. 
Seldovia Canning Co.......:2¢nllot sa hatgasl han hee Seldovia. 
Alaska: Portland ‘Packers Association’: « .).. 2.2. Se. 6. aa ger Nushagak Bay. 
Nelson Pecoun Packing G0 s.s 52.0000 cet 49 oe arene eee Nelson Lagoon. 
‘Midnight Sun Packing Co..... BIN share aid cbaedea Dee tint Sia eee aera Kotzebue Sound. 


TOTAL CANNERIES OPERATED. 


Eighty-three salmon canneries were operated in Alaska in 1921. 
The division by districts is as follows: Southeast Alaska, 30; central 


Alaska, 25; and western Alaska, 28. 


the number operated in 1920. 


This is a decrease of 63 from 


Companies canning salmon in Alaska, number and location of canneries operated, and 


number of pound nets owned by each, 1921. 


[New canneries indicated by (*)] 


Canneries. Pound nets. 
Company. 
Num- iY, . Dri 5 
Wore ocation. riven. | Floating.| Total. 
SOUTHEAST ALASKA. | 
Admiralty PackirigiOo.t1:...............-- 1) By busiBay- ss. wees -clemedecs-+s|s sence el eee 
Alaska Herring & Sardine Co............. _ 1 | Port Walter......- Rare 2 17 ; 19 
Alaska Pacific Bisheriesz-..........-.--.--- 1) "Vee Hiarbor.\.2..5 55am 3 2 5 
Alaska Sanitary Packing Co. ............-. i Wrangcell: "7 S85 ase T ft. eae 1 
Alaska Union Fisheries (Inc.) a x 1 | Port Concl@siofites fut! Viined st ang see SSE 
Annette Island Packing Co. | Metlakatlas oc. sccpeceee 4h og. Leste g] 4 
John L. Carlson & Co....... | DAE Bay cscs ee. eae alec at® ae a 5 
Chilkat Packing Co............ ao Sree eens Tt }"Haings..* so 5st ese eee cts sto cee eee a 
Deep Sea Salmon Cov... .....2...4...-2-5-- L'| Port Althorpc ssn < s-nes a4 2 Bh 2 915 5 
Delong € Wollsiseces doses tate a comes dy | Sitka eso othe cee ect oteeeee ats Zoaeeee Boe eee 
Douglas Island Packing Co...............- | Douslass ee s.c eo. sane SSrtere lepacercrten. Beaesoric 


—— Ss 


ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1921. 


35 


Compantes canning salmon in Alaska, number and location of canneries operated, and 
number of pound nets owned by each, 1921—Continued. 


Company. 


George Inlet Packing Co 
Haines Packing Co 
P. &. Harris & Co 
Hetta Packing Co 
Hidden Inlet Canning Co. 
GioW. Etame Co: 2... yes. 


Libby, McNeill & Libby 


Mitkof Island Packing Co 
Mountain Point Packing Co 
Geo. T. Myers & Co 
North Pacific Trading & Packing Co....... 
Pavlof Harbor Packing Co 
J. L. Smiley & Co 
Standard Salmon Packers (Ince.)......-.--- 
Sunny Point Packing Co 
Swift Arthur Crosby Co 
Thlinket Packing Corporation 
Ward’s Cove Packing Co 


CENTRAL ALASKA. 
Alaska Packers Association 


Alaska Sea Food Co 
Alitak Packing Co 
Arctic Packing Co 
Bainbridge Fisheries Co 
Carlisle Packing Co 
Columbia River Packers’ Association 
Joseph Emil 
Eyak River Packing Co 
Fidalgo Island Packing Co 
P. E. Harris & Co 


Hillery-Seott Co 
Kadiak Fisheries Co 
Katmai Packing Co 
Libby, McNeill & Libby 
F. H. Madden 


Northwestern Fisheries Co 


Pacific American Fisheries 
Pioneer Packing Co 
San Juan Fishing & Packing Co 
Surf Packing Co 


WESTERN ALASKA. 


Alaska Packers Asscciation 


Alaska-Portland Packers’ Association 
Alaskes Salman Oo fo at 
Bristol Bay Packing Co 
Carlisle Packing'Co- 9222.45. .: osceeeuence 
Columbia River Packers’ Association 
Everett Packing Co 


Libby, McNeill & Libby 


Naknek ackinotGgien sx ses ees ipso k feb: 
Northwestern Fisheries Co................. 


Pacific American Fisheries................. 
Phoenix FACE eee, sews Yeh Ee 


Red Salmon Canning Co 


leet aeolian Ot 


(ell eel eel eee SE ll ol wo 


| el cel cl el eel ol 


No RK NRK 


{ 


Kvichak River 2)....... 
Naknek River(3) 


Nushagak 
Ugaguk R 


Ugashik River 


Naknek 


Kwiguk S 
Nushagak 
Herendeer 
Ekuk 


Kvichak Bay 
Libbyville 


Lockanok 
Nushagak 


Ugaguk River 
Naknek River 
Naknek River........... 


Nushagak 


Port Moller 


Herendeer 


Naknek River 


Canneries. Pound nets. 
Location. Driven. | Floating.| Total. 
George Inlet....-......-. A iE etait - - 1 
MGS UUAIKOL COME! s yats'q ciate cle |biciejae pwiaes| note he wo eee eeeaeccene 
Hawk Inlet st:/.3....... 1 4 5 
ohio) alsa bine eke AACS ae) OS ane heme Bem See ee Ser eee 
HOOd*Bay ote ste eases eee See cates ates HL ee 
Seow Bay +296. - ree fer UF RG 2c 6 Seats 1 
Makaptlanpor=- 825-4 =<" LOA Sassen 10 
AEP GE pees all scree cet | ets es a poral | ce ei 
Betersbute. <2: 55.2.5 Bae Shas aero 8 
Wrangell Narrows...-.... 1 1 2 
Chathamerstrs=s:. ose seo- 4 4 8 
Kdawakeyes ere! cn - dug. seh ct ccscece 2 2 
Pavylot Warvobs- ssc ceyaclocestee ends sfee econ lose eee 
Ketéhiklin ALLS. £654 a 1 4 
Renak@Gips ose en alee eral. woe) ae re 
Ketebiican S93. 06 5231 Ree Yee 5s 1 
Heceta Island --.:.|. . J... 1 1 2 
Cer ny, ae 5 6 ll 
Ward Cove-zi:i /s... 25: 2 1s3e320°0L£ 2 
Olga, Bayurazeby -a 4-455 6 1 7 
(OTT at ae pee mien eroglt oi Seema si oc 3 
arsénsBay 22322-92096 ob 2. LIS, Lo pala! 
Point Whitshed-........- US Reyne 1 
Bazy Bay sf IP tle Ake BON ee ote 4 
EmeliSh Bay s.es. 2309: | MeL SY. Bade ee 
IVANSUIS ANG spel acer. | | almsraptin t 1 
Cordova Shepton. 21... eh dead. Bibs. te 
Whiomike 2 vjoea7 oie er Soha e Bal Bo sect 3 
Watdezt!.. 2Ss2Se02.. SW es, HPO. SIR eh) 
Hyak Rivera a: -as.-- ATy FP Tas. 8 BS. sees to 
Por, Gransie- ose EN a et tosepe 7 
Isanotski Strait 3 
Floating) 
ordova 
Kodiak 
Uta oe oem ite tana Tete inte 
Keprarenss 49-5 £0¢h oF 
Abercrombie 
taeck 
Wyak. gee: ie eppt areedess -- aes 
WRSQn pee atone see ee ee 0 
Cordova 3 
Seward s..2. 4.0. f25-% ee UF | Roeea arse 1 
Chisik Island.-.......... 7 eee be 2 


River(2) 


lough 
Bay 
1 Bay 


SY so en aS ny 


36 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


LOSSES AND DISASTERS. 


Losses of property in the salmon industry aggregated $401,452, 
of which amount $350,000 represented the value of the Kenai can- 
nery of Libby, McNeill & bbe which was destroyed by fire on 
June 21. Fishing gear and small boats, valued at $14,050, were 
lost in southeast Alaska. Central Alaska, exclusive of the Kenai 
ge reported a loss in gear and boats of $4,235. The loss of gear, 

oats, supplies, and damage to buildings totaled $33,177. 

Eleven people were drowned, six reported from western Alaska 
and five from southeast Alaska. Of the total number, six were fish- 
ermen, three shoresmen, and two transporters. 


STATISTICS. 


The total number of salmon canneries operated in Alaska in 1921 
was 83, or 63 less than the number in 1920. By this showing the 
total active investment was $33,246,292, or $29,304,335 less than in 
1920. The falling off by districts is as follows: Southeast Alaska, 
$21,515,860; central Alaska, $6,452,127; and western Alaska, 
$1,336,448. Employment was given to 12,986 persons, or 11,437 
less than in 1920. The decrease in the number of whites was 6,813, 
natives 1,011, Chinese 1,481, Japanese 781, Filipinos 630, Mexicans 
295, Negroes 199, and miscellaneous 226. 

A total of 2,596,826 cases of salmon was packed in 1921, valued 
at $19,632,744. As compared with 1920, this is a decrease in pro- 
dustion of 1,832,637 cases, or approximately 41 per cent, and in 
value of $15,970,056, or approximately 45 per cent. This decrease 
may be attributed chiefly to the fact than 68 canneries were not 
operated, the majority of which were located in southeast Alaska, 
ee the decline was heaviest. Most of the canneries in that dis- 
trict were dependent on the run of humpback salmon for their packs, 
but the unsatisfactory market for this species undoubtedly weighed 
heavily against operations in 1921. By this reduction in fishing, 
particularly in southeast Alaska, a larger escapement of salmon 
unquestionably resulted which should have a beneficial effect upon 
the runs in the years to come. 

The pack of canned salmon in 1921 was less than that of 1920 by 
1,832,637 cases. Southeast Alaska fell off 1,421,940 cases and cen- 
tral Alaska 694,349 cases, but western Alaska increased 283,652 
cases. This is the smallest production of canned salmon in Alaska 
since 1907. Comparing the total pack by species in 1920 and 1921, 
the following results are noted: Cohos decreased from 192,085 cases 
to 106,555, a decline of 85,530 cases; chums, from 1,033,517 to 
255,495, a decline of 778,022; humpbacks from 1,593,120 to 423,984, 
a decline of 1,169,136; kings from 110,003 to 44,994, a decline of 
65,009; and reds increased from 1,500,738 cases to 1,765,798, a gain 
of 265,060 cases. 


ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1921. 


37 


Investment in the Alaska salmon-canning industry in 1921. 


Southeast Alaska.| Central Alaska. | Western Alaska. Total. 
Item. 
a Value. ate Value. Ne Value. — Value. 
i 
| 
Canneries operated.......- 30 |$2, 883, 889 25 $2,058, 810 28 $4, 856, 122 83 |$9, 807, 821 
Working capital..........|........ 2 805, 008s | - a eee Psy CR te a a 31985: Gate |) scares 9,105, 192 
Wages priest oe 255] os te 993,276 |e sac - | 1,400, 839 |........ 3, 667, 365 |....5... , 061, 480 
essels: | 
Power, over5tons...-/ 106 759,189 61 602, 215 78 | 1,623, 926 245 | 2,985, 330 
Net tonnage. ...-- 2, 146] %....4ceee- 1,620;h = . 2-ece-5 gO phi | dete cca = See TY, 628 placa ts o< 
SURAT TE) cine I Petia Eee | RY ety ete 5 235, 119 3L | 1,192, 240 36 | 1,487,359 
INGE Ton are.) s.ccle- neo eal, eee Sr Gibiisenceasee 4s OBO Metre sam datas §4; 058... .<- % 
PB AT POS 35 ee dee one 2 15; 166% |e sce == Besore— a |Boeo- - jhoacescasce 15, 166 
Net tonnage. ...-.- 15654), | a.) p55 eq. ose ce SPE rs Cees Pee ees Ue: jap os, Saree 
Launches, under ton- | 
MAGE aes so... | ere 36 45, 285 62 71, 883 34 92, 101 132 | 209, 269 
Boats, row and sail....| | 517 67, 825 646 94,605 | 1,308] 543,046 | 2,471 | 705,476 
Lighters, scows, and 
houseboats. ........-. 141 152, 764 163 148, 068 183 464, 492 487 765, 324 
Pile drivers and pile 
NPIS a imac 30 226, 947 28 135, 679 21 48, 262 79 410, 888 
Apparatus: | 
Beach seines........-| 36 18, 125 52 2S a ait Seieas satin <em Saiea 88 46, 679 
Wa thoms 32225. 32960 ||..22 e350 8; 093" |becsteseces |b eed se sei vokeascoae 1D By (53 er 4 
Burse seines........-- | 95 53,715 3, 050 16 26, 000 117 82, 765 
Fathoms.......... [5 SBOIS50.. 1 ands Ay ae ae AN GAD a le ete 7) tet ee Sa 
Sl netsre 2: <b tae 5 i 223 60,170 665 70,631 | 2,169 463,644 | 3,057 594, 445 
Hathoms- = 5-3. PRC 9 A 0 Pa CY ae 77:1) ee een Pay Oi il eee eee SOG 5940 Siow as ce cee 
Pound nets, driven. -..| 60 421, 404 58 380, 186 6 30, 000 124 831, 590 
Pound nets, floating... 51 135, 177 2 FO ad erode onhslencrclae’s sin =63 53 136, 972 
J BSA 2) Ree ea FE Se Se eRe 165 Qs0U| aoe cece eee ce 165 5 
Totalesy #2:<- 286-2 | Peary 8.637, 988; hese. tan 7, 606, 825 |........ hg, OOL, 529) |> a -te se 33, 246, 292 
Persons engaged in the Alaska salmon-canning industry in 1921. 
2 it} C 
Occupations and races. eee Fentral ester Total. 
Fishermen 
Whites 2.22.74 Ph oh 252 . cheek b. ee seeet os. age ee 401 685 2, 358 3, 444 
Le TUN AES sais gS eet i ae nt gent Pe cipal Sona ies DONE lM 585 230 88 903 
Brie Ca neO uses: ee Dk ee Soa note weed ey | Soe gee 1 5 
PPotaly {58% -2 3 SRRE™ NS ORE LS eee Se. pe 990 915 2, 447 4, 352 
Shoresmen: a 
AW CEE eg gad 58 5 8 Ok, SSE ee a 9 ee Se ee ee 598 512 1, 467 2, 577 
INSU CSS es 2 Wt Se Seer tp. eee ques wd: Bae -ee- o tee 797 488 271 1, 556 
RIRINESOrA les. >-) fame neo) dees Shee) ee pic doeaants sec oer 104 225 558 887 
AD ANOSE=* Lp. sb ate. were cd ore eran} eee eee wide Saas ome oe cee 277 | 247 87 611 
LOPE TGS oY OS, PD Reale See Reet = ete Bi ae bee a Ee nto Se he 140 100 717 957 
ME RICA HRS ace aus Bee od pee ped. higer ein dagaoeaa tae 13 130 1,214 | 1,357 
INGE TDS a ae Fecha Dice tierra le net pte bemnseeh vei 12 3 93 108 
MASCOU ATIOUUIS Let = ai asin a. gee Oe teeeen nb fentes stecioc nce wgice © 3 20 28 51 
GUI AeR eee Sage ke nace! Boe Ses. od: mameeeastee 1, 944 1, 725 4,435 | 8, 104 
Transporters: 
BPA GCSaey shag. 3 ob eee: ghee 4 oa irs ache? ee ples Bein 187 143 159 489 
Natives 9 23 6 38 
Miscellaneous ! 1 1 1 3 
“UIP ELL oe ees A SI eee seeder VAIN (cee ll O as 197 “167 166 530 
Total: 
WIN PEEPO ene het ee eT a eee er 1, 186 1,340 3,984 | 6,510 
AEWA E Sata. ental ace, a le lis Bag ai Mila ae Mea A 1, 391 741 365 2, 497 
Uhingsesa-ee een ne eee etd ecb 104 225 558 887 
LAD ATICU RRR ne ames oa dts lat wl ae SN tee eer so ope 277 247 87 611 
dante) sao 3? Soo oe I a pt) ae edo ge a 140 100 717 957 
UD STEN tte: SRR Benign iret reo ed ae oo 13 130 1, 214 1, 357 
INGPTOGS eee rk, ee ee ke ees: Shee Nee de 12 3 93 108 
METSCON Eat OGISS tenets fees: Heme caes | baleen ccauaee'n'so ch gee 8 21 30 59 
Grand COtAle pos ee ae aces eee ans teas eee Te TES 3, 131 2, 807 7,048 | 12,985 


1 Koreans, Porto Ricans, 


Kanakas, etc. 


38 


U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


Output and value of canned salmon in Alaska in 1921. 


Southeast Alaska.| Central Alaska. Western Alaska. 
Product. 
Cases. | Value. | Cases. | Value. Cases. | Value. 
Coho, or silver: 
}pound fitt vee 4,004 | $31, 846 80 $640 SE ss tslsresesseel 
1-pound flat.......... 7, 918 SUS TLON ES At eel aad ae gw Ea lace aaah he 
J-nound tall. - 2... <a. 78, 880 | 431,666 | 9,630 50, 299 6,043 $33, 979 
WOtal wee An -'secaeecee 90, 802 515, 222 | 9,710 50, 939 6, 043 33, 979 
Chum, or keta: 
3-pound flat.........- 608 Oy LEE teat termes chee oral tec, ste aa] aca ete 
1-pound tall.......... 180, 839 650, 134 | 34, 571 127, 508 39, 477 161, 700 
Wotaleee a ccfseen see 181, 447 | 653,317 | 34,571 | 127,508 | 39,477.| 161, 700 
Humpback, or pick: 
}-pound flat.......... 1, 292 i a A ed ee as A eee 2 ii Oe 
1-pound tall i Sdemaetae 415, 489 1, 750, 743 | 7,147 29, 018 56 243 
Totalss 82.1 5.8 416, 781 |1, 759, 517 | 7, 147 29, 018 56 243 
King, or spring: 
4-pound flat.....0.... 2, 396 37,840 | 1,665 24, HSS ae... geet. See 
1-pound flat.........- 2,950 | 32, 450 560 7,840 | 15,682 | 205, 376 
1-pound tall.......... 3,763 | 25,396 | 6,404] 47,843 | 11,574] 78, 564 
Potaltetl: |.) ees 9,109 | 95,686} 8,629] 80,271 | 27,256 | 283, 940 
Red, or sockeye: z=. ; 
3-pound flat.......... 17,958 | 279,429 | 29,970 | 440,769 | 12,903 | 90,179 
1-pound flat.........- 32, 649 407, 929 | 21, 985 253, 781 16, 474 169, 241 
{-pound talla 425.2... 54,325 | 453,350 [531,087 |4, 599, 963 |1, 048, 447 |9, 146, 763 
Total... 2 20. aee-e 104, 932 |1, 140, 708 |583, 042 |5, 294, 513 |1, 077, 824 |9, 406, 183 
Grand total........ 803, O71 |4, 164, 450 (643, 099 |5, 582, 249 \ 150, 656 (9, 886, 045 


Total. 

Cases. Value 
4,084 | $32, 486 
7,918 51, 710 

94,553 | 515, 944 


106,555 | 600, 140 


608 : 
254,887 | 939, 342 


255,495 | 942, 525 


1, 292 8, 774 
422) 692 | 1, 780, 004 
423, 984 | 1, 788, 778 

4, 081 62, 428 
19,192 | 245, 666 
21,741 | 151, 803 
44,994 | 459, 897 
60, 831 | 810, 377 
71,108 | 830, 951 


1, 633, 859 |14, 200; 076 


1, 765, 798 |15, 841, 404 
2, 596, 826 |19, 632, 744 


1 Cases containing }-pound cans have been reduced one-halfin number, and thus, for the purpose of afford- 


ing fair comparison, 


all are put upon the basis of 48 1-pound cans per case. 


Output of canned salmon in Alaska, 1915 to 1921.* 


Product. 1915 1916 1917 1918 
Coho, or silver: Cases. Cases Cases. Cases. 

}-pound flat. ..... 2,050 13, 145 30, 412 26, 238 

1-pound flat...... 2,338 8, 191 362 12, 786 

1-pound tall...... 1197 880 | 240,573 162, 457 179, 934 

Tote sce bee 124,268 | 261,909 193, 231 218, 958 
Chum, or keta: l 

+pound HAG. as pate ai Saos ape 1, 423 26, 760 3, 559 
1-pound flat...... 3 ng ION seer 2, 530 2,996 
1-pound tall...... 479,629 | 722,692 | 877,457 |1,358, 405 

Total. =... aa 479,946 | 724,115 | 906,747 |1, 364, 960 
Humpback, or pink: 

4-pound flat 4,325 41,491 91, 403 63, 557 

qnonns flat..... 3, 508 14, 796 6,014 20; 215 
1-pound tall T 867, 683 ji, 681) 506 |2, 199, 559 |2, 355, 182 

sy DOBBS rae ob pas 1, 875, 516 \1, 737,793 |2, 296,976 |2, 438, 954 

King, or spring: 

+ pound flat...... 2, 404 2,617 | 12,973 6, 000 
1-pound flat. ..... 3) 755 3, 804 5, 133 5, 267 
1-pound tall...... 82)092 | 59,452 | 437845] 37,959 

Total cenchen: 88,251 | 65,873 | 61,951 | 49, 226 


1919 1920 
Cases. Cases. 
9,719 8,915 
10; 438 10, 746 
212? 713 172) 424 
232,870 | 192,085 
3, 981 53 
saree tneas 46, 167 
1,361,582 | 987,297 
1, 365, 563 |1, 033, 517 
28, 185 18,970 
7,553 | 76,017 
LS 515, 870 |1, 498, 133 
1,611,608 |1, 593, 120 
7,584 | 10,196 
11,532 | 18,319 


76,870 | 81, 488 


95,986 | 110,003 


1921 Total. 
Cases. Cases. 
4, O84 94, 563 
7 918 52,779 
94° 553 | 1, 182, 534 
106, 555 | 1,329, 876 
608 36, 384 
Se apt 52) 010 
254, 887 | 6, 041) 959 
255, 495 | 6, 130, 353 


1, 292 249, 223 


ae et 128) 103 
422, 692 |11, 600, 625 
423, 984 |11, 977, 951 

4,061 | 45, 835 
19}192 | 67, 002 
217741 | 403) 447 


1 The number of cases shown has been put upon the common basis of 48 one-pound cans per case. 


— 


ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1921. 39 


Output of canned salmon in Alaska, 1915 to 1921—Continued. 


Product. 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 | 1920 1921 Total. 
Red, or sockeye: Cases. Cases. Cases. Cases. Cases. Cases. Cases. Cases. 
$-pound flat...... 52, 033 81,565 | 124,309 | 137,008 | 122,236 | 101,716 60, 831 679, 698 
1-pound flat....-.. 112, 847 86, 395 89,612 | 151,864 | 110,491 | 120, 147 71, 108 742, 464 
1-pound tall... .../1, 765, 139 |1, 936,971 (2,274, 460 /2, 244, 865 |1, 044, 934 |1, 278,875 |1, 633, 859 |12, 179, 103 
14-pound nomi- 
Halts .2 522 54108) 2,293 Yoo SY. Sees oon ees 29, ROME eA Sb ASS 2, 293 
2-pound nominals|........-.. 6; (O06 | SORE oe | cers ao on coe el reece cme). 6 -£ dink 6, 006 
PotalPc..b.3: 1,932,312 |2, 110,937 |2,488,381 |2, 533,787 |1, 277,661 |1, 500,738 |1, 765,798 |13, 609, 564 
Grand total... ./4, 500, 293 '4, 900, 627 |5, 947, 286 (6,605, 835 |4, 583,688 |4, 429, 463 |2, 596,826 33, 564, 018 
| t i | 


Average annual price per case of 48 one-pound cans of salmon, 1911 to 1921. 


Product. 1911 | 1912 ) 1913 | 1914 | 1915 | 1916 | 1917 | 1918 | 1919 | 1920 | 1921 
| 
| 
| | 
@ohoor silver. noes sae aee [$5.67 $4.44 $3.45 $4.39 |$4.31 $5.34 |$8.76 $9.15 $11.27 |$9.13 | $5.63 
Chum, or keta.............- -....| 3.72 | 2.37 | 2.21 | 3.37 | 2.59 | 3.34) 6.14 16.27 | 6:82] 4.19 | 3.68 
Humpback, or pink ..........--- | 3.94 | 2.55 | 2.58 | 3.50 | 2.78 | 3.64 | 6.44 | 6.58 | 8.35 | 5.47] 4.21 
King, or spring......--...- ee 6.48 | 5,37 | 4.04 | 5.01 | 4.63 | 5.36 {10.40 | 9.85 | 13.13 |10.97 | 10.22 
Red, of sodkeyes. 2. 2..2.--20.-+- 6.33 | 5.45 | 4.54 | 5.58 | 5.82 | 6.04 | 9.48 | 9. 44 | 12.98 |13.05 | 8.96 
| | | | 


MILD CURING OF SALMON. 


The salmon mild-curing industry of Alaska is influenced largely by 
market conditions, perhaps to a greater extent than other branches 
of the salmon industry. Mild-cured salmon constitute a very perish- 
able product, which necessitates careful handling and refrigeration 
or easy access to markets. or these reasons the industry is centered 
chiefly in southeast Alaska, which produces approximately 90 per 
cent of the pack. Both king and coho salmon are mild cured, and 
the bulk of the catch is made by trollers, who are not interested in the 
curing end of the business. This industry in 1921 showed an invest- 
ment of $613,516 and gave employment to 449 persons, exclusive of 
independent trollers, of. which there were estimated to be 6,000 in 
southeast Alaska. A total of 3,556 tierces of mild-cured salmon, 
valued at $608,218, was produced in 1921, of which 3,530 tierces 
were king salmon and 26 cohos. Corresponding figures for 1920 were 
357 persons employed and 2,295 tierces of salmon, all kings, valued 
at $364,219. 


Investment, persons engage, and products of Alaska salmon mild-curing industry in 1921. 


Items. Number.| Value. Items. Number.| Value. 
INVESTMENT. PERSONS ENGAGED—con’t. 
CIT ee eee eee 7 $147, 867 
petting TANNINS Lees oe ae ole epee eet - 351, 261 | Siosiaien: 60 
essels: N ti iss scrinn esinmnnsns oa) a uel Olas oan d 
Power, over 5 tons.......... 12 | 65,700 | BUIVES-.. 2222222522 2seeee. 12 aaa 
Net tonnage............ 73 WL aes eae ea 
Barges. ST eaten field ED 3| 19,507 Total............-.-2+2+-- 72 |...--.-- 
aunches under 5 tons...... 6 6, 382 | i nae ea RS oe 
Other boats and skiffs...... a| 27780 || TP a ph 
Lighters..2.085..0.1.4..... 3} 8,000 Merorctacstsshsieerssessee: oy fron see } 
Apparatus: IVES -~reescer esc ccsr ccs] | ete eens 
Gill nets (2,230 fathoms) .... 48 6,315 
Pound nets, driven......... 1 4000 Total.........--.------+-- 28 |.------- 
Lines. ... 2-2-2. 0..2- 2-02-25 | 860 853, 01, (08 (hz 0G Ni (0) ist ee nena on Nah af a a lee 
i OLA. ase ates: Aad: ote ee =|) eee eb 613, 516 ae 
PERSONS: ENGAGED. PRODUCTS (POUNDS). 
i Cano Worsinver se. nor a 20,800 | $1,780 
aa SNA lates King, or spring?. 222222222 22220. 2,794; 000 | 606) 438 
Matives...7.2.0... its 32) Total AVY YOUNG 2, 814, 800 | 608, 218 
otal mstssseh ee ee 
126 tierces. *3,530 tierces. 


40 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


SALMON PICKLING. 


Salmon pickling in 1921 was confined largely to western Alaska, as 
out of a total investment of $433,995 that district was credited with 
$371,790, the remaining $62,205 representing the investment in cen- 
tral Alaska. This is a gain of $135,314 over the amount invested in 
1920. The production of pickled salmon was 10,082 barrels, valued 
at $179,414, an increase over that of 1920 of 5,260 barrels, or approxi- 
mately 109 per cent. The value of the products was $74,541 greater 
than in 1920, a gain of approximately 71 per cent. This industry 

ave employment to 195 persons, as compared with 157 in 1920. 
Buss fisherman was drowned, and apparatus valued at $330 was lost. 


Investment, persons engaged, and products of Alaska salmon-pickling industry in 1921, 
by districts. 


Southeast Central Western 
Alaska. | Alaska. | Alaska. Total 
Items. 
pee Value pun Value Seer Value ane Value 
INVESTMENT. 
Baltenieskels? -“THi20) SAME SAFER ISea a eee 2 |$43, 500 
Qpetating Capital. pot bets tees ne|emisd us| = 5 nla fn a sas 9, 205 
Vessels: 
Power over prtonstry:: -efel iy jsae4|- tages lee s- ee clear See 
MGR eee ae ene Badase bodeecicg||bsqcs-o4 
Bailing)! Y Tic ae 
Net ti@nnages.c-...t57555-% 
anchess ncn. see 


Boats, gill net and row.....-- 
Lighters and pile drivers 
Apparatus: 
igul'seines “2. wan ates 2 2363 o> seer 


Fathoms 
Pound nets, driven....-........--- 
\WALE) Se 25 = SESSA eae 


it 


Transporters!” WiDite..<ocssc0c~s cee cee 
Gramdutotal t.4.. owes accesses cess 


PRODUCTS (BARRELS).! 


Coho, or silver... 
Chum, or keta..... 
Humpback, or pin 
King, or spring....... 

UOMO SOCK Y Ore dug cn sas Mehaie oop ct 


5, 487 Y 
7,647 |139, 247 159, 475 


7,975 |146, 412 | 10,082 | 179, 414 


Each barrel holds 200 pounds of fish. 


a 


ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1921, 4] 


FRESH SALMON. 


The fresh-salmon trade in Alaska is centered in the southeast sec- 
tion of the Territory, where markets are more easily accessible than 
in the remoter regions of central and western Alaska. In 1921 part 
of this business went to Prince Rupert, British Columbia, due to the 
better price there for fresh salmon than was obtainable in Alaska 
ports. In various cases the fishermen made deliveries direct from 
the fishing ground. This industry shows an investment of $55,027 
and a production of 9,103,104 pounds of salmon, valued at $418,265. 
In comparison with the output in 1920, this is an increase of 5,855,023 
pounds in products and of $155,001 in value. 


Investments, persons engaged, and products of the Alaska fresh-salmon industry in 1921. 


Items. Number.| Value. Items. Number.| Value. 
INVESTMENT. PERSONS ENGAGED. 
Operating capital...............|.......--- $21,542 |) Fishermen.............:.2.--.-5 By hee bess 
Floating equipment 5... ss..-000|saneee seek ZI oo SNOLESMOD ar ac sanace emer ese 2) |Sseaase 
Apparatus: ILIANSPOLLETS =) 2y-\-csac ee sscosee 15, |e ees 
Haulssiness: . -Lesss ssa 6 1,350 a 
WETROMS a cj. soa ca, 85a] E sae 3 ROta ses Seme soe ssc D0 \2e hares 
1 100 ——— 
MO. (95 3 -- PRODUCTS (POUNDS). 
miegotti ste? Gono, besitverc...... 00.02: 1, 593, 274 | $67,077 
9 |" 509 || Chum, or keta...............-.. 876,895 | 17,089 
? | a peper or pinkes}.7229. . 1,586,543 | 37, 286 
King} OF SpFingst' f.... -ccsdesss 4, 772, 866 | 271,478 
ates ee ee 95,027 || Red, or sockeye..............., ” 273, 526 | 25,335 
Totalee sce oe 8 Ne eae 9, 103, 104 | 418, 265 


SALMON FREEZING. 


Six companies reported productions of frozen salmon, five of which 
were located in southeast Alaska, while Waechter Bros. Co. froze ap- 
roximately 20,000 pounds of king and chum salmon on the Yukon 
River As all the operators of freezing plants were engaged chiefly 
in other fishery activities, there was no distinctive investment in this 
business. A total of 1,506,074 pounds of frozen salmon was produced 
in 1921, as compared with 1,916,595 pounds in 1920. The products 
were valued at $127,442, as compared with $161,143 in 1920. 


Quantity and value of salmon frozen in Alaska in 1921, by species. 


Species. Pounds. Value. 
Colieesetiven:.2 320 cee s Ser Ce he Te ee ER ian Poe ae 379, 628 $22, 787 
CInrieerprens isin creak ae et te TE ne re ae 38, 307 1, 947 
Pe@d ie) fey bine ie ae eS Re ee os |e nae a er a egos ln 1, 038, 128 98, 708 
Red War npr ce veer tags, heehee Cee e gs EE AGE i OS aS PEE Aos 50, 011 4,000 
BMT oe naa. SS See a 2p SOA i ea 9g eR a? OR Ro A 1, 506, 074 127, 442 


DRYING AND SMOKING OF SALMON. 


The only reported production of smoked salmon in 1921 was by the 
Juneau Cold Storage Co., which kippered 10,000 pounds of king sal- 
mon, valued at $1,500. According to customhouse records, 1,311 


49 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


pounds of coho salmon, valued at $196; 6,000 pounds of chums, valued 
at $600; and 1,222 pounds of king salmon, valued at $183, were dried 
and smoked. The total quantity of dried and kippered salmon was 
18,533 pounds, valued at $2,479. In western and central Alaska a 
considerable quantity of salmon is dried or smoked for local use, but 
no statistics of the number and kind of salmon thus utilized are 
available. 
SALMON BY-PRODUCTS. 


The Petersburg By-products Co., at Seow Bay, and the Alaska Re- 
duction Co., at Hawk Inlet, were the only firms operating in Alaska in 
1921 that utilized salmon offal and scrap fish in manufacturing oil and 
fertilizer. This industry shows an investment of $141,319, and it gave 
employment to 27 persons. The products were 232 tons of fertilizer, 
valued at $13,920, and 15,010 gallons of oil, valued at $4,102. Corre- 
sponding figures for 1920 were: Investment, $375,127; number of 
persons employed, 139; and products, 889 tons of fertilizer, valued 
at $88,382, and 39,052 gallons of oil, valued at $16,370... The value 
of the products in 1921 was $86,730 less than the value in 1920. 


HALIBUT FISHERY. 


No changes of special importance were noted in the halibut industry 
of Alaska in 1921. As usual, part of the catch on what are generally 
regarded as the halibut banks of Alaska was diverted to ports in 
British Columbia. The Pacific coast market for halibut is somewhat 
limited, and the bulk of the output is therefore shipped to eastern 
markets. 

STATISTICAL SUMMARY. 


The investment in the halibut industry in 1921 is given as 
$1,835,257, or $435,465 less than the amount reported in 1920. 
Employment was given to 452 persons, as against 768 in 1920. In 
arriving at the total investment and the number of persons employed 
it was necessary to include an estimate of the value of independent 
vessels making deliveries at Alaskan ports, together with the value 
of apparatus used and the number of fishermen on each vessel. The 
products of the halibut fishery entered through the ports of Alaska 
in 1921 were 17,176,274 pounds, valued at $1,476,450, as compared 
with 15,295,500 pounds, valued at $1,726,798, in 1920. 


Investment, persons engaged, and products of Alaska halibut fishery in 1921. 


Item. Number. Value. Item. Number. | Value. 
INVESTMENT. PERSONS ENGAGED. 
Vessels: WIGECOS <0 o.2% saatidemicccn spies 310 
Steam and gas.......... 105 |$1, 113, 500°}; Natives. --... 0... ......--.-. 132 
Net tonnage........ 23s |acesesie one CHINGEOS nccaeh ace sucteses = 10 
Latinghssii./7. .3.. 2.5% 1 500 —_—_——_— 
COME ee cn fects 1 4,000 gift} 1 ap oe ae 452 
Sl mee Spare trseesloscoecesese , O94 
Shore property .........-... Westssereacee 356, 358 PRODUCTS (POUNDS) 
Cash capital. 5c ssc noe IESE Se ie 333, 805 
|—______ ————__ || Fresh (including local)...... 9, 575, 287 
OUAl oe oS. oss 2k rane I ia fase eet 1, 835-257"||"rozenceeeses tee eee oes 7, 599, 097 
| Pickled dg n cee mesa =. 


Halibut cheeks. ............ 1,790 


U. S. B. F.—Doc. 933. 


FIG. 13.—HALIBUT DORY COMING ALONGSIDE FISHING VESSEL, SOUTHEAST 
ALASKA. 


ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1921. 43 


HERRING FISHERY. 


The most noteworthy developments in the herring industry of 
Alaska in 1921 were the augmented pack of Scotch-cured herring 
in the central district, the discontinuance of the canning of herring, 
and the greatly reduced production of herring oil and fertilizer and 
meal. The use of herring as bait in 1921 was apparently consid- 
erably less than in 1920. It is evident from the operations of 1921 
that there is a growing demand in the United States for Alaska 
Scotch-cured herring, and that careful packers are able to find a 
ready market for their products. 


STATISTICAL SUMMARY. 


The Alaska herring industry is credited with an investment of 
$1,512,029, as compared with $1,396,612 in 1920. Employment was 
given to 445 persons. The value of all herring pee was $934,044, 
as against $1,303,614 in 1920. Scotch-cured erring increased from 
8,223,490 pounds in 1920 to 14,523,441 pounds in 1921, exceeding 
by approximately 5,000,000 pounds the pack of any previous year 
since this cure was introduced by the bureau. Losses in the herring 
industry aggregated $34,575, of which $27,805 represents the plant 
and equipment of the W. J. Inloch Packing Uo., at Sawmill Bay, 
which was destroyed by fire early in the season. 


Investment, persons engaged, and products of Alaska herring fishery in 1921. 


Southeast Central Western Total 
Alaska. Alaska. Alaska. ; 
Item. 
stig Value. ee Value. ae Value.| Number. | Value. 
INVESTMENT. 
Plants operated ........22.2.2.... 4 | $123, 880 8 | $281, 306 1 |$11, 000 13 | $416, 186 
guerating papital eee TS. oo lak ee 158, 388 |...-.- 675, 023 |.....- 10,177) |e-beeb poe. - 843, 588 
essels: 

Power, over 5 tons........... 5 72, 450 17 FA, SOO se se SSSR EES 22 148, 950 
Net tonnage... ...-< BOO Seria. 3.3 Bee ee eae D> iad] Me wae 2049. Ee Eg 
Launches under 5 tons....... 1 300 5 9, 200 1} 1,500 7 11, 000 
Boats, row and seine......... 14 10, 920 36 2, 460 12} 1,100 62 14, 480 
Lighters and scows..........- 2 3, 400 15 18, 300 1 500 18 22, 200 
Bile-drivers...... 2620. #322 is3lep - <a -epodeset 1 33000) |. 322d). 2a 1 3, 000 

Apparatus: 
Beach seines...........-...-- 2 1, 200 8 gf450i 22. JAE TO! 10 10, 650 
TNA iii cae 2 32005) 33.0}. aT Bete pal: Ae ae ee 13190} )2.22. 834 
aorse sommes... Ea? 3 5, 000 10 POF OOO MET emcceccee see 27, 000 
BUNGIIA seth honcee SIO Le Saeos se RS2O: | Soe ee ccna eee eee 2, 830) ci tll ese 
\SETIEET ETE ee ee ei eg A oe me 6 3,275 | 60| 1,200 6 4, 475 
RIBOSE ASOOES ecco u|sidecins|seeae ose Che Bee HO00s SoS. s6 1B PDE lowe ee eeee 
Impounding nets............. 4 2, 000 7 S500 est See be eee see 1 10, 500 
ea ee ee 377, 38 |b .ca: 1, 109, 014 |...... DS AgT |e ek et 1, 512, 029 

PERSONS ENGAGED. 

Fishermen: 
Withee eetre ttc. Sa ee. 5 7 eid ered hl ce Aer ein. ees Meese s eee 
NALLY. Gaia eee aaa ap aes cee tee ol oe aces Lb ees ears oe Ts |S: Seek DD} ee eae cates 
Tota eee ee, Agios 1) See ih | PA 2 ee 

Shoresmen: =! 

BOS -- Seep ap ies see de= (Ree are ZOE etcetera | asenoe Pel seers dae 
INGtIVES = 205 Soeeee See cee ec 2 eS eee oe cess De: | see Moet pV Bae erase 86) 5255555858 
DAME. «eat ce ss ec e Ph eatin Se se eee ee iW peas. 308 | Hen 8 


44 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


Investment, persons engaged, and products of Alaska herring fishery in 1921—Continued. 


Southeast Central Western Total 
Alaska. Alaska. Alaska. oe 
Item. a Ea gaa j 
tise Value. Birr Value. ey Value. | Number. | Value. 

PERSONS ENGAGED—Ccontinued. 
Transporters: 

LES eis Mee ene wiseiteiee ae Si lz ceaweteee |'- <ie'efe, HAITI IESIICE -GIAifiee -IG Sit. -.ieS4 

IN EPEOGS vince ce hoiseseoeeee Mill esaemaee [ed Soslloseasacemelete eee someones Eyceceeeeaas 

Totalrs oc dech wacsmacmeesace Sear se ener fee eee ed en|pooge soe 0: | .é2 ose eeee 

Grand total... ec. ses: TA ecearen Sues eer = ee 445 |. ee 

PRODUCTS (POUNDS). 
Brishffor bate y isha Sits 8 ose Soph eA Sec le  Peees os| sear elastics <= 1, 660, 048 $16, 600 
Frozen forchaib. <. n<05 -ectense fs eer ler. oars lisergse ob ELIE Pee EPL Gayo) -b.--|, BELO , 000 5, 880 
Pickledtior Dall Sones acces vlen ciinae be cee Sel SSSSSSS. Balls scSL4|SSI-- te make ls aces ae 380, 000 4, 800 
Pickled for food, Scotch cured. .-.|....../.........-J....-- eee ee els ee 3.252% 14, 523, 441 838, 335 
Pickled for food, Norwegian cured;|....--|....: 2. 4--|s¢ec--|.5-.,.4--£|Eteh 2 - | pope = aoe 406, 250 20, 433 
Fertilizert 0.27). Adit. s14__©: PAXEPCUEE 4 SFr alee el PRS, ES SSeS | Sees Jee | 892, 000 26, 760 
"ERE OR ARR H aE Se \ohepalee ae ebeeee loves fC] OLE. eb 184/938 | 21, 236 

Potal. «3.445. 20240.!. |. .sevm allt 26. DeReonIH. 2a SE ee 934, 044 

1 Gallons. 


COD FISHERY. 


The cod industry of Alaska suffered a material shrinkage in_pro- 
duction in 1921, due primarily to unsatisfactory market conditions 
and consequent large holdover of the output of 1920. The unsold 
stock was sufficient to discourage normal activities, and the situa- 
tion was further aggravated by labor difficulties. Most of the 
smaller concerns, chiefly shore-station producers, did not resume 
operations in 1921. 

In the vessel fishery all of the larger producers were represented 
except the Robinson Fisheries Co., which meant the withdrawal of 
the schooners Alice and Wawona. The Union Fish Co. reduced its 
fleet by withdrawing the Galilee, Beulah, Chas. E. Brown, Eunice, 
and Carolyn Frances, the latter making one whaling voyage to 
Alaska waters. The Fanny Dutard, owned by J. A. Matheson, 
after being diverted to other trades for more than a year, reentered 
the Alaska cod fleet and made one voyage to Bering Sea. 

The only important shore stations opened in 1921 were those of 
toe Union Fish Co. and the Alaska Codfish Co., in the Shumagin 

slands. 


ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1921. 45 


Alaska cod fleet in 1921. 


Net 
Name. Rig. ton- Operators. 

nage 

City of Papeete...-...... 370 | Alaska Codfish Co., San Francisco, Calif. 

Glendale. for .5b soe c6 25s 281 Do. 

Maweemiat: £.. 6: -.-2.. 392 Do 

Se Ns Castle, 225 -t 235 - <5 464 Do. 

ATASGO: ORL Ea... 2k 23 Do. 

ATRSCOMM eset. tna <= Sees 5 Do. 

JSST 0 8 Se 8 Do. 

LES 0G 01 ap ete 14 D 


oO. 
252 | J. A. Matheson, Anacortes, Wash. 


Fanny Dutard..-.....-. 
hn A ‘ 235 | Pacific Coast Codfish Co., Seattle, Wash. 
171 0. 
324 | Union Fish Co., San Francisco, Calif. 
328 Do 
14 Do. 
223 Do. 
115 Do. 
21 Do. 
30 Do. 
7 Do. 


STATISTICAL SUMMARY. 


The cod industry in Alaska in 1921 showed an investment of 
$781,665, as compared with $2,057,728 in 1920. The total number 
of persons employed was 332, or 471 less than in 1920. The produc- 
tion of cod was 4,787,831 pounds, valued at $457,320, which is 
7,976,068 pounds less than ibis quantity produced in 1920. 


Investment, persons engaged, and products of Alaska cod fishery in 1921. 


Items. Number.| Value. | Items. Number. | Value. 
INVESTMENT. | PRODUCTS (POUNDS). 
Value of shore stations... .... lager eee $127,741 || Vessel catch: 
Cost of operations. .......-... abies es 104, 584 Dry-salted cods7-25.2:5<- - 2,611,530 | $205,349 
WEES paid sete S38 OS. et i Rar 178, 832 Pickledcod' #45 sc as8~ 35, 500 1,775 
Vessels: | —_—_ |——_—_ 
Power, over 5 tons.......- | 8 | 132,722 Total sa.-2.. eaesee eee | 2,647,030 | 207,124 
Net tonnage. ........-. | ABO ME OR | 
auine Fees Gos. 3 i505) | 11 | 174,880 || Shore-station catch: | 
Net tonnage.......... 2 S88" | onto ste Dry-salted cod....-...... 899,130 | 126,025 
AUREMES 2 ee Shee e s 91 42,188 Pickled COd. 2 = sccsceteeee 1,241,211 | 124,121 
IWOMES casas sce encase ose 283 9, 056 Spockiisn Stee As becee ae 460 50 
Pilordrivers se 2255 25222 4 3 3, 603 eS - 
Apparatus: ” Ota =e tio.5.ci mista oicjas Ses 56 2,140,801 | 250,196 
Seines (75 fathoms) .......! 1 250 ee 
Gill nets (75 fathoms)..... 1 195 |} Total: 
Hines: tits 2 2. Bes 1,175 7,614 Dry-salted cod. . . . 3,510,660 | 331,374 
ed Pickled cod. - . | 1,276,711 | 125, 896 
dito} | ee |podiateeier 781, 665 Stockstish): 220 2- oe oacp een | 460 50 
PERSONS ENGAGED. Grand total ............ 4, 787,831 | 457,320 
Fishermen: White.......... VS 
Shoresmen:. White. ........- TOtIte aeons 
Transporters: White........ MIT SSS .H4 
Totalctisi..30 ees: SP ee ee 
} 


WHALE FISHERY. 


Whaling in Alaska in 1921 was limited to the operations of the 
Western aling & Trading Co., of San Francisco, which carried on 
a vessel fishery in the vicinity of Kodiak Island during the sum- 
mer months, using for that purpose the schooner Carolyn Frances, 


46 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIKS. 


of 320 tons burden. The vessel, including equipment, was valued at 
$175,000. Employment was given to 20 whites and 1 negro, to 
whom $15,334 were paid in wages. A catch of 79 whales was made, 
consisting of 1 California gray, 2 finbacks, 1 sperm, and 75 hump- 
backs. From these 57,000 gallons of oil were obtained, valued at 
$19,950. é 

The shore stations of the United States Whaling Co., at Port 
Armstrong, and of the North Pacific Sea Products Co., at Akutan, 
did not operate in 1921, owing to the unsatisfactory market for 


whale products. 
SHRIMPS. 


The shrimp fishery of southeast Alaska is attaining increased 
importance as a distinct industry, four companies at Petersburg and 
Wrangell having exported shrimp products in 1921. Those at Peters- 
_ burg were the Alaskan Glacier Sea Food Co., the Petersburg Sea 
Products Co., and the Ness Fish Co. T. A. Heckman operated the 
floating plant of the Olympic Fisheries Co., at Wa 1. Shrimp 
canning has not been undertaken except experimentally. The ex- 
ported product is called “fresh shrimp meat’’ which is processed by 
steaming sufficiently to enable easy removal of the shells, after which 
the meat is packed in tin containers holding about 6 pounds each. 
Owing to the perishability of this product it must be marketed 
promptly. Inadequate facilities for shipment caused a loss of shrimp 
meat at Petersburg, valued at $4,400. 

The investment in the shrimp industry in 1921 was $147,814, as 
compared with $76,100 in 1920, and 111 persons were employed as 
against 20 in the previous year. The products in 1921 were 344,986 
pounds of fresh shrimp meat, valued at $132,077, as compared with 
112,045 pounds in 1920, valued at $49,123. 


Investment, persons engaged, and products of the southeast Alaska shrimp fishery in 1921. 


Item. Number. | Value. Item. Number. | Value. 
INVESTMENT. PERSONS ENGAGED. 
Plants: 2st tafe. Pee a |fen2, S00 || IWihitess..- tote 2. vel ieec cree: PA Si (ag 
Operating capitals. ..222242s2a0)2 P22 BO, S04: UN ALI VESeicicigor te = dusisito ogee eae Oetal peaee te mi 
Boats, powers... jecesh seit: Dae 20000: || WWE kSe. tages cceeeteee ce ceeee Of cletendaak < 
wean trawlsr: 2). eee ss 7 2 O20 ia Memicans:) Se # ty ves eee ayaa: 1 les ety. - 
weed MNO £2 eh A a | 147,814 Ls EEE M) Ce ieer a). t Trg reek 
PRODUCTS (POUNDS). 
| Mont teenies. ovboes. cot. eee | 344,986 ($132, 077 
CRABS. 


The wide distribution and probable abundance of crabs in Alaska 
has been referred to in earlier reports on the fisheries of Alaska by 
the bureau, and the possible successful utilization of them for export 
has been repeatedly suggested. Perhaps the most promising develop- 
ment of the shellfish industry of Alaska in 1921 was the-canning of 
crabs as a commercial enterprise. In previous seasons the use of 
these crustaceans was limited to supplying them in the shell to mar- 
kets in Alaska and Seattle and to experimental canning, the latter 


a 


ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1921. 47 


having been attempted at Seldovia in 1920 by the Arctic Packing Co. 
and Eda O. Kitzman. 

In 1921 the Dobbins Packing Co., of Newport, Oreg., undertook 
the canning of crabs at Wrangell on a scale never before attempted 
in Alaska. Operations began in May and were continued until the 
middle of December, and a pack of 2,841 cases of 48 one-half pound 
cans per case was made. Crab canning was carried on at Petersburg 
also by Ellson & Malcolm who shipped from Alaska, according to 
customhouse record, a total of 1,174 cases of half-pound cans of crabs. 
The Arctic Packing Co., at Seldovia, similarly prepared 60 cases, thus 
making the total pack of canned crabs 4,075 cases. John Murphy, at 
Tenakee, sold locally 200 dozen crabs in the shell. 

The reported investment in the crab industry of Alaska in 1921 was 
$43,848. Employment was given to 44 persons. The products con- 
sisted of 4,075 cases, valued at $32,780, and 200 dozen crabs, valued 
at $400. The reported value of Alaska crab products the previous 
year was $1,740. In view of the interest in the possibilities of suc- 
cessful crab fishing and the building up of an independent industry, 
Warden Fred H. Gray gathered important data covering interesting 
phases of the situation as it existed in 1921. His report 1s as follows: 


Edible crabs are very generally distributed throughout the waters of southeast 
Alaska, but the regions of known abundance are the waters of Duke and Mary Islands, 
the southern part of Gravina Island, Moira Sound, Cholmondeley Sound, Kasaan Bay 
and its arms, Skowl Arm, Thorne Bay, Lake Bay, Whale Passage, and the shore waters 
of Prince of Wales Island from Exchange Cove to the head of Red Bay. On the west 
coast of Prince of Wales Island crabs.are fairly abundant from Shakan Bay to Klawak 
Inlet and in the adjacent waters of Portillo Channel, St. Nicholas Canal, and Port Real 
Marino. In fact, all waters along the western shore of Prince of Wales Island are re- 
garded as good crab regions. Along the mainland from Point (aamano to the Stikine 
River the crab zone is mostly narrow, though the island waters are better. Just off 
the Stikine flats are some of the best known crab waters in Alaska. Wrangell Strait, 
Beecher Pass, Blind Slough, Duncan Canal, and the southern part of Frederick Sound 
are also good waters for crabs. Excepting a few localities the waters of Kuiu Island are 
not considered good. Pybus Bay and Gambier Bay are said to be good crab districts. 
Some crabs are also taken along the shores of Icy Strait. Sitkoh Bay and Peril Strait, 
with its numerous bays, are among the best crab grounds in southeast Alaska. Tenakee 
Inlet has long been noted for its excellent crabs. The inside waters from Salisbury 
Sound to Sitka are largely within the crab zone. 

Several years ago John Mantle supplied Wrangell with crabs caught in Red Bay. 
John Murphy continues to supply the Juneau markets with Tenakee Inlet crabs. 
C. M. Coulter and associates, of Wrangell, carried on successful crab fishing in Blind 
Slough and Frederick Sound. Their catches were cooked and shipped to Seattle in 
the shell, but owing to the irregular steamer service at that time the business was un- 
ee and they were obliged to suspend operations. Crabs have always been used 

ocally by both whites and natives. In 1921 the Dobbins Packing Co. operated a 
floating cannery at Wrangell from May to December and packed approximately 2,500 
cases of crabs. The regular crew consisted of six men, and in addition from 20 to 25 
pickers, chiefly women, were employed in the cannery. FEllson & Malcolm operated 
a small cannery at Petersburg and packed approximately 1.200 cases, using Japanese 
labor exclusively. These companies used aa the common species of crab found in 
shallow water. At Sitka crab canning has been undertaken by the Oregon Alaska 
Packing Co., but as yet the company has done little more than prospect localities and 
experiment with crab traps. This company intends to can ‘‘spider” crabs, which are 
usually found in comparatively deep water. 

Crabs are caught in traps made of iron rods forming a framework that is covered 
with wire netting, except the ends, which are equipped with linen or cotton web 
tunnels through which the crabs may enter. The traps, which are about 40 inches 
long, 30 inches wide, and 20 inches deep, are baited with fish or salmon-cannery offal 
and set during the summer in water from 2 to 8 fathoms deep, and in winter to depths 


4562°—22——4 


48 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


of 25 fathoms. The traps are lifted at frequent intervals and the catch removed and 
sorted. Only crabs measuring 6 inches or more in breadth are saved. The others, 
which include all females, are released. The large ones are placed in a live-box and 
taken to the cannery. Crabs will live out of water for about 12 hours if kept in a 
cool place, and if kept in sea water they will live much longer. They feed on dead 
fish, animal matter, and such marine forms as they can catch. Moreover, they are 
cannibalistic and often kill and devour their own kind. If crabs of different sizes 
should be placed in a small tank, it would not be many days before there would be 
but one left, and it, the largest of the lot, the others because of their lesser size having 
become the legitimate prey of the largest one. 

Near the mouths of creeks and rivers crabs seem to be most abundant, perhaps 
because the streams have made deposits of silt, forming suitable depths of water. 
The matured female crabs measure from 4 to 54 inches in width and are not offered 
for sale, which is a fortunate circumstance in the preservation of the species. Common 
crabs have been found from August to December carrying their eggs, but they are 
not then taken on open sand or mud bottoms, as they prefer to inhabit rocky bottoms 
and patches of seaweed. Crabs have been found shedding their shells from June 
17 to August 9, but molting occurs chiefly in July. They are not then fit for food, as 
the meat is soft and watery and much of their substance is required to make the rapid 
growth of both body and shell. During the molting stage they seek protection in 
secluded places. 

When the crabs are delivered at the cannery, they are first placed in boiling water 
for about 15 minutes, after which they are taken by the sides and struck across a 
sharp edge of wood along the center of the back, thus breaking them into two pieces. 
The digestive organs are then removed and the meat is washed clean, preparatory 
to its being picked out of the shell and packed in half-pound cans lined with oiled 
paper. The body and leg meat is placed in the cans in alternate layers, and when 
the cans are filled the edge of the paper lining is folded over the meat so that the meat 
does not come in contact with the tin. The cans are next put through the capping 
machine, which caps and seals them, and then into the retort for cooking, which 
requires 50 minutes. When prepared for shipment a case of crabs contains 48 one- 
half pound cans. The average amount of meat from a 6 to 9 inch crab is a little less 
than 8 ounces. 


MINOR FISHERIES. 
TROUT. 


The production of trout in 1921 was 133,504 pounds of fresh, 
frozen, and pickled Dolly Vardens and steelheads, valued at $18,925, 
as saci alti Avie a production of 99,030 pounds, valued at $13,155, 
in 1920. The bulk of the output came from southeast Alaska. 
There is no investment in this business, as no exclusively trout 
industry or fishery exists. The catch of trout is incidental to fishing 


for salmon. 
Products of Alaska trout fishery in 1921. 


Fresh. Frozen. Pickled. 
Species. : SS | 
Pounds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value. 
DO y Viarienl 2.7.2 12 Poses SICA? 3 108,872 | $16, 105 1,705 SL70 [LSS FEL A, SOR 
Steslhbdd avert! odd. Gadatishes | 5,091 400} 14,036 1,965 3, 800 $285 
Ha i eines hits Beep estat eb scesnls 113,963 | 16,505 | ° 15,741 2,135 3, 800 285 


CLAMS. 


The production of clam products in Alaska in 1921 was limited 
to a pack of 1,420 cases of whole clams by the Surf Packing Co. at 
Tuxedni Harbor, in the Cook Inlet district, incidental to the cannin 
of salmon. The pack was valued at $9,940. The total Alaska page 
of clam products in 1920 was 6,833 cases, valued at $46,812. 


ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1921. 49 


The Pioneer Packing Co., which has canned clams at Cordova for 
several seasons, did not resume such activities in 1921. One reason 
was said to be the decreased supply of clams in that region. The 
Douglas Island Packing Co., at Daigtss likewise did not resume 
clam canning in 1921. 


MISCELLANEOUS FISHERY PRODUCTS. 


Under this classification are shown the quantity and value of cer- 
tain species for which no recognized fishery exists. These products, 
of which sablefish constitute the greater part, are obtained chiefly 
in fishing for halibut on the offshore banks of Alaska. In 1921 the 
output of fresh, frozen, and pickled sablefish was 392,767 pounds, 
valued at $17,985; the production of red rockfish was 12,658 pounds, 
valued at $362; and of smelts, 2,000 pounds, valued at $50. 


FUR-SEAL INDUSTRY. 
PRIBILOF ISLANDS. 
GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE WORK. 


In 1921 the seal and fox herds on the Pribilof Islands were given 
the greatest possible care and attention. A different method of 
skinning seals, whereby the use of the knife is practically eliminated 
in oye the skin, was successfully tried. A large number of 
skins were blubbered on the islands, resulting in a better cured and 
more easily handled product. The fox herd, if the take of skins on 
St. George Island during the winter of 1920-21 is indicative of its 
size, will break all previous records in a few years. The amount of 
winter food available will soon be an important influence upon its 
size. Construction work was continued on several native dwellings. 
On St. George Island a large shop and warehouse was built, providing 
necessary facilities for handling the increasing catch of fox skins. 
An electric lighting system was installed. On St. Paul Island addi- 
tions were made to both salt houses and the installation of a water- 
supply system was begun. ‘The usual seal census was made. Annual 
supplies were transported to the islands by the Navy Department 
and completely disthanged at both islands in record time. The Coast 
Guard vessels performed their usual patrols and rendered valuable 
assistance in the transportation of personnel and supplies. The 
bureau’s vessel Hider proved indispensable, especially early in the 
year, in carrying necessary supplies to the islands. 


PERSONNEL. 


Agent and Caretaker C. E. Crompton, who had been detailed to 
the Washington office during the previous winter, returned to duty 
on St. George Island on the U. S. S. Saturn, arriving there August 3. 
Superintendent A. H. Proctor left for the States on October 19 on 
the Unalga, and after a period of annual leave spent on the Pacific 
coast reported at Washington January 6, 1922, for duty through the 
winter. On departure of Mr. Proctor, Agent and Caretaker H. D. 
Aller was designated acting superintendent. Storekeeper E. C. John- 
ston left St. George Island August 13 on the Saturn for the States, 
and after a period of annual leave reported at the Washington office 
November 9 for duty during the winter. Henry C. Scudder, store- 
keeper assigned to St. Paul Island, was transferred to St. George 
Island on August 5. Richard Culbertson, school-teacher on St. Paul 
Island, left on the Saturn June 17 for a visit to his home and returned 
on the next trip of the Saturn, early in August. Dr. G. B. Bowlby, 
who was appointed physician on St. Paul Island late in 1920 and was 
en route to the islands at the end of the year, was landed at St. Paul 
Island March 11 by the Hider, storms having prevented an earlier 
passage from Unalaska. Mrs. A. H. Proctor resigned as school- 
teacher on St. Paul Island October 16, and left the islands on the 


00 


ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1921. 51 


Unalga October 19. Mrs. Edna C. Mygatt was appointed school- 
teacher as successor to Mrs. Proctor, and entered upon duty Octo- 
ber 17. Warden Joseph N. Braun, who had been detailed to St. 
George Island for duty during the winter, left May 9 on the Hider 
for Unalaska and returned to his regular duties in respect to the 
salmon fisheries. 

W. C. Allis, special sealing assistant, and A. Christoffersen, by- 
products expert, returned to St. Paul Island May 24, passage from 
the States having been on the Unalga to Unalaska, thence on the 
Eider. Three carpenters from Seattle were also employed on the 
islands from May to October, Andrew Pearson being assigned to St. 
George Island, and Ole Holum and John Rafdal to St. Paul Island. 
The following employees of the Fouke Fur Co. were at St. Paul 
Island from ‘ane to August to assist in sealing operations: W. P. 
Zschorna, Frank Milligan, Oliver Klockenbrink, Mike Syron, William 
Fueglein, Paul Katz, George Neidel, and Jacob Marks. Dr. Daniel 
L. Roland, dentist, went to St. Paul Island on the July trip of the 
Saturn and remained over the winter. 


PURCHASE AND TRANSPORTATION OF SUPPLIES. 


As in previous seasons, printed schedules of annual supplies of 
general merchandise required for the Pribilof Islands were prepared 
and competitive bids received, Seattle, Wash., being the shipping 
point. Through the courtesy of the Navy Department the radio 
station tender U.S. S. Saturn was made available for the transporta- 
tion of part of the bureau’s supplies on two trips of the vessel to the 
Pribilof Islands. 

On the first trip the Saturn left Seattle May 16, having on board 
for the bureau 126,000 feet of lumber, 184 tons of general merchan- 
dise, including 112 tons of salt, and also 50 tons of coal to be deliv- 
ered at St. George for repayment to the Radio Service from which 
it had been borrowed. ‘The vessel arrived at the islands June 11. 
On a second trip from Seattle, July 22, and arriving at the islands 
August 3, the Saturn carried 675 tons coal, 4,485 feet lumber, 27 tons 
fuel oil, and 366 tons general merchandise for the bureau. The Hider 
assisted the Saturn in unloading and transferring cargo at the islands 
and at Unalaska. 

The Coast Guard cutter Unalga made two trips between Unalaska 
and the Pribilofs in June, transferring lumber which had been left 
at Dutch Harbor the previous fall by the Saturn. The auxiliary 
schooner Ruby, operated by the Kuskokwim Fishing & Transporta- 
tion Co., was utilized also for the transportation of supplies, leavin 
Seattle May 21 and arriving at the islands June 18. The vesse 
carried 67,000 feet lumber, 35 tons salt, and 64 tons general mer- 
chandise. About 200 tons of general cargo were forwarded from 
Seattle August 16 on the Oregon, owned by the Alaska Commercial 
Co. The vessel reached the islands September 12 and finished un- 
loading and departed September 14. 

The Bureau of Fisheries greatly appreciates the courteous cooper- 
ation extended by the Navy and the Coast Guard in transporting 
supplies and persons to the Pribilof Islands. 


52 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 
POWER SCHOONER ‘EIDER.”’ 


At the beginning of the year the bureau’s power schooner Eider 
was at Kodiak undergoing repairs. After leaving there the Hider 
located the missing mail boat Pulitzer at Chignik. A large amount 
of mail and several passengers were taken from the disabled vessel 
and transported to Unga and Unalaska. 

Very valuable service was rendered by the Hider during the cal- 
endar year 1921, some of the work being under particularly arduous 
conditions. A total of 7,300 miles was covered and 134 passengers 
carried. Seven trips to the Pribilof Islands were made from Unalaska, 
one in each of the months February, March, April, May, June, August, 
and September. The first trip was made early in February. Such 
severe weather was encountered that, after remaining at anchor 
off St. George Island three days, ice and wind compelled the vessel 
to return to Unalaska without making a landing. Two trips were 
in the vicinity of melkol ey and Unalaska to secure native workmen 
for temporary duty on St. Paul Island. A naval radio operator from 
Dutch Harbor was detailed to the Hider on the March trip to the 
Pribilof Islands. In addition to supplies transported for the bale 
on each trip stores for the naval radio station on St. Paul Island 
were carried by the Eider at various times. During the period the 
U.S. S. Saturn was delivering the annual supplies for the bureau the 
Eider was placed under the orders of the commanding officer of that 
vessel and rendered assistance both at Unalaska and at the islands 
in the landing of the supplies. 

In September the Hider proceeded to Kodiak for necessary annual 
overhauling and returned to Unalaska in December. The more 
important repairs or changes were an increase in the area of iron 
bark on the hull, enlarging of engine room space, installation of 
engine room ventilators, rearrangement and increase in number and 
size of staterooms, raising forecastle deck rail 12 inches, and raising 
and remounting the winch. The vessel was at Unalaska at the close 
of the year. 


NEW FUR-SEAL AND SEA-OTTER REGULATIONS. 


Under date of April 21, 1921, a new departmental circular, No. 
285, was issued by the Secretary of Commerce embodying the laws 
and regulations for the protection of fur seals and sea otters. It 
contains a reprint of the act of April 21, 1910, the fur-seal convention 
between Great Britain, Russia, Japan, and the United States signed 
July 7, 1911, the act of August 24, 1912, giving effect to the con- 
vention, and the presidential proclamation of May 31, 1913, for the 
preservation and ‘protection of fur seals and sea otters. The revised 
regulations which appear in the circular are as follows: 


FUR SEALS. 


1. Persons lawfully landing on any of the Pribilof Islands, whether to remain tem- 
porarily or otherwise, must confine themselves to their lawful activities, and any 
visiting of rookeries or hauling grounds of seals or sea lions must first be authorized 
by the department’s agents in charge. 

2. In order that pars authorized or permitted to land may have an opportunity 
to observe the seal life, the department’s agents in charge will provide escorts, at 
convenient times, to accompany interested persons to proper observation points. 


ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1921. 58 


No side digressions from the designated observation points will be permitted, and 
there will be no visiting of rookeries except under such escorts. On St. Paul Island 
the usual observation point for persons temporarily present shall be what are com- 
monly known as Observation Rocks at Gorbatch rookery. , ; 

3. Persons authorized to land at St. Paul Island, whether to remain temporarily 
or otherwise, are required, except under circumstances specifically authorized by 
the department’s agent in charge, to remain on that portion of the island in and about 
the village of St. Paul which is bounded by the shore line, including that of the salt 
lagoon and its outlet, and two straight lines running approximately as follows: The 
first from the shore at Black Bluffs to the southerly portion of the salt lagoon, passing 
to the eastward of the natives’ cemetery, the natives’ wells, and the by-products 
plant; the second to cut across the isthmus at Zolotoi Sands. The land lines as de- 
scribed will be indicated by notices posted at suitable intervals. 

4, Any person willfully violating these oe will be regarded as a trespasser 
and will be required to leave the islands at the first opportunity, or will be subject to 
such other action as may be deemed appropriate. 

5. In. order to prevent molestation of the fur-seal and fox herds, the landing of any 
dogs at the Pribilof Islands is hereby prohibited. Officials in charge of St. Paul and 
St. George Islands will enforce this regulation. 


SEA OTTERS. 
The killing of sea otters in the waters of Alaska is prohibited until November 1, 1925. 


CONSTRUCTION WORK. 


During the year alterations and repairs were made to the build- 
ings on the Pribilof Islands where necessary for the economical main- 
tenance of the stations. On St. Paul Island a 50-foot addition was 
extended on the end of the new salt house and an addition of the 
same size to the old salt house was started. This will be completed 
in time for the 1922 season. <A building 32 by 70 feet was erected 
to house the sealskin washing and blubbering operations. It con- 
tains the washing tanks, blubbering beams, motor-driven wringer 
for drying skins, tables, and other equipment. On Village Hill a 
building 100 by 32 feet was put up to contain four 40,000-gallon 
tanks, from which fresh water will ultimately be distributed to the 
village by gravity. Approximately 500 feet of 4-inch wooden pipe 
line was laid. This will connect with the artesian well, the boring 
of which has been undertaken in cooperation with the Navy. (See 
page 54.) A temporary wharf was installed at East Boridin , St 
Paul Island, which will be made permanent as soon as mixta and 
time are available. In construction work on both islands concrete 
has been used in foundations, floors, etc., wherever possible. 

On St. George Island a new general shop and warehouse, 30 by 60 
feet, was constructed. ‘This building is 34 stories in height, includ- 
ing the basement. Two small houses were built, one for paint and 
the other for dynamite. A concrete native dwelling was nearly com- 
pleted. Preliminary work has been done on a new dispensary, 
hospital, and physician’s quarters. . 


WATER SUPPLY ON ST. PAUL ISLAND. 


In 1921 considerable progress was made in the matter of improving 
the water supply for the village on St. Paul Island. A large quantity 
of pipe, consisting chiefly of 4-inch wooden main and 2-inch laterals, 
was purchased and sent to St. Paul Island. Also two 40,000-gallon 
tanks were purchased at the same time. A site was selected for the 
tanks on the hill in the rear of the village and concrete foundations 


54 U. 8. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


were prepared. Approximately 500 feet of trench about 6 feet in 
depth was dug, in which the 4-inch pipe was laid from the tanks down 
to the center of the village. The work in the coming season will be 
continued by the erection of the storage tanks and the laying of 
lateral-supply pipes on the various streets of the village. 

The general plan, which is being developed along Tinks suggested 
by A. Christoffersen, is to pump water to the large tanks on the hill 
and thence distribute it by gravity through the village. The source 
of the supply will be dependent upon the results of well-drilling oper- 
ations to be cunduckda? in cooperation with the Navy Department. 
If artesian water is not thus secured, it is planned to continue the pipe 
line to a series of wells on the flat near the village, or possibly to ice- 
house pond, about 6,000 feet distant. 

In 1920 an attempt was made by the Navy Department to drill an 
artesian well but without success, owing to eae equipment. 
In 1921 the work was again undertaken, the bureau bearing part of 
the expense. Two attempts were made, one about half a mile from 
the village and the other on the hill adjacent to the village. Both 

rojects failed, because the available casing was exhausted and other 

iffculties were encountered which could not be overcome with the 
equipment at hand. It is felt that the chances for success in 1922 
are much better because of the experience in the ieee seasons 
and improved facilities. The expense is to be borne jointly by the 
Navy Department and the bureau. The former is interested because 
of the desirability of improving the water supply at the radio station. 


BY-PRODUCTS PLANT. 


The by-products plant on St. Paul Island began operations on 
June 27 and closed August 14, 1921. The output during this period 
was 1,270 gallons ‘‘A”’ oil, 3,030 gallons ‘‘B”’ oil, 921 gallons press 
oil, 50 gallons of foots, and 76 sacks containing 8,759 pounds of fer- 
tilizer meal. The plant, however, was not operated to its full capac- 
ity. There were shipped to Seattle on the U.S. S. Saturn 128 sacks 
of 1 meal held over from 1920 and 74 sacks of meal made in 1921; also, 
47 barrels of oil for the Fouke Fur Co., St. Louis, were forwarded. 
In addition, five barrels of oil were shipped on the Coast Guard cutter 
Unalga to the Fouke Fur Co. Fifty gallons of oil foots were sent 
to St. George Island for the experimental feeding of foxes. The meal 
was disposed of in Seattle at the rate of $17.50 per ton, or a total of 
$139.13. The proceeds were covered into the United States Treasury. 


IMPROVED SEALING METHODS. 


In the summer of 1921 experiments were undertaken and sub- 
sequently developed along practical lines which have resulted in what 
are regarded as notable improvements in the method of taking fur- 
seal skins. In the past the pelts have been removed by the native 
workmen in the ordinary manner of skinning animals. Notwithstand- 
ing the utmost care even by the most skilled workmen, cuts or flays 
would occasionally result on the underside of the pelt. This naturally 
lessened the value of the skin when finally made ready for market. In 
1921, however, a method was developed of removing the pelts, so 
that it was necessary to use the knife only to slit the skin along the 


UNS») B. F.—Doc. 933. 


FIG. 14.—TYPE OF CONCRETE HOUSE BEING BUILT ON PRIBILOF ISLANDS FOR 
NATIVE RESIDENTS. 


errs 3 
ys THAMMGTITELAUAL cal 


FIG. 15.—NEW WORKSHOP AND STORAGE BUILDING ON ST. GEORGE ISLAND. 


U. S. B. F.—Doc. 933. 


FIG. 16.—FUR-SEAL CARCASS SHOWING CUTS PRELIMINARY TO REMOVING 
PELT BY STRIPPING METHOD, ST. PAUL ISLAND. 


FIG. 17.—STRIPPING PELT FROM FUR SEAL, ST. PAUL ISLAND. 


ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1921. 55 


abdomen and to cut around the head and flipper holes. Each carcass 
was pinned to the ground by an iron bar and the skin pulled off. 
All skins taken by this stripping method have a layer of blubber 
and meat remaining on them which must be removed before salting. 
The elimination of the knife in skinning is very important in that it 
lessens the chances of cutting or flaying the skins by the workmen and 
results in a better product. 

A natural corollary of this improved method is that of washing the 
skins and blubbering them at the islands. Approximately 11,000 
skins were treated in this manner at St. Paul village in the season of 
1921. This work was carried on by a party of eight special sealing 
assistants, headed by W. P. Zschorna, from the Fouke Fur Co., St. 
Louis, Mo. Their efforts were devoted, primarily, to the blubbering, 
washing, and salting of the skins taken at St. Paul village. Theskins 
thus handled are undoubtedly of superior quality, as evidenced by 
results in dressing, dyeing, and machining at the plant at St. Louis. 
This naturally means increased revenue when the skins are marketed. 
It is the purpose to expand the use of the improved methods at the 
islands. 

NATIVES. 


HEALTH CONDITIONS. 


In general, the health of the natives of the islands during the cal- 
endar year was good. No serious epidemic of any kind occurred. 
During the year there were eight births on St. George Island and no 
deaths and seven births on St. Paul Island and five deaths. Owin 
to the inability of Dr. Bowlby to land at St. Paul Island until Mare 
11, the island was without a physician from the time of the departure 
of Dr. Richstein and Dr. Huyler in the previous November. Ver 
fortunately there were no deaths on the island during this period. 
A dentist was sent to the islands in August and has remained over 
the winter, carrying on the work so well started in the previous 
summer. 

SCHOOLS. 


St. Paul Island reported an attendance of 12 boys and 13 girls in 
the senior school and 11 girls and 15 boys in the junior school at the 
term beginning November 15, 1920. School sessions were held on 
105 days. General textbooks were used, with special emphasis on 
the speaking and writing of English, which is the urgent need of the 
Aleut children. Suitable forms of athletics were encouraged and 
directed by the teachers, and the teaching of hygiene was given 
attention. 

St. George Island reported an attendance of 15 boys and 22 girls 
in the senior school and 4 girls and 3 boys in the junior school at the 
term beginning in the fall of 1920. The schools were closed during 
November on account of a shortage of coal. Only one regular full- 
time teacher is employed on St. George Island. The so-called junior 
school consists of a few very small children who are given some 
preparatory training by a part-time teacher to help them become 
accustomed to school routine. One peculiarity distinguishing the 
Aleut child from the average white abil is the greater individual 
attention required to enable them to grasp the meaning of things 
taught. A second full-time teacher is greatly needed on St. George 


56 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


Island. During the winter of 1920-21 Mrs. Ella Jeanette Johnston 
took charge of the small children, and upon her departure in the 
summer of 1921 Mrs. Orchard took up the work. 


ATTENDANCE AT SALEM INDIAN TRAINING SCHOOL, CHEMAWA, OREG. 


No additional pupils from the Pribilofs were enrolled at the Salem 
Indian Training School during the year; the attendance therefore 
remains the same as at the close of 1920. 


Pribilof Islands natives at Salem Indian Training School, December 81, 1921. 


Fratis: Mrs: -A:kalina 40-2 2 eeu cares le ee ce eS Resident of St. Paul Island. 
RYSiia Chula | Geer ee ee cee | eee, Do. ; 
Stepetin; Nicolai. 920 TIO), Ones. Do. 

Stepetim) Vasilait_ovisyansrset.digdsceciseee: Do. 

Lekanvf, Geortt... (ME: 40. 42: ren ckecei is Resident of St. George Island. 
Merculiefnisaurencere 2.0 5 oa v2 eee Do. 


SAVINGS ACCOUNTS. 


Certain of the Pribilof Islands natives have personal funds in the 
custody of the United States Commissioner of Fisheries. These 
funds are still on deposit with the Washington Loan & Trust Co., 
Washington, D. C., and draw interest at 3 per cent per annum, cal- 
culated on monthly balances. The account of one native, Para- 
scovia Kozloff, of St. Paul Island, was closed during the year. The 
condition of the account as a whole on December 31, 1921, is shown 
in the statement which follows: 


Balante/on hand JanVl-T92R GO Saas Ee A Se eo $2, 839. 87 
Interest earned from Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 192Z1...........-2.....------ 83. 29 
Deposited by natives during above period......-.....-...-.------ 38. 25 
2,961.41 — 
Withdrawn by natives during above period............-.---------- 235. 18 
Balance onjhand,Déex 814 M9 sd «ence of aadas - Ss oe free wre 2, 726. 23 


An itemized statement of the account showing the individual bal- 
ances of the natives follows: 


Pribilof Islands natives’ savings accounts in the custody of the United States Commissioner 
of Fisheries, as trustee, December 31, 1921. 


St. Paul Island: St. Paul Island—Continued. 
Bourdukofsky, Apollon.... $93.13 Pankoff, Agrippina........ $242. 79 
Bourdukofsky, Peter... .-. . 90 Pankoff, Maria M.......... 44, 42 
Fratis, Agrifina?......:.... 95. 69 Sedick, Feofania..........- 13. 87 
Fratis, Akalina *.........- 463. 60 Sedick, Lavrenty.........-. 13. 87 
Fratis, Martha ?.........-. 95. 70 Sedick, Leonty........-..- 13. 87 
Biratis, OUMans oe. ier 95. 70 Sedick, Marina..........-. . 38 
Gromoff, Iuliania.......... 359. 29 Tetoff, Vikenty M......... 44.41 
Krukoff, Ekaterina........ 203. 86 | St. George Island: 

Krukoff, Iuleta............ 9. 16 Borenien, Zoya *......-..-- 243. 13 
Mandregan, Alexandra M.. 10. 53 Galanin, Martyerdon.s. jr 92. 22 
Melovidoyv, Alfey.......... 44, 41 Lestenkof, Michael......-. 134. 62 
Melovidov, Anton.....-.-. 3. 80 Merculief, Agrippina... ... 66. 47 
Melovidov, Iosef.......... 44. 41 Merculief, Joseph.......... 34. 76 
Merculieff, Agafia......... 39. 82 Merculief, Polyxenia...... 19. 13 
Merculieff, Dosofey.....-... 39. 82 Shane, Michael............ 40. 25 
Merculieff, Makary........ 39. 82 Zacharof, Emanuel........ . 45 
Merculieff, Mariamna...... 66. 33 —— 
Merculieff, Paul.A........ 15. 62 Total J20 42... bee 2, 726. 23 


2 Mother and daughter employed at the school. 
* Not living on island in 1921. 
"4 Deceased; estate undivided. 


ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1921, 57 


PAYMENTS FOR TAKING SEALSKINS. 


Following the plan of preceding seasons, funds for paying certain 
persons engaged in sealing operations at the Pribilofs in 1921 were 
advanced by the Fouke Fur Co. and the firm was duly reimbursed 
from the proceeds of the sale of the dressed and dyed skins. Under 
this arrangement the funds were deposited in a Seattle bank to the 
credit of the bureau’s authorized and bonded agent at the Pribilofs, 
who issued checks against the deposit covering accounts payable 
therefrom. 

The practice of paying the island natives for their labor in takin 
skins was continued. They were paid on the basis of 50 cents eac 
for skins taken during the summer season from seals up to and in- 
cluding the 6-year-old class, and $1 each for skins from seals of 7 
years and upward. No payments were made for labor in taking 
skins from seals killed in the fall season. 

Payments from funds advanced by the Fouke Fur Co. for sealing 
operations in the calendar year 1921 were as follows: 


Salaries of sealing assistants, St. Paul Island...............---..- $9, 332. 80 
Wages of Aleutian Islands natives at St. Paul Island.......-....- 11, 347. 47 
Amount earned by St. Paul natives 1921...............-.------- 9, 347. 00 
Amount earned by St. George natives 1921................25---- 2, 126. 00 

Lie” eps Leeann een rearrange, 32. 153, 27 


St. Paul Island—Of the 19,230 skins taken on St. Paul Island 
during the calendar year 1921, the native workmen received payment 
for 18,494 skins at the rate of 50 cents each, the other skins being 
from seals killed in the fall, for which payment was not made. The 
fund was divided among the participating natives according to 
their ability, as follows: 


Payments to St. Paul natives for sealing operations, calendar year 1921. 


. . Number] Share of é “ Number} Share of 
Classification. ag aa Total. Classification. chimenellaache Total. 
WMA CIASSE ne ae ot 27 | $243.00 $6,561.00 || Sixthclass............ 2 61. 00 122.00 
Second class. ......... 5 | 195.00 975.00 || Two foremen (addi- 
Thirdelass: 752242222 6 | 159.00 954. 00 tional compensation)).........)......-.- 100. 00 
Fourth class..........! 2| 122.50 245. 00 Se 
ith class.2552i05. 0% } 4 97. 50 390. 00 Potalenecen sane AGE owsecne 9, 347. 00 


St. George Island.—Of the 4,451 skins taken on St. George Island 
during the calendar year 1921 the natives received payment at the rate 
of 50 cents each for 4,044 and $1 each for 4 skins, the remainder of the 
take being from seals killed in the fall season. The resulting fund 
was divided among the natives who took part in the operations 
according to the extent and proficiency of their work, as follows: 


Payments to St. George natives for sealing operations, calendar year 1921. 


. Number] Share of , : Number| Share of 
Classification. pt minted, |. aunty: Total. Classification. of iter. est: Total. 
Hurst class... ...3-sss00 17 $78 | $1,326 || Boys’ class............ 3 | 10 30 
Second class: 22556 6 63 378 || Two foremen (addi- 
Phird class. 4... 32.5. s<<4 4 51 204 tiona]compensation)|......... Bell ewe 100 
Fourth class.......... | 2 44 88 | —_—_—_—_ 


Totalice..seeene oN ai a | 2196 


58 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


PAYMENTS FOR TAKING FOX SKINS. 


Following the plan of the past seasons, natives at the Pribilofs were 
paid for their labor in taking fox skins during the winter of 1920-21 
on the basis of $5 for each sin secured. The funds are credited to 
each community as a whole and are later divided among the partici- 
eens workmen according to the extent and skill of their work. On 

t. Paul Island 136 skins were taken, resulting in a total credit of $680 
to be divided among 35 men. On St. George Island 1,003 skins were 
obtained, making a total credit of $5,015 to be divided among 30 men. 
These sums were paid from the proceeds of the sale of skins in Sep- 
tember. 

CENSUS. 


The annual census of native inhabitants of the Pribilof Islands was 
taken, in pursuance of custom, as of March 31, 1921. The 14 natives 
of St. Paul Island residing elsewhere, as stated in the census of March 
31, 1920, have taken up permanent residence at Unalaska and do not 
intend to return to the Pribilofs. A native boy, son of one of these 
families, who is attending school at Chemawa, is also, therefore, 
dropped from the St. Paul records. There are restored to the record 
two natives of St. Paul at Salem Indian Training School who were 
inadvertently omitted from the tabulation appearing in the preceding 
published report. Details of the census appear in the following 
statement: 


Recapitulation of census of natives, Pribilof Islands, March 31, 1921. 
St. Paul Island: 


Resident ‘population Mar 31) 2920N T20. 210. . SOMES | OME). ee ee 188 
Births in year ended Mar. 31, 1921. .............---7WOLLOE 28 . Yee 12 
200 
Arrivals in year (from St.George Island)...--.....__._... =. - = 2 
202 
Denths19, Years cedien fea qataes oon dcalbe so - cechow eran eee ee 5 
197 
Departures in year, permanent (to Unalaska)...........-...-----------+++-- 5 
192 
Departures in year, temporary (to Unalaska)...............-.----------2--- 4 
Total ative resident populauion Mar. $1 JO2)s oo. spn pee erga 188 
Natives at Salem Indian Training School, Chemawa, Oreg......-..-.------- 5 
Others temporarily residing elsewhere...........---.--.---------+----+-+-2+-- 4 
Total natives accredited to St. Paul Island.........-.------.-------- 197 

St. George Island: 
Resident population Mar) 31, 1020.0 oso. 3.2200 soko =~ ge ee 128 
Births'tn ‘year ended Mar ar gee eS awa te ncn ceees e+ s+ ++ os came 6 
134 
Arrivals'in year (irom Usielaska)-”..-. 4 ./205.. .. ee.) aemde.---2uecenees 1 
135 
Denis Dy Bar es oe eee eae 8 cube a 6 oAiae ne a aida e rim = 4 95) 3cie er 10 


ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1921. 59 


3 
Total native resident population Mar. 31, 1921...........-...--.------- 122 
Natives at Salem Indian Training School, Chemawa, Oreg...........-.------ 2 
Total natives accredited to St. George Island.....................--- 124 

Both islands: 
Total residend,population Mat. 31; 2921. 2...\.. - teen: sebasllo 2): |. 2 310 
Total natives temporarily residing elsewhere......-..-.------------------- 11 
Grand total natives accredited to Pribilof Islands.................--------- 321 


FUR-SEAL HERD. 
QUOTA FOR KILLING. 


On May 31, 1921, recommendation was made to the Secretary of 
Commerce regarding the number of seals which might be authorized 
for killing at the Pribilof Islands during the calendar year 1921, and 
the following quota was approved: 


Quota of seals for killing on Pribilof Islands in 1921. 


St. 
Age class. St. Paul. George Total 
POET) TNE nae ae i erepeaag kad as Saale Wie Sl ene ied Lage. bea mI peer 22,100 3, 750 25, 850 
BEVOAT“OLUS eset nt aie See enh me cea eyes Se meet eeeacese este 3,000 450 3, 450 
PeVORE-OlOS = Sense ee cece sn Semen cep ate Sateen gee ceceme ese tetas nase 600 100 700 
Motel’ <2 Ss2iocceee ase nes cob ees adam nee enme tessa essen 25, 700 4,300 30, 000 


Previous killings had reduced the number of surplus larger seals 
sufficiently close to the reserves required by law and necessary as a 
safe margin to furnish adequate breeding strength. Consequently 
this class was not drawn upon for further killings. 

The bureau’s representatives at the Pribilof Islands were given 
instructions that the above figures were subject to revision if condi- 
tions observed at the islands during the course of operations should 
make a change necessary. As the season advanced it was found that 
seals of the 5-year-old class did not appear on the rookeries in numbers 
that were to be expected. Approval was received from the Secre- 
tary of Commerce to discontinue the killing of 5-year-olds on July 19, 
1921. 

A change in the length of the regular summer killing season was 
approved by the Secretary of Commerce on June 4, 1921.. Killings 
were discontinued with the close of business August 5, instead of 
August 10, as heretofore. This change was desirable on account 
of the fact that the number of cows appearing in the drives in the 
latter part of the season is abnormally heavy. 


KILLINGS OF SEALS. 


The total number of seals killed on both islands during the calendar 
year 1921 was 23,681. Details regarding the killings are shown 
in the table below. | j 


60 


U~. 


S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


St. Paul Island.—A total of 53 drives during the period June 2 
‘to November 26, inclusive, secured 19,230 seals on St. Paul Island 
This includes a few odd skins of 


durin 
seals 

St. George Island.—On St. George Island 31 drives were made 
from June 8 to November 19, inclusive, and 4,451 seals were secured. 


the calendar year 1921. 


led for food of watchmen at various times. 


Seal killings on Pribilof Islands in 1921. 
ST. PAUL ISLAND. 


Serial Skins Serial 
Date. | No. of Hauling ground. se- Date. | No. of Hauling ground. 
drive cured. drive. : 
May 30 |.....--. Vostochinis = S265 4s 12 || July 18 28 | Zapadni and Little 
June 2 1 | Sea Lion Rock...-.-.-.... 136 Zapadni. 
Listes Willen saase Viostoehnis sf = ce nar 11 || July 19 29) \Gorbatch<2-e- = cheeses 
June 11 7 a ener Ose tere ceee sean 109 || July 20 30: | Tolstol: 5-2 =. -2-- seats 
Jum6s21! 323552 |-eese Gos sve 525 tte 11 Doi -22 31 | bukanin sic tetas ee 
June 24 3) | LaDBanl = nescence 304 || July 21 32)\| eek. 222-4. coeee eee 
June 25 4 | Vostochniand Morjovi- 707 || July 23 33 | Vostochniand Morjovi . 
June 27 5 | Reefand Gorbatch..... 433 || July 24 34.|Polovina-2et .s tie. cee 
June 28 6 Tolstola. 6 oe bes. ss 488 || July 25 35 | Zapadni and Little 
June 29 7 | Polovinaand Polovina 368 Zapadni. 
Cliffs. July 26 36} Gorbatch?224. et Ae 
June 30 8.| Gorbateh.-3-¢). 22. sere 265 Do.. 3%) Weeks =. -a-c- aco 
Dok ..2 Qi *Zapadmitii lites? . us. 284 || July 27 38 ‘| Rolstoigss0.¢ fe. rahi tt 
July 2 10MM Mostochni=s © eas oe 275 DOsyce 39 | Lukanin and Kitovi. .. 
Dos. Ail ae Morjovis 222525. = 3555; 456 || July 29 40 | Vostochniand Morjovi - 
July 5 12.| Zapadn. sande ee 580 || July 30 41 | Little Zapadni-......... 
Dow 13 | Little Zapadni........- 219 Dos amiwZapadnit \).-2...22.228 
July 6 140 DOStOl es cec cena esac 287 || Aug. 1 43.\_Gorbatch anes 
iD see te pal pel 8 dag Le Yah pe een 36 Worers 4a) | Reel. .6 cst cellos eee 
July 7 16 | Polovina, Polovina 254 || Aug. 2 45 | Tolstoiand Lukanin.... 
| Cliffs,and Little Polo- DorEs 46 | Vostochniand Morjovi - 
| vina. Aug. 3 AT |, Zapadiiesse- eee eee 
July 8 i7-\-Gorbatehs--ss22se2-2 1,276 Dorzes 48 | Little Zapadni 
Dose) I SNIGRCR LS caus Je <2 weet cs 577 || Aug. 4 49 | Gorbatch......-. 
July 10 19) |p Vostochinins. 2 2s. 694 Dees. 50 nl ee ar ee 
July 11 20 | -Motjowi <. ...t 22... -240 = 8500 ||" Octs Silane Fast Landing... 
July 13 PALA obo): Ghia arses pe peaetrie epee 324 || Oct. 20 Bl” Gorbatel.-.----- sseeeee 
July 14 22 | GOGRBLGR Ot orien non 1,027 || Nov. 8 52 | Viostochnit. -... "2 - eee 
July 15 25) (RIOR | Seeerict aes eee 130 || Nov. 26 Bil SPE Co a peep yaya oe. = 
Dod. 7 MET BF ie ah oP Se er ee ee 56-||-Dee.-- 6-|sescocsafeez G0... s ss eeeeseess 
Dols22 25 I MRGISLOMY Seicine sania Sale rte ee Bllasceraerte Miscellaneous during 
July 17 26 | Vostochni..........--.- 543 year. 
Woz. 24. MONIGVI oc sats cee e 431 Motal §.. -onf doses 
ST. GEORGE ISLAND. 
June 8 at? | Northei- i. sissies 3 || July 23 19PP\Aapadnil: LOS ISIS. 2% 
Do... 2 | Staraya Artil........... 3 || July 25 20 | North and Staraya 
June 13 Bye Bast- Olitise. 32 7 be 19 Artil. 
June 15 4:)) North... .32.- spo0457sep 83 || July 27 21 | East Cliffs and East 
June 21 5| North and Staraya 84 eef. 
Artil. - July 29 22| North and Staraya 
June 24 6 | Northand East Cliffs... 98 Artil. 
June 27 7 | Staraya Artil........... 148’ || July 30°).---222- Zoe i OR rec 
June 29 8 | North, East Cliffs, and 257 || Aug. 1 23 | North, East Cliffs, and 
East Reef. East Reef. 
June 30 9) | Aapadniess¢ 2f5. 238-0 71 || Sept. 13 |........ North? i OSI SII LF. 
July 2 10} North and _ Staraya 188 || Oct. 20 7 eae G02: Socata ees 
Artil. Oct, 21 Obi) St RRC ea c cece mec 
July. 5 11 | Northand East Cliffs... 123 || Oct. 26 26 it Norths + . gis. een ack 
July 7 12. |) @apaani...-- 0. aeons. 44°" \( (Oty eo sels cons Zapagni. x... 7-6... 
July 9 13 | Staraya Artil........... 83 Do. tft BY) Hast Civfis!...£82). 0024 
July 11 14 | North, Fast Cliffs, and 728 || Noy. 3 28 | North and Staraya 
Fast Reef. Artil. 
July 13 15 | NorthandStaraya Artil 154 || Nov. 7 99 | Bast Reefxs. ..i34...92 
July 16 16 | Fast Cliffs and East 144 || Noy. 10.|.9.-.-. INIOD URE cies ata « apa. 
Reef. Noy. 17 30 | Northand East Cliffs. . - 
July 18 17 sah eet and Staraya 508 || Nov. 19 31 | Zapadnin +. .+...¢upee- 
rtil. 
July 20 18 | North, East Cliffs, and 269 Total....... waists 
Kast Reef, 


1Seals killed for natives’ food. 
2 Seal found dead on beach. 


3 Injured seal found during pup count. 


4 Seal killed for fox food. 


’ Only 1 seal secured; killing not numbered, 


ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1921. 61 


AGE CLASSES OF SEALS. 


As in previous years the seals killed were classified in accordance 
with the standards of sizes obtained from measurements of seals 
branded in 1912. The limits for the various age classes determined 
Saree measurements of such animals of defin itely known ages are as 
ollows: 


Age standards of body lengths of seals, Pribilof Islands. 


| 
Lengths of | Lengths of Lengths of | Lengths of 
Age. summer fall Age. summer fall 

seals. seals. seals. seals. 

Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. 
Wearlsnps: 2222022 722 Up to 36.75 |Up to 38.75 || 4-year-olds.-............... | 46 to 51.75 | 48 to 53.75 
2-year-olds> <.<.5.555-.-i/s- 37 to 40.75 | 39 to 42.75 || 5-year-olds..........-...-.- 52 to 57.75 | 54 to 59.75 
OVCRI-MNOS sass cnc deca 41 to 45.75 | 43 to 47.75 || 6-year-olds................- | 58 to 63.75 | 60 to 65.75 


Ages of seals killed on Pribilof Islands, calendar year 1921. 


Summer Fall 
(Jan. 1 to Aug. 5). (Aug. 6 to Dec. 31). 
Grand 
Age. 2 o a a total. 
Paul. George. Total. Paul. George. Total. 

BIA Ma esther css x. Se Bain cre Seles «5 nian Sate atcie's «= TOS Bas sacs Lb os ca sae Rowe sic |aeetecen 10 
CAT OE GC Se ES SE ey eae 222 21 243 38 13 51 294 
Ho 1 Semen eter rams ie pace a Shelege mea | 16,183 | 3,347 | 19,530 672 365 | 1,037! 20,567 
Pybes-oldsa at =; i saset 2. eau) - 2 oper 5). Saget 15798 €09 | 2,404 2 13 15 |, 2,419 
PVCS suerey Bsa. aE ee 2h as wiayo geiko a wie'| 243 47 24, V4 Ye ea 10 10 300 
REE RIROU Sap ee sem Se ts Sosa 9 2 Ide tee ae son oeeiasrees|eeeeecss 11 
BEYERT-NOS ANG GVEL. 255. e 502 =~ - Sate ae «le ee 2 2 Boece aad ee eee swe aes 4 
Urge Ge Sere Lol al aE eo etn a Wea 48 20 68 | 6 2 8 76 
GT eR A Sel ne Riedie Sie eat AES Se 18,512 | 4,048 | 22,560 | 718 | 403 | 1,121 | 23,681 


1 The few cows reported above, about one-third of 1 per cent of the total taken, were accidentally and 
unavoidably killed. Every possibie effort is made to avoid the killing of cows, but persons familiar with 
conditions at the islands will readily appreciate that cnce in a great while a cow is killed. 


BRANDED SEALS. 


This class of seals has furnished and will continue to furnish a large 
amount of valuable data concerning seals of known ages. Sufficient 
numbers have been killed each year so that the limits of the body 
lengths of yearlings, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 year old seals have been de- 
termined. While occasionally seals will be found whose length 
will exceed the limits established, the data secured fulfill all practical 
Rurposes- Two of the seals branded as pups in 1912 were killed on 

t. George Island in the calendar year 1921. They were, of course, 
9 years old. <A record of those killed in each year is published in 
the Annual Report of the Alaska Fisheries and Fur Industries for 
that year. 


Records of branded 9-year-old male fur seals killed on Pribilof Islands, calendar year 1921. 


Serial Date Car- Car- | Green | Trade 
No. of Island. cass cass skin |classifi- 
‘ofskin.| killing. weight. length. | weight.| cation. 
¢ Pounds.| Inches. |Pounds 
Guioe-=| SUL, LE (stee GOORSO ves tea sees e ceca st oeae saat wc eee ee ane os 413 78.5 44 | Wig. 
G6167..| July 20 /|..... Gorse So. 24g Lee ois wtgSS 38K - tech: =e 305 79 41 | Wig. 


| 
1Seals were bled before being weighed. 


62 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


CENSUS. 


The annual census of the fur-seal herd was taken in the summer of 
1921. The report, by Edward C. Johnston, is printed in full on 
pages 78 to 85. The increase in the size of the areas covered by 

reeding seals has made it more and more difficult to secure an accu- 
rate census. 

On Reef rookery, St. Paul Island, two counting towers were erected 
before the seals arrived in the spring. These counting towers were 
built in the form of a tripod with the apex about 24 feet above the 
ground. A runway, 6 feet in height, extended from the tripod to 
the rear of the rookery, providing a safe means of reaching the tripod. 
The counting towers were placed just above the high-water mark on 
the beach and within the area occupied by the breeding seals. From 
the top of the towers the observer was able to get an unobstructed 
view of all the breeding seals and was not forced to divide his atten- 
tion between the movements of dangerous bulls and the work in 
hand. The experiment has proved successful, and additional count- 
ing towers will Me erected in 1922. 

The following is a comparative statement of the numerical strength 
of the various elements of the herd in the years 1912 to 1921, 
inclusive: 


General comparison of recent censuses of the seal herd on Pribilof Islands. 


Classes. 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 
1,403 | 1,559) 2,151 | 3,500] 4,850] 5,344] 5,158] 4,066] 3,909 
92,269 | 93,250 |103,527 |116,977 |128,024 |142,915 |157,172 |167,527 | 176,655 

Leer dae ir aepioees bongs Going bee =? val eon lft is TS 8,977 | 17,110 | 9,619 | 6,115 i 
ull Fe 105 172 673 | 2,632 | 2,706 | 2,444] 2,239] 1,161 747 
Young bulls (chiefl 

5-year-olds) ....... 199 259.4) 51, 658.) -acok 2 ase dla aecink | -emcelhm 4] anienieteis ieee aeeieeiee = 
G-weat-olgemalescc cel eer cel aa se sasrlbieet cae |sbemece 11,167 | 15,397 | 13,755 | 8,991 | 4,153] 3,991 
B-year-old mates. 5 s|--1 saber |p dete cee] osseice mee 11,271 | 15,494 | 14,813 | 11,941 | 5,282] 5,007| 4,729 
4-year-old males..... 100 | 2,000] 9,939 | 15,848 | 15,427 | 16,631 | 7,114] 5,747] 5,667] 6,780 
3-year-old males..... 2,000 | 10,000 | 13,880 | 18,282 | 19,402 | 19,507 | 9,117 | 13,596 | 10,749 | 14,668 
2-year-old males... .. 11,000 | 15,000 | 17,422 | 23,990 | 24,169 | 26,815 | 30,159 | 33,081 | 39,111 | 41,893 
Yearling males...... 13,000 | 20,000 | 23,068 | 30,307 | 33,645 | 38,013 | 41,595 | 46,444 | 51,074 | 50,249 
2-year-old cows...... 11,000 | 15,000 | 17,422 | 23,990 | 24,245 | 26,917 | 30,415 | 33,287 | 39,480 | 43,419 
Yearling cows....... 13,000 | 20,000 | 23,067 | 30,306.| 33,646 | 38,018 | 41,608 | 46,447 | 51,081 | 54,447 
Paps Ce, Ae 81,984 | 92,269 | 93,250 |103, 527 |116,977 |128,024 |142,915 |157,172 |167,527 | 176,655 
ORE Nee ee 215,738 |268, 305 |294,687 |363, 872 |417,281 |468,692 |496, 432 |524, 235 |552,718 | 581,443 


SPECIMENS FOR SCIENTIFIC PURPOSES. 


Upon request of the Colorado Museum of Natural History, Denver, 
Colo., skins from one adult bull, two cows, and three pups were 
shipped to the museum. Two of the pups were found dead on St. 
Paul Island, and the remainder were found dead on St. George 
Island. The collection was appraised at $39, which was paid by the 
museum, and the amount in full was deposited in the United States 
Treasury. 

FOXES. 


Although the fur seals are the most important feature of the 
bureau’s activities on the Pribilof Islands, the blue-fox herd is rap- 
idly increasing in size and value. When commercial sealing was 
resumed in 1918 fox food, which had been insufficient during 


i ces 


ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1921, 63 


the close season, was provided in ample quantities. The fox herd 
immediately began to recuperate, until in the season 1920-21 the 
total catch amounted to 1,125 blues and 14 white foxes, which 
brought to the Government the sum of $109,398. With regard to 
the operations on St. George Island during the season 1920-21, the 
following extract is quoted from the report of Storekeeper Edward 
C. Johnston: ; 


Traps.—During the past season foxes were trapped at three places on the island: 
(a) In the large trap on the beach near the village; (b) in the wire cage at Zapadni; 
(c) in the village itself by means of string or noose traps. A single unsuccessful attempt 
was made to take foxes at Garden Cove with string nooses. 

In the hope of making the large trap near the village more efficient, a second cage or 
trap proper was built on the west end of the house, duplicating in size and construction 
the one on the east end. That our hopes were realized is proved by the fact that on 
several nights, with both traps operating, every fox caught was captured in the new 
cage. In the absence of lumber on the station a retaining room was built in the west 
end of the fox house with heavy wire fencing. 

The kench in which it has been customary to place fox food for immediate use was 
placed entirely outside the fox house, thereby eliminating from the skinning room a 
very disagreeable stench. 

Weather.—The fall and winter of 1920 were exceptionally stormy, and cold weather 
arrived early. Light snowfall came in September, and in the latter part of November 
a heavy fall of snow occurred. Beaches also froze up in November. Had it not been 
necessary to take care of the station supplies landed November 25, trapping could 
have been commenced a week earlier. Floating ice surrounded the island twice 
during the season. Fine trapping weather continued until about February 10, 1921, 
when the mid-winter warm spell, which usually comes early in January, caused the 
skins to become unprime. 

Feeding.—On November 4 the feeding of foxes was started. Twenty seal carcasses 
(about 500 pounds) proved to be sufficient to satisfy the herd. Thirty carcasses (750 
pounds) were put out at various times but were never cleaned up over night. After 
the trapping was completed about half of the remaining food was placed on the beach 
and when it had been eaten the rest was cleaned out. There was ample food to last 
until the migratory birds began to arrive in the spring. 

Trapping operattons.—Trapping began December 1 and continued until February 25. 
The first two trappings at the village were made between the hours of 1 and 3 in the 
afternoon, netting 156 and 155 skins, respectively. The third trapping brought 156 
skins in 4 hours (1 to 5 p. m.), and the fourth brought 126 skins in 44 hours (3 to 
7.30 p.m.) and 44 animals were released. In 124 hours trapping, therefore, 637 animals 
were caught. 

All-night trapping was resorted to only 11 times. During the night trapping a kill- 
ing was made at midnight. On two nights at Zapadni and one at the village no foxes 
were caught. On February 9 killing was discontinued on account of unprimeness of 
the skins. There remained, however, 23 pairs of breeders to secure. -By February 
25 these were obtained. ‘ 

Low tides and south winds were responsible for the small catches. A low tide at 
night, provided foxes can reach the beach, will uncover sufficient sea food to keep 
the foxes from seeking food in the traps. A southerly wind blowing offshore from the 
trap carries the scent of food away from the land and causes a small catch. An east 
or northeast wind is most desired for trapping on St. George Island. 

A trial of one night was made to catch foxes at Garden Cove but without success. 
The trap at Zapadni did not meet expectations. In 21 nights of trapping there 39 
foxes were killed and 28 released for breeding purposes—a total of 67—which is just 
one-half the number handled last season in 20 nights. The fox food at Zapadni must 
necessarily be put out unfreshened. The writer spent a night at Zapadni and saw 
foxes enter the trap, sniff at the meat, and go away without touching it. The only 
fresh water available in winter is melted ice or snow. The large catch at Zapadni in 
1920 may have been due to the fact that in the fall of that year a whale was washed 
ashore there, attracting to that vicinity of the island large numbers of foxes which 
probably frequented that place during the rest of the winter. 

String traps were used in the village at various times, netting about 80 foxes. These 
foxes very seldom go to the large trap on the beach. 

The present building in which the fox skins are cleaned, stretched, and dried will 
permit but 156 skins to be handled at one time. When trapping conditions are good, 


4562°—22——5 


64 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


therefore, the catch must be limited to that number. The construction of the new 
shop which will soon be completed provides large space for the handling and care of 
fox skins. With ample room to take care of a large number of skins it should be 
possible to secure most of the catch early in the season and to take full advantage of 
any good trapping period. The results should be better skins, less night trapping, 
and, in seasons when warm weather occurs in January, a larger catch. 

Weights.—The maximum weights of blue foxes killed was 22 pounds for the 
males and 19 pounds for the females. The average weight was 12.77 pounds for the 
males and 9.92 pounds for the females. The maximum weights of blue foxes released 
for breeding purposes was 28 pounds for the males and 18 pounds for the females. 
The average weight was 14.04 pounds for the males and 11.22 pounds for the females. 
Of all animals caught the average weight for males was 13.17 pounds and for females 
10.35 pounds. The average weight of all classes was 11.79 pounds. 

Breeding reserve.—In selecting breeders attention was first paid to the color and con- 
dition of the fur. Middle-aged animals were released in preference to the very old 
or very young, provided they were in good physical condition. Minimum weights 
for released animals were set at 11 pounds for the males and 84 pounds for the females. 
Unless the foxes near these weights were exceptionally fine they were killed. 

Two hundred and forty pairs plus two males were released. As it is the intention 
to increase the breeding reserve as far as possible, there should be released during the 
season 1921-22 at least 260 pairs. With the present supply of food, sufficient breed- 
ing foxes could be maintained on the island to produce at least 1,500 skins. About 
2,000 seal carcasses were sufficient for the foxes in the past season. 

It is recommended that the breeding reserve to be released during the season 
1921-22 be not less than 260 pairs. 


TRAPPING SEASON OF 1921-22, 


‘ 


During the season of 1921-22 a total of 712 blue foxes and 21 white 
foxes were killed. Of this number 138 blues and 21 whites were 
taken on St. Paul Island and the remaining 574 blues on St. George 
Island. There were reserved on St. George Island 231 males and 
221 females for breeding purposes. The total number handled on 
both islands was 1,185 animals. Trapping conditions on St. George 
Island were poor. Warm weather and exceptionally high seas com- 
bined to provide such a large amount of beach food that the animals 
could not be induced to come to the trap. The unfavorable weather 
ee undoubtedly also affected adversely the take on St. Paul 

sland. 


SALE OF LIVE FOXES. 


In accordance with arrangements made by the Bureau of Biological 
Survey during the summer of 1921 four pairs of live blue foxes from 
St. George Island were delivered in September to Donald H. Steven- 
son, fur warden of that bureau at Unalaska, as agent for purchasers 
who desired to stock islands which they held under lease in the 
Aleutian Islands Reservation. Those obtaining foxes were as fol- 
lows: L. A. Lavigne, lessee of Unalga Island, one pair; Unalaska 
Native Brotherhood, lessees of Avatanak Island, one pair; and N. E. 
Bolshanin, lessee of Kavalga and other islands, two pairs. The pur- 
chasers supplied shipping cases, and transportation was furnished 
by the Coast Guard cutter Bear at the risk of purchasers. All the 
animals were received at Unalaska in good order and were promptly 
placed on the islands under lease. Sales were made at the rate of 
$88.12, the average price received at the last preceding sale of Pribilof 
fox skins. Out of the proceeds the natives were paid a total of $40, 
or $5 each for labor in securing the eight animals. The net proceeds 
of $664.96 were turned into jhe United States Treasury. 


U. S. B. F.—Doc. 933. 


FIG. 18.—BLUE FOXES ON ST. GEORGE ISLAND. 


FIG. 19.—A SEASON’S TAKE OF BLUE FOX SKINS ON ST. GEORGE ISLAND. 


ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1921. 65 


REINDEER. 


The 40 reindeer that were brought to the Pribilof Islands in August, 
1911, to provide a source of fresh meat for the Government employees 
and natives have increased to over 400 animals, an average annual 
increase of over 25 per cent. The herds have become so large and 
wild that it is difficult to make an accurate count of the different 
classes of animals. A conservative estimate at the end of the cal- 
endar year 1921 showed that there were 250 animals in the St. Paul 
herd and 160 animals in the St. George herd. A total of 53 animals 
was killed for food, 19 of which were used on St. George Island. 


Reindeer herd on the Pribilof Islands, 1911-1921. 


St. Paul Island. St. George Island. Grand total. 
Year. | Total, | Killed Total, | Killed | 5,14 of| Killed 
Adults.| Fawns.| end of in Adults.| Fawns.) end of in ae in 
year. | year. year. | year. | Y°@!: | year 
WOT SST AGRE ZG EWE Ie 204 lens «see 2 AWS ST. 2G bb) ee Ee See 40) a feose. 
1 DS ee oe 323 17 Cl eee oe 214 11 DASE Sass GO | Fens 
TMK Lae 2 a eee ae 434 18 Dlaglasewesk 525 13 Sed eee de lad cg ae ed 
OTM. EL. cee ee 651 24 75 dba-@ se =. 737 21 1%. iy he Webel he. 
ees on =e) Se oe ena 65 27 QO Nam aimeratsis 44 18 O2p le eo. 154 ee 
BOMBER Te. SLELOS12ch. S09. PAE dk TL IFT (220.244 31 85 196 
IOt eo <- Sot Lee 105 39 aE oa | ena a 70 26 96 0 3 
Potacee es. Seeost eee 120 40 TOON #8 Dl eterno <a eee 114 18 274 20 
DOTS ease me coe alas Soca bate acnw ad 164 AA ck eRe. Fe aires 123 22 287 36 
ae eee ok alae cepa a lesip ote Sa 192 Bday |late ete el sigetlaielcts 125 31 317 
MOP ee a8 SF. Fei ee 2k ft Sad 250 SRE SEL bcos 160 19 410 53 
121 females. 3 20 females. 521 females. 7 26 females. 
212 females. 425 females. 6 36 females. 


PRIBILOF FUR-SEAL SKINS. 
SHIPMENTS. 


Three shipments of sealskins were made from the Pribilof Islands 
in the calendar year 1921. The first of these was made up of 291 
skins in 9 barrels from St. Paul Island and 3,295 skins in 74 barrels 
from St. George Island, these being all of the skins remaining on the 
islands from the 1920 take. The shipment left the islands June 18 
on the U. S. S. Saturn and was forwarded from Bremerton, Wash., 
on July 13 by freight via Northern Pacific to Billings and Chicago, 
Burlington & Quincy to St. Louis. The shipment was received at 
its destination July 31. 

On August 13 the U. S. S. Saturn left the Pribilof Islands with 
9,063 skins in 156 barrels from St. Paul Island and 2,207 skins in 
45 barrels from St. George Island. The shipment was forwarded 
from Seattle on August 27 by freight via Northern Pacific to Billings 
ay Chicago, Burlington & Quincy to St. Louis, arriving Septem- 

er 7. 

A third shipment was made on the Coast Guard cutter Bear Sep- 
tember 15, consisting of 9,450 skins in 152 barrels from St. Paul 
Island and 1,841 skins in 32 barrels from St. George Island. It was 
forwarded October 6 from Seattle via Northern Pacific to Billings 
rity Chicago, Burlington & Quincy to St. Louis, and arrived Octo- 

er 16. 


66 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


Six specimen skins were also shipped during the year to the Colo- 
rado Museum of Natural History at Denver. Four of these were 
from St. George Island and were transported on the U. S. 8. Saturn 
on its August trip. The other two were from St. Paul Island and 
were brought down on the Coast Guard cutter Unalga in October. 


SALES. 


Three sales of dressed, dyed, and machined fur-seal skins from the 
Pribilof Islands were held in St. Louis, Mo., during the calendar year 
1921. In all, 30,958 skins were sold at auction for $1,049,176. The 
table below gives the details regarding the prices secured for 
each lot of skins at each of the sales, and the table on page 70 is a 
summary showing the prices obtained for the skins in the various 
trade classes and the percentages which the number of skins in these 
several classes bore to the totals in each sale. 

February 21, 1921.—At the first sale 10,120 skins were sold at auc- 
tion for $355,689. The highest price received was for a lot of 60 
skins which brought $61 each. The average price obtained was 
$35.15, a decrease of 52 per cent as compared with the last previous 
sale, May 10, 1920. 

May 23, 1921.—At the May sale 10,060 skins were sold for 
$359,715. The highest price received was for a lot of 60 skins which 
brought $58 each. The average price obtained was $35.76, an in- 
crease of 1? per cent over the February sale. 

September 28, 1921.—At the September sale 10,778 skins were sold 
for $333,772. The highest price received was for a lot of 60 skins 
which brought $55.50 each. The average price obtained was $30.97, 
a decrease of 13 per cent as compared with the May sale. At this 
sale an accumulation of 700 “‘culls and rejects”? was disposed of. 
These skins were obtained largely from the killings of large surplus 
bulls whose skins had been cut and scarred by fphtint on the rook- 
eries. They brought an average of $1.68 each. The low average of 
all skins sold is accounted for by the inclusion of the ‘culls and 
rejects”’ in, the figures. 


Sales of dressed, dyed, and machined Pribilof fur-seal skins at St. Louis, Mo., 1921. 
SALE OF 10,120 SKINS, FEBRUARY 21, 1921. 


Nu Price Num- Price 
Lot Trade Total for |} Lot Trade Total 
No Lied ‘classification. | Pr lot. No. inate classification. | Poh | for lot. 

1 50 | Wigs $60. 00 , 000 14 80°} Large). ..-. Ji. $49.00 | $3,920.00 
2 BOM Sonne (ee he Se 58. 2, 900. 00 1 eee | ls RS a Fo 3, 840. 00 
3 50 | Wigs; cut, 16 BOA 2 do“. 72 49. 00 3,920. 00 
searred, etc..| 37.00 1, 850. 00 17 80 |....- dO. J. < scherae 46. 00 3, 680. 00 
4 60 | Extra extra 18 SU semets he ges = 46. 00 3,680. 00 
large.......-- 56.00.| — 3,360. 00 19 80 |..... adteee!... 47.00] 3,760.00 
5 (it) SER OQseeetewe 61. 00 3, 660. 00 20 SOs soos Gh ae 47. 00 3, 760. 00 

6 60 | Extra extra 21 80 | Large; cut, 
large; cut, scarred, etc..} 27.50 2, 200. 00 
scarred, ete..| 41,00 2, 460. 00 22 pC be QGien.-.-- 27. 00 2,160. 00 
7 70 | Extra large....} 55.00 3, 850. 00 23), Sp. .-e HOReLs38 28. 50 2, 280.00 
8 WO Newent Ors oe a 54.00 3, 780. 00 All eves BQ 4 ccee SLO N. - he cp 29. 01 2,320. 00 
9 TOA OO hey tL 57. 00 3, 990. 00 25 90 | Mediums...... 39. 50 3,555. 00 
10 70 |b 454 dpsn%-- 54.00 | 3, 780.00 6h) 9049.4 danse ted 40 3,600. 00 
11 70 | Extra large; 27 SO eee Orcas ane te 42.00 3, 780. 00 
| cut, scarred, 28 OT {Ie Govjiics.. 39. 50 3,555. 00 
a POUC Iw ecm eaten 31. 00 2,170. 00 29 OO ecw s GOwr.ccer ce 40. 00 3,600. 00 
12 SOM Sree. scat. 52.00 4, 160. 00 30 OM nee GOveeouacen 40. 00 3, 600. 00 
Sle MOL ate cc cKO wie ei tome 51. 00 4, 080. 00 31 90) cme G0vevectsne 40 3,645. 00 


ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1921. 67 


Sales of dressed, dyed, and machined Pribilof fur-seal skins at St: Louis, Mo., 1921— 
Continued. 


SALE OF 10,120 SKINS, FEBRUARY 21, 1921—Continued. 


Num- . Price Num- : Price 
Lot Trade classifi- Total for Lot Trade classifi- Total for 
No. Lite cation. eine ot. N Feral cation. fae lot 
32 90 | Mediums; cut, 95 SO Earget ss sceccce $48.00 | $3,840.00 
scarred, etc..| $30.00 | $2,700.00 96 SD esos Goss sror rs: + 50. 00 4,000. 09 
33 LU ei Gosssasssae 29. 00 2,610. 00 97 <2 Up hoe GOs 2s 5558 49. 00 3, 920. 00 
34 Ll hese ars ssksree 29. 00 2,610. 00 98 SD ae Pps Ias sss 50. 00 4,000.00 
35 60 | Small mediums} 36.00 2, 160. 00 99 80 eo. 4 aps sates 49. 50 3, 960. 00 
36 40 | Small me- 100 CU ee OSs ATS Ss. 50. 50 4,040.00 
diums; cut, 101 SDH ee Gl SE Sea 50. 00 4, 000. 00 
scarred, ete..| 27.00] 1,080.00 102 Spe oe dosssssss" 49.50! 3,960. 00 
37 SOT wigs seek 21. 00 1,050. 00 103 80 jlecees Gost siiy 50. 00 4, 000. 00 
38 d 825. 00 104 py neigh “0. beta senue 50. 00 2, 500. 00 
39 850. 00 105 133 been massacres 51. 50 1, 854. 00 
40 975. 00 106 80 | Large; cut, 
41 scarred, ete..| 27. 50 2, 200. 00 
107 d 28. 00 2, 240. 00 
1, 435. 00 108 30. 00 2, 400. 00 
42 1, 520. 00 109 30. 00 2, 400. 00 
483 110 29.00 | 2,320.00 
lll 28. 50 2, 280. 00 
112 29.50 2,360. 00 
1, 200. 00 113 30. 00 2, 400. 00 
44 500.00 || 114 29.50} 2,360.00 
45 375. 00 115 28. 50 2, 251. 50 
46 400. 00 116 40.50 | 3,645.00 
47 500. 00 117 41.00 | 3,690.00 
48 475. 00 118 40. 00 3, 600. 00 
49 450. 00 119 42.00 | 3,780.00 
51 2,775. 00 120 41.00 3,690. 00 
52 2,750.00 || 121 41.00 | 2,132.00 
53 2, 750. 00 122 90 | Mediums; cut, 
54 2, 800. 00 searred, etc..| 23.50 2,115. 00 
55 7 2,750. 00 123 CUP ee (6.0 eared hae 27.00 2, 430. 00 
56 50 | Wigs; cut, 124 Ola fe aarti. as8 27. 50 2,475. 00 
scarred, ete..| 35.00 1, 750. 00 125 90 ji. -25.4 Goer os 26. 50 2,385.00 
57 OD ie cin < Gol sae sats 32. 00 1,600. 00 126 TAWs amo GOre nace e 26.00 1, 924. 00 
58 60 | Extra extra 127 63 | Small me- ‘ 
Taree eee. es 51. 00 3, 060. 00 | aiums sos 37.00 2,331.00 
59 60 |....- aly’ 50.50}  3/030.00 | 128 72| Small me- ‘ 
60 GOW tects dott sete 48. 00 2, 880. 00 diums; cut, 
61 Gol... - BOvestet ied 50. 00 3,000. 00 | scarred, etc..} 20.50 1, 476. 00 
62 i. Ua epee One eee 50. 00 3, 000. 00 129 50 | III wigs 825. 00 
63 GO. a. CEP ade exper 48. 50 2,910. 00 130 5D lene. (0 0 ape Se 825. 00 
64 60, [- Sec + donne. ..- 47. 00 2, 820.00 131 OD fle cn a2 dos 625. 00 
65 GOL sec Osten es 47.50 2, 850. 00 132 50 fla. 23 do.. 625. 00 
66 GOP. oe -dO"27 2252" " 47.50 2, 850. 00 133 5D le cess do.. 625. 00 
47 GO. onc done Felee 47. 50 2, 850. 00 134 BU eee Os agama 625. 00 
68 GOA ere MOree ses 51. 50 3, 090. 00 135 60 | Ill extraextra 
69 ON ae oe Gore elee 51.50 3, 090. 00 darge.- 2222 02% 810. 00 
70 AB ole sees = GOs ees ce 54. 00 2,052. 00 136 60 alee. Gesu sscex's 840. 00 
71 SB obs ene ci frp ba ae 55. 00 2,090. 00 137 6D is esc (3 Coa a . ' 840.00 
72 60 | Extra extra 138 40 a2 ro See ea - 560. 00 
large; cut, 139 70 | IIL extralarge. I 945. 00 
scarred, ete..| 30.50 1, 830. 00 140 62 |....- 6 (1 eee 2 868. 00 
73 CU eeae Ps haba Bh 30. 50 1, 830. 00 141 80 | Iillarge 1, 000. 00 
74 (Oy Eee der cee 29. 50 1,770. 00 142 Wrls.ce cE eee ; 575. 00 
75 60, |. = - 2G Fetes ee 31. 50 1, 890. 00 143 Ce G0: sch ag 528.00 
“76 60/1. See = Go? faetca.: 29. 50 1,770.00 144 90 | I1t mediums. . 1,080. 00 
77 ne aie ape 32.50 975.00 || 145 60 |..2.. das! 810. 00 
78 70 | Extra large....| 49.00 3, 430. 00 146 52 i\a 222 i a ee 702. 00 
79 CA ee Gta eT. 48. 00 3, 360. 00 147 27 | IIL small me- 
80 70 A. =o - (Lopes abe 49. 00 3, 430. 00 diums 351. 00 
81 TOW == = Bont eee ce 51. 50 3, 605. 00 148 50 | IV wigs........ 375. 00 
82 Dike bes = MOM ee eee 50. 00 3, 500. 00 149 OD (ie ee 16.3 A NP 350. 00 
8&3 i) EEE A lel del 51. 50 3, 605. 00 150 30 J..2.- GOn sac ascg 255. 00 
84 WOile =o, < (71 igh den td 50. 50 3, 535. 00 151 32 (|e -ee - dO). sccie 224.00 
85 Wp any « Cb peeked Bale 55. 00 3, 850. 00 152 56 | IV—41 extra 
86 Wele sex "il ysl laa 54. 00 3, 780. 00 extra large, 
87 53 (|e ois - BOs seen cece 53. 50 2, 835. 50 l5extralarge.| 8.50 476.00 
88 70 | Extra large; 153 60 | IV—23 large, 
cut, scarred, 37mediums..| 7.50 450. 00 
[=| fia elated ie 26. 00 1, 820. 00 154 51| IV—16 me- 
89 10 (| ap = 2Oeere oat 27. 00 1, 890. 00 diums, 35 
90 BOs = sa 6 1 pa ha 29. 00 2, 030. 00 small me- 
91 Wile es =< Cs ba pd i eal 31. 00 2,170. 00 IIMS Fee sa 7.00 357.00 
92 AOiclis = - Pa C0 altel a 31. 00 2, 170. 00 155 21 \\\SEins. 5... cecal) 4.00 84.00 
93 Woke az. - do2t.. ee 31. 00 2,170. 00 ——— —————— —_—___ 
94 2 Sul aga ca ta spel le 31. 00 1, 488. 00 LOS eee ais Fahy 355, 689, 00 


uous 


68 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


Sales of dressed, dyed, and machined Pribilof fur-seal skins at St. Louis, Mo., 1921— 
Continued. 


SALE OF 10,060 SKINS, MAY 23, 1921. 


Num- ‘ Price Num- : Price 
Lot Trade classifi- Totalfor || Lot Trade classifi- Total for 
ber of F er ber of : er 
No.| crins. cation. tal lot. NOW Hers il cation. ain! lot. 
1 DOT Wigs: wcorsese= $46.00 | $2,300.00 75 80 | Extra large, 
2 50 Yee 25 ADE oeacss = 42.00 2,100. 00 cut, scarred, 
3 50 few ain (5 Co fa gaa Arte 42.00 2, 100. 00 2) 1) Rea ayes $44.00 | $3, 520.00 
4 50 Hee oa. Goes aeee ce 41.00 2,050. 00 76 80 la- ci- 10 yap galling 44.00 3, 520. 00 
5 DO Walaa: dg! fae 44.00 2, 200. 00 77 80 jorae- Cc a) 44. 50 3, 560. 00 
6 50 js. .- rah cee Nia 45.00 2, 250.00 78 80 ile- 55. Ci ah ae 44. 00 3, 520. 00 
7 50) Ila eee Co a paige gers ee 45. 00 2, 250. 00 79 80 }2 2... QO teers a 45. 00 3, 600. 00 
8 50 ley ae rh arco ficiete LI 43.00 2, 150. 00 80 80!) |soa5 (0 a ehpagiane 44. 00 3, 520. 00 
9 50 er ae do Sess. 42.00 2,100. 00 81 80 | Large; cut, 
10 50 |....- rou fs 8 See 45. 00 2, 250. 00 searred, etc..| 34.00 2, 720. 00 
il 50 [n- ei- dplecscccc 47.00 2,350.00 82 GO!s.25-.5 34. 00 2, 720. 00 
12 BO" a nae Col ofa ya bigae 46.00 2, 300. 00 Baily i)! BO We ses GOs 2 22225) 33. 50 2, 680. 00 
13 El ethyl C6 0 Epa apy 46.00 2,300. 00 S05 4) 80 hana GOn ce code 34. 00 2, 720. 00 
14 OT ae ciel GOS. ee 47.00 2, 350. 00 SO) SO ee se saat ores 33. 50 2, 680. 00 
15 50 | Wigs; cut, BON Epp SOR! <3 GOs cree aa 34. 00 2, 720. 00 
scarred, etc..| 28.00 1, 400. 00 87 . 2, 720. 00 
16 d I 1, 450.00 88 2, 920..00 
17 1, 350. 00 89 2, 840. 00 
18 1,300. 00 90 2, 880. 00 
19 1,300. 00 91 2, 840. 00 
20 1, 300. 00 92 3, 330. 00 
21 1, 400. 00 93 3, 240. 00 
22 1, 400. 00 94 3, 060. 00 
23 1, 400. 00 95 3, 060. 00 
' 24 , 1,400.00 96 3, 105. 00 
25 1, 400. 00 97 3, 150. 00 
26 1, 400. 00 98 3, 105. 00 
27 1, 450. 00 99 3, 060. 00 
28 1, 500. 00 100 3, 150. 00 
29 60 | Extra ex- 101 3, 015. 00 
tralarge..... 54. 00 3, 240. 00 102 3, 105. 00 
30 CON re. Cr oa ee 56. 00 3,360. 00 103 3, 150. 00 
31 6) yee: dior fane7 ss" 53.00 3, 180. 00 104 3, 195, 00 
32 60 |S 2s: dose ssi° 55. 00 3, 300. 00 105 2, 970. 00 
33 GOES. dassees 327% 56. 00 3, 360. 00 106 3, 015. 00 
34 Gye ree Gl abet 56. 00 3,360. 00 107 3, 015. 00 
35 GON Ss 25 Cal ope bt 56. 00 3, 360. 00 JOS), SY (ODA). eka GOlrs cece ac 3, 015. 00 
36 Dh eee yess tA 58. 00 3, 480.00 LOO tat (Walken sGOte aos 3, 015. 00 
37 GO) et dol ee Les 57.00 3, 420. 00 LOM ar Gre ee GOL etn ee 2, 970. 00 
38 BO a eas, dows. 3328 56. 00 3, 360. 00 ITOLS et POD GOLPES: her : 2, 970. 00 
39 60! Extra ex- 112 Gorees= fe? 33. 00 2, 970. 00 
tralarge;cut, 113 90 | Mediums; cut, 
searred, etc..| 34.00 2,040. 00 scarred, etc..| 27.00 2, 430.00 - 
40 60. ea dots 43 hseo8) 35. 00 2, 100. 00 114 UD ee dorks 27. 50 2, 475. 00 
41 GONE eset do@zset2 233% 37. 00 2, 220. 00 115 Onis Stes dor ag ee 27.00 2, 430. 00 
42 Op ieee GorFss fae" 37.00 2, 220.00 116 GORE sen: Gost. - 230" 28. 50 2, 565. 00 
43 70 | Extralarge....| 48.00 3, 360. 00 117 CY Ot ep dosenae sick 27. 50 2, 475. 00 
44 AOS pee Deere 48.00 3, 360. 00 118 GONE ores GOs Seieet 27. 50 2, 475. 00 
45 Ue eee Gowesdss20%) 50. 00 3, 500. 00 119 GOT Aes dott tsces= 28. 50 2, 565. 00 
46 TONNES dosssy.: 50. 00 3, 500. 00 120 On tee. dor: 2222 28. 50 2, 565. 00 
47 YOUN ieee Gos sseene® 49.00 3, 430. 00 77 i thar eS 1) lgenapa Gol hansen 28. 50 2, 565. 00 
48 TON sre dossessmce6 49.00 3, 430. 00 122 90 | Smallmediums.| 27.00 2, 430. 00 
49 (Uh ee dofRi Arne. 49. 00 3, 430. 00 ag Onl crete uase sane 28. 00 2, 520. 00 
50 CL a tae doseasstace 50. 00 3, 500. 00 124 TO eres Goes eee 30. 00 2, 100. 00 
51 715) dozers 52932 51.00 3, 570. 00 125 80| Small me- 
52 Uo Eee dosssn2>>42 52. 00 3, 640. 00 diums; cut, 
53 70 | Extra large; Scarred, etc..| 25.00 2, 000. 00 
cut, scarred, 126 BD SLL wigs=252::.. 12. 50 625. 00 
33. 50 2, 345. 00 127 50 d 16. 00 800. 00 
54 34. 50 2, 415. 00 128 50 13. 50 675, 00 
55 35. 00 2, 450. 00 129 50 13. 00 650. 00 
56 36. 00 2, 520. 00 130 50 13. 00 650. 00 
57 41. 00 3, 280,00 || , 131 50 13. 00 650. 00 
58 42.00 3, 360. 00 132 50 13. 00 650. 00 
59 42.00 3, 360. 00 133 50 13. 50 675. 00 
60 43. 00 3, 440. 00 134 50 13. 50 675. 00 
61 43. 00 3, 440. 60 135 50 13. 50 675. 00 
62 42.00 3, 360. 00 136 50 13. 50 675. 00 
63 42.00 3, 360. 00 137 50 13. 50 675. 00 
64 43. 00 3, 440. 00 138 70 | I1I—20_ extra 
65 43. 00 3, 440. 00 large, 50 large.| 24. 50 1,715. 00 
66 43. 00 3, 440. 00 139 90 | Ili mediums...| 18.50 1, 665. 00 
67 44. 00 3, 520. 00 140 50 | IV wigs...:....| 4.50 225. 00 
68 44. 00 3, 520. 00 141 Spriestos Mosssses.2° 4. 50 225. 00 
69 44, 00 3, 520. 00 142 Spe sees Cassese see 5. 50 275. 00 
70 43. 00 3, 440. 00 148 iO eee Caras 22 <3 5. 50 275. 00 
71 43.00 | 3,440.00 || 144 Pee do:: 32:5 5.00 250. 00 
72 45.00 | 3,600. 00 eee —— 
73 45. 50 3, 640. 00 DUAL! 1 Rae fae | SM BS 359, 715. 00 
74 44. 00 3, 520. 00 


ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1921. 


69 


Sales of dressed, dyed, and machined Pribilof fur-seal skins at St. Louis, Mo., 1921— 


Continued. 
SALE OF 10,778 SKINS, SEPTEMBER 28, 1921. 
Num- P Price Num- . Price 

Lot Trade classifi- Totalfor | Lot | Trade classifi- 

No. pte cation. hea lot. No. | ae cation. ta 
1 BON WARS = s2ab ccc $36.00 | $1,800. 00 78 80 | Large .22.:.—< 4 $37. 50 
2 DOs. oe Oo cote 35. 00 1, 750. 00 79 80 fa LOS poten otal 37. 50 
3 5 1, 950. 00 80 80 eRe: (0 eee 37.50 
4 1, 800. 00 81 80 SARC Koyeeg pean 38. 00 
5 1,900. 00 82 BO} sm . des 723... 3 39. 00 
6 1, 800. 00 83 80 i. SOs so pronsets 38. 00 
7 1, 950. 00 84 80 EO stenate oh ares 38. 00 
8 1) 850. 00 85 SON un wale eee: 43. 00 
9 1, 750. 00 86 AD) | heen SUG Tas 39. 00 
10 1, 900. 00 87 80 | Large, cut..... 30. 00 
11 1, 950. 00 88 80 ae cro. ccaes 30. 00 
12 2, 050. 00 89 80 polls (oe eee tt 30. 00 
13 1, 900. 00 90 80 eres oacsee 30. 00 
14 1, 950. 00 91 80 2: OL Ocha cs 31.50 
15 1, 150. 00 92 80 a Osa sens 31. 50 
16 1, 150, 00 93 80 ante OS = oye" ters 31.00 
17 1, 150. 00 94 ed) ae eG beens 31. 00 
18 1, 250. 00 95 80 0 See eg 31.50 
19 1, 250. 00 96 80 MSS 6 Ce Paaiht eae he 31.50 
20 1, 225. 00 97 RD) Meee ton eee eeer a ST" 00 
21 1, 275. 00 98 80 BAO Shree | 31.50 
22 1,300. 00 99 60 S.aftOS>*s a0 oN 30. 50 
23 1,375. 00 100 90 | Mediums. ..... | 31.00 
24 1, 250,00] 101 SE Cyr 30. 00 
25 1,350. 00 102 90 RNG COP ps tegen 30. 50 
26 1,350.00} 103 60) (BEE. Ags atid 30. 00 
27 104 90 Sacto sess 4bee 30. 50 

3, 240. 00 105 90 tons see 8 5 30. 00 
28 3,120.00 | 106 60) [PUN dort) Dae) 30. 00 
29 3, 240. 00 107 90 . Osi ees 29. 50 
30 3, 120. 00 108 90) oe. dorcn-kn tht 29. 00 
31 3, 270. 00 109 0) (ee. oh ans 29. 00 
32 3, 240. 00 110 90 ei Jdotte: = 32 28. 00 
33 3, 330. 00 111 90 1. 2@xsssa2hee 29. 50 
34 3, 300. 00 112 90 BA AGRA 30. 00 
35 3,300. 00 113 GO) Psssho- thea 30. 00 
36 1,590.00} 114 90) [PEE Moi fie.) 29. 50 
37 115 90 aL idoe s)2 3228 30. 00 
1,980.00} 116 f 
38 2,070.00] 117 
39 2,160.00] 118 
40 : 2,190. 00 119 
41 70 | Extra large....| 42.50] 2'975.00} 120 
42 AO wtake doe 2. oe) P4800 3,010. 00 121 
43 i 3,115.00 | 122 
44 , 3,045.00} 123 
45 3,185.00] 124 . 
46 3,080.00] 125 90 |LOl “dol te ed 23. 50 
47 3, 360. 00 126 60 | Small mediums| 26.00 
48 3,220.00 | 197 60 08> dows: 112 27.00 
49 3, 290. 00 128 90 | Small _ medi- 
50 3, 430. 00 ums, cut.....| 20.00 
51 3,255.00] 129 50 | III wigs....... 16. 00 
52 3,325. 00 130 50 EskGowkl hog 15. 50 
53 3,325. 00 131 BO) RY. Oi ce 362 15. 00 
54 2,300.00} 132 50) Meer dose LLL 14. 50 
55 133 50) |S: 2504 eee ets 15. 50 
2,380.00] 134 BOREL: Idokk feat 16. 00 
56 2,345. 00 135 OO) LE dol uiw 22e) 15. 50 
57 2,380.00 136 50 240 OL UU LEE 15. 00 
58 2,345. 00 137 50 ioe (0 ate so 15. 50 
59 2, 415. 00 138 50 » = OGL See 16. 00 
60 3,400.00 | 139 BO) (Ms Ido.iieisued 16. 00 
61 3,280.00 | 140 BO |e dob. Meet 16.50 
62 3, 400. 00 141 44 | IlI—14 extra 
63 3, 280. 00 extra large, 
64 3, 160. 00 30extralarge| 20.00 
65 3, 200. 00 142 58 | IT large....... 16. 50 
66 3, 280. 00 143 66 | Il] mediums...| 15.00 
67 3, 120. 00 144 stig 8. 00 
68 3,120.00 | 145 8.00 
69 3, 040. 00 LAGI in dew OOS dO.. oe 6. 50 
70 3, 120. 00 V1 ORE; | ERPS Fs ea 7,00 
71 3,240.00 | 149 
72 3 080K 00» [r= =e [+a =| en fOOLBAcerrebne 2.00 
73 « 3) 040;'00)1}, 149.4. )|...: 2505.2 tdorg es 2.10 
74 ; 3,040.00] 149B | 100 |.....do......... 1.00 
75 (-[3 0 GOL. 2 =seeee 37. 50 33000; 00) | 149077" 1007 dom rere . 50 
76 BOGE cc 00-655 osee5 39. 00 3, 120. 00 
77 1 ee domn enter 39.00 | 3,120.00 | 10,778 


| 


Total for 
lot. 


UEESESESEESSSEEESESES 


a 
S sssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssessoosesecs 


nSESSS 


SS 


OOD ays 
ASSonS 


RVlH 


ss 


NNN Ne MeN Ne NR te Neng Ne NS Ne he Ne Ne Ng Ng Ne Ng Ne Ng whe Wha Whar ta WSs Ne Na Ne Ne Ne Ney te Ne 


en ee DOIN NNN DNR DN NNE NNN NN NNN NNO ow wooo 8 
or 
ou 


WOOOOOWaIM +) 


. 


SSSHSSES 


moooo 
@ 00 GO 
xs 


So 
Sor 


Ro RENN eRe Re toe ee 
2&8 


EB 
SNS 


BRSse 
Sssssss 


ww 


Uae Uae sacha |----on.-| 333,772.00 


70 


U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


Comparative values by sizes and grades with percentages each size, of Pribilof sealskins 


sold in 1921. 


€lasses and sales. 


Wigs: 


Heb. 21.25.55 


Large: 


Sept. 28....:. 


Small mediums: 


May 23, ca5e 


Sept. 28...... 
Odd skins: 


Sept. 28...... 


Allsales.... 


Total Per- 
Num-! 7; Aver- Aver- es 

’ } l. ‘ x 

Grade ber, | High.| Low age. Tota Aue age. Total price. put 
Tand II... 332 [860.00 /$55, 00 |856, 43.818, 735.00 
dut, ete...} 150 | 37,00 | 32.00 | 34.67 | 5,200. 00 

hi Spee | 500 | 21.00 | 12,50 | 15.70 | 7; 850. 00 js $24.72 | $35,689.00 | 14, 27 
FV sa 462 | 10.00 | 7.00| 8.45 | 3,904.00 
(and if.-| 700 | 47.00 | 41.00 | 44.36 | 31, 050.00 
‘J©ut, ete...| 700 | 30.00 | 26.00 | 27.79 | 19,450.00 

WEDE.---¥ 600 | 16.00 | 13,00 | 13.46 | 8,075. 00 pe 26.59 | 59,825.00 | 22,37 
LV 250 | 5.50 | 4.50| 5,00] 1,250.00 
pe Hagel | hanl a 

Lb respeatehel 60) - ' ' 5. 

TEs 600 | 16.50 | 14.50 | 15.59 | 9,350.00 |(2» 200 | 24.86 | 52,200.00 | 19, 49 

EV coc 200 | 8.00] 6.50} 738| 1,475.00 


land II...| 916 | 61.00 | 47.00 | 50,86 | 46, 592. 00 
Cut, etc...| 390 | 41.00 | 29,45 | 32,12 | 12,525, 00 
1 ied 265 | 20.50 | 13,50 | 14.99 3, 972, 50 
Li ek rk to ei ne 41} 8.50! 8.50} 8.50 "348, 50 
Land IT...| 600 | 58.00 | 53.00 | 55,70 | 38, 420. 00 
{ont etc...| 240 | 37.00 | 34.00 | 35.75 8, 580.00 
I and II...) 570 | 55.50 | 52.00 | 53,95 | 30,750, 00 


39, 35 63, 438.00 | 15.93 


840 | 50.00 42,000.00 | 8.35 


= 
for) 
= 
bo 


Cats sscs3 240 | 36.50 | 33.00 | 35,00 | 8,400.00 
102 eon Fs 14 | 20.00 | 20.00 | 20,00 280. 00 


TandII...| 963 | 57.00 | 48.00 | 52, 26 | 50,330, 50 
Cut, etce...| 538 | 31.00 | 26.00 | 29.57 | 15,908, 00 
1G tee eee 157 | 20.50 | 18.50 | 14.81 | 2,325. 50 
UV rocas 15 | 8.50] 8.50] 850 127. 50 
ITandII...} 700 | 52,00 | 48.00 | 49.60 | 34,720. 00 


824 | 47.85 39,430.00 | 7.65 


41.06 68,691.50 | 16.53 


SS ye 
< 
for) 
= 
ow 


four, etc...| 280 | 36.00 | 33,50 | 34.75 | 9,730.00 |'1,000 | 44.94 | 44,940.00] 9.94 
Te eee 20 | 24.50 | 24.50 | 24.50 | 490.00 

Tand IT...| 960 | 49.00 | 42.50 | 45.74 | 43, 915,00 

Cut.......| 350 | 34.50 | 33.50 | 33.90 | 11,865.00 |}1,340 | 41.33 | 56,380, 00 | 12. 43 
Tecebeece 30 | 20.00 | 20.00 | 20.00} 600.00 

Tand IT...}1, 536 | $2.00 | 46.00 | 49. 07 | 74,874. 00 

‘ut, ete...|1119 | 30.00 | 27,00 | 28. 171. 

HEDYS hee 254 | 19.00 | 11.50 | 14.26 | 3,623.00 |f 922 | 37-98 | 110, 841. 00 | 28. 87 
Twas: dial: 93 | 7.50| 7.50] 7,50|. 172.50 

Land If...|1,920 | 45.50 | 41.00 | 43. 42 | 83, 360. 00 

Cut, ete...| '880 | 36.50 | 33.50 | 34.59 | 30, 440. 00 |2,850 | 40.36 | 115,025.00 | 28,33 
eet es 50 | 24.50 | 24.50 | 24.50 | 1,225.00 

Land I1...|2,120 | 43.00 | 37.50 | 39.28 | 83, 280. 00 

Cut....... 1’ 020 | 31.50 | 30,00 | 30.85 | 31,470, 00 |'3, 198 | 36.18 | 115,707.00 | 29.67 
MET toes 58 | 16.50 | 16.50 | 16.50 | 957.00 
Land IT... 1,182 | 42.00 | 39. 50 | 40.52 45, 872.00 

ut, ete 704 | 30.00 . 00 4 

Tito ace i 252 | 20,00 | 12.00 | 14.25 | 3,592.00 |{2 24! | 32-28 | 69, 102. 50 | 21.16 
Tye tae 53 | 7.50| 7.00] 7.35| 389.50 

Land If...|1,890 | 37.00 | 33.00 | 34. 22 | 64, 665, 00 

Cut, ete...| ’si0 | 28:50 | 27,00 | 27.83 | 22/545. 00 |$2, 790 | 31.85 | 88,875.00 | 27.73 
ina ape 90 | 18.50 | 18.50 | 18.50 | 1,665.00 

[and I1...|1,440 | 31.00 | 28.00 | 29.78 | 42; 885. 00 

Cut.......| 900 | 23.50 | 22:00 | 22.25 | 20; 025.00 |t2, 406 | 26.56 | 63,900.00 | 22.32 
in aa 66 | 15.00 | 15,00 | 15.00 00 

Tand II...) 123 | 37.00 | 36.00 | 36.51 | 4, 491..00 

wut, ete .26| 112 - 00 ; le 3 n 

Tt. cab 37 | 20.00 | 13,00 | 14.89 | 551,00 |f 907 | 25-55} 7,843.00 | 3.03 
LV ae 35 | 7.00 | 7-00 | 7.00) 245.00 

landIi...| 250 | 30.00 | 27. : : 

Nhe aia e 80 | 25.00 | 25.00 | 25.00 260.0 | 330 | 27.44 | 9,050.00} 3.28 
ITandII...| 120 f (" - = 
taatse:. Wee 90 | 20.00 | 20.00 | 20.00 1 300.00 | 210. | 28 a 
dep wie 21| 4.00] 4.00] 4.00 84.00/ 21} 4.00 84.00] .21 


be RAR G 700 | 2.10 -50 | 1.68 | 1,175.00 700 | 1.68 1,175.00 | 6.49 


bececesenthlZaoceh A .2. SUABE to] AOE. . eee 10,120 | 35.15 | 355, 689. 00 


100. 00 
ie wis ds wat eM Ocean Eieh. [IME = m= ctel] See = all A TAREE... ee (10) 000 | 35.46 359, 715, 00 |100. 00 
4.000. D208. aPORe ARS. SME <t] SS |e--sese eee (10,778 | 30.97 333, 772. 00 100. 00 


boc cecanen QO Seeue Jesse vcassa.lseeeeeeee «(30,958 | 33.89 {1, 049, 176.00 [1 


ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1921, 71 


DISPOSITION OF ALL SKINS. 


As in the published report for the preceding calendar year, a state- 
ment of the number of fur-seal skins handled during the year and the 
number on hand, both at the Pribilof Islands and at St. Louis, at the 
end of the calendar year 1921 is given in the tables below. The 
grand total of skins on hand December 31, 1921, was 53,877. 


' PRIBILOF RECORD. 


A brief record of all fur-seal skins handled on the Pribilof Islands 
during 1921, showimg the balance on hand December 31, is given in 
the followmg table: 


Disposition of all fur-seal skins handled on Pribilof Islands, calendar year 1921. 


Balance Balance 
Number | Total | Number 
h 
paar taken. | handled. | shipped. onhands 
Hy Panlisiands ¥A9:22.4.2 22 A ee aA a. 291 19, 230 19, 521 18, 804 717 
St. Georgelsland@oig sx. cpomcsegzz se -oael}) se ci eppes-t 3, 295 4,451 7, 746 7,343 403 
Totaltors 28: 2A A Bee NO BeOS 3,586 | 23,681 | 27,267 | 26,147 1,120 


ST. LOUIS RECORD, FOUKE FUR CO. 


In the preceding annual report there was published a summary 
showing shipments of skins, sales, and balances remaining in the 
hands of the department’s selling agents, Funsten Bros. & Co., St. 
Louis, Mo. Early in the year 1921 the contract with Funsten Bros. 
& Co. was canceled and a new one entered into with the Fouke Fur 
Co. The 57,612 fur-seal skins then in the possession of Funsten Bros. 
& Co. were delivered to the Fouke Fur Co. The following table 
shows receipts and sales of skins by the firm during the calendar 
year 1921: 


Summary of receipts and sales of Pribilof fur-seal skins by Fouke Fur Co., St. Louis, Mo., 
and balance in firm’s custody, calendar year 1921. 


Receipts. Sales. 
Date of shipment from Pribilofs. Balance 
Date, |Number| p,;,. | Number | °” hand. 
* | of skins. ©. | of skins. 


Se eg ees 
Sees es 
Oe ees eee 


July 31 
Sept. 7 
Oct. 16 


ld ee eee ees er 


Seven of these skins were held at the Washington office for exhibition purposes. 


TS U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


PRIBILOF FOX SKINS. 
SHIPMENTS. 


The fox skins taken in the season of 1920-21 were forwarded in 
one shipment of 3 boxes containing 123 blue and 13 white skins from 
St. Paul Island and 24 boxes containing 1,002 blue and 1 white fox 
skin from St. George Island. They were forwarded on June 18 on 
the U. S. S. Saturn along with the first shipment of sealskins from the 


islands. The whole shipment of fox skins, totaling 1,139, was sent: 


by express from Bremerton, Wash., on July 12, via Chicago, Burling- 
ton & Quincy, and was received at St. Louis on July 18. 


SALES. 


The fox skins taken on the Pribilof Islands in the season of 1919-20, 
938 in number, were not sold until February 21, 1921. At the public 
auction at St. Louis on that date 901 blue fox skins brought $79,404, 
an average of $88.13 per skin, and the 37 white fox skins brought 
$1,295, and average of $35 each. The highest price received was for 
a lot of 4 skins, which brought $192 each. The average price received 
for blues at this sale showed a decrease of 55 per cent as compared 
with the last previous sale on September 10, 1919, when the average 

rice was $195 and the highest price was for a lot of 4 skins which 
brouht $400 each. Details of both sales are shown in the table 
below. 

The skins taken during the season 1920-21 numbered 1,125 blues 
and 14 whites. They were sold at auction at St. Louis September 28, 
1921, the blues bringing $108,936, an average of $96.83 each, and the 
whites bringing $462, an average of $33 each. The highest price 
received was for a lot of 4 skins, which brought $230 each. The 
average price for the blues was about 10 per cent higher than that 
of the February sale. 


Sales of Pribilof fox skins at St. Louis, Mo., 1921. 
‘ 


SALE OF 901 BLUE AND 37 WHITE FOX SKINS, FEBRUARY 21, 1921 


Num- : Num- (i 
Lot | ber Trade ce Total Lot | ber Trade ne Totat 
No. ist classification. Bicine for lot. No. at classification. skin for lot. 
skins, skins, ‘ 
Blue-for skins. Blue-for skins— 
Continued. 
9200 4 | Extra extra fine. ./$192. 00 $768. 00 
9201 Gy ora GOs ie iaeteritserdts 152. 00 912. 00 9216 4 | Extra fine........ $126. 00 $504. 00 
9202 4 | Extra extra fine 9217 8 MAIO ur Pavel Ss 124, 00 992. 00 
extra large....-. 132, 00 528. 00 oes i ae rer fine... LH re fe ra 
9203 4 | Extra fine large...) 122. 00 488. 00 ne dark....... . 1, 200. 
9204 6 | Extra fine...--...| 130,00 780.00 |} 9220) 12) If blue........... 4.00 | 1,008. 00 
9205 6 | Extra large fine...| 130. 00 780. 00 9221 4 | Extra extra fine. | 153.00 612. 00 
9206 | 12] II fine dark....... 106.00 | 1,272.00 || 9222 4|..... do... ......--. 134. 00 536. 00 
9207 6 | IL extra large fine 9223 6)| Extra fine........ 132. 00 792. 00 
dark. 20. 720. 00 9224 10 | I fine dark........ 112.00 | 1,120.00 
hicaicaegey 120,00 ced 9225 10 00 | 1,040.00 
ose)’ 8 Pr'blue.. jets soe ee 104, 00 |" 832.00] 9558 | 40 | hextraiawe ane | desis’: 
9209 10 | I extra large dark ark 8 -__ | 98.00 980. 00 
silvery saeeacnty 160.00 | 1,600.00 || 9997} 42 | I fine date... 211: 94.00 | 1,128.00 
9210 | 12 | I point If dark.../ 132.00 | 1,584.00 |) 9998 | 14 | Il extralarge dark| 82.00] 1,148.00 
9211 | 12 | Isilvery.......... 130.00 | 1,560.00 |} 9209 | 14] II dark........... 88.00 | 1) 232. 00 
9212 6/1 ee silvery..... 102. 00 612.00 |} 9930 14 | Il extra large low.| 60. 00 ” 840. 00 
9213 0) /tSkins-. 2. e ee 6. 00 54.00 |} 9231 8 | I blue extra large .| 108. 00 864. 00 
9214 4| Extra extra fine 9983 | 04) nb eee enenares 98.00 | 1,372.00 
extra large.....- 175. 00 700.00 || 9233 12 | Il extralarge blue| 81.00 972. 00 
9215 4 | Extra extra fine..| 140.00 560. 00 9234 14)) ED blue, cies. eceee 82.00 | 1,148.00 


ae 


ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1921. 1S 


Sales of Pribilof fox skins at St. Louis, Mo., 1921—Continued. 
SALE OF 901 BLUE AND 37 WHITE FOX SKINS, FEBRUARY 21, 1921—Continued. 


Num- - Num- 
Lot | ber Trade eee Total Lot | ber Trade Fri Total 
No. | _ of classification. aa for lot. No. | of classification. Ae for lot. 
skins . 7 skins. " 
Blue for-skins— Blue for-skins— 
Continued. Continued. 
9235 20 | II low blue.....-.-. $64. 00 | $1, 280.00 |} 9262 Pai GOW a cea s can teinls $58.00 | $1,334. 00 
9236 15 | ILextra large low.| 52.00 780.00 || 9263 26 | III point IV...... 8. 00 208. 
9237 10 | I dark silvery..-.. 148.00 | 1,480.00 || 9264 4| Extra extra fine. .| 147.00 588. 00 
9238 12 | Land II silvery... 103.00 | 1, 236.00 9265 10 | I extra large fine 
9239 18, Tend Wen scceas 85.00 | 1, 530.00 Gane. ssscesseahs 130.00 | 1,300.00 
9240 yi i eee 25. 00 550.00 || 9266 10 | II dark fine....... 96. 00 960. 00 
9241 4 | Extra extra fine. .| 158.00 632.00 || 9267 10 Th Re Govessssssses2 106.00 | 1,272.00 
9242 6 | Extra fine........ 122. 00 732.00 || 9268 17 | Wdarkssrsc0s252t 92.00 | 1,564.00 
9243 Si Midark yes 2s ea 110. 00 880.00 |} 9269 14 | AP blue... csces5-8 90.00 | 1,260.00 
9244 12 | Il extra large dark 9270 14 | Il extra large low.| 62.00 868. 00 
vic Ree eee 94.00 | 1,128.00 || 9271 8 | I fine dark........ 136.00 | 1,088. 00 
9245 14 | II dark fine....... 94.00 | 1,316.00 |) 9272 4 | Extra extra fine. .| 168, 00 672. 00 
9246 12 | Il extra large dark} 82.00 984.00 || 9273 10 | I extra large fine 
9247 fae darics Be. shee. 87.00 | 1, 218.00 Gar kan crrtereciet t 128.00 | 1, 280, 00 
9248 16) | Di lowWs. 522. 72.00 | 1,152.00 |} 9274 10 | I fine dark........ 132.00 | 1,320.00 
9249 10 | I blue extra large.| 101.00 | 1,010.00 || 9275 10 | It dark fine....... 102.00 | 1,020.00 
9250 12 | Ifextralarge blue} 72.00 864.00 || 9276 16 '|Plidark (2.2 2252.2: 90.00 | 1,440.00 
9251 LES DIUG eran se sen ae 84.00 | 1,176.00 || 9277 IS a bine sa) So. eh 74 OD 962. 00 
9252 22) | Plow..t2 <tc $2 46.00 | 1,012.00 9278 12 LAA Adare ose Se 78. 00 936. 00 
9253 27) ) 010 0 Be Saari Rea 19. 00 456. 00 9279 14 | Il extra large..... 64. 00 896. 00 
9254 4 | Extra extra fine. .| 142.00 568.00 || 9280 20) PAE See a es 58.00 | 1, 160. 00 
9255 6 darley...2 53.020 110. 00 660. 00 a 
9256 10 | II dark fine....... 104.00 | 1,040. 00 DL pyri Arlee. Bessey 79, 404. 00 
9257 ieee nee Oe ere tee 106.00 | 1, 484. 00 White-for skins. 
9258 12 | IL extra large dark} 103.00 | 1, 236.00 
9259 14 dark’. ca.sccet : 86.00 | 1,204.00 || 9281 37 | Land II white fox.| 35.00 | 1,295.00 
9260 14 | IDlow.....2....2. 59. 00 826. 00 eS ———_ ——_—_—_ 
9261 14) TTS UG pag amici haya o's 70. 00 980. 00 GBR NILE . Sass ob pcremesers areas 80, 699. 00 
SALE OF 1,125 BLUE AND 14 WHITE FOX SKINS, SEPTEMBER 28, 1921. 
Blue-for skins. Blue for-skins— 
if Continued. 
150 4 | Extra extra fine - .|$230.00 $920.00 187 10 | I fine dark........ $150.00 | $1,500.00 
151 6 | Extra fine........ 150.00 900.00 188 14 | Tidark 73. cx. 22%. 133.00 | 1,862.00 
152 6 || Fine dark......-. 145.00 870.00 189 16 | II fine dark....... 112.00 | 1,792.00 
153 6 | Ifinedarksilvery.| 180.00 | 1,080.00 || . 190 18} | DG dark: see: - bese 100.00 | 1,800.00 
154 Bi) MSUVEDYa. geese 160.00 | 1,280.00 191 14 | IT low dark....... 71.00 994.00 
155 14. | Tibluesss-.¢5 pte: 126.00 | 1,764.00 192 10} Wblueyssp22t 53 110.00 | 1,100.00 
156 Malt ici Caeser 95.00 760.00 193 14%) Tipluee = £225 eso: 94.00 | 1,316.00 
157 6 | Silvery........... 100.00 600.00 194 20 ET lows eie 2 et sc 54.00 | 1,080.00 
158 Ohi Skans 2 Bo, wef: 26.00 234.00 195 PAS BIT bo) 24 se openers 7.00 888. 00 
159 4 | Extra extra fine. .| 194.00 776.00 196 4 | Extra extra fine. -} 181.00 724.00 
160 6 | Fine dark.......-. 155.00 930. 00 197 6 | Extra fine........ 154.00 924.00 
161 8: | Darke os. Sse scex 155.00 | 1,240.00 198 10 | I fine dark.. 130.00 | 1,300.00 
162 6 | Il extra dark..... 135.00 810.00 199 AD) As ARK a ache ins hates 130.00 | 1,560.00 
163 8 | Land II blue.....| 125.00] 1,000.00 200 145\-didarkey. .......--- 120.00 | 1,680.00 
164 G>(Rdarks voce 145.00 870.00 201 1 Wark. ste-sccst ane 100.00 | 1,400.00 
165 TY |*Darkaceos. ee 135.00 | 1,485.00 202 16?) Didar. £4. 520.2 102.00 | 1,632.00 
166 7 | Land II blue..... 120.00 840.00 203 12 | II extra large..... 80.00 960.00 
167 4 | Extra extra fine. .| 190.00 760.00 204 PU A os are aie age 66.00 | 1,320.00 
168 4| Extra extra fine 205 24 | ILand II low..... 56.00 | 1,344.00 
extra large......| 150.00 600.00 206 35 | II and IV........) 7.00 245.00 
169 4 | Extra fine.......: 155.00 620.00 207 12 )\ Ti Aarkirs nied va sep 2} 2 128.00 | 1,536.00 
170 10 | I fine dark........| 166.00 | 1,660.00 208 16, | 10 dark - yo) 3.17... 86.00 | 1,376.00 
171 TA SNE GSUK at eee 128.00 | 1,792.00 209 TO) Pnptue sass m ee 112.00 | 1,120.00 
172 10 | Extra dark....... 132.00 | 1,320.00 210 14) Blue N28 80.00 | 1,120.00 
173 12 | Il fine dark.......| 115.00 | 1,380.00 211 8 | Dark silvery--....| 150.00 | 1,200.00 
174 SADE dar os ors 96.00 | 1,344.00 212 1 Tp [2 RPS AE PE SB ae 90.00 | 1,440.00 
175 10) II dark extra 213 TA bed ae, Peete ye ese 68.00 | 1,088.00 
large.e... 220221 94.00 940.00 214 PAPEL OW 2 JUSS 5 46.00 | 1,104.00 
176 14 | IT low dark....... 66.00 924. 00 215 6 | Extra fine... 21... 155.00 930.00 
177 8.| Fine blue......... 140.00 | 1,120.00 216 TQ hel Gark <i eo 130.00 | 1,300.00 
178 10° B plgee. 22 oe teat 118.00 | 1,180.00 217 do" OL Gark > Sv-ceeees. 90.00 | 1,440.00 
179 14 | Bbibias 2) SR Ak. 86.00 | 1,204.00 218 10 1, 280.00 
180 22) b TT VOW pepper ak tafe 68.00 | 1,496.00 219 18 1,656. 00 
181 10 | I dark silvery..... 157.50 | 1,575.00 220 4 376.00 
182 12 SiiVery chan ss 110.00 | 1,320.00 221 14 924.00 
183 14 | ILlow 57.00 798.00 || 222 8 1, 280. 00 
184 28) | TLE fra tho Sey pete 42.00 | 1,176.00 223 14 1,330.00 
185 4 | Extra extra fine..} 180.00 720. 00 224 12 1,080.00 
186 6 | Extra fine........ 169.00 | 1,014.00 225 8 848.00 


74 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


Sales of Pribilof fox skins at St. Louis, Mo., 1921—Continued. 


SALE OF 1,125 BLUE AND 14 WHITE FOX SKINS, SEPTEMBER 28, 1921—Continued. 


Num- A Num- 2 
Lot | ber Trade Erbe Total Lot | ber Trade Price | Total 
No. | of classification. chin for lot. No. | of classification. oe for lot. 
skins . skins. skin. 
Blue for-skins— Blue for-skins— 
Continued. Continued. 
226 12 | Il extra large..... $96.00 | $1,152.00 240 18 (Wand Thee sect pe $103.00 | $1,854.00 
227 1O.dal che cewspeaetintss 135.00 | 1,350.00 241 10 (iikbas2es: -loasceies 78.00 780.00 
228 18 | Th . soactB segst ac 80.00 | 1,440.00 242 S MPAIe- q -c.ckeis bier ER 72.00 576.00 
229 27 De, Agana. see 00 459.00 243, 10 Wh darks. .2.... s2kE 136.00 | 1,360.00 
230 10 | I fine dark........ 137.00 | 1,370.00 244 14 lie. aie se eiaies os 72.00 | 1,008.00 
231 10 uli@ark <3... .555 122.00 | 1,220.00 ES) Reser’ 
232 10 alindark -. 5... 62 86.00 860.00 1,125 (eh 2o5. >. «op aH helped t= 108, 936. 00 
233 14 Silvery ........----« 135.00 | 1,890.00 
234 4 | Extra extra fine. .| 140.00 560.00 White-for skins. 
235 12 Ww dark... .- ost: 130.00 | 1,560.00 
236 12 kThdark 3:52. e265 «<. 80.00 960.00 245 14|I and II white 
237 HO VED ok cB. aetass 6 90. 900.00 fox | ctebeestch os 33.00 462.00 
238 10.40 INC.» ..c0005 111.00 | 1,110.00 ———— 
239 16 bible... athe’ 86.00 | 1,376.00 


a‘130 tah oe. .t 0 aoe BEd Ao», 398. 00 


FUR-SEAL PATROL BY UNITED STATES COAST GUARD. 


As in previous years a patrol was maintained by vessels of the 
Coast Guard for the protection of the migrating fur-seal herd and 
the prevention of illegal pelagic sealing. Four vessels were chiefly 
engaged in this duty in the season of 1921. The Snohomish patrolled 
the sealing grounds off the coast of Washington during the months 
of April, May, and June. The Algonquin foltowort the course of the 
herd through the waters of southeastern Alaska, across to the Aleu- 
tian Islands, and patrolled chiefly in Bering Sea. The Unalga went 
direct to Unalaska and maintained a patrol along the Aleutian 
Islands and in Bering Sea. The Bear made its usual Arctic cruise, 
stopping at the Pribilofs on the return to transport passengers for 
the Pura and products from the islands. Numerous courtesies in 
the way of transportation of passengers, mail, and freight for the 
bureau are gratefully acknowledged. The following extracts are 
made from a report of the cruises of the Coast Guard cutters while 
engaged on the seal patrol. 


PATROL OF WASHINGTON COAST. 


Snohomish.—Since April 15, 1921, the Snohomish has been actively engaged in 

atrolling the waters of the Pacific Ocean between Cape Flattery and the Columbia 

iver and to the westward thereof for the protection of the seal herd. A number 
of fishing vessels have been boarded and an alert lookout maintained, but no evidence 
tending to the belief that seals were being taken illegally could be found. During 
this period of time exhaustive inquiries have been made and conferences held with 
reliable authorities relative to the probability of illegal sealing being carried on along 
the section of the coast patrolled and contiguous waters. Chief among the persons 
consulted in this connection are the ecole ¥ (1) A. D. Dodge, Indian agent, Neah 
Bay, Wash., who has charge of the Indian Reservations at Neah Bay, Ozette, and 
Quillayute, and who is very diligent in safeguarding the rights of the Indians with 

articular reference to exclusive sealing privileges. (2) H. B. Hobbs, Weather 

ureau Observer at Neah Bay, Wash., a former assistant light keeper at Tatoosh and 
a former member of the crew of the Neah Bay Coast Guard Station. He has lived in 
the vicinity of Neah Bay and Tatoosh since his birth. (3) W. W. Washburn, for a 
number of years storekeeper, postmaster, and leading citizen of Neah Bay, who is 
thoroughly familiar with the Indians and fishermen in that vicinity, their habits, 


ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1921. 75 


customs, etc. (4) The school-teacher at Quillayute Indian Village. (5) The light- 
keeper at Tatoosh Island who has held the position for 25 years or more. (6) The 
keeper of the Neah Bay Coast Guard Station. (7) A number of the more intelligent 
Indians at Neah Bay and Quillayute. , 

The consensus of opinion of the authorities consulted is that no illegal sealing has 
been carried on this year along the coast of Washington or Vancouver Island. The 
Indians are very jealous of their exclusive prerogative of taking sealskins and are 
quick and anxious to report any vessels that they suspicion of taking seals illegally. 
They seal from their canoes 10 to 25 miles offshore and are therefore in a position to 
observe any illegal interference with the seal herd. The best price that has been 
offered by any fur dealer for the skins taken by the Indians is $13 per skin, so that 
the remuneration for illegal sealing is not sufficiently great to make such operations 
attractive. This point was emphasized by most of the parties conferred with. 

There are about 17 Indian canoes engaged in sealing from the village of Neah Bay, 
Ozctte, and Quillayute. * * * The Indians will cease sealing operations about 
June 15, as by that time the bulk of the herd will have passed well to the northward. 


PATROL OF ALASKA WATERS. 


Algonquin.—The Algonquin left Neah Bay, Wash., on her Alaska cruise, April 30, 
1921, and arrived at Sitka, Alaska, on May 4. On May 6 left Sitka, proceeding as far 
west as Yakataga Cape, and thence to Ketchikan. At various times during this cruise 
seals were sighted and three fishing vessels were boarded, On May 18 left Ketchikan 
and proceeded westward. * * * Arrived at Unalaska on the afternoon of June 
13. * * * Throughout the cruise good weather was experienced. No pelagic 
sealers were encountered. 

On June 18 the Algonquin left Unalaska for a cruise to the westward as far as Attu. 
* * * July 14 arrived at Unalaska at 2:40 p.m. * * * No pelagic sealers 
were sighted during the cruise. * * * k a 

On August 8 the Algonquin left Unalaska for a cruise to the Pribilof Islands and 
reached Village Cove on August 11. She remained at anchor August 12 and 13 to 
afford the officers and crew opportunity to visit the seal rookeries. On August 14 Mr. 
and Mrs. Krukof and two children came aboard for transportation to Unalaska. On 
August 15 left Village Cove, and the same day anchored off North Village, St. George 
Island, where mail was received and delivered. On August 16 left St. George Island 
for Unalaska, arriving there on the morning of August 17; passengers and mail were 
discharged. While on this cruise nothing out of the way was noticed, no suspicious 
vessels were sighted, and no evidence of pelagic sealing was found. * * * 

On August 25, at 11.05 a. m., the Algonquin, after taking on board some stores, 
proceeded to the westward, and at 7.20 p. m. lay to off Bogoslof Island for about 20 
minutes. At 7.45 p. m. proceeded to Nikolski, Umnak Island, reaching there on 
the morning of August 26. After delivering stores left for Atka, arriving on August 
27. * * ™ At1.16 p.m, left Atka and arrived at Tschicagof Harbor at 7.50 a. m., 
August 31. * * * On September 1, at 8.05 a. m., left Tschicagof Harbor and 
anchored off the east end of Alaid Island at 11.55a.m. * * * At2p.m. laida 
course for St. Paul Island. Owing to adverse weather conditions it was found im- 
practicable to gain shelter or make landing at the Pribilof Islands; therefore proceeded 
toward Unalaska, arriving there at 5.35 p. m. September 5. During this cruise no 
evidence of pelagic sealing was found. * * * 

On September 8 the Algonquin * * * left Unalaska for Atka, arriving there on 
the morning of September 10. * * * On September 11 left Atka and arrived at 
Village Cove, St. Paul Island, at 10 a. m. September 13. At 3.05 p. m. left St. Paul 
Island and arrived at Unalaska on the afternoon of September 14. While en route 
from St. Paul Island to Unalaska the motor schooner Chukotsk, trader, was boarded 
and examined, but no violations were found. * * * No pelagic sealers were 
sighted on this cruise. 

On September 20 the Algonquin left Unalaskaand arrived at Akutan at 6.05 p. m. the 
sameday. At9.20p. m. proceeded, via Unimak Pass, for St. Paul, Kodiak. * *  * 
At 3 p. m. September 26 arrived at St. Paul, Kodiak. On September 27, at'3.55 
p-m., sailed for Seattle. * * * On October 2 arrived at Point Wells, received 
fuel oil, and proceeded to Seattle, arriving there at 6.50 p. m. October 2. 

Unalga.—The Unalga left Seattle, Wash., April 29, 1921, on her Alaskan cruise. 
On board the cutter were eight passengers, six of whom were representatives of the 
Bureau of Fisheries, who desired transportation to Unalaska. % On May 1 

roceeded on course out of Puget Sound and at’ 2.40 p. m. May 9 came to anchor off 
nee Alaska. * * * While at this point Mr. Christoffersen, of the Bureau of 


76 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


Fisheries, made an investigation at the fishing station. * * * On May 12 stood 
into Unalaska Bay and hia fast to the wharf. No pelagic sealers were sighted dur- 
ing this cruise. Delivered mail and discharged passengers. 

On May 17 the Unalga left Unalaska for a patrol of Unimak Pass to look after the 
protection of the cannery fleets. * * * On May 21 * * *, at 3 p. m,, an- 
chored in King Cove, where J. N. Braun, who was taken aboard at Unalaska, went 
ashore. * * * On May 22 got under way and stood for the south end of Unimak 
Pass, Sannak Fishing Banks, and back for Unimak Pass. * * * On the morning 
of May 24 arrived at Unalaska. At 6 p. m. May 24 the Unalga stood for the Slime 
Banks for the purpose of boarding the codfish fleet and making a patrol of Unimak Pass. 
* * *'\ May 31 arrived at Unalaska at 4.50 p. m. During this cruise no pelagic 
sealers were sighted. * * * 

On June 6 the Unalga left Unalaska for Dutch Harbor to load lumber for delivery 
to the Bureau of Fisheries, St. George Island. On June 8, with one passenger aboard 
and with the American schooner Sequoia in tow, stood out of the harbor. At 12.45 

.m. let go the Sequoia and proceeded toward St. George Island. On June 9 anchored 
in Garden Cove, St. George Island, to await better weather conditions. On June 10, 
the fog having lifted, got under way for North Anchorage. It was found, however, 
that the fog was still too dense to land cargo, so stood back to Garden Cove. At1 p.m. 
stood around Tolstoi Point and anchored off the village; delivered 13 boxes for the 
Russian Church and 2 sacks of mail to the local agent of the Bureau of Fisheries; 
unloaded lumber; received from the Bureau of Fisheries’ agent 2 sacks of outgoing 
mail. On June 11, the unloading of the lumber being completed, got under way at 
11.50 a. m. and arrived at St. Paul Island at 4.45 p. m., where Mrs. Valsa Siftsoff, 
passenger, left the vessel. The Superintendent of the Pribilof Islands called on the 
commanding officer of the Unalga. The two sacks of mail for St. Paul Island were 
delivered to the superintendent. On June 12, at 1 p. m., got under way and stood 
eastward to patrol between St. Paul and Walrus Islands. At 3.20 p. m. anchored to 
the westward of Walrus Island, and at 5.25 p. m. proceeded back to anchorage at 
Village Cove, St. Paul Island. OnJune 13, at 11.18 a. m., got under way and stood out 
for patrol of the Seal Islands. * * * Set a course for Unalaska, arriving there at 
3.30 p.m. June 16. During this cruise no pelagic sealers were sighted. * * * 

On June 23, at 11 a. m., the Unalga proceeded to Dutch Harbor to take on remainder 
of lumber and supplies for the Bureau of Fisheries at the Pribilof Islands. The Unalga, 
having taken on board lumber and seven natives who desired transportation to St. 
Paul Island, got under way at 4.30 p. m. and stood out of Dutch Harbor for St. George 
Island; anchored off North Anchorage at 2.15 p. m. June 24; unloaded lumber. On 
June 26, at 6.40 a. m., got under way for St. Paul Island, anchoring in Village Cove at 
11.40 a.m. Unloaded freight for the Bureau of Fisheries. The superintendent of the 
Pribilof Islands came aboard and received four sacks of mail and two packages. One 
box of radio material was delivered to the naval radio station on the island. The 
seven natives left the vessel. At 6 p. m. stood for Unimak Island to transfer a naval 
radio working party at request of commanding officer of the U.S. 8. Saturn. * * * 
July 7 stood for Unalaska, where arrived at 12.50 p.m. During this cruise no pelagic 
poids were sighted. 

At 6.30 a. m. July 10 the Unalga proceeded to the patrol of the Bering Sea in the 
immediate vicinity of the Pribilof Islands. Stopped at St. George Island and re- 
ceived on board a passenger for transportation to Rt. Paul Island; also took on board 
mail. At 3.35 p.m. July 13 got under way and stood for St. Paul Island, reaching the 
east side of village at 8.05 p. m.; landed passenger. From July 15 to 22 patrolled in 
the vicinity of St. Paul Island, returning on July 22 to the village St. Paul Island. 
Received on board naval radio working party for transportation to Unalaska and a pas- 
senger for transportation to St. George Island. At 1.05 p. m. July 22 got under way 
and at 4.40 p. m. stopped off St. George Island. Landed passenger, then proceeded 
to Unalaska, arriving there at 4.15 p.m. July 23. * * * 

At 10 a. m. September 28 the Unalga left Unalaska for Nome, via the Pribilof 
Islands, with mail and freight for the Bureau of Fisheries, Pribilof Islands. At 9.45 
a. m. September 30 anchored in Garden Cove, St. George Island, and delivered mail 
and part of the freight. At 11 a. m. got under way and stood for St. Paul. At 5.10 
p. m. anchored off East Landing, St. Paul Island. Delivered mail and received 
freight and mail to be transported to the American steamship Victoria at Nome; also 
received freight for transportation to Seattle for the Bureau of Fisheries. At 9.50 
a.m. October 1 got under way and stood for Nome, arriving there at 10 p. m. October 3. 
* * * On October 15, at 6.45 p.m., left Nome for Unalaska, via the Pribilof Islands. 
Arrived at East Landing, St. Paul Island, at 10.25 a. m. October 19. Received 
on board Supt. A. H. Proctor, Mrs.’ Proctor, and 23 of the employees of the Bureau 
of Fisheries with their freight and effects, together with mail, for Unalaska and St. 


ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1921. Cl 


George Island. At 12.40 p. m. October 19 set sail from St. Paul Island. About an 
hour after sailing it was necessary to return, at the request of the superintendent of 
the Bureau of Fisheries, in order that he might look after some business that he inad- 
vertently overlooked. At 5 p.m. October 19 anchored off St. George Island. Deliv- 
ered freight for that place and received a passenger, mail, and freight for the Bureau 
of Fisheries. At 9.55 a. m. October 20, the weather having improved, got under way 
and stood again for St. Paul Island. * * * Unable to land, however, owing to 
violent gale. By midnight of October 22, the weather having moderated, made an- 
other attempt to reach St. Paul Island. The weather again becoming thick and stormy 
and as coal supply was running short it was necessary to stand for Unalaska. * * * 
Arrived at Unalaska at 3 p.m. same day. * * * At 7.30 a. m. November 17 the 
Unalga stood out through Akutan Pass. * * * Arrived Seattle at 7.35 p. m. 
December 8, where all passengers left the vessel. 

Bear.—* * * At1 p.m. September 13 the Bear anchored in Village Cove, St. 
Paul Island. Took on board 152 barrels of skins, some oil, and samples of seal meat. 
At 10.55 p. m. got under way for St. George Island, where arrived at 7.30 a. m. Septem- 
ber 14. Received on board 32 barrels of sealskins for transportation to Seattle, 4 
crates of foxes, and 1 box for transportation to Unalaska. At 12.55 p. m. got under 
way, and at 7.05 p. m. September 16 arrived at Unalaska. On September 24 got under 
way for Seattle, via Akutan Pass. On the morning of October 4 passed into the straits 
of Juan de Fuca, and at 7.15 p. m. same day made fast to wharf at Seattle, Wash. * * * 


SEALING PRIVILEGES ACCORDED ABORIGINES. 


A total of 766 fur-seal skins were taken by Indians off the coast of 
Washington and of southeastern Alaska in May and June, 1921. Of 
these 567 were taken by the Indians of Washington and were authen- 
ticated by A. D. Dodge, superintendent of the United States Indian 
School at Neah Bay, Wash. The remaining 199 were taken by the 
Indians residing in the vicinity of Sitka, Alaska, and were authenti- 
cated by G. G. Naud, master of the bureau’s patrol boat Murre. Of 
the total taken 303 were from male seals and 462 from females, the 
sex of one not being stated. A patrol of the sealing grounds in the 
vicinity of Sitka, Alaska, was maintained by the bureau’s vessels 
Murre and Auklet during the latter part of May while the seal herd 
was migrating. The presence of firearms in native canoes or open 
boats on the sealing grounds is regarded as prima facie evidence of 
violation of sections 3 and 7 of the act of August 24, 1912. 


JAPANESE SEALSKINS DELIVERED TO THE UNITED STATES. 


The 111 sealskins delivered to the United States in 1920 as this 
Government’s share of skins taken on Robben Island in the years 
1918 and 1919 were sold at public auction by the Fouke Fur Co. on 
February 21, 1921. The gross price bid was $3,434. After all de- 
ductions were made for expenses and commission the net proceeds 
of $2,912 were turned into the United States Treasury. The 56 
skins which were this Government’s share of the skins taken on 
Robben Island in 1920 were received at St. Louis on April 26, 1921. 
They had not been sold at the end of the year. 


FUR-SEAL CENSUS, PRIBILOF ISLANDS, 1921. 
By Epwarp C. JOHNSTON. 


In taking the census of the fur-seal herd on the Pribilof Islands in 
1921 it was necessary for the writer to make two trips to St. Paul 
Island. It was intended to spend a few days on St. Paul Island in 
a preliminary examination of the rookeries, but adverse weather 
conditions prevented arrival there until the evening of July 14. 
The bull count began on July 16. Thanks are due to the commandin 
officers of the Coast Guard cutter Unalga, the U. S. S. Saturn, an 
the Bureau of Fisheries vessel Hider for their courtesies in providing 
transportation at the proper times. 

The superintendent of the Pribilof Islands, A. H. Proctor, and 
the agent and caretaker of St. Paul Island provided necessary assist- 
ance in census work and also in erecting tripods before the arrival 
of the seal herd in the spring. Henry Mygatt, assistant to the 
agent of St. Paul Island, and J. M. Orchard, school-teacher, rendered 
valuable assistance at various times. 

Conditions on the islands made it possible to spend but 13 days 
in all upon St. Paul Island. The rookeries could not be visited more 
than twice—once for the bull count and once for the pup count. 
Consequently field observations and preliminary counts of seals 
were not made on St. Paul Island as they were on St. George Island 


TRIPODS AND MARKERS. 


In the spring of 1921, before a great number of bulls had arrived, 
two tripods or counting towers were erected on Reef rookery, St. Paul 
Island. The tripods were 24 feet in height, made by joiming three 
uprights at the apex and properly bracing them. Runways 1 foot 
wide and 6 feet abows the ground extended back beyond the harem 
areas. The tripods were placed at the crest of the beach line, so that 
all parts of the harem area in the immediate vicinity were visible. 
The seals were not disturbed in the least by the presence of the 
tripods. In fact, the piles of rock at the bases of the tripods were 

laygrounds for large numbers of pups. A harem was located 
hetweon the legs of one tripod. 

An increase in the height and width of all runways should be made 
on sections extending over any harems; that is, the sections adjoining 
the tripods. The height should be 9 feet and the width 2 feet. 
An old harem bull can reach nearly 6 feet without effort. A handrail 
or rope along the high section of the runways would be a convenience 
but not a necessity. 

There is no doubt that these two tripods made the harem count 
much more accurate in the areas visible from them. The erection 
of similar counting towers at points on other rookeries at the earliest 
possible date is strongly recommended. It would eliminate the 
necessity of counting from a boat, a method very uncertain on account 


78 


U: S. B. F.—Doc. 933. 


FIG. 20.—HERD OF REIN 


DEER, ST. PAUL ISLAND. 


FIG. 21—TRIPOD AND 
COUNTING TOE SEAES, REEF ROOKERY; Sir 
PAUL ISLAND. 


RUNWAY TO ENABLE 


ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1921. 79 


of the prevalence of rough weather. A sufficient number of tripods 
with markers separating the areas to be counted from each would 
make the harem count very nearly, if not entirely, correct. Tripods 
would not be necessary wheré natural elevations occur from which 
the whole harem area can be plainly seen. 

Several concrete markers were made on St. Paul Island, but it 
was impossible to place them for use this year. They are similar 
to a concrete fence post in shape, 1 foot in diameter at the base and 
6 inches at the top, with an iron rod protruding. Markers should 
be placed in lines dividing the areas to be counted from separate 
tripods or natural elevations. 


DATES OF COUNTS. 


The count of bulls was made at the height of the season, July 16 
to 23, inclusive. The pup count was made this year several days 
earlier than has been the practice. To be as accurate as possible, 
the pup count must be made after all are born and before they begin 
to enter the water. This period is short. Observations on 
St. George Island rookeries showed that pups could be counted 
there on July 30. A close watch of the herd, together with the 
breaking up of the harems and the scattering of the pups, led to the 
conclusion that few, if any, pups would be born after that date. At 
the time the count was completed, August 7 on St. Paul Island, it 
was seen that if it had been delayed a few days many pups would 
have been in the water where they could not have been counted. 
On August 7 over 100 pups were in the water at Little Zapadni 
rookery. On August 6, when Morjovi rookery was counted, a few 
pups were in the water, but as the water was not of a sufficient depth 
to cover their bodies, none were overlooked in the count. 


PUPS. 


Pups were counted upon the same rookeries that were selected in 
1920. With the average harem obtained on these rookeries, together 
with field observations, the number of pups upon each of the other 
rookeries has been computed. This method is very unsatisfactory 
in many ways, but it is the best that can be devised under the cir- 
cumstances. 

The importance of the pup count and the necessity for making it as 
accurate as possible are recognized from the fact that the average harem 
and number of breeding cows is derived directly from such figures. 
The increasing size of the herd has caused the count to be made on 
those smaller rookeries which were believed to represent conditions as 
applying to the herd as a whole. It is known though that the 
topography of the rookery plays some part in determining the size 
of the average harem. Field observations have been used in connec- 
tion with the average harem of the rookeries where pups were counted 
in computing the average harem of other rookeries. At least one 
more complete pup count should be made before the herd becomes 
too large to make such a count prohibitive on several of the larger 
rookeries. It would bring to light any errors in computation that 
may have been made in the last few years and would furnish an 
accurate basis for computations in the future. 


4562°—22 6 


80 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


Distribution of pups on Pribilof Islands in 1921 and comparison with distribution in 1920. 


1921 1921 
1920: 
; Per cent 
Rookery. .| Total Pid is 
Date of | Living Dead Total | P aiehiis pups. Ripe: CE br 
count. pups. pups. pups. ee te TIE 
pups. crease. | decrease 
(—). 
ST. PAUL ISLAND. 
BOCOVA Remora ce as ona cecheers 4,300 53 1 4,353 1, 22 3, 764 589 +15. 65 
Winkanin. 23. 8s- oe eae oo 2, 859 79 12,938 2.69 2, 932 6 +.20 
orbatche.ce 25 eee o| pee ee 1 10,610 299} 110,909 2.74 10, 251 658 +6. 42 
PATGISION. 22 fo3ccnaSeloeenee ees 1,072 16 11,088 1. 44 1,180 —92 —7.79 
Rieeh sos skint ee ence laste sees | 24,022 616 | 124,638 2. 50 23,638 1, 000 +4, 23 
Bivitch eee ee ON a Re yan 8, 755 99 | 18,854 yi 8,375 479 +5. 72 
TIAL OONE seen Se cma sees Aug. 5 286 1 287 235 341 —54 —15. 84 
Malstoiz tts 2. TE Or Ores 15, 356 352 | 115,708 2.24 17,286 | —1,578 —9.13 
Zapse nies. ae see ee 16, 453 377 | 116,830 2. 24 16, 299 431 +2. 63 
Bittle Zapaani! 6. 2h ae 9, 812 225 |- 1 10, 037 2.24 12,494 | —2, 457 —19. 67 
Zapadni Reef........-. Aug. 5 486 16 502 3.19 532 —30 —5. 64 
IPOIGVil sa eee ew isce oeem Aug. 7 5, 912 159 6, 071 2. 62 6, 006 65 +1. 08 
Polovina Cliffs........ SHidOLtr. 2,77 68 2,785 2. 44 2,573 212 +8, 24 
Tisie:Polovingn he aa: 1,655 21 11,676 1.23 1,711 —35 —2. 05 
Monjoviss Vee Sere. Aug. 6 2, 942 52 2, 994 1.74 2, 936 58 +1.98 
Voostoehnivs.. sch. 2s! barysex 5 ns 38, 788 1,407 | 140,195 3.50 | 32,857 1, 338i (yb e-22aes 
Motalee. TACIT. . 6 146, 025 3,840 | 149, 865 2.55 | 143,275 6, 590 +4. 60 
ST. GEORGE ISLAND 

Wirth. 25222844. FAs Ds | AAA. 9, 787 199 19,986 1.99 9, 126 860 +9. 42 
SfarayarAmtile. fo. 60). a So. ce 6, 439 181 | 16,620 2.74 5, 944 676 | +11.37 
DADAM cates oe nce July 30 884 11 895 1.23 907 —12 —1.32 
POrbhyysys. eee hey. leo 249 184 3 187 1.60 99 88 +88. 89 
HastyRieot. 2h ve he Aug. 1 2,594 34 2,628 1, 29 2,571 57 +2. 22 
Hast Cliftse?.. LUI ALE Ce sed. 6, 345 129 16, 474 2. 00 5,605 869 +15. 50 
AM 5) NA Pst [tig i 26, 233 557 26,790 2. 08 24, 252 2, 538 +10. 47 

Total (both is- | | 
Jamas) sister oe Late od 172, 258 4,397 | 176,655 2.48 | 167,527 9,.128 +5, 45 


1 Based on estimated average harem. 


The percentage of dead pups is practically the same as it was in 
1920. <A decrease of 0.04 per cent for both islands is shown. This 
was to be expected, since there was no change in the conditions goy- 
erning the percentage of dead pups that would materially increase or 
decrease the number. . 

The great variation of increase or decrease in the number of pups 
born on the various rookeries is remarkable. On St. Paul Island 
Vostochni rookery shows an increase of 22.33 per cent, while Little 
Zapadni rookery shows a decrease of 19.67 per cent. On St. George 
Island South rookery shows an increase of 88.89 per cent. It can not 
be said that the methods of computation are responsible for this 
variation, because the rookeries where pups were actually counted 
show the greatest variation. South rookery increased 88.89 per cent, 
while Lagoon rookery decreased 15.84 per cent. Neither of these 
rookeries has a hauling ground, and each was practically undisturbed 
during the breeding season. 


COWS. 


The number of breeding cows is the same as the number of pups, 
since a cow gives birth to a single pup annually and since barren cows, 
if there are any, do not affect the size of the herd. While counting 
the pups 11 dead cows were found. With 16,349 live cows on these 


ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1921. 81 


same rookeries the proportion of dead is 0.000673. Applied to the 
whole herd the ambee of dead cows would be 119. 

No branded cows were seen on the St. Paul rookeries. During the 
limited time for observations there branded cows may have been over- 
looked. On St. George Island one cow bearing the 1902 brand (bar 
across the back) was seen on East Cliffs rookery, one on North rook- 
ery, and one on Staraya Artil rookery. Each of these three had 
large, healthy pups and showed no signs of senility. It is evident that 


cows may bear pups for 16 years at least. 


BULLS. 
HAREM AND IDLE BULLS. 


The count of harem and idle bulls was made at the height of the 
season. The accuracy of the count of harem bulls is of the greatest 
importance, as it is from figures thus obtained that the average harem 
is determined for the rookeries where the pups are not counted. The 
error in this count increases in further computations and materially 
affects the total figures. 

Two tripods were erected on Reef rookery this season as an experi- 
ment and proved to be invaluable in increasing the accuracy of the 
count. The erection of other tripods and the placing of markers has 
been taken up in another paragraph (p. 78). To secure an accurate 
count, it is absolutely necessary to reach an elevation from which all 
seals in a certain area can be seen. Counting from a boat is of some. 
advantage, but many times the condition of the sea prevents the use 
of such a method. Also, just as the beach line can not always be seen 
from the rear of the rookery, the rear of the rookery can not always 
be seen from a boat. 

Two bulls bearing the 1912 brand (T on top of head) were killed on 
St. George Island. At least three other branded bulls were seen on 
the rookeries. One badly crippled and wounded was seen among the 
harems on Staraya Artil rookery. 


Harem and idle bulls and percentage of idle to harem bulls compared to average harem, 
Pribilof Islands, 1921. 


H Idl Total ra rsd 

arem e ‘ota idle to | Avera 
Rookery. Date. | “bulls. bulls. bulls. | harem pe a 
bulls. 


ST. PAUL ISLAND. 


oleae 4 i . 
Morjovi: i. - 22225. 0cc Lcd see e July 18 104 65 169 62. 50 28.79 
WORCOCDIE 5 26 20fs<ccmtios metas «aeiapaecitom| nie a GOze5. 823 189 1,012 22. 96 48, 84 
Morale). 2032 es US, Seo Meee fog 5 ee 3, 443 711 4,154 20. 65 43. 53 
rd 


1Count of 1920. 


82 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


Harem and idle bulls and percentage of idle to harem bulls compared to average harem, 
Pribilof Islands, 1921—Continued. 


H Tdl Total Fercent A 
arem e ota idle to verage 
Rookery. Date. | bulls. | bulls. | bulls. | harem | harem. 
bulls. 
ST. GEORGE ISLAND. 
is eg em aC July 22 175 6 isi} 3.43] 57.08 
Dust VACA U eee ees Foo e con vn eee ee July 23 103 9 112 8, 74 64. 27 
ALON TYG Va Ue Sa ae Meer ar ee Rea Some aE SI SeedOiaes 21 1 22 4.76 42, 62 
(10) 05] 6 SPak geal e Rea nan meets nlepege Eee yn ..-00 6 2 8 33. 33 31,17 
LYE Toad R56 ae el meta ae) Rs Dees oe See 2 Se July 22 53 13 66 24. 53 49. 58 
ASL CUMS te ice ete cn ckawena mene Beals) 108 5 113 4, 63 59. 94 
POL LES font ee Se MEE Se meee | belie emteeee 466 36 502 7.73 57. 49 
Total (both islands)..........--.+--+.|.-e-eee-- ~~ 3,909 747| 4,656|. 19.11| | 45.19 


The above table shows a decrease of number of harem bulls, a 
greater decrease of the number of idle bulls, and an increase in the 
average harem. The average harem for the entire herd is 45.19, which 
is as near the ideal size as can be expected. The idle bulls have de- 
creased in number, until the percentage of idle to harem bulls is 
lower than it has been since 1914. The idle bulls not only form a 
reserve from which harem bulls are drawn, but they also are impor- 
tant as the class which serves most of the virgin cows. It is advisable 
to maintain this class at a certain proportion to the harem bulls for 
the latter reason. Normally there are about one-fifth as many virgin 
cows as there are breeding cows. The most desirable proportion is 
one idle bull to four or five harem bulls.* The failure of this class to 
appear in larger numbers points to the possibility that the males suffer 
a greater loss of life at sea than do the females. 


AVERAGE HAREM. 


Average harem in 1921 for all fur-seal rookeries on Pribilof Islands. 


Breeding Harem Average Average 


Rookery. harem harem, 
y cows. bulls. 1991,” 1920. 
ST PAUL ISLAND 
4, 353 161 127. 04 128. 52 
2, 938 100 129. 38 130. 86 
10, 909 232 147, 02 140, 52 
1, 088 32 134, 00 129. 50 
24, 638 521 1 47.29 A 44.77 
8, 854 190 146.60 144,08 
287 16 217.94 224.36 
15, 708 328 1 47.89 1 42,37 
16, 830 380 1 44, 29 138.77 
10, 037 213 147.12 1 42. 97 
502 23 221.83 219.00 
6, 071 161 237.71 233. 93 
2, 785 lll 225. 09 £29. 92 
1, 876 48 134.92 134. 92 
WLUH) OVI 3b oatacpae Lacs hs tant ois ja meiclom NER er ce Seeeore Ose 2, 994 104 228.79 230. 27 
WHSUOCDIL eee cha ream the are eee eRe cae oe kee 40,195 823 1 48, 84 145.32 
DOA ee sures Sh ees ate aoe acest apie hc ae ee 149, 865 3, 443 43. 53 40. 45 
Total for rookeries counted .....-...-----c-r-e---ec-0e-- 12, 639 | 418 30. 46 | 30. 82 
' Estimate. “ Pups counted. 


5 Osgood, Wilfred H.; Edward A. Preble; and George H. Parker: The Fur Seals and Other Life of the 
EL pilot slands, Alaska, in 1914. Bulletin, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Vol. XXXIV, 1914, p. 55. Wash- 
ington, 5 


ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1921. 83 


Average harem in 1921 for all fur-seal rookeries on Pribilof Islands—Continued. 


——— 


Average Average 


Rookery. = : harem, harem, 
cows. bulls. 1921. 1920. 
ST. GEORGE ISLAND. 

7 iia. sede Je SS eee a ee Ae 9, 986 175 1 57.06 145. 86 
StatavarAvruleces sss. 22 sce se. AOE pee ene 6, 620 103 1 64. 27 153.07 
Rapalitey 44 cece: 51.) pss hese: 2: Sees Cee a. 895 21 2 42. 62 233. 59 
SUNT (4 Ds “eS 55 enn neie SE eer ee eee sae 187 6 231.17 224.75 
IASHURLEGl nested - SJ. ct beeen ed ee. see ee os ee 2, 628 58 2 49, 58 238.37 
OCP O12 ere Clee Coes) Jehan 6,474 108 159. 94 1 48. 74 

Potal.secsc2s5 <3 #523 - Sep sas- yess A. ee 26, 790 466 57. 49 46. 28 
Total for rookeries counted.................. eB 6 15 ate | 3, 710 80 46.38 36. 50. 
otal (both islands)... 50-2 2..2.4.0-2. 0s. -ndeccuc| 176, 655 3, 909 45.19 41.20 

1 Estimate. 2 Pups counted. 


The average harem for the entire herd is 45.19. East Cliffs rookery 
on St. George Island contained the largest average, with the exception 
of Staraya Artil rookery, there being but 1 bull to every 60 cows. 
Lagoon rookery on St. Paul Island had 1 bull to every 18 cows. 
These extremes show how the topography of the rookery influences 
the average harem. Last Cliffs rookery is a narrow beach at the 
base of a high’steep cliff. One end is closed by a vertical wall of 
rock at the water’s edge. Expansion can only occur at the other 
end of the rookery and there is room for idle bulls only at that place. 
Lagoon rookery, on the other hand, has opportunity to expand 
in all directions, and it is easy for the idle bulls to capture a few 
cows. The bulls and harems can scatter all they please. 


LOSSES OF MALES. 


In the winter migrations of seals it has long been known that 
the adult males remain farthest north. The young males go farther 
south, and the females are found at the southern limits of migration. 
The killer whale, probably the greatest known enemy of the seal, 
is found around the Pribilof Islands, appearing in the spring at about 
the same time as the seals do. Although there is no dubiies evidence 
to support the supposition, it would not be impossible for these 
killers to follow the seals south as far as the males go and prey prin- 
cipally upon the younger males. 

The increase of 3-year-old seals has not kept pace with the increase 
of cows. Sealskins taken in 1911, all or nearly all 3-year-olds, num- 
bered 12,002. In 1920 there were 18,831 skins taken from this 
class. This is an increase of 56.9 per cent. The estimated number 
of cows was placed at 75,000 in 1911, a number not far from correct. 
In 1920 there were 167,527 cows, an increase of 123.37 per cent. 

The 1920 census places the loss of seals during the first three 
years at 35 per cent for the first year, 15 per cent for the second, and 
10 per cent for the third. These figures are probably not far wrong 
for the females. As the evidence seems to indicate a higher loss 
for the males, the percentages for the first three years are provisionally 
placed at 40 Pr cent for the first, 174 per cent for the second, and 
12} per cent for the third. The losses for the fourth and subsequent 


84 


years are left the same as given in the 1920 census. 
grows older his defensive powers increase. 


U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


in compiling the data in this census. 


COMPLETE CENSUS. 


As the male 


These figures are used 


It is expected that in 1922 a more complete count of pup wills 
be made and also additional counting towers constructed in the 
most congested areas of harems. For these reasons the results of the 
1922 census will be as nearly exact as it is possible to make them. 
The figures in this report, which are based on estimates, are there- 
fore presented with the provision that they may be revised should 
sufficient reasons come to light next year for different methods 


of forming the estimates. 


Details of census of fur seals, Pribilof Islands, as of August 10, 1921. 


per cen 


10, 1921 


mated: 


10, 1920 


St. Paul. | St. George. 
Pups, counted and esti- . 
Hide 10 oe Ae ea ORS SCE eS 149, 865 26, 790 
Breeding cows, 3 years 
and over, by inference. . 149, 865 26,790 
Harem bulls, counted....- 3, 443 466 
Idle bulls, counted......-- 711 36 
Yearlings, male and fe- 

male, estimated: 

Females born in 1920. .-- 71, 638 12, 126 
Naturai mortality, 35 

percent. £55.0202E2 55 25, 073 4, 244 
Yearling females, Aug. 

LOMO2I Ces Sere 46, 565 7, 882 
Males born in 1920...... 71, 637 12, 126 
Natural mortality, 40 

Per CONt. Siccecoeccaen 28, 654 4, 850 
Yearling males begin- 

MINE Wee. 42, 983 7,276 
Yearling males killed 

[G2 ies cos ate selec siciie 1 bee eyes Sep 
Yearling males Aug. 10, 3 

LOL ee ee steee seco 42,973 7, 276 

2-year-olds, male and fe- 

male, estimated: 

Yearling females, Aug. 

IAL ela kei eet aeaage nd 43, 522 7,559 

Natural mortality, 15 

(Sele, Lae Seek a 6, 528 1,134 
2-year-old females, Aug. 

BARTS ADE NY 36, 994 6, 425 
Yearling males, Aug. 10, 

19208355505... As. 43,515 7, 559 
Natural mortality, 174 

Pel CORUree sens eet eine 7,615 1,323 
2-year-old males begin- 

ning 1921321. 3.552 35, 900 6, 236 
2-year-old males killed 

122 Bi il ca 222 21 
2-year-old males, Aug. 

10} WO2Te eit 5515.22 55 35, 678 6, 215 

38-year-old males,  esti- ; 
2-year-old males, Aug. 
BI Osd RBS 33, 698 5, 413 
2-year-old males killed 
Le ULL AE. tsa tiele Ses 2 ie 2 25 


3-year-old males,  esti- 
mated—Continued. 


J OL) CS) gD RA See SSSe 


3-year-old males begin- 
ning 1921 
3-year-old males killed 
ot 4 RS Ae Sd 


3-year-old males, Aug. 
TRC ARSE OMe OA Pee Be 
4-year-old males _ esti- 
mated: 
38-year-old males, Aug. 


38-year-old males killed 
fall I9Z0es! RII AE.. 


3-year-old males end of 


Natural mortality, 10 
Per CONVs- et were eto 


4-year-old males begin- 
ninp 19QnAsP 9h OFS. | 
4-year-old males killed 
NO ZY ecm tak nic cei ete 


4-year-old males, Aug. 
TOP ig2l er metet Se Ue 


5-year-old males,  esti- 


mated: 


per cent 


‘5-year-old males begin- 
ning 1921 


§-year-old males, Aug. 
10, 1921 


wee ere wee nee 


St. George. 


St. Paul. 
33, 696 5, 387 
4, 212 673 


ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1921. 


85 


Details of census of fur seals, Pribilof Islands, as of August 10, 1921—Continued. 


St. Paul. | St. George. St. Paul. | St. George. 
6-year-old males, esti- Surplus bulls,7 years and 
mated: over, estimated—Con. 
5-year-old males, Aug. Remaining surplus for 
HUEROA er ee=o 23 cais='s 6 4, 882 125 1) [Ee ee ee Be 3, 602 678 
5-year-old males killed 
is Cpe ee ae 2 3 Breeding bulls of 1920... 4, 620 607 
Natural mortality, 30 
5-year-old males end DeriCOnt a=. cast sc ses 1,386 182 
TOON OMe ea. 4, 880 122 
Natural mortality, 20 1920 bulls remaining 
pericenty. - 52... 2202 oe 976 24 NO Dees tomece cementing 3, 234 425 
6-year-old males begin- Breeding bulls of 1921... 4,154 502 
r3ull ol AC De eee = 3, 904 98 1920 bulls remaining, 
6-year-old males killed deducted sae sebeaeese 3, 234 425 
HOO ees a2 aes 9 2 ; 
Increment of new bulls 
Ree Ore OL Cs ILLS eATT A Hh eS PEER ts Beem el te oe OO ASE ee eee sete 929 77 
CCU ST?) B  See oh oPaean 3, 895 96 
7-year-old males com- 
Surplus bulls, 7 years and puted for 1921......... 3, 161 161 
over, estimated: Surplus bulls computed 
6-year-old males, Aug. TOL GQ ste cecee sees 3, 602 678 
MENG 2D Fa. ors anya casctare 2 3,952 201 
6-year-old males killed Total theoretical sur- 
PUIELO DSF stetty ns. eae. 45 eect ee eee oc See plus bull stock for 1921 6, 763 839 
= SSS 7-year-old males killed 
6-year-old males end of in 192032333 555224- 498% 2 2 
OS ale Pe bee A aaeats 3, 952 201 
Natural mortality, 20 | Total surplus in 1921... 6, 761 837 
pemcentes. 2 sh ss.a25-- 791 40 New increment breed- 
ing bulls deducted. ... 920 77 
7-year-old males begin- 
MAT IA ee oe peas 3, 161 161 Surplus bulls 1921....... 5, 841 760 
50 per cent deducted for 
Buiplus bulls, Aug. 10, losses due to fighting, 
kanal esleart operas 5, 147 968 natural causes, and 
surplus bulls killed fall errors in loss percent- 
eee eee + He wae 1 0 age in previous years. . 2, 920 380 
Surp!us bulls end of Byupias bulls, Aug. 10, 
Ze Pcnseege. baci Soe ee 5, 146 968 MODs atts meme oertare 2, 921 380 
Natural mortality, 30 
DELCO D <5 soe gene a 58 1,544 290 
| 
RECAPITULATION. 
Both 
St. Paul. | St. George. island 
LE Oe eee Scr ote AE RA Se OS Aa ASE Na 8 5 Sa a 149, 865 26, 790 176, 655 
SRE ey I Oe a na FE Ai eiabae cape = etc eee pe See Sey AEN, 149, 865 26, 790 176, 655 
JFPararns bYilIst at erk SEP sass SNS. S052 oS EEE, 2g se A SEE ee eee ae 3, 443 466 3, 909 
TSU vv See ae ee ee, MMe: Oren RENE! ae See Ge Sapa 711 36 747 
PCHELUMPMeR eS an 2m Ite Sd Wee, OTe ee Abe FT oR 46, 565 7, 882 54, 447 
ie amlea rem alse Se bee sys) Saber ae Set) ats cogts aida de. tec Sine Sse 42,973 7, 276 50, 249 
2-year-old females...........-..---- 36, 994 6,425 43,419 
2-year-old males......-..-.+--...-- 35, 678 6,215 41, 893 
PEE CTTT TOS 5 ae se ee ee In oh ee Me os 13,301 1, 367 14,6 8 
AMP EMAETIVALES Soto. RA SS Se = TNS 3 Merete eae dao edness k earn 2 6, 405 375 6,780 
peu or. 2 1h! teh ONPSE eee Ge ee ee ce eo 2. ee 3, 841 888 4,729 
[iV Spe Sees See ee ee nee en oF Begins See ate 3,895 96 3, 991 
Surplas ies h@ayearsandcOver) ct 62228... 82. 2 e752. sete. es 2,921 380 3,301 
Magic b Sil pAl Se Ee a ae Se ee eR eS eee eee AL 496, 457 84, 986 581, 443 
EE OLRL, 1920.2 sees eee a aera eee epee ee sc See row oe So elects einen teem emotes 552,718 
Numerical incressem guna Fetes Riess te tree. gee geeee. 2h 5. Parse eee 2 water ee ceack 28, 725 
Pencent increasestonieeee a oaks oe panies Sones Uae arin aie iy ig aa aes) SON) 5.2 


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THE KENTUCKY RIVER AND ITS MUSSEL RESOURCES.’ 


ra 


By Ernest DANGLADE, Formerly Field Assistant, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. 


CONTENTS. 

Page. 

Kentucky River’and its three upstream forks-_) 2 
Shippin faeivitiesilt Jel 10 APOC GON ISOMT Fe ELL SII 
Mussel beds; 5:1 1. _ ol ogurory +o heur one? Hellas or ag otlt Th) mot 
YATES (| aS ¢ OL Cpe voe: Lose ee Seen rep ree ee WOES Noe Me ere. Woes 
12 (CCIE US aN, SA ete I I SERNA AAAS iON RR SN tt oN ICCD PUN gy AE BN 
PEC CUST OE MITUSSEL sf Shtiny eee toes en wene ome me ree eere  noneecmr mach Gaetan 
pu ary A Fees TG Ee OE A MOV ONE ORs Ce wPOeE ead. 


ANTM OwWNY eH 


KENTUCKY RIVER AND ITS THREE UPSTREAM FORKS. 


The basin of the Kentucky River is situated in the eastern portion 
of Kentucky and embraces about one-sixth of the State, or ap- 
proximately 6,700 square miles. The mountain sections, which are 
within the Cumberland Plateau, are rough and uneven, varying in 
elevation from 1,000 to 3,200 feet. The lower two-thirds of the 
basin descends gradually from 1,000 to about 450 feet. Omitting the 
smal] tributaries leading down from the mountains, the river has a 
fall of about 800 feet, an average of 2 feet per mile. The upper 
third of the stream has a fall of about 34 feet per mile; the remainder 
of about 0.9 foot per mile. 

The headwaters of the river, consisting of three branches, the 
North, Middle, and South Forks, have their sources along the 
northern slopes of Pine Mountains. The streams flow in a general 
northwesterly direction and unite near Beattyville to form the main 
stream which continues in the same direction and flows into the 
Ohio River at Carrollton. Including North Fork the river has a 
length of about 400 miles, but in a direct line from source to mouth 
the distance is about 175 miles. The difference of 225 miles is due 
to numerous windings and bends, including two large sweeps, one to 
the north and one to the south. 

It is interesting to note that the Cumberland and Big Sandy Rivers © 
have their origins on the slopes of Pine Mountains and that the head- 
waters of these streams are but a few hundred yards from those of 
the Kentucky. 

The river holds the center of the basin from its source to below 
Valley View, a distance of about 240 miles, whence it bears de- 
cidedly westward, especially from High Bridge to the mouth. The 
width of the stream is from 75 to 250 feet and the depth from a 
few inches to 4 or 5 feet in the upper stretches during low water 
up to 40 or more feet in the lower river in times of flood. The banks 
are moderately low and are composed of mud, loam, or solid rock. 
The bottom lands, which are generally rather narrow, are fertile and 


1 Appendix XI to the Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1922. B. F. . 
Doc. No. 934. 


6196°—22 iL 


2 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. : 


extensively cultivated. The bed of the stream in the upper divisions 
consists of a series of riffles or shoals having a solid or shingle rock 
floor and long reaches of sand foundation in the pool areas. Through 
the presence of 14 locks and dams, maintained by the Federal Goy- 
ernment, the main stream or the lower two-thirds of the river is in 
pool stages and has, for the most part, a soft mud bottom. 

The river basin contains five geological formations. The first, 
located in the southeastern portion, is the Subcarboniferous forma- 
tion. It is represented by the Pine Mountains, which form a long, 
narrow band or elevation rising above adjacent sandstone areas, and 
is composed mostly of limestone, a mineral of first importance in the 
nutrition of the heavy-shelled fresh-water mussels. The next is the 
Carboniferous, with extensive deposits of an excellent quality of 
coal. The other formations, composed mainly of limestone, are in 
order as follows: the Devonian, the Silurian, and the Ordovician. 
Since the Subcarboniferous comes to the surface toward the north as 
well as in the mountains, it would appear that the Carboniferous 
occupies and fills a broad, deep, and extensive valley of limestone— 
the Pine Mountains on the southeast and the Blue Grass region on 
the northwest. The waters flowing through this region are rather 
hard, obtaining their soluble calcium compounds, which are essential 
to mussel growth, from these extensive deposits of limestone. 

Besides the three principal forks, there are many small side 
streams and creeks flowing into the river. The largest of these are 
the Red River and Eagle Creek from the east and the Dix River 
from the south. 

The water of the Kentucky is more or less turbid at all seasons of 
the year. During periods of heavy rainfall there is considerable 
crude oil wastage from the adjacent oil fields spreading over the 
river’s surface. Other than this, however, there is not an undue 
amount of pollution contaminating the water and detrimental to 
aquatic life. 


SHIPPING FACILITIES. 


The following list gives the larger towns along the main river 
and along the three large upstream forks that have railroad con- 


nections: 
MAIN KENTUCKY RIVER, 


Garrolifon's ye ith Pain Tope ober oel oe alt Sad Carrollton & Worthville R. R. 
Louisville & Nashville R. R. 

GPO ao ak a oe ee Frankfort & Cincinnati R. R, 
Chesapeake & Ohio R. R. 

PPP ONLO Ny Se TT I Ure res Southern R. R. 

Highs Bridges rune ey tee} pee ee) et rey eee Do. 

Valley: View 22 ans. ¢92- 42.04. eee ee Louisville & Nashville R. R. 

MOD Ooo oo ee ee 2 ee eee oe ees eres Do. 

Ur tgy'gi OY se eget flnene Ra eli By aera Hes. abhi Bs ote peg. Do 

Bedttpyllel ides) Gt. DA JOO Mie Oe ee ae Do 

NORTH FORK OF KENTUCKY RIVER. . 

Louisville & Nashville R. R. 

JACKSON: ~ op nnn nee rte sro ote { Ohio & Kentucky R. R. 

Er OZ@I 2 5 eo i tee al eV age en) Ohio & Kentucky R. R. 

Paz a ee Lt ee ee Louisville & Nashville R. R. 


Louisville & Nashville Railroad parallels the stream from Jackson nearly to 
its source. 


Frozen 
f, 
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WJackson 
$ 
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FIG. 1—THE KENTUCKY RIVER AND ITS PRINCIPAL RAILROAD CONNECTIONS. 


> 


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rhs 


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ipper div 
or shingle 


ts 
beh my ic 


KENTUCKY RIVER AND ITS MUSSEL RESOURCES. 3 


MIDDLE FORK OF KENTUCKY RIVER. 


Louisville & Nashville Railroad parallels the stream from its mouth to Athol. 
No railroad connections farther up stream. 


SOUTH FORK OF KENTUCKY RIVER, 


No railroad connections on this stream. Nearest railroad shipping point is 
at Beattyville, at the mouth of the Fork. 

The railroad shipping facilities are poor for the immediate and 
direct handling of fishery products except on the North Fork and 
on the main stream from Beattyville to below Irvine, where the 
Louisville & Nashville Railroad parallels the channel. The railroad 
shipping points other than here are located at points from 30 to 50 
miles apart and, for their use in shipping, fresh-water mussels would 
require previous shipment by packet or towboat. Transportation is 
further facilitated, however, by the 14 Government locks and dams 
previously mentioned. ‘These agencies to improve river commerce 
have made the lower 255 miles of the river from Beattyville to 
Carrollton navigable for steamboats and other craft at all seasons of 
the year, except during times of heavy ice. Thus by towing or 
shipping by small boat or packet the railroad points may be quite 
readily reached. 

MUSSEL BEDS. 


There are many mussel beds in the upper Kentucky, and, although 
small in extent when compared with those of the Ohio and Mississippi 
Rivers, they are generally well stocked and good yielders of com- 
mercial shells. The greater portion of the bars occupied by mussels 
range in area from small patches of a few square yards to 2 or 3 
acres or more. 

The beds may not be situated in the bends, as is often the case in 
the Ohio River, but in localities having permanent or but slightly 
shifting bottoms, in which mussels can burrow and maintain a foot- 
hold. The greater number of such grounds, as the riffles or shoals, 
are found off creeks and small streams or in favorable sections along- 
shore, usually immediately above the shoals and opposite the chan- 
nel. The riffles and other mussel-bearing districts are fairly regular 
in distribution, averaging about two per mile in the most favorable 
sections. There are four principal classes of shell beds in the head- 
waters. 

(1) The riffles. When occurring on a bar of this class, the mussels 
are distributed practically all over it, excepting perhaps in the swifter 
parts and channel. In some places they are found living for some 
distance below as well as above the main rifiles. 

(2) Areas situated above exposed bars and in the shallower chutes, 
but seldom in the channel. 

(3) Favorable bottoms at the lower end of long pools or at the 
beginning of shoals, where the current is slow, but uniform through- 
out. Also directly above and below fords. 

(4) Sections alongshore; occasionally a portion of a bar extending 
across the river. On these beds there are usually large bowlders and 
a shingle or sand-mud bottom. These grounds are generally some 
distance from the shoals, 


4 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


There are also small bars and patches here and there on good bot- 
toms and scattering mussels between large adjacent beds where the 
current is moderate and the bottom is somewhat unstable or else 
too hard for safe burrowing. Wherever a favorable bottom of any 
size occurs in the streams mussels are to be found. A good indica- 
tion of a shell bed, particularly alongshore, is a growth of water 
willows in moderate current. 

The most productive mussel area in North Fork is the stretch 
from Hazard, Perry County, to Log Shoals, Lee County, a distance 
of about 75 miles. The following list of beds in North Fork were 
worked to some extent during the shelling seasons of 1919 and 1920: 

Doughty Shoals, 24 miles above Haddix, Breathitt County. 

Jackson or Coal Chute Bed, Jackson. 

War Shoals, 3 miles below Ohio & Kentucky Railroad Junction. 

Si Bend, 2 miles above Frozen. 

Frozen Bed, Frozen. 

Cedar Point Shoals, 3 miles below Frozen. 

War Creek Shoals, near county line between Breathitt and Lee Counties. 

Hieronymus Ford, Lee and Wolfe Counties. 

Hays Bar, Lee County. : 

Upper Twin Shoals, 10 miles above Beattyville. 

Tea Table Shoals, off Tea Table Branch, Lee County. 

Aggie Riffle, near Primrose. 

Laurel Shoals, off Laurel Branch, Lee County. 

Log Shoals, off Log Branch and at the head of slack water. 

Only limited shelling has been carried on in Middle Fork. The 
best beds in this stream are as follows: 

Mill Creek Shoals and vicinity, near Tallega, Lee County. 

Section between Monica, Lee County, and Athol, Breathitt County. 

There are doubtless some good beds above these stretches, but the 
stream becomes rather small and transportation facilities are unsatis- 
factory for heavy loads. 

No shelling has been done in South Fork. There are small beds 
in the section of the stream between the head of slack water and 
Booneville, Owsley County, thence to Bronner Bend, about 5 miles 
by water above Booneville, and at points above. ‘There are no 
railroad or steamboat shipping facilities on this fork, and during 
periods of low stage of water it is impossible to tow heavy loads 
in small flatboats or barges. This would necessitate hauling over- 
land over rough roads. 

As an indication of the productiveness of the upper reaches of 
the Kentucky River it should be mentioned that during the shelling 
operations of 1919 two carloads of marketable shells were gathered 
from the beds of North and Middle Forks and sold at a good price. 
So far as was determined by an inspection of the grounds, the beds 
were not injured by the season’s industry. In 1920 the stretch from 
above Haddix to ee Shoals, a distance of about 35 miles, gave a 
return of 87 tons of desirable shells. Rain, high water, and a gen- 
eral shortage of help prevented a greater yield. 

It is not to be understood that the output of these streams will 
equal that of such rivers as the Cumberland, Wabash, or Illinois, 
or that the supply will be inexhaustible. It is evident, however, that 
if fished within reason and at the proper seasons, they will yield 
an appreciable regular annual return. With continued heavy and 
undue shelling, they are liable to reach depletion within two or 
three years. 


‘ 


U. S. B. F.—Doc. 934. 


FIG. 2—NORTH FORK OF KENTUCKY RIVER, 2 MILES ABOVE LOTHAIR, 


The bottom is rocky, with some sand and gravel. Only scattering mussels were found. 


FIG. 3—NORTH FORK OF KENTUCKY RIVER, DOUGHTY SHOALS. 


A fine mussel bed here, mostly muckets. The best portion of the bed is along the opposite 
shore wee the water is rather deep and has little current. The white streak is water flowing 
over the riffles. 


U. S. B. F.—Doe. 934. 


FIG. 4—NORTH FORK OF KENTUCKY RIVER, DOUGHTY SHOALS. 


This shows the riffles and the pool above. ‘The riffles are situated diagonally across the river. 


FIG. 5—SOUTH FORK OF KENTUCKY RIVER, NEAR BRONNER BEND SHOALS. 


Some mussels are found here. Bottom rocky, with sand and gravel. 


U. S. B. F.—Doc. 934. 


FIG. 6—SOUTH FORK OF KENTUCKY RIVER, BRONNER BEND SHOALS. 


This shows the left chute around a small bar covered with water willows. Mussels, including 
the Truncillas, are found here. 


FIG. 7.—SOUTH FORK OF KENTUCKY RIVER, BRONNER BEND SHOALS. 


: This shows the right chute around a small bar covered with water willows. Mussels are found 
lere. 


KENTUCKY RIVER AND ITS MUSSEL RESOURCES. 5 


MUSSELS. 


The mussels of the Kentucky River are neither uniformly nor 
indiscriminately distributed over a given mussel-bearing area but 
are found more or less grouped in the sections having standard bot- 
tom conditions. They occur, as a rule, more frequently at those 
places with a penetrable bottom in the quieter waters and near shore 
than in the swift portions and in the channel. The mussels are often 
found densely crowded in the beds, standing on end, but so arranged, 
if possible, that the tips of the shells point upstream. 

The 40 species of mussels found in the Kentucky River and here- 
with listed probably do not represent the number occurring in the 
drainage or even in the headwaters. Of the 40 listed species 22 are 
of commercial value in button manufacture. The following table 
gives the names and comparative occurrence of mussels, weight of 
shells, and other considerations of value to the mussel fisherman and 
the manufacturer. 


Mussels of the Kentucky River and its upstream forks. 


Value as Number 
Common name. Scientific name. button of shells Occurrence. 
material. per ton. 
Alasmidonta marginata........... Occasional. 
Alasmidonta minor}... ...........]..... d Rare. 
Anodonta grandis.... Occasional. 
..| Anodonta imbecillis . are. 
..| Cyprogeniairrorata. . Do. 
..| Lampsilis alata....... Common 
..| Lampsilis anodontoides Rare. 
.-| Lampsilis fallaciosa. ..... Occasional. 
.-| Lampsilis gracilis. ....... Do. 
.-| Lampsilis ligamentina.. ... Very common. 
Pat mucket-..2....).<- Lampsilisluteola: ..0..222..22..2. Good .| Occasional. 
Lampsilis multiradiata?........_.. a de 2 Do. 
Lampsilis parva!...-.....-...-...- ae 23 .| Rare. 
Black sand-shell....... hamypisilis Feta cg cs - eh. sci FAs Fair .| Common. 
‘Pocketbook: -.+...24-2- Lampsilis ventricosa.............- oie on Do. 
ee warty- | Obliquaria reflexa................. i Rare. 
ack. 
onnd' shell. se..." - Gov arinerta ue cress ae eae Occasional. 
Plagiola donaciformis!............ Do. 
DGCP-00- - .sto5 ooh bs ac0it Plagiolaelegans.<.../....-.:..-+-- Common. 
Club-shell= . .5!3.7.... Pleurobema clava..............-.. Rare. 
Kidney-shell........... Ptychobranchus phaseolus........|....- Do. 
Flat niggerhead........ Quadrula coccmeas. vs. 22 08 eel ee Occasional. 
Rabbit’s foot..........- Quadrula cylindrica.............2./....- Goes yilegor Tie Rare. 
Purple warty-back..... Quadrula granifera.......-...:...-|....- Cay se Sa ee Site Occasional. 
Washboard............ Quadrula heros...\32. 2.222.222) 41 Waleed A PLT Do. 
Long niggerhead....... Quadrula kirtlandiana............ Gaad: esoa4 3 6,400 | Common. 
Ma ple-leaf 20sec. Quadrula lachrymosa...........--}..... Classe Jee 4,000 | Occasional. 
Pimple-back........... Quadruta pustulata....-...2.2.2.2)....- doi 22... a eel eet lis Do. 
Te ORE Re Quadrula pustulosa_...........---|..--- do.-.--....|4, 200-7, 100 | Common. 
Wabash pig-toe.-...... Quadrula rubiginosa.............. ORES BTS ees Do. 
ai Quadrula solida}.................. Nignie=p. See | ate sl Occasional. 
Long niggerhead....... Quadrula subrotunda.........__.- GOOd.s se Eee ee Common. 
Three-ridge............ Quadrula undulata..-............. Wairoa fo 2. 3, 700-6, 400 Do. 
Squaw-foot-..-......... Strophitus edentulus.............. Noneies. asses sects ss Do. 
White heel-splitter -.... Symphynota complanata.-.-......} Fair--......... ides Be Do. 
Hluted shell _- 0 222. . - Symphynota costata.............. None sc aes. eae Bee 2 ae Abundant. 
Pistol-grip >. tee Tritogonia tuberculata..........-- Goods 223.17 eee ee ee Common. 
Truncilla rangianal............-.-. Boar.s.2£4..4. btastys: 6. hes Rare. 
BUGHDOK. << 22a brunette triquetra 2. -22..5.-2-|seene (6 ba eral ad Pa eae Do. 
Lady-finger..........-. Unio gibbesuss-} ..s3sieiad 4 | WOne-o53-2 . 1.4). 793093 oY: Common. 


1 There is no common name in use for this species. 


The mucket, Lampsilis ligamentina, is the most valuable commer- 
cial shell and the predominating species of the headwaters of the 
Kentucky River. The shell beds, as a rule, average from 90 to 95 
per cent of this shell. The following instances are cited to show the 


6 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


abundance and crowded condition of the mussels in many localities. 
On a bed in North Fork, Hays Bar, Lee County, a fisherman, stand- 
ing in water about 2 feet deep, gathered from one spot, without 
moving his feet, 50 muckets and one lady-finger. A yard further out 
in the river and under similar conditions he took 81 mussels, enumer- 
ated as follows: 77 muckets, 1 pistol-grip, 1 lady-finger, 1 pink heel- 
splitter, and 1 fluted shell. In the same stream at Doughty Shoals, 
Breathitt County, a sheller gathered from a spot of sand bottom 
formed below a large rock 170 mussels, mostly mature muckets. On 
this latter bed, which had been worked during the season of 1920, 
there were observed on an area of 1 square foot the extreme tips of 
11 large, deeply burrowed muckets. 

The nacre of the muckets is usually clear white with very rare 
brownish stains in the region of the umbone. The shell texture is 
firm, in some mussels quite hard, with a tendency to be brittle. ‘The 
mussels are, however, of good quality, though perhaps not equal to 
that of the same species of more northern streams. The medium and 
smaller sized shells of this mucket are tolerably uniform in thickness 
and furnish the best button material. This uniformity of thickness 
makes it possible to cut excellent tips from the shells. The older 
shells are much thicker anteriorly and correspondingly heavier. 

The mucket appears to be holding its own in the Kentucky River, 
as a great many of the mussels found were gravid. <A large number 
_ of juveniles of this species were also encountered, and it appears 
that natural reproduction of this species is occurring in large amount. 
The shells of commercial size, number per ton, are as follows: Large 
size, 3,200; medium, 4,200; and small, 7,100. 

The washboard shells are for the most part very large and very 
heavy shells, with good white nacre and very few stains. The black 
sand-shells are white nacred and of a weight and texture desirable 
for button manufacture. 

The mussel fauna of the Kentucky, as determined principally by 
the species found in the headwaters and creeks, is practically that of 
the Ohio. This is especially indicated in the headwaters by the 
great frequency of the mucket shell. This fact is emphasized also 
by the occurrence on the upstream beds of the following species: 
Truncilla rangiana, Obovaria lens, Quadrula rubiginosa, and Lamp- 
silis luteola. The only species indicating a faunal connection with 
the Cumberland drainage is Alasmidonta minor, which was taken 
near the extreme upper limits of the river, not far from the source 
of the Cumberland. The following mussels, common on many shell 
beds of the Ohio and more or less large river forms, were not ob- 
served in the Kentucky: Niggerhead, Quadrula ebenus; Ohio River 
pig-toe, Q. obliqua; elephant’s ear, Unio crassidens; Missouri nigger- 
head, Obovaria ellipsis; and butterfly, Plagiola securis. 'The absence 
of these shells is perhaps due to their restricted parasitism of fishes 
that do not ascend the Kentucky River from the Ohio. This is 
particularly true of the river herring, the host of the niggerhead. 
It is not known to have been taken in the headwaters of the Ken- 
tucky drainage. 

The principal fishes observed in the Kentucky River that are im- 
portant in keeping the mussel beds stocked are the black bass, the 
sunfish, the drum, the channel and mud catfishes, gars, suckers, red- 
horse, and minnows. 


KENTUCKY RIVER AND ITS MUSSEL RESOURCES. x. 
PEARLS. 


The upper stretches of the Kentucky River are not rich in pearl 
production. From the good quality of the nacre and the fine con- 
dition of the predominating mussel, the mucket, together with the 
general character of the streams, it would appear that the headwaters 
should yield many valuable gems and an abundance of good baroques. 
But such is not the case. 

These streams, like so many other rivers of the Mississippi Basin, 
were doubtless visited long ago by the pioneers of the shell industry, 
the pearl hunters. The output of pearls then was probably so small 
and the good finds so rare that the hunters left for other fields in 
anticipation of more remunerative returns. They were interested 
only in pearls and, though the beds were full of fine mussels, the 
river was presumably pronounced of no value and was lost sight of 
for commercial shells. 

Only two or three pearling expeditions were learned of and these 
relate to local pearl hunters working at odd times in some of the 
larger tributaries of North Fork. The best finds were evidently of 
only a moderate character. No signs of recent pearl hunting were 
seen. During the limited shelling seasons of 1919 and 1920 no par- 
ticularly good finds were reported by those engaged in the mussel- 
fishing industry. What was found was of small quantity and 
mediocre quality. The baroques and slugs averaged as low as one- 
eighth ounce per ton of shells. During the busy shelling season it is 
hardly profitable for the shuckers to search diligently for slugs and 
ee Gs pieces while separating the meats from the shells. 


METHODS OF MUSSEL FISHING. 


Notwithstanding the fact that the mussel beds of the Kentucky 
are practically free from snags and serious hangups, the very hard 
and often uneven surfaces are not suited to such appliances as the 
crowfoot dredge, the dip net, tongs, or rake. The compaciness of 
the bottom so firmly and securely embeds the mussels that these im- 
plements are quite useless to the sheller. The shell-fork, however, 
can be employed on some of the softer bottoms. 

The method of giving the best results and the one generally 
pursued on the headwaters is that of wading and taking the mussels 
by hand. This method is, of course, dependent on low stages of the 
water. A sheller’s john boat is usually taken along side; besides 
affording temporary holding equipment, it is used to deliver the catch 
to the camps. About the only other equipment necessary is a shell- 
fork and a bucket when collections are made at some distance from 
the boat. With the exception of the juvenile shells, the mussels are 
as a rule, buried seven-eighths or more of their lengths in the hard 
bottoms and are removed with difficulty. 


SUMMARY. 


The Kentucky River is approximately 400 miles long and contains 
many valuable mussel beds. In the upper reaches of the stream these 
number about two per mile of channel. They have well defined and 
characteristic locations easily marked. 


8 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


The upper Kentucky River is practically an unknown and un- 
worked mussel-bearing stream and contains an abundance of mussels 
of commercial value, possessing good nacre and texture. Of these 
the mucket constitutes about 90 per cent. This shell has a desirable 
color, texture, and uniformity of thickness throughout. It appears 
probable, therefore, that this stream may be particularly useful in 
the near future as a source of remunerative employment for the 
mussel fisherman and of desirable raw material for the button 
manufacturer. The pearls of this river, as a by-product of mussel 
fishing, are of small consequence, both in the quantity and quality of 
the pieces found. 

The railroad and steamboat shipping facilities of the main river, 
of North Fork, and of lower Middle Fork are satisfactory. On the 
upper Middle Fork and on South Fork there are no railroad or 
steamboat connections and shipments must be handled by small 
boats. In particularly dry seasons of the year transportation must 
be made by hauling over rough roads. This is especially true of the 
South Fork. 

The method of shell fishery in the Kentucky River is limited prin- 
cipally to hand picking or to the use of the shell-fork. <A stiff bottom 
in which the mussels bury themselves deeply makes implements com- 
monly used elsewhere in shelling useless in this river. 

Of 40 species of mussels observed as indigenous to the river, 22 
are commercially usable, but only 9 are of relative importance. This 
number includes as the most common shells suitable for button 
manufacture the mucket, the pocketbook, the pimplebacks, the pistol- 
grip, the long niggerheads, the maple leaf, and the fat mucket. 


O 


a a es 


GOLDFISH: THEIR CARE IN SMALL AQUARIA.! 


By E. C. FEarnow, 
Superintendent of Fish Distribution, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. 


CONTENTS. 
Page. Page. 
PME ROGMGLION s, Staro:0 tn cic sm'ais Gra bios s Sete es los ie OO =. See erie he et oe ee, SE , 5 
Suitable form of aquarium............-....-- 1 | Diseases and their treatment..............-.. 7 
Suitable aquarial plants..................... 2 | How to distinguish sex...................--- 9 
MmnnCed Ag UArHiIn. =o. ft - 282222 Sees. oS 2). \ Coneliston eer ties) at sae. Soe Sete wie 9 
LTA Pee ee ae Se ee ee oe 4-| Baphopranhive cs.) 6 i204 eosee eos elec sees 9 
WHALOE Scie cece ecccma a2 site Seki Sena oe 5 
Memperaturel >. . .FPP2FL Ts ihe 2... 5 
Replacement of minerals..............-.- 5 
Prevention of acid condition...........-.. 5 
INTRODUCTION. 


Although the Bureau of Fisheries neither propagates nor distributes 
ornamental fish, the need of a publication for use in answering the 
numerous inquiries concerning the care of goldfish has been apparent 
for some time. It is the aim of this article to set forth Bratt such 
practical advice as appears necessary for the amateur aquarist. 

Since the bureau is concerned in the propagation of the food and 

ame fishes only it has no literature on the methods of goldfish 
brsudetiy. Excellent advice on this subject may be obtained by 
consulting the current publications on goldfish. Neither does the 
bureau serve as a aaiium for advertising goldfish or aquarium 
accessories. Publications devoted to aquarium fishes and related 
subjects contain advertisements of dealers in goldfish, aquatic plants, 
and in fact everything that is needed by the aquarist. 

In the preparation of this publication the following authorities 
have been freely consulted: Wolf, Mulertt, Innes, and Aquatic Life. 
(See Bibliography.) 

SUITABLE FORM OF AQUARIUM. 


Because of its narrow neck the so-called fish globe is not adapted 
to keeping goldfish in a comfortable and healthy state, its small 
amount of water surface not permitting the process of absorption of 
air on a scale sufficient for the well-being of the fish. Kaother 
objectionable feature of the globe lies in its reflection and refraction 
of light rays, which tends to make the fish nervous and uneasy. 

An aquarium with straight sides is the only suitable form. It 
should be of rectangular shape and of equal width at the top and 
bottom. The rectangular battery jar, which may be purchased in the 
5-gallon size, will give good results. The depth of water should be 
about the same as the width of the aquarium, and the bottom should 
be covered with clean sand and gravel to the depth of 14 inches. 
Ordinary sand and pebbles are best for this purpose, as the more 
desirable aquarial plants draw most of their nourishment from the 
water and require merely an anchorage. In order to insure an 
abundant air supply, plants of high oxygenating powers should be 
‘selected for the aquarium. 


1 Appendix XII to the Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1922. B. F. Doc. 935. 
32007 °—23 1 


2 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


SUITABLE AQUARIAL PLANTS. 


Among the most suitable plants for an aquarium are anacharis 
and fanwort. Anacharis, Anacharis canadensis gigantea (Fig. 1),is a 
good oxygenator and at the same time provides forage for goldfish. 
Fanwort, Cabomba caroliniana (Fig. 2), is a very hardy species and 
thrives well in small 
aquaria.- It is ever- 
ereen, will grow from 
cuttings, especially the 
forked joints, and a 
branch planted in the 
sand at the bottom of an 
aquarium will produce 
roots. These plants are 
very common, and sup- 
plies can usually be pur- 
chased from goldfish 
dealers. Other desirable 
aquarial plants are 
willow moss, Fontinalis 
antipyratica (Fig. 3), 
and arrowhead, Sagit- 
tiara natans (Fig. 4). 
Very beautiful aquatic 
gardens may be made 
by a proper selection of 
plants. A frequently 
used and very hardy and 
beautiful plant is the 


hornwort, Ceratophyllum 


natural ‘sizer “A. good Otygenator; grows tapidiy; thrives win aemersum (Hig. 5), but 
or without roots when set in pebbles or sand; may be pur- it requires careful atten- 
Ft ie oeuatea eae the most satisfactory tion, as i t is liable to 

decay and contaminate 
the water. Moreover it is dormant in the winter and has only 
decorative value at that period. Ludwigia, Ludwigia glandulosa 
(Fig. 6), is highly prized for its fine appearance in the aquarium and 
is easily propagated from cuttings. 


BALANCED AQUARIUM. ; 


When the relations of plant life and animal life in an aquarium are 
properly proportioned the aquarium is said to be self-sustaining or 
balanced, and under such a condition the water requires no change. 
Filling in to make up for what has evaporated is all that is necessary; 
or, if preferred, about half the water may be drawn off through a 
siphon and a similar amount of fresh, aerated water added. During 
very warm weather this will probably have to be done about once a 
month. . If the water should become vitiated at any’time the aqua- 
rium must be thoroughly cleansed and the entire water supply renewed, 
the fish first haying been removed to another vessel. en fish 
become restless and rise to the surface of the water to breathe, it 
indicates that the oxygen supply in the aquarium is insufficient. 
mite may be given them by dipping up and pouring back some of 
the water. 


GOLDFISH. ; 3 


A small aquarium can not sustain much life. Fishes, like human 
beings, can not thrive in crowded habitations, and thousands of 
goldfish have been lost by the overstocking of aquaria. The number 
that can be maintained in healthful condition in a 5-gallon vessel 


see 


Fia. 2.—Fanwort ( Cabomba caroliniana). Natural size. Found in ponds and slow streams, southern 
Illinois to North Carolina, south to Florida and Texas. 


will depend upon its location and shape, the water temperature, 
character of the plant life, size of the fish, and the amount of light 
admitted.  _ 

It is better for beginners to start with a few of the hardier varieties 
of goldfish until the fundamental principles of aquarium keeping are 


4 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


understood. When common goldfish can be kept with no losses it is 
ee branch out and undertake the keeping of the more interesting 
reeds, 

A well-balanced aquarium of 5-gallon capacity is capable of main- 
taining two goldfish, each 2 inches long exclusive of tail, one frog 
tadpole, and four snails. One-fourth of the bottom area should be 

lanted with aquatic vegetation, the ends or roets to be embedded 
rom 1 to 14 inches in the sand or gravel and the plants evenly dis- 
tributed over the entire surface, to 
admit light and provide for the free 
movement of the fish. In choosing the 
snails select species that do not feed on 
pinata. The What ones are the Planor- 
es and Vivipara. Snails help to kee 
down the growth of algze, while the tad- 
pole acts as a scavenger, consuming all 
waste matter in the aquarium. en 
about to enter the frog stage the tad- 
pole must be provided with a resting 
place on the surface of the water, 
otherwise it will drown. In a 5-gallon 
aquarium two handsome specimens of 
fringetail goldfish will make a fine 
appearance. Once or twice a week the 
inside surface of the front glass should 
be cleaned, to prevent obstruction of 
the view by accumulations of alge. 
For this purpose a flat sponge or piece 
of felt attached to the flattened end of 
a stick will be effective. Sediment 
may be removed by a glass dip tube or 
rubber siphon. 

A 5-gallon aquarium is the minimum 
size recommended, but when it is 
possible a larger vessel should be used. 
A tank 24 inches long, 12 inches wide, 
and 15 inches high, with a capacity of 
18 gallons, makes a suitable aquarium 
for a parlor or living room. A recep- 
tacle of that size should maintain five 
2-inch fish of different types and varie- 
ties, two tadpoles, and ten snails. 

Fic. 3.—Willow moss (Fontinalis anti: When larger aquaria are used_ the 
pyratica). | Naturalsize. Afairlygood number of fishes, scavengers, and plants 
xygenator. 4 ‘ 

may be increased proportionately. If 
the fish are larger their number should be correspondingly re- 
duced. A good rule in stocking an aquarium is to allow 1 gallon 
of water to each one-half inch of fish. 


LIGHT. 


The aquarium should have a northern or northeastern-exposure in 
summer, but in winter it is advisable to so locate it that it will get 
the sunlight two or three hours a day. The light should enter an 


GOLDFISH. 5 


me in about the same way it enters a stream, from the surface 
of the water. Too much light will overstimulate the growth of alge, 
causing the water to turn green. 


WATER. 


The best water supply for an aquarium is nearly always from a 
river, pond, or cistern, as water from such a source conforms more 
nearly to natural conditions. Well 
water usually contains lime or salts, 
especially lime, making the water 
hard and entirely unsuited to the 
purpose. 

TEMPERATURE. 


The temperature of the water in 
an indoor aquarium will range from 
50 to 80° F. in winter and from 65 
to 80° F. in summer. A tempera- 
ture somewhat in excess of 85° 
should not prove harmful if the 
water is well aerated, but if the fish 
show signs of distress their condition 
may be improved by reducing the 
number in the aquarium. In all 
cases avoid sudden changes in water 
temperature. 


REPLACEMENT OF MINERALS. 


Provision should be made to re- 
place minerals that are constantly 
absorbed from the water by plants 
and fishes. This can be done by 
occasionally adding salts, a mixture 
of three parts of evaporated sea salt 
and one part of Epsom salts. A level 
teaspoonful ‘to 20 gallons of water 
about once in two or three weeks is 


considered beneficial. The fishes will  ¥!¢ 4.—Floating arrowhead (Sagittaria na- 
tans). One-half natural size. A very 


usually swallow these salts, which desirable plant for the aquarium. | Flow- 
: : ers above water surface, but fruit ripens 
act as a mild cathartic. on or below the surface of the water. - 


PREVENTION OF ACID CONDITION. 


For the peeveption of an acid condition in the aquarium, which 
is usually brought about by the decomposition of plants, a small 
piece of plaster of Paris in the aquarium is recommended. The plas- 
ter of Paris neutralizes the acid, and as it dissolves only under acid 
conditions there is no danger of getting the water too alkaline. 
When the plaster of Paris dissolves quickly it is a sure sign of acid 


condition. 
FOOD. 


Most aquarium fishes desire a variety of foods, and the aquarist 
should endeavor to imitate nature. Whatever foods are used it 
should always be borne in mind that a balance of vegetable, animal, 


6 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


and mineral content is required. The best prepared foods are those 
that are granular in form and usually of dark color. Such foods may 
be purchased at pet stores and contain a mixture of flour, fish roe, 
meat, etc. Dried bread crumbs are frequently recommended as food 
for goldfish, especially when whole wheat bread is used. 

Goldfish in an aquarium should be fed every day in summer and 
every other day in winter. Substitutes for natural food are scalded 
and dried earthworms, dried liver, fish roe, ant eggs, rice flour, pea 
flour, etc. Many combinations may be used, the best ones being 


Fig. 5.—Hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum). Natural size. Found in’ ponds and slow streams 
throughout North America, except extreme north, This plant is shallow-rooted, deriving most of its 
sustenance from the water. 


those containing animal, crustacean, and starchy ingredients, together 
with some digestible form of lime, such as powdered egg shells, table 
salt, and Epsom salts. 

A well-known goldfish food consists of 5 ounces of pea flour, 4 ounces 
of rice flour, 2 ounces of dried and powdered fish flesh (herring), 4 
ounce of finely divided dried meat fiber (beef heart), 2 ounces of Tiled 
Daphnia, 14 ounces of ant eggs (pups), 1 ounce of dried powdered 
prawn (shrimp or lobster), 2 raw eggs together with the powdered 
shells, + ounce of table salt, 4 ounce o ipher salts, and sufficient gum 
arabic in boiling water to bind the mass. This is thoroughly kneaded — 
into a thick dough, dried at low temperature, and crushed into con- — 
venient particles, making about a pound of dried food. Just before 


GOLDFISH. 7 


feeding the granules are steeped in lukewarm water, or they may be 
forced through a colander or other device to produce a vermicellilike 
form. It is the opinion of a good authority on goldfish that this food 
contains too much animal substance to produce entirely satisfactory 
results. 

Prepared foods containing many of the ingredients mentioned are 
for sale in the market and their use can be recommended to the ama- 
teur aquarist. The main thing to 
guard against is the giving of more fA 
than the fish will consume at one J 
feeding, as any excess allowed to \ 
remain 1n the water will eventually y. y B. 
pollute it and produce diseased “ Wa 
conditions. \ SQ 

Daphnia, popularly known as 
“ditch fleas,” are an excellent live 
food for goldfish. The same may 
be said with reference to the larve 
of the mosquito, which can be had 
in large quantities during the sum- 
mer months and may be found in 
rain barrels or stagnant pools, the 
common name being “‘wrigglers.”’ 


DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT. 


Iliness among goldfish becomes 
apparent in many ways, but as a 
usual thing the fins are blood- 
shot, the dorsal fin droops, and the 
affected fish is inclined to rest on the 
floor of the aquarium, with little 
or no desire for food. Where only 
one fish is diseased the cause may 
be attributed to overfeeding or con- 
stipation, but.if a number are ill it 
is an indication that something is 
radically wrong, either with the 
food, the water, the oxygen supply, 
or the temperature conditions. 

The excrement in health is dark, 
either a brownish green or black. 


If white or yellow it indicates over- Fok 
feeding. When a fish becomes dis- 
-eased, it should be immediately re- Fic. 6.—Ludwigia (Ludwigia glandulosa). Nat- 
moved from the aquarium ural size. Prized for its beauty in the aquarium; 
os grows from cuttings. 


Goldfish must be handled gently 
and as little as possible, to avoid injury to their scales, fins, or tails. 
_ The dip net used for their transfer to and from the aquarium should 
be round and somewhat deep, rather than funnel-shaped. If it can 
be avoided, fish should never be grasped by the hands. 

Sudden changes in temperature produce the diseases known as 
“white fungus” and “tail rot.”’ en a whitish coating or split- 
ting of the fins is noted the affected fish should be placed in another 


8 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


jar containing water just salty enough to be noticeable to the taste 
and kept there until cured, the salt water being changed daily. This 
eee is good for run-down fish as well as for those that are dis- 
eased. 

To overcome constipation, dissolve a tablespoonful of Epsom salts 
in a gallon of water and allow the fish to remain in the solution for a 
few hours if necessary. Then let them rest a day or two in a mild 
solution of Epsom salts with a little sea salt added. Constipation 
can be prevented by the use of live foods, such as Daphnia, at intervals. 

Fish subject to a higher temperature than that which they were 
accustomed to are apt to develop fungus or other diseases. When 
fish are brought in from the open the temperature should be gradually 
lowered and overcrowding should be avoided. At the first indication 
of fungus (white spots on the fins) the fish should be given a salt 
treatment, after which they should be kept apart from the healthy 
ones in well-aerated water. ; 

Fungus is a parasitic plant, and species of it are always more or less 
abundant in the water. Healthy fish usually have the strength to resist 
them, but fish that have been injured by injudicious handling are 
liable to become affected. The fungus will be observed as black and 
white spots, or the fish may have most of its body covered with slime. 
A strong salt solution applied with a cotton swab will effect a cure in 
one or two treatments. There are preparations on the market that 
are sometimes used for painting spots made by fungus. These prepa- 
rations or balsams are insoluble in water and act as a covering while 
the wound is healing. In their use the affected parts are cleaned and 
dried and the balsam freely applied with a small brush or a piece of 
cotton and permitted to dry for about three minutes, the head and 
gills of the fish being wrapped in a wet cloth while the operation is in 
progress. If properly done this will not endanger the life of the fish. 
The following methods of salt treatment are in common use: 


TREATMENT WITH STRONG SALT SOLUTION. 


A solution containing 13 ounces of common table salt per gallon of water is pre- 
pared. The fish are dipped up in a deep net and lowered in the salt solution where 
they should remain for two or three seconds. The fish are then transferred to another 
vessel containing well-aerated water of the same temperature as that from which 
the fish were taken. This treatment may be profitably repeated daily for two or 
three days. 

TREATMENT WITH DILUTE SALT SOLUTION. 


In this case the fish are placed in a3 per cent solution of common table salt, } pound 
to a gallon of water, and allowed to remain in the bath with aeration of the solution 
for 30 minutes. The fish may then be placed in another vessel containing well aerated 
water. If the fish show signs of distress during the half hour, by turning on one 
side, they should be removed to fresh water. The treatment may be repeated daily 
on the following two or three days. ; 

On cloudy days even in well-conditioned aquaria fishes will come 
to the surface of the water to breathe, but if they do this in clear 
weather it is a sign that something is wrong. The trouble may be 
from one of the following causes: ‘Too few p ants, too high tempera- 
ture, or decomposition of unconsumed food. The cause should be 
found and removed as quickly as possible. ban 

Goldfish are subject to many diseases not described in this publi- 
cation, among them being inflammation of the eyes, an affection — 
of the swimming bladder, dropsy, and consumption. The last two 


—~—-* 


GOLDFISH. 9 


are usually fatal. It is not possible to enter into details concerning 
these diseases and their treatment. Further information on the 
subject may be obtained from the standard books on goldfish culture, 
a selective list of which is herewith appended. Many of these books 
may be consulted at the public libraries. 


HOW TO DISTINGUISH SEX. 


‘In goldfish as well as in other fishes the male and female are so 
similar in external appearance that the sex can be determined only 
by an examination of the internal sexual organs. The following 
extract from Aquatic Life will be of interest to amateur aquarists: 


Quite the first question to be asked by one desiring to breed goldfish is how the 
sexes may be distinguished. It has been shown that a slight difference in contour 
exists in the region about the anus, but it is exceedingly hard to discern, and not 
a few experienced fanciers will refuse to guarantee the sex of a fish based on this 
feature alone. 

When in condition to breed the distinguishing points are very evident. The male 
develops tubercles or ‘‘salt spots” on the gill-plates and along the first ray of the 
pectoral fins. These marks may be absent from the fins, and but few in number on 
the gill-plates. The tubercles are usually considered an infallible distinction, but 
are not absolutely so. Once in a lifetime a fancier may find a female with tubercles. 

The female, except about the anus, exhibits no sexual difference until the devel- 
opment of the roes causes a distention of the body, which is more evident from a 
top view than from the side. Other than this, it possesses no characters to distin- 
guish it from the male. If both sexes are in the same tank, precocious males may 
“drive” barren females, and in that manner aid in identification, but a doubt may 
be cast on the certainty of it by the fact that males will sometimes drive other males. 


CONCLUSION. 


Cleanliness, good light, plants well distributed over the bottom, 
proper food in moderate quantity, scavengers, prompt removal of 
sick fish, and avoidance of overstocking are the essential factors for 
the maintenance of a successful aquarium. Thousands of goldfish 
have been killed by lack of observance of a few simple rules and 
many are lost through mistaken kindness. The globe in the sun- 
ight is a veritable torture cell. Avoid tapping on the glass, as it 
frightens the fish. The fact that goldfish can endure a great deal 
in the way of unwholesome environment is not*an excuse for tor- 
turing them. Moreover, with proper care they will thrive and attain 


a great age. 
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
Bisset, PETER. 

1907. The book of water gardening; giving in full detail all the practical informa-. 
tion necessary to the selection, grouping, and successful cultivation of 
aquatic and other plants required in the making of a water garden and 
its surroundings, and covering all conditions from that of the amateur 
with a few plants in tubs to the large estate or park. 199 pp., illus. 
A. T. De La Mare Printing & Publishing Co. Ltd., New York. 

Brinp, WALTER LANNOY. 
1914-1915. Domesticated Fish. A text book on the care and culture of goldfish 
and exotic fish in home aquaria. Illus. 449 West 206th St., 
New York. 
EeGeuine, Orro, and FREDERICK EHRENBERG. 

1908. The fresh-water aquarium and its inhabitants. A guide for the amateur 

aquarist. 352pp., illus. Henry Holt & Co., New York. 
InnEs, WituiAM T. 

1917. Goldfish varieties and tropical aquarium fishes. A complete guide to 
aquaria and related subjects. 246 pp., illus. Innes & Sons, Phila- 
delphia, Pa. 


10 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


Muuertr, Hueo. 

1910. The goldfish and its systematic culture. A thorough guide for goldfish 
keeping and goldfish breeding in the house and out-of-doors. The con- 
struction and care of the parlor aquarium and ponds for breeding. 
Sixth edition (4th English). 155 pp., illus. Brooklyn, N. Y. 

Pace, CHARLES N, 

1898. Aquaria. A treatise on the food, breeding, and care of fancy goldfish, 

Paradise fish, ete. 63 pp.,illus. Published by the author, Des Moines, 


Towa. 
Poyser, W. A. [Editor]. 
Aquatic life. [A monthly magazine devoted to aquarium fishes and 
related subjects.] 632 East Girard Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa. 
SAMUEL, Mark. 

1894. The amateur aquarist. How to equip and maintain a selif-sustainin 
aquarium, with instructions for selecting the best fresh-water fishes an 
plants, how, when, and where to obtain them, and how to keep them 
in health. 114 pp., illus. The Baker & Taylor Co., New York. | 

SmirH, EUGENE. 

1902. The home aquarium and how to care for it. A guide to its fishes, other 
animals, and plants, with many illustrations. 213 pp., illus. E. P. 
Dutton & Co., New York. 

SuitH, Hue M. 

1917. Japanese goldfish, their varieties and cultivation. A practical guide 
to the Japanese methods of goldfish culture for amateurs and professionals. 
112 pp., illus. W. F. Roberts Co., Washington, D. C. 

Wo.r, Herman T. 

1908. Goldfish breeds and other aquarium fishes, their care and propagation. 
A guide to fresh-water and marine aquaria, their fauna, flora, and manage- 
ment. With 280 explanatory illustrations printed with the text. 385 
pp. Innes & Sons, Philadelphia, Pa. 


O 


PS ee 


PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1922. 
REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 1922." 


By R. E. Coker, Assistant in Charge of Scientific Inquiry. 


(With the collaboration of investigators.) 


CONTENTS. 

Page. Page. 

Mitroduchion 14s. -et. Pap orice Ty 48 1 | Studies of river, lake, and sea—Con. 

SiMe tOretignes:s We a eel 2 Green Lake, Wis.—Continued. 

Alaska salmon investigations_—~~- 2 Ova Olde ee eee 17 

Salmon investigations in Vacific International Committee on Marine 
COR SH La be Se mee ae elk 3 Fishery Inv estigations ete t o's S 17 
The whitefish and its relatives in Fresh-water mussels_____~~___-___ 18 

ehecGreate Wakes = a eee 4 Investigations of conditions of 
Fishes of Chesapeake Bay__-_-~- 5 mussel COUEUreL 2 “RSs SATA 18 

Miscellaneous studies of fishes___- 6 Practical tests of the value of 
Experimental fish culture_ Saas & protection and propagation____ 20 
Diseases and parasites of fishes____ OTHThS oystertie tee. Ait Be eer 21 
Studies of river, lake, and sea______ 12 Great, South Bay} ==". 2 222 oT 
@hesdpeake Bays s= = es 12 Long Island Sound 22 
hens IslandsSoundss_ 22225523 —. 13 Ghesapeake Bayoatas Se 22 
Upper Mississippi River_________ 13 Pollution ot wHters= 2 Sao 23 
iGreen Makes Wiss bi) pete ES 15 Fish as agents in mosquito control_ 24 
Rg ON ete oe ee SS oe 15)|. Reddenineilot salt fish = 22-22 = 25 
Bottom fauna 15 | The biological laboratories________- 25 

INTRODUCTION. 


It is an original and fundamental function of the Bureau of Fish- 
eries to inquire into the causes of the decrease of food fish and other 
useful resources of the waters, in order to seek means of checking 
decreases where they appear and of promoting increases wherever 
possible. Decreases of aquatic resources have occurred and are likely 
to continue with the increased demand upon the fish-food supply 
and with a growing population that steadily augments the number 
of possible fishermen and sportsmen. 

There is indeed a conspicuous contrast between the histories of 
production of land and water products, respectively. While over a 
span of years we see with gratification a steady and noteworthy de- 
velopment,in the yields of principal products of the land, we observe 
at the same time, and unfortunately with generally small concern, 
an entirely different trend with regard to the crops that are derived 
from our waters. While we grow more wheat and corn, more cattle 
and poultry, we have less halibut and whitefish and fewer crabs and 
lobsters. New regions have been opened to production of potatoes 
and fruit, while considerable areas of water bottom, once productive 


.1Appendix XIII to the Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1922. B. F, 
Doc. No. 936, 


. U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


of oysters, have become barren, and sturgeon and other useful fishes 
disappear. Many of our fisheries bid fair to become merely his- 
torical records. 

It is notable, too, that when a serious diminution in land crops 
threatens there is almost invariably a prompt and compelling de- 
mand for the application of methods of scientific research to the 
study of causes and remedies. Appropriations and personnel are 
made available, so that serious-losses may not continue indefinitely 
for lack of the services of skilled investigators or for want of proper 
equipment for attack upon the problems involved. On the other hand, 
the disappearance of useful aquatic resources has rarely awakened 
an effective public interest, and only a small and frequently 
changing personnel with very limited equipment is permitted to 
confront the complicated problems that concern a hundred different 
resources of seas, lakes, and rivers. While a diminution in the yield 
of corn becomes a cause for action, a decline in production of shad 
remains a topic for conversation. 

This is not to say that the exhaustion of fishery resources is in- 
evitable or that the decline of fisheries has not in some instances 
been arrested or retarded. In many cases, though not in all, effec- 
tive results: have been gained by the application of measures of 
production and propagation as far as has been permitted by the 
knowledge available and by the public will. Investigations pursued 
in the past have yielded a certain fund of knowledge rere 
propagation, habits, and conditions of life of fishes, and upon suc 
knowledge is based both the fish culture that is so extensively pur- 
sued in the United States and the great body of sound protective 
measures wherever in effect. Were the fund of knowledge greater, 
artificial propagation would be more successful and economical and 
would no doubt be effectively extended to other species, while pro- 
tective legislation would be more wisely framed and more successful 
in the accomplishment of its purpose. 

Never, perhaps, has there been greater demand for the application 
of knowledge regarding fishes.to practical ends for the public good, 
while yet there is no proportionate demand for the discovery of the 
knowledge that can be given application. 

During the past year the bureau has endeavored to apply its lim- 
ited resources to the problems of the fishes in the most effective 
manner, having regard inevitably to the qualifications and_experi- 
ence of its available personnel and to the limited funds and equip- 
ment. The story of the progress and accomplishments in biological 
investigations is told in the following pages. 


STUDIES OF FISHES. 


ALASKA SALMON INVESTIGATIONS. 


Prof. Charles H. Gilbert and Henry O’Malley conducted. exten- © 


sive studies of the runs of salmon in the southeast and central dis- 
tricts of Alaska. Special attention was given to the salmon of 
Kodiak Island, where a rack had been constructed in Karluk River 
early in the season and the counting of red salmon ascending the 
stream was being carried on. It was reported that up to Septem- 


lt nk ee 


PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1922. 3 


ber 17 the total escapement of red salmon up the river was 1,322,000. 
The investigations in the Karluk region were most interesting and 
profitable. Every spawning stream tributary to Karluk Lake was 
examined, and upward of 1,000,000 red salmon were observed on the 
very limited spawning grounds of that district. The escapement 
for spawning as related to the commercial catch, a subject that the 
bureau has under consideration at Karluk and Litnik in Alaska, as 
well as at Quinault Lake and Baker Lake in Washington, is re- 
ceiving merited attention from the fishing interests. It is the pur- 
pose to continue the work in these fields and to extend the experi- 
ments to other favorable streams. 


SALMON INVESTIGATIONS IN PACIFIC COAST STATES. 


The investigation of the salmon of the Pacific Coast States has 
been continued by Willis H. Rich. Some additional returns of fish 
were obtained during the fishing season of 1921 from the marking 
experiments on the Columbia River started in 1917, and it is ex- 
pected that others will be taken during the season of 1922, although 
none had been reported up to the end of the fiscal year. A state- 
ment of the first results of these experiments is contained in the re- 
port of the division for 1921. In continuation of the program on 
the Columbia River two new experiments involving the marking of 
approximately 100,000 young chinook salmon have been started. 

The study of the relative maturity of the chinook salmon taken 
by troll and purse seine in the ocean along the Pacific coast has 
been completed, and the report is in the final stages of preparation. 
This will give in detail the data on which the conclusions are based. 
It has been found that the percentage of immature fish is very high 
early in the fishing season, averaging about 90 per cent during 
May and the early part of June. These figures apply particularly 
to the fish taken off the mouth of the Columbia River, the region 
that has received the most careful consideration. The percentage 
of immature fish decreases as the season progresses, until in August 
only about 20 per cent of the fish taken are immature. A similar 
though less marked change occurs in the catches made in Monterey 
Bay and off the coast of northern California. The report also in- 
cludes data on the rate of growth of the salmon during their life 
in the ocean. 

Knowledge of the general features of the life history of the 
chinook salmon has been materially advanced by the study of the 
fish taken in the open ocean. The data on the rate of growth during 
the life in the sea are of especial importance, since they provide a 
check on the results obtained from the measurements of the scales 
of the mature fish taken in the river. The interpretation of the 
scales has received much attention, and most of the more important » 
difficulties in the way of the satisfactory determination of age and 
other facts of the life history have been overcome. This phase of 
the study has not been discussed in detail in the report on the 
relative maturity of the fish taken in the ocean but is reserved for 
inclusion with a future report on the general features of the life 
history. 


4 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


THE WHITEFISH AND ITS RELATIVES IN THE GREAT LAKES. 


During 1921 the investigation of the systematic relationships 
and habits of the whitefish and related species of the Great Lakes 
was extended to Lakes Ontario and Superior. On neither lake are 
fishing operations for deep-water ciscoes now carried on, either be- 
cause of the exhaustion of the supply of the species originally fished 
for or because the existence of these species is unknown. In Lake 
Ontario, in addition to the two whitefishes (Coregonus and Pro- 
sopium), which occur also in Lake Huron and Lake Michigan, there 
were found five species of Leucichthys (ciscoes), all but one of 
them (artedi), the so-called “Lake Herring,” being deep-water 
forms. Three of them have never been taken in the commercial 
nets allowed in American waters. These species were caught in 
abundance in the special nets set out of several ports and doubtless 
would support a fishery. In Lake Superior there were found one 
Coregonus, one Prosopium, and five species of Leucichthys. Of the 
latter only two (artedi and zenithicus) are known to be abundant. 
None of the species taken in either lake is new, and, with the ex- 
ception of one from each, the coregonine fauna of the two lakes is 
derived from the same stock. Singularly enough, the one species 
of Ontario that does not occur in Superior has so far been discov- 
ered elsewhere only in Lake Michigan, where it has latterly been 
found to be very common during its spawning season. It is hoped 
to complete for publication during the coming year a comprehensive 
report upon the investigations, which have now been conducted for 
several years and the results of which should form a valuable part 
of the foundation of knowledge upon which must rest any intelligent 
attempts to conserve the fishery resources of the Great Lakes. 

As is now well known, it is possible to approach the study of the 
biology of fishes through careful examination of the scales, and 
provided that sufficiently large numbers of fish are used and that 
due care is taken to meet the requirements of sound analysis of data, 
much information regarding fish may be gained in this way that it 
is not possible to secure by any other means. The investigation of 
the coregonine fishes of the Great Lakes just mentioned has been sup- 
plemented therefore by studies of the scales conducted by John van 
Oosten, scientific assistant, under the direction of Prof. Jacob Reig- 
hard in the University of Michigan. Conditions made it necessary 
to restrict attention to the various species obtained from Lake Huron. 
Up to the present time enough has been learned about the whitefish, 
pilot, blackfin, and lake herring to warrant certain general statements 
concerning their life histories. It has been found that the whitefish, 
Coregonus clupeaformis, is the fastest growing fish of the 10 species 
from Lake Huron. It attains an average length of 449 millimeters 
in the seventh year. For the other three species the average lengths 
in that year are as follows: The pilot, C. guadrilateralis, 295 milli- 
meters; the blackfin, C. nigripinnis, 267 millimeters; and the “ her- 
ring” (so called), @. artedi, 258 millimeters. On comparing the 
growth curves of these four species of coregonines for the first seven 
years of life it appears that the whitefish is a comparatively fast- 
growing fish during each of the seven years. The “herring” grows 
nearly as rapidly as the whitefish during the first two years, about 
one-half as rapidly during the third year, and much more slowly 


PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1922, 5 


during the remaining years of life. The pilot grows more slowly 
than the whitefish and herring during the first three years and ap- 
proaches the rate of growth of the whitefish in the fourth and fifth 
years and that of the herring in the sixth and seventh years of life. 
The blackfin appears to grow more slowly than any of the above three 
species during the first six years of life. The 5 and 6 year blackfins, 
for example, average the same in length as the 4 and 5 year herrings; 
the 6-year blackfins average the same as the 4-year pilots, while the 
7-year blackfin is no larger than the 3-year whitefish. After the 
sixth year the blackfins increase their rate of growth. 

Concerning the growth of the very young specimens nothing is 
known from actual measurement, as these specimens are up to the 
present time unobtainable. The youngest specimens in the collec- 
tion are 2-year herring and whitefish, 3-year pilots, and 5-year 
blackfins. 

The maximum sizes are more or less completely represented in the 
collection, so that the maximum ages can be determined. It was 
found that the “herring” (of the four species considered) possessed 
the shortest life span and the whitefish the longest. The maximum 
ages were as follows: “ Herring,” 8 years; pilots, 13 years; blackfins, 
13 years; and whitefish, 17 years. 

Both mature and immature specimens are represented. The age at 
sexual maturity for some of the species seems to vary with locality. 
Thus the whitefish from Kagawong and Mindemoya may mature at 
the age of 4 years and those from Bay City, East Tawas, Cheboygan, 
and Gore Bay at 5 years, but those from Alpena and Killarney do 
not appear to mature before the sixth year. Likewise the age at 
sexual maturity of the pilots seems to vary with the locality. At 
Kagawong this species may mature at 4 years, but those from ports 
on Lake Huron do not seem to mature before the fifth year. The 
blackfins mature in their seventh year, irrespective of the port from 
which they are taken. The herring matures in the third year. Per- 
haps the pilots and whitefishes of this water are composed of different 
races. 

In order to determine the average length of life of all the valuable 
coregonine species of the Great Lakes, as well as to secure more 
reliable data on other questions of interest concerning these fish, it is 
desirable that larger and more representative collections be made 
and studied. 


FISHES OF CHESAPEAKE BAY. 


The extensive study of the fishes of the Chesapeake Bay, begun 
just before the close of the fiscal year 1921, was continued through- 
out the year 1922. The field work was conducted by W. C. Schroeder, 
utilizing the fisheries steamer Fish Hawk, and the materials were 
studied by Samuel F. Hildebrand and W. C. Schroeder, scientific as- 
sistants, with cooperation from Prof. Edwin Linton, temporary in- 
vestigator, in the analysis of the food of fishes. In the field work it 
is endeavored to collect not only representatives of all fishes found 
in the bay, so far as practicable, but to obtain fishes of all sizes and 
at all seasons in order to gain information upon rate of growth. 
spawning seasons and locations, maximum sizes obtained, and other 
questions of importance. Large numbers of stomachs of fish are pre- 


6 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


served for investigation of the food of fishes at different sizes and in 
different seasons. The fishermen and dealers are interviewed and, 
through their cordial cooperation, much valuable information is 
gained for each species of fish as to its commercial importance, the 
periods, seasons, and years of best catches, the time, place, and man- 
ner of catching, the local names, the trend of abundance of the 
fish, whether increasing or decreasing, and any other facts of in- 
terest. In some cases it was possible to copy the records of pound- 
net fishermen for various years from 1910 to the present time. It is 
intended that the report when completed shall be in every way as 
practically useful as is permitted by the conditions of the study. 

The shore work has been done principally at 15 stations on both 
sides of the bay, from Norfolk and the Capes to Havre de Grace 
in the upper end of the bay. The use of the “ish Hawk made it pos- 
sible to conduct studies in various parts of the bay and in the mouths 
of the rivers, a small beam trawl being.used at 68 different stations 


and at depths varying from 30 to 162 feet. Trawling during Feb- — 


ruary revealed very few fish, small glut and branch herring. pre- 
dominating among the fish caught at-that season. The general fish- 
ing situation in Chesapeake Bay during the past year was found to 
be good. While certain species have declined in numbers, par- 
ticularly the bluefish and Spanish mackerel, others are maintaining 
their abundance in spite of increased fishing and at least one species, 
the croaker or hardhead, has notably increased in abundance. 


MISCELLANEOUS STUDIES OF FISHES. 


Incidental to other duties R. L. Barney and B. J. Anson com- 
pleted during the year a study of the natural history of the orange- 
spotted sunfish. ‘The report submitted by them includes a discus- 
sion of the breeding and spawning habits, the food, growth, and eco- 
nomic relations of the sunfish.? It is evident that the orange-spotted 
sunfish is of importance where used in the pond culture of carniv- 
orous fish; in nursery ponds for fish-cultural enterprise it serves as 
an economical agent in the turnover of small and otherwise unusable 
material into fish flesh. Because of its feeding habits it has a value 
also in mosquito control. . Important observations on the usefulness 
of this fish in black-bass culture are made available in the report. 

While cooperating with the Minnesota Game and Fish Commission 
in matters relating to the protection of fresh-water mussels in Lake 
Pokegama, R. L. Barney, director of the fisheries biological station, 
Fairport, Iowa, and H. L. Canfield, superintendent of fish culture 
at the same station, found favorable opportunities for making ob- 
servations on the natural history of the rock sturgeon and the sheeps- 
head. Many data were secured concerning the food, growth, age, 
and weight relationships, attainment of sexual maturity, sexual 
cycle, and daily and seasonal migrations of both species. Such ob- 
servations should have particular importance with reference to the 


protection of the rock sturgeon, a most valuable fish that is yearly 


becoming less and less numerous. 


2 Life History and Ecology of the Orange-Spotted Sunfish, Lepomis humilis, By R. L. 
Barney and B. J. Anson. Appendix XV, Report, U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 
1922. Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 938, In press, 


Ete een ee Oa a 


PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1922. 7 


An experiment in the tagging of fish in Lake Pepin, September, 
1921, was conducted by C. N. Blystad, scientific assistant. The num- 
ber of recoveries as yet has been too small to justify conclusions 
regarding migrations. In two instances tagged wall-eyes were 
recovered at a distance of 35 miles upstream after intervals of 63 
days and 4 months, respectively; while other tagged fish of that 
species were recaptured in the lake at the same time. The greatest 
distance at which a white bass was recovered was 153 miles down- 
stream 30 days after it was tagged. 

Largely by volunteer cooperation Prof. A. S. Pearse at the Uni- 
versity of Wisconsin and his graduate students are making various 
studies of the feeding habits of fishes with reference to the selection 
and utilization of particular sorts of foods by fish, the investigation 
involving feeding experiments under conditions of control, repeated 
weighing of fish, chemical analysis of fish at various times, and 
studies of digestive enzymes. Other studies are directed at the func- 
tions of the swim bladders and the physiological effects of varia- 
tions in temperature, gaseous content of water, and pressure. 

Data on the capture of river herring in connection with mussel 
propagation in the upper. Mississippi River over a considerable 
period of years have been compiled and summarized. It was hoped 
that the analysis of the data would throw hght upon the effect of 
the Keokuk Dam upon the abundance of the river herring in the 
Mississippi River. The records indicate that there is a movement 
of river herring into Lake Pepin (or into the areas of seining opera- 
tions) in early summer, probably after spawning. Fingerling fish 
of increasing size have been taken in July, August, September, and 
October in each of the last eight years. Relative annual frequency 
of the species can not be arrived at from the available data. The 
fish appears to be holding its own but is certainly not increasing 
markedly in abundance. In view of the absence from the lake of 
fish of intermediate sizes (6 to 12 inches in length) it must be 
thought either that growth is so rapid that the size interval ob- 
served is spanned between summer seasons or that the species does not 
frequent Lake Pepin or the areas of seining operations during the 
third year of its life. 

The standard methods of scale study are being applied by Charles 
W. Creaser, temporary assistant, to sunfishes and basses with the ob- 
jects of developing facts concerning the life histories of these fishes 
and of checking the availability and validity of the methods for ap- 

-plication to such fish. The relation of scale growth to fish growth 
under controlled experimental conditions has been worked out in the 
bluegill and the large-mouth bass. ‘“ Year marks” also have been 
produced upon the scales of these fishes under known conditions. 
Much difference in the rate of growth in different waters has been 
found for certain species. Material has been collected throughout the 
year to determine the time of the formation of these marks. The 
ages of a large series of these fishes, mostly from Douglas Lake and 
Huron River, have been determined and many scales mounted for 
future measurements. It is proposed to determine for fish living un- 
der various conditions such facts as the rate of growth, age of spawn- 
ing, average size at any year, maximum Size, and weightage increase. 
19370°—23_2 


8 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. ~ 
EXPERIMENTAL FISH CULTURE. 


The largest pond-culture production of buffalofish recorded has 
been obtained at the fisheries biological station, Fairport, Iowa, in a 
pond measuring 0.846 acre in surface area. From eight adult buffalo- 
fish held in this pond, which was afforded an artificial flood similar 
to the natural spring flood of rivers of the Mississippi drainage, 
98,000 fingerling buffalofish from 2 to 5 inches in length were raised. 
The computed weight of these 98,000 fish was 1,753.5 pounds. The 
growth of the fingerling was not derived entirely from the natural 
food of the pond in which they were born, since many obtained a 
chance entrance into an adjacent pond where there was a less 
crowded condition. The production, however, is exceptionally large 
and noteworthy for any species of fish in a pond. 

In recent years it has been learned by experiment that an artificial 
rise in the level of the water of buffalofish ponds at the time of spawn- 
ing is a desirable factor in obtaining a large production of fry. The 
rise is meant to simulate the natural rise of the river during which 
the buffalofish in nature spawn. Experiments with controlled ponds 
indicate that the rise is not entirely necessary but that it is especially 
to be desired. The usefulness of the “artificial flood” in the pond 
culture of buffalofish of both species—the small-mouth or current 
buffalofish, 7ctiobus bubalis, and the stub-nose or big-mouth buffalo- 
fish, [ctiobus cyprinella—has apparently been demonstrated. 

After several years of successful experimental pond propagation 
of the buffalofish, H. L. Canfield has prepared a concise account of 
the information at hand in the care and feeding of buffalofish in 
pond culture.* It includes observations on space requirement of 
adult and fingerling fish, handling of ponds in buffalofish culture, 
relation of water stage and temperature to production, and obserya- 
tion on natural and prepared food and feeding. att 

Pursuant to the purpose of maintaining as close and helpful a 
relation as is possible between the scientific inquiries of the bureau 
and the practical fish-culture work, a scientific assistant was detailed 
to spend the greater part of the year at a fish hatchery in observing 
the fish-cultural methods employed, conducting experiments with 
alternative methods, and making studies of the fish and the condi- 
tions of their propagation and rearing. D. R. Crawford, selected for 
this detail, visited the Erwin (Tenn.) station in the fall of 1921 and 
remained there until the close of the fiscal year. 

Stripping the fish with belly down and applying pressure only 
back of the ventral fins was tried out with results justifying the 
conclusion that the established method (holding the fish belly up 
under the left arm and passing right hand over abdomen and sides 
from head to vent), when carefully and skillfully applied, is better 
because of the lesser period of time during which the fish is subject 
to the operation. Injuries when manifested are probably due chiefly 
to lack of training, skill, or care on the part of the spawn taker rather 
than to defects of method. Test of different frequencies of stripping 
gave inconclusive results, but it appeared that two-day intervals were 
too frequent at the beginning though not at the height of the season; 
different lots of fish vary in the rate of maturing of the eggs and 


2Care and Feeding of Buffalo Fish in Ponds. By H. L. Canfield. U. S. Bureau of 
Fisheries Economic Circular No. 56. Issued December 13, 1922. 


—— 


PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1922. 9 


therefore in the intervals at which they should be stripped. Fre- 
quency of stripping must be determined by experience at each sta- 
tion and for fish of different conditions. 

Attempts to strip a fish too soon may result in displacing eggs 
prematurely from the stroma, with the result that they become of 
the familiar hard glassy type and incapable of fertilization. The 
old dried shells found in some fish represent eggs that have been 
overretained, the egg substance having been resorbed, a process that 
may be injurious or fatal in its effects. There is also abundant evi- 
dence that retained eggs retard the maturing of eggs in the next 
season and cause a diminution in the number produced or even effect 
a temporary apparent sterility of breeders. It is therefore impor- 
tant for spawn takers to know just when to expect to find mature 
eggs in large numbers. The number of eggs yielded by rainbow 
trout of various sizes was found to vary from about 400 with fish 
of 10 to 11 inches in length to 2,500 (one instance) with a fish 
19.5 inches in length. 

Other observations and experiments at Erwin, Tenn., the re- 
sults of which can not be given at this time, related to the produc- 
tion of natural food supply in ponds, the use of a hexagonal tank 
in place of long hatching troughs, and the effect of the alkalinity 
of the spring water at Erwin upon the fish that it is attempted to 
rear in hatching ponds. 

Prof. C. B. Wilson, temporary investigator, has been engaged 
in completing a study of the role that beetles play in pondfish 
culture. During the past year the complete life histories of five 
species of beetles were added to those obtained previously. In 
addition to this study of the relation of beetles to pond culture 
Professor Wilson has begun a similar investigation of water bugs. 
Observations have been made on the life histories of two species of 
Notonecta, one of Ranatra, and one of Belostoma. Valuable ob- 
servations on the food and enemies of both nymphs and adults 
have been recorded. Advantageous and detrimental relationships 
of beetles to fish have been noted, and methods of control of unde- 
sirable species have been made available. 

At the instance of the Iowa State Game and Fish Commission an 
examination of Clear Lake, Iowa, was made by H. L. Canfield, of 
the fisheries biological station, Fairport, Iowa, with a view to ascer- 
taining conditions affecting the supply of food and game fishes of 


the lake and to suggesting possible means of bringing about an in- 


creased game-fish production. In brief, the recommendations had 
reference to the development of commercial fishing for capture of 
rough fish, the artificial propagation of the desired game fishes, and 
the preservation and protection of areas of shallow water and of 
vegetation. 

DISEASES AND PARASITES OF FISHES. 


The position of fish pathologist in the bureau was vacant during 
the greater part of the fiscal year, so that investigations in this field 
could not be continuously conducted. In February Dr. H. S. Davis, 
formerly professor of zoology in the University of Florida and at 
times temporary investigator for the Bureau of Fisheries, assumed 
the position and devoted his attention in part to the completion of 
certain studies of the parasites of fishes previously brought near to 


10 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


completion and in part to the study of conditions causing losses of 
young fish or of brood stock in fish hatcheries. <A flagellate protozoan 


(Octomitus salmonis) occurring in the forward end of the intestines,” 


sometimes in enormous numbers, was deemed responsible for the 
high death rate among rainbow trout being shipped from the White 
Sulphur Springs (W. Va.) station. 

In response to a request of Carlos Avery, commissioner of the 
Minnesota Game and Fish Department, an investigation was made 
of the cause of the heavy losses of fish during the summer months of 
1921 in- several Minnesota lakes. The loss of fish in Lakes Bemidji, 
Leech, and Mille Lac was very great. Examination of dead and 
dying fish revealed no bacterial, fungous, or other parasitic infecting 
organism. All evidence pointed to the conclusion that the mortality 
resulted from lowered dissolved oxygen content, occasioned by the 
want of natural mechanical means for the introduction of oxygen; 
the great losses occurred during and just after an unusually ex- 
tended period of great heat, with no wind or rain. The species of 
fish mainly affected were those that normally seek the lower and 
cooler and in this case, presumably, the almost oxygen-free waters 
of the lakes in question. The recommendations offered through B. J. 
Anson, who investigated the condition, had reference to an appro- 
priate control of the fish population through the promotion of 
restricted commercial fishing in these lakes. 

Prof. A. S. Pearse, temporary investigator, completed during the 
year a report of observations of fish parasites in several waters. The 
study was originally undertaken as one phase of an attempt to dis- 
_ cover why fishes attain only a small size in certain bodies of water, 
although becoming much larger in other waters near by. The ob- 
servations were at first restricted to perch from 16 lakes in 3 dif- 
ferent river systems. Later more extensive observations were made 
in 5 different types of lakes where the parasites of all available 
species of fishes were studied. About a dozen species of parasites 
were discovered on the yellow perch, and approximately 95 species 
were found on fish of all species examined in the 5 lakes. 

Lakes with the widest range of territory and with opportunity 
for fishes to invade the greatest variety of habitats are found to 
have the highest average infection per fish. Taking as a criterion 
the number of species of parasites showing highest average infec- 
tions, the lakes rank in the following order: Pepin, Mendota, Michi- 
gan, Green, Geneva. This order indicates that there is a direct rela- 
tion between variety of habitat and amount of infection. Variety 
of habitat is also correlated with a large number of species of para- 
sites (and of fishes). In other words, the lake with the largest 
variety of habitats has the greatest variety of fishes and of parasites. 
Tt is stated as a corresponding principle that the fish that travel most 
and thus invade the greatest variety of habitats have the most para- 
sites. 

Arranged in order of average infection, and weighing the fish and 
lakes according to a formula given in the paper, the fishes in the 
five lakes rank in the following order: Dogfish, 90; small-mouth 
black bass, 78; white bass, 78; rock bass, 73; pumpkinseed, 71; 
sueker, 68; black bullhead, 66; tadpole cat, 64; wall-eyed pike, 61; 
speckled bullhead, 60; long-billed gar, 56; bluegill, 55; yellow bull- 
head, 55; all species of cisco, 54; large-mouth black bass, 45; pickerel, 


ao ns — > 
On ae ae ee a ee ee 


a i la i 


PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1922. 11 


42; carp, 40; buffalofish (Jctiobus cyprinella), 36; log perch, 35; 
blunt-nosed minnow, 32; top minnow, 32; yellow perch, 31; shiner 
(Notropis heterodon), 30; Johnny darter, 30; black crappie, 27; 
shiner (JV. atherinotdes), 14; bream, 11; shiner (V. hudsonius), 11. 
In general, the fishes that frequent vegetation show the highest in- 
fection with parasites; those that frequent the bottom and open 
water are intermediate; and the small fishes that live in shallow 
water have fewest parasites. ; 

The susceptibility of the host is an important factor in determin- 
ing the degree and frequency of parasitic infection. Fish parasites 
may show considerable specificity for certain hosts, and hosts may 
possess a varying degree of immunity. The black bass, for example, 
appears to be susceptible to many parasites that do not often attack 
other Centrarchide. Although the large-mouth and small-mouth 
black bass are closely related, the latter always carried more para- 
sites. Pumpkinseed were always more heavily infected than blue- 
gill. Some of these differences may be due to differences in habitat; 
some are undoubtedly due to susceptibility. A general similarity be- 
tween parasites of the Siluride and certain of the Percide is noted. 

Seasonal changes doubtless have a marked effect on certain para- 
sites, but the observations are not conclusive. A previous investi- 
gator has suggested that perch had few parasites when little food 
was eaten on account of low temperature. In this investigation 


_ perch were found to have more parasites in winter than in autumn 


or summer, but it was the investigator’s experience that perch did 
not refrain from eating during winter. 

The size of the lake did not appear to be correlated with the degree 
of parasitic infection of its fishes. The density of the population 
may sometimes be of importance, but in general no direct relation 
was. observed between number of fishes and number of parasites. 
On the whole, infection was found to be greater in shallow water, 
probably because there is there a greater variety of habitats and of 
secondary hosts. 

The conclusions from this investigation are not stated as definitive 
or universal of application, but the results point to the need of more 
studies of the ecology of fish parasitism.‘ 

During the last 8 or 10 years there has been noticed among winter- 
fed yearling terrapins at Beaufort, N. C., two pathological condi- 
tions, both of which lead to the death of the nonhibernating animals. 
It has been observed also that among those yearling terrapins that 
have been allowed to hibernate normally there was rarely found 
any symptom of disease; the only exception would be an occasional 
case of “soft shell.” This condition, relatively common among dis- 
eased winter-fed yearlings, is due apparently to faulty absorption 
of the yolk sac after birth. The other death-producing condition is 
a disease that generally attacks the tail at its very tip and causes its 
rotting back to the body proper, where the disease destroys the 
rectum and seriously affects the spinal cord, paralysis of the hind 
limbs occurring and death following shortly. Often the flippers, 
neck, and eyes of the terrapins become affected, and this condition 
may result in preventing the terrapm from feeding. 


4The results will be published in the next volume (21) of the Transactions of the 
Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters, 


12 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


Bacteriological examination of the terrapin by R. L. Barney, 
director of the Fairport (Iowa) station, and A. Scorpio, temporary 
assistant, has revealed in each case a characteristic organism, a diplo- 
bacillus, varying considerably in size under different conditions. 
Biochemical tests of the organism have been made, and morphologi- 
cal and staining characteristics have been noted. The germ finds 
lodging in the epithelial tissue of the epidermis and in connective 
tissue beneath. Cultures of the organisms have been isolated and 
injected into healthy individuals producing death in some cases in 
a short time. Observations on the effect of temperature, light, salin- 
ity, and drying out of the terrapins in connection with the preva- 
lence of the disease have been recorded. Further studies projected 
may develop methods of prevention of transmission of the disease 
or of a remedy. 


STUDIES OF RIVER, LAKE, AND SEA. 
CHESAPEAKE BAY. 


The regular cruises planned for the hydrographic and biological 
survey of Chesapeake Bay were completed in June, 1921, but two 
additional cruises, one in January and another in March, 1922, were 
made in order to obtain additional data regarding the hydrogen-ion 
concentration or alkalinity of the water during the winter and 
spring as well as data concerning the occurrence of young fish and 
the movements of fish in general. As a result of these last two 
cruises and the cruise of June, 1921, evidence was obtained from 
tests on the 24-hour stations; first, that there are indications of a 
diurnal variation in the hydrogen-ion concentration of the Chesa- 
peake water (less alkaline usually during the night); second, that 
the water is inclined toward acidity near the mouth of the Patapsco 
River and that.it becomes more alkaline passing toward the Capes; 
third, that in the summer the alkalinity decreases rapidly passing 
from the surface to the bottom; and, fourth, that there is almost 
no difference between the degree of alkalinity of surface and bottom 
water during the wintertime. 

During the past year a study of the hydrographic data obtained 
in 1915-16 and 1920-1922 show that the mixing of ocean and river 
waters is not complete, that the more saline water is found at the 
bottom, and that the waters near the eastern shore seem to have a 
greater amount of salt than those along the western shore, at least 
in the lower half of the bay; and that usually the temperature of 
the water increases with the depth during December and January, 
that it decreases with the depth during April, June, and July, and 
that in March and September there is little or no difference between 
the temperature of the surface and the bottom. 


The current meter observations every 14 hours on the 24-hour sta- | 


tions yielded the interesting information regarding tidal currents 
that at times in any one locality the water at the bottom may be 
moving up the bay and the water at the surface down the bay, and 
that at other times the surface water may be almost stagnant while 
the bottom water may be moving with considerable velocity either 
up or down the bay. 


en a 


PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1922. 13 


During the year arrangements have been made with the National 
Museum and with a number of specialists to identify the various 
forms caught in the beam trawl, bottom net, dredge, and surface nets. 
This material is being separated, and a considerable quantity has 
been shipped to specialists. 

The purpose of this investigation is, first, to determine the normal 
biological and physical conditions throughout the year, so that when 
great mortality of fishes, oysters, clams, crabs, etc., occurs there will 
be normal data at hand from which to determine the abnormal con- 
ditions that bring about the trouble; second, to learn all that is pos- 
sible concerning the movements of layers of water of different 
density, different temperature, and different plankton content (fish- 
food value), in the hope that the information may throw light on the 
migration of fishes and crabs into and in Chesapeake Bay at certain 
times of the year; third, to study especially the fauna of deep holes, 
which occur in many places; fourth, to study the so-called “ barren 
bottoms ” at the mouths of rivers; and fifth, to gather as much infor- 
mation as possible that will bear on the conservation of the fisheries 
resources of Chesapeake Bay. 


LONG ISLAND SOUND. 


In connection with the extremely difficult investigations of the 
ee of the failure of oyster set in the waters of Long Island 

ound and its shores, the bureau has been in considerable measure 
baffled for want of the fundamental information relative to the dis- 
tribution and variations of temperatures, salinities, and currents, 
as well as for lack of definite information regarding the extent and 
degree of pollutions detrimental to oyster culture and to the fisheries. 
It has therefore been necessary to inaugurate a hydrographic and 
biological survey of Long Island Sound having immediate regard 
to the practical problems confronting the bureau in attempting to 
serve the oyster industry and other fisheries. This investigation is 
being conducted by P. m Galtsoff, recently appointed naturalist of 
the Albatross. Provisional plans for the work were formed in 
May, 1922, but circumstances made it necessary to delay the actual 
beginning of field observations until the beginning of the ensuing 
fiscal year. Since the Albatross has been indefinitely laid up for 
lack of the funds necessary to keep her in service, the fisheries 
steamer ish Hawk, which is well suited to the purpose, will be 
employed in the conduct of the investigation in the field. 


UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 


An investigation of free-floating organisms (plankton) in the 
upper Mississippi River was carried out by Paul S. Galtsoff, then 
temporary investigator for the bureau and now naturalist of the ~ 
Albatross. The object was primarily to obtain quantitative data 
regarding the fundamental food supply of fishes in the river and 
to throw light upon the effect of natural and artificial impounding 
of large rivers upon the production of food for fishes. Special 
attention was given to Lake Pepin, a lake formed by natural causes 
in the course of the Mississippi, and to Lake Keokuk, which is 
approximately the same size as the former lake and which has been 


14 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


formed by the construction of a dam across the river between Keokuk, 
Towa, and Hamilton, Mo. The investigation consisted in the quanti- 
tative study of plankton and in the measurement of temperature and 
transparency of water and velocity of current. Plankton collections 
were made with a pump, and the volume of plankton was determined 
by the centrifuge method. The field investigation covered a period 
of three months, July to September, and observations were made at 
171 different stations, where 673 plankton samples were collected. 
The results are as follows: 

Assuming that the observations made at various places and on 
various dates were representative, the mean content of plankton 
in the Mississippi River, excluding Lake Pepin and Lake Keokuk, 
during the period in question was 14.5 cm.* per cubic meter of water. 

With regard to productivity in plankton, there is a marked differ- 
ence between the upper part of the river, above Rock Island Rapids, 
and its lower part below the rapids. Plankton in the upper part, 
between Hastings and the head of the rapids, excluding Lake 
Pepin, averaged in August 21.3 and in September 16.2 cm.? per 
cubic meter of water. The corresponding figures for the lower part, 
between the Rock Island Rapids and the head of Lake Keokuk at 
Burlington, were 5.16 cm. in July and 4.8 em.’ in September. 

Comparative determinations of the amount of plankton made below 
and just above the rapids showed that the plankton content above 
the rapids was at least 2.5 times greater than below the rapids. 
This was possibly due to the destruction of plankton organisms 
when passing the rapids. 

The mean plankton content in Lake Pepin was 16.6 cm.* per cubic 
meter of water. The lower half of the lake was richer in plankton 
than its upper half; the mean plankton content in the lower half 
being 22.1, in the upper 13.3 cm.* per cubic meter of water. 

The mean plankton content in Lake Keokuk in July was 7.25 em.° 
per cubic meter of water. The lower part of the lake here also was 
richer in plankton than the upper part, the plankton content in the 
upper part, between Burlington and Nauvoo, averaging 5.28, and 
that in the lower part, from Nauvoo to the dam, 7.7 cm.’ per cubic 
meter of water. 

The production of plankton in both lakes, Lake Pepin and Lake 
Keokuk, is greater than in the adjacent parts of the river. 

The plankton Crustacea are very scarce in the lower part of the 
river, not exceeding 60 individuals per cubic meter of water; they 
are more abundant in the upper part, varying there from 1,000 to 
46,000 individuals per cubic meter of water. 


The mean number of copepods in Lake Pepin was 25,800 and in ~ 


Lake Keokuk 5,400 individuals per cubic meter of water. The mean 
number of Cladocera in Lake Pepin was 1,020 and in Lake Keokuk 
2,720 individuals per cubic meter of water. In Lake Pepin the 
copepods were more numerous in the lower part of the lake, while 
Cladocera were more numerous in the upper part. In portions of 
the river adjacent to these lakes the numbers of individuals of crus- 
tacean species are insignificant. 

The plankton of the river is subject to great fluctuations, depend- 
ing upon hydrographical conditions. During the rise of the water 
the plankton of the river is replaced almost entirely by detritus and 


a en ne ne 


PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1922. 15 


silt. In Lake Keokuk at the rise of the river stage the plankton is 
washed away and samples taken in this period consist almost ex- 
clusively of detritus. 

The plankton of the river with regard to its composition is mono- 
tonic. The plankton of Lake Pepin and Lake Keokuk, as compared 
with that of the river, may be characterized as richer in Crustacea 
and Rotifera. No organism was found in the river plankton that 
would not be present in the lakes. 

The increase of the production of fisheries in Lake Keokuk since 
the erection of the Keokuk Dam, as reported by the official statistics, 
can be correlated apparently with increased production of plankton 
in this lake. 


GREEN LAKE, WIS. 


The bureau has continued to cooperate in a small way with the 
Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey in the investiga- 
tions of fish-food resources of small lakes. During the past fiscal 
year a quantitative survey of the fish-food resources of Green Lake, 
Wis., was conducted under the general direction of President Ed- 
ward A. Birge, with the cooperation of Chancey Juday and the 
technical assistance of L. E. Noland and H. W. Rickett. The follow- 
ing summary of results has been furnished by Mr. Juday. 


PLANKTON, 


The standing crop of net plankton yielded an average of approxi- 
mately 40 milligrams of dry organic matter per cubic meter of water 
from April 30 to November 3, 1921; a maximum of 58 milligrams 
was noted in June, and minima of 21 milligrams were found in 
October and November. In 1922 a maximum of 30 milligrams of dry 
organic matter per cubic meter of water was obtained on May 5 and 
a minimum of 26 milligrams on May 21. Taking the area and volume 
of the whole lake into account, the average crop of 40 milligrams was 
equivalent to 13 kilograms of dry organic matter per hectare of sur- 
face, or 11.8 pounds per acre. 

The standing crop of nannoplankton yielded an average of 742° 
milligrams of dry organic matter per cubic meter of water in 1921; 
there was a maximum of 1.200 milligrams on April 30 and a mini- 
mum of 360 milligrams on April 21 and of 1,590 milligrams on May 
5. For the entire lake the average crop of 742 milligrams per cubic 
meter in 1921 amounted to 245 kilograms of dry organic material per 
hectare, or 219 pounds per acre. The average standing crop of net 
plankton and nannoplankton combined was 258 kilograms per hec- | 
tare, or about 231 pounds per acre, in 1921. The live weight of this 
material would be fully 10 times as large as the dry weight. 


BOTTOM FAUNA. 


In the quantitative study of the bottom fauna 209 samples were 
obtained, and the macroscopic organisms therein were enumerated; 
also the average weight of the various forms was ascertained, so that 
the results can be expressed in gravimetric as well as numerical units. 


16 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


The most abundant bottom inhabitants belong to three groups: (1) 
Oligocheta; (2) Crustacea, represented by Ostracoda, Hyalella, and 
Pontoporeia; (3) Diptera larvee belonging to the genera Chironomus, 
Tanypus, and Tanytarsus. 

Worms were most abundant in the deeper water—that is, from 
about 35 down to 65 meters. A maximum of 6,800 individuals per 
square meter of bottom was obtained in a catch from 64 meters. This 
number would yield about 24 kilograms of dry material per hectare, 
or 21 pounds per acre. The average number for the whole lake is 
436 individuals per square meter, which is equivalent to about 1.4 
kilograms of dry material per hectare, or 1.2 pounds per acre. The 
ash amounted to approximately 10 per cent of the dry weight, and 
85 per cent of the live weight consisted of water. 

The amphipod Hyalella was most abundant in the shallower water, 
or in the 1-3 meter stratum. A maximum of 10,000 per square meter 
was found in one sample taken at a depth of 1.75 meters. This max- 
imum represented a weight of about 21 kilograms of dry material 
per hectare, or 19 pounds per acre. The average number for the 
entire area between the shore line and a depth of 10 meters is 900 
individuals per square meter of bottom, representing about 3 kilo- 
grams of dry material per hectare, or 2.6 pounds per acre. Approx- 
imately 20 per cent of the dry weight consisted of ash. 

The amphipod Pontoporeia was found only in the deeper water, or 
between 10 and 66 meters; it was most abundant in the 30-60 meter 
region. A sample from a depth of 47.5 meters gave a maximum of 
13,000 individuals per square meter, while five other samples yielded | 
more than 9,000 per square meter. The maximum number repre- 
sented about 64 kilograms of dry Pontoporeia material per hectare, 
or 57 pounds per acre. The average number for all of the region be- 
tween 10 and 66 meters is 2,100 individuals per square meter, equiv- 
alent to 16.7 kilograms per hectare, or 15 pounds per acre, of dry ma- 
terial. About 14 per cent of the dry weight consisted of ash and 77 
per cent of the live weight of water. 

The snail population of Green Lake was found to be unusually 
small, by no means large enough at the present time to account for 
the large quantities of dead shells noted in the bottom samples taken 
at depths of 5 to 15 meters. Two citizens who have lived in the 
vicinity of Green Lake for many years reported that a large snail, 
which they called a “limpet” (probably Campeloma integrum), was 
very abundant in the lake a number of years ago, but at present this 
snail is very scarce. 

A rather large mussel population was found in favorable places 
where the water was half a meter to 3 meters deep. This popula- 
tion consisted chiefly of Lampsilis luteola. The average number of 
the larger individuals was about 10 per square meter, while a maxi- 
mum of 50 was noted in one locality. The maximum number repre- 
sented a crop of about 18,000 kilograms per hectare live weight, 
or approximately 16,000 pounds per acre. The average number 
represented one-fifth as much, or 3,600 kilograms per hectare, or 3,200 
pounds per acre. Substantially half of the live weight consisted of 
shell, thus leaving 1,800 kilograms per hectare for the soft part or 
body; an average of 91 per cent of the live body weight consisted of 
water, leaving 162 kilograms per hectare, or 144 pounds per acre, as 


PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1922. ys 


the dry body weight. About 18 per cent of the dry weight of the 
body consisted of ash. 

The most important aquatic insects were larve belonging to the 
genera Chironomus, Tanytarsus, and Tanypus. A sample obtained 
at a depth of 16 meters yielded a maximum of 8,200 larve of these 
three forms per square meter of bottom. Their combined weight 
was equivalent to about 20 kilograms of dry material per hectare, 
or about 18 pounds per acre. For the whole lake bottom the average , 
number of these larve was 1,148 individuals per square meter, yield- 
ing a dry weight of about 5 kilograms per hectare, or 4.5 pounds per 
acre. About 80 per cent of the live weight of these larve consisted 
- of water and about 12 per cent of the dry weight was ash. 


BOTTOM FLORA. 


Mr. Rickett made a quantitative survey of the larger aquatic 
plants, similar to the study made by him on Lake Mendota. In 
Green Lake the large aquatics extend out to a greater depth than 
they do in Lake Mendota; the extreme limit in the former is 9 to 10 
meters and only 5 to 6 meters in the latter. The averages for the 
various stations have not been computed yet, so that only a few of 
the larger catches are indicated here. 

Chara was the most abundant form; a sample taken at a depth of 
1 meter yielded a maximum of 10 kilograms per square meter, wet 
weight. Several other samples yielded as much as 8 to 9 kilograms 
per square meter, but most of the samples contained only 1 to 8 
kilograms of Chara, or less. About 82 per cent of the wet weight 
of this plant consisted of water, so that a yield of 10 kilograms per 
square meter would represent only 1.8 kilograms of dry material, 
or 18,000 kilograms per hectare (16,000 pounds per acre). 

Ceratophyllum and Myriophyllum were found in great abundance 
in some localities; one sample taken at.a depth of 4.5 meters yielded 
7.8 kilograms of these two plants per square meter, wet weight, and 
several other samples of corresponding magnitude were found. About 
91 per cent of the wet weight of these two plants consisted of water, 
so that the 7.8 kilograms above represented only 0.7 kilogram of 
dry material per square meter,-or 7,000 kilograms per hectare (6,200 
pounds per acre). 

The largest sample of Potamogeton consisted of Potamogeton am- 
plifolius. The wet weight of this sample was 2.4 kilograms per 
ae meter of bottom, of which 89 per cent consisted of water. 

allisneria was next in rank with a maximum yield of 1 kilogram per 
square meter, of which about 93 per cent was water. 


INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE ON MARINE FISHERY INVESTIGATIONS. 


The International Committee on Marine Fishery Investigations 
held two meetings during the year—the first at Boston on November 
4, 1921, attended by two representatives of Canada and two repre- 
sentatives of the United States, and the second in Montreal on May 
26, 1922, attended by all representatives of the United States and 
Canada. On neither occasion was it possible for the representative 
of Newfoundland to be present. This committee, while engaging in 
no investigations on its own part, serves as a coordinating agency 


18 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


for the marine fishery investigations of the several countries. 
Through the discussions of work accomplished or in contemplation 
and the information and suggestions gained in meeting, it is possible 
for functioning agencies of the several Governments to plan and 
conduct investigations in a manner more productive of results and 
more helpful to all concerned. 

An illustration of the value of cooperation through this com- 
mittee is afforded by. the attempt now being made to gain more 
complete information regarding the movements of ocean waters in 
the North Atlantic. Plans were made for the extensive use of drift 
bottles put out along certain predetermined lines and as nearly as 
practicable at the same time. A line was to be run by Newfoundland 
from Cape Race across the Grand Banks for a distance of 200 miles; 
Canada was to set bottles adrift on lines that would run, respectively, 
from Sydney to Port aux Basques, a distance of approximately 85 
miles from Canso to the north of Sable Island, a distance of 150 
miles; the United States undertook to place drift bottles on lines 
running, respectively, from Cape Elizabeth across Cashes Ledge, a 
distance of 75 miles, from Chatham, Mass., on a course south-south- 
east for a distance of 150 miles, and from Sandy Hook on a course 
south-southeast for a distance of 150 miles. Two types of bottles 
are employed, distinguished merely by the depth at which is sus- 
pended a metal drag that determines the course of the bottle as it 
is affected by the current. The bottles were to be set adrift usually 
at half-mile intervals, one of each type being placed at each point. 
A considerable part of the program had been done by the close of 
the fiscal year, the fisheries steamer Halcyon having been employed 
by the United States Bureau of Fisheries for its part of the work. 
To judge from previous experiences in the use of drift bottles, a 
sufficient number of those now set adrift should be recovered to 
afford a substantial contribution to the knowledge of ocean currents 
and drifts in the northern section of the North Atlantic. 

At the November meeting the committee considered and approved a 
form, by the use of which, beginning the first of the calendar year 
1922, uniformity might obtain in reporting statistics of offshore 
fisheries. Plans are under discussion for beginning at an early date 
an investigstion of the life histories of the cod and the haddock, 
and consideration is being given to the possibility and the best means 
of taggin ocean fish on an extensive scale in order that more may 
be learned regarding the migrations of food fishes of the sea. 

At the close of the year the committee consisted of the following 
members: For Newfoundland, D. James Davies; for Canada, W. A. 
Found, Dr. J. P. McMurrich, and Dr. A. S. Huntsman; for the 
United States, Dr. H. F. Moore, Dr. H. B. Bigelow, and Dr. R. E. 


Coker. 
FRESH-WATER MUSSELS. 


INVESTIGATIONS OF CONDITIONS OF MUSSEL CULTURE, 


At the present time the primary aims of the investigations of fresh- 
water mussels conducted in connection with the Fisheries Biological 
Station at, Fairport, Iowa, are, first, to acquire the information neces- 
sary to promote economy and effectiveness of operations in the 
propagation of mussels by the infection of fishes that are liberated 


PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1922. 19 


at once in natural waters, and, second, to learn how to rear juvenile 
mussels from infected fish kept in confinement, with greater con- 
sistency in results, higher percentages of survival, and more rapid 
growth and, correspondingly, with greater economy. During recent 
years notable progress has been made at the station and in its field 
work in the rearing of young mussels from artificial infections, a 
task that had previously baffled all attempts. The results obtained 
from experiments up to the present time have not, however, been 
so consistent or interpretable as to justify the immediate recom- 
mendation of this type of mussel culture as a practical venture, 
although they are such as to give encouragement to the continuation 
of the experiments. In one experiment during the past fiscal year a 
survival of 81.5 per cent was obtained, a figure more than 10 times 
higher than is deemed necessary in ordinary mussel propagation to 
justify the practical economy of the operations in natural waters. On 
the other hand, in some experiments where all known conditions are 
supplied to yield substantial results the rate of survival is insignifi- 
cant. Undiscovered factors are evidently involved, At this stage it 
would be folly either to desist from further trials or to fail to in- 
quire as exhaustively as is practicable into the behavior and physi- 
ology of the young mussel and into the intricate environmental fac- 
tors to which the mussels are subjected in the stages just following 
parasitism. Single factors must be tested out wherever it appears 
necessary and practicable. Among the studies of this nature that 
have been pursued during the past year the following may be men- 
tioned : 

Dr. E. P. Churchill, temporary investigator, made a study of the 
food and feeding habits of fresh-water mussels with special refer- 
ence to juveniles. The facts were apparently established that in the 
ingestion of water-borne materials there is no choice of food par- 
ticles from other substances, the ingestion of a particle brought to 
the mouth depending in a large measure upon mechanical factors, 
the size, shape, or position of the particle. Useless materials such 
as carmine, sand, and earth are taken into the stomach in quantities 
evidently proportional to the abundance of the materials in suspen- 
sion in the water, but the excessive predominance of nonfood mate- 
rials may be seriously detrimental to the oyster either by occupying 
too much space in the alimentary canal or by causing the diver- 
sion of materials from the mouth and thus checking the feeding 
activity. This is in accord with the results of some previous in- 
vestigators dealing with other species of bivalve mollusks. Minute 
animals (Protozoa) as well as plants are ingested in quantities and 
presumably utilized. In the young mussels, at least, material passes 
through the alimentary canal in from two to five hours, usually in 
three. Foul conditions of the water may prevent mussels from open- 
ing and feeding. 

Dr. A. D. Howard and B. J. Anson, working together, and.C. N. 
Blystad have given attention to the biological and physical condi- 
tions affecting survival of the juvenile mussels, considering such 
factors as the free oxygen and carbon dioxide content of the water, 
silt in suspension or sedimentation, current at bottom, light, char- 
acter of bottom, enemies (worms, insect larvee, and snails), crowding 
of mussels, and unfavorable plant growths. It has been ascertained 


20 U. S$. BUREAU OF FISHERIRS. 


among other things that under favorable conditions the Lake Pepin 
mucket (Lampsilis luteola) makes as much growth in the first year 
when kept at a density of 60 to the square foot as when planted only 
half as closely. In various experiments to determine the practica- 
bility of keeping young mussels in confinement during the winter a, 
survival of 83 to 93 per cent was obtained. 

Since in handling of live fish for any purpose slight injuries 
occur, which, if the fish are held in confinement, lead to infections by 
bacteria or water molds that cause the death of the fish, experiments 
have been made in immersing the fish in a 1 to 1,000 solution of 
copper sulphate after encystment of the glochidia. The results were 
very favorable to the fish, and the solution apparently had no effect 
upon the encysted mussel glochidia. 

Dr. L. B. Arey continued his study of the mechanism of encyst- 
ment of mussel glochidia and of the relationship existing between 
fish and mussel. He has been able to establish through his investiga- 
tion that encystment is not the result of cell division but of cell 
migration; in other words, the rapidity with which the cyst of fish 
tissue forms about the infecting glochidium results from the wander- 
ing in and piling up of neighboring cells, not from multiplication of 
those present. His study throws light upon the question as to what 
the tissues of the host fish do, if anything, to provide special facilities 
for the parasitic mussel embryos. Such information may have con- 
siderable indirect value in possible improvements in methods of arti- 
ficial culture of fresh-water mussels. 


PRACTICAL TESTS OF THE VALUE OF PROTECTION AND PROPAGATION. 


With the protective closure to mussel fishery of sections of the 
Minnesota River and of other Minnesota streams in the spring of 
1921 for the purpose of allowing them the opportunity of rehabitat- 
ing their mussel beds naturally, a statistical examination of certain 
mussel beds in the open and closed areas of the Minnesota River 
near New Ulm and Redwood Falls, Minn., was instituted. 

By careful method of catch with equipment of fixed measurements 
and capacity, statistical information showing relative abundance and 
ages of shells of different species has been obtained. These data 
collected by Dr. A. D. Howard will serve for direct comparison with 
similar records collected five years hence at the close of the pro- 
tective period. Such comparison should indicate the value of legis- 
lative closure of alternate sections of streams in the rehabitation of 
mussel-bearing bottoms. 

A similar study of the Des Moines River in Iowa, closed to mussel 
fishing in 1920, was carried out by H. W. Clark with the same pur- 
pose in view. Careful studies are projected also for Lake Pepin, 
in which alternate areas are now closed or open to commercial fish- 
ing, and in Lake Pokegama, Pine County, Minn., the closure of 
which by administrative action five years ago has now been con- 
tinued for another period. | 

Through the cooperation of the Hawkeye Pearl Button Co., Mus- 
catine, Iowa, records have been obtained of the relative frequencies 
of the yellow sand-shell (Lampsiiis anodontoides) and the nigger- 
head mussel (Quadrula ebenus) in commercial carload shipments 
from points on the White River, Ark., in the vicinity of Clarendon. 


oe 


a oT 


yy ape 
y Botha nt > toil, _ 
Re ee ERS ee ahee goes 


PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1922. 21 


Artificial mussel propagation in large amount was carried on in this 
region for several years, the shells propagated being the yellow 
sand-shell and the mucket (Lampsilis ligamentina). R. L. Barney, 
director of the Fisheries Biological Station, Fairport, Iowa, who col- 
lected the data, has summarized them and has noted a direct correla- 
tion between the amount of artificial propagation of the yellow sand- 
shell and the frequency of this shell in commercial shipments six to 
eight years later, the attainment of salable size for this mussel re- 
quiring approximately six growth seasons. Mr. Barney’s findings 
are also borne out by the observations of representatives of the but- 
ton companies buying shells on the White River. 


THE OYSTER. 


Investigations relating to oysters and oyster culture were con- 
ducted during the fiscal year by J. 8. Gutsell, scientific assistant, 
aided after the first few weeks by Herbert F. Prytherch. Besides 
continuing the studies, which have been prosecuted for several years 
in Long Island Sound and Great South Bay on the south side of 
Long Island, special attention was given during the winter to a 
relatively disastrous plague of mussels that occurred in Chesapeake 
Bay. 

GREAT SOUTH BAY. 


Investigations in Great South Bay revealed an early and excep- 
tional abundance of larve, most of which appeared in two great 
“waves.” These larve were to be found all over the principal oyster 
sections of the bay. The length of the period from attainment by 
the larvee of earliest readily collectable size to attainment of setting 
size was found on apparently good evidence to be 10 to 12 days, with 
13 to 15 days indicated for the total period from fertilization to 
setting. Corresponding with the distribution and abundance of the 
larvee, spat was exceptionally abundant over the principal oyster 
area. It appeared at the time in the abundance indicated by the 
quantitative catches of larve. Soon after the setting of the second 
wave of larvee, an unhealthy condition of the spat became noticeable, 
and a high mortality prevailed. Great loss occurred from smother- 
ing by the “sand” formation built up by Sabellaria, a tube-dwelling 
worm, by the sinking of the cultch into the soft bottom of certain 
areas and by the attacks of the drill, Urosalpinax cinereus. Appar- 
ently, however, the chief cause of mortality lay in some condition of 
the bottom that brought about a stunted condition and death of such 
spat as was not elevated above the very bottom by its position on the 
cultch. Much of the bottom was found to consist of a black muck, 
evidently of high organic content and smelling strongly of hydrogen 
sulphide supposed to be poisonous and known to be highly oxygen 
consuming. Although it seems probable that such a condition of 
the bottom must be detrimental to the spat, all attempts made in 
conjunction with the Bureau of Chemistry to find a reduced oxygen 
content of the bottom layer of water failed. Later laboratory ex- 
periments were similarly inconclusive, although the mud was found 
to bring about very rapid oxygen reduction under certain conditions 
and to yield great quantities of gas. 

Great quantities of spat, which were to have been shifted to other 
grounds in September, were practically all dead when operations 


22 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


began early in the month. On the other hand, oyster spat on elevated 
cultch used in certain experiments was found to grow rapidly. This 
suggested the probable desirability of changing the planting of 
shells for a set of oysters to the use of other forms of cultch that 
will keep the young oysters above the bottom. It is expected that 
following the advice of the investigators of the bureau, elevated 
cultch, such as brush and suspended. netting, will be tried in a com- 
mercial way by planters in Great South Bay during the season of 
1922. 
LONG ISLAND SOUND. 


Investigations in Long Island Sound were delayed by the con- 
tinued study of the exceptional conditions in Great South Bay. 
When full attention was directed te the section extending from 
Bridgeport to New Haven, it was found that oysters had spawned 
exceptionally early, that by the middle of July oyster larve had 
already attained to setting size, and that small oyster larve were 
more abundant and more generally distributed than usual in these 
waters. Very soon, with a change from bright and warm to rainy 
and chilly weather with ‘easterly winds, the larve disappeared. 
Although the weather and water again became warm and the oysters 
were found gradually to be releasing their “spawn,” no spawning 
“wave” was evidenced, and larve failed again to appear in ap- 
preciable numbers. In accordance with the indications of these find- 
ings, the very limited light “set” was very early indeed for the 
region. While the search for larvee was in progress a temperature 
survey was made for the purpose of locating areas for possible early 
spawning oyster beds. Although, when the work began, the season 
was too far advanced to permit a study of the most critical, prespawn- 
ing period, the observations pointed to a distinct superiority of anum- 
ber of inshore regions for the successful spawning of oysters be- 
cause of the higher temperatures prevailing. Corresponding with 
reduced industrial activity, as compared with conditions during the 
war period, and a presumed diminution in discharge of trade wastes, 
there was evidence of improvement of the conditions of various in- 
shore waters. 

In another place (p. 18) reference is made to the necessity for 
more complete and definite knowledge regarding physical and bio- 
logical conditions, as well as concerning pollution of waters in 
regions of oyster culture, and to the arrangements that have been 
made for securing the required information. 


CHESAPEAKE BAY. 


The Chesapeake Bay investigations, made in December, 1921, 
and January, 1922, by J. S. Gutsell, scientific assistant, were con- 
cerned with the mussel plague in the Maryland section of the bay 
and its tributaries. In a large part of this area hook mussels, 
Mytilus hamatus, were so abundant on the oysters as to make the 
cost of marketing the oysters almost if not quite prohibitive. . It was 
soon found that in Maryland mussels were most abundant in the 
upper fresher part of the bay and in the rivers and were absent or 
insignificant in the lower, saltier waters, melas Tangier Sound. 
Tt was also found that, presumably because of the clear and dry 


lle Ce Lm ald 


PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1922. 23 


summer and fall, the salinity of the rivers and the upper part of the 
bay was much above normal. An apparent correlation between 
the distribution of the mussel and salinity was found. With the ab- 
normally high salinity, the hook mussel extended as far toward 
fresh water as oysters occur, or a very little farther, but not to a 
freshness equal to that which is usually to be found at the upper 
limit of oyster’s growth. In the streams it was found to extend 
as far toward salt water as is represented by a surface density of 
1.0121 to 1.0127. The evidence of these data seems strongly to indi- 
cate that the distribution is limited to a rather short range in 
salinity and that the presence of the mussels in numbers in a large 
part of the area was made possible by the preceding dry season and 
the consequent increase in salinity. Nothing definite was learned of 
the cause of the remarkable abundance of the mussels. The mild 
preceding winter and the lack of extremely strong spring freshets 
are possible contributing factors. 


POLLUTION OF WATERS. 


During recent times no subject has been of more acute interest to 
fishermen and dealers in fishery products than that of pollution by 
oils and industrial wastes. The conditions that notoriously prevail 
in many rivers and that occur, spasmodically at least, in other 
streams and at various points of the seacoasts are proper cause for 
concern not only to fishermen and to all interested in the fishery 
resources, but also to consumers of water, to bathers, and to farmers 
and other property owners. As relating to the fisheries, few subjects 
are more complex and needy of special personnel and equipment for 
effective investigation. There is evidently required for the adequate 
study of practicable means of alleviation of effects of pollutions upon 
fisheries a special provision of funds. Although in the absence of 
such provision the bureau has not been able to conduct continuous 
studies of pollutions it has endeavored, as opportunities afforded and 
means permitted, to contribute to a solution of the problems involved. 
Allusion has been made on another page (p. 13) to the special atten- 
tion that will be given to the matter of pollutions as affecting oyster 
culture and fisheries in Long Island Sound. 

In October and November, 1921, Car] L. Hubbs, curator of fishes in 
the museum of zoology, University of Michigan, ‘investigated the 
pollution of the streams of the Saginaw water drainage in central 
Michigan. The studies were made for the Bureau of Fisheries in 
cooperation with the University of Michigan and the Michigan 
Department of Health, and much of the field work was done in com- 
pany with E. F. Badger, chemical engineer of that department. Par- 
ticular attention was given to the several large sugar factories that 
are located on the Saginaw River or its tributaries. Little evidence 
was found to indicate that any definite toxic wastes are responsible 
for the death of fishes in the streams studied; most of the wastes are 
of the oxygen-consuming type and kill fishes by depleting the water 
of its natural supply of dissolved oxygen. Both sanitary sewerage 
and the sugar-plant wastes are of this type. Below the smaller cities 
containing sugar plants the sugar wastes are of the greater impor- 
tance in the pollution of the streams, while on the Saginaw River 


24 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


itself both of these major sources of pollution are of critical signifi- 
cance; on the Flint River the sanitary sewerage (with minor indus- 
trial wastes) is responsible for a serious case of stream pollution. 

The relation of stream pollution in this region to death of fishes, 
to angling, to the commercial fishery interests, and to water supplies, 
health, and recreation was given as. much consideration as time 
allowed. <A general report of the investigations was made, including 
data otherwise obtained by the Michigan Department of Health, as 
well as those secured in the study here reported. A further report is 
planned by Messrs. Badger and Hubbs, to be submitted when certain 
additional data are at hand. : 

At the request of the Illinois State Natural History Survey the 
United States Fisheries Biological Station at Fairport, Iowa, en- 
tered into cooperation with that organization and with the United 
States Public Health Service and the Chicago Drainage District in 
a study of the effects of pollution and of reclamation of submerged 
lands along the Illinois River upon public health and recreation, 
upon agriculture, and upon the aquatic resources of the river. The 
special part of the Bureau of Fisheries was to obtain statistical data 
on the fisheries of the river for 1921. These data, to compare with 
earlier records, were obtained by H. C. Minch, foreman of the 
Fairport station, by examination of railroad and steamboat express 
and freight records of shipments from and to the towns along the 
river. The survey data are now being summarized for preparation 
in report form by R. L. Barney. 


° FISH AS AGENTS IN MOSQUITO CONTROL. 


Investigations of fish in relation to mosquito control were con- 
tinued from previous years by Samuel F. Hildebrand, scientific 
assistant, working in cooperation with the United States Public 
Health Service. The experiments were conducted in the vicinity of 
Augusta, Ga., where there are numerous waters especially suitable 
for the investigations. The work of previous years was mainly 
conducted in localities where antimalaria campaigns were under way 
and where immediate practical results were the chief aim; but in 
1921 no antimalaria work was attempted by local authorities out- 
side of the city limits of Augusta so that the investigator had full 
opportunity for experiment and observation. 

The highly efficient mosquito control that Gambusia provides in 
bodies of water in which no barriers between the fish and the im- 
mature mosquito exist has already repeatedly been demonstrated ; 
therefore the season of 1921 was devoted mainly to the study of the 
relation of barriers formed by plants to mosquito control by the use 
of fish. , 

It was determined that, in the vicinity of Augusta at least, the 
“ silver-leaf grass,” Hydrochloa carolinensis, aftords mosquito larve 
the most effective protection against fish. Other plants that some- 
times seriously hinder efficient mosquito control are Myriophyllum, 
Potamogeton, and some of the alge. Plants of minor importance 
in relation to mosquito control are cat-tails, burr weeds, arrowheads, 
smart weeds, and various tall grasses and sedges. Plants that 
appear to be beneficial are the duckweeds and the bladderworts. _ 

In case of ponds that contain many Gambusia along with effective 
plant barriers it was learned that the degree of control could be 


PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1922. 25 


considerably increased, although complete control was never at- 
tained. In two other experiments when the fish were killed in 
ponds containing barriers mosquito production increased at least 
eightfold in one instance and ninefold in the other, as indicated by 
a comparison of counts made of immature mosquitoes taken in 
weekly dippings in the fishless ponds and similar dippings made in 
the “control” ponds. It appeared then that even if effective bar- 
riers are present a great reduction in mosquito production is brought 
about by the fish. 

The most practical way of manipulating the various plant barriers 
in order to render them useless as protectors of mosquito :larve 
requires much more study, but it was found that half measures in 
the removal of silver-leaf grass were more detrimental than none 
at all. The grass affords more protection to mosquito larve when 
it is merely thinned than when it is more rank. Again, after cut- 
ting, the plant becomes effective in protecting mosquitoes just at 
the moment when its growing stem attains the surface of the water. 
The experiments showed that, if the removal of silver-leaf grass is 
undertaken, the work must be thoroughly done and repeated as soon 
as the plant again appears at the surface. 


REDDENING OF SALT FISH. 


A few years ago the bureau conducted investigations of the causes 
and possible remedies for the red infection of salt fish, a condition 
that causes substantial losses to packers of salt fish on the New Eng- 
land coast. The investigations threw much light upon the causes 
but developed no practicable means of prevention. 

With the beginning of the fiscal year 1922, the investigations were 
resumed with the employment of Alfred A. Ellsworth, of the Mass- 
achusetts Institute of Technology, as investigator. During the year 
the work of the investigator was devoted largely to developing the 
special bacteriological technique and the studies of various single 
factors of growth under laboratory conditions. Progress has been 
made in acquiring information regarding the causative organisms, 
but a report of results must be deferred until the investigation is 
further advanced. 


THE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORIES. 


Because of the limitation of funds and the corresponding inade- 
quacy of personnel, both permanent and temporary, the biological 
laboratory at Woods Hole, Mass., was not operated by the bureau 
during the summer of 1921. That the station might not, however, 
fail to serve a useful purpose during that season it was deemed 
proper to extend the use of the laboratory rooms to the Marine 
Biological Laboratory of Woods Hole upon the understanding 
that no charge would be made by that institution for the use of 
Government facilities and that no expense to the Government 
would be involved. In the early part of the summer of 1922 the 
laboratory was reopened, Dr. R. E. Coker, assistant in charge of 
scientific inquiry, acting as director for the greater part of the 
season. From the station, as laboratory headquarters, there is be- 
ing conducted by Dr. P. S. Galtsoff the biological survey of Long 


26 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


Island Sound previously mentioned (p. 13). Charles J. Fish, at- 
tached to the laboratory as temporary assistant, was engaged in 
studies of the daily, seasonal, and annual variation of plankton 
(the basis of fish-food supply) in the waters of the Woods Hole 
region, his investigations being based upon his own observations 
and upon the collections and extensive records left by the late Vinal 
Edwards. Before the close of the fiscal year it had been arranged 
for Dr. Hugh M. Smith to continue his previously extensive studies 
of fishes of the region with a view of bringing together all records 
on the subject and of preparing an annotated lst of the fishes. 
Arrangements have also been made to extend the facilities of the 
laboratory to a number of volunteer investigators. 

The Beaufort (N. C.) biological station has continued during 
the year to be without a scientific director, since the salary attached 
to the position has not attracted the services of a person of proper 
training. The buildings and grounds have been brought into a 
condition of good repair and the buildings repainted with two coats. 
At slight expense repairs have been made to the sea wall on the 
northeast side of the island. The experiments in terrapin culture 
are being continued under the management of Charles Hatsel, act- 
ing superintendent. The facilities of the station have been utilized 
during a considerable part of the year by the Bureau of Construc- 
tion and Repair of the Navy Department for investigations relat- 
ing to the prevention of the fouling of the bottoms of vessels. On 
certain occasions also the facilities of the station have been extended 
to independent investigators. 

At this station it is very desirable that there should be constructed 
a concrete wall on the northwest corner of the island to insure the 
retention of the level made-land on that part of the island; but the 
principal need of the station is a staff of investigators to enable 
the laboratory to fulfill the functions for which it was established 
and for which, presumably, it is maintained. This can be done 
only with the provision of appropriate salaries. The salary of the 
director at present is substantially less than is offered in low grades 
of assistantships in State universities. 

The Fairport (Iowa) biological station, under the direction of 
R. L. Barney, has been in operation during the entire fiscal year 
and its activities in several fields have been mentioned on previous 
pages (Studies of Fishes, p. 2, Experimental Fish Culture, p. 8, 
Diseases of Terrapin, p. 11, and Fresh-water Mussels, p. 18). The 
most notable physical improvement during the year has been the 
installation of an electric-light plant for the cottages on the hill- 
side, a measure long needed for the removal of fire menace. The 
laboratory and grounds are in good condition, but all frame build- 
ings are in need of paint and minor repairs. 

During the first two months of the fiscal year Dr. H. S. Davis 
served as director of the Key West (Fla.) biological station, giving 
special attention to the parasites of fishes of the region. During 
the remainder of the year the station has been without a technical 
staff, since the salaries offered are inadequate to retain the services 
of trained men. 


O 


FISHERIES PROSECUTED BY CALIFORNIA FISHERMEN IN 
MEXICAN WATERS.’ 


By R. A. Coteman, Agent, U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. 


As there is no natural boundary on the Pacific coast marking off 
the dividing line between the waters of the United States and Mexico, 
and’ since the conditions immediately north and south are almost 
identical, it is not to be wondered at that fishermen have been accus- 
tomed to ignore the existence of such a line. Records of occasional 
visits are to be found as far back as it is possible to pursue the in- 
quiry. As illustrating this fact quotations may be made from 
appendixes to early issues of the Report of the Commissioner of 
Fisheries, United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. In an 
appendix to the Report for 1888, J. W. Collins (1892), speaking of 
tte fisheries of San Diego County, says: 

The fishing grounds for bonito and barracuda can not be definitely described. In 
general, however, they extend along the coast from north of San Diego to a long dis- 


tance southward, off Mexico. Sometimes, when fish are not found in abundance near 
the home port, the vessels ga from 200 to 300 miles to the southward for fares * * * 


[p. 28]. 
The Chinese engaged in the junk fishery work chiefly among the islands and along 


the coast of Mexico, where they gather abalones from the rocks. Abalones were 
formerly abundant in the vicinity of San Diego, but the local supply has been ex- 
hausted. The fishing grounds principally resorted to by the Chinese, therefore, may 
be said to be off the Mexican coast. * * * Bartoleme Bay [Turtle Bay], Lower 
California, is a favorite resort for the junk fishermen [p. 31]. 


In an appendix to the Report of the United States Commissioner 
of Fisheries for 1893, William A. Wilcox (1895) says: 

Year by year the Chinese have been withdrawing from the business [of fishing], 
deeming it too hazardous on account of the danger of seizure by the Mexican Govern- 


ment for illegal fishing, and the possibility of not being permitted to reenter the United 
States [p. 188]. 


References of similar purport from other sources might be multi- 
plied, especially in regard to whaling, sealing, etc., which were at 
one time prosecuted extensively along the Lower California coast. 
In all statistical records, however, except those compiled since 1918, 
almost no attempt has been made to distinguish between fish taken 
south of the line and those taken in waters of the United States. 
The catch has been credited without comment to the places where 
landed. Naturally, since it is right at the border, San Diego has 
received the largest proportion of these fish, which have been re- 
ported as from that place. 

Until 1907 or 1908 the prdportion of fish taken south of the line 
was comparatively small, owing to their abundance and the ease 


.} Appendix XIV to the Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1922. B. F. Doc. No. 937. 
22480°—23 1 


2 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


with which they were captured in the north. With the growth of 
population in California, the increase in the number of fishermen, 
and the expansion of the gear, followed be the growing scarcity of 
fish, it became necessary to go farther afield, and naturally to push 
to the south, where the population was small and almost no fishing 
was done. As a consequence the business of fishing in Mexican 
waters has become every year of greater importance, and fishermen 
are looking more and more toward the still comparatively virgin 
fisheries of Lower California. 

It may be accepted that the year 1907 marks the period when this 
fishing became a general practice, when a few small power boats, 
25 to 30 feet in length, were sent into Mexico regularly. These boats 
went at first only a short distance south of the border. Ensenada, 
or Todos Santos ee was the first limit, this being soon extended to 
Cape Colnett, below which for the first two years they hardly ever 
went, being deterred by the impossibility of taking their fish to 
market in fit condition, the boats being too small to permit the 
carrying of ice and there being no means of preserving the fish for 
any length of time. 

At first, as long as the fishermen kept away from the ports of 
Ensenada and San Quentin, the only te where officials of the 
Mexican aduana, or customs service, were stationed, they were 
troubled comparatively little by the constantly varying dues. Later 
patrol boats were put on and a close watch kept of all operations 
along the coast. Since 1916 the Mexican Government has had a 
resident agent at San Diego, and since 1917 one also at San Pedro, 
from whom all boats operating in Mexican waters must obtain a 

ermit and to whom reports of the catches of fish and arrangements 
or the payment of dues, etc., must be made. This is in addition to 
the usual clearances from Ensenada and other customs ports. 

Any boat clearing for a Mexican port is considered, when it returns 
with fish, as having Mexican fish on board, no matter whether caught 
within or without the 3-mile limit. Failure to pay the Mexican 
export duty on the entire catch is punished by the refusal of the 
Mexican consul to issue a permit on the next application. As a 
matter of fact, it is a geathe what serious thing for a boat to be caught 
“poaching” in Mexican waters without a permit. Fines as high as 
$500 are imposed in such cases, with confiscation of the boat if not 
eae As a consequence some fishermen have preferred to put their 

oats under Mexican registry, paying $25 per month per boat for 
the privilege. 

The boats now (1920) in use are of much larger capacity than those 
first sent out. They vary in length from 40 to 75 feet, cost from 
$4,000 to $12,000, are equipped with engines of 35 to 80 horsepower, 
and are serviceable, excellent sea boats, capable of undertaking any 
voyage within the limit of capacity of theirsupplies. These boatscarry 
a supply of ice for preserving their fish, and as a consequence make 
much more extended trips than formerly, often going as far south 
as Cedros Island, or even occasionally to Magdalena Bay. Their 
gear usually comprises trammel nets, although they often carry 
paranzella nets to drag for the so-called halibut (Paralichthys calt- 
fornicus), and also gill nets for taking barracuda, sea bass, etc. 
The trammel net formerly consisted of only 10 to 15 “pieces.” 


Nowadays, with larger boats, carrying 5 to 15 tons of ice, methods: 


ae 


FISHERIES OF CALIFORNIA FISHERMEN IN MEXICAN WATERS. 8 


have materially changed. Nets consist of as many as 52 pieces, and 
plans are laid, if not already utilized, for still larger ones. Their 
cost ranges from $3,000 to $4,000 per net. The linen thread of 
which they are made is brought from the Eastern States, but the 
weaving is usually done by the fishermen, this occupation employing 
quite afew men. When properly cared for, nets last as long as three 
years, and boat owners aim generally to replace about one-third of 
their gear each year. Proper tanning is the chief factor in the life 
of a net, barring, of course, loss by storm or tearing by sharks. The 
cost of gear is therefore a serious item of expense to the fishermen. 

The number of boats operating in these waters may be placed at 
60 or 65, but during the tuna season only about half that number 
engage in fishing in Mexican waters. This number may be largely 
increased in the future, as it is known that mee fishermen from San 
Francisco, Puget Sound, and Alaska are considering the transfer of 
their operations to Lower California. In September, 1918, the F. E. 
Booth Co., of San Francisco, sent the /tuna, a fully equipped otter 
trawler of Scotch build, 201 gross tons, carrying a crew of nine men 
and six fishermen, to the south to test the possibilities of successful 
operation. After trials carried on for several months in both south- 
ern and Lower California waters the results were so indifferent that 
the vessel was withdrawn. It is understood that much of the trouble 
arose from rough bottom, with consequent tearing of the nets. 

In the latter part of 1918 the average take of fish in Mexican 
waters by California fishermen was 700,000 pounds per month, on 
which an export duty of $3,500 was paid, boat charges, clearances, 
etc., being additional. The take of fish varies much from time to 
time and is probably much larger at present. 

There has been some attempt to carry on canning operations in 
the south. The Van Camp Sea Food Co., of San Pedro, in 1917 and 
1918, sent a floating cannery, the John G. North, with a tender and 
fleet of small boats to Magdelena Bay and Cape San Lucas, at the 
tip of the peninsula, with some success, packing mostly yellowtail, 
yellow-fin tuna, etc. The North was unfortunately destroyed by 
fire, and no further operations have been carried on.?, A cannery, 
which is “packing lobsters, shrimps, and sardines, and also canning 
turtle soups and steaks,’’* has been in operation for some time near 
La Paz, in the lower part of the Gulf of California. Consideration is 
now (1920) being given to the establishment of other canneries along 
the Mexican coast. 

The governor of the northern Province has projected a railroad to 
extend from Mexicali, where it connects with the railway systems of 
the United States, to San Felipe, the most northerly harbor on the 
Gulf of California, which will probably be built within a few years. 
This road is meant to tap the fisheries and other resources of the 
Gulf, which are known to be very great. 

It is estimated that of the important food fishes now (1920) being 
brought into southern California the following proportions are taken 
in Mexican waters, the balance being secured north of the line: 


Per cent. 

MEG (HO CRUE S.C oat tee eee em ta oc See eee 80-90 
Restesrenictss) i523. COA A SOURS Das SES TA TO 75 
Beaters (white)-u. of40. 2 2ereuiosh sisters ail one 60 
ONE Sa o's ih ete oe tote Pie eee Ss per nioee Siate ats Mer ons 10 


2 The Van Camp Co. operated a floating cannery in thesame waters during 1921 and 1922. 
8Item in San Diego newspaper. 


4 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


Boats coming from Mexican waters frequently bring huge cargoes. 
The Veribus Unitas, in 1918, entered San Diego harbor with 40 tons 
of fresh fish, including barracuda and bonito. In addition to this 
big catch the boat had been compelled to give 6 tons to another boat 
for lack of space. About the same time another boat brought in a 
31-ton catch of barracuda and bonito. Similar catches are occa- 
sionally reported. When fish are plentiful there is a tendency to 
overload the boats and thus cause deterioration or even loss of the 
cargo. Heavy losses are sometimes met, especially when the boats 
are delayed by adverse circumstances and when there is a shortage 
of ice. 

The numerous bays and ‘‘esteros,’’ or lagoons, that fringe the 
Lower California coast, together with the almost continuous “ fishing 
shelf,”’ or zone of water less than 100 fathoms that stretches nearly 
the whole length of the peninsula, afford very favorable conditions 
for fish life. Almost all the fish taken in southern California waters 
occur in equal or greater abundance south of the Mexican border 
and later in the season. It seems that as the season advances the 
fish migrate largely to the warmer waters of the south and in many 
cases may be taken there during the entire winter season. This fact 
has had no little influence in inducing California fishermen to ex- 
tend their operations into Mexican waters. 

The albacore, or long-finned tuna (Germo alalunga), alone of the 
fish especially sought in the north, has not been taken south of 
Cedros Island. The other tunas, yellow-fin and blue-fin (Germo 
macropterus and Thunnus thynnus), the so-called halibut (Paralichthys 
californicus), the barracuda (Sphyrzna argentea), the white sea bass 
(Cynoscion nobilis), the jewfish or black sea bass (Stereolepis gigas), 
the yellowtail (Seriola dorsalis), the mackerel (Scomber japonicus), the 
bonito or skipjack (Sarda chilensis), the Spanish mackerel (Scombero- 
morus sierra), and others are found in great abundance and in some 
cases all the year round in Lower NE waters. All the fish 
mentioned spawn in these waters, and considering the great extent 
of the fishing grounds it will probably be many years before the effects 
of intensive fishing will be seriously felt. 

What has been said of the abundance of fishes is also true of craw- 
fish, turtles, and abalones. The turtle is rarely taken north of the 
boundary line, and the others are so nearly fished out in United 
States waters that the catch is small. 

Approximately 85 per cent of the catch of sea crawfish or spiny 
lobster (Panulirus interruptus) brought imto southern California 
is taken in Mexican waters. The annual arrival is estimated at 
about 4,000,000 pounds. In 1918 there were about 45 men, mostly 
Japanese, divided into 15 or 20 camps, engaged in taking spiny 
lobsters along the Lower ,California coast. The number of camps — 
varies from year to year, and it often napbens that abalone and — 
turtle fishermen take spiny lobster as well. In 1918 at Santa Rosalia, 
in the Gulf of California, spiny lobsters were selling for 5 cents 
apiece, or 2 cents American money, and were a drug on the market. 
At the same time in San Pedro and San Diego the dealers were 
paying the fishermen 20 cents a pound for these crustaceans. In 
an endeavor to prevent the extinction of spiny lobsters south of the 
line the Mexican Government declared a close season running from 


FISHERIES OF CALIFORNIA FISHERMEN IN MEXICAN WATERS. 5 


March 1 to October 15, which does not appear to be strictly enforced, 
as these crustaceans are still (1920) coming in at all seasons. 

It is a theory with some fishermen that spiny lobsters grow an 
inch a year. Thus, a 9-inch spiny lobster is 9 years old. It is 
said that they begin to spawn when 3 years old. They spawn in 
May, June, July, and August, and it is the custom of the fishermen 
at this time to pull the spawn off the females when caught, as the 
dealers will not accept them with the eggs attached. The stomachs 
of mackerel are sometimes found gorged with spiny lobster spawn, 
showing that they are great enemies of this crustacean. As a 
general rule, the large specimens of spiny lobsters are males and the 
smaller ones females. Three kinds are distinguished—the very 
dark colored, the red, and the very light. This distinction seems 
accidental, due possibly to the environment. 

The number of turtles (Chelonia agassizi) brought into southern Cal- 
ifornia isincreasing. They are captured almost altogether along the 
Lower California coast and are usually shipped alive. The favorite 
locality for their capture at present (1920) is San Bartolome, or Turtle 
Bay, although Magdalena Bay is also much resorted to. The Gulf of 
California, however, will eventually be the chief source of supply, as 
turtles occur there in great numbers and are often of large size. 
A conservative estimate of the number brought in may be placed 
at 5,000, of an average weight of 50 pounds, although a weight of 
300 pounds or more is not uncommon.‘ They are mostly taken 
at the spiny-lobster and abalone camps. Of late considerable 
attention is beg given to the canning of turtle soups and steaks, 
which are received with favor by the trade. A turtle cannery on 

_ San Diego Bay has two vessels bringing in turtles. A considerable 
trade has also sprung up in the importation of turtle oil, which is 
used in the manufacture of high-grade soaps and cosmetics. 

The take of abalone is now (1920) confined almost altogether to the 
Lower California coast. A Japanese firm of San Diego has con- 
trolled the abalone business in the south for many years and has 
40 or 50 men engaged in the fishery. They form camps of 5 or 10 
men, who move from place to place. They aim to return each 
year but sometimes miss one or even two years. The product 
amounts to 80 or 100 tons of dried meats per year, valued at 35 
cents per pound, or $700 per ton. 

The fishermen generally use a water glass for locating the abalone 
and then scrape them off the rocks with hoelike instruments. The 
abalone, however, are frequently in water too deep for this method 
or are wedged in crevices or located under ledges. To obtain these, 
the men resort to diving, usually in diving suits, but sometimes 
naked. Some of the camps are quite large. One on Northeast 
Bay, Cedros Island, visited in 1916, had nine persons. After cleaning 
the abalone and removing all refuse the meats are boiled for a short 
time in salt water, usually with a little lye added to produce the 
dark color that the oriental trade demands—to which trade most of 
the product pipe and are then dried in the sun. The drying trays 
or racks in this camp were arranged in four rows, each over 150 feet 
long by 3 feet wide, and were elevated about 3 feet from the ground. 


4 According to Van Denburgh (1922, Vol. II, p. 996): ‘Large specimens may weigh 500 or 600 pounds, 
but the average is much less.” 


eS. 


6 U. &. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


The meats are turned frequently and when very dry and hard are 
packed in sacks for shipment. Some dried fish was also observed. 

Before the war large quantities of the abalone shells were shipped 
to the Orient and to Europe, principally to England, whence they 
were distributed to button aieae etc., throughout the continent. - 
Since the war put a stop to the industry the trade has languished, 
although it is showing signs of reviving. The quantity now (1920) 
being ‘brought from Lower California amounts only to 20 or 25 
tons per year, its value ranging from $60 to $120 per ton, according 
to quality. The shells are distinguished as the blue, sometimes 
“oreen”’ (Halwotis splendens), the red, the pink, and the black—the 
blue or green being the most valued. It is said that the best green 
shell on the market comes from New Zealand. Occasionally a 
shell is found that yields the so-called “pholas,” or blister pearls, 
which are sometimes of considerable value. Many shells are polished 
for ornaments or curios, pieces of shell being used for shell jewelry, 
etc. The larger proportion, however, is used for other commercial 
purposes. 

On account of the frequent changes in the fiscal policy and the 
methods of collecting boat and other charges on the part of the 
Mexican authorities, it is not easy to present a complete or satis- 
factory statement of conditions. However, as an indication of the 
conditions under which fishing in Lower California waters is carried 
on, the charges in March, 1918, upon a 5-ton boat that fished below 
the border will serve to illustrate. They were as follows: 


Security deposit ($50 returnable at end of year)............-- .. $75. 00 
Operation charges, each boat per month..........-..--..--+.-+- 15. 00 
‘BOat Clearances. 22.22 ee nea tat lse a tee ee nee eee ene 15. 00 
‘Broker's fee. tiie. 2 2e Lee OR AS a SOR 10. 00 
Clearance at Ensenada, each trip. .......-...02..2 022 22.080. 12. 00 
Export duty payable: Per kilo, 
Me resh fish. . 25) JRE RIE: 2S I0 Os Go be et ees eee $0. O1 
Salt, fish: cc osce.9s 0. .cfhsees [ooeples- igh -Bpeeeeted- eects 015 
DD e270 iT 1 Sa, RR ENE EAL tial cn PK Seba a Ope .015 
Cooked lobsters: bose soc ape on ote eee oe Se ome ena eee . 03 
Inve Yobsver™. \.02 i No. WEA A ee ee eee oe tee . 025 
Live. turtle: oe 2250. FHS a ae. OEE a POE Te rapes . 015 
Dried turile..sga ee - 4) cadee Tesh: Gee ek bee eee . 03 


These items, duty not included, brought the annual expenses per 
boat to $600 or more. It was also demanded that the duty be paid 
in ‘‘papel infalsificable,” the depreciated currency of one of the 
Government issues, which the dealer had to purchase for the pur- 
pose. Later these charges were increased about 100 per cent. An 
attempt is now (1920) beingmade to stabilize and simplify these charges 
and to have a commissioner appointed with an office at San Pedro, in 
order to bring about closer cooperation. ; 

It is suggested that fishing might be carried on with success at the 
island of Guadalupe, which hes 120 miles off the coast of Lower 
California. In 1916 yellowtail, barracuda, mackerel, and smelt 
were observed in great schools, and it is said td spawn there. It 
would seem that an occasional boat, at least, should find it profitable 
to visit the locality. 


FISHERIES OF CALIFORNIA FISHERMEN IN MEXICAN WATERS. 7 


BIBLIOGRAPHY RELATING TO FISHERIES OF LOWER CALIFORNIA AND 


1703. 


1757. 


1772. 


1789. 


1831. 


1843. 


1871. 


1874. 


1886. 


1889. 


1891. 


WEST COAST OF MEXICO. 


Dampier, WILLIAM. 
A new voyage around the world * * *. 5th edition, Vol. I, pp. 263, 264, 
276, and others. London. [Originally published in 1692.] 
Contains references to abundance of fish, whales, seals, and turtles. 
VENEGAS, MIGUEL. 
Noticia de la California. Madrid. [An English edition, entitled ‘‘ Natural 
and civil history of California,’’ was published in London, 1759.] 
Contains list of fishes, etc., found in California waters. 
BAEGERT, JAKOB. 

Nachrichten von der amerikanischen Halbinsel Californien. Mannheim. 
This purports to be a translation of Venegas but contains much added 
matter; gives interesting list of fishes and other sea products in considerable 
detail. 

CLAVIJERO, FRANCISCO JAVIER. 

Storia della California. Venice. [Spanish edition, Mexico, 1852.1 

Has many references to fishes and sea products. 
BrecHey, F. W. 
Narrative of a voyage to the Pacific and Beering’s Strait to cooperate with 
the polar expeditions: Performed in His Majesty’s ship Blossom, under the 
command of Captain F. W. Beechey, in the years 1825, 26, 27, 28. H. Col- 
burn and R. Bentley, London. [Published also by Carey and Lea, Phila- 
delphia, 1832. ] 
Refers to sealing, otter hunting, fishing, etc. 
BELCHER, EDWARD. 

Narrative of a voyage round the world performed in Her Majesty’s ship 

Sulphur, during the years 1836-1842 * * *, by Capt. Sir Edward Belcher. 

H. Colburn, London. 

Has many references to sealing, otter hunting, etc. 


. Aura CALIFORNIA; SAN FRANCISCO BULLETIN. 


References to fishing, etc., in files of these and other early Californian 
newspapers of various dates, quoted or mentioned in other publications for 
the most part, but generally with only the year of publication. 


. Browne, J. Ross, and a corps of assistants. 


Resources of the Pacificslope * * *, with asketch of the settlement and 
exploration of Lower California. D. Appleton & Co., New York. 
[Part 2] contains much detailed information about fishing, sealing, etc. 
See especially: (1) Historical summary of Lower California from its discovery 
in 1532 to 1867, by Alexander S. Taylor, [part 2], pp. 5-27, which contains 
much information about early pearl fishing and kindred matters; (2) 
Reportof Dr. John A. Veatch on Cerros or Cedros Island, [part 2], pp. 143-154, 
which gives a lively account of the seal life, etc., of the island; and (3) 
Islands off the west coast of Lower California, by Capt. C. M. Scammon, 
Dat 2], pp. 128-131, which contains much information regarding whales, 
seals, etc. 
Aneus, W. CraIBE. 
Seal capturing a herring gull. The Zoologist for 1871, 2d series, vol. 6, p. 
2762-2763. London. 
Scammon, CHar.eEs M. 
The marine mammals of the northwestern coast of North America, described 
and illustrated; together with an account of the American whale-fishery. 
John H. Carmany & Co., San Francisco; G. P. Putnam’s Sons, New York. 
Most authoritative account of whaling, sealing, etc., on the coast. 
TOWNSEND, CHARLES H. 
Present condition of the California gray whale fishery. Bulletin, U. S. 
Fish Commission, Vol. VI, for 1886 (1887), pp. 346-350. Washington. 
Bancrort, HusErT Howe. 
[Hardy’s pearl-fishing scheme.] In History of the Pacific States of North 
America, Vol. XI, p. 711. The History Co., San Francisco. 
Footnote 11 describes effort of Lieutenant Hardy, of the British Navy, to 
establish pearl-fishing enterprise in Gulf of California. 
TOWNSEND, CHARLES H. : 
Report upon the ai fishery of the Gulf of California. Bulletin, U. S. 
Fish Commission, Vol. 1X, for 1889 (1891), pp. 91-94. Washington. 


1892. 


1895. 


1900. 


1902 


1907. 


1908. 


1910. 


1911. 


U. & BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


Couns, J. W. 

[The fisheries of California.] Jn Report on the fisheries of the Pacific coast 

of the United States. Report of Commissioner, U. S. Commission of Fish 

and Fisheries, for 1888 (1892), pp. 21-175. Washington. 
TANNER, Z. L. 

[Coast of southern California.] Jn Report upon the investigations of the 

U.S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross for the year ending June 30, 1889. 

Ibid., pp. 423-444. 

ALEXANDER, A. B. 
[Coast of southern California.] Ibid., pp. 450-471. 
JORDAN, DAviIpD STARR. 

The fishes of Sinaloa. Proceedings, California Academy of Sciences, 2d 

series, Vol. V, 1895 (1896), pp. 377-514, Pls. XXVI-LV. San Francisco. 
A taxonomic paper giving a list of the fishes from that region, scientific 
names, and for a few species the local names. 

Wicox, Wim A, 

[California fisheries.] In The fisheries of the Pacific coast. Report of Com- 

missioner, U. 8. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, for 1893 (1895), pp. 143- 

212. Washington. 

Bepparp, F. E. 
A book of whales. Pp. 169, 170, 287. J. Murray, London; G. P. Putnam’s 
Sons, New York. 

Wiicox, Wriiiam A. 

[Fisheries of California.] In Notes on the fisheries of the Pacific coast in 

1899. Report of Commissioner, U. 8. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, for 

1901 (1902), pp. 549-574. Washington. 

SmytTHe, Wm. ELLSwortTH. 

History of San Diego, 1542-1907 * * *. The History Co., San Diego. 
Full of information regarding fishing, sealing, otter hunting, whaling, 
etc., and contains a list of publications. 

Witcox, Wii1am A. 
[Fisheries of California.] In The commercial fisheries of the Pacific Coast 


States in 1904. Report, U. 8. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1905 (1907), | 


and special papers. Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 612, pp. 1-29, 
50-74. Washington. 
Kunz, GEorGE FREDERICK, and CHARLES HuGH STEVENSON. 
The book of the pearl. The Century Co., New York. 
The pearl fisheries of Mexico are discussed on pp. 241-252, including a 
history of the fishery, map of pearling territory, methods of fishing, etc. 
Nortu, ARTHUR WALBRIDGE. 
The mother of California; being an historical sketch * * * of Baja 
California, from the days of Cortez to the present time. Paul Elder & Co., 
San Francisco. 
Contains data regarding grants, concessions, etc., together with much 
general information and an extensive bibliography. 
Brown, CHARLES MELVILLE. 
Pearl fisheries of the Americas. Bulletin, International Bureau of American 
Republics for May, 1910, vol. 30, No. 5, pp. 749-780. Washington. 
Contains considerable descriptive matter of the methods of the fisheries 
practiced in the Gulf of California and comparisons with other regions. 
The most complete description of the fishery known to the bureau. 
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR. 
Pearl fisheries of Mexico. Monthly Consular and Trade Reports, June, 
1910, No. 357, pp. 148-149. Washington. 
Contains an account of the extensive pearl-fishing industry in the Gulf 
of California and concessions granted. It says, in part: ‘‘The present 
output is about 300 tons of mother-of-pearl shells and $100,000 worth of 
fine pearls annually. The approximate price for the shells in the Euro- 
pean market is at present $150 gold per ton.” 
ENcricLopepiIA UNIVERSAL ILLUSTRADA, EUROPEO-AMERICANA. 
Pesca de perlas. Jn Baja California, Tomo X, pp. 776-777. Jose Espasa e 
hijos, Barcelona. 
Dana, Ricnoarp Henry, Jr. 
Two years before the mast, a personal narrative. Pp. 168, 206, 300, and 
others. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston and New York. [Latest edition of 
book originally published in the early forties. ] 
Describes experiences happening in the thirties. Speaks of sealing, 
otter hunting and trading, whales, fishing, etc. 


. > 
1 eS 


oo 


FISHERIES OF CALIFORNIA FISHERMEN IN MEXICAN WATERS. 9 


1911. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1922. 


Dyr, ALEXANDER VY, 
Mexican fishing concessions granted. Daily Consular and Trade Reports, 
Department of Commerce and Labor, for July 3, 1911, No. 154, p. 14 
Washington. ; 
Concession granted by the Mexican Government to a fishing company 
giving them the right to establish fisheries of shrimps, lobsters, turtles, 
cuttlefish, oysters, and all scale fish within certain areas. The company 
agreed to pay into the Federal treasury $1.25 U. S. currency for each 
2,200 pounds of fresh fish, shrimps, lobsters, etc.; $2.50 for each 2,200 
pounds of salt fish, fresh oysters, and canned shrimps; and $5 for each 
2,200 pounds of canned fish and oysters produced by the company. 
TOWNSEND, CHARLES H. 
The Guadalupe fur seal. A contribution to its history. Zoological Society 
Bulletin, March 1916, Vol. XIX, No. 2, pp. 1330-1331. New York. 
Note on the number of fur seals formerly found on Guadalupe and San 
Benita Islands. 
Voyage of the Albatross to the Gulf of California in 1911. Bulletin, Ameri- 
can Museum of Natural History, Vol. XXXV, Art. XXIV, pp. 399-476. 
New York. 
Fisheries and fishery resources are discussed on pp. 433-458. 
CuapMaNn, W. E. 
The shrimp industry at Mazatlan. Daily Consular and Trade Reports, 
Department of Commerce, for August 24, 1917, No. 198, pp. 730-731. 
Washington. 
States number of shrimp fisheries in operation; tells how the shrimp are 
caught, different methods of preserving, and output of American canning 
plant and difficulties attending the business. 
SmirH, Huex M. 
Statistics of the 1915 canvass of the fisheries of the Pacific coast States.] 
eport, U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries, for 1917, pp. 34-39. Washington. 
CHapMan, W. E. 
Commercial fisheries of the Mexican west coast. Daily Consular and Trade 
Reports, Department of Commerce, for June 13, 1918, No. 138, pp. 1004— 
1007. Washington. ’ 
A short review of a report prepared by A. Russel Crowell, entitled ‘‘Com- 
mercial fishes on the Mexican west coast.’ Contains list of commercial 
fishes, their relative abundance, time of appearing, etc. 
Genaro, EstrabA. 
El trabajo de los pescadores de perlas en la Baja California. [The work of 
the pearl fishermen of Lower California.] Boletin de Industria, Comercia 
y Trabajo, Departmento de Trabajo, Tomo I, No. 3, Septiembré 1918, pp. 
75-81. Mexico. 
Van DENBURGH, JOHN. 
The reptiles of western North America. Vols. land II. Published by the 
California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. 
Vol. IT, ‘‘Snakes and Turtles,’”’ contains information regarding turtles. 


O 


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LIFE HISTORY AND ECOLOGY OF THE ORANGE-SPOTTED 
SUNFISH, LEPOMIS HUMILIS.* 


By R. L. Barney, Director, and B. J. ANson, formerly Scientific Assistant, 
U. S. Fisheries Biological Laboratory, Fairport, Iowa. 


Contribution from the U. 8S. Fisheries Biological Station, Fairport, Iowa. 


CONTENTS. 

Page Page 
WiTKedEchOMts —— Fs 1 COG REE SS SS eee oe ee eee 
Lords HOPS, (ok RCE s BEES Eee gee rE ee EE BES 2 | Value of the orange-spotted sunfish_ T2 
Se) ee a es Ce ee CST RTS CU NCG 9c 8 01 ch ge conten ge eer AIS a Sy SPR SnS Se 14 
Brecameeneason 22S 5* Ss Ree Ih S| ADOPT AD MY tes oe eae eee 15 
The nest and spawning habits ----~_ 5 
Growth and attainment of sexual 

ATA TEw tay Fm 22 EN A A re ae Sh 7 
INTRODUCTION.’ 


The orange-spotted or red-spotted sunfish, Lepomis humilis 
(Girard), is a small, highly colored centrarchid of wide distribution. 
It is found throughout the Mississippi drainage, being recorded par- 
ticularly from Ohio, Indiana (Hay, 1894), Illinois (Forbes and 
Richardson, 1908), Minnesota (Cox, 1897), and the Dakotas, Kansas 
(Cope, 1868), southward to Kentucky (Jordan and Evermann, 
1896), Arkansas (Girard, 1857), Louisiana, and Texas. It is espe- 
cially abundant in small sandy streams of the lower Missouri basin 
(Jordan and Evermann, 1896) and is well adapted to both stream 
and pond life, in which it is possibly of considerable significance in 
the economy of the habitat. 

The fish was originally described by Girard (1857) in 1857 from 
specimens taken from Sugar Loaf Creek in Arkansas under the 
name Lryttus humilis. Cone (1865) in 1865 described a. sunfish 
from Lake Whittlesey, Minn., very similar to the present Lepomis 
humilis, but called it Bryttus oculatus. In 1868 he (Cope, 1868) 
described the species ZL. anagallinus from Leavenworth, Kans. In 
1876 Nelson (1876) studying Illinois specimens called the fish 
Ichthelis anagallinus; in 1878 Jordan (1878) changed the generic 
name to Lepiopomus. Jordan and Gilbert (1882), in their “Syn- 
nopsis of the fishes of North America,” recognized the above- 


ib 1 Arpendix, XV to the Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1922. B. F. 
oc. No. 2 

* The authors gratefully acknowledge the suggestions and criticisms of Dr. R. E. Coker 
and the assistance given by H. L. Canfield in bringing to their attention certain material 
discussed herewith. The photographs accompanying this report were made by J. B. 
Southall, the graphs by H. G. Gould. 


af 


* 


2 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


mentioned Arkansas, Kansas, and Illinois sunfishes as identical and 
called the species L. hwmilis. Under this name the orange-spotted 
sunfish has been known to the present time. Boulenger (1895), in 
his “ Catalogue of fishes of the British Museum,” mentions the fish 
under the name Lupomotis humilis. 


ECOLOGY. 


Although Lepomis humilis has been described particularly as a 
stream fish, it has come under our observation more especially as a 
pondfish at the U. S. Fisheries Biological Station at Fairport, 
Towa, and as a common species in the quiet winding bayous of the 
delta country of northern Louisiana, particularly in Walnut Bayou, 
near Mound, in Madison Parish. The species in the Fairport ponds 
was introduced into the reservoir of the station by direct pumpage 
from the Mississippi River. Since its accidental introduction into 
the artificial experimental pond system of the station it has flourished 
and has become a persistent species even where it has been associated 
with carnivorous fishes. In Louisiana it was captured regularly in 
monthly collections of fishes taken in connection with an investiga- 
tion of the relation of fish to mosquito control.* There it was com- 
monly associated with Gambusia afinis, Pomoxis annularis, Lepomis 
pallidus, Abramis chrysoleucas, Dorosoma cepedianum, Ameiurus 
nebulosus, and oceasionally with Chaenobryttus gulosus and Microp- 
terus salmoides. It frequented the shallower water of the bayou 
and was most abundant in the impounded sections of the stream from 
which all submerged, floating, or overhanging vegetation had been 
removed and in the areas where clumps and thickets of willows broke 
the surface but in which the water was seldom clear and contained 
no submerged vegetation. 

In impounded sections of Walnut Bayou, Mound, La., the fre- 
quency of the species was 14.4 In the borrow pits outside the Mis- 
sissippi River levees the frequency was 3.7. In “ wild” and cleared 
sections of Walnut Bayou the frequencies were 1.7 and 1.4, respec- 
tively, while in Cypress Bayou (Barney and Anson, 1920), a near-by 
stream characterized by heavy surface and submerged growths, re- 
spectively, of Lemna, Spirodela, and Wolffia and Ceratophyllum, and 
by colder water, the frequency was 0.6. In a woodland lake, in 
which occasionally submerged alge obtained a temporary foothold 
and where Lepomis cyanellus, Alramis chrysoleucas, and Aphredo- 
derus sayanus. were very numerous, the frequency was 1.1. The 
species from our observations prefers a sluggish stream or pond in 
which there is a scarcity of vegetation. Muddy or cloudy water, 
although not necessarily a preference, is not disadvantageous to the 
species. 

cllciehics and Richardson (1908) have found the orange-spotted sun- 
fish most frequently in Llinois in creeks (2.06 frequency) ,® next in 
small rivers (1.51), and then in lowland lakes (1.19), none at all 


3 The authors were engaged as representatives of the U. 8. Bureau of Fisheries, which 
had entered into cooperation with the U. 8S. Bureau of Entomology, and the observations 
from Mound here recorded were made in the vicinity of the field laboratory of the latter 
bureau, 

4 Frequencies here mentioned were obtained by dividing the number of humilis caught 
in bauls of a seine of certain mesh and length over given areas by the number of collec- 
tions so made. 

5 Frequencies here mentioned are the ratios of frequency of occurrence. 


ORANGE-SPOTTED SUNFISH, LEPOMIS HUMILIS. 3 


coming from upland glacial lakes. Tlie white crappie (Pomowis an- 
nularis) and the green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus) are most frequent 
associates of this fish in Illinois waters. “If one may judge from 
its feeding structures, it is protected from serious competition with 
these companion species by differences in its food.” 


SEXES. 


The sexes of Lepomis humilis are easily distinguishable immed1- 
ately prior to and during the breeding season. The male with flow- 
ing milt is very brilliantly colored. The body color is opalescent 
green, shading into a greenish biue toward the dorsal fin. This 
bluish green background is scattered with eight indefinite bands of 
brilliant orange spots, extending from the dorsal fin ventrad to the 
region halfway between the lateral line and the belly. In some males 
there is an appearance of mottling with orange. The opalescent 
green is particularly brilliant between the eye and the maxillary 
and just posterior to the opercular spot, which is black, outlined with 
a narrow border of grayish white. The opercle is crossed hori- 
zontally by four bright golden bars. The top of the head is dark 
metallic green. There is a small black spot above the eye. The 
maxillary and mandible are dusky blue. The walls of the belly of 
the ripe male are light orange, blending ventrad into white. ‘The 
dorsal fin is transparent, outlined with orange-red. The anal fin 
is similar but is brighter, and its anterior and ventral edges are lined 
with black. The ventral fins are salmon pink, with their lateral 
edges dusky. The pectoral fins are very light orange and trans- 
parent. The caudal fin ig transparent, mottled with two rows of 
orange spots. 

The ripe female with abdominal walls heavily swollen with mature 
eggs is not nearly as brilliantly colored as her mate. The body color 
is olivaceous green; the spots are not distinctly orange, being rather 
more dusky. The color effect is one rather of mottling than of 
banding; the mottled effect is noticeably prominent on the opercle. 
The opalescent green color characteristic of the breeding male is 
found in the female only between the eye and the mandible and on 
the opercle. The black spot over the eye of the male is not promi- 
nent in the female. The opercular spot is dusky in the female and 
the border of white not nearly so contrasted as in the male. The 
pectoral, anal, and ventral fins of the female are transparent and 
colorless. The caudal and dorsal fins are mottled faintly with 
dusky, the latter having a perceptible row of dusky spots or a dusky 
band. The anal fin is more noticeable ventrad and cephalad because 
of a dark outline. 

When preserved in formalin, it is not difficult to identify the sexes, 
through the difference in reaction of the orange and dusky spots of 
male and female fishes, respectively. The spots on the male become 
very pale; those of the female, brownish black. Moreover, the dif- 
ference in “ appearance in outline as well as in color” (Forbes and 
Richardson, 1908) makes it possible to determine the sexes, “the 
males having the forehead concave, the profile steeper, and the 
ventrals longer.” 

The immature fish of either sex of this species is of marked dif- 
ference in color and in color pattern from its parents. Its body 


4 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


color is light olivaceous, with eight or nine dusky orange vertical 
bars extending from the dorsal to the ventral line. The barring 
becomes evident when the fish is 1.4 em. long. The mottled and 
spotted effect appears when the fish measures about 4 cm. All the 
fins of the immature fish are of a green cast, at first sight colorless 
and transparent. ‘The opercle is a brighter metallic green with one 
of the vertical orange bands extending across it. The eye of the 
immature fish is large. 


BREEDING SEASON. 


The breeding season of Lepomis humilis is an extended one, begin- 
ning early in spring and not ending until at least the first week in 
August for Iowa fish and lasting for Louisiana fish until the first 
week in September. The mating season begins in Louisiana ordi- 
narily about the first week in April. In Iowa it begins at least six 
weeks later, occurring usually about May 20. Well-developed fry 
of at least 2 weeks of age have been taken as early as April 25 in 
Louisiana. Exceptionally cold weather may delay the first spawn- 
ing several days, particularly since there appears to be a critical tem- 
perature at which egg laying occurs. This has not been accurately 
studied by observation, but by water temperature (Table 1) and 
breeding records for both Iowa and Louisiana it may be concluded 
fairly to be approximately 65° F. (Fig. 1). It is of interest to note 
that the pigmy sunfish Zlassoma zonatum, of much smaller size and 
an inhabitant of a distinctly different environmental association, 
breeds at least a week earlier than hwmélis (Barney and Anson, 1920). 
The critical breeding temperature, however, for the two species is 
about the same, the earlier Elassoma mating occurring in shallower 
and clearer water, these conditions allowing for an earlier warming 
of the water. 


TABLE 1.—Average mean temperature of water at Mound, La., and Fairport, 
Towa. 


Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May.| June.| July.| Aug. | Sept.} Oct. | Nov.| Dec. 


Mound lait? fo S258 AAS. 48.5 | 53.0 | 60.0 
Fairport, lowa...........-- 33.0 | 33.0 | 49.0 


It is not to be understood that the breeding season for a single fish, 
either male or female, may last through the entire spring and summer. 
The period of egg laying for an individual fish probably does not 
extend through more than a few hours of a single day. The ex- | 
tension of the laying season is caused by the attainment of sexual 
maturity by the younger fish that have not spawned previously dur- 
ing the spring or summer. The later limit of the breeding season of 
Lepomis humilis is based on records of two small females taken at 
Mound—one carrying 50 and the other 80 ripe or nearly mature 
ova—on August 29. Many males taken on the same day were flow- 
ing with milt. The latest record of a gravid female at Fairport is in 
. a collection of August 3. This fish carried 175 eggs that appeared to 
be mature. A number of males taken in the same collection were 
ripe. 


ORANGE-SPOTTED SUNFISH, LEPOMIS HUMILIS. 5 


Other records of breeding for this fish are made by Forbes and 
Richardson (1908). They note that ripe males and females were 
taken in Meredosia Bay by Doctor Kofoid on June 8, 1899. Richard- 
son (1913) records a male and female of this species in breeding 
color on May 23, 1911, in Quiver Marshes, IIl., over a freshly exca- 
vated nest in water 18 inches deep. He further notes that “rather 
late spawning was indicated in 1910 by the taking, July 7, at the 
head of Liverpool Lake, of males in full color and females heavy 
with eggs.” 


Fie. 1.—Critical breeding temperature and growing season of Lepomis humilis in Loui- 

Siana and lowa as indicated by monthly average mean water temperatures. 
Louisiana 3 22. =. Iowa. It is probable that active feeding and growth begin 
when the water temperature reaches the vicinity of 55° F. and continue until the 
temperature returns to that point in the fall. The growing season of the species is 
therefore at least 3 months longer in Louisiana than in Iowa. 


THE NEST AND SPAWNING HABITS. 


The nest of Lepomis humilis is similar to those of other sunfishes 
but, as might be expected, somewhat smaller. It has been observed 
to be excavated by the male fish, which, by powerful pushing of the 
head and by flirts of the tail, combined with active trembling of the 
fins, removes the smaller pebbles and lighter sand from a bowl- 
shaped pocket. The nest is circular or nearly so, measuring from 15 
to 18 cm. in diameter. The depth of the nest itself varies from 3 to 4 

em. An unavoidable lowering of the water stage of the Fairport sta- 


6 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


tion reservoir on May 30, 1921, laid bare a large number of nests of 
humilis (Fig. 2). The nests were on a gradually sloping bank on 
each side of the intake of the reservoir. The bank measures 365 feet 
in length, and on its usually submerged slope 960 lately excavated 
nests were counted. The banks of the reservoir had been left in their 
natural condition after their construction. The soil was scattered 
with stones from the excavated soil and with flaked and cracked lime- 
stone, wastage of the material used in construction of the cement in- 
take block. Over this gravelly bottom there had been deposited a 3 
or 4 inch layer of mud and silt sedimented from the pumpage from the 
river. The fish had shaped their nests in this mud, excavating until 
they struck a solid bottom of gravel (Fig. 3). On the steeper oppo- 
site bank where the angle of the slope was too abrupt for the deposi- 
tion of silt an occasional nest was found where small piles of gravel 
made a sort of terrace in the rocky slope. In the delta country of 
northern Louisiana where there is no gravel on the bayou bottoms 
the fish probably lays its eggs in nests excavated from the mud. 


Most of the nests uncovered by the lowering of the water level of: 


the reservoir were in a band extending around the more gradually 
sloping side of the pond. At the usual stage of water these nests 
would be covered with 124 inches of water. The lowermost nests 
were in water which, at the usual stage of the reservoir, would 
measure 2 feet and 9 inches deep. It may be, however, that these 
nests were made at this depth because of lack of suitable bottom or 
because of crowding. The level of the reservoir varies daily about 9 
inches, however, and there is the possibility that these nests were 
made during the periods of very low stage. 
The male in his brilliant coloration lures the breeding female onto 
the nests, where the mature ova are expelled. Fertilization takes 
place immediately. The two fish after much maneuvering and occa- 
sional splashing come to a position with the bellies touching each 
other, whereupon the eggs and sperm are delivered. Gill (1905), dis- 
cussing the breeding habits of the sunfish H’wpomotis gibbosus, has 
found this activity to characterize that species. He further quotes 
Reighard: “A female if undisturbed takes about an hour to lay her 


eggs, though she may frequently during this time leave the nest and . 


return to it again.” Further discussing mating habits, he quotes 
Reighard as having noted “a case in which an individual male of 
Eupomotis gibbosus reared in one nest two broods laid at quite dif- 
ferent times by two females.” This latter observation probably holds 
true for humilis, for immediately after the eggs are laid the mother 
humilis leaves the nest and does not appear again with her mate. 
Reighard believes the relation between the sexes of Hupomotis gib- 
bosus is one of “promiscuous polygamy.” This appears to be the 
relation in the orange-spotted sunfish also. ’ 

The male humilis, similar to gibbosus, remains on the nest until the 
young are hatched. The Awmilis eggs, measuring 1 mm. in diameter, 
are slightly adhesive and cling to the upper surfaces of the stones 
and pebbles in the nest bottom, where they are continually fanned 


by the quivering fins of the male to prevent their burial in silt. The — 
male fish occasionally leaves the nest to fight off other males intrud- — 
ing for the purpose of feeding on the developing embryos. Darters — 
otropis hudsonius) — 


are common enemies. Spot-tailed minnows ( 


-_-” 


U. S. B. F.—Doc, 938 


Fic. 2.—View of part of gradually sloping reservoir bank, U.S. Fisheries Biological Station, Fair- 
port, lowa, after water was lowered on May 30, 1921. Many nests of Lepomis humilis were laid bare. 


Fic. 3.—Close-up view of nests of Lepomis humilis (shown in Fig. 2) excavated from soft mud to a 
gravel bottom on which the eggs are laid. Nests measured from 12 to 15cm. in diameter and from 
3 to 4em.in depth. 


ORANGE-SPOTTED SUNFISH, LEPOMIS HUMILIS. 7 


have been observed raiding the nests of Awmilis, particularly when 
the males of the latter species were engaged in fighting off their own 
kind. 

The period of incubation for the eggs of the orange-spotted sun- 
fish has been observed to be five days, with the water varying in tem- 
perature between 65 and 70° F. The newly hatched fry measures 
1 cm. in length. The number of eggs laid each season varies directly 
with size and age of the female. The maximum number of eggs 
found in any of the females collected from the Fairport reservoir is 
4,700. This count was for a fish 10.5 cm. long (about 4 inches), 
taken in early June. The smallest fish found carrying ripe ova was. 
3 cm. long (about 14 inches). It was taken August 3 at Fairport 
and carried 175 eggs. The following table (2) indicates the increas- 
ing fecundity of the species as the size of the female increases. 


TABLE 2.—Ova counts of Lepomis humilis of different lengths collected in Iowa 
and Louisiana from April through August. 


Cm. | Ova. || Cm. | Ova. | om. Ova. || Cm. | Ova. || Cm. |Ova./| Cm. | Ova. || Cm. | Ova. || Cm. | Ova. 
3.0] 175 ASO lsceces 5.0 | 300 6:60:52. BU gt aga 8.0} 520 9.0 |1,340 || 10.0 | 4,600 
oe Fy ees 4,1} 225 5. 1 |1, 828°] 6.1.]...... ed ecmes 8.212, 280") 9.0 tes. 10,0554 
See debeaes 4,2} 200 §, 2 |1,.152 a ee ee pr Gee 8.2 |2,160 || 9.2 {3,680 || 10.2 |.._... 
es eee 4.3 | 530 i i Sees, Ca ee Ae eee 8.3 |1, 440 ee el Se See 10.3 | 4,700 
3.4 50 4.4 | 168 Ca 8 Baas. 6.4 |2, 110 WsAule dion S54ilee stn 9.4 {1,340 |} 10.4 |...... 
3.5 | 416 4.5} 310 i ia ae 6. 5 |2, 680 (Aba eo SO ksscce LO aN eee 10.5 | 4,700 
3.6] 415 4.6 | 620 5i6tasaa2 6.6 |2, Olle. 22 ob ae AE O60 see: 1056 | 2S. 
Ry (iat 4.7 | 752 5.7 |1, 620 O37) Jawcean Tce] esse 8 C2260 Ot LO} 7 eas 
DeStee ae 4.8] 576 Sr SA eee GS |s2its. (Peo eee 8. 8 |3, 000 9.8212 025 TONS jy seeee 
3.9 4.9) 576 NA I ee ee Rk endl A eee a eee 9,9) |. 2 tien Q:9 | 323: 


GROWTH AND ATTAINMENT OF SEXUAL MATURITY. 


The rate of growth of the orange-spotted sunfish, as indicated by 
scale examinations, differs *considerably in representatives of this 
species from Louisiana and Iowa. The earlier breeding season and 
the longer feeding and growing period in Louisiana (Table 1 and 
Fig. 1) make the southern fish somewhat larger than an Iowa speci- 
men of the same age. The annuli of the scales of Lepomis humilis 
are very satisfactory indicators of age. The annuli, particularly of 
northern fish, stand out very plainly. The information at hand on 
the growth of the sunfish has been obtained through a study of the 
scales of 180 examples from Louisiana captured in each month from 
March to November, inclusive, and of 389 individuals taken in Iowa 
during a similar period. Although no observations are available on 
the actual growth of a single specimen over an extended period of 
time, a more accurate knowledge of the average growth of the species 
has been obtained by the study of the scales. The fish considered in 
this connection were measured and determinations were made of sex 
and of ripeness, judged particularly in the females by the condition. 
of the contents of the ovaries. A number of scales of each fish taken 
from a point just posterior to the insertion of the pectoral fin were 
examined to ascertain the growth season of the specimens. 

Table 3 gives the number of fish of various ages examined and their 
average mean lengths by months. Both Louisiana and Iowa collec- 
tions are included. 


23424°—23-_2 


8 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


TABLE 3.—Growth records of Lepomis humilis from Towa and Louwisiana.* 


Growth years. 
First. Second. Third. Fourth. Fifth. 
Month. Iowa. |Louisiana.| Iowa. j|Louisiana.| Iowa. |Louisiana.| Iowa. Towa. 
he D+. pe >) be ro) = o, ee ee ba | De hy ro) serde mus 
2/#2/2| #4 |2|#¢/2| #3/ 2) 22/2) os | 2] Po |2 | os 
B/SPl/H/SPIE/SPIS/EP/S/SEIE/SPIEl SPIE 5 be 
=f ae Pa Ses Ses PEST ES Tsles i]s les 
A |S (4 SH [ot | eles | es eat es ees 
| Maia bette ina a sana 
Cm Cm Cm. Cm Cm. Cm Cm. Cm, 
Maren 510 2) JASE pf Mies |e Be 29.42. Pats. LS GS2s F3h1-450: lee. Se Lia ee Ra 
oO t ae Bers Pees Ie 4 NOP lege 2 bP Ps piel Pee DT inde Opel eae eee 2 Dee pleat lawerse 
May -2 cee sae NAN SAR AnH) FER Lael BR. a [oe 5 Rte 4065) S04? a1" | Chor cece eee ene 
A ste Rae ers, See) eas ee ae 26 | 1.8 Ce Sen ae eo MP oS ane ay | eel eae 5 | 7.4 9 9.3 
ET hee Me cts A218 22595) Wel saree lee ols ee Ca Oy) A) eee 3 | 5.3 5.6 
AtguUstss.IFI3 97>). LISBAINTD | QIS CE WS) 4B MONS eS a BIS) Pe, A eee eee ee eee 
September....... 3 | 23355|\32)| 236 TAN SUDO da. Saees . 6/4555. DIOR 22. 3.) S085 2 tae eee 
Optober.t bos.2 25 So 3 |e eee Se are pasa pert aceon PWD E25 Neen a cemen 11) 6.4 (eeecleeemoe 
November....5../-s.clee=co2 IS Ay. ie PR SS Ce Ste ee Oe eee Ss emer ee nee eS 


1 The cause of the apparently undue fluctuations in average lengths over a given growth year is attribut- 
able to the method of computation and to the accidental occurrence of a number of especially well grown 
or poorly grown fish in the collections of certain months. 


Figure 4 indicates the growths of the sunfish under the different 
climatic conditions of Louistfana and Iowa. The figure also points 
out the periods of ripeness of fishes of different seasonal birth. It 
may be noted that the growth of the sunfish over four years of its 
life is not especially slowed down, even though the fish reached 
sexual maturity in the second year. The usual circumstance—that 
the attainment of sexual maturity is accompanied by a considerable 
retardation of growth—is not strikingly borne out in the average 
curve of growth of this species (Fig. 4). A breeding female 3 cm. 
long may triple her size within four years. The curve of growth 
(Fig. 4), rising at an angle of 40° or more and sustaining its direction 
quite into the fourth year, indicates the ability of the fish to obtain 
and utilize in growth an increased food supply even after the attain- 
ment of adulthood, determined by sexual activity. The growth of 
this sunfish stands in contrast to that of the smallest representative 
of the family Elassoma, whose growth (Barney and Anson, 1920) 
after reaching sexual maturity at the end of the first year of its life 
is very markedly slowed down. It is not to be understood, however, 
that the ripening of the sexual organs of humilis occurs without ex- 
pense to growth. The curve of growth (Fig. 4) is based on averages 
obtained from the measurements of large numbers of fish of both 
sexes. The facts that the breeding season is not a limited one and 
that spawning fish may be taken in any summer month along with 
large numbers of spawned or ripening fish have a tendency to smooth 
out the growth curve. Irregularities of growth of individual fishes or 
sexes are masked, because of the length of the breeding season and 
the varying time of attainment of sexual maturity and because of the 
process of computation used to secure the points on which the growth 
curve is founded. The difference between the growth of Elassoma 
and that of hwmelis is that the retardation of growth of Elassoma 
after sexual maturity is permanent and increase in size of this species 
thereafter is at a very slow rate, whereas in Awmilis the retardation 


——=—-  - += 


ORANGE-SPOTTED SUNFISH, LEPOMIS HUMILIS. 9 


of growth during the ripening of the sexual products is merely 
temporary, and increase in size of this species occurs at a rapid rate 
directly following spawning. 

The orange-spotted sunfish hatched from early laid eggs may lay 
its first eggs late in the second growth year in August. Its size, 
however, at the egg-laying period may be somewhat smaller than the 
average mean length of fishes of its age, due probably to the fact that 
the growth of the sexual organs to ripeness has prevented to 
an appreciable ex- 


tent the increase in [ey Grows re 
. : | first | second | fourth 
length and weight = 


that the fish would — iduct | 


otherwise have had. 

In this connec- 
tion it may be men- 
tioned that the ova- 
ries of a ripe fe- 
male 6.4 cm. in 
length in the third 
year of its growth, 
captured June 18, 
1921, weighed 0.6 
g., or approxi- 
mately one-tenth of 
the total weight of 
the fish, 6.1 g. This 
observation may in- 
dicate the demand 
the sexual develop- 
ment makes on the 
growth of the fish. 
Further in this con- 
nection a scale of a 
breeding female fish 


in its second growth ed nest oh 


year, 3.4 em. Im) Cee 


len gth, taken at Fie. 4.—Growth of Lepomis humilis as determined by scale 
Fairport on August examinations. ———, curve of growth of Louisiana 
3 (Fj fishys. See , curve of growth of Iowa fish. «, average 
( 1g. 5), showed length ace months, bg oan 0, average a for 
$ given months, Louisiana fish. e points # and o repre- 
an especially large sent average lengths as indicated in Table 3. 
growth the first 


year but a small one during the current growing season. The reduced 
growth of the second growth year of the fish suggests that the sexual 
development of the animal had been compensation for it. So again, 
two ripe females 3 and 3.4 em. long, respectively, taken at Mound on 
August 29, support this opinion. They both showed in their scale ex- 
amination ample growth for the first growing year, but the second or 
current year’s growth, as indicated by the increase in size of the scale 
since the first annulus, was small. The fact that these youngest 
breeding fishes were not encountered till the August collections of 
either Louisiana or Iowa, even though many fishes in the second 
growth year were examined from collections made in June and July, 
further bears out the point that the breeding activity does not de- 


SAY d 
ta | 
« 


__ sexual maturity dike 
‘of early born fish | , ath 


oS eo. sexual maturity -- 
A ee of late born fish 


10 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


pend so much on size or season as it does on actual age measured in 
terms of favorably temperatured days for feeding and growth. This 
is substantiated by the fact that the large majority of fish beginning 
their third weet year, though in actual calendar days not 2 years 
old, are spawning fish in the May of that growth year. The presence 
of the relatively few late breeders of the second growth year prob- 
ably tends toward a lengthening of the breeding season in the third 
and fourth growth years, though this question has not been verified 
by observation on a given second-growth-year breeder. It is known, 
however, that all the breeding sunfish for a given year do not become — 
ripe at the same time in early spring. 

Data supplementing this observation of extended breeding period 
are at hand in the form of the following frequency records of Lepo- 
mis humilis collected from_May to December, 1918, at Mound, La.: 


Relative Relative 

frequency. frequency. 
Wy ONES Ak Se Se ey Cai Tee Ochts | VANES USt ol ated 2 ene 2 ait Capea 7.9 
Misty Dee ae to ee pe S O97 SAireist 205 a ees Cas See 22.5 
PUN BUS eed Cour Se. Ole Nes ar ee 13.9" September 22)" 22)) 2 eis 2 aera sy 23. 4 
PUD ING AQ bes aud a a elle 2 ae La 12.6] “September 26 22e e's) ta ras 13.8 
Dip peysrc4 tee aw See eer we BG 3.4. \7November! 10.) 633 2a ee ee 26. 2 
SPU yeh Steg! 28 at hus 8 2s ee Ase tire 1 bal Mise |UDecemberi 1 42 os ea eae ‘20.1 
PAULO SR On pk ate ne as 4,0 


The appreciable increase in relative frequency of the species, as 
indicated for collections in June, is, without doubt, due to the early 
spring production resultant from the spawning of fish in the third 
or later growth years. The large production indicated as occurring 
in August (the increased frequency being noted for late August and 
for the remainder of the year®) is resultant from the spawning of 
29-year-old fish and of others of greater age whose breeding period is 
late in summer. The marked decrease in relative frequency noted 
during July and early August is due, there seems little doubt, to 
the utilization of hwmdlis as food by larger carnivorous fish durin 
the usual period of low-water stage with resultant concentration o 
fish and loss of protective shallows. 

Lepomis humilis reaches a length of at least 11.2 cm. (about 44 
inches) and an age of 7 years, probably more. The large number 
of circuli representing the annual growths of the fifth, sixth, and 
seventh years and their very large size quite obliterate the earlier 
annuli and make it impossible to accurately determine the age of a 
full-grown sunfish of this species. However, in Ewpomotis gibbosus, 
the age of an adult 11.2 cm. or more in length may be quite easily 
determined. The difference lies probably in the faster early growth 


of gibbosus. 
FOOD. 


Information regarding the food of Lepomis humilis is available 
through the records of stomach examinations of examples of this 
species collected at Mound, La., on the occasion of the study of the 
effectiveness of Gambusia and other small fishes as mosquito-control 
agents. The records here tabulated (Table 4) are given by aver- | 
aged estimated percentages of the food organisms ingested. It is 


® Collections were made by using 3-inch mesh seine, which allowed all humilis under 
an inch long to pass through. This is the reason for the increased frequency coming 
about a month after the spawning, as in the spring. : 


U.S: 8B: F.—Doc. 938. 


Fic. 5.—Scale of ripe female Lepomis humilis, 3.4 cm. long, taken August 3, 1921, from reservoir of U.S. 
Fisheries Biological Station, Fairport, Iowa. Very large first-year growth is indicated by position of 
single annulus a. Smaller second-year growth is due doubtless to increased nutritional requirements of 
developing sexual organs. Scale indicates that the fish from which it came was born early in the breed- 
ing season. 25. 


Fic. 6.—Scale of female Lepomis humilis, 3.6 cm. long, which had carried noripe or ripening eggs. Fish 
taken September 6, 1921, from reservoir of U.S. Fisheries Biological Station, Fairport, Iowa. The fish 
would have spawned in the next spring at the beginning of the third growth year. Relatively small 
amount of first-year growth and the larger second-year growth, suggested by the position of the annulus 
a, indicate that the fish from which the scale was taken was born rather late in the spawning season.  X 25. 


Fic. 7.—Scale of ripe female Lepomis humilis, 4.0 cm. long, taken June 8, 1921, from reservoir of U. S. 
Fisheries Biological Station, Fairport, Iowa. The fish from which the scale was taken was in its third 
year of growth as suggested by the annuli a and b, and had not spawned previously. The fish was 
probably born rather late in the spawning season. This scale, taken in the third year of growth, is corre- 


lated with that shown in Figure 6, taken in September of the second growth year. X 25. 


' 
Ni 
i 
‘ 
“—; 
: i 
‘ ¢ 
bs 
. = 
‘ 
¥ 
y i = 
~ »y..) Oeil ‘ 
7* 
o- + faa 


fy a9 


ORANGE-SPOTTED SUNFISH, LEPOMIS HUMILIS. 11 


noted that the orange-spotted sunfish feeds primarily on crustaceans 
and insect larve but that it occasionally eats a small fish and prob- 
ably accidentally ingests some alge. From the Fairport reservoir a 
small humilis 7.5 em. long has been taken in December, in which were 
found two small individuals of its own species. 


TABLE 4.—F ood of 57 Leponvis humilis and 77 Gambusia affinis compared—Fish 
collected at Mound, La. 


[Figures indicate estimated per cent.] 


Food organisms. Lepomis coaness 
Crustaceans: Per cent. | Per cent. 
LESS v.27 4a i ape TA Nae Ad aga Ae BS omer at Metall 2 okey Seen eSB pat 7 2 15. 36 (4) 
PHppaneds sos Ase AT EA ROC LA eee a Stee OLB0 3 NISFE 25S. 
CORTE Cis RRS PR ae SO Se ee ee ee em eee ee Bee ane ye Th 4S ae ee 
SN Cc faa aie MMe BS ek SS SES Oe eS eee fe ek neat Ae A ak Greed |e. eases 
LNs Uicat acaype nel cats Ap eae fie ene e k tesear Lie Sp ean aR ~ Do hag es. oh ea aT ae 33. 53 32. 00 
Insect larvee: . 
PPEOMOMTLOSOL | el on ee ME SE ie BR ST WP SS RN DSR 44.09 (1) 
OTE EP aOR =). Se 1h ae ere ae See 2 a ee nee Ee ee Ue Te ee ae 
RSTRNT GOL crete seen ete Mee en ete ee aA hic nada aaiemee ne an cece Sete eee Ay Al a RetaP ia Sa 
jthimepr ma bled 3. .o FFI Ree 2 dts ee bite es tha AE ee! PES fw 5 Co Ge ok sO 
Pe LU AS ene PIT GTR 8 50. 81 2.8 
SLIDER huge RCE i aba le a Bi agers cory oer eather mesh Drs Sele Sapam ae eae UE by eel Re A el 
Mies eee he! 2 TE pee yg ee rare See ee ey see Pee: MA02 |S 2 ee 
DUPED SSS ae EUR PRE: Ss Sb PTS ee ee ee ae) See ene ees, ae ae 2. 28 60. 00 
WaeCOsMITADLO Aebrise: (esta. 8S eee RAS a MER ee et 10. 91 0 


1 Predominant. 


A fish living on large numbers of minute crustaceans and insect 
larvee is of particular value in the annual turnover of these micro- 
scopic animals into flesh that may in turn serve the food requirements 
of larger predacious fish. The value of hwmiélis in this particular 
field is pointed out on page 12. 

Another consideration of interest with respect to the possible use- 
fulness of the fish comes to light when the records of the contents of 
the stomachs of the Louisiana sunfish are compared with those of 
the recognized mosquito-control agents (Gambusia affinis) caught in 
the same region and environments and at the same time. The com- 
parison of the figures representing percentages of the different or- 
ganisms found shows that the sunfish and top minnow eat about the 
same percentage of crustaceans, Cladocera being predominant in both 
fishes’ diet. The sunfish record of insect larve ingested gives 50.81 
per cent against 2.8 for Gambusia. It is of particular significance 
to note here again that in both fishes Chironomide were the most 
numerous of the insect class, although the sunfish surpassed the min- 
now by about 20 times in the frequency of its feeding on immature 
Diptera. Finally, it is significant that while hwmélis contained 2.28 
per cent of vegetable food Gambusia contained 60 per cent. It is 
probable that the plants of the Awmélis diet are accidentally taken, 
but the top minnow makes some choice of algal food. In view of 
the fact that the food habits of the orange-spotted sunfish are so sim- 
ilar to those of Gambusia, especially with regard to the crustacean 
and insect larval consumption, and also because the immature insect 
ingestion of hwmitlis is 20 times as frequent as in Gambusia and, the 


12 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


plant ingestion some 20 times less frequent, it appears reasonable 
to believe that the orange-spotted sunfish, which is small and pro- 
lific, is a very considerable agent for mosquito control wherever and 
whenever mosquito-eg@ deposition occurs in its environment; and 
this is, by our observation, a common occurrence. The sunfish may 
not be as effective as Gambusia, however, even though its diet would 
appear more favorable, since the latter’s very small size and surface- 
feeding habit make it a serious enemy of the surface-living ‘mosquito 
larve. 

, VALUE OF THE ORANGE-SPOTTED SUNFISH. 

Lepomis humilis, because of its small size, even when fully grown, 
has little or no value as a sport or food fish, though when it reaches 
a 3 or 4 inch length it takes the hook readily. Its value in the field 
of food and sport les indirectly in its utilization as food by those 
carnivorous fishes that are especially valued by the angler and epi- 
cure. That the fish has a genuine significance in this connection has 
been proven in the culture of the large-mouth black bass in the ex- 
perimental ponds at Fairport, Iowa. 

Accurate data regarding the usefulness of Aewmdlis as a forage fish - 
have been obtained. In 1917 in the Fairport Pond D 3, area 0.846 
acre, there were liberated in early spring 51 adult black bass and 
1,238 adult and 990 young Lepomis humilis of one growth year. In 
October of the same year there were obtained from the pond 9,234 
3 to 5 inch bass fingerlings (rate of 10,915 per acre) and only 
626 adult humilis. Johnson and Stapleton (1921), experienced prac- 
tical fish-culturists, have made the statement that “a 2-acre pond pro- 
ducing 10,000 1-year-old black bass from 4 to 6 inches long would be 
a remarkably successful enterprise.” The fact that no orange-spotted. 
sunfish of the current year’s production survived the season (Table 
5) indicates that the bass were making use of them as food. The 
parental protection given the bass eggs prevented any depredations 
by the sunfish as eggeaters, and the later rapid growth of the bass 
fry carried them quickly out of the realm of possible attack and 
made them at an early age the enemies of the sunfish. 


TasLe 5.—The orange-spotted sunfish in large-mouth black-bass culture. 


Spring plant. Fall invoice. 
Species. 

Age. Num- | Weight. Age. Num- | Weight. 

L Lbs. oz 

IBook Dasnt 2B us. ads meigucue spheeed mA AA he Meee Sane 51s |2 dat bone ARE ee: BBA lice cece sap 2 
BD Os ee ee ee eee MWOUUE <1 ced eleon tascaltes cece ee 3-5 inch fing- | 9, 234 32 °° 4 

erlings. 

Orange-spotted sunfish. ........... AGguilt <2. ee 1, 238 \ 8 {youry afta cathe 7 ee 
DO} GILG, BRS Young. -tt.2. 990 Young: : 32144. ONE eee 


1 Seventeen of these removed during the summer. 


Not alone does the sunfish possess value because it serves as fish 
food. The important factor of its utility lies rather in that it is the 
prime agent in the economy of a bass pond, for the sunfish trans- 
forms into its flesh many of the minute water fleas and insects that — 


ORANGE-SPOTTED SUNFISH, LEPOMIS HUMILIS. ES 


would otherwise remain unused in the pond. The sunfish earns its 
importance in pond cultivation by its feeding habits and because of 
its small size and early and noteworthy prolificness. 

To indicate the ease with which hwmélis may be raised, the pro- 
duction of a Fairport pond used in buffalo-fish cultivation is re- 
corded. Early in the spring of 1921 seven medium-sized buffalo fish 
were placed in a pond measuring 0.846 acre for the purpose of 
noting the effect of certain artificial factors on the pond production 
of the buffalo fish. The pond intake was protected by wire screening 
of three-fourths inch mesh placed at the outlet of the reservoir. The 
pond water supply was obtained from this reservoir, in which there 
was a large number of orange-spotted sunfish of all ages. In October 
inventory was taken of the fish of the pond. There were obtained 
98,200 2 to 5 inch buffalo fish and at least 50,000 Awmilis of the first 
growth year—an inch or more in Jength—that had been introduced 
into the pond by passing through the screened intake and had made 
normal growth during the summer. The buffalo-fish production 
here referred to was by far the maximum pond production for this 
species so far recorded, but it is the more important when it is 
appreciated that the pond simultaneously supported such a large 
number of sunfish. It is of interest to note at this point a statement 
of Johnson and Stapleton (1921) that 20,000 yearling sunfish (14 
to 2 inches) to an acre of water would be a noteworthy production. 

From the 960 humilis nests counted in the Fairport reservoir in 
May, 1921, it seems probable, in view of the number of eggs laid by 
females as indicated in Table 2, that the production of the reservoir, 
measured in total number of Lepomis humélis hatched, was not less 
than 500,000 fish, and this naturally, with no care from the per- 
sonnel of the station. 

This production of Lepomis humilis and the information at hand 
regarding the growth, early sexual maturity, and usefulness of the 
species in bass ponds suggest the possible service that a small nur- 
sery pond containing Awmilis alone would render a fish farm or 
private bass-fishing lake. If properly stocked, the nursery pond 
would always contain an ample number of small sunfish to serve as 
food at desired intervals for a large number of black bass. Such 
an arrangement would forthwith increase the capacity of a large lake 
to support the bass 

The orange-spotted sunfish, because of its small size, is a valuable 
test animal for biochemical investigations where fish may be suitably 
used. An example of the usefulness of this species in this field is 
suggested by Shelford (1917) in his report dealing with the effect 
on fishes of pollution by diluted chemical wastes. 

The species also has an interesting relationship in the natural his- 
tory of fresh-water mussels. This sunfish may be the host of the 
mussel Anodonta corpulenta (Coker et al., 1921) and perhaps of 
other noncommercial mollusks. A natural infection of Lepomis 
humilis with the glochidia of the valuable yellow sand-shell (Lamp- 
silis anodontoides) is reported, but this is of doubtful significance, 
as the species has never been carried through its metamorphosis ex- 
perimentally other than on the gars. Lepomis humilis is the only 
member of the Centrarchide that has given uniformly immune reac- 
tions to infections with glochidia of the mucket shell Lampsilis 
luteola (Anson and Howard, MSS.). All other species of this family 


14 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


so far tested have reacted favorably to infection and are being used 
in the artificial propagation of this mussel. 

The food, size, habits, and habitat of Lepomis humilis in Louisiana 
suggest that the species may be of considerable importance as a 
natural enemy of immature mosquitoes. 


SUMMARY. 


Lepomis humilis, the orange-spotted sunfish, has a natural distribu- 
tion throughout the Mississippi drainage. It is found particularly 
in lowland waters and has been studied in typical habitats in Iowa 
and Louisiana. Its usual environmental associates are especially the 
white crappie, the green sunfish, and the golden shiner. In Loui- 
siana Gambusia is usually found in abundance with the sunfish. The 
sexes of the orange-spotted sunfish are easily determined during the 
breeding season by the color, color pattern, and differences in outline. 
The male at this season is very brilliantly colored; the female is much 
duller. 

The breeding season varies in length for fish of Iowa and Loui- 
siana. The period of mating is a protracted one, lasting for Loni- 
siana fish nearly 5 months and for those of Iowa about 10 weeks. 
The breeding season is prolonged, especially through the attainment 
of sexual maturity by certain fish in their second growth year. 
Growth of Louisiana fish indicated by scale examinations is some- 
what faster than that of Iowa fish. Early born fish may attain 
sexual maturity late in their second growth year. The great ma- 
jority of orange-spotted sunfish lay their first eggs at the beginning 
of the third year. There is a normal retardation of growth as the 
sunfish reaches sexual maturity. The growth of the species, how- 
ever, continues at a rapid rate through the third and fourth growth 
years. Lepomis humilis reaches a length of about 4 inches. 

The nest of Lepomis humilis observed in Iowa is a small bow]l- 
shaped excavation made in gravel in from 12 to 36 inches of water. 
Its habitat where observed in the delta country of Louisiana 
furnishes no gravel for nest building and eggs are probably laid on 
the mud. Mating is promiscuous, and the eggs are protected from — 
spawn-eating fishes by the pugnacious male, which remains on the — 
nest fanning the eggs with its fins until the fry emerge. The number ~ 
of eggs laid by each female varies with its size and age. The maxi- 
mum number of eggs observed was 4,700 for a female 10.5 cm. long, 
taken in June; the smallest egg-bearing female measured 3 cm. 

The food of Lepomis humilis is made up primarily of crustaceans 
and insect larvae. In these items the diet of the sunfish closely resem- 
bles that of the recognized mosquito-larve destroyer, Gambusia. 

The value of the orange-spotted sunfish lies in its importance in 
the economy of the fishpond. It transforms the microscopic fauna 
into its own flesh, which in turn may serve as the food of larger 
carnivorous fishes of acknowledged sport and food value. Data are 
presented indicating the usefulness of this sunfish in the artificial 
pond culture of the large-mouth black bass. Other data presented 
suggest the prolificness of the fish. 

The value of Lepomis kavmélis as a test fish in pollution and other 
similar studies, in the biology of the fresh-water mussel, and in pos- 
sible usefulness as a mosquito-control agent is discussed. va 


es 


ORANGE-SPOTTED SUNFISH, LEPOMIS HUMILIS. 15 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


ANSON, B. J., and A. D. HOWARD. 

—. Factors affecting the survival and growth of juvenile Unionide. 

Report unpublished. 
BARNEY, R. L., and B. J. ANSON. 

1920. Life history and ecology of the pigmy sunfish, Hlassoma zonatum. 

Keology, vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 241-256. Lancaster, Pa. 
BouLENGER, GEORGE ALBERT, 

1895. Catalogue of the perciform fishes in the British Museum, second edi- 
tion, volume first, containing the Centrarchide, Percids, and Ser- 
ranidz (part). xxx+394 pp. London. 

Coxer, R. E., A. F. SuHira, H. W. Ciark, and A. D. HowArp. 

1921. Natural history and propagation of fresh-water mussels. Bulletin, 
U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Vol. XXXVII, 1919-20 (1922), pp. 
75-182. Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 893. Washington. 

Corr, E. D. 

1865. Partial catalogue of the cold-blooded Vertebrata of Michigan. Part 
II. Proceedings, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 
2d series, 1865, pp. 78-88. Philadelphia. 

1868. On the distribution of fresh-water fishes in the Alleghany region of 
southwestern West Virginia. Journal, Academy of Natural Sci- 
ences of Philadelphia, 2d series, Vol. VI, p. 221. Philadelphia. 

Cox, ULyssrs O. ; 

1897. A preliminary report on the fishes of Minnesota. Geoiogical and 
Natural History Survey of Minnesota, Zoological Series III. 
viii+-93 pp. St. Paul. 

FoRBES, STEPHEN ALFRED, and ROBERT HARL RICHARDSON. 

1908. The fishes of Illinois. Natural History Survey of Illinois, State 

Laboratory of Natural History, Vol. III, exxxi+357 pp. Danville. 
GILL, THEODORE. 

1905. Parental care among fresh-water fishes. Annual Report, Smith- 

sonian Institution, for 1905 (1906), pp. 403-531. Washington. 
GIRARD, CHARLES. 

1857. Notice upon new genera and new species of marine and fresh-water 
fishes from western North America. Proceedings, Academy of 
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 2d series, 1857 (1858), pp. 200— 
202. Philadelphia. 

Hay. .@; P. 

1894. The lampreys and fishes of Indiana. 19th annual Report. Depart- 
ment of Geology and Natural Resources, State of Indiana, 1894, 
pp. 146-296. Indianapolis. 

JOHNSON, Ropert S., and M. F. STAPLETON. 

1921. Fishponds on farms. Third edition. Appendix II, Report, U. 8. 
Commissioner of Fisheries for 1915, 35 pp. Bureau of Fisheries 
Document No. 826. Washington. 

JORDAN, DAvID §. 

1878. <A eatalogue of the fishes of Illinois. Bulletin, Illinois State Labora- 
tory of Natural History, vol. 1, 1876-1883 (1884), No. 2, pp. 37-70. 
Bloomington. 

JORDAN, DAVID STARR, and BARTON WARREN EVERMANN. 

1896. The fishes of North and Middle America. A descriptive catalogue 
of the species of fishlike vertebrates found in the waters of North 
America, north of the Isthmus of Panama. Part I. Bulletin, 
U. S. National Museum, No. 47, Ix+1240 pp. Washington. 

1900. Idem. Part IV. ci pp.+pp. 3187-38318, CCCXCII pls. 

JORDAN, Davin S., and CHARLES H. GILBERT. 

1882. Synopsis of the fishes of North America. Bulletin, U. S. National 

Museum, No. 16, lvi+1018 pp. Washington. 
NELSON, E. W. 

1876. <A partial catalogue of the fishes of Illinois. Illinois State Labora- 
tory [Museum] of Natural History, vol. 1, 1876-1883 (1884), No. J, 
pp. 83-52. Bloomington. 


16 U. & BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


REIGHARD, JACOB. 
1902. The breeding habits of certain fishes. Science, N. S., Vol. XV, No. © 
380, April 11, 1902, pp. 574-575. New York. 
1903. The natural history of Amia calva Linneus. Reprinted from the 
Mark Anniversary Volume, Art. IV, pp. 57-109. 
RICHARDSON, R. E. 
1918. Observations on the breeding habits of fishes at Havana, Ill, 1910 
and 1911. Bulletin, Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, 
Vol. IX, 1910-1918 (1914), Art. VIII, pp. 405-416. 
SHELFORD, VicToR E. 
1917. An experimental study of the effects of gas waste upon fishes, with 
especial reference to stream pollution. Bulletin, Illinois State 
Laboratory of Natural History, Vol. XI, 1915, 1917, 1918 (1918), 
Art. VI, pp. 381-412. Springfield. 


O 


ee 


TRADE IN FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS AND 
RELATED MARKETING CONSIDERATIONS IN BOSTON, 
MASS.’ 


By L. T. Horxinson, formerly agent, U. 8. Bureau of Fisheries. 


CONTENTS. 
Page. | Page. 
Rairoduction) 655.25. ... Ss en cewe Ske 1 | Wholesale and retail trade...............-... 18 
IRMOGMCIION 2 seh eo... 1. Son. Fee ok Tee ee 1 Population of Boston, 1920. ......-..-....- 18 
Marketing prospects. ...............-...-.-.- 2 Species of fish handled...............-....- 1s 
Distribution during September, 1922........- 20 Trademanies. sts. 2. -cs45- Bee Se One m ig 
Meippiierateswes Ms: . iis. S52....-sh Sk 7 Important commercial species..-.......- 19 
Less-than-carload shipments in carload lots. 7-| Species in moderate demand............. 19 
Freight and express rates.......-...-.----- 8 radein western halibut and salmon..... 20 
finbsfrozenin 1922.3 C 2.0.5 Jjsete cee eke. 13 Wholesalers’ suggestions on market expan- 
Per capita consumption during September, Sion ALS eee a ae Se bee <=ae 20 
Lidjid On ee ee ee Oe ERS ee Ske SR 14 Retailers’ suggestions on market expansion. 21 
TESTS) G01 72 S19 ee las lea eli to 14 RELAL GISDIAY +5, ees oa ee aie eine 22 
PES USUOLIM OD SUCIS so erate icin ctwrore-o wraiatets pls utu eroerearaie 16 Boston ordinances governing saleoffish.... 22 
ASL OniGlams 2 2 oss 228522325. ks his. See 16 Directory of Boston dealers in fresh sea food. 23 
Gator OVSUCES 6 ecb tno cea ae tot. ata e s 17 
BP AsHEMIGcAONSHe ese sack seen se sen sete 18 | 
INTRODUCTION. 


The Boston market survey is the sixth of a series of trade investi- 
gations made by the Bureau of Fisheries. The cities previously 
canvassed are Louisville, Ky., Pittsburgh, Pa., Chicago, Ill., Min- 
neapolis and St. Paul, Minn., and Seattle, Wash. 


PRODUCTION. 


As a producing center Boston ranks first among American fishing 
ports, its vessel landings of fresh fish alone exceeding 100,000,000 
ounds annually, a quantity surpassed only by that taken at Grimsby, 
Baeland. The following table shows, by months and species, the 
on ae and value of fresh fish landed at Boston by fishing vessels 
uring the year ended September 30, 1922. 


Quantities and values of certain fishery products landed at Boston by American fishing 
vessels during the year ended September 30, 1922. 


Month. Cod. Haddock. Hake. 

1921. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. 
OCLORErL ee et ee oe sed eke 2,313, 280 $109,547 | 5,558,390 $151, 121 628, 474 $11, 208 
INGVenibee sae SFL 14 0. «s 1,480, 481 61,287 | 4,115,385 157, 565 522, 881 7,600 
Deceiver ses ee a 1, 260, 542 63,845 | 4,253,995 231, 334 295, 969 8, 803 

1922. | 

January. 2. St ee 1, 205, 305 63,658 | 3,828,770 207, 181 103, 715 5,475 
Meprary 22 ee 2,777,270 92,961 | 5,846,805 165, 892 141,175 5,470 
Mr <8 3 es Nhe ae ae ee 3, 760, 913 88,935 | 5,321,755 87,994 109, 120 - 3,751 
Tayi 1 a ek Be el Ripe 2,798, 858 73,050 | 3,622,448 108, 510 173, 540 3,188 
Ae EEE ears Se 3,001, 815 82,382 | 4,346,375 104, 552 106, 205 2,248 
JUNOS eee 2,918, 916 89,216 | 3,315,032 82,958 150, 839 3,398 
1s bn irspoe: ero ee ta a 2,561, 288 83,874 | 3,191, 784 81,414 222, 928 5, 564 
Nighi apt ealeeaneaa OT ae 2 3,043, 656 105,065 | 3,846,315 82,979 196, 762 4, 869 
Sontember? 2. teen 2,629, 273 80,927 | 4,465, 130 88, 985 437,710 6, 253 
Total v2. cesses eee oe 29, 751, 597 994,747 | 51,712,184 1,550,485 | 3,089,318 67,827 


JAppendix XVI to the Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1922. B. F. Doc. No. 939 
1 


2g U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


Quantities and values of certain fishery products landed at Boston by American fishing 
vessels during the year ended September 30, 1922—Continued. 


Month. Pollock. Cusk. Halibut. 
1921. Pounds. Value. Pounds. V alue. Pounds. Value. 
October..= sone eee eee 454, 942 $10, 331 76, 507 $1,172 599,728 $86, 747 
November. ..-saagectee 8.fes Se 175, 660 3,111 80, 840 id - 251 25,372 : 
December pee eee 183, 490 3,751 125, 500 2,020 49, 130 12, 404 
1922. . 
WAUMAN Von ode san 22 « selene stool 94,909 4,012 113, 155 2,750 38,692 8,889 
Rebruany sices.c. Comes 93, 949 4,044 132, 445 2,653 188, 834 32, 115 
Manele: 2.2324 = susie oe rete ate 99, 111 3, 450 163, 438 1, 889 483, 722 76, 255 
IGS Rae Renee Ree ve 1p ae 154, 218 3,962 157, 295 1, 805 486, 342 57,171 
BY S Aenioae me cecee Shia ase 217,054 5,778 97,445 1,102 479, 871 64, 920 
ING sch etek eccce eee 228,378 5, 535 33, 520 562 395, 476 56, 843 
PB es panes Se, St eae pers =. 374, 874 7,605 35, 407 | 538 614, 356 68, 277 
TAGISUSG Aiea ewe eee seceneces 417, 858 9,546 57,905 726 549, 087 67,383 
September.....2..2. 82 eeec soecbe 407,925 7,677 45, 790 673 404, 6 59, 709 
Total socilee bre Leuicas 2, 902, 368 68, 802 | 1,119,247 | .17,141 | 4,315,306 596, 778 
Month. Mackerel. Miscellaneous. Total. 
1921. Pounds. Value. Pounds. | Value. Pounds. Value. 
Mciobens sees ss ae2 | ee Selene 14, 850 | $2,769 316, 668 $15,596 | 9,962,839 $388, 491 
Novembers “625 020.5 4.3: Secu 343, 700 51,733 240, 305 12,675 | 6,984,624 301, 287 
MeCRHINER Ss a. -njot soos Naess 4,995 1,149 231,505 14,906 | 6,405,126 338, 212 
1922. 
VANMANY S< Sopra o ee ae Oe 2 nicl] Sie ee eae seal eee neae 252,700 | 14,092 | 5,637,246 306,057 
Hebritaty:5.£. 28! S08 & EN3. ae Re eee NS ae tone 381, 149 17,543 | 9,561,627 320,678 
Fi | ee a ey See SE 100 61 914, 341 36,149 | 10,852, 500 298, 484 
ING TARR IR ID BAG | REP E ed 2 TAR) Bec Ae SA See S 319, 735 9,997 | 7,712, 436 257, 683 
ASE Eee 1S PE FAT: 92, 552 15, 227 434, 567 9,875 | 8,825, 884 236, 084 
Taine As eee ee ee ee 816,565 59, 530 308, 453 39,351 | 8,167,179 337, 393 
DUliyeoes cohen ee ca ant seateeeae 15, 238 1 1,632, 707 203,506 | 8,648, 582 451, 539 
AVICTISEIE NS oe ite Oie cease eee 21,045 836 | 1,231, 758 148,963 | 9,364, 386 420, 367 
peptember. 645 5o55eeee cece 637, 382 25,054 799,390 75,797 | 9,827,296 345,075 
Motalicc snes ees ences 1,946,427 | 157,120 | 7,113,278 | 598,450 |101, 949, 725 | 4,051,350 


MARKETING PROSPECTS. 


It has been conservatively estimated by prominent men in the 
Boston fish trade that the vessel landings of ground fish at that port, 
now averaging approximately 7,000,000 pounds per month, ea be 
doubled in the brief space of 90 days, provided the market for these 
fishes was sufficiently expanded to absorb this increase. With this 
situation in view it is evident that the important problem now con- 
fronting Boston fishing interests is that of extending the sale of cod 
and haddock, the two principal products of the ground fishery. The 
actual availability of a cotati market of sufficient size to absorb 
such increased production is evidenced by the fact that the center of 
distribution for Boston fish (as revealed in Fig. 2 of this report, p. 
15) lies about 750 miles northeast of the center of population of th 
United States shown in the United States Bureau of the Census 
population statistics for 1920. 


DISTRIBUTION DURING SEPTEMBER, 1922. 


Owing to the amount of research required for the determination of 
Boston’s distribution of fresh and frozen fishery products, it was 
found necessary in conducting the present survey to confine the 
discussion of this subject to a period of one month. The month of 


FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS, BOSTON. MASS. 3 


September, 1922, was therefore selected, it being considered the 
most representative average period for distribution during the 
current year. During this period there were 14,283,761 pounds of 
fresh and frozen fishery products received at Boston, consisting of 
13,244,074 pounds of fish, 616,355 pounds of lobsters, 338,964 
pounds of aithas 80,544 pounds or 10,068 gallons of oysters, and 
3,824 pounds or 478 gallons of scallops. Of the quantity of fish 
received there were 11,056,709 pounds distributed tech or frozen, 
458,587 pounds salted, 391,788 pounds lost in shrinkage, 349,263 
pounds smoked, 50,000 pounds canned, and 937,727 pounds frozen 
and held in storage, leaving a total distribution of all classes of fresh 
and frozen fishery products amounting to 12,096,396 pounds. Of 
this amount 99 per cent was distributed to poimts in the United 
States and 1 per cent to pomts in Canada. 

Distribution in the United States was largely confined to Massa- 
chusetts and the neighboring States of Connecticut, New York, 
Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island, this group receiving 89 per cent of 
the total quantity distributed in the United States. Out of the total 
quantity distribsaed from Boston during September 56 per cent was 
consumed within the State of Massachusetts. 


Summary, by States and Canada—listed according to amount received—of fresh and frozen 
jishery products distributed through Boston, Mass., during September, 1922. 


Locality. pike ae Lobsters. Clams. Oysters. | Scallops. Total. 


Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. | Per cent. 


Massachusetts. . 6, 023, 525 384, 177 279, 456 61, 080 6, 751, 326 56 
2, 257, 697 80, 629 6, 867 1, 536 2,346, 969 19 
560, 551 53, 023 4, 560 448 618, 582 5 
g GNU y aie ene 133 64 585, 199 5 
Connecticut. ... 400, 961 16, 978 30, 104 648 448, 691 4 
New Hampshire..... 274, 258 3, 556 4, 438 5, 608 ee 288, 060 2 
MUNGIS tower es asec 148, 258 21, 326 DF OG Peta nwtk sepisicitbcms sesso 171, 334 1 
Maryland............ 144, 323 GaB57 |. See oats Sc cc Sere 24 150, 904 1 
Canada.............. NOD EES te acca ster net 1, 024 1 AP epaccade 134, 369 1 
MAINE Yeas fee cc. 117, 479 86 1, 961 7, 200 8 126, 734 1 
Vermont. ........ Seis 106, 979 2, 103 - 4,596 DZ GBO Spo enre ciate sie 1165358 lace 
ORIG j.80 60% a 80, 379 11, 239 1, 47: 240 272 93,608 |. .= Bate 
Michigan............ 54, 642 3, 186 TBegiTs Tsp e Sepery See es es BR, O4Sh IS te be 
New Jersey.......... 44, 853 HDS) \ee eeig-= ser GC ee oeee sede 80; 086)))--=.5- 2 
District of Columbia 47, 732 5,175 Ce eee SOR) Pcree eae at 29967 WW... Bs. 
Wisconsin-.......... 19, 124 D506 5 amuse a. dal sm ceetoe ce Mes ais eure aes 22,089) |. -- ae se 
Miksouratee S02 2: 18, 038 2, 255 Bs eee aS eee a eens 20) 88a tee cae 
Delaware ...-...-.- 12, 955 590 250 Wie das. Be. ona Seats ee 19795 Mase se 
Minnesota:.........- 3, 439 AS 086) 12 223.48 <<=.c|ees ee Pan 80 AC SUa%e Pears Be whe 
West Virginia....... 5, 463 FOB Nee Spite nis AE gos a Sa ee ais cre sae oe 6,256 detects 
Nebraska»........-.- 3, 233 1, 687 TOM anes Capea: Saecaceecrs 5,500 52.28.22. 
Vitpinige ss: 2. -.25... 4,923 DED S aM RS. | CR oe, wR chs ancyor Es Uys ba a 
Colorado: ...-.,...- 2,918 1, 761 | Se: 3 cel eae meee 64 A TASH wees. Aa 
North Carolina. ..... 3, 228 ZB lexis Sm Pr an tani eee brs Barman 3,451: eee 
Indianate.........- 1, 748 7 iS <a ae ie 16 ae ae ee 
Loiisignaee 30. = .i1- F255 |e Se TSR Se ea pelea Rn Mee Bete eee 895 |b sake 
Kentuekiye 2 aecescsic's|onceonen eno UA SE Sars eel ee ee See ae SOT ae 
‘Tennessee <2... 5.505 545 PAY cree eats | Red Seeere (eer Sane 8054.26 <4 be. 
Iowa. ....-. patie a Sole 613 Tze SBCA 20509] Pin. Cee 2bo Aad e CBee OBOE 685 
South Carolina. ....- OO! ls encode. ae eeroke Jose lSsC Sp aemeer| Meee meee ate S6Di}-2 sae 
LS) I. eaeerceel Sepeasocrore DOOR ence tte cee ens aoa 32 B82) |. nee 
COREE To) 01: a ee cal ae ae POO ae teste Mein letaa, os as. ke a [tials sole elton cll er * 9 AQ Be 
Plorida- te. Sno cn.02 | GO hee Smee SRS — es aes See 150.\" 3: Dts 
Georeia-# Beebe |b ee ote POOR kee etree a ts ecient dd amet os 126) |... bee 
Alabama............ | sfeiaintois'o = "etelers QOL See sees a spoon ee aol | st ea asters 907): 28s 
Oklahoma. Fh. 55 004 Be... ODn Ease sae ose eee | wees: <sice sine 90 2cse 8 He 
North DBRoia Ae tere ewe Oe penis scene ge cicecleceneasot eee AS ee atesie tee 485. ee 
TP otal ae te ace 11, 056, 709 616, 355 338, 964 80, 544 3, 824 | 12,096,396 |......... 


U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


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5 


Fresh and frozen fishery products distributed through Boston, Mass., during September, 
1922. 


FRESH AND FROZEN FISH. 


Destination. Pounds. Destination. Pounds. 
CANADA, UNITED STATES—continued. 
Miennnedlt 2 sss cadcwecs sooesecs cose ey 128,917 || New York—Continued. 

Hamilton, Quebec, Winnipeg, Toronto, ISERE CATH Wie ere rs ae STC 12, 040 
aaidialliother pomts: < 2.2 ccsssscec0-ees 3,516 PUG) Cv G1 SSE Ae oe ae ae 6, 323 
es ia Deion Et uct cle ka aee J 9, 006 
aie ROR <a agers “2 383 

0 Soper ree ec eS ae. 9 ee AOE te) MERE ina irrep ares meee oe Sas a RS 
Golorado' Springs: . .-:2.--s.2-2scee% 105 JAMESUOW Ne secure eee 2 *999 
WEN VE eee de 5: casccssonseecesssoss 2, 813 INGwritochelle = cose ea ce sx TR 3, 668 

Connecticut: New Work City = ocsc....25 2. SSR. Bs 1,720, 874 
artionds «35-2522 22s252-t2 Sey 44,452 WloCHester sas oe eo hen ee 87, 952 
Meriden. ssssceec-- te Aa | 13, 283 Schenectady: S092) i- ice ah 10,628 
NeW BTA ee oct ccc ee occa aS 14, 803 PVEACUSO ccc tus ob ak esooe nw eaee nena 37, 362 
Wow: Haven 52! 2622 o 200 c/s SE 58, 029 WED Von eens se 37 -ctee an cea eee 6, 602 
Stamford esses. 2 252. 8ds2cces Ae 11, 418 Wihica see Be ese tose: 28, 015 
Westen buby#=<<set-02séicectece ecco | 19, 891 WAlerlOWRe aaah 722. ea oo eneeee 2, 895 
Alother:pomts:: . <2. ==: 22.22 2.20% 239, 085 Allfother points. .2- 5. oct sce ee esas 204, 561 

Delaware: Wilmington...-.............. | 12,955 || North Carolina: 

Florida: Jacksonville..............- Vote 150 ASHE Wille een apenas eee eas eee 2, 980 

Tilinois: G@harlottesce .) eoecque ues. hee nae eeee 200 
CITC Coe Ee pene eae See teS Nok 134, 957 Southern, Pines............ See 48 
All other points. = -2:-2:22:252-2-002 13,301 || Ohio: 

Indiana: : Cincinnatin <a. ccsteren corso ee: 3, 229 
Indianapolis’ 23: SPA ie einer y 878 Clevelanden ce Se 8. oon se 52, 168 
All other points .-..-.--..:2-./.0s.0! 870 ColaMIPUSs, acres eee es pene a eee 3, 496 

Iowa: Dayton ieee seticcss to: sks: teccesebaee 1,012 
Des Moiness 25 <<: 2.<55<<sPIGEE 263 MOM OME Ac eases cscieseceonse eee 1, 537 
RrGmmaCibyis. Sas: . =~ Rial Srap Caceenes 30 Youngstown 4,195 
WWiatienlOots 2-2-2 5208 bcc acs seca | 320 All other.points. 2. ...22:-2-2002s000 14,742 

Louisiana: New Orleans..-.-.........,.. | 895 || Pennsylavania: ; 

Maine: Philadelphia --.-....2.:-2..s8ehegete 364, 570 
Bangor..... Peesatseess seceheues aaa 28, 798 Les Un) 9) PSC Le ae a en gE 50, 936 
PUNGENEL MOMS 8. cas = nh ice an sae 88, 681 HVOROIMP Scien eae os ase Hopes a eee 16,775 

Maryland: PELADLOM ssn onc oa ee eee 35, 324 
he pena ic aak Pelee teeters i a an Sear ene POW Sea ee eee aa ee 92, 946 

MUET POMUS = os Je kcpse wc nae ee 5) e Island: 

Massachusetts: All points..............- 6,023,525 PROVIGOMCGS ce Men et hese tn ce 319, 508 

Michigan: ‘Allfotherpointss 2270.) 22) eee see 265, 494 
DWetraips82. 5a a Sar ePAT eR 51, 230 || South Carolina: 

ad einer [OEUSo6 Sage sScsige somsseas 3, 412 pee TS do-eSer acrsne ona Bune 335 

Minnesota: Olin ay see Se eae oa se Nee 30 
Minneapolis and St. Paul........... 1,944 || Tennessee: 

ims HW other points 222225252 .ccescse00e 1, 495 snuxville Sener seul ae astasmeee 260 
souri: empbis:. 2. <2. . .esa:che aeons. 285 
Reinsas Citys oes & eh et 5,178 Weenink 
Alliother. points os... ssececas. Heeee 12, 860 Barun tOne eee 2 ke ae nee ee 18, 796 

Webraska: Omaha... -. 2.02. ..6220-03 00 3, 233 MAM other pots?) oo hoe, aap 88, 183 

New Hampshire: Minginia: All points... . 2.0.0, J. ..d2e% 4, 923 
IMSICHOSUCR Ine pian co owsime pe Je eeeec Ag y2a9 "| Washineton, DICl 2 0. p.., can. > seeder 47,732 
All other points 20.28. . tino. Ft 228,009 || West Virginia: Wheeling, Parkersburg, 

New Jersey: ‘Windom, and all other points. ........ 5, 463 
JEESCVIOMUY sc Ae toe sce css ee. SORE 450 || Wisconsin: 

DIO WANK. Sec c co dud soe cocee cee POE 101 Milwaukee’: «12. .'suedecSaeentae pst 18, 809 
ee: Bahai goaea te: 5 od cs BIVOGRer Pots, .¢ seco... een 315 
other points 3. -\.ee- 205: Sts ehe: — 

New York: BORA oe oo oop 83a nok ore ets ott ae 11, 056, 709 
WAU UES ec BES ae ee a ee 77, 904 

LOBSTERS. 
Alabama: it Georria: Atlanta toss sectescc=sepen seen 126 
Bounce Bae SOE Se ee 43 ary ae 
Obese ese ee Peat er 4 ME ie an tom tect erence eee 20 
a osvArigeles sojau.2 2. 22 A oe 200 ‘ eee other points ab ” 330 
olorado: ndiana: 
Colorado Springs 12 | Andianapoliss....tascarsctess 450 
LOGE VCR e Reece Beer aE ere 1,749 All other points Bie 250 

Connecticut: HOW. Wes MOMS) .0 ees ean cae e eee 72 
Bindeeporie. peresatyes 2t 385 =; 2 3 3,653 | Kentucky: 3 
Hartford... 3,105 Louisville...... Anco aana eo nosdesese 307 
(MeridenPsterreeans os -.i-1 se 5th. 2522 454 All other points... .......22...2..-.- 500 
New Britain 100} }| Mame: Atl points) 20.8 o.c020. saaccen sees 86 
New Haven 3,500 || Maryland: Baltimore.................-- 6,557 
Sapte oe eae Coens e 1a ee ee A points Nee soe. caso 384, 177 

SUEE DULY! es ae ce oe eee eee ichigan: 
other points S22 cepeespeeasce= = 4,361 IDBtLOli SS 2285. sans aeee ae ee 2,356 
Delaware: Wi (ie, 4 le So Seat SE aaa 590 All other points +: aaa cciscos=2-28 830 


6 U. 


S. BUREAU 


OF FISHERIES. 


Fresh and frozen fishery products distributed through Boston, Mass., during September, 
1922—Continued. 
LOBSTERS—Continued. 
Destination. Pounds. » | Pounas. | Destination. Pounds. 
Minnesota: North Carolina: 
Minneapolis and St. Paul....-...... 4, 036 G@réensporo.. 2 2a oe 125 
Allother-pointsso 2.) e0 oes... ease 50 Southern,Piness: - 22: a25 Urs aout 78 
Missouri: Ohio: 
Weansas City. - ajo: on eens Aar- eee 300 Cincinnati: 7. 2ec ees 2 eee 1, 655 
alotherpowts: oS scssee. .eece en ashe 1,955 Cleveland ....;. 2.22: =e. aeeeeeee 4,098 
Webraska:;Omaha.).. 0) 35. gesceeccssecs 1, 687 Colum Pus: 2.25. seeeet ea eee 960 
New Hampshire: Dayton... ..2:-5.-25. eee 449 
Manchester: .. ...2:..+25-see eee ae 100 Pooled 7. 2ce Sto 2 ae ee 2, 520 
AV other poms -~ ./.5 25s e e 3, 456 |! SY OUNIESUOWIN . - isin ccc) ene = eae 367 
New Jersey: | All ot pints .'.< 34. 0.212 ee 1,190 
Mlizabeth). 2. Sspeeea-: a-ness eee | 30 || Oklahoma: honis City 22552 =. aes 90 
ING@Wank..s -o- ce csbs beeen 2 oe ie | 1,143 area 
MIEN GOO Gacch fesecine a PAO e rs 295 Philadelphia. © 222. --2--- 3-22) eae 41,010 
ATIOtHerPOINUS 22/40 ae geen 9,685 Pittsburgh 25. fo. 2 sane ae eee 6,931 
New York: Reading . 2. 20-22% chee cccu nance 610 
UA) 020 er oy coe, = ite Se 7, 841 Scranton. 2 2....)-2.--5.--.sseeeee ee 1,190 
Amsterdam : 470 All other points —_-*.. .. -aass¢ ese 3, 282 
166 || Tennessee: Memphis.............-.-.--- 260 
632 || Utah: Salt Lake City-.-..............-- 250 
3,090 || Vermont: 
67 Barlineon. <..cs.0.c-2.05-5 -co eee 725 
100 All other points 1,378 
ING WIMOL Koos. do occsc Seek Sao See 42,665 || Virginia: Lynchburgandall other points. 232 
Rochester, ..-- 5.9. = 22. 22m cele c= 45477 |\\ Washington, D.C... .....25-----sseRee ee 5,175 
pchenectadyges aes on acce see ee as 1,325 |} West Virginia: Wheeling, Huntington, 
SSYTACUSO ce Pe won eee oe neon 4,193 and all other points. ............- se 793 
POY se saeee te ccecec hone == Eee eee 2,390 || Wisconsin: 
WikiCa be 2 Get wether ee 3,333 MilWaKee\ oes ens nse ce te acne 2, 636 
Waterpown:- <2 2. Neen te-mncete genes 727 All other points ........ < stash 3=seere 329 
AQT otherspoints=. 5.2.2. -. 2. - ase 9,153 
SPOtA Sey ceccee eer deee eee ee eeee 616, 355 
CLAMS. 
CANADA. UNITED STATES—continued 
Montreal. ts. wtcc net scaceciesct eee ae 470 || New York 
Toronto, Megantic, and all other points. 554 Albany. .-.-- 6-0. 4:heS. 2% dagaeeeess 706 
Buffalo:.oc5<: ..352+-52-s-=2¢eaeee ee 1,200 
UNITED STATES. New York City 150 
ochestere.. <2 .ckeksate scene cee 1,140 
Connecticut: Schenectady. ....- 1,370 
Bridgeportut «.2..scs2-0- <u Ole 646 Watertown...... 333 
Merid@niuckt oc ci ctkickecsrs see teeuend 1,630 All other points 
Wew Britains. cisco ccc te ree tn _718 io 
Stamfor desis SSIs 2. aC ae 90 Cleveland cin pete ots wee’ de nies AES 
Waterbury...--5J0.95. Mea. 4,543 MOlEMO rw osiscs donne Secoeoes eee 
All other points................-...- 22,477 TE heat 
Delaware: Wilmington..............-..- 250 Philadelphja-s.2.....0 ceceeeone eps ae 
Wiinois: Chicago .2:--.c5 0... ¢0s iste 1,750 Pittsburgh: ; . 5) 292 o2cescence case 
Maier Adsl polntsoe. .. 2 si. --p he oe 1, 961 All other, points.,........--sss00ee se 
Massachusetts: All points..........-.--. 279,456 || Rhode Island: All points.............-.. 
Michigan: All points............--.-.--- 1,115 || Vermont: 
Missouri: St. Louis and al) other points. . 595 Burlingtons: S2us55~..2 sosceeu eee 
Nebraska: All other paints; --<.,.22<ses ee eee 
Omaha) cme weet cease commences sec DOOM BW GRmInP tion Pe Cor. Sao. we ee mlereie ie 
UV OUMER POMNGS. < oe dem weit) <lnie ein + 21- 360 
New Hampshire: otal soe. .c se corereewserscdsudee 
Manchestebes. 22. . 2. csssae = oe eee 500 
Millother Pome ee cece 3, 938 


ee 


—— 


FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS, BOSTON, MASS. "4 


Fresh and frozen fishery products distributed through Boston, Mass., during September, 
i922—Continued. 


OYSTERS. 
Destination. Gallons. Destination. Gallons. 
CANADA. UNITED STATES—continued. 
UTE IRE 1 Ie ee epee pe 9 25 || New York: 
AMUOUner POINTS. << 2.526 s.ce0-ccn sooeeee 89 AT DAT eee Sete Nein onc ee en ba ea 32 
Sp SU GEN SAS ee eens 50 
UNITED STATES. Detenectad yee. sete ee ee A aM 9 
PAN OUR ET POLIS seme koe cin 101 
Connecticut: North Dakotas Margo. -5...-c---eccnes. 6 
Stamford. < s2:.3:ccea-naes- aed 29; Ohio: Cleveland:...)-..2-2 .-.<.-< Seicegee 30 
WU ATOL DUE on ia)acinwt Jee eb 17 || Pennsylvania: 
_All other points 35 | Piitiadeiptrcsrcte: creme oy. 3 ae 35 
Maine: Al otherspoints. $3. <o5 4. baek es 21 
PSaICORIORL - ose c btu ateinaae oe 54 || Rhode Island: “All points-.- >) ....----- 8 
Ad OLHEL POMS oo, os Se ete ~ Sci FOSS 846 || Vermont: 
Massachusetts: All points.............-- 7, 635 BUTE Pt@H oe 0. Sao Bee eee 64 
New Hampshire: } ALL other points...) osecsssdesransoaee 271 
Manchester jo - obo 2 mney depo ae 24 | —____ 
All other points..22 2222202222 202202. 677 || Mea. 12S 10008. Bo VE 10, 068 
New Jersey: ‘Trenton. - 22.2 -..25L2.. 10 || 
| 
SCALLOPS.1 
WOGTANO SHON VEL =n. oo) st aneet scons 8 || Ohio: 
Indiana: Indianapolis..................- 2 Cinginnatwe © Ite. . Joos FS 1 
MATTOS ANT POMS oo sh .0t eee cedecetey= 1 Cleveland (2.533 Vhs... dbo 30 
Maryland: Baltimore. .........-...- 4 3 All other points beat 3 
Massachusetts: All points 386 || Utah: Salt Lake City. ........2..2....-. 4 
Minnesota: Minneapolis and St. Paul... 10 a 
New York: otal . bes PS cote 478 
PINION So Sn eae Cae denecces 3 
ING Ww iOLk: Cllys sa-2t eke donee 11 
Winnertowils-S2 242° 228. J. tans oe. 5 
FALL OLNEY POMES: 3.2 oo SS 11 


1 This being the first month of the season in which long-distance shipments are made, consignments 
leaving the-State did not commence until the 13th of the month. 


SHIPPING RATES. 
LESS-THAN-CARLOAD SHIPMENTS IN CARLOAD LOTS. 


A noteworthy saving for receivers of Boston fish in New York 
and Philadelphia has recently been effected by L. H. Young, for- 
warder of Boston, in the initiation of a system of transfer by which 
consignors in these cities save one-half the difference between the 
cost of less-than-carload shipments and carload shipments on less- © 
than-carload quantities. _ Consignments from Boston to New York 
and Philadelphia are collected from practically all local dealers 
and combined for shipment in carload lots. Upon arriving at des- 
tination the car lots are distributed to various purchasers by a 
representative of the Boston forwarder. Railroad records show 
that carload consignments of Boston fish to these cities have more 
than doubled since the establishment of this system in April, 1922. 
The possibility of effecting like economies on shipments to other 
large consuming centers is therefore worthy of consideration. 

n the appended statistical table the total “net” weight of sea- 
food shipments from Boston to 10 representative cities is shown 


36033°—23——2 


8 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


by days for the last three weeks of September, 1922. On the basis 
of car-opening privileges provided under the tariff (now used ex- 
tensively in the halibut and salmon trade”) all of the cities shown 
in this table present possible centers to which carloads of Boston 
sea food could be shipped. 


Sea-food shipments from Boston, Mass., to 10 cities shown by days for last three weeks 
of September, 1922, indicating prospective carload markets for Boston sea food under 
tariff permitting car opening en route. 


[Figures in boldface type show particular days on which carload combinations are possible.) 


Net weight in pounds. 
ose See 


Scran- | Wash- |Roches-| Syra- | _Al- | Balti- | Pitts- | Chi- |p troi¢ | Cleve- 
ton, |ington,| ter, oe bany, | more, | burgh,| cago, Michie land, 
N. 


September, 1922. 


Pas) DCs slneees N.Y. | Md. | Pa. Mi. - | Ohio. 
11. Monday........ 8,000] 2,890| 9,469] 3,690| 7,708| 9,010] 8,275| 9,250] 2,960| 3,639 
12. Tuesday........| 260 | 2,385 | 3,438] 2,625] 8,133] 9,362] 3,202] 12,768| 4,110] 3,328 
13. Wednesday....- 180} 5,759] 5,232] 2,098] 2,431 | 12,615| 2,377] 3,887 385 709 
14--Thorsday-....-|s-:<s2<< 320 | 1,185 435 | 2,020| 4,471 100} 2,740 26 255 
15. Friday......... 25 580 225 585 745 (eo aoe Stew 1,020 |....c4 cee 
16. Saturday.......|........ 750| 2,004.02 003 335 700 | 2,634 | 6,108] 2,456| 3,758 
18. Monday........ 8,525 | 3,730| 9,356| 3,175| 2,565 | 11,472| 7,796| 9,668] 3,618| 5,493 
19. Tuesday........| 675 | 3,860| 4,742] 3,025] 6,521 | 10,695| 4,175 | 10,950] 4,500| 3,275 
20. Wednesday..... 150 | 3,640| 6,664] 1,660| 3,938] 7,825| 1,690] 3,056 585 350 
21. Thursday...... 20 700 | 1,850 700 950 | 4,566 140 | 1,365 75 293 
2D, “Rritiay ss totee ee 275 770 490 831 476 85 | 1,165 Jewsheck 30 
23. (Siiniday:. cee -| 1,100 SOO sleaticn 22 2 8| 3,975] 2,365} 6,442] 3,407| 3,980 
25. Monday.......- 9,045 | 4,399 | 9,001 | 3,790 | 14,180] 14,275] 7,417 | 13,132] 4,131 | 7,685 
26. Tuesday........| 250] 6,050] 5,910] 2,975] 8,099] 12,655] 2,170] 10,590| 4,372| 2,652 
27. Wednesday..... 180] 3,150] 4,938] 2,210] 1,765| 2,370] 1,620| 3,889 676 333 
28. Thursday......|..---.-- 125 | 1,362 982 | 1,520] 4,628 395 | 1,883 65 50 
29. Friday......... Tg ee 1,250 480 rial Wy aliyic a ieee 1 665k. sae 75 
30. Saturday....... 20 | 1,215 | 1,505 150 235 | 2,900| 3,790| 7,852] 4,483 | 5,924 


FREIGHT AND EXPRESS RATES. 


The data for the freight and express rates on shipments of fresh 
and frozen fish and fishery products from Boston, Mass., were sup- 

lied by the Interstate Commerce Commission, Washington, D. C. 

he distances shown were figured from the War Department Table 
of Distances and the Official Railway Guide. 


2 See Trade in Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products and Related Marketing Considerations in Chicago, 
Tl. (B. F. Economic Circular No. 54, issued Dec. 30, 1921); Trade in Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products 
and Related Marketing Considerations in Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minn. (B. F. Economic Circular 
No. 55, issued Feb. 8, 1922), both by L. T. Hopkinson; and Trade in Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products 
and Related Marketing Considerations in Seattle, Wash. (B. F. Document No. 930, Appendix VI, Report 
of U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1922, issued Aug. 5, 1922), by L. T. Hopkinson and W. P. Studdert. 


FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS, BOSTON, MASS. 


9 


Freight and express rates applicable on shipments of fresh and frozen fish, lobsters, 
clams, oysters, and scallops, from Boston, Mass., together with short-line’ dis- 


tances. 


From Boston, Mass., 
to— 


CANADA. 


Winnipeg: Manitoba... 


Megantice: .........- 

Montreal........... 

UNITED STATES. 
Alabama: 


Birmingham 


MODINE? a0: a -2o4-0:- 


California: Los Angeles. 


Colorado: 
Colorado Springs. . . 


Bridgeport......... 


New Britain....... 
New Haven........ 


Florida: Jacksonville... 
Georgia: Atlanta....... 
Tilinois: Chicago. ...... 


Indiana: Indianapolis. . 
Towa: 


Des Moines........ 
Sioux Gitye:2c-! re 


Waterloo: <.--..i.. 


[Notes to reference figures are grouped at end of table.] 


1,741 


576 
612 
491 
494 


329 
501 


3,273 
2, 090 


2,052 


For footnotes see page 12. 


Rate in dollars and cents per 100 pounds. 


Freight 


Express: Carload 
and less-than - 


Carload lots. Less-than-carload lots. carload lots. 
Clams, ee 
oan Clams, Clams, ae 
ee oysters, | Clams, | YSters, | Lobsters or 
shell 23 sties S;| oysters, sic S;| lives; ’| frozen Labaters 
Peters: | ote [Soa (aes! | sresttbr | clams | tt 
4 ? . , 
liyes;'| "meat, | shell | ‘eat, | {ro2en. | oysters, 
fresh or fresh. §9 fresh. 10181415 
frozen.?6 
18 1.68 
192.13 |b 212.79 2.535 | 24.205] 3.23 6.40 8. 40 
20 1.92 
72 1.08 945] 1.62 1.08 2. 45 3.25 
"72 1.08 1945 | 1.62 1.08 2. 80 3.75 
.70 1.055 985 |. 1.585 fe, 1.055 2. 45 3.15 
:70 1.055 1935 | 1.585 |- 1.055 1.90 2.30 
655 /98 875 |., 1.47 ‘98 1.90 2.50 
‘70 1.055 "985 |> 1.585 |. 1.055 2. 45 3.15 
214.32 | 21.55 E, 
vat 885 | 2085 1.74 3.055 | 222.035 4.10 5.47 
= ai “4 2 1.945| 3.39 | 22.26 4.62 6.16 
© ae {8.335 |, 5035 [Serres | 6.165 || TEI] a og 
BG. Tegel == Sinha A= OD ce 10.55 
$1.70 |) 13.56 3.385 | 21.4. 865 
2.615 : - 385 } 4.12 6.29 8.38 
eh Ai ln 6.18 
61.70 |) 213.56 3.385 | 21 4.865 
2.615 ; poe a. 2 .18 8. 
fia 5 neta | 6.18 |f 6 os 
46 .665 -585 | 1.00 665 1.09 1.45 
‘41 “615 1525 925 1615 1.09 1.45 
"425 "635 5A 1955 635 1.09 1.45 
‘425 1635 154 (955 635 1.09 1.45 
“44 655 TAS “985 "655 1.09 1.45 
1475 665 60 1.00 665 1.09 1.45 
‘485 665 60 1.00 ‘665 1.09 1.45 
445 ‘665 1565 |. 1.00 665 1.09 1.45 
475 "665 1565 |. 1.00 665 1.61 2.14 
iy] a 83 745 | 1.285 855 1.92 2.56 
1.18} 21. ae fe z 
bidhs : oe 1.575 | 2.755 | 221.835 4.06 5. 41 
11,96] 21.49 4 toms 
284 | 1.065 1.68 2.95 | 21.965 3.68 4.91 
1-2 th). 1.42 1.245] 2.13 1.42 2.75 3.67 
7-2) \PO< 1.32) $02.36) |. 1981 HS 1.82 2.70 3.60 
| | 
61.16 |) » 3 
2.025| 1.82 | 22.975 
1.38 2.145 3.68 4.91 
07355 [f.. 2-085 |..-----e- 3.22 
1.445 || 2.41 | 2.235 | 3.345 
wp 853635 | sess |p 2-685 | 4.47 5.96 
761.07 |)/21 1.89 1.685 | 12.795 
1.29 : } 1.965 3.59 4.78 
Bae | ae ee 2.95 


10 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


Freight and express rates applicable on shipments of fresh and frozen fish, lobsters, 
clams, oysters, and scallops, from Boston, Mass., together with short-line dis- 
tances—Continued. 


Ratein dollars and cents per 100 pounds. 


Freight .1 
2 Express: Carload 
- and less - than- 


Carload lots. Less-than-carload lots. carload lots. 
Short- 
E16 t\ Tee i in 
From Boston, Mass., Acs Clams, 
ance : 
: a oa ae Clams, Clams, i 
miles. in. ’| OySters,| Gjams, | OYS*TS; | Lobsters or 
shell 23 senile $+! oysters, sale S)|live5; ’| frozen Fonte 
aber *| eats; | Scallops, | “eq 7; f ae ( 1 mag | 208 i 
lives;’| Lobster | greys | lobster | trozen. | oysters 
fish.” | meat E meat, ee One 
fresh or fresh. 89 fresh.9 10181715° 
frozen.3 6 
UNITED STATES—Con. . p 
Kentucky: Louisville..] 1,059 |{ 7-793 |b 1.42 1.245| 2.13 1.42 2.81 3.74 
a 214.445 214.72 
Louisiana: New Orleans| 1,607 |! “2° 5+ oe } 1.945) 3.39 | 222.26 4.94 6.58 
Maine: Bangor........- 250 595 . 885 75 Ide - 885 1.46 1.94 
Maryland: Baltimore. - 423 565 79 - 695 1.185 -79 1.71 2. 28 
Massachusetts: : 
Real ORV ER cess 46 33 -49 -415 - 735 -49 ode 1.03 
Holyoke! = ..222228 107 39 - 585 - 495 - 88 - 585 - 94 1.25 
New Bedford. - .-.-. 52 335 - 50 - 425 oy (3) - 50 -94 5 EPA 
Pittsteld.. =. 4-22 151 445 - 635 -o4 - 955 - 635 1.09 1.45 
Springfield......... 99 ES 39 - 585 - 495 - 88 - 585 -94 1.25 
Michigan: Detroit...... 750 { aa \ Lil .97 1.665| 1.11 2. 50 3.33 
Minnesota: Ps = : 
Minneapolis........ Bee a! tar oe len been [eb ee Ihe 4.00 5.33 
271.11 282.18 1.695 | 283.045 
Sta Paulos: -cotsecel 7 4ee 1.29 Git Seeseee ae 2. 925 1.95 4.00 5.33 
Missouri: as 
e ; 4142 [one 3 2.145 | 213.34 J 
Kansas City........] 1,466} 1.635 |) "9 oe habe 1 oe Ib 2.575] 4.00 5.33 
St. Louis.......---. 1,230} “4-883 |! 1.66 1.455| 2.49 1.66 3.02 4.02 
ede 1 309,36 2.145 | 13.345 
Nebraska: Omaha. -... 1,527 } a : ot 575 (fe L. 3.87 } 2. 575 4,21 5.61 
New Hampshire: Man- 
eliestert ne oe oe 57 rad, 70D -47 - 825 -55 BY 1.03 
New Jersey: 
Atlantic City....... 375 44 . 69 - 565 1.035 - 69 1.61 2.14 
Elizabeth .......... 248 . 365 . 565 - 475 - 85 - 565 1. 46 1.94 
236 - 365 - 565 «475 - 85 - 565 1.46 1.94 
244 - 365 - 565 -475 - 85 - 565 1. 46 1.94 
292 - 365 - 565 - 475 - 85 . 565 1.46 1.94 
201 - 46 - 635 - 54 - 955 - 635 1.09 1.45 
268 - 475 725 - 63 1.09 . 725 1.19 1.59 
376 ol Ay £5) -65 1.125 45 1.46 1.94 
345 - 50 . 725 - 63 1.09 «(25 1.35 1.80 
499 575 «845 - 745 Vian - 845 1. 82 2.42 
Canandaigua. ...... 424 -51 75 -65 1.125 -75 ay (il 2. 28 
Hlmiraan 2.5. 468 402 -5o1 45 - 65 1.125 -10 1.46 1.94 
Glens Falls......... 229 «475 . 665 . 565 1.00 - 665 1.19 1.59 
Jamestown.......-. 567 - 595 - 90 - 785 1.35 -90 1.92: 2.56 
Mount Vernon. .... 221 - 50 - 665 - 60 1.00 - 665 1.19 1.59 
New Rochelle. ....-. 218 - 50 - 665 - 60 1.00 - 665 1.19 1.59 
New York City. . 235 - 50 - 665 - 60 1.00 - 665 1.19 1.59 
Oneonta: sso. ssacn 283 -50 725 - 63 1.09 . 725 15 1.80 
Poughkeepsie. ..... 228 #150 - 665 - 60 1.00 - 665 1.09 1.45 
Rochester’. ......2% 430 ool Bal fi) -65 1.125 By fi 171 2.28 
Schenectady....... 219 - 475 . 665 - 565 1.00 - 665 1.09 1.45 
SYTACHES. . eee Suc 350 -475 . 725 63 1.09 sian 1.61 2.14 
POY Gece ccc ss gee + 209 - 475 - 665 565 1.00 - 665 1.09 1.45 
Ushersee cn... dt toed 192 -475 - 665 - 565 1.00 - 665 1.09 1.45 
(Oinics | kee ee See 297 -475 - 725 - 63 1.09. - 125 1.46 1.94 
Watertown........ 364 - 63 -97 82 1.455 .97 1. 46 1.94 


For footnotes see page 12. 


FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS, BOSTON, MASS. Il 


Freight and express rates applicable on shipments of fresh and frozen fish, lobsters, 
clams, oysters, and scallops, from Boston, Mass., together with short-line dis- 


tances—Continued. 


Rate in dollars and cents per 100 pounds. 


Freight.1 
& Express: Carload 
= : and less - than - 
Carload lots. Less-than-carload lots. carload lots. 
Short- 
line Re * Tle 
From Boston, Mass.,| dis- Clams, 
oor, tance | oysters, | Clams Clams Fish, 
miles nage PS) | oysters, Clams oysters, Lobsters a 
shel] 23 scallops, ? | scallops, oad 
shell See oysters, ei live 5; frozen Eabsters 
orbulk*;| 6478. | Scallops, | “4q 7. fish, US ES mee a 
lobsters, | | obster in dtc fresh or | clams, 3 
live 35; rack shell.2 viet frozen.§ | oysters, 
9 ’ 
Heserpe fresh. 8 9 fresh.? scallops. 
frozen.3 6 
UNITED STATES—Con. 
North Carolina: 2 
Asheville........... Oy eae ee } 1.59 2.79 | 21.86 3.23 4.30 
Charlotte........... Soe eens 1.425] 2.43 | 21.62 2. 86 3.81 
Greensboro........-. ogee eet ae 2.275 | 21.515 2.60 3.47 
Southern Pines....| 803 1 "fy | 35 1.425| 2.43 | 21.62 2. 86 3.81 
% 1.695 | 2.91 2.425 | 3.91 
North Dakota: Fargo. .| 1,686 1. 875 268i Hi aa 3. 795 2. 82 4.79 6.38 
Wit 7A) (DRE b-. cac cee. 30 4. 23 
eee ae |) 27.655 
BHOWMMIAGLS cool cee 3 945 | 99 1. 235 1.085 1.85 1.235 2.70 3.60 
Cleveland.......... es te |p 1-01 885} 1.515} 1.01 2.23 2.97 
Columbus. ......... 820 { Faby \ Lu 97 1v665:|) tr Ted 2.54 3.39 
Dayton, .....-<-.-. gon Bee \ 1.195] 1.045] 1.79 1.195 2.70 3.60 
Toledo............. co ae \ Ll 97 1.665 | 1.11 2. 50 3.33 
Youngstown....... ef 235 1 a1 885} 1.515] 1.01 2.13 2.84 
Oklahoma: Oklahoma 62.36 || 13 16 3.115 | 24.405 
“1 aeaaae dee 1,773 |) 2.575 5 } 3.635 5.30 
City , ate ar ee: 5.455 7.07 
Pennsylvania: | 
Philadelphia....... 326 50 665 .60 1.00 665 1.61 2.14 
Pittsburgh......... 679 595 90 785 | 1.35 90 2.13 2.84 
Reading jac woh dees 361 -50 125 - 63 1.09 «125 1.61 2.14 
Seranton anit so. $< 381 - 50 By (P53 - 63 1.09 Ay ya) 1.46 1.94 
Rhode Island: Provi- 
i eee ener 43 .32 475 . 405 715 475 77 1.03 
outh Carolina: 2 
Charleston ........- o74 {eras | aaa [fy 495| 2.605] 21.735] 3.33 4.44 
Columbia.......... 938 |{ “m'moe| tees |¢ 144 | 2-545 | 21.695] 3.38 4.44 
Tennessee: 
Knoxville.......... 7 are | 3.33 4.44 
Memphis........... 1,392 4 43h | "2683 |} 1.805} 3.145 | 22. 095 3. 85 5.13 
4232. 92 
4.535 | 6.11 
Utah: Salt Lake City..| 2,564 1% 3°. |b" S28 |. 8055 p37 BR bute ee 
23.18 
Lane Burlington . . 234 5. 85 - 87 -74 1.305 - 87 1.35 1.80 
irginia: 
Bedford............ 661 1.07 1.405] 1.215| 2.11 1, 405 2.44 3.25 
Lynchburg......... 636 725 1. 025 -90 1.54 1.025 2.44 3.25 
Richmond......... 578 655 865 745 | 1.30 865 2.18 2.91 
West Virginia: 27. 62 
Hinton............. 754 { Pes fel t-485.).. 1,02 1.75 1.165 2.70 3.60 
Huntington........ go |{ 7-62 1.165| 1.02 1.75 1.165 2.75 3.67 
‘775 
Parkersburg........ 821 {35 1.04 -885| 1.515] 1.01 2. 50 3.33 
67 


For footnotes see page 12. 


12 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


Freight and express rates applicable on shipments of fresh and frozen fish, lobsters, 
clams, oysters, and scallops, from Boston, Mass., together with short-line dis- 
tances—Continued. 


Rate in dollars and cents per 100 pounds. 


Freight .1 
Express: Carload 
and less - than - 
Carload lots. Less-than-carload lots. carload lots. 
Short- 
line 
From i Mass., od Clams, 
on! ance i 
in bik Hdd Clams, Clams, ey 
miles. in et Clams, | OYSteTS, | Lobsters or 
shell 2 8 shun S) | oysters, ys: S| lives; '| frozen 
or bulk *;! “Sa'7a. | scallops, | “oaG. | _ fish, 101112, | Lobsters. 
lobsters, | } Bbster in l it fresh or clams, mare 
yo ‘4 25 aie: shell.? arg frozen.6 | oysters, 
S q p sca $ 
fresh or | 1resh.®° fresh.3 10 none. 
frozen.3 6 
UNITED STATES—Con. 
West Virginia—Con. 27, 535 | 
Wheeling. ......... 745 ; 59 5 | - 90 - 785 1.35 - 90 2. 23 2.97 
Wisconsin: Milwaukee.| 1,119 |f “-7 | 1.42 | 1.945] 213 | 1.42 3.02 4.02 


EXPLANATION OF REFERENCE FIGURES IN PRECEDING TABLE. 


1 i rates do not include the cost of refrigeration, icing, or reicing, the charges for which, as employed 
are in addition to the transportation rate. ‘ 

2 In bags or barrels. 

8 Minimum weight, 24,000 pounds. 

4 Minimum weight, 30,000 pounds. 

6 In barrels, boxes, or crates. 

6 Not otherwise provided for, in barrels or boxes. 

7 In tin cansin packages, in iron or steel cans loose or in packages, or in oyster carriers or refrigerators. 

8 Minimum weight, 15,000 pounds. 

9 In metal cans in barrels or boxes. 

10 On products to Canada.—Refrigeration: Ice to be furnished by shipper at owner’s expense. 

11 On fish to Conese oe basis: 25 per cent added to net weight, unless actual weight is less at 
time of shipment; provided, that when any shipment of iced fish weighs 100 per cent or more gross than 
actual net weight the charge must be made on basis of ipross weight, less 25 per cent for ice. 

12 On fish to United States, except in carload lots to Los Angeles, Calif. (footnote 25) Weight basis: 25 
per cent added to net weight of fish, unless actual gross weight is less at time of shipment. 

13 Tn shell piss jars, canned, or in bulk. 

14 When shipp in bulk, estimate at 12 pounds per gallon. Shippers must mark upon each package the 
number of gallons contained therein. ; 

es glass Jats estimate 24 pints at 45 pounds, 36 pints at 65 pounds, 48 pints at 90 pounds, and 48 half pints 
at 50 pounds. 

The following estimated weights will apply to oysters in metal cans with or without ice, when packed in 
boxes: One-tenth gallon cans, 1} pounds each; pint cans, 14 pounds each; standard or three-fourths cans, 
2 pounds each; one-fifth gallon cans, 24 pounds each; full-quart cans, 3 pounds each; half-gallon cans, 6 
pounds each; gallon cans, 12 pounds each. Shippers must mark exact number and kind of cans on case. 

Gross weight at time of shipment will apply when less than estimated weight shown. 

Oystersin paper cans without ice, charge on basis of gross weight. 

15 Carloads.—Minimum billing weight, 12,000 pounds on following basis: When in shell, actual weight; 
shucked oystersin carriers, estimate at 12 pounds per gallon; shucked oysters in naked cans without other 
peckine charge on basis of actual weight of oysters and containers. 

No charge will be made for transportation of chopped ice, not exceeding 3,000 pounds in weight, packed 
on top or around cans; nor, when refrigerator cars are used, will any charge be made for transportation of 
ice in the bunkers. The cost of all ice furnished by the express company must be paid by shipper or 
consignee. 

16 On less-than-carloads lots: Minimum charge, 38 cents per shipment. 

17 When in iced containers add 50 per cent to net weight of lobsters, unless actual gross weight at time of 
shipment isless. Net weight of lobsters must be marked on container. 

18 Applies on clams, oysters, scallops in shell only. 

19 Applies on live lobsters only. 

20 Applies on fish only. 

21 Applies on clams, oysters, scallops only. 

22 Nofreight rates found covering this movement on live lobsters. 

23 Applies on oysters only, in shell, in bags. se 

24 Applies on fish only ,in less-than-carload lots, to Los Angeles, Calif.) UF SoF 

25 Applies on fish only,in carload lots, to Los Angeles, Calif.; $83.16 additional per car for refrigeration. 
Minimum weight, 20,000 pounds on basis of net weight. é 

26 Applies on oysters and clamsin shell only, straight or mixed. 

27 Applies on oysters and clams in shell only. 

28 Applies on scallops in shell only. Me 

29 Applies on oysters, shucked, or oyster meats only. 

8 Applies on lobster meat only. 


FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS, BOSTON, MASS. "3 


FISH FROZEN IN 1922. 


The following table gives the number of pounds of each species of 
fish frozen in Boston for each month during 1922. 


Fish frozen in Boston, monthly, by species, 1922.' 


Species. January. March. April. May. June. July. 


Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. 


Bineasht (ah trade sizes s-8 set sel osc socal ae concen ooaa! pel aeseemsaale. dee ee peimes as coke 381 
Butterfish (all trade sizes) a raatieeccelsmoecnanee 129 22, 931 63, 999 
Ciscoes_ (including  bluefin, | 
aan , chub, lake herring, Lb ia " ae d 6 
CL 62) ia Se Re 25 Ee bo ee ee ee | Fie | 5,0 DOME] eee - 
Cod, haddock, pollock, hake....) 5,600 | 33,032 | 31,250 |.......... 4,265 | 11, 760 26, 915 
WIDURGEISE cee ene see e a a (2) (2) (*) (ci (2) 2) 17, 915 
Halibut (all trade sizes)........ 5,945 | 11,500] 33,550 | 46,025] 77,969] 83,102 | 187,381 
MG asd Hactaaksy 3, 800 | 13,260] 73,800] 36 17, 900 
wives and bluebacks).........|........-- Seclate tS eee 13, 260 3, 36, 529 ‘ 
PAO O cas: othe os 1a-tpelse eo de | sein at Fea Ss ga t=tstwra | towretaa ope 98 Sip iret peME < 665 
Mackerel (excepting Spanish) ..} 47,551 Oa AZ cone esicics 2,515 | 944,062 | 420,747 122, 533 
Pike perches and pike or pickerel (*) 2 (7) (*) (2) Qi |sa2eee 
preg pover and. (CUE See re 550 1,050 CoA Ree ee y 068 # 265 2 8 
Vos cafe a nate somalia | so siete a/e wall arm ain o,aje'— «1c Sala cincoiei era | 4, 000 8, 105 0, 126 3 
Scup (porgies)........2..s2.2. @) @) ey) ) @ | 21,900 
ae he BB We oe - 2-2 --25 22 2|:-ee ( ) wanese| fe ( : = ay | a ies ¢ :) = @ ‘s se 
e Sire eee tot ot tee 2 2 2 2 
Smelts, eulachon, etc........... 148,073 | 108, 844 8, 847 ey ad ea eee It 6 oe 
Squeteagues or i ‘sea trout’ ‘ere ete nee i TO Mess Nd aR saat ND PN Nh lin 202 aie Zz "378 245. nie EA 150 = 15, 725 
i] PR ee ee as cea oe A RO ee ois ce owe wien oe 202, ¢ 5 
Si: er and spoonbill cat. .... (2) 2) (2) om | 2) (2) ” 380 
GU NU S.2 5 eee ae eee Ae ce en ee re {at Stepalta'a| nian cteicin’ |e eee 
ENT. oo 5 oe a | 680 5,903 |..... ck 168,980 | 234,275] 170,195 
Miscellaneous fish.......-..-....- 57,823 | 115,763 75, 263 26, 838 87,610 | 263,241 302, 681 
Rotalices ene. Wet + . 265,542 | 299,094 | 203,028 | 306,957 1,755,358 |1, 206,676 | 1,014, 600 
Species. August es at October. N eee December.| Total. 
Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. 
Bluefish (all trade sizes)..-....- 241 3, 110 Iie GT eta SAE | ee ee 4, 851 
Butterfish (all trade sizes)... - . 15, 988 21, 840 1, 403 cA eee es 127, 260 
Cis case plugin, 
kfin, chu e herring 
So, a sey aie B 11, 875 8, 565 2, 200 Of eee 113, 586 
- Cod, haddock, pollock, hake. - 34, 702 40, 395 75, 108 55, 109 18, 254 336, 390 
Wipuuderss\. |-2 jase gos css. 18, 200 22, 400 FAIZ es Se as ee 66, 685 
taeent (all race ead eR 7,479 51,198 33, 832 248 64, 845 603, 074 
erring, sea (including ale 
mee ‘and bluebacks) - - -...- 28, 4385 180, ob 339, 465 51,615 25, 825 pe on 
LOU .< 2 =f he pe 33 RE Sew LOO Sree care singh | aetna | sine ce caaene 
Mackerel (excepting Spanish).| 186, 444 923, 124 262,053 | «22, 273 60,050 | 3,015,777 
Pike perches and pike or | 
Te aids en oe a 3, 682 25 | 900 160 5, 467 
Salmon, silver and fall........ 97,678 44, 109 134, 964 | 7, 223 2, 100 301, 420 
Salmon, all other.............. 21, 094 46, 163 LU SOOL fe ees ase ar ec ec mentae 182, 282 
eendehaivess obs. oO Nn aero et 66 | 29,456 
ands. TOG? S00 s. 25 RES Es cco = 5s 5 foe ie, ae i . a paeeers a Pee 
Shellfish.,...... 22, 02. 8, 693 18,621 7.021 | 25,927 8, 021 71 012 
Smelts, eulachon, etc..........|.....-..---- 1,115 3, 425 | 50 640 271, 570 
S uaerneues or ‘sea trout’’...|....----- or a nae 7 = weneeeels agao|trshapengs - - ie 
PAGE. . <= aici a Se PRR Ea « ole 8 3,770 2i,¢90° |... 680) \.. seamen 
Sturgeon, and spoonbill cat... Diet| gael Sig Saas ose 10 oS |e 54300" a 749 
RUGS 9.5 Nee NS as oe ae nia eaie niece ce ws sce eee 2 
NWA amen sk somieelhs SAE § 59, 095 40, 880 24, 415 17,433)|- ee Reo.” 7217 856 
Miscellaneous fish..........-.. 239, 454 227, 523 147, 133 | 17,027 2,725 1, 563, O81 
Potal....< : cue coe SER 4. 731,089 | 1,663,560 | 1,090,758 201,919 207,602 | 8, 946, 183 


1 These statistics are furnished by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, Department of Agriculture. 
+ Included with miscellaneous fish prior to July 15, 1922. 


14 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION DURING SEPTEMBER, 1922. 
BOSTON FISH. 


Massachusetts’ consumption of Boston fish exceeds 14 pounds 
per capita, more than five times the quantity used in Vermont, the 
State standing next as a per capita consumer of Boston fish. More- 
over, this 14 pounds of Massachusetts is thirty times greater than the 
average per capita consumption of the 29 other States receiving 
Boston fish. 

It is also evident that some States that, by reason of the heavy 
shipments received, seem to be great consumers of Boston fish are 
in reality relatively light users. Instances are that Vermont is found 
to hold only eleventh place in the quantity of Boston fish received, 
but is second in per capita consumption, whereas Rhode Island, 


which is third in importance as a market for Boston fish, rates eighth’ 


as a per capita consumer. Similarly, New Hampshire, sixth in 
amount received, is reduced to sixteenth place as a per capita user. 


Per capita consumption of fresh and frozen fish distributed through Boston during 
September, 1922. 


| 
| Suabuty. of # 
ym | fresh an : er capita 
Locality. frozen fish | Population. aanaeae ian 
shipped. 
Pounds. Number. | Pounds. 
Canadians: bentiscoiat 2h. PSR T a ee, 2 ROG Dee eee. 132, 433 17, 206, 643 0. 01838 
United States: : 
Massachusetts :saciceet 2023 ete en Pe ee 6, 023, 525 3, 852, 356 1. 5634 
Vesmnsont <4 -icsechte is EMILY 2, See ey 106, 979 352, 428 . 30355 
Connection tirya 8.75 p eee teeta ts cane ok ce be eee oes 400, 961 1, 380, 631 29041 
ING We MON cs et be Seeetae ht tie: Dapeees 2 Bn SS OR ees 2, 257, 697 10, 385, 227 . 21740 
Maine sei ls 2e gts. he RMAs fies Hehe 2 eae 117, 479 768, 014 - 15296 
Distriet' of Columbia... ceva $22. ee eet 47, 732 437, 571 - 10908 
Maryland:scet: accex cist. 22d acel Bi SOR Be Bee 144, 323 1, 449, 661 . 09956 
Bennsylvaniagctc.22 iS rk ee a 560, 551 8, 720, 017 - 06428 
Delawarenc 154! soc Soha IR ae A a eee eee 12, 955 223, 003 - 05809 
Thnoiss sen. Ase eee See ees Be ee ee eee 148, 258 6, 485, 280 02286 
Michipan oho dee. ce Stee on 25 54, 642 3, 668, 412 01490 
New Jersey.. 24.2.2 2! 44, 853 3, 155, 900 01421 
Gio: 15 seek sae 80, 379 5, 759, 394 . 01396 
Rhode Island......... 585, 002 604, 397 00968 
Wisconsin ..... or Sok 19, 124 2, 632, 067 00727 
New Hampshire...... 274, 258 443, 083 00619 
Missonrition, 2 aoeere 18, 038 3, 404, 005 . 00529 
West Virginia.......- 5, 463 1, 463, 701 . 00373 
Colorado: .- 2226402. IS 2,918 939, 629 - 00311 
Webraskaehisc i. s00.¢- Sais Uae Re ee YR ER 3, 233 1, 296, 372 - 00249 
Maireinio = 88 on SES eeG AL So (eR eae, ees ROR Oar 4, 923 2,309, 187 - 00213 
MNCS OG is 3.22 ces res Oi ae ee ee 3, 439 2, 387, 1 . 00144 
Worth Carolina: 22: 2b .ctd ae See es ee 3, 228 2, 559, 123 - 00126 
Pidiangitvens cus cert. SR occ Dees Oe oe 1, 748 2, 930, 390 . 00060 
Rouisians WA. ssh ambos eee eo. URE Ss 895 1, 798, 509 - 00050 
LOMB ia~ 3 3SAGS sie: eR TR A ee Ree 613 2, 404, 021 - 00025 
TQEMMESSEO tt kes ies 60 HE SRR Ree canes Co enone 545 2, 337, 885 - 00023 
South: Carolina «<< <st et so cscs eb antec ceo eee coe 365 1, 683, 662 . 00022 
Mlonidan:<Avce coi sete 8 ee ee ee 150 968, 470 - 00015 
AML othen States.2c2 3-4 006 eo Sark ea re ee ree eas 28, 911, 100. |se2ss es 
AD OGA) «5 fetes peels nincc/ss REL Cea eee BRR. OTR Sie 10, 924,476 | 105, 710,620 . 10334 
Grand, tétal 8.22. RR... ies Od. LR: 11, 056,709 | 112, 917, 263 . 09792 


1 Canadian census 1911. 


. 
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15 


FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS, BOSTON, MASS. 


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16 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


BOSTON LOBSTERS. 


Massachusetts consumes eight times more Boston lobsters per capita 
than does Connecticut, the second largest user, and thirty-eight times 
more than the average per capita consumption for the other 30 
States that receive lobsters from Boston. 

A conspicuous deduction from the succeeding table is that 
whereas New York and Pennsylvania occupy second and third places 
in the quantity of Boston lobsters received, their per capita con- 
sumption is fifth and sixth, respectively. Conversely, the District 
of Columbia and New Hampshire, which rate ninth and eleventh in 
receipts, stand high in the list of consumers, being third and fourth. 
Illinois, with receipts of 21,000 pounds of Boston lobsters, than which 
only three States receive more, is eleventh in per capita consumption 
and only one place above Delaware, which received only 590 pounds. 
Ohio stands even lower than Delaware, though Boston lobster ship- 
ments to the former were more than 5 tons, and to the latter only 
590 pounds. 

The market for Boston lobsters is more widely dispersed than that 
for any other Boston sea food, Denver, Colo., and Los Angeles, Calif., 
being among the western purchasers. 


Per capita consumption of lobsters distributed through Boston during September, 1922. 


Quantity of | hy cant 
ate nae : apita 
State. shipned 5 Population. |, onsumption. 
| 
Pounds. Number. Pound. 
MASSA CHER TIS = <(o1mcis els a7 ae ec ae ae eee eee ee 384,177 3, 852, 356 0. 09973 
COnBectiCHis Ss aases so\-iejo- anise Sse ee ARE E Sen: SEADOO ARATE 16,978 1,380,631 - 01230 
DiSMChiOMCOlOMIDIA So. e - 33-2 2 2 a eee Boni sre 5,175 437,571 - 01183 
INeweblamipsbire: - see. 4-2 saa sie 5 nose ese Seeger 3, 556 443, 083 - 00803 
In ey io 2 A) 5 ee ORS Se ee ee ae Ae eee eo ae NESS ~ee 80,629 10, 385, 227 . 00776 
Teterave tail 7 at: es Sorc oa ame aeeee anes at eS 53,023 | 8, 720, 017 . 00608 
WVeTILOM Dey. poten ba<tsiga: = 25 6 sia So els eee er 2,103 | 352, 428 - 00597 
MAT ATE Si Aa oo Se aw a tao a eee eee eee ae pa: Seed 6,557 1, 449, 661 - 00452 
INGWLURINGN reeieSas. 20s soceiaceb eee ~ scape esee asec cede See 11, 153 3, 155, 900 . 00353 
AIO ISEB ep 5h te 5 3 aw Rela ieee ee shoe eee ee a eal 21,326 6, 485, 280 - 00329 
IDE yeh ct ae eee - SROs See Oke ce ri Sat oacae 590 223, 003 - 00265 
(Dychs as St FOE eee ee tn nes Annee eames ee be Bocas 11, 239 5, 759, 394 - 00195 
COOMA Ore er oert seep cke keen oeeens eee Soe a eae 1,761 939,629 - 00187 
Minnesota.....:...------ oe Ae Sm aS Sk “ae 4,086 2,387,125 - 00171 
ING AS ae forse oe sins a hoo = oa tae aed oj nee aoe See oes ate 1,687 1,296, 372 - 00130 
NVASCOMS MPa noice setae, Soc Nae ee vs Benen ee ane 2,965 2,632, 067 - 00113 
MACH an ieee Pte wo 2a bose = Sacog ceerne Otte semis Bae cerns 8, 186 3,668, 412 . 00087 
Missouri satay cals... SR. GE aie TERE Jase ee eee os esac es 2,255 | 3, 404, 055 - 00066 
Whedbee ioe tetra enc: lo 8 sass Nees os ce weiss Shai seinen ae 250 449, 396 - 00056 
AWVIOSIR: VAUD SMBBTED 0c: 0 atc au'e oc hat ns goles sis See eke erate aseiale 793 1,463, 701 . 00054 
Kentucky.......-. See eS eee Seo Se AEN: Foe eae 807 2,416, 630 - 00033 
istob syct: | Ee ee eee eer et err sse eS oe eee 700 2,903,390 - 00024 
Maine. J.232.\.:. eee oes tel We. saat ee 86 768, 014 - 00011 
Wisataiscs (tet PP enh ee RAPS Ty Goon rorcente: Seeunoo= 260 2, 337, 885 _ - O001L 
AVL UN es es A ag 5 cis se wie ae =e a = oe eater ins 232 2,309, 187 . 00010 
North Caron. spews. ol cc odon co. b oe ene ase eee oe lee 203 2,559, 123 - 00008 
Califomianse: 40. Seo Se oi acts esc -- eee ees. Sense 200 3,426, 861 - 00006 
WAT o ier OAs Se pt ee Seine. eee Ae are SpereeoesL Se 90 2,348, 174 - 00004 
(GOOnSIO Ss Bee Meee eo onc Saeco =e eee ee anaes 126 2, 895, 832 . 00004 
ORJANOM SS. eat SF ot oan os a 3Se5 5s Sos eae ee eee ele 90 2, 028, 283 - 00004 
TOW coat eee oS ee =e cams LS See Rie atcha Soe 72 2,404, 021 . 00003 
AllOther STAGES 27 2 oe ogee oes <= on a. seas een e eee weal eae Serato aes 20, 400, O12 ne ears 
MOtALE. > Se Sete eR Aan ens cb eens se eee eens 616,355 | 105, 710,620 . 00583 
I 


BOSTON CLAMS. 


Boston clams are marketed in 15 States, Massachusetts taking 
almost five times more than the other 14 combined, which represents 
for Massachusetts a per capita disposal 1,800 per cent greater than 
the average for all other States receiving clams from Boston. 


FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS, BOSTON, Mass. 17 


It is instructive to observe that though receiving only 250 pounds, 
and hence ranking thirteenth as a quantity buyer, Delaware takes 
costes in per capita consumption of Boston clams over New York 

tate, which purchases nearly 7,000 pounds and ranks third as a 
quantity market. — 


Per capita consumption of clams distributed through Boston during September, 1922. 


Gross weight Po P . 
} pulation, | Per capita 
Locality. pat. 1921. | consumption. 
Pounds. | Number. | Pound. 
RMA acs oh sacle aniciatns Ses Saaie'ce cular aoe eee toa ce eee mate 1,024 | 17,206,643 0. 000142 
United States: Rite Salter. ules See 
Massachusetts 279, 456 3, 852, 356 . 072542 
Connecticut. . aie 30, 104 1,380,631 . 021805 
Vermont....... e 4,596 352, 428 - 013041 
New Hampshir : 4,438 443, 083 . 010016 
Maine. <.'..5.'. 4 1,961 768, 014 . 002553 
Delaware. A 250 223, 003 . 001121 
New York.. 6,867 10, 385, 227 . 000661 
Pennsylvan 4, 560 8,720, 017 000523 
Nebraska... ... 580 1, 296, 372 000447 
hihi pies oe i Dee eo Wy i ot ce 1,115 3, 668, 412 000304 
Ca GTS as i a Si ta EO Ay Se 1,750 6, 485, 280 000269 
PIG ea cioe icc ale Ser eS wa 22 2 Seta UTE ceases wes 1,475 5, 759, 394 000256 
BUT TG) EEN: Davis cote en a MT Ee ieee een SA AMEE A 133 604, 397 000220 
NEIRGOLIPE OS sek a 02th Rete tos kee oe abe be eee steeree ese 595 3,404, 055 . 000175 
DAETICEIOL COMM Ia: = ees eae ne he no tae nce eee 60 437, 571 - 000137 
MIMO PHEP STAD OSS ce seis eects eee ccm mie etaininia = ae 2 tial win'elnelanwinsis =iels | 57,930,380 |. .5.--.ce----- 
Gp al te hs oe hii ceot hada ee soe citeh soc a tuba tees cee oe & 337, 940 | 105,710, 620 . 003197 
Serer Sa sx: 2 5, ane RR WS AN 338, 964 | 112, 917, 263 003002 


1 Canadian census, 1911. 
BOSTON OYSTERS. 


Attention is directed to the fact that Massachusetts consumes 
exactly two-thirds of the entire quantity of oysters distributed from 
Boston, accomplishing this by a per capita use five times the amount 
of the average for the other 10 States that sent to Boston for supplies 
of this shellfish. The three States, New Hampshire, Maine, and 
Vermont, purchase 92 per cent of what oysters Boston does not sell 
in Massachusetts, and it is noticeable that all four States mentioned 
are closely comparable in per capita use and constitute a class unap- 
proached by any of the other purchasers of this Boston product. 


Per capita consumption of oysters distributed through Boston during September, 1922. 


Quantity of Per capita 
Locality. oysters Population. | consump- 
shipped. tion. 
Gallons. Number. Gallon. 

erent rose es eet ier nee, Pek 5S re anette } 114 17, 206, 643 0. 000016 
United States: r 2 = Te 
WISI Nees arr 4e. oe ee nae MALE ee, De eo 7,635 3, 852, 356 . 001982 
LG Te SEPT TE (SLVR eerie Rg ee eo es Ne 701 443, 083 - 001582 
EDR a ono A SR ar! gl AS Se a | 900 768, 014 . 001172 
VSPINION er a okt nk Pe Ee ee. oo: 335 352, 428 . 000951 
(Ciehele cine Sa eS oe DR ne ay el 81 1, 380, 631 . 000059 
DE Gas” 32 ee ee a 5 Oe 192 10, 385, 227 . 000018 
Leas eel Sia 2 5 epee mean ae Spay ar ater ee ee H 8 604, 397 . 000013 

IN fijy nd 06) BYE 1 7), eR Ey ed 6 645, 730 - 000009 
IPGIB DT Rie er ne tea tee Pn aeete i. 2! = == 56 8, 720, 017 . 000006 
(GR me eee | Ce ements "5 nth aeR hile al ees 30 5, 759, 394 - 000005 
TG W MOUS Ue en te ae eres eee cee ae 10 3, 155, 900 . 000003 

BUENA AT SET by Be i egies a Ae Meh Sl eet at eae 
FE et ee ee ee Soo nsf oeahtns wince sie 9,954 | 105, 710, 620 . 000014 
CUATiCiOieen ee a ee Sete pee nee ent cce enna 10,068 112,917,263 -000089 


1 Canadian census, 191i. 


18 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


BOSTON SCALLOPS. 


During September, 1922, 478 gallons of scallops were received by 
wholesale dealers in Boston, of which 81 per cent were consumed 
in Massachusetts. , 


WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE. 
POPULATION OF BOSTON, 1920. 


The population of Boston, Mass., according to the 1920 census, was 
as follows: 


Native white: 


Native parentage.) Miue - tessa ccm’: aaisceke. ese asenee’ ae eee 181, 811 
Foreign parentage. '. (Ys... Seine ee coats te wot wee canis ote eee 238, 241 
Mixed pareniacess) 200. < 2. £2 Ose Res SES UGE DS eens PS dpe, ag: 71,514 
Total. S35 2200).. 4 SOR Mo os hates ced ans op Hee eta oe ee ee 491, 566 
Foreign-born white: | 
Canadianis 2! G2. [PBT . 20 (ei i gO A 42, 008 
Binelishl. 2). ots eb ie cine 2 od a oe eee re ae es: Ee ee 12, 408 
Uva Fe] 0 Tea oe PO 9 8 SREY ORs oy SNS PRCT SOE Dj ay A Ra AEE Po). 57, O11 
Mtailian | 23S MPL eects nanan cece eee Ou ean 38,179 - 
PUUSSIAT gk oe ees Te eer ee hs MENTS ee RES 2 et oe te eee 38, 021 
WANT OLD GING SAT EON. 3 AO NE as ie oy elas ene mealeig eae oo ee 51, 292 
Total, ET AEL | KORINE |, lavas syrcnesissespys ee RAT ae he 238, 919 
oe 4) bearer ryan rene beer reir ke ae impiety 16, 350 
AL other (onentals; etC.)- 5.5.2.0 Soe eee ee 1, 225 
Total population... \-.- ~¢- a5, fa=-)208ces of e ao Been oes ee 748, 060 
The membership in religious bodies in Boston, Mass., according to 
the 1920 census, was as follows: 
Roman Catholiidi(. ich .05 SG 2200. SOS RAV FOI DE ER 294, 914 
Jewish congregations. 24 12.514. 4e4--ieic .gedit. a2. >. sae 17, 975 
All-other? 4-45 «en adeas el cerateras-t peer ee ct aes eee ee a eee 78, 609 
Toial membership! 1 44 920d. SABO ONL A ROR. Sa 391, 498 


SPECIES OF FISH HANDLED. 
TRADE NAMES. 


To avoid applying more than one name to certain species of fish in 
the following discussion of local trade, the appended list is included 
as a guide to readers. 


Standard and local names of species of fish sold, Boston, Mass. 


Name used in iepentiaiarnet Name used in Local name. 


table. table. 
Alewives...... Herring; alewives. Squeteagues...| Sea trout; squeteagues. 
Blue pike.....| Blue ne blues. Striped bass...| Rockfish; striped bass. 
Buffalo fish. ..| Buffalo carp; buffalo fish. Suckers. ...... Suckers; mullet. 
Cunners.....-. Sold skinned as perch. Tautog:. >>. -= Blackfish; eet 
PIES socemne-« Jack; pickerel; pike. Yellow perch. .| Yellow perch; lake perch; perch. 
Sea bass....-..- Gray bass; sea bass. Yellow pike...| Pike; yellow pike. 


Ke eee eee 


SS — ! 


FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS, BOSTON, Mass. 19 


IMPORTANT COMMERCIAL SPECIES. 


The sale of fresh and frozen Gener preuecs in Boston proper is 
made up in the main of cod, haddock, halibut, mackerel, swordfish, 
and lobsters. On the basis of quantity sale these six species con- 
stitute approximately 80 per cent of the total amount of all fresh 
and frozen fish sold in the city. In addition, a moderate demand 
exists for alewives, butterfish, carp, flounders, salmon, smelts, 
suckers, clams, crabs, and oysters. 


SPECIES IN MODERATE DEMAND. 


Some 54 species find a moderate demand in Boston. That these 
fishes are not consumed in greater quantity the dealers explain by 
the reasons shown in the following table: 


Species of fish for which there is a small sale, Boston, Mass. 


Species. Reasons given for small sale, and other notes. 

TEASER Se ae A ee Popular, but price considered high. 

Biue mike. <2 23.2 geno sseqseeeee Popular among Jewish people. 

ASQUWUOS san dneceas cases ....-| Bought chiefly by Italians. 

Paialo sshi sss. 2 535. see Bought chiefly by Jewish people. 

iriver Se: a ae aa Supply limited; popular with Greek people. 

Catfish (fresh water)..........- Unpopular. 

Catfish (salt water).....-...-.-. Popular with Italians. 

ST cS eee - ee Popular, but supply limited. 

Piseoesee ct ..1 seid... dosh. .€ Popular with Jewish people. 

COTE Re «tee ee = aoe Supply limited. 

Oy7 5 ge SS OR hs PE RE Unpopular. 

IG) 2 Oke ee ee Limited demand exists among all classes. 

ROPE ert eee eas Soe mcs Unpopular fresh; largely slack salted; sometimes substituted for cod and 
haddock when prices are high. 

Hickory Shad: esp 2. 202) 5- 52 Unpopular. 

Horse mackerel.........-..--.. Popular fresh among Italians; also canned as tuna. 

isis Herre ope ae Popular with Jewish people. 

JV SF 0 | ey ee a A Popular in hotels and first-class restaurants; supply limited, demand 
increasing. 

Perens whitd-) 5 :'7.5-. 2. \5-.5- Supply limited; popular with Chinese and Jewish people. 

Perch; yellow. 2223) 2.1tth sc : 0. 

Perch, yellow (fresh water) .-..| Bought chiefly by Jewish people. 

Pike‘ompickerel: -(: .2s= 4. 2.2 Popular, but supply limited. 

Pike, yellow....- m fee Se 53, Used chiefly by Jewish people. 

Pouoeke -§ Soe. 354. 2222.2 oS ee 

PiipanolliesALS Ate tris Supply limited and price considered high; demand decreasing. 

ed snappers. =. 23.2 te2he2 ects Used chiefly by restaurants and foreign people. 

FIBGEIDASS eed -o25-che Ye ee Popular with Jewish and Greek people. 

Saugeers. bebe rtjce ese. Bapenwar: 

SGU passe ks Bo-keek Stas es ae Popular in season. 

Sed basse tee sa PEEL 20) Sted Popular, but supply limited. 

Sade. Ps RL oka ae Popular in season. 

ROCKS) fe oak ta 357 As Ree Bought chiefly by Italians. 

Sheepshead (fresh water)... ..- Unpopular except among Jewish people; demand decreasing. 

Sheepshead (salt water)..-.-... Supply limited. 

Sposa SPE) oo. | OSES Unpopular except with a few Italians. 

Squeteagues or ‘‘sea trout’’....| Used chiefly by hotels and restaurants; supply limited. 

SIE (0 Eee a re ee Few used by Italians; used chiefly for bait. 

Striped hassi.2clvsccn-s-- <2 - 42 Very popular, but price considered too high. 

SORLPRUN saeco see rte tae eel e Popular, but supply limited. 

Suckers (salt water).--......-- Unpopular. 

Suckers (fresh water) --...-...- Used pestly By, Jewish people. 

Suinfish*+ hho iste sie eee Supply limited. 

Poutog ou; ssase -oaeep-asars Unpopular; demand decreasing. 

SRMGHSHN IS 52o 0 tae co teehee Do. 

(omega 100... - east a Do. : 

VHELO MASS.) sues on 4F4- 5-28 Popular, but supply limited. 

Wihitehsi! +22 2/52 222s22.-28 Popular with Jewish people. 

WARN fee cose. -=-* -----m- Popular with Italians. 

SENG 922) Se ee Supply limited. 

IMuSselSiee) So 9. 32n3= ett eb ie Unpopular; used mostly for Bait. 

Gockips ee). Aish. Do. 

"Wrainklows. S83. 2) 202 a2 lon. < Do. : ; 

Shrimp ico foo 5223 s-3fas44, Demand increasing; used as substitute for lobsters. 


Tongues, cheeks, and sounds. -| Chiefly salted; fresh, demand limited to certain classes. 
WOROPS 8th. S54ScR EL Sta. 935 - Supply limited; price considered high. 


20 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


TRADE IN WESTERN HALIBUT AND SALMON. 


The extent of Boston’s trade in western halibut and salmon is 
shown in the appended table of carload arrivals of these fishes during 
the year ending September 30, 1922. During this period Boston 
received 169 cars of halibut and salmon, of which 78 were of halibut, 
654 of salmon, and 24 of mixed halibut and salmon. In addition to 
rail arrivals, there were 2,990 boxes of salmon and 852 boxes of 
halibut received from the Pacific coast on March 8 by steamer. 


Carload arrivals of halibut and salmon at Boston during year ended September 30, 1922. 


Month. | Carloads. Month. Carloads. 
1921 1922—Continued. 
WELODSD ae tse eee ee eer Bee | 1G || AvP < Sones So: oe ae sec eae 7 
November! 2... 0. sasnd... nasi sh = ees | 21 May fico: sath AY Rs ete A wetieee 11 
Decem beraen ses fe eeea aie sere ieee 20\(9|| NENG ssc e saeoce as oueeaees ace 15 
UY op ecuncin et ae eae ee 11} 
1922 ATIC USE~ 2 one asec nee eae eee eee 15 
JaNUALY oui.<- eoduce sodId- fetes Sies Ieee 13 September... ...---).- 22.52.05. sees 204 
MeDEUAR aerate me oe sainas mantener 84 
bet St eee a9 SERS ASI 18 Potala Senet oe Ste ee 169 


1 Does not include 2,990 boxes frozen salmon, 542 boxes frozen halibut, and 310 boxes salmon received from 
Pacific coast by vessel on March 8. 


WHOLESALERS’ SUGGESTIONS ON MARKET EXPANSION. 


Emphasis has previously been laid upon the fact that Boston’s 
catch can quickly be increased 100 per cent, provided the product 
can be sold. Therefore, the enlargement of the present marketing 
area, together with increasing consumption in districts already 
buying, is the issue wherein lies the future of Boston’s development 
as a fishing port. For this reason a personal canvass was made of 
all wholesale fish dealers, and their opinions were solicited as how 
best to increase the sale of their product in markets outside of Boston. 
The principal recommendations were as follows: (1) Reduction of 
express rates and improvement of service; (2) granting of special 
commodity rates on fish in car lots; (3) organized advertising; and 
(4) better handling methods and Federal inspection. 

Agreement is prevalent that express rates are unreasonably exces- 
sive, while unreliable service rendered is the cause of universal com- 

laint. Dealers are also emphatic in their denunciation of the present 
ack of definite delivery schedules, which they declare must be 
established and adhered to by transportation agencies. They assert, 
in addition, that special commodity rates are needed on car lots, such 
shipments to be labeled “Fish,” and rushed as a perishable food. 
As a means of procuring cheaper express rates and commodity tariffs 
the wholesalers suggest anita action by all local fish dealers in con- 
junction with trade and Federal organizations, that these issues may 
be forced to the attention of the Interstate Commerce Commission 
and remedied. Members of the trade express hope that by concerted 
action at points of destination consignees may be able to compel some 
concessions in the matter of definite delivery schedules. 

A majority opinion exists that the thorough prosecution of a well- 
devised advertising campaign would prove very profitable. The war- 
time propaganda distributed by the United States Bureau of Fish- 
eries is considered by many as having brought satisfactory results 


FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS, BOSTON, MASS. 21 


both in increasing the sale of their product and in introducing it into 
new territory. Some wholesalers, however, consider that the most 
successful advertising scheme yet devised was that used by the Boston 
wholesale fish dealers’ combine, which selected prospective marketing 
areas, sent representatives into these territories, and then supplied 
them with car lots of fish at a very low cost. By this method the pub- 
lic at distant points was given the opportunity of trying Boston fish 
at a fraction a the price that retailers in remote markets would have to 
obtain to cover overhead and the hazard of handling fish little known 
to the public. Certain of the larger dealers suggest that the numerous 
small companies now operating on the Fish Pier be organized into a 
few large combinations for the conduct of a more profitable business 
and the carrying out of an extensive advertising campaign through 
coordinated efforts. 

Several firms urge a more conscientious adherence to principles con- 
ducive to better quality and service on the Boston Fish Pier by dealers 
themselves and advocate Federal supervision of landing and handling 
methods similar to present-day meat inspection. The combined 
recommendation of the trade to the Government, they believe, would 
doubtless inaugurate this work. 

One wholesaler suggests the publication by the Government of di- 
rections for the proper dressing and cutting of fish, saying that im- 
proper methods of performing this work is the rule among retail 
merchants. 


RETAILERS’ SUGGESTIONS ON MARKET EXPANSION. 


Individual interviews were obtained with all retail merchants han- 
dling fish every day in the week and constructive criticism asked as to 
how retail sales in Boston might be increased. Out of 163 firms 
called upon, 92 had no suggestions to offer, expressing themselves as 
of the opinion that poor prospect exists for increasing sales since 
Boston’s fish-consuming population is largely Catholic and rarely 
oe fish on any day other than Friday. The plans proposed 

y the remaining dealers are designed in general to work toward two 
well-defined improvements, ae bettering of quality and exten- 
sion of effort in fish advertising. . 

Dealers who consider that the business can best be benefited by an 
improvement in the quality of fish sold are of united opinion that at 
present the trade suffers greatly from a bad practice among one-day 
dealers. Cart peddlers, grocers, and other tradesmen who handle 
fish only on Friday have the practice of holding over unsold quanti- 
ties until Monday, when, because these venders have no proper cold- 
storage facilities, purchasers receive a decidedly inferior product, 
causing the public to form the opinion that Friday is the only day in 
the week when good fish can be had. As a remedy, dealers urge the 
enforcement of legislation requiring cart peddlers and other lax 
venders to observe the same rules for storage and cleanliness now re- 
quired of keepers of fish stores, that the public may not be prejudiced 
against marine foods by the unsightly spectacle of the modern ped- 

er’s cart. In this connection it is significant that the dealers han- 
one the best quality obtainable state that they sell practically as 
much fish on one day as another and that fluctuations in price produce 
no discernible effect on sales. 


22 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


As an index of the demand that it is expected would develop, were 
quality improved, attention is directed to the fact that shore haddock, 
landed only a few hours after being caught, enjoys an eager demand 
at twice the price of offshore toad dacks the retailers arriving in 
numbers as early as 4.30 in the morning in order to obtain these fish. 
Several dealers believe that what is most needed is shorter offshore 
trips, so that the catch will be landed in better condition, and com- 
bined with this they advocate State inspection at piers where fish 
are landed as assurance of quality. 

A large number of retail dealers advocate that fish cookery demon- 
stration work be inaugurated in Boston to acquaint housewives with 
the best ways of preparing, cooking, and serving fish. Repeated 
suggestions were also made by these same dealers that various other 
advertising mediums should be employed in conjunction with fish 
cookery demonstrations. The common recognition that more atten- 
tion should be given to increased fish publicity finds expression in 
varied propositions for attaining this end, among which is the use of 
attractive road signs, street-car ads, window placards, the distribu- 
bution of cooking recipes, and the regular use of newspaper space. 

It is insisted that more attention must be directed toward improve- 
ment in methods of dressing and cutting fish. Specific recommenda- 
tions are that fins be entirely cut out of the fish, since, in cooking, 
these impart a taint to the flesh; that fish be scrupulously cleaned of 
gurry, as otherwise this waste penetrates and pollutes the ice used 
in cooling and produces an objectionable odor; that reckless filleting 
be stopped, so that the choice flesh of the fish lying next the backbone 
will no longer be lost. 

RETAIL DISPLAY. 


Of the 171 dealers retailing fresh fish each day in tne week, 145 
exhibited their product and 26 kept their supply in ice chests that 
were entirely closed except for the occasional instance of a glass 
cover. Of those who exhibited, 33 made both window and interior 
displays, 86 used window displays only, and 26 displayed their fish 
solely within the shops. Of the 119 establishments using window 
displays, 41 showed the fish on porcelain plates placed on tile, 16 
arranged the fish on tile surfaces, 35 had metal-topped tables, 12 
used wooden equipment, 7 placed porcelain pans on metal tables, 5 
used only pans, and 8 set the fish on wood. Of the 59 firms having 
interior displays, 24 exhibited the fish in enameled ware ranged upon 
tile counters, 9 on tile tables, 12 on metal-topped tables, 6 in pans 
alone, 4 in pans on metal, 2 in pans on wood, and 2 on wood. Garnish- 
ments of lettuce leaves, parsley, radishes, or other greens were present 
in 12 houses, and 48 protected their displays with ane covers. 


BOSTON ORDINANCES GOVERNING SALE OF FISH. 


CuArTER 40, Section 1. Noperson * * * shall have in his possession, with intent 
to sell, fish of any kind, except flounders, smelts, and other small fish, salmon, and 
shad, until the same have been cleaned of their entrails and other refuse parts, or fish 
of any kind unless they are kept in covered stalls or fish-boxes or covered carts, which 
shall be clean and in good order and well secured from the rays of the sun. 

Sze, 119; Par. 1. All drip or overflow pipes shall be extended to some place in open 
sight, and in no case shall any such pipe be connected directly with the drain pipe. 
No waste pipe from a refrigerator or other receptacle in which provisions are stored 
shall be connected directly with a drain or other waste pipe. 


FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS, BOSTON, MASS. 23 


DIRECTORY OF BOSTON DEALERS IN FRESH SEA FOOD. 


In Boston there are 108 firms conducting a wholesale business in 
fresh and frozen fishery products. Fresh fish are handled by 87 of 
these establishments, frozen fish by 85, oysters by 66, other shellfish 
by 81, salted fish by 59, smoked fish by 61, canned fish by 10, fresh- 
water fish by 3, poultry by 2, and meats by 2. 

Retail dealers handling fish every day in the week number 171, 
of whom 170 handle fresh fish, 134 frozen fish, 138 oysters, 136 other 
shellfish, 141 salted fish, 145 smoked fish, 89 canned fish, 32 fresh- 
water fish, 36 poultry, 38 meats, 60 vegetables, 33 groceries, and 


7 delicacies. 
Directory of Boston dealers in fresh sea food. 


[The following are the symbols in table: C=Commission; J=Jobber; P= Producer.] 


Fish handled. | bee 
| 
| g 
Dealers. ne a 
DB uet= = Pad ed i) 
w a) . 4 = a 
ealdlzisizislzl4ai8ia| & 
21S /Bie/slelgiei2i3al & 
Ble /Ol/OlAlalSiaglals D 
WHOLESALE ONLY. | 
| | 
AgamsCGm. oo HISH PiIGn. 5: sactccececlo ane DE HLS ocr elec dae aele oe A Oe df 
Arnold & Windsor Co., 14 Fish Pier......-..... a alle eae ol |e oe SOD Alef THe 
Atlantic Crab Meat Co., 71 Commercial Wharf...|....).... RA (SS OF al ee ie F 
Atlantic Fish Co., 132 Atlantic Ave.............- > ial | Ch ess es (ee 2B Fo a |g | J. 
Atlantic Halibut Co., 28 Fish Pier............... SENG Icecie| toe [oes a eoe eee ia ae JVC: 
Atlantie & Pacific Fish Co., 21 Fish Pier........ HOS Lox nosy (uke a] ANE SEE B ie 
Atias Mise Cow g0" Wish Pier: .. 2225-2 52.20) eel. SET OG NOG, LOX OX. [Ge seer if 
Atwoodude Co. 31 Wish) Pler-.2$_ 5) 2222242520) oo. 32 8 ae Ne Sa Ue SEE ee a ee C. 
Atwood Co., D., 246 Northern Ave..........-.---|....|..-. SC et eA : tig 
Atwood Co., H. O., 252 Northern Ave............ jee iba Sy OIE: ace Aer (ee die 
igkspeNUG 1 Wish Pier! .\\....-..-22- 120.5... x1TxX1xk1x ees a 
Bakery Al:, 47 Camimercial Wharf.-..: 4.2.52 2.4|2.2-|-.--}.-5- eS ae a |e or ee & 
Baker, Boies & Watson, 36 Fish Pier............. D, aa | 0 fi. 8 ea A MERE ie a) ae JZCPEs 
Batchelder & Snyder, 47-63 Blackstone St........ 1a fue aa ail] tea a a ea a a J. 
Bayanish) (Co: 8 His’ Piers: asa. cs cbc feo) se OOK Enea le ApS A) 
Bay State Fishing Co., 30 Fish Pier.............- ESS [eee Lae ete Meets ee ke 
Bay State Lobster Co., 272 Northern Ave. .......|....!..../...- SFC) ae Haeh yt 28 we 
Best etishiCos,15) Fish ‘Pier. 32. 1-55.50. 2.56.2 25. b Coll |, Gel lip, Soa ln D2 A Jk 
Booth Fisheries Co., 33 Fish Pier................ DEP Se LEON SCE Ne | ie i tis 
BostensHish) Co.,18) Wish’ Pier?) $oo2 015.37 5225 22. <ileex ent Oe OM aes SIS Ce PACS) en Jee 
Burns & McKeon, 32 Fish Pier.................. SS KEIO 1) ESE TR a2 Ria Cis 
Bussalacchi Bros., 262 Northern Ave............- SORT ILS | imssntas| ee tha ae RHF IL OBIE] ae dee RS 
Bussalacchi, T. & J., 270 Northern Ave.........- Peat OKA IES es oo ee ra Fe 8) 2 Re, Je 
Cape Fish Co., 22 SWIShy (Pier. See a a od ios ok Soe Ml IX OK, [oO EE eB sje Eee a 
Cefalu, Joseph, 144 Atlantic Ave.................. XOX US lek oe ee eee sae A us 
Coieman, Son Co., 38 Fish Pier................-.. KP KT SSeS, | See se eee Ve 
Colonial Fisheries (Ltd.), 19 Administration Bidg.}| X | 1.02.) 0.). 00.) G, J. 
Consolidated Lobster Co., 280 Northern Ave.....|....|..../..-.| X? [GR ool te ios = J. 
Consolidated Wier Co., 3i Fish Pier............. S| Se SEES aaa (4, sels s Pea 
Corse & Cannizzo, 112 Atlantic Ave. ............. XIEX? [Ee eslaaet hele LACE ue 
Cox, John G., 274 Northern Ave........-.....----|.... lees 2a sel hol eeeele. Beiee ae : J. 
Crocker & Windsor, 10 Administration Building...) x | x |x |}x|ix|x |x [oeee ee Je Ge 
Delahoyde Bros., 118 Atlantic Ave..............- MET TK PG Nes eal as i Je 
Dench & Hardy, 25 Administration Bldg...... | ap eal Sait I ee 8 Va S| [ee Leh eae i, Cs 
itch; Warren. Go.,04 Wish ‘Piens! .52) 2.222253. MK KK eK ate ee aes 
Freeman & Cobb Co.,31 Fish Pier. ............. Sale Gm |beokl Cane ser le eemlle -| fis 
Fulham & Herbert, 12 Fish Pier.................. KIO | SOK EK xe TGs 
Gardner, J. N., 9 Administration Bldg............ | ot SR eres SS fe eae ia pa: C. 
Globe Fish Co., 134-Atlantic Ave. .............-.- SX X | SHS EDS e sy a 
Gloucester Fresh Fish Co., 19 Fish Pier. ........ xX |xX |X |x | Meret (Be nile es Te 
Goodspeed Co., L. B., 25 Wish ‘Pier; ......-....| EK | ose IX ee Te 
Green, Louis Ce Administration Bldg........... 4 all al ES a eel igeael Boe C. 
Haley, Austin, 10 Long Wharf. .................- SIE. |S 1 OC |e Ne 24 ane C. 
Hamilton Co., R. S., 17 Administration Bldg... xIxXIXIX | SealbDdsWosup lk El. cachet LG. 
Hammond Co., J. W.,15 Northern Ave..........|....|....].... 2 ral | (a Sy ae nell Le 
Harding, F. E., 16 Fish Pier.......:......200.- al lee al AC SEY SO ea Reason Mena) eee Js 


1 Crab meat only. 2 Lobsters only. 


24. U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


Directory of Boston dealers in fresh sea food—Continued. 


: Other 
Fish handled. goods. 
ca 
Dealers. Z a 
= £ 
| : -| 8 a 
. nm a e bo} Le} = mb Lt 
=| = D 7 ‘s . (2) 
gqgiaols]/H#isi[el] gs =| a 2 
2/S|e/SlS|Sl8/Zl2l8] = 
Blel/OlOl/s|alSl(Hlalsal a 
WHOLESALE ONLY—Ccontinued. 
Hasking Fish Co., 26 Fish Pier........ zs Vall cia 4a 4 ls Soa. ee 
Healy & Lyon, 6 Administration Bldg. Bel W@W (e. l > ftea fe el eee EEE 
Henry & Close, 20 Fish Pier...........:.-......-- 1 SSSA orl Koll ce wcll Coot ek Soc Se Te 
Higgins Co., R. R., 254 Northern Ave............ lecefec nuts XS | atuiees<eeceiac acl: see =e eaaee J 
Higgins Co., R. R., 144 Atlantic Ave..........--..| scott male Capa] SS aon el een "fs 
unt &.Co;,.C., U7 Mish Pierss4-. 2552 -e. eee MK Nees <S2 See ea ee ae ee ae Ez Cas 
Ingalls Co., George M., 5 Fish Pier................ SONS I SGal SG ise de Sc alec lace eae el ie 
Interstate Fish Corporation, 8 Administration 
BIg» an nn enn ssn see sceescce seen ease Xi) Xap X Xi leeeel cts | Sac eee Boe for a Ay: 
Johnson & Young, 73 Commercial Wharf. .-..-.... Set eleoaleses XS [ee oelee eee aoe lees be a 
Kelley Co., R. M., 12 Administration Bldg... .-.-. SESE DK IA a See ee ee Sut Ca 
Lewis & Co., A. J., 96 Commerce St.......-.-..-- SOT Se TSM SC Se Se Ie res ee Co a aa Hie 
Malone, E. she 195 AtlanticiAver 22. beets. sosen 4a ats (tee PRA DK i 'o2 Shae oN eee aerate Be C. 
Mantia & Sons, John, 268 Northern Ave.......-.- PAN eS 1p Pee lee Sal Gopeleade ese elt ome cose Bete J. 
Mantia & Co., S., 124 Atlantic Ave...-......--..-- SP eal kee [Call tree atl clace lsc ee Eke qe 
Massachusetts Lobster Co., 150 Northern Ave.....|....|....|---- SCE ele eee ae bz ee ye 
McGinn Lobster Co., H., 278 Northern Ave....... B= ieee a ee eee (eres fee Se : A I 
McLoon & Co., A. C., 250 Northern Ave. ........-|.2..]....].--- 2 NE ee ees ah iT 
Nagle Co., John, 3 Administration Bldg.......... Kal dah Kal ede HOS sl eyes fees eee chars wards C. 
National Fish Co., 126 Atlantic Ave............-. Sol gia flame ee Raita ae ee RR olor 
Neal|Co.,, John R.,/ 80) Pish ier-2- 34.634) 4. ase KUED, [heals ce EE PS aa ene ee ee Ag 
New England Fish Co., 44 Fish Pier... -......... lea Oca FRR a eid aR Ver ES < PA Mui h 
Obrien é& Couk., 34. Pishier 22203: ease -5 ee SO peak een] SSeS ae A SEE Te Bhs din 
Ocean Fish Corporation, 6 Fish Pier.........-..-- bn (Ob ie, (IS ede le) eal funn gh Ed ae ois ne Ais 
O'Hara Bros:, 22)Mish Piers <n es onc eepanmesa De | faa Gel Sou) BP seal iaes Wt ee nce eae bettaels 
O’ Hara &iCo., |B. d.;, 13. Mish Pier... 2/2 ..gsgene sae e SESE Din eal in SE NE FM NS Rie Sea Bie J. 
Parker Fish Co., 140 Atlantic Ave..-..........--- a ea ean Cae POL ie eet i) TRIAL obit 
Phillips & Co.;B: 3., 22 Wish Piers \. 32.2952 - SS fede Ih DS TCE BRE ee ae eee eee sie 
Pier Fish Co., 130 Atlantic Ave..........-.-.----- Seth Sete: | edhe she eS aa eee tee 
Prime Fish Co., 138 Atlantic Ave..........-.----- Me Kh ele See oe Ee HE a ps oe 
Prior & Mahoney, 24 Administration Bldg.....-..- Kall 9 lessee 28 yl bd 4h seers A oe ee Cc. 
Prior Co., P. H., 29 Fish Pier..............-.----- eal ica eral eran hoa bce Had ee Le 5G), bat 
Putnam & Son, Henry, 278 Northern Ave...-.-.--|...-|.... PEI od erred Ste Cie ee Brel Ae 
Rich:&Co.,,A+8.;:2; ish Piers 2. ..cbSeecse<e-e- Kell Me See alee So 7 ee ee eee Janke 
Rich (Co., B. A\. 4 Wish Pier {3.5.3.1 oo. dak koe pm Baa eras rae ee sak aes be 
RichiCo;. vA.) Wish Pietss. decree socdeme ote ea Re eb ial Sal ico ad peed PAL (hl Hie 
Rich & Co., John W., 4 Administration Bldg..... Sul SG oceans Sch ols ee Se See Cc. 
Rich, Joseph A., 11 Administration Bldg........- SES SEA SON SC Le eo ee eee Cc. 
Russo & Sons, 126 Atlantic Ave................-- Mle 30) SPATS an es a See ae 
Shattuck & Jones, 154 Atlantic Ave.............- Swill Cl Rae ie Rad aca ae ioe Hes i 
Shore Fish'Co,; 37 WishiPier) 722.422. Soe ck 2ee S|! SCHap EAP DR | «Oe Nee ee eee nen ne 
Smith & Son, Jay C., 42 Lewis Wharf.........---|...-|__..]...- Pn a eee Pyotr erie eee Smee etre 
Snow & Parker, 41-Wisht Piers. 2 slo) 5.20.2 e oe Ve dal (ges Du PE eae i la A PS ah pa were (pie crea eae 
Standard Fish Co., 146 Atlantic Ave............-- ra Ee pene Pee ag dis Eo pag Res Fa é 
Star Fish Co., 22 Fish Pier...........2-20s0s00-- ae om rae Rata pa het bi NE a on 
Story & Simmons Co., 10 Fish Pier............-.. De [a> oat lee tel (> al ate a acs ae Ig ory 5 fe 
Stubbs, J. A., 244 Northern Ave......-2---2.-.---(o.-.Jo... ae ee Geet eee See see ae aoe he J. 
T Wharf Fish Co., 152 Atlantic Ave...-.........- SOLE SCe Ee HSE LS SC hae SSR Sea cae eae A 
Taylor & Mayo, 3 Fish Pier.............---.----- a8 Ved diel (keel Abs @R Las 1 Pet ISEB met Ze A 
Thorndike & Hix Lobster Co., 260 Northern Ave...|....|....|-.-- Dal Nese ha bse re ese ther Se Hy 
Union Lobster Co., 60 Eastern Ave............--.|.---}.... SE |e seit (eee) Rae (es 
Whitman, Ward, & Lee Co.,9 Fish Pier........-. KV TX TX VSS: hs 
Wright & Willis, 258 Northern Ave..........--.-.|.---].... pe E No eR Deed Bahan heey te ot rary J. 
Young & Co., J. A., 79 Commercial Wharf........|...-|.... sf ee atl et ioe ed |i Ae ipa A 
Zizzo, F. & L., 116. Atlantic Ave. .......5.--5.--*- De ee Rt aPas een ROSE | ac armen eae Pe! shay é be 
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL. | 
Atwood, Simeon, 66 Beach St.....-...-.......-.- Dam Fi Ge ies Sad Wenn Sp Pac erp sc Be IR Gel le ea pe att bas 
Foley, Mike,'3 Friend Sts. S252. 0. s.ccwassssee- 5 aN. 4a bal Soe Stl le Se Ri se eos b ell ert 
Johnson, F. H., 114 Faneuil Hall Market......... x1X| Xx |X] xX] XK] X I---- lee ee] e ee 
Johnson, Marshall, & Son, 26 Faneuil Hall Square -| x | X | X | X | X | X | X |----|----|---- 
Litehfield, H.S.,105 Summer St............-...- SOUT EOS) Se Nn osc Mal sare aimrecita 
Previor, P. P., 30.Spring St.5.. 20250. ctodbes. c- Dal i. al ners esac, ei ae ael cane bat x 
Prior & Townsend, 127 Faneuil Hall............-.. Dad a4 Vel (> <p asl bam ced ib al be ny te ah TAL 
Rich & Matthews, 115 Faneuil Hall..............-. Ded Py San be oS Lae PP sel ez Ge Real CE A ects ee 


2 Lobsters only. 


FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS, BOSTON, MASS. 25 


Directory of Boston dealers in fresh sea food—Continued. 


Fish handled. 


Dealers. 


RETAIL ONLY. 


x 
Xx 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
Avenue Fish Market, 1121 Bluehill Ave........ x 
Baket, T. D., 769 Washington St.............. x 
Barber, W. A., 44 Paris Sti.2 Si i252. 5... x 
Barons Fish Market, 1080 Bluehill Ave. .....-. x 
Barry Greves Co., 10 Roxbury St.........-..-. x 
IBassetini Ie OOS prMmeistys! 22k 2002.2 S.i eee x 
Bayside Fish Market, 1090 Dorchester Ave... .| 
Beak & McGlauflin, 169 Warren St.--..-...-..- x 
Bearse, Horace K., 323 Centre St.............. x 
Belgrade Fish Market, 182 Belgrade Ave. .....| X 
Bello, Louis, 1058 Bluehill Ave...........---.. x 
Bennington Fish Market, 100 Bennington St...| x 
Bentley, R. L., 1657 Bluehill Ave............-- x 
Berenson, B., 311 Bluehill Ave... .::2:.....:2: x 
Berger Fish Market, 95 Erie St.............-.- x 
Berry, L. W., 1141 Columbus Ave.........--.. x 
x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

Xx 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

Xx 

x 

x 

x 

x 

Xx 

x 

x 


Blake & Gillispi, 1897 Dorchester Ave. .....-... 
Bromberger, Nathaniel, 334 Tremont St.-...... 
Broudy, 4.074 Harvard Ave. = ).4225 220.300 
Brown, C. H., 1516 Dorchester Ave-.........-.. 
Brow, Hienry E.,'23 Oak St: 2c. 242-42. -.2: 
Branswick;.R...59 Salem Sto. 2.2- = --2.242-.-5- 
Busalacchi Bros., 308 Harrison St-.........-... 
Calven, E.C., 1985 Washington St............. 
Cann. R. Cha? | Canal Sys chk Se ee eS 
CannizZo, B.; 168 North St_-2 2-2. 2. 2.4.25 3s 2: 
Carey, E. F., 310 Dorchester Ave.-............. 
Cashman, M. J., 99 Chelsea St......-.....-...- 
Catalanotti & Son, 164 North St............... 


p 
. A., 2716 Washington St........... 
Crosby, T,, 97 Main St-2-1.2--. 22... 2c.:scsesn, 


q 
Dolan’s Cash Market, 1627 Bluehill Ave... .... 
Dolbeare Market, 759 Dudley St............... 
Dorr, Arthur, 133 Canal St..................... 
Doerr, Arthur, 2 North St2....1.0.2...5..-4:.- 
Dorr, Arthur, 587 Washington St.............. 
Dorr, Arthur, 380 Hancock Sti... 22 ...2...-3 
Eagle Fish Market, 249 Dudley St............. 
Hicorn Fish Market, 163 Warren St............ 
Eli, Ernest, 1135 Bluehill Ave................. 


Baber; J. ..'<3 Loo exeaoton Shows she: es 
Fandrey, J 


x! xxx! XD XX&KE XK KKK 


| Frozen. 


xx XXXKXKKKKKXKKKKI KE! 


XX KKK KKK KKK KKK 


1 XKKKXKKKXK! K X:! 


B P 
oO ~ 
Pia RoE : Pg fe 
im [eae | a ea Lats 
$\g2)2/4 2 42 
bik a = 
65 |$\8lae 
pa yd doa Om bee 
Set Ks te Se |e cepts 
SSC PSE hoe ee ae 
pal od oN (A cle 
KEXP PRY TES 
x|xXItx |x] Xi. 
Sed de Adee x Se ets 
SSO be aches Se ee 
pee RON eo ake EO ite 
KX Px Tox hoe te HE 
pa aa a | aa > ok Ge 
x|x|x1x 
x1x lx 1x 
x|x|x1x 
x|xI|xIx 
x|xI1x |x 
x|x|x1x 
x|x]x 
Xx|xX]X]...- 
x|x]|x1x 
x|x|xlx 
x|x|x |x 
x|x|xlxX 
x|x|xlx 
BS eee) Sc acc) Goa 
x -15¢1 KX 
aa ae, 
x+XEX+X 
x|x|x]x 
Xl [3 ER 
Se [ence te ie 
x|xlxTx 
Kb Kb 
ie Oe ee 
abana. 
K bx | KAR 
He lr tens s x 
xlxlx|x 
a a 
x|x|xlx 
Xx|xI|xIlx 
x|x|x |x 
x1x1|x]x 
xl|xIlxlx 
x|x|x]x 
Ke | KK OT 
Ke 1 de Lede me 
KK POETS 
SB deleee x |x 
x|xtx |x eet 
xl|x|x1x 
Soe oo a oes oe 
x|xXI1x|x 2a 
xI1x|x |x aus 
x|x}|x|x 
x|xI|x|x 
x 14 ep ie 
x|xX1x]x 
xIlx}]x |x Te 
xI1x|x]x Dee 
ee ee a ol ee a 
X | 3¢-} SCP SHEE 
x |b eed ce: 
ae aap. sat 
> Sad aes Gall bay cul ya 


Other goods. 


PA a 
- o 
. al n 
Or js 
Eee cay | ear Wha Sie 
ee Een ep ee eee 
2 8 to | 5 Ia 
fe) o}ea {2 
Alal/r1o iA 


x 


B Bra eee 
3 33E)'3 worl 


We ie 1 Se eee 
ip EEE 
PAUSE Aye [Leese 


C0) beet law, 
dchfexe| set pees 
BE PK tia 
La Ess i gfe 
me ee ere 


eed eed ee 


cove os % (bestleae 


26 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


Directory of Boston dealers in fresh sea food—Continued. 


Fish handled. Other goods. 
| - | re ee: 
Dealers. | g ~! S| 8 2 
. wv |ad| . ~ = 18 
a/8|3 sal 3/2/§ $18 28 
£1/2\82 |3la| | » |S Is 
BIEIOIOC lalalS >|o la 
RETAIL ONLY—Continued. | 
Gallant, M., 326 Harrison St..... mite aera Fiataforee ae  <ebex Ke Oe Se cleat: ole eel ee 
Garabedion, Al., 289 Main St.................- 1 ESOT ES aH BSC SOA SANESC bl Read ee 
Gloucester Fish Ship, 66 Dundee St..-......... | X |----|] X |X |x |x| x X | X j---- 
Goldberg, M., 1384 Dorchester Ave. .........-- Nese < >| (Eh 2 So Pe Geel b> Sr | (ED Si Bote 
Goldblatt; 5539 Spring Stossel ae yee ee ce oe |, Xs) <lelcial stew a] rome lee cl eee ol ete 3 = fle all Ok all eee a hea 
Goldstein} 85.271 Bluehill Ave. ic eas 2 er oe) OO |G He peels X, eX2352| Klasned kcal ae ecee ieee 
Goldstein, Hi. M-;37 Salem St. .../.22.....5..- | Daa DX Be se] ~ | K| Gl  ae rera ret ee aa 
Goldstein, M. M., 357 Bluehill Ave. ........... |! Xuil aiioyall fe oa o= = =| lale aie | Staeral mys te | pM | econce ans eee eee el eee 
Goldstein, St, 65 Salem St: oe. <u. 4 92-2 06 ol DG sec eee |e el Mo ale ah hn eee eee Keane 
Gorewitz, L., 1118 Bluehill Ave................ | Xt sel Ge a eees | oecal areal agers So. See eer 
Gove & Mollins, 156 Federal St-.........-....- es Sr ee Se P.M >, a IG > (ee Ror ee) et A a! 
Guiffre & Son, 147 North St..................- 1.2 BSE Eben Bebo Beaa bes) Bsee|See ase ee sci cae) osr soci = 
Hart, James, 24 Hyde Park Ave..............- ly OP lesa he.6 1102-< [yo | |B 8 ison 
Helfand) Harry, 47,Salem\St-2 2. o. 02 csceeee oe aS Oi b> 4a oe | (es [aA es ual etl Secreel eee 
Henderson Fish Market, 755 Centre St.......-.- eh > <> GTi Ln ab Wo re AR |S ol) = | 
Hogan; D.J2, 1577 Tremont St--.......b.e<-. St Xt Oa RV DR OR SK eral ye este | eee ee 
Hore vH.. Pr. 266 Brend St 2.628 2. jaa ee oc. eS ea Vie > Gael Ue Gael Vp Qn We Pp, Gp Fe ela EE a) tbe oo 
Hutchison, Ww. K., 284 Massachusetts Ave...-. OX A at PX aL S| OR | oN ere areas 3 Gel lle > Gal 2 
Hyde Park Fish Market, 1282 Hyde Park Ave.| x | xX | X | X |X 1]X |X |----| X | X ]-.--|----]---- 
Hyde Park Public Market, 1260 Hyde Park Ave.| x | X | X | X | X | X | X |----] K |X |----|:---|--0- 
Eseuiberg, F528 Spring St) 2:2). bs. 285..ee >6a| fe eal ee secel XX [ae elt Seal ace eee aemere iia cane 
Jackson, G. D., 64 Anderson St...........----- Kem ce] OX 1 Ne] OO OK eee ale oceans oer ane 
Johnson, S. C., 632 Tremont St. ............-.. > Sa a> (>, Gal ed Lime in |e Rg Ph lees rma) et “aes 
Kane, H. T. & J. E., 96 Staniford St-.........- top he al OY Roe ee en ee 
Kearlsbere, Mic, 78)Hrie' Sb oho. sos ek Sea e bec Je 5 | BSG) alae 5 ane lise telesales oa beatae [Ses 
Kent Fish Market, 3116 Washington St......-. | Koh GK OS Re ae eee | eee ere 
King Fish. Market,\113-B Warren: Sti, <---5-)-5.| 6) | | KK RA anes crete ee ee te 
Lalley’s Fish Market, 69-A L Strect........... KL | PT SN I ae ae Baa 
Lenane, J. J., 41 Dearborn St....0.....:----.-.- Po > Iino > at Nin ULL gf dee Pe ah eft» p< Mada 
Leonard Bros., 1096 Boylston St..........-...- PIS ae |b OX HI Na teal poke laos x Epps 
Longfellow, H. W.,6 Franklin St............-- b Sel eS ORT Te Kel teeal ae 
Lynn Bros., 1342 Bluehill Ave.............---- > ay amend Up all Me ul Vn a lm <p Uh ante fe Les 
Mahoney, D., 1846 Dorchester Ave..-... eee ae | Xt Paros || tL pool! eX | Xa |X > Oe BIA lari 
Marden, G. F., 315 Washington Sts. 25 b=. 252 > Sed ES (>, Gel MOP al Im Vk) [Par sys Pepa Pet fee ae 
Maywood Fish Market, 367 Warren St.......-.. |X| M1 K | KL KY KK | K peat cea ol terete ate 
McDonald’s Fish Market, 383 Centre St........ I a >, 0) Fe ad > al Ge | Ol [er (Peete tage be |p pad 
McFarland, J., 358 Bowdoin St.........-.....- 1 Xl Xa] alo | ean Seale tate 
Mendel’s Fish Market, 1062 Bluehill Ave.....-) & |..../..-.|----].... Mi sese XN cenees 
Mickleson; St. 2254. att Foe, fone ceSec te wes, ae i BXonloeeclseaalseee s4 » ae ae 
Milton Fish Market, 2261 Dorchester Ave...... Ke De] EK RK DR] Ses He sre aoe era lee 
Mohican Market, 96 Washington St........--.. 1 Xe Sa PS Sa CE To ae 
Mohican Market, 2152 Washington St........-- 38 aX ex TS 1 Xa | ec Xl atic 
Mohican Market, 423 Broadway...-..--..--..-. rl Dal S| Nal onl ke leeks Pe Rae ins 
Morgan’s Fish Market, Eagleston Square. ....- Gate <4 Gal I> > Gn Ga aa ee Perel bee es ayia 
Mortis; J.,:3020' Centre, Ste 6222. oes wet woe So Soa] Ok | RU Saal SR SS She Se ot ee ee 
Morse, D. J., 179 Shawmut Ave...............-. DK SSR ae Oe OX bie co metscal ate = eres es ee 
Nahant Fish Market, 152 Summer St........-.. p< Me» fd (RED al Wis > Gon (ote eta [Ma fa ese im Sm se 
Nally, Marshall, 181 Green St...........-......- D4 ie Si) a it ia Vein Fy ¢94 et emer ear Pee (Ef) 
National Butchers, 537 Columbia Road........ Suit alercuall DK I BR 8] SC aa esac eral ee s . 
National Butchers, 187 Harvard St..........-.- SOA sata] OG OK OK SR See akan ene 
Newton Street Fish Market, 189 West Newton | 
iis sae Mabie ets sine tis ete taiaie ue Bettas ie at Pacer OR oh ote I I Ga > aa > A) > | eh eR be bee ee Py (gee 
Norfolk Cash Market, 130 Norfolk St........... Dat OSE OKT ORT SK tT eaten ate eee x| x | x 
Ober, J. 1., 73 Salem St.....<.2..2:.- fps Ma dete oe Kodi Sud c&. [ernie] OS oI) OSS sneha akate’ses beeseie fe Alterra. ae eae 
Ocean Fish Market, 352 Washington St.........| x |x |xXIx|x|x|x me re 
Paine & Kiddig, 34 Charles St........-........ DOA Aoienll DK OX a] OX 8 OX Ml at tte] see ete cee 
Perezza, J., 174 North St ok RASS SoU Ay aaa ee ob oy pS ce ee IF Reet) plese Pons ee rd Aeie aaa 
Perry’s Fish Market, 667 Broadway............ | Xa OX | ONE seen oes arp ne 2 
Prescott’s Market, 19 Poplar St................ SCT PGA a DK ATS PX galls ater a. ohare Lc ts pe 
Previor, Charles, 307-A. Bluehill Ave..... Jl SG Ea pcs) Farm ale cel’: we ol bas ell OX cals al meres camels Seeman 
Previor, Frank, 1106 Bluebill Ave..... Kedhse'si|staec|s='oe|oo se] eee tnlermsain PBA alent 
Ralph Bros., 23 Massachusetts Ave.... Ka lard |X 1 SK) Ce ae XI os 
Rawson Fish Market, 171 Summer St.. ell Xd] DS TOK | Kena poh series bo = 
Reenfield Cash Market, 1707 Dorchester Ave Kell aisos| PX | Ok | OK Wel ek el alone 
Rhodes Bros., 170 Massachusetts Ave...... Xl DS OX | OK] S| ON] OS Sl hie ee 
Riverside Fish Market, 7 South Huntington 
WA Ose aoa ga solemn Neue Fw pleras Gow cateids esp at Modliard net PS DR Oe ts seer NE Ls ants |g case liepete pet alee es betta nti 
Rosenberg, J., 142 Humboldt Ave.............| * | X |.---|---- | Syd SotSincoc 
Rugg & Litchfield, 108 Blackstone St 5 A (ae AN We a> Wr A Slt aryl) th HB Ey oan Ae 
Sardina, J., 121 North St..............- Sad] Kadi ob Me tesa eee a outa koe coeslenee[eces 
Savage, E. L., 2344 Bunker Hill St............ x | ab Nall a i Gal 0) is rs re Re ee 
Shattuck & Jones, 128 Faneuil Hall Market..... Kod Kh DOK SSR SS eee aliaine cfints ein] nies | etetefe ictal 


FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS, BOSTON, MASS. yar 


Directory of Boston dealers in fresh sea food—Continued. 


Fish handled. | Other goods. 
| by | 5 | ie z 
Dealers. ig ’ 3 5 2h laste 
;|/2 40] .|/PldlEs) P| .| 8/8 leg 
4|§|3 g4/2/4 | 8 |e4/4 | 2] 2] 8 2 
2\cif¢e a led oe $ 15/8/82) le 
Hl/HI/OO |jnaninios |e |/air|o A 
RETAIL ONLY—continued. 
Sherman, Isaac, 1152 Bluehill Ave............- SCM SazIB eS alleecd| boadbens See lea ieailetsiore Pe alloeerol eos 
Silva, F., 1999 Washington 8t...........-.-.--- Da OE | eC OeN e N EOCE minkelallicteteie (tee ll eivcie| lola stall eicwal| eraisie 
Snapp, H., 290 Main St.....-.... ey er nee eal eens Pawel lee Do heal eee Ne a 
Stodder, ref eorge F., 174 Friend St.............- SESS NBS <a a | cea cols 2 Pe (ie ee eel Ie ee 
Strong, C..J.,65 Bunker Hill'St---....-.-.....- Sp TESS ah Sade aE Se BOK ME ionll cei else. Mle Seclssee 
Sullivan, C., 1059 Dorchester Ave.......-.-.--- Dae, Sallie at ia >a [- Sece acl) alee 
Sullivan Fish Market, 144-A South St........-. ATI Mees | Eel] | eterer | erase rarer ora neue | ae see 
Sweet, A., 227 Bowdoin St............ See odean Pea DG Ose Oe ot kal cecil bees lbcodl Gegaliod cc mode 
Tabrisky, D., 372 Bluehill Ave.........-....-.- al 255e bass Baae Bans sane > Sl RSA eee Bp. <a nose le see 
Transfer Market, OS Harvard St -2 Bess sane Ser pau lS || IES [OSL Oe Sees R EX, Te kell Ue eens 
United Butchers, 587 Columbus Ave........-..- ig fads Seal mh lab, Gal Sa) Me Sal [Sea In al la) (el eSalinec 
Uphams Corner Market, Uphams Corner...... > Ean al loa ba [ee Ae all SAUCES 1 SS alee 
Vargus, Joseph, 633-A Bennington St..... MK oe OK Se enemies Shoe 8 a bist 
Vizzers, E., 1502-A Dorchester Ave......... S| SP Sasa PN. S | DG Dy <e e : seal seers 
Wade, R. 1.., 1353 Washington St.....-.... 2... 5 ie al rcob eae Sy Ieee ced eee eae ee oe 
Weinstein & Son, J., 160 Washington St........ Filta | Nf | Me ee lors cll Sn ciate onnere >a <a 6 Sec 
Welch, Mike, 54 Charles St...-.....-.-.-.----- Katee =| om Ow NS, HOw oe ela otal ein mine's | l=inin faim @1= sao 
Weshnow, J., 1184 Bluehill Ave...............- AO G>< 8 8 ons eae eee |e xe xe loa0sllsdae asset tener 
Wood, D..G.5 113 Green St.--.....-... svaiencog xX |----] KX |X| XK] XK] XK |.-l eee -feee- Soes|Soc¢ ee 
Woods, J. H., 955 Dorchester Ave....-.....--- i aul |e ales ler a fall oie tated reine! eicti= Ol Raneilsco 
Young, T. E., 105 Dorchester Ave..........-..- SS Se SCAN SSS SOS WS G65) 656) |bads|bedo)so5¢ | aes 


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— Seaerany _ 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922. 


REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF FISH CULTURE FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 1922.7 
By Guten C. LEAcH, Assistant in Charge of Fish Culture. 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Lie SE 70 | TCG) i V7 2 a are ew ee eA WE ESE ee ee IT EET YS 3 

Value of fishes, of minor interior..waters:_-3+ = +2. <5 t= 4 
Cooperation with States, other Federal agencies, and foreign govern- 

PECUEL EY SIE a ea ee eS Ss ae Sees ae 5 

Sentiment in’ favor of fish protection=2—— 3: a+ ee 6 

Part 1.—FISH PRODUCTION: PROPAGATION AND BESCUE WORK_~~~~-~-~~~~- G/ 

apiiar Summaries of operations: = +7. 2-3 2, 22 Se Tf 

Species. of fishes: nan dled 5. 222.2 on ee q 

OA EEE CE Beam ERI 5 cee Se ER ae ND SNe Dee eee ee 8 

ES TC OUICL UOT Sa ee ee srs Fa Fe Se Fe te Rt 9 

J SSS LTR UI ae 2 ee ee ee eee 10 

Stations and substations and output of each_____-_____________ 12 

Heg-collecting or auxiliary stations. ...___~— —._+—--2-2+ = 16 

Transters of, eves between stations=22- =. 22. 2 tf ae 18 

Rishi -ftood wsed ab hatcheries. =< Wo ss A ek ee ee 19 

EB TCheiry HNB-Cillina  NOLOSs -— = ee EE ete 21 

New method of presenting food to trout fry and fingerlings_____ 21 

ise “meaSuremen (ga foe ee ee be ee 22 

ERA GC HIN ys CRS TIN Srey Co ey ee he yeh 

Methods of. planting eyed: efes=2 55.25 2s spi ef 23 

PAG CLEINE EG UZ gO Ni a Se ee ee etn BF ee NE 23 

Wonimercialh Hanes. = ee pe, ee SD 24 

PACING eSAIMONS @ = ee a ae eh hee sce 24 

Afornak, (Alaska )= statlom= 2-232 4 te ee 25 

¥es, Bay, (Alaska) ostation 2-241 2-2 pes ee 26 

Baker Lake (Wash.) station and substations_______________ Pig 

Baker Lake OWash:): station ;:. 2 -ts) oan ty eee 27 

Birdsview | .4Wasb.). substation=_ ot. 2b. seat 28 

Duckabush.. (Wash.) ;substationwn2-.' Fase!) 29 

Brinnon. (Wasb.),Ssubstation.-3440 a1 t Sec 29 

Quilcene;(Wash:). substation »< 2 2775s. t tt 380 

Sultan (Wash.) isubstation# 270 =Si-bo ate 30 

Quinault (Wash:.) substation|==.— 27 3W 4 bya = 31 

Clackamas (Oreg.) station and substations______-____-____ 34 

Clackamas: (Oreg.). Stationsty-15 2.4% 6) eet 84 

Upper Clackamas (Oreg:) substation_________--___-___ 35 

Little White Salmon (Wash.) substation______________ 35 

Big White Salmon (Wash.) substation___--_____-_____ 36 

Rogue River (Oreg.) substation___--__________________ 36 

Applegate Creek (Oreg.) substation-___-_______________ 37 

Sandy River (Oreg.) substation-___-_________________ 38 

Salmon’ (Idaho) -substation= 22.3525 fee ete ast 38 

Washougal River (Wash.) substation__-_______________ 39 

Baird (Calif.) station and substations_____-_____-_________ 39 


1 Appendix XVII to the Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1922. B. F. 
Doe. No. 9 
: 1 


. 


2 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


‘Part 1—FIsH prRopUCTION: PROPAGATION AND RESCUE worK—Continued. 


Commercial fishes—Continued. Page. 
Great Lakes fishes:])_.- +. =. = eee eee 40 
Duluth (Minn.) station. 2-2) eee 41 
Northville. (Mich.) station and substations________________ 41 
Northville. OWi¢ch:). station. = 3 41 
Charlevoix (Mich.) substation__.--_-_-----__-______-_- 42 
Alpena (Mich: ). substation: =2. ===) ee eee 42 
Bay: ;City:.( Mich.) «substations. 2. s<4:se-) see s5 ee 43 
Putin Bay (Ohio): station==—222 2224 eee 43 
Cape Vincent (N: Y..)station- = ee 44 
Swanton ( Vt.) stbstation 223 Eee 46 
Bryans, Point (Md.). sukstation......-..-<5 = 34 43S 46 
Considerations concerning work of Great Lakes stations___ 46 
Mortality in’ pike-nerchiesss: ==.) = eee 46 

Proper methods of taking, fertilizing, and caring for 
eges of whitefish-andreiseos. 5-2 = = ee 47 
Buffalo fish, Atchafalaya (lua:)) substation==——==) === 48 
Marine - fishes:—---<-- =s-- 2-22 tet ee ee 49 
Boothbay-Harbor -(Me-) *statitni2U On | 49 
Gioticester “UMads})" Station 2.2 2 eee 50 
Woods- Hole -(Mass;:)~station:<---22=2s2 ===> ===> 51 
Notes concerning lobster propagation__--_-___--_______--___ 53 
Anadromous fishes of Atlantic rivershes ss 42 - VUle ees e ~ 53 
Shad, Bryans~ Point —(Md:) -substation.2 =) 20 eee ee 53 
Shad and river herrings, Edenton (N. C.) station-__-_______ 54 
Striped bass, Weldon (N. C.) substation___.-.--—___-____- 55 
Atlantic and humpbacked salmons, Craig Brook (Me.) sta- uy 

tiOn==s=45 2 eee ne oe ee ee ee ee 
Rescue:of stranded focd* fishds: 23 SS. Siviite ss 57 
Fishes: of-minor:-interior-“waters-22 0 ee oe eee 58 
Rocky-Mountain-trout-stationse) 20 oa ae Sas eee 59 
Bozeman (Mont.) station and substations__________________ 59 
Bozeman-~‘(Mont:)--station-—-- Oa ee ee 59 
Meadow Creek (Mont.) substation ______-_____-_-_-_-__ 60 
Glacier National Park (Mont.) substation_________-___ 61 
Leadville (Colo.) station and substations_________________ 61 
Leadville--¢ Colo:)--station@2227 22 22 Bang 20 Eo? Lil 61 
Yellowstone National Park (Wyo.) substation__-____ fx 62 
Saratoga. (Wyo.)---station=~<=--+---22-2--- 02 To 62 
Spearfish (S: Dak.)-station=---<----=-----> = DOOM Dee 63 
Springville - (Utah): -station-20U 812 (AeA) ARUSOIS. = 64 
New England trout and salmon. stations________)_ 65 
Berkshire -(Mass:)‘station_a0lisse ( Dent) Oi TARO aoe 65 
Craig. Breok- -(Me:).-staitio#i#, (G20 ) Suvi Tanna os 66 
Green Lake (Me.) station and substation______-__________ 67 
Green Lake--(Meé:)/ Station L228 17) Uevoenooke fod 67 
Grand Lake Stream (Me.) substation______-__________ 68 
St. Johnsbury (Vt.) station and substations____-__________ 68 
St.-Johnsbury--C-V+.) (Statign U2 1 Uan vi) steals 69 
Holden. -(Vt.). substation. (Hah ff ). SLEROTID 70 
York. Pond (NH) ‘stbstatieni 1291) Bini eae? 70 
Nashua.-CN, -H.)-stationf#uif2_(.20T.)) SROIBAISE Fe (fil 
Combination trout and pond fish-cultural stations___-_________ 71 
Erwin -(TDenn!stationiat & ) cousins Suu sygnt Ss G2 
Manchester. (‘Ilowa)'' Station!) deanna suid vf aide 72 
Neosho..( Mo; )--stati6nu figure _t ROmks ) sy iek Bie 73 
White Sulphur Springs (W. Va.) station-__--__-------____ 74 
Wytheville-(Va.).-stutionGis_ 1.29790) Fovisk woeae 75 
Pond.-fish-cultural- stations 220522008. (O00 fs) Omi ies, 76 
Cold -Springs "(Gav Station2& 4.1 _387ie_ Seeuonek yn 76 
Edenton: (N.. C.). Stationiius bus _molues fie) oie rare 
Louisville—-(Ky.)-station——-_— = ====s=2===s-====== a 78 
Mammoth Spring» )(Ark:) stationd:22-secsd_ sd) 2b Ue he 78 
Orangeburg: (S: C5) stations222 =. oe ee 2 of 80 
San- Mareos’ (Tex:) ‘stations 222-2 = Se a eee 80 
Tupelo ((Miss.) ‘Station=__-2 2s ee sz 82 


Central station and aquarium, Washington, D. C___-__-_------------ 82 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922. 8 


Page. 

Part 2:— DISTRIBUTION OF EISH AND ®ISH BEGGS... =. 2 3 
Tanwar SUMMATICS GL* CIStrnpUtrOmna tas 2708 a SPOUT NE ETA Se 84 
Distmbutiony to: alle appiGamies a= ea eS 84 
Assignments to State and Territorial fish commissions____-____~ 88 
Distribution methods: and equipment_—-—_=__-+-+~-~-~-_-+_~---_~--- 89 
improvements to fisheries €ar.wo,. 9. 89 
Use of galvanized vessels in transporting live fish_______-__--- 89 
Wew method of shipping live fish without ice or attendant_____ 90 
Experiments with different cans__-__-_~-+---------------- 90 
Practical sapplicadl ons se 52 es ee Si 

New equipment for use in shipping live fish_____-__-_--__-__-_- 92 
PEST -CAN SOT Ca ULO ale eee eee een ee nee een ee ee ene 92 
Automatie siphon and improved tray for ice___-____------- 96 

Canvas jacket for 10-gallon can___--_--_---_+-+---~-------- 99 

Aero tstl y LON Ce 99 

"PSE ate BINS ATM 60 Pha) GPR 6 Se 2 a a ag oe A aS 8 oe ee ee 99 
Stocking interior waters of the United States_---_------------___- 101 
Species ‘distributed 2Usitist a es ee ees o 101 
Species: limited in assignment_-+—.+---~----+-++~~-=--+--+~-=--- 101 
Spiny-rayed fishes unsuited for trout and salmon waters___- 101 

Carp considered undesirable by many States_-__-----__-_- 101 
Ornamental fishes not’ distributed£, =e ee et 102 
Hescue LwOFK LY OT _ Bt agree tb apy ey cee ey rope eee 102 
Dangers from overstocking—.!—----==_!+ --_-_--=-+~-~_--+_--_. 102 
Methods; of inereasing fish supplys22 2 —-- =" ee ee 102 
PGIELELON. Ola Subeg Was Ss = ee ee ee ea 103 
MiSthod. Of CISELLD UL IOI mes oes SURE Ss ee 104 
Sinenot! allo tmMelits ia fs “ya's Tettinera oF rosy 2s ese 105 

Si zeott fibinect cl Sn Net ig Oe ee ee a oe 105 

Perio eO hss RUD Om 28 oF er eae ee Ue ee 106 

PNT eT GT oa Oly tN TURE oe ne ee Ee re ee 106 
Prantee “ot (Ts Ee Ee reli ie tes 107 
Cooperation with various agencies_-___-____------------------ 107 
UnitedoStates; Horest, Serviee.n (3. .-14 2 bf tL 107 
National: parks ee ee ee 107 
LEM PO a HG (aR mn ope cs <p oan IE Dae ar eh Se tew Tl oe 107 
Organizations and individuals__------------~-----------~- 108 

Fish protection _---------------------------~~---------~------ 109 
Restrictive fishing laws essentia]__-__-____--_------------- 109 
Mntorcement.OL tsheries, laws 2-232 es 109 
Extermination of predatory animals at bureau’s stations_-_ 110 

Results of stocking interior waters______----------~-----—_--_-—- 111 
Comparative results for certain periods____---------------- 111 
Detailedsresults-fom1916, and) LOW. 2. — bese 112 


‘INTRODUCTION. 


An interesting point in connection with the bureau’s fish-cultural 
activities, and one that augers well for future progress, is the in- 
telligent interest displayed by an ever-increasing number of persons. 
State officials, persons interested in the commercial fisheries, sports- 
men’s organizations, officials of the large railroad companies, and 
many individuals in all parts of the country watch the work with 
jealous interest, as is made manifest by their frequent comment upon 
it. Such comments are sometimes commendatory in character, or 
they may take the form of adverse criticism. In either case they 
are welcomed as being indicative of an awakening public sentiment 


4 U. & BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


and as a potent factor in stimulating those who aré éonnected with 
fish culture to continued and greater effort for the advancement of 
the work. 


VALUE OF FISHES OF MINOR INTERIOR WATERS. 


It has long been recognized that the commercial fisheries of the 
country have constituted one of our most valuable national assets, 
but it is only recently that the fishes of our minor interior waters 
have come to be considered by the general public as a resource of con- 
sequence. The wild life of both land and water is now very generally 
regarded as a great national asset, so much so that the so-called game 
birds and other land animals have within recent years been made 
the subject not only of Federal and State legislation but of interna- 
tional treaty as well. Though perhaps of equal importance, fish 
have not received the same attention, notwithstanding the fact that 
the Federal Government has long maintained fish-cultural stations 
at suitable points in various parts of the country. The monetary 
value of our commercial fisheries is known with some degree of 
accuracy from statistics that may be compiled without unusual dif- 
ficulty. On the other hand, the value of the fishes of inland waters 
that do not figure in a commercial sense must be based on estimate, 
owing to the difficulty encountered in securing accurate data. How- 
ever, enough is known to warrant the statement that the compila- 
tion of such data would present an imposing array of figures whose 
total would be surprisingly large. In support of this statement, the 
following estimates of the value of fish taken by anglers in three 
of the States bordering the Great Lakes are of interest. The figures 
are quoted from an address by the fish commissioner of Minnesota 
at Milwaukee, in March, 1922. The figures are intended to cover only 
the actual value of the fish taken by anglers and do not include any 
value the fish may have had as an incentive to travel, recreation, 
or indirect worth of any kind; nor do they include any estimate of © 
the amounts contributed by tourists and anglers to the volume of 
business of railways, hotels, outfitters, and others. It is assumed 
by the Bureau of Fisheries that the high value placed on this esti- 
mated catch is based on retail prices. 


Value of fish taken by anglers. 


State. Pounds. Value. 
Wisconsiny LOD ire wip itp iss <cinlafainis at ele S565 = dees p we sinne erg edn fnya ene ala ajnin oba's joe moose din oe qe $2, 125, 000 
Minnesota, LOD) 2 lec wee asselckee ot nae ene teams opciones wee eee TSR Lee 7,000,000 | — 3,000, 000 
Michigart, 19901 ifLiioll.5 02 Vise eeep a eye eee: Aye degen dtd a prepeyeee 2,850,000 | 1,275,000 


The States mentioned are in no wise exceptional in this respect, 
as the figures presented could be duplicated or even exceeded in 
other sections of the country. The American public is rapidly ac- 
quiring the habit of outing vacations by motor, with a consequent 
increase in the demand for good fishing in inland waters. To meet 
this demand, an extension either by the States or the Federal Gov- 
ernment of that branch of fish culture dealing with minor interior 
waters is imperative. Ever since practical fish culture was initiated 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES. 1922. 5 


by the Federal Government the commercial fishes ‘have received 
first consideration, and for many years more than 90 per cent of 
the output of the Federal hatcheries has consisted of such species 
as are prominent in the great commercial industry, and a large 
percentage of the funds available for fish culture has been devoted 
to this part of the work. The wisdom of this policy is not ques- 
tioned, and there are many opportunities for the continued extension 
of the bureau’s usefulness in this direction. Nevertheless, the time 
is at hand when the importance of maintaining the fish supply in 
our minor interior waters can not be overlooked, and any plans 
for the future extension of our fish-cultural activities must be com- 
prehensive enough to include them. 


COOPERATION WITH STATES, OTHER FEDERAL 
AGENCIES, AND FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS. 


Each year there is to be noted an increasing amount of work 
along fish-cultural lines accomplished in cooperation with the various 
States. It has long been the policy of the bureau to foster and en- 
courage such cooperation, and the results attained are gratifying. 
The fiscal year 1922 has found the bureau working in close harmony 
with 31 States that have thus far taken an active interest in prac- 
tical fish culture. Such cooperative work has been varied in its 
nature, involving in some instances joint operations at egg-collecting 
stations and frequent exchange of eggs of various species for the 
convenient distribution of the resulting fish.2 In other cases the 
bureau has loaned its distribution cars to enable the States quickly 
and economically to distribute the fish from their hatcheries, the 
State paying all transportation costs. In still other instances the 
bureau has been able to incubate in its hatcheries fish eggs pur- 
chased or otherwise acquired by States not operating hatcheries, 
the resulting fry or fingerlings being placed at the disposal of the 
State officers. 

It sometimes happens that the bureau is unable to honor appli- 
cations received, because it lacks funds for transporting fish to places 
remote from the points of production. Several States are now pay- 
ing transportation charges for the bureau’s cars to and from the 
point of production while engaged in distributing fish within their 
boundaries. In still another instance an agreement has been reached 
with the fishery authorities of a State whereby the State, as concerns 
the distribution of fish, has been divided into two parts. Under 
this agreement all applications for fish emanating north of the di- 
viding line are to be honored by the State, while those from the 
southern portion are to be taken care of by the bureau. In theory 
at least this arrangement should result in greater economy and ob- 
viate the present duplication of effort. 

It is desired to express special appreciation of the courtesies ex- 
tended by the States of Washington and Oregon, whereby several 
items of work in which the bureau was interested were carried to 


2A statement of the numbers and species of fish and fish eggs furnished to States and 
insular possessions of the United States during the fiscal year 1922 is contained on p. 84. 


6 U. §. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


a point that would have been quite unattainable without such as- 
sistance. The bureau is indebted to the State of Montana for its 
liberal assistance in stocking streams and lakes in the Glacier Na- 
tional Park, Yellowstone National Park, and other waters of that 
region; to the State of Michigan for supplying considerable num- 
bers of brook trout, rainbow trout, and grayling; and to the State 
of Maine for assistance rendered in connection with the landlocked 
salmon work in that State. 

The bureau is constantly extending its cooperative relations with 
other Federal agencies. Because of similar interests along certain 
lines, which are becoming more generally recognized each year, much 
practical cooperative work is being accomplished. In this connec- 
tion the bureau is indebted to officers of the United States Forest 
Service for the construction of trails in Alaska, for furnishing horses 
or other means of conveyance for the transportation of persons on 
trips of investigation, for the movement of supplies to field stations, 
and for carrying fish and fish eggs for stocking waters of our na- 
tional forests in the New England States and other parts of the 
country. Officers of the National Park Service have rendered simi- 
lar valuable assistance in the Glacier and Yellowstone National 
Parks and in the construction of a log hatchery on Fish Lake, near 
Soda Butte, on the latter reservation. The Reclamation Service has 
also been of assistance in furnishing transportation facilities in the 
movement of fish supplied for stocking waters within its control. 
Of particular interest and importance is the fact that these agencies 
have facilities for transporting fish to points that are not readily ac- 
cessible by the ordinary methods. 

The amicable fish-cultural relations that have heretofore existed 
between the bureau and the Canadian Government have been main- 
tained. Spawn takers employed by the bureau have continued to 
collect eggs of the whitefish and cisco in Canadian waters, and eggs 
of other species have been exchanged. Shipments of fish eggs have 
been made to other foreign governments also, all of which are listed 
in the table on page 88. 


SENTIMENT IN FAVOR OF FISH PROTECTION. 


In view of the active interest the bureau has taken in urging the 
adoption of adequate protective laws for the food fishes of the coun- 
try, it is a source of gratification to note a more active interest in 
this direction on the part of certain States. In the course of the year 
a number of the Southern States, which have heretofore paid little or 
no attention to the matter, have sought the aid and advice of the 
bureau in framing laws for fish protection or in connection with 
the establishment of hatcheries for the propagation of the fishes 
suited to their needs. Believing in the truth of the old saying, that 
“No law is stronger than the public sentiment behind it,” the bureau 
has adhered to a policy of urging on the attention of all persons 
applying for fish the desirability and urgent need for protective 
laws and a proper respect therefor. 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922. v4 


Part 1.—FISH PRODUCTION 5 PROPAGATION AND RESCUE 
W = 


TABULAR SUMMARIES OF OPERATIONS. 
SPECIES OF FISHES HANDLED. 


The work as conducted during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1922, 
involved 54 species of fish, as indicated in the accompanying list, 
each species listed being the subject either of artificial propagation 
cr rescue work: 

LIST OF SPECIES HANDLED, 


THE CATFISHES (SILURIDZ:) : 
Horned pout, bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus). 
Marbled catfish (Ameiurus nebulosus marmoratus). 
Mississippi catfish (Ameiurus lacustris). 
Spotted catfish, channel catfish (Jctalurus punctatus). 
Yellow catfish (Leptops olivaris). 

THE SUCKERS (CATOSTOMID2) : 
Mongrel buffalo fish (/ctiobus urus). 
Common buffalo fish (Jctiobus cyprinelia). 
Small-mouthed buffalo fish (Jctiobus bubalus). 

THE CARPS (CYPRINID2) : 
Asiatic carp (Cyprinus carpio). 

THE SHADS AND HERRINGS (CLUPEIDZ2) : 
Shad (Alosa sapidissima). 
Glut herring (Pomolobus estivalis). 
Skipjack (Pomolobus chrysochloris). 

THE SALMONS, TROUTS, WHITEFISHES, ETC. (SALMONID2) : 
Common whitefishes (Coregonus albus and C. clupeaformis), 
Cisco (chiefly Leucichthys artedi). 

Chinook salmon, king salmon, quinnat salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha). 
Chum salmon, dog salmon (Oncorhynchus keta). 
Humpbacked salmon, pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). 
Silver salmon, coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). 
Sockeye salmon, blueback salmon, redfish (Oncorhynchus nerka). 
Steelhead salmon (Salmo gairdneri). 
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). 
Landlocked salmon (Salmo sebago). 
Rainbow trout (Salmo shasta). 
Black-spotted trout, redthroat trout (Salo lewisi). 
Loch Leven trout (Salmo levenensis ). 
Lake treut, Mackinaw trout (Cristivomer namaycush). 
Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). 
THE GRAYLINGS (THYMALLID2) : 
Montana grayling (Thymallus montanus). 
THE SMELTS (OSMERID) : 
Smelt (Osmerus mordaz). 
THE PIKES (LUCIID2) : 
Little pickerel (Lucius vermiculatus). 
Common pickerel (Lucius lucius). 
THE MACKERELS (SCOMBRID) : 
Mackerel (Scomber scombrus). 

THE SUNFISHES, BLACK BASSES, AND CRAPPIES (CENTRARCHID2) : 
Crappies (Pomozis annularis and P. sparoides). 
Large-mouthed black bass (Micropterus salmoides). 
Small-mouthed black bass (Micropterus dolomieu). 

Rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris). 

Warmouth bass, goggle-eye (Chenobryttus gulosus). 
Bluegill sunfish (Lepomis pallidus). 

Common sunfish (Hupomotis gibbosus). 


8 U. §. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


THE PERCHES (PERCID) : 
Pike perch’ (Stizostedion vitreum). 
Yellow perch (Perca flavescens). 
THE SEA BASSES (SERRANID) : 
Striped bass, rockfish (loccus lineatus). 
White bass (Roccus chrysops). 
White perch (Morone americana). 
Sea bass (Centropristes striatus). 
THE PORGIES (SPARID2) : 
Scup, scuppaug (Stenotomus chrysops). 
THE DRUMS (SCIZNID) : ‘ 
Fresh-water drum, lake sheepshead (Aplodinotus grunniens). 
THE cops (GADIDZA): 
Cod (Gadus callarias). 
Haddock (Melanogrammus eglefinus). 
Pollock (Pollachius virens). 
THE FLOUNDER (PLEURONECTID) : 
Winter flounder, American flatfish (Pseudopleuronectes americanus). 
Pole flounder (Glyptocephalus cynoglossus). 


OUTPUT. 


The combined work of the fish-cultural stations and the rescue 
crews during the year resulted in a net output of 5,125,101,320 fish 
and fish eggs for distribution as compared with 4,962,489,405 for the 
year previous. Some points of interest to be noted in comparing the 
appended tables summarizing by species the net outputs for the fiscal 
years 1922 and 1921 are an increase in the fiscal year 1922 of approxi- 
mately 50 per cent in the output of fingerling fish and of about 3 per 
cent in the aggregate output, accomplished with a decrease of about 
6 per cent in operating costs. The cost per million of the fish and 
fish eggs produced during 1922 was $120.36 as against $128.06 per 
million for 1921. Of the total output for 1922 all but approximately 
35,000,000 may properly be classed as of direct commercial im- 
portance. 


Summary, by species, of net output of fish and fish eggs, fiscal years 1922 


and 1921, 
Species. ZezS. . yearlings, 
: a and adults. 
1922 
Cathish >: 22. Js: Serer ait icles ten dan he ceaeseee ouacan|poweecemenharnes 52, 137, 880 
Buffalo mish: 523. < 0s ccs tend gemeseeed 51, 000, 000 141, 247, 480 
CAND. doee cee seate nan cae cee caeet op cat ae eae eee 82, 050, 000 104, 056, 805 
Ghadsscsiceockt 243 63, 461, 200 63, 461, 200 
Glut herring... -.-- 82, 600, 000 |. 82, 600,000 
Whitefish.........- 306, 350, 000 |. 462, 592, 000 
Cisco. Stl ue ocean 47, 400, 000 |. 268, 090, 000 
Chinook salmon 1,311, 550 60, 481, 420 
Chum salmon. use guecct 545 se ee ae cae 1, 540, 000 15, 567, 610 
BHumpbacked salmonic.< jac 2's jens se gale cee de seni en ee 369, 860 1, 489, 260 
Silver'salmon..\.1/.5)2-¢Yesh aia see Soe eee eae ak 600, 000 11, 674, 940 
Steelhead salmon-.i....2....Jsshtemdeee 450, 000 20, 000 2, 498, 220 
sockeye salmolta 2... ete in oecepsee 150, 000 32, 600, 000 92, 272, 365 
‘Atlanticisalmon....2..... 2... 2S Pae S aa 1, 334, 000 1, 334, 180 
Landlocked salmon. ...--..------) sss: 115, 000 187, 230 398, 010 
Rainbow trout. ois 0. = 42ces wsecees see 21, 377, 840 410, 700 7, 228, 225 
Black-spotted trout... -..--- [os.<5-- =< 1, 097, 500 493, 400 2, 521, 900 
Loch Leven trout... ...2.22.. 0 sess PR IVS kn eke ton 56, 000 
hake Went tonsa. -o-0 lose ease 2, 796, 000 29, 359, 365 32, 368, 455 
Brogk tioliess-s6-- 5-2 eee tee eeese 255, 3, 019, 050 9, 991, 855 
Grayling «cos eenss s < oc'g dente cones ee este nema 250, 000 
SINGH 228 Semen hee n- want eome Honea sabe eee eae are i 300, 000 
Pike.and pickerels. ...54.2<.05 226 22252 seep et anne ena erences 679. 795 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922. 9 


Summary, by species, of net output of fish and fish eggs, etc—Continued. 


Species. Eggs. Fry. 
1922 

MISCR OPC so oaee a ansies ccewsce paca d seca ssa) aecccuneaee sre = 1, 980, 000 
Cig) t]3) ee Soe Ae aan eS ae teas Sees || 2S ESS Ser Sei SS ee oe 
Large-mouthed black bass...........-.-|.---------+-eee- 281, 700 
Small-mouthed black bass........-.-.--|----------+----- 568, 250 
NEO WASS ees 5 cowie ob emaaees sings = aeh| > -sch-epaaee = ad 800 
1 ES STRUT Dot CCe eae ee ee hoo eR Sperone conor, | SASS Ae asa 
STi rth fhgpees 228 Re RSS yi RE 8 SENSE Corer sae ee) a Sone ie Pe ee rs 
LES ah eee nore sane 79, 650, 000 55, 897, 500 
MENG wr perchs a2 2s een c tote we Pe te 34, 400, 000 207, 527, 000 
Striped bass........--------------222-2-[e-e ee rece cece eee 25, 530, 000 
DWN ELAS Se oe clei) te Ras oe nine = opine mnwine'a ar eine dime benno gnein 
See ne once sacwinlom =n a iclowine wate el mvienteniniein= = =e 32, 000 
oS EE See RT SPREE NY ROE SE ay GNs 2, 505, 000 
LEVEST RS 2 a ac OR ened PeoR On Ueaae esse Seoeccsorceeraec 

ee he ee ASL oss eee 208, 224, 000 232, 131, 000 
TED le ee eee a oenese eee 75, 960, 000 290, 820, 000 
CEE Oa en a Ee ee ee eee eros onan 327, 380, 000 
Winter Hounder- ei. 2..----.2-05--5--- 193, 178,000 | 1, 867, 378, 000 
(ESS Ter to es ee Se eee , 090, 000 
MISCONHNOOUSPISNES: «<< 225-25 - = 55 =| -\~ =k Gefinld deeb eae sepa setae t 

PRO ee ee ae cos cece ac~ 1,068, 981,340 | 3,716, 687, 605 
1921 

COL SRS Shen SS ne com sgt 6 Bq SSO RSE: Hrs Hrs Soin menatli 
Bnfislodish: {22.52.21 ....jasczsscesseca|veoe tee eaeue san 108, 307, 000 
Meese ome he. 22 sacsakencactees=aabetecusaee 106, 043, 000 
Bisbee SG. iv eaeree ss SOS NS 32, 792, 275 
AMY ROMINA Senn Conn is caces ae at [eae ema eemaleete 43, 815, 000 
WAND RH SHA eee pce ater ccc Sarcceee ee 181, 650, 000 238, 860, 000 
We Der Ee ose ha sa Sane poeecbe one Bet 186, 510, 000 89, 800, 000 
HMGGK SHIMON <2. > ons a cder es ccc em eed 6, 730} 000) ee se 
SUE ATS 0 a ee eee oe Benoa aoe ocee 7, 000, 000 
ret yaete S71 ECT Tie GS eae ee BEER eee ie Meter aer sor meta 600, 
SockeyOsalmion ...-.<052255 205 -<cansaee 350, 000 38, 778, 500 
Siecieag SAN OM i o.. sobs_-anccces- see 493, 000 38, 810 
AIS BIC SOIMON «Wo nis seals wscncs s-- eee awe Semen etc 1, 387, 000 
Landlocked salmon................-.<. 575, 000 208, 115 
PLATED OMTETONT Ge 2. Socio cess youn seoe=scaee 2, 553, 240 414, 100 
Black-spotted trouts.02/s2 2.05.54: -sse' 820, 000 3, 899, 100 
EAC MMIMION LEOWG 85 ccna cab cic aio no ~ icine ae Raee mma ebe ects ten meee semi do's 
EAE PROM so uiceo cd siwcestdacb ste dices 2, 824, 000 16, 563, 300 
RGGO IC CLO Ge ot copie miaipoere nites thi- me 856, 3, 642, 330 
SIV Soc. ose tatesaneeme ese acaee ties eco pmaainmarace , 400, 000 
SunPlG=s esp erie). boi heater ap : 600, 000 ', 000, 000 
PRE ANG CKONON oe 59 ny lane epg | aeons ae Dic=fe | en ogeic ov ed's op 
Shatin ae 2 oe LR oR A 28 Eb eee fo ee ee 
Large-mouthed black bass..............|-.-.-----.----+- 585, 050 
Snill-wonthod Diack Dasss...2-- s-cosse|Ucc tense sceeoee 303, 700 
HOCK IDASS Here Ss aTE halo See Cees «be FoR EAE bab ole ase abo 5 [ase Gg beabigee 5 
RV EANEIOUIISE DASH een se Soacisc fen s= sel aa wameecloases| be Sa Ce cesses oma 
SunfishG $3 2554 2. 2 EROS. JOi5 5 a5. CU EL es oid 
LES SR Ce ey eae, See eee 296, 475, 000 57,385, 000 
meclow perch.s2254. 056 25c sabe hist A 12, 000, 000 176, 369, 450 
BiKSDOGUBASS. « anise iede fee -aald ts sheep cls cseeast eee ke 20, 184, 000 
PREP ASS cere an cece seen samc aac cnas|scenignemacsmnona|ne sca wcsineaaape 
resh-weator Grim 253 acs i154. ERC el). Bass. 2. FEL aa 

Eee WP Seas vec vasa safias esis > 208, 800, 060 175, 341, 000 
Peis pe Ree ats oon. Succace deine aesecae 188, 940, 000 , 880, 
PEA er ne So I Mle ocimaee 455, 066, 000 
WY SERCO IOUT ne oe ae ol nw pam wine iainic 1, 768, 660, 000 
Pole flounder see ee cen et ace 19, 410, 000 
(MaseallariggHn fishes mens sea cae oe as | oes nec bobomnaen|aaacetmescssan a. 

Totals <ncenncsmacer ddscasnenaes< 1, 109, 637, 130 


3, 626, 262, 730 | 


Fingerlings, 


' yearlings, 


and adults. 


wee we nent e tees 


10, 402, 355 


| 339, 432, 375 


35, 257, 070 
1, 645, 835 
3, 918, 580 


wee ener enn - eens 


Total. 


135, 581, 890 
243, 531, 350 


5, 125, 101, 320 


35, 257, 070 


ae 
NEND OD HWS 
on ~I 
BSRBSSeseseskee 
~I 
Ee 


. 


sugegesss 
eeuescesseey 


E 
ae 


100 
30,371, 475 
353, 968, 515 


4, 962, 489, 405 


EGG COLLECTIONS. 


The egg collections for the year were obtained from the usual 
sources without material change in methods of procedure or the 


entrance into new fields. 


A comparison of the work with the year 


previous indicates the usual fluctuations in the numbers of the vari- 


10 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIRS, 


ous species handled, caused primarily by local conditions of wind 
and weather. The total of the egg collections for the fiscal year 
1922 exceeds that of the previous year by more than 431,000,000. 
It is evident that the annual egg collections represent practically 
the maximum production of the present fields of endeavor and that 
an increased volume of work, or an extension of the practical bene- 
fits of artificial propagation, can be accomplished only by the de- 
velopment of new fields. There are many points in various parts 
of the country affording excellent opportunities for such extension 
and promising most satisfactory results in practical returns to the 
fisheries. Any further extension of the work can be undertaken, 
however, only when additional funds are available. 


Comparison of egg collections, fiscal years 1922 and 1921. 


Species. 1922 1921 Species. 1922 , 1921 
Buffalo fish........... 199, 906,250 | 163, 267,000 || Lake trout........-.-- 67, 426, 500 44, 247, 500 
Carp s0.. sceedcssscess 98, 000,000 | 117,218,000 |} Brook trout....-.-.-..- 17, 986, 250 16, 110, 810 
Shade... 2. este 82, 579, 000 37, 549, 000 |! Smelt. .......2....-..- 300, 000 8, 000, 000 
Glut herring.....--...- 116, 920, 000 55, 130, 000 || Mackerel.............- 2, 022, 0007) canes sets 
Whitefish --....02..52! 623,100,000 | 540,776,000 || Pike perch...........- 254, 717, 500 | 508, 942, 000 
ANC. soos ss eee eee 429,900,000 | 317,200, 000 || Yellow perch........-- 277,501, 870 | 218,333,750 
Chinook salmon......- 64, 756, 100 43, 829, 820 |) Striped bass........-.- 48, 745, 000 24, 600, 000 
Chum salmon......... 22, 830, 000 28,182,000 || Sea bass..............- 32, 000 | . wcities 
Humpbacked salmon. . 4 TZ OOO0 tte ete. dae SOUP ea cn sees ecicee= cee 3, 425, O00 | iho: asteeet 
Silver salmon.......-.. 13, 618, 500 §273;000)}| \Codizc_ 2.2 clos. jase 587, 426,000 | 482,012, 000 
Sockeye salmon. ...... 119, 214, 350 76,012, 500 |} Haddock.............- 543,110,000 | 635, 950, 000 
Steelhead salmon...... 7, 302, 800 if 603;000)|)) (Pollock. oF 5. . face. 507, 270,000 | 650, 850, 000 
Atlantic salmon.....-. 572, 040 911, 720 || Winter flounder. ....-- 2,312,029, 000 | 1,980,291, 000 
Landlocked salmon.... 445, 000 1, 063, 200 |} Pole flounder.......... 5,090, 000 19, 410, 000 
Rainbow trout........ 11, 210, 500 10, 994, 750 ———_—S ee 
Black-spotted trout... . 9, 220, 300 5, 993, 600 Toth. 2-2 cscs. 6,428,487, 030 | 5,996,844, 870 
Loch Leven trout..... 109, 870 94, 2 


RESCUED FISHES. 


The salvaging of stranded fishes from the overflowed lands along 
the ‘Mississippi River has continued to be one of the most important 
and popular features of the bureau’s work in fish conservation. Dur- 
ing the fiscal year 1922 this work attained its greatest volume in the 
numbers of fish handled. A total of 179,475,069 fish were salvaged 
and either returned to original waters or delivered to applicants for 
planting in adjacent territory. The salvaged fishes comprise prac- 
tically every useful species indigenous to the region. The table in- 
dicates by localities and by species the total numbers of fish salvaged, 
the numbers restored to original waters, and the numbers delivered 
to applicants. A full discussion of the more important details of 
the work occurs on page 57, 


Number and disposition of fish rescued, fiscal year 1922. 


Delivered | Restored to 


Station and species. to original Total. 
, applicants. waters. 
Bellevue, Iowa: 
Bisckowass. 071. Dasiellies. one. ane all. . 16, 052 21,460} — 37,512 
Buffalo fish 000 357, 000 
Carp........... 700 6, 930, 000 
Catfish... ..- 2, 314, 720 
Crappie........ 4, 334, “a 
Pike and pickerel 460 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922. 11 


Number and disposition of fish rescued, fiscal year 1922—Continued. 


Delivered | Restored to 
Station and species. to original Total. 
applicants. waters. 


Bellevue, Iowa—Continued. 


PR HOLCHE Sel Sen. 2 UL eRe ee eee emee cece ccess est beets eens 340 340 
ENCE DACS Meese... 2k peer REA, PSE SSeS see cdocesese Sl Sessions 1, 180 
SU CTE CRBS, Go AP eee ae tt 8 Poa Soecocne cee eeeeeee 41, 480 13, 147, 900 13, 189) 380 
PCE DOSS eo nt Renee ee te sc nse nics eae inc nee cemcee si 725 725 
PORNO, PERCH seen senate eaten crete cscoccn es acmmeals 625 1,105 1,730 
PSII See oe cee eer cree cet orca cciccarasvecsabeetmecanleiswseentelc 6, 274, 025 6, 274, 025 

otal =: Awe en mR snes Frases ioSserene 95,747 | 33, 345, 870 33, 441, 617 

Pe x Towa, and auxiliaries: 

PRP TA SC eee ae ee eee eet. aca ceo o cc gciceceea| Seeeer esse. 21, 200 21, 200 
itinifo fist eee stee Ome. VMN IDO few era seoe sss ossraeseclhot setae ees 320, 865 320, 865 
OL Da Bt SE Sor Beeb ene OUnSCEUnOEECI MScrcadeerscte 47, 47, 
(ar TSU AER Se GN eS OS lle Si se Ge SCE SMA ae ee aa 223, 935 223, 935 
lise FRETS. 6-145, SPS es aoe ne ar epi ie 345, 870 345, 870 
SSCS PE a ee els Se ee eS Re ener omit Hes See Rene aa 315, 195 315, 195 
TAPER ES LISES Bh Ula SI go Bl ee a at Ap Grappa es A 1, 575 1, 575 
MRISCRUBMOUM Sens co. sono be eke ars sate te cdc sees realbes -cGk et eee 9, 420 9, 

PRR ala ee cl nn in Sor dense icc aaa tk 1, 285, 520 1, 285, 520 

Homer, Minn: 
LEGS PT CLEA ne eae e ee os aS eee 60, 440 166, 730 227,170 
[veh LOH SH setecte > skeen semen cc accesses tee auees seaman ce se che eceei 61, 506 61, 506 
CTO 0)s 2S SSS SERS mene aoc 8 OS SS SOR SEE ECE Sapa eee farm 40 3, 483, 905 3, 483, 945 
Gatnshe wee.) Ae Se MA AAO AL, 17,720 8, 946, 375 8, 964, 095 
MUR IND SS co ao 21 <2) ocean eee an a aacases sc eee 8, 207 12, 707, 503 12) 715, 710 
BHAT ene aes 5 oo See ece anh ye itecaide nye tal maces alse sepsecoas 25, 585 25, 585 
Pike andl iekerobe! Hs -2fbS AES FES Lie BS oe SLI 598, 673 598, 673 

Sy SES ae OS SR ele le oe er feet te Say TS Sa 61,260 | 11, 549, 725 11, 610, 985 
Wihitosbese cer tla. Sf ottk CSS PR. ARIS A SS cate ee seh: 14, 460 14, 460 
eH dw, BOMan 2, She. en te steen bp ete eb esp metas laepprqect pobre ok 6, 900 1, 209, 885 nbs 216, 785 
WANCOMANE ONS area naan an nace amen cnodeteesctegecessea seslossiccr= sacs 14, 450 14, 450 

pA te 6 caren oan er pase saa sain k cis e'msioGais os aces tase ts 154, 567 38, 778, 797 38, 933, 364 

La Crosse, Wis: 
STACK Dass. C2) eect ene ey Ret nee ee Coe area 46, 885 51, 130 98, 015 
Buffalo fish .......5--2ocsepp }agepeben add Beet 2 ek ae 4, 570 1, 185, 355 1, 189, 925 
UPI) SSE Spee, eae sentence Sesh ee oe bose et See SSeS 110 7, 421, 240 1, 421, 350 
Perethi Site hn Soe Meek oc cmne Shae Me ce ee Ee ts | 23,230 | 26, 492, 970 26, 516, 200 
Crake’, noy-iiean. awe Lodges hen Sato 13,030 | 14, 564, 180 14, 577, 210 
PUREE ee mre oS oe cise saan sine bniac Dae ise a shee dens Sema cat noes maeies oe 7, 280 'e 280 
2 VaR GL arte) ec) 7] Ee A eee oe a Cee SSCL Se Ie en ye eee ae ee 62, 930 62, 930 
BEBE IOL Gre ws teehee stars pla et in. nmin = oan pan aiiseass ane “ise ene ecaceited 34, 050 34, 050 
SIPS CUMS ye csemen eerid an mein as sicino = se pcieicies socew eens 46, 040 19, 539, 510 19, 585, 550 
SAG RAT A ES tcp ete ww ww twronrs www ie eee acu ial Stores eR 13, 300 13, 300 
PHENO W) DONC Ween. cnc eb emit men ate sess ence sacheesecess 1, 465 342, 845 - 344, es 


Miscellaneous.=:2.:...-.....-.- “oda! RESER pO IESE Ge oases SaApmerye Se 4, 030, 460 


Marquette, Iowa: 


Total...-2se- nS ae oh Mise cicis & civ = ozs clap en's > Se Sees 


LGlisbe. @ SS Ce RA he eee eee ee 135,330 | 73, 745, 250 73, 880, 580 
ica Peas asain. eee oe eataes sereace veces cb ccc ce cc 26, 756 22, 230 48, 986 
eiitialo fishies. a5e2ee «ayes aee pe dew oe aelen oon en wee cee tos sces:|-sheseeesus 1,007, 550 1, 007, 550 
Co ee PSS EE Sell Seether kd Oy lane ae aie Seiad Sl |e sears ete 3, 854, 900 3, 854, 909 
Gata s-eearare ent cons acasenced-nees secs descabecces sce 24, 680 13, 610, 200 13, 634, 889 
(VOCE ECT, Doerr 28 Seema ences Se ees eee 6,075 4, 238, 405 4, 244, 480 
Eas Bek are iP pe Se aes Ee eS See ee Sees 209, 100 209, 100 
EBC ANG DIGMONGIS S. foe oc one eae tem mcs im silo wo oh cece ae | =aepeelaneiice 17, 730 17, 730 
ERP DASS ets eae Mane. ae wicca wicmecececcedeesd-sSaaece + dwert| te daa tants 2 2, 800 
DoH GRH Gilt son Bend on sce e cere de ccncccaeecctebeseeccss 7,341 6, 736, 179 6, 743, 520 
MMRILIUG) ASSeeeet tee oe eee ls consis nou donas sec tednadetemeca. --|>umepeebes ents 6, 6, 250 
allow pergbatens <2 chen cseon-- oc - ae aad sede cee 1 1,745 39, 780 41, 525 
Miscellaneous........... MCRD hes ndasin sc cneeouees ses tase s'> = seine Eee 54, 000 54, 000 
DOtAD ta. seul ae eee eee andes cemaacedane rose cms 29, 799, 124 29, 865, 721 
Meredosia, Til: 
ROR IDAES an aaa « <vce naa nance ante cscs caqesecseereceess 15, 827 17,927 
ROH A ete tar os ak acinn cece cs sce dn seb tome eee abe tear occ phe aE eaees 306, 306, 
NER PE eas ts oat worna a dina nc --'- 46 wane ea acnesebies ce 269,000 | - 269, 150 
Nee ISIS oe ret oc auitac oh wine dain ge ie bale eee ree eee 425, 450 436, 950 
Ofer ia) CV SEE eae See a RR ye rae at RE el 243, 520 244, 100 
(FE ce Ne Re ae ea a ea Bae ee SEL) Drv al oad 658, 755 667, 340 
Winise Daseweetain css suih ~-----).- 2022 ece decree eh ncee olen comer ian @ 200 00 


1, 939, 352 1, 962, 267 


12 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


Number and disposition of fish rescued, fiscal year 1922—Continued. 


Detvears Restored to 


Station and species 0) original Total. 
applicants. waters. 
San Marcos, Tex: 

Black, DASSd: a dats sincere bonciciontmesecben'e « somes ocuaieesms al merank sane ee 11, 500 11,500 
@atfish o.oo cee a eee Sates ce dees ocean cece |socee teeee 32, 500 32, 500 
Suntish, go on5 sds decane) toate weston remien nine ee ees anna fase e aaa 62, 000 62, 000 

otal s-<\ meds sass wcicieiteakore co - ise ee sree ee wada decease pote 106, 000 106, 000 

Total of all stations: 

Black bass) costs. svesg thie tc eecey Secep pccmstmembe que ek eae 152, 233 310,077 » 462, 310 
Bittalofish, cto) hes Cees ee Nea ama eae 4,570 3, 238, 876 3,243, 446 
WARD cae « epee sins deen taane Seatac. ae 2s Sei ake 600 22, 006, 205 22,006, 805 
COTY ia pms ee REA be eNO comes Ga aE al 105,425 | 52,017, 855 52, 123, 280 
Oreo NORD a ee in Meanie led ly Initial eee Gide. 35,647 | 36, 426, 36, 461, 855 

UT 2). io wiats Gah ete etlee S Sota ee na Coles ae ae eet eee a 1, 242, 025 
Bike and pickerelien< oN e oe se lemeeinnae oe em alae tata icine ae aie 679, 793 679, 793 
Bike perch. tgs cis sect woe cence ncteeeescnectocesuaeese veelscceeenanecs 34, 390 34, 390 
ROCK DASS sso se 3580 oe sak set ecee eas doce enencom ae mana see ap 1, 180 2, 800 3, 980 
Siintish ot 4: sab 55 2. 20 ee ae Ses yea omer ne pene 164,706 | 52,009, 264 52, 173, 970 
White bass’. cecs. scts sesh an cnc sacle Sane aah ea aee sel eeeieae settee 36, 510 36, 510 
eHow: DercH on. eee pot eee ae inte ee atheros 10, 735 1, 593, 615 1, 604, 350 
Miscellaneous a.inse.2: [565.2 ece cp os sdbis ote ae ters oer ne ene tell eater Ceieee 10, 402, 355 10, 402, 355 

Grand .totalac. ccc -.22 4 te cebcesuenbectee das sueneseeeeses 475,156 | 178,999,913 179, 475, 069 


STATIONS AND SUBSTATIONS AND OUTPUT OF EACH. 


The fish-cultural work was conducted from the 73 regularly estab- 
lished stations, no funds being available for new construction. The 
main stations, with their substations‘operative during the fiscal year 
1922, are listed alphabetically in the accompanying table, which also 
indicates the period of operation of each and the numbers of fish 
and eggs produced at each point by artificial propagation, by trans- 
fers from field stations, and from rescue operations. 


Stations and substations operated and output of each, fiscal year 1922. 


[Asterisk (*) indicates that additional eggs were transferred to other stations. See table, p.18. All sta- 
tions and substations operated the entire year, except those where months are given.] 


_ Finger- 
Station and substation. Species. Eggs. Fry. im ed. Total. 
adults 
Afognak, Alaska....... Sockeye salmon....-..222|sscccccccccees 4, 100, 000 | 28, 480, 000 32, 580, 000 
Baird, Calif........ iv Chinook-salmon=-< 822228] sosacedssee sas| Gene etaee sees 1, 500, 000 1, 500, 000 
Battle Creek, Calif.|..... GOmee tebe. Asacke ee amee| Saccenee sacs salt eee ee seca 2, 386, 000 2, 386, 000 
Mill Creek, Calif. . |... dou". 2. . ome eacaslesscapecasecealuancueamnten 1, 986,200 | 1, 986, 200 
Baker Lake, Wash..... Sockeye salmonial 2.2. cc afecoeccccsssece 3, 950,000 | 4,340, 000 8, 290, 000 
Birdsview, Wash..| Chinook salmon. .... 2... .}.0.050.ccccccclececceseceseee 521, 720 521, 720 
Humpbacked salmon.....|......------- z 111, 000 111, 000 
Silver salmon....... -|ccccseeaecace ---| 7,085, 240 7, 085, 240 
Sockeye salmon. ...- tl eeceeeseeees 3 + 40, 000 - 40,000 
. Steelhead salmon......... TaUOUD nee ness eee 78, 000 133, 000 
Brinnon, "Wash: '|: Chum salmon 252.2: 55-22|sceccscccanes 2080, OOO }22e=<csse 1, 040, 000 
N 2 ve a Det Si Ver SaNNOM ccc teccccsee|ppseeessenaneia see eas dasa ees 24, 700 24, 700 
ebruary). 

Duckabush, Wash.} Chum salmon............|.-.-----s2-00. 500,000 | 7,127,960 7, 627, 960 
Humpbacked salmon.....|-....cescecces|sccecsaseccsss 783, 800 783, 800 
Silver Salmon). s3635 eget oe es ee coca aa Mee eeeeee ree 309, 000 309, 000 
: Stecliicadsalmoar-e-s-eenn|eeces sen enecealemeccen ements 90, 300 90, 300 
Moticene, Weasusces) Cain Semon 2 2122 352580\creccscstccscdlee coca seers 6, 899, 650 6, 899, 650 
Silver Seino. <2icsce0s eel oncesecscacenaceceeeaeeee 450, 000 450, 000 
Steelhead salmon......... FEO GOO Weer comenores 93, 100 153, 100 
Quinault, Wash. ..| Chinook salmon..........|..-----22---.e]e.02-+-------- 47, 000 47, 000 
Silver salinities sic ts2s2tt ts ose eee eas 600, 000 948, 000 1, 548, 000 
Sockeye'salmon-..2:2.5..]-.cscccccccce 250,000 | 3,295, 000 3, 545, 000 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922. 


Stations and substations operated and output of each, fiscal year 1922— 


13 


Con. 


Station and substation. 


Baker Lake, Wash.— 
Continued. 
Sultan, Wash...... 


Berkshire, Mass..... mee 


Beehbay Harbor, Me. 
Bozeman, Mont 


Glacier Park,Mont. 
(July andAugust; 
June). 

Meadow Creek, 
Mont. (April- 


June). 
Cape Vincent, N. Y... 


Central Station, Wash- 
ington, 


Bryans Point, Md. 
_(March- May). 
Clackamas, Oreg..-.... 


Applegate, Oreg... 
Big White Salmon, 
Wash. 


Little White Sal- 
mon, Wash. 
Rogue River, Oreg. 


Salmon, Idaho 
(July - Septem - 
ber). 

Sandy berdpsl hi 

(August-Septem- 


ber; April-July). 
Upper Clackamas, 


Oreg. 
Washougal, Wash. 
(April-June). 
Cold Springs, Ga...... 


Craig Brook, Me....... 
Duluth, Minn......... 


Edenton, N.C...... “oe 


Weldon, N. C. 
ae -May). 


* Finger- 
. ngs, year- 
Species. Eggs. Fry. lings, and Total. 
adults. 
Chinook salmon......-.- 147, 300 147, 300 
Humpbacked salmon ... 14, 600 14, 600 
Silver salmon. -..----- 2, 148, 000 2, 148, 000 
Steelhead salmon. ..----.- 104, 400 104, 400 
Brook trout.....-.-- a 217, 420 217, 420 
BTR ELC Wenn e enema el a etc een |: Oy UUs IAND Gl alam == wine a= == 3, 000, 000 
Rainbow trout.....-.----|-- 41, 677 41,677 
MCUUOW, POC Mee pee en et eeaceemaeiace| 8) LOUK Heer c ae ences 200, 000 
IWiIMter HOUNUER ono. ann 4) owe comers mewn =| Geaghildg Oboe -------- 922, 777, 000 
Black-spotted trout.....-.|............-- 392, 000 392, 000 
BLOG DLOUL— nee eae nace] =o aa einen eo = 454, 175 454, 175 
Rain DOW: ThOG Ecc sisee chs sdocc secs sce 395, 000 395, 000 
BIACK-SPObOG WOUbec..0-1-- «caesces-5--loe eens = ees 168, 000 168, 000 
ISEOGK EEG Uee oe eee eee sie a tceta wa <= |e niosle naa ee 48, 000 48, 000 
Rainbow Grout. sem seme | = fo oo os ce | = seme nnn siemns 250, 000 250, 000 
Black-spotted trout....--|-..........-.- AQT OOO Erion = aceie'asre = 425, 000 
Rainbow trout....---...- #540, 000 SO MOOS WG 2-3-2. seh 570, 000 
BrAQeILOUGs=-\. 0-42-20 |ceoe ence ate PELE AC pills atom arwiainic =i 410, 500 
isco etees on ces see eee *215, 690,000 | 47,400,000 |............ 263, 090, 000 
PAROUSGIE «= =.-cosepiesecas|escdsnecrsccce TAS ZOD E «wan ot aoce- 743, 200 
RANDOW CLOUL. « son oag_-| cesses see cae ISA A).| 2h «sas caten 157, 000 
Winitehshee a ot ose ase = *100, 242, 000 3250003000; te). <<. <ss5-0- 132, 242, 000 
NWellowppereitete coos cost sece ccenss cae 000; 000) Sop scscc cae 10, 000, 000 
(IBTOOM LOU bee nite now -| 2 cee cn atnecel smn nna 1, 200 1, 200 
(ChintookesatmOne se 6 5--\oosccccocse sec lanecoec pheam 6, 000 6, 000 
Large-mouthed _ black 
Pussere se eeevesessccael ces camsekid SHEE Red See 45 45 
RAMIDOW, CLOM Gates seme sta eee os creo there bctne ap pier = 33, 775 33, 775 
SU EEIET SLES Sale Se ie bay a (a a al eee a ae 190 190 
Breil POM escent a | em tee a aston are 2, OOO 000: Nise i< =.= isle «ate 2, 000, 000 
|USt be A ah ES i ai B5vSO2 MOE Ee leconee 35, 802, 200 
Mellow perch:..--25...--- (*) 171, LOZ EFUOW Emp care coisa 171, 102) 700 
Bisck-sporremUrOul ==. 2(-|\so~sccons-c-s-| -meemaseiewese 23, 000 23) 000 
EGORETOM ace © acre aplstdfiscccices-senece 50, 000 120, 000 170, 000 
Chinook salmon.......... (*) 100,000 | 8,957, 300 9, 057, 300 
Gra yi eens cna sol sis ocicice seis seam 250; 000\-|5'.. emzant-=-- 250, 000 
RAID OWS LE OU ab ynte ate inten oe iain nic wien jnia =| wiv wimle seme «(tae 69, 965 69, 965 
Silver SAlmOnens- so aen ane laccics ween aeccclsccenss «stagee 110, 000 110, 000 
Steelhead salmon........- *150,000) | oo 02-- ceweas 1, 552, 700 1, 702, 700 
Chinook Salmons ss css ccc eeeeine occas mel ememnigast aga 14, 834, 000 14, 834, 000 
Chinook salmon.......... 15,400; O00 ue ntits 3-5 5-002 24, 582, 000 25, 982, 000 
Sockeye salmon G22 asste deen cca ateis's eet siapere de 26, 365 26, 365 
Chinook sahviogn< 2-2 seslaeeseeeeacae 1, 211, 550 344, 350 1, 555, 900 
Steelheadsalmon: -- <i icc focacecsscdencc|nasumas afitemap 109, 720 109, 720 
Chinook salmiont 5232. sess|cosasce=saenss| os -cganehatees 224, 000 224, 000 
Chinook salmon..........|. Beldeedescn stalls nn auch ame “ 123, 000 123, 000 
Chinook Salmon. oso -seclacacnccescesc-|ooe=cnnoghaas 2, 111, 000 2, 111, 000 
Steelhead salmon......... 185; O00 he fe aad nas -deee le = << WAaes 185, 000 
eu Ee Glantie clog daca’e sc | ne olectones's o.dellebaine Sap eatecte 8, 200 8, 200 
CESDIIBEE ee tte coe ae Seen someone aoe paeerree 325 325 
Large-mouthed black bass|........ Sem tas 45, 000 84, 985 129, 985 
SRE NAES 3” CONOR EL Reg DSR at nce Bese 87, 000 87, 000 
Atlantic salmon.......... (*) 1,334, 000 180 1,334, 180 
BTOORSETOUL. acct. ocncee meee asso = 491, 000 57,600 8, 600 
Humpbacked salmon... .|.........----- 369,860 4s. .s.<--.5- 369, 860 
Landlocked salmon......)........--.--- 64; 000; .. ateen ad , 000 
AMMO W OU CS. Cos So accclmcueeeccics es + 24, OOOU 72 racebissiecs 24, 000 
LE Lea lic Fale) 2 pepelplen pe ie afar [ae nS a 11070002}3 :, .2-----=5 110, 000 
Lake trout... 25 /2.5..... “#1; 550, 000 11, 724, 000 151, 000 13,326, 000 
Pike perch. ....-22..-...- Je fol To A a TSDSMOOWE oo. ase ons. a 150, 000 
Rainbow trout...........|. acateaiaicb-sleaxe 31, 200 58, 800 90, 000 
PEELE CHSHTS eee eee To cee cke ode 15; 950; 000;: .2-..2..--- 15, 950, 000 
PUIG MENINI Sas cre nes lomcths ses sase's 82,600, 000 |...........- 82, 600, 000 
ope ed DIACK Hass|5. 25. o_o... c elect eeaye bees 38, 509 38, 509 
ISTE es ae ie ee Sey ees (ee a ana DIGBsveOOO IE + 5-0 ae 27,659, 000 
pn Peete sar Se ncc|Sautk cc ias.2 |, ae eee 12,175 12,175 
DIBEUNEASS = sche accscsea|useeesaces<cs- 25;5380;000 {2 .-.-.2...-6 25, 530, 000 
EGO KRONE ener acca ccn|eeasnccoae sas 57,000 159, 000 216, 000 
Large-mouthed black bass|............-- 2; 000 19, 620 21, 620 


14 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


Stations and substations operated and output of each, fiscal year 1922—Con. 


_ Finger- 
Station and substation. Species. Eggs. Fry. re a Total. 
adults 
Erwin, Tenn.—Con. ..| Rainbow trout........... | #100; 000) |..ccewetiomsisae 669, 000 769, 000 
ROCK Dass «2 ode cctsetease leete dea ciecee ke opie eae 13, 850 13, 850 
Smalmouthed black bass|.). dec ooo cc co close cence eenane 6,305 6,305 
Srinfichis< esetus 28 s84 ers ine Sek eee eee eee 20,706 20, 706 
Fairport,” lows, and) Buffalo fish .~2332 52525 53| se oc soe ea oes peste 418, 905 418, 905 
four substations. Carp tena eae sera coe ewe cisicte crs] e eee eter 47, 460 47, 460 
Cat sh ee SESE SA ESTS GCan SECRET SSRBS AEC SoMa aes , 935 223, 935 
Crappiee.s: cs g5254545 Sash Reece sane eeeeiens 345, 870 345, 870 
Large-mouithed DIACIIDASS ET cos cote (bs Ghanian 21, 200 21, 200 
WR os ako ASAT AAA ee sallow e ce eeocee tice Lan ase pena 425,375 425, 375 
Warnoath HIBS 2d S925 51 54 RC ee Sn ee as 1, 860 
White bass.243 see rsecs ea ann | toe eee 1,575 ubgiyfiy 
Miscellaneous: 4 ite sss42s5(fee ete ree eee 9, 420 9, 420 
Gloucester, Mass... .... COG rior a8 sed s8ee 124,060,000 | 145,750,000 |......--.--- 269, 810, 000 
‘Winter fiounder:ss445533|butte ececeee ee TOO! 220, O00 ont sete ta 100, 220, 000 
Haddocks-s0--isssess4hi4 75,960,000 | 290,820,000 |......-..-..- 366, 780, 000 
Pole flounder...-........- 5, 090 G00? esta ya ain eee emioeetaee 5, 090, 000 
ONOGE SS: oc az aauskesnaliphrissa nd ine BIT!3R0 O00! (5-8 eee seek 327,380, 000 
Grecn Lake, Mos. 2.32) Brookitrout... 5.Voe 3205 5 ono. fade ea le TOS G00" fee sclera eats 129, 600 
Landlocked salmon. ..... #15, 000 "pi122-230 lars Wee ae 137, 230 
Small-mouthed black bass}...........-.- OOO Wee mee seeees vie 
NICS EELS 5 peta Scie ptecemceeen 200; 000") 5: S225. 223-8 300, 000 
Grand lLake| Brook trout.............- 5,000 2 UAC ie eet eee 8 106, 830 
Stream, Me. Landlocked salmon. ..... 100, 000 21, 000 67, 860 188, 860 
Homer, Minn........-. Buifalotish: . See Br OSG4O00 Sas a one ner 61, 506 57, 117, 506 
Carer sen Gen Fionn bake sae titers See reo eee eee 3, 483, 945 3,483, 945 
Cattishetn --n+lees ssebavdlinar toss res rete eee a 8, 964, 095 8, 964, 095 
Crappicn An apnnas oe eRe nee oe oem eerie 12} 715, 710 12) 715, 710 
Bresh-water drums. 25 25 || ce Be cee cock Bead wreeiten eee 25, 585 25, 585 
Large-mouthed black bass|..........-...|-..-.--------- 227,170 227,170 
Bikerand: piekerel 3 354 ee ae A eee sap eee 598, 673 598, 673 
Rogk basses srl = a. 5S" Sat hlp ko eign rare el eee eee ee 4,100 4,100 
Surfs eSpace hee he Ts ee a aE 11,610,985 | 11,610, 985 
WANTONDASS®. 255203 soeealk entra ses neni ee eee ae 14, 460 , 
Wellow-pereh:. 0 co. ces ealoas cece cones nemeene areas 1, 216, 785 1, 216, 785 
Miscellaneous seo sh Sag Rak coo t eee nee sa eee 14, 450 14, 450 
Atchafalaya, La. | Buffalo fish.............. 29, 850, 000 DL OOO ACU te an clean cia 80, 850, 000 
(March-April). 
Bellevue, Lowa | Buitalonish 2 3rcecsseacelh veneer 357, 000 357, 000 
(July—Noveniber)| Carp+ cane arn ocala een eee 6, 930, 000 6, 930, 000 
Catfish <u becens cesses a Oi ae 2’ 314) 720 2,314, 720 
Crappiettnc sich Y ae eck a ee 4 334, 485 4,334, 485 
Fresh-water dtumi:is2scc lester csc ln ee seca eene 60 60 
Large-mouthed black hass| ..tics oo aie ee ea 37, 512 37,512 
Bikeand pickerdle) cet so) oc pee ete Cee ean eens 460 460 
Pike pereneess sccra coe eee eer eee earns ae 340 340 
Robe bases. «2. J2222552222| te ete sn ser se eee eee 1,180 1,180 
Sunfish-<s--soojresiscss stat atc cee one ae 13, 189} 380 13, 189, 380 
White Dassrctrjostscsss tec ests tscdnceaeceleneere "925 725 
Mellow Perchiyas. i sans co cal see conciac mine “ie | partomas cereale 1,730 1,730 
Miscellaneons's 3.0% ccc od) oc. gee eka eae cage ements 6, 274,025 6, 274, 025 
iuaCrosse, ‘Wiss...| Brook: troutissicccceda teres sceadleenatecenes aos 465, 400 465, 400 
Buttalo fishte3. 5 sc cased sore occ ulne dee eee 1, 189, 925 1, 189, 925 
Oy een ERE Be GueereMHne i Mior ARUre ance laser eccerorme 7, 421, 350 7, 421, 350 
Cattishirrsccsslosscs sc ssd teu Seiecned ae cae emaecees 26, 516, 200 26,516, 200 
CPATINN Dina tac santocaas crt hes deetece cee cee kee eee 14) 577, 210 14, 577,210 
Hresh-water druitea*. ||...3 fe eee eee zi 280 7, 280 
Large-mouthed black bass)... 4.0.2. | ee 98, 015 98,015 
Rikeand, pickerel sis ec7aat cee ae 62, 930 62, 930 
Bike peri wecoscedocslt ee scaee asa 450, 000 34, 050 484,050 
RaMmpaw trout secsecssicakcs hoe cee cee dloccce cee aeaeee 33, 000 33, 000 
Sunfish, pce jesse saece alt sete eee os nae 19, 585,550 | ~ 19,585, 550 
WYONG: 8 Pt oS oo alae cee ae ne eee , 300 13; 
MONOW DONC. -Scsccccs sc setts coe eee ee eens 344,310 344,310 
Misepligneous oso sc5522254\en2ter teen elemeen sebtnebeen : 4,030, 460 4, 030, 460 
Marquette, -Jowa,|-Buttaledish |. joss f22s ae vets ssi seca leew cnecence 1, 007, 550 1,007, 
(July—November)\:Carptes. -c3.-cdicscacededieeee sottcsosemeene en aaasand 3, 854, 900 3, 854, 900 
Caves. os don sasmctsaeeeci tr sso ssa leks ce mae cena 13, 634, 880 13, 634, 880 
(Bia: j iia) {AAS Me Sel RL Ee pale Oe eo eet 4, 244, 480 4, 244, 480 
Fresh-water drum). :/sc<2}..steecce fice ee 209, 100 202, 100 
Large-mouthed black bass). .....-.../...|...----------- 48, 986 48, 986 
Pike and plekerel-.<i225:)2.sse So F2of iol. oe cece nee gen 17,730 17,730 
Rock bass) 2 isoiccccidee se el eee 2,800 2,800 
Sublfishs. 2.0, os scce ccs ee eee 6, 743, 520 6, 743, 520 
WH NASSS: Jie caesccslteesles roe s Hees eee 6, , 250 
Yellow porch...)23s2ocscsaece aso 41, 525 41,525 
Miscellaneous. ..ocicccacedetstessecs scale eS 54,000 54, 000 
Meredosia, Ill. | Buffalo fish.............. Capea Bei ace ce A ee a ae ----|. 306,600} ~ 306,600 
v uly-Septem- COPD occ ec dcldteds teed ees tose eee Se ea teria 269, 150° 269, 150 
er) Catia, 2.20.0 8etecrece dace Wel foees eaenes eee 436, 950 436, 950 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922. 15 


Stations and substations operated and output of each, fiseal year 1922—Con. 


Station and substation. 


Homer, Minn.—Con. 


Meredosi 


a, Ill. 


(J ul y-Septem- 


ber)—Con 


tinued. 


Leadville, Colo........ 


Yellowstone Park, 
Wyo. (July—-Sep- 


tember). 


Louisville, Ky......-.. 


Mammoth Spring, Ark. 


Manchester, Iowa...-.. 


Nashua, N. H 


Neosho, Mo...........-. 


Northville, Mich....... 


Alpena, Mich. 
(November-De- 
cember; March- 


_ Finger- 
Species. Eggs. Fry. ines, year 
adults. 
AAD PIG sccss coae cae eee et eee eccaecleasaecoetaeene 244, 100 
Large-mouthed black bass}............-.|..2...-..----- 17,927 
SumAighye 2k PR eas Seek oe Zoe Cece at 667, 340 
Whiteitiass. .... ) 200 Gb | cee ccc 5. oes OIE 200 
Miscellaneous ce shee cn ccenctoce’s Cee SEES 20,000 
Black-spattied trot. 2226 lea geems an soe clenc oto ae es 348, 000 
Brook trout........ (*) 485,000 | 2,786,000 
Dake trout yin ee la eeaaetise sees canes ve eee = 25, 000 
Boch Levenitronts. a4 = 3) oss. ke 5 oo oe 5 oe 20,000 
Rainbow Prout aes. oo25 len Seem ee ses See eee 99, 100 
Black-spotted trout...... *1,097, 500 GSsDOOWL ce eee 
Rainbow fous. - 0.22... hacsscoe ns ceed ct UU a ee 
Large-mouthed black bass|..........--.-|.....02.-c20.- 1,225 
Rock ass. os2 23 ce cc ceaseless oases ENE SE is 1,800 
gies iaacetedy [c) eve <e|  e 345, 090 1,500 
ass. 
Sunfish: :.34-5¢3 24 oon eee ee te a ees ae 64, 740 
Wellow, pereh: <: 98 AE. .| cose. cee nis 225, 000 310 
Large-mouthed 1) vc ce eee, ee See 14,000 24,520 
bass. 
MOCK PASSS 222252. 2.52. anes Steen aces ocinie oa oaaies eae 3,450 
Small-mouthed bine eats icc sc 28 63, 000 2,600 
ass. 
Sunfishh -<o5sc) ecco. osc ec! eadesc. bos bimroscexte 13, 200 
TOOK LOM cers os sc cons dl occa te cescase<|eesctes ote 597, 150 
Pike merehs. 5! (OR Met -\ot boos esos. GO; OOOH 3.0... 2. 
Rainbow trout..........- *126, 600. |-.....08802c82 159, 590 
ROG PASS! Sooo. scleincns lacrck eee ae 800 8, 600 
Small-mouthed JG aa ke een Se <a 480 
bass. 
475, 550 
16, 100 
20, 000 
26, 880 
i cope? black: S22) Sasi: 2. 197500%|0 J.2. 25-5; 
ASS. 
Yellow-pench: 5490 4%.. -|¢..22 Se... o5 es 200,000.58 J .-2.---.- 
Crappie. «4st atencep ees eats voce pes ec| aac nSeeee. wee 4,290 
Taree oukhed ldckyees tee ee eee 52, 569 
ass. 
Rainbow trout........... 244, 000: j2etizlet Seed 22 433, 847 
ROCK-DASS. sccese cee ee Se nee e so eccllimescccceeeces 1,973 
Small-mouthed PA eS eee. ben 2 
bass. 
SET) 101 | Se ee NR A Se) eee ee 58, 485 
Yellow perch..........2.: 4,000, 000 900000 Joico ated 
WSYOO NOUS. Joba Caos e coe beet caeees 40 OOO | Sc Sore occu: 
RAMIPOW VIOWt. cee or teel sete ce cones 88, 000 1,800 
Small mouthed QR O tc eee ey 82,750 64,125 
ASS . 
bake (routine cc. cee nceicc op eees oes os Se £204: OOD as ckewcicessi 
AW iPetitions | a a 3,800,000 |...... Kana A 


April). 
Bay City, Mich. 
Apr. 1-28). 
Charlevoix, Mich- - 
Orangeburg, S. C...... 
Crappie 
Large-mouthed _ black |-...........-.- 131, 700 
bass. 
SUGHSN ej oof soaps hala =p esens ee aes Te 
IWaNITI GUE DSSS! 27 Secs o| Seeins ace e ates: semen tt cae 
Put in Bay, Ohio...... Carp..... das =< sy -spe-bedibesed-adsa-- 82, 050, 000 
WASCO Moa sceteieaascc ses vo 5, 000, 
Pikeiperch sii sise22 5.2 *4, 200, 000 46, 000, 
Whifetshe. 5. ash op a= 4s #55, 840,000 | 204, 600, 000 
Yellow perch. ./..:....52. #30, 000, 000 16, 000, 
St. Johnsbury, Vt..... Brook troutis 4. phy paste |atte-+ ees: 932, 120 
RAR OU OU 9 nis ote once wa | ae means poe oe 45, 900 
Small-mouthed black |..............).-.-.-.-.--25- 
bass, 
Holden, Vt........ Brookiiranty IA. A pssst 312, 000 
Lake trout .2<.<..-apaeae phe pep once < te 122, 265 
Dandlocked salmon. ssess|s-ss-cscccdecclosseces--65~ 


34223°—238——2 


ee ee 


Total. 


16, 100 


677,847 
1,973 
223 


58, 585 
4,900, 000 
40, 000 
89, 800 
146, 875 


1, 204, 000 
3, 800, 000 
75, 450, 000 

10,000 


16, 766, 000 
50, 160, 000 
440 


16 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


Stations and substations operated and output of each, fiscal year 1922—Con. 


Finger- 
Stationand substation. Species. Eggs. Fry. aes year Total. 
adults. 
St. Johnsbury, Vt.— 
Continued. 
Holden, Vt.—Con. | Rainbow trout...........|...seesd-se0. [eset lsecseue ct 11, 900 11, 900 
Swanton, Vt. | Pike perch............... (*) 4, 987;000]5 ..J2s0 22s rg sips 
(March-May). | Yellow perch............- +400, 000 900,000 |... 1.22.2... ” 300, 090 
San Marcos, Tex....... Cathish. aie. .o8e ne ab oe Pasadena sina dance 37, 500 37, 500 
CYAP PIO << neandis os rae senna seas aren ond SEE SE ee 620 620 
Large-mouthed,... black joo dulsccc coc ecfenmtsbaek eS 883, 545 883, 545 
ass. 

Roekshass2. .acice ct Sees |e sa decnsoinccld padre ook Ses 845 845 
Bone acinin Sororere crite one escaeeporlannterercord LRTI An gs a 86, 035 86, 035 
Saratoga, Wyo... -,....| Brodkitroutis25 Ob Ne0. oh Le et cb age Aue 398, 500 398, 500 
Loch Leven trout 9, 000 
Rainbow trout 478, 500 924, 740 
Spearfish, S. Dak...... Brook trout x 301, 500 
Loch Leven trout f 27, 000 
Rainbow trout.... 181, 500 181, 500 
Springville, Utah...... Brook trout i 345, 260 
Catfish: - 0! eee ee a eeeepens oose uae 960 
Rainbow trout 548, 500 824, 500 
Tupelo, Miss: s...42...| Cragpiek 7). 2 loss... osclan 4 SU eae 1,075 1,075 
Large-mouthed __ black |.........-.... 23, 500 273, 210 296, 710 


White SulphurSprings;| ‘Brook trout: 2125. ..02s-<|-5-d2ceheceras|- <2. oeeeee 
WeiVa: Large-mouthed _ black 
bass. 
Rainbow trout........... 
Rock bass...22.4 Gee | sdecs owen cue / Je SOM 


Woods Hole, Mass..... Cod ee ccsaacectemeeeed 


ytheville, Va........ Brook trovte.s5: o-c.nuscclaqseeus coon eon] see eee 
Large-mouthed black 
bass. 
Rainbow trout........... 
eek ASS) si oscceeeece attlinisths sanecek se 
WHNGSD,. ocnecdiccennccte| cose 
Yes Bay, Alaska...... Humpbacked salmon 
Sockeye salmon...-...... 


Gross:outpntt 0 5.| SESS ee) Pee ee 1, 068, 981, 340 |3, 716, 707,605 |339, 576, 253 |5, 125, 265, 198 
088 in transit oc. 1s cee eee eee Rete nena Sa eee 20, 000 143, 878 163, 878 


Net output... 2.) eeedeek LAE 1, 068, 981, 340 |3, 716, 687,605 (339, 432, 375 (5, 125, 101, 320 


EGG-COLLECTING OR AUXILIARY STATIONS. 


In addition to the stations and substations listed in the foregoing 
table there are operated each year a varying number of field or 
auxiliary stations from which egg collections are made. These are 
temporary stations occupied only during the spawning season, or 
mere camps that are shifted from time to time as the exigencies of 
the work may make advisable. The eggs obtained at these field sta- 
tions are either transferred to the main hatcheries for incubation 
immediately in the green stage, or, where the distance involved is too 
great to permit of making the transfer of green eggs, they are re- 
tained at the collecting station until reaching the eyed stage before 
transfer takes place. At points on the Great Lakes and off the New 
England coast egg collections are made by the bureau’s boats in 
favorable localities. The following stations were operative for egg 
collections during 1922. The period of occupation and the species of 
fish eggs produced are noted in each case. 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922. 


17 


Egg-collecting stations, period of operation, and species handled, fiscal year 1922. 


Station. 


Period of operation. 


Species handled. 


Cundys Harbor, Me..............2.... Winter flounder. 
fuinekins Bay, Me: 225s... 2eecteece Do. 
Pemaquid, Me.....6.8..... 208i Pe Do. 
ond sburg,: Me... 2263... 2s iencekenes Do. 
Rockland, Me....... 1 ee eT is Pe eee Do. 
BOUUIPOrt, MG... < 2222 assem: conte aoe Do. 
‘Thomaston, Mo) He. 2s As cceehenans Do. 
Cape Vincent, N. Y.: 
Bygotts Point, Ontario................ Ciseo, whitefish. 
Chaumont Bay, Ni Yeiis. . cnc etc e| se see Do. 
Deseronto, Ontario...--.-.....-..--..}6 ss5,s es Do. 
Fairhaven Bay, N. Y--- .| Cisco. 
Grass Bay, N. Y.......- Yellow perch. 
Henderson Bay, N.Y... Cisco. 
Pigeon Island, Ontario. . Lake trout. 
Stony Island, N. Y.... .. Do. 
SEE TE eS Sane Pane Me hs a Whitefish 
South Bay, Ontario-¢: : 25.4 24/2. 2.8 235822 di Cisco. 
Clackamas, Oreg.: 
membi idaho. $27.5) 26-5 20 ces ose June to September.-......... Chinook salmon. 
wet Sy ey elton res 2 GO sate lasoseaes - Ssheke Do. 
Octobert: Jif. f5 bo I Lake trout. 
a eee CL eer ese! ley aera See ee Do. 
are to November. - -. ace trout, whitefish. 
dhose4- GOs Pes scoeoxs seep sare 0. 
QOctober<<- 5.42. ose an cee ete Lake trout. 
CUTE ES hE] kT 24 ols Ad TSE RELE: Do. 
BOC ea OP rachael ey me OG BEER AR see elmer Do. 
EGystone; Mich . cele PAE Re ee GOs 2.222) SES ALES Do. 
September to November. ...| Lake trout, whitefish. 
OCtODEE eect. cosas Lake trout. 
Marquette, Mich s October to November....... Do. 
Munising, Mich........... weaesensecsealecess C2 sR ey ee ye Do. 
Portage Entry MECH UASY eects oe ca leseer @Oto5. se. osteo eee eee Do. 
Portage Lake Canal, Miche: 25s¥s4 95224 Octeher eens 05558. asec 52 Do. 
Rock, Harbor, Mich. . 005-7238. 5.55 September to November ..-.| Lake trout, whitefish. 
DISCO AN MICD os oa et 75 eee SE Oe el eee Do. 
opens Harbor, Mich. -.occasersccssalose sc Oke. tne es ume acn te Do. 
odds Harbor; | Michi. 2230225225 4]. reas, Ce ee eee en Do. 
Washington Harbor, Mich. 224.0: Rent es G02 ere. 2 peacc coe aeee eee Do. 
Leadville, Colo.: 
Carroll Bake; Colon 2) eee October and November. ---. Brook trout, Loch Leven trout. 
Englebrecht Lake, Colo. .........-...- September to November. ...| Brook trout. 
Evergreen Lakes, Colo................ October and November..... Do. 
Fred Neal Lake, Colo......:.....-..--}....- Ot site oc ead Do. 
Musgroves Lake, Colo................-]..... (Ch dA 2 ene pea Do. 
Northfield Lake, Colo.c<..2:-..---c.22)-0s- FT So ee ee a Do. 
"Turquoise. Lake, .Colp..- 23.00.22. lee ae rh let tele Rp meer ie Do. 
Yellowstone Park, Wyo............... July to September and June.| Black-spotted trout. 
hipniniy Creek 3.65.8 o OU Meee its se sc Lice a Do. 
ICRTCOLOOK So or icwn ao soiccbeeen ose |en ea CL a ae ee eh Tae | peak Do. 
Columbine Creek... ....2...2.. 2.22) c22% 7 Ed eee ae nee Do. 
COB CIPO. 5 epee pene hon > ee ep eae "Yo are piel eh pani Do. 
Fist Mound, Arpt. 22602-2200 vape ah GQ ee aths ects sania sedsc Do. 
Grouse Creek .2.a- tien 32)'. - -<iaed- | eos AES aR GE ie Dak A pene Do. 
Pehieay Cregkicwc d= ttt oboe op alee es 3 Fo Se ec aa ape Do. 
SOGR DUC. ecenn2-sar sesh eae VUMOE co. sctodessaccer ent ae Do. 
Thumb Creek....... mate aiablas a CL hy PEO te a oe Seren a Do. 
Nashua, N. H.: Lake Sunapee, N. H...... PAO aes a eden he ee nes Small-mouthed black bass. 
Neosho, Mo.: Roaring River, Mo.........- November to February--.-.. Rainbow trout. 
Northville, Mich: 
Warporte MICH . b0-6 esivjien-t3-4 => 22. cle November... 2-0. 5:. 2 +. Lake trout. 
Frankjort, Mich... 22 nwos.0-4 -1s3- Bs sax 1 tesa Rapa acs seo pig as Do. 
Goality Mig rs scecat sto =| ee re et ey ee Whitefish. 
Manishigte, NACH eer cent. Sso0. sos. | oad MGs acy sc aebe an eo An Lake trout. 
Naubinway,,Mich....ct as.ce.b..S. . < jalose-s ifr tS athe 5 tye ye a ae ae Whitefish. 
Northport, MiG s -ospecs. bast --<->s4:lP- one Dees oh cand hy ory ate ido Lake trout. 
St. James; Meh cpciniewsgh to: epwsrt Cees aT Sapa ten BS eat ips Do. 
Sts Joseplts Mich 6). 565s /degas ss - sree eck ho- acts Gee Seay eran ae Do. 
Put in Bay, Ohio: 
Catawba Island, Ohio................. November and December. -..| Whitefish. 
Middle Bass Island, Ohio... ..... Benya "ie Ee ee Pea ee pete ae Do. 
= Aprilend May. ..<..-2-5-5-+ Yellow perch. 
North Bass Island, Ohio. ............. November and December. ..} Whitefish. 
, DW caengisce oc a San eae seis Pike perch. 
Port Clinton, Ohio........... bist.25- 50 November. ooo. Dae cedasc Whitefish. 
¥ APMETO JUUC..-0<5/050050005 Pike perch, yellow perch, carp. 
Toledo, Ohio. ........ Berea: pameue ane ovemiber ssi likes: setts Whitefish. 
Apel esse Sesh s feed oe ails Pike perch. 


18 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


Egg-collecting stations, period of operation, and species handled, etc-—Continued. 


Period of operation. 


Station. Species handled. 
St. Johnsbury, Vt.: 

Darling Pond;(NiGit mite ae... oe ncccns October and November.....| Brook trout. 

Lake Mitchell, Vite. 0932. <--depecccesscfadins CO iis itd bee speckese Do. 

Margalloway River, PDS Sek ie cip'cinie' siding September and October..... Do. 

Parmacheence Lake, Me........-..--- Octobehes: deiedoscerscusces Do. 

York Ponds AN. Hse bts aes os vais nasis Entire yearns .cs<s sc. cveca de Do. 
Saratoga, Wyo.: 

Canon Creek, Wy0. 22 ..---..ccsceeeeee April to Jum, ncctercscenses Rainbow trout. 

ost Creek, WyOssi oc <cdacdeseencese | snays Opa. dnc vcciclge ascienasios Do. 

Sage Creek, Wiyoleirs-steslhissacsersice lene BOsseie chs bese pe ences Do. 
Springville, Utah: Fish Lake, Utah......- INOVENIROR Gin. win tesccer en's’ Brook trout. 
Woods Hole, Mass: 

Newport; Rul. 25.) eeemebsies re cictees March and April......- .| Winter flounder. 

Waquoit, Massisan 2 secede Pskesievsyres= January to March sei 0. 

Wickford, R. I. ..... asked its scene eons March aad pause.) ,-s-cere- Do. 


TRANSFERS OF EGGS BETWEEN STATIONS. 


Every year fish eggs in considerable numbers are transferred from 
one station to another. The primary object of such transfers is 
usually to give advantageous distribution centers for the resulting 
fry or fingerlings, as the eggs can be more economically and readily 
transported. Such transfers may also tend to reduce operating costs, 
and sometimes they represent an egg collection in excess of the hatch- 
ing facilities at the collecting point. The transfers of eggs made 
during the fiscal year 1922 are indicated in the following table: 


Transfers of eggs between stations, fiscal year 1922,* 


| — | | 


Atlantic salmon 20, 000 


Black-spotted 200, 000 
trout. 
: 50, 000 
100, 000 
200, 000 
Brook trout.... 500, 000 
300, 000 
400, 000 
400, 000 
400, 000 
300, 000 
150, 000 
Chinook _ sal- 20, 000 
mon.? 
Cisean ucoets22 is 
Os GE ae 30, 070, 000 
Lake trout..... b 
, 000 
Landlocked sal- 70, 000 
mon. 25, 000 
Pike perch..... 4, ei? 000 
5, 
3, 000, 000 
, 600, 000 
Rainbow trout. 500, 
100, 000 
20, 000 


Craig Brook, Me. . 


Central station, 
Washington, D.C. 


Yellowstone Park, | Bozeman, Mont..... 
bit be 
wake 0.:.....-..+-| Clackamas, Oreg..-. 
sien 6 Goss vac ets Gincron Ee anicesess os 
rasee GO ee oe) tkead ville; (Colo: 32)... 
Leadville, Colo....| Bozeman, Mont..... 
Springville, Utahetsres= 2 RD See Saree 
See do............| Cape Vincent, N. Y. 
hele 5 do:!2222..7..2] Clackamas, Orer: .-. 
ae \a Os ceo 5 0 cee eL Crosce Wiriserene 
Pytne do. ...--:-| Spearfish, 8. Dak... 
OPS 3 Wager csceter | Waites Sulphur 


Clackamas, Oreg. - 


Springs, W. Va. 
Central station 2 


Washington, D.C. 

Cape Vincent,N.Y-|..... Ure sehessenben 
Woods Hole, Mass.| Gloucester, Mass. ... 
Duluth, Minn..... Leadville, Colo...... 
Charlevoix, Mich..| Holden, Vt......... 
Green Lake, Me...] Craig Brook, Me..... 
aa Fe do..........-.| Nashua, N. ; : 
Putin Bay, Ohio.| La Crosse, Wis...... 
ee do..........--| Manchester, Iowa... 
Swanton, Vt....... Hartsville, Mass... - 
alee Wcncccccsers= | NSS IN aloo oe ote 
Meadow Creek, | Clackamas, Oreg..... 

Mont. 

AB ae COs se cccsken's| DUNE Enric e 
Erwin, Tenn...... Central station, 


Washington, D.C. 


Final disposition of fry or finger- 
lings. 


Lost from chlorinated water. 
Montana waters. 


Yash and Oregon waters. 
Glacier Park streams. 
Colorado waters. 

Colorado and Montana waters. 


0. 

New York waters. 

Washington and Oregon waters. 
Wisconsin waters. 

South Dakota waters. 

West Virginia waters. 


Susquehanna River. 


Fry killed by chlorinated water. 

Massachusetts Bay. 

Ca — Lake, Franklin County, 

olo. 

Vermont waters. 

Maine waters. 

New Hampshire waters. 

Wisconsin waters. © 

Iowa waters. : 

Root Pond, Big Pond, Knights 
Pond, Rooths Pond. a 


-New Hampshire waters. 


Oregon and Washington waters. 


Minnesota waters. 
West Branch, Patuxent River. 


1 Where the distribution of the fish resulting involves a species not common or nonindigenous to the 


region the name of the water in which the plants were made is given. In most cases where the species 
involved are common to the locality in which the distribution is made these details are omitted, 


3 For exhibit, 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922. 19 


Transfers of eggs between stations, fiscal year 1922. —Continued. 


. Number of et Final disposition of fry or finger- 
Species epes. From: To— ie y 
Rainbow trout 80,000 | Manchester, Iowa.| La Crosse, Wis....-. Wisconsin waters. 
—Coatinued. 100, 000°} Sage Creek, Wyo..| Leadville, Colo...... Colorado waters. 
50, 000.}..... Go. asanp- 20.44 Salmon, Idaho...... Idaho waters. 
BO}O00U ann Gos sr ext eene Spearfish, S. Dak. ..} South Dakota waters. 
150,000 | White Sulphur | Cape Vincent, N. Y..| New York waters. 
yy ie . Va. 
50/000 |. .2:80d08. 22 peaee53 Craig Brook, Me..... Maine waters. 
50; 000°}... =. do Sanne were Hartsville, Mass..... Massachusetts waters. 
50,000.) S CG@OM: 3 pons acs Holden, 1 LES Vermont waters. 
55, 000 titial Va...| Central station , | Lost from chlorinated waters. 
Washington, D.C. 
BO: OND lo oc OO renee Nashua, N. 5 ao New Hampshire waters. 
Steelhead sal- 25, 000 Birdeviow, Wash.. Manchester, Iowa...| Reserved for brood stock. 
mon. 
D5 OOO cs sasha ase eiee Woods Hole, Mass. .| Johns Pond, Mashpee, Mass. 
20,000 } Quileene, Wash.-..| Charlevoix, Mich....| Pine Lake, Charlevoix, Mich. 
50, 000 | Apple ate Creek.. Bozeman, Mont west Montana waters. 
Whitefish...... 1, 600,000 | Cape Vincent,N. Y.| Central station , | Fry lost from chlorinated water. 
Washington, D.C. 
24, 950, 000 }..... GOs ewredsccesse Ses Mich....}| Lake Michigan. 
25-400; 000" -“Putiir Bay; -Ohiosy:-*-dor---->- =... Do. 
, 00, 000 J... 2. Goward FEL. Duluth, Minn. ... <<< Lake ‘Superior. 
Yellow perch...| 1, 800,000 |..... DOs sss ese Central’ station , | Lost in transit. 
Washington, D.C. 
200, 000 | Swanton, Vt....... acto Mass.....| Western Massachusetts waters. 
400, 000 }..... Ct ere Nashua, N. H....... New Hampshire waters. 
1, 000, 000 ler Point, Md .| Neosho, Mole .+.0..- Missouri waters. 
200, O0OT ek de! . ed Louisville, Ky......] Ohio River-Louisville, Ky. 
500, 000 |..... 0 oes Sere Wytheville, Va..... Lost in transit. 


FISH FOOD USED AT HATCHERIES. 


Since everyone undertaking a venture in the artificial propagation 
of fish must of necessity become interested in the problem of a suit- 
able fish food, the following table, indicating the amounts and kinds 
of food used at the fish-cultural stations of the bureau during 1922, 
with the cost per pound, may be of interest. 


Pounds and cost per pound of fish food used during fiscal year 1922. 


PACIFIC SALMON STATIONS. 


| 
Station. Salted salmon. | Canned salmon. ian Beef liver. 


Cost. | Pounds.| Cost. | Pounds.| Cost. | Pounds.| Cost. 
Afognak, Alaska 3 200 |SOUOL RGIS. o-oo |S 2s faa| ae aceae BM |e alee foe 
Yes Bay, Alaska - 03 


Baker Lake and substations, Wash. . 4 845 873 | $0.10 

Baird and substations, Calif.......... - 000 4 274 .09 

Clackamas and substations, Oreg..... 31) 600 ; 06) | ek. cor ee Seta 

Motley ea =. tates .0-.) Sea 46, 645 1,447 |edeande 
Station. Beef spleen. Pork liver. Middlings. Sheep liver. 


OS ee 


Pounds.| Cost. | Pounds.| Cost. | Pownds.| Cost. | Pounds.| Cost. 


Baker Lake and substations, Wash..| 5, 520 |$0. 05 1,:520' $0005 '|. -2--2 ree 462 | $0.05 
paird sud substations, Caltfs-. 2533215 ees ele os ss...) cate see- cass -se8 400 120024 \woe seek oat ce 
Clackamas and substations, Oreg..... bp0b0 tT Ue acantas tale caons< G,1se i 0 Ue , leek eaeret| coneoee 

Total J. 5 itp p eaddate-= «<p REE S 12,9000]. au bk .3 1520) |iwee- 2c Ey El eee 4G 2h | 5 at 


16,000 pounds furnished by Washington State fisheries department, the cost being only the cost of packing 
he food from Concrete to Baker Lake. 


20 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


Pounds and cost per pound of fish food used during fiscal year 1922—Con. 
ROCKY MOUNTAIN TROUT STATIONS. 


Station. Beef liver. Beef hearts. Sheep liver. 


Bozeman and substations, Mont $0508 ol ecwacctbne | na4 GSE). -sedacanalommenemes : 
Leadville, Coloig s5.stsicecth stunts... obicUe| 2 ae QOWt 1 A2 cae, | a oe 8 
Saratoga, WyOs stad seen sack ctlsvhe cae dackee 873 $0. 065 1,946 $0. 04 
SPCREUSHOS MURKG cp eec ccs sacs sn taccceees 200 629 -115 3,709 .07 
Springville, Utah. sc201.54 dacizde.d. th seas Maw be... 9,374 - 06 7,010 +05 
Total. ....8d2% pit SIMSnics fe cwescle sam 10,876. |...1.858.86 12,665 |. csspsces 
Station. Pork liver. Fishotine. Middlings. Fresh beef. 
Pounds.| Cost. | Pounds.| Cost. |Pounds.| Cost. | Pounds.| Cost. 
Bozeman and substations, Mont...... 1,420 |$0. 065 49,1; $0.08 owe -- Seb ask. c5 | sect cemeleemeee 
Leadville, Colas tes csces dams. ce6 as 45 ties dots one dade leas tnce ealwaiasie's [nish o-b- Se eons 850 | $0.045 
Spearfish, 'S. Dak. .--2..282% 22055 cad Al aan roeeeepeae Gee loncu ee eente Saat ae 2; 000)($0. 00 «15.0 scans alaoeete as 
Springville, Utah. vaes2siet gate bs. | eee ees oduct le Secccecc|gerecee 5, 700") 5025s]. 22 oo ecleesees < 
Total Soi. e teas Ee 1,420) | stew sine Ln eee wal. 8, 200" ves one 850) |o aceee . 


NEW ENGLAND TROUT AND SALMON STATIONS. 


Station. Beef liver. Beef hearts. Beef spleen. 


Pounds. Cost. Pounds. Cost. Pounds. Cost. 


Berkshire trout hatchery, Mass........-.-- 992 RE oo ten elects 4, 356 $0. 05 
Craig, Brook, (Me... sosscc.-emecaseetcceck de 50 PI FS | So Se ngage . 
Green Wake: MGsoe. oc eccceneeen as se cnascce sacar ase eee aemeee 308 $0.05.1. <. cae cleaeeeeeen 
Nashua, NEE ob re2 So sean ee gates 636 .09 239 05,.|- 22.3 See eee 
St. Johnsbury and substations, Vt.....--- 713 -ll 1,351 0G) 2tte se encase 
Total 2225s SAAS oa EEE. 23 Ll BRE See TAOS 2 cee Se 4,356, ||Socesccese 
<a 1 
Station. Sheep liver. Pork liver. Sheep plucks. Fishotine. 
; Pounds.| Cost, | Pounds.| Cost. | Pounds.| Cost. | Pounds.} Cost, 
Berkshire trout hatchery, Mass....--. 6001) $0: 05 !)a5-- See slat eeen|spaee -saatep Sen] aoe eee 
Craig Brook gM 0.5... c5 2a 80 oc cele [ona eeeae| vemos cle SLT | GOOLE Saceiee Jfafeeis = <=] a Geen cece /eeeeeee 
Green take MMOs scone acwictasinin teeta 256 Bit Me oe sel eee sere $8. 1, $0082) ..55.~ 5 scleanseels y 
Washttta, .N'JE obo) assume cuca see 4,014 DGS A taal dette de> mane nas) aoe an el eee ee ee 
St. Johnsbury and substations, Vitis ibe nncec sone ele ioe ones nee leeloia peop eeeeel Sener 120] $0.09 
DOlAl Leo ooo cn seem ee de merece 4,620 |....-.- i eed HSU Da i 


STATIONS PROPAGATING BOTH TROUTS AND POND FISHES. 


Station. Beef liver. Beef heart. Sheep liver. 
Pounds Cost Pounds. Cost. | Pounds. Cost. 

Erwin, Tenn. oS Fock ent os ana dsccdace|sasbcsas calewoveceses 4,787 $0.05 10, 233 $0.05 
Manchester; Tlowk.<-ccetuse. cc cccsceuenase 21 $0.12 3, 818 05 14, 007 04 
Neosho, MO:/2. Jassos 75 Vike se iece eee lc ckctlegeatcoeec - 04 6,779 -03 
White Sulphur Springs, W. Va............ 430 - 06 15, 029 -05| 17,694 - 04 
WYthevillo; Va.c~...acecsuctvecducmsuupeclsasacnchatlemes nana 3, 530 -05 7,110 - 06 
TOUR! « =, cedeacn cunetnne cocoa atom Bee ADL | santenee = ce A a a 55, 823 fees cdsuaw - 

Station. Azotine. Middlings. Pork hearts. 


Pounds. Cost. 


Erwin, Tenn..... ey er ee 
Manchester, Iowa nae 
Neosho, Mo..... $0. 03 
Wytheville, Va... nie esse SO 1 SOOT) S7E29)* 0) OZ ee eee a nan ae = 

2 | 3 Lege eo ee a -VMaP eT 2) P04 i scuceccee 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922. 21 


Pounds and cost per pound of fish food used during fiscal year 1922—Con. 
POND FISH-CULTURAL STATIONS. 


Station. 2 Beef liver. Beef heart. Fresh fish. 
Pounds. Cost 

Cold Springs, Ga., and substations... ......|........../....------ 
OTT eg OS RIES Sib ee ae PP SS ee Ee ES ee ee eee Oe 
Monisville Ky =... i222 Brae 42 $0.10 
Mammoth Spring, Ark.................--- 230 15 
RORHIPORULE fs Oso occ cewne cuswcactactnleseockadea ose wan eae 
PHpeLO, MISS .5... sss 5 asec ce ba coneeemectsetecqneas|omeeesene's 

Potabsié 25 sth eet SY 4 ee Fe 

Station.? Fishotine. ’ Shorts. Bone meal. Pork liver. 


Pounds.| Cost. | Pounds.| Cost. | Pounds.| Cost. | Pounds.| Cost. 
Cold Springs, Ga., and substations... 800 | $0.07 $0. 02 75 |, $0007 42 ccceer kl. S see 
TARA VARE OV Senne oa eta cca ti ccnelatecasstle| ca quae alenteceics cal epaweas|nsoas see's] eoepee 5 | $0.10 


2 No artificial foods used at the San Marcos (Tex.) station. 
. 


HATCHERY FISH-CULTURAL NOTES. 


NEW METHOD OF PRESENTING FOOD TO TROUT FRY AND 
FINGERLINGS. 


Of interest in connection with the subject of suitable foods for fish 
is the proper manner of supplying it. During 1922 a new method, 
recommended by an employee of the New York Aquarium, was tried 
at a number of the stations. It consists in placing the prepared food 
in shallow vessels, clamshells were suggested, at convenient intervals 
on the bottom of the trough or pond in which the young fish were 
being held. Several of the bureau’s superintendents, under whose 
direction the test was made, were favorably impressed by the change, 
while with others it found little favor. Some of the comments on it 
are noted below: 

Wytheville (Va.) Station—The dishes were filled twice a day with finely 
chopped beef heart, and the fish seemed to feed continuously, a group being 
constantly over the containers. These fish made no better growth than did 
those fed by the usual methods, the mortality was not lessened, and much food 
was wasted. 

Manchester (Iowa) Station.—The idea possesses much merit, especially in 
the feeding of sheep liver. The young fish learn to partake of the food readily, 
and very little is wasted. The idea has not proved an advantage in the feeding 
of beef heart. 

White Sulphur Springs (W. Va.) Station.—The fish fed in the regular man- 


ner appeared to be more uniform in size, and there was no perceptible differ- 
ence as to the cleanliness of the troughs. 


In preparing food for fry and fingerling trout a number of the 
superintendents are finding the use of a common eggbeater of prac- 
tical value. The meat is prepared in the usual manner and placed in 
a deep pan, with sufficient water to bring it to the proper consistency. 
It is then thoroughly mixed with an eggbeater. This removes prac- 
tically all the small particles of connective tissue and muscle which 
ordinarily pass through the finest plate of the food chopper and-are 
frequently troublesome in clogging the screens and fouling the 
troughs. 


22 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
EGG MEASUREMENTS. 


For practical fish-cultural purposes the desirability of adopting a 
standard of measurement for the eggs of such fishes as the whitefish, 
cisco, yellow perch, pike perch, the marine species, and others that 
produce eggs of small size in large numbers has long been apparent. 
Because of these variations in size the standard. would be to some ex- 
tent arbitrary, but if recognized by all fish-culturalists its practical 
value in keeping uniform records of eggs collected and distributed is 
evident. 

In making shipment of such eggs from point to point it not infre- 
quently happens that the eggs are measured by the consignor under 
one standard, while the consignee uses another. <A recognized stand- 
ard of measure would obviate this confusion. In view of the rather 
rapid change in the size of the eggs of most fishes after fertilization 
and during incubation, it is desirable to have one standard measure 
for eggs in the green stage and another for eyed eggs. 


HATCHING EGGS IN GRAVEL. 


Recently many fish-culturists have become interested in the so- 
called gravel method of incubating the eggs of salmon and trout. 
This method, originated, we believe, by Alexander Robertson, a 
Canadian fish-culturist, consists in placing the fertilized eggs, either 
green or eyed, in a suitable receptacle between alternate layers of 
gravel, all of the eggs being completely covered. The receptacle is 
then so placed as to receive a constant flow of water by seepage 
through the gravel, the volume not being sufficient to disturb the 
eggs. 

Experiments conducted along this line at a number of the bureau’s 
stations with eggs of the sockeye and chinook salmons and rainbow 
and brook trouts have yielded fairly uniform results. The experi- 
ments have involved placing the eggs in gravel in various kinds of 
containers, in hatching troughs, in rearing ponds in the open air, 
and in the beds of creeks. In practically every instance a good per- 
centage of hatch has been obtained, except in cases where the water 
circulation was imperfect or where frost had penetrated to the eggs. 
The former point is illustrated by the following report from the 
superintendent of the St. Johnsbury (Vt.) station: 

Last winter, 1921, we put 4,000 brook-trout eggs in a box about 1 foot square 
under the west end of the York Pond Dam. The box was set in such a way 
that the water was forced up through eggs and gravel. There was a con- 
siderable loss of eggs in the corners of the box, but otherwise they hatched 
normally. My judgment is that the loss was due to imperfect circulation i 
the box. 

Observers of the experiments are also very nearly unanimous in 
the opinion that the fry produced by this means of incubation are 
exceptionally virile, are darker in color than fry hatched by the usual 
methods, and do not emerge from the gravel until the near approach 
of the feeding stage. 

It seems hardly probable that the method can be developed to a 
point where it will be of direct value in hatchery operations or 
that it will replace present methods of incubating the eggs of sal- 
mon and trout, particularly where such eggs are to be handled in 


¢ 
) 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922. 23 


large numbers. It is of much interest, however, in connection with 
the suggested possibilities as to its value in stocking lakes and 
eens with eyed eggs rather than the more expensive fry or finger- 
ings. 

The available information on the subject indicates that prac- 
tically perfect results, in so far as incubation is concerned, may be 
expected from eyed eggs of the trouts or salmons when planted in 
the deep gravel bed of a suitable stream where a substream flow or 
_ spring seepage is present, and one of these conditions doubtless al- 
ways obtains in a stream flowing gently over a bed of deep gravel. 
Trout or salmon spawning naturally in streams invariably seek 
such places, and trout spawning in ponds will seek seeping water, 
either in the nature of spring seepage entering the pond or water 
seeping from the pond through a porous section of its bottom. 
Observations made during the summer of 1921 of a number of plants 
of eyed eggs of the black-spotted trout in the Belcher River and 
tributaries, in the Yellowstone National Park, under the conditions 
named above, revealed a 100 per cent hatch in each instance, and the 
resulting fry were uniformly strong and vigorous. They displayed 
all the tendencies of naturally hatched fish, burying themselves in the 
gravel to a depth of 8 or more inches and remaining there during 
the time required for ‘the absorption of the umbilical sac. The evi- 
dence at hand would indicate that eggs planted in a dead pond bot- 
tom result in total failure. If this method of stocking streams and 
lakes can be carried out as successfully as now seems possible, it will 
offer in innumerable instances many advantages over present meth- 
ods. It will permit of making plants at the headwaters of streams 
or of the tributaries of lakes, always a desirable location, though 
inaccessible with fry or fingerlings, and of making distributions over 
a greater water area. It will also materially reduce the costs of dis- 
tribution and hatchery expenses. 


METHODS OF PLANTING EYED EGGS. 


In making plants of eggs in the bed of a stream it is impossible, 
because of their buoyant tendency and the action of the current, 
simply to scoop out a “nest,” deposit the eggs therein, and cover 
them with gravel. Several: ways have been resorted to in making 
such plants. A method employed on the Pacific coast is to place the 
eggs to be planted in alternate layers with gravel in a box or can— 
a 5-gallon coal-oil can is mentioned. An excavation of sufficient 
size and depth is made in the gravel bed at the site selected and 
the can is carefully inverted into it, allowing its contents to settle 
into the excavation. In other places two pieces of board or plank 
are fastened together to forma V. This is placed in the stream with 
its apex against the current. The “nest” is then made in the eddy 
or slack water in the angle of the V. 


ACCLIMATIZATION. 


Throughout the history of practical fish culture numerous instances 
are to be noted of the successful establishment of nonindigenous 
fishes in various parts of this country and also in many of the for- 
eign countries. In most cases such transplantings have resulted in 


24 ' U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


direct benefit, though in others the good effects have been less ob- 
vious. Among the more recent occurrences of this character may be 
mentioned the successful introduction into certain Maine rivers of 
the humpbacked salmon of the Pacific coast, which is referred to on 
page 57 of this report. The introduction of the smelt in the Great 
Lakes is also of interest. The bureau claims no credit and no respon- 
sibility in connection with the latter, but it is referred to as an item 
of interest to fish-culturists. ‘The records show that eggs of the smelt 
were furnished the State of Michigan from the Green Lake (Me.) 
station during the fiscal years 1909, 1912, 1914, 1915, 1916, and 1921. 
Information reached the bureau in the spring of 1922 that the spe- 
cies had been noted in considerable numbers in Crystal Lake, Mich., 
and also in points in Lake Michigan, notably in Grand Traverse Bay. 

There seems to be considerable difference of opinion as to the effect 
the smelt may have on the indigenous fishes. A number of persons 
appear to hail the advent of the smelt in the Great Lakes as a cause 
of rejoicing, although others are inclined to view the matter with 
gloomy forebodings. Aside from their value as food for humans, 
which is considerable, the smelt is recognized in many bodies of water 
as a valuable asset in the way of food for the game fish. In fact, it 
seems to be fairly well demonstrated that certain species of game fish, 
notably the landlocked salmon, do not attain to their highest quality 
when introduced in waters where the smelt does not occur. The final 
results of the establishment of smelt in the Great Lakes are, however, 
problematical and will be watched with interest. 


COMMERCIAL FISHES. 


Of the 73 stations and substations operated during the fiscal year 
1922, the work of 42, including the rescue stations, was addressed to 
the propagation or conservation of fishes commercially important. 
This group of stations produced approximately 99 per cent of the 
entire output. The results of the season’s work may be considered 
fairly successful. The output was increased over that of the preced- 
ing fiscal year, and the work was accomplished at a smaller outlay of 
funds.. However, this continued reduction of funds available for 
fish culture is having an unfavorable effect, and it is preventing the 
fullest development of many valuable fields. A discussion of the 
more important details of the work of the stations handling the com- 
mercial fishes during the past year follows. 


PACIFIC SALMONS. 


In the artificial propagation of fish perhaps no branch of the work 
ranks higher.in importance than that addressed to the salmons of the 
Pacific coast.. While-it-is difficult.to check the actual returns from 
the culture of the commercial fishes, which are distributed over wide 


areas in the open waters, or to say positively that an increase in the 


number of fish in a given locality is the result of hatchery work un- 
influenced by other considerations, the evidence at hand indicates 
that the Pacifie. coast salmon hatcheries are in most instances enti- 
tled to high:ranking from the standpoint of practical returns on the 
effort expended. Salmon hatching during the fiscal year 1922 was 
conducted at 20 stations, located in the States of Washington, Idaho, 


ee ee ee 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922. 25 


Oregon, and California, and in the Territory of Alaska. The agegre- 
gate output of these stations for the year amounted to 183,992,815 
eggs, fry, and fingerlings of the salmon, as against a total of 146,- 
107,040 the preceding year. Of the 1922 output 145,542,405 were 
fingerling fish, while the fingerlings produced in 1921 numbered 
92,066,730. 


AFOGNAK (ALASKA) STATION. 
[EDWIN WENTWoRTH, Superintendent.] 


For the fifth consecutive season since the destruction of the spawn- 
ing beds by the volcanic deposit in 1912 there was an excellent run 
of sockeye salmon in Letnik Lake and no trouble was experienced 
in obtaining the desired number of eggs, notwithstanding the escape 
of large numbers of fish over the racks during a period of high 
water in early August. It is estimated that the season’s egg col- 
lection, which amounted to 53,835,000, was secured from approxi- 
mately one-fourth of the salmon entering the lake. The work of 
incubation was hampered by a scarcity of water, as a result of dry 
weather extending through August and well into September. By 
constant and assiduous attention, however, the stock was carried 
through without abnormal loss, though the high temperatures pre- 
vailing during the drought caused the eggs to hatch fully three 
weeks earlier than under normal conditions. The stacked trays 
were again used in holding the fry through the period of absorbing 
the umbilical sac, with only nominal loss. During May, however, 
a disease appeared among the 12,000,000 fry remaining on hand at 
that time, and it soon became epidemic, causing a serious mortality. 
All of these fry appeared normal at the time of hatching, the 
trouble appearing just prior to the feeding stage, and in no in- 
stance was the disease responsive to the usual methods of treatment. 
There was some evidence that a similar affection obtained among 
the migrating sockeye fingerlings at this time, and examples of the 
fish from the lake and the hatchery troughs were forwarded to the 
division of scientific inquiry for examination. 

With the purpose in view of reserving Letnik Lake solely for the 
spawning of the sockeye salmon, the dam at the falls in Letnik 
River was closed on August 25 and rendered effective service during 
the fall and early winter in excluding Dolly Varden trout and silver 
salmon. It was planned to install a trap in the river at this point, 
to serve as a means for obtaining a count of the sockeyes entering 
the lake, but the webbing shipped from Seattle for this purpose 
was delayed en route. As an alternative racks were installed at 
the outlet of the lake, and 37,653 sockeye salmon were counted 
through between June 7 and July 1. 

A simple method of transporting the advanced fry to suitable 
planting areas was tried with success. The trays containing the 
fry were placed on a Yukon sled, with a tarpaulin folded around 
them, and it was found that the young fish could be transported in 
this manner without loss, even when out of the water for as long as 
30 minutes. 

Further experience in hatching eggs in gravel resulted in the loss 
of the entire lot involved in the experiment. When the hatching 


— 


26 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


trough used for the purpose was opened, it was found that develop- 
ment had been arrested at the eyed stage, and it was apparent that 
the water circulation had not been adequate. 

The distributions from the station consisted of 5,200,000 eyed eggs, 
delivered to the State of Oregon for the Columbia River, and 28,480 
fingerlings and 4,100,000 fry, which were liberated in local waters. 

Important items of repair work at the station during the year in- 
cluded the renewal of sills, flooring, and floor timbers at the west 
end of the hatchery, the lumber used in this work being sawed on 
the premises: In 37 days of operation the station sawmill produced 
some 60,000 feet of lumber, at a cost of $20.23 per thousand feet, 
including the cost of logging and delivering logs at the mill. A 
new water-tube boiler was installed and has proved well adapted for 
the work, the sawmill refuse making satisfactory fuel. 


YES BAY (ALASKA) STATION, 
[C. H. Van Attra, Superintendent. ] 


The repairs at this station, which prevented active fish-cultural 
work during 1921, were so far completed at the beginning of the 
fiscal year 1922 that egg collections were resumed. The spawning 
season of the sockeye salmon opened August 29, and between that 
date and September 27 a total of 51,000,000 eggs were collected. 
During the latter half of the spawning season fishing operations 
were materially hampered by excessive rains, high-water stages, and 
a strong river current, making it difficult to handle the seines. The 
first eggs of the season showed the eye spots by September 27, and 
by November 1 the entire lot, had reached that stage. All fry 
hatched were held on trays in the hatching troughs until the absorp- 
tion of the umbilical sac. The first plant was made in Hatchery 
Creek on April 10, and a considerable amount of salted salmon was 
distributed along the margins as a food supply. Gill nets were 
used to keep down the numbers of trout, and the young fish made 
excellent growth. Further experiments were conducted in main- 
taining an inclosed section of the river as a feeding area for young 
salmon, but the results were in no case satisfactory. 

The inclosed arm of McDonald Slough was again used as a rear- 
ing pond. Two million sockeye-salmon fingerlings No. 1 were placed 
in this inclosure on May 11, and by July 25 these fish had increased 
in size approximately 100 per cent. The screens were removed on 
September 10. In December further plants of eyed sockeye-salmon 
eggs to the number of 150,000 were made in Round Lake and Lake 
No, 2, though subsequent visits to these lakes in May and June 
following failed to indicate that any results had followed these or 
previous plants in either lake. . 

In connection with the sockeye-salmon egg collections, 246,000 — 
eggs of the humpbacked salmon were taken between August 22 and 
September 2, producing 210,000 advanced fry for distribution. vad 

The new water-supply system installed during the previous year 
functioned satisfactorily, with the exception of a period of un- 
usually cold weather with low-water stages in the river. During — 
this period anchor ice was a serious source of annoyance, though 


a LSS Se ee ee LK ee 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922. 27 


no loss of eggs or fry occurred. The condition was remedied by 
deepening the channel from the river to the intake reservoir and 
covering exposed portions of the pipe line. 


BAKER LAKE (WASH.) STATION AND SUBSTATIONS. 
[J. R. RUSSELL, Superintendent. ] 


Fish-cultural operations were conducted at seven points in the 
Washington field, and included the propagation of all species of the 
Pacific salmon and the steelhead. The year’s egg collections for 
this group of stations numbered 53,978,000, and the output of eyed 
eggs and young fish amounted to 41,113,770, all but about 6,000,000 
of this number consisting of fish varying from 1 inch to several 
inches in length. 


BAKER LAKE (WASH.) STATION. 


The buildings in course of construction at the Baker Lake station 
at the beginning of the year were completed and painted. The new 
hatchery at this point is 130 feet long by 56 feet wide, and is 
equipped with 150 standard salmon hatching troughs, each 16 feet 
long by 14 inches wide, inside measure. It has a capacity of 30,- 
000,000 sockeye-salmon eggs, or of 25,000,000 fry when the stacked- 
tray system is used. The construction of the fish trap undertaken 
last season at the ou@t of Baker Lake was completed. This trap, 
which is about 350 feet long, was formed by driving piles at 8-foot 
intervals, beginning at each shore about 50 feet below the trap proper 
and leading to a V-shaped point, comprising the entrance. The piles 
were cut off at a level of 10 feet above the average water stage and 
capped with 2 by 14 inch planks. The 4-inch mesh web used to ob- 
struct the passage of the fish is hung from the top capping of the 
piling and extends to the river bottom, where it is held down by a 
heavy chain sewed to its lower edge and further reinforced by driven 
stakes. The trap proper is a web pot, 18 by 20 feet in dimensions, 
which is connected with the leads by a tunnel made of webbing. The 
trap is kept in position by means of lines attached to the piling, and 
hand windlasses are provided for raising and lowering it. Although 
there was a slight decrease in the collection of both adults and eggs 
of the sockeye salmon, which is the principal species handled at the 
Baker Lake station, the results of the year’s work were, in general, 
satisfactory, both as regards losses and the condition of the fish re- 
leased from the hatchery. 

There was no deviation from the methods of previous years in the 
work of capturing, towing, and handling adult salmon, and during 
the time they were held in the inclosure at the head of the lake await- 
ing the ripening of their eggs the death rate was very low. There 
was no loss whatever from floods, though the water stage at one time 
attained a height of 14 feet above normal. 

Adult sockeyes were removed from the trap between the dates of 
July 2 and August 27, the total capture comprising 7,075, of which 
3,186 females produced the season’s stock of 10,275,000 eggs. During 
the spawning season, which extended from October 4 to November 24, 
the fish were assorted every five days and all eggs were taken in the 


28 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


inclosure and transferred in tubs and pails to the hatchery. Salt 
solution was employed to remove infertile eggs, and the stack-tray 
system was effectively utilized for holding fry through the yolk-sac 
stage. 

ae silver salmon entered Baker Lake than in any year since 1915. 
Of a total of 4,000 adults of this species taken from the trap be- 
tween September 22 and November 1 there were 2,009 females, which 
produced 5,750,000 eggs, an average of 2,862 per fish. Following the 
policy of the past two years the eggs were held at Baker Lake until 
the eyed stage of development and were then transferred to Birds- 
view substation, the losses in the meantime amounting to 44 per cent. 


BIRDSVIEW (WASH.) SUBSTATION. 


Fish-cultural work at Birdsview included operations with four 
species of the Pacific salmon and the steelhead. All fry hatched from 
eggs collected at this point were reared to fingerlings before being lib- 
erated in the principal tributaries of the Skagit River, in locations 
that appeared to afford the best protection from predatory birds and 
animals. A lot of 37,980 young chinook-salmon carried over from 
the previous fiscal year were fed until September 20 and liberated 
in the No. 3 fingerling stage. As there was not sufficient water in 
Grandy Creek during September to permit chinook salmon to enter, 
the majority of the run spawned in the Skagit River below. Conse- 
quently, the egg collections declined in numbers as compared with the 
preceding year, the total for the season amounting to only 313,000. 
This stock was augmented by the receipt of 250,000 advanced fry 
from the Washington State fisheries department, and the fish result- 
ing from both sources were liberated as fingerlings in tributaries of 
the Skagit River. A lot of 746,500 young silver salmon that were 
being carried in hatchery ponds on the first of the year were liberated 
during July, August, and September in the Nos. 2 and 3 fingerling 
stages. Silver salmon, believed to be the result of plants from eggs 
transferred from the Baker Lake station, appeared at the trap early 
in September. Their appearance indicated that fully a month would 
be required for the full development of their eggs, and, as there were 
no facilities for holding the fish, they were liberated above the trap 
and allowed to work their way farther upstream. 

Between the 16th and 24th of September 141,000 eggs were collected 
from the run of humpbacked salmon in Grandy Creek. Though 
small, this number is nearly twice as large as that obtained from this 
stream in 1919. The majority of the humpbacked salmon entering 
Skagit River make their ascent during August and September, when 
the streams in the vicinity of the hatchery are at a low stage. Con- — 
sequently, most of the fish proceed up the river some distance above 
the station before spawning. The ee spawning ground of the 
humpbacked salmon in the Skagit River lies between Rockport and 
Marblemount, from 15 to 20 miles above Birdsview. On May 17, 
40,000 young sockeyes that had been carried over from the previous 
year were liberated in Grandy Creek. Though the fish received but 
little care during the winter and their diet was confined to canned 
and spawned-out salmon, the losses on the lot from the beginning of 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922. 29 


the fiscal year to the time of planting amounted to only 7,000. They 
had attained an average length of 4 inches at the time of planting. 
From a stock of 48,000 eggs and 34,000 fry of the steelhead on hand 
at the beginning of the fiscal year 78,000 No. 2 fingerlings were reared 
and distributed during the fall in various lakes and streams in the 
State of Washington. Egg collections of this species began on 
March 30 and ended May 29, with a total of 519,000, this number 
exceeding last year’s collection by nearly 200,000. 


DUCKABUSH (WASH.) SUBSTATION, 


It is estimated that during late August and early September a suf- 
ficient number of chum salmon entered the Duckabush River to per- 
mit of a collection of 15,000,000 eggs. Unforunately, it was impos- 
sible to capture more than a small percentage, as nearly three-fourths 
of them escaped over the traps during a period of high water. Fish- 
ing and spawning operations were conducted from August 30 to Sep- 
tember 20, and 4,501,000 eggs were secured. A second run of this 
species occurred about the middle of November, but the water stages 
were even more difficult, and only 140,000 eggs were taken. From a 
small run-of humpbacked salmon entering the river with the early 
chums, a collection of 874,000 eggs was made. Silver salmon opera- 
tions included the planting of 109,000 fingerlings No. 2, carried over 
from the stock of the previous year, and the collection of 537,000 eggs, 
the latter being obtained at irregular intervals between November 28 
and March 11. As a rule, silver salmon ascend the Duckabush 
throughout the winter, individuals frequently being seen as late as 
May 1. The fish are hard to capture, however, as they travel mostly 
on high-water stages and easily escape the traps. Therefore, while 
the collection made is a fair average for the station, it does not rep- 
resent more than 20 per cent of the total run. The product of these 
eggs was returned to the river in the fingerling Nos. 1 and 2 stages. 
The year’s output from this hatchery also included 78,000 steelhead 
fingerlings No. 1, which were liberated in the Duckabush River and 
adjacent tributaries. 


BRINNON (WASH.) SUBSTATION, 


- From chum salmon entering Walcot Slough on flood tide and 

caught with a seine on the ebb 10,790,000 eggs were taken, the collec- 
tions commencing on November 22 and ending December 31. As fish 
were still running at the rate of several hundred per day after the 
collections had been discontinued, the trap pickets were removed to 
allow them to pass unhindered to the spawning grounds above. After 
development to the eyed stage most of the eggs were transferred to 
the Duckabush substation to be hatched, and 75 per cent of the prod- 
uct was returned in the advanced fry stage for liberation in the 
slough. From the eggs retained at the station 1,040,000 advanced 
fry were produced. For the first time since fish-cultural work was 
undertaken at Brinnon a small collection of silver-salmon eggs was 
obtained. The run of this species is believed to be the direct result 
of annual plants of young salmon made by the bureau in the slough - 
in recent years. 3 | 


30 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
QUILCENE (WASH.) SUBSTATION. 


The early run of chum salmon in the Quilcene River was above the 
average of the past three years. The second run was also large, 
though most of the fish escaped, as the trap was rendered ineffective 
by the prevailing high-water stages. The spawning season of this 
species began on August 17 and terminated December 20, with a total 
collection of 7,488,000 eggs, this number exceeding by nearly half a 
million the collection of the previous year. After the resulting fry 
had reached the free swimming stage they were transferred, in ac- 
cordance with the usual custom, to ponds from which the screens had 
been removed and allowed to pass out at will. As a rule the fish 
leave these ponds in from four to six weeks’ time. 

Silver-salmon eggs to the number of 565,000, secured between Oc- 
tober 17 and March 29, represent only about 20 per cent of the sea- 
son’s run of that species in the Quilcene River, most of the fish ascend- 
ing during high-water periods and escaping the traps. Steelhead 
eggs to the number of 83,400 in the Quilcene hatchery at the opening 
of the year were developed to the No. 1 fingerling stage and released 
in Hood Canal. The spring collection of steelhead eggs, made be- 
tween February 27 and June 7, and amounting to 745,000, was the 
largest in the history of the station. All fish taken in connection 
with this work were green at the time of capture and were therefore 
{ransferred to station ponds for the complete development of their 
eggs. Some of the eggs taken-were shipped in the eyed stage to east- 
ern hatcheries; the product from the remainder will be returned to 
parent waters. 

In the course of the year a water-supply system for domestic use 
and fire protection was provided for this substation. A supply 
tank was installed on the hill opposite to and 55 feet above the 
foreman’s cottage and was supplied with water from the creek by 
a hydraulic ram. From the tank the water is piped to the various 
buildings on the reservation. 


SULTAN (WASH.) SUBSTATION. 


This hatchery was open the entire year, and its work included 
operations with the chinook and silver salmons and the steelhead. 
All fry hatched are transferred in the yolk-sac stage to temporary 
ponds, formed by damming the overflow from the hatchery at va- 
rious points. Here they may remain or pass out at will, no screens 
obstructing the outlets. Egg collections of the chinook salmon de- 
pend almost entirely upon the water stages in Elwell Creek. If 
the creek is low in September and October, very few fish can enter; 
but in the case of normal water stages good collections may be ex- 
pected. As the former condition prevailed in the fall of 1921, the 
number of eggs taken was below the average, amounting to only 
155,000. Approximately 100,000 silver-salmon fingerlings No. 1 car- 
ried over from the previous year were liberated in the creek during 
July. Egg collections of this species to the number of 2,304,000 
were made at intervals from October 20 to March 13, hatched with 
only normal losses, and the resulting fry distributed in local waters 
tributary to the Skyhomish River. In July and August 104,400 


U. S. B. F.—Doc. 941. 


poem 


= 


somes mee eee 
SA aS OI eS 


lia. 2.—Bureau of Fisheries trout hatchery at St. Johnsbury, Vt. 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922. 31 


young steelheads on hand were released in Elwell Creek, and during 
the succeeding spring 215,000 eggs of that species were collected, the 
spawning operations extending from April 1 to June 2. 


QUINAULT (WASH.) SUBSTATION. 


The usual summer operations for the rescue of fish from drying 
streams of the region had to be omitted, owing to pressure of other 
work. The first sockeye-salmon eggs of the season were taken Oc- 
tober 25, and a day or two afterwards a heavy rainstorm flooded 
the trap, tearing out two sections of the rack and liberating most 
of the impounded salmon. Before water conditions again became 
normal another storm of even greater severity flooded the Quinault 
‘River and surrounding streams a second time, putting an end to col- 
lections for the season, the last eggs being obtained on December 20. 
Of the 4,100,000 secured approximately one-third were taken from 
streams other than Big Creek, which has heretofore been one of the 
principal sources of egg supply for the Quinault hatchery. Nearly 
750,000 eggs were taken from fish caught in a small trap in one of 
the minor creeks near the hatchery, and a much larger percentage 
than usual was obtained from several of the smaller tributaries of — 
Quinault Lake and Upper Quinault River. Two of these streams 
that had been racked for several years without any material results 
were this year filled with brood salmon. A point of interest is the 
extremely large proportion of small male fish everywhere present 
in the run. 

In connection with the sockeye operations 2,050,000 silver-salmon 
eggs were taken, constituting the largest collection of that species 
since 1918. It is believed the run of silver salmon exceeded the 
large run of last year, but that most of the fish continued up the 
main river to their natural spawning grounds. On several occasions 
during the run of this species efficient work was possible with dip 
nets, and at one time two men were kept busy throughout the night 
in dipping operations. In an effort to reduce the considerable loss 
of silver-salmon eggs incident to transportation heretofore expe- 
rienced a portion of the spawn was delivered to the hatchery in 
the milt, but without any discernible improvement. 

During the early half of November 50,000 eggs of the chinook 
salmon were taken, this collection being nearly 100 per cent greater 
than that of last season. It has been observed that the main portion 
of the run of this species entering the mouth of the lower Quinault 
River spawn before reaching the lake, and during the time that sock- 
eye spawn is being taken very few chinooks are in evidence. 

The eggs and fish of the various species were handled in accordance 
with the methods that have been successfully employed in previous 
years. Owing to the clear, cold weather prevailing, the incubation 
period of all species was considerably prolonged. That of the sock- 
eye salmon consumed 140 days, or 30 days in excess of the time re- 
quired under more normal temperatures, while the hatching of the 
chinook and silver-salmon eggs was delayed 15 days beyond the usual 
time. As in former years, the fry were transferred to outside ponds 
on reaching the swimming stage and were held and fed until the 


34223°—23——3 


32 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


development of younger lots necessitated their liberation. At the 
end of the year nearly a million sockeye fingerlings were on hand, 
it being the intention to hold them for liberation about August 1, 
providing water facilities permit. 

In view of the criticism to which the work of this’substation has 
been subjected from certain sources, it may be of passing interest 
to estimate the proportion of the total run of sockeyes that came 
under artificial propagation during the season by escaping the com- 
mercial fishing activities in the Saini River and passing into 
Quinault Lake, where they were available for reproduction. It was 
the original plan not to conduct fish-cultural operations during the 
fiscal year 1921, but to obtain an accurate count of the sockeyes 
entering the lake to afford a comparison of the results of artificial 
propagation as against natural reproduction. As a result of certain 
defects in the counting weir as installed the exact number of sock- 
eyes entering the lake could not be ascertained, and the figures are 
based to some extent upon estimate. Although no actual count of 
the fish spawned in connection with egg collections for the hatchery 
was made the data available are sufficient to afford a reasonably 
accurate estimate. 

The number of sockeye salmon counted into Quinault Lake from 
April 14 to June 10, 1921, was 11,788. From June 10 to the end of 
the run it was estimated that 8,000 additional fish entered the lake, 
bringing the total run for the season up to 20,000 fish, in round num- 
bers. Assuming that half of these were females, and placing at 
2,000 the number of eggs produced by each female, there would have 
been available some 20,000,000 eggs. Comparing this with the num- 
ber of eggs actually obtained for artificial propagation—4,100,000— 
it would appear that only about 20 per cent of the total number of 
spawning fish entering the lake came under artificial propagation; 
and though high water and storms interfered with the work to a con- 
siderable extent the conditions prevailing throughout the egg-collect- 
ing period may be said to represent an average season. 

Since the efforts to obtain an accurate count of the sockeye salmon 
entering the lake in 1921 were not successful, profiting by the experi- 
ence gained, the necessary alterations in the weir were made in ad- 
vance of the season. The counting of the 1922 run of fish commenced 
on March 29, and the daily tally from that date to June 30 is given 
in the following tabular statement: 


Daily count of sockeye salmon entering Quinault (Wash.) Lake during the fiscal 
year 1922, showing number of fish marked by gill nets each day. 


Number of fish. Number of fish. Number of fish. 
Date. Date. Date. 

Total cat Total iy Total vor 
counted. A counted ets. counted. EE. 
rete en oS ee Peo eer ee ee 0 PN | A cS Dh Ce ae, 171 14 
ee asli ck 19 he ae oe oe A be ee S83 Voterce AY . ITAA dae 130 17 
5 TS edna eee DD. de apres he es ee 18, cused oe 139 12 
YP aie ey Pe = 24 ep ae A td i og 91 4 19S. ones 125 18 
aod sé 188! [ozsz8 by Bde 2er, . $54 122 6 202. 22688 143 18 
i teeige WAG (nee nets 1 bao 60 4 DH er eae 174 27 
sea ea ie BON Aleceuteseane FP LE Se 97 5 22. sn dt 159 23 
BSc ac rel be Od Sema wa es | ee ee 190 15 72 ae ia 177 22 

ee op BIG | ssomseces 1 fae os 147 12 wwecne ee 187 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922. 33 


Daily count of sockeye salmon entering Quinault (Wash.) Lake during the fiscal 
year 1922, showing number of fish marked by gill nets each day—Continued. 


Number of fish. Number of fish. Number of fish. 


Date. Date. Date. - 
Total. (arene Pol fe Total | Marker 
counted.| OY Bt counted.| °Y.F5. counted.| 7Y,80 

Apr. 25........ 218 27 

26:2 =o es - 130 

le aR ae 243 42 

Bed ee SE 289 36 

2 a 410 44 

S052 2220.4 250 48 
May.) p22... 173 33 

7 ES ee 358 57 

Bohs <5 870 163 

ae 1,039 98 

Fiore 1/323 143 

cen ao 901 78 

Mice once 922 107 

ie ee see 216 

tye 1, 106 147 

esi. 1” 868 13 

Sore 1, 200 99 

Bennet oot. 996 63 

TS - exept. 2 874 95 

ih eee 719 43 

a1; 5 ee > 1,111 62 

es 1201 127 4” 206 hide 

wigs 1/896 184 Te eae 4) 316 389 Total....| 199,489 | 17,735 


An interesting point developed in connection with the count, and 
one suggesting the desirability of a change in the existing regula- 
tions governing fishing in the Quinault River, is the very large num- 
ber of fish showing gill-net marks. The numbers thus marked, rep- 
resenting approximately 9 per cent of the total count, are indicated 
in the table. The abrasions were of such a nature that it seemed 
certain that fully 50 per cent of the fish could not survive to the 
spawning period. In fact, every day during the latter part of the 
run considerable numbers of dead fish were removed from the upper 
side of the weir and many others were observed along the shores 
of the lake. These dead fish led to some criticism of the counting 
work, certain uninformed persons believing that the fish received 
their injuries at the weir. From the information at hand it appears 
that the trouble arose from the practice of setting gill nets of too 
large mesh in the mouth of the river, where the fish previously en- 
meshed are drawn through the nets by the strong current on the ebb 
tide and the motion of the sea on the bar. It is alleged that many 
of the fish thus injured fall prey to seals, while others, evading the 
nets on the second entry to the river, reach the lake in the condition 
described. With the view of obviating the resulting heavy wastage 
it was proposed to dispose of these gill-net marked fish through the 
Indian Service, but so many objections were raised against the 
project by Indians and fish buyers of the region that the plan was 
abandoned. 

It is conceded by most observers that the run of sockeye salmon 
during the season equaled the large run of 1915. All of the Indians 
engaged in fishing made excellent catches and received large mone- 
tary returns. During the peak of the run Indians using dip nets 


34 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


were able to take as many as 300 fish per day, while those operating 
gill nets received from $200 to $300 per day for their catches. A 
uniform price of 50 cents per fish regardless of size was paid by the 
buyers throughout the season. 


CLACKAMAS (OREG.) STATION AND SUBSTATIONS, 
[Hueu C, MITcHELL, Superintendent. ] 


Though fish-cultural operations in the Oregon field were materi- 
ally handicapped at several points by high water and loss of racks 
during the spawning season, the general outcome of the year’s work 
is regarded as satisfactory. Both the spring and fall runs of chinook 
salmon were equal to expectations throughout the field, except on 
the Rogue River and in Idaho on the Lemhi. The egg collections 
at Clackamas and its nine substations amounted to 63,685,850, of 
which 57,885,100 were chinook salmon. This makes a favorable 
comparison with last year’s total of 42,912,000 eggs taken at all 
points. Young salmon to the number of 51,446,800 were retained 
for rearing at the various hatcheries, but at several points the stock 
held was found to tax the existing facilities too heavily for the best 
results and considerable numbers were of necessity liberated when 
only from 1 inch to 1.5 inches long. Aside from these rather prema- 
ture plantings rearing and feeding operations were carried to a suc- 
cessful conclusion, the losses being normal and all fish released in a 
healthy condition. The usual quantities of salted salmon were pre- 
pared at all points for fish food. 


CLACKAMAS (OREG.) STATION. = 


At Clackamas station, where chinook-salmon eggs are secured un- 
der contract, fishing and spawning operations began on September 
19 and continued to October 28, when a sudden rise in the river 
permitted all fish held below the racks to escape, putting an end 
to the season. The egg collections numbered 7,636,800, and it is 
estimated that they might have been increased by at least 25 per 
cent had it been possible to hold the fish two or three weeks longer. 
With the exception of two days at the most critical period, the eggs 
in the hatchery were carefully picked over daily, regardless of the 
stage of development. It appeared that the loss of eggs was les- 
sened and the quality of the fry improved by this method. In addi- 
tion to the salmon eggs secured locally, several shipments forwarded 
from the Little White Salmon and the Sandy River stations were 
received and cared for. . 

As a result of some tests made, with the view of determining the 
proper amount of food to be given young salmon, it seems probable 
that a given number of fish can be successfully carried on a smaller 
quantity than has heretofore been deemed essential at this station. 
The experiments also seemed to indicate that the young fish receiv- 
ing food twice each day made as rapid growth as those receiving 
nourishment four and six times daily and were equal to them in 
other respects. The essential requirement in using the smaller 
amount appears to be that the food must be supplied slowly and dis- 
tributed in the troughs evenly in small amounts at each feeding. 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922. 385 


Fish thus treated showed no signs of “ nipping,” which is an indica- 
tion of insufficient food and is frequently troublesome in trough-fed 
fish. 

Transfers of eggs of other species to Clackamas station included 
a consignment of 50,000 black-spotted-trout eggs from the Yellow- 
stone National Park; 400,000 brook-trout eggs from Springville, 
Utah; and 50,000 rainbow-trout eggs from the Madison Valley 
(Mont.) field. The fry resulting from all these were on hand at 
the close of the year. 


UPPER CLACKAMAS (OREG.) SUBSTATION, 


On the Upper Clackamas River, where fishing and spawning 
operations were conducted from August 23 to September 13, the re- 
sults in eggs collected did not equal those of last season, owing to a 
lighter run of fish and to illegal fishing. Eggs to the number of 
841,300 were secured, and these, together with 1,450,000 eyed eggs 
forwarded from the Little White Salmon hatchery, produced 
2,111,000 fingerling salmon for liberation in local waters. There 
was at no time any extraordinary loss of either fish or eggs, though 
once during January the water was suddenly reduced and the hatch- 
ery had to be operated on a minimum supply for a period of four 
and one-half hours. Taken as a whole, the season was a very satis- 
factory one, aside from the fact that liberations of stock had to be 
made from time to time at an earlier period than was desirable, in 
order to relieve congestion. In future the retaining rack at this 
station will be installed 500 yards farther downstream than hereto- 
fore, with the view of including an existing eddy within the in- 
closure as a place of rest and protection for spawning salmon. It 
is anticipated also that the take of eggs will be somewhat increased 
by this change. 


LITTLE WHITE SALMON (WASH.) SUBSTATION. 


Tn the face of a light run of salmon and a pack slightly below the 
average, it is gratifying to report that brood salmon in unusual 
numbers made their appearance at the bureau’s stations on the 
Columbia River and all conditions during the fishing season were 
favorable. Eggs were taken on the Little White Salmon River from 
September 19 to October 20, amounting to 33,641,000. Soon after 
the close of the spawning season a severe storm broke, filling the 
watercourses with coarse hail and converting the streams into ice 
packs. One flume was carried away by a snow and hail slide, and 
later on the main flume ceased to function temporarily, being 
pushed out of line and otherwise damaged. However, through the 
exercise of intelligent and persistent effort the small flume was re- 
placed during the night and the main one patched to serve out the 
season, though the entire system will have to be extensively repaired 
in advance of next season’s operations. The roads were blocked for 
months after the storm, rendering inoperative to some extent the 
plan of relieving congestion in the hatchery by the transfer of eggs 
to other units. For this reason more fish were produced than the 
available space would accommodate, and though all of them were fed 
for a time a considerable number had to be released in the No, 14 


86 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


fingerling stage. The moderately even cold weather prevailing 
throughout the winter kept the water temperature at a low point, 
retarding development and growth of the fish and probably lowering 
the average size of the salmon liberated as compared with last year’s 
output. Eyed eggs to the number of 6,650,000 were transferred to 
the Clackamas station and to Big White Salmon and Upper Clacka- 
mas substations, and 1,400,000 were furnished to the Oregon and 
Montana State fisheries departments. 

Excavations made in advance of the season for four large race 
ways on the flat at the west of the lower hatchery proved so emi- 
nently suited to the work of holding young salmon tlt a plan 
for replacing the entire pond system by roughly excavated raceways 
is now being considered. During the season the fish in the station 
inclosure were closely inspected by one of the most expert buyers on 
the Columbia River, who pronounced them spring-run chinooks 
and not fall fish. 


BIG WHITE SALMON (WASH.) SUBSTATION. 


During the spawning season, extending from September 3 to 
October 12, 12,025,000 chinook-salmon eggs were taken, 8,000,000 of 
them being secured from fish entering Spring Creek fishway. The 
establishment of this excellent run of salmon in Spring Creek, which 
shows an annual increase, is of interest since that tributary was not 
a natural salmon stream, the present runs being the result of finger- 
ling fish introduced therein from the Big White Salmon hatchery. 
This stream is of further interest, since it is affording a convenient 
source of salmon eggs for the hatchery. The Big White Salmon is 
a difficult stream in which to conduct operations, being deep and 
swift and offering every chance for fish to evade the seines. During 
the winter of 1921-22 the fishway in Spring Creek was extended, 
making it less difficult for the fish to enter. 

Departing from the usual custom of stripping at the fishing 
grounds the salmon taken in the Big White Salmon River, such fish 
during the past season were killed at the trap and hauled to the 
hatchery before taking the eggs. By this means the transfer of 
eggs down the Columbia River in skiffs, with the consequent heavy 
losses during the heavy seas often prevailing, is obviated. 

Through the transfer of eyed eggs from the Little White Salmon 

substation the stock was increased to 15,625,000, which were hatched 
' with merely nominal losses. The resulting fry were placed in Spring 
and Hatchery Creeks and fed until they were from 2 to 3 inches in 
leneth. This is the first season that Hatchery Creek has been so 
utilized. The results were such as to warrant a continuance of this 
method of feeding. 


ROGUE RIVER (OREG.) SUBSTATION. 


Much difficulty was experienced in connection with the installa- 
tion of racks at this point, the equipment being carried away twice 
by freshets from melting snows during the early summer. The work 
of replacing them for the third time was completed on August 12, 
on which date fishing and spawning operations were undertaken and 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922. 37 


continued daily until October. The total collection of chinook- 
salmon eggs for the season amounted to 1,665,000, which is consid- 
ered satisfactory in view of the conditions referred to above: The 
run of silver salmon in all tributaries of the Rogue was light, and 
from collecting operations conducted at Elk Creek Dam only 94,500 
eggs were realized. The steelhead work at this point included the 
rearing and liberation in local waters of some 100,000 fingerling fish 
produced from eggs obtained the previous year and the collection of 
347,500 eggs between February 17 and May 15. Eggs of this species 
to the number of 1,948,000, transferred from the Applegate Creek 
field, were also hatched, and the resulting fry are being reared to 
the fingerling stage. 

It is evident that a considerable number of the spawning steel- 
heads escape over the Low Elk Creek Dam, and as it is impossible 
to increase its height without endangering the county road an effort 
will be made to overcome the difficulty by adding an apron to the 
dam during the coming summer when the stream is at a low stage. 

A serious wind and rain storm passing over southern Oregon in 
November damaged both current wheels to such an extent that the 
station water supply was entirely cut off for two days, necessitating 
the immediate liberation of all fish on hand. The eggs in the hatch- 
ery were saved by holding them in a hastily constructed temporary 
battery on the west side of Elk Creek until repairs could be made. 
In preparation for fish-cultural operations during the succeeding 
year the rack was reconstructed across the Rogue River in April 
and washed out by a freshet the following month. It was replaced in 
June, and at the end of the year a sufficient number of chinook sal- 
mon were in evidence below it to produce a normal season’s egg 
collection. 


APPLEGATE CREEK (OREG.) SUBSTATION. 


Fish-cultural work at this point was confined to the propagation 
of silver salmon and steelheads. During the spawning season of 
the former, extending from November 29 to January 7, the water 
stages were low and the weather cold. Consequently, only a few fish 
made their appearance and the egg collections were light, the total 
being only 113,000. 

Because of its ineffectiveness during the past three years, the fin 
rack used at this point was converted in advance of the steelhead 
spawning period into a solid dam. The racks were removed, and 
after reinforcing three of the piers the spaces were spanned by 
heavy timbers and logged, this change necessitating the raising of 
the wings 12 inches. This somewhat extensive improvement was 
made at a comparatively light cost, and although a number of 
steelhead trout succeeded in their efforts to surmount it, it is believed 
this may be prevented in future by the construction of an apron to 
break the direct fall of water. Steelheads are fish of a most persist- 
ent nature. Arriving as they do when the rivers are high, they are 
very difficult to capture, and unless the obstruction encountered is 
absolutely fish proof they will effect their escape. Numbers of them 
were seen surmounting the dam the past season, though the obstruc- 
tion was 8 feet high, and the nearly perpendicular stream of water 
falling over it was more than 16 inches in its smallest dimension. 


88 U. 8. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


Egg collections of the steelhead trout were made from February 
24 to May 8. There was a good run of fish, notwithstanding the 
somewhat unfavorable climatic conditions prevailing, and 3,673,000 
eggs were secured. After developing them to the eyed stage nearly 
2,000,000 were transferred to the Rogue River substation for ineuba- 
tion, and shipments comprising a total of 200,000 were furnished to 
the State fishery departments of New York, Minnesota, and Penn- 
sylvania, and to the bureau’s Bozeman (Mont.) station. The re- 


mainder were hatched, with the view of rearing the resulting fish. 


to the fingerling stage for distribution in the parent waters. 
SANDY RIVER (OREG.) SUBSTATION. 


With the view of determining the fish-cultural value of this field, 
operations were undertaken late in July at the abandoned State 
hatchery, located below the hydroelectric dam on the Sandy River, 
near Marmot, Oreg. A rack was hastily thrown across the river to 
intercept the fish still running, and chinook-salmon eggs to the num- 
ber of 1,637,000 were obtained between August 18 and September 10. 
These were held until eyed, the losses being unusually heavy because 
of an inadequate water supply, and were then transported to the 
Clackamas station to be hatched. While the work with the chinook 
salmon was still in progress a heavy run of silver salmon was ob- 
served, but, as no preparations had been made for work with that 
species, egg collections could not be undertaken, and the substation 
was closed for the season on October 1. In the month of March an 
employee was stationed at Sandy River to determine the size of the 
run of steelheads and black-spotted trout, and incidentally, at little 
expense, he obtained 634,000 steelhead eggs. 

With the experience gained the advisability of conducting opera- 
tions at this location is no longer questioned, and preparations for the 
improvement of the hatchery and the proper handling of the stock 
will be started next season in due time. 


SALMON (IDAHO) SUBSTATION. 


_ The importance of the Salmon River region in connection with the 
valuable commercial fishes of the Columbia River Basin having been 
recognized from the experience gained in the fish-cultural work of 
past years and the more recent investigations, it was decided to de- 
velop fish-cultural operations there and not confine the work to egg 
collections only. The Salmon River with its tributaries and the 
beautiful glacial lakes that they drain constitutes a most important 
natural nursery for salmon and trout. On account of its rugged 
topography, inaccessibility, and lack of agricultural land much of 
this territory, and particularly the portion that is drained by the 
South Fork and the Middle Fork of Salmon River, lying within the 
Idaho and Payette National Forests, will probably remain unde- 
veloped for a long period, though a highway follows through the 
canyon of the main branch of the Salmon River from Shoup to 
Stanley, a distance of 150 miles. Because of the splendid spawning 
areas available, in addition to the advantages mentioned above, it 
would seem that some measure of protection against the unsports- 
manlike methods pursued by many, of spearing and otherwise dis- 


mats 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922. 39 


turbing the fish on the spawning beds, would meet the immediate re- 
quirements in conserving fish in these waters without resorting to 
artificial propagation. However, conditions on the main branch of 
the river are different. In that section irrigation ditches are numer- 
ous, the highway affords ready access to sportsmen, and the river 
and many of its tributaries are heavily fished. 

During the year a hatchery building 32 by 90 feet, equipped with 
60 hatching troughs, and a four-room cottage for the accommodation 
of the person in charge, were constructed on land near Salmon, 
Idaho. Title to this land is vested in the State of Oregon, and its 
control for fish-cultural purposes has been delegated to the bureau. 
-The site is admirably suited to such work, an abundance of most 
excellent spring and creek water being readily available and afford- 
ing ample opportunities for rearing ponds. 

Egg collections of the early-run chinook salmon were made in 
Lemhi Creek, a tributary of the Snake River, during the latter part 
of August and transferred to the Salmon substation to be hatched. 
Because of the flooded condition of the creek the run of salmon was 
due before the rack could be installed, and it is felt that large num- 
bers of fish passed upstream before the construction could be made 
fish tight. The spawning period extended from August 15 to 
September 2, and the total egg collections amounted to 440,000. In 
addition to the salmon eggs taken in Lemhi Creek, 50,000 rainbow- 
trout eggs were shipped from the Wyoming field and 150,000 eggs 
of the same species were received for incubation for the State of 
Idaho and the Salmon Rifle Club, of Salmon, Idaho. The fry re- 
sulting from all these eggs were on hand at the close of the year. 

Though the Salmon hatchery was operated for the first time dur- 
ing the longest and coldest winter of which there is any record, the 
building and the water supply met all requirements and the eggs pro- 
duced a high percentage of strong healthy fish for return to parent 
waters. This Idaho field is believed to have great possibilities, 
and plans are being made with the view of developing it into one of 
the principal fish-cultural factors in the Columbia River Basin. 
During the coming season racks will be built on the Lemhi and Pah- 
simeroi Creeks and a third eying station will be constructed at a 
suitable point on Sunbeam Dam. | 


WASHOUGAL RIVER (WASH.) SUBSTATION. 


Late in March an employee was detailed to this field to make 
preliminary arrangements for the collection of steelhead eggs. The 
fishway was racked, springboards from which to dip the fish were 
suspended, and the retaining pens in which to hold the partially 
ripe fish were overhauled and launched. Eggs were taken throughout 
the month of May, the total aggregating 932,000. After developing 
them to the eyed stage, sufficient numbers to supply applicants were 
shipped. The remainder were incubated for local waters. 


BAIRD (CALIF.) STATION AND SUBSTATIONS. 


[W. K. Hancock, Superintendent. ] 


In this field, which is devoted exclusively to the propagation of 
the chinook salmon, natural conditions were very unfavorable for 
fish-cultural work. Owing to an unusually extended period of 


40 U. 8. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


drought the water stages in all streams were abnormally low, making 
it difficult for fish to ascend in considerable numbers. There being 
no run of salmon whatever in the McCloud River, on which the 
Baird Station is located, the hatchery at that point was stocked with 
eggs taken at the Battle Creek and Mill Creek. substations, such 
transfers being necessarily postponed until after late fall rains had 
supplied sufficient water for the conduct of hatching operations. 
The first consignment of approximately 1,000,000 eggs from the 
Battle Creek substation was received on January 6, and shortly after- 
wards a second consignment of 500,000 from the Mill Creek collec- 
tions was delivered. During the intense cold prevailing through 
midwinter the supply ditch could not be kept free of ice, and from 
January 19 to February 8 pumps had to be operated for maintain- 
ing a supply of water in the hatchery. Incubation was completed 
by March 6, and as soon as the fry had reached the proper age they 
were turned into several temporary ponds, formed by damming 
small streams in the vicinity of the station, and fed for a time on 
salted salmon, beef liver, and mush before being liberated in the 
McCloud River. 

This station is very much in need of an adequate pond system 
for holding and feeding young salmon until they attain a desirable 
size before releasing in open waters. The present expedient of util- 
izing small stream inclosures for the purpose is unsatisfactory for 
several reasons, but principally because the streams become dry at 
the approach of summer, necessitating the liberation of the fish at 
an unsuitable stage of development. Adequate pond space is also 
greatly needed at the Battle Creek and Mill Creek substations. At 
the first-named point five earth ponds are available for holding sal- 
mon to the fingerling No. 2 stage, but at Mill Creek there is no pond 
system whatever and resort must be had to several shallow excava- 
tions in order to retain and feed a few hundred thousand fry for a 
limited period. 

The spawning season at the Battle Creek and Mill Creek substa- 
tions extended from October 22 to December 4, and a total of 6,363,- 
000 eggs were taken. The work at both points was much below ex- 
pectations, excessively low water stages seriously curtailing the 
results. After making the transfers of eyed eggs referred to above 
the product of the remaining eggs at these stations, in the form of 
fingerling fish, was returned to local waters. 


GREAT LAKES FISHES. 


Of no less importance than the work of the salmon hatcheries is 
that concerned with the fishes of the Great Lakes, and no line of fish 
culture has a more hearty indorsement of the interests involved. 
Without exception, as far as has been ascertained, the bureau’s work 
in fish culture throughout the region has the unqualified indorsement 
of the fishing interest and of the individual fishermen, and in no sec- 
tion is this spirit of approbation manifested in the form of practical 
cooperation to a greater extent. A feature of the work that readily 
commends it to the practical fisherman is that all of the eggs incu- 
bated at these hatcheries are obtained from fish taken in the market 
fishery that otherwise become a total loss. During the fiscal year 
1922 seven stations and substations on the Great Lakes and Lake 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922. 41 


Champlain were operated with an aggregate output of about 1,040,- 
000,000 eges and fry of the commercial species. This figure includes 
_ the whitefish, cisco, lake trout, pike perch, yellow perch, and carp. 
Smaller numbers of brook trout, rainbow trout, and small-mouthed 
black bass were also produced, as indicated in the table on page 12. 
The output of these stations for 1922 is smaller by approximately 
120,000,000 than in 1921, the principal difference appearing in the 
output of pike perch. The yellow perch was propagated also at the 
Bryans Point (Md.) substation. 


DULUTH (MINN.) STATION. 
[S. P. Wires, Superintendent. ] 


Lake-trout egg collections were made at various points on the 
south shore of Lake Superior and at favorable points along Isle 
Royal as in previous years. The spawning season opened at Wash- 
ington Harbor, Isle Royal, on September 25, and closed there about 
November 15, the collections at all stations being about 22,250,000. 
All of these were incubated at the station except 1,000,000 that were 
delivered to the Minnesota State hatchery, located at French River. 
Unfavorable weather conditions which prevailed for a time during 
the height of the spawning season resulted in an egg collection some- 
what below the average in quality, but entirely satisfactory other- 
wise. The resulting eyed eggs, fry, and fingerlings were in excellent 
condition when delivered to messengers for distribution. 

A total collection of 22,500,000 whitefish eggs from the Put in Bay 
collecting field were received, and nearly 4,000,000 more were pur- 
chased from Isle Royal fishermen at 40 cents per quart. The egg- 
collecting period of this species extended from October 25 to Novem- 
ber 10, and, as in the case of the lake trout, much unfavorable weather 
prevailed during almost the entire spawning period. However, the 
quality of the eggs as a whole was fairly good, the greatest loss 
occurring from one lot of about 4,250,000 produced by the field sta- 
tion at Toledo, Ohio. The loss sustained from this particular lot 
was a factor, of course, in reducing the percentage of hatch among 
the whitefish eggs. The percentage of hatch of lake trout was about 
56 and of whitefish about 66. . 

Because of a lack of funds pike-perch propagation was not under- 
taken in Minnesota waters as has been customary, and of the limited 
collection of eggs of the species in other fields none were available for 
transfer. Eyed brook-trout eggs to the number of 150,000, procured 
by purchase from commercial hatcheries, were hatched with only 
ordinary loss (about 5 per cent) and 100,000 rainbow-trout eggs 
that were transferred from the Bozeman (Mont.) station were 
hatched: with a loss of less than 4 per cent. At the end of the fiscal 
year 90,000 fingerling rainbow trout No. 1 were on hand for dis- 
tribution. 


NORTHVILLE (MICH.) STATION AND SUBSTATIONS. 
[W. W. THayer, Superintendent.] 
NORTHVILLE (MICH.) STATION. 
From the stock of small-mouthed black bass carried over from the 


previous year some 21,000 fingerlings No. 3 were distributed, and the 
hatch of this species for the fiscal year 1922 was estimated at 200,000. 


49 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


The brood stock received from Lake Erie wintered in excellent con- 
dition and was held in the wintering ponds until there was evidence 
of nest preparation. Spawning commenced almost immediately 
after transfer to the spawning ponds, and the first fry were observed 
on May 22, some 12 days after the first nest building was observed, 
the mean water temperature being about 60° F. Eggs and fry were 
observed in the ponds as late as June 1. Distribution was under- 
taken as soon as the young fish had reached the feeding stage, and 
by June 7 fingerlings No. 1 from the current year’s hatch were avail- 
able. The young small-mouthed black bass make excellent growth 
in the ponds at this station, and examples of fish 34 inches long 
when 3 weeks old are not uncommon. There were received from the 
Michigan commission 103,000 rainbow-trout eggs, from which a 
hatch of 94 per cent was obtained, the fry and fingerlings resulting 
from these entering into the general distribution in the States of 
Michigan, Indiana, and Illinois. 


CHARLEVOIX (MICH.) -SUBSTATION, 


Lake-trout egg collections were undertaken at the usual points on 
Lakes Michigan and Huron, the collecting season extending from 
November 1 to 25. The work yielded 44,000,000 eggs, as against 
30,876,000 for the previous year. The weather conditions were gen- 
erally favorable, and fishermen at most points secured satisfactory 
numbers of fish. The quality of the eggs taken was, however, un- 
satisfactory, and less than 50 per cent produced fry. 

There was no important change in the unsatisfactory fishing regu- 
lations in force last season, and to this condition the poor results of 
the season’s work both as to quantity and quality of the eggs obtained 
must be attributed. Whitefish eggs to the number of 46,080,000 were 
obtained, a satisfactory increase over the 12,080,000 taken in the 
same fields during the year previous. This number does not repre- 
sent the full possibilities of the fields for egg collections when suit- 
able changes in the fishing regulations become effective and funds 
are available for certain changes in the methods at present employed 
in ege collections. The collecting season extended from November 
1 to December 4 and covered the usual points on Lakes Michigan 
and Huron, most of the eggs coming from fields in the vicinity of 
Alpena. The local collections were augmented by transfers from 
Lake Ontario and Lake Erie fields, amounting in the aggregate to 
approximately 50,000,000. 

In addition to the lake trout and whitefish, 20,000 eggs of the steel- 
head from the Birdsview (Wash.) substation were incubated and 
the resulting fry planted in a tributary of Pine Lake. 


ALPENA (MICH.) SUBSTATION. 


Though this substation is located on one of the most important 
fishing ports of the Great Lakes, no fish-cultural operations have 
been attempted for several years because of the unsatisfactory nature 
of the water available for the hatchery. During the fall of 1922 it 
was decided to give this water a further trial as to its suitability for 
fish-cultural purposes. Accordingly, 1,500,000 lake-trout eggs and 
6,000,000 whitefish eggs were forwarded in the eyed stage from the 


acta th ti Ee tes 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922, 43 


Charlevoix station. The results of this experiment prove conclu- 
sively that the water now available at the station is not suitable for 
fish culture. While the lake trout seemed more resistant to the 
chlorinated water than the whitefish, the loss on this species was 
nevertheless serious. 


BAY CITY (MICH.) SUBSTATION. 


Pike-perch culture was again undertaken on Saginaw Bay at 
Bay City, Mich., and the necessary force of men was assembled on 
April 1. Conditions seemed normal in every respect, and the usual 
satisfactory collection of eggs was anticipated. The first eggs were 
taken on April 10, and between that date and the 18th practically 
the total number of 75,450,000 eggs was obtained. A violent storm 
occurring on the 18th and continuing for several days brought all 
fishing operations to an abrupt end, and the station was closed on 
the 25th. Most of the eggs were delivered to the Detroit hatchery 
of the Michigan Fish Commission, and smaller numbers were fur- 
nished to the Conservation Commissions of Indiana and Iowa. The 
importance of the work that may be done in Saginaw Bay in connec- 
tion with the valuable pike-perch fishery and the desirability of a 
properly equipped station conveniently located for the incubation of 
the eggs available is again mentioned. 


PUT IN BAY (OHIO) STATION. 
[S. W. DowninG, Superintendent. ] 


The egg collections at this station for the fiscal year 1922 agere- 
gated 690,730,000, an increase of 128,305,000 over the year previous. 
The eggs were divided among the species as follows: Whitefish, 
~ 385,820,000; pike-perch, 149,980,000; yellow perch, 56,930,000; and 

carp, 98,000,000. Although the work addressed to the whitefish 
produced entirely satisfactory results, it is of interest to note the 
decline of the work in certain sections of Lake Erie. 

In the Toledo (Ohio) field, which includes the principal fisheries 
from the mouth of the Detroit River down the south shore of the 
lake as far as Wards Canal and Turtle Creek, midway between 
Toledo and Port Clinton, there were produced only 16,060,000 eggs, 
and none whatever were obtained from the Monroe (Mich.) fields. 
Previous to the fiscal year 1921 these two fields yielded each year 
between 50,000,000 and 70,000,000 eggs. Whether or not this sud- 
den decline in a profitable fishery is due, as many persons interested 
are inclined to think, to the increased volume of pollution from 
recently established industrial plants at Monroe, Mich., and Toledo, 
Ohio, the bureau is not prepared to say, but it is significant that at 
other points free from such possible influences a decline is not 
apparent. The egg-collecting season extended from November 11 
to December 12, eggs being obtained from Toledo, Port Clinton, 
Catawba Island, North Bass Island; Middle Bass Island, and Put in 
Bay, all in Ohio. Of the total collection, some 98,000,000 were 
shipped in the green stage to other stations and about 28,000,000 
were planted on the spawning grounds immediately after. fertiliza- 
tion. These plants represented eggs of poorer quality and were 
necessary to provide space in the hatchery for the better eggs. The 


44 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


remaining 260,000,000 were eyed by December 30. Six million of 
these were shipped to other stations, and 204,000,000 fry were 
hatched and liberated in Lake Erie within a range of 2 to 15 miles 
from the hatchery. 

Acceding to the demands of local fishermen, the work addressed 
to the propagation of the carp on the Portage River and Sandusky 
Bay was again taken up. Owing to rough weather the spawning 
season opened late, but it continued correspondingly late, with very 
satisfactory results, the egg collections amounting to 98,000,000. All 
fry hatched from these eggs were deposited in the Portage River 
eee Port Clinton and Oak Harbor, over a distance of about 12 
miles. 

With the advent of an early spring conditions were favorable for 
the spring fishing on Lake Erie on March 15, the first day of the 
open season, and good catches of fish were made from the beginning, 
a very fair per cent of them being pike perch. However, no ripe 
fish were observed until April 4, between which date and May 4 
pike-perch eggs to the number of 149,980,000 were collected from 
the fisheries at Toledo, Port Clinton, and North Bass Island. Of 
these approximately 50,000,000 were eyed and 8,275,000 shipped to 
other stations. The Ohio State hatchery at Put in Bay turned 
over to the bureau 3,500,000 eyed eggs, and from the combined stock 
46,000,000 fry were produced, of which 40,000,000 were released on 
the spawning grounds in Lake Erie and 6,000,000 were furnished to 
applicants in Indiana, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. 

The spawning season of the yellow perch corresponds closely with 
that of the pike perch in Lake Erie, and fishermen operating for 
the latter were requested to save all available eggs. As a result of 
their efforts 56,930,000 yellow-perch eggs were secured between April 
20 and May 4, of which small numbers were shipped to the Kansas 
fisheries department and to Washington, D. C., for exhibit. Because 
of the peculiar nature of eggs of this species, and the usual turbidity - 
of the water supply in the Put in Bay hatchery during the spring, 
it is difficult to carry the eggs beyond the eyed stage in hatching 
jars. Therefore, after successfully eying them, a large number were 
planted on the spawning grounds and the remainder were incubated 
in wire baskets suspended in the bay adjacent to the hatchery. ‘This 
method of incubating yellow-perch eggs has been extensively fol- 
lowed on the Potomac River and has given uniform satisfaction. 


CAPE VINCENT (N. Y.) STATION. 


[J. P. Snyppr, Superintendent. J 


The repairs and alterations under way at this station were prac- 
tically completed. During the year an 80-horsepower Almy water- 
tube boiler, with all necessary accessories, was installed, thus equip- 
ping the station to supply its own hatchery water independently of 
the city water, which has been used in the past. Two new batteries, 
of 396 hatching jars each were set up, giving the hatchery a capacity 
for incubating approximately 275,000,000 whitefish or 587,000,000 
cisco eggs. 

Besides making whitefish-egg collections in the usual fields near 
Cape Vincent, the cooperative arrangement with Canadian au- 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922, 45 


thorities was continued, whereby the bureau’s spawn takers are 
allowed to collect whitefish and cisco eggs in certain Canadian waters 
of Lake Ontario. Because of the worthless conditions of the boats 
available, the attempt to collect eggs in the Bay of Quinte was a 
failure. ‘This is merely a repetition of former years’ experience, and 
it further demonstrates the necessity of having a suitable boat in 
order to successfully cover this important field. From all fields an 
ageregate of 187,420,000 whitefish eggs were secured, of which 126,- 
349,000 were shipped, in the green stage, to Canada, to New York 
and Pennsylvania State hatcheries, and to the bureau’s substation 
at Charlevoix, Mich., and central station at Washington, D. C. 

* Many eggs taken and fertilized by fishermen were not secured, for 
the reason mentioned (the worthless condition of available boats), 
and for the same reason some 170,000,000 eggs taken by the bureau’s 
spawn takers were planted on the spawning grounds. Of the eggs 
retained at the hatchery 507,500 in the eyed stage were shipped to ap- 
plicants, and the 31,500,000 fry resulting from the remainder were 
distributed in Lake Ontario, as were also the fry produced from the 
eggs furnished the New York and Canadian hatcheries. Among the 
whitefish eggs received from Canadian waters were 2,000,000 taken 
from fish caught and held in pound nets. These were secured under 
unusually favorable conditions, and 70 per cent of them were success- 
fully incubated. Cisco eggs were taken in practically the same 
waters in which the whitefish operations were conducted, but with 
Sodus Bay and Fairhaven Bay, N. Y., in addition, the total from 
all points amounted to 429,900,000. Of these 212,190,000 were 
planted as green eggs in public waters, or apportioned among the 
hatcheries of Pennsylvania, New York, Maryland, and Michigan; 
5,000,000 eyed eggs were delivered to the Michigan Commission, and _ 
fry to the number of 47,400,000 were hatched and planted in Lake 
Ontario. Acting with the consent and advice of the New York 
Conservation Commission, pound nets were set in Henderson Bay, 
with the view of ascertaining the possibility of obtaining eggs from 
waters closed to commercial fishing, but the results were negative. 

Lake-trout eggs were collected at Pigeon Island, Ontario, and 
Stony Island, N. Y., as in former years, the total amounting to 
818,000, from which a 71.7 per cent hatch resulted. Adult yellow 
perch were collected by the use of trap nets from the St. Lawrence 
River and carried in tanks in the hatchery until ready to deposit 
their eggs. From this source 11,655,000 eggs were obtained and in- 
cubated, and fry to the number of 10,000,000 were hatched and 
liberated in small bays along the river. 

Brook trout and rainbow trout also entered into the distribution 
from this station, eggs of these species being obtained either by pur- 
chase or by transfer. Brook-trout eggs to the number of 360,889 
were received from the bureau’s Springville (Utah) station, and 
288,000 were purchased from the Brookdale Trout Co., of Kingston, 
Mass. Owing to the development of fungus on the young fish, 
probably because of impurities in the water supply, the mortality 
was alarming for a time, but after immersing in a strong salt solu- 
tion and transferring them to the village water-supply the disease 
disappeared. 


46 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


SWANTON (VT.) SUBSTATION. 
[A. H, DrnsmMorn, Superintendent. ] 


-Fish-cultural work on Lake Champlain during the spring of 
1922 was a dismal failure, because of the effects of the unprece- 
dentedly high-water stages in the Missisquoi River and the lake. 
The Swanton station was opened March 30, and the first pike perch 
were taken on April 13. Almost immediately afterwards heavy 
rains and melting snow brought about flood conditions, abruptly 
ending all fishing operations. In all, 36,737,000 pike-perch eggs 
were secured. Following the close of this work 16,200,000 yellow- 
perch eggs were collected and successfully hatched. t 


BRYANS POINT (MD.) SUBSTATION 
[L. G. Harron, Superintendent. ] 


Most excellent results were obtained in connection with the work 
of propagating the yellow perch at this station. Between the 3d 
and 14th of March 21,620 adult fish of this species, ranging in length 
from 6 to 9 inches, were collected and placed in live boxes. Ap- 
proximately 75 per cent of them were females, and in the course of 
the two weeks beginning March 14 they deposited naturally in the 
live boxes 199,660,000 eggs of fine quality. Some 6,250,000 were sup- 
plied to other stations of the bureau and to applicants. The re- 
mainder produced fry to the number of 168,102,000, all of which 
were distributed in the principal tributaries of the Potomac with 
the exception of 3,000,000, used in supplying applicants in Pennsyl- 
vania. 


CONSIDERATIONS CONCERNING WORK OF GREAT LAKES STATIONS. 
MORTALITY IN PIKE-PERCH EGGS. 


Every fish-culturist whose work has brought him in contact with 
the incubation of pike-perch eggs is aware of the high percentage of 
loss almost invariably sustained, and most of them will doubtless 
agree that a 50 per cent hatch may be considered fairly successful. 
The subject has been the ground for several investigations, but no 
definite conclusions have ever been reached nor any practical reme- 
dies suggested. -In the most recent report* on studies of this im- 
portant point in fish culture, Dr. Franz Schrader and Sally Hughes 
Schrader conclude that the high death rate is not caused principally 
by lack of impregnation, as seems to have been generally supposed. 
They attribute the most important cause to the agency that mani- 
fests its presence in abnormalities occurring during the early stages 
of development, which must lead either to malformation or death. 
They believe that this agency may be traced to the practice of retain- 
ing captured fish in artificial inclosures, pending the maturity of the 
eges and sperm; that the same condition may be induced in fishes 
retained for undue periods in the fishing appliance used in their 
capture; that the present methods, mechanical or otherwise, but ad- 


3 Mortality in Pike-Perch Eggs in Hatcheries. By Franz Schrader and Sally Hughes 
Schrader. Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 926, Appendix V, to the Report of the 
U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1922, Washington, 1922. 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922. AT 


mittedly crude, that are used to prevent cohesion are also responsible 
for a certain percentage of the mortality; and that extreme care in 
the stripping process and in the application of the means to overcome 
cohesion may reduce the loss to a considerable extent. 


PROPER METHODS OF TAKING, FERTILIZING, AND CARING FOR EGGS OF WHITEFISH 
; AND CISCO. 


Every year an increasing number of fishermen undertake to secure 
for delivery at the hatcheries the mature eggs of the fish taken in 
their operations. In certain remote sections of the Great Lakes eggs 
that they are unable to deliver at a hatchery are taken and fertilized 
by fishermen. Every possible effort is made to furnish a boat or 
other means for transporting all eggs secured to the nearest hatch- 
ery, but with the limited facilities at present available it can not 
always be arranged to visit all points where eggs are available within 
a reasonable time, hence the fullest value of this cooperation is not 
always realized. As the value of eggs for artificial propagation de- 
pends to a considerable extent upon the methods used in obtaining, 
fertilizing, and caring for them prior to their installation in a 
hatchery, the following suggestions are offered for the advice of 
interested persons: 

The prospective spawn taker should have a pan, a dipper, and a 
number of wooden kegs or cans in which to place the eggs after 
fertilizing them, these articles to be supplied from the nearest hatch- 
ery. Assoon as spawning fish are available rinse and drain the pan, 
wipe the excess water and slime from a female fish by passing the 
hand gently over the abdomen. Hold the fish as close to the pan 
as possible and express the eggs from it by gentle pressure, working 
from just above the pectoral fins toward the vent. Eggs that are 
ripe and in condition for incubation will flow freely from the fish 
under slight pressure, and only such eggs as are obtainable without 
the use of force should be taken. After stripping the female the 
milt is expressed on the eggs by a similar manipulation of the male 
fish. To insure the contact of all eggs with the milt, they are gently 
stirred with the naked hand or by a careful movement of the pan. 

The process of alternately stripping females and males is con- 
tinued, with frequent stirring, until the pan is about half full, when 
the contents are carefully transferred to a transportation can or a 
keg, which has been previously half filled with water. In making 
the transfer do not subject the eggs to the drop incident to pouring, 
but lower the pan into the water before emptying. If this is im- 
practicable, the same result may be accomplished with the dipper. 
As the eggs increase nearly 100 per cent in size shortly after fertiliza- 
tion, no more of the newly taken eggs than will fill the keg one- 
quarter full should be placed therein. If more than this amount is 
placed in the keg, loss of eggs from suffocation will result, as the 
eggs attain the greater part of their increase in size during the 
water-hardening process. As the eggs at this time have a strong 
cohesive tendency, it is necessary to agitate them at frequent igtervals 
by stirring gently with the hand. 

As soon as all eggs available for the day have been taken those 
on hand should be washed. This is done by pouring off and renew- 


34223°—23——4 


48 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


ing the water in the keg or can until all milt and sediment is washed 
out and the water on the eggs is clear. After washing, the cans 
should be filled with water and the eggs carefully watched. If the 
eggs show any tendency toward cohesion, they must be thoroughly 
agitated by carefully stirring with the hand. This precaution is to 
be taken throughout the time the eggs are in the possession of the 
spawn taker, and the water in the cans must be changed at least 
once an hour. Eggs taken from fish that have been in the nets more 
than 24 hours are seldom good, though the fish apparently may be in 
good condition. Eggs from dead fish are of no value. When 
changing the water on the eggs, or during the washing process, do 
not pour water directly on them, but lower the dipper into the 
container before emptying or pour the water against its sides. The 
more carefully the operations outlined are performed the greater the 
percentage of fry that may be expected. 


BUFFALO FISH, ATCHAFALAYA (LA.) SUBSTATION. 
[C. F. Cutter, in Charge.] 


With the active cooperation of the Louisiana Conservation Com- 
mission in the form of financial aid in the operating costs of the 
station, in furnishing boats and other transportation facilities for 
the distribution of the output, and in other assistance the station in 
Louisiana was opened in December for the propagation of the buffalo 
fish. It was found necessary to move the hatchery building from 
its original location on the Atchafalaya River near the railroad 
station of the same name, because erosion of the river bank had 
advanced to within 10 feet of the foundation posts. A site was 
selected at Pelba, La., some 14 miles west of Atchafalaya, and the 
building and its equipment relocated on the new site in time for the 
incubation of the season’s egg collections. 

Active fish-cultural operations began on March 1, when the first 
eggs were taken. The water temperature at this time was 54° F. 
and was immediately followed by a period of comparatively cold 
weather with a continuation of the low-water temperature. The 
incubation period on this lot of eggs was 21 days in a mean tem- 
perature of 54° F., about twice the time required for incubation in 
a water temperature of 60° F. Spawning continued until April 3, 
and during that time 142,850,000 eggs were obtained. Some 
29,850,000 of them were planted on the spawning grounds; the re- 
mainder produced 51,000,000 fry for distribution. 

It seemed probable that the new location of the hatchery would 
afford a more satisfactory water supply, and during the early part 
of the season this belief was justified. “Later, with flood conditions 
on the Ouachita River, the Atchafalaya River received a large volume 
of turbid and discolored water, which, as in the past, caused a severe 
mortality among the green eggs under incubation. It seems evident 
that satisfactory water for the incubation of the eggs collected in 
this section is not to be obtained from the Atchafalaya River, and 
as cleaf® water is available at no great depth by means of artesian 
wells it may be advisable to resort to this means for obtaining suit- 
able water for hatchery purposes. It has been observed each season 
also that the turbid flood waters of the Ouachita River invariably 
cause a withdrawal of all the spawning fish from the affected areas. 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922. 49 
MARINE FISHES. 


Three well-equipped stations, one located in Maine and two in 
Massachusetts, whose work is confined to the propagation of the sea 
fishes, are operated by the bureau. During the fiscal year 1922 such 
work was addressed to eight species, the aggregate output of which 
amounted to 3,204,678,000 fertilized eggs and fry. There is a tend- 
ency toward the belief that much of the work of past years in marine 
fish culture has been of little value; that the causes making for 
abundance or scarcity of the marine fishes in any region are quite 
remote from any line of fish culture and beyond the control of man. 
If this theory is sound, the work of the fish-culturist as addressed_ 
to the marine fishes becomes, indeed, of no value. However, when 
the present trend of marine fish culture toward the conservation of 
the eggs in fish caught for market is taken into consideration and 
when it is realized that the market fishery is vigorously prosecuted 
over areas in which the fish have congregated for the express pur- 
pose, apparently, of spawning, and that truly enromous numbers’ of 
eggs are thus annually destroyed, it is difficult to believe that the 
salvage of these eggs by artificial methods can be entirely barren of 
results or that it does not justify the comparatively small outlay of 
funds thus expended. 


BOOTHBAY* HARBOR (ME.) STATION. 
[E. E. Hawn, Superintendent. ] 


The principal activities of this station were concerned with the 
propagation of the winter flounder. Because of the prevailing 
scarcity of pollock in the Gloucester field the usual transfers of eggs 
of that species to the Boothbay Harbor hatchery were omitted, and 
the diligent search made during the season for eggs of the cod, 
haddock, and alewife was without results. There appeared to be no 
run of spawning haddock or cod, and but very few boats were en- 
gaged in fishing operations at the time when spawning fish might be 
expected. The roe contained in the few alewives secured was hard, 
and from the observations made .it is evident that the spawning 
grounds of this fish are at a considerable distance from Boothbay 
Harbor. 

Owing to the presence of ice on the fishing grounds, fishing opera- 
tions for brood winter flounder as a source of egg supply for the 
station were begun later than usual and the season closed corre- 
spondingly late. Fyke nets were set on February 24, but no fish were 
taken until March 1, these being obtained by the station steamer and 
crew from nets set in small coves in Casco Bay. By March 5 all 
available nets had been installed, being set at points between Casco 
Bay and West Penobscot Bay, in Linekins Bay, and in and about 
Seal Harbor. The station steamer was used to fish the nets at the 
more distant points, making trips thereto at regular intervals until 
the close of the season on May 3. From all points some 7,000 spawn- 
ers were secured, brought to the station, and transferred to retaining 
tables in the hatchery. The fish ran much smaller in size than in 
former years, but no loss was sustained during the period of their 
confinement, and there was an excellent yield of eggs of the finest 


50 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


quality. From the 988,533,000 eggs obtained 922,777,000 fry were 
hatched and distributed, the deposits Being made in the localities 
from which the brood fish were derived. 

In accordance with past custom an exhibit of local fishes and other 
marine animals was maintained in the hatching room throughout the 
summer months, and it proved to be a source of much interest to the 
numerous visitors. 


GLOUCESTER (MASS.) STATION. 
[c. G. Cortiss, Superintendent. ] 


_ The work of the Gloucester (Mass.) station involved the pollock, 
the cod, the haddock, the winter flounder, and the pole flounder. The 
collection of pollock eggs, taken up on. November 7 and continued 
until January 19, netted 507,270,000 eggs for incubation. Although 
there appeared to be a good body of fish on the inshore fishing 
grounds throughout the season, they were continually moving from 
place to place, necessitating frequent. shifting of nets and resulting 
in smaller daily catches. This condition characterized the entire 
season’s work and had a direct bearing on the decreased numbers of 
eggs obtained. The collection of cod eggs extended from December 7 
to April 16, the largest collections, as usual, being obtained during 
March and April. Spawn takers from the station were engaged on 
boats fishing in Ipswich Bay and Massachusetts Bay, one spawn 
taker being sent to Plymouth, Mass., to investigate the reports of 
large numbers of eggs available from that point. The season’s work 
again demonstrated the need of a serviceable boat for use in connec- 
tion with the spring collection of cod and haddock eggs. Most sea- 
sons the fishing fleet is distributed over so wide an area that without 
a suitable boat it is not possible for the small number of spawn takers 
employed to cover more than a small portion of the field. The sea- 
son’s efforts netted 306,960,000 eggs, 124,060,000 of which were 
planted immediately after fertilization. 'The number incubated at 
the hatchery was further increased by the transfer of 30,070,000 
eggs from the Woods Hole ( Mass.) station. 

The collections of haddock and winter flounder eggs were taken 
up in the usual manner and resulted in obtaining 542,110,000 had- 
dock and 110,580,000 winter flounder eggs. Some 75,960,000 of the 
haddock eggs were deposited on the fishing grounds after fertiliza- 
tion. All of the eggs of the various species taken to the hatchery 
were incubated successfully and the fry deposited at suitable points 
from which the egg collections were obtained. 

The work concerned with the pole flounder, undertaken for the 
first time near the close of the fiscal year 1921, was continued dur- 
ing the first 16 days of July, 1922, resulting in the collection of 
5,090,000 eggs. An increase in the numbers of ripe fish taken in 
the fishery as the season advanced was expected, but no such in- 
crease was apparent up to the time the work closed. An examina- 
tion of the ovaries of the fish taken on July 16 showed a wide 
variation in the development. Many of the fish had small unde- 
veloped ovaries, and others, in smaller numbers, taken in the same 
place, contained ripe eggs. From the information obtained it seems 
evident that the spawning period is much protracted, but that the 


— 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922. 51 


main body of fish spawn in August and September in the vicinity 
of Gloucester, Mass. It appears also that the eggs of the pole 
flounder can not be successfully transported from the point of col- 
lection to the hatchery by the methods now in use in connection 
with the other species handled. 


WOODS HOLE (MASS.) STATION. 
[W. H. Tuomas, Superintendent. ] 


As a result of arrangements made with the fishermen in October, 
to furnish cod for a brood stock, consignments began arriving 
November 10, and shortly thereafter additional deliveries brought 
the total for the season up to 4,023. This was somewhat more 
than the work required, and it was really in excess of holding 
facilities, but the supply available varies from season to season, 
and as conditions in this respect can not be foreseen, it is necessary 
to accept the stock brought in to insure future cooperation in the 
work on the part of the fishermen. The first consignment of brood 
cod was transferred to the cistern in a sea-water temperature of 50° 
F. Experience has shown that the best results can not be expected 
from such transfers in a water temperature exceeding 45°, and in 
future an effort will be made to profit by such experience. In order 
to obviate the: possibility of purchasing immature brood fish, all 
fishermen were especially requested not to take any cod for the 
station in the vicinity of the shore, and it was evident from their 
description of the places of capture that the fish were secured at 
points where spawning cod are known to congregate. As in past 
years, the females outnunibered the males, but this could not be 
remedied, owing to the necessity of accepting all deliveries. The 
average weight of the brood fish was 64 pounds, somewhat in excess 
of the usual average. Despite the fact that the quality of the stock 
as a whole was first class and the egg collections large, the per- 
centage of hatch was disappointing. This is accounted for by the 
partial failure of the automatic temperature control to operate, 
the temperature at times fluctuating between 35 and 40° F. instead 
of remaining constant at 38. Salt appeared to collect on the valve 
and check its operation. 

Trouble was encountered also from an accumulation of air in 
the cod boxes. This was particularly noticeable just after the filter 
was cleaned, there being so much of it at times that circulation was 
stopped, killing the spawn. Under the new arrangement effected 
last year the water supply for the hatchery is now pumped from 
the harbor into two wood stave tanks of 8,000 and 10,000 gallons 
capacity. Until the temperature drops to 38° F. it flows by gravity 
from these tanks to the hatchery through 6-inch pipe, thence through 
connecting 4-inch pipes to 2-inch lines extended over each set of 
tables, and from there through 2-inch pet cocks and connecting 
rubber tubes to the hatching boxes on the tables, the overflow from 
the boxes passing into a drain and back into the harbor. After 
the temperature has reached 38° the water is passed through pipes 
to a heating tank in the boiler room and the direct supply to the 
hatchery practically stopped. The overflow from the hatching 
boxes is then run into the cod cistern. The overflow from the 


52 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


cistern is conducted into the filter, thence to a reservoir, and from 
there is pumped back into the storage tanks. By this means the 
water is heated in passing from the tanks to the hatchery, and while 
in the reservoir it can be again heated, if necessary, by a coil of 
pipe through which is passed water from the exhaust steam used 
in heating the building. This arrangement effects a considerable 
saving in coal as compared with past years. 

During the winter, collections of winter-flounder spawn were made 
as usual at Waquoit, Mass., and Wickford, R. L, and although 
the operations were not as productive as in some previous years the 
results were on the whole fairly satisfactory, this being made pos- 
sible largely through the strenuous efforts of the employees engaged 
in the work. In the Waquoit field particularly the spawn takers are 
beset with many difficulties. Not infrequently ice 8 inches or more 
in thickness must be sawed through before the nets used in the 
capture of the brood fish can be set or examined. Even under milder 
weather conditions there are many hardships to undergo, making 
the work exceedingly difficult. Operations at Waquoit extended 
from January 12 to March 24, during which time 819,927,000 eggs 
were secured, or nearly 35,000,000 more than in the previous fiscal 
year. An employee detailed to the Wickford field throughout the 
month of March obtained 228,768,000 eggs. ‘The weather con- 
ditions during this period were comparatively mild, but for some 
reason the catch of fish was light. In the Newport field the fish 
are taken in deep water, which is so cold that they do not spawn 
freely until it is too late in the season to make successful shipments 
of eggs to the Woods Hole hatchery. Owing to this fact only 123,- 
783,000 eggs were taken, notwithstanding the considerable numbers 
of brood fish secured. Possibly the fish can be held in live cars 
at some point where the water is shallower and warmer, and. it is 
intended to make some investigations along this line at the first 
opportunity. Egg collections of this species from all sources 
amounted to 1,212,916,000, of which 166,751,000 were planted in the 
eyed stage of development. The remainder were hatched, yielding 
844,381,000 fry, the percentage of hatch being 82.7. 

In an effort to secure eggs of the mackerel almost daily visits were 
made to the local traps throughout the month of June, and as a result 
2,022,000 were collected. ‘The eggs were of uniformly good quality, 
nearly 99 per cent producing fry. Eggs of the scup to the number 
of 3,425,000 were also taken. In the early history of the station a 
few eggs of this species were occassionally secured, but until this 
year none whatever have been obtained since 1911, when a collection 
of 634,000 was made. The present season’s collection was four times 
larger than any ever previously made. The percentage of hatch 
was 73.1, and had it not been for one large lot that was practically 
a total loss a very large percentage of hatch would have resulted. 
The efforts put forth to secure eggs of the sea bass were not wholly 


fruitless, as 32,000 were taken and hatched and the fry distributed | 


without apparent loss. The last previous collection of these eggs 
was in 1910, when 850,000 were taken. 

To satisfy a demand for steelhead for stocking a fresh-water pond 
at. Mashpee, Mass., 25,000 eggs of that species were received at the 
station during the spring from Birdsview, Wash. Although the 


Se 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922. 53 


consignment contained only about 400 white eggs on arrival, a large 
number had a cloudy appearance, and these either died in the egg 
stage or the resulting fry succumbed soon after hatching. The fry 
were planted immediately after the absorption of the yolk sac, the 
output amounting to 20,000. 


NOTE CONCERNING LOBSTER PROPAGATION. 


In various parts of the New England States there appears to be 
a growing sentiment in favor of the resumption of lobster propaga- 
tion. This valuable crustacean formerly came extensively under 
artificial propagation at the marine stations, and for a number of 
years it formed the most important part of the work of the Booth- 
bay Harbor (Me.) station. The hatchery at this point is particu- 
larly well located and equipped for the purpose, and with the lobster 
pound at Pemaquid as an auxiliary the station is prepared to save, 
with their eggs, many thousands of the egg-bearing lobsters which, 
there is every reason to believe, are now annually finding their way 
to the market. 

The abandonment of the work resulted from a combination of cir- 
cumstances, the most important, perhaps, being the failure of the 
interests most directly concerned to cooperate with the bureau. 
During the fiscal year 1921 the bureau was petitioned by a consider- 
able number of citizens to again take up lobster propagation at the 
Woods Hole (Mass.) station, and during the current year the same 
topic has been the subject of much correspondence with persons 
interested in the lobster fisheries of Maine. There appears to be a 
quite general feeling that the present State regulations are not suc- 
cessful in preventing large numbers of the egg-bearing lobsters from 
reaching the market. 


ANADROMOUS FISHES OF ATLANTIC RIVERS. 


The fish-cultural work concerned with the anadromous fishes of 
Atlantic coastal streams during the fiscal year 1922 shows very satis- 
factory results. Under this group are included the Atlantic salmon, 
the humpbacked salmon introduced on the Atlantic coast, the shad, 
the river herrings (Pomolobus wstivalis and P. pseudoharengus), 
and the striped bass, or rockfish. The increased output of shad and 
river herrings is particularly noteworthy. 


SHAD, BRYANS POINT (MD.) SUBSTATION. 
[L. G. Harron, Superintendent. ] 


This station was opened at the beginning of the yellow-perch 
spawning season on March 1 and was closed May 20, shortly after 
the shad had finished spawning. The activities in connection with 
the yellow-perch work are discussed in connection with the propa- 
gation of the fishes of the Great Lakes, on page 46. The weather 
throughout the early spring was uniformly cold and stormy, the 
mean water temperature for the first 25 days of March being as low 
as 44° F. Such a condition always favors a good run of shad to the 
spawning areas in the Potomac River, as it causes the main body of 
the run of fish to ascend the warmer waters of the main river chan- 


54 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


nel, thus escaping the numerous pound nets set for their interception 
on the flats and shallows of Chesapeake Bay. On April 6 shad in 
plentiful numbers were observed on the natural spawning grounds 
in the vicinity of the station, their arrival being at least 20 days 
later than in the preceding year, when abnormally high water tem- 
peratures ruled throughout the month of March. On April 10, when 
the first shad in spawning condition was found, and for 12 days 
thereafter, the water temperature remained too low for the success- 
ful ripening of their eggs. Consequently, the egg collections during 
this period, amounting to 5,442,000, were small as compared with the 
same pertod in former years. However, on April 24 a decided im- 
provement in water temperatures was noted, and during the remain- 
ing days of the month eggs arrived at the hatchery in large num- 
bers, giving a total up to and including April 30 of 31,306,000, which 
is seldom exceeded for that month. 

These few days in late April proved to be the height of the egg- 
collecting season, as the catch of fish began falling off rapidly soon 
after the beginning of May, and by the 12th of that month many of 
the fishermen had suspended their operations. Eggs ceased coming 
in very shortly thereafter, the last consignment being received May 
15. Of the season’s total, aggregating 47,478,000, one lot of 1,311,000 
was sent to the bureau’s central station at Washington, D. C., for 
aquarial display; the remainder were hatched, producing a normal 
percentage of healthy vigorous fry for return to the local spawning 
grounds of the Potomac and its adjacent tributaries. 

The season also proved a very successful one for the shad fisher- 
men. They made unusually heavy captures throughout practically 
the whole of April, and though the prices obtained for their product 
were not as high as had prevailed during the preceding five years, 
their financial returns were greater. 


SHAD AND RIVER HERRINGS, EDENTON (N. C.) STATION. 


[DreLt Brown, Superintendent. ] 


There is also to be recorded a satisfactory increase in the output 
of shad in North Carolina waters. The spawning season at Eden- 
ton extended from March 28 to May 8, during which time 35,201,000 
ripe eggs were obtained for incubation. More than 78 per cent of 
these produced fry at a cost of about $69 per million. 

Because of the poor quality of the eggs obtained from fish taken 
in pound nets in this section, all shad eggs during the past season 
were taken from fish caught in gill nets, the fishermen operating on 
areas from which such apparatus is normally excluded by law. 
During the shad-spawning season licenses countersigned by the bu- 
reau’s agent were issued by the State authorities to certain fishermen 
permitting them to use gill nets on the restricted areas, provided that 
all ripe eggs thus obtained were delivered to the Edenton hatchery. 
It is apparent that the prevailing sentiment of the region is opposed 
to this method of securing shad eggs, and many of the local citizens 
are of the opinion that greater results would accrue were the gill-net 
fishermen excluded entirely from the restricted area and the shad 
allowed to spawn naturally, basing their argument on the ground 
that only a small percentage of the fish taken by the gill nets contain 


ripe eggs. 


= 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922, 55 


Coincident with the spawning season of the shad in Albemarle 
Sound is that of the river herrings, two species, the branch herring 
(Pomolobus pseudoharengus) and the glut herring (P. estivalis), 
coming under artificial propagation at the Edenton hatchery. Al- 
though less abundant, the branch herring, because of its larger size 
and early run, is more highly prized than the glut herring, though 
large numbers of the latter species are absorbed by the local markets. 

From observations made of the spawning habits of these fish at 
Edenton during the past three seasons it appears that the branch 
herring spawn in about the same temperature as the shad, 62° F., 
but that the spawning of the glut herring is delayed until the water 
reaches a temperature of 66° F. The eggs of both species when 
first taken have a strong adhesive tendency. To overcome this in 
artificial propagation, they are passed through a fine screen im- 
mediately after being delivered at the hatchery. The incubation of 
branch-herring eggs is about five days, with a mean water tempera- 
ture of 62° F., while the incubation of glut-herring eggs is com- 
pleted in 36 hours at the higher water temperature of 66° F. The 
aggregate ege collections of the two species for the fiscal year was 
116,920,000. From this number of eggs 82,600,000 fry were pro- 
duced, all of which were planted on the local spawning grounds. As 
compared with last year’s output of river herring, 43,815,000, the 
figures for the present year seem large, but they do not represent 
the full possibilities in artificial propagation that are present in 
Albemarle Sound. Closer cooperation on the part of the market 
fishermen and funds for the maintenance of operations over a longer 
period of time would undoubtedly very materially increase the 
amount of valuable work that could be accomplished. Like most of 
. the bureau’s fish-cultural work in connection with the commercial 
species, the herring eggs were all obtained from fish taken in pound 
nets by the local market. fishermen. 

The Edenton (N. C.) station, in addition to the work discussed 
above, produces annually a variety of the so-called pond fishes. 
This branch of the work is mentioned on page 77. 


STRIPED BASS, WELDON (N. C.) SUBSTATION. 
[Drtt Brown, Superintendent. ] 


An increase of fully 100 per cent is to be recorded in the amount 
of work accomplished with the striped bass at this station during the 
fiscal year 1922 as compared with the previous year. This may be 
attributed to the increased interest in the work on the part of the 
commercial fishermen, and if it is possible to maintain this spirit of 
cooperation among them it will enable the bureau to further extend 
its valuable line of work. The spawning season opened on April 12, 
somewhat earlier than usual, and egg collections were continued until 
May 15. This year’s record output is in line with the increase in the 
output that has occurred almost without interruption since the in- 
ception of striped-bass propagation on the Roanoke River. 


ATLANTIC AND HUMPBACKED SALMONS, CRAIG BROOK (ME.) STATION. 
[J. D. De RocuHsEr, Superintendent. ] 


During June of the fiscal year 1921 adult Atlantic salmon to the 
number of 208 were purchased from local fishermen operating weirs 


56 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


in the Penobscot River and held in the Dead Brook inclosure pending 
the development of their eggs, in accordance with the usual custom. 
At spawning time, in late October, the 190 fish of this lot remaining 
yielded 572,000 eggs. This stock of eggs was increased through an- 
other exchange with the Canadian Government, whereby the station 
received 1,000,000 Atlantic-salmon eggs in return for an equal num- 
ber of eggs of the landlocked salmon, rainbow trout, and black- 
spotted trout, these being supplied from other stations of the bureau. 
Both lots of Atlantic-salmon eggs were incubated with excellent re- 
sults. The resulting fry to the number of 1,334,000 were deposited 
in Maine rivers, principally the Penobscot, and approximately 
100,000 fingerlings remained on hand at the end of the fiscal year. 

During June, 1922, the attempts made to purchase adult salmon for 
a source of egg supply for the coming year met with rather indif- 
ferent results. The bureau’s recently adopted policy of refusing 
longer to pay a so-called bonus of 60 cents per fish for careful 
handling in addition to the market price, together with its decision 
to reduce the average weight of the fish acquired, influenced most of 
the fishermen to sell their catch in the open market rather than to 
the bureau. Only three fishermen cooperated in obtaining the 51 
brood fish secured. 

The attitude of these fishermen is difficult to understand. Most 
of them express themselves as being in accord with the work, and 
they readily concede that, because of the unnatural conditions now 
existing in the Penobscot, the run of salmon in the river is ap- 
parently dependent on the output of the hatchery. They also recog- 
nize that the salmon fishery has afforded them remunerative employ- 
ment each season for many years. At the same time they are un- 
willing to accept this form of business insurance without receiving 
extra compensation for the small amount of trouble involved. in 
holding the fish for the bureau’s agents, although it entails no mone- 
tary loss from the sale of their fish and insures the salvage of a large 
percentage of the prospective progeny and the ultimate release of the 
adult fish, for which they will receive the full market value. ) 

The spring run of salmon in the Penobscot appeared to be light, 
but reports were received, apparently from reliable sources, of the 
presence of large numbers in the Penobscot and Dennys Rivers 
during August. It was stated by observers that the run of fish in 
both these streams was larger than for a long period of years. The 
run in the Dennys River is particularly noteworthy, since for many 
years this once important salmon stream has been quite barren of 
the species. Largely through the efforts of the bureau a fishway 
has been installed in the dam at Dennysville and, beginning in 
1917, the river has been stocked annually with salmon fingerlings 
hatched from eggs taken in the Penobscot River. Present con- 
ditions with reference to Atlantic-salmon propagation are not en- 
tirely satisfactory, and the meagerness of accurate information con- 
cerning many details of the matter suggests the desirability of a 
rather thorough canvass of the situation. 

Fish-cultural operations in connection with the humpbacked 
salmon in Maine waters were undertaken in the fall of 1921 for the 
second time. During September and October employees of the Craig 
Brook station obtained from the Dennys River, at Dennysville, Me., 


Eee 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922. bit 


445,000 eggs of this species, and later on approximately 369,000 fry 
resulting therefrom were returned to the river. It is probable that 
a considerably greater number of eggs might have been secured 
had the conditions in the Pembroke River been more favorable. 
During the entire spawning season the water stages in this stream 
were too low to permit of the ascent of fish. The continuance of 
this run of humpbacked salmon, transplanted from the Pacific coast 
in Maine rivers, is an interesting fact. It occurs only in alternate 
years, and an effort to establish an annual run would perhaps be a 
wise undertaking. 


RESCUE OF STRANDED FOOD FISHES. 


[C. F. Cuter, in Charge.] 


During the fiscal year 1922 the total results of the bureau’s rescue 
operations amounted to 179,475,069 fish, all of them being of direct 
importance to the regions in which the work was done. In the pros- 
ecution of such work 13 crews operated on the upper Mississippi 
River, in territory contiguous to the Homer (Minn.) station, La 
Crosse, Wis., and Bellevue and Marquette, Iowa. One crew was 
engaged on the Illinois River in the vicinity of Meredosia, Ill., and 
a considerable amount of rescue work on the Mississippi River was 
directed from the Fairport Biological Laboratory, in connection 
with the propagation of the fresh-water mussel. The operations 
also included a comparatively small amount of rescue work in fields 
around the San Marcos (Tex.) station. The tabular statement on 
page 10, showing the results of the bureau’s activities along this 
line, indicates clearly the species and the number of fish salvaged 
at each point and their final disposition. The work was done at an 
average cost of approximately 14 cents per thousand fish rescued. 

Rescue work for the season was first undertaken on July 5, in the 
vicinity of Homer, Minn., and was prosecuted as actively as possible 
at all the points mentioned until the exhaustion of the available funds 
on October 29 compelled its early closing, notwithstanding the fact 
that a number of landlocked pools in the vicinity of Marquette, 
Towa, remained untouched. The work was rendered unusually diffi- 
cult in some respects because of the unusually low stage of the 
river and the hot, dry summer. Because of excessively high tempera- 
tures at certain points large numbers of fish were found dead in 
pools of an average depth of 10 inches. Even such species as carp 
and catfish, which are particularly resistant to these conditions, 
suffered heavy mortality. The high air and water temperatures 
also made difficult the transfer of rescued fish to the river or the 
holding stations, and the utmost care was required to accomplish 
such tranfers successfully. In one respect the low water stages were 
of direct advantage to the work. As the overflow was restricted to 
a considerable extent by the river not reaching its usual high mark 
during the spring rise, the ponds left by the receding waters were 
all more conveniently located with reference to the river than is 
the case in seasons of a wider overflow. On the Mississippi one crew 
with houseboat operated from Prescott, Wis., to the head of Lake 
Pepin, thence to Brownsville, Minn., and Genoa, Wis.; one crew with 
houseboat covered the territory from Wabasha, to Fountain City, and 


58 - -U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


thence to Dakota, all in Minnesota; two crews worked from Homer, 
Minn.; one each from La Crosse, Genoa, and Ferryville, Wis.; one 
from Marquette, lowa; one with houseboat between Dubuque and 
Bellevue, lowa; and one from Bellevue, Iowa. 

The work at Meredosia, Ill., was discontinued on September 15, 
at which time steps were taken to abandon the station permanently. 
Such part of the property as could be used to advantage at other 
points was transferred, while the buildings and the equipment that 
could not be moved successfully or that had no value in connection 
with the work elsewhere were sold to the highest bidder by authority 
of the Secretary of Commerce. The work that could be accomplished 
profitably at this point was decreasing in amount from year to 
year, as the movements of the fishing crews were becoming more and 
more restricted by the establishment of duck-shooting preserves. 
Large portions of this territory were also being reclaimed for agri- 
culture. , 


FISHES OF MINOR INTERIOR WATERS. 


In that part of its work relating to production and distribution 
of fish for stocking interior waters of the country the bureau so- 
licits the participation of the public. It cooperates with interested 
individuals or associations in deciding as to the waters to be stocked 
and considers their suggestions as to the species of fish best suited 
therefor. It relies upon applicants to see that the fish furnished 
are properly planted in the waters for which they are assigned, and 
that they are afforded proper protection against illegal or unsports- 
manlike methods of fishing. Although the species of fish involved 
are generally classed as game fish, they have important. value, also, 
as food. 

The ‘benefits accruing from this phase of fish-cultural work are 
considered invaluable. Not only is there an economic gain in the 
increase of the food supply by the utilization of otherwise unpro- 
ductive waters, but there is an educational effect that develops and 
fosters a sentiment favorable to the protection and growth of fish 
life. Moreover, innumerable persons derive direct and important 
benefits from a day’s fishing in the open places. 

While this part of the bureau’s work has increased in volume with 
the development of its fish-cultural activities, it has not increased 
in the same proportion as has the work that is concerned with the 
commercial species, and whereas a few years ago the output of 
fishes for the interior waters represented from 8 to 10 per cent of 
the aggregate output, it now represents less than 1 per cent of 
such aggregate. The urgent need for an immediate expansion of 
this work is reiterated. 

The numbers of fish and fish eggs produced and distributed for 
the replenishment of interior waters during the fiscal year 1922, 


including those diverted for this purpose from the rescue operations — 


along the Mississippi River, were as follows: 


Catfishaieeicoy ht aly a1) yeep at gre Dey Bees 152; 525 
Landlocked, salmon 22 hf. = 44 qeoFet Fee leery 398, 010 
Rainbow. trolters = es ee oe es ey 7,228, 225 
Bis POCTaD,. LOU, a eee eee ee eee ey 
Loch! Leven ‘trout. 2fi2iVe 2 ts MOLE CR EP ES En 2 56, 000 
Brook trout 2135 ae eee ee 9, 991, 855 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922. 59 


MGCP AG pe i gs Ee Se es 250, 000 
Uae y Oy es pea Alaa ew he 2 a eile eel lta hdl 42, 302 
Large-mouthed’ black ‘bass 22 t¥ 2 OEM, Ahh ot 1, 946, 432 
SmalJi-mouthed: black: bassiz 284) ei) a ouste wer 645, 808 
Rock) basso. =5 fo 2 Sen elated afl Be eh De na fae, - 46, 258 
NM IMOULD, “WaSS) see ow a ee Ie oe Oates 
RRM 2 Cs ee eee ee eee kee ek i a bas Uy 

Totals yolk a eget or ye era hres ty 23, 422, 652 


ROCKY MOUNTAIN TROUT STATIONS. 


This group comprises the stations with their auxiliaries in the 
States of Montana, Colorado, Wyoming, South Dakota, and Utah. 
Their work is addressed to the trout indigenous to the region, to 
the brook trout and rainbow trout, which have been transplanted 
from other sections of the country, and to small numbers of the 
Loch Leven trout. The aggregate output of this group for the 
fiscal year 1922 was as follows: 


Brook? jtroutz_2%3-3. jpewlp eet Arpogts eagihen A an 4, 818, 485 
RIM OW GROUT SS Ao es i he eee ek 3, 524, 840 
Black-spotted trout—___- Soe a ae ee 2, 498, 500 
Loch Leven trout____ he P at aPnoo Mn Sas faipaie eae a 36, 000 

Totalrs -sityeoite sures op ectiptives lost ert ¥ ou 10, 677, 775 


BOZEMAN (MONT.) STATION AND SUBSTATIONS. 


[W. T. THOMPSON, Superintendent. ] 


Besides the main station at Bozeman there were two important 
auxiliaries, one on Meadow Creek in the Madison Valley, Mont., and 
the other in the Glacier National Park, operated in connection with 
the work of this field during the fiscal year 1922. 


BOZEMAN (MONT.) STATION. 


Fish-cultural work consisted in the propagation of brook, rainbow, 
and black-spotted trouts from eggs procured from brood stock main- 
tained at the station, by transfer from field and other stations of 
the bureau, from the Montana Fish and Game Commission, and by 
purchase from commercial dealers. ‘The percentage of hatch ranged 
from 70 to 99 per cent among the different lots, the latter percentage 
occurring among the black-spotted trout transferred from Yellow- 
stone Park. During the summer and fall of 1921 about 1,500,000 
ea of all species were delivered to the bureau’s cars for dis- 
tribution to applicants throughout the States usually served by this 
station, and from the past season’s hatch there was a similar number 
on hand for distribution during the summer and fall of 1922. 

Of the brook-trout eggs handled at the station, 1,000,000, in round 
numbers, were supplied from the Springville (Utah) and Leadville 
(Colo.) stations of the bureau, 500,000 were purchased from a com- 
mercial dealer, and some 60,000 were taken from the station brood 
stock. The rainbow trout were all from eggs collected at the sub- 
station on Meadow Creek, while the black-spotted trout were from 
the Yellowstone National Park and from the Montana Fish and 
Game Commission, The number of eggs and fry received from the 


60 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


latter source numbered upward of 1,500,000. To accommodate this 
extra assignment of valuable stock, it was necessary to provide 
additional hatchery space. This was accomplished by building an 
annex on the southeast side of the hatchery building, 50 by 20 feet 
in dimensions, equipped with 20 standard hatching troughs. In 
this connection appreciation is again expressed of the practical and 
liberal assistance rendered by the State of Montana in developing 
fish-cultural projects in which the bureau is particularly interested. 

Of interest in connection with the distribution of fish from the 
Bozeman station during the year was the planting of brook trout 
in Kootenai River and Cameron Lakes, on the international bound- 
ary. The trip was not accomplished without difficulties, but none 
of them proved serious, and some 30,000 brook trout of the finger- 
ling No. 14 size, though four days en route, were successfully de- 
posited in these waters. In making this trip the bureau received 
valuable assistance from the National Park Service and the Cana- 
dian Department of Marine and Fisheries, as well as from the Great 
Northern and the Northern Pacific Railroad Cos., who in each case 
furnished free transportation over its line. An opportunity was 
afforded the superintendent on his return from this trip to visit some 
of the lakes in the region with a view of ascertaining the possibili- 
ties for extending the fish-cultural work, and some interesting pros- 
pects were noted. 

The State of Montana is devoting some effort toward developing 
a commercial fishery for the whitefish and lake trout in Flathead 
Lake. Working along this line the State collected whitefish eggs 
from St. Marys Lake, which were incubated at the Somers (Mont.) 
hatchery, and after making generous provision for parent waters 
the remaining fry were planted in Flathead Lake, together with 
additional fry from eggs furnished by the bureau from the Great 
Lakes. 

MEADOW CREEK (MONT.) SUBSTATION. 


Opportunity was afforded during the year to enlarge and improve 
the buildings at this important substation. The hatchery building, 
originally 18 by 24 feet, was enlarged to 24 by 38 feet, the additional 
space was equipped with troughs, and one room and porches were 
added to the cottage. Some 2,300 feet of wood stave pipe was also 
purchased and laid to connect the hatchery with Wilson Spring. 
The station and its equipment are now in good condition, and the. 
advantages of the new water supply were evident in the improved 
condition of the eggs and fry handled. 

The season’s take of rainbow-trout eggs in Meadow Creek was 
below the average, due possibly to cold and otherwise unfavorable 
weather. Spawn taking commenced on April 24, about 10 days 
later than in a normal season, and ended June 8, fully a week earlier 
than usual. During this short period 1,800,000 eggs were secured. 
The usual shipments were made to the Montana Commission, to the 
bureau’s stations and substations at Bozeman, Mont., Glacier Na- 
tional Park, and other points, and a reasonable number were re- 


served for incubation, with the view of replenishing local waters. 


Black-spotted trout obtained from the State of Montana and from 
the bureau’s substation in the Yellowstone Park were also handled, 
the two lots yielding 425,000 fry of that species for distribution. 


CP cite Sh. 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922. 61 
GLACIER NATIONAL PARK (MONT.) SUBSTATION, 


The work of this small hatchery was addressed to the incubation 
of rainbow-trout eggs received from the Meadow Creek collections, 
black-spotted-trout eggs from the Yellowstone National Park and 
the State of Montana, and steelhead eggs from Applegate Creek, 
Oreg. The records indicate a distribution of 168,000 black-spotted 
trout, 250,000 rainbow trout, and 48,000 brook trout, with approxi- 
mately 160,000 fingerling fish on hand at the end of the year. The 
bureau is indebted to the State of Montana for the brook-trout 
fingerlings appearing in the above record, and to this number may 
rightfully be added the 30,000 fingerlings of this species mentioned 
as having been placed in Kootenai River and Cameron Lakes. 

In recent years the pelican has been much discussed in connection 
with the problem of fish culture and conservation in certain sections 
of the territory in this region, particularly as regards the Yellow- 
stone National Park and the Madison Valley, in Montana. This 
bird, protected by law, it is claimed by many who are apparently in 
a position to know, constitutes one of the most important agencies 
in the destruction of the game fishes, and the evidence produced in 
support of this statement is of a convincing nature. 

In order to obtain more authoritative knowledge on this important 
subject an investigator, working under the direction of the division 
of scientific inquiry, was employed near the close of the fiscal year 
to investigate the habits of the pelican in Yellowstone National Park. 


LEADVILLE (COLO.) STATION AND SUBSTATION. 
[C. B. Graver, Superintendent. ] 
LEADVILLE (COLO.) STATION. 


During the year the rearing capacity of the Leadville station was 
increased by repairing and connecting with the water supply the 16— 
cement ponds in front of the hatchery building. Additional troughs 
were also placed in the hatchery. 

‘The brook trout is the important species propagated at this sta- 
tion, and excellent results attended the efforts along this line during 
the fiscal year 1922. The eggs handled are obtained almost exclu- 
sively from privately owned lakes, where, under agreement with the 
owners, the bureau’s fish-culturists annually make egg collections 
from spawning trout. The eggs thus obtained are all taken to the 
Leadville hatchery, where a predetermined percentage of the total 
collections from each point of eyed eggs, fry, or fingerling fish are 
held subject to the owner’s disposal. During the fiscal year 1922 col- 
lections were made from seven Colorado lakes, as follows: 


PUP OISeoeee wee Ment gems ee eee Dt oe My | 3, 027, 200 
CRE Ci ace eee oe apene a emaere  e tee  ! 2, 108, 700 
CATT OTE PIAA Set Sh sl PEE AAR SRT Se IRAE: MMIII ND a7 (Sb stadt 235, 500 
Northfield ie O1s6 essere siege cys ey TOE Tees 49, 900 
Hiréd Neb: acer. srs oe oe peree fay sel ages nL bl cy) 176, 000 
Wivisrena Copa La Re eS SE Sk ae eal eS ee 587, 600 
Way Gel ea wes 2) Gai ke eT S tal Ys tv on pele ial mae ibaa ai eR EST 96, 500 


62 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


It is interesting to note that the collection obtained from Turquoise 
Lake was the largest ever made at that point. In addition to the 
brook-trout eggs obtained from this lake 37,000 eggs of the Loch 
Leven trout were secured. Transfers from other stations of the 
bureau to the Leadville hatchery included upward of 80,000 rainbow- 
trout eggs from Saratoga, Wyo., 200,000 black-spotted-trout eggs 
from the Yellowstone Park, and 50,000 lake-trout eggs from the Du- 
luth station. The rainbow trout were used largely for stocking a lake 
in Jefferson County, Colo., where there are excellent prospects of 
developing a profitable field station, and 25,000 of the lake trout 
were delivered to an applicant in Pitkin County, Colo. The re- 
mainder of the fish entered into the general distribution in Colorado 
and New Mexico, or were included in the stock—some 2,500,000—re- 
maining on hand at the close of the year. 


YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK (WYO.) SUBSTATION. 


This station was operated during the year under the direction 
of the superintendent of the Leadville (Colo.) hatchery. The fish- 
cultural work, which involves a portion of two fiscal years, opened 
at Fish Lake, near Soda Butte, on June 8, and the collections of 
black-spotted-trout eggs at this point to the close of the year 
amounted to 263,500. Late in the season of the previous fiscal year 
and during the season of 1922 a building of log construction was put 
up for the bureau by employees of the National Park Service. As 
this building was not available for use during the spawning period, 
the eggs taken at Fish Lake were transferred to the Lake hatchery 
for incubation. 

The spawning season of the black-spotted trout on Yellowstone 
Lake began on June 9, and the results of the season’s efforts, both 
as to egg collections and the number of young fish returned to park 
waters, were the most satisfactory in a long period of years. The 
-usual egg-collecting area was considerably augmented by extending 
it to streams not previously occupied along the South Arm of Yel- 
lowstone Lake, and, largely through the cooperation of officers of 
the park service, the unusually large output of fry and fingerling 
fish was disseminated over a much wider territory than ever before. 
Through the courtesy of the Montana Fish and Game Commission, 
and by judicious exchanges of eggs, brook trout, rainbow trout, and 
grayling, as well as the native black-spotted trout, were available 
for distribution in suitable waters of the park. 


SARATOGA (WyYO.) STATION. 
[O. N. BaLpwin, Superintendent. ] 


A special appropriation provided by Congress and available July 
1, 1922, permitted the erection of two cottages at the main station 
for the convenience and comfort of the statutory employees. These 
are of frame construction, with four rooms, bath, and cellar each. 
Funds were also available from the same appropriation for some 
development work at the field stations. It was therefore possible 
to erect a log building 28 by 36 feet equipped with 20 standard 
hatching troughs, and a cabin, also of logs, 20 by 26 feet, for the 
accommodation of the employees in charge. These buildings are 


a 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922. 63 


located on a tract of land near the confluence of the North Platte 
River and Lost Creek, in Carbon County, Wyo., adjacent to the 
Pathfinder Reservoir project of the United States Reclamation 
Service. In furnishing water for the hatchery a concrete dam across 
Lost Creek was necessary. 

The distribution from the Saratoga station consisted of 298,500 
brook trout, 924,740 rainbow trout, and 9,000 Loch Leven trout, with 
upward of 1,000,000 fish on hand at the close of the year. 

Egg collections at the main station were confined to 130,000 brook- 
trout eggs and a small number of Loch Leven trout eggs from 
the brood stock. The rainbow trout at the field stations gave promise 
of being unusually successful. Racks for the capture of spawning 
fish were in place in Sage Creek, Canon Creek, and Lost Creek 
well in advance. of the spawning season, and good numbers of fish 
were present in each stream. On May 10 a blizzard of intense vio- 
lence, continuing for five days, visited this section, making all move- 
ment abroad impossible. The storm was followed immediately by 
mild weather, and the floods resulting from the rapid melting of the 
quantities of snow rendered fishing impracticable for a further 
period. With the abatement of the storm and flood the larger part 
of the fish had passed upstream. Eggs to the number of 1,355,800 
were obtained, however. Reserving a liberal number to be incubated 
at the Lost Creek hatchery for the replenishment of the local streams, 
the remaining number were divided between the State of Wyoming 
and the bureau, the bureau’s eggs being forwarded to the Saratoga 
station. 


SPEARFISH (S. DAK.) STATION, 
[D. C. Booru, Superintendent. ] 


Efforts at this station are confined to the propagation of the 
brook, rainbow, and Loch Leven trouts. Nearly 600,000 eggs of all 
species were produced from the station brood stock, and about 350,000 
brook and rainbow trout eggs were transferred from other stations 
of the bureau. The percentage of hatch ranged from 52 to 74, and 
all but about 10,000 of the young fish were distributed throughout 
the territory ordinarily served. . 

Impelled by the difficulties annually experienced in obtaining satis- 
factory supplies of brook-trout eggs from outside sources, the sta- 
tion has recently been engaged in the production of a brood stock of 
this species. As a result there were on hand at the beginning of the 
fiscal year brood fish of excellent quality in adequate numbers to 
furnish sufficient eggs for the season’s work. Before spawning time 
arrived, however, a large number of them had disappeared, and there 
is reason to believe they were stolen, though a night watch had been 
maintained during most of the year. Asa consequence of the greatly 
reduced egg collections, a small number of eggs were taken from the 
few wild trout obtainable in neighboring streams, and 305,000 were 
shipped from the Springville (Utah) station. The total supply 
from these three sources aggregated 738,400, from which 301,500 
fingerling fish were distributed, and a smaller number remained on 
hand at the close of the year. 


34223 °—23—_5 


64 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


From 66,150 Loch Leven trout eggs taken from station brood 
stock 27,000 fingerling fish were produced and distributed. This 
species, which is highly regarded by local fishermen on account of 
its game qualities, appears to outnumber any other trout in the Black 
Hills region, though the bureau’s distributions of it have been small 
as compared with those of the brook and black-spotted trouts. This 
is probably attributable to the more vigorous nature of the Loch 
Leven and its ability to withstand conditions that tend to result dis- 
astrously to other species. During May and June the station dis- 
tributed approximately 59,000 rainbow-trout fingerlings, derived 
from eggs secured from domesticated stock at the station, and early 
in June a shipment of about 53,000 eggs of this species was received 
from the Saratoga station. The eggs were in first-class condition on 
arrival, and the subsequent losses of eggs and fry were merely nomi- 
nal. Owing to their excellent quality it is the intention to reserve 
a few thousand of these young fish to be reared for a brood stock. 


SPRINGVILLE (UTAH) STATION. 


[CLAuDIUS WALLICH, Superintendent. ] 


Fish-cultural work at this station proceeded along the usual lines, 
and the aggregate output of the various species handled during the 
year shows a satisfactory increase over that of the previous year. 
Brook-trout eggs were obtained from the collecting station on Twin 
Creeks, a tributary of Fish Lake, which field for a number of 
years past has been operated jointly by the bureau and the State of 
Utah. Eggs to the number of 7,250,000 were obtained during the 
spawning season, extending from October 23 to the end of Novem- 
ber, and the collections were divided equally between the interested 
parties. There has been a steady and very gratifying increase in 
the numbers of spawning brook trout in evidence in all the spawn- 
ing areas of Fish Lake, together with a corresponding increase in 
the egg collections each season.. During the season of 1922 the largest 
number of eggs ever taken from the lakes were all obtained from 
spawning areas in Twin Creeks, and no attempt was made to work 
the numerous spawning beds on the west and south sides of the lake, 
where spawning fish were unusually numerous. This improved 
run of fish is attributed to systematic plantings of 3 and 4 inch 
fingerlings in the lake every year since fish culture was first under- 
taken in this region. The experience gained through a number of 
years having clearly indicated that no satisfactory results could be 
expected through the maintenance of a brood stock of brook trout, 
all of the brood fish of that species on hand at the Springville station 
were liberated during the year in open waters of the State. The 
results already accomplished at the field station devoted to this 
species show that efforts in brook-trout propagation can be more 
profitably applied in this direction. | 

About 482,000 eggs were obtained from the brood stock of rain- 
bow trout. This species produces much more satisfactory results 
under domestication at the Springville station than does the brook 
trout. As funds were not available for maintaining a field force 
for collecting rainbow-trout eggs, an agreement was effected with 
the State Commissioner of Fish and Game for delivery to the bureau 


—E——————————eoreee 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922. 65 


of a limited number of eggs at the nominal cost of 3 cents per thou- 
sand f. o.'b. the State hatchery at either Richfield or Sigurd, Utah. 
As an outcome of this arrangement 1,647,000 green eggs were secured. 
The policy of stocking the Kyune Reservoir liberally each year with 
rainbow trout and brook trout was continued, and prospects are en- 
couraging for early results in the way of egg collections from this 
body of water. 

The results from the brood stock of native black-spotted trout 
were disappointing in the extreme, only 23,000 eggs being taken 
from the 240 three-year old female fish in the station ponds, and these 
proved of inferior quality. No satisfactory explanation of this 
failure is at hand, except that it seems to coincide with the results 
of past efforts to domesticate this species of trout at other stations 
of the bureau. All of the brood fish appeared to be constantly 
healthy. They have made a satisfactory growth, and no excessive 
mortality has been observed. Nevertheless, but few of the fish 
showed signs of fecundity at the spawning season. This station is 
now holding in ponds in an experimental way a small number of the 
common catfish obtained from the Mississippi River. 

The rearing capacity of the station was increased during the 
year by the construction of four ponds, each 4 by 50 feet in dimen- 
sions, with natural earth sides and bottoms, supplied with water 
from the hatchery overflow. A further improvement to the pond 
system was effected by diverting surplus water from the Strawberry 
irrigation canal. This water is always turbid, and it has been a 
source of great. annoyance, not only at the bureau’s station, but at 
the State hatchery and to local agriculturists. By the cooperation 
of all interested parties a considerable amount of work has been 
accomplished toward the construction of ditches and flumes to divert 
this waste water to the dam, and a marked improvement has resulted. 


NEW ENGLAND TROUT AND SALMON STATIONS. 


This group includes the five stations and their substations located 
in the States of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and Massachu- 
setts, whose work is concerned principally with the brook and rain- 
bow trouts and the landlocked salmon, though small numbers of such 
species as yellow perch, pike perch, smelt, and small-mouthed black 
bass also appear in their outputs. 


BERKSHIRE (MASS.) STATION. 
[W. A. Caster, Superintendent. ] 


This station, situated in Berkshire County, Mass., near the village 
of Hartsville, was acquired under a deed of gift. At the time the 
property was taken over all buildings, walks, and ponds were in 
need of immediate repairs. Such repair work has been accomplished 
as rapidly as possible by devoting each year a portion of the very 
limited funds available for the operation of the station thereto. At 
the present time the buildings are all much improved, and the 
grounds have been maintained with reasonable care. The condition 
of the dams in many of the ponds is such that practical repairs can 
be accomplished only by a greater expenditure than is possible under 
the amount available for the maintenance of the station, and the 


66 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


bureau has not felt warranted in asking Congress for special funds 
for this purpose in recent years. a 

The species of fish propagated at this station during the year 
included brook trout, rainbow trout, yellow perch, and pike perch. 
Brook-trout egg collections from the brood stock amounted to 
260,000. The losses on these eggs during the incubation period, and 
again just prior to the absorption of the food sac, were so heavy 
that only 185,000 fry were produced and only 105,000 reached the 
fingerling stage and were distributed. ‘The mortality is believed to 
have been largely due to the advanced age of the brood fish, which 
had been on hand for seven or eight years. With the view of 
remedying this defect, 500 fingerlings are now being reared at the 
station, and they will eventually replace the old brood stock. In 
addition to the brook-trout eggs collected, 88,900 eyed eggs were 
purchased from a commercial hatchery in Massachusetts, and from 
them a 98 percentage of fry was realized. All of these fish were 
distributed in waters in Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New York. 

Fifty thousand eyed rainbow-trout eggs, transferred from the 
bureau’s station at White Sulphur Springs, W. Va., were incubated 
with a 7 per cent loss, and 5,000 of this species collected from the 
station brood stock yielded a hatch of 43 per cent. As was the 
case with the brook trout, the advanced age of the parent fish was 
no doubt largely responsible for the inferior results, and on per- 
mission from the Washington office the brood rainbows were planted 
in Massachusetts waters. 

Two hundred thousand yellow-perch eggs, transferred in an ordi- 
nary 10-gallon shipping can from the Swanton (Vt.) station, were 
incubated, and the fry were delivered to applicants in good condition. 
A further consignment of 3,300,000 eyed pike-perch eggs was trans- 
ferred from the Swanton hatchery, and, though the station is not 
equipped for handling such eggs, 90 per cent of them produced fry, 
all of which were furnished to applicants. 


CRAIG BROOK (ME.) STATION. 
[J. D, Dm RocuHur, Superintendent.] 


That part of the fish-cultural work of this station addressed to 
the Atlantic salmon is discussed in connection with anadromous 
fishes of the Atlantic rivers on page 55. 

During December, 1921, two consignments of eyed brook-trout 
eggs were received from commercial hatcheries, one in Maine and 
one in Massachusetts, and a third consignment was forwarded from 
Grand Lake Stream, Me., this comprising part of a shipment of 
eggs previously made to that point by the Pennsylvania Department 
of Fisheries. The eggs derived from the Massachusetts establish- 
ment produced a hatch of over 96 per cent and those from the Maine 
commercial hatchery of 91 per cent, while only 88 per cent of fry 
resulted from the Grand Lake Stream shipment. 

From a consignment of 50,000 rainbow-trout eggs transferred from 
the White Sulphur Springs (W. Va.) station a hatch of about 93 per 
cent resulted. The output of the station was further augmented by 
the receipt of 70,000 eggs of the landlocked salmon from the Green 
Lake (Me.) station, which were incubated with a loss of about 4 per 
cent. All of the fry of the various species were distributed in New 
England waters, principally in Maine. 


EE p= 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922. 67 


GREEN LAKE (ME.) STATION AND SUBSTATION. 
[JoHn A. Story, Superintendent. | 


Operations in this field were confined to the work at the main sta- 
tion and the substation at Grand Lake Stream, Me., the coilecting 
station at the Fish River Lakes being abandoned in favor of the 
Maine State Fish and Game Commission because of insufficient funds, 
The species handled involved the landlocked salmon, the brook trout, 
the smelt, and the small-mouthed black bass. 


GREEN LAKE (ME.) STATION. 


The work in connection with the landlocked salmon was taken up 
in October, when a pound net was placed in Green Lake for the 
capture of the spawning salmon. Fishing was continued from Oc- 
tober 17 to November 12, and during the period 171 adult fish were 
taken. Of these 114 were females and 57 males, and 227,525 eggs 
were obtained. In addition 25,000 eggs were supplied the station 
from the State’s hatchery at Oquossoc. Of the local collections 
70,000 were shipped in the eyed stage for convenience in distributing 
fry and fingerlings to the various applicants in the State, and smaller 
numbers were supplied to applicants in other parts of the country. 
The remainder, with those received from the State, were incubated 
at the station for the replenishment of local waters. 

_ Eyed brook-trout eggs to the number of 103,000 were acquired by 

purchase from commercial dealers, and an additional lot of 75,000 

was received from the Pennsylvania Department of Fisheries and 

sare. The resulting fry were distributed in the waters of the 
tate. 

The efforts made to collect spawning smelt for propagation at this 
point were not successful. The cold rains occurring at spawning 
time apparently caused the fish to desert their customary spawning 
places in the tributary streams. An investigation of other ponds 
in the locality revealed similar conditions. The 300,000 eggs of this 
species obtained were incubated with but little loss. 

Because of windy weather and the unusual depth of water in which 
nest-building occurred, but little was accomplished in obtaining 
small-mouthed bass fry from Green Lake waters. Some 22,000 were 
taken and supplied to applicants in other sections of the State. Fish 
of this species are not considered desirable in Green Lake, which is a 
natural habitat of the more highly prized landlocked salmon, and 
the removal of the bass fry for introduction into other more desir- 
able waters meets with the approval of the local interests. 

On the recommendation of the bureau the Green Lake station was 
closed as a permanent fish-cultural plant at the end of the fiscal 
year. It was estimated that not less than $25,000 would be required 
to replace the dam and water-supply flume, which were rapidly 
falling into decay, and in view of the fact that the water available 
at this site is of an inferior quality at best the discontinuance of 
the station seemed the only practical course to pursue. The bureau’s 
property at Green Lake will be guarded by a custodian, and the 
more important items of fish-cultural work formerly prosecuted 
there will be continued as an auxiliary to the operations of the 
Craig Brook station. 


68 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 
GRAND LAKE STREAM (ME,.) SUBSTATION. 


A valuable addition to the rearing facilities at this substation 


was the acquisition, without cost to the bureau, through the courtesy” 


of the St. Croix Paper Co., of control of the canal formerly used 
for the passage of boats over the quick water of Grand Lake Stream. 
Two ponds, each approximately 100 feet long by 25 feet wide by 3 
feet deep, were constructed in this canal and proved entirely satis- 
factory for the purpose intended. Sliding gates at the point where 
the canal leaves Grand Lake control the flow of water through the 
ponds, and at slight cost additional ponds may be added to the 
present system. 

At the beginning of the fiscal year there were on hand some 74,000 
landlocked-salmon fingerlings, which were distributed in local waters 
during the summer months. The fall fishing operations resulted in 
the capture of 451 adult landlocked salmon, 192 females and 259 
males. These fish averaged about 24 pounds in weight, and approxi- 
mately 252,000 eggs were obtained from them. One hundred thou- 
sand of these were shipped to St. John, New Brunswick, on behalf 
of the Canadian fishery authorities. The State of Maine furnished 
the station with 25,000 eggs of the same species from its hatchery 
at Oquossoc, and these, with the remainder from the local collec- 
tions, produced fish for the restocking of local waters, about 100,000 
fingerlings remaining on hand at the end of the year. During the 
spawning season unusually low water stages prevailed in both Dobis 
and Grand lakes. This condition was probably a factor in the 
reduced numbers of eggs taken, but it hardly explains the remark- 
ably low average weight of the spawning fish handled. 

The long-talked-of screen at the outlet of Grand Lake was cém- 
pleted during the year, the work being efficiently accomplished under 
the auspices of the Commissioner of Inland Fisheries and Game of 
the State of Maine. It will be of interest to note the effects of 
this installation on the salmon fishing of the waters involved. 

In connection with the collection of landlocked salmon, a small 
number of brook-trout eggs was also taken, and 150,000 eyed eggs 
of this species were obtained from the State of Pennsylvania. Five 
thousand eggs of the local collections were delivered to a Massa- 
chusetts applicant; all of those remaining were incubated for local 
waters. In distributing the output the bureau is indebted to the 
local guides and boat owners who willingly carry the fingerlings 
to all of the important planting grounds, even the most remote, 
without expense. 


ST, JOHNSBURY (VT.) STATION AND SUBSTATIONS. 
[A. H. Dinsmorn, Superintendent. ] 


Under this heading are included the main hatchery at St. Johns- 
bury, Vt., the substations at Holden and Swanton, Vt., and York 
Pond, N. H., and various egg-collecting points in Vermont and 
Maine. The work of the Swanton (Vt.) substations is outlined in 
connection with the propagation of the Great Lakes fishes on 
page 46, 


Oe ee 2 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922. 69 
ST. JOHNSBURY (VT.) STATION. 


Five species of fish were propagated at this point, the brook, rain- 
bow, brown, and lake trouts, and the steelhead salmon, the results be- 
ing generally satisfactory. During the summer arrangements were 
made to collect brook-trout eggs on the Margalloway River and Par- 
mancheence Lake in Oxford County, Me. As a preliminary to egg- 
collecting operations in this field a very satisfactory number of 
brood trout were captured and penned. Just at the approach of the 
spawning season there was evidence of malicious interference, which 
resulted in the liberation of the greater part of them. This being the 
third season’s work in this region without any previous molestation 
no precautions had been taken to prevent such an occurrence. From 
the remaining fish only about 200,000 eggs were secured, half of 
which, by agreement, were turned over to the Guides Association 
after being eyed. The bureau’s share of the fry hatched was released 
in adjacent waters with the exception of a lot of 10,000, which were 
reserved for rearing at York Pond. On account of the high quality 
of the eggs obtained and the rapid growth of the fry produced it is 
a matter of regret that the bureau’s experience of the past three years 
has demonstrated the uncertainty of success in this field. 

In order that all efforts might be concentrated on the work at 
York Pond and on the Margalloway River, it was decided to dis- 
continue operations at Darling Pond and Lake Mitchell, in Ver- 
mont, but the owners of these waters were so urgent in their desire 
that the bureau continue its management of the work that it was 
finally agreed for them to assume the expense of operations and 
receive as compensation two-thirds of the iry produced from the 
egg collections at those points. The outcome of this arrangement 
was that the bureau secured about 290,000 eges without incurring 
any expense in connection therewith. In addition to the collections 
referred to above 756,368 eyed eggs were purchased from a commer- 
cial establishment in Massachusetts, and 300,000 were transferred 
from the Pennsylvania Department of Fisheries and Game. For 
convenience in distributing the fry and fingerlings about 500,000 of 
the brook-trout eggs acquired were sent to the ‘Holden substation. 
Besides the brook trout handled on behalf of the bureau some 
40,000, the property of the Percy Sumner Club, were incubated for 
stocking Lake Christine, in New Hampshire. A consignment of 
brown-trout eggs were secured from the New York Conservation 
Commission, a portion of which were delivered to the State’s hatchery 
at Roxbury, Vt., and 70,000 lake-trout eggs from the collections at 
Lake Dunmore were received from the Holden substation. Twenty- 
five thousand eggs of the steelhead obtained by employees of the 
State of Vermont in Caspian Lake were incubated at the station, 
the fry resulting being held at the disposal of the State. 

Bass propagation at this station can not be termed successful so 
far as numbers are concerned, but quality has to some extent com- 
pensated for quantity, many of the bass distributed having attained 
a length of 4 to 6 inches. On account of the meager returns and 
insufficient funds nothing was attempted along this line during 1922. 

Besides the usual distribution to applicants, liberal assignments 
of trout fry are made each year from, this station for stocking 


70 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERTES, 


streams in the White Mountain National Forest. Such plants are 
carefully handled under the direction of the forest supervisor. The 
steelheads, the brown trout, and a small number of brook trout 
remained on hand at the close of the year. 


HOLDEN (VT.) SUBSTATION, 


At the beginning of the year there were on hand upward of 
100,000 fingerling fish of various species that entered into the dis- 
tribution of the fiscal year 1922. The substation was supplied with 
about 500,000 brook-trout eggs from the St. Johnsbury station. As 
customary, cooperative work with the State of Vermont addressed 
to the lake trout was undertaken at Lake Dunmore, resulting in the 
collection of 323,000 eggs, which, together with 25,000 of the same 
species shipped from Charlevoix, Mich., were incubated at the sta- 
tion. Fish-cultural work at Lake Dunmore is showing very gratify- 
ing returns. Each season a larger number of spawning fish are 
available. 

The fish-cultural work at this substation during the fiscal year 
1922 was unusually successful. All eggs handled produced a high 
- percentage of fry, and the mortality among all species during the 
feeding period was light. In many seasons the mortality among 
both eggs and fry held in the spring water has been high, and this 
has been the subject of a number of investigations seeking the cause 
and the remedial measures that should be apphed. During 1921 a 
new system of aeration was installed, which may have been an 
important factor in the excellent results obtained during the fiscal 
year 1922. 


YORK POND (N. H.) SUBSTATION. 


Actual fish-cultural operations at this point have been confined to 
the rearing of fry transferred from St. Johnsbury, Vt., some experi- 
ments in hatching brook-trout eggs in gravel, and the feeding of the 
adult fish in the pond. The work accomplished toward the develop- 
ment of the site for its ultimate object with the small amount of 
funds available is gratifying and reflects credit on the superin- 
tendent in charge of the work and his subordinates. The more 
important structures completed during the year are the cement dam 
diverting the water of Cold Brook to York Pond and a ditch carry- 
ing this water across the crest of an intervening ridge. From the 
ridge the water finds its way across a bottom of about 4 acres into 
York Pond. Eventually this 4-acre bottom will be converted into 
additional pond space. A control dam, also of cement, at the outlet 
of York Pond permits control of the water level of the pond, and 
one of the spillways in this dam has been continued to form a pit 
for a Poncelet wheel, which will furnish power for a fish-food chop- 
per, dynamo, and possibly a wood saw. 

‘ During the winter after the work ceased a caretaker left in charge 
of the property cleaned the underbrush from the margins of York 
Pond, “slashed” two bottoms, which, with the completion of the 
plans, will be flowed, and completed much other work of a similar 
nature. In the course-of the construction work a number of springs 
have been uncovered. The flow from these when concentrated will 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922. ‘171 


furnish in connection with the flow from the pond a water supply 
of ample volume and, within reasonable limits, under control as to 
temperature throughout the year. It is expected that during the 
coming year the site will be sufficiently developed to permit of egg 
collections being undertaken successfully. 


NASHUA (N. H.) STATION. 
[WaLpo F, Hussarp, Superintendent. ] 


The year’s distribution of fish from this station amounted in the 
aggregate to 2,008,030 of the following species: Brook trout, rain- 
bow trout, lake trout, landlocked salmon, small-mouthed black bass, 
yellow perch, and pike perch. With the exception of some 10,000 
rainbow-trout eggs and 125,000 brook-trout eggs, which were ob- 
tained from the small number of brood fish maintained at the sta- 
tion, and the small-mouthed black bass resulting from natural spawn- 
ing in Sunapee Lake, all of the fish distributed were produced from 
eges purchased from commercial fish-culturists or transferred from 
other stations. The pike perch and yellow perch were received from 
the Vermont station on Lake Champlain, the lake trout from 
Holden, Vt., the landlocked salmon from Green Lake, Me., and the 
rainbow trout from Wytheville, Va. The brook-trout eggs were 
purchased from commercial fish-culturists in the New England 
States. There were no unusual circumstances attending the incuba- 
tion of the eggs or the distribution of the resulting fish. 

In discussing the affairs of this station it is considered proper to 
mention the deplorable condition of the bureau’s property. The 
hatchery building—a temporary structure, built with no view of 
permanency—is at present a very dilapidated affair. The rearing 
ponds, which were originally constructed with plank sides, are in a 
similar state of decay and are of no value to the station. If the sta- 
tion is to continue its usefulness, funds for rather extensive repairs 
must be provided at an early date. 


COMBINATION TROUT AND POND FISH-CULTURAL STATIONS. 


The five stations in this group produced for distribution during 
the year 5,447,922 eggs, fry, and fingerling fish, as compared with 
4,654,835 in 1921, The aggregate output by species for each of the 
two years is indicated in the following table: 


Output. Output. 
Species. ——S9 | Species. SSS 
1922 1921 1922 1921 

Brook trout /iid.iecdetcoudss 1,685,100 | 1,664,950 |} Sunfish.............222.222.. 125,945 62,355 
Rainbow trout.............. 3,402, 487 | 2,583, 244 |) Crappie...-.............-.... 4, 290 14, 332 
Small-mouthed black bass... 43, 383 112,5 [_—_$$_$____|_—___ 
Large-mouthed black bass...}. 147,774 | 121,978 Total): dcileieis 5, 447,922 | 4,654,835 
HOCK DSSS srcwic vctgaionnawemae 38, 943 95, 385 


These figures represent such species of fish as are actually pro- 
duced at the stations and do not include fishes produced from eggs 
transferred from other points. The inclusion of such species would 


72 U. §. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


increase the aggregate for 1922 by 4,960,000, which includes 4,900,- 
000 yellow perch and 60,000 pike perch distributed, and for 1921 by 
500,058, representing 500,000 pike perch and 58 yellow perch dis- 
tributed. 

ERWIN (TENN.) STATION. 


[A. W. Kersecker, Superintendent. ] 


During the year a number of improvements were made in the 
water supply and drainage systems and in certain of the ponds. 
Among the more important items accomplished were the installation 
of a new water-supply line, replacing the line in use for many © 
years; the construction of a retaining reservoir in the spring branch 
from which water is now conducted to increase the flow in the stock 
ponds; a retaining wall around the main spring, protecting it from 
surface drainage; and certain changes and improvements to pond 
outlets. 

Six species of fish came under artificial propagation at this station 
during the year, namely, the rainbow trout, brook trout, large- 
mouthed black bass, small-mouthed black bass, rock bass, and sun- 
fish. In addition to those enumerated a small number of adult catfish 
transferred from the Bullochyille (Ga.) station were on hand but 
were entirely nonproductive. 

The spawning period of the rainbow trout extended from October 
27 to January 10, the brood stock of about 1,600 female fish pro- 
ducing, in round numbers, 1,250,000 eggs. Of the number retained 
at the station 89 per cent produced healthy fry. The brook trout 
appearing in the distribution records were the result of eyed eggs 
acquired by purchase from commercial trout breeders in the New 
England States. Heavy rains and other unfavorable weather con- 
ditions at the spawning time were important factors in curtailing 
the production of the pond fishes, and a decrease in their output is 
to be recorded. 

The investigator from the division of scientific inquiry continued 
his studies and experiments in connection with the spawning of the 
rainbow trout mentioned in last season’s report,and though certain 
points of interest and value are indicated, no definite conclusions 
have as yet been established. Experiments looking to the improve- 
ments in certain conditions affecting the fish held in the station 
ponds were also conducted. These experiments were along the line 
of attempting to change the chemical properties of the water by 
the addition of certain acids. The results, however, were negative. 


MANCHESTER (IOWA) STATION. 
[F. E. Harn, Superintendent. ] 


A successful season in fish culture at the Manchester (Iowa) sta- 
tion is to be recorded. The brood stock of all species remained in 
good health throughout the year, and. there was a satisfactory in- 
crease in the numbers of fish produced for distribution, the increases 
being especially noticeable with the rainbow and brook trouts. 

The species handled were the rainbow trout, brook trout, steelhead, 
small-mouthed black bass, rock bass, sunfish, and pike perch, with 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922. 73 


an aggregate output of approximately 1,000,000, and considerable 
numbers of fish remaining on hand at the end of the year to augment 
the brood stock or for later distribution. The brood stock of rain- 
bow trout consisted of 1,900 adult females, some 900 of which were 
-2 years old. These fish yielded 512,000 eggs, and from those eggs 
retained at the station 95 per cent produced fry. 

The brook-trout brood stock contained in round numbers 1,400 
females, 1,000 of which were yearlings. From these fish 145,000 
eggs were taken, all of which were incubated with a loss of 6 per 
cent. The output of this species was increased by the purchase of 
some 700,000 eyed eggs from commercial breeders. Steelhead eggs 
to the number of 25,000 were received from the Birdsview (Wash.) 
station and incubated without undue loss; the resulting fry will 
be retained for brood stock. 

Weather conditions were unfavorable during the spring spawn- 
ing season of the pond fishes, and none of them produced as prolifi- 
cally as might otherwise have been expected. Successful results 
were obtained from the rock bass, 72 mature breeders of this species 
producing 16,650 fry and fingerlings for distribution. Pike-perch 
eggs to the number of 75,000 were received from the Lake Erie sta-- 
tion, from which 60,000 fry were produced. 

Two concrete ponds, each 21 feet wide by 32 feet long, and 24 
feet. deep, with concrete sides, were made by combining three of the 
original nursery ponds into one of these. A portion of the bottoms 
was left in earth to induce the growth of pond vegetation. Each pond 
is supplied by three 14-inch pipes, and they will be used for holding 
the brood stock when necessary, as well as for the accommodation 
of fingerlings at other times. Cement kettles were constructed in 
five of the breeding ponds, and all ponds at the station are now 
equipped with such kettles. 


NEOSHO (MO.) STATION. 
[Frep J. Foster, Superintendent. ] 


The station’s output of rainbow trout was 57 per cent in excess 
of that of any previous year, notwithstanding the continued presence 
of a persistent parasitic affection among the older adults, making 
it almost impossible to secure good eggs from fish over 3 years of 
age. During the spring of 1922 an epidemic of “ fluke parasites ” 
attacked the fins and gills of the fingerling fish, resulting in some 
losses. This is the first authentic record of the appearance of the 
disease here, though from evidence at hand it is believed to have 
existed to some extent a number of years ago. After experimenting 
with several remedies, including potassium permanganate, the trouble 
was finally overcome through the application of a 1 to 15 solution of 
pure cider vinegar and water. The rainbow trout appears to be 
finely adapted to the waters of Missouri and the adjacent region, 
and frequent reports of excellent captures are received, many of the 
fish taken weighing from 4 to 8 pounds. 

In order to determine the possibilities of brook-trout propagation 
at this station, a consignment of fingerlings and yearlings of that 
species was received for a brood stock from the Manchester (Iowa) 
station late in the year. On arrival the fish were found to be 


74 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERTES. 


thoroughly affected with gill trouble, a condition that is troublesome 
at Manchester. The effect of the change to this station will be care- 
fully noted, and if it develops later that brook trout can be success- 
fully grown here a brood stock will be built up and maintained as 
a source of egg supply for other stations of the bureau. 

A recent investigation of the brood pond fishes by the bureau’s 
pathologist conclusively demonstrated a fact that has been evident 
for some time, namely, that these fishes as well as the trout are 
affected with a cystic degeneration of the ovaries, and to this un- 
healthy state is no doubt attributable the greatly reduced output in 
recent years. Notwithstanding the presence of this disease the out- 
come of the year’s operations with the pond species was successful 
to an unusual degree, over 100,000 fingerling fish being produced and 
distributed, and the black-bass production increased by 37 per cent 
over the output of the previous year. This favorable showing was 
made possible largely by the congenial weather prevailing during 
the spring spawning season, a condition that has been observed to 
occur on an average of once every eight years. During the spring a 
consignment of several million eggs of the yellow perch was received 
at Neosho from the bureau’s Potomac River hatchery. Part of these 
eggs were turned over to the Missouri Fish and Game Department 
and the remainder were incubated, the loss in hatching amounting to 
10 per cent. The efforts frequently made in the past to inaugurate 
yellow-perch propagation at this station have always resulted in fail- 
ure, ovarian trouble making its appearance within the course of a 
year’s time, with a consequent falling off in egg collections. As many 
of the waters in this region are adapted to the yellow perch, it is 
hoped that shipments of eggs of this species can be made annually 
from other hatcheries of the bureau. 


WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS (W. VA.) STATION. 
[Epwarp M. Haynrgs, Superintendent.] 


The year’s fish-cultural activities at this station were very gener- 
ally successful, the aggregate output of the station being the largest 
in its history by more than 500,000 eggs, fry, and fingerling fish. 
Although the output of rainbow trout showed the most noticeable 
increase, there was also a larger production of the other species 
propagated. The brood stock of rainbow trout, of which 3,600 were 
females from 4 to 6 years old, yielded 2,210,000 eggs. Shipments of 
these to the number of 860,000 were made to applicants and to other 
stations of the bureau after reaching the eyed stage, and 80 per cent 
of the remainder produced healthy fry. 

Because of the high mortality that occurs every year among the 
adult fish at spawning time only a comparatively small number of 
brood brook trout have been maintained at this station. The 700 
three-year-old fish of this species on hand during the fall of 1921 
yielded 115,000 eggs; 125,000 eggs from wild brook trout were re- 
ceived from the Springville (Utah) station; 450,000 were acquired 
by purchase; and the State of Pennsylvania furnished 300,000 in ex- 
change for eggs of other species. The station also incubated 100,000 
brook-trout eggs belonging to the State of West Virginis. Some 
2,500 fingerlings resulting from the Utah eggs were retained at the 
station to be reared for a brood stock. 


EEO 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922. 75 


Because of the large demand for the pond fishes in this vicinity 
repeated efforts have been made to propagate the large-mouthed 
and small-mouthed black basses and other similar species. Climatic 
conditions appear to be the main barrier to success in such work. 
Frequent and sudden fluctuations in both air and water temperatures 
incident to the rather high elevation result each season in a very 
considerable loss of both eggs and young fish. During the fiscal year 
1922 the results attained from the propagation of the so-called pond 
fishes were more successful than usual, though not altogether satis- 
factory. Seventy adult small-mouthed black bass produced 40,000 
fry and fingerling fish. The large-mouthed black bass made a much 
better showing, the nesting of 23 brood fish resulting in approxi- 
mately 66,000 small fish for distribution. The crappie failed en- 
tirely to reproduce, while 125 adult sunfish produced some 16,600 
fingerlings. The brood stock of rock bass, 140 in number, appeared 
to be in excellent condition and a fair number of young were ex- 
pected, but only 5,000 were available at the distribution period. 


WYTHEVILLE (VA.) STATION. 
[G. A, Smacup, Superintendent. ] 


During the extended spawning period—October 13 to March 31— 
732,500 rainbow-trout eggs were obtained from the brood stock, 
which consisted of 3,300 female fish, about one-third of the number 
being 2-year-old fish at their first spawning. Approximately 463,000 
of the eggs were retained at the station for incubation, and 90 per 
cent of them produced fry; the remainder were shipped to various 
States and foreign governments and to other stations of the bureau. 
The brook trout distributed from this station were produced from 
100,000 eggs that were acquired by purchase and incubated with but 
anominal loss. In the early spring, however, the fingerlings suffered 
a heavy mortality, and but 53,000 were available for applicants. 

The year’s work with the pond fishes represents a fair average of 
the work of the past few seasons, although it is far from satisfactory, 
and it is hoped that certain changes instituted during the year in 
the water-supply system and drainage and along other lines will 
effect a material increase in the output for the next fiscal year. The 
more important improvements included a new settling tank and 
filter and the completion of the nursery building mentioned in the 
report for the fiscal year 1921. 

After heavy rains the spring water at Wytheville becomes very 
turbid, owing to the seepage of surface water into the spring source. 
This water when coming at certain stages of development of the 
brook-trout fry causes serious losses, and during the spring of 1921 
practically the entire stock of brook trout was lost. The effect on 
the rainbow trout has not been so serious. To overcome this diffi- 
culty of turbid water, a concrete settling tank was constructed, ap- 
proximately 20 feet wide by 70 feet long, with a cement partition 
extending longitudinally through the center to a point near one end. 
This makes it necessary for the water to flow approximately 140 
feet, after which it enters a sand filter having a surface area of 80 
square feet. 


76 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


An alum-dropping device was placed near the spring and a dosage 
of 1 grain of alum to each 2} gallons of spring water was supplied 
to the settling tank. This rate of feed equals 1 part of alum to 
124,000 parts of water, and since the untreated spring water entered 
the settling tank at the rate of 80 gallons per minute it required ap- 
proximately 8 pounds of alum per 24 hours, The untreated spring 
water was so turbid that fingerling fish could not be seen in the 
troughs, but the treated water entered the hatchery as clear as crystal. 
The untreated spring water contains sufficient alkali in solution to 
react completely with the small amount of sulphate of alumina neces- 
sary to remove impurities, leaving sufficient alkaline nitrate to pre- 
vent any “aftercoagulation ” in the filtered water. A practical test 
has been made of this system, and sufficient water was filtered to 
supply 350,000 fingerling trout No. 2. Since it clears the water, no 
matter how turbid, it is believed that brook trout can now be raised 
successfully at the station. 

A device, believed to be unique, for cleaning the sand used as the 
filtering element was also tried out successfully. It consists of a 
spiked tooth rake, which may be drawn back and forth through the 
sand by means of a windlass sprocket wheel and chain. The flow 
of water in the sand bed of the filter is reversed during the cleaning 
process and is discharged into the waste ditch by opening a valve. 


POND FISH-CULTURAL STATIONS. 


The work of the remaining group of stations, seven in number, was 
concerned with the propagation of the so-called warm-water pond 
fishes. The aggregate output of such fishes from these stations dur- 
ing the year amounted to 2,702,480 fry and fingerlings, as compared 
with 2,473,711 in 1921 and 1,837,508 in 1920. Though the increases 
noted in the production of such fishes are of interest, indicating, to 
some extent at least, the application of improved fish-cultural 
methods as a result of the knowledge gained from past experience 
and from special investigations, such increases are by no means ade- 
quate to meet the pressing needs for a larger output of the species 
involved. For a long time the bureau has found it very difficult to 
honor requests for the pond fishes with promptness because of the 
limitations imposed by natural conditions on their culture. This 
difficulty has assumed larger proportions with the constantly increas- 
ing interest in fish culture and the increased demands for fish for 
stocking barren or newly formed bodies of water or for the restock- 
ing of such waters as have, for various reasons, become depleted of 
their indigenous fish life. At present all fish of this class that can 
be produced with the existing facilities are assigned from one to one 
and one-half years in advance, and it is only in rare instances that 
requests for the pond fishes can be honored during the fiscal year in 
which they are submitted. Some means for an increased output of 
the pond fishes continue to be an urgent requirement of the fish- 
cultural division. 


COLD SPRINGS (GA.) STATION. 
[CHarutes A. BuLLocK, Superintendent. ] 


The year’s output from this station comprised 213,910 fry and 
fingerling fish, as follows: 118,185 large-mouthed black bass, 87,200 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922. 77 


sunfish (bream), 8,200 catfish, and 325 crappie. The sunfish dis- 
tributed were produced in Harris Pond and transferred to the Cold 
Springs station at intervals between August and October as they 
attained suitable size for handling. They were removed from the 
pond by means of a 100-foot seine of }-inch mesh, which was drawn 
slowly through the water in order to allow the smaller fish to escape 
through the mesh. The season’s work with this species was the most 
successful ever experienced at the station, but the outcome of the 
work with the crappie was far from satisfactory. In the hope of 
improving conditions the brood stock of this species was transferred 
to another pond in the spring of 1922, and at the close of the year 
a considerable number of fingerling crappie were seen in this pond. 
The ouput of catfish was also derived from Harris Pond. These fish 
were secured in connection with the sunfish collections, and a suffi- 
cient number were obtained to fill all applications on hand. 

In an effort to check the increasing losses among the adult large- 
mouthed black bass, which have recently assumed alarming propor- 
tions, and with the view also of reducing the cost of their main- 
tenance, the food supply of this species was changed at the beginning 
of the year, beef heart being substituted for fresh mullet, which has 
been the exclusive food for a long period of years. The change 
proved detrimental, as the mortality increased during the first five 
months of the year, and this heavy loss of brood stock resulted in 
a curtailed output of young bass. The loss of adult fish, externally 
appearing to be in prime condition, has been an unfavorable factor 
at this station for some time. The greatest mortality has heretofore 
occurred in August, but it was so heavy this year during the spring 
months that a resumption of the fresh mullet diet was resorted to 
with considerably reduced losses. It is presumed that the food of 
the adult bass was deficient in some element present in the natural 
food supply at the more successful stations, being apparently present 
in insufficient quantities in the fresh mullet and lacking to a still 
greater extent in the beef heart. This was probably the cause of 
the loss of fish. It is possible that the missing substance is phosphate 
of lime. This important element would undoubtedly be present in 
sufficient quantity in waters well stocked with suitable natural food 
for the fish, and it is proposed to conduct a control experiment by 
adding ground green bone to the beef heart. On account of the 
great demand for bass, the station force undertook to make collec- 
tions during May in a large lake located near Birmingham, Ala., 
but the attempt was given up after securing only 12,000 fry as a 
result of 25 days’ effort. 


EDENTON (N. C.) STATION. 
[DELL Brown, Superintendent. ] 


The more important work of this station—that addressed to the 
propagation of shad and river herring—is discussed on page 54. 
In addition to the output of such species the station produces and 
distributes every year a comparatively small output of large-mouthed 
black bass and sunfish. The ponds available for this work are not 
particularly well suited to it, being too shallow and of insufficient 
area for the vest results, and although the pond-fish-cultural work 
is to some extent an incidental item in the affairs of the station even 


78 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


the small numbers of such fish produced become of importance in 
view of the heavy demand for them as compared with the limited 
facilities for their propagation. The station’s output of pond fishes 
for the fiscal year 1922 aggregated 50,675. 


LOUISVILLE (KY.) STATION, 
[C. W. BurRNHAM, Superintendent. ] 


The aggregate output of this station for the year was 1n excess 
of 600,000 fry and fingerling fish of the following species: Large- 
mouthed black bass, small-mouthed black bass, rock bass, sunfish 
(bluegill), and yellow perch. Special attention has been given to 
the propagation of the small-mouthed black bass, and there has been 
a gradual increase in the output of that species for the past three 
years. During this fiscal year 345,000 advanced fry and fingerlings 
of this species were produced and distributed to applicants. It is 
of passing interest to note in connection with this work that 143 
small-mouthed black bass adults from Lake Erie, which were placed 
in spawning ponds at the station just a few days before the mating 
season, produced 114,000 fry, although during the previous year 
adult fish from the same source were placed in the ponds in October 
and failed entirely to spawn. The brood stock of 100 large-mouthed 
black bass, though apparently in excellent condition, was practi- 
cally nonproductive, only one school of fry being observed. This is 
probably attributable to the advanced age of the brood stock. The 
work concerned with the rock bass and the sunfish was successful 
to the extent that the numbers of those species produced compare 
favorably with the output of previous years. The stock of yellow 
perch, consisting of 315 small-sized adults, produced 50,000 fry, 
and because of the unsatisfactory returns from these fish over a 
period of several years, all of them were liberated in the Ohio River 


at the end of the spawning period. As the yellow perch appears to— 


be a highly prized fish in the locality, 200,000 eggs of this species 
were transferred to the Louisville station from the Potomac River, 
and a satisfactory percentage of fry was obtained from them for 
distribution. 


MAMMOTH SPRING (ARK.) STATION. 
[W. S. Vincent, Superintendent.] 


The work of improving the station pond system, which has been 
in progress for the past two years, was carried forward as time 
permitted. Such work included remodeling of the standpipes, con- 
struction of kettles in some of the ponds, and the formation of 
one large pond by throwing four small ponds of the old system to- 
gether. The extreme eastern section of the levee, which runs par- 
allel to the creek, was strengthened by riprapping that portion that 
is most exposed to the ravages of drift during high-water periods; 
and, as a precaution, a ditch 14 feet wide by 2 feet deep was cut 
in which to start the wall, thus insuring the new rock work against 
slipping. As the base of the new construction is from 8 to 10 feet 
wide and from 8 to 5 feet in width at the top, it is believed it will 


a 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922. 79 


withstand any freshet that is liable to occur in Warm Fork. From 
this point west for about 100 feet the levee was brought to grade, 
thus obviating all possibility of inundation of the station grounds 
during floods. 

During the fall the brood stock of all species of fish handled at 
the station was augmented, partly through transfers of fish from 
northern points and partly through collections from local waters, 
such collections also including supplies of minnows as a source of 
food for the adult fish. 

In order that they might be under close observation, the 100 small- 
mouthed black bass received from Lake Erie were placed on arrival 
in the smaller of the two ponds maintained for the culture of this 
species. In the course of the spawning season in the spring 12 nests 
of various sizes were noted in this pond, all being below the average 
except two. Each of these yielded 4,000 fry, while the fry proceeds 
from the 12 nests amounted to 12,000. In the larger pond, used for 
the spawning of the 200 older fish, 25 nests were occupied, and 
49,600 advanced fry and fingerling fish were the net result. From 
observations made during the season it was ascertained that the 
eggs hatched in four days, in an average water temperature of 694° 
F. and that the maximum number of fry from a single nest was 
6,000, the average for the entire number being 3,000. The spawning 
Reson began on April 5 and continued at irregular intervals to 

ay 2. 

From the spawning of the large-mouthed black bass, which com- 
menced about two weeks later, nearly 39,000 advanced fry and finger- 
lings Nos. 1 to 3 were collected and distributed before the close of 
the year, and a considerable number of young bass were still in the 
pond on that date. 

The outcome of the year’s work with the rock bass is deemed note- 
worthy, over 15,000 fingerling fish No. 2 being seined late in the fall 
from the pond occupied during the previous spring by 60 brood fish 
of that species. After supplying about 4,000 of these fingerlings to 
applicants the remainder were stored for spring distribution in one 
of the newly constructed ponds. Unfortunately the water tempera- 
ture in this pond was not under control, and before the fish could be 
collected for shipment in the spring they were subjected to unseason- 
ably high temperatures, with a consequent loss of a large proportion. 
During April and May the nests of the rock bass were held under 
close observation to determine, if possible, the number of fry pro- 
duced from a single nest. A fry container was used to confine the 
fish, which during the early stages were about three-sixteenths of an 
inch long. They were fed at frequent intervals on Daphnia. Just 
before the conclusion of the experiment, however, the cheesecloth 
walls of the retainers were wrecked by high winds, permitting all the 
fish to roam at large in the pond. 

Close observation was kept on a brood stock of 75 crappie main- 
tained during the year, but without securing any information as to 
the time or extent of their spawning. However, in the process of 
drawing down the bass pond adjoining the one containing the crap- 
pie, 54 young crappie were gathered from among the bass. 


34223 °—23-——6 


80 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


ORANGEBURG (S. C.) STATION. 
[G. W. N, Brown, Superintendent.] 


Though special efforts were put forth to increase the output of this 
station, resulting in an increased production of approximately 
50,000 fish, principally large-mouthed black bass, the outcome of th 
season’s work was disappointing. 7 

After a particularly careful preparation of the spawning ponds 
the 436 large-mouthed black bass comprising the brood stock were 
installed therein early in February. As the breeding fish were in 
excellent condition, a large crop of young bass was confidently ex- 
pected. The first spawning occurred in February, when a number 
of nests were occupied, but because of the prevailing high winds 
and the resulting turbidity of the water none of these nests produced 
fry. No further nesting was observed until the middle of March, but 
from that time until May 10 spawning was in progress at in- 
termittent intervals, with the result that 257,786 young fish were 
available for distribution. High winds and rains were prevalent 
throughout the entire season, both influences reacting to the detriment 
of the work. A rainfall of 30.05 inches was recorded at the station 
between January 1 and June 30, 1922. 

The outcome of the work addressed to sunfish propagation rep- 
resents an average season, but in view of certain changes whereby an 
increased. pond area was provided for this species a considerably in- 
creased production may reasonably be expected during 1923. 

The crappie and the rock bass fail to thrive in artificial environ- 
ment at Orangeburg. Both of these species refuse artificial foods 
and fail to avail themselves of such natural food as may be present 
in the water supply. As a consequence, they soon become emaciated 
and die. More satisfactory results are expected from the warmouth 
bass, with which two of the newly constructed ponds were stocked. 

In addition to the fish-cultural work much was accomplished 
along the lines of improving ponds and other property. Among the 
more important items of this work may be mentioned the construction 
of new ponds, extensive repairs to pond embankments, and improve- 
ments to the surface-drainage system, with the view of protecting 
the ponds, roads, and grounds from surface drainage during periods 
of rain. 


SAN MARCOS (TEX.) STATION. 
[Mark Rivpy, Superintendent. ] 


The past year’s work has been the most successful in the history 
of the station. The total output of all species amounted to over 
700,000 fish, ranging in size from No. 1 to No. 8 fingerlings, over 
500,000 being large-mouthed black bass. Southern Texas is a natural 
habitat of the black bass, and it is believed the conditions fully war- 
rant an increase in the scope of bass propagation in this section of 
the State. Although all natural surroundings are favorable to bass 
production, the same can not be claimed with reference to the crappie. 
Repeated efforts have been made and various methods tried in the 
propagation of this fish, but all attempts along that line have 


————-_-- 


ee 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922. $1 


proved unsatisfactory. If work with the crappie is to be continued 
at this station, it is believed a pond should be prepared and set 
aside especially for that purpose. Under present arrangements a 
few thousand are collected annually from the ranchmen’s stock- 
watering ponds and distributed to applicants, such ponds having been 
stocked by the bureau with the understanding that part of the young 
fish realized were to be utilized in its distribution work. Crappie 
seems to do well in these roily water ponds, but the existing arrange- 
ment is unsatisfactory to most of the ranchmen who are averse to 
giving up the fish after their ponds have become stocked. Moreover, 
many of these ponds evaporate during the summer months, and 
dependence can not be placed upon them for supplies of young fish 
for distribution. 

The rock bass does not seem to thrive in this part of Texas. On 
several occasions in the past brood ponds stocked with this fish have 
been flooded, permitting many of the fish to escape into the San 
Marcos River, but as very few rock bass have ever been observed it 
is assumed that the species is not adapted to the region. Consider- 
able work was accomplished during the year with the sunfish, and a 
sufficient number were produced to fill all applications, the output 
numbering about 86,000. 

During the year an agreement was entered into with the State 
whereby it is expected to prevent duplication of effort in the dis- 
tribution of fish. This agreement comprehended the division of the 
State for fish-cultural purposes into two nearly equal parts. All 
applications emanating from the northern section were to be honored 
from the State hatchery at Dallas, while the bureau’s San Marcos 
hatchery was made responsible for requests from the southern section. 
Theoretically, at least, this arrangement tends to reduce distribution 
costs to both agencies concerned. Just what its practical results may 
be is at this time uncertain. 

During the winter of 1922 an experiment was conducted to deter- 
mine the possibility of hatching rainbow-trout eggs at the San Mar- 
cos station with a view of furnishing rainbow trout for Medina Lake, 
at San Antonio, and Comal Creek, at New Braunfels, 'Tex., both of 
these bodies of water having been represented to the bureau as being 
suited to the species. For this purpose 15,000 eyed eggs were for- 
warded from the Neosho (Mo.) station, arriving on January 26 in 
apparently good condition. Owing to a difference of approximately 
35° in temperature between the eggs in the case and the hatchery 
water it took about 24 Lours to temper the eggs. This was Cone with 
the utmost care. Two kinds of trays were employed in the hatching 
operations, about half the eggs being placed on trays of fine mesh 
and the remainder on trays covered with the ordinary oblong mesh. 
A considerable death rate prevailed among the eggs before hatching 
commenced on January 22, and it was observed that all fish hatched 
succumbed almost immediately, the entire consignment perishing 
either as eyed eggs or as fry. As it appeared impracticable to in- 
cubate the eggs successfully at the San Marcos station the requests 
for Medina Lake and Comal Creek were subsequently honored by 
making shipments of rainbow-trout fingerlings from one of the trout 
stations. 


82 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


TUPELO (MISS.) STATION. 
[Davip Davies, Superintendent.] 


The fish distribution from this station during the year included 
the large-mouthed black bass, the sunfish, and the crappie. The ag- 
gregate output in round numbers amounted to 385,000, and approxi- 
mately 600 requests from applicants in the States of Mississippi, 
Louisiana, Alabama, Arkansas, and Tennessee were honored, leay- 
ing an indeterminate number of fish remaining on hand at the close 
of the year. 

As opportunity offered without interference with fish-cultural 
operations or without involving any additional expense, work was 
continued on the construction of the new pond, and about 290 feet of 
the south embankment was finished. This pond will have an area 
of 2.14 acres, and about 140 feet of additional embankment will be 
required to complete it. 


CENTRAL STATION AND AQUARIUM, WASHINGTON, D.C. 


[L. G. Harron, Superintendent. ] 


In an effort to maintain a display of fish life for the edification 
and information of the public, several difficulties were encountered 
in the course of the year that detracted considerably from the usual 
effectiveness and value of the exhibit. The rapid increase in the 
population of Washington during recent years, with the consequent 
increase in water consumption, has taxed the city’s water conduits 
to the limit of their capacity. This condition led the President 
early in the fiscal year to direct all Government departments to 
curtail as far as practicable their use of water. In compliance with 
this order the bureau abandoned for the warm period of the year its 
display of the trouts, salmons, and grayling, all of which require a 
considerable flow of cool water, and confined its exhibit to the so- 
called warm-water fishes, the latter requiring only a comparatively 
small flow of water. Upward of 1,000 fish ranging in size from 
fingerlings No. 3 to adults were disposed of, the adults being turned 
over to the New York Aquarium and the smaller fishes planted in 
public waters. Further difficulty arose during the early spring 
when the health authorities found it necessary to use chlorine as a 
sterilizing agent in the city water supply, it being understood that 
this is the first time in the history of Washington that such a course 
has been necessary. The effects of this agent were immediately 
noticeable among the fish at Central Station. Within 48 hours after 
its introduction in the water all the eggs and fry on hand were dead, 
the loss amounting to more than 2,250,000. The adult fish were also 
affected, the trouts succumbing first, though such species as the 
sturgeon, the catfish, the black basses, and the crappie were lost also. 

To demonstrate for the benefit of the visiting public the various 
methods and apparatus used in the incubation of fish eggs and the 
rearing of fry, efforts are made to keep eggs and fry of the various 
species propagated on exhibit at such times as is possible. The 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922. 83 


aggregate number of fish eggs thus handled during the fiscal year 
1922 was as follows: 


CHingolcdgalimon £4) £22 bent ae pik gs Ee Se ee 11, 100 
Ada ndaG) BATON: 2 te Sey aoe te net ee ee PE ees Sees ie 19, 950 
Brook LLU bcc ak ae oe re eae EL Te ee AS 49, 870 
VAIN DOW tPOUG = 2 see ee 5 ea ae ee 4 50, 000 
eae Ge ET OTE nan ee en eats Pee Ree were rave Sn ast 1, 000, 000 
Whit8fish & 2! 2 9eh eats eee SERIE SERIES YD Pst 5D 600, 000 
Shates pt ons gate eee crane es Pe eee ape needs peek yey Bet 1, 311, 000 

TT Otago ce es a oe eI eh Be See es A Ee 3, 041, 920 


Fry to the number of 2,300,500 were hatched from these eggs, but 
practically all of them were lost, as described above. 

An interesting occurrence in connection with the aquarium fishes 
was the spawning of a pair of Potomac catfish. On the morning of 
June 12 it was noted that a pair of Potomac catfish (Ameiurus 
' catus), which had been held in one of the small aquariums since 
April 29, had prepared a nest in the gravel covering the slate bottom 
of the tank, and the female had deposited therein a glutinous mass 
of eggs. The number was roughly estimated at 600, but this proved 
to be considerably below the actual number. The male fish immedi- 
ately assumed charge of the nest, working over it constantly, agi- 
tating the water over the eggs with a quick gentle motion of the 
pectoral, ventral, and caudal fins. He maintained his vigil from the 
time the eggs were deposited until the fry were hatched and were 
strong enough to leave the nest. At no time did he permit the female 
to approach the nest. His labors were evidently for the purpose of 
keeping the eggs free of sediment and circulating the water through 
the mass. When first deposited, the eggs were of a pale-blue color. 
The 2S eee period was eight days in a mean water temperature 
of 75° F. 

When the fry first emerged from the egg, they were about one- 
fourth inch in length, transparent, and of about the same color as 
the egg. They remained on the nest for the first six days, at the end 
of which time they began rising a few inches above it, at first falling 
back almost immediately, but gradually remaining longer above the 
bottom. By the eighth day they were strong swimmers and seemed 
about to scatter. On the ninth day they were transferred from the 
aquarium to a hatching trough, numbering at that time 1,453 by 
actual count. In the trough they received food (beef heart) twice 
a day, which they took readily. They made excellent growth. 
When nine days old, they averaged five-eighths of an inch in length 
and by the end of June, when 19 days old, 1 inch. 


Part 2.—DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS. 
[E. C. Frarnow, Superintendent of Fish Distribution. ] 


The total net output of the bureau’s stations (see table, p. 8) for 
the fiscal year 1922 (5,125,101,320 fish and fish eggs) was widely dis- 
tributed, shipments of fish and eggs being made iecanchonk the States 
and to Alaska and Hawaii and assignments of eggs to Canada, 
Czechoslovakia, and Switzerland. About 99 per cent of the output 
was made up of fish and fish eggs of commercial species, which were 
planted in waters where the egg collections were made, except in 


wes 


84 U. S&S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


instances where the eggs were shipped to State fish commissions (see 
p-88). In the list of commercial species are included fishes rescued 
from the landlocked sloughs along the Mississippi River (see p. 10). 

The species propagated for the purpose of stocking interior waters 
are brook trout, rainbow trout, black-spotted trout, large-mouthed 
black bass, small-mouthed black bass, rock bass, sunfish, crappie, and 
catfish. The great economic value of this work is attested by the 
large number of favorable reports received from organizations and 
individuals concerning plants of fish made in waters, many of which 
contained no fish life prior to such introduction by the bureau (see 
discussion and tables on p. 111). 


TABULAR SUMMARIES OF DISTRIBUTION. 


DISTRIBUTION TO ALL APPLICANTS. 


The following table shows in summarized form the numbers and 
species of fish and fish eggs of the net output of the hatcheries for the 
fiscal year 1922 that were delivered to applicants. 


Summary, by species, of distribution of fish and eggs to all applicants, fiscal 
year 1922. 
[Asterisk (*) denotes eggs; dagger (t), fry; all others are fingerlings or yearlings.] 
UNITED STATES AND TERRITORIES. 


State and species. Number. State and species. Number. 

Alabama: Connecticut—Continued. 

Caltish oo? - Pia: - on < dam> dacng 5, 260 Large-mouthed black bass.......- 495. 
Large-mouthed black bass...-.... $60, 500 PAKS POrOhh 52 5.6.50< 2 = cee se wed +1, 000, 000 

80, 169 Small-mouthed black bass...-..--- 621 
FLOCK BASS: 65... ac 2 jacdeesincasine 2, 500 Yellow perch... 5: .2 Leva 9. ca se +200, 000 
Small-mouthed black bass........ 650 525 
VL ELey [21 (WAN ia eee eta gf ae 51,950 || Delaware: 

Alaska: TOOK LOU... Pee see op gar 1, 200 
Humpbacked salmon. ..........- 210, 000 Large-mouthed black bass........ 1,050 
Sockeye salmon - 22. 25-05 sees #150, 000 IROOK|DASS. . ee, ea Ja dae cares 540 

+28, 400, 000 Sunfiel. i2i R io. fea 60 
1, 820, 000 Peas 

Arizona: POOR UEOUL Ss og einai omcie oe +10, 000 
Catfish of oi. .wzases cecpl-cbeppeb ease 495 Catfish ..y.LoF.c733toss 2s 3, 150 
Crappie. 2.22555. lscsstenessaees 178 GIAPPIlOs 25.65. s-5 5<5--ci-pmsseRee 475 
Large-mouthed black bass........ 390 Large-mouthed black bass..-....-. 413, 000 
I GCK DAS a 22 ee he aaa 200 84, 285 
BuatishlS, .biA5 LT Let Eee 67, 600 

Arkansas: 100 
CTEDPIDS sEpcicks tees sc apeteleae bee 48, 200 
Large-mouthed black bass...-....- *51, 000 
Rainbow trout.............--..-- 28, 025 Black-spotted trout.........-.-.-. 10, 500 
ROGH DASS. 23s. ces - seas Sas: tape ee 4, 042 Brook trout{ §:. folis- wygeis. eek 15, 950 
Small-mouthed black bass........ +63, 000 Chinook salmon...........-.----- 224, 000 

1,000 Landlocked salmon............-- *5, 000 
Brnfisht: CULAR. FAL asosene 21, 900 Rainbow trout: 25a0-252: 2228 *125, 000 
W eliow. Merchis 262. ewes dons mead 
California: 
Oa thisht 2% seus vet ede ob oeeee 
Chinook salmon. .: = reecsen- scan 
Colorado: 


Black-spotted trout.........-..-- 
SrOOK tLOUU.. .= secs ese ce ceee tees 


Large-mouthed black bass-........ 
Loch Leven trout..............2: 
Hambow tioudit-stct...~cccles cas 
Sansshos. 5.122. AUF IANS 
Connecticut: 

Brook trout: . 2o2 NP Aes? 
cpeteh. a6 Op o = SL LBSTT = OLE EMEE - RS 

THDINE occa Otenueeuceneen acer ee 
MILOUN GET = asics acto eee eee 


‘UlBI} Josuossed Iev[Nsod 0} Poyow}}B IVI UOTINGLASTP SoTOYSTyY FO NVIING WoI YSY SULATOVoA ULodd y¥—'¢ “DIT 


“likey ekekal-—Ss (“Sy iq 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922. 


85 


Summary, by species, of distribution of fish and eggs to all applicants, fiscal 
year 1922—Continued. 


UNITED STATES AND TERRITORIES—Continued. 


State and species. Number. State and species. Number. 
Indiana—Continued. Maryland—Continued. 
Grapple 2. 2. ..-- vil seme Rage 2, 820 arge-mouthed black bass........ 4, 460 
Large-mouthed black bass.......- 9, 342 Rainbow-trout...2../.00. 220220 #135, 000 
Prkeyperch’... <<< o-oo. code wotles *13, popes ee 35, ae 
43, OCKG DSSS seit cutcen ceive insenss 
rainbow trout................-.. +36, 000 CL CS aan a enema +16, 048, 600 
600 SUDMSNS 7c oP iechh scececuss sake cls 1; 
RISIOKA BASS Aes. othe Soe mtn a sims 1, 400 RVellow: perches semetcatpeet oecen +43, 863, 000 
Small-mouthed black bass.-......-. 7151, 000 Massachusetts: 
22,57 Brook thoutses: Ts ta ct tese ee *5, 000 
Saint Coe ees eee 17, 100 1817 520 
: ibitdw perch <2: 6.5 ...i-cccccssct 525 Maiialo fish: -<* seer ese hee "050 
owa: CAtHSh? S1aStS4 cere arene cctons es 000 
BOOK MUb- 2 == 2 .00-.--------0088 47, 400 Cod = Re ts re rn *208 Bon 
Cia ae eee eee *37, 764, 250 932° 131) 000 
1, 709, 855 Miouridar 9). 5.2 sense aseeseee 198, 268, 000 
Carp.........-22---2-----2-0e ee 10, 799, 690 $925, 247, 000 
ern detec eee eee e eee e cree eeeeee - ori oe Araddockss=s::25s2 31 See eee *75, 960, 000 
Spite tii , OF4, 290, 820, 000 
Fresh-water drum...............- 213, 150 Large-mouthed black bass........ Less. ”390 
Lake trout....-.....-..-.-------- *50, 000 Mackorelsess: 33235320 201s 1, 980, 000 
Large-mouthed black bass........ 62, 296 Pike perch >: :.:2scs22esesécccnece Ht 600. 000 
Pike and pickerel.......2.......- 18, 140 ONOCKMsas55352 56353055 o eee +3 7,380, 000 
PPEG POLeh ~ 25s eck swan sees sees. *5, 100, 000 Rainbow trout: - 255255 53.5655408 ”” 40, 827 
eae Bea ASSESS 355.- Cees ee De as i Ni aper 
: OUSTBES: Loectee pete ee oaeie 2, 505, 
Mambow trout .22ed:stiekt JecJin aa Small-mouthed black bass......-. E +8, 000 
890 
BROPKSBANG™ <2 to aae oe. wna 2} 800 Steelhead salmon...............-- +20, 000 
oe Se aaa pigs ANN, fares Nee naaee ope a Pi 
White bass. ...0 2020.0. 2s 22a. 7, 190 “eee ee ee Ma 
ellow: perch:s.~ . 5. <535555-5555- 42,275 ee 
Miscellaneous fishes. ..........--- 6, 337, 445 ig ed cechi 000 
DUPE a) SPCR S OIE Thar eit) 3) Mee ed LG Maret eckan era reo br wb ie ot 7 7 5 160, 500 
eee Se ener on epee pee cone 3, 100 Catfish : 1 300 
SCRA DNC alate eee eee ha 220 Crappie 5 ea ee IAI LAR ATO. Ca", "625 
Large-mouthed black ‘bass... ... - 5, 470 Lake herring DAE EL TEVER LT OT. 432. 500, 000 
un SRN Saar oes ee a a OD CEL FRSTED AE RRO) tA rg Se ee ee ee , , 
OUGW: DETER. «.- - ooo ae anaes *5, 000, 000 Lake trout..-.......--+--+--+-+-- wn a pid 
Kentucky: 14, 66” 000 
Catfish. ..-.------2.2.-2-22- 222+ 3, 000 Large-mouthed black bass...-..-.-- 9 285 
2 Seer eeeecerre 2,740 Pkajerch *56. 550, 000 
Large-mouthed black bass........ 1, 995 LE etl ape 50000 
EMICUAIASS 22 ose on voce co adh BAO ON MIGA gint-t ny oy cw La tye bak pene 59’ 000 
Small-mouthed black bass......... +137, 000 Apes 
1, 500 ? 
Brintishteeee ne ate ly 56. 290 Rockibdsses oe neh nnescewaon 200 
a a 4225, 000 Small-mouthed black bass....... bgt 
, 
Louisiana: DUNASHe es Soo capemsadaane cemeocece 1,625 
Bramela fetish ae #29, 850, 000 Whitefish.......-......--.-+-+++ they on 
751,000, 000 Yell h TE, 
oo Cael teas ol, Sea a 53 ellow perch... sees acces sen ae 600 
Large-mouthed black bass...-..-. 2,750 || Minnesota: 
SUSIE Sk oo oct. see eee ot 8, 100 IBrCOK IOUL: «-suanctasan sees sass 98,700 
Maine: iB iiale Sh. oh ees ast aat 61, 506 
Atlantic salmon-....-..-.22.:--.<: +1, 334, 000 eure Stee testes ur cete ea a, “ee oan 
1 11 (ol « ale SE es es fee eae AR 
Brook trout.........2.-21-0--+-+ #782, 430 Crappie o-oo ececvencecees 12, ai, 125 
resh-water drum.............-. 
LTT T0211 —eeplialgg dele elk Scape ais $922, 777, 000 AKG UWOUbs. ccs keen, > so 2 *1, 200, 000 
penupbeset salmon..-......... i, aa peered 
Ugh, ee pein eet A ek ieee bb ‘50 85 
Landlocked salmon.............. 1187, 230 Lage ia eee DASSIs2...2 177, om 
ike and pickerel....... 32: Js+2% 598 
Large-mouthed black bass. . ..... UNE TOTOR os, etm Lae +150; 000 
Rainbow) trout... -.-.- 22. 2 cas 16, 000 MSINHOW WOUb 2... <scaccccues 713, 600 
Small-mouthed black bass........ 3, 000 ae ln 
PESMERS ED tog cin b fa ola tis cineaiecaeacin wa 1l 
RE Eee ihe +300, 000 Steelhead salmon.............-.- "+50, 000 
Maryland: MAG ITSS eles. ieaie sect ade 14, 460 
ROOK DIQUG. coors ccs -c == eeeee 16, 600 BNMSETISS Ses on ko en es +800, 000 
Chinook salmon.................- 6, 000 Meadow Perch... - cn ceres 1, 209, 725 
ME. HDESINOES 2s ou cs noe fe centre -|  *1,.000, 000 Miscellaneous fishes.............. 14, 450 


86 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


Summary, by species, of distribution of fish and eggs to all applicants, fiscal 
year 1922—Continued. 


UNITED STATES AND TERRITORIES—Continued. 


State and species. Number. State and species. Number. 

Mississippi: New York—Continued. 
Crappie:...ps...catet Heb! bes ace 450 Large-mouthed black bass. ...... 4,365 
Large-mouthed black bass. .....- $27,940 Pike perch... ....s:it thebs Sisee +400, 000 

174,000 Rainbow. trout... ....c0-se<-s-28e *10, 000 
SOtAi he Aaa ee eer - 71,650 7157, 500 

Missouri: 

SAUHSD Seen oco ast cesar eee aa 200 ROCK DSSS 2c set s-ce «aden eee $300 
(OED | Oe eee R RPE ECs cic 4,310 1,000 
Large-mouthed black bass... -.-.- 46, 656 Small-mouthed black bass......- a 175 
BaInbDOW. LLOUGS. < ~~ << scm ssw nape +143, 000 Steelhead salmon hee 

311, 822 Blnfish: fos 2S ae ecomeseeeee 
ROGIIDASS et cena eee eecnae sie ie 1,218 Whitefish.30..02..cSc00250 sees 
Small-mouthed black bass... .-... 223 
HNASH AS tac cnt eraceeeaca sons sale 50,095 Wellow perch. .-: 2: <2 72. cca. chee 
ellow, DerCh- 282 ass-sn-s-s scence *4,000, ae 

? 
Montana: North Carolina: 
Black-spotted trout.......-.-.--- +437, 500 (Brook trout.;-.-3-cess.-psecseus 
+425, 000 , 

442, 000 Crappie... 2.2... sce... SRR 
IByOOK TOllin sos cecscecescoceeeee 431, 575 Ghit Hemming. i 2e5c..0dses mea yer 
FAS EBED). tose ce ocese cuneate as eae 11, 530 Large-mouthed black bass.....:. 
Ghinnokisalmon..-oo-sce.-~ <5 ces *100, 000 
(Pak OUr Oller seern + cccvose sae ee *100, 000 Hainbow. trout. ..2.:...ses55sase 
Large-mouthed black bass... ...-. 750 ack basSven. s.2.32.oe cece eee 
einbOw troll. ---5--2---+---..2e- #315, 000 Shag ecb Sosa se Je cone e eee + 27, 459, 

+30, 000 Small-mouthed black bass....... 1, 500 

415, 500 Biriped’ DASS...... =). - acme eee t 25, 530, 000 
Steelhead salmon............-.-- #72, 000 SUNS. p.covansered- sdb saa saeeee 14, 990 
BUNAGH Elec ee cece ole seein 115 Warmouth Dass. <..422s0000255 50 155 
WUMILCHSH 3.226. coos cnc newcemone #5, 000,000 || North Dakota: 

Nebraska: Catfish: nccsesicrnes the 550555286 6, 200 
IBTOGEALL OU Go enone. so~ eae nese 23,950 Orappie eo nocasrsraterssossact oe 380 
Large-mouthed black bass... .-.. 625 Large-mouthed black bass....... 1,390 
ain DOM tr Olbos ie coast eee ear 10, 000 Rainbow) trouilaceoescee asec eee 1, 500 

Nevada: Rainbow trout..-......-...- *100, 000 Sunfish. 1. accaws esses se redssesee 5, 360 

New Hampshire: Yellow perch. .-.. 20.0.6 seeecag55 700 
BrookitOubsss2stcss cect e een $478,120 || Ohio: j 

364, 550 Brook: trout. 2-252 mene see saree 530 

attish). $3 9a hfe oe Ss aee nears 600 Buffalo fish. 6: -eseee 4,320 
WRAOVEL OM bce ois nigsc samc nemacewe 5, 900 Carpe. ct cc. 2ceenoSanbes cee wares + 82, 050, 000 
24,450 Catfish: 45.5354 scan sdosseases 5, 400 

Landlocked salmon...........-.. 20, 000 Crappie. ois eoclssdesoceoent sees 250 
Pike perch..-... BREE eemeine epee 71, 000, 000 Large-mouthed black bass......- 5, 418 
MAMMDOW LIOMts sinc ete eos wens 18, 880 Pike perChes ss sccscdossse eee 742, 500, 000 
‘Small-mouthed black bass....... +9, 500 Rainbow trout:.2 220.24 Poe * 21, 600 

New Jersey: 2,700 
rook trp sores soso ee 900 Rock Dass. sors ssecorscesoages 4,000 
CEES] Mas a ch Apes ci one eat mae 100 Small-mouthed black bass....... + 57, 000 
PRAROLLEOUMG ics gute cemte sic ie © amie *25, 000 16, 050 
Large-mouthed black bass. .....- 2,850 Steelhead salmon. ..............- * 25, 000 
Ma wWNOwW trols sso scoscc- 2s sees 1,350 Sumnlish . bere eee 9,550 
PPONOW POLGl ois a .2.0)52 = «nc cis oo <ipfne 90 WHERE 3.555 Sec cen ece since + 204, 600, 000 

New Mexico: Yellow perch. :.-<-5:: 52.0222 56eee * 25, 000, 000 
BGO GlONU. a. on tence e ess 109, 500 + 16, 000, 000 
GErp. 2 boesarces caaesatcsac sede 60 575 
GASH. js nc ese oor sorcceree 2,125 || Oklahoma 
CLAPPIC -!55 ace carr trate lero aretalare 2,430 CELiHsh: oie. oo. Soccer 2,050 
Large-mouthed black bass... -.... 300 Crappie. f52.c. cies sc. sesesee 2, 810 
Rainbow trout.........--.+- 02-65 *75, 000 Large-mouthed black bass....... 8,740 

3,000 HSIN DOWMLOUG. .ccnonce cu cuceees 95, 900 
ROCK DSS oo oi cserarererararerernvarnre'aveteretote 400 FROCHS ASS: sets Se ee 800 
DATE 1 BO Oe Se 6 ep eee 815 Stenfish2~ trate eee enet cess 4,165 
Mellow: perches. 2s 25 2. ss ecnege 100 ellow perch... ee © 455 

New York: ore 
Black-spotted trout. ........-.... *10, 000 lack-spotted trout.............. 13, 000 
BEGOK: TLOUE rer crecrercternte rarerstereterer ds +479, 500 Brook Grout sy. = seen cee eae + 50, 000 

47, 100 1, 000 

Waele oo ki ace acmicak hoses ole 1,550 Chinook salmon:. 2.22.22... ....5 * 1,300, 000 
i) a Se es 275 71,311, 550 
Lake herring Liarew'atelevera’o’e s bE EE, *72, 890, 000 J 11, 412, 650 
47, 400, 000 Grayling.) ec sc. Jews suawcas' ae + 25, 000 

HRS Br Olt rancchantn eee cere *1/010,000 || | Rainbow trout....-2.2222.2.22222 57, 963 
+756, 000 Silver salmon 2: <<. - 2240 so cae 110, 000 

Landlocked salmon.............- *10, 000 Steelhead salmon. ............... “* 20, 000 
4,800 1, 662, 420 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922. 


87 


Summary, by species, of distribution of fish and eggs to all applicants, fiscal 
year 1922—Continued. 


UNITED STATES AND TERRITORIES—Continued. 


State and species. Number. 
Pennsylvania: 
SSENGEALEOUG. ~ << 22. saeco es eaes 550, 845 
CEE TS ee Serene reer. 3 
USTs ge eae pepmhaetade ewtere amen 13, 700 
RET CTO) Ca ie Se ag | 300 
hake herring. 2 s-t22<. 225 osse22: * 114, 300, 000 
L192 123) ee a * 50, 000 
Large-mouthed black bass.....-. 15, 609 
Pikeperc. 0 jIsA.- Clo. ek * 4,200, 000 
+ 500, 000 
Rainbow trouts. 2. . 65. {26.8.1 * 50, 000 
284, 450 
Ropes basstecitieithet 4 $5. + 700 
1, 060 
Steelhead salmon................- *50, 000 
Sunfishs 2252. 6e8 osa2h 2s bie. -2u 11, 035 
VTS Neon a ae eS ee * 32, 340, 000 
Mellaw porch. «2555. Neosiuies se ou' | $3,500, 000 
Rhode Island: Small-mouthed black 
DiS... eS ee ee ee ee 7 2,000 
South Carolina: 
ISBRRETOUG=.© sco soso aoeece we + 5, 000 
9, 000 
ee ARE eee ets teasers 1 
2) 212) 0) a A a EEE 200 
Sige naihed black bassi< .<i... + 103, 145 
118) 100 
BAIN bowstrout...<\. --,-<0<.2.0-s94 29, 000 
prmrish. 566). ae bast 8,310 
Wiarmolst PASS. 5.6: .250.ccecce - 500 
South Dakota: 
LOOK: CLOUE < oscce wee tie Bese ee 249, 350 
(5S ee RET rr | 5 
3) 0 a ee’ 560 
pd e-mouthed black bass. ...... 4,950 
Leven trout............2... 27, 000 
Ronboe trout... =~. =<2'....<2% 165, 500 
Barish s-..<2<e tt ee 1,150 
Wellow perch -. ....-2........2.... 100 
Tennessee: 
Brook troutses? <ssi- s Siss. oe. 73,000 
1,500 
Ly Lisle US el plale etek rereading 1,600 
MAB PIOS ean On cedace base ne ae 1,700 
Large-mouthed black bass........ 10,395 
Bainbow trout... ....5-.-0.-.ss00 *50, 000 
101, 800 
pei iseistek eee sors thee ot 9,075 
Small-mouthed black bass... ..... 5,655 
OSHTTL ESL HO <3 ess aa es ella cp 13,800 
SOnOW POTChoc- 6! = decent ease 80 
Texas: 
COUNT: 55 25 eee cate aes eed 37,500 
GrAppie sn). fect i censuses 565 
Large-mouthed black bass...- 576,520 
ioe En (DCS Ae ed lg ag Ae RE gl 845 
POOLS RE ES Se ae bb 85,050 
Utah 
Brook tt0dt so ccs cce tee oo 
, 
Dake trogts.+..- +. 2s. css eee +100, 000 
Rainbow)trouty...- 0.55 c.cce.-68 553, 500 
Vermont: 
Brook irgut. i. 233. ..cn.ocencstewas +590, 000 
60, 000 
Bake trout os-5 6s; sos. eagle *25, 000 
7149, 465 
7,940 
Landlocked salmon...........-.- 3,125 
Pace MGrell ss cncoe eect ae eae +5, 237, 500 
Rainbow trout................... 9,000 
Small-mouthed black bass......-- 524 | 


State and species. 


Vermont—Continued. 


pacelhead salmon..-.-. 2 ~~ ¢ 2<.<ai 
moelkawe perches 3) oP et b en 


Virginia: 


EPR EOU a octets =. Sars oh os ea 
OatdiS Rosny rei cee Sas eee: - 
Crappieh: SU eos tet ae Es 


PENS eter enn ao nals Seip one ers 
Yellow: perchi:<{? $3224. --i023..1 


Washington: 


Black-spotted trout. ............. 
BE QOK GL OU rae amen acie = naan ls 


GYaAyNHes. 2 o.coas tee seats 
Humpbacked salmon..-.......... 
IRainboOwtrotts 00. sof ssa cece cs 
Silversalmon=xiac5-2S-e/ree2s sess 


Sockeye Salmons 5252052 0.5 secee 
Steelhead salmon................. 


West Virginia: 


TOOK the sce ages ee ceiae oe 


s 
Yellow: perches. sc. - 5... aneRieaS 


Wisconsin: 


Broolkotroitccases. .kcuis. oe aaa 
OSETIA LET 61s) DARREN ante ae an 


CLAPPiest eyeke cee -<te e Set entts 
Fresh-water drum................ 
Take trout. .0. ot cden oc saat 
Large-mouthed black bass......_. 
Pike and pickerel................ 
Pike perch........ sea aa ae 


Rainbow trouti. 2. ee. 


VOUGW PETC an och e'acje = ae .mi4-)-6 
Miscellaneous fishes. ............. 


Wyomin 


g: 
Black-spotted trout.............. 


CSIR 2 Poser iee ok oiehik ee occies cae. 


Loc 
RainbowArout?. .Josececs sce. oad 


RICK DESSs on. oso test ceansdnces oe 


Number. 


14,027) 620 
+225, 000 
909, 400 
12) 000 
+600, 000 
10, 964, 940 


s 
5 


SESSSSSE2E 


88 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


Summary, by species, of distribution of fish and eggs to all applicants, fiscal 
year 1922—Continued, 


FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 


Country and species. Number. Country and species. Number. 
Canada: Switzerland: 
Black-spotted trout }............- * 200, 000 Lake tront= 2.5.6 -.-.0- Seevesneeee * 50,000 
Landlocked salmon !..........-- * 100, 000 Rainbow trout.......-...-.2-4.8 * 50, 000 
Rainbow trout}. .22.22..0)2022.- * 450, 000 
WRNenSh sees 7522 occcscarseseece * 61, 192, 000 SRObaLe W323 5 Ss ee * 62, 142, 000 
Czechoslovakia: Rainbow trout... ... * 100, 000 


1 Jn exchange for an equal number of Atlantic-salmon eggs. 


ASSIGNMENTS TO STATE AND TERRITORIAL FISH COMMISSIONS. 


Those States and territory in which part of the output distributed 
was assigned to the State and Territorial Fish Commissions as ap- 
plicants are given in the following table, showing the number and 
species of fish and fish eggs delivered to each such commission. 
Assignments of fish and fish eggs to State and Territorial Fish Commissions, 

fiscal year 1922. 
é [{ Asterisk (*) denotes eggs; dagger (+), fry; all others are fingerlings.] 


State and species. Number. State and species. Number, 
New Jersey: Lake trout...-.......... * 25, 000 
New Mexico: 
Brook trout... owe ecens eee 36, 000 
Rainbow trout............--.--.. * 75, 000 
New York: 
(CISCO! Wot y= Sawamence © ccs. <c aoe ee * 16, 050, 000 
hale trontn. 22033. ans > ena * 1,000, 000 
Steelhead salmon............-.... 50 
WinitefisB:: © Seco: a ao: ons ee * 15, 000, 000 
North Dakota: 
Wack DASS « 5 aic5 a1 00 ne.) hae 930 
Yellow perch Sev OS i eee eee. 5,600 

Indiana: Pike perch........//,....--- * 13, 800, 000 TAD BIG. bm asco cose se eee 

Towa: SVITITISN 52 waccwance scien See wv 4,380 
Brook trowbe nsw oans cece ccs ees 41, 500 Mellow perches... secesenc. cee fi. 700 
Uake'troutitrssc..-2-: 2 Bee * 50,000 |} Oklahoma: Rainbow trout......... a 113, 500 
Pike perch * 5,100, 000 || Oregon: 

Rainbow trout..... 2... 222.622252 * 206, 000 Chinook salmon.......-.-.-.--- _.| * 1,300, 000 
1, 500 Gravion ss eee eee ) 

Kansas: Yellow perch...............- * 5,000, 000 || Pennsylvania: 

Maine: Lake trout ...-.......2.....-. * 50, 000 AGEN. spnee steels cor aee eet “a 200 

Maryland: Lin Tt eg -_.| *114, 300, 000 
ISCO ss bh te eee eer eee Te eee * 1,000, 000 Lake trout . a * 50, 000 
Chinook salmon. ..........-....-- 5, 000 Pike perch... “| *.4, 200, 000 
Rainbow trout...2220. 20220) berg * 135, 000 Steelhead salmon. . *50, 000 

Massachusetts: Whitefish ........ ~_| * 32,340, 000 
Swirsalo fish's .2<--<<--- tease 250 || Tennessee: Rainbow trout xo oe * 50, 000 
7 PLT CT) Se as a ee 4, 000 16, 000 

Michigan: Utah: 

WHROO. 55-8 etcen none samen eset s * 32, 500, 000 Brook trout = * 250, 000 
Lake trout........--- 600, 000 Lake trout.... : * 100, 000 
imate ‘al wil Ait fey " Vermont: 
AKO MEFGH. ..-226tsststestee tees OO, OOO HH) chs Wate troute.<.uccczsactzccse eet: 
_ Albino brook trout............... 10, 000 SeeRN 9 “Ol ees 

Minnesota: Rainbow trout...............-.-. 3, 000 
Comet ees eeeeteeeee sere sees g, Ba West Virginia: Rainbow trout....... 116, 000 
Lake trout .......- * 1, 200, 000 || Wisconsin: 

Steelhead salmon... ee * 50, 000 Black bass........----+---++--- cx 6,790 
Pebiichet. oe eee ee 39) 050 Catfish... ..-.--.-----------.-.-- id 1, 920 
Yellow perch......c..2.c2,..0200! 120 Crappie .....-.----+--+--+-+++++ mM 660 
Missouri: ae pa he teint Gee RCE 2 x & po 
i 7 * 1423 000 || £*ZEMOW Perch... ....--- 2 n-ne nee y 
: anapaih amen ok pot vad gap |{| 00) WbMtefiah 02002022 TTTSIIITT. -*] -& 91, 000, 000 
Yellow perch... 2222022222000 8 * 4,000, 000 || Wyoming: 

Montana: Black-spotted trout - . tA * 250, 000 
Black-spotted trout.............. * 587, 500 Brook trout... oe 000 
Chinook salmon. .... ane * 100, 000 Lake trout... * 100, 000 
Lake trout........ . * 100, 000 Rainbow trout... * 446, 240 
Rainbow trout.... ES * 215, 000 
Steelhead salmon.......... ane * 72, 000 POUL. ..cswaatoe <inade tonnes amen * 333, 570, 740 
Whitefish ).'5. feotcsns oso anies aaa * 5, 000, 000 1, 245, 662 

New Hampshire: Lake trout......... 14, 000 T 25, 000 


a 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922. 89 


DISTRIBUTION METHODS AND EQUIPMENT. 
IMPROVEMENTS TO FISHERIES CAR NO. 9. 


By making a slight change in the interior arrangement of fish- 
eries car No. 9, one of the new steel cars, it has been possible to in- 
crease its carrying capacity from 140 to 156 cans. This has been 
brought about by fitting up a small dining room at one end of the 
can compartments, thereby permitting the utilization of the space 
in the center of the car for carrying fish. The new arrangement, 
besides resulting in economy for the bureau in that it allows a 
larger load of fish to be carried, is found more satisfactory than 
the old, as the table in its new position is made stationary and can 
be used by the messengers in writing up reports. Besides, it is so 
located that it permits of an unobstructed passageway through the 
car at all times. 


USE OF GALVANIZED VESSELS IN TRANSPORTING LIVE FISH. 


Because of a rather general belief among fish-culturists that gal- 
vanized vessels are not suitable for the transportation of living 
fishes, the bureau conducted a number of experiments with such 
vessels during the year. The following extract from the Fisheries 
Service Bulletin No. 83, for April 1, 1922 (pp. 3-4), briefly outlines 
the results: 


On car No. 7 a galvanized-iron bucket 13% inches high and 133 inches in 
diameter (the ordinary type of garbage can) was used throughout the season 
without loss of fish. On one occasion black bass were transported in such a can 
from Dubuque, Iowa, to Baltimore, Md. From that point they were for- 
warded by special messenger on a 12-hour trip to the applicant, and the fish 
were delivered in excellent condition. Again, on a trip from La Crosse, Wis., 
to Mammoth Spring, Ark., some of the largest black bass intended for brood 
stock were carried in this can without loss. This vessel was treated in every 
respect, including the numbers of fish carried, in a manner similar to the 
general practice in transporting fish. Results were equaily satisfactory in 
transporting all other species handled throughout the season. On car No. 8, 
100 rock bass (No. 2 fingerlings) were moved from Marquette, Iowa, to Eaton, 
N. Mex. The fish were received on the car October 24 and reached their final 
destination November 2 without loss. On the same date and at the same 
place 30 yearling crappie were placed in a galvanized-iron bucket with 8 
gallons of water and were delivered to an applicant at Trinidad, Colo., on 
November 2, with a loss of five fish on a trip of nearly eight days’ duration. 

The only precaution necessary in the use of galvanized vessels in transport- 
ing live fish is apparently their thorough cleaning prior to use. Galvanized 
vessels possess certain advantages over tinned vessels now in general use. 
They are practically immune from rust, their cost is considerably less, and it 
is the belief of many fish-culturists that the duller-surfaced material produced 
by galvanizing is preferable to a tinned surface, from the fact that it reflects 
less light, and thus provides more nearly normal surroundings for the fish. 


Further experiments along this line have been conducted recently, 
the result in each case tending further to prove that galvanizing is 
not harmful to fish. The recent experiments involve such species as 
rainbow, brook, and lake trouts, and whitefish fry and fingerlings. 
The fish were in transit for periods ranging from 6} to 354 hours 
without change of water, and in each case they arrived at destination 
in good condition, 


90 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


NEW METHOD OF SHIPPING LIVE FISH WITHOUT ICE OR 
ATTENDANT. 


One of the problems that the bureau has recently been called upon 

to solve is the distribution of fish in increasing numbers without : 
additional funds to meet the increased transportation charges. In 
view of the facts that passenger, freight, and express rates are now 
higher than at any period in our history, and that there is an in- 
sistent demand for economy in both Government and private busi- 
ness, it has seemed most opportune to undertake a new method of 
shipping live fish without ice and, in many instances, without the 
usual attendant. The possibilities in economy over the present 
method of shipping by messenger are readily apparent. 


EXPERIMENTS WITH DIFFERENT CANS. 


Experiments made with lard cans placed in loosely fitted bags of 
10-ounce canvas with means for keeping the canvas moist tend to 
show that an even temperature can be maintained, and that when 
the margin between the air and water temperature is not too great 
the temperature of the water may be considerably reduced through 
evaporation. The underlying principle involved in the plan is the 
cooling effect of evaporation, and since heat greatly stimulates 
evaporation, the principle might be successfully applied, within cer- 
tain reasonable limits, in almost direct ratio to the need. 

The following table indicates the results of some experiments con- 
ducted along this line: 


Experiments showing comparable results with different cans under varying 
conditions. 


Water temperature (°F.), 


~ 


Air 
Day and hour. | temper- |q, Lard Lard Lard Location of can. 
ature. poster an can — | can, dry | can, wet 
En aa without | canvas | canvas 
r jacket. | jacket. | jacket. 
June 20: 
He a.m te 7 Fy Bae el Marat eR. se 
PASO Te Set GO SOS NTO 4 Si eee cclectcaes tem 
aapiecn si 92 17 G42. 910k etd ce taeeece 6s |in yard at bureau. » 
3.30 p.m 80 78 (i eee a ee eee 70 
June 28: 
50 Getty eee 84 BL?) Asses 35 tae eee Saas 81 
12 noon....... 87 S1¥e: ase: QF sss3. ee 80 |;Indoors; tops open. 
AD. Mech olen 89 SE RT 5 Tb RSS ae 78 
June 29: 
9.30a.m.. 79 56 56 56 
1.30 p.m.. 87 8 68 66 |-In siahid tops open. 
.30 p.m. . 844 72 72 694 
July 26: 
9.15a.m.. Bal. Sooo cosa eeatesee 80 80 
1.15 p.m... O65] |. soccovtgsal-es t- ape 84 82 4 shade in yerd at 
4.15 p.m.. We. | aikctsied = aint] abn ce eais 854 82 bureau. 
PHO MA. J BS RY SSI. SC Sie 80 78 
July 27: 
9.30a.m.. BX, 1S. ce Shee ae ete 81 81 
11.30 a. m.... Velie} epee laaerese st 86 84 50h In sun in yard at 
1.30 p. m.?... 1001) Neg af sree = pl (t= p-snpes DF 89 88 81 bureau. 
4.15p.m.... 10¥ (WIG Kost. Gen. 92 894 804 
1 Following morning; jacket still moist. 2 Moistened jacket of cans. 4 


7s 
rie Pee ee 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922. 91 


It is not intended to convey the idea that special attendants will 
not be necessary in handling large shipments of fish or under par- 
ticularly difficult conditions, but by taking a large number of cans 
to some central point and sending allotments of fish to the various 
applicants one man should be able to cover a given territory more 
expeditiously and economically than is possible under the present 
system. Reaching applicants residing at points off the main rail- 
road lines usually involves extra expense, since the attendant, be- 
cause of irregular train service, frequently has been obliged to re- 
main over night at the point where the last delivery of fish was 
made. 

The lard can and jacket complete costs less than $1.50. The 
jacket represents about 65 per cent of the total cost. In short- 
distance shipments, where express charges are not high, the cans 
may be returned for reuse. In cases where there would be excessive 
express charges the recipient of the fish may be requested to return 
the jackets only, by parcel post, a frank being furnished for the 
purpose. 

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS. 


A specific instance of the results obtained by this method is illus- 
trated by the following in connection with the distribution from the 
Orangeburg (S. C.) station in the fall of 1921. A messenger with 
20 cans of black bass and bluegills left Orangeburg at 5.30 a. m. 
He supplied 17 applicants at 9 points, and returned to the station 
at 11 p. m. on the same date, the entire expense in connection there- 
with being $21.47. The method of procedure was from Orangeburg 
to Fayetteville (N. C.), where six applicants were supplied. From 
Fayetteville fish were forwarded in jacketed cans, in care of the 
train baggage-masters, to 11 applicants. Had the messenger de- 
livered fish to each applicant in person 654 hours would have been 
required, and the cost would have been practically doubled. The 
cost of distribution from the Orangeburg station during the fall of 
1920 under the old method was $1.57 per can of fish distributed; the 
cost under the new method during 1921 was 90 cents per can. 

From the Bullochville (Ga.) station 28 deliveries were made on 
four messenger trips. On one trip to Atlanta, Ga., 10 shipments of 
fish were made to points in Tennessee, Alabama, North Carolina, and 
Georgia. No complaints were received. 

In the fall of 1920 a special shipment of Gambusia was sent by 
messenger from Edenton, N. C., to Washington, D. C., the cost of 
the trip being approximately $25. Practically the same number of 
Gambusia was shipped to Washington, D. C., in the fall of 1921 in 
two jacketed cans, the express charges being only $1.57. 

At the Edenton (N. C.) station a reduction of approximately 50 
per cent in the distribution costs was brought about during the 
fiscal year 1922 by generally adopting the new method. Messengers 
with fish for distribution were sent to the three important railroad 
centers—Greensboro, Raleigh, and New Bern, N. C.—and the con- 
signments were forwarded to applicants from those points by ex- 
press or in care of the train baggage-masters. No complaints came 
to hand of failure to receive fish or of fish received in poor con- 
dition. ‘The following statement shows the actual costs of making 


92 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


the distribution of sunfish from the Edenton (N. C.) station for 
the fiscal years 1921 and 1922: 


Comparative costs per trip of distribution of sunfish from Edenton (N. C.) 
station, fiscal years 1921 and 1922, 


Number of 
Destination. applicants | Number of) Number of| oct, 


supplied. cans. fish. 
Old method (1920): 
Raleigns INGO S2. 222he.. 2 cscde esa he ctedeeaeaeenaoe 6 12 1, $32. 94 
CATA Wie SING Circ dn Sac ok Sie einen pee eee emne 5 13 1,910 32. 00 
Chapd) FUNPN. @s.i1)..sectf -.eh2oo.. saber 8 16 2 519 20. 14 
IBBICIG SUN 00 soc) 2 8 es Ja. ia em es Serta ee ee 8 17 2,350 30. 84 
ountiGilead, Ni C.. 332 /529.. 2U BS IA. 4 8 1, 36. 40 
"Totaly LODO see = Se con nee nee one eee Gene se 31 66 9,779 152.32 
Average cost, per thousand 4. <<<... -< 92sec <= gap Me Saga soe os ea ag [peer eee 15. 57 
New method (1921): 
GIEEDEDOLO; INOS £22 Be eh PAD eae nisiare we ene 21 21 2,650 24.19 
Raleigh, NAO? SU. Mei Seas Se. ee 22 22 2,125 17.49 - 
Wewadern, NC js si227 2 eee poe eee 19 20 3, 400 21.15 
Total WO2) ies sisest. co cade aes st sete ee aaeaae 62 63 8,175 62. 53 
Average costper thonsand 2: 502255 5" £8 seal eee 7. 64 


NEW EQUIPMENT FOR USE IN SHIPPING LIVE FISH. 


_ In connection with the foregoing a number of new devices mak- 
ing for greater economy and efficiency have been developed during 
the year, and are discussed and illustrated in the following pages. 


FISH-TRANSPORTATION PAIL. 


This device, developed by E. C. Fearnow, superintendent of fish 
distribution, United States Bureau of Fisheries, was patented June 
13, 1922 (see agreement and license below), and the drawing and 
descriptive text are taken from the United States Patent Office 
specification of letters patent No. 1419549. (See fig. 4, p. 94.) 


AGREEMENT AND LICENSE. 


Whereas Edgar C. Fearnow, a resident of Capitol Heights, in the county of 
Prince Georges and State of Maryland, has invented a container for trans- 
porting live fish and has filed on March 6, 1922, an application for United States 
letters patent thereon, serial No. 541500; and 

Whereas the said Edgar CG. Fearnow is desirous of granting, and the United 
States Government of receiving, rights in and to said invention and any 
* patent granted thereon: 

Now, therefore, in consideration of one dollar ($1) and other valuable con- 
siderations paid by the United States Government to the said Edgar C. Fearnow, 
the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, the said Edgar C. Fearnow agrees 
to and does hereby grant to the United States Government, and to each and all 
of its component departments, a license to employ the device described and 
claimed in said application and in any patent granted upon or covering 
said invention to the full end of the term or terms thereof, and to make and 
use and to have made and to have used by others, all for United States gov- 
ernmental purposes only, any substance, material, or article embodying said 
invention. 

And the said Edgar C. Fearnow covenants for himself, his legal representa- 
tives, and assigns, that he owns and controls the entire right, title, and interest 
in and to said invention, and application for patent, and that no representation 
has been made nor any instrument executed by him inconsistent herewith, 


—————— 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922. 93 


The United States retains, notwithstanding anything in this agreement, 
all rights which it has by virtue of the act of June 25, 1910, as amended by 
the act of July 1, 1918. : 

S. W. STRATTON, 
Acting Secretary of Commerce for the United States. 


Personally appeared before me Edgar C. Fearnow, known to me to be the 
person named in the foregoing agreement and license, who executed the same 
in my presence and acknowledged the execution of this instrument to be his 
free act and deed, on this 14th day of March, 1922. 

EK. W. Lissey, Notary Pudlic. 


The container consists of an outer receptacle 7, made of any 
suitable size and material with a series of perforations or vents 2 
somewhat below the upper edge for the purpose of admitting air 
into the interior in case something is set on top of the container. 

The bottom compartment or tray 3 fits into the outer receptacle J, 
being held in place by the flanged edge 4, which rests upon the 
shoulder 5 of the outer receptacle. The body 6 of the bottom tray 3 
is pierced by a number of small apertures 7, said body tapering from 
top to bottom more rapidly than the sides of the outer receptacle 7, 
providing an air space 8 between the sides of the bottom tray 3 and 
the outer receptacle 7. The bottom 9 of the tray 3 is shown dished 
downwardly somewhat and also perforated by several small holes 10 
in the center. 

The upper tray J/ also fits into the outer receptacle 7, the lower 
edge 1/2 resting upon the shoulder 5 of the outer receptacle. The 
bottom /3 of the upper tray // is perforated with a series of small 
apertures 74 and may also have a large central hole 15 to permit 
inspection of the interior. 

In use the receptacle 7 is partially filled with water of a predeter- 
mined temperature until the depth in the bottom tray 3 is sufficient 
to submerge the bodies of the fish. An absorbent jacket /6 may then 
be drawn over the container and its inner flap 77 folded inwardly 
and down over the edge of the outer receptacle 7. Then the upper 
tray // is placed within the receptacle / and the inner flap /7 of the 
absorbent jacket 16 is thus held in position between the outer recep- 
tacle J and the upper tray //, the width of the flap /7 being sufficient 
to permit it to extend below the bottom of the upper tray. The 
jacket 76 may then be moistened and is maintained in that state by 
the wicklike action of the flap 77 and the splashing of water from 
the lower trap 3 onto the projecting edge of the flap 77. The evapora- 
tion of moisture in the jacket /6 draws heat from the interior of the 
container, thereby keeping the water sufficiently cool to permit the 
fish to live. ; 

The outer flap 18 of the absorbent jacket /6 is shown split to per- 
mit it to be drawn over the top of the container and fastened by 
means of a drawstring 2/ passing through the eyelets /9 without 
interfering with the bail 20. 

Automatic aeration is accomplished by the invention in the fol- 
ling manner: The fish in the bottom tray 3 are compelled to remain 
almost at the surface of the water where the greatest amount of 
oxygen is present. When the container is in motion, the swaying 
and jolting thereof will cause the water in the outer receptacle to 
move from side to side. Since water is incompressible and the body 
of water in the lower part of the outer receptacle 7 entirely fills the 


94 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


| 
1 
| 


F H 


Fie, 4.—The Fearnow self-aerating fish transportation pail with canvas jacket. A, Ver- 
tical section of container; B,-vertical section of lower tray; @, plan view of lower 
tray ; D, vertical section of top tray ; H, plan view of top tray; F’, elevation of jacket; 
G, vertical section of a tray that may replace other trays in case container is used as 
a minnow or bait pail; H, side elevation, partly in section, of container with absorbent 
jacket in position. 


Tae 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922, 95 


space between the bottom and sides of the outer receptacle 7 and the 
bottom of lower tray 3, this body of water can move only by virtue 
of the air space 8 between the sides of the outer receptacle / and 
lower tray 3, with the result that a portion of the water will be forced 
up into the air space 8 with considerable violence and pressure by the 
mass movement of the body of water in the lower part of the outer 
receptacle and will pass in small jets from the space 8 into the lower 
tray 3, not only through the perforations 7 in its sides, which are 
below the normal surface of the water, but also through the per- 
forations 7 which are above the surface of the water, falling there- 
from through the air into the lower tray 3 and becoming aerated 
by its passage through the air. 

The amount of water thus forced into the lower tray 3, will, be- 
cause of the pressure to which it is subjected, be somewhat greater 
than the quantity which will flow out by its own weight through 
the limited number of perforations 10 below the surface, with a result 
that the level of water in the lower tray will be raised somewhat 
above the level of the water in the outer receptacle until a point is 
reached where the area of the perforations submerged by the water 
within the lower tray 3 is sufficient to compensate for this forced 
injection. In this way a higher level of water is maintained within 
the lower tray 3, which affords the fish greater freedom of action 
while the container is in motion. 

When the container is stationary, the water level within the lower 
tray 3 immediately returns to its normal level to be determined by 
the character of fish to be shipped. For example, in shipping large 
fish as distinguished from fry, the water should be of sufficient depth 
to permit the fish to swim about with their dorsal fins exposed 
above the surface. The fish then assist in the aeration of the water. 

When the supply of oxygen in the water becomes depleted, the fish 
begin to feel discomfort, which manifests itself in increased activity 
on their part and results in the splashing about of the water because 
of its extreme shallowness. 

The upper tray J/ acts as a cover and baffle plate whenever the 
motion of the container is sufficient to cause the water to splash 
against it. The perforations 7/4 in the bottom of the upper tray 11 
are of such dimensions that the water can not pass through in suffi- 
cient volume or with sufficient force to slop over, but will percolate 
back into the bottom tray 3, becoming aerated in the process. 

The upper tray J7 also serves as a receptacle for supporting ice 
when considered necessary; as, for example, when shipping cold- 
water fish, such as trout, in extremely hot weather. The perforations 
14 permit the ice water to drip into the bottom tray 3, carrying with 
it a large supply of oxygen. Under such circumstances the outer 
flap 18 of the absorbent jacket 16 is drawn over the ice and retained 
in position by fastening means, such as drawstrings 27. 

The bottom 9 of the tray 3 is shown slightly dished and perforated 
at its lowest point, the center 10. The excrement of the fish settles 
to the bottom of the tray 3 and passes through perforations at the 
center 10. into the lower part of the container where it settles and 
remains on the bottom because of the comparative stillness of the 
water in that part. 


34223 °—23——7 


96 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


If desired, the bottom tray 3 may be provided near its upper edge 
with a buoyant member 22, so that it will float and may be towed be- 
hind a boat during the collection of the fish to be transported. Such 
an arrangement is shown by @ (fig. 4). . 

G also shows a desirable construction of bottom tray 3 when the 
container is to be used as a minnow bucket or fisherman’s live-bait 
pail. Float 22 is shown secured to the inside of bottom tray 3? near 
its upper edge. The cover 23, having a hinged lid 24, may be added. 
This device may be secured to a boat or other convenient object by 
means of a cord attached to rings 25. Furthermore, it may be placed 
within the outer receptacle 7 and will then perform the functions of 
the simple bottom tray 3 heretofore described, in addition to its 
function as a floating pail. 

This pail as adopted by the bureau, although only 12 inches high 
and 134 inches in diameter, carries as many fish as are commonly 
placed in the regulation 10-gallon milk can. As it is possible to 
place five of these pails in the space occupied by three milk cans, the 
carrying capacity of the cars has been increased 663 per cent. The 
device is especially useful in shipping fish for considerable distances 
without an attendant. It also affords a practical means of transport- 
ing fish to the headwaters of streams that have heretofore been 
neglected on account of their inaccessibility. 


AUTOMATIC SIPHON AND IMPROVED TRAY FOR ICE. 


The automatic siphon for removing pollution from fish cans and 
maintaining a water level, thereby facilitating the changing of water 
on fish, and the improved type of tray for ice were designed by E. C. 
Fearnow and patented under the act of March 3, 1883 (22 Stat. L. 
625). (See fig. 5.) The object of the invention is, primarily, to pro- 
vide a simple and efficient means for removing sediment and pollu- 
tion from the container, and, secondarily, to provide means for main- 
taining the water level at a substantially fixed point. These results 
are accomplished by combining with a tank or a container of any de- 
sired type a siphon so arranged that by tilting the container, or by 
the addition of water to the container, the siphon may be submerged 
and caused to operate to remove sediment and polluting matter and 
to reduce the quantity of water within the container to a predeter- 
mined amount. 

The device illustrated by A (fig. 5) consists of the container /, 
which, in this instance, resembles an ordinary 10-gallon milk can. 
This shape has been extensively used by hatcheries for the shipment 
of live fish, because water is not likely to slop out of it unless it is 
filled too full. The bottom 2 of the container is shown dished down- 
wardly somewhat and is connected with the body of the container a 
short distance above the lower edge, as at 3, so that a space will be 
preserved between the bottom and any surface upon which the con- 
tainer may be placed. Within the container is a siphon 4, shown as 
a pipe, principally in the shape of an inverted U. The top 5 of the 
siphon is located at the highest point to which it is desired to per- 
mit the water within the container to rise. The intake legs 6 of the 
siphon passes through the bottom of the container and connects with 


—— 


ed 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922. 97 


Fie. 5.—Automatic siphon used with ordinary fish transportation can for removal of 
sediment and surplus water, and improved tray for ice. A, Perspective view, partly 
broken away and in section, of a container equipped with the siphon; B, fragmentary 
vertical cross section of the siphon; O and D, perspective views, partly in section, of 
containers with modified forms of the siphon; H, vertical cross section of the upper 
part of a container with an improved type of tray for holding ice. 


98 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


a pipe 7, which runs along the underside of the bottom to its center 8, 
where it connects with an aperture in the bottom 2. A discharge 
leg 9 is shown passing through the bottom 2 to the container 10, 
terminating in the space beneath the bottom of the container already 
referred to. At the point in the container at which’ it is desired to 
establish the normal water level one or more small holes // are 
drilled through the intake leg 6 of the siphon. 

In use the container 7 is filled with water to the desired level, 
which corresponds with the small holes // in the intake leg 6 of the 
siphon. Under these conditions the siphon will remain inoperative 
and the water level constant. If the water level rises, however, be- 
cause of the melting of ice that may be packed in the neck of the con- 
tainer, or for any other cause, so that the top 4 of the siphon becomes 
submerged, the siphon will automatically function and will draw 


water through the opening 8 in the bottom of the container and dis- _ 


charge it through the discharge leg 9 of the siphon. This action will 
continue until the water level within the container falls sufficiently to 
uncover the small openings // in the intake leg 6 of the siphon, where- 
upon the air that will pass into the siphon through, the holes 77 will 
immediately stop its action. This arrangement provides a very strong 
suction at the intake end and will be found sufficient to draw off the 
greater part of the pollution that has settled at the bottom of the 
container. 

The siphon may be caused to function regardless of the water level 
whenever it is desired to remove polluting matter by simply tilting 
the container so that the siphon is entirely submerged and tilting it 
back again when the desired result has been accomplished, after 
which water may be added to reestablish the desired normal level. 
The siphon arrangement will also make it impossible for the con- 
tainer to be filled too full, since the siphon will function as soon as 
its top 5 becomes submerged and will automatically reduce the water 
level to the desired normal. 

A modification of the arrangement of the siphon of A (fig. 5) is 
shown in (@ (fig. 5), in which the entire siphon with the exception of 
the end 72 of the discharge leg 9 is located within the container, the 
extension 7 of the intake leg 6 being shown positioned within the 
container, This extension 7 may be made of rubber or other flexible 
material, so that it may be moved or may fall by gravity to the lower- 
most part of the container or that portion of the container from 
which it is desired to remove sediment. The intake end of this 
siphon may be covered with a strainer 73 if desired to prevent small 
fish or fish eggs from being siphoned out. 

A further modification is shown by PD (fig. 5). In this instance 
the siphon is not perforated at the desired water level, the small 
openings 17 being omitted. The discharge leg 9 of the siphon instead 
of terminating below the bottom of the container passes through the 
body of the container, terminating on the outside of the container 
at a point that corresponds with the desired level of the water within 
the container. 

A covenient and improved form of receptacle for ice is illustrated 
by F (fig. 5), wherein a simple perforated pan is shown securely and 
conveniently mounted in the upper end of an ordinary can. The 
shape, of course, may be modified to adapt it to any type of container. 


elite eX 


———e——— lO! le 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922, 99 
CANVAS JACKET FOR 10-GALLON CAN. 


The canvas jacket, designed by E. C. Fearnow and illustrated 
in Figure 6, is found especially desirable when making shipments 
of fish to distant points during warm weather. 


AERATING DEVICE. 


This new aerating device for use in transporting live fish (fg. 7) 
was designed by M. A. Mason, engineer at the Cape Vincent (N. Y.) 
station. It consists of a hollow cylinder made of galvanized sheet 
iron 18 inches high by 6 inches in diameter. In the bottom are 28 
one-half inch perforations from which fish are excluded by wire 
mesh fastened to the inside surface. At the top is a handle and a 
vent in the form of a $-inch brass pipe extending upward 1% inches. 

In use the cylinder is inserted in the can of fish with the vent open 
and allowed to fill with water. The vent is then closed by the thumb 
of the operator and the cylinder withdrawn to a height several 
inches above the water level of the can. By opening the vent the 
water in the cylinder falls back into the can through the perfora- 
tions, much broken up, carrying the needed oxygen with it. 

Some of the advantages claimed for this device are that it removes 
for aeration water from near the bottom of the can, whereas the 
dipper in ordinary use takes mostly surface water. A larger amount 
of water is aerated at one operation than is possible with the dipper, 
and there is less chance of injury to the fish. 


COST OF DISTRIBUTION. 


During the fiscal year 1922 the bureau honored 10,376 applications 
for fish as compared with approximately 10,000 in the fiscal year 
1921. By the use of improved methods and the exercise of the most 
rigid economy the distribution cost was slightly lowered. The fol- 
lowing table gives comparative figures concerning cost of distribu- 
tion for the fiscal years 1921 and 1922. 


Fiscal year. 
Cars. Messengers.| honored. 


85,060} 385,988 10,000 | $69, 600. 00 
_. . SS ORR iin, SS AN, SER Anas 77,128 | 306,215 10,376 | 62,428. 96 


100 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


Fig. 6.—Canvas jacket for a 10-gallon fish transportation can for the purpose of main- 
taining temperature. 


HANDLE 


i beara 


O}, PIPE 


15 Vo HOLES 


9-¥, HOLES 
4-) HOLES 


BOTTOM 
ELEVATION 


Fig. 7.— Aerating device to be used for removing water from fish-transportation can and 
breaking it into a fine spray, 


STOCKING INTERIOR WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES. 


By E. C. Frearnow, Superintendent of Fish Distribution, U. S. Bureau of 
Fisheries. : 


SPECIES DISTRIBUTED. 


The cultivation of the fishes of the interior is an important feature 
of the bureau’s work. The stocking of inland waters, public and 
private, is yearly becoming more generally appreciated, and a desire 
to actively cooperate in this work has been manifested throughout 
the country by persons interested in fishing as a business or for 
pleasure. Among the fishes most extensively propagated for this 
purpose are brook, rainbow, and black-spotted trouts, large-mouthed 
and small-mouthed black basses, rock bass, sunfish, crappie, and 
catfish. Various other species are also handled to a limited extent. 

There are certain regions particularly well adapted as natural 
breeding grounds for such species as black bass, crappie, and bream, 
as for example, the State of Florida and the southern part of the 
State of Louisiana. It has not been found necessary to establish 
hatcheries in those States, since their supply of fish can best be in- 
creased by affording protection to the native species during their 
spawning seasons. 


SPECIES LIMITED IN ASSIGNMENT. 
SPINY-RAYED FISHES UNSUITED FOR TROUT AND SALMON WATERS. 


The bureau adopted the policy some years ago of refusing all 
applications for black bass and allied species to stock waters of the 
Pacific States and Alaska now preeminent for their trout and salmon 
fisheries. This course was determined upon after a thorough canvass 
of the views of those most conversant with the situation and was in- 
dorsed by the officials of the States concerned. Although some waters 
of that section are not suited to trout or salmon, the few instances 
that may be cited do not impair the force of the bureau’s conten- 
tion for the exclusion of the species mentioned. There can be no 
denial of the fact that bass, sunfish, pike, and similar predacious 
fishes are antagonistic to trout and young salmon, and the bureau’s 
experience has demonstrated the impracticability of confining the 
predatory species to specific waters where such are located in 
proximity to trout and salmon streams or lakes. 


CARP CONSIDERED UNDESIRABLE BY MANY STATES. 


As carp are considered undesirable by many of the State fisheries 
authorities, the bureau does not entertain applications for this 
species unless the requests bear the indorsement of the proper officials 
of the States in which the fish are to be planted. Even with this 
indorsement carp are not assigned for waters suited for the more 
desirable species. 


101 


102 U. S$. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


ORNAMENTAL FISHES NOT DISTRIBUTED. 


The bureau has no appropriation for the propagation of orna- 
mental fishes nor has it any literature on goldfish breeding. Persons 
who desire information on this subject are advised to consult the 
standard goldfish works, which may be had at the public libraries. 
Ornamental fishes may be purchased from dealers in aquarium 
specialties. 

RESCUE WORK. 


For many years the bureau has been doing an important work of 
conservation by rescuing large numbers of native fishes from the 
temporary ponds and pools formed by the annual flooding of the 
Mississippi River and several of its tributaries. Over 99 per cent 
of the fish so rescued are returned to the parent streams and less 
than 1 per cent used for restocking depleted waters in the various 
States. Remarkable results have been attained in stocking small 
ponds on farms, and numerous cases are on record where ponds and 
lakes that contained no fish prior to their introduction by the bureau 
are now yielding a bountiful supply. Hundreds of favorable reports 
are annually received regarding this phase of the bureau’s work. 


DANGERS FROM OVERSTOCKING. 


Overstocking is responsible in some instances for the small size 
fish attain. Applicants often request the introduction of new stock 
to correct this condition, whereas the remedy les in reducing the 
number of fish to a point where the food supply will be sufficient to 
permit them to attain their maximum growth. By using in fish 
culture the same judgment that is exercised in stock raising the size 
of fish may be considerably increased and much better results ob- 
tained. A given area of ground will furnish forage for just so many 
cattle, and when more are added it means less food per capita. The 
same rule applies to fish, and no more should be placed in a body of 
water than the natural food supply will maintain. Young bass, 
crappie, and sunfish require natural food, and it is for this reason 
that any surplus fish should be removed to other waters in which a 
supply of suitable food is available. 


METHODS OF INCREASING FISH SUPPLY. 


Well-stocked streams and lakes add to the food supply of the 
country and also provide recreation for a large number of persons. 
As a recreation fishing is more generally engaged in than hunting, 
since the open season occurs during the vacation period. Good fish- 
ing often attracts attention to desirable sections that might other- 
wise be overlooked. 

The supply of fish in a given body of water should be maintained 
in so far as possible by the natural reproduction of the original 
stock and its progeny. If, however, intensive fishing is carried on, 
it may be advisable to make additional plants of fish. There is 
danger in introducing new species, especially the more voracious 
kinds, where desirable species are established. The competition for 
food may result disastrously for the native species without giving 


ag Vas 


vl eeeeeeESEe—e——eeeEeEeEeEeEeEeEOEOEeEeEeEeEeeeeeeeeeee 


U. S. B. F.—Doc. 941. 


Fic. 8.—Removing rescued fish from seines to tubs. 


Fic. 9.—Holding fish in transportation cansin streams when necessary to delay planting. Ends 
ofcans covered with mosquito bar. 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922. 103 


anything in return. The supply of fish in streams may be increased 
also by the closing of small feeder branches that are suitable for 
small fish and by the temporary closing of main streams in rotation. 


POLLUTION OF STREAMS. 


The following information on the pollution of streams, adapted 
from the report of the New York Conservation Commission for 
1922, will enable those interested in stocking public waters to decide 
whether the streams in which they are interested are polluted to 
the extent that fish could not survive therein: 

Pollution of a stream by sewage and other organic wastes may 
injure fish by removal of gaseous oxygen dissolved in water. This 
dissolved oxygen is as necessary to fish as is oxygen of the air to 
the ordinary air-breathing animal; without it the fish suffocate. 

Certain common and easily recognized water plants and animals 
show accurately the dissolved oxygen content of the water and can 
be considered as indicators of the degree of pollution of a stream. 

Water in a state of chemical purity does not exist in nature. 
Water flowing in any stream carries in solution certain salts, gases, 
and other compounds and frequently various matter in suspension. 
Only by the presence of these materials can aquatic life exist. 

Pollution may actually kill fish at some stages of development 
and not at others. It may be harmful to some species and not to 
others, and it may have effects in any degree of gravity. It may 
affect a small area or many miles in the length of a stream. Intensity 
of pollution, extent of the affected area, and the habits of the 
fish normal to the stream must all be considered. 

Fish themselves are not always the best indicators of the condition 
of a stream. Failure to catch fish does not prove that a condition 
of serious pollution exists. Absence, real or apparent, may be ex- 
plained by overfishing, invisibility, or failure to take the hook, or 
the fish may have gone elsewhere on their own affairs and not because 
of pollution. The small plants and animals present, which either 
can not move at all or can not move far, show the average stream 
condition better than do the fish. 

Plants growing in clean water are markedly green and frequently 
of more highly organized types than those in polluted sections, and 
animal life tends to be more active and highly organized. Typical 
forms of animals and plants that will not inhabit polluted waters 
are shown in the following list: 

Dobson or “ Helgramite” (Corydalis cornuta, Linn). Larva. Three to four 
inches long. Under or around stones in swift water. 

Stonefly (Perla sp.) Nymph. Under and around stones in swift water; very 
flat body with two “ tails.” - 

Caddis worm (Hydropsyche sp.) Larva of the caddis fly. Several species 
with various habits and forms; in swift waters mostly; under stones in 
loosely constructed pebble and webbing cases; attached to stones on the 
lee side of the current in compact stone cases, or in a funnel-like strainer 
of webbing with a retreat. 

May fly (Heptogenia sp.) Nymph. Under stones in swift water; very flat 
body, smaller usually than stonefly ; three “ tails.” 

Dragonfly (Anax junius, Dru). Nymph. ‘Extensible “lower jaw;” darts for- 
ward by expelling water from behind; found in dense growths of green 
aquatic plants in still water. Damselfly nymphs are similar, but have three 
long featherlike “ tails.” 


104 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


Water penny (Psephenus lecontii, Lec.) Larva of a beetle. Common in swift 
water, clinging closely to underside of stones, occasionally at top or sides. 
Fresh-water shrimp or “ scud” (Hyalella sp.) Weedy portions of the stream ; 

rapid swimmers; tail foremost. 

Water net (Hydrodictyon reticulatum (L) Lagerh). A green alga of the 
pond areas of streams. When spread, it resembles a fine meshed veil; a 
remarkable oxygenator. 

Water moss (Hypnum riparium).. Attached to stones or gravel in swift 
streams. 

Some species of plants and animals are of little value as indicators 
of pollution, because they are found in both clean and polluted 
waters. Snails, black-fly larve, water boatmen, and similar forms 
have a wide range and therefore are not good guides to water con- 
dition, except to the scientist who can distinguish the different 
species. 

Indicators of pollution may be summed up thus: 

Water molds and scums, particularly if of colors other than 
green, indicate decreasing oxygen—conditions are not favorable and 
may be worse downstream. 

Tubifex (a small, slender, red earthworm) marks approximately 
the limit of fish life. 

Rat-tail maggots, if abundant over the whole bed of the stream, 
are an almost certain indication of prohibited pollution. 

Bloodworms indicate recovery and conversion of wastes into fish 
food. 

Green plants, mosses, silks, and nets usually indicate good and 
improving conditions. 


METHOD OF DISTRIBUTION. 


In making distribution of fish consideration is first given to the 
waters from which the fish or fish eggs were collected, after which 
shipments are then made to suitable public or private waters upon 
applications previously submitted. Blanks on which formal re- 
quests for fish may be made are furnished by the bureau. These 
blanks call for a complete description of the waters to be stocked, 
and from this information are determined the species of fish that is 
suitable and the number that can be apportioned to the water area 
in question. 

The bureau finds it impracticable to investigate the condition of 
all streams to determine their suitability for particular species of 
fish, although such a study would be highly desirable, as it would 
afford a basis for intelligent assignments. Since this is not prac- 
ticable at present and the bureau is required to rely on information 
furnished by applicants, it is decidedly important that such in- 
formation be as accurate and complete as possible. 

Applicants are notified immediately upon receipt of their requfests 
concerning the species assigned and the approximate date of deliv- 
ery and are given full directions for receiving and caring for the 
fish. Before shipment is made a second notice is given, usually by 
telegram, stating the exact time of arrival of the fish at the railroad 
station. The fish are delivered at the station without expense to 
the applicants. In the event that it becomes necessary to delay 
shipment the applicant is notified accordingly. 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922. 105 


The bureau frequently receives requests from applicants for the 
loan of cans to transport fish from the railroad station to the waters 
where they are to be planted. As many applicants fail to under- 
stand why such requests can not be granted the following explanation 
is given: 

Live fish are usually forwarded by the bureau in carload lots to 
central points, the cars being specially equipped for this purpose. 
Detached messengers, however, leave the cars at predetermined points 
with shipments of fish for applicants who live off the main lines. 
These messengers travel in baggage cars of regular passenger trains, 
and many deliveries are necessarily made while the train makes its 
customary stops. The messenger often has as many as 15 and 20 de- 
liveries to make before returning to the car and must promptly re- 
turn his full equipment of cans in order to make other shipments in 
accordance with a prearranged schedule. As the cans are part of the 
car’s equipment, it is obvious that were they loaned to applicants it 
would necessitate a suspension of distribution work until they were 
returned. 

It should be borne in mind that while some of the State fish com- 
missions, due to the proximity of their hatcheries to the waters where 
the fish are to be planted, are able to lend cans to applicants, such a 
course on the part of the bureau would seriously cripple its distri- 
bution work, since its equipment is required to make distributions 
from hatcheries located in different States. 

Applicants are urged, therefore, to provide themselves with re- 
ceptacles suited for carrying fish to the headwaters of streams, such 
receptacles to be in readiness at the railroad station as specified in 
the notice which is sent by the bureau’s agent in advance of the ship- 
ment. They should be uncovered and empty on the platform where 
the car of this bureau or baggage car is expected to stop, for the fish 
must be transferred to the vessels quickly without delaying the train 
beyond the time it ordinarily stops. If no receptacles have been pro- 
vided, the fish will not be delivered nor will they be delivered, even 
though receptacles are in readiness, unless the applicant or his repre- 
sentative is on hand to take care of them and sign the required re- 
ceipt. Under no circumstances, therefore, will the bureau loan its 
distribution equipment to applicants, and unless due provisions shall 
have been made to receive and properly care for the fish they will not 
be taken from the train. 


SIZE OF ALLOTMENTS. 


In making allotments on applications the following items are taken: 
into consideration: The area of water to be stocked as stated in the 
application, size and number of fish available for distribution, and 
distance the fish have to be transported. The bureau does not at- 
tempt to furnish applicants with more than a sufficient number of 
fish for a brood stock for a given body of water, and it expects these 
to be protected and allowed to reproduce. 


SIZE OF FISH. 


In its distribution of fish the bureau sends out certain species in 
the form of fingerlings or yearlings. This is especially true as re- 
gards brook and rainbow trouts. At certain stations, however, it is 


106 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


necessary to distribute a portion of the product before this stage is 
reached in order to prevent overcrowding. The basses, bream, and 
other pond fishes are distributed from three weeks to several months 
after they are hatched. The last lots of bass shipped usually range 
from 4 to 6 and the sunfish from 2 to 4 inches in length. The com- 
mercial species, such as whitefish, trout, cod, pike. perch, etc., which 
are hatched in large numbers, are necessarily planted as fry. The 
basses, sunfishes, crappie, yellow perch, and other fishes rescued from 
the landlocked ponds and pools in the Mississippi Valley are from 
3 to 6 inches in length when distributed. Eggs are distributed to 
State hatcheries and occasionally to applicants with the understand- 
ing that the resultant fry are to be planted in public waters. 


PERIOD OF DISTRIBUTION, 


Because of the increased cost of shipping fish, trips to distant 
points are postponed until there are a sufficient number of applica- 
tions to warrant the expense. The bureau does not carry a stock of 
fish for delivery on demand, and when the supply of one year becomes 
exhausted it is necessary to wait until the next year’s product is avail- 
able to meet requests. The distribution of trout in the Eastern States 
is arranged early in March, and requests for trout submitted after 
March 1 are carried over until the following year. In the Rocky 
Mountain regions trout are distributed during the period extending 
from May to October, and applications should be filed with the 
bureau not later than May 1. Black bass, sunfish, crappie, etc., are 
supplied from May to November, and requests for those species 
should be filed prior to May 1, in order to receive attention before 
the following winter. It is the aim of the bureau to fill applications 
in the order of their receipt and to make delivery as soon thereafter 
as possible. 


AERATION OF WATER. 


When a large number of fish are confined in a receptacle, they 
soon consume the gaseous oxygen dissolved in the water, especially 
if the vessel is allowed to stand a while. It is important, therefore, 
that applicants receiving fish plant them as soon as possible. When 
the fish are carried in a vehicle, the splashing of the water serves to 
renew the supply of oxygen. ‘This is true only when travel is over 
rough roads. Fish manifest their desire for oxygen by coming to 
the surface of the water. The water must be aerated, and a dipper 
should be provided for this purpose. Sufficient aeration may be 
accomplished by dipping the water and letting it fall from a height 
of about 2 feet, this process being repeated when the fish show 
signs of distress. Fish should not be allowed to remain on the depot 
platforms, and, without expert knowledge in handling live fish, no 
attempt should be made to hold them overnight. 

Cool temperature is an important factor in holding fish, as the 
cooler the water the more gaseous oxygen it holds in solution. 


The proper temperature may be maintained by wrapping the con-. 


tainers in wet sacking or by placing ice in the cans. 


. 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922. 107 


PLANTING OF FISH. 


When planting fish, sudden change in temperature should be 
avoided. This may be done by pouring some of the water from the 
cans and slowly adding water from the stream or lake in which 
the fish are to be deposited. The change of temperature should be 
gradual, not less than half an hour being consumed in modifying 
it 10°. In a stream it is best to deposit a few fish in each of several 
places as near as possible to the headwaters or in small tributaries.’ 
In lakes or ponds they should be scattered in shallow places where 
the water is not stagnant. Localities should be selected where the 
fish will have a supply of natural food and be immune from attacks 
of enemies. 


COOPERATION WITH VARIOUS AGENCIES. 
UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE. 


The major portion of fish distributed in Colorado, New Mexico, 
and Arizona is handled by forest rangers, who meet the consign- 
ments at railroad stations and carry the fish to the headwaters of 
streams. The method of keeping the headwaters of streams well 
stocked is productive of highly satisfactory results. The young 
fish are afforded suitable surroundings with abundance of natural 
food, they are free from the attacks of other fish, and they are, by 
virtue of the inaccessibility of the headwaters of many streams, 
out of reach of the angler. When the headwaters become over- 
stocked, the large fish drop downstream in search of food, where 
they may be taken by anglers of the more populous districts. The 
idea of using the headwaters of streams as breeding and rearing 
grounds for the various species of trout is being followed wherever 
practicable. The plan possesses great possibilities and seems to be 
the only method whereby trout can be maintained in certain streams 
in view of the annual increase in the number of anglers. 


NATIONAL PARKS, 


Until within comparatively recent years the full possibilities of 
our national parks as fish preserves have not been given the serious 
consideration to which they are entitled. Realizing the necessity of 
maintaining a supply of fish in the waters of national parks, where 
fishing has become intensive during the open season, the bureau has 
established field stations in Yellowstone and Glacier Parks where 
skilled fish-culturists are temporarily detailed to make collections of 
and incubate the eggs of the various species of trout, the resultant 
fry being liberated in the waters most suitable for the particular 
species involved. 

The National Park Service is now actively engaged in a most in- 
tensive campaign of fish-cultural development in cooperation with 
the bureau’s hatcheries in Yellowstone and Glacier National Parks. 


RAILROADS. 


For a number of years the important railroads of the country have 
granted the bureau the privilege of carrying in baggage cars in pas- 
senger trains shipments of fish when accompanied by attendants, 


108 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


the only requirements being that each attendant be provided with a 
first-class fare and the number of cans carried in a shipment be 
limited to 20. However, several railroads have recently volunteered 
free transportation for the bureau’s distribution cars when engaged 
in planting fish in waters contiguous to their lines. The following 
extract from a letter received from the vice president and director 
of traffic of the Great Northern Railway is indicative of the attitude 
of one of the great railroad companies of the country toward this 
branch of the bureau’s work: 
St. PAvuL, Minn., May 1, 1922. 
Mr. H. F. Moore, 
Acting Commissioner, Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. 

DEAR SiR: We are very glad, indeed, to cooperate with your bureau in the 
development of fish culture in waters along our line. I am sure that the work 
done by your bureau is productive of much good at all points and is something 
that we feel should be encouraged. You may be assured in the future, as in 
the past, of our active cooperation at all times and thank you sincerely for 
writing me on the subject. 

Yours yery truly, 
W. P. KENNEY. 


The Oregon Short Line, Lehigh Valley, Pere Marquette, Michigan 


Central, Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, Chicago & North Western, . 


Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, Bangor & Aroostook, and the Maine 
Central are other railroads that have extended courtesies in the way 
of free transportation or reduced rates to the bureau’s cars or to 
messengers in charge of living fish. 

This cooperation demonstrates the value that the large railroad 
systems of the country place upon having the streams in the vicinity 
through which they pass well stocked with fish. Such streams not 
only afford pleasure for the tourist, but increase transportation over 
the roads and have a tendency to make such sections more attractive 
to settlers. . 


/ 


ORGANIZATIONS AND INDIVIDUALS. 


Without the excellent spirit of cooperation shown by organiza- 
tions and individuals and the valuable information received from 
anglers’ clubs and others interested in fishing, the bureau, with its 
limited funds, could not undertake more than 75 per cent of the 


work it now accomplishes in interior waters. Although the bureau. 


makes deliveries of fish at the railroad station of the applicant free 
of charge, the expense of hauling the consignment to suitable waters 
is no small item. This part of the cost is borne by the applicant, 
frequently an organization. Shipments of fish are sometimes met 
by 25 or 30 members of an organization and the consignment divided 
among them and planted in the waters most suitable for the par- 
ticular species involved. These organizations are also of inestimable 
value in promoting sentiment for the enforcement of fisheries regu- 
lations and possibly serve to increase the supply of fish in streams by 
this more than by making plants of fish. The bureau desires to 
encourage the formation of such societies as will foster the supply 
of fish, and it is willing to render any advice that may be needed 
to attain that end. Applications for fish will be furnished such 


organizations when it is shown that the waters are in need of re- 


stocking. 


| 


: 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922. 109 


FISH PROTECTION. 
RESTRICTIVE FISHING LAWS ESSENTIAL. 


It is obvious to everyone giving thought to the subject that un- 
restricted fishing, particularly in inland waters, can have but one 
result, namely, the complete disappearance of desirable fish. It is 
hardly probable that the most highly developed methods of artificial 
propagation, however intensively applied, can be made effective 
against the rapid growth of the country and the increasing numbers 
of anglers unless such work is supplemented by natural reproduc- 
tion. This implies restrictive laws on fishing and the development of 
a public sentiment in favor of such laws and their enforcement. 
The following suggestions embody a few of the more important 
points for consideration in connection with fish protection. It is 
hardly possible to frame laws that can be applied generally. Each 
section of the country will find it necessary to modify the laws to 
meet existing local conditions. 

As an earnest of good faith on his part—that he respects the fish- 
ing laws and intends to observe them—the prospective fisherman be- 
fore starting on his trip should obtain from the State fisheries au- 
thorities a license to fish. If we are to protect any species of animals 
such protection must be extended to the young. ‘Therefore a size 
limit on the fish that may be legally taken is unquestionably essential. 
Tf natural reproduction is to reach its highest value, fish must not be 
molested during their mating season. The true sportsman on his 
fishing trip is not seeking a large number of fish, but rather recrea- 
tion in the open, and it 1s unsportsmanlike to take more fish at one 
time than can be properly used. This idea suggests the desirability 
of limiting the number of fish that may be legally taken in any one 
day. Angling is recognized as one of the most popular sports, but 
it is not sportsmanlike to take fish by other than sportsmanlike meth- 
ods, which usually implies a rod and line held in the hand. The use 
of poisons or explosives and the shooting of fish are always repre- 
hensible. The wanton obstruction of the free passage of fish in any 
stream, the deposit therein of trade or other industrial wastes in- 
jurious to fish, the operation of irrigation ditches without screening 
them for the exclusion of fish, all of these practices are prolific causes 
of unnecessary depletion of fish life in inland waters. In streams 
across which dams have been erected for industrial purposes fish 
will frequently congregate in considerable numbers at certain seasons 
of the year. To take them from such places by spearing, gafling, or 
other means is obviously not sport but wanton destruction. 


ENFORCEMENT OF FISHERIES LAWS. 


The bureau has no jurisdiction in the enforcement of fisheries regu- 
lations excepting in Alaska and in respect to the sponge fisheries 
beyond State limits in the Gulf of Mexico, such matters coming under 
the State governments. If the fish and game laws are not enforced, 
the matter should be taken up with the proper officials of the State in 
which the violations occur. The bureau will not knowingly furnish 
fish for waters in which illegal fishing is unchecked. The matter of 
stream pollution and that of providing adequate fishways should also 
be taken up with the State fisheries authorities. 


110 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
EXTERMINATION OF PREDATORY ANIMALS AT BUREAU’S STATIONS.* 


Birds.—Traps placed on small platforms on stakes driven around 
the pond are used at a number of the bureau’s stations for the capture 
of kingfishers, but these as well as the fish hawk, heron, fish duck, 
mud hen, water ouzel, and all other feathered enemies of fish life 
can be successfully held in check by the use of firearms. 

Mink.—These animals may be taken either on land or in the water 
by means of a trap set on a projecting point of the bank, or in the 
water at places where the signs indicate that they come for fish. A 
mink will wander all along the banks of a stream or pond, exploring 
every nook, including all the little brooks and ditches emptying into 
it. The traps are therefore often set on fallen trees or logs across 
small streams. Bait is sometimes used. For this purpose the entrails 
of a bird or other animal are more satisfactory than the whole body, 
and a decayed fish is still better. Mink are believed to feed princi- 
pally on fish. 

Frogs.—There is some doubt as to whether frogs eat live fish and 
fish eggs. It is safe to say, however, that frogs under 1 year of age 
are not detrimental to fish. Frogs may be dipped from a pond by 
means of a net fastened to a long pole, or they may be killed by 
spearing. 

Snakes.—Water snakes are perhaps the worst enemies of fish and 
should be killed by whatever method possible. Their depredations 
may be considerably lessened by keeping the ponds and streams clear 
of brush and débris. 

Muskrats—Trapping is the most practicable means of checking 
the inroads of muskrats, and if persisted in by a trapper of some 
skill their depredations may be stopped. For this purpose a No. 1 
steel trap with a long chain of wire attached is the most suitable. It 
is usually best to set it half an inch to an inch under water, below 
the niches or shelves along the banks where the animals feed, as 
will be indicated by remains of roots and partially eaten stems of 
plants. The chain should be securely fastened to a stake driven 
as far out in the water as possible. When set in shallow water, 
the rat. will be likely to twist off a leg and escape; but if deep water 
is accessible, it will try to escape by diving, and if there is plenty 
of chain it will soon drown. The trap may also be set under water 
in the trails or runways, on logs or boards sloping into the water, 
in burrows in the banks, or on the bottom of the pond at the en- 
trance to a burrow, under the nest chambers of the houses. It is 
rarely necessary to bait the trap, though a slice of carrot or turnip 
will sometimes attract the animals. Where they are numerous a 
gun may be used at first, but they soon become timid and distrust- 
ful, making this impracticable. Poisoning appears not to have been 
resorted to in the case of muskrats, perhaps because of the attendant 
danger to other animals and because the dead rats pollute the water. 

Turtles—The most effective way of removing turtles from a pond 
or lake is to draw off the water and collect them in hand nets. If 
this is not practicable, a pole about the size of a telegraph pole may 
be placed slantwise in the water, at a point where the depth is from 


: 4 Advice given here is not to be taken as authority for killing animals protected by 
tate laws. 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922. 111 


4 to 6 feet, in such a position that its upper end projects about a 
foot above the surface. Stretch a net around the pole on all sides, 
except the one where the turtles would be most likely to crawl 
out of the water, adjusting it to form a pocket under the slanting 
end of the pole and fastening it with four or five stakes driven into 
the mud. A sudden approach in a boat will cause the turtles to 
drop off into the net, when they can be easily captured. Turtles, 
however, with the exception of the snapping turtle, are not con- 
sidered very destructive of fish life. The latter can easily be 
captured by hook and line, baited with a piece of fish and secreted 
in the weeds where the fish can not find it. 

Undesirable fishes—Undesirable fishes that may gain entrance 
into a pond can be removed by hook-and-line fishing. Eels are 
caught in the same manner and also with special traps made like the 
old-fashioned lobster pot. In removing carp, if the conditions 
will permit, it is preferable to lower the water in the pond and 
use a seine. While this is being done the desirable fishes can be held 
in a retaining tank and returned to the pond after it is refilled. 


RESULTS OF STOCKING INTERIOR WATERS. 


During the period extending from 1899 to 1915, inclusive, 15,294 
reports from applicants were recorded, the general results being as 
follows: Excellent, 1,581; good, 7,730; fair, 1,681; overflow, 428; 
uncertain, 916; and poor, 2,741. Eighteen per cent of the reports 
covering this period indicate poor results. This is attributable in a 
great measure to the early methods, necessarily experimental, of 
handling requests for fish. 

Within recent years the bureau has developed a system of distribu- 
tion by which the liability of making unsuitable assignments of fish 
is rendered remote. Many failures in the past have been due to 
placing black bass in small ponds. It is found from experience that 
this species will not produce satisfactory results in a body of water 
of less than 2 acres in area. Crappie, bream, and rock bass are now 
assigned for the smaller water areas, and it is evident from the re- 
ports received that such assignments are productive of very favorable 
results. 

COMPARATIVE RESULTS FOR CERTAIN PERIODS. 


The following table shows the comparative results of plants made ' 
during the periods from 1899 to 1915 and from 1916 to 1917. The 
improved method of handling requests for fish is believed to have 
been an important factor in the more successful results obtained in 
1916 and 1917. Explanations, with comments, of terms used in this 
table and in the table below it follow. 


Hecellent means that the fish increaSed in size and multiplied. Good is used 
where the applicant was satisfied, the fish having attained a large size and the 
number apparently being on the increase. Fair means that the results were 
only ordinary, many of the applicants using this word merely to express the 
results of the plants. Overflow is used where the dam of the pond broke and 
the fish escaped. This does not mean a loss of the fish, as in manv instances 
the statement is made that certain streams were stocked by the breaking of 
dams. Uncertain is used where the applicant is undecided as to the results. 
Most of the reports classified under this heading cover plants of fish made in 


34223°—23——_8 


112 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


large streams and lakes where it was found difficult to determine whether the 
fish furnished by the bureau had actually produced results, owing to the fact 
that the waters had been previously stocked with the same species. Poor 
covers reports that indicate that the plants were a failure. Failures are 
attributed to a number of causes, as follows: Unsuitability of the waters, poor 
condition of the fish when received, destruction of the fish by snakes and other 
predatory animals. Many failures are attributed to the severe winter of 1916 
and 1917, when ponds froze to an unprecedented depth. In some instances the 
fish were stolen. 


3 Excel- Over- Uncer- 
Period. : Good. Fair. flow. taih, Poor. 


Per cent.| Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. 
TRAE ee a ee ee Sas. ELLE bacon eat qaverete 10.5 51 11.5 3 6 18 
1916-19175 2535. 093.55 {Siow s Fash ijwa ss: | 30.6 42 12.5 70} 6.2 6.5 


DETAILED RESULTS FOR 1916 AND 1917. 


The following table shows the detailed results of fish planting 
during the fiscal years 1916 and 1917, based on 4,589 reports received 
from individuals and organizations. This table does not cover ship- 
ments of fish made to agents of the United States Forestry Service. 
To economize space no tabular statement is presented for the period 
from 1899 to 1915. The preceding table, however, for the years 
1916 and 1917 is fairly representative of the bureau’s normal activi- 
ties. . 


Results of fish planting during fiscal years 1916 and 1917, shown by States 
and species, 


[For explanation of headings see p. 111.] 


Increase and growth. 


Menibiial sre —ok 
State and species. 
of re- 
ports. | BX¢e-! Good. | Fair. | Over | Uneer-) poor, 
Alabama: 
GCathishy . .aescb. tp pcjasasés cee dd. REE nw eae ee r ja PEE EE DE 21532. YORE eee 
Bainpow,s tlollts:\s-cdcsnes hep ceu me ceteeee ON ee ee ees) ee ees IR eee ee 
Broke 7 ie oO BILAL 7 Al PAE By OS Soe et Sees Be ee A 
CTAPDPIO. os c'c0k Soe chjprat hs savccewocnee scant 8 2 3 2 il oeeetetes 1 jth ignay 
Large-mouthed black bass................ 94 35 36 7 6 6 4 
Small-mouthed black bass..........-.-... BD Tie. Bie ASE ASIN LY) .-| occa cane 1 
TROGKADASS oS. SHU ba wets scatter eas 4 1 Bilwct deece|aeeeie ss] came cet ear 
PROGHAN a. bibs koa cud wees ase Caen te 90 15 37 16 10 4 8 
Arizona: 
Oatmeal, 54 feb RS Ae 5 1 Sos cc cae cletaeatmel «oe aces eee 
Rainbow trout ..2. 2.0025. cssewe he - Facts Bil. ¢39. 428 St Hit. hoi stasg 1 1 
Dlack-Spouted tTOUbe: .. ssa. - creme nk a6 ieee Bile. Side oslteeenen ye ee ar ee ae : 
iBropkGuoubs. J Sis cl. ak. eee. BORE 8 3 1 SIDHU UU. babe SIC SS 
CLAD D1Cb a Ws acsed Eye netn = Ue Riese dae yn ees a Zoe pith = delves deem teens 68 > ee 
Large-mouthed black bass..............-- 8 1 hy Be Te anes stewie ae 
RUNES 3 os At seer pk dats ae ELE a iive-. 28 Vile dstepe th... 0p 4-b peep sade. Ao eee 
Arkansas: 
RAPD cas cates pact cewh ae ube ee eae ae 9 5 2 SiH. S3LS5 JEL AROS eRe 
RAIN DOW, SIOUL cnn nieces elceits Sotho wee 3 1 1 Benet esse oso i 
Crapplescacipe bs ie daentiecithy 4 1 Qiht odes BiLh Lene reece 2 
Large-mouthed black bass. . 48 14 23 3 3 DT}. ream d a 
Small-mouthed black bass. . 4 i eee 1 EEE Eo 2 ee waes 
Rock Pdsssi0s . act .i i) 2. - SIO. AR 3 1 . | 3 
wdokins wee wasveases Byres alatt. 21 5 3 4 2 2 5 
California: 
Maitihow trouG it a ee a acho PP GT ce nc, swt alors ee gael e aia Seo | Meee eee 
Large-mouthed black bass..........-..--. 1 EN) LOS SH. Reco Se eee 
BUTS mot cco dn ow - fasetl ow whpre sacten ee 2 Steere OTe me Lt peer 8 Dy ite cee 
Colorado: 
Cathal . 955). 07. 28 PAIR ek 2 POOR REOARBAA Fateercn matey ons ee 2 
Reinbow trevit Sus suas nay ae SS 42 12 27 FSA VL, Ss AM cee 


rou 
Black-spotted trout...............-.-.--.. 164 36 113 14 Beet Ue es . 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922, 113 


Results of fish planting during fiscal years 1916 and 1917, shown by States 
and species—Continued. 


Increase and growth. 


— 
State and species. = 
of re- 
ports. = ig Good. | Fair. oo Une Poor. 
Colorado—Continued. 
LL AROMTOUL Ic ocegont ne cc eb at Seese ee see 1 Wh ncqoene| view sions GONG Se: eS SOR RR - 
SIMO AGEOUE oS cociccecsNeehte esses se 2eee 87 12 52 19 L jisetugs 3 
[O52 a POSER eee et een to seeber enc 11s Ce Ses ee oe 1h), Seer 
(CTO ee Ge play ii tay as Se eae ee tee eee ee 1 ae ae eee Cvs Babe]? a 
Large-mouthed black bass........-.-.---- 16 2 9 al eee eee Le 2 
R PASTS ee reendn  ahan etal, 2 Ben a eee Il \Soe 2 sAec ty Ss | Ceepereee Ree 
TET NCU lg Seiiaite ies Rr ces = 26, GE Rea eee Bil sstosen Bi oe senna SOI. Rae ok 
Connecticut: 
Steemiead Salmons: s2b. 225.258. .5.226-325- Ese RS 1 .|...2c6s Rees Seal ee ee. eo 
(ST Val ah sya ty) ee COR ey 0 ee eee 25 9 9 | RAPE ME tee 1 1 
Large-mouthed black bass........ See boone Salenseesee 6 1 Ul ees SS befsecueet . 
Small-mouthed black bass........-...-.-- | oaacs ote DS eciis ces leaeaens Uy Poe ee 
DEAMER cme asec uaice se econ a gascue i |S ee ee 1 |... cu tsutdes. RESOLD IE Los 
BINCEPRLEH Is soteeooi asc et bonceces ss tlm ors minlorels panera tar are 1 eee |S eee 
Re Tyree) to se ee ae ee ee Se 1G eee eta ee See ee Sly Oe Re Ole Sees 
Delaware: 
LEC Siete?) Aiea eal ee, Se ea 0 a ae 5 Ul cess Se) eee ieee ~ 1 
See ae black bass... 2.2 - 55 -h-c- Boles. Blea ine stain = | omen sO SECS CIEE eee 
Florida: 
Cho [Ln GEE a: Cee oe SRE Coe Oh eve raste alate fete Reerorcare|| Cfo'e baie am pocorn APSE ee 1 
Large moatiicd Black bass. -- 3... --.5--<.- 26 2 19 2 1 1 
Se ee QOD ISOS eee Bore Le eRe noe S| eR eal ea cS Se ee Se <> ee 
ae ia: 

PS ee See eee eae 1 eh oe a [et esl eyes Meee enh Ce PT | 1 
IRBEADOW, ANGUL Cerise coLwes.te cas cactess Sy pee eae 1 Qn ba SE eGR Soe 
EMM ULOI ie kioc ta stCep cece dicclecedteec 0 ee a ee, eee ae en eee ee hoe. wodaked Jo... 
(Oi? 0 ei ae Ss Sl Se Re eee eee 6 | bes Reel ES eee ie ana 3 2 
Large-mouthed black bass..........-.-.-- 38 11 16 2 3 5 1 
Small-mouthed black bass..........-...-. TB | aaeetin thats bexorcratictere | siaie aw = am ection ip) st ee 
Vd LOCC SE Pet Seer a ee I eS Seen) Sere jl RR ee fe te 
SUT CLOGe os SRO aR § ee ee 17 3 5 3 3 1 2 

Idaho: 
ER SRTS DOUG UNO erect os cwckewwocoaoned sts. s 6) lscaaeess 8 ae ae 1 1 2 
Black-spotted trout...........-.---.-.-.-- 3 2 Di Sees coos pecetancia| == 5 ae ee rete 
BKOGKATOUG so cassse ot <2 2- erence smosane == te Ae oe Dy he 'win; 2 Scot Lasingeumnkcea a SE ae 1 
ME PPIBED ces vuhedint des 2. -2p be btercdacec 1 11 [epee ties (ae nal Fa Te cos op ae ee 
Tllinois: 
POO m TOU Pac sess 4. och Ricescededees Be birs Lecrs eoretneeted one ko 2 naenisleispeyel| aicte MORSE 1 
LANG et Soman rts vt cise p ce sscccteaese 15 2 7 4 LijdeS ole 1 
Large-mouthed black bass...............- 9 4 2 5 HS pe Ss 1 1 
Small-mouthed black bass..............-- 5 1 2 NaeGt Seo Sy os Sere 
cE da en eet ESS ee See ee 3 2 1 | ease yay Rane 2 52) ot ee 

SUED LC Ce pps ne ie [es an See ego ees yl ee ce crcl ee ere ame ee Spee 1 |. cco ecRleeeiee 

RRO POLCN sy scctateore «15 - <= cep de ecle scare = 
Indiana: 
ES SS Peete! eer oe | 5 
RBIRDOW thOUbewa ssh 6 SL oss weed. 3 
Brook trout... .......0).. 1 
(Oo) eee eee ere 9 2 4 
Large-mouthed black bass. . 38 8 21 
Small-mouthed black bass. . 29 5 19 
CK AGS pseu acs dese ees 13 2 2 
ISA SEL ene cetera sO. 6 ccc cere wetlands oes ae 10 1 3 
iO PONCE scan catawnccccemsscesccseesse if 1 3 
Towa: 
GLU eee eS ene ee eee Dil pe go De | crenchsrereria| areiele ovis o ey ENS ese 
oe trout OT (Eo Se fat (ern ee 
RM ADDIC soe ctr craar Ge cece 3 
Largemouitiied black bass. . : 
PIKO- POC, co srews sbewatbtp ces ccecdoee ee 1 
Kansas: 
Crapnlass sh sssescess scespeoescoesss... A lcdecese 
Lar, e-mouthed DISC Bassispececsorset se. TC ee ERS: [ESR os 
Kentuce 
Catfish........... ‘ 1 tie Pt >) Ree Peon (eee 
ere trout... UF Ee - Ae 
Cra pple. oo bocaeeseaoo.a60 18 
Tare-uuaduod ‘black bass... 61 
Small-mouthed black bass 12 
13 
ze 
Les va sac leicd eas TS 
2 2 2 Bal. sca. 
3 


114 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 


Results of fish planting during fiscal years. 1916 and 1917, shown by States 
and species—Continued. 


Increase 7 
Num- nerease and growth 
State and species. of pn 
ports ieee Good. | Fair =“ tls Poor. 
Maine: 
Steelhead salmon..:..........------4.-0-- DSi crore ats 2 | aad alateie lel als wie ace) 5 or Qidecerrer } 
Landlocked salmon.................5-2--- 9 1 6 2, |oncannns| See ee eke 
Take trout: £23... 422: ) Ses ee 1 ee F | cee da me|nmacace eee ae 
IBFOGE COU tits hee os oo eden cle ce eee oe 39 ll 25 tO eR as 2 22 Dieish.. 
Wi LeDenChs son petnn genet eee eee eens rio ice Aer Milled etrie sine | stele PANDA 2 2s 
Maryland: 

Ti ait] Re ACen ee ees ie See oe 1 1p es Cee 1 See meeereme a I oe 
Bainbow Arout..a2 tance ase an de cee eceeres 5 3 1 LE a S| Beet cand: eyes. 
IBTOOK: TOU ..5 2. Sadowa es eases See ene 2) lewd ooee = 10 > RP Perec ee 
Large-mouthed black bass..........---.-- 18 1 9 4. |. aioe 3 1 
Small-mouthed black bass...-.....------- Pt tae re 2 | ensins ons] ein ninnisne hae See 

Massachusetts: 
Catfish ss =i ocanedeon sues ab dew clans tenes 2 1 1 |. .cned-dhebt feel booeeeee ee 
Wandlocked salmon sn... ssecee- eases. RH See Sete 2ii| one's ae ec (kas aacnl See 1 
Rainbow Gnour ascites enc coche sae Dil cdecaanl peels oe cele Solna 1 i 
IBTOORK LOM Ge ca sescene cs tet So see ees oT ll 12 3, laine | Ne Serer 
White perch...... 3 pe ee ee yee rs PAN GEE soos bomen UAE es ahs Ai foestatl: 

Minnesota: 
Bainbow (Outs snc. ates enchdeo ceca de see 8 4 2). eek 1 Igted ee 
ake troutsaysese-40. Jose sea ee H Bil odeeoas 2 il'se wleces Low's clnictns free cee eee 
IBYIODE: LOM: cemcmerto see ke soe eaecena=e ss = ll 4 Beles, ee enone 2 1 
Crappie. ;- S22. sss lsads a Sancta aeee OM coaceeae 2. ||. wtsicts- 4] aes sas alana eee 
PIKOMMerch soo. nance ma cmetetione Serta ee + 5 SBR ace en Ley eRe Dee aac 

Michigan: 
ab hshs Mee 3 Ree eae es 12 2 5 co ea LO) eee 
Steetheadisalmon..2.8.. 55.25 £ 2sc4e esis 7 1 A RR Sas - 74 | See 
Rainbow: 1roet. << 22. .20% -t fake neoseeee oe 10 3 AA Gee rete ameccare 2 1 
aAkG trout is cewcacccat esas se eeseoe ete te id Se eee Sea leco aces 1 1 
Brook trout 6 acs oa Nanos sce eee «aaa 62 24 27 3 1 5 2 
Giaviinie seth oe cosas -aebeeenante uae Lol deat alecaaee Lal aeut Joeglissace-caimee ae 
Crappie. 25 isstecnsectessceck ceased 9 2 4 UP RRR SE yy les ee 
Large-mouthed black bass..........------ 56 21 33 Tele oe 1d) ee 
Small-mouthed black bass..........--...- 129 47 57 4 2 9 10 
Rock pass.t fol. 4. ccetoct baer ceacees 1 1 he cccuiais| pisie ee oo easinc nc ete he aie ee een ee 

Sunfish: 228704 2 RON oe Re oe eee 8 5 1 1 | speed. Se Pipette 2 
Pike perch......... 13 Sil eereseres Be alan 3 1 
Mellow, Perch. Secee ona. eeeee enema sae 7 She Bee 2 SS enpeceae Wiss. s. 

Mississippi: 
h 3s eres Se og i Mee In PRES oS 
TL Weed cemehwe «sb deserecsie(saasscaq| > meena ieee eee 
47 3 
54 6 
17 1 
. 1 
ree Liye pyre: oy YORE é 24 2 
CTATINIC. 2 bee eee ee 32 1 
Lareeieuthed black bass. . . sae 64) |. .84,) .. 18)... 10)... feeeed ae 2 
Sma]l-mouthed black bass... .. 1 
Rock Dass: es. eee tee : A. Bly. La), pmmaed ct eieirk orem oe eran 
BUS ch dem care dottonmeet Soe ne sates 24 
IPIRGIDEICH doce nate Ge sos <cp eee ce caome es 3 aanancinle= see cee|=0,0s,<n/q atneerealeehanaas 
Yellow percht 22225585 200: FH. SUSE Eee ja ae alate ie (CPR te eae bal eer Se 
Montana: - 
Wathsh Votes ie caddsnscccolt ce catncducate Bl) 1” Bilge caw culdate slacem| aun ccmclelt') uate = a 
Steelheac salmon sence 2 ope ee Boos 2 
Ramphow grout. tsk os ccs benesurade bee 78 
Black-spotied ‘trout::222.-.-t B25. l5 deseo. 100 
BLOW A LONG encaencons dan rdke ceo bee Lilie eo Sibi Rennninanl eee ataebrt dnd ese ae cee 
TOOK GTOUL ecto ae dors teratnccmacetitnaed 119 
paagng rol ap eee Fee eng, Ae ttc ete bo Oo es Rae eal die ec o's'e Leese ee 
SOR, PASS ete cc coal ac ccuee hee wanmidaaoee 1 
Srsritights 2 Fe ee sae ear aeet eos secdcan ee Ball daw ob glaemimanitil, «2 e20 Semin tan eae 
Vellow pera a ieee toot et Ons 1 
Nebraska: 
CARTS oe oo creicwiceeiet omenie ene temas see Wiibvind wee oa keene seens] is a's 0 ck label ee 
Hatinnow, foul. sacsc.ssueet Caceeeaoceae 9 
Brook (rout 0. (200 deoec soup needa mne 1 a (a ee « | (meee - 101 Re 9 PRE ee |S eR RS SEs 
Cranplers2a oS eee eces cb ae cone ake 4 
Saree mouthed Dlacksbass..$£...2..428... 4 
Fos 5 e2 i is 1 «ieee Sb SRS A Eee ay Sr, SEES 6s TD fae dcacec|aninmammal ns. talemnmccuak|s aeeeeetmers 
New Hampshire: 
CO hain Semen Re eee, Saptin oe ie Bis ay +l eae MRR Ui Hea Wt, i La 
Steelhead: salmon... caciseebceccssadesens Liledas’e 
Landlocked salmon..........2.......+-+ a 8 


RUBIO IOULs waa deccacct muse de tees 20 


- 


ee se CU elle 


— =. Oe 


PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1922. 


115 


Results of fish planting during fiscal years 1916 and 1917, shown by States 
and species—Continued. 


*ate and species. 


Increase and growth. 


Excel- 
lent. 


New Hampshire—Continued. 
PRETENCE et eee ce atic = cw micte ess faa taces 
ESTHORSELOE UES = ant nics acade meas scchep as 
Crappie 
Large-mouthed black bass........--.----- 
Small-mouthed black bass......-..-.----- 
PREUOW*POIChes 9122228 oe aa a's~ leg sie oe qos 
WRRIEO NOCH i se es che cocic sce — sf coheed 

New Jersey: 
FAA MIOWUNGULS 2 2 ooh sg seo sna ce reba ee 
RMRUROUUS oe oe os coe ce  S2 Se am seeis tens 
Large-mouthed black bass..........--.--- 
Small-mouthed black bass........---.---- 
Backs pass. 3225522. Se ee ee aen 
Sunfish 


SON DELCH 2 5552s. 2-5 ae asaes nape 
New Mexico: 
Catfish 


Soe ee LEW Re 8S ae OP a Ege eee 
PII BROUGE sono ab ee am nsciaclososs5scsecee 
Ao agp ie PiHGkIDASS oe. cae lon cs ses 
Sunfish 


<i. SAS OAS 8 Ss ea ae 
New York: 
Gt SUE Sealine page 2 oo Ae Ee 


aneiocked Saliion= 120i 2t ih 2... ok eS 
aso LIOUL. ..- of ase soca seecat ese 


CEN cae SRS eRe ee aeee BS eee 
Tate nite black bass. 5. S5---2-2 45; 
Small-mouthed black bass....-....-...-.- 
LEV DGS |Site begin e Sees eee 

Sur s Beles apa bereits = Pees era 
TE oly oc) Ree ee Oe ee ae 
STE Gin? {eee Epi ees See ee: Cen 
White erch suiatepes 2h Gerke bes pee Ses Ue tieged Wane 

North Caroli 

Rainbow trout Si Spt ES BE ee Sey 
cane age SES [hae tae eas 


Rock b: 
RARER ISTE te ee ae SIR oy a Sacto Snowe ce 
North Dakota: 
TUL ESTs = “Starrs See em Pee nea Seep 
Rainbow trout. .-..-.---------------+-+-- 
Crappie 
’ Large-mouthed black bass..............-. 
RGGRIDASS «dons sac ccba seen cacioaenscestobes 
PERE PELCH shy> sciaac st 'sce c= sect as cence coe 
ae WG) CE weigie eel ee Roe eoeoaaecaes 


Catfish ae see Re ears cle iaacialn Rte atte not cine’ 


Ghanie trout 

reli 1] GEE Bes les ee a eee 
Largeanouthod iblack bass-s3-5-. <5 5-5-6 
Small-mouthed black bass..........-.---- 
RogikgbacS ia. Sec ant enced: case ost epee 
Banish? 52 scos- scoot eee ae Soe ose P 
Pike perch 
YY ella Perenics- 2 - see 2< soe  eie anne ac - 

Oklahoma: 


Pennsylvania: 
Catish: Jace eae smonber mateo acts aie 
Rainbow trol. <5o5 dew aewes Heise gn ay awe 
BOOK trOuty S case cobewse atte daccdes mopaes's 
Crapple. cowresvreresassadsceedtnsuseen ses 
tare mouthed black bass.............. at 


Small-mouthed black bass................ 


10 
18 


8 


33 
181 
532 

6 

96 

72 


«wesw eee 


Over- | Uncer- 
Good. | Fair. flow. taint Poor. 
2) | Sawaceenleaetee's 1 2 
58 Le eee 4 3 
yeraene DS ose ctescall tetoeertiel coke sotto 
Soe eas ba lieve aia cl| sem eiastacai| sates = rote 
Se Sa A eee Horne ae | ol er 
We scetere listers oie 1 1 
Ma ae or i ie) fh eS ak eae De, eet ae 

5 Loh oo teas los. eee 
6 Leet Secaclpoeeesing 2 
i Al ee S| te Bila aspet ss 
SPA) SEE ee nl bake IE a (eee 1 
2 |peteatec|secuceos|saaeeee 1 
Mo Uote se cule coacione |e ataereaneeecas 
Dy oc tenes ed eerae docs Pat areal meee Se 
4 Beste ke MW lpacoaee. 
2 74g Pee 1 2 
fs) es he eee iS Pe 
De See ene ellie SNe al Se 
Us| eae eeretcteras acme ictal selebusbeaccic 
B ligscseetlcacidaecaleecoe see meeea eee 
aD) a cenieta | em eceenned C1) ent as ea 
2 2: lS vente Sas esels eae coe 
17 5 |osecasee os 2 
Bomaee » al Sep a i Pee 
9 2 ec eeae 1p Lape = ee 
4 6 fl ve is eee 
1 1 1 1h oe 
Te eal becse cea 3 
16 1 Td ese 3 3 
Sidlawa acs! accion sac|Ucetcas stems tee 1 
Soenzis alae emases nooner pl ERE 
6 1 3 1 1 
Dulte tee eee 1 LS See 8 Ss 
6 8 6 Peteeae ces 
Pees > SNe ra 1 (eeeasoee 
s (| Petes a atts 1 1) ee a 3 
Saeeane pO sh ag fe i bel Pe 
SOR aie | Wiese all ve Cries eee eae 1 
yy Cree eal (Ee 1 1 
3 Ol eaves fal dataset 2 
eet nD) snd a seal net 
cece as D ss rics acl wemteeeel oe sees. 
Lion ee alas [etre a metbin fines < oaers [eve ota 1 
achaeeaia DP lssceee ee 1 1 
1 Rilgecne cee 2 2 
ee ee ee ie eg ee eee ae 1 
1 LJ (es ee 1 i 
17 ol ee ee ee SS 
3 Dt a oeee oe Ml ee 
Jil (Beemer Sere (as ep ae | abn Rabiner) |e Se 
1 Aly Pe Pe PS Seg oe ae 
y+) Paeeetsae| ees Se 5 1 Aa 
EEE PER es aes Sor sks eS st 
4 1 1 1 1 
sh Oe TR ea in ge 1 
1 1 1 1 
Sass 2 Pp petted 2 
13 GO" feak ae ais 1 4 
69 LD siseeioe a 16 22 
221 43. |S S23 3¢e 18 61 
2 sd rove te oraysiie we ee te 1 1 
45 POs eae ee 5 5 
29 jb ee . 4 1 


116 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 


Results of fish planting during fiscal years 1916 and 1917, shown by States 
and species—Continued. 


Increase and growth. 


State and species. 


Excel- Good. | Fair 
‘Pennsylvania—Continued. 
TS OGK DOSS eters nb tas = -1- done ciecininl bis) tere 2 2 2 1 
NOISE icceeuaces Dee osetia ances rae =r 5 14 K i ieee (el ereniows 9 ey 
PABepenChi ses se tec s end: eens ee ere 9 1 3 1 
WONG WLDEEC: on occ t cee ae gem eae etre ne 1 2 1 1 
Rhodesian Brook touts... 42 52222 ote] a gk | oatepere ate thy \sermene WRMSE RIL ramee beae 
South Carolina: 
6 Td eo peep tedden eg RG a ba oS See 1 1 Los ost cahyan ne Gee 
Rain pOWsrOlteor: sts. ose ogee eee 2 1 i Aah apepeateepay Wel Vette PS oF 
IBLGORLEOUtC fe > tet ee oases eee een i bl opiates seat deanery [ateasereti) fel foes ee 
Orr) 3) eC MAS ee BEE ReOe) a Sepenet apeemmar icmes| Mon fie Sceccece don cote 1 1 
Large-mouthed black bass. .....--.------ 4 16 8 4 
iS tee eee re ccc poe espe at. PDN alae tele encre tetas 5 1 
South Dakota: 
CEOS pia shee bate tate eerie Bonaire fle ey iok | eoree 5 Td bein ebay rbd cae 
Steelhead salmon BEA RScoe SEES SSRS Scere (lel ot sl Soothers Pennoni pa ret imate 
AMOUNT OULS ene tce cote cane ot eee ae 1 12 24 Beet tet Ausipte elit! a 
‘Black-spotted trout .-.-...--2 2222222222... 5 Dy sacs fick beeeda! hy ect ay sad = 
oak Wevenstroltes fassose tee as aee epee 2 3 [oceesebsloosw sees) | ene 
Brook trout; : +222 2-2-2222. ----+---255-- 6 18 2°)! OS ae eee 
Ole CO Chaat Bidens Ioearrore ab Sotetbeie Obl [aya os all eetoer se 2 1 Meme emit Sime 
Large-mouthed black bass. ....-.----.---- 2 1 i Ral eae wera eS ila) 
Jet hyo ci ¢ ea eeeehey. ese aer Seer erga) fame let $l eeriogrse| Ss scic oc bel Ing ed Foi p em 
Tennessee: 
isi bOw tlOWUl cess tersasecceaseee ete cere 2 6 4 2 
TE hen 1s SE ee Sacdee amooresuiom a0 1 1 Wt | se222 Soot eee eee 
(Ory2f0) 0) Dee Se ane Jeeeadee cr straciae, cctolee 9 aS Shce de © |ao-c'socn}te coos. | eee eee 
Large-mouthed black bass............---- 4 9 3 2 
Small-mouthed ‘black bass.-...-....-.2:-2]°° 1 |---.. be ores Reese cies pai ee rere no 
Vermont: 
Steelhead salmon.......-..------.---.---- dal FS So 2 ccc ose eee 
Landlocked salmon.......-..------------- 3 | Perce een nates lions es 
aim DO Wath @liiee tas sae wie oe <p o nmtslatae eerie feel | ofa retin = Pe AA) MRS Hei = 
Jer TW hot) egee Beppe eepeice coadanbormocto tee oP CRA ao 5eac Pe are Meee Sai ne 8 
rook {lOve sse se oboe a ea ee eae 62 83 2 7 
Large-mouthed black bass.--.--.--.-------| 4 |-------- 1 2 1 
Small-mouthed black bass...-.----------- 1 CW ae sere | eee ee 1 
SS DTG tet ats ae aa = plete alto ote net <a vi 3 1 2 
Vellow perch-ccos 222 «2. = 2-'fe-- = 1 eee 2 7d eiticrioed ee ee neo 1 
White perch: :: 22220222222. secccicecsee| | OL | eesteee] cre se ss] oa tse ae eet 
Virginia: 
MAL HIAM roroe fon toes ap amicinitad Soactl Pans a] ee ney harris 2). | winrara arare tf oiwce'ste asp a ees 
Rami DOWstl Ole stele cssc ee. dae -oSseecs 3 21 15 8 
(TUR DLOUUL cette. here acer a one one 2 3 3 1 
GA 60) Listas Lie tes Seer ees Ae apa) ic 1 3 2 1 
Large-mouthed black bass. ....-.--------- 1 8 7 3 
Smalt-mouthedblack ‘bass: - irscifs255520%%|/"" 9 S4 |. .- gees 2 Ie} se s/o eee 
TOGK PASS Th foc ae en POSE TS Seep tee Soe ae aol Sec eeene 2 2-|----: bee 
BUSIHISEN oe te oc score Pape vote e eee ae ol ee Ri Siete atee Seal eae etate 2 |. o.eic aon lS ate ee 
Yellow perchiccc222. 5. 22. iccctesesse | PL [bec es aen| one ceeea|ee ene ske|s = +s >aenlemnsiegs 1 
Washington: 
HAMMOW UWLOUUs Sacer are cnt te ane oot ee os 3 1 bat ERS de ct ees op 
Black-spotted trout: .--....-4.-----.=22-5- dels sco csatd|astee eed foc tes Geel een 
1250 !a) 5 1940789 taper iss OOS Stein gi cers 1 te ett Pretest rSmin sc ose 
West Virginia: 
Catiten® «.decrescs ctetee eee gercercortsceyeey 61 lecstcbeslode ewe 2 ]S0c ke fect sa 
TRAM DOW TLS s a2 abeecee ea deics sane dteeiae 2 4 pel Pe ses me ee soso 
Brack LK: On Seieties SCOR. remeron x ice 7 7 ed ae RY Here Sep |e : 
p68) 9) Wert Greer Oat nsae occ aaoa care 1 1h ase re AE beg po Sele 2: 
Tae riitaiehed pine Dass. -prenssasn eek * 1 4 1 A 
Wisconsin: 
MLGRINOSO) SHIUIONTS atc ner sce ene avalctet S| eect tactd | toate ate eae ee 
HARI MOW DIOUU. S Sose acces. se es =. oF oe 9 19 ch 1 
Li M3! lps Aste 3 sorter Seer: tks Le losded oad] eee s0e = OSS SESS eee 
Brook seep Sepp baat Or ese es 30 86 6 2 
Oh) 810 Pie Rare dt ohare apmeyaner cas 1 3 40h5 ee eae 
nee emit ibiack basse. 223s Syston ny DBir(uecease le seseeee 1 
Pike perch SSE apni 7 Temsgae Qa esbeey oh 4 (de prope lect sts 1 
Wyoming: 
AM DOW WROUt. once ec eee s doaente cern acs 8 Bee picnics Persia inievierserr fee 
Black-spotted trout..........2.-..2:-...-- 2 1 ee ieee mle otic ie 
WIG VLOULL «os sch st ennne sAatecos se spans a 1 | ae SAE Raed psec seyrsei et e 
Large-mouthed black bass...-...-....----- Liane scciss| sn bo bowinl ache cpiciea| ante setae ae 3 
Lhe: ete permet go oct: Gatien chtag Ss: 1,400 | 1,938 574 307 


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BL/WHOI LIBRARY 


San ns 


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