oe te Oe
le
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LIBRARY
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Ai ltt ec i et an IED ATi NOE DT te I I Ei PM IG ee
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:
SL pet kloan. 4 Sonne ed Spc ae aah
“TWENTY-SECON D
ANNUAL REPORT
MUS OOTP 2H GUN
OF THE
CAM BREDG ates
_ FISHERY BOARD FOR SCOTLAND,
IN THREE PARTS. '
Parr 1,—GENERAL REPORT.
eer to 2 A SG 0 W:
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them either directly )
TWENTY-SECOND
ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
FISHERY BOARD FOR SCOTLAND,
Being for the Year 1908.
IN THREE PARTS.
Parr I,—GENERAL REPORT.
Part IL.—REPORT ON SALMON FISHERIES.
Parr III.—SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS.
PART Il.—REPORT ON SALMON FISHERIES.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS.
TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE FISHERY
BOARD FOR SCOTLAND.
PAGE
Table of Weights of Salmon carried by Scottish Railways and
Steamships, : vi
Curves showing Apa dnanteie the rons of Salmon cnoried he Seottiah
Railways and Steamships
Table of Boxes of Salmon sent to eillimeepate from Sood years
1884 to 1903 inclusive, showing Monthly produce and price, __. vill
Billingsgate Salmon Returns from all sources for the year 1903, : ix
Table of Boxes of Scottish Salmon sent to Billingsgate from 1834 to
1903—Annual Totals, . ; ; ; ; : x
Rentals of Tay District, 1828 to 1903, ; ; : : x1
Inquiries during 1903, : : : : : x1
Reports from District Fishery Boeri : , ; ' x1
Results of Salmon Marking since 1901, ; 2 : xi
P-oportion of Sexes of Salmon, : ; Xl
Observations on Length Measurement, : : , xil
Relative Numbers of Grilse and Salmon in Tay, : : : xl
New Salmon Pass at Lea ae dee : : xl
Tay Bull Trout, : : : ‘ gi
Rateable Value of Salmon Wishery Drieinicts: : ; ; xil
Annual Close Times, . : : : Xii
Chairmen and Clerks of Disteich Mishery Boards, : xii
Annual Report of Mr. W. L. Calderwood, Inspector of feaien
Fisheries for Scotland, and Appendices (see separate Table of
Contents) j ' ’ , ; P : 3
TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT.
TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE
A Ch ARLAM MURRAY, KC.) MD,,
His Majesty's Secretary for Scotland.
OFFICE OF THE FisHERY Boarp
FOR SCOTLAND,
Epinpurea, lst Way, 1904.
SIR,
In continuation of our Twenty-second Annual Report we have
the honour to submit—
PART IL—REPORT ON SALMON FISHERIES.
The total weight of Salmon carried by Scottish Railways and
Steamships during the fishing season of 1903, while showing the
decline of 64 tons over the result for 1902, 1s nevertheless above
the average for the quinquennial period 1899-1903 (inclusive) by
12 tons 9 cwts.
The tabulation of these results was commenced in 1894, so that
it is this year possible to compare two quinquennial averages.
When this is done, a decline in the latter of the two periods is
shown, amounting to 736 tons 7 cwts. 3 qrs. 12 lbs. The follow-
ing Table gives the figures :—
Report on Salmon Fisheries,
61 I 9 st |G aj 6 TZT [Tt & &I LOT | 1G I $T 966 I val ZEL | OL i ST
¢ if 7 GLE f OL a 8 06 48 0 8 G&S § OT & 8 £06 I ST 686 F & 7: 6I
LT § Or LE&L ee j ren & LOL f LL I ] 98L | SZ & 8T OPL - b 689 Sr G GI
6 G tT 6&8 jf FL T ST 198 4 &@ j § css 4 & I Oo oF8 & LT 928 5 9 G LI
ee | | | Sf
ZOOizel eas Sor eA Teo
est | * * * “teptog
oy} OF MOSSEL
e9g |° °° ‘MOdsepD
0} YI, odo
scL | ‘uyvIm edeQ 09
qui0g s[Nquareg
618 |* * “qulog 3ynq
“WUD 0} OIAMIOg
"JOLIYSTG
"ST | ‘SID |'szaQ | 'suOL} ‘saT | “SIH ]'s}4O | ‘SUOL] ‘saqT | ‘SI |'sprD | “SUOL] “SqT | “SIO |'S9AX1O | SUOL] ‘SAT “SQ tate "SUOL| “SAT | “SQ | ‘84X09 | “SUOT,
“JUSTO "VUSTO AA "4USTO MA ‘FUSIOAL ‘4USTOM "qUSTOM.
‘aSvIOAy "E061 ‘ZO6T “LOGI ‘006T “6681
|
aa 0 6L | 9% | 8 8 LEO'S EZ g OL VB Ger a? ra ial 980‘
Ae P6L'S | ZI | z G SIZE 1% rd I 666‘ f OT i Il ERGs Ee NTBIO,
8 616 JT Pole 66 ALT I *- | 938 Pik cg PIGS |S = “aepiog
aU} 0} AMOSSLLD
He 0LZ 4 ¢ g G FIp ff OL Masai 2 916 |P g SI Tle |° * * ‘MOSsvpy
0} WeIM edeg
i A, \)3 I eI 186 iL 22 Nees o6r LT] LT rs | 6 662 | ‘UAV adv 0%
quiog S[uquareg
I I SI 90z'T | ST ¢ 8 999 IF | T ¢ L861 9% I 9 Ese‘ | FZ g I FEST | &s j 8 £96 | ° ‘quiog s[nq
-UITBO 09 YOIMIOT
*“sq7T | “sad |'89aQ] ‘suoy, | “sq’y | ‘SIH | "SIMO ‘SuOL| “SQT | ‘SIM | SIMD] ‘SUOTL} “Sq'T | ‘SIH | ‘S}MD] ‘suUOLs “saT ‘SIH [SIMO] “SUOT| “SQT | “SAH | S449) “SUO, |
!
‘QUS1O. MA "qUSIOM ‘WUSIOM “VUSTOM “PUSTOM "0519 A BOAULS (6
‘OOVIOAV ‘S681 “L68T ‘968T “C6ST ‘P6ST
‘sdiystseyg pur sAvayiery ystyqeog Aq pelle UOW[S JO SYYSIOM OY} SULAOYS ATAV],
CURVES SHOWING APPROXIMATELY THE TONS OF SALMON CARRIED BY
SCOTTISH RAILWAYS & STEAMSHIPS SINCE 1894.
DIVISIONS OF.
SCOTTISH COAST.
N
Berwick to
Cairnbulg Point
K
ZZ
od
a=
Sa ae
2S aS
Cairnbulg Point to
Cape Wrath
| N
a
—
Cape Wrath ta
Glasgow
Glasgow to the
Report on Saimon Fisheries, vii
From reports received by the Inspector of Salmon Fisheries
from District Fishery Boards, and referred to by him in his
Report, it appears that in comparing the results of 1903 and
1902, the deficiency which is noticeable in the above Table
in the case of the Cairnbulg to Cape Wrath, and Cape
Wrath to Glasgow sections of the country is due to scarcity
of grilse. Returns which the Inspector gives show that the
salmon were more numerous in 1903 than in 1902, but that
the grilse shortage more than outweighed the increase of salmon.
In 1902, on the other hand, the run of grilse was in many localities
far above the average, but returns based upon weight alone do not
show sufficiently the fluctuations of those hght fish, since it is
impossible in the Railway and Steamship returns to separate them
from the heavier salmon.
The chart of curves, showing the annual returns of weight of
salmon and grilse carried from the four sections into which the
country 1s divided, is herewith continued :—
[ TABLE
Vill Report on Salmon Fisheries
Mons : A monthly return of the number of boxes of salmon received at
Son teeh Billinesgate has been, as hitherto, kindly furnished by The Fish-
Salmon sent to mongers’ Company. We have incorporated the returns respecting
Billingsgate. . ° . :
Scotland, with the returns of previous years, in the following
Table -—
TABLE showing Number of Boxes of Scottish Salmon delivered at
TE 2 fe 1
Billingsgate each Month for the Years 1884 to 1903 in-
clusive :—
‘COGL SuLIn ee 4 In
Table of Boxes slate “ Fey Salis wy ty sos ica) cal oo
. S re
of Scottish dong ATYPUOTY Hawn NA A AR AR A 4m
Salmon sent VOBIBAY * A oa |
to Billingsgate ‘TOGL Sulanp
1884-1903. “qy tod = eo hb A a AN © an o |
sortg A[qUOW w Cl cll tal TAN Se fee ee |
OSBIOAW
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qI 128 =
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dog A]YQUONN w To G a of 2 2 a a
ISVIVAW
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NOUN a VS
x Report on Salmon Fisherves.
The full return from The Fishmongers’ Company is shown
on the preceding page.
In order that totals for a long series of years may be compared,
the following Table is given :—
TABLE showing the Number of Boxes of Scottish Salmon sent to
Billingsgate from 1834 to 1903 inclusive :—
Table of Boxes
pierre i en Year, Boxes of Salmon. Year. Boxes of Salmon.
Billingsgate =
from 1834 to
19038 inclusive. 1834 30,650 1869 20,474
1835 42,330 1870 20,648
1836 24,570 1871 23,390
1837 32,300 1872 24,404
1838 21,400 1873 30,181
1839 16,340 1874 32,180
1840 15,160 1875 20,375
1841 28,500 1876 34,655
1842 39,417 1877 28,189
1843 30,300 1878 26,465
1844 28,178 1879 13,929
1845 31,062 1880 17,457
1846 25,510 1881 23,905
1847 20,112 1882 22,968
1848 27525 1883 35,506
1849 23,690 1884 27,219
1850 13,940 1885 30,362
1851 11,593 1886 23,407
1852 13,044 1887 26,907
1853 19,485 1888 22,857
1854 23,194 1889 21,101
1855 18,197 1890 18,931
1856 15,438 1891 25,889
1857 18,654 1892 21,919
1858 21,564 1893 18,903
1859 15,823 1894 15,489
1860 15,870 1895 25,364
1861 12,337 1896 22,435
1862 22,796 1897 16,284
1863 24,297 1898 14,174
1864 22,603 1899 15,411
1865 19,009 - 1900 15,151
1866 21,725 1901 16,648
1867 _ 23,006 1902 15,965
1868 “2. 265020 1903 15,103
The figure for 1903 seems to show the continuance of the
practice, noticed in recent years, of sending an increased number
of salmon to markets other than Billingsgate.
Report on Salmon Fisherves. X1
The Tay rentals for the past 75 years are as follow:—
Year. Rental. Year. Rental.
ee ee eA HT 4 10 6 TRG GUN Eat Mie = vet Fd on 1B) (A
S29, A came ak 29% 108 0 Poenius gte 852, 18.../4
Po eeie 5 8, oe XO feces Won reece a ciey. 10
Tee ee 13.87 San 0 TeCoe eer ale pAese 5 0
eee ees GG IG 0.0 Outen tT Ode 8. 4
ote ee ToT 7. 0: 0 Fad igle tack OME NEY 0 Maar
fees 1) 516 67 101 O Tenge SPL te 16a" Ea! O
Fes H we LON NERO ISRE PO! G NO he eel pol Sra sO
fese re 2 ODT 104" 0 See Coy UN Ch eeIgaTy 13.1.8
eS arian WOM DO 162, 0 18754 ee 268d yA
Pee ee) T0985 0. C PETG Aa ae (heed bo OR 0K TS A
eee tes T0498. Ore 0 iSite 196 4 0
feng ye te Tons 0 , 0 Poe es he Tea LO
MOM te TOR aG BO Reon earn Ogg ed IMO
en ea 9 955 5 0. tN BBO 8 Tb 9518 8 7
HOCUS DCE 10.519" 6) O PRUE LOC OURO MEL 5
ean 29.) 914)! 101886: 10) 0 1809 GOIN We Dist Sioo7 Snags
AGW ANB EL Viz O LORI 15.0 18638 WOH QED TFS) 340
TEA AW eso Vj O8099: 12500 PSS4oi lus ma) ROAD EDS al 4oehb
eA Ge hain oh bed} 10:0 feeHCnire ay Al FOO; EL ey Oln2
NS tee veut ayy 12.057 :110740 rei oe Me eaten mn Eksp) iy eee mer
ete 00729 416K 0) 7) nnkBOe Gilt &),mwes in 229148, 16.177
OO ed ce ADT chly 0 1886 ey rey 19.655, 0 1.0
Te te Ob 80 | O10 Bee ay, eee To 9 0
Peo ke S78 5) WOO ee ee SLO. 0
GE Sel esta ese ais aay aia Noga eee Tose 6118
fisetyaootins cil) 191969061) 6 NAGE ry Hl) so4) 19-018 60 0
Boom tarot eS: 9RT 18) 15 ISOBGrt incon D762 4,3
SoCo Mees pacal pl O98) 1064 4 TS VO Maa a Weta I Siro pe aa
Seas te ck hT 26 0. ob 1SG5ab is aes GE CO0 1D 44
Meee ya ee, sk 4er 2 5 Tecoer 7 peak s6. 79
Teo ee we TPR eA O hSOM ar he st wel eee 8.) 4
Pee ore 18.807 10% Pegg eee ae 1S. 22
Sateen Ot OOS te ocr Pegg te a Soveor 31 0
Pee, Nt E801 a" 0 HOO AGL Ao mals a3 U0
HeGRe: PND PIS 1493916! 6 (og PEM) Setigoinneiya 00
Sass BEV Meiz4O fhe O TSO 2PIpnE (i) Fe imooteeg 120
BoC a Has PREIS On 7 1903.1) RS) tiers 629.901, 11910.0
It was noted in the Report for 1902 that the Tay rental was higher
than it ever had been. The rental for 1903 is an advance on
even that high figure.
The net fishing of the Tay is now confined to the waters below
the Linn of Campsie, and the great majority of the fishing stations
are in the tenancy of the Tay Salmon Fisheries Company.
Mr. Calderwood reports that during the past year he helda
series of meetings with District Fishery Boards for the purpose of
discussing the recommendations of the Royal Commission on
Salmon Fisheries with regard to limitation of netting in narrow
waters, and that he has already reported to the Scottish Office the
Rental of Tay
Salmon
Fishings.
Present extent
of Net and
Coble Fishing.
Reports from
District
Fishery
Boards,
Salmon
Marking
Results.
Proportion of
the Sexes of
Salmon.
Length
Measurement.
Relative
Number of
Grilse and
Salmon in
Tay.
Invermoriston
Salmon Pass.
Tay Bull
Trout.
Rateable
Values.
Close Times.
xi Report on Salmon Fisheries.
results of these meetings. A resumé is given in his Report, and
the extent to which net and coble fishing is carried on at the
present time is shown in Appendix L., together with the names of
proprietors and tacksmen.
Answers were received, by the Inspector, to the different queries
regarding the salmon fisheries, issued annuaily to Clerks of all
District Fishery Boards, and to those proprietors or their agents
who hold rights of salmon fishing over an entire district or series of
districts. The replies, which form Appendix II. to the Inspector's
Report come, apparently, from every district possible, and form the
most complete return yet received.
Mr. Calderwood furnishes, in Appendix III., a second paper on
the results of the salmen marking operations which have been
conducted for some years. Since the publication of his first paper
on this subject sixty-two additional recaptures have been made,
many of which are of considerable interest. Several fish marked as
erilse have been recaptured as salmon, which should reduce the
belief still held by some engaged in the salmon fisheries industry,
that the grilse is not a young salmon; moreover, it is shown by
the recaptures that grilse kelts of one spring may return as clean
salmon either in the summer of the same year, or as clean spring
fish in the following year, and that this divided migration persists
also in later stages of the salmon’s existence. In treating the Tay
recaptures, Mr. Calderwood has, by selecting important cases, been
able to construct a diagram showing approximately the migrations
and growth of the T'ay (female) fish up to its seventh year.
As arising from the marking of salmon and the collecting of
particulars respecting the length and sex of fish, papers are also
furnished on the measurements of unspawned salmon and grilse,
Appendix IV.; the proportion of the sexes during the winter and
spring months, Appendix V.; and on the relative numbers of
erilse and salmon in the lower Tay during the spawning season,
Appendix VI. With regard to the proportion of the sexes, it
appears that in different parts of Scotland opposite conditions
obtain. In many rivers in the centre and south of Scotland female
salmon appear to be more numerous than males, whereas in the
north, in the counties of Caithness, Sutherland, and Ross, males
seem to be in excess.
In Appendix VII. is found a description, with illustrations, of the
largest salmon pass which has as yet been attempted in Scotland.
This new structure, which is now in operation, is at the Inver-
moriston Fallin the Ness District. The difference in level between
the pool above and the pool below the Fall is 24 feet, and the
gradient of the Pass is 1 in 21:7.
A note on the Bull Trout of the Tay, including an analysis of the
flesh of this fish, forms Appendix VIII.
Tables giving the Rateable Values of Salmon Fisheries in
various districts in Scotland, and Annual Close Times at present in
force, are given as Appendices IX. and X.; anda List stating the
Report on Salmon Fisheries. X1ll
name of the Chairman and Clerk of each District Fishery Board, is
given as Appendix XI.
We have the honour to be,
Right Hon, Sir,
Your most obedient servants,
ANGUS SUTHERLAND, Chairman.
D. CRAWFORD, Deputy-Chairman.
DARCY W. THOMPSON.
Woh DUGUID.
I. MIELOY.
D. MEARNS
H. WATSON.
WM. C. ROBERTSON, Secretary.
TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT
OF
THE INSPECTOR OF SALMON FISHERIES
FOR SCOTLAND.
VII.
VIL,
IX.
xe
x1
APPENDICES.
Annual Report of Mr. W. L. Calderwood, Inspector of Salmon
Fisheries for Scotland, ;
Appendices to Mr. Calderwood’s aRenon: —
Table showing River and Estuarine Salmon Net Fisheries, for
Fishing Season 1904,
. Answers to Printed Queries issued to District Richewy Banas
_ A Contribution to the Life History of the Salmon, as Observed
by Means of Marking Adult Fish. Second Paper. W. L.
Calderwood,
. Notes on the Lowa Men emnents of Uiivaw ed Spiraea Til
Grilse ‘‘ Marked” in November, 1903. TI. W. Johnston,
. An Estimate of the Proportion of the Sexes of Salaam in
certain Scottish Rivers during the Winter and Spring
Months. W. L. Calderwood,
. Notes on the Relative Numbers of Grilse a San in ft
Lower Tay during the Spawning Season. W., L. Calderwood,
Description of a New Salmon Pass at Invermoriston Fall,
District of the River Ness. W. L. Calderwood, :
Note on the Tay Bull Trout, with an Analysis of its Flesh.
W. L. Calderwood, :
Table giving Rateable Values of Salman iashenies
List of Annual Closing Times in Force in Scotland: :
List of Chairmen and Clerk of each District chery Board,
PAGE
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i
:
:
.
E
MR. CALDERWOOD’S REPORT.
FISHERY BOARD FOR SCOTLAND,
8th March 1904.
I have the honour to transmit to the Fishery Board for Scotland
my report for the year 1903. Early in March, a communication
was addressed, by the Under Secretary for Scotland, to the Clerks
of the District Fishery Boards of Scotland, in which attention pjstrict
was called to the Report of the Royal Commission on Salmon Beards and
Fisheries, and more especially to the passages which deal with the jin}tation of
Commissioners’ recommendations with regard to the limitation of Net and Coble
netting in narrow waters.. In order that the Secretary for Scot- Fishie-
land might receive an expression of the views of District Fishery
Boards on those important recommendations, the suggestion was
made that meetings should be arranged with me for the purpose
of discussing the subject, and in order that I might subsequently
report to the Secretary for Scotland on the views of the various
District Boards respecting the particular areas under their control.
A similar communication was sent to the Tweed Commissioners.
As a result of those communications I met with a special
committee of the Tweed Commissioners, and with the following
Boards :—
Forth, Tay, South Esk, North Esk, Dee (Aberdeenshire),
Don, Spey, Findhorn, Ness, Conon, Kyle of Sutherland, Awe,
Cree, Nith, and Annan. In two other cases, viz., the Deveron and
the Solway Dee, discussion was anticipated by meetings being held
and resolutions passed ere an attempt was made to arrange a
meeting with me. This, indeed, was also done in another case—
the Conon—hut in view of the position adopted it was still possible
to meet the Board and discuss the subject, and this was done. I
reported the result of those meetings, at considerable length,
to the Secretary for Scotland, dealing with existing conditions and
the resolutions arrived at by the various Boards. Condensed into
tabular form the result may be represented thus :—
[TABLE
a Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
Favourable to Limita- | Unable to Express Against Limitation
tion of Netting in Opinion or take :
Narrow Waters. Action. of Netting.
1. Tweed. 12. ay 18. North Esk.
2. Forth. 13. South Esk,
3. Dee (Ab’rd’nshire),| 14. Deveron.
4, Don. 15. Ness.
5. Spey. 16. Conon.
6. Findhorn. 17. Dee (Solway)
7. Kyle of Sutherland.
8. Awe.
9. Cree.
10. Nith.
11. Annan.
In the case of Boards favourable to the limitation of netting in
narrow waters, [ may mention that in the river Annan all netting
has already been removed; and that since the date of my meeting
with the Spey Board, the nets of the Spey have been removed
after agreement respecting compensation—as far down as the
Cumberland Ford below the road bridge at Fochabers, thus leaving
only about three miles of netted water. With regard to the Aber-
deenshire Dee, it is unnecessary for me here to refer to the well-
known operations of the Dee Angling Improvement Association in
removing, by means of voluntary subscription, the nets of that
river from Banchory downwards, for fully sixteen miles, almost to
Aberdeen. The resolution of the Dee Fishery Board was, however,
interesting as showing a strong belief in the value, to the general
interests of the district fisheries, of the Angling Association’s
operations. The results referred to have now stood the test of
fully thirty years’ experience, and the resolution of the Dee Board
shows that the members, both upper and lower proprietors, desire
to secure the permanency of the conditions which have been
created, but which up to the present time, from 1872, have existed
merely on the precarious footing of yearly agreement. The River
Tweed is still netted as the Dee was in 1872, namely for sixteen
miles upwards from the mouth, and the main runs of fish are
now crowded into the very late close season. It is therefore of
great interest to find, think, that the Tweed Commissioners can
approach the subject of the proposed limitation of netting, and
that a highly representative committee can pass a resolution in
favour of the proposal. In no district in Scotland does the salmon
fishing industry receive a larger share of public attention ; in no
district are more men employed in the industry ; and in view of
the large interests involved and the importance of the fisheries, it
is clear that the best possible regulations should be brought into
play in order to conserve and improve the resources of this
wonderful river.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 5
In the case of Boards unable to express an opinion, or to take
action with regard to the proposal to limit netting, it should be
observed that in the rivers Tay and South Hsk, nets have already
been to a considerable extent removed, in the former case as far
down as the Linn of Campsie, in the latter case to a point near the
mouth of the river proper. In discussing the question with the
Ness Board a point of unforeseen difficulty arose in view of the
interpretation which may be put upon the expression “narrow
waters.” Loch Ness is one of the few fresh water lochs in
Scotland which is regularly netted for salmon, and those interested
in this netting declined to regard the expression ‘“‘ narrow waters ”
as applicable to the loch. On the part of the six Boards given
under this heading, however, the reluctance to adopt any definite
position was, in my opinion, very largely due to a fear lest the
position of proprietors not represented on the Boards, and who
had not been consulted on the matter, should be unwittingly
prejudiced. ‘This position could be readily appreciated, yet it was,
I think, sufficiently clear that in Boards being asked for an
expression of their views they were not being asked to pledge
themselves to a position which would be regarded as binding over
the whole district in the future. At all the meetings, the principle
of compensating those whose net fishings may ultimately be
removed was assumed as being clearly implied in the Report of
the Royal Commission on Salmon Fisheries (p. 36).
In the case of the North Esk Board, which alone passed a
resolution hostile to the proposal to limit netting in narrow waters,
I may be permitted to state that the resolution was prepared and
agreed to by the lower proprietors—who are in the majority—before
the meeting took place, and that it was based upon the argument,
supported by good evidence, that the present amount of netting in
the district—which netting has been constant for a great number
of years,—has not produced a decline in the stock of fish. The
question of improving the general interest of their whole
district 1s complicated by other considerations which need not be
referred to here.
After the close of the fishing season of 1903 I issued to the
various District Fishery Boards the usual queries with regard to
the take of fish, protection, and conduct of local fisheries, etc. I have
much pleasure in being able to report that along with answers from
District Boards I have this year been favoured with replies from the
Tweed Commissioners through the kindness of Sir Richard Waldie
Griffith, Bart., the Chairman, and Mr. D. W. B. Tait, W.S., the
Clerk. I have also pleasure in reporting that I have been supplied
with answers respecting the Loch Lomond District of the Clyde
Area by the Secretary of the Loch Lomond Angling Improvement
Association, a body which occupies anincreasingly important position
in regulating and protecting the fisheries of the district. Those
answers will be found, with the answers from District Fishery
Boards and Factors to sole proprietors of Fishery Districts, in the
2nd Appendix to this Report.
With regard to the Take of Salmon generally throughout the
country, it appears from those reports that in the great majority of
6 Appendices to Twenty-second Annnal Report
districts the fishings are described as having yielded results above
Deficioncy of the average, although in several instances it is stated that the grilse
an crop was poor. Noticeably is this the case in Sutherland, where last
year the fishings were described as of average result. The following
figures show this serious decrease of grilse :—
Sea
Year. Salmon. Grilse. Trout.
East Sutherland Rivers 1902. , 653 1,039 248
(Net and Coble). 1903: 1,204 247 194
+551 —792 —54
West Sutherland Coast 1902. 1,341 8,716 189
(Bag Nets). 1903. 1,356 2,970 274
+15 — 5,756 +85
North Sutherland 1902. TAGS 10,376 (4!)
(Net and Coble and 1903. ODT 4,944 86
Bag Nets).
+784 — 5,432 +7
We may see from the above figures that in the County of Suther-
land the results of the net fishings show, as compared with the
results of 1902,a deficit of 11,980 grilseand an increase of 1350 salmon.
In the County of Caithness also a somewhat similar result seems to
have been experienced. By areturn with which I am favoured from
Mr. Peter Keith, factor to Sir Tollemache Sinclair, Bart., of
Ulbster, I am able to ascertain the result of all the fishings of the
Thurso District except those of Brims and Holborn Head. The
coast fishings as compared with the season of 1902 show a decrease
of 1815 grilse and an increase of 381 salmon. The rod fishing of the
Rod Fishings River Thurso for March, April, and May (the chief months) shows
of Thurso, = total for 1902 of 189 salmon, and for 1903 a total of 414 salmon.
A full statement of the rod fishings from the year 1863 to 1903 will
be found appended to the Thurso report in Appendix II. Separating
these totals into eight quinquennial periods—excluding only 1903
—the results are:—3574, 3804, 3720, 23938, 2450, 2433, 1793,
1125, an unfortunate and steady decline being noticable. The
annual average take for the period of 40 years is 529 fish. It has to
be explained, however, that while angling has always been steadily
carried on by the six or more rods on the eleven beats available in
the months of March, April, and May, and almost invariably in
February, fishing in January is for the most part shown between
the years 1870 and 1890, and for the month of June only from 1891
to 1900.
With regard to the returns giving the weight of salmon carried
Weight of | by railways, etc., it will be noted that only in one of the four divisions
Salmon of the country commonly used in giving this return is their an
re increase, viz., in the division from Berwick to Cairnbulg Point at
the entrance to the Moray Firth. This division, however, includes
by far the most important commercial fisheries of the country. In
the caso of the divisions from Cairnbulg to Cape Wrath and from
Cape Wrath to Glasgow, it would appear that the weight of the
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 7
increased number of salmon has not been sufficient to counter-
balance the deficiency in grilse already noted. In many districts
however, owing apparently to the excessive rainfall of the season,
an unusual number of fish ascended to the upper reaches of our
rivers, and the rod-fishing was distinctly good. After the close of
the fishing season also very large numbers of spawning fish have
been noticed in many localities.
In answering the queries, some important notes have been made,
to which I desire to draw attention. To the general question,
‘“‘ Are there any other points relating to the Salmon Fisheries in General
“your district to which you would wish to direct the attention of Questions.
“the Board, in addition to those suggested by the preceding
‘“‘ queries?” usually inserted at the end of the paper issued, the
clerk to the Forth District answers :—“ The salmon fisheries of this
“district continue to suffer from the prevalence of hang or drift
“net fishing. ‘The Common Law remedies are quite inadequate to
“deal with this species of illegal fishing, and it will be impossible
“‘to cope with it to any good purpose until it is made a statutory
“ offence, akin to fishing with a net having an undersized mesh.”
In view of the important decision in the House of Lords respecting
hang-net fishing in the Tay, it is perhaps unnecessary to explain
that the hang-net fishing now complained of as still carried on in
the Forth is not practised openly as a recognised and legitimate
method of catching salmon.
A similar statement comes from the district of the River Annan.
“It would be well to still keep in view the complicated state of
“the Acts of Parliament referring to the Solway Firth. During
“the last three years the Eden District Fishery Board have
“granted licenses to fish for salmon in the Solway Firth with draft
“nets about 300 yards long, and in addition most of these license-
“holders have also been granted permission to fish for salmon by
‘the lessee of the Crown fishings in said firth in the parish of
‘““ Ruthwell in this county.
“The nets used by them are what are known as whammel or
‘hang nets, and all the fish caught in them are hanged. Although
‘licensed to fish with draft net, the method adopted by them is
“not what is usually termed draft or coble net fishing. They
“generally carry about 600 yards of net, and when challenged by
‘the river constables they state there is no limit to the length of
“the nets used in the aforesaid Crown fishings, which is the case.
“There is no doubt that these nets are used in the dark tides as
“drift hang nets, and cause a good deal of illegal fishing.”
As indicating the need, often expressed in other quarters, for
statistics showing the number of fish taken in any district, so that
useful comparisons of annual takes and methods of fishing may be
possible for the guidance of those striving to regulate and maintain
the fisheries, it may be noticed that a strongly worded recom-
mendation on this matter comes from the clerk to the Kyle of
Sutherland District F ishery Board. 'Tacksmen have, as a rule, a
strong objection to disclosing the actual numbers of fish captured,
and, unlike shooting tenants, are as a rule in no way bound to do
so even to the proprietor whose fishings they may rent. With
**Scringing.”
Pollution of
the Girvan.
8 Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
regard to this important matter, a very definite expression of
opinion is to be found in the Report of the Royal Commission on
Salmon Fisheries (p. 16)—‘‘ We think that this is a case where the
“public advantage ought to outweigh the private objection, and
“that powers should be given to the Central Authority in England
‘and Scotland respectively, to obtain statistics by methods already
‘‘adopted for other purposes of government, by which inquisitorial
“treatment and unnecessary publication are avoided.”
I have pleasure in reporting that the wanton practice of netting
the mouths of West Highland streams, usually termed “scringing,”
and referred to repeatedly in these reports, has lately received a
substantial check at the hands of The Worshipful Company of
Fishmongers, through their chief inspector, Mr. Morris, and their
established agent in Scotland, Mr. Robert Pringle, W.S. It has
now become difficult for those engaged in “scringing” to secure
the sale of their illegally caught fish. The result is, I consider, of
most material value to the salmon and sea trout fisheries of the
West Highlands.
It will be recollected that in February 1902 a very serious case
of pollution occurred in the River Girvan through the pumping of
accumulated water from Dalquharran Coal Pit. The water was
pumped into a burn which flows into the Girvan near Dailly, and
between this burn and the sea, a distance of about eight and a
half miles, every fish died. All the kelts which had not descended
to the sea perished, and a like fate attended the smolts when they
migrated seawards from the upper waters. Clean fish could not
ascend, and, since the pumping of the poisonous water was allowed
to continue, the river became practically void of migratory
salmonide. An analysis of the water showed enormous
quantities of metallic salts, especially sulphate of iron (569-96
grains per gallon), that powerful absorber of oxygen; and in the
opinion of the public analysts of Glasgow the water, even if mixed
with fifty times its own bulk of pure water, would still have
destroyed fish life. Mr. Kennedy, the proprietor of Dulquharran
Coal Pit, and chairman of the District Fishery Board, tried the
introduction of quicklime to precipitate the sulphates, but as much
as four tons of quicklime per diem appeared to produce no effect.
A settling pond was also tried, but the pumps working 12 hours
a day were throwing 475 gallons of water per minute, and it was
clear that such an enormous quantity could not be treated satis-
factorily in this manner. Finally, in July 1902, all remedial
measures were discontinued. In last year’s report from the Girvan
District it was stated that an action for interdict was probable. In
the report I have now received, however (for 1903), it is stated
that no steps were taken to remove any cause of pollution, and
that “ The river being generally flooded, the effects of the pollution
“from Dalquharran Colliery were not so noticeable as last year.
“Salmon took the fly as usual” (22 appear to have been caught),
“and a good stock of breeding fish are now in the upper reaches
“of the river. . . . The water is still being pumped from the
“ colliery in much the same quantity as before, but it 1s not con-
‘sidered to be now so much impregnated with noxious elements.”
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 9
In the Conon District, the Brahan Castle cruives are again being Conon Cruives,
fished, and it is reported in consequence that the value of the rod
fishings above the cruive dykes has been materially affected. I
have no data to show the extent of the averred decline, but I am of
opinion that in any district where cruive fishing is carried on the
natural and necessary distribution of ascending: fish is impossible,
and that it is therefore most unfortunate that these cruives should
again have been fished. A short statement concerning this matter
will be found in Appendix II. in the report from the Conon
District. Other cruive fishings which remain in Scotland are Other Cruives.
on the Don at Granholm Mills, the Earn at Strathallan, the
Forth at Craigforth, the Awe at Inverawe—perhaps the least
injurious cruive on account of the good midstream gap which
exists—and the Cluden at Cluden Mills. I am pleased to be able
to report that in all probability the last-named cruive, or as it is
locally termed, ‘“ creel,” may be modified in a beneficial manner
before another fishing season. It is noteworthy that in the past,
whenever the owner of the right of cruive fishings has had any
interest in preserving angling in the upper waters, he has dis-
continued the use of his cruive and in many cases allowed the
dykes to be gradually demolished by floods, or removed entirely
from the river.
In the Ness District the proprietors round Loch Ness have Loch Ness
recently formed an Association named “The Loch Ness Angling 48!"s-
Association” for the purpose of controlling and regulating the
angling in that locality. Hach member of the Association has the
right to use two boats in fishing the loch, while other boats are
available for the public at a scale of charges agreed upon. As the
gamekeepers of the various proprietors are to be regarded as bailiffs
of the Association for the detection of poaching offences, the
influence of the Association may be regarded as supplementary to
the action of the District Fishery Board.
In this district a most extensive work in the construction of a
new fish pass round the Invermoriston Fall has now been com-
pleted. A description of this will be found in Appendix VII.
When at Stirling for the purpose of meeting the Forth District Allan Water.
Board in order to discuss the recommendations of the Royal Com-
mission respecting the limitation of netting in narrow waters, [
took occasion to inspect the various dam dykes of the Allan Water.
This tributary seems to attract large numbers of fish in the latter
part of the season. It drains an area estimated as 77 square miles
in extent, and contains much valuable spawning ground. In view
of the fact that in the neighbourhood of Bridge of Allan and
Dunblane much snatching and stroke-hauling of fish is reported as
practised in the autumn, it is to be regretted that the dam dykes
are not provided with suitable fish passes to enable the gravid fish
to ascend to the higher and less frequented waters.
In ascending the river the first obstruction is Keirfield Dam Dyke,
immediately above and in part under the bridge at Bridge of Allan.
The lade and mill are on the right bank, the former being unpro-
vided with hecks, but at the extreme left end of the dyke, in the
angle caused by the dyke meeting the retaining wall of the road
19 Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
which passes up the side of the river at this point, two substantial
sluices are inserted in the sill of the dyke. During low conditions of
water these sluices are kept down, but the gap inthe weir so closed
is considerable, being twelve feet broad and two feet deep. On the
sluices being raised, therefore, a very large volume of water will
descend and afford a convenient lead up for ascending fish, since
immediately below the sluices a sloping apron is stretched across
the angle between the weir and the wall, and serves the double
purpose of reducing the gradient and of protecting the compara-
tively high river bed from being washed out by the descending
rush of water. Moreover, the natural lead for fish ascending
towards this Keirfield Dam Dyke is towards this point, and in
suitable conditions of water with the sluices raised, I should say
that fish will find little difficulty in ascending this obstruction.
A short distance further up the river another obstruction is met
with, viz. the Bridge of Allan Meal Mill Dam. This is a low dyke
of loose stones and boulders. It has no gap of any sort, nor are
there hecks on the lade which passes off from the right bank. A
distinct disadvantage noticeable concerning this lade is that the
contained water is not returned to the river above the Keirfield
Dam just referred to, but is carried into the lade coming from the
Keirfield Dam and so into the river some distance below Bridge of
Allan.
The next dam dyke is a much more serious obstruction, and
should certainly be dealt with by the Forth District Fishery Board.
I refer to the Arrthrie Dyke, by means of which Airthrie paper mill
is supplied with water. It is 167 feet in length, and is 9 feet
6 inches high in the centre, where the downstream face is 47 feet
with a gradient of lin 5. At the extreme right, several ledges of
rock project upstream and raise the level of the river bed, and
upon these rocks the right-hand portion of the dyke rests. The
downstream face is here only 28 feet, but owing to the presence of
the rocks the gradient is 1 in 6. This dyke has the appearance of
being maintained in good repair. It does not leak, and the down-
stream face is comparatively smooth and uniform. There is no
gap or fish pass of any sort, nor are there hecks to the lade which
passes off from the left bank. Iam informed by the Superintendent
that fish usually attempt to ascend close to the projecting rocks
already referred to. ‘These rocks can, however, be reached without
much difficulty when the river is not in flood, and I should think
that fish lying below the obstruction or failing to ascend are much
exposed to the art of poachers who may resort thither. The rocks
might well be taken advantage of to construct some convenient
form of pass.
At the rocky cascades which occur at Kippenross, a cruive
formerly existed, but this obstruction has long since been removed.
Above Kippenross there is a Dam Dyke in connection with the
Lower Keir Mill, a large meal mill which stands on the right bank,
and from which at the time of my visit much water was uselessly
pouring through a bye-wash. The Dyke is however so arranged that
slanting well upstream towards the left bank where the level of the
river bed rises, the obstruction, comes, as it were, to a vanishing point
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. |
and a fine natural waterflow allows the free ascent of fish. This
arrangement of dam dyke is seen also in the River Leven which
flows from Loch Lomond.
There is also a Dam Dyke at the Upper Keir Mill. It starts
downwards from the left bank through the central arch of the rail-
way bridge. The height of this dyke varies from about 43 to 5
feet. A gap and suitable fish pass might with great advantage be
formed in the portion of the dam which passes below the central
arch of the bridge. There isaheck on the intake of the lade on the
right bank but none on the tail race.
The next obstruction is an extremely bad one, being the dam dyke
of what is still called Dunblane Mill. The building so called does
not appear to be now used as a mill but rather as a carpenter’s shop.
The unhecked lade runs full and the water-power may still be
used, but the case seems to me to be one where in all probability
the interests of salmon fisheries might, without great difficulty, be
provided for. No gap or fish pass exist in the dyke, which is on
the average about. five feet in height. These should certainly be
required of the owner, and in my opinion the lade should be
closed and the water turned over the weir when water-power is not
required.
A short distance above this a small dam dyke exists for which
there seems no reasonable excuse. It is certainly not a serious
obstruction and fish should, without great difficulty, get up towards
the left bank, but it isa dyke with no mill or other work attached,
and without any lade passing off from either bank. Presumably
the mill in connection with which the dam dyke was to have been
used was never built.
Above this is the Dam Dyke of Springbank Wool Mill, a long
structure which first slants upstream from the right bank and thus
forming an obtuse angle crosses to the opposite side, near which
there is a gap and short zig-zag fish ladder. The dyke is not high,
but the downstream face is abrupt. The gap in the sill is probably
useful, but the ascent of salmon would be facilitated if the zig-
zag steps and a boulder immediately below were removed. Owing
to the presence of a large gravel bank, however, a splendid pass
could readily be devised by the formation of a small subsidiary dyke
and of a pool near the left bank. The lade in this case is provided
with upper and lower necks.
Two other obstructions exist in the Allan Water, viz. the
Ashfielil Dam about two and a half miles above Dunblane, and the
Kinbuck Wool Mill Dam six miles above Dunblane. These
I had not an opportunity of visiting, but the fomer is, I understand,
a rather formidable dyke some seven or eight feet in perpendicular
height but with a pass at the right side and sluices similar to those
already described for the Keirfield Dam at Bridge of Allan.
A new weir was in 1902 constructed across the Almond in the
District of the River Tay. The purpose of the weir is to give a Tuy.
supply of water to an artificial loch constructed on the Bertha
Kstate and stocked with trout. A pass has now been erected on the
left bank at this Bertha Dam Dyke, the plan of which was submitted
to me on 2nd July by the Tay District Fishery Board. The pass is of
12 Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
similar design to the famous and much larger pass at Ballisodare,
Co. Sligo, Ireland, but instead of alternating breaks, rows of stones
similar to those used in the Invermoriston pass described in
Appendix VII. have been used. A plentiful supply of water is
secured to the pass, which after one or two slight modifications in
its original structure seems to work satisfactorily. An altogether
exceptional run of fish occurred in the Almond before the pass was
finished, and it is understood that great numbers of spawing fish
ascended to the upper waters. It is to be regretted that the
Almond, which seems to attract so many late running fish, does not
offer better spawning ground. In a great part of its course the
river has a rocky bed.
Net and coble fishing in the Tay is still confined to the waters
below the Jann of Campsie, and by private arrangement it has been
decided during the present season to observe a weekly close time of
60 hours, commencing at 6 p.m. each Friday.
W. L. CALDERWOOD.
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Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
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« OSNOY IY} JOF,, - - - - Arrepqqunoy Jo ‘uostropy “ToD
[VUOIsvO00 SI SULYSY JOYIQ “YyANour - - gluyorsoaauy jo ‘*bsy ‘uosmoyy, ‘gq “W
WOIf SOT OMY JnOge IOF spVAIEqUI yy | - - - ynporyy “gosstgq ydosoe | - : : - - - ojty jo oynq ey, |- - - NOWHAIG
as)
= ‘Suryyou ON | - : : : : : : Belles : ; : ; : : ; : lke ; : - GIN
ree a ee ee ee ee
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S *(savoA 9o1y} 1OJ poysy JON) | - - - uodl[y jo “bs ‘uopi0y “Tp “YW |
es “ATLep sM0Y O44 LOJ poysy you oug ‘usepreqy ‘*bsyt ‘uospraeq eda0ex) | - - - - upg jo “bs ‘Aupg "fee | - - - NVHLX
aS
3 a a Al = ere es SS |
> ‘SULYSY JO JYStI Itoyy ostoroxe You "OMI "SASSATY | (U0Z107¥ AA ) SAOINQoRJnULU JOdeg ‘OLITG ‘sassey
5 Op SWI ‘sdsseyy ‘etqoo pure you ‘(ssotmoLsnyy)
= g[suls B esn. puv ‘syurq otsoddo ‘SUOG PU UOSPIAe “f ‘SASso]Y | sroIngovjnuewm ‘suog pue UOSsplArd ‘CO ‘SASsoy
Sy UO SSULYSY OAV SUOG PUL UOSpIArq "Ydeg ‘YOOTTRPI “qd ‘d | - - (Ao[sieg pue euloypurry) u0ZeT “YW AA
iS ‘SISSOPY pues YooyeT “Gq ‘d—‘aALON ‘Usepleqy ‘ayB00aApy
ss "SprleM ‘sdoqotdoig Surysty camry | ‘snynq “y sod ‘sroqordoig Surysiy oamag
s |-dn Arenjso woz Surmmsveur 10yeM ‘useproqy ‘soyeooapy ‘snynqg pure
2 JO so[Ul XIS ToAO poeysy sjyoys 4ysInT ‘saoqoudorg SuIYysty UO” JoyJON | ouosTt AA Jod ‘sroqartdorg Surysty uogy zoyjeny | - : ; = NOG
‘UMOIG “UTM | (9opyqzIexy)) pung UOlZVOyIQIOP[ SMOPIAA Soper],
"YARIO JAoqoy - -(ALOYOUCT) JIVMIYIG PLART IIG
MOIIBY) JAOQOY | - - - - (UOJSOLIGINY) MOIIVY) JAOQOY
‘uuny Uyor | - (UMOpT[Og) SUOTYeVoOyIZAOT TIOUNOD UMOT,
— usepseqy ‘seyvooapy ‘snynq pur
"Yylog “suog pUR oIIMOg ‘C | euosTI AA tod “spaog pur yog ,, Jo saojormdorg .
Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
22
‘quIOg U0ZSIVID ‘UosI9}Vg pur ULoO'T,,
SOUS GtUbi A pus
ssulysy djeog orunyy puv purjsoyyng
“IOsSVI pleuog “AT
be targa Ole
Aq poqyou ATyeuorseo00 st Arvnyso ot,
‘saoqotidord yyoq Aq poqyjou ‘yooael[ry jo ‘esoy ysnyzy soley
Ajyeuoiseo00 are sioyem aoddn oy, ‘aIporlg Jo otporg
[‘oaoqge se ‘Xev10p_ Jo
[eq ey Aq yo] ore pue ‘dn usard
useq mou savy ‘sreak QO, ueyy
Q10UL OJ YJAVSOH ‘sassoy Jo soar
-equeseider Aq pozyueus, useq But
“pooy-j[vy 04 qqo-jyey wmoaz poysy “Avy 1ozjzv ‘ssuTysy oMyY oy .— ‘ALON ]
Ayenqso ursyouomy, ‘Avp pure qysra ‘UOISvO00 UO You B OSN 0}
peysy AeA UL sJou OMT, : MOTIOT peyiodei st “Queue, Surpsue oy
sv uosves ysed Sutinp posn sjou ano, | ‘Burmung-uopaoyy uopsoy wert Mag
*‘poqjou
Ajavpnser Arenyso pue JOAtr Jo soytw xIg | - : : ° : - 2oyorudo1rg
"reak @ 991M} IO 90u0
Ajuo postqyovid oq 0} poqaodos Surysty ‘YyNouIsso'T ‘yAIUIG pur 19do0g
“BULYST JO 4U9}XGY Jo o7eUIIASTT ‘SSULYSLY OY} JO s1ordno0Q 40 squeUay,
|
7 ‘bsy ‘preuopoepy ‘q
- - : - - - SsoulOAUT JO UMO,
- : - UINGAIOMOTT JO SolzuayorT SSI
3 : F : YOoavd[ ry Jo ‘esoy “ydeg
eae tie fee oo Orporg, rONeIpOus
: ‘ z : - - AvIOT JO [Le oy],
: ; : 2 : *bsay Savas “yy UITOD
‘(yQnoul 4e ssurysy
P19y}098) Auoavsqrg jo ‘sopurvag aequnq “yde9
“‘SSULYSL JON Ploy oyAr s1ojorsidorg Jo 4svy
SSa NT
NUIVN
- NYOHANT
*“LOIALSI(T
GISSO'T
23
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
ar ae ee
"Sqoll U9AOS
"0991p ov
‘eos pue ‘Auenqso ‘sieqvm [epry up | peoysoqjog ‘ueyeIig P ISoAA ‘sISSEpV
“‘poysy Os[e oie ULIIO
oy} UO [OOd TI@H 94} pue opysepy
weyeig 48 SeAIndIo oy], ‘“AOALI
JO Soy fF YJnoqe pure ‘YALA jo
SaIOYS UO “STBAIOAUI je ‘seTIUL GE ynOGY
‘A[ne pur oune
SulInp Yoo 9014 posn jou ouCQ
‘spremdn yynow wogj ojtu &
JO SYJANOFJ-90144 Qnoqe sSurysy JOA]
{
|
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|
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‘ulnqarey jo ‘*bsy ‘surpayg uyor
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‘weppog ‘sSuOg 2% IvTTES “fF
‘SIevopy ‘desea UyOor
‘qoruQ)
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‘Yyog ‘AoTyWIVOWIG puv olIMog
‘(A[ne pu sung jo
SUNI os[lis 94} Sutmp yoom ev sfep
OM} JO} O10 pur ‘ATUO [oog eaATNAD
94} Ul UO polio SUTYsYy) FeAorT psO'T
‘ssurysy Aroysvuoyy a
"SUIS Yoopreovuyouy a
‘SSUIYSY UOJsIOWIGAUT ‘sIojordorg
"SSUTYSY
Jog edway, ‘uyaepy Aojpeaq ‘ap
"ssurysy s1aAO,q SUO4STL, “IY
“SSULYSY OLINOpAY ‘[OoMoVy “APT
‘SSUIYSY JOYY sielqyq ‘ppeuoporpy, q
‘ssuTysy yous AqayH ‘ssoy uyor
‘ssulysy Aleyeuypryg ‘paeqysng ‘sal
"SSUIYSY YOOSsoY ‘Og ‘ssoy "sap,
“SSULYSY 110g pUe [IG ‘olzueyovy “AA
atowyed jo ‘bsy ‘orzueyovyy morpuy
yorutuvey, jo “bsy ‘orunypy ‘Oo yarenyg
YJLOFVIG Jo oIzusyovyy 4AVM4G “JOO
- uanqareg jo “bs ‘surpayg uyor
: AjIVUIOID JO ‘ssorxy “OQ “AA “TOD
UspoT[NH Jo ‘soqiog IMYIIV 04k] 944 Jo seoysnay,
- —- 9} YS UOPUT Jo sooqsnay,
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°0941p ou
: - st[nog Jo ‘oruny 109097 AIG
- 9gtuooteg jo “bsy ‘seyueg "FS
JeAory pslory
qeAO'T plOry
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. - p[eyvog Jo teseMmocy ssozuNos‘)
: 20) LOT US eta
- 9linopay jo ‘aap, AT, Josvaq “Wy
. - SSOUJOAUT JO UMOT,
- 4ysng jo Spuerreay “yy ‘y ydeo
- UMOJIMYT JO ‘UIMIVG "FT “4D ‘say
- ‘bsp “ppeuoporyy “Gq
- STOUOISSTULULOL) MOQ Ie SsouUsoAUT
SSUNTY
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ATOVEG
el ee ee
*‘Sulyjou ON | - - - - - - - -)- - - - - : : ee eel oe : HIV AaIaaag
ratdsyon * ‘bsq Suverpoy, “q aed
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S
= ‘Sutids oy} ul poqjou st dn soyrur
gq MOF yhoqe evio1g yooy ‘(dn 9pta
~ -J[ey pure 1oats oy} Jo yJnow oy} 4v) ‘otdsjox) ‘10joey ‘*bsy ‘weorpoyy
Ss vlorg 48 peysy Ayavpnser ore syou nog | preuog sed ‘purpszeyyng Jo eynq Sq, | - : ; : - puvpisyyng fo syxnqd MLL | ~ 5 : -vaodd
S
= aes aera ae as ax.
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s “‘qsnony 439G ‘aidsjox) ‘10qgoey ‘ bsq Suvorpoyy
g 119 A[ne IST Woz you ouo YyIM poyeN | preuog sed ‘puvprsyyng Jo oynq eUy, | - ; ; : - purprsyyng fo oynd ouL | - : ° - Ley
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= ———— RSs S z Wes
8 ‘qyoruQ) | - : - 91s0,1eq, JO o51e] e119], ap FUND
reals - UOAIVOIGAUT JO ‘ ‘bsg ‘uyolepaary “WV
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= poysy SuOIZe{s OUTIVNYSe WAG ye poa Ysq YWoN ‘puowyy ‘sayy : SooISNdy, 8.4SlIYOTL
S - - suog ¥ reJag ‘sasse eee HPAL See at
8 Se 2eies W - - + -uMoSeurTeg jo ‘ssoy ‘seYyO JIG | INVINHHLAY dO FIAY
=
S Se ee ee SS 2 RIE. Se i ee ee ee
S
x *JOl14SIp ULUOD UI ST 4SeT OYY Jo Jag ‘yqteg ‘AoTyIIeuIg pues slrMOog | - ; : Sen | se “osy ‘soqurd “H “)
‘SSOUTY ‘IOUS UoWeY ‘4guery UvOUNG | - ; ; - — uMOT) OUT
T°qP®O
‘401 JON | FO “PpOOPeAL “IN “A “AW eT O47 Jo soogsnay, “panurjwoo—ssouly
‘BUIYSIY JO JU4XG Jo oyeUysHy ‘SSUTYSIY 94} JO sotdno0G 10 syuRUay, “sSuIysty JON PLOY OYA StozoLIdorg JO SVT *LOIMLSI(]
25
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
“SUIZJOU ON
“IOATI JO
ygnow ye soovjd oe1y} UI posn you ug,
"you 9UGQ
"Jou 9UQ
*SUI}JOU ON,
“‘SUT}JOU ON,
“Bulqjou 190y40
ON ‘AT[RSoT[I poqjgou youu Arenqsy
‘SUI}JOU ON
“onSUOT,
‘1ojoey ‘UOSIAIO|, wWYyor ‘ayy sod
‘sqyueuoy, SUI[SUY oLo0g pue JOAeHNy | - : - - - puRLoyANY Jo oyng
: : : 074i S ; : : 3 ‘ : ; aes
- - - yyieg ‘etpeedg *xeTVy | - - - - - pueypsoyyng jo oynqg
"41 JO osn oprul
qgou savy ‘TEST Arenure 4ST ‘osvey
II9Y} JO JUSMIOOUSTAUWIOD 9OUTS ynq
*SUI}JOU JO JUS oy ovvy ‘UOpUO'T
‘qo011G yoorg Veg ‘*bsy ‘IOylTVAA
‘) ‘pg aod ‘ozeorpuds Sursoue uy | 1eqsq[Q jo ‘-qaeg “arepoutg oyovwer[oy, “49 ‘pf aIg
: ots aoiee : - ea Cegttse9)
- €Ipdog ANV YAAVN
: : - KHLVELG
-AIVAVTIV]L
: - - ‘OSHA,
See SS LS OHONT\
- - - HLVadnaq
Appendices to T'wenty-second Annual Report
x : : ae : - aa : . . Stee Re ee -{- - > GUVNINUY
mg | |
SUOISBODO OIVI UO WOOT 94 jo
Axenjso oy} you ‘wyouyooy jo ‘bs ‘ortg
"qT pue ‘osuvpy woorg yoo ‘puvprioyyng ‘WOOug HOOT FILL
*X][VUOTSVOOO SyoU OMY, | - : - : - - - - | “AA ‘AY ‘Joupeauy Jo “*bsy ‘anow[Iy “W| “AA | GNV WOOYG HOOT
MN Si, ar eo ac ee eee
ee | eee
ae ld ee ee ree
a, See ee ee
Mere dar et ee
an eae St ee EEES Er Uns LAE
27
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
"SuI}jZou ON
*SuIqjouU ON
DTANGTS
*BUI}}OU ON
*Surjjou ONT
‘queue, Jopun vay’
‘A][VAOISed00 Jou 9UGC)
*BU1}4OU ON,
ONTO HOOT
NOWAVO
i a a | ree er oe
"UVOI4S 94} JO YYNOU 9} You 04
poeMOT[V SI VSeTIIA UIOYSTy ul ouoAUY | - - uoIIVQ Yoo] jo “-bsy ‘AvsInL ‘fC *— | - : - NUOHSly
ee ere eee es ———_— —e = Oe
«OSHOY OY}
Joj,, ‘Azenjso ur ‘uoqe[pply_y pszory | - : : e ;
UOJIPPI PIOT | - - -ssouowiaddy
AVOTVG ANV NodIUyoy,
—_— |
a SEE nn | a
*Sur}jOU ON
“‘Sur}JoU ONT
Appendices to T'weity-second Annual Report
28
., OSNOY 9y4
-A][BUOISvD00 You OUG) | JOJ,, JAOZIUG JoAlr sjyou AT[VUOTSVODQ | -
‘Suryjou ON
“SuIyjou ON
‘Suryjou ON | - : ; : : : : Ge :
SS | eeeSSSSeSeSeSeEe
‘poysy suolzeys amo, | -ou10zg ‘1eysy uoWTes ‘SuNO cee. el: :
2 Rema eettl saiiee eee Ae
es eS
ne
“SUIYST A JO JUDIXTY JO o7eUTySH] *SSULYST,] 949 JO saotdn0oQK) Jo syuvuUOT,
- ysoqeoyg jo “‘bsy ‘preuoporyy uepyory | - :
‘SSUIYSL ION Ploy oyM saojor1doad Jo sry
HAUG AO HIST
‘VAUVg
were ea le Bek ONY fF ERE ay SEO
———
LSIQ. HLAON
*(Sq0119SIp 3)
SINAV HL
*(S}OII4SIp f)
: - uosTIy ey Ueounq solepy | -
- - . - . - -/- - - NVOHOTIY
- HIVASINUY
*LOIMLSIC
SIMAT JO ANV IST
29
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
"ueuorypoory[ry jo “bsy ‘areg “9 “yy
‘ouresg Jo “bsy ‘sere —
, jou ouQ ‘(quourseise Aq sXep) saojoradoad oy, | - - - - - [[Asry jo oynqg oy, | - - - vvg
————— Ss | A a |
ET a | EE A I
BOT OUSONE. | Saisie, Saar yee ok A gn Ss ee ee eee ee oe et ey er
‘Surqqou ON | - - : : = : : alae - : : - : + - St aa ta - dina
oe I =) |) ee
ae ee ee ee
=a - ee eo a — oe - IMIHG
*(UOS¥OS B SOUT} DAT JO MOJ) UBYOO'T
yoory ur ‘aorunt ‘bs ‘qaemeqg ‘Oo “f°
‘(FEST 29UIs 90U0 poqyeu)
"AT[BUOISBDIO SoU OMT, | S1O}VM [epTy UT “Ds “Gaemoig ‘oO ‘Lp | - - qaeplomyoorury jo “bsy “aeMmoqg *O “fp | - = - Lavdaloyy
| | a
‘Suryqgou ON | - - - : : : : -|- - - : - - . eo Soeeerrl| - - LxolZW
Peer”) a eee) ea eT OS A cee es ot
“A]TeuoIsed00 Sx onF
yoo ‘yqnour ye seoeyd omy ur you oUG | - : : - : - 2oyotidorg | - - - glowueg jo ‘‘bsqy ‘aesuno0X "Af | - F : SIVHOW
‘Surqjou ON | - : : : : : ; else - - - - : 2 : ess le . . - ITA
g a
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>
oa : ; - : : : : sae: - UOIYVULIOJUL UTLYQO 03 9[qvUN Meeq SAvF | - - -ANA HOOT
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x “Surzjou ON | - . - : : - - - | - - - . - - - - epee |e - - -. aay
S Se ee a eee
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2 "(Yqnour IaAtd JO ueqyeyo
= opis yove) ymudey, ‘uoatnNoyy “wy | -pry jo “bsg ‘uoqsorg ypeoqdmep ‘gq “M “YH
= *(s4s'0 ouvqeproig jo snbaey
S ‘so0v]d XIs UI SjoU 90IyT, | INOF JOATA ur) yJIMUAT, ‘paieg par | - - jeuyooy jo ““bsy ‘qjoqdwep "TJ “WV | - - : - FMW
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‘Sur4jou ON | - - - - : - . -|- - - - - - - . ae | - - NGAGT
‘SUIYST JO JUSZX| JO o7VUTYST "SSULYSIY OY} JO S19Idnd0G AO squvuay, “sSUIYSLA JON ploy oy s1ojzotadoag jo 4sv'] *LOIMLSIG,
30
a a ee
—
cf
‘Surqjeu ON | - : : : : : : Eales ; : : : ; : : sa Bg ss - - NVAUL
- = + bsg wepyornl WW [> > Werlsuesrerp jo “bsy ‘wepyol “Z “V
‘saoqem Joddn ‘(sanoy QQ Jo out} asopo ATY9OM
UI 9UO puv YNoW 4e sUO ‘syoU OMY, | v) ULIUY “YWIUG PU YIV[ “sIssoy[ | - : : - - esjty jo smbaeyy ous, | - : : - Nooqg
Fe
= —s i — _ ——==
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> *BuryJou ON | - - - - - - - =ile= - uo Sutkareo yBIOM MOU SUTYSY you ON | - - - ANIAUT
S ee Eos
mS
> .
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= ‘jou aug | “qaeg ‘weueyong-YyI8'T “AA “XeTW Jig | ssoy jo ‘-qaeg ‘uvuRYoNg-YyOT “AA “XOTV IS
‘you 9UQG) | - : wiey puowoy usg
as ‘you 9uQ | - - - o,OFT URUUOUIe MOY
Ss ‘you UG | - : - ospory uvuuepieMoy
Ts ue
3 ‘you oUG) | SJULUOY SIY pu OSOIQUOTY JOoyNG oyy, | - : = - - gsorqUOT JO 9ynq eUY,
‘Sur}J0U ONT 0441p 0771 : : 0741p 071d - - puvowoT yoy
‘(sqyySt1 Suryqjou sass
-oid 4snwi oy) WOTJeIOOSsW 4USUI
‘Sutyjou oN | -oaordwy Surpsuy puowoy yoo'y oy, | - : 0441p o7ul(y ; - WanaT wang
‘UOT}VIOOSSY JUST
‘joys UdAes UO— Jou 9uG | -oaordwy] Suypsuy puowoT Yooy oy,
‘sjuvue}-qns 1104
puv ‘Xouvus, sivok GGG & SALT] OYM ‘ssn’y jo ‘-qaeq
‘UOTyeSIACN OPATO 94} JO sooysnay, | ‘UnoyNhop sowmrer ALG 97¥] O[} Jo Soojsnay, OU], | - - - -GadA19
Appendices to T'wenty-second Annual Report
7
‘ssurysy qou-doams
947 Aofeq Arengse ey} ur poysy
elev Sjou ayVAG ‘omuyeg Areqnq1}
oui sjyou AT[eUOCIsvO00 §=— “a9A0. MOY
‘eneqrmay solepy ‘poysy quosoad
78 jou ore ‘eseqrmay sofepy wory
wry Aq paquer osye pur AvMOTIVY ‘UOSULYpOF UeyyeuoP “apy | - : wypoyIeg jo “query Yoor[NOoJL Sst
priory Aq poumo ‘yovor opty oaoqe ‘roqotadorg | - ; - ssurysy oduvay s AeMoT[es) psory
Surpuszxe ‘pauousm esoyy 9A0qe 07 ; ; - weso7Ty jo “bsg ‘TTeaoqow “MV
SSuLYsiy “E06 UL poyou Ayaepnsor ouU CG | 5 ; : ‘Ds “WITT OV, JAOqOY
(9eq SAVY pUv J9ZVA [epIy Jo saTrU ov - - - - eLOULIOYoRyy Srequncy *[o9 ‘(ssurysy Jeary)
xis qgnoqe Adnooo suoyeys xis oseyy, | - - - UOSUTYpOH uvyyeuor ‘apy | - = - : - - ARMOTIRD Jo prey | - : i ~ aay
*pasn AT[VUOISvOd0 OAR syou “YOREI
opt} SAOGL SoTIU OT-g ‘oureYysutuUag
pues AMVSIVIQ Jo soyvysy oy) WoL
(‘deat oy4 dn
SofIul J]VY B puv omg 0} OM] JOY
oy} “Yover opr} ulygim ouo) sje OMT | -<c2- em e LOVOTICOT GT |) = as - Aemorpey joy }- - - HOONaavIg
‘surqjou ON | - : - . : ; : as es : : ; ; ‘ : Ale ; : aT
*‘Surq40uU ON 5 5 - = - = = - - - - - = = = - = = = A 8 UVHONILS
“SULYSTY JO JU94xG Jo opeUIIASIy ‘sSUIYSLy OY} JO stordnooy 10 syueuy, ‘SSULYSIT JON PLOY OYA ssojzorsdorg Jo 4sVvT *“LOIMALSIC,
Sellen eimai een i a
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
S19}VM YSOI} UL sjou SuvyT
- - S1oq}vA\ YSorjZ ut syou deamg
(sormjuind 4v TOM
oY} 02) s19}VA [TVpTy UI syou dsemg
AAS re !
—: Aren4sy
pue WIN JoaAIy eyo Ul SION
uowreg jo uonjdimseq pue rzequny
* {][PeUOISed90 You OU)
‘(asn Iv[nser Ur
XIs) syou aref udaes puv puvjonsuoy,
Jo seyoroq oy} Mozeq sfood oy
UL Jou JapyNoYs sy, ‘sJeu 4yeArp OAL,
*DUI}{OU ON
[-asusory Aq 4oy-qns Sureq
SSUIYSY ‘UMOP JOMOT Posn Iv sjoU
Suey pue ‘ourureypm ‘fer {— "ALON |
"SOLdJ
“and, “queyorew ys ‘1auINy, sepeyO
esnoyY uspnpoury ‘weyp[Q AapueP{ ag
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uv] jo ‘Ssunox 4yde9 aye] JO Saat eyUIsoIdoy
- 1oUMOS TEU JO ‘WIRYITAA TJOMXVIN “SAT
- OIAIVYULY SSsotaeF] psory
uopTy Jo ‘r9yo4e],q roley 97] 9Y4 Jo sooqsnay,
: - poomaseyyeN Jo ““bsy yemoPT uyor:
Ile[USTX) JO ‘TJoMxvY UInqazoppo AA rolepy
soyounyy jo “bsy “qjomxeypL OUTpPIvE “UA,
qystiqpnoyay jo Yono10g
snooze ED) se EES AvqInyT 4)" H
- 4ystaqpno
-yITy ‘oysyT 8,Aaeyy “99 jo “n'a ‘odoz deg | -
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Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
34
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of the Fishery Board for Scotland 35
APPENDIX IL.
THE FOLLOWING QUERIES HAVE BEEN SENT TO
CLERKS OF DISTRICT BOARDS, AND OTHERS :—
Take of Fish—
1. Has the take of fish in your district in 1903 been above, about, or below
the average—
(a) In tidal waters ?
(6) In fresh waters ?
(c) By fixed engines ?
(d) Generally throughout the district ?
2. Can you give the number of fish caught in your district, exactly or
approximately—
(a) By net and coble?
(6) By fixed engines ?
(c) By rods?
w
. At what period of the year in your district during 1903—
(a) Were the first clean fish taken ?
(6) When was the main take of salmon ?
(c) When did the grilse and sea-trout run ?
4, In order that accurate records be kept as to whether the run of salmon in
your district is becoming earlier or later, it 1s desirable that you should,
if possible, obtain and furnish me with statistics of the percentage of
fish taken in each month—
(a) By net and coble.
(b) By fixed engines.
What was the weight of the heaviest salmon or trout caught in your
district in 1903—
(a) By net and coble ?
(b) By fixed engines ?
(c) By rods ?
6. Was the number of heavy fish remarkable ?
or
Protection—
1. Please state the amount of the assessable rental of your district in 1903 ?
2. What was the assessment levied thereon during the year ?
3. State the number of water bailifis employed in your district in 1903 ?
4. Were any prosecutions instituted under the Salmon Fishery Acts in
ae ? Ifso, for what offences were they instituted, and what was the
result ?
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish—
1. Give full particulars of any dams destroyed or disused in vour district
in 1903; or any new dams built or old dams altered.
2. Are the dams, hecks, and cruives (if any) in your district worked in
accordance with the provisions of the bye-laws (Schedules F and G)
regulating the same ?
3. Have any fish-passes been built or altered in 1903 ?
D
36 Appendices to T'wenty-second Annual Report
4. Do the existing fish-passes afford a free passage to salmon wishing to
ascend ?
5. Have any natural obstructions been opened up during 1903 ?
6. Generally, have any acts been done, either by new fisheries being started,
old fisheries not being used, or by the alteration of obstructions,
whereby the ascent of tish has been influenced? If so, state fully what
changes have taken place.
Pollutions—
1. Were any fresh causes of river-pollution introduced in your district in
1903 ?
2. Were any steps taken in 1903 to remove causes of pollution; and, if so,
were they attended with success ?
The Salmon Disease—
1. Has the salmon disease shown itself in your district this year? If so,
when did it first make its appearance? When was it at its height ?
When did it disappear ?
2. What was the level of the river during the prevalence of the salmon
disease ?
3. Can you state the number of diseased salmon taken from the river in each
month, specifying the proportion of male and female, of kelts and of
clean fish ?
The Spawning Season—
1. What was the earliest date, during the season of 1902-1903, on which
salmon were noticed spawning ?
. Between what dates did the greatest number spawn ?
. When did the spawning season finish ?
. What was the level of the river during the spawning season ?
Were the numbers of spawning fish more or less than usual ?
. Which were the principal spawning streams in your district ?
Kelts—
1, On what date, during last season, were kelts first noted migrating sea-
wards ?
2. When did the chief migration take place ?
3. When was the river free from kelts ?
4. What was the level of the river during the period kelts were migrating ?
Ss ONS 9 bO
Smolts—
1. On which dates, during the year, were smolts noticed migrating ?
2. Was it a good smolt year ?
Artificial Propagation of Salmon—
Is there any hatchery in your district for the artificial propagation of salmon
and trout, either belonging to the District Board or supported by private
enterprise? If so, describe its situation, and state how many ova have
been secured during the past season.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon—
Can you state the proportion of the male to the female salmon in your district
or river, specifying whether your return, so far as it goes, is based upon
an estimate or on actual enumeration ?
General Question—
Are there any other points relating to the salmon fisheries in your disirict
to which you would wish to direct the attention of the Board, in
addition to those suggested by the preceding queries ?
Kindly inform me of any changes which may have occurred in the Office-
bearers of the District Fishery Board,
eee |
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 37
ANSWERS TO THE FOREGOING QUESTIONS.
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER TWEED.
Take of Fish—
1. (a) Under the average ; (b) under for net and cobble, above for rods ;
(c) under the average ; (d) above the average.
2. (a) 45°491 approximately ; (b) 2446 at Goswick Fishery. Number on
the north cannot be obtained, Messrs. Johnston, Montrose, declining
to give them ; (c) 5256, actual enumeration. No record of the fish
caught in Peeblesshire, but I estimate not less than 3000 in Peebles-
shire, being open to the public. This would make the total 8256
approximately. 4
3. (a) Beginning of February ; (b) September by nets, October and Novem-
ber by rods ; (c) October and November,
4. (a) February 15, March 1:4, April 39, May 5°5, June 15°8, July 21°9,
August 36:1, and 14 days of September 13°9 ; (6) no information, but
more fish were killed on sea coast during last three weeks of season
than during the previous part.
5. (a) 46 lbs. ; (b) 374 lbs. ; (c) 34 lbs.
6. Yes, more than usual.
Protection—
1. £15,388 17s, 5d.
220; per cent.
3. For season 1902-083—July 9, August 9, September 18, October 43, Nov-
ember 54, December 54, January 46, February 27, March 21, April 15,
May 15, June, 9, and one engineer during the whole year.
4, Prosecutions were instituted against 196 persons during season 1902-03.
106 persons paid fines or were allowed time to pay. 49 were
imprisoned, 10 absconded, 22 were acquitted or admonished, and
proceedings were withdrawn in the case of 9 persons. The principal
offences were—killing salmon by means of illegal nets, cleek
and light, and rakehooks, and being in possession of illegal engines for
killing salmon, also assaulting and obstructing bailiffs.
Obstruction to the Passage of Fish—
1. Denholm Mill Cauld destroyed by flood in January 1903, and not
rebuilt.
2. Yes, in accordance with T'weed Acts.
3. No, except Denholm Mill Cauld washed away.
4, Yes, with the exception of those at Selkirk Cauld and Philiphaugh Cauld,
which are of little use, and the pass at Melrose Cauld is very difficult.
5 and 6. No.
Pollutions—
1, Galashiels town’s manure emptied on bank of Gala near gaswork within
high-water mark, mostly during 1903.
2. The matter of pollution from Chirnside Paper Mills was taken up by the
Berwickshire County Council, and additional purifying plant is to be
erected,
The Salmon Disease—
1. In season 1902-03 disease first appeared in Tweed near Norham on 11th
October 1902, and in Tweed at Gladswood, St Boswells, on 6th
November 1902. Disease was at its height in January 1903, and
disappeared on 29th April 1903. .
2. About 2 feet above summer level.
38 Appendices to T'wenty-second Annual Report
2 .
Salmon. Grilse. Sea Trout.
Proportion per cent.
Not Not R Not
Spawned. Spawned. Spawned. Spawned. Spawned. Spawned.
Se
mM | Fo| we] Fr] we | eB | mw | |] Mw | oe | | 8, |[Males.|Females/Kelts (lean
1902. :
October - - - if 2 - - - - - - if 1 40 60 - 100
November - | 13 6 6. 6 - 2 - - 66 30 20 6 70 30 75 25
December - | 129 33 28 10 9 13 4 = 198 141 13 10 64 36 89 mt
1903. ¥
Jannary - | 668 221 84 27 150 67 43 7 Iyer 135 - 3 WD, 28 90 10
February - | 367 | 314 1 7 1107 | 60 1 S67 aaah ST alreo | NAB 45 99 1
March - - 80 84 iL 3 8 8 - - 8 14 - - 46 54 99 iL
April - - 5 2 3 1 2, - - - - 2 ] - 69 31 69 31
Totals - - | 1262 | 660 124 56 276 140 | 48 tl 516 403 35 22, 60 40 74 26
Total number, 3,549.
The Spawning Season—
], The first salmon seen spawning was on 29th October 1902, but a pair of
sea-trout were seen on 4th October.
2. From second week in December to middle of January.
3. About 15th February 1903.
4, In November 3°7 inches above summer level, in December 1 ft. 4 ins.,
January 2 ft. 5ins., February 2 ft. 4 ins. above summer level.
Average for whole time 2 ft. above summer level.
5. About the usual.
6. Tweed—particularly from Peebles upwards :—Manor Water, Holms
Water, Biggar Water, Stanhope Burn, Lyne, Tarth, Ettrick, J.eader,
Teviot, Ale and Rule, Till and Whitadder.
a
Kelts—
1, On 26th October 1902.
2. February.
3. End of May.
4. About 2 feet above summer level (average).
Smolts—
1. March, April, and May.
2. Good average.
Artificial Propagation of Salmon—
“Yes, supported by private enterprise. Situated on the Duddo Burn about
two miles above Cornhill-on-Tweed. 230,000 ova were secured, of
which 217,912 were successfully hatched.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon—
From actual enumeration of the diseased fish taken out the proportions are :
—Males, 60 per cent.; females, 40 per cent. From returns of fish seen
spawning there is a slight preponderance of males.
The Secretary of the Berwick Salmon Fishery Company estimates the pro-
portion. (of fish taken by them) to be three females to every male.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 39
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER FORTH.
ve of Fish— ay ¢
. Above the average ; (a) above the average; (b) about the average ; (c)
above the average ; (d) above the average.
2. No means of knowing ; the Tenants refuse to give information.
3. (a) 20th January ; (6) July and August ; (c) July and August ; sea-trout
all the season.
4, No means of knowing.
. 5. 42 1bs.'3 (a) 42 Ibs. ; ‘() 35 lbs. ; (c) 32 lbs.
6. It was.
Protection—
1. £3,510 8s. 8d.
2. 3s. per £; equal to £527.
3. Twelve.
4, There were 8 prosecutions instituted under the Salmon Fisher y Acts in
1903, implicating 11 men—Taking salmon by jiggering at the foot of
dam dykes, taking salmon by hand from the river and by gaffs during
the annual close time, and fishing for salmon with a sweep net with too
small a mesh, and taking and being in possession of smolts. Convic-
tions followed in all cases except in the case where the fishermen were
using a mesh with too small a mesh. There are two cases yet to
dispose of.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish—
1. None.
2. No.
3, 4, and 5. No.
6. None.
Pollutions—
1 and 2. No.
The Salmon Disease—
1, Salmon disease appeared on October 15th, 1902 ; disappeared March 14th,
1903. It was at its height in January. It has appeared this season
1903, November 29th.
2. Very high.
3. ee October 1902, to March 1908, there were 267 dead salmon taken
from the River Forth and its tributaries, of which 130 were male salmon, 64
female salmon, 41 male grilse, 20 female grilse, and 12 trout.
The Spawning Season—
. 20th November 1902.
. Between 1st December and end of December.
End of January.
. Very high.
. About the average.
. Teith and Allan.
Go Cr Be OO bo
Kelts—
1. January.
27 Aprile
_ & June.
4, Very high.
Smolts—
1, April and May.
2. Yes.
ee Propagation of Salmon—
0.
40
Appendices to T'wenty-second Annual Report
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon—
General Question—
The salmon fisheries of this district continue to suffer from the prevalence of
hang or drift net fishing. The common law remedies are quite
inadequate to deal with this species of illegal fishing, and it will be
impossible to cope with it to any good purpose until it is made a
statutory offence, akin to fishing with a net having an undersized mesh.
No change during the year 1908.
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER TAY.
Take of Fish—
1. Salmon were good average, but the grilse were a poor crop, and small in
Qo bo
> OU He
size. This applies over all the district.
“No:
- (4) 16th January when rod-fishing opened ; (6) last half of July and 20
days into August; (c) Very few till end of June, and all of poor
quality.
- No means of furnishing accurate record.
. (4) 49 lbs., a fairly large number about 45 lbs ; (b) 51 Ibs.; (c) 51 Ibs.
- No, quite the opposite.
Protection—
1. £22,901 17s.
2. 7 per cent., equal to £1603 2s. 9d.
3. 26 men in close time.
4, Since last report 48 cases have been tried (41 in Perth Sheriff Court,
4 in Cupar-Fife Sheriff Court, and 3 in Forfar Sheriff Court), involving
86 persons in all. The offences consisted of cleeking, stoning, or being
found in possession of fish in close time, 27 cases; possession of foul
fish, 9 cases ; fishing for salmon without leave of proprietor, 4 cases ;
killing smolts, 2 cases ; fishing with salmon roe, 1 case; fishing with
a net in close time, 1 case; fishing with drift net, 1 case; taking
salmon with sparling net, 1 case; and possession of salmon in close
time, 2 cases. Of the 86 persons involved, 83 were convicted, 1
absconded before trial, and the charge against two was found not
proven. Of the 83 persons convicted, 81 were fined, 1 was admonished,
and in 1 case no penalty was imposed. Fines ranging from LIs. to
£5 4s. were imposed, representing a total sum of £164 5s. of fines and
expenses imposed, averaging slightly over £2 for each person con-
victed. The alternatives ranged from 3 to 30 days’ imprisonment.
Fifty-four paid fines, 16 were imprisoned, and 11 have yet to be
dealt with.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish—
Dopo tor
. No dams destroyed, disused, or built.
. No cruives in use now. Hecks cannot be said to be satisfactory, but these
are receiving the attention of the Board.
. A salmon ladder built at dyke erected on Almond last year by Mr. Coats.
. They are not all that could be desired.
No
. No change during year.
Pollutions—
1. No, but injury from existing causes is increasing.
2. No steps taken.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 41
The Salmon Disease—
1. Yes, end of October ; at its height in December, and disappeared about
end of June.
2. On the heavy side during most of the season.
About 1200 were removed, chiefly in November and December. No record
kept of proportion of male and female, or of kelts and clean fish.
The Spawning Season—
. On 20th October salmon were seen spawning in Isla,
. 20th November and 31st December.
. Abont 15th January.
. Average in first part, and heavy during the middle and end of season,
. Seemed to be considerably above average.
. Tay, Earn, Isla, Tummel, Garry, Lyon, Kricht, and Almond; also Farg
and Dean in a smaller way.
Doak wire
Kelts—
1. End of November, chiefly diseased ones.
2. Male kelts went mostly down in January, females in March and April
3. About 10th of June
4. Mostly above ordinary level for the season.
Smolts—
1. From early in March on to end of May. It was noted as being a long
smolt season.
2, It seemed good ; there was no great run at any special time, but long
continued and a fair number.
Artificial Propagation of Salmon—
A hatchery at Dupplin, owned and used by the Tay District Fishery Board.
456,000 ova were placed in it, and close on 450,000 fry hatched out.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon—
No. This question is difficult to solve; in clean salmon the distinction
between male and female is very difficult, and often a mere guess,
General Question—
The upper proprietors have ayain resolved to continue the arrangement for
keeping off all nets above the Linn of Campsie for a further period of
five years, but in the event of Sir Donald Currie-—who had reserved
the right to net the Chesthill Water, now belonging to him—using his
net in a manner detrimental to other fishing proprietors, the arrange-
ment to be terminable at the end of the fishing season when such use
takes place. The Tay District Board, which contributes one-half of
the compensation payable for nets removed (the other half being raised
by voluntary assessment among the upper proprietors themselves), has
agreed to continue its contribution for one year.
A movement is on foot amongst the upper proprietors to have al] nets
between Perth Bridge and the Linn of Campsie taken off in such a
manner as will allow a weekly slap of 60 hours all the season through.
No changes.
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER SOUTH ESE.
Take of Fish—
. Above the average generally throughout the district.
. Unable to supply this information.
. (a) 16th February; (b) during month of August ; (c) in July.
. Cannot say as to this.
. (a) and (5) 42 lbs.; (c) 32 lbs.
Yes,
S Orb 9 bo
42 Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
Protection—
15°£3565.
2. Ten per cent.
3 Nine.
4. Seven prosecutions raised—in five cases accused convicted and fined, one
case being found not proven, and the remaining case withdrawn.
Offences were for using drag nets, illegal netting, &e.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish—
None.
. No cruives in use. Dams and hecks worked in accordance with bye-laws.
. None during the year.
Yes.
None.
None.
D> OR 99 PO
Pollutions—
iN:
2. No steps taken or found to be necessary.
The Salmon Disease—
1. Yes. Appeared first in August. At its height in November. Not yet
quite disappeared.
2. About 18 inches above ordinary size.
3. Number taken out during the season, 31l—one male for every two
females being proportion of male and female diseased fish.
The Spawning Season—
1. 12th October 1902.
2. Between about Ist November and middle of December.
3. End of December.
4, Eighteen inches above usual size.
5. About an average.
6. On main river—Aldbar, Finavon, Tannadyce, New Mill, and Cortachy,
and tributary of Prosen.
Kelts—
1. 9th December.
2. During month of March.
3. About 29th April.
4, River almost continuously in flood.
Smolts—
1, From 28rd April to end of May.
2. Fairly good.
Artificial Propagation of Salmon—
No,
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon—
Two males for one female. This statement based on estimate.
[Compare with Answer 3 under salmon disease.—W.L.C.]
General Question—
It may be noted that the Town of Arbroath has applied for a Provisional
Order to take a water supply from the River Noran, one of the chief
tributaries of the River South Esk. As the scheme is considered to be
prejudicial to the salmon fisheries in the district and would materially
reduce the supply of water to salmon ladders in dam dykes, especially
during summer and autumn seasons, the District Board as well as
river proprietors have presented petitions against the application.
Nothing else occurs to be mentioned.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 43
In consequence of the death of Mr. James Johnston, who, for many years
was Chairman of the Board—Mr. William Douglas Johnston,
Montrose (proprietor of Rossie Fishings), has been appointed Chairman
in his room.
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER NORTH ESK,
Take of Fish—
. (a), (b), (c), and (d) About an average.
(a), (b), and (c) No.
. (a) 16th February ; (b) end of June and beginning of July ; (c) June.
. (a) and (6) Cannot obtain statistics,
(a) 30 lbs.; (6) 45 lbs.; (c) 34 lbs.
Rather more than usual.
D> OUR 99 bo
Protection—
1. £6494.
2 64 per cent.
3. Thirteen bailiffs and superintendent.
4, Prosecution in December 1903, under Section 17 of Act of 1868, against
two men for using lght and gaff between 11 and 12 p.m., of 31st
October 1903, on Tarf, tributary of North Esk. Both pleaded guilty,
and were each fined 5s. with £1 18s. 8d. of expenses, the alternative
being seven days’ imprisonment. Fines and expenses paid.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish—
1, No change.
2. No cruives. Dams as formerly.
3. No.
4, Passes as formerly.
5. No.
6. None.
Pollutions—
land 2. No.
The Salmon Disease—
1. Yes. At its height during December and January.
2. Ordinary winter level.
3 Dead and dying salmon and grilse taken from river :—
In November, . : : ; 2 : : 5
i December, A ; : ; i ; $ 58
jy AMUAE YA: ; : f : 110
,, February and March, . ; : : a
180
Of these, 145 were salmon and 35 grilse—137 were males and 43 females.
All kelts. About 30 of the 180 fish from natural causes.
The Spawning Season—
End of November.
December and January.
End of January.
. About average level.
. About average.
. Gannochy, King’s Ford, Pert Ford, Stob Ford, Bothy. Stream, Peter’s
Stream, Bailie Middleton’s Stream, Broad Rack, and Bridge Stream.
>? OTR 99 DO
44
Kelts—
Appendices to T'wenty-second Annual Report
1. End of December.
2. December and January.
3. End of May.
4, Average level.
Smolts—
1. During March, April, and May.
2. Yes.
Artificial Propagation of Salmon—
No hatchery.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon—
Cannot state.
General Question-—
By a clerical error in the 12th Section of the Act of 1868, the word
“less’’ is used in place of “more,” relating to the raising during the
weekly close time of the Kinnaber Lade sluice at the Morphie Dyke,
Yes.
this should be amended.
Great destruction of smolts and spawn by sea birds which have largely
Mr. Arthur Dickson, Clerk, died 7th May 1903.
increased since the passing of the Wild Birds Protection Act.
Findlay, Solicitor, Montrose, appointed Clerk, 22nd May 1903.
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER BERVIE,
Take of Fish—
Lo ae
. (a), (0), (c), and (d) About an average.
. (a), (b), ana (c) No.
Mr. James Renwick
3. (a) 25th February—opening day ; (b) July and August ; (c) Juneand July.
oe
. (a) and (b) Cannot.
.a) and (b) Salmon 40 lbs.; trout 7 lbs.; (c) salmon 18-1bs.; trout 6 lbs,
nies:
Protection
1. L910:
2. 12 per cent.
3. Five and Superintendent.
4, None.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish—
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 No change.
Pollutions—
1 and 2 No.
The Salmon Disease—
None.
The Spawning Season—
> OR G9 bo rs
November and December.
November and December.
About end of January.
. Ordinary level.
About an average number.
. There are no tributary streams. The principal spawning places
in the
river are Rew’s Hole, Ford immediately above the Town Dam Dyke,
Ford immediately above Peter’s Dam, and Hercules Haugh.
of the Lishery Board for Scotland. 45
Kelts—
1. January.
2, January.
3. Middle or end of March.
4, Above ordinary level.
Smolts—
1. May and June.
2. Yes, very good.
Artificial Propagation of Salmon—
No Hatchery.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon—
Estimate about equal.
General Question—
No.
Mr. Arthur Dickson, Clerk, died on 17th May 1903, and Mr. James Renwick
Findlay, Solicitor, Montrose, was appointed Clerk on 11th September
1903.
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER DEE (ABERDEEN),
Take of Fish—
. (a) and (b), Above the average; (c), a fair average; (d) a little ab ove
average.
KG) se(0); and (c) No. The Inspector has never been able to obtain any
reliable information on these points.
. (a) 11th February ; (0) in April; (c) first grilse caught in river 6th
May, sea-trout abundant in April.
. (a) and (b) For a few years back the tendency has been earlier but
statistics are obtainable as to any monthly percentage.
. (a) 42 lbs; (b) 41 lbs.; (c) 44 lbs.
. Rather so.
bd -&=
H
So Or
Protection—
1. £18,392 lls. 1d.
2. Five per cent. on said rental.
3. Eighteen.
4, Nine prosecutions, 4 of these being for sea-coast nets left in fishing order
during weekly close time—1l men implicated, but all four cases
settled out of Court ; penalties amounted to £38 2s., including expense s.
One case for taking yellow trout in close time, 1 person concerned ,
also settled out of Court by a payment of £1 18s. 6d. including
expenses. ‘T'wo cases implicating 4 men for taking fish from river in
an illegal way (Sniggering), one settled out of Court by a payment of
£8 1s., including expenses—the other case implicating 3 men came into
Court and all convicted, 2 fined 16s. each, the other £3 with 14s.
of expenses each. ‘Two cases implicating 4 men for taking unseason -
able salmon—both came into Court but found not proven.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish—
. Nothing of this nature in the Dee.
. No dams or cruives.
No.
. No fish- passes required.
No;
. No changes of this nature.
> OU 09 DO
46 Appendices to T'wenty-second Annual Report
Pollutions—
1, No.
2. The large sewer referred to in the previous reports has not yet been com-
pleted, but it will probably be so before another year. When it has
been finished it should do much to purify the lower river.
The Salmon Disease—
1. A good deal of disease showed itself about the middle of November 1903,
mainly in the upper reaches, but the river became flooded about: 1st
December, since which date it has disappeared.
2. Low when it began.
3. 257 salmon taken from the river about the end of November and
destroyed—mostly male fish, but no exact record kept of sex or
otherwise.
The Spawning Season—
1. Middle of October in upper reaches—later in lower water, but this
supposed to be owing to the river becoming flooded.
. From end of October to middle of November.
. Practically about end of March.
. Low on the whole.
. More—being later.
. The Clunie, Geldie, Gairn, Muick, and Feugh, all tributaries of the
Dee. Also some good spawning beds in upper reaches of main river.
Of the tributaries—the three first mentioned in this answer are
best.
Kelts—
1. Middle of December.
2. During April.
3. Never quite free.
4, Rather in flood in April when chief migration going on.
> Ot CO bo
Smolts—
1, Middle of April.
2 Wes,
Artificial Propagation of Salmon—
About 900,000 ova put into the Drum Hatchery between 21st and 31st
October 1902. Commenced hatching early in February. During
hatching period about 18,000 dead ova removed from the boxes—the
remainder successfully hatched and put into the river, apparently in
a healthy condition, about end of May. The hatchery belongs to the
Dee District Board.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon—
No information can be obtained as to this, based either on estimate or
actual enumeration.
General Question—
No.
No changes.
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER DON.
Take of Fish—
1. (a), (6), (c), and (d) About the average.
2. (a), (6), and (c) No reliable information is obtainable under this head,
but the rod fishing was particularly good.
(a) 11th February ; (6) during the month of July ; (c) first grilse caught
15th April, sea-trout early in March, principal run of grilse in July.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 47
4, (a) and (6) The inspector has always found it impossible to obtain
reliable statistics as to percentage of fish taken in each month. On
the Don he thinks the tendency is slightly later—certainly not earlier.
5. (a) 28 lbs.; (6) 52 lbs.; (c) 28 lbs.
Protection—
1, £3645 15s. 8d,
2. Fifteen per cent. on said rental.
3. Thirteen.
4, Hight cases, implicating fifteen persons. Five implicating 10 persons for
fishing for or taking salmon in close time. Nine of these convicted
(1 having left town before trial), fined from £2 to £3 each with
expenses. Of the 9, 4 paid and 4 went to prison. The other accused
was found to be weak-minded and the penalty was not exacted. Two
cases, implicating 4 persons for using illegal instruments—all con-
victed, fined from £3 to £5 each with expenses, but went to prison.
One case, implicating 1 person for trespassing with intent to kill
salmon—convicted and fined £5 with £2 1s. 3d., but went to prison.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish—-
. No changes since last year,
Yes,
None—no alterations in 1903.
. All, with the exception of Mugiemoss paper mills dyke, and Stoney wood
paper mills dyke, which are very difficult to ascend,
Dn
O.
. No changes have taken place in 1903.
Pollutions—
1 Nic
2. Two of the manufactories on the lower reaches of the river—Mugiemoss
Paper Mills and Grandhome Mills—are, it is understood, proposing
to carry out certain works with the view of preventing polluting
matter reaching the river. The Aberdeen District Committee of the
County Council and the Aberdeen Town Council have not yet taken
any practical steps for removing the sewage pollution presenty dis-
charged into the river in their respective districts.
The Salmon Disease—
1. Yes. Appeared first early in November, and is now (end of December)
rather prevalent—usually disappears in March as fish make for the sea.
2, Rather flooded during the whole time.
3. In November 33 fish taken from river—20 females, 13 males. In Dec-
ember up to this time, 94—51 females, 43 males. No clean fish.
The Spawning Season—
1. Beginning of September (1902).
2. During the month of December.
3. Towards the end of January (1903).
4, Slightly above normal level.
6. The principal streams or spawning beds are in the upper river—the best
being about Glenkindie, Kildrumy, and Alford.
Kelts—
1. Beginning of March 1903.
2. During March.
3. About end of April (comparatively).
4, Running high.
Smolts—
1. Middle of March.
2. Very good.
48
Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
Artificial Propagation of Salmon—
About 65,000 ova put into the hatchery at Fish Street, Aberdeen, before the
close of the year 1902. About 90 per cent. of these successfully
hatched and put into the rivers Dee and Don in first week in June,
1903, from 10 to 15 miles above the estuaries. The hatchery is
carried on at the mutual expense of the Dee and Don District
Boards.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon—
Can give no information on these points which would be specific enough to
of any value.
General Question—
No.
No changes,
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER YTHAN.
Take of Fish—
1. (a) Rather above the average ; (b) above the average ; (c) rather above the
average ; (d) above the average.
2. (a) and (b) No; (c) about 200 salmon.
3. (a) 25th February; (0) about May ; (c) July and August.
4, It is regretted that this information cannot be obtained.
5. (a) It is regretted that this information cannot be obtained; (6) 1
salmon, 43 lbs., a male; 1 salmon, 31 lbs., a male.
6. Just about the same as in former years.
Protection—
1. £1389.
2. eAIl Fs:
3. Five.
4. Two prosecutions were instituted by the Board for contraventions of the
1868 Act. In each case the prosecution was successful, the accused
being fined, and having to pay the expenses.
One prosecution was instituted by the Procurator-Fiscal for a contra-
vention of the recent Fresh Water Fishery Act, on information
supplied by the Board, and the accused was found guilty and fined.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish—
OP OF ya Go PO
. None.
There are no cruives, and the dams are satisfactorily worked.
None.
. All except one, and it is to be altered next summer.
None.
None.
Pollutions—
1. No.
2. No such steps were necessary.
The Salmon Disease—
1
2
9
. Yes. First seen on 10th December 1902. Was at height in March, and
disappeared about end of April.
. The river was at a low level.
2, There were 90 fish removed from the river, of which 87 were salmon, and
3 sea-trout, 66 were males and 24 were females, 87 were diseased and
3 not diseased.
——— = aiee atte
—
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 49
The Spawning Season—
. First salmon seen spawning on the 4th November 1902.
. From 15th December 1902 to 7th January 1903.
. About Ist February.
The river was a high level.
Rather more than usual.
. The upper reaches of Ythan, Ebrie, Bronie, Little Water, Fordoun and
Tarty Burns.
Kelts—
1, February.
2. March.
3. May.
4, Low level.
Oo pwrye
Smolts—
1. From about 20th March to the middle of May.
2. Very good.
Artificial Propagation of Salmon—
Yes. Belonging to the District Board, situated on the north bank of the
River Ythan, about 14 miles above tidal water, Upwards of 70,000 ova
were secured during tle past season.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon—
On an estimate there are 4 female salmon to 5 male
General Question—
No.
There have been no changes in the Office-bearers of fhe Ythan District
Fishery Board.
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER UGIE.,
Take of Fish—
1. (a) Below average of previous seasons; (b) considerably below average
for finnock and sea-trout ; (c) and (d) considerably below average.
2. (a) and (b) 400 grilse, 800 salmon, and 400 sea-trout ; (c) 44 salmon,
4 grilse, 885 finnock and sea-trout, and 2 Loch Leven trout.
3. (a) Month of March; (b) August, September, and October ; (c) Grilse—
June, July, August, September, and October.
4, (a) and (b) The salmon fishings continue in the hands of private enter-
prise, and the tacksmen decline to give any record of fish taken.
5. (a) 42 lbs. ; (b) 24 lbs.
6No:
Protection—
Pe Soll 10s,
2. £46 9s. 5d., being at the rate of Is. 1$d. per £.
3. Five water bailiffs employed in district.
4, No prosecutions instituted.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish—
1. There have been no alterations on the dams during 1903, and no new
ones built.
2. The dams are worked in accordance with the provisions of the bye-laws
(Schedules F and G) regulating the same. The cruives are not worked
at all, except for catching fish for hatchery purposes.
on No.
4. Yes.
5 and 6. No.
50 Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
Pollutions—
1 and 2. No.
The Salmon Disease—
1. The salmon disease has not shown itself in the district this year to any
extent calling for special remark.
2. Between half-spate and spate.
3. January 1903—1 male and 3 female kelts; February 1903—2 male
kelts ; March 1903—1 male and 3 female kelts.
The Spawning Season—
1. 26th November 1902.
2. Between 26th November and 31st December 1902.
3. lst January 1903.
4, Half-spate to spate.
5. In excess of season 1901-02.
6. Water of Fedderate, North Ugie; Newseat and Stonemill Streams.
Kelts—
1. 5th January 1903.
2. Between Ist February and 20th March 1903.
8. 30th April 1903.
4, Half-spate to spate.
Smolts—
1. From 15th April to 3lst August 1903.
2. There was a large migration of smolts.
Artificial Propagation of Salmon—
There is a hatchery at Englishmill, Inverugie, for the artificial propagation
of salmon and trout, maintained at the expense of the various proprie-
tors. 160,000 salmon ova were secured for the hatchery during the
past season.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon—
Five males to three females, based on estimate.
General Question—
None.
There have been no changes in the office-bearers of this Board.
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER DEVERON.
Take of Fish-—
1. (a) and (6) above an average (c) below an average; (d) about the
average.
2. (a) Salmon 582; grilse 1423 ; (c) 1235 fish.
3. (a) 11th February ; (0) July, and August ; (c) July.
February. March, April. May. June. July. August.
NANNOD. 223. 255000055 12°5 12°5 13°75- 9°23 - 225" Aw 34
a ner = : 5 58°5 41
5. (a) 44 lbs.; (6) 484 lbs.; (c) 35 lbs.
6:7: Ves:
Protection—
}. £3104 18s. 11d.
2. 2s. 8d. per £1,
3. 13, including superintendent.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish—
None.
Yes.
No.
Yes.
No.
No.
oo SO ihe
Pollutions—
None.
The Salmon Disease—
1. No disease. f
3. 124 dead fish were taken from the river but they were not diseased.
The Spawning Season—
12th October.
. Ist November and Ist December.
End of January.
. Flood and half-flood.
. More than usual.
. Beds were distributed over the whole district.
Kelts-——
1. Ist December.
2. March and April.
3. End of April.
4, Half-flood.
DO 9 DOH
Smolts—
1. Middle of April and 12th May.
2. Yes.
Die DISTRICT OF THE RIVER SPEY,
Take of Fish—
1. Above average of last few years.
3. (a) and (6) 11th February 1903; (c) grilse in July; sea-trout all the
season,
5. (a) 51 lbs. ; (6) about 40 lbs.; (c) 36 Ibs.
Gz Ves.
Protection—
1. For year 1902-3, £8146 10s.
2. £1035 5s. 8d. ; rate, 2s. 63d. per £.
3and 4, See Superintendent’s Annual Report.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish—
2 and 3. See Superintendent’s Annual Report.
5. No.
Pollutions—
land 2. Every effort is being made by viparian proprietors to
pollution.
The Salmon Disease—
1. See Superintendent’s Annual Report.
2. Various.
3. See Superintendent’s Annual Report.
E
stop
52 Appendices to T'wenty-second Annual Report
The Spawning Season— |
1. See Superintendent’s Annual Report. |
2. 15th October till 20th November.
3. About end of March.
4, Various.
5 and 6. See Superintendent’s Aunual Report.
molts—
1. April till July.
2. See Superintendent’s Annual Report
Artificial Propagation of Salmon—
See Superintendent’s Annual Report.
i ae a =
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon—
No discrepancy was detected during spawning season.
Office-bearers— |
The Chairman, His Grace the Duke cf Richmond and Gordon, K.G., having |
died on 27th September 1903, has been succeeded in that office by the
present Duke.
Superintendent’s Annual Report for year ending 26th August 1902, sub-
mitted to the meeting held in Elgin on 21st October 1903:—
I.—Salmon Spawning. |
The following Table show the dates of the first appearance of salmon |
spawning beds, and the number seen by bailiffs during the last three
spawning seasons, on the following named streams or tributaries :—
:
|
|
1900. |
Name of Stream. Spawning Commenced yee cues |
Fiddich - - - 10th October 680 |
Avon - - -\ 12h =; 1,091 .
Livet - - eta ss 1,942 |
Conglass - - ae ae ae 480 |
Lochy - - =\ 5 Sth. "5 207
Dulnain - - = Sth © ee 838 |
Nethy - - =H 2 Steen ton 422 )
Druie - . So MALO EE, ere 185
Feshie . - Syi-12thy sé 931
Tromie - - SS ie oe 186
Truim - - 2° SHAStHYS 753 229
Spey (above Laggan, Badenoch) 10th ,, 153
Total Spawning Beds, - 7,344
1901;
Name of Stream. Spawning Commenced aie visas
Fiddich : : - llth October 525
Avon - - - 12th . 1,029
Livet - - - 10th . 1,392
Conglass - - 9th 5 393
Lochy : - . 9th 5 156
Dulnain . - 15th 55 608
Nethy =) Sih < 301
Druie . 2'7_ 14th f 184
Feshie - 2th be 527
Tromie - - = t5th ce 182
Trnim - - = 4th _ 142
Spey (above Laggan, Badenoch) 8th -s 149
Total Spawning Beds, — - 5,588
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 53
1902.
Name of Stream. Spawning Commenced ye S. ery
Fiddich . - - 29th September 553
Avon - - - 9th October 1,499
Livet - - SEs 2,308
Conglass - - =f OGY, a5 528
Lochy - - -* 14th 5 219
Dulnain - - . 7th A 697
Nethy - - PSG rays 364
Druie - - - Q1st ‘3 216
Feshie - - SP alsiaal s 751
Tromie : - - Qst z0 278
Truim - - ee Teilies ial ote Ree 95
Spey (above Laggan, Badenoch) 8th _,, 150
Total Spawning Beds, - 7,658
TABLE SHOWING SIXTEEN YEARS’ SPAWNING BEDS COUNTED ON
TRIBUTARIES.
Total number of Beds for year 1887 : - - 3,849
Do. do. 1888 - - - 5,637
Do. do. 1889 - - - 2,932
Do. do. 1890 - - - 2,768
Do. do. 1891 - - - 4,591
Do. do. 1892 - - - 5,287
Do. do. 1893 - . - 4,635
Do. do. 1894 - - - 7,214
Do. do. 1895 - - - 6,203
Do. do. 1896 z : : 4,778
Do. do. 1897 - - = 5,661
Do. do. 1898 - - - 3,983
Do. do. 1899 - - 5,654
Do. do. 1900 - - - 7,044
Do. do. 1901 : - - 5,588
Do. do. 1902 : - - 7,658
Speaking for sixteen spawning seasons on the tributaries of the River Spey,
that of last season, 1902-03, carries the record for number of spawning beds
counted. The record year previous to this was made two years previous
(1900-01), which only showed 314 beds fewer than that of last season. The
increase for last year upon that of the previous season is 2170 spawning beds.
Upon the Livet alone there was an increase of 916 beds, and upon the Avon
470, Conglass and Lochy, 198 beds, thus giving a total of 1584 of the increase
last year upon the Avon and Livet and their respective tributaries. At week
ending 20th December last, the larger tributaries had, owing to wet weather,
run high during the whole week, thus preventing the bailiffs from seeing and
counting many beds which were by the time the streams again receded dark-
ened in colour so as to prevent the men distinguising them with certainty from
those already counted.
On the River Spey the spawning was very good. This was especially the
case in the Cromdale section, where during the months of December and
January the spawning fords were heavily stocked with spawners. Spawning
commenced on River Spey at Rothes on 30th October, at Aberlour on 14th
November, at Blacksboat on 5th November, and at Cromdale on 3rd
November.
I last year reported a heavy spate which took place on the River Spey and
tributaries from 4th till 9th of January, 1902, but I have to record a more
disastrous one which occurred from 26th to 3lst January, 1903. This spate
through its six days’ continuous and heavy flow must have caused a con-
siderable amount of damage or injury to spawning beds over the River Spey
and tributaries.
D4 Appendices to T'wenty-second Annual Report
There were ice fringes along the margins of the river and tributaries from
the 5th till the 11th of December, and again, but more severe, from the 10th
till the 20th of January, 1902-03, but I do not think, owing to the gradual
and mild way it broke up, that much if any damage was caused to the
spawning beds from this source of danger.
I1.—Smolt Season.
The smolt seaward migration season on the River Spey and tributaries
during last spring and early summer was to all appearance a good average one.
During the whole of the month of May they were seen to be very numerous
and abundant in the Fochabers and Garmouth districts while making their
descent into the tidal waters. They were protected upon the river and
tributaries by a force of eight bailiffs from 27th April to 6th June. Printed
precautionary notices to the number of six hundred were posted up along the
banks of the river and tributaries all over the district. The permanent staff
of bailiffs continued the protection of the fry during the later summer months.
On the 10th of August four bailiffs were put on duty to protect salmon fry,
principally upon the tributaries, where at said season there is much trout
angling carried on by summer visitors.
III.— Disease among Fish.
Disease showing among spawning salmon during last season was again noted
upon the Fiddich, when a correct detail of numbers, &€., was kept by the
bailiffs. These particulars have been kept upon this stream during the last
sixteen years. The number of dead and dying diseased fish removed away
from the banks of the stream and buried last year was 33. The number of
spawning beds counted upon the same river was 553, thus giving a percentage
of 6 per cent. of deaths to the number of spawning beds counted. The
previous year’s percentage was 7 per cent. The percentages have varied
during the last 16 years from 6 to 21 per cent., the average being about 15
per cent. The fish affected last year were as follows :—1 sea trout, 21 grilse,
and 11 salmon. They were all spawned and all male fish. The first diseased
fish (the sea trout) was found on 22nd November. The most virulent season
of the disease was from the middle till end of December.
IV.—Poaching during the Year.
James Williamson (23), and Alex. Williamson (25), tinkers or travelling
coopers, of no fixed place of residence, were detected poaching for salmon on
the Livet on 22nd September, 1902. They were tried before the Sheriff at
Banff, and sentenced, the first named to 10s. of a fine with 18s. of expenses, or
7 days in jail; the second named to 15s. of a fine with £1 5s. of expenses, or
10 days’ imprisonment. John Lawson, a teacher of dancing from Cromdale,
was detected by a gamekeeper poaching for salmon on the Tulchan fishings on
Spey at 3 o’clock in the morning of the 12th of May, 1903, by means of an
illegal instrument known as “an otter.” He was tried for the offence before
the Elginshire Sheriff Court and sentenced to pay a fine of £2, with £1 of
expenses, with the alternative of 30 days’ imprisonment. A woman residing
in the Fiddich district was, by order of the Chairman of the Board, called
upon and cautioned by the Superintendent for an offence of having puta
quantity of chaff into the Fiddich on 27th April, 1903. The woman evidently
committed the error not knowing that she was committing an offence.
V.—Bye-laws.
The Bye-Laws relating to dam dykes, mill lades, hecks, &c., have been well
attended to, and the dykes, &c., have been kept in repair and conform to the
Bye-Laws during the year.
Or
Sr
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
ViI.—General Remarks.
The new mouth formed at Druie two years ago continues most satisfactory,
and affords a splendid draw or entrance to spawning fish ascending from the
River Spey to the fine spawning grounds upon the Druie and its tributaries.
The sea coast and river net salmon fishing opened for the season on 11th
February, and closed again for the yearly close time on 26th of August. The
weekly close times were regularly inspected by the Superintendent, the
Inspector, and Constable R. Sivewright, Speymouth.
On 28th November last, Mr. T. Rae, overseer of salmon fishings, Tugnet,
and a crew of men fished unsuccessfully the Ballindalloch water of Spey to
secure ova for the Fochabers Hatchery. The young fish to be produced by
the ova were intended to be returned to the Spey at Ballindalloch. Only
three male salmon were caught after the day’s fishing. On Ist January, 1903,
the Hatchery was completely filled with about 840,000 ova, which were
very successfully hatched out by Ist May. Of these, after being fed, on 9th
June 10,000 were conveyed to the Carron and Knockando reaches and let into
the river. By 21st July 40,000 fry were transferred to the rearing ponds at
Tugnet, and the remainder were transferred to the river at Fochabers. The
most of the previous year’s parr which were being reared at the ponds at
Tugnet were set at liberty by the heavy flood of the 3lst January last, which
completely inundated the ponds.
The full force of bailiffs or Spey police is constituted as follows :—The
Superintendent, residing in Aberlour ; the Inspector, stationed at Grantown ;
eight sergeants, and thirty-six constables.
GEORGE K. MACGREGOR, Superintendent.
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER LOSSIE.
Take of Fish—-
1. (c) Stotfield Sea net fishings ; about an average.
3. (a) At opening of sea net fishing (11th February 1903); (b) on sea
fishings, April and August ; (c) grilse and sea trout run up the Lossie
as early as July and onwards.
5. Have no information.
Protection—
1. £106 5s. for year 1902-03.
3. One bailiff protecting smolts during six weeks April till June. Three
_ bailiffs taking duty at 1st October to protect spawning fish.
4. No.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish—
2. Just being put into conformity with Bye-laws.
os UNO.
4, Existing mills in Elgin take so much water for driving power that it is
only with spates that salmon can ascend the dam dykes.
Pollutions—
1. No fresh cause known to me.
2. The Town Council of Lossiemouth propose to introduce the whole of the
sewage of Lossiemouth, Stotfield, and Branderburgh near the mouth of
the river, and as this, if carried out, will injure the fishings in the sea
and prevent salmon from ascending the river to spawn, His Grace the
Duke of Richmond and Gordon has taken legal proceedings against
the Council to prevent them from introducing the sewage there, unless
it be purified.
The Salmon Disease—
1. No data for last year.
36 Appendices to T'wenty-second Annual Report
The Spawning Season—
No data for last year.
Smolts—
1, April till July.
2. There was a wonderful appearance of smolts and salmon fry to be seen
migrating during the six-weeks-protection season, considering that
previous to this said season there was no protection given to spawning
fish, and poaching openly was carried out among the fish going up the
river to the spawning grounds.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon—
No data for last season.
General Question—
This Board was only constituted on 27th February 1903. The chairman,
His Grace, Charles Henry Gordon Lennox, Duke of Richmond and
Gordon, K.G., having died on 27th September last, has been succeeded
by his eldest son, the present Duke, as chairman.
VHE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER FINDHORN,
Take of Fish—
1. (a) Below the average ; (b) about the average ; (c) below the average ; (d)
below the average.
2. Approximately. (a) 3670; (b) 14,753; (c) 206.
3. (a) llth February ; (b) between 20th April and 20th May ; (c) grilse in
July, sea trout in June.
4, (a) February 60, March 184, April 655, May 1152, June 351, July 743,
August 525; (6) February 900, March 1600, April 2341, May 3259,
June 1500, July 2800, and August 2353.
. (a) 38 pounds ; (b) 40 pounds ; (c) 30 pounds.
. Yes, very much so.
S> Or
Protection—
3. Permanent staff, head constable, and 2 bailiffs. During close season 13
extra bailiffs.
4, There were no prosecutions.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish —
. There are no dams in our district.
No.
. Yes.
NG:
. No, there are no changes,
Od Or CO bs
Pollutions—
1. No.
The Salmon Disease—
1. No, there is no appearance of disease.
The Spawning Season—
1902, on 13th October ; 1903, on 14th October.
. Between 20th October and 20th November.
. On the upper district about 28th November. On the lower district
about 15th January.
. Between low and half flood.
. More.
. Findhorn River, Moy, Kyllachy, and Glenmazerin Burns.
Doe oboe
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 57
Kelts—
1. About the first of February.
2. During the month of March.
3. About the first of May.
4. Between low and half flood.
Smolts—
1. Between 9th April and Ist June.
2. Yes, very good.
Artificial Propagation of Salmon—
There is no hatchery in our district.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon—
As far as I can see there are an equal number of male and female salmon all
over the district.
General Question—
No.
No changes.
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER NAIRN.
Take of Fish—
1. (b) Above average ; (c) salmon above average, grilse average, sea trout
above average ; (d) above average.
2. No information available.
3. (a) 13th February ; (0) April and May ; (c) sea-trout in June and July,
grilse in August and September.
4. No information.
5. (a) None; (6) salmon 35 Ibs., trout 8 Ibs.; (c) salmon 264 Ibs., trout
6 lbs.
6. Yes.
Protection—
1. £1138 10s.
2. £85 7s. Od.
3. One permanent bailiff, two during close season, and other assistance as
required.
4, No.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish—
1. No changes.
2. No changes.
ae No:
4, This subject has recently been reported upon.
5 and 6. No.
Pollutions—
1. No, except that Glen Cawdor Distillery has resumed work.
2. Burgh Sewage Scheme has been a subject of correspondence and report.
The Salmon Disease—
1. No.
sa Appendices to T'wenty-second Annual Report
The Spawning Season—
. November 4th.
. Middle of November to middle of December.
Middle of January.
. Half-flood generally.
. Considerably above average.
The Nairn and Inverernie Burn.
> OP 09 DO
Kelts—
1. Middle of January.
2. March.
3. About middle of April.
4, Half-flood.
Smolts—
1. 22nd April.
2. Yes.
Artificial Propagation of Salmon—
No hatchery.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon—
On an estimate the males slightly exceed the females.
General Question--~
No.
No changes.
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER NESS.
Take of Fish—
. (a), (6), (c), and (d) About the average.
. (a) About 33,000 ; (6) information can’t be obtained ; (c) a record fishing.
. (4) 11th February ; (6) February; (c) (Grilse) June, July, August—
(c) (Sea-trout) July, August, September.
4. Information cannot be obtained ; (a) and (b) can’t say.
5. 43 lbs. ; (b) fixed engine ; (c) 343 lbs.
Gi es,
Protection-—
1, £3404 5s. Od.
Z. 28. per &.
3. One superintendent, four temporary, three permanent watchers.
4, Yes, three. One contravention of the Salmon Fisheries (Scotland) Acts,
1868 (fixed engines), fined £2—£1 expenses ; one for breach of inter-
dict, fined 10s. with all expenses ; one for poaching with net, fined
ae with £1 expenses, or seven days’ imprisonment. ‘Took the seven
ays.
Whe
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish—
. None.
. None.
. None.
. One fish pass does not afford a free passage when river is in a low state.
. Invermoriston Falls.
. The Invermoriston Falls.
O? Or We DO
Pollutions—
1. No:
2. No!
ee eee ey ee ee ee ee ee eT 6s Pas tine semeds wae at.
ee a
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 59
The Salmon Disease—
1. Not this year.
The Spawning Season—
. Ist November.
. November, December.
. End of January.
. Normal.
. About the average.
. Ness, Garry, Moriston, Ersrick, Quoich, Kingie.
Dob © be
KX elts—
1. llth February.
2. March, April.
3. Middle of May.
4, In flood.
Smoits—
LY April.
2. Average.
Artificial Propagation of Salmon—
Lord Burton has hatchery at Glenquoich, hatches trout only.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmnon—
Have not had the river netted for some years.
General Question—
A small sum should be paid per head to parties having the right to carry
a gun by the river side for the following birds :—cormorants, water
ousils, and all the diver kind ; all the above birds being so destruc-
tive to salmon rivers.
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER BEAULY.
Take of Fish—
1. (a) Below ; (6) above ; (d) about.
2. (a) 174 salmon, 2064 grilse, 15 trout ; (c) 70 salmon, 480 grilse.
Note.—Regarding net fishing, we only fish with nets two evenings in the week for the
months of June and July.
No netting is done on the river but in the above-mentioned months, and that only
twice a week.
3. (a) ace (b) June ; (c) last fortnight of June and first fortnight of
J
uly.
5. (a) Salmon 24 lbs., trout 5 lbs.; (c) salmon 20 lbs., trout 3 ibs.
6. Not remarkably heavy.
Protection—
3. Four.
A. No.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish—
. None destroyed. No new ones built.
Sei C2 2BO
K
oO
wm
Pollutions,
12 No}
2 No:
60 Appendices to T'wenty-second Annual Report
The Salmon Disease—
1. Yes. July. August. End of September.
2. Low.
3. June, 12; July, 20.
The Spawning Season—
. 21st February.
. Between 25th November and 10th December 1901.
. 15th December.
High
More.
. Struy Bridge ; Belladrum Burn ; Bruiach Burn.
Kelts—
1, Middle of January or about Ist February.
2. February and March.
3. Beginning of May.
4, High.
D> or oo DOH
Smolts—
1. Ist to 15th May.
2. Yes.
Artificial Propagation of Salmon—
Yes ; supported by private enterprise. Situated right bank of River Beauly,
about 6 miles from mouth of river and 24 miles from village of Beauly.
Near to Falls of Kilmorack. 200,000 ova secured for past season.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon—
More female (based upon an estimate).
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER CONON.
Take of Fish—
1. (a), (6), and (c) Salmon considerably above the average, grilse below the
average ; (d) in the upper districts salmon and grilse below the
average.
. (a) The lessees of the net fishings are not disposed to give the information.
. (a) 11th February ; (b) February, March, and April; (c) grilse ran from
the middle of May to the close of the fishing. The main run of sea-
trout is in March and April. Clean sea-trout in tidal waters off
Conon at all seasons.
4, Unable to give this for reasons stated in answer 2.
ioe. few were caught weighing 23 Ibs.; (6) about 35 lbs.; (c) about 18
bs.
6. No.
Ww bo
or
Protection—
1. £3114 10s.
2. 1s. per £.
3. One permanent inspector and four temporary bailiffs. -
4. Two prosecutions were instituted under the Salmon Fishing Statutes and
relative Bye-laws against Tacksmen of salmon fishings for failure to
remove the netting of their leaders during the weekly close time. In the
first case the Sheriff held that the tacksmen were unable through stress
of weather to remove the leaders on the Saturday night, and although
it was proved that they could have done so on Sunday he refused to
convict in view of local custom and feeling with regard to the
observance of the Sabbath. This case was appealed by the Board to
the High Court of Justiciary, and was heard last week. After discuss-
ion the Judges took the case to avizandum, and it has not yet been
decided. In the other case the salmon tacksmen were convicted and
fined the sum of £6.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 61
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish—
Te None:
2. There are two cruives in the district, and they are worked in accordance
with the provisions of the Bye-laws regulating the same.
3. No.
4, This may be said to involve a matter of some controversy between the
upper and lower proprietors, and no reply is made,
[The following answer to this question has been received from Mr. Gunn,
representing the upper proprietors, the statement having been forwarded
to me by the Clerk to the District Fishery Board.—W.L.C.
As representing the upper proprietors, the subscriber begs to state that the
surroundings of the fish pass of the lower cruive on the River Conon as
they are now, and as they have been for a considerable time, are such as
to form a complete barrier against fish ascending to the wpper waters.
Even when the river is in flood they can only do so with great difficulty.
That the obstructions in question will be found fully set forth in a statement
submitted by the subscriber at a meeting of the Conon District Fishery
Board, held on Ist July last—that at this meeting Mr. Calderwood, who
was present, expressed a wish to have a copy of said statement, which
» was duly sent to him.
That these obstructions have injuriously affected the sport on the wpper waters,
there is the best possible evidence in the gradual and very serious decline
in the take of fish by the rod in recent years.
That in the present state of the Channel, and so long as the obstructions
referred to are permitted, it is an utter impossibility that a proportion of
each run of fish can ascend to the wpper waters, noturthstanding the
strong recommendation under that head in the Royal Comnussion Report.
That the upper proprietors regard these obstructions as being all the more
objectionable that they are to a large extent preventable at a moderate
cost.
That it is obvious from what passed at the meeting at which Mr. Calderwood
was present, and the opposition of the lower proprietors to any change,
that the injury caused by these obstructions will be allowed to continue,
and that there is no hope of the very desirable recommendations of the
Royal Commussion for an extension of the weekly close time and the
restricting of netting in narrow waters being adopted unless pressure
is brought to bear by the Fishery Board for Scotland.
That while the upper proprietors are more than ever convinced that the entire
removal of both cruives is the only real and effectual remedy, they
earnestly solicit the help and advice of the Fishery Boavd as to the best
means to adopt to remedy the existing very serious and unsatisfactory
state of matters.
5. No.
6. No.
Pollutions—
1. No.
2. None.
The Salmon Disease—
1. The Inspector has seen no salmon disease in the Conon district.
The Spawning Season—
. About the end of October.
. From the 5th of November to the 20th of same month.
. About 10th December.
. In very heavy flood.
. Less than last season.
. There are good spawning grounds in the River Conon from the tidal
waters, and in the tributaries Blackwater, Orrin, and Meig.
mor te DS &
62 Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
Kelts—
1. In the beginning of March.
2. From the middle to the end of April.
3. About the beginning of June.
4, Flood, half-flood, and low.
Smolts—
1. March, April, May, and June.
2. Yes; fairly good.
Artificial Propagation of Salmon—
There is a salmon hatchery in this district at Conon Bridge. It partly
belongs to Colonel Mackenzie of Seaforth and partly to the District
Board. Owing to the very heavy flood in the Conon during the whole
of the spawning season, it was impossible to net the river for spawning
salmon, conseuently no ova have been secured. An application has
been made to the Tweed for a consignment of ova from that river.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon—
When netting the Conon for spawning salmon the Inspector reports
that he always found the males to be more numerous than the females.
s
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER ALNESS.
Take of Fish—
. (a) Below the average ; (b) above the average; (d) generally below the
average.
. The number of fish caught cannot be stated.
. (a) The first clean fish taken was in April ; (b) the main take of salmon
was in July; (c) grilse and sea-trout ran July and August.
. See answer to No. 2.
. (a) 25 lbs; (c) 20 lbs.
No.
a
Dore wr
Protection—
1. Assessable rental for 1903, £617 2s. 7d.
2. Assessment at 4s. 6d. per £ was levied thereon.
3. One head water bailiff engaged for the year, with two assistant bailiffs
during the spring months, and one assistant during the autumn.
4. No prosecutions in 1903, but two separate consignments of fish (weighing
together about 250 lbs.) suspected to have been illegally taken were
seized by the Board’s officers at Invergordon Station en route for the
London market in February and March, and sold on behalf of the
Board. The fish were consigned in fictitious names.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish—
1. No dams destroyed or disused, nor any new dams built, nor old dams
altered.
2. In the Alness River, yes. In the Balnagown stream only when in flood.
5 and 6. No.
Pollutions—
Le No:
2. No. There is very little pollution in the Alness District.
The Salmon Disease—
tL No:
2 and 3. Superseded by answer 1.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 63
The Spawning Season—
1. Sea-trout noticed spawning on 10th October, and salmon about 25th
October.
Between lst November and 15th December.
About 25th December.
About half-flood.
More than usual during the spawning season.
. The upper reaches of the Alness River.
C2 Shae
Kelts—
1. In February.
Zovline April:
3. In June.
4, About half-flood.
Smolts—
1. End of April.
Za ess
Artificial Propagation of Salmon—
There is a hatchery belonging to the District Board situated on the Alness
River about 3 miles from the sea, and near a good spring. About
70,000 ova were obtained during the past season.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon—
The proportion of the male to the female salmon cannot be stated, but when
fishing for ova more males than females were obtained.
Office-bearers—
No changes have occurred.
THE DISTRICT OF THE KYLE OF SUTHERLAND.
Take of Fish—
1. About the average generally throughout the district.
2. The number cannot be given, as the lessees refuse to give information on
this head. |The catch, however, was a good one, and especially by rod.
. (a) In February; (b) May and June ; (c) July and August.
. It is not possible to condescend on numbers in either case (a) or (0).
. (a) 38.lbs.; (b) 27 lbs. ; (c) 30 lbs.
No.
QO
Protection—
1. £3522 10s.
2. £264 3s. 9d., being 1s. 6d. per £.
3. Sixteen watchers in all.
4. No prosecutions.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish—
1. None.
2. So far as possible.
3.) No:
4, Yes.
5 and 6. No.
Pollutions—
1. No.
2. Yes, but with no success,
64
Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
The Salmon Disease—
1s Wo:
The Spawning Season-—
Oo OOP Dr
eel.
Kelts—
1. 25th November.
2. March and April.
3. In June.
4. In flood most of the time.
. 5th September.
. Between lst November and 7th December
. About the end of December.
flood the most of the time.
. About the usual.
. Carron, Oykell, and Cassley.
Smolts—
1. In May.
9. Yes,
Artificial Propagation of Salmon-
Yes, one supported by the District Board, namely, at Culrain, for which
140,000 ova were secured. There is also one supported by private
enterprise, namely, by Mr. Carnegie of Skibo, on his estate; but the
number of ova secured for it is not known, but is believed to be less
than the previous year.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon—
No.
General Question—
It is recommended that future legislation should make it imperative on
lessees and proprietors of fishings to provide to the Clerk of the
District Board yearly, and at any other time when called upon, the
numbers, weight, and sex of fish caught, as also under a penalty to
keep daily a register disclosing this information, the same to be open
for inspection by the Clerk or other official of the Board at all
reasonable times.
SUTHERLAND—EAST AND WEST COAST DISTRICTS.
[ West Coast returns in italics. |
Take of Fish—
1. Below the average.
2
3
. (a)
1204 salmon, 247 grilse, 194 trout; (b) 1356 salmon, 2970 grilse,
274 trout; (c) Helmsdale, 1138 fish; Brora, 449 fish.
Helmsdale, 27th January; Brora, 11th February ; Hearly in June on
West Coast ; (b) March and April by rods; April and May by net and
coble ; West Coast, July ; (c) May onwards.
4, (a) February, salmon 6:3 per cent.; March, salmon 16°2 per cent.;
6.
April, salmon 38:2 per cent.; May, salmon 20°6 per cent., grilse 2°4
per cent., trout 4°1 per cent. ; June, salmon 8:2 per cent., grilse 19°0
per cent., trout 46-9 per cent.; July, salmon 6°5 per cent., grilse
44°6 per cent., trout 46°9 per cent ; August, salmon 4:0 per cent.,
grilse 34:0 per cent., trout 2°1 per cent.—100 per cent.; (b) March,
salmon ‘6 per cent. ; April, salmon 4°6 per cent.; May, salmon 24:0 per
cent., grilse ‘1 per cent.; June, salmon 39°0 per cent., grilse 21°6 per
cent.; July, salmon 25°8 per cent., grilse 66°0 per cent.; August,
salmon 6°0 per cent., grilse 12°3 per cent.—100 per cent.
(b) West Coast, 37 lbs. ; (c) East Coast 35 lbs.; West Coast 29 lbs.
No.
lilt Et AEE A Dee a a a
of Fishery Board for Scotland. 65
Protection—
1. Rental as given in Valuation Roll—Hast Coast, £2160; West Coast,
£1317, but angling mostly let with shooting and not apportioned at
full value, otherwise rental would be much higher.
2. None levied.
3. Four, in addition to keepers, who assist.
4. No.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish—
1, A dam has been erected at the mouth of Loch an Ruathair, from which
loch the River Helmsdale flows. This dam has been provided with
sluices and fish pass, and has been erected to cause artificial spates in
dry seasons.
we Yes:
. Only that referred to above.
iu MES:
= No;
. Only those referred to above.
SH Ore & bo
Pollutions—
Wand: 2; No;
The Salmon Disease—
], 2, and 3. No disease has appeared this year.
The Spawning Season—
1. 14th October ; West Coast the latter end of October.
2, 20th October and 20th November. West Coast 15th November and 20th
December.
End of November ; West Coast abowt 10th Janwary.
. Constantly high ; West Coast about half-flood.
. More than usual; West Coast slightly less than last year, which was a good
spawning season.
. Brora, Helmsdale, Fleet, Inver, Kirkaig, Laxford, and Inchard, with their
tributaries.
Kelts—
1. 12th January ; West Coast about 1st April.
2. April; West Coast, April.
3. Beginning of June; West Coast end of May.
4, Haltf-flood ; West Coast, flood.
op 69
fon)
Smolts—
1. 3rd April till end of May.
2. Very good.
Artificial Propagation of Salmon—
There are 3 hatcheries—one on the Brora at Carrol, about 190,000 ova; two
on the Helmsdale at Torrish and Kinbrace, about 370,000 and
380,000 ova respectively—total, 947,000. All three belong to His
Grace the Duke of Sutherland.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon—
There is no means of ascertaining with certainty, but males predominate.
During the time of fishing for ova the proportion of males to females
was 4 to Il.
General Question—
No.
None.
66 Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER THURSO.
Take of Fish—
1. (b) Above; see Table I. (c) See Table II.; (d) above.
TABLE I.
Angling Record—January to May, 1863 to 1890; January to June, 1891 to
1903.
Months inclusive.
Year. Total Catch. | Weight in Ibs. Year. Total Catch. | Weight in lbs.
*
Number.
Forward 13,491 146,119
1863 1510 14,6664 1883 327 3545
1864 560 344 18384 820 91424
1865 452 4397 1885 345 4378
1866 331 3298 1886 656 6565
1867 721 73014 1887 302 33073
1868 1012 9651 1888 33 3550
1869 rae 73063 1889 405 4883
1870 887 96795 1890 242 30424
1871 ‘ 440 4777 1891 632 6817
1872 748 8694 1892 822 88784
1873 607 7922 1893 313 33874
1874 1240 13,870 1894 190 23794
1875 590 66624 1895 306 4057
1876 543 64084 1896 759 8379
1877 740 78335 1897 195 22814
1878 758 99114 1898 389 4156
1879 304 37204 1899 200 2729
1880 465 54074 1900 234 23323
1881 236 28304 1901 163 1851
1882 630 6437 1902 139 17394
Forward - 13,491 146,119 19038 414 43404
Total 21 ,706 237,8614
i i i Ba
[ TABLE
(~~
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
‘QUSNV IIOM “SGT SS SUIYSIOM UOWTRS 9 ‘ZOGT ‘YoIePY UT,
a a ae eer eerie ir mented
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1% | zee 19 | F011 4 | tet) 9 | tocg1| gozitse, | zo] ° | ° liter | oF | seer] sor] | ~ |s | t | eee| esp: | ° | - |: | ostlirt BlerS ele) Taqsqesog |
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| Sm (amare (esac [FcR (mt lace lnmaecieedl (arrestee jean jm eee ae me lar] ce cal (eee eee eae eal eee eee ee eet SS ee oe
| Ss | al [Esra a = 5 B 9 uous
‘Ynsny “Apne ‘aune CHING ‘Tuady “AIeNAGaT
‘€06T YOL ONIBSIY NOWIVG Vag wo adyoOoay
"Tl f1adv,L
68 Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
2. (b) See Table IL. ; (c) see Table II., and 679 till end of June—close of
spring angling.
3. (a) 2nd March, 1903 (no angling prior) ; (6) in May and June; (c) in
July.
5. (c) 28 lbs.
6. No, only average.
Protection-—
1, Thurso has not a District Board.
2. No assessment.
3. Ten during spawning season.
4, For salmon poaching in the sea. Three men were prosecuted, convicted,
and each fined £2.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish.
1 and 2. None.
3. Access to Calder Burn improved.
4. Yes.
5 and 6. Only as stated in No. 3.
Pollutions—
1. No.
2. No steps taken.
The Salmon Disease—
1. No disease.
3. None.
The Spawning Season—
1, About the 25th of October.
. From Ist till 20th November.
. 1st December.
. Above average.
. More. A marked increase.
. Oakerlands, Dalemore, and Hoy streams.
oH Ove WW bo
Kelts—
1. In January.
2. In March.
3. In May.
4, Average.
Smolts—
1. In May and June.
2. The spawning seasons for some years were rather poor, consequently
smolts were somewhat scarce.
Artificial Propagation of Salmon—
There is a hatchery at Brawl, Halkirk, supported solely by private enter-
prise. It is situated on the bank of Thurso River, about 7 miles from
the estuary, and has an ample supply of suitable water. It turns out
about 300,000 fry annually.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon—
Refer to marked salmon.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland, 69
TEE VDISTRICL OF TONG UL.
Take of Fish—
. (a), (b), (c), and (d) Below the average.
. (a) and (b) Salmon 1957; grilse 4944; trout 86. These figures include
Rivers Strathy and Armadale.
. (a) January ; (b) June; (c) June and July.
. (a) and (6) April 1 per cent.; May 22 per cent.; June 41 per cent.; July
34 per cent.; August 2 per cent.
. (a) 28 lIbs.; (b) 36 lbs.; (c) 30 lbs.
cP es.
C9 bh)
Sp Or
Protection—
1 and 2. No assessment.
o Olx
4. No.
Obstructions to Passage of Fish—
1, Dam across River Naver at bottom of Loch Naver swept away by flood
and not replaced.
None.
No.
Yes.
None.
. Nothing.
O Top oo bo
Pollutions—
1 and 2. None.
The Salmon Disease-—
1. No disease.
The Spawning Season—
. 22nd October.
. 25th October to 20th November.
25th November.
. Considerably above the ordinary level.
. More.
. Halladale, Strathy, Naver, Borgie, and Hope.
Ook wpe
Kelts—
1. About Ist April.
2. April.
3. End of April.
4, Low level.
Smolts—
1, 24th April.
On Vier:
Artificial Propagation of Salmon—
No.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon--
Not known.
General Question—
No.
Durness and Strathy property, including Rivers Dionard, Polla, Strathy,
and Armadale, has been sold to W. E. Gilmour, Esq., of Rosehall, &c.
70 Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER BROOM.
Protection—
1 e70:
2. There was an assessment for the three years (31st March 1900 to 31st
March 1903).
3 No bailiffs specially employed, ,but the gamekeepers on the estates
interested act as bailiffs without renumeration.
4. No.
General Question—
This Board was formed along with the Little Broom and Gruinard Fishery
Boards primarily to enable the proprietors interested to have power
of seizure and search under the Salmon Fishery Statutes upon their
gamekeepers.
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER BALGAY.
Take of Fish—
1. (a), (b), (c), and-(d) About the average.
3. (c) Most of the grilse and sea-trout ran in July.
5. The heaviest salmon caught here by rod was abont 13 lbs., on Loch
Dhugaill.
Protection—
2. All expensee are paid by Mr. C. J. Murray cf Lochcarron and The
Honourable Captain King Noel.
4. One water bailiff.
5. No, but the bailiff and the keepers made a seizure of nets in the course of
the season.
The Salmon Disease—
3. One dead female, spent, salmon got in Kinloch River in November; when
in condition it would have weighed about 16 lbs., quite lean.
The Spawning Season—
1. Sea-trout were spawning here in October, and salmon in November.
6. The Balgay and Kinloch Rivers.
General Question—
Herrons are most destructive when sea-trout ar2 spawning on rivers and
tributaries. They can easily catch the sea-trout then, and pick them
out and devour them at their leisure.
THE DISTRICTS OF THE RIVERS SLIGACHAN AND
SNIZORT.
Take of Fish—
1. (d) much below the average ; weather very unfavourable for fishing.
3. (a) Generally throughout the district in nets at the beginning of March ;
(b) June and July,
5. (a), (6), and (c) No record.
Protection—
1. £540.
2. A sum of £11 was equally divided and paid by the five proprietors on the
Roll.
3, Sixteer
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 71
4. Yes. A complaint was raised against a yacht owner for illegally fishing
in Portree Bay. The complaint was withdrawn on respondent
expressing regret and paying £1 of expenses.
Obstruction to the Passage of Fish—
5, A waterfall was blasted on Abhain Torra, on Skeabost estate, to enable
salmon to get into Loch Hounan. Result will be known next season.
Pollutions—
1. None.
The Salmon Disease—
1. None.
The Spawning Season—
1. Nothing unusual occurred this spawning season.
4, No unusual floods.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon—
Cannot give reliable estimate.
Note.—This return applies to both the East and West Coasts of Skye.
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER LOCHY.
Take of Fish—
. (a) No netting in tidal waters ; (b) about an average by rod.
. (a) and (6) None.
. (a) 30th March.
. (c) 364 lbs.
No.
on SC Nes
Protection—
1. £2306.
2. 1d. per £.
3. Eleven.
4, Yes, two—poaching in estuary, penalty £2 each. Night poaching on
river—conviction, penalty £2 each and 13s. 6d. each expenses.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish—
1. There are no dam dykes or cruives in the district.
Pollutions—
1, No pollutions.
The Salmon Disease-—
1. No salmon disease.
The Spawning Season—
. 26th October.
. 16th November and 16th December.
. End of December.
. Less.
. Spean, Roy, Cour, Lochy, Arkaig, Loy, Nevis, and Lundy
Kelts—
1 and 2. River too high to note.
3. Last week in April.
4, High.
Mow oe
72 Appendices of Twenty-second Annual Report
Smolts—
1. River too high.
2. Not so far as known.
Artificial Propagation of Salmon—
Yes, 100,000 ova.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon—
No list kept—when kept about a fourth more female than male.
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER AWE.
Take of Fish—
1. No records kept of the quantity of fish caught, but the take is believed
to be about the usual.
No.
. No information.
. Can get no information ; the fishermen refuse it.
. No information.
He O19 bo
Protection—
1. £1052 9s. Od.
2. LLG 16s; 10d.
3. One.
4, No.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish—
. The circumstances are the same as before.
. So far as known.
No.
. The fish-pass on the Lusragan is believed not to allow a free passage.
. No;
No.
> OVP 8 bo b
Pollutions—
1, There are not any known cases.
2. Nothing to remove.
The Salmon Disease—
LINO:
2. There is no information.
3. No information. Not believed to be any.
The Spawning Season—
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. No information on these points.
Kelts—
1, 2, 3, and 4. No information on these points.
Smolts—
1 and 2. No information on these points.
Artificial Propagation of Salmon—
0.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon—
No.
Office-bearers—
His Grace, The Duke of Argyll, K.T., is now Chairman, instead of The
Right Hon. The Marquess of Breadalbane, K.G.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 73
THE “DISTRICT OF LOCH LOMON D.
Take of Fish-—-
1. There has been a remarkable increase in the numbers of fish, especially sea-
trout, both seen and taken in the Loch Lomond district in 1903. The
district comprises Loch Lomond, its tributary streams, notably the
Luss, Fruin, Falloch, and Endrick, its effluent the Leven, and the
Clyde fishings at Dumbarton. The Falloch and Endrick are not under
our control, and the Clyde fishings have been leased by us for 5 years
from Martinmas.
(a) Statistics not available ; (b) Above the average; (c) none; (d)
above the average.
2. L instituted an arrangement whereby all boat-hirers should report catches
taken by anglers—on the loch alone. It is accurate tor salmon but
less so for sea-trout, for many reasons.
(a) Statistics not available; (6) none; (c) salmon and grilse, 60,
6712 lbs, ; sea-trout, 751, 1282# lbs.
3. No statistics are available for the Clyde fishings, but (a) by rod on
the loch, date 28th March, 1 salmon 14 lbs.; (6) May, when 22 salmon,
2994 lbs., were caught by rod ; (c) sea-trout in May, grilse in July.
4, This may be managed next season as we have acquired the Clyde fishings
and must net at least to recoup the rent.
5. (a) Statistics not available ; (b) none; (c) 1 salmon, 27 lbs., 4th April.
6. The general average weight was greater all over.
Protection—
1 and 2. Don’t apply to our organisation.
3. The number of watchers vary as the fish come and go. In June, July,
August, and September, 5 men are employed generally, while other 2
men have special stream watching.
4, 30 prosecutions were brought in Dumbarton, 2 were withdrawn, and | was
found not proven, leaving 27 convictions obtained. The cases com-
prised net poaching on Clyde and Leven, gaffing and sniggling fish in
Leven, having illegal possession of salmon, gafling case on Fruin.
The most important conviction obtained was that of 8 out of 12 men
‘ who raided the Leven mouth in 3 boats with 3 nets.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish—
1, None known.
2. ary for some trifling defects—annually inspected and reported.
3. None.
4, Fruin, one difficult leap ; Luss mill dam leap is negotiable in a favour-
able water; Douglas, natural obstruction only partially remedied,
sea-trout thought to have been seen above the fall ; Falloch has a total
obstruction ; Endrick, the Pot of Gartness is a noted obstruction, not
total, but sufficient to prevent free access for salmon to about 14 miles
of good spawning ground, The Association has offered to remove the
obstruction by blasting, but the owners of one bank, a body of trustees,
object to any alteration.
5, None.
6. The most important alteration of circumstances has been the leasing by
this Accociation of the Clyde fishings. Instead of these being netted
commercially by a stranger, the Association proposes to net only till
they pay their rent and as soon as possible to cease netting altogether.
Pollutions—
1. None reported
2, The vast scheme of the Corporation of Glasgow for purifying the Clyde,
one part of which is already in operation, has already affected the
purity of the estuary at the mouth of the Leven, and salmon have been
seen leaping above Bowling and some caught in the shipyard docks,
A sea-trout was caught by an angler near Uddingston. The Leven
74 Appendices to T wenty-second Annual Report
was fully reported on at the instance of the Dumbarton County
Council, by the County Analysts, Messrs. R. P. Tatlock and Thomson, ~
and by Dr. M‘Vail, Health Officer. From these it appears that the
general pollution is less, but that improvements could still be made in
particular instances.
The Salmon Disease—
1, 2. and 3. None reported suffering from disease. In May, on one occasion,
numbers were killed in the Leven by one discharge of noxious matter.
Numbers not known.
The Spawning Season—
1. Sea-trout were observed spawning in Luss Water during last week of
September ; salmon in Fruin during last week of October.
2. Not accurately fixed.
3. For sea-trout about end of October; salmon still spawning on 17th
December.
4, Rivers are quick rising and quick falling and were in constant fluctuation
during the spawning season.
5, Numbers of sea-trout were much above the average, and for salmon few
recent seasons have seen anything like the numbers.
5. Luss Water and Findlas for sea-trout, Fruin for salmon and sea-trout,
and the Endrick for the great majority of salmon.
Kelts—
1. Not accurately observed.
2. April and May.
3. Not accurately observed.
4. Much above the average, in fact at times abnormally high.
Smolts—
1. Daily from end of April to beginning of June.
2. Reported so.
Artificial Propagation of Salmon—
A completely equipped hatchery, with a constant water supply, has been
erected within 10 yards of Luss Water at Luss. Last season, in 6
boxes containing 24 trays, about 77,000 salmon and sea-trout ova were
hatched, and in spring the fry were distributed in suitable streams
along the west side of the loch. This season few sea-trout ova have
been obtained, as apparently the manager missed his market by the fish
spawning earlier. About 36,000 brown trout were obtained and
many salmon ova (some 100,000) will be got this season. The house
was subscribed for among the members and is being kept up by the .
Association.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon—
No accurate observations have been made.
General Question—
1. A District Fishery Board ought to be formed (1) for the Clyde and
Leven, or (2) for the Loch Lomond watershed, including the Leven
alone. £
2. The Endrick ought to be under a responsible control. The rights on that
river are so indeterminate that no individual proprietor will undertake
the cost of general watching. Hence the poaching of salmon in it is
ascandal. It is the great nursery of the Loch Lomond salmon.
3. The leap at the Pot of Gartness ought to be made easier for the fish. An
expert has reported that 2 or 3 dynamite shots would effect the purpose
at a cost of £10. There are so few, comparatively, good spawning
streams that every extra mile opened up is of the utmost value.
4, The whole question of Leven pollution should be considered specially
from the point of view of the fish and not from the point of view of
general public health.
Henry Lamonp, Secretary,
Loch Lomond Angling Improvement Association.
~]
Or
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER AYR.
Take of Fish—
1, (a) The mouth of the river not fished, nor the sea ; (b) below the average ;
(c) no fixed engines; (d) below the average.
2. (a) No net or coble fishing ; (6) no fixed engines ; (c) no.
3. (a) 14th July 1903 ; (6) October ; (c) June and July.
5. (c) 28 lbs.
6. No.
Protection—
I, S110.
2. 8s. per £.
3. One.
4. No:
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish—
. None.
Yes.
No.
Yes.
No.
None.
> on oo to
Pollutions—
1. Yes, two from the United Collieries Pit at Doongan, but no serious
damage was done, and representations were made to the Company, who
have taken steps to purify the discharge.
The Salmon Disease—
1. No salmon disease.
The Spawning Season—
1. November.
2. December and January.
3. End of January.
4 and 5. About the average.
6. The Ayr itself.
Kelts—
1. January and February.
2. December and January.
3. April.
4, About the average.
Smolts—
1. April and May.
2. Yes.
Artificial Propagation of Salmon—
No.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon—
No.
General Question—
No.
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER DOON
Take of Fish—
1. (a) About the same; (b) above the average ; (c) none; (d above the
average.
2. (a) No; (6) none; (c) about 350 salmon and sea-trout more than usual.
76 Appendices to T'wenty-second Annual Report
3. (a) Second week of March; (b) August; (c) sea-trout, May onwards,
grilse, June onwards.
4. No fishing in spring.
5. (a) Not known; (0) none; (c) 23 lbs.
6. Heavier this year.
Protection—
1. £486.
2. 1s. 6d. per £.
3. 3 men, also gamekeepers.
4, One ; fishing with bait, convicted, fined 15s., with £1 18s. of expenses.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish—
1. None.
2. MES:
3. No.
4, Yes.
5and 6. No.
Pollutions—
1 and 2. No.
The Salmon Disease—
1. None.
The Spawning Season—
. November.
December.
. End of December.
. Very high.
. More than usual.
. Monkwood Burn and Minnishant Burn.
Kelts—
1. February.
2. March.
3. May.
4. High.
Oop wre
Smolts—
1. March.
2. Yes.
Artificial Propagation of Salmon—
No.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon —
Mostly male, caught by rods.
General Question—
No.
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER GIRVAN.
Take of Fish-—
1. About average ; (a), (6), and (c) about average.
2. (a) No net and coble fishing ; (b) about 500 salmon, 700 grilse, and 1700
sea-trout ; (c) 22.
. (a) 1st April; (6) August ; (c) about 15th June.
. (a) None; (0) 30 lbs. ; (c) 29 lbs.
No.
D on o9
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. (ih
Protection—
1. £544.
2, Td:
3. None.
4. No.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish—
. No alteration.
. Yes, except in certain minor details.
No.
Yes,
No.
No.
Pollutions—
1. No fresh causes of pollution.
2. No.
The Salmon Disease—
1. No salmon disease in River Girvan.
D> OTR G9 BO
The Spawning Season—
1. Latter end of December.
Kelts—
Not observed.
Smolts—
1. Ist May.
2. Average.
Artificial Propagation of Salmon—
No.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon—
No.
General Question—
The river being generally flooded this season, the effects of the pollution
from Dalquharran Colliery were not so noticeable as last year. Salmon
took the fly as usual, and a good stock of breeding fish are now in the
upper reaches of the river. Curiously enough, the yellow or river
trout have increased in number and size in the reaches below the
source of the pollution. The water is still being pumped from the
colliery in much the same quantity as before, but it is not considered
to be now so wuch impregnated with noxious elements.
Office-bearers—
George Kerr, Esquire of Chapeldonan, Girvan, is now a member of the
Board in room of Major John Shaw Kennedy resigned.
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER STINCHAR.
Take of Fish—
1. Above the average.
2. No. .
3. (a) 6th April; (b) last two weeks of August ; (c) end of August.
4. No information.
5. (a) and (b) No information ; (c) 35 lbs.
6. Yes:
Protection—
ee a00:
P12 Os,
3. One.
Aue No;
78 Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish—
. No alteration.
Se
A
°
Pollutions—
a. No,
The Salmon Disease—
1. No disease.
The Spawning Season—
1, 28th November.
lst December till middle of January.
End of January.
High.
More.
. Stinchar and Duisk.
D> OTB 90 bo
Kelts—
1. 1st February.
2. About middle of March.
3. End of April.
4, High.
Smolts—
1. April and May.
2. Yes.
Artificial Propagation of Salmon—
No.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon—
Male, on estimate.
General Question—
No.
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER CREE.
Note.—Information supplied from a source other than the Clerk to the
District Fishery Board is printed in italics. —W.L.C.
Take of Fish—
1. (a) A bad year, and at Innerwell the worst on record. An excellent
season for spring salmon, and whole season above average; (b) Fair.
Owing to the nets having been again put on Cree the rod fishing was
very poor; (c) bad. Cassencarrie good average, Kirkbride and Kirk-
dale below average; (d) not average. By net and coble and fixed
engines a very good average season.
2. (a) se (b) No information ; (c) no information. Only 70 fish kitled by
rod.
3. (a) No information. 18th February by net and coble ; (b) no information.
Main take of salmon in April ; (c) from 4th June till end of July—or
middle of August.
4. (a) and (b) No information.
5. (a) No information. By net and coble, 22 lbs. Heaviest sea-trout, 5 lbs. }
(b) no information ; (c) noinformation. By rod, 12 lbs.
0.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 79
Protection—
1. £790 10s.
2. £32 18s. 9d.
, oa Hour:
4. No.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish —
. No changes.
Yes,
No.
. A sweep net was used on the Palnure Water, a tributary of the Cree.
Ke
iq)
a
Pollutions—
1 and 2. No,
The Salmon Disease—
1. No disease.
The Spawning Season—
1. No information. About last week of October.
2. Do. Middle of November to middle of December.
3 Do. Practically at end of December.
4, Do: Fairly hgh.
5, Do Yes, a very large number spawned in 1902-03, This
(1903-04) season very few fish.
6. High Cree, High Minnock, and burns running into those waters
Kelts—
1, First seen in sparling nets 25th January.
2. In middle of February.
4, Fairly high.
Smolts—
1. Between middle of April and middle of May.
2. Yes, exceedingly good.
Artificial Propagation of Salmon—
No,
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon—
pon estimate no great difference noticed in proportion of each.
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER DEE (SOLWAY).
Take of Fish—
. (a) About the average.
. (a) About the average.
(a) About the first of March ; (b) in July; (c) the first of June.
. (a) About the average ; (b) no fixed engines.
. (a) Under the average ; (b) no fixed engines.
6. No.
Ory Oo DO Re
Protection—
1. £1556.
2. £77 ¥G6s.
3.1 16s
4, None.
80 Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish—
1. No new dams built or old dams altered.
2. I know of none.
3. No.
4, The existing fish-passes to salmon, yes.
5. BNO:
6. No.
Pollut ons—
d= No:
2. No pollution on the Dee.
The Salmon Disease—
1. No disease
2. I cannot say.
3. I have not seen any.
The Spawnirg Season—
1. I can give no answer to that.
2. From the first of November to the end of December
4, Icannot say, the river so often up and down.
5. More this season than for a number of years.
6. The Dee and Tarff.
Kelts—
1. The first of March.
2. The end of March.
3. The end of April.
4, About an average.
Smolts—
1. The first of May.
2. About an average.
Artificial Propagation of Salmon—-
No hatchery on the Dee.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon—
Not ascertained.
General Question—
None.
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER NITH.
Take of Fish—
1. (a) Below the average ; (b) above the average ; (c) quite the average ;
(d) above the average.
. (a), (6), and (c) Cannot be ascertained.
. (a) April ; (6) August ; (c) June, July, and August.
. (a) and (b) Cannot be got.
. (a) 28 lbs. ; (6) not known ; (c) 30 lbs,
6. More numerous than in former years.
Ov He © bo
Protection—
1. £554 8s. 4d.
2. 5s. per &.
3. One bailiff and 15 gamekeepers sworn in as special watchers.
4, Yes. One case—two men were convicted under Section 15, Sub-section
1, of the Act of 1868. One was fined £3 and 15s. expenses, or 21 days,
and the other £1 and 15s. expenses, or 14 days. Both went to prison.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 81
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish —
. No alteration.
. The heck at Dumfries Town Mills is a wreck. There is no change in
the construction of the Terregles cruive.
No,
. Fairly, except when the streams are low.
No.
. No changes.
bS
DD OP oo
Pollutions—
E. Neo.
2. The scheme for the purification of the Nith from the sewage of Dumfries
is being proceeded with.
The Salmon Disease——
1. Very little disease has shown itself this season. A few diseased fish were
seen in April and May, after which the disease disappeared.
2. Low.
3. Only one (a male) was taken from the River Cairn in April.
The Spawning Season—
. 17th December, 1902.
. December, January, and February.
. End of March.
. Medium level, after floods.
. Under the average.
. Much the same throughout the district.
Kelts—
1. In March.
2. March and April.
3. About end of May.
4, Generally in a rising water.
Smolts—
1. May and June.
2. Fair.
D2 OU Oo bo
Artificial Propagation of Salmon—
None belonging to the Board; but there isthe hatchery belonging to the
Solway Fishery Company (Limited) at Newabbey. Ova secured not
known. |
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon—
No.
General Question—
No.
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER ANNAN.
Take of Fish—
1 (a) About an average ; (b) a good average ; (c) and (d) about the average.
2. No. The occupiers of the different fisheries say they do not keep a record
of the number caught.
3. (a) 25th February (first open day); (6) salmon, during the month of
August ; sea-trout, latter part of June and beginning of July ; grilse,
latter part of July; (c) sea-trout commenced to run in March, and
grilse in June.
4, As no record is kept at the different fisheries this cannot be given.
5. (a) No net and coble fishing in this district; (0) salmon 395 lbs., on
Newbie fishery ; (c) salmon, 40 lbs. in Hoddam portion of the Annan.
G. No:
82 Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
Protection——
1, £3196 10s.
2. £479 9s. 6d.
3. Four (three at Annan and one at Lochmaben).
4. (1) Four persons for contravening Section 20 of The Salmon Fisheries
(Scotland) Act, 1868—two fined £5 and 10s. 3d. of expenses or 30
days ; one fined £3 and 10s. 3d. of expenses or 21 days (went to prison);
one fined £2 and 10s. 3d. of expenses or 10 days (fine paid). (2) Four
persons for contravening Section 27 of the Salmon Fisheries (Scotland)
Act, 1862—each fined £2and 8s. 6d. of expenses or 10 days (fines all paid).
(3) One person for contravening Section 20 of the Salmon Fisheries
(Scotland) Act, 1868—fined £3 and 31s. 6d. of expenses or 21 days
(fine paid). (4) Two persons for contravening Section 20 of The Salmon
Fisheries (Scotland) Act, 1868—each fined £2 and 17s. of expenses
or 30 days (went to prison). (5) One person for contravening Section
20 of the Salmon Fisheries (Scotland) Act, 1868—case dismissed.
(6) One person for contravening Section 33 of The Annan Act, 1841
—fined 10s. and 38s. 6d. of expenses or 14 days (fine paid). (7) Four
persons for contravening Section 33 of the Annan Act, 1841—found
not proven.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish—
1. No alteration.
2. Nocruivesin district. _Dams—Yes, with the following exceptions, viz.:—
On the Annan—No heck at tail of mill-race at Brydekirk Mill, belonging
to James Graham, meal miller, residing there. On the Kuirtle—At
Beltenmont Mill, belonging to Miss Ann Beattie, 13 Church Street,
Annan, there are no hecks at intake or tail of mill-race, and never
were ; and at Kirtlebridge Mill, belonging to the trustees of the late
John Irving, per Herbert Cavan Irving, Esq., Burnfoot, Ecclefechan,
there is no heck at tail of mill-race, and never was. On the Mein—
At Mein Mill, belonging to the Duke of Buccleuch, there are no hecks
at intake or tail of mill-race, and never were.
3. Yes ; one new fish-pass has been built in the mill-dam at Beltenmont
Mill aforesaid. Still, I do not think it gives a free passage to fish
wishing to ascend.
4. Yes; with the exception of the one at Beltenmont Mill and one at New
Mill aforesaid.
5 and 6. No alterations.
Pollutions—
1 and 2. None.
The Salmon Disease—
1. Yes; 12th November 1902, on asea-trout. At its height during February
and disappeared end of February.
2. Medium.
3. Yes; 19, all in February (found dead), 7 male and 12 female (15 kelts and
4 clean fish).
The Spawning Season—
1, On 21st December 1902; owing to the river being frequently in flood
during that and the previous month, they were not easily seen in the
lower portion of the river.
. During January.
. On 18th February the last were observed on the spawning beds.
. High.
. About an average.
Northfield, Mount Annan, Meinfoot, Hoddam Bridge, Mainholm, and
Rotchell on the Annan.
D CB co b9
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
Kelts—
1. 4th of February. ©
2. Last week of February.
3. About middle of March.
4, High.
Smolts—
1. Mostly during May.
2. A good average.
Artificial Propagation of Salmon—
None in the district.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon—
83
This cannot be accurately given, as notes are not taken at the different
fisheries.
General Question—
It would be well to still keep in view the complicated state of the Acts of
Parliament referring to the Solway Firth. During the last three
years the Eden District Fishery Board have granted licenses to fish
for salmon in the Solway Firth with draft-nets about 300 yards long,
and in addition most of these license holders have also been granted
permission to fish for salmon by the lessee of the crown fiishings in said
Firth, in the Parish of Ruthwell, in thiscounty. The nets used by them
are known as whammel or hang nets, and all the fish caught in them are
hanged. Although licensed to fish with draft net the method adopted
by them is not what is usually termed draft or coble net fishing. They
generally carry about 600 yards of net, and when challenged by the
river constables they state there is no limit in the length of the nets
used on the aforesaid Crown fishings, which is the case. There is no
doubt that these nets are used in the dark tides as drift hang nets, and
cause a good deal of illegal fishing.
84 Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
APPENDIX IIT.
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE LIFE HISTORY OF THE
SALMON, AS OBSERVED BY MEANS OF MARKING
ADULT FISH.
[SEconp Paper]
BY
W. L. CALDERWOOD,
INSPECTOR OF SALMON FISHERIES FOR SCOTLAND.
Since the publication of my first paper giving the results of salmon
marking (Twentieth Annual Report, Part IL., p. 55) sixty-two addi-
tional recaptures have been made.
The process of marking has been carried on without material change
of method. One or two appliances have been experimented with to
secure weighing of the fish with as little risk of damage as possible, but
for fish of ordinary weights, by far the most convenient and serviceable
appliance is the simple tail-band of soft plaited worsted with a ring at
each end, one ring being flattened or smaller than the other, so that by
passing through the wider ring a noose is formed. The mark itself has
been slightly modified. The wire now passes not merely across the
outside surface of the plate, but through a hole at each end. In this
way, if the soldering yields, the plate cannot fall off, as, by experience,
we have found does occasionally happen. Mr. Holt has, in Ireland,
adopted a double plate so that, without removing the mark, the
distinguishing number can be read, and he also has the marks oxidised
to render them less conspicuous to other fish, it having been found that
the bright mark may excite the curiosity of fish and render the creature
so decorated heble to annoyance.
Mr. Holt has kindly sent me a few of these darkened marks, and
some of them have been used on Tay fish during the past winter.
The additional recaptures which I am now able to report are as
follows :~—
|TABLE
a pole pore Condition.
*3,017/] sll Sot | Kelé (nilvery)
3.077 { 6 291 | Kelt Grilse.
? 103; 31 Clean Bull-Trout.
eam] 35] Ba | ele
eh etc | clean,
19 38 Kelt.
sont ||
34 415 | Unspawned,
6509/1 7] 33 | Kelt
6,560 | { 204 io | Rae
6,632 j i Kelt.
bolt a |e
Pe a a
pe a) eee
Clean Grilse.
Clean Salmon.
Clean Salmon.
Clean Salmon.
Clean Grilse.
st. 8 Clean Salmon.
est. 8 Clean Grilse.
7,033
5? Clean Grilse.
5 est. 6 Clean Grilse.
7,537 est. 10 Clean Salmon.
est. 5 Clean Grilse.
7,541 es 9 Clean Salmon.
specially referred to,
M.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
5 Mar. 1902.
2 April 1902.
23 Jan. 1903.
8 July 1903.
25 Jan. 1902.
28 Mar. 1902.
28 Feb. 1902.
19 July 1902.
4 Mar.
22 Oct.
13 Feb.
1902.
13 Feb.
March
9 Oct.
7 Mar.
28 Mar. 1902,
13 Feb. 1903.
15 Mar. 1902.
28 Mar. 1904.
20 April 1901.
18 Mar. 1903.
15 Mar. 1902.
5 Mar. 1903.
6 Aug. 1901.
30 July 1902.
7 Aug. 1901.
25 July 1902.
8 Aug. 1901.
30 June 1902.
9 Aug. 1901.
1 Sept. 1901.
9 Aug. 1901.
24 July 1902.
10 Aug. 1901.
24 Jnly 1902.
NotE.—None of the grilse were recaught in the spring.
* Several kelts like 3017 were recaptured before they had descended to the sea.
1902.
1903.
18 Mar. 1903.
1903.
1904.
1901.
1903.
SCOTTISH FISHERY BOARD MARKING RETURNS.
TABLE OF RECAPTURES IN 1902 AND 1903.
Notre.—After each bracket, the particulars at time of marking are given in the upper
line, the particulars at time of recapture in the lower line.
Locality.
Tay, Edradynate.
Tay, Derculich, Grandtully
—re-marked 8257.
Tay, Edradynate.
Tay, Venture Station.
Tay, Findynate.
Cloichfoldich, 4 pools above.
Deveron, Muiresk Ledge Pool.
Deveron, $-mile above mouth
(Sea-trout. )
Deveron, Muiresk. (A very well
mended kelt.)
Ardmiddle (just above Muiresk).
Deveron, Muiresk.
Deveron, below Bridge of Alvah.
Deveron, Muiresk Lodge.
Deveron, 14 miles up from
mouth. (Found dead.)
Deveron, Ardmeallie.
Deveron, Avochie.
Deveron, Ardmeallie.
Found dead on shore at Mac-
duff, not far from mouth of
Deveron.
Loch Brora.
Loch Brora.
Loch Brora, grilse.
Loch Brora, salmon.
Loch Brora.
Loch Brora.
Kyle of Sutherland, Invercarron.
Kyle of Sutherland, Invercarron.
Kyle of Sutherland, Incarron.
Kyle of Sutherland, River Shot.
Kyle of Sutherland, Invercarron.
Kyle of Sutherland, Scaup.
Kyle of Sutherland, Bonar
Bridge.
Kyle of Sutherland, R. Carron.
Kyle of Sutherland, Invercarron.
Kyle of Sutherland, Scaup.
Kyle of Sutherland, Invercarron.
Kyle of Sutherland, Invercarron.
These are not
86 Appendices to T'wenty-second Annual Report
No. .
of ge ee Condition. |Sex. Date. Locality.
Mark. 7 Ses
f est. 8 Clean Grilse. 17 July 1901. | Kyle of Sutherland, Bonar
7,558 Bridge.
a] 63} 204 | Clean Grilse. 9 Oct. 1901. | Loch Shin, extreme foot. (Caught
by rod).
est. 6 Clean Grilse. 1 Aug. 1901. | Kyle of Sutherland, Bonar
7,654 Bridge.
est.11 Clean Salmon. 7 July 1902. | Kyle of Sutherland, Bonar
Bridge.
est. 7 Clean Grilse. 3 Aug. 1901. | Kyle of Sutherland, Bonar
7,696 i, Bridge.
6 20 Clean Grilse. 6 Oct. 1901. | Loch Shin, extreme foot. (Caught
by rod).
770715 6 275 | Kelt. F, | 12 Feb. 1903. | Tay, Findynate.
? bb LZ) Sil Clean, F, | 17 Aug. 1903. | Tay, Venture Stn. (Bull-trout.)
7 799 153} 344 | Clean. M.| 8Jan. 1903. | Tay, West Shot, Stanley.
: Os iat gfce Clean. 5 Feb. 1903. | Tay, Stanley Water.
8.026 20 36 Clean. M 2 Dec. 1901. | Tay, Almond Mouth.
} 185} 3645 | Clean. F, | 26 April 1902. | Tay, Findynate.
8.042 95, 3844 | Kelt. F. | 9Jan. 1902. | 'Tay, West Shot, Stanley.
; 10 30? | Kelt. F, | 26 Feb. 1902. | Tay, Shochiemouth.
8 044 64; 29 Kelt Grilse. F. | 9 Jan. 1902. | Tay, West Shot, Stanley.
; 19 362 | Clean Salmon. 14 Mar. 1903. | Tay, Upper Benchill,
8 056 20 364 | Clean. M.| 9 Jan. 1992. | Tay, West Shot, Stanley.
3 18 375 | Clean. 1 Apri] 1902. | Tay, Muirton Bank. (Poor con-
dition and diseased on head.)
8.108 8 38 Kelt. F. | 6 Feb, 1902. | Tay, Rattieby.
2 20°3 384 | Clean. F. | 18 Aug. 19038. | Tay, Cleekum Bank.
8.110 14 40? | Kelt. F, | 7 Feb. 1902. | Tay, Battleby.
: est.10 | 83x13 | Kelt. F, | 7 Mar. 1902, | Tay, Broxy Station. (Very poor
condition.)
8 161 14 36 Kelt. F. | 17 Jan. 1902. | Tay, Battleby.
: 33 43 Clean. 27 July 1903. | Tay, Skin the Goat Station,
below Newburgh. (Bull-trout. )
g164|f 10 33 Kelt. F, | 17 Jan. 1902. | Tay, Battleby.
4 U 84 392 | Kelt. F. | 10 Mar. 1902. | Tay, Shochiemouth.
8.17115 IW 38 Kelt. F, | 18 Jan. 1902. | Tay, Battleby.
4 | eae oe Clean. F, | 20 Aug. 1902. | Tay, Dovecot Station, 3 miles
below Newburgh.
8 189 11 41? | Kelt. F, | 28 Jan. 1902. | Tay, Battleby.
2 10 30 Kelt. M. | 21 Feb. 1902. | Tay, Vennels, Perth.
8 193 5 20 Kelt. F, | 30 Jan. 1902. | Tay, Battleby.
, 5 25 Kelt. 1 April 1902. | Tay, Battleby.
8.241 13 35 Kelt. F, | 15 April 1902. | Tay Estuary, Venture.
: 24 sat Clean. F 7 July 1903. | Tay Estuary, Reeket Lady.
8 306 6 28 Kelt. F. | 26 Jan. 1902. | Tummel.
2 18 36 Clean. F, | 18 Mar. 1903. | Tay, Stockgreen.
8 31] 13 32 Kelt. F, | 23 Jan. 1902. | Tay, East Haugh.
; 17 38 Clean. F. | 15 April 1903. | Tay Estuary, Flookie. (Bull-
trout.
NotE.—None of the Grilse were recaught in the spring,
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 87
No. 3
Weight poue tt Condition. |Sex. Date. Locality.
Mark. S. ns.
8.329 10 33 Kelt. F. | 7 Mar. 1902. | Tummel.
zs 19 he Clean. 16 Feb. 1903. | Tay, West Shot, Stanley.
8.343 6 24 Kelt. M. | 10 Feb. 1908. | Tummel, East Haugh.
; 143) 332 | Clean. M. | 20 Aug. 1903. | Tay Estuary, Pyeroad (A Bull-
trout.)
8.845 28 39 Clean. F.?| 8 Jan. 1903. | Tay, Burnmouth, Stanley.
2 25 41 Clean. M. | 7 Feb. 1903. | Tay Estuary, Venture,
8 889 243, 372 | Clean. M. | 14 Nov. 1902. | Tay, West Shot, Stanley.
Z 224, 40 Clean. M. | 13 Feb. 1903. | Tay Estuary, Flookie.
9.005 aaah Unspawned Grilse.| F. | 22 Nov. 1902. | Tay, Almond Mouth.
2 12 3)4 | Clean. F, | 13 Aug. 1903. | Tay, Needle Station. (Bull-
trout.)
173} 382 =| Unspawned. F, | 22 Nov. 1902. | Tay, Almond Mouth.
ae nee Half spent. 20 Dec. 1902. | Found dead in R. Almond,
4 mile up from Tay,
*
Ro)
=)
bo
eo
WSs SO] SS SO 8 OS? OSU? ONTO aes eo
*
N
(diseased on head),
13 332 | Kelt. F, | 24 Noy. 1902. | Tay, Almond Mouth.
9,062 21:93) ~ 37 Clean. F.| 6 Aug. 1903. | Tay Estuary, Skin the Goat.
9.074 18 341 | Clean. F.?) 8 Jan. 1903. | Tay, Linn of Campsie.
: 17 BS Clean. 18 Feb. 1903. | Tay, Burnmouth.
9.083 Vik 344 | Clean. 8 Jan. 1903. | Tay, West Shot, Stanley.
2 16 264 | Clean. 17 Jan. 1903, | Tay, Burnmouth, Stanley.
9.084 28 404 | Clean. M.| 8 Jan. 1903. | Tay, Linn of Campsie.
; 274| 38 Clean. M. | 13 Feb. 1903. | 1 mile below Perth (found dead).
9.087 133} 324 | Clean. F 8 Jan. 1903. | Tay, West Shot.
“ 123) 33 Clean. ¥ 9 Feb. 1903. | Tay, Almond Mouth.
9.093 20 364 | Clean, M. | 9 Jan. 1903. | Tay, Linn of Campsie.
) 20 39 Clean. F. | 10 Feb. 1903. | Tay Estuary, Venture (badly
diseased),
+9,100 27 39 Clean. M.| 9Jan. 1903. | Tay, Linn of Campsie.
: 22 41 Clean. M. | 19 Mar. 1903. | Tay Estuary, Venture Station.
64| 67 Unspawned Grilse.| M. | 24 Nov. 1902. | Perth, (The Weal. Diseased had
9,127 been up river).
. 21 Dec. 1902. | Found dead 2 miles below
Perth.
9.269 { 174} 37 Clean. M.| 9 Jan. 1903. | Tay, Linn of Campsie.
; 19 ees Clean, 19 Jan. 1903. | Sand beds 1 mile above Linn of
Campsie.
9.270 j LOFT) 935 Clean. F. | 9 Jan, 1903. | Tay, Linn of Campsie.
: 18 35 Clean. 17 Mar. 1903. | Tay Estuary, Flookie (fungus
on head).
9.273 { 183} 354 | Clean. M.| 9 Jan, 1903. | Tay, Linn of Campsie.
: iBiads ei Clean. 25 Feb. 1903. | Tay Estuary, Flookie Station
9,287 | 14 32 Clean. M. | 10 Jan. 1903. | Tay, Linn of Campsie.
; 123) 32 Clean. F, | 16 Feb. 1903. | Tay, North Inch (diseased).
9.289 | 163) 37 Clean. M. | 10 Jan. 1903. | Tay, Burnmouth.
j 18? ae Clean. 19 Jan. 1903. | Tav, Burnmouth.
9.301 25 38 Clean. M. | 9 Jan. 1903. | Tay, Linn of Campsie.
d 23 a Clean. 16 Feb. 1903. | Tay, Benchill (badly diseased).
Nore.—None of the giilse were recaught in the spring.
* Found dead in R. Almond 4-mile above Almond Mouth, 20th December 1902, Half Spent.
+ Dark in colour from being up river.
+The weight and length returned were by mistake taken from another clean fish caught
at the same time,
88 Appendices to Lwenty-second Annual Report
Ne. | Weight.| Length.
Condition. Sex. Date. Locality.
Mark. Lbs. Ins. )
9.302 ‘ 10 12 Clean. F. | 9Jan. 1903. | Tay, Linn of Campsie.
Q 94; 30 Clean. F. | 5 Feb. 1903. | Tay, Almond Mouth.
9.402 J 4 25 Kelt Grilse. F. | 5 Feb. 1903. | Tay, Logierait..
i 103} +30 Clean Salmon. | F. | 31 July 1903. | Tay Estuary, Flookie Station
(said to be a Bull-trout).
9.607 { 3 24 Kelt. F, | 24 Mar. 1903. | Deveron, Duff House.
; 63| 26 Clean Grilse. 11 July 1903. | Bag Net North of Aberdeen
Harbour. ;
9 622 j 10 34 Kelt. F, | 10 April 1903. | Deveron, Duff House.
> 19 35 Unspawned. 26 Sept. 1903. | Deveron, Huntly.
9.639 { 4 25 Kelt. F. | 28 April 1903. | Deveron, Duff House.
é Oa eee Clean. 25 July 1903. | Port Errol(Bag Net) Ythan Dist.
NotE.—None of the grilse were recaught in the spring.
I shall endeavour to discuss the above data on, as nearly as possible,
the plan previously adopted.
Micratory MovEMENTs.
All the fish above noted, with but three exceptions, have been re-
captured in the same river district in which they were marked, thus
bearing out the commonly accepted view, supported also by last Report,
that the great majority of salmon after visiting the sea return to the
same river. Moreover the exceptions, although they point to certain
fish wandering considerable distances, do not exactly show recaptures
in other rivers. One cannot by any means assert that other rivers
would not have been entered by two of the fish, but so far as these
particulars show, the condition is the same as that described by
Archer in the Sands River markings in Norway (Eleventh Annual
Report of the Fishery Board for Scotland, p. 63); and by Holt (Report
on Fisheries of Ireland for 1901, Part I1., p. 165). The fish captured
on the coast at some distance are :—
9607, marked in River Deveron—recaptured in a bag-net a short
distance north of Aberdeen Harbour.
9639, marked in River Deveron—recaptured in a bag-net at Port
Errol in the Ythan District.
The first of these recalls the instance mentioned in my former report
of a Deveron grilse (6508) being recaptured at Cove, just south of |
Aberdeen ; and the second, in like manner, shows a fish travelling in
the same direction. It is somewhat remarkable that these Deveron
fish should be found, each on the east coast of Aberdeenshire, having
left the southern shore of the Moray Firth. Yet, from the River Brora,
on the northern shore, it may be recollected that a fish (7283) wandered
100 miles north into the Pentland Firth, and was taken off the mouth |
of the Halladale. In this connection I] may mention also, that a fish |
marked in the Grimersta, on the west of the Lewis (Outer Hebrides), i
in March, was retaken in August at Castletown, to the east of Thurso. |
=.
The fish was marked privately, the label being of the same pattern as
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 89
that made for the Fishery Board for Scotland. The distinguishing
inscription was “J B—L10.” Another privately marked Grimersta fish
was, however, subsequently taken in the Grimersta. It may be that
fish of certain localities, notably, perhaps, localities where entrance to
fresh water is difficult except at intervals, wander away and eventually
enter other streams, but it seems to me that the evidence now collected
in Scotland, Ireland, and Norway is sufticient to establish the view long
held by reason of observations made in other ways, that the usual habit
of the salmon is to return to its own river.
Ketts RECAPTURED WHEN CLEAN Fis.
Length of Time and Increase of Weight.
No. |Sex. Palen nie Yes aoe oH Localities.
Marked. Time. eae
fie SHAT Lbs, tine Pie isa lead y aeeat bes
6533 | F 3 141 3 (sea- Deveron—Deveron.
7/07 |. F 6 196 aan Tay—Tay Estuary.
8044 | F 64 429 123 Tay-—-Tay. |
S108. 8 | 558 12-3 oz. Tay—Tay. |
S161 | F 14 556 Ig Tay—Tay Mstuary.
S17 SE 11 z14 6 Tay—Tay Estuary.
8241 | F 13 448 iM Tay Estuary—Tay Estuary.
8306 | F. 6 416 12 Tummel—Tay Estuary.
831] ~|-F. 13 447 4 Tay—Tay Kstuary.
83829 | F. 10 346 2 Tummel—Tay.
8343 | M. 6 556 2 Tummel—Tay Estuary.
9062 | F. 13 255 8-94 oz. | Tay—Tay Estuary.
9402 | F, 4 176 64 Tay—Tay Estuary.
9607 | F. 3 109 32 Deveron—-Aberdeen Bay.
9622 | F. 10 169 9 Deveron— Deveron.
9639 | F. 4 88 43 Deveron—Coast, Port Errol.
It is striking that in the Sex column we have only one male out of
. the sixteen fish enumerated. In my last Report the longest interval of
time between marking and recapture was 515 days, or a year and nearly
five months. On this occasion, although particulars of fewer fish are
dealth with, we have three instances of longer interval of time :—
8108 being 558 days, with an increase of 12 lbs. 3 oz.
BLOM re DOOR. i - 19 Ibs.
8343 ay 5d6 ,, - 55 82 lbs.
Also, instead of only two cases of upwards of 400 days we have now four
cases. ‘'wo of these I should like in the first place to refer to, as we
receive a certain amount of light on the Spring Fish of the Tay. No.
8044 was marked as a female grilse of 63 Ibs., in January 1902. In
90 Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
March of last year, 1903, it is taken byrod, a salmon of 19 lbs. Similarly,
8306 was marked in the Tummel, a female (grilse ?) kelt of 6 lbs. in Jan-
uary 1902. In March 1903, it is netted in the lower Tay a clean fish of
18lbs. The spring fish of the Tay are a well-defined classand commonly
scale 18-20 lbs. There is also, however, a spring run of small
fish. When we regard the increase of weight and the undeveloped
condition of the genitalia in these large spring fish, it seems improb-
able that in the interval between our marking and recapture the
fish have been in fresh water. If this is so these fish are only
in their second ascent, and are what are termed “gillings” in the
Severn.* By our marking of grilse kelts during the annual close time,
we have noticed that these fishes after spawning return to the sea more
rapidly than salmon seem to do in a large river such as the Tayt On -
28th November 1901, for instance, four grilse kelts were taken in the
tidal water below Perth, one being as far down as the Bush fishing
station opposite the mouth of the Earn. I do not mean to imply by
this that grilse spawn earlier than salmon; unspawned grilse are to be
found in fresh waters throughout the spawning season. What one
notices is that in netting after the bulk of the fish have spawned, one
gets very few grilse kelts. Marked salmon kelts (females) are recaptured
after one to two and a half months in fresh water; marked grilse
kelts are not again seen on their descent to the sea. Only one case
has, I think, occurred, and that was a grilse both marked and recaptured
in the estuary; No. 3177, marked at Tappie Station on 16th January
1902, recaptured at Pyeroad Station on 5th February 1902. In support
of this result also, we have an unspawned grilse caught, on its ascent of
the tidal water, on 16th January 1902, at Flookie Station, recaptured a
kelt already in the tideway on 7th February 1902.
Now, let us examine one other case. No. 9402 wasa grilse kelt of 4
Ibs., marked at Logierait in the upper Tay, on 5th February 1903.
This fish was recaptured, clean, in the estuary of the Tay, at Flookie
Station, on 31st July 1903. It was then a salmon of 104 lbs., having
increased 63 Ibs. in weight and 5 inches in length.
From this one class of grilse, therefore, it appears that we may have
two different seasonal runs of salmon, one in the first summer following,
and the other in the next spring. Diagrammatically, the condition might
be represented thus:
Grits—E KELT TO CLEAN SALMON.
Spring Salmon.
1903.
Summer Salmon.
7902.
Grilse Kelt.
Jan. Feb. 7902.
This is a clearly defined example of a divided migration, as set forth
in 1860 by Mr. John Dickson, then agent for the Tay Fishery
Proprietors, in an article to the Perthshire Courter, and afterwards by
* Willis Bund, Salmon Problems, p. 97. :
t+ Twentieth Annual Report of the Fishery Board for Scotland, Appendices to
Part II., p. 96.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 91
him in 1881 in his “‘ Second Memorandum. to the Proprietors of Salmon
Fisheries in the Tay District.” After referring to the dual migration
of smolts to the sea as seemingly demonstrated by the famous Stormont-
field Observations, he goes on to say that “it is not confined to the
“first migration, but is repeated on the return of the smolts as grilse
‘one year and as salmon the next, and on the return of the old fish
“after spawning—one-half coming back the following summer, and the
“rest not returning till the spring of the succeeding year.” ‘There
appears, however, to be this difference brought out by our marking,
that it is not from the old fish that the heavy spring salmon may alone
come, but that a grilse spawning, say, in the winter of 1901-02 may on
its first subsequent re-ascent be a spring salmon of 1903 weighing
18-20 lbs. Mr. Dickson, in his most interesting memorandum, regards
the small spring salmon as the first reappearance of the descended one
year old smolt. He says, further, ‘‘it is the same yearling salmon that
‘runs all the season, beginning at 8 and 9 lbs. weight, increasing to 10
“and 11 lbs. in April, and ending in August at 13 and 14 lbs., gaining
“ weight according as they make a longer stay in the salt water.” But
with reference to the grilse, with which we are more concerned here,
the view advanced—if I rightly interpret it—is that the “ yearling
salmon” may not have been in the river asa grilse, or that only a section
of the descended smolts return to the river as grilse. The passage
which seems to me to bear this meaning runs as follows :—‘‘in regard
‘“‘to their return all as grilse, the first fishing for fish to be spawned
‘opened my eyes, for, whereas I expected that the river would be found
“to be full of grilse, the party reported that they had not taken one
‘“‘ between Perth and Dunkeld. If they were not in the river there was
“only one other place in which they could be, and that was the sea;
‘Cand this winter’s fishing showed that the young salmon of the next
“‘year remained in the sea, and that the parrs, as they had divided into
“‘one and two-year-old smolts in descending to the sea, had again
‘divided in a similar way on their return.” In winter fishing our
experience is that grilse are about as numerous as salmon. A separate
note on this point will be found in Appendix VI. We have taken the
smail class of clean-run fish during our netting operations in the winter,
but we have as yet no definite proof of when and where such fishes
pass the grilse stage. We have the grilse kelt a July salmon of 10 lbs.,
and a next year spring salmon of 18 or 19 lbs.
An interesting coast recapture may he noted here as bearing upon
the grilse to salmon stage. No. 9607 was a grilse kelt marked at Duff
House on the Deveron, weighing 3 lbs, on 24th March 1903. It was
recaptured —as has already been noted —in a bag net on the coast a
short distance north of Aberdeen, on 11th July 1903, weighing 63 lbs.
This fish on recapture was described as a clean grilse. The record is so
nearly a repetition of No. 6508 reported upon in my first paper, that 1
may place the two side by side.
oe lb. | LUN | Kelt: M. | 11 Mar. 1901. | Deveron, Kirkton
6508
Pool.
5? Ib. | 2’ 14,,| Grilse or Salmon. 11 July 1901. | Cove, Kincardine-
shire.
/ o lb 2, 0" | Kelt, F, | 24 Mar. 1903. | Deveron, Duff
9607 House.
| 62 Ib. | 2° 2” | Clean Grilse. 11 July 1903. | Aberdeen Bay.
92 Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
That these two Deveron fish should be still grilse in the sea on 11th
July following their marking as kelts, lends, I think, considerable
weight to the argument that the heavy spring salmon feed in the sea
for a whole year after descending as grilse kelts.
CLEAN GRILSE TO CLEAN SALMON,
In further considering the grilse to salmon stage [ am able to present
the following recaptures made in the Kyle of Sutherland District.
Marked. | Recaptured.
No. | Weight. Date. Locality. Weight. Date. Locality.
batty vies! OM Ce Legace, Lbs. “(53 coekee SY i ii
7508 | 6 est. | 6 Aug. 1901. | Invercarron. 10 est. | 30 July 1902. | Invercarron.
DDO FA ecg) Beco se He: 6 8 ,, | 30 June 1902.| Scaup.
SP DOON Cae Geet MO ane z Bonar Bridge. 52 1 Sept. 1901. | R. Carron.
7537 Ger nets ~~ Invercarron. 10 est. | 24 July 1902. | Scaup.
TOE) 20-4 Ooo s iz O° %. ‘5 Invercarron.
008i) (823, uli uly es, Bonar Bridge. 64 9 Oct. 1901. | Loch Shin.
(654-\, On a weal Ato Pee i ll est. | 7 July 1902. | Bonar Bridge.
7690) 7 B52 os A a 6 6 Oct. 1901. | Loch Shin.
* Tt would appear that some mistake has been made as to the number.—W.L.C.
It is greatly to be regretted that the weights of these fish were for
the most part only estimated by eye. The marking was conducted at
the late Dr. Almond’s fishery by his manager. Dr. Almond had the
commendable habit towards the end of the season, when prices had
sunk, of liberating all grilse taken each Friday, and he was good enough
to agree that such fish should be marked. The recaptures of 7533, 7558,
and 7696 were made by rod, when the fish were properly weighed and
measured. Both the Loch Shin fish were taken at the extreme lower
end of the loch. 30th June is the earliest recapture in 1902 (the year
after marking), and from the chart showing the relative abundance of
fish in the Kyle of Sutherland district, which I published in last year’s
Annual Report (Appendix IT.), it will be seen that the greatest runs of
salmon were by that time past. These fish are therefore analogous to
the Tay fish 9402 recaptured in July.
The chance of a 1901 grilse being recaptured a clean salmon in the
spring of 1903 were, moreover, comparatively small, since the conditions
of the Kyle do not lead us to expect spring fish in any very great
numbers.
CLEAN FisH RECAPTURED AS CLEAN FiIsH
(Grilse excepted).
1: 87 cm.: M.: 8th Jan. 1903: West Shot, Stanley, Tay.
=° Sth Feb. 1903: Stanley, Tay.
of the Fishery Bourd for Scotland. 93
This is an example of a fish which has paused in its ascent for 28
days. The water in which it remained is a short distance below the
Linn of Campsie, an obstruction sufficient, as is stated in my previous
report to check spring fish when the temperature of the water is low.
Similar cases are seen in Nos. 9074, 9083, and 9289, the panses being
respectively 41,9, and 9 days. In January 1903, it may further be
explained, the Tay rose to a high level between 21st and 29th inst., and
during 30th and 31st inst. the river was in great flood.
8096 J 20: 36": M.: 2nd Dec. 1901: Almond Mouth, Lower Tay.
183: 26th April 1902: Findynate, Upper Tay.
This is an example of a very early spring fish—an ante-spring fish—
which, instead of proceeding to Loch Tay where such fish are commonly
fished for at the opening of the rod fishing season (15th January), was
still in the upper river near Grandtully at the end of April. The
reduction of 14 lb. in weight is in accord with the conditions noticed in
the Spey clean fish reported upon previously.
8056 20: 363: M.: 9th Jan. 1902: West Shot, Stanley, Tay.
1s: Ist April 1902: Muirton Bank, Tay.
The position of recapture in this case is considerably below the place
of marking, but the fish was in poor condition and diseased on the head
when found at Muirton Bank. This, together with the influence of
the floods noted when referring to 7799, is no doubt suflicient to account
for the descent.
9007, marked at West Shot, below The Linn, was recovered in a month,
8 miles lower down at Almond Mouth, and was then 1 |b. lighter.
9302, is a similar case.
9093, a 20 lb. fish marked at The Linn, was found a month later in the
tidal water about 4 miles below Perth, or fully 13 miles below
place of marking. It had contracted salmon disease. Two
other recaptures suffice to show the effect of the heavy floods
which occurred at the end of January.
27: 41": M.: 9th Jan. 1903: Linn of Campsie.
9100+ 22: 19th March 1903: Venture Fishing Station,
below Perth.
9969 J 172: 37°: M.: 9th Jan. 1905: Linn of Campsie.
ez 192 19th Jan. 1903: 1 mile above The Linn.
The latter fish had ascended The Linn during the low water conditions
in the first half of January. The later capture of 9100 shows the
retreat of the fish before the flood which came at the end of the month,
and the high conditions which lasted almost continuously through
February and March. It was not diseased, but was reported as
distinctly coloured by its sojourn in the fresh water.
Other clean spring fish which had descended by the action of the
floods as well as, apparently, through the weakness caused by disease,
are 9270, 9273, 9287, and 9301.
The recaptures in this series bring out again the conditions under
which these fish ascend, pause in their ascent, or fall back down stream.
After the flood of 30th and 31st January, all recaptured clean fish
were below the piace of marking.
94 Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
The decrease in Weight, and Change of Position, is as follows :—
8026 in 4 months and 24 days, ascending, lost 14 Ib.
8056 ,, 2 = 23 ,, descending, ,, 2 ,, diseased.
8845 29 ” 30 ” ” ” 3 ”
8882 ” 3 ” See 429 9 ” 24 ”
9074 ,, 1 P. 10. $j) > (pausime; Sage, ea;
9083 9. = ” 9 ”? ” ” 1 ”
9084 ,, 1 a 5 ,, descending,, 2,, found dead.
9087 9 1 99 1 99 9 99 1 99
9093-551 a as “es » — 5, diseased.
9100 9 2 9 10 9?) 99 bP) 4) PP]
o270) 5 2 a Chek, : » 14,, diseased.
9273 ” l ” 15 oy) ” 995 ges 8 9
9287 9 1 rh] 6 9) 99 le) |: 99 3?
9289 ,, — Rs Oty Eepatistne es. 1
2501S i" 7 4, descending,,, 2 ,, diseased.
3
9302 ” ” 27 ” ” ” 4»
Two cases of reported increase of weight are as follows :-—
7707 in 28 days, pausing, gained ; lb.
9269 in 10 days, ascending, gained 14 lb.
A case of a clean summer fish recaptured the following summer is
evidenced in No. 7519. It was estimated to be 16 lbs. on 7th August,
1901, and in July 1902 it was recaptured asa fish of 22 lbs. Both
marking and recapture took place in the Kyle of Sutherland.
KELTS RECAPTURED AS KELTS.
The condition of female kelts remaining for considerable periods has
again been exemplified in the recaptured kelts of the spawning seasons
dealt with in this report. A special selection of the cases seems
therefore unnecessary. Similar conditions have been demonstrated in the
Tweed in 1854 and 1875, and also in the Norwegian and Irish records.
We have however five kelt recaptures of more striking interest.
Annual Spawners.
No. 7355, a kelt in Loch Brora, Sutherland, on 15th March, 1902,
weighing 13 lbs., was recaptured, again in Loch Brora, on 5th March,
1903. The weight on recapture was only 134 lbs., and the length
measurement was in each case 38 inches, showing practically no
increase in the year. This is an example of annual spawning.
An almost exactly similar case is No. 6628, an unspawned female
estimated as 7 lbs. in weight caught at Ardmeallie on the Deveron in
October, 190], which may therefore be regarded as a kelt early in 1902.
This fish was recaptured as a kelt in March 1903 at Avochie on the
Deveron, and the weight was only 62 lbs. It is proper, however, to
state that the mark on recapture was not removed, but was read and
reported to me by the Superintendent of the District Fisheries. The
fish was landed by the Avochie keeper.
The third case is 6560, a Deveron fish (kelt) of 16 lbs. in February,
1903, found a kelt of 223 lbs. in March of this year (1904.)
Cases such as these have not previous been noticed, and in view of
the number of recaptures now made they may perhaps be regarded as
exceptional. The forth and fifth cases are as follows :—
Kelt of 1901 Recaptured a Kelt in 1903.
and , 1902 3 xs 1904.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 95
No. 7298 is again a Loch Brora fish. In April 1901 it was marked
as a 25-inch grilse kelt of 4 Ibs. On 18th March, 1903, it was
recaptured as a salmon kelt in Loch Brora. The length measurement
showed an increase of 54 inches, and the weight an increase of only 27
Ibs. Asa possible explanation of this slight increase of weight it may
be mentioned that many of the salmon taken in the North of Scotland
during the season of 1902 were remarkably poor in flavour. It is
possible that the feeding was not as rich as usual and that hence some
fish did not greatly increase their weight. It would follow however
from this that these fish ascended rivers when in a poorly nourished
state. At no time, however, do the striking increments of weight
observed in fish from our largest rivers appear in fish from the Brora.
Other circumstances, which may be touched upon later, appear to me
to indicate that a small proportion of fish do return to fresh water
without being nourished as the average salmon is, and that their return
takes place some little time, it may be, before the spawning season. It
is quite possible, however, that 7298 may have also been an annual
spawner, and that 1902-03 was its third spawning period. A similar
case is 7225, marked in March, 1902, and recaptured in March, 1904,
both in Loch Brora. The increase of weight is again strikingly small,
being only 24 lbs. ‘The conditions of these Brora fish require further
investigation.
KELT TO UNSPAWNED CONDITION.
Two fish still require mention under this heading—Ist, No. 6541, a
19 lb. kelt 38 inches long, marked on 4th March 1902 at Muiresk on
the Deveron—it was reported to be a very well mended kelt. This fish,
on 22nd October of the same year, was recaptured in an unspawned
condition, at Ardniddle, just above Muiresk. It was then 34 lbs. in
weight and 414 inches long, thus showing an increase of 15 lbs. weight
and 34 inches in length in an interval of 7 months and 18 days. This
case is of interest as showing that annual spawning occurs even amongst
heavy fish, and, further, it is worthy of note that the fish was a female.
The Deveron usually holds a fair number of heavy fish, but even in the
Tay, females of more than 30 lbs. are not very common.
2nd, No. 9622, another Deveron fish marked at Duff House on 10th
April 1902, a kelt of 10 Ibs,, 34 inches long; recaptured at Huntly on
the Deveron on 26th September of the same year as a clean unspawned
fish of 19 lbs., 35 inches long. The interval in this case is 5 months and
16 days, the increase in weight 9 lbs., in length 1 inch.
REFERENCE To DiAGRaAm (at p. 98).
By reason of the recaptures of clean fish which were previously
marked as kelts, and which are recorded for the first time in this Report
it is possible to estimate what may represent approximately the life of
some proportion of the salmon in the Tay. There is, I have not the
slightest doubt, considerable variation in the habits of fish even of one
river; two kelts entering the sea at the same time many return at very
different times, and this taking place at any period in the lives of such
fish will most materally alter the whole of the subsequent history of each.
We have already seen that one grilse kelt may return to the river a
clean salmon in a few months, while another may remain in the sea all
summer and winter and return to the river a clean spring fish twice the
weight of the first. This so-called ‘“‘ Double Migration” or Duality of
Migration seems to exist throughout the life of the salmon, but up to
96 Appendices to L'wenty-second Annual Report
the present we do not know if a fish having, as it were, embarked upon
the habit of short migration, continues this habit through life, while
another in like manner adopts the long-migration-habit, or whether
short and long migrations may be alternated, or, indeed, whether any
particular system or regularity of habit in this matter exists, although
we have in 7298 an indication that a fish may possibly spawn in
three consecutive seasons. It is clear that, while we refer to the short
migration as being a return in the summer of the year of descent as a
kelt, we must include in this short migration a great mass of breeding
fish which ascend through autumn and early winter. Also in regarding
the long migration we must not overlook the clean run so-called spring
fish which may enter our large rivers one, two, or even three months
before the end of the calendar year. The individual fish representing
those separate migratory habits are of course in the river at the same
time, yet although mixed together may be, without difficulty, allocated
to their positions as breeders or “ springers.”
By selecting what appear to be well-defined cases in the kelt-to-clean-
fish series I have attempted to construct a diagram which shows the
Duality of Migration. I have, for the sake of clearness, restricted the
number of recaptures shown, and have not attempted to display either
the autumn and winter fish which form the great mass of breeders and
which are of the same class as the summer fish, or the very early clean-
run fish which belong to the spring class. If attention be turned to the
diagram it will be seen that excepting the two first diverging and
unnumbered black lines, three groups are represented, each group
containing three recaptures. The three numbers of the first group
are printed in blue, those of the second group in red, and those
of the last group in black. The black lines representing these
recaptures are drawn straight from point to point, each lower point
being on the horizontal level which gives the weight of the kelt when
marked, the higher being the weight on recapture. It will be under-
stood, therefore, that in each case the sea-ward migration and the re-
ascent have taken placein the period over which the linesaredrawn. The
fish in the kelt stage are placed according as their weights seem to be in
proper proportion to the weights of previous unspawned fish. The
seasons and years of the fish’s life are indicated horizontally. Com-
mencing at the left hand low corner we have the newly hatched embryo
of practically no weight, and, following the indications of the Stormont-
field and other experiments, we may fix the point B in the spring,
when the fish is about 26 months’ old, as representing the time when the
smolt migrates to the sea. (Dahl’s observations concerning Norwegian
smolts incline him to consider that only a year and a quarter is
spent in fresh water before the first seaward migration). The
thin line from A to B represents, therefore, the two years and
two months which it seems to me the great majority of young
salmon spend in the river of their birth before the first migration
seawards. For the smolt to grilse stage, represented by the first
diverging and unnumbered black lines, we are indebted to two early
Tweed recaptures. The lower of the two was marked in the spring of
1854, and recaptured in July 1855 at Wilford, a grilse of 33 lbs. It
was marked by means of a wire in the tail fin. (A similar case was that
of a smolt of 1857, recaptured at Hallowell on 9th August 1858, a grilse
of 33 lbs., marked with silver wire in the upper jaw.) The other, or
higher line, represents a smolt marked in May 1855, recaptured on 6th
August 1856 at Meadowhaven, a grilse of 64 lbs., marked with silver
wire in the operculum. We have no data to show any other seasonal
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. oT
migrations which may occur at this stage. The Stormontfield smolt
to grilse records, as well as records which have quite recently been
obtained in Devonshire by His Grace the Duke of Bedford—both of
which depend for identification on the cutting of the adipose fin—
support the records given above. A copy of the Tweed records
will be found in my previous paper on marking (20th Annual Report
Fishery Board for Scotland, Part IT., pp. 57 and 58). The other data
in the diagram are all of Tay fish. First we have the grilse kelts—
numbered in blue :—
4 lbs.: 25": kelt grilse: F.: 5th Feb. 1903: Logierait, Upper
9402 : ey
104 lIbs.: 30”: clean salmon: F.: 3lst July 1903: Flookie
netting station.
6 lb.: 24": kelt: M.: 10th Feb. 1903: East Haugh, Tummel.
8343 < 143 lbs.: 332”: clean: M.: 20th Aug. 1903: Pyeroad netting
station.
These two show the short migration.
64 lbs.: 29”: kelt grilse: F.: 9th Jan. 1902: West Shot,
8044 Stanley.
| 19 lbs.: 362”: clean salmon: 14th Mar. 1903: Upper Bluehill.
This fish shows the long migration, returning as a clean spring fish.
In the next group (numbered in red) we have kelts of 8 lbs., 10 lbs.,
and 11 lbs.; we will take the 11 Ib. fish first, since it shows again the
short migration.
817] | 11 lbs.: 38": kelt: F.: 18th Jan. 1902: Battleby.
17 lbs.: clean: F.: 20th Aug. 1902: Dove Cot Station, Estuary.
The two others show long migration.
8399 10 lbs.: 33”: kelt: F.: 7th Mar. 1902: Tummel.
““ | 19 Ibs.: clean: 16th Feb. 1903: West Shot, Stanley.
8 lbs.: 32”: kelt: F.: 11th Feb. 1901: Cloichfoldich, Grand-
5852 tully.
19 lbs.: 372”. clean: F.: 5th Mar. 1902: Pyeroad, Estuary.
This last is taken from my previous Report, p. 71.
Those three kelts seem to indicate from their weights, as compared
with the weights of unspawned fish, that they are the kelts belonging
to the same class as the small salmon represented in the diagram by
Nos. 8343 and 9402. They are therefore placed as five-year-olds, it
being noticed in passing that 8044 at time of recapture and other clean
fish of similar habit are of the same year although not spawned in the
previous winter.
Up to this point the age of the fish may, it seems to me, be estimated
with a fair amount of accuracy. When we regard the next kelt
recaptures, however, we are confronted with the evidence that the
weight of a clean fish of five years old may be the same as that of a six
year old fish, or, in other words, the heavy spring fish of the Tay are not
all the same age, and it may be that the majority are six years old
rather than five years old. It is noticeable also that we have not
evidence of an increase in weight in the middle group comparable with
the increase of the grilse kelt 8044, and it may be, though the lack of
evidence to the contrary is by no means conclusive, that this middle
group represents a period in the life of the adult salmon when, as it
98 Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
were, the reproductive function asserts itself more than the building up
of body growth. It is inadvisable to press this point unduly, but if 5852
and 8329 had increased as 8044 has done they would now have been
fish of 25 or 30 lb.
In thelast group (black uumbers) it seems more natural to suppose that
the kelts represented here are again belonging to the summer run of fish
like 8171 and the autumn fish of rather heavier weight which immediately
succeeded it. In the two previous groups we have clear evidence of
the dual migration; and here again we have a recapture to show a
short migration (9062). Recaptures of large fish are naturally scarcer
than those of middle weight. If reference is made to No. 6541, however,
it will be seen that in the Deveron a very well mended female kelt of
19 lbs. marked in March 1902 was taken in October of the same year a
fish of 34 lbs., thus indicating that the dual habit of migration still
persists in even larger and presumably older fish. No other fish has
been recaptured which when marked was a kelt of such weight, and if
6541 were included in this diagram it would, I think, have to be
placed so as to show at least eight years of growth. According to
particulars given me by Sir Arthur Clay, Bart., whose keeper caught
the fish, it was a female full of spawn, and we may be correct in
assuming that, like trout, salmon still spawn in their eighth year.
The particulars of the three fish forming the third group are :—
13 Ibs.: 334”: kelt: F.: 24th Nov. 1902: Almond Mouth, Tay.
9062 < 21:9 Ibs.: 37": clean: F.: \6th Aug. 1903: Skin the Goat
Station, Estuary.
The example of short migration.
3941 | 13 lbs: 35": kelt : F.: 15th April 1902: Venture (tidal waters).
x 24lbs: clean: F.: 7th July 1903: Ricket Lady (tidal waters).
14 Ibs.: 36": kelt: F.: 17th Jan. 1902: Battleby.
8161 < 33lbs.: 43": clean: 27th July 1903: Skin the Goat Station,
Estuary.
Examples of long migration.
In regarding the diagrain which I have thus ventured to present it
is noticeable that, with the exception of No. 8343, all the fish referred
to are females. This is in a manner explained when we recollect that
the great majority of kelts marked are females. In Appendix V. I have
dealt with the proportions of the sexes found, and it is sufficiently evident
that the habit of the male kelt is rather distinct from the habit of the
female kelt. Further, from the Tables kindly supplied by Mr. Johnston
in Appendix IV., and also in last Annual Report (Part I., p. 60)
there seems ground for the belief that the habits of seasonal ascent are
to some extent dissimilar in the sexes. We may also reflect that
practically all the very large fish captured at any season are males. It
is well, therefore, till we gain more definite knowledge of the habits
and growth of the male fish, to regard the diagram as bearing chiefly
upon the life of the female salmon of the River Tay. The year’s
growth indicated on the diagram must be noted as distinct from the
calendar years. By further marking in other rivers it is hoped that
our knowledge of the varied habits may be still further elucidated.
———————— —- --
Diagram suggesting the Serial Migrations and the Growth of the Tay Salmon,
constructed from Nine Selected Kelt to Clean Fish recaptures.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 99
APPENDIX IV,
aa
NOTES ON THE LENGTH MEASUREMENTS OF UNSPAWNED
SALMON AND GRILSE “MARKED” IN NOVEMBER 1903.
By H. W. JOHNSTON.
In Appendix IV. of the Twenty-first Annual Report, a Table was
given to show the proportions of males and females among the un-
spawned salmon and grilse netted and “ marked” in November 1902.
These fish were arranged in groups according to their lengths, and in
a second Table corrections were made for the estimated increase in the
measurement of males, due to the growth of the snout in the spawning
season.
During November 1903 experimental netting was again carried on,
and 361 unspawned salmon and grilse were marked between Stanley
and Perth, and the results, brought out by an analysis on the basis
adopted in the second Table above referred to, are very similar to those
of the previous year.
Numbers and Percentage of each Sex—November 1903 (corrected
for growth of Snout).
fF Number, Percentage.
Group. Length. off Remarks,
M. F. | Total.|} M. F,
i 26 inches and under,| 35 84 | 119 29 71 | Chiefly Females.
Dy 1262 to 27 inches, =| W715 | 32) || 58-1] 47 || Mixed Sexes,
3 27% to 314 inches, -| 29 u2 41 71 29 | Chiefly Males.
4 32 to 37 inches, ao Wa BED Pel SO 8 92 | Chiefly Females
5 3/4 inches and over, | 33 6 39 85 15 | Chiefly Males.
IT
100 Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
To facilitate comparison, the total Numbers and the Sex Percentages
for the two seasons are given :—
Numbers. Percentage,
Group. Length. Both Sexes. | Males. Females. Remarks.
1902. | 1903. |1902.| 1903.| 1902. | 1908.
1 26 inches and under,| 75 | 119 23 | 29) 77]! 71 | Chiefly Females.
2 | 263 to 27 inches, -| 386 32 56 | 53] 44) 47 | Mixed Sexes.
3 |27% to 3ldinches, -| 50 4] 82} 71] 18] 29 | Chiefly Males,
161") 192 48; 42) 52] 58
4 32 to 37 inches, =| :98: | 130 7 8 | 93] 92] Chiefly Females.
374 inches and over, | 25 39 76 | 85} 24] 15 | Chiefly Males.
Ee) |
It will be noticed that in the first three groups (which comprise
erilse and a few of the smaller salmon), there is not much inequality
in the aggregate proportions of males and females. The fourth group
almost entirely consists of females, weighing from 12 lbs. up to 23 lbs.;
the males being very poorly represented and nearly all 36 inches or
over, weighing not less than 18 Ibs.
The data are insufficient, yet suggest the idea that the presence of a
large number of males in the fifth group, and their almost total absence
in the fourth group, may be due to artificial rather than to natural
causes. It is probable that males grow more rapidly than females, as
after spawning they quickly descend the river and may be putting on
weight in the sea, while the latter are hanging about in fresh water, as
many of them have been proved to do. Unfortunately, the ‘ Marking
Returns,” do not yet supply much information about the rate of growth
of males, though they shed light on that of females. As a rule the very
heavy fish reported are males, and perhaps owing to many of the older
members of this sex appearing after the nets are off, they escape
capture for a longer period than the majority of females.
Still, these habits do not seem to account for the great scarcity of
males between 12 lbs. and 22 Ibs., and it is possible that the explanation
may be that a proportion of each run of grilse in the previous season
failed to pass the nets. There are grounds for believing that some of
these runs are largely composed of males, which, if spared, would have
grown into medium-sized salmon by the autumn of the following year,
or returned as larger fish at a later period.
of the Fishery Bourd for Scotland. 101
The annexed Table gives the weights of fish ‘‘ Marked” in 1902-1903,
except in the dimensions not adequately represented :—
Average weights of Unspawned Salmon and Grilse marked in
November 1902, and November 1903.
Length. 1902. 1903. Length. 1902. 1903.
Group. —__—_|—_—_________ || Group.
Inches. uw.lFl om. F. Inches. M, Fr. M. Fr.
Lbs. |Lbs.| Lbs. | Lbs. Lbs. | Lbs. | Lbs. | Lbs
( 24 ae da 5:3 ( 32 Bain) le | 14
|
| 4 Sp eo) 58 am 99) 5:9 | 4 14:
r 1 25 eb | Gel to 57 6°3 | 30 13°7 15:6
| 4 yp AOca I Or 6°3 4 157 16°3
K 26 WkO. Or lel OS 7 | 34 16:2 16:5
—-|—_|-——_ Aare 4 176 17 °4
263 \ i | 35 IVR,
2 6°9| 7:4 see Lore
27 ) 2 6°5 | 3 19
—— | |__| —___ 36 20°'8
( 274 ao 82 4 20°6 20°6
| 8:1} 8:4
| 28 81 9-1 L 37 DAL VO fel 2OP7
4 8°6 ee ee | ee
}os . |
29 9°3 ( 37% VIAN PaO CLs
3 4 4 9°6 | 10°5 38 aa be ed 20°7
hog 9-7 |
30 Geni teh | 4 | 22°5
ones
3 Sit T225 | 39 23°7 ok
ava a |
31 Ae 2256 | 4 26°4
( 5 127 L 40 26°3
102 Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
APPENDIX V.
AN ESTIMATE OF THE PROPORTION OF THE SEXES OF
SALMON IN CERTAIN SCOTTISH RIVERS, DURING
THE WINTER AND SPRING MONTHS.
By W. L. CALDERWOOD.
Information on the important subject of the proportion of the sexes in
salmon has been collected in Switzerland, Holland, Norway, and
Seotland. Meischer Ruesch* at Basle, in July and November of the
years 1878 and 1879, examined 1638 fish. Of this number 609 were
males and 1029 were females, but the preponderance of females
diminished in August and September, and the sexes were nearly
balanced in October—this being brought about, it is stated, by the
increase in numbers of male grilse during this month. In November
the females are found to be again in excess. Hoek, in the waters of
the lower Rhine,’ collected statistics inter alia concerning the sexes of
fish between the months of October and August for five years. In
this time he examined 1822 fish, of which 605 were males and 1217
females, but he states that since these were specially selected fish they
should not perhaps be taken as altogether representative of the stock
of fish in the lower Rhine. Of breeding fish ascending the waters of
Holland in October, November, and December, he examined 959,
finding 493 males and 466 females, an evenly balanced condition.
Like Meischer, he found that this balancing was caused by the presence
of “St. Jakob’s Zalm” (grilse?), for of the 493 males examined, 450
were “St. Jakob’s Zalm.”
With regard to Norway, reference has been made by Archer in
the Eleventh Annual Report (Part II., p. 71) as follows :—‘ From the
‘“‘ returns sent to the Fishery Inspector regarding the sex of the salmon
“which were marked, it appears that only 36 per cent. were males, and
“the remainder females, ‘T’his can scarcely be the result of chance, as
“about 4000 salmon were marked. They were marked in the late
‘‘autumn or winter. On Sands River the disproportion was greater,
‘being 21 per cent. males to 79 per cent females out of 890 examples.
“The numbers netted in October were 193, of which 34 per cent. were
‘““males; in December 406, of which 20 per cent. were males; in
“ January 177, of which 8 per cent. were males; in February 49, of
‘which 10 per cent. were males; in April 65, of which 20 per cent.
“were males. I may add that I have endeavoured to ascertain that
“this was not due to the males being on the spawning ground instead
‘¢ of in the pools by stoning, and, where possible, drifting the net over
‘‘ these shallows before netting the pool. From the frozen condition of
“the tributary streams it would not be possible for these fish to be any-
‘“‘ where else than in the main river.”
* Meischer. Statistische und biologische Beitriige zur Kenntniss von Leben
des Rheinlachses im Suss wasser. 1880. Druch von Metzler und Wittig, Leipsic.
+ Hoek. Rapport over Statistische en biologische onderzoekingen ingesteld
met behulp van in Nederland gevangen Zalmen. Wetenschappelijk Adviseur in
Visscherijzaken.
of the Pishery Board for Scotland. 103
In Scotland we have the valuable observations from the Tweed of
Tosh and Grey, reported by my predecessor in the Thirteenth and
Fourteenth Annual Reports of the Fishery Board for Scotland, Part II.
In this instance 6018 fish were examined not merely by external obser-
vation, but by the actual examination of the genitalia. 4567 were
females and 1451 were males, a proportion of 100 males to 314 females.
When these results are combined with 4654 fish, the sex of which was
estimated by external observation, the following monthly results from
February to September (the open season) of the combined 10,672 fish
are obtained :—
In February to 100 males there were 251 females.
99 March 99 9? 99 349 99
” April ” ” ” 392 ”
99 May 99 9? 93 320 99
9 June 99 re} 99 349 9?
» duly ” +9 iy ge es
9? August 99 29 ”? 276 9)
5, september _,, is St na AO One es
The discrepancy, which decreases with the advance of the season, leads
to the inference stated by the writers in question, that when the
spawning season has come round an approximate balance of sexes may
exist, as has been indicated by Meischer and by Hoek, but it is not
brought out by the returns for Norway.
In the Annual Reports I receive from District Fishery Boards it
is always noticeable that the statements made from certain districts
differ essentially from those of other districts. While it is no doubt
true that the answer's to the queries respecting the proportion of the
sexes are almost necessarily made in many cases from rather rough
estimates at uncertain times, it is nevertheless noticeable that such
reports are consistent from year to year and are borne out when
observation is made of the sexes of salmon netted after the close of the
season for the procuring of ova with which to stock hatcheries. Reports
from Caithness, Sutherland, and Ross generally go to show that in
these counties males predominate. Four to one is the proportion of
males to females reported from the Kyle of Sutherland. In the
Conon, the result of ova fishing at the spawning season for ten
consecutive years goes to show that there are two males to one
female. Thurso ova fishing at Brawl gives a similar result, and even
throughout the angling season in the County of Sutherland the report is
that “all the bailiffs estimate that males predominate.’ In the Spey
the sexes are reported as well balanced, while in the neighbouring River
Deveron “ fish killed in the river by net and coble would be five females
to one male.” In the southern counties of Scotland reports go to show
that females are most numerous, and therefore it is sufticiently clear
that distinctly opposite conditions are reported.
It seems to me practically certain that a single female fish is attended
at the spawning season by a single male fish from before the making of
the redd till all the ova of the female are shed. It does not seem to me
equally certain that by that time the male fish is spent, and we are not,
I think, in possession of any facts to show either that a male after
attending a female through the deposition of her ova is found to be a
kelt ; or, on the other hand, that a male attends more than one female
during a spawning season. Noél Paton * states that in his opinion there
is little doubt that ‘as a rule male fish are ripe in the beginning of
“October, and that from that time onward they are capable of
aoe salmon in the sea,” Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, xxiv., Part v.,
p.
104 Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
“shedding milt and fertilising ova,” and from our experience of winter
netting there seems some evidence for a belief that in October, in the
Tay, a run of male fish may ascend from the sea with some annual
regularity. Yet many males may be caught in November which
cannot be used for the purpose of fertilising ova, or from which milt
cannot be pressed, and which may be kept a considerable time without
showing marked signs of being ripe. It may be that were such fish paired
naturally and swimming freely in the river they would be more rapidly
or more responsively fertile. Be this as it may, it is clear at anyrate
that every female must have the attendance of one male, if full
advantage is to be obtained from the breeding stock of any river.
While carrying on the investigation into the migrations and growth
of the salmon by means of marking, a very considerable amount of data
has been collected, which bears upon this question of the proportion of
the sexes. Yet care has to be exercised in using this material, or in
drawing deductions from it, because indications are not wanting that
the habits of males and females may differ sufficiently to give a rather
erroneous result ; runs of fish may be noted which contain an extra-
ordinary proportion of either one sex or the other; or males may
incline to ascend tributaries at a time when females heavy with spawn
remain in the main river. Data distinctly limited in extent must be
discarded, and on this account I omit from this paper mention of
particulars from the Rivers Ugie, Ythan, Ewe, Beauly, Conon, Alness,
Ness, Doon, Snizort, Torridon, and Balgay.
The material I select is of two kinds :—(1) That concerning breeding
fish marked in the Annual Close Time just before or actually during
spawning ; (2) That with reference to spent fish or kelts.
I regard the netting during the close time as the most reliable guide
to the proportion of the sexes at spawning time, and yet we are in no
way certain that through possible differences in habit we have actually
netted a representative selection of the fishes present in the river.
During the close seasons 1901, 1902, and 1903 I have personally
conducted netting experiments in the River Tay, chiefly in the lower
reaches from the Linn of Campsie down to Almond Mouth about two
miles north of Perth, but also to some extent in the tidal waters
between Perth and Newburgh, and in the upper reaches from Logierait
to Dalguise. Even in the stretch of river between the Linn and Almond
Mouth (about 6 miles) there are naturally many wide, shallow, and
rapid reaches where a net cannot conveniently be drawn, and where
breeding fish were constantly to be seen leaping and splashing on the
surface, as their habit is at this season. But netting was certainly
conducted as completely and as skilfully as possible by the experienced
fishers of the Tay Fisheries Company, to which Company I am greatly
indebted for much generous assistance, and at each visit to this section
of the river, netting was carried on for three or four consecutive days.
It may be that fish out on the spawning fords were more or less
accurately paired, and therefore would have shown a more evenly
balanced result as to sex than did the fish in the pools which were
netted. But, where possible, as for instance at Almond Mouth Pool—
the most productive netting station we found—the shallow ford above
the pool was reached with the net and the fish drawn down into the
pool below. Here in one day we took 123 fish, 38 of which were males
and 82 females, all unspawned, besides 3 female kelts, showing the
striking absence of males so frequently noticed.
I subjoin the data, selected from the register of particulars of marked
fish, in the form of a Table, separating unspawned fish from kelts.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 105
In 1896, my predecessor, Mr. Archer carried on netting in the Spey
during the close season, for the purpose of marking clean early running
fish. Since, however, spawning fish were also marked, I am able to
add these to the Tay returns of unspawned and spawning fish. In the
case of all other rivers, kelt marking has alone been carried on, and I
am therofore restricted in the bulk of returns to data bearing upon the
period after spawning when, it would appear, the habit of the male kelt
is different from that of the female.
UNSPAWNED AND SPAWNING FISH.
\
Bae J : Approximate
River. Date. Total, | Males. gies: Proportion of Sexes.
Tay - - | Nov. 1901. 22 5) 1)
5 8 - aa, LOOZ. ) © 246 100 146 12 females to 1 male.
rebie - yf L905.) 15.369 123 246 2 Palsy
Spey - - tye LS90s 7 128 24 | 104 8 Al
KELTs.
Tay - - | November. 55 5 50 10 females to 1 male.
par ite - | January. 237 20 217 107 a, a ae ae
wees - | Feb & Mar.| 259 26 233 9 x Acie
bee - | April. 52 5 47 Oe ts Svs? ih
Spey - - | December. 80 27 53 2 is Ps Be
Bae PA. - | January. 227 73 154 2 i} eu ees
cater - | February. 209 118 91 11 males to 1 female.
Wt os - | March, 49 14 35 24 females to 1 male.
Deveron - | February. 29 4 25 OF- 5; spilis 53
: - | March. 60 6 54 9 x alta 5
- - | April. 39 4 35 oe ht
Thurso - | November. | 272 197 75 24 males to 1 female.
Helmsdale | January. 57 24 33 13 females to 1 male.
- February. 59 23 36 1 ae ail es es
5 March. 54 22 32 Be Saar a Alar
55 April. 18 fi i
Brora - | February 86 23 63 243 Cs; Zant igen
x - | March. 275 38 237 GE a5, oi eae
‘ - | April. 93 9 84 Oe ae hale
Shin - : 40 20 20 ul 55 4931 Bea ys
Annan - 121 15 106 Tis 5) spay sy
— = | Se | SS |
Totals, 3136 930 2206
106 Appendices to T'wenty-second Ania Report
The first entry, that for the Tay in 1901, is too insignificant to be
reliable. In the Novembers of 1902 and 1903, however, we have taken
615 fish, of which 223 were males and 392 were females, being in the
proportion of 100 males to 171 females. In the case of the Spey in the
year 1896 the proportion is, on the other hand, 100 males to 433
females. In my mind it is however uncertain whether the rapid
reaches of the Gordon Castle water—where this marking was carried
on—is a suitable place in which to estimate the proportion of the sexes
of breeding fish. It is most suitable as a fishery for early clean run fish,
but from the very great numbers of late running spawners which
ascend the tributary of the Fiddich a short distance above the Orton
Water, as well as from the rapidity of the water-flow in the lower main
river, I imagine that such breeding fish as may be captured in the
Gordon Castle water are to a great extent, as it were, passing through
that water. Elaborate note of paired spawning fish is annually made
by the water bailiffs in the Spey, and I would not regard the above
return as altogether confuting their statements that there is no marked
discrepancy between the sexes.
If we turn now to the kelt records for November, December, and
January from the Tay and Spey, we are at once able to notice a marked
change. In the Tay, males have largely disappeared, being now in the
the proportion of about 1 to 10 females. In the Spey in December and
January male kelts are twice as numerous as were the unspawned fish.
In February the sexes amongst kelts show a complete change; the
males are now in excess, there being 14 to every female. This to my
mind indicates clearly, and this is also indicated by the disappearance
of males in the Tay, a rapid descent of male kelts after spawning. In the
Tay, therefore, while in November one may find a very fair proportion
of unspawned or spawning males, one can find very few male kelts (and
how far those remaining may be fish which have descended from
tributaries it is impossible to say), and the indications are that the males
after spawning have at once descended the river. In the Spey, in the
rapid lower reaches, where, as I have said, spawning fish may not
naturally linger to any extent, male kelts increase in number during
the months of December, January, and February, and are in excess of
the females in the last-named month. They are making a descent
from the upper river and tributaries. The waters netted on the
Tay correspond topographically to the area immediately above the Spey
Orton water.
T stated that from Sutherland, Caithness, and Ross reports go to show
that males predominate. It will be noticed that, so far as kelts are
concerned, the sexes in the Helmsdale are pretty equally divided, while
in the Brora (Loch Brora) the proportion of females increases as the
spring advances, being in April 94 to 1. If we may argue by analogy
from conditions represented by large rivers like the Tay, this simply
means that Loch Brora acts upon females in their descent as a large
pool in a large river does, and causes them to pause, so that they
congregate. The fact that in those Northern rivers in February,
March, and April female kelts are more numerous than males, does not,
I think, in any way contradict the statement that during the fishing
season or “back end” males are in excess—the males after becoming
spent have more quickly descended, The idea is further strengthened
by the figure for the Thurso in November. These fish were netted from
the river near Brawl and artificially spawned. At spawning time,
therefore, the males are shown to be in excess in Caithness.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 107
APPENDIX VI.
NOTE ON THE RELATIVE NUMBERS OF GRILSE AND
SALMON IN THE LOWER WATERS OF THE RIVER
TAY DURING THE SPAWNING SEASON.
By W. L. CALDERWOOD.
The netting of the lower waters of the Tay, during the two last
annual close times, for the purpose of marking fish, enables an estimate
to be made of the relative numbers of grilse and salmon which occur at
this season. I have arranged the data in the following Table :—
River Tay.
Table showing the Relative Numbers and Conditions of Grilse and
Salmon netted, marked, and returned, during Annual Close Times
of 1902 and 1903, distinguishing between captures at Almond-
mouth and neighbouring stations, and Linn of Campsie, including
West Shot and Burnmouth Shot.
(2) ALMONDMOUTH AND NEIGHBOURING FISHING STATIONS.
GRILSE. SALMON.
DATE.
sees is eee ae 7 ES
lith Nov. 1902 - 12 3 10 2 =
22nd _ ,, ae 48 1 22 2 5
24th, ,, ee 35 - 12 2 9
Sth, 4 1903 - 37 = 27 = 5
Lithows, Saas 53 - 69 - 2
12th ,, ee 36 ~ 35 - 1
18th ,, ane th ~ 21 - 4
232 4 196 6 26
(6) LINN OF CAMPSIE, WEST SHOT, AND BURNMOUTH.
8th Jan. 1903 - - = = 13 mee 4 2
CLO arr: - ~ - 22 3 - 11
27th Oct.’ ,, 8 = - 2 18 ~ -
ZO Wea gnc ce 2 = = ts 1 ee es
10th Nov. ,, 1 - = S 5 as =
108 Appendices to T'wenty-second Annual Report
Adding the totals for grilse and for salmon in each of the two
sections the result is as follows :—
(a) Almondmouth, : - 244 grilse; 238 salmon.
(6) Linn of Campsie - aoa co bamery les
It is seen at a glance, therefore, that whereas in one section of the
river the grilse and salmon appear to be very evenly divided as to
numbers during the spawning season, at another section of the river
the salmon are seven times as numerous as the grilse. With regard
even to the eleven grilse noted in section 6, a detailed examin-
ation shows that only one came from the Linn proper, the others
having been taken in the streams below. We may say, therefore, that
whereas grilse are plentiful in some parts of the river, they are practi-
cally absent in others; that they are well distributed over the open
streams and pools, but are not to be found where, as at the Linn, the
water pours over a great rock ledge, and divides into powerful eddies
and deep-welling, much aerated cross currents. This, however, is the
place where the clean-run spring salmon is to be found. He does not
seek out the shallow fords and easy pools—the spawning instinct 1s not
upon him—but passes upwards till his course is checked by torrents of
cold water pouring, it may be, over some slight obstacle. Here he
waits till either the water-flow becomes less or the temperature rises.
The Linn of Campsie also is no place to expect any great number of
unspawned salmon. It is a rocky place of troubled water. The
unspawned fish either pass it for streams above, or apparently drop
back to streams below. In netting we have repeatedly taken fish
which have dropped back, and the marking returns give most con-
vincing evidence of this. In some cases the descent has been so rapid
as to indicate that the fright caused by capture and handling must be
taken into account. For instance, on 10th November 1903, descending
from the beautiful long pool called Pitlochry Head by the rapid streams
above Stanley village we took a shot at “The Washing House” where
we got a large male fish, two unspawned females, and five grilse ;
immediately getting into the boat we rowed out into the strong broken
water and allowed ourselves to make a rapid descent to the shot called
“ Horsey,” about quarter of a mile further down and on the opposite bank.
Here the only fish taken in the first shot was one of the grilse just
marked at ‘‘The Washing House.”
Summer House
500 FEET.
200
5,0
FEET 100
BRIDGE
of the Lishery Board for Scotland. 109
APPENDIX VII.
NEW SALMON PASS AT INVERMORISTON FALL—
DISTRICT OF THE RIVER NESS.
Perhaps no salmon pass in Scotland is better known than that con-
structed at Invermoriston in 1880. It was described briefly in the
First Annual Report, p. 33, and a sketch plan was afterwards given in
the Sixth Annual Report (1887). From time to time this pass has
required modification ; sluices had to be erected at the intake to prevent
overflooding—the Moriston River is peculiarly subject to very sudden
changes of level—-the mouth, or lower opening of the pass, was brought
nearer the foot of the fall, masses of rock were carried or slid into the
pass and had either to be circumvented or removed. The gradient of
this pass was, or is, one in ten; it is cut out of the solid rock, and cost,
I believe, about £2000. Reports as to its efficiency have, however,
always been reserved in tone. It has never been described as an
unqualified success, as, for instance, the Ballisodare Pass in Ireland is
said to be. A certain number of fish have always managed to ascend,
but the pass has never been the means of raising a good stock of salmon
in the upper river. In the autumn of 1902 it was decided to proceed
with the construction of a second pass on the south or right bank of
the river. Mr. P. D. Malloch selected the site, and determined the
features and general plan of the pass. Mr. H. J. Bell, C.E., Perth, was
the engineer, and Mr. R. Fraser, Inverness, the contractor. It happens
that as far back as 1870, when Buckland and Young inspected the fall,
a pass was recommended very much in the position now opened up, but
the suggestion was then departed from on the ground of expense, it
being believed that an efficient pass could be constructed on the left
bank.
When the first pass was opened, and salmon admitted to waters in
Glenmoriston which they previously could not frequent, the Crown
claimed the salmon fishing rights in virtue of the fact that the fishings
had never been alienated to any subject, and would ipso facto have to be
regarded as Crown property. Subsequently, Mr. Grant of Glenmoriston
obtained a Crown Charter, in fee, for the fishings above the fall. As
reported by the late Mr. Young, he was already in possession of a
Barony title, fortified by prescription, to the salmon fishings ex adverso
his property below the fall.
The new pass, on the right or south bank of the river, has been
carried up stream a considerable distance above the fall in order to
secure an easy gradient. The general arrangement of the pass is shown
in the plan opposite. The surface of the pool at the head of the pass
is 24 feet above the surface of the pool below the fall. The length of
the pass, exclusive of modifications in the upper pool for the purpose of
directing the water-flow, is 240 feet. The breadth is 10 feet, and the
gradient is 1 in 21:7 throughout. The entire excavation has been in
solid rock, as may be seen by reference to the three photographs given,
and the cutting towards the lower end of the pass is fully 35 feet deep.
110 Appendices to T'wenty-second Annual Report
The mouth or entrance to the pass—which is seen in the two first
photographs—is carried, at the gradient already mentioned, into the fall
pool, so that fish do not require to leap into the pass, as was the case in
their attempts to enter the old Invermoriston Ladder, but may swim
into and up the pass. The mouth is not appreciably nearer the fall
than is the mouth of the old ladder on the opposite side, but a very
considerable volume of water can be brought down the pass to influence
the fall pool—indeed, it appears that in low summer level with the pass
working, Invermoriston Fall will be materially reduced. The intake
of the pass is provided with three substantial sluices arranged to suit
different levels of water, the middle sluice being one foot higher in the
sill than the sluice on one side, and one foot lower than that on the
other side. A short arch of rock exists just below the sluices. For
the purpose of acting as breaks or stops to the force of descending water,
stones 36 inches long are sunk into the bed of the pass so as to project
20 to 24 inches. ‘These stones—which may be noticed in the photo-
graph, taken from inside the dry pass looking down through the mouth
to the river below—are 14 inches broad and about 12 inches thick, and
are placed in rows at right angles to the sides of the pass, three stones
in a row with spaces of about 16 inches between each. From the
sluices to the first row of stones the distance is 20 feet, but for the rest
of the way down the pass rows of stones occur every 15 feet.
From an inspection of the pass at a time when fish were running
through the pools below, I was satisfied that fish could, without
difficulty, ascend the easy gradient till the exit or upper end was
reached. Here, however, owing to the velocity of the river in the pool
above the fall, a difficulty presented itself, and I am of opinion that
some modification for the purpose of checking the force of water at the
sluices will have to be resorted to.
The rock cutting has been attended with much difficulty, owing
largely to the high inclination at which the rocks are bedded. After a
great amount of work had been accomplished an unfortunate rock-slide
took place, a mass, estimated by the engineer as weighing 1150 tons,
dropping into the pass. This, coupled with the continually swollen
condition of the river during last summer, has greatly increased the
contractor’s labours, but I am informed the work was accomplished in
time to permit late running fish making the ascent.
W. L. CaLpERWoopD.
(1)
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(S)
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. Lil
APPENDIX VIII.
NOTE ON THE TAY BULL-TROUT, WITH AN ANALYSIS
OF ITS FLESH.
By W. L. CALDERWOOD.
In an attempt to elucidate the true nature of bull-trout in the Tay
and other localities,* I have already stated my reasons for believing that
the fish known as the bull-trout in the Tay District is in reality a
salmon which has undergone a modification of a more or less temporary
and superficial kind.
The flesh of the bull-trout is usually paler and rather yellower than
the well-known salmon colour, and is regarded as inferior for the table.
On this account the fish does not command so high a price in the
market. Public taste in salmon seems to insist upon the rich colour of
the flesh, as is well shown by the experience of the salmon canners on
the Pacific Coast of North America. A considerable variety of salmon
of pale and even parti-coloured flesh is, I understand, now canned, as
well as the vast quantities of red-fleshed Sockeye in the Fraser River
and Columbia River Districts; but for European export, and especially
for consumption in the United Kingdom, only red-fleshed fish can be
used. All pale-fleshed fish, though they may be equally palatable and
perhaps equally nourishing, find no sale here.
In order to test the value of the Tay bull-trout’s flesh, Dr. Noél
Paton very kindly agreed to have an analysis of a few examples made.
This was done by his chemical assistant, Mr. Paterson. Three typical
specimens were therefore selected and sent to the laboratory of the
Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh. All were fresh run females,
with sea lice attached, and were caught by net in the estuary of the
Tay on 17th August, 1903. Particulars of these fish are as follows :—
Not:
Length, 34” (86-4 cm.).
Depth, 8” (20°3 cm.) ; Caudal Ped., 5:7 cm.
Weight, 18 lbs. 5 oz.
Bins, D. 13; P13.
Length of head, 16°5 cm.
Length between eye and edge of gill cover, 9°5.
Gills, right with maggots, left without maggots.
Teeth, 2 on head of vomer.
Scales, 12 on right, 11 on left (from posterior of adipose fin to lat. line).
Spots below lat. line extending backwards as far as level of post. border
of D. fin.
Viscera—Pyloric appendages loaded with fat.
Gall bladder much distended.
Stomach empty ; intestine with yellow mucus,
Liver normal.
Flesh pale in colour.
* «<The Bull Trout of the Tay and of Tweed.” Proc. Roy. Soc. Ed., xxv., Part
I p. 27.
+ The so-called ‘‘ Maggots” are the crustacean parasite Lerneopoda salmonia,
112 Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
The analysis of the muscle of this fish is given as follows, taking the
“thick ” and the “thin” separately :—
Thick. Thin,
Fats, . . 11°85 per cent. 17°42 per cent.
Other solids,. 22°94 Re 20°36 2
Total solids,. 34°79 per cent. 37°78 per cent.
The method is, I understand, to extract the fat from the tissue by
ether, then after distilling off the ether, to dry the fat at 100° OC, and
weigh, The residue of the tissue having been also dried at a high
temperature and weighed, the two results are added together to give
the sum in total solids.
No. II.
Length, 383" (97 cm.).
Depth, 21:2 cm.; Caudal Ped., 6°6 cm.
Head, 18 cm.; eye to opercular margin, 10°3 cm.
Weight, 24 lbs. 11 ozs.
Fins, D. 14, P. 13.
Gills, only 1 maggot in left gill.
Teeth, 2 on head of vomer.
Scales, on both sides 12.
Spots, below lat. line as far back as level of posterior border of
fin
Viscera—Ovaries, right, 46 cm. in length, being equal to length of
abdominal cavity ; left, 24 cm., ruptured.
Weight of ovaries, 467 grs.
Pyloric appendages coated with fat.
Gall bladder half full.
Liver dark in colour.
Stomach, empty.
Intestines, with yellow mucus.
- Flesh pale in colour.
The analysis is :—
Thick Thin,
Fats, . . 13°15 per cent. 18°85 per cent.
Other Solids, 24:08 _,, 20°44 = ,,
37°23 per cent. 39°29 per cent.
No aie
Length, 353” (89°5 cm).
Depth, 73" (19 cm.); Caudal Ped., 6 cm.
Head, 17°5 cm.: Eye to border of operce., 9°9 em,
Weight, 18 lbs. 123 ozs.
[Dye nepal WJ >See a aia ee Be Ro
Gills, maggots, 2 on right side, a few on left side.
Teeth, 2 on head of vomer.
Scales, 11 on each side.
Spots below lat. line to levei of D. fin.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 113
Viscera—Ovaries comparatively small, 22:6 and 16°5 cm.
Weight of ovaries, 125 grs.
Pylorics without much fat.
Gall bladder half full.
Liver dark in colour.
Stomach, empty.
Intestine, yellow mucus.
Flesh pale in colour.
The analysis is :—
Thick. Thin.
Fats, . . 13°57 per cent. 18°64 per cent,
Other Solids, 21°35 _,, 20 D082 5
34°92 per cent. 39°14 per cent.
The particulars which I have taken of these fish are similar to those
given in the paper on bull-trout, to which I have already referred, and
by a comparison it is sufficiently obvious that the fish are of precisely
the same class. Indeed, while the eleven examples described in detail
in the Proe. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, were selected so as to show gradations
from salmon to typical Tay bull-trout, the three fish here referred to
were specially selected as being well marked bull-trout.
In the exhaustive physiological investigations into the tissues of the
salmon made by Dr. Noél Paton and others in 1896 and 1897,*
analyses are given of Dee, Spey, Helmsdale, and Annan fish, but,
unfortunately, not of Tay fish. Confining ourselves entirely to estuary
fish referred to by Dr. Noél Paton in his group for July and August,
we find the amount of fats extracted (p. 95) from Dee and Spey fish to
be as follows :—
Percentages. |
|
Thick, Thin. |
Dee, . : : ; : 8:5 17:0
Dee, . ; ; : 10°6 Lis
Spey, . ; ; ]2°6 173
Spey, . : ; 10-2 14-2
Dee, . 75 15:3
Adding the percentages of the Tay fish, we have :-—
ay teed | canae orcepace ete. 11:85 17°42
JES ah eaeeemmnce yt (Rico 13-15 18:85
ar ae be A 13:57 18°64
The average percentage given for the Dee and Spey fish is :—
eenicke 29'S oth. > 168). ‘for Way bull-trout, “Thick,” 12-6;
“Thin,” 18:2; showing a remarkable percentage in favour of the Tay
bull-trout, which detracts from the view that they are poorly nourished
fish in spite of their pale coloured flesh.
*«* Investigations on the Life History of the Salmon in Fresh Water,”
Fishery Board for Scotland, 1898.
114 Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
The total solids bear out similar results :—-
Percentage.
Thick. Thin.
Dee, . : ‘ : : 3o0 39°
Dee, . : ; : 32°1 37°
Spey, . 33°9 37'2
Spey, . 32°5 34 3
Dee, . ; : 33'S 37:1
Taye: 34:79 31°78
Tavs 2: : ; é : BW Mey es" 39°29
aye 2 2 : : : i 34:92 39°14
or an average as follows :—
Dee and Spey, . ; : 32:9 36°1
aly, (0: : : : 3 30:0 38°7
Unless the normal Tay salmon is richer in the quality of its flesh
than are the fish from the Dee and the Spey. or some considerable
variation exists from year to year, this result rather points to the bull-
trout of the Tay being over-fed instead of under-fed, as has been
supposed, and shows further that the pigment of the salmon’s flesh is
not an essential accompaniment of the accumulation of fat. At the
same time, this high state of nourishment may explain the fact that
when hooked the Bull Trout of the Tay offers a remarkably good fight
with the angler.
EE
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Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
116
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of the Fishery Board for Scotland, 117
APPEND DX X,
ANNUAL CLOSE TIME APPLICABLE TO THE SALMON
RIVERS IN SCOTLAND.
N,.B.—Observe that, in the following List, the days fixing the commencement and
termination of the Annual Close ‘lime for Net-fishing and for Rod-fishing, respec-
tively, are in all cases inclusive, as in the case of the Add, the first river in the
List.
Name of River. ga aa, for orders, for
Add, From Sept. 1 to Feb. 15, | From Nov. 1 to Feb.15,
both days inclusive. both days inclusive.
Aline, From Aug, 27 to Feb. 10. | From Nov. 1 to Feb, 10.
Alness, From Aug. 27 to Feb. 10. | From Nov. 1 to Feb. 10.
Annan, From Sept. 10 to Feb. 24. | From Nov. 16 to Feb, 24.
Applecross, From Aug. 27 to Feb. 10. | From Nov. 1 to Feb, 10.
Arnisdale (Loch ‘Towr %) From Aug. 27 to Feb, 10. | From Nov. 1 to Feb, 10.
Awe, From Aug. 27 to Feb. 10. | From Nov. 1 to Feb. 10.
Aylort (Kinloch), From Aug. 27 to Feb. 10, | From Nov. 1 to Feb. 10.
Ayr, From Aug. 27 to Feb, 10. | From Noy. 1 to Feb. 10.
Baa and Goladoir, From Aug. 27 to Feb, 10. | From Nov, 1 to Feb. 10.
Badachro and Kerry (Gir
foch);) {. From Aug. 27 to Feb. 10. | From Nov. 1 to Feb. 10.
Balgay and Shieldag, From Aug. 27 to Feb. 10. | From Noy. 1 to Feb. 10.
Beauly, From Aug. 27 to Feb, 10, | From Oct. 16 to Feb. 10.
Berriedale, From Aug, 27 to Feb, 10. | From Nov, 1 to Feb, 10.
Bervie, From Sept. 10 to Feb. 24. | From Nov. 1 to Feb, 24.
B ladenoch, From Aug. 27 to Feb, 10. | From Nov, 1 to Feb. 10.
Broom, From Aug. 27 to Feb, 10. | From Nov, 1 to Feb. 10,
Brora, : From Aug. 27 to Feb. 10. | From Nov. 1 to Feb. 10.
Carvadale (in Cantyre), From Sept. 10 to Feb. 24. | From Nov. 1 to Feb, 24.
Carron, From Aug. 27 to Feb. 10. | From Nov. 1 to Feb, 10.
Clayburn, Finnisbay, ‘Aven-
nangeren, Strathgravat,
North Lacastile, ‘Scalla-
dale and Mawrig (Zas¢
Harris), . | From Sept. 10 to Feb, 24. | From Nov. 1 to Feb. 24,
Clyde and Leven, From Aug. 27 to Feb. 10. | From Nov. 1 to Feb, 10,
Conon, From Aug. 27 to Feb, 10. | From Nov. 1 to Feb. 10,
Cree, ‘ . | From Aug. 27 to Feb. 10. | From Nov. 1 to Feb. 10.
Creed or ‘Stornoway, and
Laxay (sland of Lews), | From Aug. 27 to Feb. 10. | From Nov. 1 to Feb. 10,
Creran (Loch Creran), From Aug. 27 to Feb. 10. | From Nov. 1 to Feb. 10.
Croe and Shiel eed
Ditech), . . | From Aug. 27 to Feb. 10. | From Nov. 1 to Feb. 10.
Dee (Aber deenshit 2), , From Aug. 27 to Feb. 10. | From Nov. 1 to Feb. 10,
Dee (Kirkcudhn ight) : From Aug. 27 to Feb. 10. | From Nov. 1 to Feb. 10.
Deveron, . ; . | From Aug. 27 ta Feb. 10, | From Nov, 1 to Feb. 10.
Don, From Aug. 27 to Feb. 10. | From Nov. 1 to Feb. 10.
Doon, From Aug. 27 to Feb, 10. | From Nov. 1 to Feb. 10,
Drummachloy or Glenmore
(Isle of Bute), From Sept. 1 to Feb. 15, | From Oct. 16 to Feb. 15,
Dunbeath, From Aug. 27 to Feb. 10. | From Oct. 16 to Feb. 10.
Tarn, From Aug. 21 to Feb. 4. | From Nov. 1 to Jan, 31.
Eckaig, From Sept, 1 to Feb. 15. | From Nov. 1 to Feb, 15.
Esk, North, From Sept. 1 to Feb, 15. | From Nov. 1 to Feb, 15.
Esk, South, From Sept. 1 to Feb. 15. | From Noy, 1 to Feb. 15.
Ewe : From Aug. 27 to Feb. 10. | From Nov, 1 to Feb. 10.
118 Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
Name of River.
Fincastle, Meaveg, Ballana-
chist, South Lacastile,°
Borve, and Obb pid
Harris), , °
indhorn, 2
Fleet (Suther landshir e);
Fleet (irkeudbr creme oh
lorss,
Forth, :
Fyne, Shira,
(Loch Fyne),
Girval, ~;
Glenelg,
Gour,
Greiss, Laxdale, or Thunga,
Grudie or Dionard,
‘and " Aray
Gruinard and Little naa
ard,
Halladale, Strathy, N Naver,
and Bor gie,
Helmsdale,
Hope and Polla or Str athheg,
Howmore, . : z
Inchard,
Inner (in Jura),
Inver, -
lorsa (in Ayr ran),
Irvine and Garnock,
Kannaird,
Kilchoan or Inverie ‘(Loch
Nevis), . ;
Kinloch (Ky yle of Tongue), :
Kirkaig,
Kishorn,
Kyle of Sutherland,
Laggan and Sorn (Island of
Islay),
Laxford,
Leven,
Little Loch Broom,
Lochy,
Loch Duich,
Loch Luing,
Loch Roag,
Lossie,
Luce,
Lussa (Island of Mull),
Moidart,
Morar, ; -
Mullanageren, " Horasary,
and lLochnaciste ( North
Uist),
Nairn, :
Naver and Bor gle, see Halla-
dale.
Nell, Feochan, and Euchar,
Ness,
Nith, :
Orkney Islands (River from
Loch of Stenness, &c.), .
Ormsary (Loch K: illisport),
Loch Head,
noway (full of Cantire),
Pennygowan or Glenforsa,
aud Aros, 2
. -
—
and Stor- |
Annual Close Time for
Net-iishing.
From Aug.
From Aug.
From Aug.
From Sept.
From Aug.
From Aug.
| From Aug,
From Aug.
From Aug.
From Aug,
From Aug.
From Aug.
From Sept.
From Aug.
From Sept.
From Aug.
_ | From Sept.
From Sept.
From Aug.
From Aug,
From Aug.
Irom Aug.
From Aug.
From Aug.
From Aug.
From Aug.
From Aug.
From Aug.
From Aug.
From Aug.
| From Aug.
Trom Aug.
From Aug.
From Sept.
From Sept.
Irom Sept.
From Sept.
From Sept.
From Aug.
From Aug.
From Aug.
Irom Sept.
From Aug.
From Aug.
From Sept.
From Aug.
From Sept.
From Sept.
10 to Feb.
27 to Feb.
10 to Feb. 24.
10 to Feb.
27 to Feb.
27 to Feb.
1 to Feb.
10 to Feb.
27 to Feb.
27 to Feb.
27 to Feb.
27 to Feb.
27 to Feb.
27 to Feb.
27 to Feb.
27 to Feb.
10 to Feb.
27 to Feb.
10 to Feb.
27 to Feb.
10 to Feb.
10 to Feb.
27 to Feb.
27 to Feb.
27 to Feb.
27 to Feb. 10. | From Nov.
27 to Feb. 10. | From Nov.
27 to Feb. 10. | From Nov.
10 to Feb. 24. | From Nov.
27 to Feb. 10. | From Nov.
27 to Feb. 10. | From Nov.
27 to Feb. 10. | From Nov.
27 to Feb. 10. | From Nov.
27 to Feb. 10. | From Novy.
27 to Feb. 10. | From Nov.
27 to Feb. 10. | From Nov.
27 to Feb. 10.
10 to Feb. 24. | From Nov.
27 to Feb.
27 to Feb.
27 to Feb.
10 to Feb.
27 to Feb. :
27 to Feb.
27 to Feb.
10 to Feb.
10 to Feb.
27 to Feb.
27 to Feb
24.
10.
24,
103
10.
15.
24.
10.
10.
10.
10,
10.
24.
Annual Close Time for
Rod-fishing.
From Noy.
From Noy.
From Nov.
From Nov.
From Nov.
From Nov.
From Nov.
From Nov,
From Nov.
From Nov.
From Noy.
From Nov.
From Oct.
From Oct.
From Sept.
From Nov.
From Nov.
From Noy.
From Nov.
.| From Nov.
.| From Nov.
.| From Noy.
.| From Nov.
From Nov.
From Nov.
From Nov.
.| From Novy.
From Nov.
.| From Nov.
.| From Nov.
From Oct. 16 to Feb.
.| From Noy. 15 to Feb.
From Nov.
From Noy, 1 to Feb.
| From Aug. SO Aen:
From Nov.
1 to Feb.
1 to Feb.
1 to Feb.
1 to Feb.
1 to Feb.
From Oct. 16 to Jan.
1 to Feb.
1 to Feb.
1 to Feb.
1 to Feb.
1 to Feb.
1 to Feb.
1 to Feb.
] to Jan.
1 to Jan.
11 to Jan.
1 to Feb.
1 to Feb.
1 to Feb.
1 to Feb.
1 to Feb.
1 to: Feb.
1 to Feb.
1 to Feb.
1 to Feb.
1 to Feb.
1 to Feb.
1 to Feb.
1 to Feb.
1 to Feb.
1 to Feb.
1 to Feb.
1 to Feb.
1 to Feb.
1 to Feb.
1 to Feb.
From Oct. 16 to Feb.
1 to Feb.
1 to Feb.
1 to Feb.
1 to Feb.
1 to Feb.
1 to Feb.
1 to Feb.
1 to Feb.
1 to Feb,
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
Name of River.
Resort, ,
Ruel, °
Sanda, -
Scaddle, .
Shetland Islands (River of
Sandwater, d&c.), . .
'Shiel (Loch Shiel),
'Shgachan, Broadford, and
Portree (Isle of Sleye),
| Snizort, Orley, Oze, and
Dr ynoch ( (Isle eh skye) :
Spey, : :
Stinchar,
Tay, :
Thurso,
Torridon,
Shieldag,
Ugie,
Ullapool (Lock E Br con),
Urr, ‘s :
Wick,
Ythan,
Balgay, "and
From Aug,
From Sept.
From Aug.
From Aug.
From Sept.
From Aug.
From Aug.
From Aug.
From Aug.
From Sept.
From Aug.
From Aug.
From Aug.
From Sept.
From Aug.
From Sept.
From Aug.
From Sept.
27 to Feb.
1 to Feb.
27 to Feb.
27 to Feb.
10 to Feb.
27 to Feb.
27 to Feb. 1]
27 to Feb.
27 to Feb.
10 to Feb. 2
21 to Feb.
27 to Feb.
27 to Feb.
10 to Feb.
27 to Feb.
10 to Feb.
27 to Feb.
10 to Feb.
Annual Close Time for
Net-fishing.
10.
he:
10.
24.
10.
24,
Irom Nov. 1 to Feb.
From Nov. i to eb.
10.| From Nov. 1 to Feb.
From Nov. 1 to Feb.
From Nov. 16 to Jan.
From Nov. 1 to Feb.
From Noy. 1 to Feb.
From Nov. 1 to Feb,
From Oct. 16 to Feb.
From Nov. 16 to Feb.
From Oct. 16 to Jan.
Irom Sept. 15 to Jan,
From Nov. 1 to Feb.
From Nov. 1 to Feb.
From Noy. 1 to Feb.
to Feb.
From Dec, 1
From Nov. 1 to Feb
From Nov. 1 to Feb.
119
Annual Close Time for
Rod-fishing.
Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report.
APP ENIX XY.
LIST OF CHAIRMEN AND CLERKS OF SALMON FISHERY DISTRICT
BOARDS IN SCOTLAND.
DISTRICT.
Alness,
Annan,
Awe, - -
Ayr, : =
Baa & Glencoill-
eader (Mull)
Balgay, -
Bervie,_ - -
Broom, - :
Conon, - -
Cree,
Dee (Aberdeen),
Dee (Solway), -
Deveron, - -
Don,
Doon, -
Ksk (North),
Ksk (South)
Findhorn,
Forth,
Girvan,
Gruinard and
Little Grui-
nard,
Kyle of Suther-
land,
Little Broom, -
Name and Address of Chairman.
Col. Alex. J. C. Warrand, Ryefield
House, Conon Bridge, Dingwall.
A. Johnstone Douglas, Esq.,Comlongan
Castle, Ruthwell.
The Duke of Argyll, Inveraray Castle,
Inveraray.
Richard A. Oswald, Esq., of Auchin-
cruive, Ayr.
The Duke of Argyll, Inveraray Castle,
Inveraray.
C. R. Manners, Esq., C.E.,
Street, Inverness.
David Scott Porteous, Esq., of Lauris-
ton, as mandatory of the Commis-
sioners of Woods and Forests.
W. Ewing-Gilmour, Esq., of Inverlael,
per A. W. G. Aitken, Esq., 8.8.C.,
Edinburgh.
John Little Mounsey, Esq., W.S., 5
Thistle Street, Edinburgh, Commis-
sioner for Col. J. A. F. H. Stewart
Mackenzie of Seaforth.
The Earl of Galloway,
Newton-Stewart.
The Lord Provost of Aberdeen.
12 Lombard
Cumloden,
H. G. Murray Stewart, Esq., of
Broughton, Gatehouse.
Wm. MacIntosh, Esq., Factor for the
Duke of Fife, St. Leonards, Banff.
Vacant.
Marquis of Ailsa, Culzean Castle, May-
bole.
The Rey. J. 8S. More Gordon of Charle-
ton and Kinnaber, per George More
Gordon, Esq., Charleton, Montrose.
William Douglas Johnston, Esq., Mon-
trose.
R. C. Munro Ferguson, Esq., of Novar,
M.P., per J. J. Meiklejohn, Esq.,
factor.
Mandatory of Commissioners of Woods
and Forests.
John Campbell Kennedy, Esq., of
Dunure.
Alfred N. G. Aitken, Esg., S.S:C.,
Edinburgh, Factor and Commissioner
for Hugh Mackenzie, Esq., of
Dundonnell.
Sir Charles Lockhart Ross, Bart., of
Balnagowan.
Alfred N. G. Aitken, Esq., S.S.C.,
Edinburgh, Factor and Commissioner
for Hugh Mackenzie, Esq., of
Dundonnell.
|
Name and Address of Clerk.
William J. Duncan, Solicitor,
Dingwall.
John F. Cormack,
Lockerbie.
Alex. MacArthur, Solicitor, Oban.
Solicitor,
William Macrorie, Commercial
Bank, Ayr.
Alex. MacArthur, Solicitor, Oban.
Duncan Shaw, W.S., 15 High
Street, Inverness.
J.R. Findlay, Solicitor, Montrose.
W. R. T. Middleton,
Dingwall.
Solicitor,
W. R. T. Middleton, Solicitor,
Dingwall.
A. 3B. Matthews,
Newton-Stewart.
Solicitor,
Alex. Duffus, Advocate, Aberdeen.
W. Nicholson,
Kirkcudbright.
Francis George, Solicitor, Banff.
Sheriff-Clerk,
Alex. Duffus, Advocate, Aberdeen.
W. Macrorie, Solicitor, Ayr.
J. R. Findlay, Solicitor, Montrose.
James Don and David G. Shiell,
Solicitors, Brechin.
William Grant, National Bank
Buildings, Forres.
Patrick Welsh, County Buildings,
Stirling.
T. Gerald Tait, Solicitor, Girvan.
W. R. T. Middleton, Solicitor,
Dingwall.
John M‘Crone, Solicitor, Dornoch.
W. R. T. Middleton, Solicitor,
Dingwall.
APPENDIX XI.
DISTRICT.
Lochy, - :
Lossie, -
Lussa (Mull) &
River from
Loch Visk to
Loch Buie,
Nairn, - :
Ness, : :
Nith, 3 :
Pennygowan or
Glenforsa, &
Aros (Mull),
Sitigae han ,
Broadford, &
Portree (Skye);
Snizort, Orley,
Oze, and Dry-
nock (Skye),
Spey, - -
Stinchar, - :
Tay, - :
Torridon, -
Uisiowen <9.
Ythan, - 7
Tweed (Police
Committee of
the Commis-
sioners),
of the Lishery Board for Scotland.
12]
(continued)—List OF CHAIRMEN AND CLERKS OF SALMON FISHERY DisTRICT
BOARDS IN SCOTLAND.
Name and Address of Chairman.
Lord Abinger, Inverlochy Castle, Fort-
William.
The Duke of Richmond and Gordon,
Gordon Castle, Fochabers, per George
Muirhead, Esq., Commissioner.
Maclaine of Lochbuie, Isle of Mull.
Brodie of Brodie, Brodie Castle, Forres.
George Malcolm, Esq., Factor for Mrs.
Ellice of Invergarry, Fort-Augustus.
John Henderson, Esq., Solicitor, Dum-
fries.
Vacant.
Lachlan Macdonald, Esq., of Skeabost.
Lachlan Macdonald, Esq., of Skeabost.
The Duke of Richmond and Gordon,
Gordon Castle, Fochabers, per George
Muirhead, Esq., Commissioner.
The Earl of Stair, Lochinch, Wigtown-
shire.
Hon. Morton Stuart Gray, Kinfauns
Castle, Perth.
C. R. Manners, Esq., C.E., 12 Lombard
Street, Inverness.
Lieut.-Col. Ferguson,
Mintlaw.
Earl of Errol, Slains Castle, Aberdeen-
shire.
Sir Richard John Waldie-Griffith,
Bart., of Hendersyde Park, Kelso.
of Pitfour,
Name and Address of Clerk.
N. B. Mackenzie, Solicitor, Fort-
Wilham.
John Wink, Solicitor, Elgin.
Alex. MacArthur, Solicitor, Oban.
H. T. Donaldson, Solicitor, Nairu.
Anderson & Shaw, Solicitors,
Inverness.
C. Steuart Phyn, Procurator-
Fiscal, Dumfries.
Alex. MacArthur, Solicitor, Oban.
Kenneth Macrae, Sheriff-Clerk,
Portree.
Kenneth Macrae, Sheriff-Clerk,
Portree.
John Wink, Solicitor, Elgin.
Stair M‘Harrie, Rephad, Stran-
raer.
Condie, Mackenzie, & Co.,
Solicitors, Perth.
Duncan Shaw, W.S8., 15 High
Street, Inverness.
Robert Gray, Solicitor, Peterhead.
D. M. A. Chalmers, Advocate,
Aberdeen.
David W. B. Tait, W.S., Kelso.
Vote.—In addition to the districts specified above, the Duke of Sutherland is sole proprietor of the districts of the
following rivers, viz. :—Helmsdale, Brora, Fleet, Kirkaig, Inver, Laxford, and Inchard (under the charge of his factor,
Mr Donald M‘Lean. Dunrobin Office, Golspie); and the Halladale, Naver, Borgie, Kinloch, and Hope (under the charge
of his factor, Mr John Morrison, Tongue); W. E. Gilmour, Esq., of Rosehall, ete., is proprietor of the rivers Dionard,
Polla, Strathy, and Armadale, also in the north of Sutherland; Lord Lovat has sole right of fishing in the river Beauly
(Mr J. T. Garrioch, Beauly, factor); and the Countess of Cromartie is sole proprietrix of the district of the river
Kannaird (under the charge of her factor Mr Wiiliam Gunn. Cromartie Esiate Office, Strathveffer).
Fishery Board for Scotiand,
Rdinburgh, 31st March 1904.
GbLascow: Printrep sy JAS, HEDDERWICK & SONS
For His Magszsty’s STaTIONERY OFFICE.
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QUARRIES Ditto. — ditto. . = ditto. 1902. .
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TWENTY-SECOND
men Nt AL KE PO kh T
OF THE
FISHERY BOARD FOR SCOTLAND,
Being for the Year 1903.
Part II.—REPORT ON SALMON FISHERIES.
Part III.—SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS.
PART III].—SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS.
Presented to both houses of Parliament by Command of his Majesty.
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CONTENTS.
——
PAGE
GENERAL STATEMENT, : 5
Trawling Investigations, é , : 6
Investigations on 1 the Rate of Growth of Fishes, : v4
The Hatching and Rearing of Food-Fishes, : 8
The Life- History of the Crab, . ‘ : ; 9
The Young of the Witch Sole, é ‘ ; ; 10
The Marine Crustacea, . : a, : ; : 10
The Parasites of Fishes, . : , 11
The Young of the Conger, 3 11
Investigations on the Herring in ‘the Firth of Clyde, : ; 12
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS.
I. Trawling Investigations. By Dr. T. Wemyss Fulton, F.R.S.E.,
Superintendent of Scientific Investigations, : ; 13
Introductory, . 13
The Proportion of Marketable to Unmarketable Fishes, 13
The Proportion of Immature Fish Landed, . 16
Investigations in the oy Firth and Aberdeen Bay, 19
Table Te 50
Table il, : ; : ; : ‘ 89
II. Contributions to the Life-Histories of the Edible Crab (Cancer
Pagurus) and of other Decapod Crustacea :—Impregna-
tion : Spawning: Casting: Distribution: Rate of Growth.
By H. Chas. William on, M.A., D.Sc., Marine my
Aberdeen (Plates’I. HY. ‘ ; 100
The Impregnation of Cancer pagua “MLSS os 101
The Muscular System of the Abdomen of the
Male Crab, : 103
The Action of the Penis). ; a eLO4
The Condition of the Spermatheca, : . 105
The Impregnation of Carcinus menas, ; ot LO’
The Spawning of Cancer pagurus, 108
The Mode of Attachment of the Eggs to the
Swimmeret, . , 108
The Swimmeret, 4 : ‘ we Lo
The Endopodite, P ; : : i LO
The Exopodite, . : ‘ : oy) LEE
The Ripe Egg, ; ; ~ E12
The Attachment of the Eggs, ; ae LES
The Sloughing of the Empty Egg- capsules, see LlG
The Attachment of the Eggs in other paere
Crustacea, ; 116
The Spawning of Carcinus menas, 120
The Casting, Distribution, and Rate of Growth of
Cancer pagurus, . ‘ 121
The Migrations of Cancer pagur US, : ny Loo
The Changes i in the Carapace of Cancer pagurs, « 136
Literature, ; easy
Explanation of the Plates, ; : ‘ 5 3S
Contents.
III. The Rate of Growth of Fishes. By Dr. T. Wemyss Fulton,
F.R.S.E., Superimtendent of Scientific Investigations
(Plates' Va XAT. et : : ; : 2 aE
1. Introductory, : « dt
2. The Relation of Length to Weight, : « £42
3. The Average Size at Maturity, : ea
4. The Influence of Temperature on Growth, . 159
5. The Sprat, . : : ; ; ~ eet
6. The Witch, . : : : . . 186
7. The Norway Pout; x ; : « d9e
8. The Sharp-tailed Lumpenus, 202
9. Tables showing the Relation of Length to Weight, 205
IV. Notes on some rare and interesting Marine Crustacea, By
Thomas Scott, LL.D., F.L.S. ae XIILYXV. ie . 242
Preliminar y Remarks, : Se ae
Copepoda :—
Fam. Monstrillidee, é ! : i Za
Fam. Choniostomatide, . ; : . 250
Amphipoda, . ‘ ; . 257
Sympoda, ; ; . 258
Description of the Plates, ‘ : . 289
V. Report on the Operations at the Marine Hatchery, Bay of Nigg,
Aberdeen. By Dr. T. Wemyss Fulton, F.R.S.E. ae
intendent of Scientific Investigations, : 262
VI. On the Post-Larval and Early Young Stages of the Witch
(Pleuronectes cynoglossus, Linn.). By H. Chas. Williamson,
M.A., D.Sc., Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen (Plate‘XVI.),. 270
VII. On some Parasites of Fishes new to the Scottish Marine Fauna.
By Thomas Scott, LL.D., F.L.8 Ea XVID, . 275
Preliminary N ote, : ; - ° ie
Part I. Copepoda Parasita—
Fam. Dichelestidee, ; ; : «
Part Il. Trematoda—
Fam. Tristomatide, 278
Part III. Note on a Post-larval Fish attacked by
Podon Leuckarti, . ; 279
Description of the Plates, , : : ~- 260
VIII. Ichthyological Notes. By Dr. T. Wemyss Fulton, E.R.S.E.,
Superintendent of Scientific Investigations Cae XVITI. )
The Young of the Conger, : 281
A Larval Fierasfer, : ; ‘ : . 288
The Sting Ray, 5 ! : » 283
The Pilchard, . : : . 284
The Fecundity of the Sprat, : : : ..- See
An Albino Plaice, : ( : .- 286
The Thickback (Solea variegata), : . 286
Reversed action of the Gill-cover in Plaice, ; | QSL
TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT.
TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE
ANDREW GRAHAM MURRAY, KC, MP. &.,
His Majesty’s Secretary for Scotland.
Orrick oF THE FisHery Boarp
FOR SCOTLAND,
EpinpurGuH, lst July, 1904.
My Lorp,
In continuation of our T'wenty-second Annual Report,
we have the honour to submit—
PART III.—SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS.
GENERAL STATEMENT.
This, the third part of the Twenty-second Annual Report,
contains an account of the scientific investigations conducted by
the Board in 1903 in connection with the sea fisheries of Scotland,
so far as these have been completed, by means of the Parliamentary
Vote granted for the purpose. ‘The scientific researches have been
carried on for the most part at the Board’s Marine Laboratory at
the Bay of Nigg, Aberdeen, which was erected a few years ago, and
where tanks have now been fitted up for various experiments and
observations. The sea-fish hatchery is also situated at the same
place, and a statement as to its operations during the year will be
found below.
The investigations into the condition of the fishing grounds, more
particularly in the Moray Firth and Aberdeen Bay, which were
commenced four years ago, were continued last year by means of
steam-trawlers. One of the chief objects of these investigations is
to ascertain the changes in the abundance of the food and other
fishes in the closed waters in different years; but observations are
also made on the reproduction of the fish, their spawning, food, and
on various other points connected with their life-history; and
collections of the plankton or floating organisms are secured, and
experiments made with small-meshed and large-meshed nets.
With the large trawl, the efficient ship, and the experienced
trawlers in charge, it is possible to make a much more thorough
examination of the bays than was formerly the case, and from the
6 Part [1I.—Twenty-second Annual Report
fact that the actual trawling operations are carried on exactly as
they are in commercial fishing, opportunities are thus afforded for
certain observations of importance, as the proportion of the market-
able and unmarketable fishes which are caught, and the destruction
of immature fish on different grounds and at different seasons.
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS.
In the course of the year the results of 148 hauls of the large
otter-trawl were recorded, of which 101 were made in the Moray
Firth and 29 in Aberdeen Bay, making 130 in the closed waters ;
and in addition 18 drags were recorded in the waters offshore, the
aggregate thus being 148. In the Moray Firth the more important
areas were examined in February, March, April, June, October,
November, and December, and the grounds in Aberdeen Bay were
visited in the same months. The localities in the Moray Firth
which were most thoroughly examined were Burghead Bay and
the Dornoch Firth, as well as Smith Bank, the grounds off Lossie-
mouth, off the Suters of Cromarty, and the coast of Caithness.
The total quantity of fish recorded in the course of the investi-
gations was large, viz., 180,515, of which 126,485 were of a kind
and size to be marketable, and 54,030 were found to be unmarket-
able, either because they were of inedible varieties, or too small to
be profitably sold. Those which belong to the former category are
comparatively not numerous, comprising mostly long rough dabs
and various odd kinds, but they may include large numbers of the
angler or monk fish and gurnards, though these are very often
brought to market. The great majority of the unmarketable
fishes belong to edible and saleable forms, and are simply rejected
because of their small size, such as small haddocks, whitings, plaice,
&e. In the hauls in the inshore waters the proportion of the
unmarketable fishes varied from 7-4 per cent. for cod to 78:2 per
cent. for gurnards among the round fishes, and from 0°5 per cent.
for brill to 89 per cent. for common dabs among the flat fishes.
The percentage of unmarketable plaice was relatively large, namely,
30:3, due to the fact that the fishing was to a large extent carried
on in shallow water. The proportion of the marketable and
unmarketable was found to vary very greatly according to the
depth of the water and the season.
In the paper by Dr. Wemyss Fulton, the Scientific Superinten-
dent, on this subject, will be found described also the results of an
investigation on the proportion of the marketable fishes which are
immature—that is, which have not yet reached a size at which
reproduction takes place. The limit between the mature fishes
and the immature in respect to size is first dealt with, and it is
shown that in most cases it is not the average size of the generation
which first becomes mature that is the true dividing line, but
something under it, the precise point varying in different species
according to whether the reproductive stage is reached early or
late in the growth of the species.
The proportion of the immature, whether regarded in terms of
weight or of size, of different species brought to market varies very
greatly according to the species. Among some flat-fishes, such as
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. a
the common dab, practically all that are marketable are mature,
this fish becoming reproductive at a small size. Among plaice, on
the other hand, which does not attain maturity until it is several
years of age and of some size, the proportion of the immature
amounts to about twenty-four per cent. of the marketable fishes,
but with this species in particular the proportion varies much
according to the chief areas of fishing. Among the witch sole the
proportion amounts to about fifteen per cent., and it is still less
among lemon soles, viz., about seven per cent. From the large
size at which the cod first reaches maturity, the proportion of the
immature that are marketable is considerable; these comprise
codlings, and of the total quantity landed about thirty per cent. are
sexually immature. With haddocks, and still more with whitings,
the proportion is much less, these species first attaining maturity
at about the size at which they become marketable. The calcula-
tion in regard to haddocks shows that the proportion of the
marketable which are immature is small, amounting to only about
one per cent. of the quantity landed, while among whitings it is
less, practically all the whitings caught by trawlers which are of
marketable size being adult.
It must be borne in mind, with reference to this subject, that
the hmit between the mature and the immature is a biological one,
having reference, not to the size of the fish from the market point
of view, but in relation to the size when reproduction begins.
INVESTIGATIONS ON THE RATE OF GROWTH OF FISHES.
In the present Report will be found a paper by Dr. T. Wemyss
Fulton describing the results of his further investigations on this
subject, in continuation of the researches detailed in some of the
preceding Reports. In addition to the measurement of large
numbers of fishes obtained during the trawling investigations by
the use of a small-meshed net, numerous observations were made
to determine the relation between the size and weight of fishes
belonging to nineteen species, and a series of experiments were
carried on to show the influence of temperature upon growth.
With regard to the ratio between the length and weight of fishes,
it might be assumed, without experimental evidence, that their
growth was in consonance with the physical law governing the
relation of similarly-shaped bodies of uniform specific gravity with
regard to weight and dimensions—that the weight increased as the
cube of the length, so that a fish which doubled its length should
increase its weight eight times. The observations, which have been
made on between 5000 and 6000 fishes, show that this law does not
apply with exactitude in any of the species examined, the weight
increasing in proportion more rapidly than the length, the conclu-
sion being that, if the specific gravity remains the same, growth
takes place to a greater extent in some other dimension than in
length, whether in breadth or thickness. The various species
examined displayed great differences in the relation between the
weight and length at a given size, the heaviest in proportion to its
length being the turbot, and the lightest the witch, the extremes
being found among the flat-fishes.
8 Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
With regard to the influence of temperature upon growth, it is
well known from previous observations that fishes, at least in the
waters near the shore, grow less quickly in winter than in summer,
and may not grow at all if the temperature be very low. In the
experiments referred to a number of the food-fishes were kept in
tanks in which the water was of different temperature—in one it
was considerably above the normal—and the effect on the growth
was determined by measuring the fishes after they had been
subjected for some time to the various temperatures and comparing
the measurement with what it was at first. With a mean tempera-
ture of 401 F. it was found that the mean increase in the length
of whitings was 1°6 millimetres per ten days, and 2°5 millimetres
when the temperature was 48°7 F.; under the same conditions
haddocks grew at the rate of 2°7 and 5:1 millimetres respectively,
and codlings increased under the lower temperature at the rate of
36 millimetres, and under the higher temperature at the rate of
6°87 millimetres in each ten days. In another tank where the mean
temperature was 54°5 F., the rate of growth in length in each ten
days was, on the average, 2°8 millimetres for whitings, 6°45 for
codlings, 3:0 for common dabs, and 3:29 for plaice. The growth in
length varied generally in relation to the size of the fish as well as
to the species, the smaller individuals as a rule growing the quickest,
and considerable difference was exhibited in many cases among
individuals of the same species approximately equal in size.
The influence of temperature is exerted directly in connection
with the metabolism of the fish, that is, the chemical changes in’
its tissues, which result in growth as well as in the expenditure of
energy. In low temperatures the process of digestion was greatly
impaired, and appetite was more or less in abeyance, the fishes
refusing their food or eating sparingly. It has been shown that
the action of the digestive ferments is suspended at low tempera-
tures and increased at high temperatures. The bearing of these
observations on the growth of fishes in winter, whether in the sea
or in fresh water, 1s obvious.
In the same paper the results of the investigations made as to
the growth of the Sprat, the Witch Sale, the Norway Pout, and the
Sharp-tailed Lumpenus are described, and illustrated by a series of
diagrams.
THE HATCHING AND REARING OF Foop-FISHES.
During the hatching-season of 1903 the number of eges of the
plaice collected from the spawning pond at the Hatchery, Bay of
Nigg, was approximately 65,940,000. This was almost the same
number as in 1901, and about seven millions less than in the
previous year. The number of fry that were hatched from these
eggs and retained in the hatching apparatus until approaching the
post-larval stage was estimated at about 55,600,000, or a little over
81 per cent. The fry were liberated for the most part off Aber-
deen, but on three occasions they were taken further north and
hberated off Fraserburgh.
The first eggs were collected on 23rd January and the last on
16th May, the period of collection thus extending over 1138 days,
but the greater number were obtained in March, when 37,080,000
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 9
were collected, the number in April being nearly sixteen millions,
and in February nearly twelve millions. It may be stated that
the collection of eggs extends over a longer period at the Bay of
Nigg than was the case at Dunbar, where the work did not usually
ommence until March, the average duration at the former being
65 days and at the latter 86 days. The difference is due, not to
variation in the spawning season, but to the circumstance that the
fishes at Dunbar, being for the most part collected a little before
the spawning, did not become accustomed to confinement sufh-
ciently to part with their eggs until the spawning season was some
way advanced, while at the Bay of Nigg they are kept in the large
pond throughout the year, and spawn under natural conditions
approximately during the same time that plaice are found spawning
in the sea. An abundant supply of pure sea-water, of suitable
temperature and specific gravity, has materially aided in the success
of the work ; and as mentioned in last year’s Report, the cost of the
fish hatching, when the hatchery is operated in conjunction with
the Marine Laboratory, is materially reduced, and does not exceed
£100 per annum.
The period for which the embryonic and larval fishes are pro-
tected in the hatching apparatus amounts to about half the
duration of their pelagic life, but the benefit would be considerably
increased if it were possible to rear them in any large numbers
through their post-larval stages—that is, until they have completed
their transformation and become adapted to live on the bottom.
The rearing is not an easy matter, owing to the difficulty of pro-
viding suitable food for multitudes of larvee confined in relatively
small volumes of water, but the attempt to do so will ke made by
the use of a special tank.
Since the hatchery was established the number of fry of the food
fishes which have been produced is as follows:—Plaice, 340,455,000 ;
lemon soles, 5,727,000; turbot, 5,160,000 ; cod, 4,010,000; and other
kinds, 2,000,000—the aggregate being 357,352,000.
During the season deputations of fishermen from Aberdeenshire,
who visited the establishment by arrangement with the Technical
Education Committee of the County Council, received demonstra-
tions as to the operations and the life-histories of the food fishes.
THE Lirg-HIstory OF THE CRAB.
In the present Report will be found a paper, illustrated by four
plates, in which Dr. H. C. Williamson gives the results of further |
observations on the life-history of the edible crab and some other
Decapod Crustacea. The observations deal mainly with the repro-
duction, and in this connection with the processes of casting,
impregnation, and spawning. The spawning of the crab takes place
in November, December, and January, and the casting of the shell
and impregnation take place in summer; and it appears probable
that in most cases spawning does not follow until about fourteen
or fifteen months after the process of casting.
On extrusion the eggs are attached to the swimmerets of the
mother, and remain there for about seven months. The mode by
which the eggs are attached is of interest, the author having
10 Part IIT.—Twenty-second Annual Report
discovered that they are skewered on to the long delicate hairs with
which the inner branches of the swimmerets are provided, and are
not, as has generally been believed, fixed to them by a mucilaginous
secretion. The eggs themselves are never found cemented together
although crowded in close contact. The mode in which the eggs
are skewered on to the stiff hairs is as follows. When the eggs
are extruded they imbibe sea water and become swollen, so that
the egg-mass is separated from the shell, and this space soon
attains large dimensions. The eggs are retained in a semi-fluid
mass in the “apron” of the crab, and by the continuous stabbing
movement of the stiff hairs on the swimmerets the eggs are pierced
and skewered as described. Dr. Williamson also treats of the rate
of growth, the migrations, and the distribution of the crab, and in
connection with the former subject had the use of the data
furnished by Mr. Waddington, Bournemouth, of the various
successive casts of certain edible crabs which had been kept in
confinement for periods up to two years, and these are represented
in a series of figures, and are of much interest.
Further descriptions are given of the results of labelling crabs
which were afterwards liberated, in order to throw light on their
migrations. In contrast to some of the previous results, it may be
said that one of the labelled crabs, an adult male, was obtained
three years after its liberation very near the spot where it was set
free.
THE YOUNG OF THE WITCH SOLE.
During the trawling investigations in the Moray Firth a very
complete series of the young of the Witch Sole was obtained, one
of the flat-fishes now brought to market in considerable numbers
by the trawlers working in deep water, and in the knowledge of
whose life-history there were considerable gaps. Dr. Williamson
describes these in a paper in the present Report. Some dubiety
has existed as to the identity of the post-larval stages of this form,
which differ from the corresponding stages of most flat-fishes by
their great length and slenderness, as well as by other characters,
so that the first one described was supposed to be a young halibut.
The present series, by filling up the blanks between the previously-
recorded stages, completes the chain connecting the egg with the |
parent fish. The paper is illustrated with a number of figures.
THE MARINE CRUSTACEA.
In this Report will be found a paper, illustrated by three plates
of figures, by Dr. Thomas Scott, descriptive of a number of rare
crustacea, obtained for the most part during the trawling investi-
gations. ‘The forms described are all small, and include two groups
of the Copepoda that are somewhat abnormal both in their
structure and habits. Among the nine species belonging to the
first of these groups—the Monstrillide—three are new to science
and are now described for the first time, and of the seven species
which belong to the second of the groups—the Choniostomatidee—
five are new to science and are here described for the first time,
of the Iishery Board for Scotland. 11
and these are all minute forms which are parasitic on small species
of Crustacea.
The occurrence of other rare species belonging to the Amphi-
poda, the Isopoda, and the Sympoda, other groups of Crustacea,
is also recorded.
Apart from the zoological interest of these discoveries, it is to
be noted that the minute crustacea with which they deal play an
important réle in connection with the food of fishes, many forms
living upon them almost exclusively at some stage or another of
their existence.
THE PARASITES OF FISHES.
In continuation of his researches on the forms which are para-
sitic on marine fishes, Dr. Thomas Scott also contributes a paper to
the present Report on this subject, illustrated with a series of
figures. The parasites described include four Copepods and two
Trematode worms. One of the former is new to science, and
the other three have not previously been recorded from the
Scottish seas. Both the Trematodes are new to science, and were
obtained, along with two of the Copepods, on a specimen of the
sting ray (Z'rygon pastinaca)—a fish closely allied to the skates—
which was caught in the Moray Firth during the trawling
investigations.
In this paper there is also a description of a figure of a post-
larval fish which has been attacked by two small crustaceans,
furnishing an example of one of the dangers to which young fishes
are exposed.
THE YOUNG OF THE CONGER.
In the course of the trawling investigations in the Moray
Firth, two specimens of the pelagic young of the Conger-eel were
taken in the small-meshed net used around the cod-end of the
otter trawl. ‘These forms, which are characterised in their younger
stages by their singularly flattened form, are known as Leptocephalli,
and were until comparatively lately believed to represent distinct
species of fish. They are very rarely seen in British waters. The
two specimens referred to are described and figured in a paper by
Dr. T. Wemyss Fulton in the present Report, along with other
rare fishes obtained during the investigations. Among the others
may be mentioned a larval Fierasfer,an extremely rare form which,
in the adult condition, lives within Holothurians; it was taken in
a tow-net easterly from Aberdeen. A specimen of the pilchard
was also secured in the Moray Firth—a fish which is said to have
been at one time fairly common at some places in the southern
part of the Hast Coast, but is now hardly ever seen in these waters.
Other rare specimens comprised the sting-ray and the thickback
sole, both secured in the Moray Firth. It is indeed remarkable
that in several respects the fauna of the Moray Firth offers
resemblances to that of the West Coast; it appears to indicate
that a connection is established by means of the sea currents
entering the Firth from the north.
12 Part [II.—Twenty-second Annual Report
INVESTIGATIONS ON THE HERRING IN THE FIRTH OF CLYDE.
In connection with the winter herring fishing at Ballantrae Bank,
off the coast of Ayr, arrangements were made for an investigation of
the conditions of the fishing in relation to the operation of the
Bye-law No. 18, by which the use of the seine for the capture of
herrings within a defined area off the coast is prohibited. Owing,
however, to the stormy weather that prevailed on these exposed
grounds the fishing was almost a complete failure, only thirty-five
crans of herrings being obtained within the area specified, although
232 crans were caught in the more sheltered waters of Lochryan,
where fishing operations could be carried on. Under the cireum-
stances it was not found possible to make the investigations
desired; but it may be noted that the weather conditions made an
effective close-time in protecting the herrings frequenting the
grounds, and if, as there is every reason to believe was the case,
the herrings spawned there in February and March, the result
ought to tend to increase the number of herrings in some future
season.
Investigations have also been undertaken with regard to the
herrings in the Firth of Clyde generally, more particularly in con-
nection with their migratory movements and spawning, about which
comparatively little is known, and which will require some con-
siderable time tocomplete. In reference to this enquiry a research
is being made by Professor Milroy, Queen’s College, Belfast, on
behalf of the Board, as to the chemical composition of the herring
in relation more especially to the reproduction of the fish.
We have the honour to be,
Right Hon. Sir,
Your most obedient Servants,
ANGUS SUTHERLAND, Chairman.
D. CRAWFORD, Deputy-Chairman.
D’ARCY W. THOMPSON.
W. R. DUGUID.
I; MILLOY,
D. MEARNS.
H. WATSON.
WM. C. ROBERTSON, Secretary.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS.
I.—TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS. By Dr. T. Wemyss Futron,
F.R.S.E., Superintendent of Scientific Investigations.
INTRODUCTORY.
The investigations into the condition of the fishing grounds, particularly
in the closed waters of the Moray Firth and Aberdeen Bay, which were
commenced four years ago by means of steam-trawlers, were continued last
year, and’a voyage was also made to the offshore waters lying off the
mouth of the Firth of Forth. In the Moray Firth the more important
areas were examined in February, March, April, June, October, November,
and December, and the grounds in Aberdeen Bay were visited in the same
months. On each occasion the places where fish were found to be most
abundant were chiefly worked over ; the total number of hauls made in the
Moray Firth, the results of which were recorded, was 101, and the
number in Aberdeen Bay was 29, making a total in the closed waters of
these areas of 13( drags, in addition to 18 in the offshore waters, or 148
altogether. The localities in the Moray Firth which were most thoroughly
examined were Burghead Bay and the Dornoch Firth, as well as Smith
Bank, the grounds off Lossiemouth, off the Suters of Cromarty, and the
coast of Caithness.
The total quantity of fish taken in the course of the investigation was
large, amounting to 180,515 in the completely recorded hauls, and of these
126,485 were of a kind or size to be marketable, and 54,030 were un-
marketable and were thrown overboard.
One of the chief objects of these investigations is to ascertain the
changes in the abundance of the food and other fish in the closed waters
in different years and seasons, but observations are also made on the con-
ditiou of the reproductive organs of the fish, their spawning, foed, and on
various other points connected with their life-history ; while at the same
time the temperature of the surface and bottom water at the various places
is observed and recorded ; and from the fact that the actual trawling work
is carried on precisely as it is for commercial purposes, opportunities
are thus afforded for certain observations, as, fur example, the proportion
of the various kinds of fish captured in the net which are marketable and
the proportion unmarketable, the influence of the size of the mesh of the
net on the size of the fish caught, &c., which would be otherwise difficult
to obtain. Collections of the floating organisms or plankton were also
secured, and a number of experiments made with small-meshed nets with
the object of procuring collections in connection with the study of the
rate of growth of fishes and their distribution.
With the large commercial trawl, the efficient ship, and the experienced
trawlers in charge it is possible to make a much more extensive and
thorough examination of the grounds than could formerly be done.
The results of the investigation are given in detail in the following
pages and in the Tables which are appended.
THE PROPORTION OF MARKETABLE TO UNMARKETABLE FISHES.
As already mentioned, the proportion of the unmarketable to the market-
able was 54,030 to 126,485, which is therefore a very considerable
14 Part IfI1.—Twenty-second Annuc Report
proportion. The unmarketable fishes vary in amount in several ways.
There are some which are never taken to market under any circumstances,
being inedible or at least unsaleable. ©The most common of theseis the
long rough dab, which, however, is not found in any quantity in the
shallow inshore waters. Dog-fishes are also unmarketable in the same
way, and they are sometimes taken in large numbers by the trawl in the
deep water in the northern part of the North Sea, but much less
commonly in the Moray Firth or Aberdeen Bay. There are a few other
species occasionally brought up in the trawl which are for the same reason
never taken to market. But the great majority of the unmarketable fishes
belong to forms which are quite edible and marketable and are rejected
merely because of their small size, such as small haddocks, whiting, plaice,
&c. In some instances the question whether a particular species is taken
to market or thrown overboard depends upon circumstances, irrespective
of the size of the fish, as, for instance, with gurnards and anglers. These
two forms are now, however, generally brought to market, in the latter
case only the tail part being made use of. The proportion of the un-
marketable fishes of the class referred to depends also to a very large
extent on the grounds fished over and the season of the year. Examples
of this fact are described in the following pages, as, for instance, in con-
nection with the plaice and haddock (p. 30, 32, 36, 42).
In the accompanying Table I have tabulated the numbers of marketable
and unmarketable fishes taken in 103 hauls of the net in the Moray Firth
and Aberdeen Bay, and have represented the proportions of each for the
various species in percentages of the total.
MARKETABLE. UNMARKETABLE.
FISH. ear eal GAs Baal Gan ; {> hea See O RANT
Number. Per Cent. Number. | Per Cent.
Cod, a Be 4,283 925 343 7°4 4,626
Haddock, ... se 46,287 86:0 7,525 14:0 53,812
Whiting, ... ix 4,694 573 3,495 42°4 8,189
Coalfish, ... - 45 91°8 4 8°2 49
Ling, ah ae 6 — _— — 6
Hake, bag ahs 4 — if —_ 5
Gurnard, ... EA 465 21°7 1,675 78°2 2,140
Catfish, © ... ae 76 _ 100°0 — — 76
55,860 81:0 13,048 19:0 68,903
Plaice, ia ee 27,669 69°6 12,057 30°3 39,726
Common Dab, _... 1,779 10°9 14,543 89:0 16,322
Flounder, ... an 904 91:6 83 8:2 987
Wate ie uae Be 5,089 84°8 Olt Lipelk 6,000
Lemon Dab, d 518 95°7 23 4°2 541
Halibut, ... 6 100°0 -- -- 6
Turbot, 23 100°0 — — 23
Brill, By ax 220 99°5 1 0°5 221
Long Rough Dab — — 2,533 100°0 2,533
ole, ae wi: 3 a = =
36,211 54°5 80,151 45°5 66,362
Skates and Rays,... 407 bb. 381 44°8 738
Anglers, ... Sis 173 286 432 71:2 605
Other Fish, a — a 186 — 186
92,651 68-0 44,143 32°0 136,794
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 15
From this Table it will be seen that the percentages for the gross catch
of fish are 68 for the marketable and 32 for the unmarketable, and these
figures may be taken as fairly well representing the proportions in the
inshore waters referred to, although the ratio varies on different grounds
and at different times.
The percentage of cod which were unfit for the market by reason of
their small size was small, and less than with any other round fish save
the catfish ; it amounted to only 7:4 per cent., the marketable, including
cod and codling, being 92:5 per cent. The proportion of unmarketable
haddocks was much higher, viz., 14, as against 86 per cent. marketable ;
but the proportion was found to vary very greatly in different cases. In
the hauls made in Burghead Bay in December, for example, about five-
sixths of the haddocks taken were too small to be marketable, while on
other occasions the proportion of these small haddocks was very slight.
The proportion of unmarketable whitings taken was still greater,
amounting to 42°4 per cent. of the total, the marketable being 57°3 per
cent. The unmarketable coalfish—of which, however, comparatively few
were caught—amounted to 8:2 per cent., while all the catfishes obtained
were of marketable size. Gurnards, which, as stated, are not always
taken to market, show a high percentage of the “unmarketable,” partly
for this reason, 78:2.
The proportion of round fishes of edible and saleable kinds which were
unmarketable was collectively 12 per cent., the marketable being 81 per
cent.
With flat-fishes, apart from the long rough dab, which is never taken to
market, the highest percentage unmarketable were among the common
dabs, viz. 89, the marketable being only 10°9 per cent. This is owing
to the generally small size of this fish, and sometimes trawlers are not
very particular about it, when they are getting good catches of more
valuable kinds. The proportion of unmarketable plaice was also high,
30°3 per cent., and in this case, even more than with the haddocks, the
proportion varied greatly according to the depth of water and the season.
In some places, as at Burghead Bay, where the fishing was as a rule con-
ducted in water over seven fathoms in depth, comparatively few smail
unmarketable plaice were caught, while in the Dornoch Firth, in from five
to eleven fathoms, in June, the majority of the plaice got were too small
to be marketable. In two hauls here, of a total of 9649 plaice caught, no
less than 6419, or 70-1 per cent., were unmarketable,
The proportion of unmarketable flounders taken was comparatively
small, 8-2 per cent., no less than 91°6 per cent. being large enough to be
taken to market. The reason of this high proportion is that these
flounders were almost without exception spawning fish- which had
migrated out from the shallow waters near the beach for the purpose of
spawning, the smaller and sexually immature forms remaining inshore
beyond the reach of the trawl. The same reason no doubt explains the
fact that all the turbot and almost all the brill taken were also large
enough to be marketable. The number of turbot was not great, 23, but
of the 221 brill all but one were marketable, or a proportion of 99°5 per
cent. The shape of both these fishes makes them eminently liable to cap-
ture in the trawl-net, if they are on the ground, and there is little doubt
that the smaller forms, under about nine or ten inches, are close inshore
on the sands.
* Among the skates and rays 44°8 per cent. were unmarketable, and 55:2
per cent. marketable, and the other unmarketable fishes were made up of
anglers, herrings, sprats, dragonets, and a few others.
The number of hauls on the offshore grounds was comparatively small
last year, and the same contrast is therefore based on fewer results. Of
B
16 Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
a total of 27,156 fishes in the completely recorded hauls, 22,051 were
marketable and 5105 unmarketable, the percentage of the former being
81:2, and of the latter 18°7—the proportion of the unmarketable being
thus considerably under what it was on the inshore grounds. In these
series of hauls also all the gurnards were classed as unmarketable, while,
on the other hand, owing to the depth of water, all the plaice were
marketable.
The proportion of cod, including codling, which was marketable was
77:2 per cent., 22°8 per cent. being unmarketable ; in the case of haddocks,
the percentage marketable was 86°7 and unmarketable 13°3; while with
whitings the respective proportions were 54°4 and 45°6 per cent.
THE PROPORTION OF IMMATURE FisH LANDED,
The information given above and detailed in the Tables as to the pro-
portion of fish of the different kinds which are caught in the operations
of commercial trawl-fishing and thrown away as unmarketable, enables an
opinion to be formed as to the degree of destruction which may take
place on the inshore grounds.
Tt is also of some importance to be able to ascertain the proportion of the
fish caught and landed which are immature, that is to say, which have never
developed milt or roe and reproduced their species. In most cases it
may be said that the greater proportion of the unmarketable individuals
of the class which is unmarketable owing to the small size, are immature,
although in some instances mature fishes may also be too small to be
marketable. This is the case with the common dabs, none of the imma-
ture individuals being large enough to be marketable, and those landed
are therefore adult fishes which have either reproduced or are large
enough to reproduce. The same is true of the flounder, which, however,
is not taken often in the trawl in ordinary commercial fishing. It is also
true to some extent of the haddock, and still more of the whiting, com-
paratively few of these under the size at which maturity may be reached
being brought to market, and with the whiting, at all events, there is no
doubt that a fairly large proportion of the smaller-sized but mature
individuals are rejected because of their small size.
With plaice, on the other hand, as with turbot, brill, and halibut, all
those which have arrived at the size of maturity, and a large number
which are under that limit are eminently marketable. It is the same
with the cod and the large round fishes, and it is thus of some importance
to be able to show approximately the proportion of the mature and
immature fishes of the different species which are under ordinary circum-
stances brought to market.
In order to do this it is necessary to obtain two classes of facts—the
limit of size which separates the mature from the immature in the
different kinds of fish, and the numbers of fish at the various sizes which
are caught. Information on the former head, as I have elsewhere pointed
out, is not as exhaustive as one would like, but, still, numerous observa-
tions have been made in Scotland and other countries which enable one
to differentiate, sometimes with precision and at other times broadly, the
mature from the immature. It happens, however, at all events in the
case of some fishes, that the size which separates the mature from the
immature is not the same in all places. Thus, with plaice the limit
between the mature and immature is higher in the northern parts of the
North Sea than the southern parts and the Channel. This difference
does not, however, affect the present investigation to any extent, because
comparatively a very small proportion of the fish landed at Aberdeen is
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 17
caught in the southern parts referred to, as is explained in my paper
dealing with the statistics in connection with the place of capture in the
Board’s Twentieth Annual Report.*
For the purpose referred to, certain sizes have been selected as separat-
ing the mature from the immature individuals of the various species of
fish dealt with ; in several instances they exceed the sizes assigned in my
earlier papers on the subject,f where the limit had reference rather to
the smallest mature individuals which were found than to the average
size of the group or generation on first attaining maturity. The latter, no
doubt, is the preferable course in many cases, but not in all, as is some-
times supposed.
The subject, indeed—the fixing of the line to separate the mature from
the immature, so as to include as few of the latter with the former as
possible and vice versa—is not by any means as simple as it looks. It
is really in some degree a complex problem, and the degree of complexity
varies in different cases. If the reproductive generation—that is, the
group which first attains maturity—were distinctly separated from the
next younger generation or group, then the proper limit would be natur-
ally the point between ; on one side all the fishes would be immature and
on the other side all would be mature, and in such an example the proper
limit would be, not the average size at first-maturity, but the size of the
smallest mature fish that could be caught. On the other hand, if the
first reproductive generation were so fused with the next younger genera-
tion—if the over-lapping between the two was such—that it contained,
within the range of its sizes, as many immature as the other contained
mature, then the proper limit would be the average size at first-maturity.
I am not aware of any case in which either of these two conditions occur.
In some forms in which reproduction takes place at an early age, as with
the whiting and the sprat, the over-lapping of the reproductive generation
with the preceding generation is comparatively slight, and in such
instances the preferable limit in my opinion is not the average size of the
group which is mature—which would exclude a large proportion of the
mature fishes and include a very small proportion of the immature in
compensation—but a limit placed near the minimum size at first-maturity.
The approximation to the other extreme is to be found in the larger
forms, such as the plaice, cod, &c., where reproduction does not take place
at an age so early, and where, consequently, from the variations in the
rate or growth of the individuals of the different groups or generations,
the first reproducing generation becomes to a certain extent fused with
the generation immediately preceding. But I do not know of any case
in which the fusion is so complete that half of the fishes comprised within
it are mature and the other halfimmature. With the plaice, for example,
a study of the curves appended to my paper dealing with the growth of
this fish in the Twentieth Annual Reportt will show that although
a considerable number of the fishes belonging to the younger group
next to the reproductive group have fused with the latter, the greater
number by far are distinct, and in such instances it appears to me
that the proper line of division is not the average size of the repro-
ductive group, but the point between the two groups, 7.e. where the
numbers of immature forms contained within the latter is balanced by
the number of mature forms contained within the former.
The precise differentiation of the mature from the immature is further
complicated by the circumstance that the males and females do not in all
* Pott d,, p80 sR lI,
+ Highth Annual Report, Part I1T., p. 160; Tenth, zbid. p. 240,
fare tr 1... PU-XLY,
18 Part III. —Twenty-second Annual Report
species grow at the same rate, or attain the same size, the females, as a
rule, growing quicker and becoming bigger ; and the numbers of the sexes
in proportion to one another may vary. Thus, among the flat-fishes the
females grow more rapidly, as a whole, than the males, and reach a larger
size; While among the gadoids the rate of growth and the relative
dimensions of the older forms appear to be, as far as ascertained, nearly or
quite uniform. This does not, however, very materially affect the
question of the limit at first maturity, since the males and females grow
with fairly equal uniformity until the reproductive stage is reached, but
in certain cases the male becomes mature at an earlier age than the
female and at a smaller size, and it is this which introduces complexity
and difficulty. It thus happens that among flat-fishes many more
females than males are landed, although the number of males at the stage
of reproduction may be equal to or greater than the number of females
on the fishing grounds.
I have therefore prepared a statement of the limit between the mature
and the immature fishes of the various species, based upon the available
information, with consideration of the facts concerning the growth of the
fishes, which may be used in endeavouring approximately to determine
the proportion of the immature and the mature which are marketable,
as follows :—
Whiting, : 8k | Turbot, - 17
Haddock, see dal Brill, - - 15
Cod, a: ary 2s) Common Dab, 6
Plaice, - =p af al Witch, - 12
Lemon Dab, - 10 |
With regard to the other point of the investigation, the proportions of
the fish at different sizes and weights which are landed, I have for a
considerable time past devoted attention to this subject, and have
measured and weighed a large number of fishes, amounting in the
ageregate to over twenty tons, as they are landed and sold. With some
kinds the average size and the limits of size are very regular, and these as
a rule belong to the more important species. The information thus
obtained as to the size and weight of the various classes of fish enables
a close approximation to be made as to the proportion of the mature and
immature, and thus a comparison instituted between these results and
the observations made on board the trawlers on the same subject. Tables
containing the particulars of the size and weight of the fish referred to
will be found appended to this paper (p. 89), and other information
relative to the size and weight is given in a paper on the rate of growth
of fishes (see p. 142).
I have therefore made a series of calculations to show the proportion
of the mature and the immature fishes of certain kinds caught by
trawlers, the data being contained in the Tables and in preceding reports
of the Fishery Board, particularly the paper above referred to, and the
limit of size between the two classes being the biological one
as defined.
There are marked differences in the proportions among different fishes.
As already stated in the case of the dab, all those which are marketable
are of mature size; no immature individuals of this species are, therefore,
landed. Among plaice, all those classed as large, or firsts, are of adult
size, while all those belonging to the third, or small, class are under the
biological size and are immature. Among mediums a certain proportion
are immature, rather under one half in number being under the limit of
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 19
maturity. When calculated out it is found that approximately 24 per cent.,
or about one quarter of the total marketable plaice, by weight, are under
the limit or immature. The proportion with the plaice varies greatly
according to the depth of water, and the figure given offers a contrast to
what obtains in the southern and eastern parts of the North Sea.
Among lemon dabs all those classed as large, or firsts, are over the
biological limit of maturity, but a fair proportion of the second class, or
smalls, are immature, the percentage being about seven for the total
weight of the marketable fishes.
Among witches, all those classed as firsts, or large, are over the limit
of maturity, and have either spawned or are large enough to do so.
Among the class of seconds, which range in size from a little over 8
inches to about 14 inches, with an average length of, approximately,
114 inches, a considerable proportion are below the size of maturity, but
the percentage of the immature, by weight, of the total number of market-
able witches is only about 15.
From the large size at which the cod first attains maturity, the
proportion of the immature that are marketable is very considerable.
Among boxed codlings one often finds a few which are over the
biological size at maturity, and measuring as much as 28 inches, the
selection as cod or codling on the part of the men on board the trawlers
often depending on the meagre or fat condition of the fish, as well as on
its length. Of all the cod and codling landed about 30 per cent., by
weight, are below the biological size of maturity.
With haddocks and whitings it is very different, since the market-
able size approximates to the size at which the fishes first become
mature. The calculations in regard to haddocks show that the
proportion of the marketable which are immature is very | small,
amounting to only about 1 per cent. of the total quantity landed. This
is much under what one might expect from the statements made as to
the large quantities of undersized haddocks sometimes landed, but it is
the result of careful observations on a large number of fishes, both in
regard to size and weight. All the medium and large haddocks, or firsts
and seconds, landed are above the mature size, and the great majority
also of the small haddocks, or thirds.
With the whiting the proportion of the immature among marketable
fishes is still less, and the quantity of small, or second class, whitings
brought to market by trawlers is inconsiderable, while the proportion
among those which are under the biological size of maturity is also
fractional. It may be said that practically all the whitings marketed by
trawlers are of adult size.
It must be borne in mind in connection with this subject that the
limit taken is a biological one, having reference, not to the size of the
fish from the market point of view, but with reference to reproduction.
With regard to the numbers, as apart from the weight, the calculations
show that, taking the mean of several years, the following represents
approximately the total numbers of the fish of the kinds named which
are brought to Aberdeen market :—Cod, including codling, 4,575,000 ;
haddocks, 110,000,000 ; whitings, 15,000,000 ; plaice, 2,400,000; lemon
dabs, 1,600,000 ; witches, 3,900,000; and dabs, 260,000.
INVESTIGATIONS IN THE Moray FirtH AND ABERDEEN Bay.
ile
The first of the series of investigations was made in the Moray Firth
in February, the steam trawler employed being the ‘“ Ben Edra,” the trip
extending from the 7th to the 13th; nineteen hauls of the net were
20 Part III—Twenty-second Annual Report
recorded. The places visited were Burghead Bay, where most of the
hauls were taken, off Cromarty, the Dornoch Firth, and, on the 13th,
Aberdeen Bay. The quantity of fish caught was not very great, haddocks
particularly being comparatively scarce.
The first haul was made off Burghead Bay, about four miles N.N.W.
of Burghead light, in from seventeen to twenty fathoms, and it lasted for
four hours and fifteen minutes. The aggregate number of fishes caught
was only 228, of which 173 were marketable and fifty-five unmarketable.
They included only five haddocks, all marketable, eight cod, fifty plaice,
and ninety-four witches, all marketable but eight. The next drag was a little
more productive, 692 fishes being caught in the four hours it lasted. Of
these 463 were marketable and 229 unmarketable. They included forty-
two haddocks, all marketable, fourteen cod, a halibut, three brill, one
turbot, 128 plaice, and 191 witches, as well as fourteen lemon dabs, two
cat-fish, and nine skates. Other six hauls were made in the same
locality, but in rather deeper water, and they were somewhat more pro-
ductive. The first of these was in from eighteen to twenty-five fathoms,
Burghead light bearing from four to five miles S.S.E., and it lasted for
four hours and five minutes. The number of fishes obtained was 725, of
which 476 were marketable and 249 unmarketable. The former included
eighty-eight haddocks, twenty-three cod, fifty-five codling, twenty-one
plaice, thirty-eight lemon dabs, and 197 witches, as well as a few cat-fish
and skates. The next haul, a little further off in somewhat deeper water—
from twenty to thirty fathoms—lasted for four hours and twenty minutes,
the aggregate catch being larger, namely, 1029 fishes, of which, however,
a larger proportion were unmarketable. The marketable fishes numbered
586, the increase being chiefly in cod, plaice, and witches. The
unmarketable consisted of whitings, common and long rough dabs, and
herrings, of which seventy-four were taken, showing that a considerable
shoal was present on the ground.
The other hauls in this locality were rather less productive, and they
were all characterised by the presence of cod, plaice, and especially
witches, and the comparative scarcity of haddocks, particularly small
haddocks.
In the following Table are given the numbers of the various species of
fishes taken in this locality, the marketable being distinguished from the
unmarketable. One of the hauls in the deeper water in which the net
got fouled is omitted.
Place: eee Witch. ee ce Halibut. Tarball.
iF 495 125 | 1,699 5 73 1 1 5
pulse : 861 189
Total 495 986 | 1,888 73 Mi 1 5
Long
Rough Cod, Codling. | Haddock. | Whiting. | Coal-fish. | Ling.
Dab.
I 154 | 117 393 49 20 3
II 653 1 i 150 1
Total 653 154 1257 404 199 21 3
| |
[| Continued.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 21
‘ ; . Grey Thorn- Starry a
Cat-fish. | Gurnard. Sieatas Rees Ray. Angler.
R. 4 : ; 14 11 105
I. ; 1 6 2 9 202
Total 4 1 6 16 20 307
There were also taken in these hauls one dragonet, seventy-seven
herrings, and two red gurnards. The aggregate number of fishes taken in
the seven hauls, the time of actual fishing being thirty hours, was 5445 ;
the average number caught per hour was thus 181°5. The marketable
fishes numbered 3269, with an average per hour of 109-0, and the
unmarketable 2176, with an average of 72°5. The fish caught in largest
numbers was the witch, viz. 1888, the average per hour’s fishing
being 62°9.
The next few hauls were taken in the same locality but further to the
west towards Cromarty, in water from twenty-five to thirty fathoms deep,
and on a muddy bottom. In the first of these 1840 fishes were procured,
1125 being marketable. More than half of these were witches, viz.
826, and haddocks were also more abundant than in the previous hauls,
thornbacks and starry rays being also more numerous. ‘The same features
characterised the remainder of the hauls here, and a considerable number
of cod were obtained.
The next drag was for four hours and fifteen minutes, but the net was
badly torn, and the catch amounted to only 355 fishes, of which 208 were
marketable. The succeeding two hauls were more productive, the
number of fishes taken in one of them being 1160, and in the other 2117,
the marketable and unmarketable numbering respectively 688 and 1158,
witches being in each case the most abundant.
Other two hauls were made a little closer in to Burghead Bay, 1515
and 2009 fishes being obtained, the majority again consisting of witches,
Altogether in this locality fourteen drags were taken. In one of these the
net was fouled and in another it was badly torn, and the results from
these hauls may be excluded. The total duration of the actual fishing
of the remaining twelve drags was fifty-two hours, and the aggregate
number of fishes taken was 14,072, or an average of 270°6 per hour’s
fishing ; the marketable fishes numbered 7815, or an average of 150°3 per
hour, and the unmarketable 6257, the average being 270°6. In the total
were included 11,600 flat-fishes, 5992 being marketable and 5608
unmarketable. The most common was the witch, of which 5819 were
caught (4987 marketable); the common dabs numbered 2991 (all
unmarketable but 203), and there were 1988 long rough dabs. The
quantity of plaice taken was moderate, viz. 707, and all were marketable ;
only eighty-seven lemon dabs were caught, and all these were also taken to
market. One black or common sole was obtained, a fish which is very
rare on the east coast. Haddocks and whitings were poorly represented,
933 of the former and 263 of the latter being the whole number.
Only eleven of the haddocks were too small to be taken to market—a
great contrast to what usually obtains in these waters. The cod
numbered 286, and the marketable codlings 208 ; there were also twenty-
five codlings too small to be marketable. Among 211 skates and rays
were six grey skates, seventy-six thornbacks, 124 starry rays and five
22 Part I1I.—Twenty-second Annual Report
sandy rays. The number of anglers caught was exceptionally large, being
431—150 of them being taken to market. Eighty-three herrings were
taken, most of them in one haul, and also twelve sprats.
During most of the time of fishing at Burghead and between it and
Cromarty the wind had been blowing with fair strength, aithough variable
in direction. On the 10th it increased in force, and a shift was made to
the Dornoch Firth, where four hauls were made in from about six to
twelve fathoms. The quantity of fish caught was small, the total in each
of three of them being only a little over four hundred of all kinds ; in one
it amounted to 710. Few haddocks, cod, or whiting were obtained, the
bulk of the catch, such as it was, consisting of plaice. A considerable
number of flounders were taken, nearly all of large size and engaged in
spawning, the four hauls yielding 215.
The total number of fishes got in the four drags in the Dornoch Firth—
the actual time of fishing being seventeen hours and ten minutes—-was
2027, which represents an average per hour of 118°0. The marketable
amounted to 1476, or an average of 86°0 per hour, and the unmarketable
O51, or an average of 32°1 per hour. The flat-fishes greatly exceeded the
round-fishes in number, there being 1798 of them and only 203 of the
latter. Plaice were the most abundant, and after them common dabs.
Only 102 haddocks were got, none of them unmarketable, and six whitings,
all of which, except one, were unmarketable. The paucity of small
haddocks during the whole period of fishing on this occasion is
noteworthy.
Only one recorded haul in Aberdeen Bay was made on this trip,
and the number of fishes taken was still less than in the Moray Firth.
The haul lasted for four hours, and 155 fishes were caught, of which only
thirty-five were marketable. These comprised one cod, thirteen codling,
fifteen haddocks, three plaice, two lemon dabs, and one flounder, the
unmarketable consisting chiefly of whitings and common dabs.
The aggregate total of fishes taken and recorded in the seventeen hauls
in February was 16,268, of which 9340 were marketable and 6298
unmarketable. The total of flat-fishes was 13,455, and of round
fishes 2016.
The quantity of fish landed at the market by the vessel, as recorded
by the Fishery Officer, amounted to 477 cwts., as follows :—
Cod. Codling. Ling. Coal-fish. Haddock. Whiting. Turbot. Brill. Lemon Dab.
7 4 6 on 4 4 3 2
7 2 4 3
Plaice. Dabs. Witches. Cat-fish. Flounder, Angler. Skate.
14 3 64 1k i 2 2
4 2 2
108
The next series of trawlings was made in March on board the
*‘ Devanha,” the catches being again recorded by Mr. James Ingram, jun.
In all, twenty-two recorded hauls were made, three in Aberdeen Bay on
the 16th, three in Burghead Bay on the 17th and 18th, four in the
Dornoch Firth, five on Smith Bank off the coast of Caithness, four off
Lossiemouth on the 20th, and three off Tarbet Ness on the 21st
and 22nd.
In Aberdeen Bay there was a heavy sea, with a S8.S.E. wind, and the
catches were poor. The first haul here, in from thirteen to nineteen
fathoms off Newburgh, lasted for four hours, and 514 fishes were
captured, 478 being marketable and thirty-six unmarketable. They
included 123 cod and 195 marketable codling, as well as 184 plaice—
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 23
all but twenty-eight marketable ; but only four haddocks were taken.
The second drag in the same locality, and lasting for four hours and
twenty minutes, yielded only 205 fishes, of which 121 were marketable
and eighty-fonr unmarketable. In this haul only eight cod and four
codling were taken, but there were ninety-two haddocks—-all but eight
marketable ; the plaice numbered twenty-two, and there were a number
of small skates.
A third drag was made off Newburgh to Donmouth for four hours and
five minutes, in from eight to sixteen fathoms, and the catch amounted
to 375 fishes, 269 of which were marketable and 106 unmarketable.
There were included in it forty-seven cod and 126 marketable codlings,
a coal-fish, 145 plaice (ninety-two marketable), as well as a number of un-
marketable dabs, flounders, and skates. Only three haddocks were taken.
In the three drags in Aberdeen Bay, the time of the fishing being
twelve hours and twenty-five minutes, only 1094 fishes were caught, the
average per hour’s fishing being 88:1. The marketable numbered 868,
with an average number per hour of 69°9, and the unmarketable 226,
with an average of 18°2. The total number of haddocks caught was
ninety-nine, and of whitings, seven. The following Table gives the
particulars of the marketable and unmarketable :—
Conon Flounder.| Witch. | 1@™™ | God. Codling.
Plaice. Dane
II 268 : 5 ‘ 4 178 325
II 83 33 14 4
sik Grey Thorn-
Haddock. | Whiting. | Coal-fish. | Gurnard. Grater back.
A lumpsucker was also taken in one of the hauls. These fish are occa-
sionally caught in the trawl net near shore in spring, during their sawn-
ing time.
The vessel then steamed to the Moray Firth, visiting first the south
coast.
At Burghead Bay the catches were not very productive, comparatively
few marketable fishes being got except plaice. The first drag, which
lasted for three hours and fifty minutes, in from seven to twelve
fathoms, yielded a total of 652 fishes, 439 being marketable and 213
unmarketable. The former comprised four cod, three codling, only two
haddocks, no whitings, one turbot, eleven brill, 329 plaice, seventy com-
mon dabs, fourteen flounders, three cat-fishes, and two anglers—the
unmarketable consisting almost entirely of dabs. In the second haul,
which lasted for four hours and fifteen minutes, 705 fishes were got, of which
316 were marketable, the majority consisting of plaice. Twenty-eight
skates and rays were taken, ten being marketable, and three herrings.
24 Part ITI.—Twenty-second Annual Report
The third drag was more productive, 948 fishes being taken—607
marketable and 341 unmarketable; it lasted for four hours. The bulk
of the catch was composed of plaice and common dabs, 469 of the former
and 398 of the latter ; all the plaice except forty-three were marketable,
and 137 of the dabs.
Altogether the number of fishes obtained in the three drags in Burg-
head Bay aggregated, for the twelve hours and five minutes of actual
fishing, 2305, of which 1362 were marketable and 943 unmarketable.
The flat-fishes greatly preponderated, 2087 being caught, against only 121
round-fishes. Among the flat-fishes 1314 were taken to market and 773
thrown overboard, while only thirty-one of the round-fishes were market-
able, the marketable haddocks numbering two, and there were no market-
able whitings. The plaice caught numbered 1024, all but forty-three
being taken to market. The productiveness of the grounds in Burghead
Bay on this occasion was shown by the number taken per hour’s actual
fishing, which was 190°8 for all kinds of fish—112°7 for the marketable
and 78°1 for the unmarketable. The average for the marketable plaice
was 81:2 per houtr’s fishing.
The particulars of the marketable and unmarketable fishes are as
follows : —
Plaice, | COMO? Hrlounder.| 2" | Turbot. | Brill. | Cod. eon
iB 981 263 39 10 1 20 rt 13
II 43 729 1 4
Total 1,024 992 39 10 il 21 ‘i 17
Had- Starry | Sandy
dock Ray. Ray.
if 2 5 3
II 45 14 5
Total 47 19 8
There were also taken in these hauls seven herrings and one lump-
sucker,
After leaving Burghead Bay the vessel steamed to the Dornoch Firth,
where four hauls were made in the usual locality, in sweeps around the
bay opposite Dunrobin, Golspie, and Embo, the depth of water being
from about eight to sixteen fathoms. In the first haul, which lasted
for four hours and five minutes, 999 fishes were taken, of which 822
were marketable and 177 unmarketable. The marketable fishes com-
prised twenty-four cod, 369 plaice, seventy-one common dabs, 317
flounders, as well as ten cat-fish, three lemon dabs, and eighteen skates and
rays. Round-fishes continued to be very scarce, only two haddocks and
a single whiting being caught. The second drag was a very poor one,
only 229 fishes being obtained, of which 148 were marketatle. There
were fifty-seven plaice, sixteen cod, twelve common dabs, and fifty-two
flounders. Three herrings and twenty-twe sprats were also taken. The
next haul was better, a hundred cod and 110 marketable codling, as well
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 25
as 174 plaice, eleven lemon dabs, and a number of common dabs and
flounders, being caught. In the fourth drag the net got badly split, and
the catch was small, amounting to only 160 fishes, 111 being marketable.
It however included thirty-eight cod and forty-seven marketable plaice.
Omitting this imperfect haul, the total number of fishes taken in the
other three drags in the Dornoch Firth was 2066, of which 1470 were
marketable and 596 unmarketable. The duration of the fishing in these
drags was twelve hours and fifteen minutes, and the averages per hour’s
fishing were therefore as follows :—120°‘0 for the marketable, 48°7 for the
unmarketable, and 168-7 for both included. The average for plaice was
49-0 per hour. ‘The three hauls yielded 140 cod, but only seven had-
docks and a single whiting, all marketable. The absence of small had-
docks and whitings both here and at Burghead Bay was remarkable, and
formed a striking contrast to what obtained later in the year.
The numbers of marketable and unmarketable fishes caught in the
three drags in the Dornoch Firth are as follows :—
Hemon. | ‘pri. | Cod, || Codling 48d
Common
Dab. Dab.
Plaice. Flounder,
Whiting. | Cat-fish. | Angler.
I 1 14
II, 2
Total 1 14 2
There were also caught three herrings, twenty-two sprats, and two
lumpsuckers,
On leaving the Dornoch Firth the vessel ran to Smith Bank, where
five hauls were made on the western edge in from about nineteen to
twenty-eight fathoms of water, and here much better results were
obtained than in the localities above described. The first haul, which
lasted for four hours, yielded 726 fishes, of which 262 were marketable and
464 unmarketable. The catch included eleven cod, a halibut, forty plaice,
a few lemon dabs and witches, and also 223 haddocks, in the latter respect
thus differing from the catches in the Dornoch Firth and Burghead Bay.
EKighty-two of the haddocks were too small to be marketable. There
were also 117 gurnards, a fish more sparingly represented in the previous
localities—at this season it is only found in any number in the deeper
waters offshore. The second drag was better than the first, 1016 fishes
being caught, of which 670 were marketable. They included thirty cod
574 haddocks, sixty-nine plaice, fifty-eight lemon dabs, and seven cat-fish.
Seventy-five of the haddocks were two small to be marketable.
The third haul produced 1934 fishes, 648 being marketable and 1286
unmarketable. On this occasion haddocks were well represented, 1379
being taken ; no less than 973 of these were too small to be marketable.
26 Part ITI.-—Twenty-second Annual Report
The catch included twenty-eight cod, ninety plaice, 111 lemon dabs, three
cat-fish, and a few other kinds. The fourth and fifth hauls were not
quite so good as regards the number of fish caught. In the first of them
the total was 901, of which only 166 were marketable, and these included
sixty-two cod, forty-four plaice, fifty-two lemon dabs, and five cat-fish.
There were 333 haddocks, all too small to be marketable, and 126 whit-
ings, of which only one was marketable. ‘he number of fishes in the
last haul was still less, viz. 664, and all except 100 were unmarketable.
Those taken to market comprised twenty-three cod, fifty-four plaice, two
coal-fish, eleven lemon dabs, and a few others. The number of haddocks
caught was 127, and of whitings 216, but all the latter and all except
three of the haddocks were unmarketable.
Altogether in the five hauls in this locality, the time of actual fishing
being twenty hours and twenty-five minutes, 5241 fishes were taken, the
average per hour’s fishing being 256°7. The proportion of marketable
was, however, not large, owing to the numbers of small haddocks and
dabs ; the number was 1846, the average per hour being 90:4, while there
were 3395 unmarketable, giving a ratio of 166°2 per hour.
The aggregate number of flat-fishes in the five drags was 1779, 569
being marketable and 1208 (chiefly common and long rough dabs)
unmarketable. Plaice were most numerous, 297 being taken, and lemon
dabs next, of which 249 were caught, all but ten marketable. The
aggregate of round-fishes was 3395, there being 1268 marketable and 2127
unmarketable. The number of haddocks was 2636, and 1049 of them
were marketable and 1587 too small to be taken to market—a _ consider-
able proportion. The average number of haddocks taken per hour’s fish-
ing was 129°1.
The particulars as regards the marketable and unmarketable of each
kind are given in the following Table :—
. Com Floun- Lemon : Long : ;
Plaice. Dat. As Witch. Dab: Halibut.| Rough} Brill. |Megrim
a
Had- os Coal- _, | Cat- | Gur- | Grey |Thorn-
‘| dock, | hiting-| gon, | H@Ke-| seh. | nard, | Skate.| back.
le 1,049 BO clip 17 Scie
II. 1,587 | 368 1 149} 6 | 26
Total 2,636 | 398 4 Way 4] a9 Ga Teles
There were also caught in these hauls eighteen (unmarketed) anglers,
one dragonet, and nine red gurnards.
The next place examined was the grounds off Lossiemouth, where four
drags were made on the 20th, in from about seven to fourteen fathoms of
water. In two of them the net was badly torn, and the catches in
these cases was small, and may be neglected. In the first of the others
the total number of fishes caught in the four hours during which the drag
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 27
lasted amounted to 785, and of these 556 were marketable and 229
unmarketable. Very few haddocks were obtained, the total being three,
all marketable ; the chief fishes were cod, of which fifty were got, codling,
plaice, and flounders. In the other haul 690 fishes were obtained, 570
being marketable. On this occasion also the marketable fishes consisted
for the most part of cod, codling, plaice, and flounders, while only six
haddocks were taken.
The aggregate for the two hauls here, the actual fishing lasting eight
hours and fifteen minutes, was 1474, or an average per hour of 178°7.
The marketable fishes numbered 1126, an average of 136°5 per hour,
and the unmarketable 348, giving an average of 42:2. The flat-fishes
greatly preponderated, 1134, or an average of 137°4, being caught, as
compared with 327 round-fishes, with an average of 39°6. All the round-
fishes were marketable, and they comprised the large number of 127 cod,
172 codling, five coal-fish, and twelve cat-fish, but only nine haddocks
and two whitings. The flat-fishes included 524 plaice, all marketable
except nine (the average of the former being 62°4), 350 common dabs,
and 243 flounders.
Although the catches here were good, the fishing was carried on at some
expense of gear, and a shift was made to the north-east, off Tarbet Ness,
where three drags were taken in from twenty to twenty-six fathoms of
water. In the first, which occupied four hours and thirty-five minutes,
only 222 fishes were taken, 174 marketable, but the net was slightly split.
In the next haul 449 were caught, of which 130 were marketable, and in
the third 259, the marketable numbering 161. The chief fish taken in
this locality was cod, 142 being obtained.
Taking the two perfect hauls, the time of actual fishing being eight
hours and ten minutes, the number of fishes secured was 708, the average
per hour being 86°6. The number of marketable was 291, with an aver-
age of only 35:6, and the unmarketable 417, with an average of 51:0
The total included 137 plaice, 124 cod, 201 haddocks, of which only
sixteen were marketable, sixteen whitings, all unmarketable, and a few
others.
The quantity of fish landed from this trip amounted to 1403? cwts., as
follows :—
Cod. Codling. ling. Coal-fish, Haddock. Turbot. MHalibut. Brill.
Tout: 1} 2 33 4 1 4
Lemon Dab. Plaice. Dabs. Megrim, Flounder, Cat-fish. Skates,
2? 284 12 qt 44 5 5
fir
From the 8th to the 13th of June another series of trawlings was
made on board the “ Drumblair,” the places visited being Burghead Bay,
the grounds off Lossiemouth, the Dornoch Firth, the ground off Lybster,
Smith Bank, and Aberdeen Bay, twenty-two hauls being recorded.
The fishing in Burghead Bay, where three drags were made on the
8th and 9th, was very poor, the total number of fish taken being only
560, of which 203 were marketable, the duration of the fishing being six
hours and forty minutes. In one of the hauls the net was slightly torn,
and in the other two, lasting for four hours and forty minutes, 390 were
caught, 125 of them being marketable. The average per hour at this
time in Burghead Bay was 84:1, the average for the marketable being
only 30°5. The catch consisted chiefly of plaice ; only one cod, two cod-
lings, a single haddock, and three whitings were caught. An explana-
*
28 Part ITI.—Twenty-second Annual Report
tion of the poor takes was probably the very large quantity of weed
which was found in the net, which was with difficulty cleansed of it,
experience showing that under such circumstances fish are usually scarce.
On leaving Burghead Bay the vessel proceeded to the ground off
Lossiemouth, where a haul was made in from eleven to fourteen fathoms,
about three miles off. The net was hauled in fifty minutes, and it con-
tained 278 fishes, of which only forty-one were marketable, viz. forty
plaice and one black or common sole. The unmarketable fishes num-
bered 237, aud consisted of common dabs, small plaice, and gurnards, of
which there were 110. The weather both here and at Burghead Bay
was quite calm, the sea smooth, and there was a slight fog.
The vessel then steamed to the Dornoch Firth, where a number of drags
were taken. In the first, which lasted for only twenty-eight minutes, the
net having caught on sornething on the bottom, ninety-five fishes were taken,
of which forty-one were marketable and fifty-four unmarketable. They
consisted mostly of plaice and common dabs; only one haddock was
obtained, and there were no whitings. Jor the time the net was fishing
the catch was fairly good, and a ‘‘dan” was put down and a few of the
succeeding hauls were made around it. In the first of these, in from
five to eleven fathoms, and in two hours and forty-two minutes actual
fishing, a large bag of fish was secured. The total number of fishes was
4928, of which 1555 were marketable and 3373 unmarketable. With
the exception of fifty gurnards and twenty-four thornbacks, they were
all flat-fishes and nearly all plaice. ‘These numbered no less than 4638,
of which 1525 were marketable and 3113 unmarketable; the former
consisted of eleven ‘ large,” 205 ‘‘ mediums,” 370 ‘small,” and 939
“fourths,” The small unmarketable plaice measured from three and
three-quarter inches up to ten inches in length. The catch also included
four brill and six flounders.
In the next recorded haul, on the same ground and lasting for four
hours, 4859 fishes were taken, of which 1318 were marketable and 3541
unmarketable. The great bulk again consisted of plaice, which numbered
4517, and of these 1211 were marketable and 3306 unmarketable. The
other marketable fishes included one turbot, one brill, eighty-five common
dabs, one lemon dab, and nineteen thornbacks. The small “ offal”
plaice were of the same sizes as in the former haul, and their great
abundance showed how destructive the otter-trawl may be on such
shallow-water grounds in certain cases. In the two hauls forty-three
thornbacks were got, and the males greatly preponderated. In fifty-six
examined from these and other catches, there were fifty-one males and
only five females—a proportion the reverse of what usually obtains.*
The larger and medium-sized gurnards were spawning, and they were
found to be feeding on shore-crabs.
Owing to the quantity of small plaice taken, it was decided to shift a
little further out so as to avoid the shallow water, and the result was immedi-
ately apparent. In the first haul made here, in from nine to thirteen
fathoms, the “ bag” was not so large, but the fish were of better size.
The haul lasted for four hours and two minutes, and the fishes caught
numbered 1144, of which 432 were marketable and 712 unmarketable.
The former included 412 plaice, of a total of 1105, the large numbering
twenty-eight, the medium fifty-eight, the small 110, and the fourths 216.
There were also two cod, ten common dabs, two flounders, one cat-fish,
and five thornbacks. The fourth class of marketable plaice consisted of
fish measuring from 23 centimetres (nine inches) to a little over 31 centi-
metres (twelve and a half inches), and the unmarketable from 19°8 cm.
* Twenty-first Annual Report, Part III., p. 280.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 29
(seven and three-quarter inches) to about 23-5 cm., or nine and a quarter
inches ; a few were a little larger. The selection of the various classes
by the men, being solely by the eye, is never perfect, one class always
overlapping another more or less.
A number of other hauls were made on this ground with the same
general results, the marketable fishes consisting of plaice and scarcely any-
thing else, round-fishes, with the exception of gurnards, being almost
absent, During the time in the Dornoch Firth the weather was
very favourable for fishing operations on the whole, though on the 10th
there was some wind from the east, which made the sea a little choppy,
causing the vessel to roll.
In the ten recorded hauls in the somewhat deeper water, from eight to
thirteen fathoms and mostly from eight to eleven, the time of actual
fishing being thirty-eight hours and thirty-two minutes, the aggregate
number of fishes captured was 7613, of which 3565 were marketable and
4046 unmarketable. They consisted mostly of flat-fishes, and chiefly of
plaice, the former numbering 7316, and the round-fishes, nearly all
gurnards, only 279. The average per hour’s fishing was 92°5 for the
marketable, and 105-0 for the unmarketable, the general average for both
combined being 197°5. Only five cod, two (unmarketable) codlings, thirty-
two haddocks, all marketable, were taken, and not a single whiting. The
plaice numbered 6680, of which 3450 were marketable and 3230
unmarketable, the respective averages per hou’s fishing being 89°5 and
83°8 for the marketable and unmarketable, and 173°3 for both together.
In the two first hauls in the somewhat shallower water above described
a greater number of fishes were captured in the six hours and forty-two
hours of fishing, viz. 9787, the average per hour being 1460-7; the
marketable numbered 2873, with an average of 428°7, and the unmarket-
able 6914, with an average of 1032-0. ‘The number of plaice in these
two hauls was 9155, the average per hour being 1366°4 ; the marketable
amounted to 2736, with an average of 408°4, and the unmarketable to
6419, with an average of 958:0. These numbers are very rarely reached.
The number of marketable and unmarketable fishes taken in the twelve
hauls was as follows :—
[
: , 2 A f | ;
Plaice. are ae Brill, | Turbot. ae : Cod, | Codling.
ile 6,186 141 11 7 1 ip 5
Ui, 9,649 963 3 ; . y ; 2
Total | 15,835 1,104 14 if 1 1 5 2
Haddock. Hake, Cat-fish. | Gurnard. | Angler. pon iie Sprat.
I 382 1 5 50
II 234 8 if 1
Total 32 1 5 234 8 57 1
It is of interest to contrast the proportions in which the plaice of
different sizes were caught in the two hauls in the shallower water and in
30 Part II1.— Twenty-second Annual Report
the ten in a little deeper water on this occasion ; and in the appended
Table I give the percentage of each size to the total, and the average
number taken in each hour’s fishing in the two cases respectively. The
two hauls are indicated by A and the ten by B.
} : Small or Unmarket-
Large. Medium, Maas. Fourths. able.
A No. 27 329 681 1,699 6,419
B No. 174 7795 atealfs) 1,322 3,230
A Paront: 0-29 3°59 7°43 18°55 70°11
B pee 2°60 1160 116] 7765 19°80 | 48:3
A No. per 4:0 49°] 101°6 253°6 958-0
Hour’s
B Fishing. 4°5 Pepe al 30°6 34:3 83°8
It will be seen how much greater the proportion of small plaice, under
about ten inches, is in the former case than in the latter. The actual
abundance on the ground, as shown by the average per shot, indicates that
while the large plaice were nearly equally distributed, the medium
plaice, and still more markedly those still smaller, were far more numerous
in the shallower water. Nevertheless it will be observed that the largest
average in each case is for the unmarketable fish, that is, under about
nine and a half or ten inches.
Two hauls with the small-meshed net around the cod-end were made
in the Dornoch Firth. In the first, which was for an hour and twenty-
eight minutes, it was found on getting the trawl up that the fine net had
been holed. The total number of fishes taken was 143, belonging to
eleven species, as follows :—Plaice 55, common dab 38, lemon dab 2, little
or yellow sole 3, cod 10, haddock 1, gurnard 14, cat-fish 1, sand-eel 16,
goby 1, gemmeous dragonet 2. In the second haul, which lasted for an
hour, the catch was also very small, viz. 170 fishes, belonging to five
species, viz.—plaice 103, common dab, 57, gurnard 7, sand-eel, 1, angler 2.
The next place where fishing was carried on was off Lybster on the
coast of Caithness, where a drag for two hours in twenty-three fathoms
gave 584 fishes, of which 383 were marketable and 201 unmarketable.
The catch comprised six marketable plaice, forty-six marketable lemon
dabs, and forty common dabs, as well as 410 haddocks, 308 of them
being marketable, two cod, and forty-four whitings, twenty-five of which
were too small to be marketable.
Smith Bank was then visited, and a haul there, in from nineteen to
twenty-two fathoms, for two hours and five minutes, gave a total of 773
fishes, 378 being marketable. The flat-fishes consisted of two turbot, 220
common dabs, and twenty-nine lemon dabs, all but seven of them market-
able; there were also taken 481 haddocks, 316 marketable, one cod and
twelve marketable codlings, as well as two cat-fish and twenty-three
gurnards,
After leaving the Moray Firth five hauls were made in Aberdeen Bay,
with very good results. The first was in from eight to ten fathoms off
the Black Dog, and it lasted for four hours. The number of fishes taken
was 1749, of which 1384 were marketable and 365 unmarketable, the
bulk of the catch consisting of plaice and haddocks. Of 917 haddocks
caught, 707 were marketable and 210 unmarketable; all the former
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 51
were “thirds” or small. The plaice totalled 597, all but twenty being
marketable, and of these twenty-five were large, 363 mediums, and
189 small, There were also one cod, three marketable codlings and
fourteen unmarketable, forty small whitings, 150 dabs, twenty-five
gurnards, and two anglers.
The next haul in the same place, and also lasting for four hours, gave
almost exactly the same numbers, the total being 1745, the marketable
1312 and the unmarketable 433. The haddocks numbered 1013, all
being small and 250 of them unmarketable, while of the 507 plaice,
all of which were marketable, fifteen were large, 162 medium, and 330
small; there were no “fourths,” a still smaller class, as in the Moray
Firth.
In these two drags at this place, the duration of fishing being eight
hours, 3494 fishes were captured, the average per hour being 436°6.
The marketable, numbering 2696, gave an average of 337°0, and the
unmarketable, of which there were 798, an average of 99-6.
Three other hauls were made in from twelve to fifteen fathoms, off
Slains Castle, with even better results. Only one was completely
recorded ; it lasted for four hours, and 2068 fishes were taken, 1855
marketable and 213 unmarketable. The number of haddocks was 1797,
all but 109 marketable ; there were fewer plaice, viz. 160, all marketable,
and they comprised sixty mediums and one hundred small. The other
marketable fishes were two turbots and five brill. In the next haul, for
three hours, 4283 marketable fishes were secured ; the nnmarketable
were not counted, but they consisted of six basketfuls, mostly of small
haddocks. The haddocks enumerated amounted to 4126, of which 303
were mediums, 3193, smalls and 630 fourths, or very small. There were
also eighty-seven plaice, al] marketable, and seventy marketable common
dabs. ‘The last drag, for four hours, yielded 1985 marketable fishes, the
haddocks numbering 1871 and the plaice 107; all the haddocks were
thirds and fourths. The offal was not noted.
The following are the particulars of each class of fish taken in the three
completely recorded drags in Aberdeen Bay :-—
. Common . Cod- | Had- | Whit-| Gur- | Ang-
Plaice. Dab. Turbot. | Brill. | Cod. ling. | dock.| ing. | nard | ler.
ii, 20 263 - - - 39 569 | 56 61 3
Total | 1,264 357
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i
On
The quantity of fish landed at the market, as the result of this trip,
as recorded by the Fishery Officer, was 81 cwts., as follows :—
Cod. Codling, Coal-fish. Hake, Haddock. Turbot.
2 $ io 4 4 4
Brill. Lemon Dab, Plaice, Cat-fish. Flounder, Skates.
: 63} lk ; 9
PVE
In October another series of trawlings was made, by means of the
steam-trawler “Star of the North,” the grounds visited being Aberdeen
Bay, Burghead Bay, the Dornoch Firth, off Lybster, and Smith Bank.
C
32 Part [11.— Twenty-second Annual Report
In Aberdeen Bay five hauls were made on the 16th and 17th of
the month, with fair results, a strong breeze blowing from the 8.W.,
while the sea was rough. The first was off Black Dog in from eight to
twelve fathoms, and it lasted four hours. The catch amounted to 1978
fishes, of which 1938 were marketable, most consisting of haddocks. Of
these 1517 were caught, all marketable, the majority being “large” or
“ firsts,” viz. 749. Thirteen cod and 121 codlings, of which 118 were
marketable, were included in the catch, as well as 264 whitings, twenty-
two plaice, one lemon dab, and twenty-eight common dabs. The next
drag in the same locality, and in from nine to twelve fathoms, gave almost
the same result, viz. a total of 1964, of which 1889 were marketable.
The number of haddocks was 1099, all marketable, there being 395 large,
164 medium, and 540 thirds. There were also four cod and 282 codlings, all
but nine marketable, 275 whitings, ten brill, 194 plaice, twelve lemon dabs,
and seventy-three common dabs. A third haul for four hours in the same
locality gave 1287 fishes, 1216 of which were marketable, the bulk of the
catch consisting of large and medium haddocks, cod, codlings, and plaice.
The fourth drag was made in from twelve to twenty fathoms, from the
same place towards Cruden Skerries, and lasted for three yous and a
quarter. The catch consisted of 1685 fishes, 1634 being marketable.
The number of haddocks was 790, of which 237 were large, 156
mediums, and 397 thirds. Besides nine cod, 387 codlings were taken, all
but five marketable, 228 whitings, 204 plaice, some dabs and rays. The
fifth haul was made from the Skerries towards Aberdeen and lasted for
an hour, The catch amounted to 208 fishes, chiefly haddocks, whitings,
and plaice; it was made with the small-meshed net around the cod-end.
The three hauls in from eight to twelve fathoms, the time of actual
fishing being eleven hours and fifty minutes, yielded a total of 5229
fishes, the rate per hour being 442°0. The marketable numbered 5043,
with an average per hour of 426°3, and the unmarketable 186, with an
average of 15'7. The aggregate of haddocks was 3281, with an average
per hour of 277°3. A feature was the large number of marketable cod-
lings, of which 570 were taken in three hauls.
The particulars of the catches of the first four drags in Aberdeen Bay
are these :—
}
Plaice, | Commons) Lemon’ rurbat, ||, Brill. .| Codey Needienes
Haddock.} Whiting. | Gurnard.] Angler, | vey | Shot oe
If 4,071 830 - 1 16 8 5
ie - 49 21 2 3 2 6
Total 4,071 879 7a 3 19 10 11
In the haul with the small-meshed net, for an hour, the total number
of fishes caught was 384, as follows :—Plaice 42, common dab 26, long
rough dab 1, cod 22, haddock 94, whiting 190, sprat 9.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 5i3)
The fishing in the Moray Firth was begun on the 19th, Burghead Bay
being first visited ; the weather was calm, and very large quantities of
fish were taken. ‘The first haul was in from twelve to twenty fathoms,
but mostly in and about ten, and lasted for four hours, The bag of fish
was an exceptionally large one, comprising thirty-one and a half baskets
of haddocks, mostly small, and six baskets of plaice, as well as other
fishes. The total number of the fishes caught was 8382. of which 7286
were marketable and 1096 unmarketable. Among the former were 6439
haddocks and 622 plaice, sixty whitings, a halibut, two brill, thirty
witches, twenty common dabs, and ninety-six gurnards. The unmarket-
able consisted chiefly of common dabs, whitings, and plaice.
The other four hauls at Burghead Bay were made in water from eight
to twelve and thirteen fathoms, and they were also good in regard to the
result. In the first, lasting for four hours, 3446 fishes were taken, 2581
marketable and 865 unmarketable. The former included 1463 haddocks,
646 plaice, and 255 whitings, and also a turbot, three brill, two witches,
and some common dabs and gurnards, The next, also for four hours,
produced 2556 fishes, 1596 marketable and 960 unmarketable, haddocks
and plaice predominating. In the next haul, also for four hours, 4037
fishes were caught, 3005 of them being marketable and 1032 unmarket-
able. The catch included 2119 haddocks and 491 plaice.
In the last haul, for one hour, the catch amounted to 912 fishes, 515
being marketable and 397 unmarketable ; most consisted of plaice, had-
docks, and common dabs.
The aggregate quantity of fish taken in these five drags, the time of
fishing being seventeen hours, was the large one of 19,333 fishes, 14,983
being marketable and 4350 unmarketable. The averages per hour’s fishing
were 1137°2 for the whole, 881°3 for the marketable, and 255°9 for the
unmarketable. The total number of haddocks was 10,910, with an
average of 641°8; the number of plaice was 2730, the average being
160°6, and the number of common dabs 3618, giving an average per hour
of 212°8. There were very few cod or codlings, viz. three of the former
and fifty-two of the latter, and 523 gurnards, of which 379 were taken to
market, The productiveness of the grounds in Burghead Bay on this
occasion very strikingly contrasted with the condition in spring and in
June.
The following Table gives the numbers of the marketable and
unmarketable fishes taken in the five hauls, the former being dis-
tinguished by the figure I., and the latter by II. :-—
Plaice, | C9mmon| witch, | HEM | Halibut. | Turbot. | Brill. | Angler.
I. | 2,622 218 68 6 1 2 5
EE: 108 | 3,400 : b : : : 43
Total | 2,780 | 3,618 68 6 1 y) 5 43
Cod, | Codling. | Haddock. | Whiting. | Hake. | Gurnard. ae
Total 3 52 10,910 1,360 it 523 Val
34 Part I11.—Twenty-second Annual Report
The proportion of the small plaice to those of larger size here was very
different to what it was in the Dornoch Firth in June. The unmarket-
able gave only a ratio of 6°3 per hour, as shown in the appended Table,
which also gives the numbers, and the average per hour’s fishing, for the
various classes of haddocks :—
Plaice. Large. Medium. Small. Fourths, Sewcies
NO:c wa. : 22 677 795 1,128 108
Average per
Hour ‘ 1:3 39°8 46°8 66°3 6:3
Haddock. Large. Medium. Small. Fourths. ee ie
NO. % : 62 521 9,988 182 157
Average per
Hour : 3°6 30°6 587°'5 tO? 9:2
In one haul, for an hour, in eight to twelve fathoms, with the small-
meshed net around the cod-end of the otter-trawl, 997 fishes were
obtained, belonging to twelve species, as follows :—
Plaice. Common Dab. Witch. Cod. Haddock. Whiting.
2 340 13 21 246 93
Hake. Gurnard. Pogge. Angler. Dragonet. Thornback.
1 5 1 1 1 £
The fishing in the Dornoch Firth, which was the next place visited, was
fairly good, but not so productive as at Burghead Bay. The first haul
was made on the afternoon of the 20th October, off Dunrobin and Golspie,
in from eight to fourteen fathoms of water, and lasted for two hours,
The number of fishes caught was 793, of which 677 were marketable and
116 unmarketable. They included forty-two cod, thirty-three codlings,
all but seven marketable, 592 haddocks, nearly all marketable, twenty-
seven whitings, two brill, twenty-two plaice, and one or two others. The
weather was fine, a light wind blowing from the south-west. In the
next drag in the same locality, and lasting also for two hours, 842 fishes
were caught, 771 being marketable. There were only three cod, but the
number of haddocks was increased to 652, and of plaice to a hundred.
A number of other hauls were made on the same grounds, the best being
one of four hours’ duration, by which 2486 fishes were taken, 2239
marketable and 247 unmarketable. Only one cod was included in the
catch, but there were 1846 haddocks and 345 plaice, as well as some
codlings, whitings, lemon dabs, and others. In the next haul the net was
split, but the one succeeding it yielded 2223 fishes, 2081 being market-
able. The haddocks numbered 1926, and the plaice 133, and there were
also five cod, forty-two codlings, and some dabs.
Altogether there were nine recorded drags in this place, and the aggre-
gate of fishes taken was 12,253, 9611 being marketable and 2642
unmarketable. The averages per hour of actual fishing were 331-4 for
the marketable, 91:1 for the unmarketable, and 422°5 for both combined.
The average per hour for the haddocks was 266°8 and for the plaice 57-0.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 30
In the following Table are given the totals of each kind of fish taken in
these nine hauls, the marketable being indicated by I. and the unmarket-
able by II. :—
Blues CoM | iapyaten |e eC! |” Brill Cod. | Codling. |
1. 1,552 89 2 23 5 4 138
Il, 100 | 2,099 : : ; 45
Total | 1,652 | 2,188 2 23 5 54 183
Haddock. Whiting. | Coal-fish. | Gurnard. Cat-fish. | Thornback.
I 7,666 33 35 1 12
II 70 190 2 99
Total 7,736 223 2 134 1 12
There were also a conger, seven anglers, twenty-two sprats, five picked
dog-fishes, an armed-bullhead, a little or yellow sole, and a sting ray
(Trygon). The proportions of the plaice and haddocks of different sizes is
indicated in the following Table :—
: ; . | Unmarket-
Large. | Medium. | Small. Fourths. abe:
Now: : 100 261 438 753 100
Plaice | Average per
Hour : 3°4° 9-0 15-1 26:0 3°4
Nov. 3 1,033 879 5,754 - 70
Had-
dock Average per
Hour : 35°6 30°3 198°4 - 2°4
In a haul for an hour, in from eight to thirteen fathoms, with the
small-meshed net around the cod-end, 1522 fishes were captured, belonging
to fifteen species, as follows :-—
Brill, - - - 1 Coal-fish, - ~ 1
Plaice, - - - 364 Gurnard, - eo
Lemon Dab, - 3 Pogge, - . A.
Common Dab, - 724 Sprat, - - 43
Little Sole, - - 8 Sting Ray, - 1
Cod, - - - 8 Thornback, - 1
Haddock, - = ime) Piked Dog-fish, - 1
Whiting, - - 233
After leaving the Dornoch Firth the vessel steamed to the grounds oft
Lybster, where five hauls were made in twenty-three and twenty-four
fathoms of water and good catches of haddocks got. In the first, which
was for one hour, 1008 fishes were taken, of which 956 were marketable
and fifty-two unmarketable. The haddocks numbered 904, all but four
marketable ; there were also fifty-one whitings, fourteen plaice, five lemon
36 Part I1I.—Twenty-second Annual Report
dabs, and thirty common dabs. The next drag, for two hours, yielded
2740 fishes—2674 being marketable and sixty-six unmarketable. The
number of haddocks caught was 2463 (twenty basketfuls), all except nine
marketable ; there were also 224 whitings and a few flat-fishes. The
third haul, for three hours, was scarcely so good, 2810 fishes being taken,
of which 2665 were marketable. The catch included 2008 haddocks,
nineteen codlings, twenty-six plaice, four lemon dabs, and eighty-six
common dabs.
The five drags here—the time of actual fishing being thirteen hours—
produced altogether 9992 fishes, or at the rate of 768°6 per hour; the
marketable numbered 9536, the average per hour being 732°5, and the
unmarketable 456, with an average per hour of 35:1. The total number
of haddocks was 8063, of which only forty-nine were unmarketable, the
average per hour’s fishing being 620°2. Only 349 flat-fishes were caught
in the five hauls, and of these 108 were marketable, consisting of
eighty-two plaice and twenty-six lemon dabs; the unmarketable were 241
common dabs.
The following Table gives the numbers of the marketable and unmarket-
able fishes respectively :—
: Lemon |Common Cod- | Had-| Whit-) Gur- Thorns Ang-
HEED | Dab. Cod. ling. | dock.| ing. | nard.| back. ler.
I. 82 26 : 25 | 45 |8,014|1,315! 27 2
IL. : : 241 : 28 49| 121| 16 | - 1
Total 82 26 241 25 | 73 | 8,063|1,436| 48 2 1
The haddocks were on the whole of a good class, 2078 being firsts, 1530
mediums, and 4406 thirds, the respective averages per hour’s fishing being
as follows :— |
Firsts. Seconds. Thirds, Fourths. Unmarketable.
No. 2,078 1,530 4,406 — 49
Average 159°8 abhor 339°0 — 3°8
Of the eighty-two plaice obtained, seven were large or firsts, sixty-four
were mediums, and eleven thirds.
A small-meshed haul was made here for one hour, but the fine net was
torn. The number of fishes taken was 1034, as follows :—
Plaice, - - ee did. Cod, - : - 9
Lemon Dab, - 5 Haddock, - - 906
Common Dab, - 49 Whiting, - = {fia
Before leaving the Moray Firth two hauls were made on Smith Bank,
on the edge, in about twenty-one and twenty-two fathoms. The first, for
an hour, with the small-meshed net attached, yielded 1300 fishes, of which
350 were marketable and 950 unmarketable. The latter chiefly consisted
of common dabs and whitings, and the former of haddocks. The total
for both nets was 1811 fishes, belonging to twelve species, as follows :—
Plaice, - - = ol Haddock, - - 306
Common Dab, - 962 Whiting, - - 442
Lemon Dab, = gp Gurnard, - =<. 1D
Long Rough Dab,- = 20 Pogge, - - 4
Little Sole, - - 1 Gobius minutus, 1
Cod, . = Eye Dragonet, - - 4
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 37
The second drag was for three hours and forty minutes, and the number
of fishes taken was 1236, 980 being marketable and 256 unmarketable.
They included 107 cod, twenty-seven codlings, all marketable, a ling, 796
haddocks, all but ten marketable, thirty-four plaice, all marketable,
fifteen lemon dabs, and some whitings and common dabs.
The haddocks were mostly of the third or small class, only thirty being
firsts and 110 seconds.
Another haul with the small-meshed net around the cod-end was made
at the “witch ground ” about twelve miles off Kinnaird Head, the depth
being fifty-one fathoms, and the duration of the haul one hour. The
total number of fishes taken in both nets was 2187, belonging to eleven
species ; no witches were captured. The numbers of each kind were as
follows :-—
Plaice, - - - 3 Whiting, - - 422
Common Dab, - 412 Norway Pout, - 613
Long Rough Dab, 269 Gurnard, - al
Cod,” - . - 1 | Gobius minutus, - 1
Hake, - - - 6! Angler, - : 1
Haddock, - - 447 |
The aggregate number of fish taken in twenty-four recorded hauls in
this trip in the Moray Firth and Aberdeen Bay—the duration of the
actual fishing being seventy-seven hours and forty minutes—was 49,728.
Of these, 41,787 were brought to market and 7941 thrown overboard.
The quantity, in cwts., as determined by the Fishery Officer when the
fish were landed, was as follows, the total being 271? cwts. :—
Cod. Codling. Ling. Hake. Haddock. Whiting.
39% 174 4 8 1434 144
Turbot. Brill. Lemon Dab. __‘Plaice. Dabs. Witches.
: 24 4 } 4
Conger. Skate. Gurnard. Angler.
1
3
Vv.
At the end of October six hauls in Aberdeen Bay were made by the
steam-trawler ‘ Lochryan,” four of which were recorded. In the first, in
from eight to fifteen fathoms of water, and which lasted for two hours and
twenty minutes, 835 fishes were taken, of which 675 were marketable and
160 unmarketable. The catch included twenty-nine cod, forty-three
codlings, all marketable, 399 haddocks, 338 whitings, seven plaice, a
brill, and a common sole. In the second haul, in from seven and a half
to twelve fathoms, for four hours and thirty-five minutes, 1066 fishes were
taken, the number marketable being 930. There were 106 cod, 151
codlings, all except six marketable, four coalfish, 320 haddocks, only
eleven of which were unmarketable, 308 plaice, and a number of
whitings and others. The succeeding two hauls were rather better,
haddocks especially being more abundant, and altogether in the four
drags—the time of actual fishing being fifteen hours and twenty-five
minutes—6042 fishes were taken, of which 4654 were n.arketable and
1388 unmarketable, the average per hour’s fishing being for the whole
catch 392°1, for the marketable 302:0, and for the unmarketable 90'1.
The average per hour for haddocks was 196-3, for whitings 117°5, and for
38 Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
plaice 33:5, The numbers of fishes of the various kinds, marketable (I.)
and unmarketable (II.), were as follows :—
1 Long
: Common] Floun- | Lemon ee
Plaice. Dab. das Dab! Sole. Brill. Rough Cod.
Dab.
I 507 40 5 3 2 1 197
II 10 30 2,
oe ee | — —————— |§\ — | |) | ee F —
di: 322 2,863 709 4 = 1
II. 22 162 1,101 ; 9 2 47
Total 344 3,025 1,810 4 9 3 47
In a haul with the small-meshed net, which lasted for an hour, the
total number of fishes taken was 1981, belonging to ten species, as
follows :—
Plaice, - - = Paid, Haddock, - - 1190
Lemon Dab, - 1 Whiting, - = 701
Common Dab, - 6 Gurnard, - - 6
Long Rough Dab, 2 Sprat, - - 2
Cod, ~= - - 5 | Grey Skate, - 1
The total quantity of fish landed, in cwts., was as follows, the time of
fishing (including the incompletely recorded drags) being nineteen hours
and five minutes :—
Cod. Codling. Coal-fish. Haddock, Whiting. Turbot. Plaice. Dabs.
25 74 4 21 4} 4 7 4 =663
var
The next series of trawling experiments was made in November, the
vessel employed being the steam-trawler ‘‘Glenogil,” and the places
examined were Aberdeen Bay, Burghead Bay, the Dornoch Firth, between
Burghead and Cromarty, and Smith Bank.
Four hauls were made in Aberdeen Bay on 6th and 7th November, off
Newburgh, and between Black Dog and Collieston. In the first, in from
eight to ten fathoms, which lasted for three hours, 1383 fishes were
secured, 1314 of which were marketable and sixty-nine unmarketable.
The former consisted mostly of haddocks and whitings ; of 1013 haddocks
taken, 977 were marketable and thirty-six unmarketable, and of 321
whitings all but eighteen were marketable. The other fishes comprised
one cod, twenty-seven codlings, a few dabs and gurnards, as well as six
herrings and two sprats. Only two plaice were caught in this drag.
Most of the haddocks belonged to the third and fourth classes, only 135
were “large” and sixty-nine “medium.” The smallest haddocks amongst
the unmarketable measured six and seven inches in length,
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 39
The next haui in the same locality, in five and a half to twelve fathoms,
lasting for two hours, yielded only seventy-one fishes, and there was
nothing apparent to account for the very small catch. The marketable
fish consisted of thirteen haddocks—viz., one large, six medium, and
six fourths—twenty-four whitings, one plaice, and one dab. Other two
hauls were made in from four and a half to twelve fathoms, bat the
catches were small, the marketable fishes consisting chiefly of haddocks,
plaice, and whitings. Altogether in the four hauls made in Aber-
dren Bay—the actual time of fishing being twelve hours and five minutes
—the total number of fishes captured was 2630, the average per hour
being 217-7; the number of marketable was 2394, with an average of
198:2, and the unmarketable 236, with an average of 19°5. ‘The
haddocks numbered 1485, the average per hour’s fishing being 122-9 ; the
whitings 573, with an average of 47:4, and the plaice 379, with an
average of 31:3.
The numbers of the marketable (I.) and the unmarketable (II.) of each
kind are shown in the following Table :—
Cod. | Codling. |Haddock.
Whiting. Gurnard, rey Eon. ae = Herring.| Sprat.
I 490
LO 83 24 3 I 17 7 z
Total | 573 | 24 3 1 uy; 7 2
The vessel then landed the fish which had been caught in Aberdeen
Bay before proceeding to the Moray Firth, and the quantities as recorded
in the market, by the Fishery Officer, in ewts. were as follows :—
Cod, Codling. Haddock. Whiting. Plaice,
4 ik 74 1? 2
In the Moray Firth the first place visited was Burghead Bay, where
five hauls were made, four of which were recorded. In the first, which
lasted for three hours and ten minutes, 1682 fishes were caught, of which
1365 were marketable and 317 unmarketable. Among the former were
eleven cod, 506 haddocks, ten whitings, nine brill, 790 plaice, and thirty-
four common dabs. The unmarketable were composed mostly of small
haddocks and gurnards. In the second drag, lasting for four hours and
fifteen minutes, 2421 fishes were taken, 1930 marketable and 491
unmarketable. The greater part of the catch again consisted of plaice and
haddocks. It also included a turbot, ten brill, and a black or common
sole. The number of fishes taken in the third haul, which lasted four
hours, was 1779, the number marketable being 1273. They consisted
40 Part IT].—Twenty-second Annual Report
for the most part of plaice, of which 1158 were obtained. There
were only seventy-five small haddocks, twenty-five marketable and fifty
too small to be marketable. In this drag no less than thirty-one brill
were taken, a number that is scarcely ever reached in these trawling
operations, and there were also five turbot. The fourth drag lasted for
two hours and thirty-five minutes, and 1131 fishes were captured, of
which 733 were marketable and 398 unmarketable. Only twenty-five
small and unmarketable haddocks were caught in this drag ; the market-
able plaice numbered 678, and there were seven brill.
During the time of fishing in the Bay the weather was favourable,
though somewhat squally, with rain, the wind blowing from the west.
The aggregate number of fishes taken in the four hauls in the fourteen
hours of actual fishing was 7013, of which 5301 were marketable and
1712 unmarketable. The average catch per hour’s fishing was for the
marketable 378-6, and for the unmarketable 122°3; the average for both
combined was 500°9. The number of plaice caught was 3588, the
average per hour being 256°3, and the number of haddocks 1823, with an
average of 130-2.
The numbers of the marketable and unmarketable of each species are
given in the following Table :—
Plaice. | CO" | witch, | TemO2 | Sole | Turbot. | Brill
15 3,476 238 6 9 1 6 57
JOE 112 584
Total 3,588 822 6 9 1 6 57
Cod. Codling. | Haddock. ; Whiting. Gurnard. Cee Angler
I. 19 66 1,358 36 23 6
i, - 35 465 99 396 9 12
Total 19 101 1,823 135 396 32 18
With regard to the general size of the plaice and haddocks captured,
the great majority were small. Especially was this the case with the
haddocks, only six of the large and forty-five of the medium being taken.
The numbers of each class and the average per hour's fishing are given
in the following Table :—
Firsts. Seconds. Thirds. Fourths. tha part
(6 45 77 1,230 465
Haddock, 0-4 3-9 5:5 88:0 33°2
77 575 2,824 ; 112
Plaice, {35 411 201°7 80
On leaving Burghead Bay the vessel steamed to the Dornoch Firth,
where a number of hauls were made, the weather being calm and the sea
smooth, a light wind coming from the north-west.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. Al
The first drag was made in from five to thirteen fathoms, off Golspie.
It Jasted for four hours and five minutes, and the catch was a good one,
the marketable fishes numbering 2346, the unmarketable 1139, and the
aggregate 3485. Plaice and haddocks formed the bulk of the catch; of
the former 2166 were taken, 1264 of which were marketable and 902
unmarketable. Most of the plaice were of small size, only five being
large, 167 medium, and 1092 thirds, while the offal in this haul num-
bered 902. Some of these, however, were quite large enough to go to
market as fourths, and after this fourths were also selected. I found
that the sizes of the larger specimens of the “unmarketable” plaice
were on this occasion between nine and eleven inches: I give the
measurements of seventy-six of the larger ones, in centimetres and
inches :—
|
Centimetres, . | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34
MieReoe ees | Stier. |" Oy Osea | KOR e- | TE Naas > | tog) - |) 23) 18%
Ne dan kh O3 1Onle 8) agit | Se l= Be =). 1
The larger of these plaice were in reality ‘“‘ thirds” ; but the selection,
as previously mentioned, is never quite exact.
The next haul, in the same locality, was for four hours and twenty-five
minutes, but the fishing was chiefly conducted in from eight to ten
fathoms. The number of fishes taken was 1808, of which 1368 were
marketable and 440 unmarketable. Haddocks were much scarcer, only
375 being caught, and it may be said generally in regard to this fish at
this time in the Dornoch Firth that the quantity taken in the various
hauls varied very much, there being sometimes only a few and sometimes
over a thousand. They were obviously present, as the trawlers describe
it, in “‘spots.” The plaice numbered 1237, of which 978 were market-
able; there were in addition thirty-two codlings, eight whitings, four
brill, twenty-two common dabs, and a thornback ray among the market-
able fishes.
The number of fishes caught in the next haul, which lasted for four
hours and a half, was 2514, the marketable being 1902 and_ the
unmarketable 612. The haddocks numbered 1282, of which 271 were
unmarketable. There were 995 plaice, 881 of them marketable, and in
addition to these the marketable fishes included two cod, six codlings, one
halibut, and one megrim. The unmarketable consisted mostly of
haddocks, dabs, plaice, and gurnards, In the fifth drag, in from six to
ten fathoms, only nineteen haddocks were taken, and of these thirteen
were unmarketable. The plaice numbered 2101, all but 184 being
marketable. The next drag, for five hours, yielded 3033 fishes, 2337
being marketable and 696 unmarketable. There were 634 haddocks,
1981 plaice, 1661 marketable, 371 common dabs, six lemon dabs, and
seventeen brill.
Altogether in the six hauls, involving twenty six hours and forty
minutes of actual fishing, 14,404 fishes were captured, the rate per hour
being the high one of 541°5. The marketable numbered 10,919, with an
average of 410°4 per hour, and the unmarketable 3485, with an hourly
average of 131:0. The average per hour for the plaice taken was 350°4,
and for those which were marketable 277°2 ; the average for the haddocks
42 Part ITT.—Twenty-second Annual Report
was 140°5 per hour. The numbers of the marketable and unmarketable,
and the totals, are as follow :-—
Cod. |Codling,| Haddock.| "YO" | Plaice. | SOP] Brill. | “y7p"
I. BA) fot 78i| oBjo58 Ys 10 W798) | cx a20 ee ab a ais
I. 31 485 4, 1,048" | “746 |e 3
Total |f.. 24.4, ,,7109.|.7/8)788) |.544, 01510821 | Boxy) eee
Long
Halibut.| Megrim. Rough ee nes pees ae Angler.
ab.
—— | — —————_ —_—_
I u 2 1 8
Be - - 6 213 Al 35 3 11
Total d 2 6 213 1 43 3 11
Among the haddocks the proportion of large and medium was con-
siderable, and much above what it was on many previous occasions ;
medium plaice were also well represented. The following figures give
the average number of each class taken per hour’s fishing :—
First. Second, Third. Fourth. Unmarketable.
Haddock, 24°6 24°6 33°3 39°6 18-2
Plaice, ipl 43-4 137°6 95-0 73°2
In the Dornoch Firth three hauls were also made with the small-
meshed net around the cod-end, in from four and a half to twelve.
fathoms, the time occupied in fishing being three hours and fifty minutes.
The number of fishes taken in both nets amounted to 11,590, the great
majority having passed through the meshes of the cod-end. They
belonged to eleven species, as follows :-—
Gurnard, - . 4
Plaice, - - - 327
Brill, - - - 1 Sprat, - - 9351
Common Dab, - 28 Herring, - - 1407
Cod, - : - 4 Sand-eel, - ei) his
Haddock, - - bios Thornback Ray, 1
Whiting, - - 44]
Most of the sprats were taken in one haul, viz. 5477, and most of the
herrings in another, 1297.
On leaving the Dornoch Firth the vessel returned to Burghead Bay,
where other three drags were made in from five to ten fathoms, a fresh
breeze blowing from the south, and a considerable number of plaice were
taken. The hauls were also remarkable for the large number of brill
captured, the three drags yielding in succession thirty-six, forty-three,
and fifteen—a total of ninety-four. Seven turbots were also caught.
The aggregate number of fishes secured in the three drags, the time of
actual fishing being fourteen hours, was 5367, an average, per hour of
383°4. The marketable fishes numbered 3817, with an average per hour
of 272°6, and the unmarketable 1550, with an hourly average of 110-7.
These averages are under those for the fishing in the same place a few
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 43
days before. In the following Table are given the number of marketable
(I) and unmarketable (IT.) fishes taken in the three drags :—
Cod. Codling. Haddock. | Whiting. | Plaice. Brill.
i 84 87 190 - 3,274 94
Il. - 34 98 8 464
Total 84 12% 288 8 3,738 94
Turbot Lemon Dab Common Gurnard Thorn- Angler
mee Dab. =a back. a
I 7 6 70 5
II 3 600 322 10 val
Total ff 9 670 322 15 i |
A short haul of one hour’s duration was then taken off Burghead Bay,
between it and Cromarty, in thirty fathoms, with the small-meshed net
around the cod-end of the otter-trawl. The total number of fishes taken
in both nets was 1805, belonging to fourteen species, as follows :—
Witch, - - - 101 | Hake, - - - 2
Plaice, - - - 4 | Ling, - : - - 1
Common Dab, - - 130] Gurnard, - - - 46
Long Rough Dab, - 705 | Norway Pout, - - 432
Whiting, - . - 339 | Gadus luscus, - - 7
Haddock, - . - 29 | Callionymus maculata, - 2
Codling, - - - 4 | Lumpenus lampetriformis, 3
Smith Bank was then visited, and a haul with the small-meshed net
attached was made in twenty-one fathoms for one hour. The tying of
the outer net was defective ; the knot slipped, and all the fish escaped.
In the cod-end were thirty-three haddocks, three cod, five plaice, one
lemon dab, five common dabs, and an angler.
The quantity of fish landed by the vessel, as recorded on returning to
port amounted to 2187 cwts., as follows :—
Cod. Codling. Haddock, Turbot. Brill,
18 34 58 4 6
Plaice. Dabs. Witch. Skate. Angler.
115 3h 2 1 2
VIL.
The next series of trawling investigations was made on board the
“Lochryan,” on 11th and 12th December, in Aberdeen Bay, a strong
breeze blowing from the south, with a rough sea and rain. The catches
were small, but, as often occurs in such conditions of weather, a consider-
able number of cod were secured. Three recorded hauls were made off
the Black Dog in from four and a half to ten fathoms of water, the
duration of the actual trawling being twelve hours and ten minutes.
The total number of fishes caught in each haul was respectively 344,
44 Part I[I.—Twenty-second Annual Report
243, and 191, the aggregate being 778, with the very low average per
hour's fishing of 63-9. The marketable numbered 702, giving an aver-
age per hour of 57:7, and the unmarketable numbered seventy-six. The
hourly average for cod was 13:0 and for codling 24°5, while it was only
16°8 for haddocks and 1°6 for plaice. The numbers of the various kinds
taken were as follows :-—
1 Ga Had- Whit- Coal- ; : Com. Starry
Cod. |Codling.| goa. ing. ash Brill. | Plaice. Dab. Ray:
I, 158 298 205 | 14 - 1 19 7
Il. : : : 21 5 ie : : 50
Total| 158 298 205 35 5 i 19 7 50
Two hauls were also made with the small-meshed net around the cod-
end of the otter-trawl. In the first of these, which lasted for one hour
and twenty minutes, and was made in from eight to twelve fathoms, the
total catch was one cod, four codlings, fourteen whitings, two common
dabs, one sand-eel, one goby, twenty-two small herrings (from one and
three-quarter inches to nearly five inches), and seventy-four sprats. In
the second, on the same grounds for one hour, but in seven fathoms, only
a single fish—a starry ray—was taken.
VITE
Towards the end of December another series of trawling investigations
was carried on in Aberdeen Bay and the Moray Firth, on board the
steam-trawler “Star of the Ocean.” Several hauls were taken in
Aberdeen Bay on the 23rd and 24th of the month, off Slains Castle, in
from ten to thirty fathoms, but the net was usually torn, and the catches
were very poor. In the first, which lasted for four hours and twenty
minutes, 206 fishes were caught, 182 being marketable. Seventy-seven cod
were taken, but only seven haddocks and sixty-six plaice, most of the
latter being ‘‘thirds.” In the next drag, for three hours and a half, the
catch was reduced to 108 fishes, twenty-three being cod, and there was
the same number of plaice, but only five haddocks. The catch of the
third haul was still less, viz. sixty fish, twenty-six being cod, eight had-
docks, and eleven plaice. In each case, however, the net was torn on the
bottom. Two other unrecorded hauls were made, and the aggregate
quantity of fish landed from the five hauls amounted to 303 cwts., viz.
22 ewts. of cod, 2? cwts. of codlings, 22 cwts. of haddocks, 13 cwts. of
plaice, and 14 cwts. of skates.
On the 25th a number of drags were taken at Burghead Bay, in the
Moray Firth, the wind being light, from the south-west, and the weather
foggy, and with much better results. In the first of the two recorded,
which was in from eight to eleven fathoms, for five hours and five
minutes, 1149 fishes were taken, 353 marketable and 796 unmarketable.
The catch was chiefly made up of haddocks, mostly small; of a total of
727, the number thrown overboard as unmarketable was 604; there were
only three large and no mediums. ‘The second haul, for five hours and
ten minutes, yielded 3055 fishes, of which 784 were marketable and 2271
unmarketable. The total number of haddocks captured was 2458, and
of these 2086 were too small to be marketable. In the two hauls, the
time of fishing being ten hours and fifteen minutes, 4204 fishes were
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 45
taken, 1137 marketable and 3067 unmarketable. The numbers of the
two classes are as follows :-——
on 5 qd (=) oa) qd o fo
Pots tas us = 2 i £ S or a | bend
ne} io} z = ‘3 TA =| “e 3 =| 5 5 3
See on heey ee meea anne Vere hain) eens Eel aa
J 12 9 495 196 366 21 3D 2 i
Vile - 26 |2,690 228 14 - 91 - - ala i
Total UY 35 |3,185 424 380 Dil 126 2 1 11 7
The very foggy weather which prevailed interfered with fishing operations
near the shore; partly for this reason the vessel shifted its position and
made a haul in from sixteen to twenty-five fathoms off Tarbet Ness, The
drag. lasted for one hour and forty-five minutes, and it was found that the net
was considerably torn. The catch was small, amounting to 543. fishes,
of which 431 were marketable and 112 unmarketable. The number of
haddocks taken was 338, of which 315 were marketable ; there were
seventy plaice, fifty-two being marketable, thirteen marketable codlings,
five coal-fish, forty-two whitings, twenty-seven marketable, as well as six
lemon dabs and sixty-three common dabs.
Two or three hauls were then made in the Dornoch Firth, in from
seven to twelve fathoms, but the work was difficult owing to the thick
fog, and in one of the drags the net was foul and came up without any
fish. Ina recorded haul, which lasted for four hours, the number of
fishes caught was 1095, of which the marketable amounted to 933 and
the unmarketable to 162. The catch included 825 haddocks, all but 55
being marketable, as well as eight cod, two turbot, four brill, 148 plaice,
and some dabs. On the 27th a haul was made for sixty-five minutes, in
from eight to ten fathoms, with the small-meshed net, around the cod-
end. The total number of fishes taken in the two nets was 880, belong-
ing to sixteen species. On the following day another similar drag was
taken with the small-meshed net for an hour, and they may be both
considered together. The following is a list of the numbers of each kind
of fish caught in the two drags, nineteen species being represented, and
the total being 3657 fishes :—
Plaicen es. a or 122 Gurnard, ... ie ee 10
Lemon Dab, ies ae 4 Sprat, on re as 808
Common Dab, a dnt 845 Herring, .. e oa 4
Long Rough Dab, Be 24 Pogge,) .s ae 8
Little Sole, ue ee 18 Gobius minutus, . aon 2
Brill, Gee Ae anh 4 Dragonet, si 4
Witch, ahr Ae ays 1 Common Pipe- fish, 3
Cod, ae ee 20 Angler, : 8
Haddock, . bad ae 57 Thornback, 7
Whiting, ... ai et 708
From the Dornoch the vessel steamed to the grounds off Lybster,
where a drag was made for four hours and a quarter in from eighteen to
twenty-two fathoms. The net was found to have been badly split on
coming up, and the catch was very small, amounting to only sixty-two
fishes, all marketable. The catch included two cod, forty-four haddocks,
and a few plaice and whitings.
The next place visited was Smith Bank, where a haul was made in
twenty-seven and twenty-eight fathoms, on the edge of the bank, for
46 Part III-—Twenty-second Annual Report
sixty-five minutes, the small-meshed net being around the cod-end. The
total number of fishes taken was considerable, viz. 1673, and they belonged
to twenty-one species; some of them, as the young conger (Leptocephalus)
and the thick-back sole, were of much scientific interest.
Plaico nie 36. ae ver 19 Sprat, 6
Lemon Dab, es Ps 20 Gurnard, 8
Common Dab, ... sen eae i! Goby (sp. ); 6
Little Sole, xe oe 47 Pogge, 4 8
Thickback, Bec 1 Gemmeous Dragonet, 14
Long Rough Dab, as 3 Spotted ge 2
Haddock, ... is 25 Sand-eel, ... ‘ 54
Whiting, ... Zs Le 141 Leptocephal US, t
Cod, ae “a 38 Piked Dog-tish, 1
Norway Pout, a ate 153 Starry Ray, 1
Poor Cod, . on ae 1
From the commercial point of view, however, the fishing on Smith Bank
was not of a profitable kind, and the vessel returned to Burghead Bay on
the 28th, where a number of hauls were taken, three of which were com-
pletely recorded. In the first, which was for five hours and a quarter, in
from five to thirteen fathoms, 1198 fishes were taken, of which 567 were
marketable and 631 unmarketable. The catch included nine cod, thirty-
two codlings, all but seven marketable, 713 haddocks, the majority being
again very small and 540 of them unmarketable, three turbot, thirty-
seven brill, 306 plaice, all marketable, and a few others.
The second drag, for five hours, yielded only 269 fishes, of which 110
were marketable. Of 120 haddocks caught only three were marketable,
and the other marketable fishes comprised one turbot, nine brill, sixty-
three plaice, and twenty-seven common dabs. The third haul, in from
four and a half to ten fathoms, was even less productive, only 193 fishes
being caught, of which 111 were marketable and 82 unmarketable. None
of the fifty-six haddocks taken were marketable, but there were seven
brill and ninety-nine plaice, a cat-fish, two cod, and a thornback ray.
In the three hauls, occupying altogether fourteen hours and a quarter of
actual fishing, only 1660 fishes were taken, 788 being marketable and
872 unmarketable. The general average per hour’s fishing is thus a very
low one, viz. 116°5, while the average for the marketable alone is 55:3.
The particulars regarding the different kinds of fish are given in the
following Table :—
Cod. Codling. | Haddock. | Whiting. | Plaice. Turbot. Brill.
rs me | es | ns i | a
i: 79 22 - 2
Total 116 3 22 2 2 2
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 47
A haul with the small-meshed net was also taken in Burghead Bay for
seventy-five minutes, in from five to twelve fathoms, and the total
number of fish caught was only 173, as follows :-——
Plaice, : Ss ah 45 Whiting, ... 59
Common Waban, red i Sprat, ; 7
Brill, se nM - 4 Herring, .. 3
Turbot, nA oe ce 1 Long Rough Dab, | 1
Cod, ... es Ae ax 6 Sand-eel, ... 2
Haddock, ... et ee, 354
Another drag with the small-meshed net was taken on the so-called
“witch ground” between Burghead Bay and the Suters of Cromarty, in
thirty and thirty-one fathoms, and it lasted for an hour. The total
number of fishes caught was 2112, belonging to twenty species. The
numbers of each kind are as follows :—
Halibut, ... fo a3 1 Norway Pout, ... a 307
AYER ic) eae a8 a 73 Hake, eas i. ve 2
Plaice, . ne A 6 Herring, ... cai ise 31
Common Dab, _... ary 151 Sprat, Mee 484 a 356
Long Rough Dab, i. 696 Sand-eel, 3 ae 1
Thickback Boe a. 1 Lumpenus, 6
Cod, : ee oF 3 Goby (sp.) = re A
Haddock, . As ret 1 Angler, ... a A 1
Whiting, a ee a. 470 Starry Ray, - 3
Gurnard),-; -. Ae ii Thornback, 5
Before the vessel left the Moray Firth a few hauls were taken at night
off Lossiemouth in twenty and twenty-one fathoms, but the net suffered
much and was usually found split when it was hauled. The particulars
of these hauls were not recorded ; but in the first the catch included two
baskets of large haddocks, one basket of mediums, and three baskets of
thirds, as well as two cod, twenty lemon dabs, half a basket of plaice,
and half a basket of whitings. The offal thrown overboard consisted of
seven basketfuls, mostly of small haddocks.
On the way to port a small-meshed drag was taken in Aberdeen Bay
on 29th December. It was made in from eight to seventeen fathoms,
and lasted for an hour. ‘The total number of fishes caught was 4270, the
great bulk consisting of small whitings, The numbers of the various
species are as follows :—
Plaice, 53 ae as 1Om ioiggeblerring’s:. 5, 16
Common Dab, fee ie: 5 Sprat, ae es 39
Long Rough Dab, aN: 5 Gurnard, ... ve a a
Haddock, ... a i 173 Pogge, bs 2
Cod, . i. x a 9 Liparis, 2
Whiting, As ae ee SOF, Sand-eel, 1
The total quantity of fish, in cwts., landed from this trip was recorded
by the Fishery Officer as follows :—
Cod. Codling. Coal-fish, Haddock. Whiting. Turbot. Halibut.
3 1
134 2 ; 273 4 i :
Brill. Lemon Dab. Plaice. Dabs. Witches. Cat-fish. Skate.
14 11 284 1} 4} 4 al
The quantity was small, considering the duration of fishing, but the
foggy weather which prevailed for a large part of the time somewhat
hampered the operations. It was noticed also that young herrings and
sprats did not form so large a proportion of the small fishes caught in the
small-meshed net as was usually the case. Foreign trawlers, moreover,
were observed to be fishing in some numbers in the Firth at the time,
and three of them were working along with us on Smith Bank.
D
48 Part III—Twenty-second Annual Report
IX.
In August a record was kept of the hauls made by the steam-trawler
“‘Glenogil ” on the fishing grounds lying off the mouth of the Firth of
Forth. The vessel left Aberdeen on the 17th August, and ran for about
sixty miles on a course 8. 4 E. from Girdleness, and continued fishing
southwards for several days, landing the catches at Granton, to about
thirty-four miles S.E. of the Isle of May. The weather was good and the
sea calm. The grounds visited on this trip, as may be seen from a chart, lie
off St. Abb’s Head and the coast of Berwickshire and Northumberland,
and are much fished by the trawlers belonging to Granton.
The first drag was made in thirty-four and thirty-five fathoms, about
thirty miles E. 4 8. of the Isle of May, and it lasted for three hours.
The catch was a moderate one, the number of fishes taken being 608, of
which only 381 were marketable. They consisted almost entirely of
haddocks, which numbered 519, the marketable numbering 360; the
other marketable fishes were seven codlings, nine whitings, and five lemon
dabs. The unmarketable were made up of haddocks, whitings, and
gurnards. The next three shots were much the same both in regard to
species and amount, the bulk of the catches being composed of haddocks,
but. there were in addition a few cod, coal-fish, plaice, and ling. After-
wards the catches improved. In the sixth haul, which was for three
hours and five minutes, 2145 fishes were captured, 1713 being market-
able. The haddocks numbered 1755, of which 1535 were marketable ;
there were also 130 marketable whitings, one cod, nineteen codlings,
twelve plaice, and sixteen lemon dabs. The unmarketable consisted
entirely of haddocks, whitings, and gurnards.
Succeeding hauls were nearly as productive, the totals varying from
1243 to 2991, the duration of the drags being generally a little over
three hours. In all of them haddocks formed the great bulk of the
catch, the rest of the marketable fishes being made up of whitings, cod-
lings, a few cod, ling, and coa!-fishes ; the flat-fishes were represented by
small numbers of lemon dabs, plaice, and common dabs.
Altogether, in twelve hauls, up to the afternoon of the 19th August,
the time of actual fishing being thirty-nine hours and twenty minutes,
the number of fishes caught was 17,569, of which 13,874 were market-
able and 3695 unmarketable. The average number taken per hour’s
fishing was 353°0 for the marketable, 94:0 for the unmarketable, and
4471 for both combined.
The totals of each kind are given in the following Table, the market-
able (I.) being distinguished from the unmarketable (II.) :—
Cod. Codling. | Haddock. | Whiting. | Coal-fish. Ling. Hake.
I 27 373 12,464 711 19 8 -
II 89 2,264 695 =
Total 27 462 14,728 1,406 19 8 1
Plaice. cena ei one ugh Gurnard, Angler.
L 92 176 3
II 35 85 514 13
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 49
The haddocks were by far the most important part of the catch, the
average number taken per hour being 374°7 ; the rate for the marketable
was 317'1 and for the unmarketable 57:6. The particulars for the
majority of the fishes, showing the rate per hour, are as follows :—
° Marketable. Unmarketable. Total,
Haddock, . : : : : 317°1 57°6 374°7
Whiting, . . ; ; 4 18°1 17°6 35°8
Codling, . : : 3 F 9°5 2°2 i re
Lemon Dab, _. : : : 4°5 - 4:5
Plaice, . ; ‘ 3 ‘ 2°3 - 2°3
Gurnard, . . ‘ : F - 13°1 13°1
On the 20th and 21st August a number of other hauls were made
about fifty miles E. by S. from the Isle of May, off the coast of
Northumberland, in from thirty-four to thirty-six fathoms. The catch
was of much the same character, consisting mostly of haddocks, with
some whitings, codlings, plaice, lemon dabs, common dabs, gurnards, and
an occasional cod.
The record of one of the hauls was not completely taken, the unmarket-
able fishes being omitted, but in the other four, the time of actual fishing
being thirteen hours and twenty minutes, 7257 fishes were taken, the
number of marketable being 6342 and of unmarketable 915, The average
per hour’s fishing was thus 476°8 for the marketable and 68°8 for the
unmarketable, the general average being 5456. The total number of
haddocks caught was 6292, of which 5811 were marketable; 443
whitings were taken, 294 being marketable, 140 codlings, forty plaice,
eighty-one lemon dabs, and some others.
The averages per hour's fishing agree very well with those of the
previous hauls above referred to :—
Marketable. Unmarketable, Total.
Haddock, . ‘ : 436°9 36'1 473°1
Whiting, . : : ; 22°14 12:2 33°3
Codling, . : . : : 8-1 2°4 10°5
Lemon Dab, . : : , 6:0 | ~ 6:0
lane eee al et les 3-0 2 3-0
Gurnard, . ; 3 ; , - 12°4 12°4
| Tapuegs.
50 Part ITI.—Twenty-second Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
586 443 1029
| Time Trawl
Temperature. Fish Caught. ‘
P Depth Down.
Place. Date. g q in ae No. No. Remarks.
: £ g |Fms.| |; | Name. taken to thrown| Total
oe 5 6 a 3 Market.| Over | No.
< a) Q a ss board.
1903.
1. Burghead] Feb. 7.| .. 2 .. |17 to| 7.30 | 11.45 | Cod, sis ae 8 8 | Strong N.N.W.
Bay. 20 | p.m.|p.m.| Codling, .. ap 7 7 breeze. Sea
Burghead Haddock, .. ‘ 5 es 5 moderate.
Pier Whiting, .. ve - 7 7
light Brill, Hs Be 1 ae i
bearing Blaices es ws 50 ts 50
S.S.E. 4 Witch, ee es 86 8 94
miles. Com. Dab,.. A 12 14 26
Grey Skate, ae oe 6 6
Starry Ray, oe ac 1 i
Angler, .. i 4 18 22
Dragonet, .. tee An il il
173 55 228
2. Burghead] Feb. 8 | .. bs HS 1A7 to} 12:0 |) 34.0 9) 1Cod,; Aa Es 14 Hh 14
Bay. 20 | p.m.| a.m. | Codling, .. ae 4 ts 4
Burghead Haddock, .. = 42 Be 42
Pier Whiting, .. i 19 ae 19
light Halibut, .. rie 1 af i
bearing Turbo; jie a i Ke il
S.S.E. 4 Brill, ae 5a 3 is 3
miles. Plaice, of se 128 « 128
Lemon Dab, ind 14 iy 14
Witch, ot 5S 191 ae 191
Com. Dab, . \ 31 105 136
Long Rough Dab, 36 84 84
Cat-fish, .. , 2 a3 2
Thornback, “fd 3 2 5
Starry Ray, And 2 2 4
Angler, .. ae 8 36 44
463 229 692
3. Burghead as n ee .. |18 to| 4.30 | 8.35 | Cod, ais 2 23 MN 23. | Net had small
Bay. 25 a.m. {a.m.| Codling, .. LE 55 5 60 split.
Burghead Ling, as Fe 2 33 2
Pier Coal-fish, .. 38 1 me 1
light Haddock, .. ae 88 7 95
bearing Whiting, .. fe 23 a 23
S S8.E. 4-5 Plaice, ue ae 21 Ae 2
miles. Lemon Dab, ara 38 ae 38
Witch, oe 197 52 249
Com. Dab, . Z 5 97 102
Long Rough Dab, at 53 53
Cat-fish, .. A 2 ae 2;
Thornback, Be 4 S: 4
Starry Ray, - 3 ae 3
Anelery aa. Be 14 33 47
Herrinos ie AP ae 2 2
476 249 725
4, Burghead 5 Rs oe .. |20to] 10.10] 2.80 | Cod, Ag ek 59 a 59 | Light wind W. and
Bay. 30 | am. | p.m.| Codling, .. xe 25 2 27 by S.
Burghead Ling, a ae 1 ate 1
Pier Coal-fish, .. ae 11 of 11
light Haddock, .. et 89 a 89
bearing Whiting, .. ing if 87 94
8.E. and by Brill, ee ae 1 Bo i
KE. 5-6 miles. Plaice, Ae ue 88 ie 88
Lemon Dab, is 6 at 6
Witch. ne a 273 a, 273
Com. Dab,. : 22 172 194
Long Rough Dab, us 101 101
Thornback, : 1 fs 1
Angler, .. a 3 7 10
| Herring, = 26 Pe 74 74
|
a
Place.
5. Burghe
Bay.
7. Same
Place.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
51
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature.
Depth
Date. 3 E in
3 8 Fms.
ey etre
21a |e
19038.
ad| Feb. 8 20 to
30
” ”
Feb. 8 ee ° y o- ”
& 9.
Feb. 9.
8. Same
Place.
Time Trawl
Down.
no]
: <
Se 3
3
wee eo
8.25 | 4.55
p.m. | p.m.
5.25 | 9.30
p.m. | p.m.
10.0 | 2.45
p.m. | a.m.
3.0 | 7.30
a.m. | a.m.
Fish Caught.
Name.
Cod,
Codling,
Haddock, ..
Whiting, ..
Plaice,
Witch, ,
Com. Dab,..
Cod,
Codling,
Coal-fish,
Haddock,
Whiting,
Plaice,
Lemon Dab,
Witch, He
Com. Dab, .
Long Rough Dab,
Thornback,
Angler F
Red Gurnard
Cod,
Coding,
Coal-fish,
Haddock, ..
Gurnard
Plaice,
Lemon Dab,
Witch,
Com. Dab, .
Long Rough Dab,
Starry Ray,
Angler, .
Red Gurnard,
Herring,
Cod,
Codling,
Coal-fish,
Haddock, ..
Whiting,
Plaice,
Lemon Dab,
Witch,
Com. Dab,..
Long Rough Dab,
Thornback,
Starry Ray,
Angler, :
No. Remarks.
No. |thrown| Total
taken to} Over- No.
Market.| board.
12 ie, Gear fouled.
5 5
5 5
ve 5 5
6 : 6
72, : 72,
2, 2 4
102 7 109
28 Ad 28
8 a 8
6 as 6
46 4 50
se 7 7
81 a 81
2 te 2;
422, ie 422,
19 162 181
: 109 109
3 Mb B}
18 26 44
: 1 1
633 309 942
Strong E.S.E. wind
paki
rain
aoe
showers
and sleet.
44 ats 44
3 fp 3
326 11 337
21 176 197
a 132 132
4 2 6
19 31 50
x6 1 1
52 Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature. eee Drew Fish Caught.
Depth i
Place. Date. 5 E i ms No. Remarks.
3 Fms. : ® No. | thrown
= 2 +3 = Total
B >| 2 © = Name. taken to} Over- No
=| a a] a x Market.| board. :
1903.
9. Six miles] Feb.9.| .. | .. .. |25to} 2.25 | 6.30 | Cod, es 3 27 = 27 | Muddy bottom.
East of 30 | p.m. | p.m. | Codling, .. me 10 = 10
Cromarty. Haddock, .. Ls 198 Ha 198
Whiting, .. BE se 1 1
Plaice, Pp aS 4 B, 4
Lemon Dab, Be 2 oe 2
Witch, on = 826 67 893
Com. Dab,. we a 272 272
Flounder, AP ; 1 &: 1
Long Rough Dab, de 367 367
Thornback, Ne 25 ae 25
| Starry Ray, ae 29 a 29
! Angler, .. se 3 6 9
1 Sprat, : te 2 2
| 1125 | 715 | 1840
i MERE CSTE. SEES es
|
; 10. Same * is be R 1 NaGibS | lod iCod: 5 5 | Net badly split.
| Place. p.m. | p.m. | Codling, 3 3
| Ling, 1 1
Haddock, . 21 21
Whiting, . 1 2 3
Plaice, 1 i
Lemon Dab, 5 5
Witch, : ee 162 117 279
Com. Dab, ; a3 17 17
Long Rough Dab, Re 11 11
Cat-fish, .. : 1 : 1
Starry Ray. 6 6
Thornback, 2 2
208 147 355
11. Same |Feb.10.| .. a f J5 2 12026 105.15 | od, one Fe 22 = 22 | Fresh S.W. breeze.
Place. a.m. |a.m. | Codling, .. 5 9 $3 9
| Haddock, .. a: 159 ss 159
Whiting, .. 2 ts 14 14
Brill, a ah 1 Be il
Plaice, ae a 7 + of
Lemon Dab, a 4 we 4
Witch, a is 414 76 490
Com. Dab, . é a 263 263
Long Rough Dab, a 112 112
Starry Ray, fe 48 4 52
Thornback, as 23 te 23
Cat-fish, .. beg 1 “fe 1
Angler, .. ae fe 3 3
688 472 1160
12. Five . “ P ne .. | 5.45 | 10.30} Cod, 54 54 | S. W. gale.
miles East a.m, | a.m. | Codling, 5 5
of Cromarty Coal-fish, 1 il
Haddock, . : 86 as 86
Whiting, .. Be 5 igl 11
Brill, : ts 1 = 1
Sole, Ht il
Plaice, 6 ae 6
Lemon Dab, 2 ae
Witch, : 958 121 1,079
Com. Dab, 10 543 553
Flounder, .. : 1 “te 1
Long Rough Dab, os 267 267
Starry Ray, : 18 ae 18
Thornback, 10 10
Sandy Ray, 3 ae 3
Angler, tis 2 6 8
Herring, .. sre ss 1 i
Sprat, a sic us 10 10
1158 959 2117
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 53
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
301 135 436
Temperature. _| Time ‘raw Fish Caught.
Depth i
Place. Date. a E in = No. Remarks.
8 o | Fms , 2 No. |thrown | motay
~ p> 3 6 EI Name. taken to] Over- | “yo.
‘2 a ral o es Market.| board.
1903.
TomOt es | bebn 12) 3. is .. |10to] 11.40} 3.50 | Cod, Ac re 17 He 17
Burghead | & 13. 20 | p.m. | a.m. | Codling, .. ui 19 ts 19
Bay. Coal-fish, .. sig vi at 1
Hake, : ae 1 ar 1
Haddock, As 54 a. 54
Whiting, . are ae 5 3 8
Gurnard, .. sie ve 1 1
Brill, ae is 4 4 4
Plaice, ae se 80 a 80
Lemon Dab, Ms 3 EP 3
Witch, a os 709 125 834
Com. Dab, . : 12 307 319
Long Rough Dab, are 118 118
Cat-fish, .. : 1 3 ul
Starry Ray, i 1 1 2
Thornback, ae ne 1 1
Sandy Ray is 1 54 1
Angler, .. Be 19 32 51
927 588 1515
14. Same | Feb. 12.) .. ae .. |10to|] 4 8.10 | Cod, 7 a 12 cs 12
Place. 20 | am. |} am. | Codling, .. ae 23 14 37
Coal-fish, .. ae 6 ne 6
Haddock, .. as 32 ut 32
Whiting, .. Re 4 26 30
Turboth 35 an i ay 1
Brill, ae ss 3 af 3
Plaice, ag ae 115 Be 115
Lemon Dab, ae 3 fe 3
Witch, a6 re 381 254 635
Com. Dab,. A 56 542 598
Flounder, .. ; 2 a 2
Long Rough Dab, ate 471 471
Cat-fish, .. ; 1 te 1
Thornback, A. i As 1
Starry Ray, ws aC 3 3
Sandy Ray, a6 1 ate if
Angler; =: ae 21 32 53
Herring. 3: ae 56 5 5
662 1347 2009
Gare OS EEG oe
15. Dornoch] Feb. 12.) .. <0 | ee {ObOL2| 10:15 | 12515)" Cod 2 2
Firth. a.m. | p.m. | Codling, .. 7 7
Haddock .. a 2 AP 2
Whiting, .. bie is 2 2
Plaice vi ae 254 2 256
Witch, 2 19 21
‘ Com. Dab,. 24 74 98
Flounder, ig OH ae 27 |
Long Rough Dab, ae 28 28
Cat-fish, .. 1 : 1 i
Sandy Ray, i ; 1
Thornback, 1 A 1
Angler, 1 ; il
322 125 ) ) 447
| 16. Same nD te B .. |6to12} 3.20 | 7.20 | Cod, 4 : 4
Place. p-m. | p.m. | Codling, 2 el 2
Brill, a By: 4
Plaice 209 ae 209
Com. Dab, 10 116 126
Witch, 1 2, 3
Flounder, . 66 “as 66
Long Rough Dab, 16 16
Thornback, : 5 she 5
Grey Skate ae ne i 1
54
Part ITT.—Twenty-second Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
| Place.
17. Same
Place.
18. Same
Place.
19. Aber-
deen Bay,
off New-
burgh.
Date.
Feb 13.
”?
| Air.
Temperature.
)
3 °
nl J
5 | 8
Mm jaca}
Time Trawl
D ;
Depth own
in :
Fms. 3 3
g|&
oi) q
8.20 | 12.30
p-m. | a.m.
i
1 a.m./|6 a.m.
S tom e/ab) al elesio
p.m. | p.m.
Name.
Cod, i
Coal-fish, ..
Haddock, ..
Turbot,
Brill,
Plaice
Com. Dab,..
Flounder, ..
Long Rough Dab,
Starry Ray,
Thornback,
Grey Skate,
Cod,
Codling,
Ling, on
Haddock, ..
Whiting, ..
Plaice,
Com. Dab,
Witch,
Flounder, ..
Cat-fish ..
Thornback,
Red Gurnard,
Herring,
Cod,
Codling,
Haddock, ..
Whiting, ..
Plaice,
Lemon Dab,
Com Dab,
Flounder, ..
Witch, oe
Thornback,
Grey Skate,
Angler,
Fish Caught.
No.
No.
taken to} Over-
Market.| board.
7 :
1 :
2 5
ul ;
1 cE
223 20
37 28 47
oc 30 a6
20 63
2 dc
8 ste
26 ul
303 131
i de
60 44
2 :
98 56
1 3
237 ee
46 155
1 De
92
2
4 2e
: i
: if
550 160
il Fy
13 35
15 46
56 52
3 5c
2 3c
$e 23
1 ne
oie 14
24
6
1
35 120
thrown
Remarks.
Total
No.
Place.
1. Aberdeen
| Bay, off
| Newburgh.
|3. Aberdeen
}|/Bay. New-
|| burgh to
‘| Donmouth.
4, Moray
Firth.
Burghead.
Bay.
5. Same
Place.
Temperature.
Date. a 4
| ae
| ee ees
1903.
Mar. 16.
Mair. l7.
Mar. 17
& 18.
}
13 to
12 to
18
8 to
16
7 to
12
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
50
Time Traw]
Down.
|
: ae
ae)
° a
nm)
2.50 | 6.50
a.m, | a.m.
7.20 | 11.40
a.m, | am.
12.15 | 4.20
p.m, | p.m,
4.85 | 8.25
p.m | p.m.
9 1.15
p.m. | a.m.
Name.
Cod,
Codling,
Haddock, ..
Gurnard, ..
Plaice,
Flounder, ..
Thornback,
Cod,
Codling,
Coal-fish, ..
Haddock, ..
Whiting, ..
Plaice
Lemon Dab,
Witch,
Com. Dab,..
Starry Ray,
Grey Skate,
Thornback,
Cod,
Codling,
Coal-fish, ..
Haddock, ..
Plaice,
Witch,
Com. Dab,..
Flounder, .
Grey Skate,
Thornback,
Lumpsucker,
Cod,
Codling,
Haddock, ..
Turbot,
Brill,
Plaice
Com. Dab,..
Flounder, .
Cat-fish,
Gurnard, ..
Thornback,
Starry Ray,
Angler,
Cod,
Codling,
Haddock, ..
Whiting,
Brill,
Plaice,
Lemon Dab,
Com. Dab,
Flounder, ..
Cat-fish, ..
Thornback,
Starry Ray,
Sandy Ray,
Angler,
Herring,
Fish Caught.
No.
taken to
Market.
bo .
w -
He bo
626 on 9
WR WR OAH Aon
No.
thrown
Ov er-
board.
Remarks.
Wind §$.8.E.
Heavy Sea.
nD
wb RD ATIOH ® 0
56
¥
Place. Date.
1903
6. Same |Mar. 18.
Place.
7. Dornoch ‘5
Firth, off
Golspie.
iv.2)
>
-
.
-
ws
Part ITI.—Twenty-second Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature.
16 a.m.
59 20
9 4.50
p.m.
Time Traw]
Down.
Depth
o a in =
Ey S | Fms. . 2
° =I — += =
= ~ fe)
—_ p= | fo} = 3c
<q 7) fea) n oe,
‘ 2 6
a.m. | a.m.
8 to | 8.15 | 12.20
p.m,
4.40
Name.
Cod,
Codling, .
Haddock ..
Whiting, ..
Brill,
Plaice,
Com. Dab,..
Lemon Dab,
Flounder, ..
Cat-fish,
Thornback,
Starry Ray,
Sandy Ray,
Angler,
Lumpsucker,
Herring,
Cod,
Codling,
Haddock, ..
Whiting,
Brill,
Plaice,
Lemon Dab,
Com. Dab,..
Flounder, ..
Cat-fish,
Thornback,
Starry Ray,
Sandy Ray,
Angler,
Lumpsucker,
Cod, ak
Haddock, ..
Plaice,
Lemon Dab,
Com. Dab,
Flounder, ..
Cat-fish,
Thornback,
Lumpsucker,
Herring,
Sprat,
Cod,
Codling,
Plaice,
Lemon Dab,
Com. Dab,
Flounder, ..
Cat-fish, ..
Thornback,
Grey Skate,
Angler
Fish Caught.
No.
taken to} Over-
Market.) board.
aE
Remarks.
Place.
10. Dornoch|Mar. 18-
Firth. Off
Golspie.
11. Smith
Bank.
12. Same
Place.
13. Same
Place.
Date.
1903.
19.
Mar. 19.
Mar. 19.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature,
Sraing
Oo
alk cha Ne
_ s [o}
<q Dn aa)
Time Trawl
Down.
Depth
in Ke
Fms. 3 3
a Ss
a a0)
9.30 | 1.50
p.m. | a.m.
19° to | 7.15- |) ES
28 .m. | a&m.
|
11.45 | 3.45
a.m. | p.m.
4p.m./8 p.m
Fish Caught.
Name.
Cod,
Codling,
Coal-fish, ..
Haddock, ..
Plaice,
Com. Dab,..
Flounder, ..
Thornback,
Starry Ray,
Cod,
Codling,
Hake,
Haddock, .
Whiting,
Halibut,
Plaice,
Lemon Dab,
Witch,
Megrim,
Com. Dab,..
Cat-fish,
Gurnard, ..
Grey Skate,
Thornback,
Angler,
Cod,
Codling,
Coal-fish,
Haddock,
Whiting,
Plaice,
Lemon Dab,
Com. Dab,
Witch,
Long Rough Dab,
Cat-fish,
Gurnard,
Red Gurnard,
Grey Skate,
Angler,
.| Cod,
Codling,
Coal-fish,
Haddock, ..
Whiting,
Halibut,
Plaice, :
Lemon Dab,
Com. Dab.
Witch,
Flounder, ie
Long Rough Dab,
Cat-fish, ..
Thornback,
Angler,
No.
taken to
Market.
262
Remarks.
Net badly split.
No.
thrown
Over- Eotal
board
38
: 1
an 1
we i
3 50
39 44
6 22
1 2
5 1
49 160 |
aT
be 2
1 1
82 228
Bs 27
> il
ae 40
il 15
28 44
aia 2
221 221
ae 2
1a l¢/ 117
2 8
7 7
5 5
464 726
Be 30
113 Le
rie 1
75 574
ey 2
se 69
4 58
122 123
16 aly/
89 89
5S ul
24 24
2 2
2 2,
1 1
346 1016
Me 28
at 17
i: 1
973 1,379
27 27
A 1
a 90
3 111
214 216
au 1
ae 2
50 50
Ae 3
7 7
1 1
1286 1934
57
Place. Date.
1903.
14. Smith |Mar. 19-
Bank. 20.
15. Same | Mar. 20.
Place.
16. Off 5
Lossie-
mouth.
17. Same x
Place.
| Air.
Part ITI.—Twenty-second Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I
Temperature.
Surface.
Bottom.
Depth
in
Fms.
7to 14
Time Trawl
Down.
xe}
; =
oa an
8.15 | 12.30
p-ni. | a.m.
1 5.10
a.m. | a.m.
2 4
p.m. | p.m
Fish Caught.
a Ce 0. Remarks.
0. rown
Name. taken to} Over- ee
Market. | board. %
Cod, 62 62
Haddock, : 333 333
Whiting, Be 1 125 126
Plaice, 44 ae 44
Lemon Dab, 52 2 56
Com. Dab,. 139 139
Witch, 1 " ee
Megrim, : 1 ae a
Long Rough Dab, 118 118
Cat-fish, .. : 5 He 5
Gurnard, 4 4
Red Gurnard, 2 2
Dragonet, .. il | 1
Grey Skate, 2 2
Thornback, 3 3
Angier, 6 6
166 735 901
Cod, 23 ce 23
Coal-fish, 2 ae 2
Haddock, 3 124 127
Whiting, .. ae 216 216
Brill, 1 re 1
Plaice, 54 a: 54
Lemon Dab, 11 She 11
Com. Dab, ae 130 130
Witch, me : 3 or 3
Long Rough Dab, ee 71 71
Thornback, ay 1 9 10
Grey Skate, 2 3 2
Gurnard, ate 4 4
Red Gurnard, are 5 5
Angler, 5 5
100 564 664
Haddock, . 3 2 5 | Net badly split.
Whiting, He 5 5
Plaice, 45 3 48
Com. Dab, 5 8 13
Flounder, .. 2 2 4
Cat-fish, 1 a i
Gurnard, ate if a
56 21 77
Cod, 50 sts 50
Codling, 25 ae 25
Coal-fish, 3 Aes 3
Haddock, 3 Bs 3
Whiting, 2 AP 2
Brill, 3 ae 3
Plaice, 325 9 334
Lemon Dab, 6 ae 6
Com. Dab, 24 185 209
Flounder, . 103 32 135
Cat-fish, . 4 i 4
Thornback, 8 ia 8
Grey Skate, 2 2 2
556 229 785
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 59
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE L.
Temperature. pote Trawl Fish Caught.
own.
Depth etait es
Date a d in = No. Remarks.
3 as | -Bimen| 2 No. | thrown} moto)
S e 3 } 5 Name. taken to| Over- No
a i fea) 7 an} Market.| board.
1903.
Mars 20|0 5. rr We Bot i alalealsy yy By8i0) |] Ofer, ie se 77 $0 77
p.m. | a.m. | Codling, 147 A 147
Coal-fish 2 2
Haddock, ae 6 te 6
Halibut, .. bie 1 es al
Brill, Be oe 1 ie 1
Plaice, “Hs ie 190 35 190
Lemon Dab, se 5 1 6
Com. Dab, ye 24 117 141
Flounder, .. off 108 ae 108
Cat-fish, .. we 8 bo 8
Thornback, as 1 a 1
Grey Skate, air ae il il
Angler, .. ot Se 1 1
570 120 690
19. Same |Mar. 21.) .. ae ie .. |4a,.m./9 a.m.| Cod, a ™ 27 as 27 | Net badly split.
Place. Codling, .. Be 36 ais 36
Brill, ar ts if ae al
Plaice, wd e 69 5 74
Lemon Dab, a 2 1 3
Com. Dab,.. - 10 142 152
Flounder, .. wi 6 2 8
Thornback, st 4 oe 4
Grey Skate, ae ge 3 3
155 153 308
20. Off of ae Fe .. | 20 to | 10.25 |3 p.m.} Cod, F a 13 ae 18 lichtly split.
Tarbet 26— |a:ms : Haddock, j AS 87 4 91 ep Se
Ness. Whiting, .. oe 9 te 9
Plaice, Ba a 53 2 55
Lemon Dab, 3 1 ar 1
Com. Dab, AS 4 41 45
Gurnard, .. a Be iL 1
Conger, .. ts 1 ey: 1
Starry Ray, ni if = 1
174 48 222
21. Same a af ae M, ae 4.15 | 8.25 | Cod, ; es 48 ae 48
Place. p.m. | p.m.| Haddock, .. —.. 12 149 161
Whiting, .. a os 54 54
Plaice, ae Me 66 8 69
Lemon Dab, a 1 2. 3
Com. Dab,. : 2? 57 59
Long Rough Dab, oe 45 45
Cat-fish, .. j 1 AG al
Gurnard, Be as aye 4 4
Red Gurnard, we as i 1
Grey Skate, xe BC 2 2
Angler, .. 2 oc 1 1
Herring, .. BY oe iL i
130 319 449
22. Same |Mar. 21-| .. ty, A ye 19) psms|itaenra| (Cod; ae i 76 76
Place. 22% Coal-fish, ne il Ne 1
Haddock, .. de 4 36 40
Whiting, ; os 15 16)
Plaice, of ne 68 68
Com. Dab,. ‘ 12 15 27
Long Rough Dab, Be 26 26
Grey Skate, ae Dic 3 3
Angler, .. ae ae 3 3
161 98 259
ee eee eee Merce Boe et engine I ace le Bie pt
60 Part If. —Twenty-second Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature. tune Tayl Fish Caught. |
Depth : ee.
Place. Date. g a in rd Remarks.
ES © | Fms. j 2 |
is 5 $ 2 3 Name. poet |
< D fo nD x : 1 |
1903. :
1. Moray | June8. | 10°8 | 12°8 | 9.4 |5to8] 7.30 | 9.30 | Cod, “ie 1 | Seasmooth; wind, | }
Firth. p.m. | p.m. | Haddock, 1 S.W., light; net | 7
Burghead Plaice (1), .. ae slightly split.
Bay. ” (2), BS O95
49
Com. Dab, 63
Black Sole, i
Gurnard, .. 53
Angler, 2
|
g 175
2. Same | June8| .. se BA es) to 9 } 10.20 12.30 | Codling, .. 1 | A great deal fof —
Locality. & 9. p.m. | a.m. | Plaice (1), .. weed in the net,
an, aoe ‘ which was diffi- ©
65 cult to get clean. ©
Com. Dab, 79 ;
Gurnard, .. 30
175
3. Same | June 9.| 10:0 | 108 8:9 |4to9/7a.m.} 9.30 | Codling,
Locality. a.m. | Whiting,
Plaice (1), ..
1 | Calm, foggy
3
» (2), -. +:
55
Com. Dab, 104
Cat-fish, 2
Gurnard, .. 47
Angler, 3
215
4. Off SS 10:0 | 10°3 | 9°2 | 11 to] 1.35 | 2.25 | Plaice (1), .. Sea calm, no wind, |
Lossiemouth | 14 | pm.| pm. in (2) slight fog ; weed —
about 3 78 in net.
miles. Black Sole, it
Com. Dab, 87
Gurnard, . 110
Angler, 1
Sandy Ray, 1
278
5. Dornoch 4 96 | 12°2 | 9-8 | 8to]} 6.10] 6.38 | Codling, 7 | Small meshed net _
Firth, off 11 | p.m.| p.m. | Haddock, .. 1 around cod end. |
Golspie. Plaice (1), .. a3
% Pld. e
” (3), “* =Je
51
Lemon Dab. 2
Com. Dab, 22
Cat-fish, 1
Gurnard, .. 11
95
) wind,
weed |
Place
Se ee ee ey
6. Same
Locality.
7, Same
Locality.
8. Same
Locality.
9. Same
Locality.
| | 10. Same |
| Locality.
Date.
1903.
June 9.
June 10,
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature.
cs) =|
cielo
si 5 =
= °
2)/a|ae
11-7 | 12°0 | 8°9
Time Trawl]
Down.
Depth wn
in ;
Fms.| |; o
ro) =|
3
a |
Sito LL) 7.25 | 10,7
p.m. | p.m.
6to 9} 3.0 7.0
a.m. ] acm.
9to 13} 7.30 | 11.32
a.m. | a.m.
9 toll} 12.25 | 1.24
p.m. | p.m,
Sel Bt | edells
p.m. | p.m.
Fish Caught.
Name.
Plaice (1),...
Brill, :
Flounder, ..
Com. Dab,
Thornback,
Gurnard, ..
Turbot,
Brill, :
Plaice (1),..
” gee
19 (8);
ry GD bee
Com. Dab,.
Lemon Dab,
Flounder, ..
Gurnard,
Thornback,
Angler,
Cod,
Codling,
Plaice (1),..
(CARE
a» (3), exe
Ab LO a
Com. Dab,
Flounder, .
Gurnard, .
Cat-fish, ..
Thornback,
Plaice (1),..
No.
No. |thrown] ,,,,
taken to} Over- en
Market.| board. ,
11 :
205 ‘
370 4
939 Ab ahs
—-1525| 3113 4638
4 ts 4
6 aL 6
; 206 206
20 4 24
50 50
1555 3373 4928
2 1
: 1
16 . ais
124 : ne
311 54 me
760 Ae He
—-1211} 3306 4517
85); = 185 270
se 1
: 2 2
- 43 43
19 at 19
. 5 5
1318] 3541 4859
2
ae 2 2
28 oie 56
58 Os a
110 x ae
216 ane St
— 412) 693 1105
10 fe 10
2 a 2
3 17 17
1 oe 1
5 5
432) 712 1144
3 : -
24 : 3S
4¢ ; ar
9 a Sic
— 7 22 98
13 13
oe 6 6
ae 2 2
76 43 119
21 oF
18 oe
20 ee 0
14 be :
— io 25 98
‘ 14 14
1 do 1
ae 54 54
74 93 167
61
temarks,
Calm, slight fog ;
trawling round
Dan.
8! baskets of plaice.
Small meshed net ;
slight breeze
from eastwards ;
sea becoming
choppy.
Part [1I.—Twenty-second Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Place.
11. Same
Locality.
12. Same
Locality.
13. Same
Locality.
14. Same
Locality.
15. Same
Locality.
Date.
June 11.
”
Temperature.
g g
[d) =i
ol, Slee
= =} jo)
<q M ~Q
10°9
11°8
89
8 toll
Ld
Time Trawl
Down.
Hauled.
7.45
p.m.
11.45
p.m.
12.30
a.m.
5/2.
5,30
a.m.
7.30
am.
8.40 | 12.40
p.m.
Cod, ot
Haddock (1),
Brill, =
Plaice (1), ..
2) ee
”
Com. Dab,
Thornback,
Gurnard, )-
Angler,
Haddock, ..
Plaice (1), ..
»» (2),..
”
Cee
Com. Dab,..
Thornback,
Cod,
Brill, “
Plaice (1), ..
Plaice (1), ..
Com. Dab,..
Gurnard, ..
| Thornback,
1.30 | 6.30
p.m.
Haddock (1),
Plaice (1), ..
9
” S)y--
Com. Dab,
Cat-fish,
Gurnard, .
Fish Caught.
s No.
No. /thrown
taken to} Over- To
Market. | board. oh
uh i
1 1
1 il
35 5
155 oe
194 ae
36 AG
— 420) 406 826
< 53 53
i! 1
40 40
1 1
424; 500 924
1 1
20
156
150
102 a ac
—- 428) 235 663
20 4 4
3 3
429| 242 671
il at
1 1
9 ae
44 :
46
30 oe 2c
— 129 40 169
23 23
1 1
131 64 195
18
69
ee 134
274 a0 ays
—- 495) 547 1042
32) 109 141
23 23
il 36 i
528} 679 1207
2 oe 2
14 30 An
100 a
121 ae 56
86 | ieaeiapaete on
—- 321} 210 531
2 96 98
1 on 1
4 4
326) 310 636
Remarks.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Place.
16. Same
Locality.
17. Same
Locality.
18. Lybster
Bay,
| Caithness.
Time Trawl
Temperature. Howe
=). Depth ,
Date. 3 FE in ss
3 o | Fms. : 2
3 3 $ 6 =
421a| a a |
1903.
June 11 8 toll} 7.30 | 12.30
& 12. p.m. | a.m.
op 1 a.m.|6 a.m.
50 11°4 | 10°8 | 9-4 23 | 10.45 | 12.45
a.m. | p.m.
” 19 to 2.55 15 p.m.
22, | p.m:
Name.
Haddock (1),
Plaice (1),..
Com. Dab,
Gurnard, ..
Cod, EA
Haddock (1),
(
2” 2
Hake, ‘
Plaice (1),..
» (2),..
» (3),..
(4),
Com. Dab, ..
Flounder, ..
Thornback,
Cat-fish,
Gurnard, .
Cod, Pe
Hake, RA
Haddock (1)
” (3),
Whiting,
Plaice (2),..
Lemon Dab,
Com. Dab,
Cat-fish,
Gurnard, ..
Cod,
Codling, .
Haddock (1),
oP) (3),
Turbot,
Lemon Dab,
Com. Dab,..
Cat-fish,
Angler,
Gurnard, ..
Fish Caught.
No. Remarks.
No. |thrown
taken to} Over-
Market. |} board.
12,
11
64
190
360 a
—— 625 700
156
30
637 886
i}
14
2
— PL oe
al Re
15 as
87 coe
174 Be
195 Be
— 471} 352
12) 1C4
2 1
4 a
3 dic
60
510) 517
2 ae
1 Se
2 at
306 sic
— 308) 102
19 25
6 ae
46 bE
40
1 Ab
34
383) 201
1 oF
12 20
2 of:
314 eP
—- 316) 165
2 ie
22 a
20) 200
PAN bse
le ta
23
378} 395
63
Place.
20. Aber-
deen Bay,
off Black
Dog.
21. Same
Locality.
22. Aber-
deen Bay,
off Slains
Castle.
23. Same
Locality.
24. Same
Locality.
Date.
1903.
June 13.
”
9
Part 111.—Twenty-second Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature.
Time Trawl
Down.
Depth
in ro
Fms as =
< a
eal 2
8tol10} 2.30} 6.30
a.m, | a.m.
y 7.15 | 11.15
a.m. | a.m.
12 to | 11.30 | 3.30
14 |a.m. | p.m.
12 to} 4.15 | 7.15
15 | p.m. | p.m.
&
12 to} 7.45 | 11.45
14 | p.m. | p.m.
Name.
Cod,
Codling, ..
Haddock(8),
Whiting,
Plaice (1),..
»» (2),..
»» (3),.-
Com. Dab,..
Gurnard, ..
Angler,
Codling, ..
Haddock (8),
Whiting,
Brill, :
Plaice (1),..
”? (2), a
29 (3), .*
Com. Dab,..
Gurnard, ..
Angler,
Haddock (2),
2° (3),
Turbot,
Brill,
” eDiets
Com. Dab,..
Gurnard, ..
Angler,
Haddock (1),
” 2)s
. (3).
” (4),
Plaice (2),..
Com. Dab,..
Cod,
Codling, ..
Haddock (3),
” (4),
Plaice @),.:
Plaice >, aE
Fish Caught.
No.
taken to
Market.
No.
thrown
Over | Total
board. ;
1
14 17
£10 917
40 40
20 597
56 150
25 25
2
365 1749
25 25
250 1013
=16 56
aye 2
a 507
120 120
20 20
2 2
433 1745
109 | 1797
we 2
5
i60
87 87
16 16
1 1
213 2068
4126
87
70
oe 4283
2
Remarks.
Unmarketable not —
enumerated 39
consisted of six h
basketfuls, most-
ly small
docks.
Unmarkctable not |
enumerated.
had- |
=:
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 65
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I
Temperature. Fish Caught.
Depth
Place. Date. ry d in re No. Remarks,
3 o |Fms.| |; 2 No. | thrown Total
Pi 3) 3 s) 5 Name. taken to| Over- No
2 = & oa se} Market.| board. ;
| 1903.
11. About 60 |Aug.17./ 16°83 | 12°83] 89 | 34& 11 Codling, .. Uf 4 11 Course run — 60
| |miles S. 4 E. 35 | am. | p.m. | Haddock (1), 13 : es miles S. } E. from
from Aber- > (2), 84 Aberdeen, and
deen, and ” (3), 167 worked — south-
about 30 3 (4), 96 bs fs wards to about
'|miles E. 3S. J —--360 159 519 34 miles S.E. of
from Isle of Whiting, 9 52 61 Isle of May. Sea
May. Lemon Dab, 5 a 5 calm.
Gurnard, 7 7
Angler, 5 5
381 227 608
2. Same Be 35 & | 2.30 | 5.80} Codling, .. , 1 al
Locality. 36 | p.m. | p.m. | Haddock (1), 24 se oe
» (2), 96 ve
a3 (3), 104 are ‘<
“ (4), 120 te A
—-344 246 590
Whiting, ae 26 26
Plaice, 2 sa 2
Lemon Dab, 2 ts 2
Gurnard, .. 2 14 14
348 287 635
3. Same te ‘ 6.10 | 9.40 | Cod, 9 ss 9
Locality, p.m. | p.m. | Codling, 11 4 15
working Coal-fish, .. i 11
southwards. Haddock (1), 18 od
” (2), 50 oe
” (3), 254 Bp
4 (4), 187 ae 5
—-509 116 625
Whiting, iy 12 12
Plaice, uIP, if 12
Lemon Dab, 4 ae 4
Com. Dab,.. 3 a 3
Gurnard, .. : 12 12
Angler, 2 2
559 146 705
4, Same 3 834 to | 5.15 9 Cod, 9 2 9
Locality. 36 | a.m. | a.m. | Codling, : 7 7
Coal-fish, .. 4 ae 4
Haddock (1), ily/ = as
” (2 9) 120 se ee
.s (3), 167 sie fs
i foian ¢) 110 os es
-—414 86 500
Whiting, Be 82 32
Plaice, 6 re 6
Lemon Dab, 26 Ay, 26
Gurnard, .. ; 30 30
459 155 614
5. Same 3 AZ A else S79 9.45 i Codling, 40 28 68 | Sea smooth; calm.
Locality. a.m, | p.m. | Ling, - 5 Bi 5
Haddock (1), 40 :
» (2), 78
a SB) 122
” (4), 120 ac by
—360 210 570
Whiting, 46 96 142
Plaice, i183 as 13
Lemon Dab, i. 22 a 22
Com. Dab,.. Py ris 2 2
Long Rough Dab 3 3
486 339 825
66 Part II] —Twenty-second Annual Report |
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature. sie Trawl Fish Caught. it
own. an Pi
Depth Ke
Place. Date. 3 a in a No. Remarks.
3 @ |Fms.| |; | 2 No. | thrown| moiay ig
x = a ° 5 Name. taken to) Over- | “5 iq
a a a) S = Market.) board. 3 F
i2
1903. | qe
6. Same |Aug. 18] .. | .. | .. |34to| 2.5 | 5.10 | Cod, oh Bae 1 % 1 , i
Locality. 36 | p.m. | p.m. Codling, 5E =A 19 e 19 i
Haddock (1), Ae Gy 7 ss
‘4 2), 314 ¥ }
= (3), 621 Ee
» 4), 538 -.
—1535 220 1,755
Whiting, .. aie 130 120 250
Plaice, at Se S12 ca i
Lemon Dab, ie 16 fs 16
Gurnard, .. 6 ia 92 92
1713 432 2145
| |
7. Same ; a a - »» | 9.35 | 9.15 | Cod, a: erie 1 cS L ie ie
Locality. p.m. | p.m. | Codling, .. 3 58 et 58 i ie
Hake, 3 1 1
Haddock (1), By
ey (> oem
= (3), .. 1643
> (4), «. |435 SS oe
—-1516 209 1725
Whiting, .. a6 46 100 146 j
Plaice, a ae 6 os 6 j
Lemon Dab, =n 5 <2 5
Com. Dab,.. Es vs 8 8
Long Rough Dab, - 5 5
Gurnard, .. eS eal 38 38
1633 360 1993
i
Lex
8. Same |Aug. 18-| .. ae = a 9.50 1 Cod, ss ie 3 a 3
Locality. ihgy p.m. | a.m. | Codling, .. & 12 A 12
; Haddock (1), eal 58 ae
” (2), -- {311
” (3), - |885
33 (4), . 1489 be a
—1193 105 1298
Whiting, .. 4 32 63 95
Plaice, A- a 3 ae 3
Lemon Dab, se 8 = 8
Com. Dab,. md 3 3
Long Rough Dab, = 4 ‘4
Gurnard, .. a 24 24
1251 202 1453
9. Same 5 : ee z sles) 5 Cod, Bo ne 1 is 1
Locality. a.m. |a.m.| Codling, .. “3 23 ne 23
Haddock (1), «(126 ae oe
‘3 (2), 22 LO5
’:° (3 5 ee 383
9? (4 ); ee 210 ee oe q 7
—-824 180 1004 ’
Whiting, .. fe 20 64 84
Plaice, ate a 9 ys 9
Lemon Dab, ive 49 <- 49
Com. Dab,. i + 4
| Long Rough Dab, se 18 18
Gurnard, .. = 3 48 48
Angler, .. a a 3° 3
926 317 12438
|
Place. Date.
1903.
Aug. 19.
10. Same
Locality.
|
|
| 11. Same al
Locality.
12. Same Re
Locality.
13. Same as
Locality.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature,
___|Depth
g a fe
a ° “ms,
pi 2] 3
= le)
x MN —Q
35
35 to
36
Us 28 | 9°4 7
-
Time Trawl
Down.
oS
: <
~~
8 a
a on
Fish Caught,
Name.
5.30 | 8.30 | Cod,
a.m. | a.m,
9 12.15
a.m. | p.m,
12.35 | 3.45
p-m. | p.m.
Weld
p.m,
4.30
p.m.
Codling, ..
Haddock (1),
4 (4)
Whiting,
Plaice,
Lemon Dab,
Com. Dab,
Long Rough
Gurnard,
Angler,
Codling,
Coal-fish, ..
Haddock (1),
Whiting,
Plaice,
Lemon Dab,
Com. Dab,
Long Rough
Gurnard,
Cod,
Codling,
Ling,
Coal-fish,
Haddock (1),
Whiting,
Plaice,
Lemon Dab,
Com. Dab,.
Long Rough Dab,
Gurnard,
Angler,
Codling, ..
Haddock (1),
Lemon Dab, 4 f
Com. Dab,
Long Rough Dab, ,
Gurnard,
Angler,
Dab, ,
Dab,
No.
taken to
Market.
36
62
455
671
455
—1643
135
12
No.
thrown
Over-
board
“10
15
312
109
67
Remarks.
2
130
1955
O44
12
Caln.
At end of haul,
left for Granton
Sea smooth.
Place. Date.
1903.
14. About jAug. 20.
50 miles E.
by S. from
Isle of May.
15. Same |Aug. 20-
Locality. Pale
16. Same |Aug. 21
Locality.
17. Same “
Locality.
Part IT[.—Twenty-second Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS--TABLE I.
Temperature.
3 Ee
3) 7
al eels
s 3 °
< op) ia
Time Trawl
Down.
Depth
in ;
Fms Os 3
5
i= 3
Dn a
36 6.15 | 10.15
p.m. | p.m.
34 to | 10.35 | 2.45
35 | p.m. | &m.
55 8.10 | 12.20
a.m. | p.m.
Fish Caught.
Name.
Codling, ..
Haddock (1),
Lemon Dab,
Com. Dab,.
Long Rough Dab,
Gurnard,
Grey Skate,
Cod,
Codling, ..
Haddock (1),
” (4),
Whiting,
Lemon Dab,
Com. Dab,
Long Rough Dab,
Gurnard, .
Grey Skate,
Angler,
Cod,
Codling,
Coal-fish, ..
Haddock ee
2)
» 3),
» (4),
Whiting,
Plaice,
Lemon Dab,
Com. Dab,
Long Rough Dab,
Gurnard, ..
Grey Skate,
Angler,
Haddock (1),
Whiting,
Plaice,
Lemon Dab,
Com. Dab,
Long Rough Dab,
Gurnard, ..
No.
No. | thrown
taken to} Over-
Total
No.
35
2568
1621
Market. | board.
18 ily
128 ae
522, he
1044 ee
428 °
—— 2122 108
130 40
20 5
31 os
a 9
23
47
3
BYVAL 247
5
48 8
128
416
507
220
71 96
60 32
23 t
: 8
15
52
it!
2
1407 214
2
42 7
1 Pe
125 ue
623 ho
882 a
215 ak
—1845 209
104 46
10 ae
20 ake
ae 4
: 7
43
Ge
3
2024 321
20
105
268
180
—-573 68
ae 31
10 ats
¢ Sc
Se 4
. & 7
23
590 ilps}
——
SS
Remarks.
| of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE ].
——J |
qi Temperature. inate Fish Caught.
, | Depth ; evs
Place. Date. ry d in ro No.
8 ‘S |Fms.) |. 2 No. | thrown! mpotal
. Fe z 2 e 5 Name. taken to} Ovar No
= <q n ia) al an) Market.| board. ;
tase en ee ee ee
| 1903.
18. Same /jAug. 21.) .. De ae 34 | 2.80 | 6.30 | Cod, oe ae 5 ae 5
Locality. p.m. | p.m. | Codling, .. fi 13 Be 13
Hake, ie Be 1 fe 1
Haddock (1), all 186 Et ae
a 2), soon lia
i 3), 5 Silas
” 4), 448 .:
——2482 aS 2482
| Whiting, .. as 217 Be 217
Plaice, ae ae 28 ae 28
Lemon Dab, Ps 42 or 42
Cat-fish, .. ag i a 1
| 2789 2789
69
Remarks.
Unmarketable,
amounting to 1}
baskets, not
counted ; mostly
haddocks.
Idee
Part ITL.—Twenty-second Annual Report
pe,
70
Temperature.
Place. Date. o | 4
oO —_
)
2|a/|28
1903.
1. Aber- |Oct. 16.
deen Bay,
off Black
og.
|
2. Aberdeen sy LOA LO Sa | orl
Bay, off
Old Castle.
3. Same ap
Locality.
Time Trawl
Down.
Depth
in =
Fms s 3
Sg e
ay ae
8 to 12) 10.50 | 2.50
a.m. | p.m.
9 to12) 3.20 | 7.10
p.m. | p.m.
8to11) 7.30 | 11.30
p.m.
p.m.
Name.
Cod,
Codling, ..
Haddock (1),
” (2),
» (3),
Whiting,
Brill, 5
Plaice (1), ..
” Bie ee
Lemon Dab,
Com. Dab,..
Grey Skate,
Gurnard, ..
Angler,
Cod,
Codling,
Haddock (1),
” (2),
” (3),
Whiting, ..
Brill, ae
Plaice (1), ..
” (2), a
”> (3), Ord
Lemon ab,
Com. Dab,..
Starry Ray,
Grey Skate,
Gurnard, ..
Cod,
Codling, ..
Haddock (1),
” (2),
»”» (3),
Whiting,
Brill, ae
Plaice (1), ..
» (2), .-
99 AS), =<
Lemon Dab,
Com. Dab,..
Gurnard, ..
Thornback,
Grey Skate,
Angler,
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Fish Caught.
i | No.
oO. thrown
taken to Over- aie
Market.| board. o;
13 “1S 13
118 3 121
749 ue -
232 a.
536 ee
—1517 1517
259 5 264
1 ae 1
13 aN
9 an
—— 29, te 22
il A i
5 23 28
2 bt 2
a6 8 8
; 1 1
1938 40 1978
4 oe 4
273 9 282
395 : 4
164 49
540 ae
—1099 ye 1099
261 14 275
10 So 10
12 ‘ 3
169 50 se
13 : Be
—194 He 194
12 ue 12
28 45 73
3 2 5
5 1 6
4 4
1889 15 1964
26 se 26
179 iil 190
241 af Se
254 oe
170 os
——665 Se 665
96 16 112
8 36 8
10 is Ae
171 30 er
14 50 56
—195 Se 195
14 3 14
24 37 61
5 5
4 Se 4
5 1 6
ore 1 1
1216 71 1287
SO peg PE |
Remarks.
Wind S.W., strong | Local
breeze; sea rough.
|
Place. Date.
1908.
4. Same (Oct. 17.
Locality.
Towed up
to Cruden
Scars.
5. Same ae
Locality.
Shot at
6. Moray | Oct. 19.
Firth ;
Burghead
Bay.
7. Same a
Locality.
Temperature.
@ gi
oO onl
ale hseales
4S 5 °
< MR —Q
of the Kishery Board for Scotland.
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Time Trawl
Down
IDYey oye) ol] | ~
in rd
Fms. 3 |
° e
on as
12 to} 12.50} 4.5
20 a.m. | a.m.
10 to} 4.20 | 5.20
145) a.m. | a.m.
EGO |e 1230) | 5:30)
20; | p.m. | p.m.
most-
ly in
10
8 to 12}. 6.15 | 10.15
p.m. | p.m.
71
Fish Caught.
Name.
Cod,
Codling, ..
Haddock (1),
» (2),
” (3),
Whiting,
Turbot,
Brill,
Plaice (1), .
52 | (2); «
oe) (3), ies
Lemon Dab,
Com, Dab,..
Gurnard, ..
Thornback,
Grey Skate,
Starry Ray,
Angler,
Codling, ..
Haddock (1),
” (2),
Whiting, .
Plaice (1), ..
sett (2) ite
Com. Dab,..
Codling, ..
Haddock (1),
” (2),
» (8),
Whiting,
Halibut,
Brill,
Plaice (1), ..
Witch,
Com. Dab,..
Gurnard,
Thornback,
Angler,
Cod,
Codling, ..
Haddock (1),
» (2),
” (3),
Whiting,
Turbot
Brill,
Plaice (1), ..
” (2, oa
Thornback,
Angler,
No.
No. thrown| Total
taken to} Over- No.
Market,| board.
9 9
382 5 387
237 ae
156 Pe
397
—790 ae 790
214 14 228
3 A 3
4 P 4
12 ie
181 oF
11 He
—204 ie 204
3 & 3
14 21 35
4 4
4 2 6
4 1 5
2 4 6
1 ; 1
1634 51 1685
Remarks.
Small-meshed net.
Weather calm.
Catch included
314 baskets’ of
haddocks, mostly
small, and six of
plaice.
14 5 19
20 se
46 as
— 66 4 70
32 1S) 51
42 c
—-~ 42 ne 42
12 14 26
166 42 208
12 12
35 as
190 5k
6214 at wie
—— 6439 30 6469
60 150 210
1 is 1
2 a 2
2 : ce
178 it
277 Sic
165 56
—622 56 678
30 oh: 30
20 794 314
96 60 156
4 33 4
5 6 6
7286 1096 8382
1 a 1
9 te 9
i ae
180 oc
1282 fe
1463 38 1501
255 102 357
1 1
3
4 ans
314 ae
134 aie
194 ap
—646 20 666
2 oF 2
120 653 773
80 31 111
1 ate 1
21 21
2581 865 3446
72
Part I1I.—Twenty-second Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Place.
8. Same
Locality.
9. Same
Locality.
10. Same
Locality.
Date.
1903.
Oct 19-
20.
Oct. 20.
Temperature.
Down.
Depth ee.
od S in :
S 3 Fims.| _. 3
5| Buea ae
4 | avin a |
A12 | 1023 10 |8tol2) 10°45 | 2.45
p.m. | am.
IONS). || 4533 10 |8to13) 3.35 | 7.35
a.m | a.m,
8 to12} 9.0 | 10.0
a.m. | a.m.
Time Trawl
—————— |] | ON
Cod,
Codling,
Whiting, .
Plaice, (1),..
Lemon Dab,
Witch, we
Com. Dab,
Gurnard, ..
Thornback,
Angler,
Codling, ..
Haddock a
2
”
ae
Whiting, ..
Turbot,
Plaice (1), ..
2), .
Gurnard, ..
Thornback,
Angler,
Hake,
Codling, ..
Haddock (1),
2
catty)
Gurnard, ..
Thornback,
Angler,
Fish Caught.
No. Remarks
No. | thrown
taken to) Over- Total
Market.| board. 2.
2 2
5 5
16 a
12 a
3852 -
182 A Me
—562 20 582
290 94 384
7 us
89 r
214 i
324 i
—634 32 666
2, a 2
18 .. 18
786 786
80 18 98
3 a 3
: 10 10
1596 960 2556
ih 11
8 ae
ile i
1956 5 aa
——-2076 43 2119
250 103 353
1 be 1
5 ae ae
78 ie 3;
120 oe 5
288 ee xO
—491 As 491
4 as 4
5 ae 5
78 860 938
87 21 108
2, < »
5 5
3005 1032 4037
1 ae 1 | Small-meshed net.
2 3 15
2 P ji
27 oe
184 es a
—-213 26 239
10 46 56
4 Se aie
18 Se be
50 bea a
157 iri Be
—-229 ste 229
ae 307 307
13 e 13
36 14 50
u Ye 1
vs il 1
515 397 912
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 73
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature. mee Fish Caught.
Depth : ees epee
Place. Date. 3 FI in es No. Remarks.
3 o |Fms.| |; @ No. |thrown} moa]
ee Z 5 rs} 5 Name taken to} Over- No
a oH a) a ae} Market. | board. ;
1908.
11. Dornoch | Oct. 20. 8 to | 2.45 | 4.45 | Cod, ve 42
Firth, off 14 | p.m.| p.m. | Codling, .. 7 33
Dunrobin Coal-fish, .. 2 2
and Golspie Haddock (1), be an
” (2), $s “5
nay); ‘,
14 592
Whiting, 27 27
Brill, ae : 2
Plaice (1), .. ;
”? (2), oe .
somu(o) wesc 3
22
Lemon Dab, 3
Com. Dab,.. 61 61
Cat-fish, ae 1
Gurnard, . 5 8
116 793
12, Same ef a oe 50) 5.10 | 7.10 | Cod, 3 |w Sorte
Locality. ‘4 p.m. | p.m. | Codling, 2 12 Sree ee Hey
Haddock (1), Be
” (2), oe
ut (3), oe
652
Whiting, 12 16
Plaice (1), . a
31) (2); -. ae
” b OT 2 100
Lemon Dab, 8
Com. Dab,.. 43 43
Gurnard, .. 4 4
Thornback, 58 1
Angler, 3 3
71 842
13. Same a te 56 a me 45: | 45 | Codlimg, ~. 3 29
Locality. p.m. | p.m. | Haddock (1), a
” (2), es
4h 2 104
Whiting, 6 10
Brill, ae 2
Plaice (1), . ee
2)
” Pe aaa) oe
57
Lemon Dab, 4
Com. Dab, 60 60
Gurnard, .. 8 8
Thornback, ie 2
79 276
14. Same | Oct. 21.) .. Bs ae 5, | 12.20} 3.20 | Codling, . 9 19 | Weather fine net
Locality. a.m. | a.m. | Haddock (1), Ae split.
; 2 a5 oe
; 4 16
Whiting, 3 3
Plaice (1), .. aE at
” (2), oo oe
6 31
Lemon Dab, 3: 12
Com. Dab,.. 24 24
Gurnard, 11 19
Thornback, 4
57 128
74 Part IIT—Twenty-second Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature. omen awl Fish Caught.
Depth aes,
Place. Date. d g in rd No,
3 9 | Fms.| oa No. | thrown Total
a E 2 e = Name. taken to} Over- .
= D faa 7 fan Market.| board. :
1903.
15. Same | Oct. 21.) 12°0 | 10°1 | 10°6 |8to14}| 3.50 | 7.50 | Cod, a 3 3 5
Locality. a.m. | a.m. | Codling, .. Be 8 Bi: 8
Haddock(1), Aes eae Si
2031 142 2223
x (2), er PLO ;
6 (3), ne |LeBh ie ns
—663 2 670
Whiting, .. ae 15 25 40
Plaice (1), .. a0 || 1G of ae
» (2), .. -. | 24
Br Byes on Jah
vs ADS os ae] 2)
— 82 82
Lemon Dab, 2 : 2
Com. Dab, 233 233
Witch, sie 2 ais 2
Gurnard, .. ae iG 18 25
Conger, .. “te 1 ie 1
Thornback, 2 2
; Angler, .. oe oe 2 2
Piked Dog-fish, .. a 2 2
Sprat, oc 3 3
790 285 1075
16. Same 6 = ¥5 a0 | LO"to 8 12 | Cod, ae =e 1 Ne i
Locality. 16 | a.m. | p.m.| Codling, .. re 13 5 18
Haddock (1), xe ald9 a si
rr 2), So || 8 :
AD (3), >. (LTA ee
——1846 1846
Whiting, .. ne 2) 23 32
Plaice (1), .. ve fda oe is
Pome (2) seers i240. a ee
PLE (3) ices zo || Bt ie oe
sae, 1 COS oe .. {180 a ie
—-325 20 345
Lemon Dab, Bd 3 z 3
Com. Dab, ie 30 181 211
Gaurnacd en oe 8 ah 8
Piked Dog-fish, .. 7 2 2
Angler, : a oe 1 1
Thornback, *y 4 ss +
Sprat, a2 we 5 1 15
2239 247 2486
17. Same 56 Fa we --) (code 12 tsi 115) (ods s os il il
Locality. p.m. | p.m. | Codling, .. Ny 9 ie 9
Whiting, .. Ss ae 2 2,
Plaice (3), .. By if ak 1
Com. Dab, oy. oe 6 6
Sprat, ae i as 8 8
ii 16 27
18. Same 45 AN Be | .. |8to13} 4.50 | 8.50 | Cod, ae He 5 25 5
Locality. p.m. | p.m. | Codling, .. ae 30 12 42
Haddock (1), so |) BOs ee sf
ss (2), fe |) sxe ;
x (3), | ee ae eds a ae
| 1907 19 1926
| Whiting, .. a a 36 36
Plaice (1), .. Bem sf o =
Pat F sal (4) ore .. | 34
2 (Oye 46
me CO 15 a 5%
—-112 21 133
Lemon Dab, bs 2 a 2
Com. Dab, Ae 25 43 68
Gurnard, .. a be 10 10
Angler, oe ae il 1
Remarks.
Net split.
A
Loca
u |
Ants
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 75
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature. pe Trawl Fish Caught.
own.
Depth
Place. Date. a g in =F No. Remarks,
3 o | Fms : 2 No. | thrown] ota)
) be = 6 5 Name taken to] Over- No
a a Q a = Market.| board. ;
1903.
19.Same | Oct. 21-| .. nA . |8to13) 9.10 | 1.10 | Codling, 19 8 27
Locality. 22. p.m. | a.m. | Haddock (1), 166 ae
150
717 a Se
—1033 15 1048
Whiting, wd 9 9
Plaice (1), .. 10 50
eH C2), 24 -
» (3), . 32 aD
aah (AEs 70 ae
—-136 24 160
Lemon Dab, 1 ae
Com. Dab, at 760 771
Gurnard, 6 6
a3) (2),
” (3),
20. Same | Oct. 22. >» | 1.80 | 5.30 | Codling, ~.. : 9 9
Locality. a.m. | au. | Haddock (1), 73
5 81 :
» G, 645 .
—-799 i 806
Whiting, . 12 12
Plaice (1), .. 4 AA
» (2),. 38
i LG) here 120 ss
prio Bac) hed 210 r
—-372 18 390
Com. Dab, 347 347
Gurnard, 12 23 35
Thornback, 2 ate 2
1185 416 1601
21. Same - 9°4 |Sto13) 5.45 | 6.45 | Codling, . 4 1 5 | Small -meshed net
Locality. a.m. | a.m, | Haddock Be 10 x ie used.
D 9 = Fe
” By 69 .:
— 88 4 92
Whiting, 1 40 41
Brill, al he 1
Plaice GD) se 3 a
5 ee 21 ne
i DCS we (il ae
a eG heave 253 F
—-348 15 363
Com. Dab,. 23 371 394
Gurnard, 5 25 30
Thornback, 1 as 1
Piked Dog- fish, ae if 1
Sting Ray, i a
Little Sole, 1 1
Sprat, a 4 4
Armed Bullhead, 1 1
471 464 935
Face. Off 23 i 2 Codling, .. j 4 4
| Lybster. p-m. | p.m. | Haddock (1), 352 a :
. (2), 190 ;
” (3), 358 .
—-900 4 904
Whiting, 37 14 51
Plaice (1), 4 a
” ) 10
—- 14 14
Lemon Dab, 5 re 5
Com. Dab.. ie 30 30
76 Part ITI.—Twenty-second Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Time Trawl
Temperature. Fish Caught.
D :
Depth ne
Place. Date. 3 d in = No. Remarks.
8 o | Fms. : 2 No. | thrown Total
cs I 2 6 FI Name. taken to} Over- | “x6
Z = a = a Market. | board. i
1903.
23. Same | Oct. 22.) .. ae .. |23 to} 2.30 1' 4.30 | Codling, ’.. Ra a 13 13 | 20 baskets of had- —
Locality. 24 | p.m.| p.m.| Haddock (1), .. | 731 7 a docks.
» (C4 ns | Ce +
vf (3), Eben a
2454 9 2463
Whiting, .. ab 200 24 224
Plaice (8), .. x 11 11 -
Lemon Dab, ae 5 5
Com. Dab,.. aA a 20 20
Gurnard, .. ae 4 4
2674 66 2740
24. Same A at fe fe 23 4.50 | 7.50 | Codling, .. a 12 1 19
Locality. p.m. | p.m. | Haddock (1), .. | 449 Bs
i (2), Ae lea 34
BA (3), .. (L075 ~
——1995 13 2008
Whiting, .. ay 628 36 664
Plaice (1), .. ae 3 te
” (2), ie ot 23 aie
— 26 26
Lemon Dab, i 4 4
Com. Dab,.. Be 5 86 86
Gurnard, . By 3
2665 145 2810
25. Same Oct. 22 ae te fe an 8.15 | 12.15 | Cod, ar ae 18 18
Locality. & 23. p.m. | a.m. | Codling, .. mi 19 4 23
Haddock (1), .. |286 a6
» (2), .. 210 .:
i (3), ais86 : me
—1332 14 1346
Whiting, .. aS Be 21 21
Plaice (2), .. 18 9 ; 9
Lemon Dab, Ay 12 12
Com. Dab, ab on 66 66
Gurnard, .. at 13 8 21
Angler, ii oc 1 1
1403 114 AUSSI yf
26. Same | Oct. 23.) .: & a: »» 112.30 |-3.35 | Cod, ee ae 7 ‘i
Locality. a.m. j a.m. | Codling, .. ys 14 14
Haddock (1), .. {260 Be
3 (2), Ne 213 we
i. (3), —... [860 a
—-1333 9 1342
Whiting, 2, ~...| 450 26 476
Plaice (2), .. oF 22 BG 22
Com. Dab,.. oe ae 39 39
Gurnard, .. ea 10 5 15
Thornback, te 2 bs 2
1838 79 1917
27. Smith 50 ws 3a Re 21 to |) 6:15 | 715 | Codline, ec 5 1 6
Bank. 22 | a.m. | a.m. | Haddock (1), a6. 43 ne Be
as (2), Oi 6 oy ise
het Bde ARNO =
—265 37 302
Whiting, .. a 46 204 250
Plaice (1), .. oe 3 es fe
45 ie 3 2 228
— 31 ES BL
Com. Dab, a 3 674 677
| Long Rough Dab, a 3 3
Lemon Dab, be ais 14 14
Armed Bullhead, ay 2 2
Gurnard, .. Re 30 15 15
350 950 1300
Place. Date.
1903.
28. Same | Oct. 23.
Locality.
29. Off
Kinnaird
Head at
“Witch
Ground.”
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLFE I.
Temperature.
Depth
o gq in
3 © |Fms.
s te ~~
5 5 o
a N aa)
22
50
Time Trawl
Down.
Name.
8.10 | 11.50 | Cod,
a.m. | a.m.
150552550
p.m. | p.m,
Codling,
Ling, sit
Haddock (1),
” (2),
+ DD (3),
Whiting,
Plaice|();”...
Lemon Dab,
Com. Dab,..
Gurnard
Angler,
Hake, 60
Haddock (1),
2
TRC)
Whiting,
Plaice,
Com. Dab,..
Gurnard, ..
Angler,
Fish Caught.
No.
taken to
Market,
No.
thrown
Over-
board.
Total
No.
980
256
1236
430
483
6
Remarks.
Small-meshed net.
78 Part I1I.—Twenty-second Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature. Fone Tram Fish Caught.
Depth :
Place. | Date. 3 g in = . No. Remarks.
a o | Ems. : a o. | thrown
Hi = = CS = Name. taken to| Over- ee
2|a|@ nm | Market.| board. 2
1903. |
1. Aberdeen | Oct. 30. 8to15} 9.55 | 12.15 | Cod, sd - 29 Re 29
Bay; be- am. | p.m. | Codling, .. . 43 3 43
tween Black Haddock (1), sey || ksh! 28 ae
Dog and ‘A (2), Bey) ie Ko)
Newburgh. : (3), eS 16
—-— 392 7 399
Whiting, .. A 195 143 338
| Brill, 2 a he pee 1
Plaice (8), .. os 6 1 7
Com. Dab,.. At 8 I 15
Black Sole, 6a 1 ine 1
Long Rough Dab, rc 2 2
675 160 835
2. Same aN 10°0 |} 10°4 10 | 74 to | 12.45] 5.20 | Cod, ae a 106 exe 106
Locality. 12 | p.m. } p.m.| Codling, .. * 145 6 151
Coal-fish, .. AA 4 a8 4
Haddock (1), ah || AD 55 6
a (2), 2. | £79 -
53 (3), $8 10 =e ae
— 309 inl 320
Whiting, .. ae Dal LOT 161
Plaice (2),.. Hey ee) ms #e
Aa G) hare eer a
—- 308 308
Lemon Dab, Fae i ae
Com. Dab,.. Si ae 8 8
Flounder, .. a 3 #0 3
Thornback, oe aa 2 2
Starry Ray, is ne 2 2
930} 136 1066
3. Same r 5% of .. |6to11| 5.55 | 10.10 | Cod, Sean Bol ee 25
Locality. p.m."| p.m) Codling, 2-4 2b 85 9 94
Haddock (1), AS poral ~
” (2), «4: | 588
a Qi a2 e he
——1031 130 1161
Whiting, .. a 188} 640 828
Plaice (1),.. ne |) exe he
Pert 4) eee ie 28
>> | (3), - Bots ie . .
—- 114 9 123
Com. Dab, ae 25 13 38
Gurnard, .. ss Br 8 8
Thornback, He 1 ae a
Starry Ray, te 35 21 21
1469 830 2299
4. Same | Oct. 30] .. Ae .. |5to11} 10.45 |3 a.m.| Cod, - an 37 2 37
Locality. | & 31 p.m. Godling,) 5%: 49 7 56
Haddock (1), P| 4i5 aA te
Me (2), 5a || 3083 et
1 ane) aes |e i a
——1131 14 1145
Whiting, .. ae 272) 210 483
Black Sole, Sie 1 a i
Plaice (1),.. ae
Bee (2) ee Sb lb2. ae
” (3), ae oe 27 29
— 79 79
Lemon Dab, ae 2 ES 72
Com. Dab,.. Be 7 5 12
Flounder, . ne 2 Ae 2
Gurnard, .. we a i 1
Starry Ray, aie oe 24 24
1580) 262 1842
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 79
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
> Temperature. Hires awl Fish Caught.
Depth i
Place. Date. 2 q He 3 - Ane Remarks.
3 6 | Fms ; = 0. rown
x z $ 8 a Name. taken to| Over- er
< RD Q n en Market.| board.
5, Aberdeen] Oct. 31] 9:6 | 10°2 | 10°6 [8 to12] 7.10 | 810 | Cod, 6 OR ge ie es 5 | Small-meshed net,
Bay ; off a.m. | a.m, | Codling, .. Bs 10 9 19
Collieston. Haddock, .. Ne ei) walbyy 930
Whiting, .. die 169 75 244
Plaice, Bs oF 27 RP 27
Lemon Dab, i 1 a I
Com. Dab,.. : H, 3 3
Long Rough Dab, a 2 2
Gurnard, .. bie ae 6 6
Grey Skate, 1 1
80 Part 1[1.—Twenty-second Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature. pune Tree Fish Caught.
Depth :
Place. g d in I No.
8 2 4\ems.) = No. | thrown
- ES 3 ° = Name. taken to} Over
a RN faa) = an Market.| board
1. Aberdeen 92 | 10:0 | 9°8 |8to10) 2.10 | 5.10 | Cod,
Bay ; off p.m.| p.m.} Codling, ..
Black Dog to Haddock (1), 135
Collieston. my (2), 69
” (3), 334
” (4), 439
—- 977 36
Whiting, 18
Plaice, ae
Com. Dab,. if
Long Rough Dab, 2
Gurnard, .. ; 3
Thornback Ray Voix 1
Herring, ae 6
Sprat, 2
69
2. Same 53 to| 6.25 | 8.25 | Codling, .. ae 2
Locality. 12 | p.m.} p.m. | Haddock ee u a
” 6 ae
” ) 6 .
— 2
Whiting, . 6
Plaice, sis
Com. Dab, . Ne
Long Rough Dab, 1
Gurnard, 2
Grey Skate, 3
Starry Ray, 15
Herring, 1
32
3. Same 54 to| 9.15 | 1.20 | Cod, a
Locality. 12) =| pim, | asm: | Codline, —22 3
Haddock (1), 126 ‘
a 2), 75
” (3), 118
—— 319 10
Whiting, .. 22,
Plaice (1),.. 1 oe
RG) e8 53 ae
5 (Bh o- 67 ea
— 121 1
Com. Dab,. : 5
Long Rough Dab, 3
Starry Ray, 2
46
4. Aberdeen 56 41 to} 2.55 | 5.25 | Cod, a
Bay ; off 12 | a.m.|a.m.j{ Codling, .. 8
Newburgh. Haddock (1), 13 ad
” (2), 14 2
” (3), 81
— 108 20
Whiting, 37
Brill, 2s ae
Plaice (1),..
“hl (2) Seo 39 es
5 USNs 215 b
—- 254 ae
Com. Dab, . 3 a0
Long Rough Dab, 5
Gurnard, 4 19
89
Remarks.
Weather fine ; se r
smooth ; gentle Fh:
westerly wind. “head
6, &
Nothing apparent bos
to account for
very small catch.
ee
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 8]
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature. pe ew Fish Caught.
Depth :
Place. Date. a FI in as No. Remarks,
= oe i Wimgi'l Js s No. | thrown | motal
2 = $ ° 5 Name. taken to! Over- ie
= n 3 a sa) Market.| board. :
— -——o_o | | | — | —_—_—_—_—— |
5. Moray | Nov.9.| .. = .. |54to91p.m.| 4-10 | Cod, Ne oye ala) si, 11 |Wind west;
Firth ; Burg- a.m. | Codling, .. : 1 7 8 squally, rain.
head Bay. Haddock (1), dre 1 ag
” (2), catia se
2 a Mame rer
ri —- 506] 187 | 693
Whiting, .. AP 10 23 33
Brill, ay Ne 9 be 9
Plaice (1),.. He 21 Ae
és Hot on 2a T00
Hie 660 ays oe
-— 790 8 798
Com. Dab,.. ae 34 8 42
Gurnard, .. x a 84
Thornback, 4
1682
6. Same ar a oe .. | 5% to] 4.30 | 8.45 | Cod, 2
_ Locality. 13 | p.m.| p.m.]| Codling, .. 43
and Haddock (1), es
20 » (2), i
” (3), o-
” (4), ee
1,030
Whiting, 57
Turbot, il
Brill, EY: 10
Black Sole, 1
Plaice (1),.. ae
9 (2); .- it
” (3), Oe oe
929
Com. Dab,.. 296
Witch, 6
Gurnard, .. 24
Thornback, ips
Angler, 10
2421
i 7. Same |Nov. 10.) .. : .. | 4} to /3a.m./7 a m.| Cod, 3
| Locality. 10 Codling, .. 43
Haddock (2),
” (3),
” (4), oe
75
Whiting, 34
Brill, 31
Turbot, .. 5
Plaice (1), .. -
s9 (2)s = f
»” (3), hil C5
1158 ”
Lemon Dab, 9
Com. Dab,.. 304
Gurnard, .. a 102
Thornback Ray, .. ‘fal
Angler, ; . 4
1779
8. Same ; (Gone s 10 |5 to 10/8 a.m.} 10.35 | Cod, 3 | W.SW. strong
Locality. a.m. | Codling, 7 breeze; showery.
; Haddock, .. 25
Whiting, 11
Brill, os 7
Plaice (1), .. 7
” 2), ‘ a
So MG) fa =
703
Com. Dab,.. 180
Gurnard, .. ae 186
Thornback Ray, .. 5
Angler, oi 4
1131
82 Part III —Twenty-second Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature. ne ray Fish Caught.
Depth ‘
Place. | Date. 6) g in s No. Remarks.
3 o | Fms. : ae No. |thrown
s is = S = Name. taken to! Over. | aoe!
Z = al = a0) Market.) board | a
9. Dornoch| .. . ‘ . fp 45 to 13|-8:25.\|"7.80q| sGodling sc) Fs 11 6 17 | Sea smooth.
Firth, off p.m. | p.m. | Haddock (1), - >| 232 Se
Golspie. 5 (2), Ay ees
, be = 2. Wea
(4), Sor (Leg Ae Se
——1050 50 1100
Whiting, . <f 2 2 4
Brill, ao ae Se 3
Plaice (1), .. as 5 4 a
ay (CA yar ne WO ite
a HO); ab MOO? i
1264 902 2166
Lemon Dab, - 6 2 8
Com. Dab, 55 4 126 130
Grey Skate, of i ae 1
Thornback, 5 15 20
Sandy Ray, ss 56 1 i
Angier, ~.. ae Ae 2 2
Gurnard, .. dh an 33 33
2346] 1139 3485
10. Same |Nov.11] 9:2 | 98 | 9:4 3 (15.40 | 10.5) Codling, --. ae 32 g 40
Locality. a.m.|a.m.| Haddock(1), .. | 158 es 7
» (2), .. | 53 -.
” (3), 56 ae
” (4), 56 ws =
—- 323 52 375
Whiting, .. or 8 2 10
Brill, ie : f) 8 4
Plaice (1), .. 2 6 =
& Qe) all 038
sp yates .. | 453
59 ACA) cers .. | 416 Fe a
-—— 978) 259 1237
Com. Dab,.. sh 22 78 100
Thornback Ray, .. 1 5 6
Sandy Ray, a a 1 il
Gurnard, .. As a 34 34
Angler, .. BS ae 1 u
1368} 440 1808
11. Same 35 Ae a os » | 4.10 | 8.40 | Cod, DN ae 2 | Weather calm.
Locality. .| p.m.| p.m.| Codling, . 3 6 9 15
Haddock (1), so Palos ;
” 2), . |) 162 ,
” (3), 219
LS (4), 530 a
—-1011 271 1282
Halibut, .. rw il ae 1
Megrim, .. ac i a 1
Plaice (1),.. sh 6 Hs
wee ba) Sa sot Si Ss
> (8),.. 432 “
Ee Heid) 356 ja
—— 881; 114 995
Com. Dab,.. re ae 144 144
Long Rough Dab, ac 6 6
Gurnard, . as és 60 60
Thornback, ss of 7 7
Angler, .. ee Ae i i
1902} 612 2514
Place.
13. Same
Locality.
4, Same
ocality.
Date.
12. Same |Nov. 12.
_ Locality.
Nov. 13
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
83
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature.
an:
Oo
Py = and =
AS 5 }
<q mM —Q
Time Trawl
Down.
Depth
in ro
Fms he aS
3
° 3
Ss ss
2.55 | 7.55
g9.m. | a.m
6 to 10) 11.40 | 3.20
a.m
6 toll} 5.15
a.m.
p.m.
10.15
a.m.
Fish Caught.
Name.
Cod,
Codling,
Haddock (1),
Brill
Plaice (1), .
» (2), .
hs (3, :
Lemon Dab,
Com. Dab,
Megrim,
Gurnard,
Thornback Ray. .
Sandy Ray,
Angler.
Codling, ..
Haddock (1),
3¢ (2),
Plaice (1), .
Com. Dab,
Gurnard. ..
Thornback,
Angler,
Codling, ..
Haddock (1),
Brill,
Com. Dab,
Lemon Dab,
Gurnard.
Angler,
No Remarks.
No. thrown
taken to} Over- ee
Market.| board. :
OP} 22
23 3 26
97 ae
78 x
107 Ay
—— 282 46 328
al 4 il
2 os
137 a
319 AA
214 oe a
— 672 169 841
33 if! 4
12 63 75
al 1
“BO 50
4 4
1 il
2 2
1016; 339 1355
5 + 9
3 :
3 oie
== 5 @ 13 19
7 :
331
795 xc
784 i
——1917 184 2101
20 35 55
16 16
2 + 6
3 3
1950) 259 2209
5811 53
320
71 300
"20 20
2 2
696 3033
1 1 2 | Wind §S.; _ fresh
66 Be 35 breeze ; "squally.
84
Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report.
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature. ues Draw
own.
Depth
Place. Date. & g in =
(2) FF “ o
a 3 ms : =
= oe $ re =
Zl|a|a a | a
15. Burg- |Nov. 13. 5 to10} 1.25 | 6.25
head Bay. p.m. | p.m.
16. Same | Noy. 13 5p |) olO. SANG)
Locality. & 14. p.m. | a.m.
17. Same |Noy. 15] .. at ae 5a I evemg|| all
Locality. a.m.
Fish Caught.
No.
No. thrown
Name. taken to] Over- Tora
Market.| board. 4
Cod, 2. ae 4 Se 4
Codling. as 33 6 39
Haddock (1), Be a:
Ay (2), 26 is
(3), 30 .:
awed (4) 131 x
—— 187 46 233
Brill, 36 36
Plaice (1), 10 - a
: 316 ae es
” : 601 2 #
49 412 ai ae
——1339} 215 1554
Lemon Dab, its 3 si 3
Com. Dab. a2 40} 156 196
Thornback Ray, .. 2 obs, 2
Gurnard, >. ny ae 150 150
Angler, .. wis be 3 3
1644, 576 2220
Cod, oe rs 3 bs 3
Codling, .. Se 24 25 49
Haddock (1). 3 50 53
Whiting, A Ul 7
Turbot, .. si 5 E 5
Brill, fe bg 43 is 43
Plaice (1), .. 22 i -
5 (Dh a5 381 ; aes
EWG), A: 311 if: i
y Ces 389 ie a6
——1103} 1650 1253
Lemon Dab, ote 3 2 5
Com. Dab, ‘ oe 320 320
Gurnard, .. ds Sa 105 105
Thornback Ray, .. 3 5 8
Angler, .. Af a 7 a
1187) 671 1858
Cod, 77 : 77
Codling, 30 3 33
Haddock, .. mn 2 2
Whiting, .. a ss 1 il
Turbotw Ga: Kd 2, Bs 2
Brill, oie ye 15 ae 15
Plaice (1), .. 12 A
» (2), .. 205
»» (3), «. 381
Ag (CNG 6 234 wis oie
— 832 99 931
Lemon Dab, Ae 1 i
Com. Dab, 30} 124 154
Gurnard, .. ae x» 67 67
'Thornback, ae Se 5 5
Angler, .. oe ae 1 i
986} 303 1289
Remarks.
Wind S.;
breeze.
fresh
| fen’ Sanur tades abapevelbon tnptineetorrdoaai ay aateaadieeeaeeaaiont te ree one ie
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
Temperature.
Place. Date.
Air.
Surface.
1903.
11, Aberdeen|Dec. 11.
Bay, off
Black Dog.
2. Same 3 8°3 9°6
Locality.
3. Same +3
Locality.
Bottom.
Time Trawl
Down.
Depth
in ra
Fms. 2
= re
S a
=|
7a an
43 to} 10.15] 1.15
10 a.m. | a.m.
5 2; 6
p-m. | p.m.
55) 6.30 | 11.40
p.m. | p.m.
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Fish Caught.
No.
. | thrown
Name. taken to] Over- 1
Market.| board. :
Cod, 28
Codling, 118
Coal-fish, .. il 1
Haddock (1), AP
aa se); Ae
: 169
Whiting, 8 21
Brill, 1
Plaice, 1
Com. Dab, 4
Starry Ray, 1 1
10 344
Cod, ue 77
Codling, Be 105
Coal-fish, .. 2 2
Haddock (1), Pe Re
” (2), O¢ oe
de 23
Whiting, 13 14
Plaice (2), .. ae ae
” ); os sie
6
Starry Ray, 16 16
re Res
Cod, Ae 53
Codling, if. a
Coal-fish, .. 2 2
Haddock (1), a. 13
Plaice (38), .. ue te
” 5) ere) ee oe
We 12
Com. Dab, on 3
Starry Ray, 33 33
pee 2) | eeror
Wind S.;
85
strong
breeze; sea rough;
rain,
86 Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
fj
Temperature. Tne Trawl Fish Caught. |
own.
Depth
Place. Date. g g in =| No. Remarks.
8 o! | Fms. |. 2 No. | thrown] mota]
PS | 2 ° 3 Name. taken to} Over- No
a s a 3 = Market.| board. ;
1908.
1 Aberdeen} Dec. 23.| 8°77 | 96 | 89 |10to| 3 7.20 | Cod, of oa 77 Net split. .
Bay, off 30 | p.m. | p.m.| Codling, .. eS 3 “a
Stains Haddock (2), Aye 5 2
Castle. Whiting, .. a oe 1
Plaice (2), .. aie a us
3)) 25 oc
” ( ), ced 66
Com. Dab, of il
Starry Ray, a 30 et
Conger, .. oe ae 1 |
Sand-eel, .. ie . 20 :
182 24
2. Same Or 23 *: sie ” 8* | 11.30} Cod, 23 55 23 Wet split.
Locality. p-m. | p.m. | Codling, . ” 8 |
Haddock (1), i 1 |
» @) ae |
wae 2 |
Whiting, .. fi 5% 2,
Plaice (2), .. ne 3 ae
» (3), -. . iS
A) Seer a4 {fie |
” ( ), wie 23
Com. Dab, Bs & 1
Starry Ray, 3 46
105 3
3. Same | Dec. 24. 36 Hy LAO Cod, ae ue 26 Net again split.
Locality. a.m, s|a.m,| Codling, 2 Be 1
Haddock (1), ae 8
Plaice (2), .. Ae 3 There were none |
7 2@)) Se a 8 unmarketable.
— il
Starry Ray, be 24
60 A
%
4. Moray | Dec. 25.| .. Bs -- |8tol1) 1.15 | 6.20 | Cod, Xe a 4 is Wind S.W ; light
Firth ; p-m.| p.m.| Codling, .. es 9 9 breeze.
Burghead Haddock (1), He 3 =
Bay. ” (8), .. 1120
—-123 604
Whiting, .. a5 76 120
Brill, Ns : 2 :
Plaice (1), .. ste ite
9 ae ae c
” 4 —139
Com. Dab, Me SP 52
Long Rough Dab, ae 7
Gurnard, .. Me : 4
353 796
|
»
a
|
'
;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature.
Depth
Place. Date. 3 3 in
3 8 |Fms
folie Saar
| wage
1903.
5. Moray | Dec. 25.
Firth ;
Burghead
Bay.
6. Off Dec. 26.) 7-4 9 9°2
Tarbetness. 25
7. Dornoch oe
Firth.
oes. Off | Dec. 27.) 6:2) | 75 | 8:3
| Lybster. 22
Time Trawl
Down.
6.45 | 11.55
p-m. | p.m,
16 to} 9.380 | 11.15
a.m. | a.m.
7to1l1| 4.40 | 8.40
p-m. | p.m.
18 to | 12.45 5
p-m. | p.m.
Cod,
Codling, ..
Haddock (1),
2
”
od 7G);
Whiting,
Turbot,
Brill, ws
Plaice (1), ..
” 2 wach’
»» (3),--
Lemon Dab,
Com. Dab,..
Gurnaid, ..
Codling, ..
Haddock (1),
2
”
(2),
” (3),
Coal-fish, ..
Whiting,
Brill, te
Plaice (1), ..
O)
” aah) \
Lemon Dab,
Com. Dab,
Witch,
Cod,
Codling, ..
Haddock (1),
” (3),
Whiting,
Turbot,
Brill,
Plaice(@); ...
Com. Dab,
Long Rough Dab,
Flounder, ..
Cod,
Codling, ..
Haddock (1),
” (2),
Whiting, .
Phaice(1), ..
” (2), oes
Witch,
Fish Caught.
No.
No. | thrown
taken to] Over- Tol
Market.| board. d
8 We 8
sie l¢/ 17
346 at Ao
—-372 2086 2458
120 108 228
2 Le Z
19 ea 19
ij -
134 vs
86 a iA
——297 14 241
1 4 il
25 39 74
aos dl ts
784 2271 3055
13 4 17
129 : :
36 : a
150 : os
—315 23 338
5 i 5
Dik 15 42
1 ni 1
) oe ae
23 pic ,
10 Sik ts
—— 02 18 70
6 at 6
11 52 63
1 as 1
431 112 543
8 et 8
3 4 4
160 He Bic
498 3 3s
112 : 3
—770 55 825
oe 23 23
2 se 2
4 4
15 :
70 7
46 ae
aly atc
—148 148
a 54 54
26 26
aL : ul
933 162 1095
2 ae 2
2 is 2
38 Sic :
6 : bic
— 44 44
9 9
3
1
——7 4 1
1 1
|
Remarks.
87
Weather foggy.
Thick fog. Net
split.
Thick fog.
Net badly split.
No offal
88 Part I11.—Twenty-second Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature. 3 - ne Fish Caught.
ep
Place. Date. é s in | = No. Remarks.
S Ss |Fms.| |; 2 No. | thrown Total
| 3 = = | ° = Name. taken to) Over- No
| < = = + = | Market. board. :
| | | | | - te
1903. | | |
9. Burghead] Dec.28; .. | .. | .. |5t013) 2.30 | 7.45 | Cod, ad 9 ote 9 | Weather fine; calm.’
Bay. p.m. | p.m. | Codling, 25 7 32
| | Haddock (1), 4
” (2), | 9
| Te a om ee i
| | 73] Bay Ras
Wihitng, 2) LIPS 22 22
| Turbot, oe 3 os 3
j Brill, : sk 37 37
| | | | Plaice (1)... -. | 21
| | 5 Mee oes ein
| He 6) Se | Lim oe
|Lemon Dab, .. 3 = 3
| |Com.Dab,.. :. | 10 54 64
| Gurnard, .. = at 8 8
| | | Catfish, .. .. 1 a 1
| | | 567 | 631 | 1198
i (ees ees EE Se
| |
10. Same | Dec.29.; 1°38 | 5°0 | 7°3 |5t012) 4.25 | 9.25 | athe A Sey _ :
Locality. a.m. | a.m. | Co : i |e oe 6
Haddock (1), Pg 1 say ei gee
Whiting, .. x 13 13
Turbot, 1 1
| ' B il ’ . .- 9 9
| Plaice(1), .. os 7
ore (2y a= as EL
Be) 63) So Sud aos ~ a
| Com. Dab,. 27 14 41
Long Rouch Dab, - 2 2
| | Gurnard, .. re 7 7
} | eS
tate alee | | | 110 | 156 | 269
eed eames (ee
ieee | |
| |
11. Same | ,, | | 4ito| 12 | 4 | Cod, ee bs ee 2
Locality. 10 | p.m.} p.m | ee - 3
ock, . 56
| Whiting, . 5 5
| Brill, - 7 a 7
Plaice ();- 3 oe se
i ” (2), 2 84 “* .
| iia? (3), - 12 a == a
| Com. Dab, = 11 11
| Cat-fish, 1 oe 1
Gurnard, .. = a 7 7
Thornback, ae 2 Ae 2
: 111 82 193
NN
:
:
a
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 89
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE II.
Giving particulars as to Boxes of Fish brought to Market.
LARGE HADDOCKS.
Length—Cm. Weight.
ae i Remarks.
Range. Average. | In Bulk. | Separately.
Lbs. Oz. Lbs. Oz.
142 sano -OUeD 36°7 140 4 ee
114 33°4—67°3 41°4 ae 132 14
128 276-48 °6 38°8 Wie Ss on, 2
78 36 8-57'6 45°4 VB ie 139 14 | From Faroe.
85 36°1-60°5 4553 149 9 148 10 3 =
114 Sie Ode (134 «4 Se
aT 36°1-54°5 1h 12
110 3, —60°1 aa 129 12 as
28 90) -=7 1-4 61°6 Tie 3: 126 10 | From Iceland.
Ly 36°7-59°5 65)
Mey 34:2-64:°0 136 —
87 38 -62 L328 7
94. 36'5-56 JIB oe
87 390-64 133i 4
87 38 '2-58'8 130) =
115 30-00 uy 130 13 so
135 34-5] 40°7 lavt. 28 134 8
ra BOM OLue is 27) 2 ae
132 31°7-54 106 _-
148 33 —37 106 5
130 36°2-49°5 112 14
134. 33°5-50°7 om 110 12 Hate
122 33 -66°3 42:0 136 = 8 135y be
120 By eps | 42°0 let ere Sesrune
103 36°5—52'3 ishr 2
95 30° )-04'3 177 US
90 34°6757 50a v= ;
96 3) O—o2 12k 8
101 29°5-51°6 igo 5
102 36°9-54°5 140 4
95 3D) 04 | 37a
102 35 -56°7 144 14
95 36 -59°7 Tobe 4
94 371-57 °:4 130. 68
95 34°8-60°5 1 id
97 35 °8-55°6 Lidl | aay
35 50°5-70°8 59:2 122 10 Me Extra L.
35 52 f=1300 60:3 L28e We a3 A
35 51°4-72:'8 60°1 133 14 isk Ke
37 51°6-68°8 58°7 12 ee re
38 50°7-66°9 58°5 Loe kb Hee Ba
35 50°3—70 59°7 bo? 5 ay ee
83 a4 j—-Oar! 44 °9 hs *6 at
Part LI1.—Twenty-second Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE ITI.
MEDIUM HADDOCKS.
Length—Cm.
Range.
32°6-38'5
30°3-40°3
28°9-44°9
30°1-40°
26°7-40°6
295-38 2
32° —39°4
29°8-39°7
30°4-41°
31°0-38°5
28 -39°4
27 8-532
32°2-48°5
27 °3-40°6
268-38°
28-4406
30-2-39°6
31°4-41°3
29°5-37°5
26 -9-40°1
29°6-43°9
25°3-39°
28 °7-40°2
27 °6-38°9
32°4-48°4
Average.
Qo to vo Go Go GO
He He OS GO
ore ot Ot co bo
33:1
34:3
Weight.
In Bulk. | Separately.
Lbs. Oz. | Lbs. Oz.
124 "3S ie
a 118 114
12] 4 119 -
119 8 LIS 38
Si 8 126 10
126) 12 1373 4
1s 4 #
120 12 e
ls. — 8 Lie is
124 6 [Ip 24Re TEE
[302 =
126 8
129)» A:
12h 10
Ty
126 8
124 8
2S
LOO. 7
124, 12
ae ee
123) 12 121 9
IOs Ss Py.
128. 11
108 4
126 9
139, =
Vist) es
i A ae al
be: i |
126 9
123, 6
122)" 3
(25) 14
(24> 19
Remarks.
Also 1 codling 26°9,
Also 1 whiting 28-0
cm., 4 oz.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. Ba
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE II.
SMALL HADDOCKS.
Length—Cm. Weight.
No. of | | : ;
Fish Remarks.
Range. Average. | In Bulk. | Separately.
Lbs. Oz Lbs. Oz.
287 22°4-30°2 1038 - a Also 5 whitings and
6 codlings.
246 26"3—2o- 30°3 ELO- 13 1054
259 22°S—ao | ak Tiles) (4
264 246-36 °7 31°0 120. - 120 2 | Also 1 whiting 30:1
and 5 oz.
280 24°8-30°7 ee 119 +6
262 27 -O-oa 4 eA Lge 5
247 27°5-36°4 32-5 114 15 b4y =
240 26°6-36'6 Seo MG 6 brs
247 26°1-36°0 31°6 122) 428 [Dog gs
255 26°8-35°6 31°9 128 12 1267 312
293 24°4-36°4. 31-1 ee oe
268 25°6-36'2 ate ies
273 23 °2-33°6 392 Ti4e *<8
269 Be 10) [es 333165) Shek DATS
Zor 2hO- 33:8 30°4 106 12
277 24 °2-34°8 30°6 117 (10
271 O31 34-3 30° 103° 4i2:
268 24°7-33°5 30°3 108 5
287 228-343 29°9 flis. tS
249 24 °3-34°3 Are 103 12 ae
247 21°6-34°7 fe TOE “10 As Also 2 whitings 41:1
and 46°3 cm.
Zio 21°9-33°7 107-12 +4
278 23-147 110 4 109 8
261 21°7-34°6 Ese eo ae
258 25°0-35'6 30°2 108 8 LOZ V2
319 24°5-36°6 29°4. 1238 20 LID 15
216 27 :0-34°6 ye 104 12 ah
231 28 °2-34°1 ae 108; 2
203 27 °8-34:°8 Seo 102: 15
274 26°8—aarz re Loree
270 24°3-34'8 30°7 127. 4 27
223 26 :9-36'0 31°4 109 12 Also 1 whiting 43°5
cm.
208 274-3170 Bes, Iie = UNE oat
aA 27 -6-34°6 IO: 4
yAlg | 2eLl=aoco 102 13
250 Wd 815 | 4 2
248 23°4-33°9 10S a7,
241 24°8-35°5 106 14
226 26 '3-34°5 10a
228 26°4-34°9 104 10
255 248-352 107. -
Part ITT.—Twenty-second Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE II.
Length—Cm.
Range.
38 ‘2-66'8
36°1-60°5
30°4-73
30°3-69°6
29°5-71°9
34 -77'5
41°5-74°9
28 -68°8
41°2-73
38 -74
28°5-66°5
30°3-76
361-751
29 -70°4
28 ‘5-72
34°9-71°8
50°4-78°3
28 ‘2-78 °5
37 °2-75°
31°2-65'1
34°4-71°9
33 °2-80°8
36°5-71°1
34°8-71°6
42°4-70°4
28°3-62°6
Average.
56°6
45'3
49°6
48°]
51:2
Ore Or
(=) (SC =)
on
He Or 2S
ener Bl rey en iyrs
Or
—
Ww oO
Nejive)
CODLING. ;
Weight.
In Bulk. | Separately.
Libs. Oz. | Lbs. Oz.
114 153
149 9 148 10
1277 80 126 9
124 13 118 14
133- -
125 -
156 4
125 6
128 9
132 13
137.5 Es
127 10 125 +59
122 12
131 -
124 -
131 14
125 8
135 3
136 12 135 8
132 12 131 10
139 - 138 2
1385 - 134 8
125 4 TZ 43
128 9
116 -
93
Remarks.
Also 1 cat-fish, 2 lbs.
54 02.
Also lling, 73°6cm.,
5 lbs. 2 02.
Also 1 ling, 53 cm.,
and 1 whiting.
Also 1 ling, 58 cm.
Also 1 ling, 1 4:
12 oz.
Also 1 ling, 60°6=
2 Ibs. 8 oz.
Ungutted.
3?
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 93
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE IT.
WET LN Ge.
Length—Cm. Weight.
Remarks.
Range. Average. | In Bulk. | Separately.
EEbs:7 Oz;" |» Lbs; Oz: |
155 30°3-53°5 38" ns 125" 2 a i peer: 1 Ib.
180 28°1-45°5 35°9 13k. 63 130) EY Also. 1 ieddace: 34°0
=6 oz.
157 30 -52°4 Ses 128 12
192 28 °6-46°3 a 129 4
216 24°2-48°1 34°3 os) Ot)
260 24°7-44°7 ae LOS UY at Also 1 haddock, 32:0
and | codling, 43 °2,
218 22 :2-46°7 oS 94 6 ns Also 2 _ haddocks,
31°8, 28°8, and I
codling, 38:3.
183 273-43 33°2 Dies *4 113 10 | Line, ungutted.
123 32°2-44°2 36°6 106 - 97 «12 Do. do.
183 27°9-34°7 31°0 Sires 86 5 Do. do.
138 29 2-45 34°9 103. - 10Y 59 Do. do.
85 31°9-46°2 37 '2 es a) 86 10 Do. do.
225 27 °3-40'2 32°1 VIS... 5 116 12 | Also 4 haddocks 25:5
—27°2—1 lb. 4 oz.
94, Part I11.—Twenty-second Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE II.
SMALL WHITING.
Length—Cm. Weight.
No. of Remarks.
Fish
Range. Average. | In Bulk. | Separately.
{ |
| Lbs. Oz. | Lbs. Oz.
279 24 °3-33°5 29°5 106 5 103 13 | Round, ungutted.
Also 3 haddocks
= 1:0 oz.
351 20°6-32°6 26°4 o7 13 96 5 | Line, gutted.
415 20-8-33°9 oe 1Lasie4: - Also 1 haddock 21:0
cm.
274 24°7-33°7 28'5 92 - 90 2 | Line, gutted.
257 23°1-36°5 27°3 91 14 89 14 | Line, ungutted.
LARGE PLAICE.
Length—Cm. Weight.
ee f Se SS Remarks.
Range. Average. | In Bulk. | Separately.
| Lbs. Oz. | Lbs. Oz.
60 40 -56°'8 136 15
24 55°7-13°5 fe 140 11
24 51°0-69'3 i; iS 141 2
7 55°1-64°0 8 144 4
26 50°8-66:0 a 150 4
27 534-682 a> AS
35 47 -59°7 Np 129. 4
24 Fes i (24 eo) 139 48
25 52°8-69°7 60°4. 149 J
42, 33°7-67°9 at 135. 9
“a 57 °9-87°6 74°8 138 6
Liye 52-6-80°8 64:0 132 4A3
15 55'9-78°8 66:2 132 412
21 5G? —jors 63:1 147 10
23 55°1-68°3 60°4 139 14
24 54°7-68°4 60°1 ee
23 55°7-68°7 60°7 135 Al
23 Seal) | 61°4 146: 22
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
TRAWLING INVESTIG ATIONS—TABLE II.
MEDIUM PLAICE.
Length—Cm. Weight.
paige —<—<—— | Remarks.
Range. Average. | In Bulk. | Separately.
Lbs. Oz. Lbs. Oz.
144 30) =53:0) 35°8 131 L
134 ! 29°2-47°5 34°2 135 13
66 30°6-50°6 41°3 129.7 = 128) 1
109 30°7-46'2 36°6 126 8
89 30°1-55°4 38°6 earn ss =
13 ato 1) AD 1257-5 325" 10
90 30° 1-04: [3o0 ws Sha
88 30°6-5 ba hi SZ any = ae
84 33°6-64°5 39°0 UST ato 137 12
79 30°5-52 40°0 ey 126° 12
61 a2 3 Ol 43°3 Be 124- 13
47 392-992 46°0 119 4 V7 32
115 30 --57 35°6 128>"8 128 1 | Small, medium.
60 30°4—54:°5 J 148 222
56 31°6-56°7 4
56 32°7-54°8 135 -
54 29 -2-56°5 14 ee
59 303-045 147 8
59 33°6-60°9 137 12
63 299-53 °4 139 12
54 28 °6-53°4 ion wo
58 32 -56°8 143 «6
66 324-51] aS 137 14
70 33°1-54'6 nae 144 12
75 3D ol yi 140 7
63 3272-514 Py 142 2 ou
66 300-5 iG! 42°6 130) 13 129 8
74 3a 1-04 44°] 128 15 128 14
122 30°4—44°9 34°8 129 8 129 6
96 30°5-56'8 36°8 140 3 Le
89 31°5-48°1 An 138 13
96 Part I1I.—Twenty-second Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—-TABLE II.
SMALL PLAICE.
Length—-Cm. Weight.
Meee ee Remarks.
Range. Average. | In Bulk. | Separately.
| Lbs. (Oz, Lbs. Oz:
205 22 3-362 29°4 ’ 126 7
215 24°1-35 29°4 131 133
210 23°4-35°6 wah 128 -
pal ly 22 8-36 dion 1295 78
150 26 °3-39°6 32°5 129 10
107 31°4-40-2 3k 118 10
145 24°7-38°4 bie 141 3
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 97
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE IL.
LARGE WITCHES.
Length—Cm. Weight.
nee ae er ne Remarks.
Range. Average. | In Bulk. | Separately.
Libs. Oz. | Lbs. Oz.
133 32°7-47°8 39°7 ae 125 14] Also 3 megrims=3
lbs. 104 oz.
143 33 °6-49°7 39°4 ee i2i 8 | Also Lk ‘megrim=—1
lb. 7 02.
113 325-49 3 43°2 of 134 4
119 32 -50 ah spe ae 137 12
129 31°8-53 39 125 4 123. 7 | Alsol megrim=8 oz.
131 335-49 6 tas 121 13 i,
115 31:°0-50°3 38°3 136 13 1364
143 29°8-48°1 ae 142 7 Hee
137 3071-48 enn 132 =
152 30°8-47°5 er, 128°" 8
161 33 -45°7 oe 133 3
156 31°3—47°5 38°7 186 10 135 12
160 32°3-50°1 an 127 13 os
125 32°4-49 41°6 123 8 122 15
99 328-53 °6 40°7 122 6 121 1 | Gutted.
98
No. of
Fish.
292
323
44]
423
315
240
298
304
302
378
407
No. of | __
Fish.
Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE II.
SMALL WITCHES.
Length—Cm. Weight.
Remarks.
Range. Average. | In Bulk. | Separately.
Lbs. Oz. | Lbs. Oz.
226-352 29'8 103.8 Also 12 megrims and
2 lemon dabs=
6 lbs. 7 oz.
19 -35°2 107 4
198-346 116 10
181-33 °7 106 13
24-0--40°6 130 4
28 2-40 114. O
21 -6-36°9 106 8
19-7-36°2 a 12
24°2-37°9 104 6
21°1-34°6 93 5
19°1-37°3 122 14
SMALL LEMON DABS.
Length—Cm. Weight.
; Remarks.
Range. Average. | In Bulk. | Separately.
Lbs. Oz. | Lbs. Oz.
17 °3-32°8 26°8 104 5
20°6-34°7 wee lit 3:8
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE IT,
LARGE LEMON DABS.
Length—Cm., Weight.
Net Remarks.
Range. Average. | In Bulk. | Separately.
ise Oze 8 Eibse- Oz:
115 28 5-44°3 35°3 142 - 138 12
$9 29°9-45°7 37°6 145 4 145 8
100 28 7-460 be 134 - na
93 29°7—46°7 38 147 15 145 .- 3
104 28 1-48 -2 eye 147, 12 sk
115 288-47 °6 39°8 T5546 150 OO
89 26°4-47 °7 aes 135 6 ae
91 26 °9-45 2 so 134 11 a!
97 27 °0-45 37°6 142 7 141 5
88 28°1-48°1 37°5 127 15 126 11
93 31 -44°7 de 140 1 se
85 30°5-46 6 ee 141 2 i
88 26°4-46°3 wd 140 14 Ap
84 27 °6-46°7 39:0 14] 9 140 12
110 29 -46°4 36°9 142 4 141 13
83 28 °8-47°4 38°2 129. 6 129;5 40
114 29 -46°0 36°0 149 5 146 10
84 32°1-45°9 146 13 sei
COMMON DABS.
Length—Cm. Weight.
peas 7 Remarks.
Range. Average. | In Bulk. | Separately.
Lebs2tOz,) Lbs. Oz.
115 21°9-40°6 207 59 152 | Also 1 megrim and
4 lemon dabs=
1 lb. 62 oz,
109 21°7-38°6
100 Part ITI,--Twenty-second Annual Report
II. CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LIFE-HISTORIES OF THE
EDIBLE CRAB (CANCER PAGURUS) AND OF OTHER
DECAPOD CRUSTACEA :—IMPREGNATION: SPAWN-
ING: CASTING: DISTRIBUTION: RATE OF GROWTH.
By H. Cuas. Wittramson, M.A., D.Sc., Marine Laboratory,
Aberdeen. (Plates I.-V.)
CONTENTS.
PAGE
The Impregnation of Cancer pagurus, 101
The Muscular System of the Abdomen of the Male
Crab, 103
The Action of the Penis, : ; : 104
The Condition of the Spermatheca, . : 5 105
The Impregnation of Carcinus menas, ; ; : 107
The Spawning of Cancer pagurus, . 108
The Mode of Attachment of the | Baggs to the
Swimmeret, : 108
The Swimmeret, : : : : : 110
The Endopodite, : 5 ; : : 110
The Exopodite, : . : : ; ad
The Ripe Egg, “ : : 112
The Attachment of the Eggs, : : 115
The Sloughing of the Empty Egg- capsules, ‘ 5 IG
The Attachment of the Eggs in other Decapod Crustacea, 116
The Spawning of Carcinus menas, . 120
The Casting, Distribution, and Rate of Growth of Cancer
pagurus, : 121
The Migrations of Cancer pagurus, : ; - 135°
The Changes in the Carapace of Cancer pagurus, ‘ : 136
Literature, . : : : : 137
Explanation of the Plates, ; : - : : 138
In the Eighteenth Annual Report of the Fishery Board (1900) I
published a paper dealing generally with the life-history of the crab.
Since then I have, as occasion offered, continued my observations on this
form, and on other Decapod Crustacea. Attention has been directed
specially to the phenomena of Impregnation and Spawning. While the
fact of the impregnation was well evidenced by the presence of the
internal spermatheca liberally stocked with sperms, the exact mode in
which the sperms were transferred to the female was not very apparent.
With a view to elucidating the process a detailed examination has been
made of the copulatory organs of the male, and the spermatheca of the
female. While every stage in the process of impregnation has not yet
been determined, still a considerable advance towards the full description
of it has been attained.
In connection with the spawning of the higher Crustacea the attach-
ment of the eggs to the endopodite branches of the pleopods has been
variously described. The secret of the attachment has been ascribed to
various agencies, the principal of which has been the assistance of a
strong cement which glued the eggs to the hairs. This I have been able
to show is not the case. The stalk of the egg is really formed by the
* “Contributions to the Life-History of the Edible Crab (Cancer pagurus).” Highteenth
Annual Report of the Fishery Board, Part III,
of the Fishery Board for Scotland 101
outer envelope of the egg. The chorion of the egg is pierced by a hair
of the endopodite. The hair skewers the eggs on one after the other
until it is filled.
Observations on the distribution of the edible crab, and additions to
the list of the labelled crabs which have been recaptured, are also
included in this paper.
IMPREGNATION.
The act of impregnation is not very easily studied. It takes place
immediately after the female crab has cast. The conjunction of the male
with the female is so close, and at the same time so readily broken, that it
is not possible to follow the act completely by direct observation. The
study of the anatomy of the parts, however, enables one to understand the
operation in a satisfactory degree, While it is probably the case that in
the Brachyura impregnation takes place in a similar way in each species,
still the great variety in the form of the intromittent organ,* and also of
the vagina, of different species naturally infers a certain amount of
dissimilarity in the details of the operation.
An attempt was made to observe the fertilisation in Cancer pagurus, but
actual coition was not seen. The female, which had just cast, was put in
beside a hard male crab. The female was so soft that it yielded to the
pressure of the fingers in every part. It lay a plump, almost inert mass
when it was withdrawn from the water. The male was in a box a little
more than 1 ft. cube. The female was introduced at the corner farthest
away from it. The female immediately made its way towards the male,
and when it came within reach of its chele it remained perfectly still :
the male then gathered the female up with its legs and tucked her under-
neath him. Sometimes the female was right side up, at another she was
turned upside down beneath the male. In the case of Carcinus menas,
the male, on seizing hold of the female, immediately introduces its penes
into the vulve. This did not happen in the case of Cancer pagurus.
This species appeared less at home in the boxes: the quantity of light
was probably too great. The male and the female were accustomed to lie
perfectly still. The former does not injure the female except by accident,
as for example when it is interfered with. The crab is extremely quick in
noticing a shadow cast on the water, and throws its chele wildly about
to find the foe whose presence has been thus heralded. On one occasion,
when the two crabs had been separated in order to be examined, the male on
being released blindly striking out seized the chela of the female and
destroyed the limb. Impregnation was effected in the case of the crabs
(C. pagurus) in the Laboratory, but probably at night, as it was not
observed.
The male sexual organ consists of three parts. First, the genital
papilla (fig. 47), which contains the external opening of the vas deferens,
v.d.; second and third, the appendages of the first and second abdominal
segments. Each of these organs is paired, so that there is a double male
organ, consisting of three parts. The female genital organs are also
paired.
The genital papilla (g.p., figs. 39, 41,47) is situated on the coxopodite
of the fifth pereiopod.t The vas deferens issues through a hole (0., fig. 55a)
in the coxopodite, and is protected externally by the wide sac-like genital
papilla, the wall of which is strong though soft. The papilla is capable
of distension, and in the living crab is usually turgid. This condition
appears to be due to the introduction of fluid into the space surrounding
* Brocchi.
+ Cf. Grobben and Brocchi,
102 Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
the vas deferens. The hole in the ecxopodite round which the base of the
papilla is attached is situated close to the proximal edge of the bone, and
when the limb is drawn forward the base of the papillla is pressed up
against the edge of the sternum of the thorax (c.p., figs. 39 and 41). The
effect of this is to render the papilla more tense and erect. The outer
skin is invaginated into the end of the vas deferens. Withinthe papilla there
is on the vas deferens a valve (v., fig. 47) surrounded by a white mass,
probably muscular. The genital papilla has been termed the penis
(Duvernoy*). It is not the penis in Cancer pagurus ; it is a physical
impossibility for the genital papille to reach the vulve of the female.
The sperms have to be transferred from the papilla by means of the
abdominal appendages. The remaining genital organs are the abdominal
appendages. They are attached to the first and second segments and are
very dissimilar in form. They are in fact complementary. ‘The first
appendage is of tapering shape, and is tubular. The tube is formed
by the involution of its sides. The second appendage is a long rod,
bent, and jointed about the middle of its length. Different authors have
ascribed different functions to these appendages. Thus they have been
regarded as “exciting organs,” which were introduced into the vagine of
the female, and on being withdrawn their places were taken by the genital
papillae. Duvernoy described the first abdominal appendage as a duct
for transferring the sperms from the “penis” (genital papilla) to the
spermatheca ; the second abdominal appendage he supposed to be a sort of
strut, which rested on the thorax of the female and thus formed a sort of
prop between the male and female when in coitu. Neither of these
descriptions meets the fact. The first and second abdominal appendages
together form one organ, the penis. The second or rod-like appendage is
during copulation inclosed within the first penis and moves up and down
in it like the plunger of a pump.
It is first necessary to describe the abdominal appendages in detail.
The first appendage, which will be hereafter referred as the first penis
(while the second abdominal appendage will be denominated the second
penis), is the more complicated.
The First Penis.
The first segment of the abdomen bears a large chevron-shaped
expansion on its ventral surface (fig. 65). This chevron is really
double; a small chevron (7.ch.), which is united with the larger
(0.ch., fig. 46) posteriorly, is hid beneath the latter anteriorly. The double
chevron is continued backwards on either side as a broad wing-like plate,
at the end of which is attached the first penis(1 p.). The first penis
consists of two parts, a short basal joint and a long tubular distal part
(fig. 37), The basal joint consists of a peculiarly shaped bone (0., figs.
ab, and 59) to which is attached some loose membranous tissue. The
membranous tissue is shown in the sketches by dotted areas. The
involution of the two sides of the distal portion forms a single tube open-
ing by the separation of the two sides at the top. The opening is
towards the median line. Fig. 25 shows a transverse section of the first
penis near the tip, with the second penis 7m sitw. |The outer skin of the
penis is hard bony chitin, but lining the tube the inner surface is soft
flexible membrane. The latter is shown in the sketches by a thick
black line. Fig. 16 shows an intermediate section, and fig. 4 exhibits a
transverse section near the base. It shows the sides of the penis drawn
* Duvernoy, ‘‘Fragments sur les organes de génération de divers animaux.”
Mémoires de ? Académie des Sciences de (Institut de France, t. xxiii., p. 105, Pl. I.-1X.,
Paris, 1853,
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 103
apart, throwing the second penis outside, but at the same timea longitudinal
septum (m., figs. 37, 59, 60) has appeared which continues the tube. It is
merely a continuation of the side of the penis by asoft flexible membrane
instead of by the hard chitin wall. The second penis is situated behind
the first, and when it is introduced into the first penis it crosses over this
membrane, which yields readily to pressure. In length the membrane is
short ; it is united below to the basal bone and forms the tissue binding
. that bone on one side to the tubular part of the first penis. In fig. 10 is
shown a transverse section through the base. The basal bone (0., fig. 59),
has a large segment cut out of it, leaving its proximal part simply a
narrow rim to which the membranous septum is attached. The membrane
stops just a little beyond the point where the inturned edges of the penis
meet and form the tube.
The tube of the penis opens in the base on the anterior side. The
posterior side of the beginning of the tube is formed by the membrane.
The genital papilla is inserted in the beginning of the tube. When
the second penis is inthe first, its broadened base lies on the posterior
surface of the basal joint. Any pressure of the second penis due
to its movement is transmitted through the membrane to the genital
papilla (fig. 60). Moreover, as will be shown later, the second penis moves
up and down in the first in a manner similarto that of the plungerofa pump;
so that sperms or spermatophores ejected from the vas deferens intothe penis
tube will be pumped up and out of it. The groups of hairs that are found
on the wing of the chevron and round the basal joint act as valves or
packing round and in the beginning of the tube.
The Second Penis.
The second penis is rod-like. It consists of three main parts, first an
arm from the end of which the rod rises at right angles (ar., figs. 65, 61,
etc.). This arm, which is fused to the ventral edge of the second joint, is
formed in its lower half of chitin and in its upper part of soft membrane,
in figs. 65 and 68. The arm is the immovable part of the second penis.
From its posterior extremity rises the movable penis. It consists of two
parts, viz., a base and the rod. The base consists of two-bones, a. and 0.,
figs. 53, 54, and 56, loosely connected together and to the proximal end of
the rod with soft membrane. The largest bone is of a tooth-shape. It
consists of a rather broad tooth rising from an expanded base. The other
is a narrow somewhat bow-shaped bone. The loose integument between it
and the other basal bone permits of the former folding over towards the
latter to a considerable degree.
The proximal end of the rod is expanded and cut obliquely off (7d.).
Distally the rod tapers, at first rapidly then gradually, up to about two-
thirds of its length, where there is a joint permitting a slight amount of
movement. The loose part of the rod is curved, with the convexity forward.
At the joint there is on the antericr side a little tuft of long spine-like
teeth (fig. 104). Above the joint the rod tapers more, and it is curved
in the opposite sense to the proximal portion. The tip bears a depressed
oval cap set obliquely on the end ; it is fringed with teeth (fig. 105). The
top of the rod is cast slightly in towards the median line.
The Muscular System.
Tue AspomgNn.— The posterior edge of the carapace has attached to its
under surface on each side a membranous plate directed forward into which
a muscle is inserted. This plate is attached by a strong membrane to the
edge of the outer chevron, and the muscle is inserted into the posterior
104 Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
edge of the epimeron. The truncated membranous tip of the first abdo-
minal segment is attached round its sides to the inside of the carapace.
The inner chevron is attached by a long jointed rod (7, figs. 52 and 65) to a
delicate muscle inserted on both sides of the bottom of the thoracic cavity.
A small muscle arises on the under surface of the outer chevron and joins
this bony rod. The outer chevron is fastened to the posterior edge of the
thoracic cavity by means of a membrane attached to its anterior edge.
The muscular system of the abdomen of the Brachyura has been briefly
described by Duvernoy. Fig. 52 shows a median longitudinal section of
the abdomen of the male Cancer. Half of the abdominal muscles only
are of course shown. The muscles consist of flexors and extensors.
There are two very long flexors, arising on the thorax, and being
inserted one into the telson, the other into the skin covering the ventral
surface of the united third, fourth, and fifth joints. The abdomen is flexed
or extended as a single structure. The telson has movement independent of
the remainder of the abdomen; thus it may, when the abdomen is flexed
on to the thorax, be bent backwards from the thorax to permit the escape
of the feeces, while the abdomen itself remains fast. Between the second
and third joints and between the sixth joint and telson there are pairs of
muscles (a flexor and extensor on each pair). At each of these joints
there is a larger movement than at the other abdominal joints. Between
1 and 2, and between 2 and 3 the action of the joint is extension and flexion :
the latter joint is freer than the former and affords more extension than
any of the joints: between 5 and 6 there is flexion alone practically: and
between the sixth and the telson there is flexion mainly, but also extension.
First Penis.—In the first penis there is a muscle which, arising on the
surface of the basal bone (0.) and also from the side of the tubular part, is
inserted farther up the same, mv., fig. 59, and 7, fig, 48. The muscle will
have the effect of tending to cause the bending of the two parts of the
penis towards one another. There are in addition two muscles, 2 and 3,
fig. 48, which arise from the outer half of the chevron and are inserted
into the basal bone. The upper muscle draws the first penis forward :
the lower tends to rotate the penis.
The two sides of the double chevron are connected by membrane.
The chevrons, although fixed to the first abdominal segment, are not
absolutely rigid. They are elastic.
SECOND PeEnis.—Just as in the first penis, there is also in the second
penis a muscle connecting the terminal part with the basal joint. In
this case the muscle, mz., arises on the tooth-like basal bone, figs. 61 and
66, and is inserted a little way up the rod. Another muscle (mw.', ib.) is
, inserted into the same basal bone: it arises from the side of the fixed
arm of the second penis. A third muscle arises from the downward-bent
end of the arm and is inserted into a bony button-like prominence on the
ventral skin of the third joint (m.'”, fig. 46). A long muscle arising from
the front of the chevron is inserted into the third joint (m.’, 2b.); anda
broad muscle, m.", that rises from the base of the fixed arm is inserted on
the anterior border of the inner chevruu.
The Action of the Penis.
If the genital papilla of a hard male crab is pressed spermatophores
may be extruded. When the abdomen of a male crab is examined the
genital papilla is sometimes found inserted into the tube of the first penis,
but oftener it is lying on the posterior surface of the base of that organ.
But if the first penis is drawn backwards into the position it occupies
when in the vagina of the female the papilla usually slips into the tube,
and if the fifth pereiopod is brought forward in such a way that the
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 105
genital papilla is pressed up against the edge of the sternum the intro-
duction is aided. The coxopodite of the fifth pereiopod abuts into the
narrow neck of the abdomen at the first and second segments, and the
genital papilla lies just beneath the first penis.
Occasionally a male has been found in which the second penis was
inside the first, but usually they are separate. When the united penes are
inserted into the vagine, the abdomen is fixed at both ends. The telson
lies on the thorax of the female, and the beginning of the abdomen is
fixed at its proximal end by its connection to the thorax. ‘The first penis
is then held firmly, but is capable of retraction and re-insertion. The second
penis is, however, free to work up and down in the first penis quite
independently of it. See figs. 44 and 45. In fig. 44, which is intended
to represent the position occupied by the abdomen of the male during
coition, A and B are the fixed points, B being the thorax of the female,
A the carapace of the male crab. The abdomen of the female is outside
and closely applied to the abdomen of the male. The drawing shows the
condition in which the second penis is completely entered into the first,
and its tip appears projecting outside the tip of the first, In this position
it is to be noted that joints 2 and 3 are extended, z.e. the joint between
them is depressed. In the drawings they are shown upside down.
Now by the flexing of joints 2 and 3 the second penis is withdrawn
partly from the first, while the first remains stationary (fig. 45). By
each movement the second penis presses on the genital papilla, and
therefore probably causes the issue of spermatophores into the tube.
The efficacy of the pumping arrangement was demonstrated experi-
mentally. A small quantity of a thin carmine paste was introduced
into the bottom of the tube, and by alternately pushing in and
withdrawing the second penis the carmine was pumped out at the top.
By the flexion and extension of the portion of the abdomen, then, the
sperms (spermatophores) would be gradually transferred to the spermatheca,
into which the first penis penetrates.
The Condition of the Spermatheca.
If the soft female crab after it has been impregnated is examined, it
will be found that the mouth of the spermatheca and the vagina is filled
up by a large plug of white material (pi., fig. 49). This plug may be usually
split into two halves, as was shown in a previous paper.* The sperma-
theca is globular in shape and is filled with an amber-coloured fluid, and
a more or less extensive white patch of sperms, situated in the proxi-
mal and external part of the organ. The top of the plug which extends
just within the spermatheca is soft and pulpy, being in contact with the
fluid, whereas in the vagina the plug is hard and fibrous in appearance.
It has been noticed that the top of the plug has been grooved or scored
as if a thin body had been repeatedly impressed in it,
In a hard female crab which has been impregnated the spermatheca is
of much smaller size than in the soft crab (fig. 67). It is then
flattened, shrunk, disc-shaped, and contains a quantity of sperms (sp.) and
some amber-coloured hard material (s/.), which is the solidified remains of
the fluid which filled the spermatheca at the time of fertilisation. The
inner wall of the spermatheca (sp.w.) and the vagina (v.w.) are con-
tinous, but that of the spermatheca is much the thinner (fig. 38).
In my previous paper on Cancer pagurus I stated that the inner lining
of the spermatheca and the contents of the latter were thrown off with
the cast integument during the moult, an opinion held also by Cano.
* “Contributions to the Life History of the Edible Crab (Cancer pagurus).” Highteenth
Ann. Report of Fishery Board for Scotland, Pt. I1I., 1900.
106 Part [II.—Twenty-second Annual Report
This I find is not the case, with adult crabs at least. Each crab
which I have examined after it had cast, and before it had been in
contact with the male, was found to have a spermatheca resembling
in general that of a hard crab, 7.e., it contained a quantity of sperms
and some amber-coloured solid. If a soft crab which has been with
the male, and is plugged, be dissected, no amber solid will be found
in the spermatheca, and there is usually a large quantity of sperms
with a large quantity of amber fluid. When does the crab get rid of
the old sperms and amber solid? The inner lining of the spermatheca,
although it does not come away during moulting, is nevertheless
very loosely attached, and I have drawn out the inner lining and the
contents of the spermatheca, along with the lining of the vagina, through
the vulva, in a dead hard crab. On casting only a very little of the inner
lining of the spermatheca is shed ; that is, the part round the mouth.
Just inside the spermatheca the lining thins out quickly. The mouth
of the spermatheca is surrounded by a sphincter muscle, mw., fig. 38.
The break between the lining of the vagina and that of the sperma-
theca takes place near the point where the thick layer of the vagina
thins down to that of the spermatheca (fig. 38). In the newly cast crab,
moreover, there was no fluid in the spermatheca. The spermatheca of
the crab has a glandular secreting surface. It is probably the case that
the secretion of the fluid causes the loosening of the inner layer, and on
the introduction of the penis the amber solid and the old sperms may be
expelled with the outflow of fluid. The secretion of fluid in the sperma-
theca is possibly stimulated by the presence of the male. The vulvz are
always tightly closed except when they are kept open by the plugs. On
the introduction of the penis the fluid will flow out round it in the vagina
and will prevent the entrance of sea-water into the spermatheca. Vide
diagram, fig. 55. This fluid coagulates with sea-water, forming a whitish
precipitate. The plug in the vagina is of a hard fibrous structure and
of white colour. During the time the male and female are in conjunction,
a period of probably several days, the piston-action of the second penis
would transfer the sperms to the spermatheca. The crab, then, on casting
does not get rid of the remains of the old stock of sperms until it has
the opportunity of being impregnated afresh.
Some experiments were made with certain crabs which cast during
1902, August 31st to October 15th, and the results are of interest. A
female, measuring 52 inches across, was put with the male crab as soon
as it was seen to have cast, and four days later pieces of plug were seen
projecting from the vulve. Another measuring 5 inches was separate
from the male two days after, and at that time a plug projected from the
vulva. A female crab, measuring 62 inches across, was kept for four
days after casting. It was not in contact with a male crab. It was then
killed: no fluid was found in the spermatheca. Six days after casting
the soft crab which measured 6-,/, inches across, and which had not been
in contact with a male crab, was dissected. The spermatheca contained
sperms and a row of hard amber-coloured solid. A small soft crab, viz.
4+ inches across, was put with a male crab. Twenty-four hours after,
no plugs were seen, but they were visible two days after the introduction
of the female.
It is to be noted that while in the male crab the sperms are contained
in spermatophores, in the spermatheca the sperms are loose; in very few
cases was a spermatophore seen. According to Duvernoy, sea-water
causes the spermatophores to burst.
The extrusion of the spermatophores from the vas deferens is no doubt
aided or effected by the following circumstances. The vas deferens of
the hard male crab is usually in a swollen condition, and therefore the
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 107
opening of the valve in the genital papilla would immediately be followed
by a free issue of spermatophores. The opening of the valve may be
due to the pressure of the second penis as it moves in the first, aided
possibly by the forward movement of the fifth pereiopod, which will result
in increasing the turgidity of the papilla.
A portion of white plug material has been found on the penis in more
than one crab. One case calls for special mention.
A large male crab, 6 inches across, hard, was examined at the beginning
of June. The second penis was inside the first, the genital papilla was
inserted into the beginning of the tube. Projecting from the aperture
in the tip of the first penis there was a narrow rod-like white body. At
the inner side of the base of the first penis there was a small white mass.
On examining the rod with the microscope it was found to be a tube
crammed with spermatophores ; on its outer surface there were sperms and
spermatophores. The tube was formed of parallel fibres. It was found
in one penis only. No spermatophores were found in the lower white
mass, which had the same fibrous appearance that the plug has. In no
case were spermatophores found in the spermatheca packed in a tube.
The tube, if it is the normal condition, may act simply as a sheath inside
of which the spermatophores travel. It is formed simply by the intro-
duction by the base of the penis of some of the fluid of the spermatheca
which had flowed out from the vagina. By working the second penis
in piston-fashion the tube was gradually pushed out of the first penis. It
had apparently been connected to the white mass at the base.
THE IMPREGNATION OF CARCINUS MENAS,
The structure of the intromittent organs and of the spermatheca differs
considerably from those of Cancer pagurus. It is not, however, proposed
to deal with these differences, but to describe the act of fertilisation so
far as it was possible to follow it with the naked eye. It is not likely to
be strictly homologous to that in Cancer.
Carcinus menas is not apparently incommoded to any considerable ex-
tent by captivity, and it is possible to observe the act of impregnation. In
the following case the male was put into a glass jar, and a female which had
cast the previous night was then introduced beside it (September 16th).
The male immediately turned the female, with the assistance of the latter,
upside down. The female raised (or extended) its abdomen and brought
it outside the abdomen of the male. The male then extended its abdo-
men, and rested its telson (bent at right angles to the abdomen) on the
thorax of the female between the vulvee, immediately thereafter inserting
its penes into the two apertures. These operations took place in a few
moments. The male then pushed the penes into the vaginee and drew
them out slightly, about once every two seconds, but while under obser-
vation intermittently. The male carries the female about with it, and
the female is attached to the male simply by the hooked penes. The
legs of neither crab are used for attachment. The penis appears to ke
inserted only a short distance.
On September 18th the two crabs were still im coztu, but on the 20th
they were separate. _
The female was now fairly hard. It was killed on the 20th.
There were no externally projecting plugs. Thespermatheca was filled
with a large irregular plug which projected a little way into the vagina.
In the vagina from the end of the plug just mentioned to the vulva there
was another short plug with a rounded upper extremity; along its
length it showed a slight groove. Round the external end of the
spermatheca and along the vagina there is a layer of gelatinous-like tissue,
108 Part ITI.—Twenty-second Annual Report
probably glandular. Some spermatophores were found on the plug inside
the spermatheca. In the vagina of the other side the short plug was
absent.
A female which cast between the 22nd and 23rd October, and which
had not been in contact with a male, was dissected on the latter date. It
was already fairly hard, the integument resembling in feel stiffish brown
paper. The spermatheca was large, with thick walls; it had a little
white mass at its mouth. There was a certain amount of fluid in both
spermathece, but the latter were not globular.
THE SPAWNING OF CANCER PAGURUS.
The Mode of Attachment of the Eggs to the Swimmerets.
The external eggs of the edible crab are, like those of other decapod
crustacea, carried, during incubation, on the hairs of the inner
branches of the swimmerets of the female. They are arranged on the
hairs from their bases to the tips as thickly as they can lie. When the
hair of a berried crab is examined, a condition similar to that shown in
fig. 21 is seen. The eggs are attached by independent stalks to the hair,
and they are moreover so closely set together that their stalks intertwine.
As, however, the egg is not always attached to one hair alone, but some-
times to two, we have the hairs grouped in bunches which correspond to
their whorl arrangement on the endopodite, e.g., cf. fig. 26. The inter-
twining of the stalks of eggs also tends to bind the hairs together.
How do the eggs become attached so closely and regularly and in a
manner so economical of the space at their disposal ?
Several agencies have been invoked to explain this. Cano* and
Herrick fT have each given an historical resumé of the theories held with
regard to the mode in which the attachment of the eggs to the pleopods
was brought about. It is not necessary to recapitulate it nor Cano’s full
discussion of the egg-membranes ofthe decapods. According to Lere-
boullet{ certain zoologists had explained the attachment of the ova to
an extension of the primary egg-membrane.
There has, however, been general agreement that the fixation of the
egg is due to a cement with which it is coated; that the egg becomes in
one way or another covered with a cement which on exposure to sea-
water hardens, after having glued the egg to the hair of a pleopod.
The cement was supposed to be derived from the ovary or oviduct by
Milne Edwards and Rathke ; from the spermatheca by Cavolini and
Cano,§ and in the case of Astacus from the integumental glands found
on the pleopods and ventrum of the abdomen by Lereboullet and Braun.
While in the case of macrurous decapods this explanation might
not be dismissed on a priori grounds, it is impossible to accept it as
applicable to the Brachyura. It matters not how the cement is produced,
the question reduces itself to this position—Given an egg coated with a
cement strong enough to form the stalk of the egg, which resists rupture
for a period of eight or nine months, a period during which time the
swimmerets are being continually agitated in order to aerate the eggs, is
it at all likely that it would always attach itself to a hair, and never to
another ege similarly coated? If we examine the eggs of a Cancer
* Cano, ‘‘ Morfologia dell’ apparecchio sessuale femminile, glandole del cemento, e
fecondazione nei Crostacei Decapodi.” Mittheil. Zool. Stat. zu Neapel, ix. Bd., 4
Heft., 1890.
+ ‘*The American Lobster.” Bull. U.S. Fish Commission for 1895, p. 127.
+ Herrick, ‘‘The American Lobster.” Bull. U.S. Fish Commission for 1896.
§ Cano, op. cit.
=e gs ED mam mwEF oD
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 109
pagurus, Carcinus maenas, Portunus sp., Hyas sp., ete., we will find the
eggs attached by their long stalks to the hairs of the endopodites, They
are closely set together, but in no case do we find two egos stuck together.
If the eggs had been coated with cement, they could not have avoided
sticking together, and also to the exopodites. What special affinity can
there be between the cement and the hair which does not exist between
the cement of two eggs? If the cement on being acted upon by sea-
water hardened, what is to prevent the two eggs from sticking together’?
When the eggs are extruded they lie in the incubatory chamber formed
by the curved abdomen in a semi-fluid mass, and they are there retained
by the overlapping exopodites. The latter prevent the eggs flowing out
over the edge of the abdomen. Now if each egg were coated with a layer
of cement, we should have the eggs concreted into a solid mass, and
while the endopodites would be imbedded in it, the exopodites would
be probably glued to the outside. The eggs never attach themselves to
the exopodites with which they are in close contact.
No cement is supplied by the spermatheca. When the eggs are
extruded the spermatheca is dry except for the pasty white mass of
sperms; the solid remains of the spermatheca fluid are present. This
solid is the consolidated residue of the fluid which was secreted by the
spermatheca just after the crab cast and when it was impregnated.
Cano evidently supposed that the cement was secreted by the sperma-
theca.
The egg does not derive a coating of cement from the ovary. The
ripe eggs, if taken out of the ovary, sometimes have a slight coating of an
albuminous substance; it is derived from the yolk of ruptured eggs,
which is somewhat sticky, for by it an egg may become attached to the
bottom of the vessel in which it is; but the union is of the slightest, and
a touch from a camel-hair brush is enough to dislodge the egg. That the
attachment does not result from an external coating of cement is there-
fore apparent.
An opportunity which I had of observing the spawning of Cancer
pagurus has enabled me to describe the manner in which the attachment
of the eggs is effected. The fact that the eggs are attached to the hairs
of the endopodite, which are smooth, and not to the hairs of the
exopodite, which are plumose, necessitates a condition in which an attrac-
tion or affinity exists between the egg and the endopodite hair which does
not exist between 1t and the exopodite hair.
The conditions which are necessary to the regular attachment of the
eggs to the hairs of the endopodite, and to them alone, are the following—
(1) the eggs themselves must not be coated with a fluid which is of itself
sufficient to cause it to adhere to anything when it is extruded, or other-
wise we should have the eggs adhering to one another ; (2) the hairs must
not likewise be coated with an adhesive cement, or they also would be
glued together ; (3) after extrusion a condition must arise which will lead
to the attachment of the eggs to the hairs of the pleopods, and the
relation is one which acts between each egg and some particular hair.
The intimate relationship between the egg and the hair is due to the
hair acting as a skewer upon which the eggs are impaled and strung.
On extrusion the ripe egg has two investing membranes, the outer or
chorion and the very delicate vitelline membrane, the “ dotterhaut”
of Rathke. The hair perforates the chorion and enters the ‘ perivitel-
line chamber,” and passes out again without piercing the vitelline
membrane which is so closely applied to the yolk-sphere, andis more-
over so delicate that it is not readily recognised. The process is
more easily followed when the structure of the abdominal appendages is
examined.
110 Part [1I1.—Twenty-second Annual Report
The endopodite and exopodite of the pleopod are very different from
one another, and their different functions are very evident from a minute
examination of their forms. They will therefore be described below in
detail.
In addition to the discussion of this question in the case of Cancer
pagurus, observations on the spawning of Carcinus nuwenas, and on the
manner of egg-attachment in Homarus, Nephrops, Munida, and other
forms, will be added.
The Swimmerets.
There are four pairs of swimmerets, attached to the second, third,
fourth, and fifth abdominal joints respectively, fig. 15. Each consists of
an outer, the exopodite (ew.), and an inner branch, the endopodite (en.).
The description of the swimmeret of Carcinus menas by M‘Intosh*
applies very well to Cancer pagurus :—‘“First pair of Abdominal Feet.—The
internal limb [endopodite] is clothed for the most part with long, delicate,
silky hairs, which are simple throughout, with the exception of some
branched hairs at the base, best seen on the anterior surface of the fore-
most limb. The former are pale and translucent, and come off in distinct
bundles all the way up from their commencement. The tufts above the
middle joint arise from the upper part of each of the pseudo-joints that
compose the flabellar extremity, being situated, likewise, only on the
posterior surface and sides of the limb, the anterior surface being free.
The hairs themselves are very beautiful, presenting externally a brownish
or yellow outline, within this a pale streak, and then a more or less
granular central portion . . . ‘The external limb is covered with
branched hairs from base to apex along both outer and inner edges, the
hairs on the outer row being rather longer than those on the inner. A
few short, smooth bristles are distributed over the general surface of the
limb.” ‘‘ The ova, when present, are attached solely to the inner limb of
each abdominal appendage.”
The Endopodite.
The endopodite (Cancer pagurus) is long, cylindrical, tapering to a blunt
point ; it is bent slightly in bow-shape, the concavity being towards the
anterior side. Over its whole length it bears tranverse rows of long,
stiff, slender hairs. These rows are not set at right angles to the long
axis of the endopodite, but run obliquely downwards from the inner.
(next the median line of the abdomen) to the outer edge, en., fig. 20a.
They are moreover confined to the posterior surface, their ends appearing
at the edges only of the anterior surface. On the outer edge they come a
little further on to the anterior surface than on the inner side, en., fig.
20, and fig. 63, which gives a plan of one of the rows. The tips of the
two endopodites of opposite sides meet in the middle line, and the hairs
on their inner surfaces are together bent forwards, fig. 13. The hairs
are thus pointed in every direction. The arrangement of the hairs on
the posterior surface of the tip is shown in fig. 62.
The hairs from their extreme thinness are very flexible. They are
perfectly smooth, except near the tip. The latter ends in a sharp process,
and close to the extremity of the hair there are a number of delicate
cilia (fig. 23a). The tips of the hairs do not all conform to this type.
Considerable diversity of structure was found in different hairs, vid. figs.
22, 23, 31, 33; they usually, however, end in a more or less acute
point, and the cilia are generally to be made out. It is probable
* M‘Intosh, ‘‘On the Hairs of Carcinus menas.” Trans, Linn. Socy., vol, xxiv., p. 97.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 111
that the variations are due to the delicate terminal spine being broken off,
and the different conditions noted and drawn in the figures may be stages
in the regeneration of the extremities of the hairs. This repair would
appear to be continuous.
The hair is tubular, and in the central cavity or core there is a large
quantity of minute oval corpuscles.
The shell of the hair consists of two main thick layers, viz., an outer,
o.d,, and an inner, 7./., figs. 30 and 32. They are laminated in structure ;
the outer layer shows a division into one, sometimes two, thin cuticular
layers ; and the inner layer usually shows a separation into one thin layer
on the outer side, and sometimes also a thin layer next the core. The
internal surface of the inner layer is uneven, corrugated in appearance.
The inner layer varies in thickness in different parts of the hair: at the
base it is especially thick, fig. 30. It is practically a replica of the outer
layer. The two layers are to some extent independent, or at least
separate easily from one another. This is seen when a hair is broken.
It often happens that when the outer layer is snapped, the inner layer
remains intact, and the two parts of the outer layer become separated
by an interval, vid. fig. 6. It does not appear that the separation of the
broken halves of the outer skin is due wholly to a sliding over the inner,
but rather also to the fact that the inner layer expands on the release
afforded by the rupture of the former.
The anterior surface of the endopodite has scattered over it short, stiff
hairs, fig. 50.
The endopodite is jointed at about a fourth of its length from the base,
and at this point there are muscles for moving the distal portion. The
latter bears the greater mass of the hairs.
The Hxopodite.
The exopodite resembles somewhat the endopodite in form. It is,
however, more flattened in its proximal part than the latter. With the
exception of the fourth, the exopodites are more or less twisted on their
axes in such a way that the edges bearing the hairs are brought into
an obliquely antero-posterior position, wd. fig. 13.
The exopodite is furnished on either side from base to tip with a very
thickly set row of plumose hairs. These are of various length, vid. figs.
11, 12, 35, and 36. In the case of the shortest hairs, the ciliation
commences close to the base, while in the others it begins further along
the stem in proportion to the length. In the case of the longest hairs
almost the whole of the proximal half is bare of cilia, fig. 36.
Through the closely set arrangement of the hairs of different lengths, the
short hairs supply the ciliation which is absent from the stems of the long
hairs. In this way there results the formation of a thickly-set hedge,
with no unnecessary overlapping of structures. The ciliation is at first
sparse, but quickly increases in amount.
The cilia are all long, stiff, terminating in fine points; they are more-
over serrated, On the shortest hairs they are long and slender, fig. 8; on
the longer hairs flattened, lanceolete in shape, fig. 7. They are arranged
all round the stem of the hair, recalling generally the structure of a test-
tube brush. At the extremity of the hair, in consequence of the
shortening of the nodes, the cilia are packed closely together round the
falcate tip.
The stem of the hair is tubular. The core is narrow, the wall thick
and composed of several layers, fig. 9. Fig. 17 shows an ocular section
at the base of the hair. The tube of the hair is continuous with a canal
in the exopodite.
112 Part [II.—Twenty-second Annual Report
The plumose hairs are not confined to the two edges of the exopo-
dite, but are also found on the outer surface, vid. fig. 42. They do not,
however, run round the stem in rows as do the hairs of the endopodite ;
they are simply scattered over the outer surface.
The inner surface of the exopodite, fig. 51, is provided with scattered
short hairs, which are serrated.
The Ripe Egg.
The eggs of Cancer pagurus are ripe during October, November,
December, and January,* and spawning may take place in each of these
months. The eggs are extruded in a short space of time, probably within
a period of twenty-four hours.
In my former paper, “‘ Contributions to the Life-History of the Edible
Crab (Cancer pagurus),” I described the ripe ovary as follows :—“ The ripe
ovary is of a turkey-red colour. ... All the eggs are not of one size.
The diameter of the yolk-mass may vary from -3—-41 mm.; in some eggs
the yolk-sphere is as small as 24 mm. The diameter of the Zona
radiata varies greatly from the fact that the egg in the ovary has a large
perivitelline space. ... The diameter of the capsule may vary from
‘4-7 mm.; the eggs attached to the swimmerets measure ‘45 and ‘5
mm. in diameter.” I have, however, come to the conclusion that the
condition just described, where the ovarian egg shows a large peri-
vitelline space, is a pathological one. I have since then only found it in
crabs that died during the spawning season; the dropsical condition of
the ovary having possibly been the cause.
The ripe ovary, however, sometimes exhibits a condition which
suggests the presence in it of eggs with large perivitelline space. Ina
crab measuring 7+ inches across (17 November, 1903) the ovary was full
and of a crimson-red colour. When its outer surface was examined with
a lens, a clear area was seen surrounding the egg. This clear area is a sort
of fluid space in the follicle, and is not a perivitelline space; it is
outside the egg.
The ripe egg has two envelopes—the inner, the vitelline membrane
(v.m.), is clearly applied to the yolk-sphere ; the outer, the chorion (chr.),
is separated from the former by a very narrow space when the egg is
in ovario. Fig 5 shows a section of the ripe ovarian ege. It is contained
in the follicle (f). The yolk-sphere is composed of large corpuscles.
Mayer? was of the opinion that fertilisation took place in the ovary
before the egg was invested with the chorion.
Rathke + described, on the egg of Astacus, three egg-membranes, viz.
“die Dotterhaut” [the vitelline membrane], ‘die Lederhaut,” and “ die
aussere Kihaut” [the chorion]. In the egg, previous to the commence-
ment of the development of the embryo, there is a space between the
“ Dotterhaut” and the “ Lederhaut,” which contains a transparent fluid ;
the quantity of this fluid diminishes as the development proceeds. In
this way the ‘ Dotterhaut” and the ‘“ Lederhaut” come to lie closely
together. The ‘‘aussere Eihaut” is that by which the egg is attached to
the swimmeret. This description does not apply to Cancer pagurus,
where there are only two egg-membranes.
A section of a dropsical ovarian egg is seen in fig. 34. These eggs
can be made out with the naked eye scattered over the surface of a lobule
of the ovary when few in number; when the majority of the eggs are
* Heath's observations lead to a similar spawning-period for Cancer magister on the
coast of California. American Naturalist, 1902.
+P. Mayer, Jena, Zeit. Naturwissen, 11 Bd., 1877.
+ Rathke,
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 113
thus distended the ovary is swollen and contains a considerable quantity
of an amber-coloured albuminous fluid. In the dropsical ovarian egg the
perivitelline space is filled with an amber-coloured fluid, which is some-
what granular in appearance. Some of the eggs had heen preserved in a
one per cent. solution of formaldehyde in sea-water, and the perivitelline
fluid was found to have solidified into a whitish substance resembling
coagulated albumen. ‘This substance cut easily, being of a cheese-like
consistency, and it formed round the yolk-sphere a thick rind which
could be removed in two hollow hemispheres, The dropsical eggs when
fresh are rather dull in colour, in contrast to the bright normal egg.
The ovarian eggs, and also those which are lying on the abdomen of
the crab before they become attached to the swimmerets, show under the
microscope no trace of cement on the outside; the chorion shows a sharp
clean surface. If the ripe eggs be taken from the ovary and put into sea-
water a perivitelline space of more or less extent begins soon to appear.
The egg imbibes water, and the chorion or outer envelope is distended,
and stands out all round clear of the inner, the vitelline membrane (vide
fig. 95).
ee ripe eggs were extracted from the vagina of a female that had
been spawning, by means of a pipette introduced by the vulva. They
were practically identical with the ovarian egy, there being practically no
perivitelline space (fig. 94).
If the eggs which have been extruded, and which are found in a semi-
fluid mass lying on the abdomen of the crab, be examined, some will be
found to be attached to the hairs, while others are loose. The latter show
large perivitelline spaces, but not so large as in the dropsical eggs. A
large quantity of eggs which had been extruded a week previously, and
which had not become attached, but were lying in a heap in a corner of
a box in which a spawning female was confined, had very large peri-
vitelline spaces ; they were stuck together, but were easily separated.
‘ The essential for the attachment of the egg to the hair of the
endopodite is the large perivitelline space, to which the great ductility
of the chorion contributes materially. In each of the eggs, from that
showing practically no perivitelline space, viz. the ovarian egg, to the
ege which has been a considerable time in water and in which the
perivitelline space has reached enormous dimensions (fig, 96), the chorion
always shows a sharp definite outline without wrinkles, 7.e., as long as
the chorion is unpierced by the hair.
Certain experiments bearing on the formation of the perivitelline
space were made on the eggs from apparently ripe ovaries during
November. A portion of the ovary was teased out in sea-water. It is
to be noted that the space does not begin to form in all cases—and even
if it does form it may be only slight in extent—although the eggs may be
indistinguishable from others which do so. Whenever the vitelline
membrane is ruptured (as may often happen in teasing the ovary), the
egg immediately forms a large perivitelline space, and the fluid in the
latter becomes amber-coloured or pinkish, whereas in the normal egg it is
colourless.
On November 17 a female measuring 71 inches across was dissected.
The ovary was friable, and the eggs, which measured °37 and ‘4 mm, in
diameter, separated out easily in water. There was no perivitelline
space visible. At the end of three minutes a distinct perivitelline space
had appeared. 3
In another crab the ovary was full and of a crimson-red colour.
After being in sea-water for about an hour the eggs showed perivitelline
spaces of considerable amount.
A crab measuring 74 inches across on November 9th had an ovary
H
114 Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
which was large and full. The eggs measured about -4 mm. in diameter.
Some were a little less; others larger and narrower. Certain of the eggs
were put into fresh water: others into sea-water. They began to form
spaces in a few minutes. In the fresh water the eggs which had been of
a bright red colour imbibed the water so much that the inner egg (yolk-
sphere) became disorganised, and the fluid in the space became red or
amber-coloured. ‘The whole egg, moreover, became whitish-pink to the
naked eye—the condition seen in dead eggs. A considerable _peri-
vitelline space formed in the eggs in the sea-water in about ten minutes,
and the eggs were not disorganised.
The rapidity with which the perivitelline space is formed depends on
the stage of development of the egg. Minute differences occur between
eggs of an apparently similar stage of ripeness.
In another case the eggs were examined twenty minutes after they
were put into sea-water, and they then showed perivitelline spaces.
Several days afterwards, the perivitelline spaces had increased in extent,
but the eggs retained the fresh normal colour.
In none of the experiments did any of the eggs stick to the glass.
On October 30th a crab was found to have spawned, probably during
the preceding twenty-four hours. A large quantity of eggs was lying in a
heap on the bottom of the tank, while a large amount of eggs was
contained on the abdomen, Some of the hairs of one of the endopodites
were snipped off, and on examination the attached eggs showed an early
condition of the process of attachment. In some the zona was not yet
completely collapsed: some of the eggs were however already stalked. .
There was a number of dead eggs attached to the hairs. On one of the
hairs the little cilia were seen to be turned back, as if they had been bent
over as the hair was pushed through the egg membrane. ‘The eggs that
were lying on the bottom of the box were quite separate, and they showed
under the microscope no coating of cement, as did neither of the ovarian
or attached eggs.
An experiment was made with the view of testing whether or not the
perivitelline fluid had adhesive properties: this fluid was found to be
sticky. Some ripe eggs were put into sea-water and left there until the
perivitelline spaces were well developed. Four of these were transferred
to a watch-glass. The chorion of one egg was pierced by means of a
needle, and the egg began immediately to show an adhesive property.
Under the microscope a slightly refractive fluid was seen to have flowed
out of the puncture and to have stuck to the glass. On the following
day the egg was attached to the glass, while the others were freely
movable. It was, however, detached by a puff of sea-water from a
pipette, although it resisted gentle suction by the same instrument.
The egg then having the large perivitelline space is pierced by and
skewered on to an endopodite-hair. The chorion collapses, and being
extremely delicate falls round the hair clinging to it. The perivitelline
fluid being somewhat sticky no doubt helps to glue the chorion to the
vitelline membrane, to other parts of the chorion, and to the hair.
The eggs which escaped piercing, and which lay on the bottom of the
box, showed large perivitelline spaces: they grow dull in colour and die.
It is probable that the pressure set up within the chorion by the osmosis
is sufficient to cause the death of the egg, unless it is relieved by the
piercing of the membrane.
In certain ovaries degenerating eggs were found. They were usually
of a dull pink colour, and their contents were disorganised. The ovaries
were sometimes full of these eggs, e.g., in some of the crabs kept in
confinement-—spawning having in some way been prevented.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 116
The Attachment of the Eggs.
On being expelled from the ovary the eggs are received into the so-called
“incubatory chamber” formed by the curved abdomen. ‘The perivi-
telline space rapidly develops in each egg. The abdomen is withdrawn
from the thorax, and the sixth abdominal joint and the telson are turned
upwards, giving a quadrant shape to a longitudinal section of the
abdomen, ab., fig. 14. The thorax forms the anterior end, the
abdomen the floor and posterior end of the chamber. The two sides are
formed by the exopodites, which by means of their plumose edges overlap
and prevent the eggs flowing out over the edge of theabdomen. The con-
dition is shown semi-diagrammatically in fig. 19. The eggs are apparently
extruded continuously until all are expelled, They then lie in a semi-
fluid mass in the “ chamber,” and embedded in the mass of eggs are the
endopodites with the flexible sharp-pointed hairs. The endopodites have,
independently of the exopodites, two distinct movements, of small extent,
one in an antero-posterior plane, viz., a.—da., fig. 19, and the other in an
oblique direction across the abdomen, indicated by the arrow, p. — p.,
and p,'—p.' ; p.—p. referring to the endopodites of the right side, p.'—p.'
to the endopodites of the left side. This oblique motion belongs to the
distal parts of the jointed endopodites. The hairs reach every portion of
the receptacle. The continued double movement of the sharp slender
hairs through the mass of eggs confined in the incubatory chamber
results in the eggs being impaled and thickly skewered on to the hairs.
This condition is shown in fig. 1, which represents a hair taken from a
crab which had extruded its eggs only a short time, probably not more
than twenty-four hours, previously. In the drawing the perforations
in the zona are exaggerated. ‘he hair avoids piercing the yolk, simply
passing through the zona into the perivitelline space, and then issuing
at a place near the point of entrance. Some dead eggs which were being
devoured by Nematodes and Acarinz were found on the hairs. How far
the death of the eggs was due to the accidental piercing of the yolk by
the hair, or to the unfavourable conditions under which the crab was
living at the time (viz., in confinement in a small hatching-box), is open
to question. ‘The hair on striking and entering the zona will almost of
necessity force the egg to turn round in such a way as to bring the yolk-
sphere off the line of impact. The yolk-sphere would naturally tend to
keep at the lower pole of the egg.
Ina short time the zona collapses, and it becomes glued to the hair by
means of the perivitelline albuminous fluid. The stalk or pedicle is
formed by the adhesion together of the parts of the’zona which meet.
This condition was found when the eggs were examined twelve days later.
Figs. 3a, 30, 3c. An interval of that duration is, however, possibly not
necessary for this change to occur. The stalks vary in breadth, and they
are now more or less wrapped round the hair. All the crabs under
observation tbrew off their eggs shortly afterwards, but in a crab which
had spawned in a tank, and which was examined in January, the stalks
were now found to be rope-like in many cases. The stalks of the eggs
were also intertwined. The movement of the swimmerets, which is
probably continuous in order to afford aeration to the eggs, will, by
tending to throw the yolk-sphere as far away as possible from the point of
attachment, result in the formation of the long rope-like stalk, fig, 21.
Some of the eggs are pierced by two hairs, aud through this it happens
that the hairs are bunched together, This takes place not only with the
hairs of one row, but also with the hairs of adjacent rows. The grouping
of the hairs is, however, no doubt mainly due to the interlocking of the
eggs attached to different hairs.
116 Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
Sometimes a hair is seen to be fixed in a position in which it is bent
double.
The egg in the condition last described, firmly attached to the hair, is
seen on sectioning (figs. 18a and 180) to have three layers, which are the
three layers noticed by Rathke in the egg of Astacus, but this author
regarded the outer investment (“Aussere Kihaut”’) (the chorion) as derived
from the “cement.” The three layers of the egg-shell are, (1) outermost,
the chorion (chr.) ; (2) next the yolk, the delicate vitelline membrane, m.
(“‘ Dotterhaut”); and between the two a thicker layer which appears to
have been formed simply by the solidification of the perivitelline fluid, s/.,
figs. 18a and 18d (“ Lederhaut”). This results in gluing the two
primary layers together, in that way forming an efficient protecting enve-
lope to the egg.
The Sloughing of the Empty Egg-Capsules.
A point of some interest is the manner in which the crab gets rid of
the empty egg-capsules after the hatching of the brood. This is effected
by sloughing off the outer layer (0./., fig. 32) of the wall of the hair along
with the attached capsules, fig. 43. The slough of the hair is shown of
greater diameter that it ought to be in proportion to the rest of the
figure.
The minute oval corpuscles found in the cavity of the hair probably
function in forming a new inner layer of the hair, and in repairing
injuries which the hair may receive.
Tur ATTACHMENT OF THE EGGS IN OTHER DECAPOD CRUSTACEA.
A number of species have been examined with a view to determining
whether or not the condition of the attached eggs was such as would lead
one to infer that the mode observed in the case of Cancer pagurus was a
general one or not.
The spawning of Carcinus menas was observed, and it will be treated
below. In the following species of Brachyura and Anomura the berried
females were examined, viz., Maia squinado, Portunus sp., Hyas sp.,
Stenorhynchus sp., Hupagurus sp., Lithodes mara. In these the condition
of the endopodite and the attached eggs was similar to that of Cancer
pagurus, and the mode by which the eggs become attached is the same.
In Maia squinado (42 inches across the greatest breadth of the cara-
pace) the spermatheca is very large, and it differs much from that of
Cancer. In the latter the solidified remains of the fluid secreted by the
spermatheca are got rid of at the next impregnation ; in the former they
are retained, and as a fresh secretion of fluid takes place with each
impregnation the spermatheca attains enormous dimensions.
The berried females of certain Galatheide and Macrura were also
examined, and the details will be given below.
In the Macrura the pleopods differ much from those of the Brachyura.
In some cases the exopodites afford attachment to the eggs, while also
hairs on the sternum of the abdomen attach to themselves eggs. Both
branches are more or less thickly furnished with densely plumose sete
which function for swimming. The egg-hairs, usually ciliated in part,
are short, and so there are not many eggs on one hair. ‘The eggs are in
large measure attached to the protopodite of the pleopod. The conclusion
reached with regard to these also was that the attachment of the egg was
effected through the piercing of the chorion by the egg-hair.
Munida rugosa.—The eggs are much larger than those of Cancer,
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 1a 4
The pleopod has no exopodite; it consists of a single-jointed proto-
podite and a 2-jointed endopodite. The endopodite is furnished with a
great quantity of fine egg-hairs (fig. 27).
The eges have very long stalks and are not arranged along the hairs as
in Cancer, but the tips of one or of many hairs are inserted into the stalk
of the egg; and they sometimes pass up the stalk for a considerable
distance (figs. 28 and 29). In this case, then, there is never more than
one egg to each hair, but very often only one egg to a group of hairs. Its
position on the extremity of the hair gives occasion to much rotary move-
ment of the egg, and through this the stalk becomes tightly twisted like
a rope.
Some of the hairs of this species are setose over the whole of their
length, the cilia being long: the extremity of the hair is bare for a
greater or shorter distance. The short egg-hairs are setose on the middle
of their length (fig. 27). The cilia are longer at the distal end and
become less as they are more proximal. This probably prevents the hair
entering the egg very far on its piercing the chorion.
Galathea dispersa.—In this form there does not appear to be more
than one egg to each hair; and a group of hairs sometimes enters
one-egg stalk. A cluster of eggs is sometimes found on one fascicle
of hairs.
A condition similar to Galathea dispersa is apparently present in
Calocaris macandrec.
Homarus vulgaris.—The pleopod is short and paddle-like. The endo-
podite is 2-jointed. The two branches are provided with the usual
setose hairs round their margins, and on the posterior or concave surface
of the endopodite there are arranged round the margin the egg-hairs.
They are not nearly so numerous as the plumose sete. On the exopo-
dite at its basal outer corner there isa fascicle of egg-hairs. There are
several fascicles of the same on the protopodite and also on the sternum
of the abdominal segment.
The egg-hairs are extremely delicate. The tips only are ciliated, and
the cilia are directed forward along the extremity of the hair (fig. 58).
The eggs are not attached to the distal parts of the endopodite and
exopodite. In this form they are attached in two ways—(1) by the usuai
stalk attachment to the hair, a condition brought about in a way similar
to that of Cancer; (2) eggs are attached to one another by stalks and
without the intermediary of an egg-hair, vide figs. 56 and 57. The stalks
which these eggs show, and which may be two or three in number, exactly
resemble the stalks of the eggs attached to hairs ; they are without doubt
formed by the chorion. In no case were two eggs found to be sticking
together in the way in which the demersal eggs of a fish, e.g. Cyclopterus
lumpus, stick together. In the latter case the two eggs form at the point
where they are glued together a flat common wall. In the lobster, on
the other hand, the eggs are all stalked, and the fact that each egg usually
has more than one stalk gives some apparent ground for the theory of the
cement-covering of the egs.
Scott* has recently described the spawning of the lobster. The
female lay on its back, and the eggs flowed down into the incubatory
chamber formed by the flexed abdomen. When the eggs, just after they
emerged from the genital openings, were placed in a glass of sea-water
and collected into a heap they all became attached one to the other, ‘and
also to the glass. Moreover, the adhesive material only remains soft for
a short time, as when the individual eggs were isolated and prevented
from adhering tothe glass it was found that at the end of half-an-hour
* Scott, ‘On the Spawning of the Lobster.” Report of the Lancashire Sea-Fisheries
Laboratory for 1902. No. xi. Liverpool, 1908, pp. 20 et seg,
118 Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
the adhesive property had completely disappeared.” The stickiness is
not a true cement, it is merely an albuminous substance, not a fluid
‘chitin” capable of forming an outer envelope.
While it is not easy to say exactly how the stalked attachment between
the eggs is produced, it is still possible to describe a process by which
the same might be arrived at.
I have not seen the newly-extruded egg, but assume that on passing
out of the oviduct it will show little if any perivitelline space. The
egy in gaining contact with sea-water would immediately begin to deve-
lop a perivitelline space. The extruded eggs lying on the abdomen
would, by the mutual pressure due to their weight, tend to cause the
expulsion of some of the perivitelline fluid by the micropyle (which,
although it has not yet been described, very probably exists), Through
this the now flaccid chorion might be glued to an egg, which in a similar
way might attach itself to a third or to the first egg. Again, these eggs
may have been pierced by the hairs without actually becoming attached
tothem, The eggs that are attached to one another are close to the
base of the pleopod, where they are not subjected to any very violent
movement. They are often found on the outside of the eggs which are
attached to a fascicle of hairs.
The weight of the egg tends to stretch out the ductile chorion into long
thin stalks. Two attachments may sometimes be seen to one broad stalk.
Nephrops norvegicus—The pleopod is short and paddle-like ; the endo-
podite is 2-jointed. Both branches are fringed with densely plumose
sete. The egg-hairs (fig. 64) have sharp points, and are ciliated near
their extremities; the cilia are small, soft, and blunt. Sometimes the
fourth of the length of the hair is ciliated. The egs-hairs are arranged
round the periphery of the hind surface of the endopodite; they are
also found on the protopodite. At the joint on the endopodite the
projecting corner of the proximal segment bears a fascicle of egg-hairs.
The egg-hairs do not carry nearly so many eggs as they do in the
Brachyura.
Crangon vulgaris.—The egg-hairs are short, but more than one egg is
strung on one hair. The eggs are attached to the protopodite, not to the
endopodite or exopodite.
Pandalus Montagui.—In this form also the eggs are attached to the
inner surface of the protopodite, and not to either the endopodite or exo-
podite. The egg-hairs are short.
The eggs are also attached to one another as in the lobster.
The duty of bearing the eggs is not allowed to interfere with the swim-
ming function of the pleopod. In Crangon and Pandalus, where the
pleopods are important swimming organs, the eggs are attached to the
protopodite.
In Homarus, where the swimming function of the pleopod is prac-
tically in abeyance, the eggs are attached to the endopodite and exopodite,
but not to their distal parts.
In the Brachyura, in place of a pleopod which performs both functions,
viz. of swimming and of carrying the eggs, we have an organ which is
suited solely for bearing and protecting the eggs. The endopodite is
provided with special hairs to which the eggs become attached, while the
exopodites function in protecting the attached eggs during the period of
incubation.
Carcinus nwenas.
The writer had the opportunity of observing part of the spawning
process in Carcinus. Four females extruded their eggs at the Laboratory.
+ P. Mayer
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 119
The ovaries of these and of a number of other crabs were examined. So
far as could be made out, little difference exists between the process of
spawning in this form and in Cancer.
The Formation of the Perwitelline Space in the Egg.
Ovarian Eaas.—A number of non-berried impregnated female crabs
(C. mcnas) were examined in October, at a time when other individuals
of this species were spawning. They measured in greatest breadth 1,% in.
and upwards, Of these, some had orange ovaries containing eggs which
were practically ripe: others had pale, white, immature ovaries. The
two classes differed in external appearance. The shells of the crabs
which had orange ovaries were darker coloured than in the others, In the
former the thorax and third maxillipedes especially showed some brown
colour. In the crabs having immature ovaries the legs and thorax were
of a light green colour, which indicated that they had cast more recently
than the former (probably during the summer just past).
The ripe egg, on being extruded, soon shows a perivitelline space. In
several instances when ovarian eggs, which were apparently ripe, were
put into sea-water a small separation of the chorion from the vitelline
membrane began to show itself, but although the eggs were kept in the
water till next day no large cr, in many cases, even distinct perivitelline
spaces developed, except in those eggs in which the inner (vitelline)
envelope had been ruptured, when large perivitelline spaces were rapidly
(in half-an-hour) formed.
The formation of the perivitelline space would then appear to be due
to the osmosis set up through the chorion by the presence between the
chorion and the vitelline membrane of a fluid derived from the yolk.
The non-formation of the perivitelline space in the above-mentioned eggs
was possibly due to the fact that the complete ripening of the egg, viz.
withthe occurrence of this fluid between the two envelopes, had not yet
succeeded.
A few ripe eggs were found in the spent ovaries of certain berried
crabs. The spent ovary is a colourless empty sac, and shows here and
there usually one or two ripe orange-coloured eggs which have not been
extruded. In two cases examined none of the ovarian eggs showed a
perivitelline space, but on being transferred to sea-water the spaces
began to develop, and in a short time were large. In some cases the space
was distinctly reddish-coloured. It would therefore appear that a change
which makes the egg more favourable for osmosis takes place in the
ripening, probably just before extrusion.
SPAWNED Eacs.—Some eggs which were taken by means of a brush
off the thorax of a spawning female were found to have a very slight
perivitelline space, but after they had been left in sea-water for a little
they showed large spaces.
One female which was found spawning, or which had just finished that
process, had surrounding it a thick layer of eggs on the bottom of the
box. A small quantity of eggs only was attached to the endopodites.
The crab was transferred to a glass vessel, and in the course of that
operation a considerable quantity of eggs rolled off the abdomen. These
eggs showed large perivitelline spaces, and most had a peak-like eminence
on the exterior of the chorion.
The eggs lying free on the bottom of the box round the crab also
showed large perivitelline spaces, but the little prominences were not seen
on the chorion.
As was concluded in the case of Cancer, the perivitelline fluid is of
a sticky nature.
120 Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
Eggs picked off the bottom alongside the spawning female had large
perivitelline spaces, with perfectly smooth chorion; there was no trace of
any sticky fluid outside the egg.
The eggs which were displaced from the abdomen in transferring the
spawning female to a glass jar from the box in which it had previously been
kept lay on the bottom of the dish, and were with few exceptions
emptied out of the dish by gentle rinsing. The few which remained
attached to the glass were dislodged by the touch of a brush or with a
pipette.
When the pipette was crowded with eggs, and in one case where the
eggs were allowed to accumulate in a compact mass, on forcing them out
some remained sticking to the glass. These were the eggs which showed
the little prominences on the chorion mentioned above. On examining
the end of the pipette with the microscope, at nearly every egg a little
refractive globule was seen attached to the exterior of the chorion.
This is without doubt the perivitelline fluid which has been squeezed out
and which served to glue the egg to the glass in this case.
In another case the eggs which lay on the bottom of the box were
found the next day to be stuck together in masses, which, however, readily
broke. The attachment of the eggs to one another was probably due to
the perivitelline fluid which the mutual pressure of the eggs would no
doubt tend to press out. A similar condition was observed in the case of
the unattached eggs of Cancer pagurus. After several days the eggs
which lay on the bottom of the box had become attached together in
masses.
The Spawning of C. menas.
A crab which had just extruded its eggs on September 28th was sur-
rounded by a quantity of eggs which looked like red dust on the sand.
It was removed to a glass vessel and examined in water. It was
then seen that the abdomen of the crab was being held away from the
thorax and that it formed a kind of basin. The points of the
endopodites lay on the openings of the vulve. <A small quantity of eggs
were attached to each endopodite, and eggs were noticed in the openings of
each vagina. ‘The endopodites were moved forwards, backwards, and
outwards, widely separated laterally, inwards, and forwards. The
independent movement of the distal part of the endopodite was seen,
The exopodites move a little in unison with the endopodites in certain of
the movements.
The crab gradually threw off the eggs that were attached to the
endopodites.
On the endopodites a similar condition to that seen in Cancer pagurus
was found. The chorion of the egg had been pierced by the hair and it
was in a collapsed condition.
On October 16th a crab was examined which had spawned since
the previous day. The eggs on the endopodite showed their outer
envelopes (chorion) all wrinkled, but the yolk-sphere was not pushed to
the pole away from the hair: it lay simply in the middle of the irregularly
crinkled envelope. The stalk was not yet formed.
A considerable number of dead eggs was found attached to the endo-
podites of a berried Carcinus (October 14th) which had just spawned in
the Laboratory. The inner or vitelline membrane had been ruptured and
the yolk-sphere was broken up. It is possible that the yolk sphere may
have been pierced by the endopodite hair, though other agencies may
have been the cause of their destruction.
Spawning seems to be completed within 24 hours.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 121
Notes on Casting, Distribution, etc., of Cancer pagurus.
Tue PeEriopicity oF SPAWNING AND Castina.—Certain berried crabs
were obtained during the summer of 1902.. Their eggs hatched during
August, September, and October. None of these crabs spawned again
until the end of October 1903, when two did so, None of the crabs
cast during the period.
In February 1904 two of the crabs were berried, and two were found
dead. In the two latter the ovary was spent in one, and in the other
was ripe but dropsical.
Tue CoLtour or THE Sorr Cras.—When a crab has just cast it is a
plump inert mass, which yields in all its parts to the slightest pressure of
the fingers. It is of a dark purple colour all over the dorsum and dorsal
surfaces of the pereiopods: the ventral surface is yellowish white. As
the shell hardens the dorsum gradually becomes of a lighter hue, turning
into a brick-red colour. Meantime the third or white layer of the shell
is thickening.
In the paragraph dealing with the migration of crabs the question of
the abstention from casting is discussed in connection with one of the
labelled crabs,
Castine.—During the autumn of 1902, 31st August to 15th October,
a number of female crabs cast in the tanks at the Bay of Nigg. With
- the exception of the first, all the females recorded in the following Table
cast at this time. The size of the crab before and immediately after
casting is shown in parallel columns opposite the date when the cast took
place.
[ Tang.
122 Part ITI.—Twenty-second Annual Report
TABLE I.
CRABS THAT CAST IN THE MARINE LABORATORY, BAY OF NIGG.
Date Hard Crab Soft Crab Increase— Ratio of
F —Inches. —Inches. Inch. Increase,
August 16, . ee 15 4 1/55
, ; Lid 13 Tc 1/4°6
eno 23 d 38 a 1/35
sgt Ol ose Az ©
September 1, 43 2
rt GS 44 2 5 * 4 1/4:7
ye hos 43 ¢ of & 1/55
» 9, 53 2 63 4 1/6°2
» 10, 5k D Oy6 6 1/5°4
ae 45 9 5} 8 1/7°8
se Catal 322 4.3% 3 1/48
ith PLO; 13 18 4 1/5°5
ae 34 ¢ 3g 8
October 5, Pres 14 4 3
» 8; Ind 23 16 1/3°8
» 9 3g 2
», 18, 213 2
4 an 7%
» 16, 45 2 53* 8 1/7°8
* Measured several days after casting.
As was previously* shown, the ratio of increase at each cast varies
greatly. In the Table then given the ratio varied from 4 to. In the
present case, in only one instance was the ratio greater than 3, and it was
as small as 4.
The histological changes that accompany the ecdysis of the crab have
been dealt with by Witten.
At the time when the crab casts, the shell of the three proximal joints
of the chela becomes absorbed along certain lines, thereby allowing of
the expansion of these joints to permit the withdrawal of the large claw.
In fig. 100, Plate IV., is shown the cast chela. The absorption-lines
are on the coxopodite, basi-ischiopodite, and meropodite, viz., abs. The
part of the shell lying between the lines is movable. Similar absorption
areas appear in the lobster (Herrick).
DistripuTion.—In discussing the question of the distribution of the
crab, I was of the opinion that a group of crabs measuring from 24 to 4
inches would be found to inhabit the shore waters just outside low-water
mark. This group was distinct from the beach group, which is consider-
ably smaller, viz. from 4 to 24 inches, and is itself smaller than the adult
group, which measures from about 4 inches upward ; it is required to fill
up the very considerable gap which separates these two groups. (Vide
Jaye JOUR
* “Contributions to the Life History of Cancer pagurus.”
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of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 125
With a view to testing the theory respecting this group (III.) a number
of creels were shot during March to August in 1900 and 1901. They
were set just outside low-water mark and were occasionally left dry by the
ebb. Some of the creels were at times shot in 2 or 3 fathoms. One or
two of the creels were covered with small-meshed netting. The number
and sizes of the crabs got in each month are set out in Table IT.
In March and April very few crabs were got. This was in part due
to the fact that at that period of the year it often happens that bad
weather prevents fishing for a considerable time, but this does not account
for the small catches. Because even when the creels were fishing, it very
often happened that no crab was caught. Their absence from the creels
does not necessarily mean their absence from the region. They may not
then feed eagerly. Crabs that are kept in the Laboratory during winter
became very inactive. The cold has a much more paralysing effect on
the edible crab thanit has on Curcinus menas, so that it is possible
that the inshore crabs may not move about much before the month of May.
In this month (May) a considerable number of crabs were got in the creels
shot in the same place as in the preceding months. (Vtde Table IT.)
An examination of the catch of crabs shows that it consists of a large
number of crabs which fall into the gap between the Beach and the
Adult groups, but it also contains a large proportion of adult crabs. The
adult crabs appeared in the catches all through the summer.
The curve formed by the measurements of these crabs has been intro-
duced into a chart along with the curves of the Beach and Adult crabs.
The latter are taken from my previous paper (Tables VIITa and LX.)
A reference to the chart shows that the new group (red curve) tends to
fill up the gap between the twoformer groups. The curve overlaps both
groups. It measures from about 2 inches to over 7 inches. The examina-
tion of the shore waters was not carried on during the whole of the year,
and the inshore migration of the adult crabs introduces larger crabs
than actually belong to the group under consideration.
We then have in the summer in the shallow inshore water a double
group, consisting of the III. and IV. groups. In the autumn and winter,
investigation will very probably show that the adult group will be entirely,
or almost entirely, absent, and in these seasons, therefore, a better defined
Group III. should be found.
Rate oF GrowtH.—As material for the study of the rate of growth of
the crab, I have introduced here the measurements of the monthly collec-
tions made on the beach at Dunbar (Table III.), and also the details
of the individual catches which were measured (Table V.). The totals
were given in my former paper, and the regions where the catches were
made are in certain instances given in Zable V. I have also introduced
three additional collections made on the beach, Dunbar, in 1899 and 1900
(Table IV.).
Mr H. T. Waddington, Bournemouth, has kindly furnished me with
particulars of two series of casts of this form. The various ecdyses
which the two specimens underwent have been carefully recorded by him,
and he has permitted me to publish them here (Table VI.). The
measurements of the successive casts of a third crab, which were presented
by Mr. Waddington to Professor Howes, were kindly supplied to me by
Mr. William Wallace, B.Sc., Lowestoft.
Specimen A. when captured, viz., in August, measured 3:25 mm.; it
had probably been in the megalops stage not more than a month
previously. When one year old it measured 30°75 mm., 7.c., 14 inches ;
when two years old it measured nearly 46 mm., 7.¢., a little less than
2 inches across. Assuming that the rate of growth in nature approxi-
mated to the data here given, we should conclude that the beach group con-
sisted of crabs in their second year, and that a crab of 4} inches across
would be not less than three years, nor probably more than four years old.
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126
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Part III. —Twenty-second Annual Report
128
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of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
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Part ITI.—Twenty-second Annual Report
130
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Part III—Twenty-second Annual Report
132
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Part LII.—Twenty-second Annual Report
134
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TABLE VI.
WADDINGTON’S SERIES OF Cancer pagurus.
be) eae ald ee
No Date gh | 28 | ss [No Date g2)22\|s2
oO (ee | A a 25 | 2 |
A fe) B
i 47Aug., 1899;- | 3°25 9°25
7 led NE san | CART: gs 1 | 30 April, 1900,- | 13 1/3°4
Sly i oepts, 5, —o Oo Laer 238 2 25 - AUC, | a= Porto a | Lis
Ae nOr ete. ‘iy. = |b. 820 4 29 3. | 80) Oct, 555.4 |-18275 | T/4e7.), » 66
Du oeNOVes = he "| LOSAor) L/S7 he 28 4 | 9 Feb., 1901, - | 20°75 | 1/6°5| 102
6 | 12Dec., ,, -|14°5 | 1/28} 389 J 4—AA A | ——_ | ——_
7 | 27 Jan:, 1900, '-.| 19:5 | 1/2°9| 46 € 2
OF Seat 8 telkeseo” (1 /a-9" 66 Pi # Sept, 1896,-) 5 12
Ouipeasounes 3,5) o-|d0575) |) 1/3°9 | 63 DE 2ZOUNOM. eet ss oa) aL 4
10 | 30Nept., ,, - | 36°5 4 118 & | 20 Mar., 1897>-.|, 19 ..| 1/5:3:| 115
11 |: 19 Mar., 1901, - | 45°75 | 1/3:9| 170 AS) 26 May iy, 22: (24 ASS OF
2a OYNov.,, 43 -|106°0 1 231 Ss cle AMO. vy yate |. oO t 87
Gry 4 Novis pysieal Oe wR 2) 75
Gaol Weer. 9s =n O46. VAST Oy
The Migrations of Crabs.
| TABLE VII—ADDITIONS TO THE LISTS OF LABELLED CRABS RECAPTURED.
| SET FREE. RECAPTURED.
| A Place (A). Place (B). 8 le. ee Distance $
3s Se igcrre ome haar pete ear E 2 3 EB a Boosie E ae
SE eee Distance and | 3 Sie Distance and So Ze Bs 3 a ee Fa hoe
Bearing from oF Bearing from ee soy a Pe Place (A). iS
Dunbar. a Dunbar. aa & Days 8 oa)
1072 | Oct. 24, 1899. | Mouth of Har- May 12, 1900. | 3}m. N.W. 8 Ss. 200 | H. | 34m. N.W. 45 2
oe rf: eee . UP al onc fh | as Nie 8 202 | H. | 1Jm. N.W. ay |G
| 894 | Sep. 23, ,, d ‘ dese yrs Sha Svile Silos ve. ol jmns SS: B. aS
7 | eo eieee ode cise NN Wail 8 | 8. \|. 284)| Hi,” | SimNN.W..| Sf. | CO
ae ieee » 21, ,, |4m.N.w.byN.| 10 | Ss. | 240] H. |4m.n.w.byn.| 53 | 2
feeet | Oct. 26, 4, | 13m. E. by N.{| 17 rp) oly, Bs km. E. 7 S. Pian Eis lems iS: We
}1159 | Nov. 4, ,, | Mouth of Har- Se Oley ne 7 Ss. 208 | H. | 4m. E.
| 999 | Sept. 25, ,, ope by N. | 25 {June 4, ,, |NearCove,7m.| 11 S. 252-| J. | 7m. S:S.E.
a Seri ve louis eviews os lan | a0 | Hk: | om! Wi 43 | 3
1100 | Oct.26, ,, | 14m.E.byN.| 17 sae billy. dees Im. N.W. 7 Ss. 268710 Ae. 2ms Wi
1147 | Nov. 4, ,, | Mouth of Har- ea DIAN 3, i 3 7 S. 259) (C2 EES | im. JN. W.
1119 | Oct. 26, _,, Hees by N. | 17 ] Oct. 20, 1902. |1}m.offD’nb’r} 15 | 8S. |3yrs.| H. 7 a ro!
Lh a eM I ia ne Oe eB ES ee ee eee
N.B.—The following contractions are used in the above Table, viz. :--‘‘m,” mile ; ‘‘yrs. ” years; ‘‘S.,’ Soft ; “‘H.,’ Hard.
136 Part ILI.—Twenty-second Annual Report
A number of labelled crabs which were received after the publication
of the previous paper are recorded in Table VII. One of these crabs (the
last in the Table), which is a male measuring 64 inches across, is especially
interesting. It was recaptured after an interval of three years very near
the place where it was set free. When liberated it was a soft crab, and
it had not cast its shell during its period of freedom. The abstention of
the large crabs from casting has been exemplified by a number of
instances, but the time of abstention has only been determined by
secondary proofs. For example, acrabis captured with an oyster attached
to its back. Since the age of the oyster may be more or less accurately
judged from its size, a part of the period that has elapsed since the
ecdysis has been determined. Thus Buckland recorded two crabs which
had on their backs three-year-old oysters: they could not have cast for
three years. Another, now in the Ipswich Museum, is said to have a
four-year-old oyster on its back.
The present case gives a definite abstention for three years at the time
of capture. At the beginning of 1903 it had not cast, and would not
probably cast then till the summer. This would make the abstention
from casting four years. There, of course, comes a stage when the crab
ceases altogether from casting.
Meek gives* a list of the labelled crabs set free on the coast of
Northumberland and which have been recaptured at various times during
1902 and 1903. One of these is of special interest. Set free in October
it was captured in the following July at Portlethen (near Aberdeen), a
point about 80 miles to the north of the place of liberation.
The Changes tn the Carapace of Cancer pagurus.
Cunningham in his paper on the early post-larval stages of this
Crustacean drew attention to the great difference between the early and
the adult form of the carapace. In the adult the carapace is broadly oval
in shape, and is crenate at the edge. In the very young crab the edge is
toothed. In his opinion the general resemblance of the carapace, in this
stage, to that of Atelecyclus heterodon, along with certain other points of
similarity, indicated a closer affinity between the two species than had
previously been recognised.
I have had the opportunity of examining one of the series of casts
belonging to Mr. Waddington (A, Table VI.). They are, with the excep-
tion of the first, shown in natural size in figs. 71-81. The changes which
take place in the shell are well seen. In fig. 103 an enlarged drawing
of the second of the series is shown; it measures 4‘°75 mm. across
the broadest part of the back. The carapace has five main lateral
teeth, of which the first forms the hind edge of the orbit, while the
fourth projects laterally farther than the others. The main teeth are all
serrated ; between each two a secondary tooth is found. The rostrum
consists of three dentate lobes. The edge of the orbit is serrated ; and on
the surface of the carapace and on the limbs there are numerous small
teeth.
In the next stage (fig. 102)—5:75 mm. in greatest breadth—a very
considerable advance on the preceding is noticed. The secondary teeth
have increased in proportional size, and with the main teeth are now more
lobate or rounded. All of the lateral edge and the margin of the orbit
is minutely dentate. On the rostrum the three lobes show merely a
minutely notched anterior edge—the serrations being rounded, not tooth-
like. The chela is furnished with tooth-like tubercles.
* Meek, ‘‘The Migrations of Crabs.”—orthumberland Sea-Fisheries Committee. Report
on the Scientific Investigations for the year 1903. Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1904.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 137
Fig. 101 shows the stage immediately following, viz., 8°55 mm. The
lateral teeth of the carapace are now lobes having minutely notched
edges; the secondary lobes are almost as large as the primary. The
margin of the orbit and rostrum is minutely notched. The tubercles on
the chela are rounded.
In the succeeding stage, 10°75 mm. (fig. 98), a condition closely ap-
proaching the adult is to be noted. The notched edge of the lateral lobes
of the orbit and rostrum is still more prominent than in the adult. The
tuberculated chela is very noticeable. A distinction in size between the
primary and secondary lobes is still to be seen. The edge of the carapace
shows a triple row of tubercles. The dorsum also is tuberculated.
The sixth cast, 14:5 mm. (fig. 76), is represented in figs. 99 and 97,
the former showing the frontal region. The lobes of the edge of the cara-
pace are on the whole very similar to the adult condition. The chela is
still tuberculated, and the triple row of tubercles which has succeeded
the notches is very prominent.
In the cast shell shown in fig. 77 (19°5 mm. across) the tubercles are
prominent but smaller.
They are further reduced in the next stage, viz., 24°5 mm. (fig. 78),
and in that immediately following, viz., 30 mm. (fig. 79), the tubercles
are practically reduced to the condition in the adult.
Fig. 81, the last of the series, was not made from the actual specimen,
but is a drawing ef a crab of the same size.
LITERATURE.
Braun.—‘‘ Zur Kenntniss des Vorkommens der Speichel— u. Kittdriisen bei den
Decapoden.” Arbeit a. d. Zool. Instit. in Wiirzburg, iii. Bd., pp. 121-166,
Taf. viii.-ix., 1875.
Broccut.—‘‘ Recherches sur les organes génitaux males des Crustacés décapodes.”
Annales des Sciences naturelles, Zoologie et Paléontologie, t. ii., 1875.
Cano.—‘‘ Morfologia dell’ apparecchio sessuale femminile, glandole del cemento e
fecondazione nei Crostacei Decapodi.” Muttheil. a. d. Zool. Stat. z. Neapel,
ix Bd., 4 Hft., 1890, pp. 503-532, 1 tav.
Curnor.—‘‘ Etudes physiologiques sur les Crustacés décapodes.” Archives de
Biologie, t. xiil., 1895.
CunNINGHAM.-—‘‘ On the Early Post larval Stages of the Common Crab (Cancer
pagurus), and on the Affinity of that Species with Atelecyclus heterodon.”
Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, March 15, 1898.
DuverNoy.—‘‘ Fragments sur les organes de génération de divers animaux.”
Mémoires de? Académie des Sciences de VInstitut de France, t. xxiii., Paris,
W853, pe 105; ple 1.-ix
GROBBEN.—‘‘ Beitrige zur Kenntniss der minnlichen Geschlechts-organe der
Dekapoden.” Arbeit a. d. Zool. Instit. d. Universitat, Wien, 1 Bd., pp. 1-94,
Wate 1-Vi.,, LS7c. :
Huatu.—‘‘The Breeding Habits of Cancer magister.” American Naturalist,
Xxxvi., pp. 501, 502. 1902.
Herrick.—‘‘ The American Lobster: A Study of its Habits and Development.”
Bulletin, U.S. Fish Commission, for 1895.
LEREBOULLET. —-‘* Recherches sur le mode de fixation des ceufs aux fausses pattes
abdominales dans les écrevisses.” Annales des Sciences naturelles, sér. 4e
(Zoologie), t. xiv., 1860, p. 359.
/
—— ‘‘De la maniére dont les Giufs des Ecrevisses s’attachent aux fausses
pattes abdominales.”-—L’ Institut, t. xxi., No. 998, p. 64. 1853.
M‘Inrosu.—‘‘ On the Hairs of Carcinus menas.” Trans. Linnean Society, vol.
XXiv.
Mayer, P.—‘‘Sur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Dekapoden.” —- Jeoa. Zeit
Naturw., 11 Bd., 1877.
138 Part ITI.—Twenty-second Annual Report
MEEK.—Various Papers on the Crab in the Reports of the Northumberland Sea-
Fisheries Committee—1898-1903.
RatTHKE.—‘‘ Untersuchungen ueber die Bildung u. Entwickelung der
Flusskrebses,” folio, Leipzig, 1829.
SABATIER. —‘‘ De la Spermatogenése chez les Crustacés décapodes.” Travaux de
PInstitut de Zoologie de Montpellier et de la Station maritime de Cette
(Sabatier et Rouzaud), nouvelle série, mémoire No. 3, Montpellier, 1893.
Scorr.—‘‘ On the Spawning of the Common Lobster.” Report of the Lancashire
Sea-Fisheries Laboratory for 1902, No. xi., Liverpool, 1903, p. 20.
TULLBERG.—‘‘ Studien iiber den Bau u. das Wachsthum des Hummerspanzers u.
des Molluskenschalen,” 12 taf. Kql. Veternsk. Akad. Handl., 19 Bd. Stock-
holm, 1882.
Virzou.—‘‘ Recherches sur la Structure et la Formation des Teguments chez les
Crustacés décapodes.” Archives de Zoologie Hxpérimentale et Générale, t. x.,
Paris, 1882.
WILLIAMSON. —‘“‘ Contributions to the Life-History of the Edible Crab (Cancer
pagurus).” Highteenth Annual Report of the Fishery Board for Scotland,
Pt. IIL. 1900.
-—— ‘On the Larval and Early Young Stages, and Rate of Growth, of
Carcinus menas.” Twenty-first Annual Report of the Fishery Board for
Scotland, Pt. III., 1903.
Witson.—Northumberland Sea-Fisheries Committee. Reports on the Crab
Fishery, 1893 and 1895. Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Wirten.-—‘‘ On the Structural Changes accompanying the Ecdysis of the Crab.”
Northumberland Sea Fisheries Committee. Report on the Scientific Investiga-
tions for the year 1902, Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1903, p. 53.
—— ‘On the Structural Changes accompanying the Ecdysis of the Crab‘
Cancer pagurus.” Northumberland Sea-Fisheries Committee. Report on the
Scientific Investigations for the year 1903. Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1904, p. 42.
LETTERS USED.
A.—antenna. mu.—muscle.
a.—basal bone. o.ch.—outer chevron (Ist abdom. seg.).
ab.—abdomen. o.l.—outer layer.
an.—anus, 1p.-2p.—first and second penes.
ant.—antennule. p.—p.—plane of movement of distal
ar,—arm of second penis. parts of endopodite of right side.
b.——basal bone. p'.—p'.—plane of movement of distal
c.—core. —cecum, fig. 38. | parts of endopodite of left side.
car,—carapace. p.f.—perivitelline fluid.
chr.—chorion. 7. TOU.
dis.—egg with distended chorion. sl.—solid in spermatheca.
€.—eye. s.e.—secondary envelope.
en. —endopodite. sp.—sperms,
ex.—exopodite. sp.w.—wall of spermatheca.
J. —follicle. th.—thorax.
g.p-—genital papilla. v.—valve, vulva.
z.ch.—inner chevron (lst abdom. seg.). v.d.—vas deferens.
2./.--inner layer. v.m.—vitelline membrane.
j.—joint. v.w.—wall of vagina,
m.—membrane. yk.—yolk.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
Priate II.
All the drawings are of Cancer pagurus, with the exception of Figs. 27, 28, and
29, which are of Munida rugosa.
Figures 1, 3, 5, 11, 12, 18, 21, 23b, 24, 34, 35, and 36 were outlined by aid of
the camera lucida.
Fig. 1. Eggsimpaled by hair of endopodite. November 30, 1900, athe ial
Fig. 2. Lobule of ovary, showing a few distended eggs, dis. magnified, x 57
Fig. 3. Eggs in later stage of attachment than Fig, 1.
Fig. 4. Transverse section of first penis near base, magnified.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
Fig. 5. Section of a ripe egg (in ovary).
Fig. 5a. Envelopes of egg, . ; : é 5 1%
Fig. 6. Hair of endopodite, magnified.
Vig. 7. Part of long hair of exopodite, magnified.
Fig. 8. Part of short hair of exopodite, magnified.
Fig. 9. Ocular section of hair of exopodite, magnified.
Fig. 10. Transverse section of first penis at the base, magnified.
Vig. 11. Hair of exopodite, . : ; : ; : ye
Fig. 12. Hair of exopodite, . : : , Me aX
Fig. 13. Abdomen, showing relation of the swimmerets.
. 14. Side view of the abdomen, showing the overlapping of the
exopodites.
. 15. Abdomen.
. 16. Transverse section of median part of first penis, magnified.
. 17. Ocular section of hair of exopodite, near its base.
. 18a. Longitudinal section of an egg which had been attached toa hair
of the endopodite. January 11, 1901, : : ee
. 18). Section of envelopes of 18a.
. 19. Shows the eggs retained in the ‘‘ incubatory chamber,” formed
by the abdomen.
. 20a. Third swimmeret, left side, posterior surface.
. 20b. Third swimmeret, left side, anterior surface.
ig. 21. Group of eggs attached to ahair. January 11,1901, . ie.
. 22. Tip of hair of endopodite, magnified.
. 23a & b. Tip of hair of endopodite, magnified.
. 24. Tip of hair of endopodite, oc. 2, obj. 2 mm. O.I.
. 25. Transverse section of the first penis, close to tip, magnified.
. 26. Group of hairs of endopodite bearing eggs, magnified.
. 27. Tip of hair of endopodite of Munida rugosa, magnified.
. 28. Egg of Munida rugosa, attached to hairs of endopodite, cee:
Fig. 29. Attachment of egg-stalk to hairs of endopodite (Munida rugosa),
magnified.
Fig. 30. Ocular section of the base of hair of endopodite, magnified.
Fig. 31. Tip of hair of endopodite, magnified.
Fig. 32. Ocular section of hair of endopodite, magnified.
Fig. 33. Tip of hair of endopodite, magnified.
Fig. 34. Section of dropsical ovarian egg with bree perivitelline space.
Fig. 35. Hair of exopodite, . : : ; ‘ anesX
Fig. 36. Hair of exopodite, . : : : : : ax
Puate III.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Vig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
The drawings, except where otherwise stated, belong to Cancer pagurus.
Figures 56, 57, 58, and 64 were outlined by means of the camera lucida.
37. First penis, posterior view.
38. Longitudinal section of mouth of the spermatheca of a hard
crab, 6+3 inches, showing three-layered wall of vagina and
spermatheca.
39. Fourth and fifth pereiopods, with genital papilla on coxopodite
of the latter : fifth pereiopod posterior in position.
41. Fourth and fifth pereiopods, with genital papilla: fifth
pereiopod anterior in position.
42. Outer surface of tip of exopodite of third swimmeret, left side,
magnified.
43. Sloughed-off outer skin of hair, with empty egg-capsules
attached, magnified.
44. Abdomen, with first and second penes in one position.
45. Abdomen, with first and second penes in second position.
46. Muscles of second penis, magnified.
47. Genital papilla, magnified.
48. Muscles of first penis, magnified.
159
19
19
57
19
19
19
49. Spermatheca of soft crab, 63 inches across. December Ist, 1899. p/. Plug.
00. Tip of endopodite, inner surface, magnified.
51. Tip of exopodite, inner surface, magnified.
52. Muscles of abdomen, view from median line.
53. Second penis, anterior view.
54. Second penis, posterior view.
55. Diagram of relation of penis to the spermatheca and the plug. fl. Fluid.
Fig. 55a. Coxopodite of fifth pereiopod, showing the perforation for the
issue of the vas deferens.
140 Part I1I.—Twenty-second Annual Report
Fig. 56. Egg of Homarus vulgaris, showing three attachments, .
Fig. 57. Egg of Homarus vulgaris, showing three attachments.
Fig. 58. Tip of hair of endopodite of Homarus vulgaris.
Fig. 59. Dissection of first penis, magnified.
Fig. 60. Longitudinal section of first penis, semi-diagrammatic, to show -
the relationship of first and second penes and the genital
papilla, magnified.
Fig. 61. Longitudinal section of second penis, to show muscles seen from
median line.
Fig. 62. Tip of endopodite, posterior surface, magnified. The hairs ought
in proportion to be larger (viz., about one-third longer)
than they are here represented.
Fig. 63. Plan of a row of hairs of endopodite, magnified.
Vig. 64. Hair of endopodite of Nephrops norvegicus,
Fig. 65. First and second penes, lateral (external) view.
Fig. 66. Muscles of second penis.
Fig. 67. Spermatheca of hard crab, 62 inches. December Ist, 1899.
Fig. 68. Second penis, lateral (external) view.
Fig. 69. First penis, lateral (external) view, shows relationship of genital
papilla.
Fig. 70. External (attached) egg of Carcinus menas. December 21st, 1897.
Prate IV.
Figs. 94, 95, and 96 were outlined by means of the camera lucida.
Figs. 71-81. Successive casts of a Cancer pagurus, Nos. 2-12 inclusive,
viz., A, Table VI. Natural size.
Figs. 82-93. Successive casts of a Carcinus menas, viz., No. 1 in
Table I. in ‘*On the Larval and Early Young Stages, and
Rate of Growth, of Carcinus menas.” Twenty-first Annual
Report of the Fishery Board for Scotland, Pt. IIL., p. 166.
Fig. 94. Egg of Cancer pagurus taken from the vagina of a spawnine
female by means of a pipette, 30/ pes : -
Fig. 95. Egg just extruded,.
Fig. 96. Egg found on bottom of tank beside a spawning Cancer pagurus,
PLATE V.
10
48
The figures in this plate, with the exception of Fig. 100, were outlined by means
of the camera lucida.
Fig. 97. Edge of carapace of the cast represented in Fig. 75,
Fig. 98. Half of carapace do. do. 4,
Fig. 99. Frontal region do. do. (ots :
Fig. 100. Cast chela of a Cancer pagurus to show the absorption lines
(abs.) on [the coxopodite, basi-ischiopodite, and meropodite
joints. Natural size.
Fig. 101. Half of carapace of the cast represented in Fig. 72,
Fig. 102. Do. do. do. 73, :
Fig. 103. Enlarged drawing of cast shell represented in Fig. "1, carapace,
Fig. 104. Joint on second penis, Cancer pagurus.
Fig. 105. Tip of second penis, do.
x
x
N.5b.—The “arrows” which accompany certain of the figures serve to indicate
the antero-posterior median line; the point of the arrow is directed anteriorly.
‘3
=
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z
=
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:
:
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PLATE Ili.
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PLATE IV.
_j 3. REPORT, 1904
Cancer pagurus—CastinG, Etc.
REPORT. 1904
WwW. Cancer pagurus—CastinG, Erc.
100 A. H. WALKER.
App atares ts —
Orit ie BISD
59 Easier
o
(of the Fishery Board for Scotland 141
Iil.—THE RATE OF GROWTH OF FISHES. By Dr. T. Wemyss
Futton, F.R.S.E., Superintendent of Scientific Investigations.
(Plates VI.-XIT.)
ConTENTS.
PAGE.
1. Introductory, ‘ b , 141
2. The Relation of Length to Weight, : : , 142
3. The Average Size at Maturity, : ‘ : 150
4. The Influence of Temperature on Growth, / : 159
5: The Sprat, . : ; . : : ‘ 171
6. The Witch, : : ; ; : ; 186
7. The Norway Pout, : ( ; : 5 : 195
8. The Sharp-tailed Lumpenus, ‘ 202
9. Tables showing the Relation of Length to Weight, : 205
1. INTRODUCTION.
The present paper contains the results of further observations I have
made on the rate of growth of fishes, and is a continuation of the investi-
gation on this subject as dealt with in some of the preceding Reports of
the Fishery Board. In that for 1901 I described fully the methods
adopted,* the collections being obtained by the use of a fine-meshed net
around the cod-end of the otter trawl, on the occasions when steam-
trawlers were employed in the trawling investigations in the Moray
Firth and Aberdeen Bay. It need only be mentioned here that the
fishes are measured in millimetres, the measurements tabulated, and
curves formed on the measurements as grouped into lem. or ‘Sem.
groups. It may be stated that the method of collection with a small-
meshed net in the way described has now been adopted in some other
countries as well as on the ‘‘Goldseeker,” the vessel employed in the
Scottish part of the international investigations of the North Sea.
In addition to the measurements of numerous fishes, only part of which
are worked up in this paper, viz. those dealing with the sprat, the witch,
the Norway pout, and the sharp-tailed Lumpenus, observations were also
made on a large scale with the view of determining the relation between
the weight and the length of a considerable number of species, and these
are detailed below. I have found that the law which governs the relation
between the weight and dimensions of similarly-shaped bodies does not
apply with precision to fishes. They increase in weight more than the
increase in length would, according to the law, imply, and since the number
of fishes in which the relation between the length and weight has been
determined was large, viz. 5675, belonging to nineteen species, and in no
case has the law been found to apply exactly, it appears to be well-established
that on the assumption that the specific gravity of the fishes does not
change during growth they must increase in some other of their dimensions,
whether breadth or thickness, in greater proportion than they increase in
length.
* Twentieth Ann. Rep,, Pt. IIL, p. 326.
142 Part ITT.—Twenty-second Annual Report
I have likewise carried on a number of experiments in order to ascertain
the relation which exists between the growth of fishes and the temperature
of the water in which they live. It is well known from previous observa-
tions that in the winter season the growth of fishes, at least in the inshore
waters, is slower than it is in summer; in the case of those living
in shallow water, subjected to the changes in the temperature of the air,
and where the extremes of heat and cold are at their maximum, growth
may be entirely arrested in winter. In the Annual Report of the Board
above referred to I gave particulars on this point with regard to the young
plaice living on the beaches, and exhibited a curve in which the relation
between the temperature of the water and the degree of growth of the
plaice was established.
The experiments, which are described in detail below, consisted in
keeping fishes of various species in tanks in which the water was arti-
ficially heated, and the result on the growth of the fish was very marked,
those in the water of a high temperature growing much faster than
those in the water at lower temperature. It was, moreover, shown, as
might have been anticipated, that the fishes in the warmer water ate much
more food than those in the colder water, the digestive ferments being
more active at the higher temperatures, and the fish being thus able to
digest a larger quantity of food in a given time. It was found that the
appetite of the fishes was in relation to the power of digestion, that is to
the temperature of the water, those in very cold water scarcely eating
at all, although abundantly supplied with food. In the same way, the
metabolism in the tissues was more rapid, and nutrition and growth much
accelerated.
Certain differences were found to exist in different species, which are
referred to below.
2. THe RELATION OF LENGTH TO WEIGHT.
In dealing with the rate of growth of fishes it is customary to take one
of the dimensions of the fish and compare the variations of this
dimension at different periods or in different collections. In some cases,
as with the rays, it is more convenient to take the breadth across the
pectorals than the length. The selection of one dimension for com-
parative measurement is very convenient, and it is accurate on the
assumption that the fish grows equally in all directions, increasing in
breadth and thickness in the same ratio as it does in length. It is
obvious however, that the true criterion of growth is the increase in the
mass of the fish, and this can be determined either by the variation in
the volume or in the weight.
The determination of the variation in volume is a somewhat slow
process, and the methods are subject to difficulties in practice. With
small fishes a burette may be used with accurate results; with those
of large size the quantity of water displaced by the fish wag measured
separately in a burette, the fish itself being placed in a convenient
vessel. In the case of fishes of moderate dimensions the method used
was to place them in a vessel provided with a syphon to draw off the
amount of water displaced, which was then measured in a burette; the
bore of the syphon being so adapted as to always remain full of fluid.
As a rule this mode of determining the increase in bulk was found to be
less satisfactory than the method of weighing the fish, and this was the
method chiefly employed.
According to the well-known law, that the volume of similarly-shaped
bodies of the same specific gravity vary directly as the cube of corre-
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 143
sponding dimensions—a law which was brought prominently forward by
Herbert Spencer in his ‘‘ Principles of Biology ”—a fish which has doubled
its length should have increased its weight eight times. This law is a
very convenient one in considering the rate of growth of fishes, all that
is required, if the law holds true throughout, being to determine the
relation between the weight and one of the dimensions at a particular
size and then calculate the ratio between that dimension and the weight
at different sizes. The truth of the law has not, however, been proved
experimentally in the case of fishes, as far as I am aware, and it was
decided to actually measure and weigh a large number of fishes of
different sizes, and to construct curves in order to bring out the relation
between the length and the weight at different sizes. In the Twentieth
Annual Report of the Fishery Board* I described the method of
presentation I had adopted, the abscissee in the diagrams representing
length and the ordinates weight; and I pointed out that the curves
varied for different species, and that they did not everywhere agree with
the rule as to similarly-shaped bodies above referred to.
Since then many more fishes and observations have been added to my
lists, and I propose to discuss some of the results now.
In all cases, unless where otherwise stated, the observations bave been
made at different times of the year, and on fish from different localities.
This method will give a better result as to the relations between length
for the species generally, although it.is probable that the ratio varies
somewhat at different places and at certain times of the year—at all
events in fish which have reached adult size. This is referred to at
greater length below.
In the observations made on this subject each fish was individually
measured in millimetres and then weighed in grammes, and the method
adopted in presenting the results was to collect the records of weight to
the nearest ‘5 centimetre, and take the mean of the lot. Thus the
number of observations under each ‘5cm. are often unequal in amount ;
but it was found, on testing the method, that this system gave practically
the same result as when the calculations were made for the observations
under each millimetre measurement—a very laborious process.
The mean weight under a given ‘cm, was then tabulated, as well as
the number of fishes at that size and the greatest and lowest weight
among them, and this information for the various fishes dealt with is
given in a series of tables appended (p. 205), while the average weight is
represented in the series of diagrams (Pls. VI, VII). In constructing these
curves the average weight of the fishes at a particular length was not
itself taken, the series of averages being arithmetically smoothed, by
taking the mean of the averages immediately before and after; as a
rule only the one preceding and the one following was combined with the
average being smoothed, but in some cases where the number of
observations was small a number of the preceding and _ succeeding
averages were combined also and the mean taken.
The fishes in which the relation between the length and weight at different
sizes were determined were the following :—Plaice, common dab, lemon
dab, long rough dab, witch, brill, cod, haddock, whiting, herring, sprat,
Norway pout, and partly also the turbot, little sole, gurnard, halibut,
flounder, armed bullhead, and Lumpenus.
It will be seen from the tables and the curves of these fishes how very
greatly the weight for a given length differs in different species, and thus
how very different is the increment of growth for a given increase in the
length. Among the food-fishes examined by far the heaviest in proportion
* Page 334, 1902.
144 Part ITI.—Twenty-second Annual Report
to its length is the turbot, and after it comes the brill; at the opposite
extreme is the witch, which is the lightest of all :—
Z = = $ : 4 wd .
Cm. | 5 : = ey ed z = a3 ia 3 g 2 43
Sif om Leet S432 fe eee eos le ee
Ba Shes WS a i) B/E iA |Aal| oO | Be] a
5 | 117| 97 45 1:04 67
ie ae , ; 96} 87]. . | 571108 7°93} 78| 71) 5:9\ 67
15 32°31 34. | 281] 31:3) 141/216] . 30°7 | 28°3| 23:8] 23-4) ,
BO thors i 893 771) 74:7) 78 | 354/585) . T11| 65°7| 54°2| 55-1) .
80 24 7s ‘ ‘ 2991 |296-4 | 279 |170°4] . | . | 271°8 | 243-3 }213°6/219°5] .
35 | 922] 622| 561 | 484°6|470 | 440 [2835] . | - | 420 |381 |322
Aoi ee 978| 788 | 708 . | 683 |458 . | . | 614 | 592 [518
45 | 2,000 | 1,373 |1,076 | 1,026 : ae Ge? rile seal re BOR bees
50 |2,706|2,145| . | 1,429 , ; } LC) ea sneisa
60 | 5,000] . . | 2,468 ‘ : Pl Pogo
70 | 8,569) . . | 8,908 , ; ; ce hy & JaBeoSD
80 2 6 : : . A C é - | 5,000
too" | ; : ; ; : : : . {10,194
Among the other flat-fishes the lemon sole comes after the brill, then
the plaice, common dab, flounder, and long rough dab, but several of
them are very close together. Among the round-fishes the cod is the
heaviest in proportion to its length, with the haddock next, and then the
whiting. The sprat is, in proportion to its length, heavier than the
herring, which shows much the same ratio as the long rough dab. It is
noteworthy that the extremes in regard to the length-weight ratio should
be exhibited among the flat-fishes.
It will also be noticed that the variation in weight at a given size in
the same species increases very much as the fish grows in length, so that
at the larger sizes, of the cod or turbot for example, the variation in this
respect is most pronounced. For this reason the terminal parts of the
curves are less satisfactory than the lower parts, as may be seen in the
diagrams, and it would probably require a very extensive series of
observations on these larger forms to give the relation between the length
and the weight with high precision. Nevertheless, I think the curves
given will be found useful in dealing with many questions connected
with the fisheries.
The number of the various species which have been measured and
weighed for the purpose of this research are as follows :—
Cod, - - . 471 Little sole, - - 54
Haddock, - - 844 Turbot, - - - 29
Whiting, - . 507 Brill, - - - 100
Norway pout, - - 218 Flounder, - - - 48
Plaice, - - - 913 Halibut, - : . 38
Lemon dab, - - 165 Herring, - - - 482
Common dab, - - 541 Sprat, - - - 339
Long rough dab, - 335 Gurnard, - - 63
Witch, - - 426 Armed puliheaa - 59
Lumpenus, - - 43
—the total being 5675 fishes.
of the ishery Board for Scotland. 145
An examination of the tables and curves shows that the law in regard
to the increase in weight according to the cube of the length, although
broadly true, does not accurately apply in the case of the ‘fishes examined.
With scarcely an exception, the weight at a given length is greater than
the weight calculated from the law, so that if the specie gravity of the
fishes remains constant they must increase somewhat more in other
dimensions than in length.
In the case of the haddock, the plaice, and the sprat, I have calculated
out the weights at the various sizes on the assumption that the law
referred to held true during the growth of the fish, and these are given in
the Table on pages 240, 241. It will be seen, by comparing them with
the weights actually observed, that the latter exceed the former in all
cases as stated. The datum for the calculation in each instance was the
smoothed average for the smallest sizes of which the relative numbers
were large. The salient features in this comparison may be given here
as follows, the weights being in grammes :—
| PLAICE. HADDOCK.
Cm. | aa
Observed Weight. |Calculated Weight.| Observed Weight. |Calenlated Weight.
1 | -- ‘009 — "008
3 — *252 _ "213
5 Tel7 1:167 — 984
8 4°78 4°78 — 4°03
10 9°62 9°34 7°8 7°87
15 34 31°51 28°3 26°56
20 77°10 74°70 65°7 62°97
25 161 145-90 140°2 122°97
30 299°10 252°10 243°3 212°50
35 484°6 406°45 381 307 °44
40 707°9 597-50 591°6 503°73
45 1,026 850°84 8282 717-19
50 1,429 1,167°20 ip OU 98380
55 1,820 1,553°44 [1,440] 1,309°47
60 2,00 | 2,016°79 [1,915] 1,700
65 [3,331] 2,564°17 [3,214] 2,162°14
70 | [3,908 } 3,201°59 — 2;699°52
The figures in brackets represent individual fishes at or very near the dimension stated.
The comparison in the case of the sprat was as follows :—
Centimetres. Observed Weight. | Calculated Weight. |
1 = 005
2 ues 043
3 a 149
4 = 343
5 67 670
6 17 1°190
7 2-02 1-838
8 3-05 2-744
9 4°63 4-015
10 6-71 5:36
ll 9-48 7-13
12 12-46 9-52
125 14°34 as
13 [16-4] 11-78
14 14-71
146 Part I1I.—Twenty-second Annual Report
A simple method of determining the relationship, without calculating
out the ratio at all lengths, is to compare the weights at twice the size ;
according to the law the weight should be eight times greater. This has
been done in all the possible cases throughout the tables, and, with a few
exceptions in individual instances where the numbers were usually small,
it has been found that the weight at twice the size is greater, and some-
times very considerably greater, than the law implies.
Thus, among plaice of which a large number were weighed (913) there
is no exception to the statement made, from 45cm. on to 35-70cm.
In all cases the weight calculated in this manner is less than the weight
actually observed, and the excess over what is required by the law is in
some cases considerable. The following examples may be given :—
Observed Weight WEIGHT IN GRAMMES. |
Cm. (Smoothed). (Cin.9 | Excess.
Sica Calculated. Observed.
5 Ty 10 9°36 9°62 26
8 4:78 16 38°24 41 2°78
10 9-62 20 76°96 77°10 14
12, 17°35 24 138°8 140°6 1°8
15 34 30 272 299°1 27°1
18 57°79 36 462°2 527 64°8
20 aad 40 616°8 707°9 91-1
22 112°8 44 902°4 954 51°6
25 161 50 1,288 1,404 116
7 es 207 54 1,656 1,802 146
30 | 299-1 60 | 2.3928 2,468 75-2
Throughout the tables of measurements for haddocks also the weight
thus calculated is always under the weight observed, except in a few
cases among the largest fishes. Whether this is due to the fact that the
number of the fishes at the larger sizes is too small to show the true
relation, or the difference is a real difference with age, cannot at present
be decided. I give the selected examples for haddocks in the accompany-
ing Table, with all the cases where the calculated weight is greater than
the observed weight :—
Observed Weight WEIGHT IN GRAMMES.
Cm. cece Cm. ioe Cae Ck Difference.
, Si Calculated. | Observed.
10 7°93 20 60:4 | 65°7 +5:3 |
12 13°6 24 108°8 118°3 +9°5
15 28°3 30 226°4 | 243°3 +16°9 |
18 48°3 36 386°4 425-2 +38°8
| 20 65°7 40 535°6 591°6 +56:0
! 22 $1°4 44 731°6 777°6 +46
| 25 140-2 50 1,121°6 i We | +494
| 26:5 165-6 53 1,324°8 1,379 454-4
| 28:5 205°5 57 1,645:0 1,635 =40
| 3} O717 62] 2,173°6 2,110 ~ 63°6
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 147
Among commou dabs the observed weights are always in excess also,
with one exception, where the calculated weignt for a fish of 12cm. is
14°80 and the weight observed was 14°7 grammes. ‘The difference in the
smaller forms here is not so great as in those of moderate size. At 6cm.
the calculated weight was 1:36 grammes and the observed weight 1°85 ;
at 10cm. the calculated weight was 7°76 and the actual weight
12°31; at 8cm. the calculated weight was 32:96 and the weight observed
34°3 grammes; at 20cm. the calculated weight was 69°76 and the actual
weight 74:7; at 24cm. the calculated weight was 117°6 and the weight
observed 142°3; at 30cm. the calculated weight was 224°8 and the
actual weight 296°4; at 36cm. the calculated weight was 403-2 and
the weight observed 487 grammes.
It was the same with the lemon dab, no exception being found. The
calculated weight at 15cm. was 26°8 and the real weight 32°3; at 31cm.
the former was 288°8 and the observed weight was 354 grammes ;
at 36cm. the respective weights were 436°8 and 595 grammes, and at 40cm.
they were respectively 714-4 and 788 grammes. With the Norway
pout, the herring, the sprat, the long rough dab, the cod, the witch, and
the whiting the same method shows the same general result, an excess of
weight over that to be deduced from the law. I append here some of
the figures where this appears :—
TABLE.
148 Part IIT.—Twenty-second Annual Report
| Cod Whiting. Witch Hone Howeh Herring. Sprat.
Corn J ar gE sap eh Ee Es eee ee ee ae eee
_ I II I II i i, if II I II I II
8 — = -— — 1°52} 1°46} 2°64) 2:68) — —- |— =
9 _ — — — — — |40/ 39] — — |40 | 46
10 — — —_ —_ — — —|— - — |5°36| 6°71
11 _ — —_ - oo — 776) 7°85) — — |7:04] 9:48
12 — — 12 12°4} — — {104} 105) — — | 9°36 | 12-46
13 o — — — 76} 9°9/12:2] 138°3) — — |— =
14 — _ — — 91] 11:7)15°4) 165} — = =
15 — — 27°2| 23°38; 10°] 14 |185}] 21:6) — = | — ha
16 os — — _ 1137) W639, 121 4.) T2721 23:8. 2o ag —
17 4) 45°4| 84:4] 35°2| 12°38] 20 | 28-4] 32:4; 29 34°1 | — —
18 46°2 54 40°8} 41:3} — — |81'2] 40-4] 34:2} 40:3) — —
20/ 634} 711] 568/ 54-2) — | — | 45-6] 585] 472] 55a]— | —
24 120 1231} 99:2; 1024} — — |84 | 122 84:8 | 106°1 | — —
25 138°4} 146°5 | 112°8 | 118 67:2; 861; — | — 96°8 | 119°8 | — —
28 196°8| 210°7 | 154:4| 1781] — a= — |} — |141°6/174 | — =
30 | 245°6|} 271°8) 190°4 | 210°6 | 112°6)170°4; — | — _ | 187-2} 219°5 | — —
35 394°4} 420 | 305°6 | 332 — — —}— a — | —
40 568°8| 614°3| 483°6| 5138 | 283 | 458 — |= — —- |= —
45 | 898 | 907 7) ee ee ee ee ee
48 | 985 |\1018 1819 |984 1589) 1791 | = Fo ee
50 1,172 9) 1139 Se a ee ee
BB | 1588 1 W608 Gay ee) cae) ey ee er
60 | 2174. O0R7 hy Se SO a ee
70'| 3-360. Vi8-3G0, U4 esis veag [ree lear oat teen eee ee
75. | 35948) 42000. 9: =e a a err eee an
94] 7,888 |9144 | — | -— |— |— |—-|— |-— |] —
100. | 9,112 ° 10,194 | eo ee a ee
108 1,728 112,980) = ee
Among the exceptions to the statement that the rule does not apply
the most common are to be found among the smail and young forms and
in the whiting. In many cases the weight of the smallest individuals
whose weight may be calculated by the method described is under the
ratio prescribed by the law, or in conformity with it, and thus differs from
what obtains among the larger individuals. It seems not improbable
that the explanation of this circumstance is that, in their early stages,
the fishes grow in length in a greater ratio than they grow in other
dimensions. This is specially observable among the whitings, witches,
and long rough dabs, although in the case of the two latter, at all events,
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 149
the tendency is markedly in the opposite direction later on. In many
cases in the very largest fishes a few exceptions also occur, and this may
be due to defective nutrition with age, or to the fact that the number of
the fishes of large size examined was much less and not sufficient to bring
out the true relationship. It is to be observed that the statement that the
law does not accurately apply is supported by that part of the tables and
curves where the observations are most numerous, and which, as a rule,
includes those fishes which are in adolescence.
Among cod the greatest number of exceptions were found to occur.
The observed weight continued to be greater than that required by the law
from 17cm. to 48cm., and then from that point to 69cm., with one or two
exceptions, it was less. The number of specimens of the larger sizes was,
however, comparatively small, and in the case of the cod many of these large.
specimens were weighed in May, after they had spawned. In most of the
other cases it may be said, although spawning and spent fish are included,
the number of these is small; and the sudden loss of weight immediately
after spawning is marked, although it appears to be rapidly regained.
I am not at present able to offer any satisfactory explanation of the
departure from the law of growth generally accepted in the case of fishes ;
and perhaps it may be said that the application of this law in biology has
not yet been experimentally tested ona sufficient scale among many species
of animals. In the growth of some animals there is no doubt that the ratio
between the dimensions does not continue constant, and that consequently
alteration of shape occurs in the course of growth. In the case of ‘fishes
the relation between the length and the weight is in many, and probably
most, instances modified in connection with reproduction to a considerable
extent, and it may also be altered by the changes which take place in
certain of the viscera, as, for example, in the liver, and by the general
conditions of nutrition due to season and other circumstances. For
obvious reasons, variations in the quantity of food which may be in the
stomach or intestine may be neglected. It has to be noted, however, as
already stated, that the fishes at periods before reproductive disturbances
begin show a marked departure from the law, and that changes arising
from difference of season affect fishes at different sizes.
These tables and curves will also be of value in determining the
average weight of specimens of different species belonging to different
series or generations, and thus showing the increase of mass from one
generation to another as well as the mean weight when the reproductive
period is reached and the range of variation. An example may be here
given from the plaice to show the amount of growth which may take
place from one generation to another, and in the following Table I give
the particulars as based on the measurements of over 1800 specimens in
a haul in Aberdeen Bay in November : —
LENGTH (MM.). WEIGHT (GRAMMES).
Series, Mean
Increase.
Range. Average. Range of Mean. Average,
1B [385—85 65] 2°5
ig 91—162 1181 6°9—42 17 14°5
TE: 164—260 216°5 44—181 106 89
TNE 261—369 315 183—676 343 237
Ni 363—442 400 620—970 708 365
VL 444479 460 990—1, 280 1,092 384
150 Part ITI—Twenty-second Annual Repor
From this it wiil be seen how very greatly the weight and therefore the
amount of growth in different members of the same series may vary.
The ‘range of the mean,” moreover, refers to the average weight for the
longest and shortest fish in a series; the actual or possible variation in
weight is much greater, as may be seen from the Tables for the plaice on
p. 205.
3. THe AVERAGE Size aT Maturity.
With regard to the size and age at which the males and females of the
various species of food-fishes first attain maturity, a great deal of infor-
mation is still required. Isolated observations have been made in a
considerable number of instances on several species, sufficient to give an
approximate idea of the limit between the mature and the immature, but,
as a rule, they are not of such a kind as to enable the average-size as
well as the extremes to be determined, and on the hypothesis that
reproduction takes place at a certain age this average-size should
correspond to the average for one or other of the yearly groups.
In one or two cases I have made a number of observations on the
subject, particularly with regard to the plaice, the haddock, and the
whiting, a number of these fishes being examined at the spawning time,
the sexes determined, the condition of the reproductive organs noted, and
the size of the fish measured.
A number were also examined at periods anterior to the spawning time
and the progress of the development of the eggs observed.
Thus, among twenty-four whitings caught in the Moray Firth on the
14th November, comprising sixteen females and eight males, it was found
that the former ranged in size from 242 to 418mm., and in weight from
108 to 517 grammes; the weight of the ovary varying from 0°2 to 38
grammes, and the diameter of the eggs from ‘189 to ‘294mm. The
following are selected examples :—
: Weight of Diameter of
onan eee Ovaries. Largest Eggs.
Mrr. Gr. Gr. Mm.
242 108 0-4 189
248 110 1:0 "231
293 196 A 27 "294
298 198 1 "252
304 223 2°1 al
313 240 1:8 189
351 354 2°8 273
418 517 38:'0 273
The particulars in these examples show that the whitings, and probably
even the smallest, would spawn at the next spawning season ; and it will
be observed that the size of the eggs in some of the smaller specimens Is
as large as in those of considerably greater size. In the males the weight
of the testes was also determined, and their weight did not always
correspond with the weight of the fish, as the following examples
indicate :—
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 151
Length. Weight. Weight of Testes.
Mm. Gr. Gr.
293 205 0:8
322 281 hal
335 277 0:9
323 331 2°0
339 330 3°5D
364 382 0:8
All these males would also in all probability spawn at the next season.
On the 27th December some others, also taken in the Moray Firth,
were examined, and the following shows the particulars in regard to some
of the females :—
ce Weight of Diameter of
Length. Weight. Oranas Eggs.
Mm. Gr. Gr. Mm.
175 40 oa ial! 063
Moat 81 O°7, a
254 107°5 ti] "189
260 13 370 462
Hes 85 0-8 ‘210
In the males the testes were as small relatively as in those examined
in November. Several other whitings of smaller size were examined,
from 159 to 178mm., and in all cases the ovaries and testes were
extremely small, and the eggs minute, the largest being about ‘(O6mm.
On 28rd January another lot were examined, and it was found that
both the weight of the ovary and the diameter of the largest ege had
considerably increased, as shown by the following particulars of some of
the females :—
i Weight of | Diameter of
Length. Weight. ee Eges.
Mm Gr. Gr Mm. |
266 136 4°] "609
269 160 1:8 ODI
297 209 5:8 ‘609
302 224 3°9 “441
339 306 79 "462
341 335 7 63
j : |
152 Part I1I.—Twenty-second Annual Report
All these females would obviously spawn in the ensuing season ; and it
is noteworthy that some of the smaller fishes had the larger eggs. The
weight of the testes in the male had also increased; in specimens from
227-232mm. they weighed 0:7—-0°9 grammes, and in some from 253-267mm.
they weighed from 1°2 to 3°8 grammes. From these indications probably
all would spawn in the course of the next season.
On the Ist April, that is after the spawning season had begun, some
others were examined. Females of 182 and 198mm. had small ovaries
and unyolked eggs which measured from 0°6 to 0‘8mm. Others at 225
and 227mm. (8% inches) had eggs measuring up to °672, and at 232 and
237mm, the ovaries contained ripe eggs. From the same collections 803
whitings were assorted into males and females, the condition of the
reproductive organs being determined ; the particulars are contained in
the following Table :—
FEMALE.
a
| Cm. | Ripe. | Spent. [Immature.! Ripe. | Spent. a
| oe Pp Pe bo
os
be
tH
|
|
|
neta Maceo 1). ees ie |
| |
| DB aad Sth hae 1 ome E21! | es.
Be eee ce 3 eC eon |
Paes Beer ta es 24 ee Be.
Bi Bee oh 4 iy iy Soe |
Be ies ae 4 - Ee
Bice eee ae 1 1 Le ova
| 19 a: | 1 2 ieee!
20 Pride 1 16 | | 2
| 21 4 4 33 4
22 | 18 2 58 | | ae
23 | 33 3 W744 ae
24 40 3 70 | |
25 | 44 3 65 |
| 26 40 ] 56 |
271m) haa 1 28 | |
| 28 27 21 |
29 13 9 |
30 | 13 Sin dl |
31. 15.240 sir
32 7 a
33 | i;
a a Oe ie | |
| 36
| 37 3 |
38
39 tiles
40 |
In addition to these observations made on board the trawlers employed
in the Moray Firth, in which the collections included many whitings too
small to be marketable, the opportunity was taken to examine the sexual
condition of a number of whitings as brought to market. These do not
include the very smallest which may be mature, but they serve for
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 153
comparison, and they show, moreover, the very small proportion of this
fish which is brought to market in the immature condition.
FEMALES. MALEs.
Cm. Ripe. | Spent. |[mmature| Ripe. | Spent. |Immature.
23 Ee fh
24 1 1 1
25 ] 1 6
26 3 l 3
27 28 14
28 Ad 16
29 3 19
30 50 16
3] 29 16 1
32 23 18
| 33 29 9 1
34 33 20
35 38 11
36 24 U
37 22 7
38 29 L
39 16 1 1
40 14 Re
4] 12 1
42 3
43 8
44. 4
45 1
46 2
From these observations it appears that the female whiting may attain
maturity when it is 20cm., or about 8 inches, in length, but that the
average size when reproduction first begins is approximately 25cm., or
about 10 inches.
This conclusion agrees with the previous observations made by me on
the rate of growth of the whiting and the size and age at which maturity
is reached. I stated in the Twentieth Annual Report* that the whiting
when two years old had an average size of about 92 inches, the range
being from about 7? inches to 12 inches, and that this was the generation
which commenced to spawn. The tables given above show that some of
the males may begin to spawn at a size less than that at which the
females spawn, but the difference is not very great, and I am disposed to
consider that the males also do not attain maturity till they are two
years of age.
A series of corresponding observations were made in regard to the
haddock, which serve to throw light on the size and age when maturity
is first reached. On the 31st October a number were taken in Aberdeen
Bay, the sexes determined, and the condition of the reproductive organs
ascertained, The following shows the main features among the females —
* Part III., page 400.
154 Pari IlI—Twenty-second Annual Report
: Weight Size
Length. Weight. of Ovaries. of Eggs.
Mm. oe Gr. Mm.
245 116°5 3 08
546 134 5 ‘0S— 0
23 141 2 08
376 189 x 2
341 412 2-5 iy)
O56 496 3°] e573)
387 616 ANY "294
428 814 TOs) a fees)
525 1,600 14:0 30
On 12th November another series of observations were made on
haddocks taken in the Moray Firth, and similar observations on
collections obtained in Aberdeen Bay on 24th December and 14th
January, and in the Moray Firth on 21st January. The particulars in
some of the cases are appended :—
Weight. | Diameter
528 1,345 1 378
Langeh: MVciept of Ovaries. | of Eggs.
Mm. Gr. Gr. Mm.
November 12 338 392 3:5 42
333 ort D75 “SOW
315 ore 2°9 *399
OL Bef 3°9 “Die
3DD 490 3°0 “315
415 782 78 378
35
December 24
January 14
January 23 | © 169 38 “ 04
231 96°5 0-5 "273
257 131°5 0-7 12
271 158 0-6 suk
235 99:5 0-9 "36
223 90°5 0:3 18
287 182 1:0 "315
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 155
Among those taken on 23rd January in the Moray Firth several at
from 146 to 170mm. which were examined had the ovaries quite small
and immature ; some of those of 257mm. and thereabout had only clear
unyolked eggs measuring up to ‘lmm., while others of the same size, or
even smaller, had eggs considerably larger, yolked, and would, no doubt,
spawn before the close of the spawning season. This difference is, I
think, to be explained by difference in age, the less matured individuals,
although larger, being younger and belonging to a later generation.
On the 1st April, among a number taken in the Moray Firth, quite
ripe females were got measuring 254mm. (10 inches) and 258mm. and
weighing 134 and 141 grammes, or about 4# ounces; others almost mature
measured 256 and 258mm., while some quite immature were found
measuring 283mm., or more than 11 inches. On the 23rd April a few
females of 263mm. were ripe, and males of 255mm. and upwards and
females of 258, 273, 296mm. and upwards were spent.
In the collection procured on Ist April a number of the ovaries were
examined, with the following results :—
Cm. Seamus or Spent. Immature.
| nearly Ripe.
16 1
LY 4
18
19 1
20 3
21 10
22 24
23 By 30
24 8 27
25 15 14
26 lig 4
27 5 2
28 5 ] 1
29 2 S: 3
30 6 2
31 1
32 8 ]
33 7 ]
34 12
35 6
36 3
37 1
38 5
39 2
40 1
4]
The collection was a small one, and the larger fishes were for the most
part absent. It shows, however, that females as small as 24cm. may be
ripe and some as large as 29cm. immature, the average size at first
maturity in this case being approximately 30cm., or abont 12 inches,
which is rather under the size brought out by some other observations,
Out of a large number examined on a former occasion the smallest of the
156 Part [11 —Twenty-second Annual Report
females obtained was 12 inches, and the smallest nearly mature 10 inches ;
and Holt from his observations at Grimsby placed the average limit
between the mature and immature at 13 inches.
Some observations were also made with regard to the size at which
maturity is reached in the plaice by the examination of the fish as landed
and also on board as brought to deck. In the latter case the examination
was only towards the close of the spawning season, when most of the
fishes were spent, and the information obtained in this way is therefore
of more limited scope.
On the 11th A 16th February 259 were examined, of which 134
were females and 125 males. Among the former 50 were spawning,
or had the ovaries so far developed that spawning could be said to be
imminent. The largest immature female measured 440mm., the next
largest being 436mm. The smallest female found to be actually spawning
was 373mm., or about 143 inches, the next smallest being 382mm; the
smallest nearly ripe measured 360, 360, 368, and 378mm. The
difference, therefore, between the largest immature and the smallest
nearly mature was 80mm., or 3h inches. The numbers are not very large,
but so far as they go they show that the average size when maturity is
first attained is about 43 or 44cm., that is, approximately, 17 inches, the
limit also found by Holt to apply to the plaice from the northerly part of
the North Sea, and confirmed by Kyle.*
With the males the largest immature specimens measured 370, 367,
and 366mm., and the smallest spawning males measured 306, 318, and
330mm. ; ; the smallest nearly ripe was 317mm. and the next 322mm.
The difference i in this case between the smallest mature and the largest
immature amounts to 64mm., or 24 inches. Probably the examination
of a larger number of specimens would enlarge the difference both for
the males and females, but as they stand they agree very well with the
overlapping in length of the respective series or generations.
* Kighteenth Annual Report Fishery Board for Scotland, Part III., p. 190.
| TABLE
157
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
MALES.
FEMALES.
*aIN{VUIWU] ee ie ak ey BS
|
TROL] HaN Ht wR N OC AO HH OH HO BR AW HM os Ow Nie Setter St '
ri ra re rt
‘yuedg ry 1 ‘ ' 1 ' ‘ 1 ' ‘ 1 1 1
‘adty Ajavan
OS -— E
“surumedg
|
‘91 ny Buy | , ? 1 fA) N = = Sh eS ™~ <i = ro inn) Yon) fos | re — 1 ’ ’ ‘ Fi 4 i : s F é i i
|
MC TOM Ae eae meres 1 Fa pease a Oo NN Ne ANS 19915 “<> 635 1g NN oe UN a aia + eet
is |
‘quodg ' e , ‘ 1 ’ 1 AN N 4 1 4 ’ ‘ 1
‘odiy Apavo Ny
u
The UO ie Beret Ee SR ene retin Ne ty IGN Se GNC BON SUGNE sede nicks tices) GS NU pti are) TCS Sct iit pale ee en
\
eat. aa ae ams ei ee ME Mage See OU nw 3) mn ON Ma eae Chin ON hy eae mee) Met coh a se ce Oe a ms — Ley — TR Pe a wg
158 Part L1I1.—Twenty-second Anuwual Report
Of those examined on the 30th of March towards the end of the
Spawning time, two females were still spawning, their sizes being 43 and
53cem.; the number spent was 36, the smallest that was certainly”
determined to have spawned being 45cm. The number immature was
51, the largest being 46°5cm., but it is possible it had spawned early in
the season. Among the males, of which 65 were examined, 11 were
still spawning, the smallest measuring 38cm., or nearly 15 inches. Six
were taken to be spent, the smallest being 37cm. and the largest of those
immature was 38cm. Among the spent females it was, as a rule, easy
to determine their condition from the fact that a small quantity of ripe
eggs was still contained within the ovaries, sometimes amounting to a
few teaspoonfuls.
Some observations were also made upon the cod, and although they
were not very extensive, so little has been exactly determined for this
fish that they may be given here. At the end of March, when I was on
board a trawler, we hit upon a shoal of spawning cod in the Moray
Firth, some hundreds being caught in each haul of the net, and very
few other round fish were taken at the same time. They were actively
engaged in spawning, the ripe eggs and the spermatic fluid flowing from
them, and some were spent. I was struck by the fact that among these
fish there were none of a small size, and the great majority were cod of
the largest dimensions usually landed, Among the smallest measured
were the following :—Females 33, 35, and 354 inches; males 294 (quite
ripe), 334, 30, 342, 35 inches. Among the few codlings taken I found
one of 70°5cm. (274 inches) quite immature; one at 56°7em, (224
inches) had an extremely small ovary. At Aberdeen on 18th April I
found one measuring 72°6mm. (283 inches) immature, and on the 11th
February of a number of large codling examined after they had been
landed I found males measuring 595mm. and 640mm. quite immature ;
in the latter the testes weighed only 5°3 grammes. The largest female
was 60°7cm., or about 24 inches, and it was immature, the largest eggs
in the ovary measuring ‘18mm in diameter, and showing faint deposition
of yolk at the periphery.
From these facts I concluded that the size of the cod when maturity is
first attained was probably considerably higher than is generally supposed,
but in the Moray Firth on the very next day, viz. Ist April, a cod was
taken in 32 fathoms off Burghead with large and perfectly mature ovaries.
It was 65cm. (253 inches) in length and weighed 7lbs. 240z., the roe
weighing 432 grammes (1540z.). This fish had just begun to spawn, and
it was clearly of quite a different class from the great spawning shoal
above alluded to, in which the smallest spawning female measured
84:0cm.
It may be added that on the 12th November codling taken in the
Moray Firth, and measuring from 535 to 610mm., had small ovaries,
weighing from 3°1 to 6°83 grammes, the diameter of the largest eggs
being ‘147 and ‘2mm; while cod of 92:7 and 102:9cm. had the ovaries
weighing 111°5 and 161.3 grammes respectively, the diameter of the
largest eggs being ‘22mm. On the other hand, a cod of 74°7cm., taken
in Aberdeen Bay on 3]st October, with ovaries weighing 56°5 grammes,
had eggs up to ‘50mm.
The average size fixed by Holt for the cod on first attaining maturity,
viz. 25 inches, would therefore appear to be by no means too high; many
cod, as he points out, undoubtedly reach a considerably larger size before
spawning. The smallest ripe female obtained by him measured 263
inches; it was thus somewhat larger than the small one above recorded
from the Moray Firth. He, however, obtained one which was three
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 159
parts ripe and measured 221 inches, On the other hand, among those
examined during the spawning season he found females immature as
large as 36 inches.*
LV.—Tue Inruvuence or TEMPERATURE ON THE GROWTH OF FISHES.
In one of my previous papers dealing with the growth of fishes I
referred to the important influence which the temperature of the water
exercises over the rate of growth, and gave examples from the observa-
tions made ou certain species, aud particularly the plaice in its younger
stages when inhabiting the sandy beaches.t It was shown also that the
haddock and whiting and other forms increase in length much more
rapidly in summer than they do in winter, but from the want of a series
of periodic observations on the temperature of the deeper offshore water
in the various months throughout the year, it is not yet possible to bring
the observations on growth into exact relation with the temperature
variations in the water,
It appeared to me that some results of interest might be obtained
directly by keeping fishes in the winter in water which was artificially
heated, and comparing their growth with other fishes kept under similar
conditions but in water at the ordinary temperatures. This has been
done for over five months with the results described below.
Four different lots of fish were kept in separate and similar tanks,
which may be distinguished as No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, No.4. ach of
the tanks is of concrete with the front and back of plate glass, and the
light from windows in the tank-house passes through them, but not very
strongly. The tanks are of uniform dimensions, measuring 54 feet in
length by 4 feet 4 inches from back to front, and the depth of water
during the experiments in Nos. 2, 3, and 4 was 25% inches ; the volume
of water in each of these tanks was therefore about 315°5 gallons, or 1433
litres. The other tank, No. 1, owing to a defect could not be filled so
full, and in it the depth of water was 15 inches, the volume being thus
about 185:5 gallons, or 842°5 litres. Tanks Nos. | and 2 were supplied
from the ordinary supply pipe to the tank-house, the water thus having
approximately the same temperature as the sea water on the beach.
Tanks Nos. 3 and 4 were supplied with sea water from the same pipe,
but it was first passed through a heating arrangement by which its
temperature was raised. Considerable difficulty was at first experienced
in raising the temperature of the water in these tanks sufficiently high.
It was soon discovered that the use of oil heaters was insufficient, and the
method adopted was to utilise an ordinary slow-combustion stove for heat-
ing the apartment, upon the top of which was placed acommon galvanised
iron hot-water tank, such as are used for supplying hot water, of forty
gallons capacity, and around it was placed an iron jacket with a space
between in which was enclosed the smoke pipe from the stove. This
arrangement has answered very well and with comparatively little atten-
tion or extra cost.
No arrangement was employed for the mechanical regulation of the
temperature, which varied considerably from time to time, as shown in
the tables, falling generally during the night; but a little experience in
firing enabled the variation to be to some extent controlled. The tem-
perature was taken every few hours daily, and the supply of hot or cold
water regulated accordingly, and maximum and minimum thermometers
were also used in order to ascertain the extreme nightly range.
*Journ. Mar. Biol. Assoc. I11., Special Number p. 377, 380, Zbid, III., No. 1, 79.
+Twentieth Ann, Rep., Pt. I1I., pp. 885, 342.
160 Part III—Twenty-second Annual Report
Inflow. Tank No. I. Tank No. II.
Max. Min. Mean. Max. Min. Mean. Max. Min. Mean.
5°5 4:2 5:0 — — _ 54 4°6 5-2
6°0 4:0 53 6°3 4:8 56 6°4 3°8 5:0
6-0 3°8 51 6-2 3°8 5:1 6°4 4°6 5:5
5°2 4°4 4°8 54 4°) 4°4 56 4°6 5:0
6:1 3°0 5°0 54 2°8 4°] 5:2 4:2 4:4
5:2 4°2 4°7 4°3 3°6 3°9 46 3'8 4°3
6°8 3'8 5°1 4°8 34 4°2 52 3°6 4°4
74 54 6°5 5'8 4°5 53 6°8 5°0 5'8
84 52 6°3 62 5:0 5:5 5°8 5:2 5°6
10°8 5°8 7°9 78 6°3 66 8°8 5°4 6°4
10°6 75 8°3 9°4 6:4 8°3 10°4 7‘0 8°4
10°8 7°6 9:0 10°2 8:0 8°8 10°0 7°8 87
9-2 8:2 8°9 9°4 8:0 8°9 9-2 8-0 8°6
10°6 9°8 10:2 10°4 9°8 10°1 10°2 9°4 9°7
10°4 9°9 10°2 10°6 9°9 10°3 10°4 9°8 10°8
Tank No, III. Tank No. IV.
Average of Average of
Max. | Min. | Mean. Max. Min. Mean.
fahifli 2 Zplogeer | ieeadL a6-atul ee Foe der eo aes
106 | 74 | 93 | 88 | 90 | 142 | 74 | 127 | 80 | 109
11-4 | 63 | 93 | 78 | 91 | 164 | 78 | 144 | 97 | 124
14 {| 72 | 96 | 79 | 89 | 172 | 100 | 154 | 115 | 185
101 | 50 | 80 | 68 | 76 | 20 | 96 | 172 | 122 | 182
90) | a | eh 1 Behl eo 106 | e621" abe lh ge Sipe
102 | 39 | 75 | 48 | 60 | 183 | 78 | 156 | 89 | 120
s9 | a4 | 30 | 61 | 71 | 189 | 74°) aa bele tog somes
95 | 44 | 7-7 | 53 | 64 | 200 | 68 | 149 | 10:3 | 12-9
140 | 50 | 108 | 70 | 7-8 | 228 | 92 | 15:0 | 10-7 | 182
150 | 67 | 116 | 82 | 100 | 178 | 100 | 15:9 | 11:8 | 13°6
128 | 70 | 110 | 85 | 97 | 161 | 83 | 150 | 106 | 128
39 | 70 {14 | 81 | 95 | is8 | 78 | 162 | 99 | Ia%
1228 | 83 | 18 | 95 | 106 | 161 | 94 | 152 | 105 | 125
156 | 100 | 133 | 108 | 119 | 161 | 106 | 149 | 11-7 | 184
af the Fishery Board for Scotland. 161
I have tabulated the temperature observations in the accompanying
tables for each of the tanks, and for the supply as it came to the
apartment. Tanks Nos. 1 and 2 were not supplied with hot water; Tank
No. 3 got a partial supply, and Tank No. 4 the largest supply, and it is
this tank which was looked to to give the best results.
The temperature observations are tabulated in ten-day periods for the
155 days over which the experiment extended, each showing the
maximum and minimum temperature recorded, the mean for the ten
days ; and for Tanks 3 and 4 the mean of the maxima and minima have
also been calculated.
It will be seen from the tables that the mean temperature in No. 1
varied from 3:9 C, to 10°3 C. during the 155 days, the mean for the
whole period being 6°5 C. (43°7 F.); the extremes of temperature
observed at any time were 2°8 and 10°6. The mean temperature of No.
2 varied from 4°3 C. to 10°8 C., the mean for the period being 7:0 C.
(44:6 F.); the slightly higher temperature was owing to this tank being
nearer the stove that No. 1. In No, 3 it was desired to maintain a
temperature intermediate between that of No. 4 and the other tanks, but
ereater difficulty was found in this case in adjusting the supplies of hot
and cold water. The ten-day means ranged from 6 C. to 11°9 C., the
mean for the period being 8°6 C. (47°5 F.). The extreme individual
temperatures were 3°9 and 15:6, a difference of 11°7 C., but these
variations were of short duration. In No. 4 the range of the ten-day
means was 10°8 to 13°6 C., the range of the mean maxima was from 17:2
to 12°6, and of the minima from 8:0 to 11°8; the extreme temperatures
recorded were 6°8 C. (44:2 F.) and 22°8 C. (73°0 F.), a difference of 16 C.
or 28°8 F. The low temperature as a rule occurred when the stove or
some part of the apparatus required to be overhauled, and the high ones
for a short period, when the fire had been too strong; they sometimes
occurred during the night. The mean temperature for this tank for the
whole period was 12°5 ©. (54:5 F.), which approximates to the mean
bottom temperature in the sea off the East Coast in July, August, and
September ; in depths of from ten to fifteen fathoms the mean temper-
ature for these months is about 52°9, and a little further out, in thirty
fathoms, it is 50°7 F.
The fishes used in the experiments were young whitings, codlings, and
haddocks, a few dabs, a plaice, a small starry ray, and an armed bull-
head. They were procured in the small-meshed net used around the
otter-trawl in the investigations made on board trawlers, and were first
kept for a few weeks after being brought to the laboratory before they
were placed in the experimental tanks. Each fish was measured, but
not weighed, nor was its volume determined ; trial showed that the risks
might be too great.
With regard to the general conditions and behaviour of the fishes a
little may be said. They were fed daily, or several times a day, and in
all cases they got as much food as they were willing or able to take, but
they were not fed during the night. Their food consisted almost
entirely of the ordinary edible mussel, chopped up, varied occasionally
with a few limpets, and still more rarely with live shrimps; on one or
two occasions they got fragments of herrings or parts of the roe or milt,
and sometimes the mussels were not removed from their shells, but were
broken up and crushed. An attempt was at first made to weigh the
quantity of food given to them daily, but the conditions of the experi-
ment showed that this might be misleading and it was discontinued.
All the fishes did not by any means thrive to alike extent. The
haddocks, in particular, proved to be exceptionally delicate as compared
L
162 Part III—Twenty-second Annual Report
with the codlings and whitings, and most of them died at one time or
other during the course of the experiments. They did not appear to
make themselves at home, so to speak, as the codlings and the whitings
did, and they were obviously, under the conditions of the experiment,
more stupid fish. When the fish were fed the chopped mussels were
dropped gradually into the water, and the moment the fragments began
to sink the whitings and codlings rushed at them and, ever: when replete
of a previous meal, took them into their mouths and put them out again,
or smelt them ; their movements were thoroughly purposive in relation to
the food. The haddocks, on the other hand, excited by the commotion,
or it may be by the odour of the mussels also, rushed aimlessly about at
such times, snapping at the other fishes and missing the fragments
although often quite near them and themselves quite hungry. The
haddocks, it was also noticed, kept closer to the bottom, and looked for
their food there rather than in the course of descent through the water.*
The fact has to be taken into account, because, although food was
supplied abundantly, it is pretty certain that the haddocks, as a rule, got
only what the others left.
It is probable also that the haddocks suffered more than the other
fishes from not getting a more natural food. With reference to tempera-
ture they were also more sensitive than the others. When the water got
comparatively warm, say about 60° F., the haddocks first showed signs of
distress and went round the tank near the top gasping or tried to jump
out, and I attribute the deaths of most of the haddocks to this cause.
On one occasion I transferred a haddock of 19°9cm. from water of a tem-
perature of 7:4 C. (45°3 F.) to water of 15 C. (59 F.) and it was killed in
about two minutes, as if it had been poisoned ; it rapidly became paralysed,
swayed about a few moments and then sank with its mouth open. A
small whiting (15-0cm.) transferred at the same time appeared to be doing
well, but was found dead the next morning. The haddocks, moreover, were
observed to seek the coolest parts of the hot-water tank, while, unless
when the temperature was very high, the whitings and codlings in that tank
seemed to enjoy themselves and were active and alert. It may be said
that at first the hot water was run in on the top, but it was found that
there was a difference of two or three degrees under these circumstances
between the surface and bottom water; thereafter it was carried towards
the bottom by a pipe, arrangements being made for air passing in with the ~
water at the same time and thus the temperature was nearly equalised.
During the cold weather in winter a great contrast was shown between
the fishes in the warm tanks and those in the tanks where the temperature
was low, the differeiice in temperature being about 9 C. In the
former they moved about actively and were keen and alert and, if the ex-
pression may be used, were happy; in the cold water tanks the fish, on the
other hand, were sluggish, remaining a long time at one spot, and gently
swaying their fins: the movement and activity in the one tank offered a
marked contrast to the comparative lifelessness in the adjoining tank. It
has already been said that the fishes in the warm water had a far better
appetite than those in the cold water and ate much more; it was, more-
over, observed that at times when the temperature was low, down to about
38 C., or a little above the freezing point of fresh water, the fishes in
these tanks gave up feeding altogether, while in the adjoining heated tanks
the fish were fighting eagerly for the food. In the former at such times the
mussels would be left untouched at the bottom of the tank. This confirms
* It may be here stated that the haddocks, as a rule, swam nearer the bottom than the
codlings or the whitings, and this was especially noticeable at first when the fishes were
introduced into the tanks. While the haddocks grovelled about the bottom, the
whitings were dispersed upwards to near the top of the tank. The observation as to the
difference in habit may have reference to the fact that whitings and codlings are caught in
far greater proportions than haddocks by the otter-trawl compared with the beam-trawl
of the Fishery Board for Scotlond. 163
my experience at Dunbar in former years, when it was found that plaice
and dabs kept in small tanks lost weight in winter and gave up feeding.*
In tank No. 1, which contained as we have seen abont 185°5 gallons
(842°5 litres), seven whitings, five codlings, one haddock, one common
dab, and one sand-eel were placed; the latter soon disappeared, and was
probably eaten. The fish were measured on two occasions, (1) at an
interval of 100 days, and (2) after 155 days. It would, as it turned out,
have been better to have measured them more frequently, since, with the
exception of the sand-eel, all the fishes survived in this tank; but from the
mortality in the other tanks it was deemed advisable to disturb them as
little as possible. In measuring them, they were first transferred to
convenient dishes, seized cautiously with a loose cloth, and when laid on
the measuring board care was taken to free the under surface of the fish
from the cloth. A little practice made the process easy, the only forms
requiring extra care and promptness being the haddocks. In the
accompanying Table I give the particulars regarding these fourteen fishes
which were kept in water at the ordinary temperatures.
Tank I.
Mean Temperature | Mean Temperature Mean Temp.
Ay C(a0ds Bays eGo Co(48"7e-ES)., 635:'C..433748.).
" Increase in the
100 Days Later. : 55 Days Later. 155 Days.
FIsH. Length.
Increase. | Increase.
Mean
Length Length Mean} _otal. | per 10
Total./per 10 Total.|per 10 Ba:
3. Days. §
ara Me Mm. | Mm.| Mm.]}| Mm. | Mm. | Mm. | Mm. Mm.
Whiting. ;
1 209 226 17 17] 244 18 | 3:27 | 35 2°26
2 170 191 yA 2:1 210 19: | 3°45. f' . 40 2°58
3 1600) 178-4 18) 18) 87) wa | 218 | 1-74
4 iy, | | tee eA vet |) 9 | 1-64] 1°55
5 152 169 alps TG VATS 9 | 1:64] 1°68
6 oe eden tome ab tye ta 12-36 | 1-61
7 142 159 eis) AF A) 174 15s hy 26730) 2-06
Average, 163°14) 179714; 16 | 193-0 | 13-86] 2-52 29-86| 1:93
Codling.
it 147 185 38 226 41 | 7°45 5-1
2 [143 184 41 200 16. | 2°9 3°7
3 132 169 37 208 39 CFR 09 49
4 129 163 34 200 37. | 6°73 4°58
5 123 160 od 194 34 | 6:18 4-58
1384°8 | 172°2 | 37°4
Average, < |———-—|—_— Se EEE peaease Sebel a
132-7) 69221) 13635 |) 3:65 5207 37°8 | 6°87 | 4°88
Haddock. | 188 | 210 | 27 | 27] 288 | 28 | 5-1 3°55
Common Dab.| 237 248 6 06 § 243 0:0 0°04
* Kleventh Annual Report Fishery Board for Scotland, Part III., p. 193.
164 Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
Among the seven whitings the growth in the first hundred days when
the mean temperature was 4°5 C. (40°! F.) was not great, the increase in
different fishes, as will be seen from the Table, varying from 12 to 21mm.,
the mean increase being 16mm., and the mean for each ten days on the
average being 1‘6 mm. ‘The fishes were of different sizes as shown, and
the increase per ten-day period varied from 1:2 to 2:1 mm. In the
succeeding 55 days when the mean temperature of the water was 9°3 C.
(48-7 F.) the actual increment of length in different fishes ranged from
9mm. to 19mm., the mean per ten days ranging from 1°64 to 3:45mm.
The average increment was 13°86mm. and the mean for the lot per ten-
day period was 252mm. Over the whole period of 155 days, the mean
temperature being 6°5 C. (43°7 F.), the actual increments varied from
24mm. to 40mm. (from about one inch to an inch and nine sixteenths) the
mean increase was 29°86mm., or about 1,3, inches, and for the ten-day
period the mean increase was 1‘93mm. ‘There is no doubt that the
greatest amount of growth was in the latter part of the second period,
when the temperature was highest; at this time it was a common remark
how fast the fish were growing, but for the reason above stated they were
not more frequently measured. The whitings, it may be said, appeared
to be in good condition and health.
The codlings grew more rapidly than the whitings. One of them
(No. 2) which grew fastest during the first period developed a diseased
growth or tumour in the second period when its rate of increase was
therefore very slow. It has been accordingly left out of the calculations
of the means in the second period, and the other four fishes have been
also dealt with separately throughout. In the first hundred days the
increments varied from 34 to 41mm. (12 to 13 inches), the means for the
ten days being from 3°4 to 4:1mm.; the mean increase was 37'4mm., and
the ten days’ mean 3°74mm. In the second period of fifty-five days the
actual amount of growth was a little greater, so that under the difference
of temperature indicated the codlings grew about twice more rapidly.
Omitting the diseased fish the increments varied from 34 to 4lmm.—
precisely the same as in the first period— the average was 37°8mm. and
the mean for 10 days 687mm. Over the whole time of 155 days the
amount of growth in the four healthy fishes was respectively 79, 79, 71,
71mm., the average being 75°7mm., or about 35), inches—a very con-
siderable rate considering the temperature of the water. On the other
hand the fishes were supplied with abundance of food, and the codlings
were the greediest of them all, and no doubt got more food in a given
time than they would under natural conditions in the sea. With the
exception of the one referred to they all remained healthy throughout
the experiment.
The growth of the single haddock was also fairly rapid for the
temperature. In the first hundred days its increase amounted to 27mm.,
or a little over an inch, the mean for ten days being 2°7. In the second
period, like the codlings, the actual growth was about the same, although
the time was only about half; it amounted to 28mm. (14 inch), the ten-
day mean being 5:‘lmm. Over the whole period the actual increase in
length was 55mm. (2;°; inches), the average for the ten-day period being
355mm.
The growth of the single common dab in this tank was slow and
presented a contrast to the round fishes; it was an adult female. The
increase in the first period was only 6mm. (% inch), the mean for ten days
being 06mm. In the second period it did not increase at all. Two
circumstances may have affected this, the first that four spawning
flounders were put into this tank early in the second period, and it is
possible that the greater competition for food prevented the dab getting
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 165
a full share ; the second that it was a female of adult size and may have
spawned. It was unfortunately omitted to provide apparatus in the
overflow from the tank to obtain evidence as to this.
The observations in Tank No. 1 refer to growth under the ordinary
temperature of the season.
Tank II.
MEAN TEMPERATURE | MEAN TEMPERATURE, | MEAN TEMP.,
52° C, (41°4° F.). 92° C. (48°6° F.). & ©, (44:67 8°):
100 Days Later, f Increase in the
55 Days Later. 155 Days.
FIsu, Length.
Increase. Increase,
Length Nican Length. Naat
Total.|per 10 Total.|
Days.
ee: men Mm. Mm. | Mm. Vata Mm.
Whitings.
1 179 193 14 1-4 207 14
2 178 192 14 1-4 10
3 170 185 15 11
4 160 179 ay) 15
5 151 173 22 14
6 151 ie! 20 13
i! 148 164 16 17
8 145 160 15 iy
9 140 159 19 17
10 138 | 158 20 13
ih 154 | 154 20 16
12 134 152 18 12
15 [131 151 20 5)
14 [130 150 20 =
15 [109 128 1g) =
ee -152°3 170-0 “177° “177 184-0. “140°
Haddock.
1 193 211 18 =
2 180 199 19 5
3 178 197 ie) =
AVerave, - 183-7 202-3 “18-6 SI je
Com. Dab.
1 241 248 7 3
2 146 168 22 22
Byerace, . 193-5 Pee Pies) 12°5
Starry Ray. 198 198 0:0 -3
166 Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
The same is true of Tank No. 2, except, as formerly explained, the
temperature here was generally slightly higher owing to its being nearer
the stove. Into this tank were placed fiteen whitings, three haddocks,
two common dabs, and a starry ray; a sand-eel was also present at first,
but, as in the other tank, it soon disappeared. The particulars of these
fishes are given in the accompanying Table. Three of the whitings are
not included in the final column and averages ; No. 13 was found in the
second period to have the tail and one of the eyes diseased, and its
growth had been thus interferred with, No. 14 was transferred to the
warm tank as already described, and No. 15 was found dead when thirty-
five days of the second period had elapsed, and it then measured 134mm.
In the first hundred days, with a mean temperature of 5:2 C., the
increments varied from 14 to 22mm., the mean being 17:‘7mm., or
1-7mm. above that for Tank No. 1, a difference probably related to the some-
what higher mean temperature (‘7 C.). As a rule the greatest increase
was among the smaller fishes. In the second period of 55 days, with a
mean temperature of 9-2 C. (48°6 F.), the increments ranged in different
cases from 10 to !7mm., and the mean was 14mm., as compared with
13°86 in Tank No. 1, the mean for ten days being 2°55, as compared with
2°52—almost precisely the same. It will be seen from the tables that
the mean temperature of the two tanks in the second period were also
practically identical, differing by only ‘1 C., but the difference was in
favour of Tank No. 1, into which the sunshine entered more freely.
The haddocks did not thrive so well compared with the one in Tank No. 1,
and they all died early in the second period. The mean increment in
the hundred days was 18°6mm., as compared with 27mm. in Tank No. 1,
the mean for the ten days being 1‘86mm. against 2°7mm. One of these
haddocks, 199mm. long, perished by being placed in warmer water as
previously described ; it was well nourished, its weight being 67:5
grammes, while the mean weight of haddocks of the same size is 65°7
grammes (see Table, p. 226). One of the others died 18 days after the
measurement recorded, and it was then 216mm. long, an increase of 5m.
Of the two common dabs, the smaller grew quickly and the larger
slowly. In the first period the former increased by 22m. and the latter
by only 7mm.; in the second period the smaller increased by 22m,
again, and the larger by only 3mm., the growth as with the round fishes
being about twice quicker in the higher temperature of the second period.
The small one increased in the hundred days by 44mm., or 1# inches, the
mean rate being 2‘84mm. per ten days, while the increase of the larger
one amounted in the 155 days to only 10mm., or 2 of an inch, the mean
for ten days being only 0‘O7mm. ‘They were both females.
The starry ray did not grow at all; during the first period it just
maintained its breadth, and in the second it lost about 3mm. in the same
dimension. Its loss of weight must have been relatively greater because
it became very attenuated, and it was no doubt owing to lack of proper
food.
In Tank No. 3 an endeavour was made to maintain a temperature
intermediate between that of Tanks Nos. 1 and 2 and Tank No. 4, but as
previously mentioned the variations were considerable, and the results in
this tank were not so satisfactory. It appears moreover probable that in
the endeavours to adjust the supply of hot and cold water the circulation
was diminished. For some reason or another four of the whitings and
five of the codlings put in died a short time after the experiment was
begun, and these are not included in the accompanying Table, which
gives the particulars regarding the rest of the fish. Two haddocks which
were placed in the tank also died; the autopsy revealed no apparent
of the Hishery Board for Scotland. 167
cause of death, which was possibly due to the variations in the tempera-
ture of the water, but one of them, 202mm. in length, which should have
weighed about 67 grammes, weighed only 63°8 grammes.
Tank III.
MEAN TEMPERATURE, | MEAN TEMPERATURE. | MEAN TEMP.,
Ai Ge Goro’). 10°3° C. (50°5° F.). §8°6°C. (47°5° F.).
100 Davs Lat | Be Wee Later i Increase in the
C ys c er. vo C y a4 ° 155 Days.
FIsH. Length.
Increase, Increase.
Mean
Length Mean per 10
Total.| per 10 Daye:
Days
% Mm Mm. | Mm. |} Mm Mm.
Whiting.
162 186 24 2:4 2°71
2 160 180 20 2°0 1:93
5) 155 176 23 23 2°26
t 152 170 18 1°8 2°13
5 [147 158 11]
6 [146 155 9]
Average, 156-7 | 178 213) 2-13] 2:26
Codling. i
I: 161 209 48 4°8 | 6:13
2 158 | 198 40 4:0 5°68
5) 141 168 27 27 4°58
4 135 163 28 2°8 4°84
5 128 158 30 3°0 4°26
6 118 137 24 2-4 2°26
( [149 189 40 4:0
1407 | 1746 | 339] 3:39 | | |
Average, —— | —_f}- —__ —_| ___ oe
139°3) 1722 329, 3°29 4°63
Common Dab.| 261 276 15 1:5 1°61
The particulars in regard to the whiting show that the increment in the
first period varied from 9mm. to 24mm., but the fish showing the small
increase and another showing an increase of only 1lm., were found to
have the tail badly ulcerated and they were killed. Omitting these two,
the mean increase was 21‘3mm., or an average per ten days of 213mm.
as compared with 16mm. and 17°7mm. in the cold tanks. In the second
period the increase was on an average 13°7mm., and therefore under the
average for the cold water tanks in the same period, which shows, as well
168 Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
as the mortality alluded to, that the conditions in this tank were not
satisfactory. The mean increase over the whole period was 35mm., or 12
inches, the ten-day mean 2:26mm., a little higher than that for the two
tanks referred to in the similar period.
Among the cod the increase ranged in the first period from 24mm. to
48mm., the average mean being 33‘9mm., and the ten-day mean 3°39mm.,
and therefore a little less than Tank No. 1. One of the codlings, No. 7,
was transferred to Tank No. 4 after this, and died four days later, like
the haddock and whiting above mentioned ; in this case the interval was
longer. In the second period the remaining fishes increased from 11mm.
to 48mm. in different cases, the average being 38'8mm., or about
13 inches. Omitting the smaller specimen, in which the increase was clearly
anomalous, the average increase of the others was 44:4mm., or 8°1 per ten
days. The increments in the length over the whole time varied from
35mm. to 95mm., the mean increase being 71:7mm., or omitting the
anomalous form, 79mm., or 33 inches, the mean for ten days being 5-!mm.
The single common dab in this tank increased by 15mm. in the first
period and by 10mm. in the second, the increment over the whole time
being 25mm., or 1 inch, and the average per 10 days 1‘61mm.
In tank No. 4 there was at first some mortality owing to the vicis-
situdes in the temperature which, as already stated, affected different
fishes in different ways.
Of three haddocks put in none survived the whole period, and only one
the first. One died after fifteen days ; it was 285mm. and had increased
to 287mm. Another died after eighty-three days, and it had increased
from 279 to 295mm. The third at the end of the first period increased
from 262 to 279mm., an increment of 17mm., the average per ten days
being the small one of 1‘7mm. It died from the high temperature a
few days later without having increased in length.
Among the whitings there was less mortality, nine surviving the whole
time and other two for the first period. In the first hundred days the
variations in the increase were from 19mm. to 34mm., the mean being
27°5mm., or a little over an inch, the ten-day mean averaging 2°74mm.
In the second period the increments ranged from 9mm. to 19mm., the
mean being 15-7mm. and the average of the ten-day mean 2°85mm.
Over the whole period the increments varied from 28mm. to 52mm.,
the mean being 43:l1mm., about 12 inches, the mean increase in the
ten-day periods being 2°79mm.
| TABLE.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 169
Tank IV.
MEAN TEMPERATURE, | MEAN TEMPERATURE, | MEAN ‘Tempe.
12°3>C, (54:1 By: ZO Ch(Sor2: Be). “pl2co’ C, (eo H,),
Increase in the
100 Days later. 55 Days later. 155 Days.
Fish. Length. - ¥
Increase. | Increase.
m Mean
Length, Mean | Length. Mean Total. por n
Total.| per 10 Total.| per 10 pee
Days. | Days.
j i Mm Mm. | Mm. | Mm. — Mm. j Mm.|Mm.{ Mm. Mm.
Whiting. :
1 241 260 | 19 | 19 | 269 Oa red ny 28 1°81
208 2001 eon 242 | 18 | 2:36] 34 2°19
3 204 OS lS Gl 939 | 14 | 2:54] 35 2:26
4 Way i \oi-203%'|1226 90 | 17 | 309] 43 | 2-77
5 161 193) > 32 200" | 1G Ie2ou | 48 3°09
6 157 186 | 29 204 Ny 18k Wy S20 be Ae 3:03
7 146 180 | 34 fo) sl 327 T *52 3°36
8 140. | Vala W831 190 | 19 | 3-457 50 | 3-22
9 140 4a P34 HOD Pete a-27 1s 52 3°36
10 164 12h 3.28 2 = i =
11 158 186 | 28 E i z x
172-4 | 199-9 | 27:5 | Sais eae é i
Average, ——__—_ (Ses ee UE ata
W749 | 2023 «| 27-4 | 2°74 O18 | 15-7 |) 2°85 | 438-1 | 2-79
Codling.
1 173 925 | 52 27 8icl “58 105 6°77
2 126 16751, 41 921 | 54 95 6:13
3 120 166 | 46 920 | 54 100 6-45
Average, | 139-7 | 186 | 46°3 | 939-7 | 53-7 100 | 6-45
Com. Dab,
1 245 a ay a6) 14 31 2-0
2 151 186 | 35 907 |s 21 56 3°61
3 147 185 | 38 Dee 17 55 3°55
4 5 206 = DB y/ aa mea = =
Average, 181 211 | 30 228°3'-| 17:3 47°3 | 3°05
Plaice, 226 258, | 32 OT | 19 Le bt 3-29
Pogge, 127 127 bs 3 ba 5 3
It will be noticed from the Table that the increments of growth were
much greater in the smaller forms than in the larger.
170 Part [[1.—Twenty-second Annual Report
As in all the other tanks, the codlings grew rapidly. In the first hundred
days the increments varied from 41mm. to 52mm., the mean being 46:3,
and the mean for the ten-day periods was 4°63. In the second the
increase ranged from 53 to 54mm., the increments being thus absolutely
larger though the period was less and the mean temperature not
much higher, The mean increase was 53'7mm., that for the ten-day
period being 9°76mm. The total increase in length in the three
specimens in the 155 days was respectively, 105mm., 95mm., and
100mm., the mean being exactly 100mm., or very close upon 4 inches,
and the mean for the ten-day periods was 645mm. Of all the fishes,
except the flat-fishes, the codlings appeared to be least affected by the
changes in the temperature.
In this tank there were throughout three dabs and one plaice, and
another dab was added at the beginning of the second period, They did
well, as a rule. In the first period the increments among the dabs
ranged from 17mm. to 38mm., the mean increase being 30mm., or a little
over 11 inches, the mean for the ten days being 30mm. In the second
period the increments varied from 14 to 3lmm., the mean increase was
17°3mm., and the mean for the ten days, 3:15mm. Over the whole
period the increments of the dabs in this tank varied from 31 to 56mm.
(14 to 24 inches), the average being 47°3mm., and that for the ten days,
305mm.
Only one plaice was made use of, and it increased in the first period
from 226 to 258mm., an increment of 32mm., or a little over 1} inches.
In the second period it increased other 19mm., the ten-day mean being
3°45mm., as compared with 3:2mm. in the first period. The total
increase at the end of the experiment was 51mm., giving an average for
the ten days of 3:29mm.
It may be noted that throughout the whole of the experiment none of
the flat-fishes perished, so that they bore the changes in temperature
much better than the round fishes,
An armed-bullhead, or pogge, was also placed in this tank, and
survived over the first period, but it did not increase in length at all.
Probably like the starry ray this was owing to the food not being quite
suitable for it. It died shortly after the beginning of the second period,
on one occasion when the temperature rose high.
These experiments show that the increase in temperature is followed
by an increased rate of growth, but I do not think the data are such as to
enable the ratio between the two to be determined. In such experiments
there are a number of factors which influence the growth, and it is a
matter of extreme difficulty to maintain a natural balance among them in
the various tanks, and to have the experiments carried on under natural
conditions. The influence of the vicissitudes in the temperature at
different times of the day or night must be of importance, as shown by
the experiments of putting fishes from the cold water into the warm
water, the haddock, whiting, and codling all perishing, although at very
different intervals. In order to get a more precise relation between the
temperature and the growth it would be necessary to maintain the
temperature nearly uniform in each of the tanks throughout, or at all
events to reduce very greatly the rapidity of the alterations. The
question of food is also one that would, in any circumstances, give rise to
difficulty, and yet it is evidently one of much importance. It is not
easy procuring the natural food of the fishes and supplying it in due
proportions.
It appears that the influence of temperature is active in modifying the
rate of growth by acting directly upon the metabolism of the fish, and
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 171
also by affecting the rapidity of digestion. In very cold water the fishes
give up feeding altogether, because the ferments upon which digestion
depends do not act, or act very slowly, at low temperatures, and in fishes,
as in other animals, appetite waits on digestion, and this is, on the other
hand, correlated with the metabolism in the tissues. It has been shown by
Krukenberg that the pepsine or analagous body in the stomach of fish
acts as well at 20 C. as at 40 C., at which, among mammals, digestion is
most active, and that the rapidity of its action is closely related to the
temperature ; and Knauthe and Zuntz have shown that the same thing
applies to the metabolism in fish, the vital activities being more active in
the higher temperature, as shown by the excretion of carbonic acid gas
and other products of metabolism.
5. Tur Sprat (Clupea sprattus),
Comparatively few observations have been made on the rate of growth
of the sprat. Cunningham appears to have been the first to publish a
definite statement on the subject,* making use of a number of observations
of Ewart and Matthews, contained in a paper on the nature of Thames
and Forth whitebait, which appeared in the Fourth Annual Report of the
Fishery Board for Scotland.t In that paper an account was given of the
proportion of herrings and sprats, and their sizes, in collections obtained
at different times of the year from February to August, and from a study
of these Cunningham came te the conclusion that the little sprats two to
three inches long obtained in February, March, April, and May were
about one year old. The new brood of the year began to appear in the
whitebait in June and increased to August, when they measured from
1 inch to 14 inch (25-38mm.). The proportion of sprats in the samples
in this month was 48 per cent., but the number of the small scaleless
sprats gradually increased during the month until 90 per cent. consisted
of these. Of 2600 specimens of whitebait procured in samples of about
two hundred each during December, January, and February in the Firth
of Forth, over 994 per cent. were sprats measuring from 12 inches to
2? inches (35 to 70mm.). In the samples from the ‘Thames the average
size was 2 inches (50mm) in April, and 23 inches in May.
From the examination of the otoliths of a considerable number of sprats,
partly from the North Sea and partly from the Baltic, Jenkins came to the
conclusion that the growth was somewhat more rapid. He assigns a
length of 75mm. (3 inches) to the sprat one year old; of 110mm.
(42 inches) to the sprat which has completed two years, and of 130mm.
(54 inches) to the sprat three years old.¢
The investigations made by myself on the rate of growth of the sprat, and
described in this paper, were on material collected almost entirely in the
course of the trawling investigations in the Moray Firth and Aberdeen Bay
by means of a small-meshed net placed outside the cod-end of the trawl
net; but some of them were obtained by the shrimp-net and tow-nets. The
fact has to be kept in mind, because apart from the difference in vertical
distribution at different stages, which might result in sprats of different
size being taken in the bottom or surface net at the same time, the size
of the mesh exerts an important influence on the sizes of the samples
taken, at least as far as the smaller specimens are concerned, and there is
no doubt that in several of my collections the very small slender sprats
ee Biol. Assoc. II. p. 241, 1892; ‘‘Marketable Marine Fishes,” p. 167.
+ Wissensch. Meeresuntersuch. Kul N.F. Bd. 6 Abtheilung, Kiel, p. 111, 1902.
172 Part III —Twenty-second Annual Report
escaped capture either wholly or largely by passing out through the meshes
of the net, although they may have been present in the water in consider-
able numbers. ‘This, however, does not entirely account for the fact
which is apparent from the measurements in the tables and from the
curves, that it was the rule to get only one series of sprats, with a certain
range of sizes, in the same haul, while in another haul in the same locality
later, or at the same time in another place, quite a different series
predominated, That seems to be due to the sprats of different years
keeping for the most part separate from one another.
The number of collections obtained and examined was twenty-six,
some in each month of the year except February, July, and August;
most of them were obtained in October and December.
From the fact that the spawning period of the sprat is definitely
limited to one portion of the year it is more easy to determine its rate of
growth than in the case of the herring, in which there are two well
separated spawning seasons, spring and autumn, and a certain degree of
spawning in the intermediate periods. The sprat appears to spawn at
different parts of the coast at rather different times, or at all events the
spawning period does not quite coincide. At Plymouth, Cunningham
found it spawning from the end of January until the end of April, or
even later.* On the west coast of Ireland Holt obtained the floating
eggs in March, April, May, and June; chiefly in March and April.
Hensen and Apstein give the spawning period as the end of April and
the beginning of May.t On the east coast of Scotland the Garland
found the floating eggs in the Firth of Forth from towards the end of
March to the middle of August, and especially in April, May, and June.
In the Moray Firth I found sprats to be spawning on the Ist April and
Ist June ; and though the limits of the period here are not well defined,
there is no reason to doubt that they are much the same as a little further
down the coast, and probably the chief spawning occurs about the end of
May on this stretch of coast.
From the small size of the egg and the temperature of the water at
that season the hatching of the eggs takes only a few days, the length of
the larva, according to Cunningham, being from 3 to 3‘7mm. ‘Probably
the early part of June may therefore be taken as the period when the
bulk of the larval sprats issue into the water.
The smallest specimens got after the spawning season were obtained in
September and October in Aberdeen Bay and in the Moray Firth in
December, in all cases by the tow-net. On the 18th September, near
shore, in from seven to ten feet of water in Aberdeen Bay, sixteen were
taken from 29mm. to 46mm., and on the 20th other five measuring
from 29mm. to 39mm., the average size of these twenty-one specimens
being 35:9mm., or 13 inches. On 18th October, in nine fathoms, in the
same locality, four were caught which measured 31, 35, 42, and 45mm.
On the 28th December in the Dornoch Firth two were taken in the
tow-nets, one of which measured 39mm. and the other 48mm., while 734
were caught in the small-meshed net around the cod-end, ranging in
size from 52 to 125mm. _ It is obvious that all the small sprats taken
in these drags had been hatched in the previous spawning season,
and were approximately from three to six months old.
In April, some small sprats were also got in the shrimp net in shallow
water in Aberdeen Bay. On the 8th of the month three were taken
which measured 45, 59, and 53mm., as well as a number from 65mm.
upwards. On the 16th of the month other fifty-one were taken with the
* “The Natural History of the Marketable Marine Fishes,” p. 165.
+ Rep. of Council, Roy. Dublin Soc. for 1891, p. 265.
+ Wissen. Meeresuntersuch. Kiel Commis. Neue Folge, Bd. 2 Heft 2, p. 37.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 173
shrimp-net in the same locality, measuring from 40 to 70mm., but all
except four were less than 55mm., these being—one at 56mm., two at
65mm.,and one at 70mm. From the curves for the whole of the sprats
in these collections it is apparent that the last and possibly those at
62mm. belong to the second group. The average size of the fifty-four
sprats assigned to the first series was 48°3mm., or 17 inches, including the
two at 62mm., and the mean size, z.c., coinciding with the central point
of the base line from the smallest to the largest, is also 48mm. This
,might appear to be the size of sprats ten or eleven months old, belonging
to the previous spawning season, and it is considerably under the size
assigned by Jenkins to those of one year’s growth, although the amount
of growth from the middle of April to the early part of June, the period I
have taken as representing the maximum of hatching, would add several
mm. to their length. The average agrees better with the size of the
sprats from the Thames in April examined by Matthews, viz., two inches.
On 12th December, however, four months earlier, a haul with the small-
meshed net in the same locality in from eight to twelve fathoms furnished
seventy-four sprats, of which the first series numbered forty-seven,
ranging in size from 49mm. to 60mm., the average being 55°5mm., and
the mean 545mm. This shows that the collection in April was not fully
representative of the series. By combining the two collections the average
size of the 98 sprats of this series is found to be 51°3mm., or 2 inches—
the range in size being from 40mm. to 60mm., and the mean size 50mm.
The date intermediate between the collections is about 14th February,
and the size stated may be taken as approximately representing the
average size of the sprats at this date. Growth is slow at this time of
year and on to April, and an examination of the other curves shows that
the end of the first series is about 6cm. when the sprats are about one year
old, the average size being a little over 50mm., or slightly over 2 inches.
There was no collection in February, and that made at the end of
March in the Dornoch Firth did not include any of the smaller forms
In St. Andrews Bay M‘Intosh obtained sprats on 12th March in the
bottom trawl-tow-net, measuring from 11 to 2 inches (32 - 50mm.); and on
12th April one 2 inches long, and floating eggs of the sprat two days later.*
The older series are present in the collections in greater numbers, but
as is usually the case it is frequently a matter of difficulty to fix exactly
the point of division between them, owing to the overlapping of one series
with another and often the small numbers of the fish of one of the series.
Taking the hauls in the order of the months, the first was on 15th
January off Aberdeen, and of sixteen sprats obtained three belonged to
one series with an average size of 87 mm., and the other thirteen ranged
in size from 112 to 135mm. The larger of these probably belonged to a
still older series,, but the average for the lot was 123 mm. Another haul
in January in the Cromarty Firth furnished twenty-seven sprats, of which
twenty-three, measuring from 61 to 92mm., formed one series with an
average size of 77°2mm., and the other four belonged to the older group,
measuring from 111 to 117mm., and with an average of 114mm.
If these two January hauls are combined the first group, with a range
from 61 to 92mm., has an average size of 78°3mm., and the second, with
a range of from 111 to 135mm., an average of 120°9mm.
No collection was made in February, but on 31st March 870 were taken
in the Dornoch Firth. Of these, 205 ranged in length from 75 to 107
mm., the average being 96°8mm.; and the other 665 formed a series
from 108 to 139mm., with an average of 117°8mm. The latter series of
sprats were ripe and approaching ripeness.
In April the collection in Aberdeen Bay, besides the fifty-four small
* Eleventh Ann. Rep. Fishery Board for Scotland, Part iii., p. 300.
174 Part ITI.-—Twenty-second Annual Report
ones above described, was made up of another series of fifty-four, ranging
from 68 to 107mm. and with an average size of 815mm. There was
also one sprat at 116mm., which appeared to belong to another series.
In a haul of the small-meshed net made off Burghead Bay in the Moray
Firth in thirty fathoms of water on Ist April seventy-four sprats were
caught, two of which measured 101 and 104mm., and the others from 108
to 126mm., the average size being 118‘lmm. This collection is of special
interest from the fact that the sprats were spawning, as referred to below.
In May there was only one collection of sprats and it was from the
Firth of Forth, where a number were taken on the ninth of the month at
Station III. by means of the small-meshed net around the cod-end of the
Garland’s trawl, There were two small ones, one measuring 52mm. and
the other 62mm. and it appears that these belong to the group of smallest
sprats, most of which were able to escape through the meshes of the net,
that is, the group about one year old. The next series was well represented,
the sprats numbering 554, and ranging in size from 68 to 110mm. The
average size was 83'4mm. Thirteen larger fishes pertained to an older
group, measuring from 113 to 134mm., and having an average of 120°9mm.
Two hauls were made on Ist June, one in the Cromarty Firth and the
other at Aberdeen. At Cromarty the sprats were found to be spawning,
and with the exception of one, 124mm. in length, they seemed all to
belong to the same series. The range of size was from 73 to 110mm.,
the average being 92°9mm.
In the collection from Aberdeen Bay the corresponding series was
represented by fifty-seven fish measuring from 86 to 109mm., the average
lenoth being 96°5mm., and there was a larger one at 116mm.
On the 28th of the month eighty-one were taken at Lunan Bay near
Montrose, further down the coast, and they all belonged to the same
group, the range of sizes being from 86 to 117mm., with an average of
104:2mm.,
When the measurements of all the sprats obtained in June are combined
the following result is obtained. The first is represented by the two fishes
from the Forth, 52 and 62mm.; the second consists of 689 sprats,
ranging in size from 68 to 117mm. with an average of 94:-4mm.; and the
third by two fishes with an average of 120mm.
From the end of June to the middle of October no collections were
procured with the exception of the twenty-one small ones got in the tow-
nets on 18th and 20th September.
On the 18th and 20th October a number were taken in Aberdeen Bay.
Four of these measured from 31 to 45mm. and have been already referred
to; of the others, fifteen, ranging in size from 82 to 94mm., had an average
size of 86°8mm., and ninety-two ranged from 107 to 130mm., the average
being 1145mm. On the 22nd, forty-three were caught in the Dornoch
Firth, one measuring 54mm. belonging to the early group; sixteen varied
fromm 65 to 96mm., with an average of 81:7mm., and twenty-six from 100
to 124mm., the average being 114°6. These October series when combined
give three groups, one from 31 to 54mm., with an average of 41:-4mm., one
from 65 to 96mm., with an average of 84°1mm., and a third from 100 to
130mm., with an average of 114‘5mm. The number of fishes in the first
was five, in the second thirty-one, and in the third 118. It may be here
said that the average of the second series is higher than it ought to be,
but the number of fishes in it is small.
In November a collection was obtained in the Dornoch Firth, all three
series being represented. The first consisted of thirty-three fishes
measuring from 45 to 61mm., with an average of 55:'6mm. The second
series was predominant, the number of sprats measured being 1650.
They ranged in sizes from 62 to 98mm., with anu average of 75‘5mm
°
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 175
There were also nine sprats varying from 102 to 112mm. _ A collection at
Aberdeen on the 28th furnished fourteen sprats; one measured 87/mm.,
and the other thirteen ranged from 113 to 125mm., the average being
120°2. The average of the twenty-two of the third series in the two
hauls combined was 114°4mm.
In December a number of collections were obtained from the Moray
Firth and Aberdeen Bay. In the latter, on the twelfth of the month,
seventy-three were procured belonging to three series. The first comprised
forty-seven fishes, the sizes of which ranged from 49 to 60mm. with an
average of 55'‘5mm.; the second included twenty-four from 62 to 97mm.
the average being 77'6mm., and there were other two measuring 101 and
102mm. On the 18th, twenty-six were obtained, of which twenty-two,
measuring from 66 to 84mm., had an average size of 73°7mm., and four,
ranging from 100 to 132mm., an average of 111°7mm. On the 19th,
seventy-four were secured, seventy’of them belonging to the second series,
ranging in size from 67 to 97mm., the average being 78‘7mm. ; the other
four measured from 104 to 111mm., with an average of 107°‘5mm. On
the 29th, thirty-nine were taken, all belonging to the third group, the
sizes varying from 98 to 128mm., and the average being 111:1mm.
A collection made in the Dornoch Firth on the 25th of the month
numbered 184 fishes, all of which except sixteen belonged to the second
group. They ranged in size from 72 to 98mm., the average being 866mm. ;
the other sixteen measured from 103 to 122mm., the average being
112:1mm. Inacollection made on the 27th, three groups were represented ;
the first, comprising three fishes, had an average of 57°7mm.; the second,
ranging from 63 to 97mm., and including thirty-six fishes, had an average
size of 76°6mm.; the third, of fifty-four fishes, had a range of from 100 to
127mm., and an average size of 107-8mm,. On the 28th a third collection
numbering 722 sprats contained three series. ‘The first, nineteen in
number, ranged in size from 39 to 60mm., the average being 59°2mm.
The second series comprised 575 fishes, the sizes varying from 62 to 97mm.,
and the average size being 795mm. The third series of 128 fishes ranged
in size from 98 to 128mm., and the average was 109°7mm.
The larger or older group was well represented in a haul made in
Burghead Bay onthe 25th December. Of 536 sprats caught 520 belonged
to that group, their sizes ranging from 97 to 138mm., and the average
being 121:lmm. On the 28th another haul yielded a large number, the
second series being the best represented on this occasion. The first group
contained twenty-five fishes varying from 50 to 61mm., with an average of
55'8mm.; the second comprised 436 sprats from 63 to 91mm., and with
an average of 75°2mm. ; and the third series of twenty-seven ranged from
96 to 124mm., the average being 116'Omm.
When all the collections made in December are combined we have the
following general results. The first series of ninety-four fish ranged in
size from 39 to 60mm., the average being 55:‘8mm.; the second group of
1547 fishes varied in size from 62 to 97mm., and had an average size of
795mm. ; and the third series, numbering 794 fishes, had an average size
of 117°4mm., and a range from 98 to 138mm. It is probable that the
larger forms in the third series belong to a still older group, but their
members are so small and the difficulty of dividing them from the series
immediately preceding so great that I have not attempted to group them
into a fourth series. This circumstance will to a small extent raise the
average of the third series higher than it naturally ought to be. It must
also be said that the range assigned to the various groups may not be in
all cases the precise one that exists, for it is sometimes very difficult to
define the division between the series. In such cases the curves and
tables of millimetre measurements must be the best guide.
176 Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
It is clear, however, from the measurements that at least three annual
series or groups of sprats exist in these collections, although they are rarely
well represented together in any one collection, and this is obvious from
the curves in the plates, and especially from the curve for the combined
measurements in December (fig. 10, Pl. IX).
The first or early series has been already alluded to, and the facts show
that the sprat grows slowly.
Three collections were made in which spawning sprats were got, one
on the Ist April, off Burghead, one on the Ist June in the Cromarty
Firth, and the third on 31st March in the Dornoch Firth. In the first
named collection the seventy-two sprats forming the second series
measured, as stated, from 108 to 126mm., with an average of 118:lmm.
The initial sizes were as follows:— one at 101mm., one at 104mm., one
at 108mm., and then the series was continuous from 110mm. onwards.
Unfortunately, the condition of the reproductive organ was not examined
throughout the whole series, but in eighteen males from 104mm. to
125mm. the testes were large and apparently ripe or approaching
ripeness ; they were examined after preservation in formaline solution.
The number of female sprats examined was nineteen, varying in size from
110 to 126 mm., and they all contained either fully mature eggs or eggs
approaching maturity. In those fully mature the germinal vesicle had
disappeared and the yolk was translucent but still somewhat granular.
It was noticed that there was not any Indicatiou of an external swelling
of the belly such as is found as a rule in fishes with fully-developed
reproductive organs, so that it was impossible to tell from the external
examination whether the fishes were about to spawn or not. The
number of the mature or nearly mature eggs was, moreover, very small
compared with the number to be found in the ovaries of most other fishes
with pelagic eggs—amounting only to a few thousands (see p. 285). I
append a Table giving particulars of the weights (in grammes) and
condition of the reproductive organs in some of those examined :—
MALES. FEMALES.
Size, nem ete bh ot Size, | Weight. be as Condition of Eggs.
TE 210-8 07 122, 5412°8 0°38 Largest yolked up to *46 mm.
121 12-2 0-7 1207) 120 0492 iy -. 3 eS
115 ou 0°5 124 | 12:8 0°44 54 af socep PAA Ss
120} 11° 0:56 122°) 10° 0°49 a 3 53 | SOUD RES
123 |. 13°5 0°75 1265) - 13:0 0°42 3 rr »3 1. 4a
124 | 13 0:58 122 | 107 0°33 . a 55 ee ee
1163)" 07 0:52 121 12°0 0:29 555 Fe so: pe ee
110) ALIS 0:68 117°) > 11:0 0°34 Sy a 6) RS
117 8°8 0°3 1S) 127 0-20 5 sy 55..1 aeons;
114} 10°5 0°56 120; 11°8 0°54 ss “4 jj THOSLS,,
114 8°3 0:2 Lea 7 0°32 5 “ai ight (Ol Ouse
113 9°5 0°56 111 8°8 0:22 3 ‘s oy, POStigs
104 6°5 0°3 110 8-2 Be 5c Be 597. tae
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. LAP
In the case of the sprats taken in the Cromarty Firth on Ist June,
only a few were examined in regard to the reproductive organs, and I noted
that the females over 104mm. were spawning, and males of the same size
were also ripe, but it is possible that some under those sizes might also
have been found ripe if a fuller examination had been made of them.
The collection made on 31st March in the Dornoch Firth furnishes the
best material, because a larger number of them were examined, the sexes
determined, and the reproductive organs noted. Of the 870 obtained,
559 were males and 311 were females, and in some instances, males as
small as 84mm. had testes sufficiently developed to indicate that they
would probably spawn in the course of the season—at the close of which
they would have considerably increased in length.
It was in this case, as in many others, difficult to divide the first series
—only the larger members of which were present—from the second series,
as is obvious from the curve (Pl. IX, Fig. 5). The millimetre measure-
ments were as follows at and near the point selected :—
1005 TOIT 102. 103 1045" 105" 106" 107 | 108." 109° 11" 111 112" 113
1O,E £04 -- 20 Ore Ey 5. 28 9 Sy 141 10 13 30. £39
[TABLE
Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
178
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180 Part [I1.—Twenty-second Annual Report
The Table giving the particulars of the sprats obtained in the various
collections is given on page’ 178, and a comparison may now be made
between the average size indicated for the various groups.
If the difference between the average size of the groups be calculated,
it will be found that the amount between the first and second series is as
follows in the various months :—23:'lmm. for all the December collec-
tions combined, 33:2 for April, 42°7 for October, 19°9 for November; the
mean for the four being 29°7mm., or about one and three sixteenths of
an inch. The difference in some of the cases is considerable, and this is
owing in large measure to the very small numbers obtained, and to the
fact, still more, that the great majority of the smaller specimens escaped
through the meshes of the net. The large difference in the average size
in October is due to the fact that the first series was represented by four
specimens got in the tow-net and measuring from 31 to 45mm., and one
specimen of 54mm., and, on the other hand, to the average of the few
specimens in the next series being too high, as already referred to. The
low average for November was caused by the opposite, and especially by
the average for the first series being exceptionally high. From this
circumstance, the fact that only the larger specimens of the first series
were taken in the small-meshed net, comparison may also be made
between what I have termed the mean, which is based on the intermediate
size between the largest and the smallest in a group. This system has
also its disadvantages, unless the largest and the smallest fishes present
fairly represent the limits of the series, but it tends to diminish the pre-
dominance of the larger fishes in obtaining the arithmetical average. On
this basis, the respective differences between the averages of the first and
second groups are these :—35°0 for April, 38 for October, 27 for Novem-
ber, and 30 for December, the mean of the lot being 325mm. The
presence of small fishes in the tow-net, as small as 39mm. in December,
and 40mm. in April in the shrimp-net, shows that the true average is
under that arithmetically calculated. .
The differences betx--7n the averages of the second and third series are
as follows :—March 21:0, April 36°6, May 37:5, October 30:4, November
38:9, and December 38°5, the mean of the differences being 33°8. This
amount is rather above the natural difference owing to the fact adverted
to, that the larger fishes, many of which no doubt belong to a fourth
group, are included in the third group, and thus the average of the latter
is somewhat raised. The mean of the combined differences is, calculated
on the other basis, 35:2mm., or a little over 12 inches, and this probably
represents the amount of annual growth between one series and another
in the sprat.
As already stated, the imperfection of the collections of the first or
younger group of fishes does not allow an accurate calculation of the size
of that group to be made, but from the sizes obtained in April, December,
and September it is certain that the range and the average are under
what is calculated from the sizes represented. In order to throw light on
the subject, I have made.a curve (Pl. X), based on the measurements of
the best collections, showing the gradual growth of the sprat in the different
generations. From this, it appears, that at one year of age, about the
beginning of June, the average size of the sprat is a little over 60mm.,
and when two year’s old, at a corresponding period, about 93mm. There
are not sufficient data to show the precise size in the next June, but, as
in the end of March and the beginning of April the average size is about
118mm., it is probable that at the beginning of June the average size
would be a little over 120mm. This would indicate an approximate
growth of 30mm. between the first generation and the second, and 27mm.
between the second and the third.
4
ef)
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 181
The growth of the sprat is thus slow compared to most of the Gadoids,
but it is, of course, a much smaller species. Its growth is not greatly
inferior to that of the Norway Pout, the smallest of the Gadoids I have
dealt with.
In winter, moreover, the curves and measurements show that the
growth is very much slower; most of it appears to take place between
April and autumn. In this respect the sprat resembles other fishes.
There is one remarkable circumstance about the sprat, that after the
third or fourth generation spawns it dies or disappears. Very few fishes
seem to survive to the following year; and this forms a contrast to the
conditions obtaining among the flat-fishes and most round fishes, in
which many generations survive after maturity is reached and spawn
in successive years.
With regard to sexual maturity and the age at which it is attained, a
comparison may be made between the collections from the Cromarty
Firth on 1st June and that from the Dornoch on the 31st March, or two
months earlier—two months, moreover, in which growth is comparatively
rapid. The curve of the former on Plate VIII (Fig. 7) shows an apparently
homogeneous and symmetrical group, from 73 to 110mm., with an
average of 92°9mm. As already stated, the condition of the reproductive
organs in this series was only partially examined, but if the smaller
resembled those of about 104mm.—and spawning, as we have seen, goes
on into July, during which a considerable amount of growth occurs—then
the whole group would probably spawn, and these fishes were about two
years of age. The great group in the March collection, ranging from
108mm. to 139mm., were obviously all approaching ripeness or fully
matured, and would all spawn in the course of the season. It is probable,
also, from the condition of the reproductive organs, that the next younger
generation, or those two years of age, would spawn also before the close
of the season, or at all events the males would, and in that case they
would come into line with the series got at Cromarty, and indicate that
sexual maturity is reached at two years of age.
The average length and weight of the sprats at one, two, and three
years of age, according to this research, are approximately as follows :—
Increase.
Mm Grammes,
Mm. Grammes.
One year, - - 63 1:4 et see
Two years, - - 93 5:0 30 3°6
Three years, : 120 12°5 27 45
sit
In the investigation made by Jenkins, based on the examination of the
ear-bones, three generations were also determined, but the average sizes
do not correspond. His results are as follows, the weights here inserted
being derived from my observations on the relation of weight to length,
as described on page 145.
Increase
Mm. Grammes.
Mm. Grammes.
First year, - - 75 2°5 es ce
Second year, : 110 9-2 35 6°7
Third year, - - 130 16°4 20 U2
Part I11—Twenty-second Annual Report
182
TABLE I,
MEASUREMENTS OF SPRATS IN 2MM. GROUPS,
Aberdeen Bay.
TUL DV Vy VL, A Re) TS
“L061
“490 FZ-8I
‘0061
**4do0Q 0Z
0061
*ydo0g ST
“LO6L
‘OUN T
“pourquioy
at
i |
Il.
pur ‘Ty
F061
tad y 9
"POBL
‘dv 8
10
Li Os ad
12
13
10
12
18
10
ww ri nN
12
19
21
15
17
11
a1
“GO6T | eos Seats : ‘ : : : : rea pes rae aa oa aaa
“ue CT
a es ne es ge ES SS SS SE ESSE ES
In| ag, acer A eee peri te
1388
—
=
=
ae
“TTX °F “IITA
—'ooq
| ‘S061
| “09 62
oy +N MN & OD see GNio estat a
2
1
| _, 2061 Q s —N rt sH = rm re
‘00 GL a
eae gi a RES eee ig Ce or Stn Snide SIS ee SN eat KON ee ets se acer Se Ng Sa CGN
“90q Al rs . ° . ° ° °
X. | XI. XII.
“00d 61
VIII. | 1X
‘sune T eh
ae oe | a Ge ee ee ee
I
Ss
=
S
3
: nds
D - Pp F :
ges ae eo ee ee
gees 3B a 22 SI
ore Rags uae See Se a ee ee OP enema etear se os fet
S ogi eee AON 86 a se
tee er Si eet Ohlone gaaergce Gro gee Knees cea hk Sl Mee laa ae Sipe! ath cd gia SE
= z bel oe Sb et eo ee ee ee
s 8 elles Set grr es Ger ee i pee ter a oe i ee ee eee ee ee ee
aS a "4dog 0% . . . . . . ° ° .
=< . = | , OGL alee ne ee he a ee ee a ea es a ie ee ce Ag
Ry cas "4dag QT = : é : : : : ° : : : : ° : :
s a ‘TLO6T On a J = BS eo Lo ec ee es Lag ew) ME a Un en ae ore tee = ek 9 deseo Ue ace ee
~
>
|
| __ PO6T
[udy 9T
on ae Be Geo, coo CN ew Pat ge eee te eae
‘qudy g
= S
= n ON
| O od
184
MM.
'
ao ns HO ClO Ca © bo
' ' ' '
ee ee |
for) or ~I Ho e
Part I[I.—Twenty-second Annual Report
U1, (EE) EV.) W.Va
iw)
aH eH po bw &
17
_
(=>)
Seay
.
.
.
pat
TABLE I.—continued.
oanuN Ne He HY He
a
So
ROCCO y= COL SCO GS) be anGo) = SO SS
Dornoch Firth.
28 Dec.,
1903.
Dec.—IV.-VI.
combined.
Off Burghead.
Fe NO wo TO SO Ye YF FF
Dec.—II. and III.
combined.
ao C8 FSF OO FE OT
of the Fishery Board or Scotland. 185
TABLE I.—continued.
CromartyyLunan he
Dornoch Firth. Off Burghead. Firth. | Bay. hee ia
Ts (Ravi | we ele ve Ty | ES 100 Wie
mo, |—|——|_}—_—# |_| |g |
E a ne ae eal Bs cae =| as ee
dailies /Se3/8S [83/805] | gles] so [ssl alscige] 2 |
SRE gee ese) 2 8 Ba iiaeniae rs ae) ie ee
SU EO AF NOs SUN [eae Rs Od TSC SEU ONL PS ip eens
100-1. =|) 20) |): 2 4| 12 5 5 35 8 4
D230) AHO Miia De TIG WSh 16 7| 3/10 29] 18 2
Abe =) 26h ele seh Ale By} ad Pleat Nae 14] 16 4
GL 217308138] 91 2| 8 12} 5|17 12 7 1
8-9 Ca allie at ed bag net yale a 5 4 3
MHO-Wy: 23 ie ari} Pi) Wily Bs) 6 15 Pill 2 1
ea OOe Oe ede eh te | 12 fae aa ac el fa 3 1
4-5 82| 8 2| 4/9 19}, 2) | 21 z, 2 H
Ge PDD, rt 8} 11 25| 3| 28] 2 2 1
829, Flt TD) lhl 7 | 10 36 | 1 | 37 4
12051 2-12 4} 5| 6 46 | 2| 48 1
OE sa ae ror) «S 53 | 4 | 57 2
Pe ee lars ata fa 5| 5 69112: | 71 1
G7 olor. 1 73 73 1
8-9 *2| 4 50 50 1
130-1 <ja| 4 1 28 28
ape VF Wee WAG
BOE |S 6 6 1
G5 weegor 3 3
82013 | Ful 2 2
140-1. -
OLS ae
186 Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
6. WircH (Pleuronectes cynoglossus, L.).
There now exists a considerable amount of material to show the growth
of this flat-fish in the earlier period of its life, for the first few generations,
young forms having been procured in the tow-nets or the fine-meshed net
used with the otter-trawl.
The witch spawns rather later than most of the other pleuronectids.
On the east coast of Scotland the spawning period was found by me to
extend from May to August, the maximum spawning occuring about the end
of June.* Cunningham found it spawning in the Clyde towards the end
of June,’ and Williamson obtained the floating eggs in Lochfyne in each
month from April to August inclusive —sparingly in these two months,
and most abundantly in June.t Holt found ripe specimens on the west
coast of:Ireland in March, April, and May, and expressed the opinion that
it also spawns in June;$ and Herdman and Dawson, with reference to the
Irish Sea, describe this fish as spawning from May to July.||
The spawning period may therefore be regarded as extending from April
into August, with a maximum towards the end of June.
The egg measures from 1°15 to 119mm. and according to Cunningham
hatches at temperatures varying from 53° to 68° on the sixth day, and
at lower temperatures on the ninth day. Holt found that the eggs
fertilised by him on 14th May hatched mostly on the seventh day ;
some as early as the sixth and others as late as the ninth day, but the
temperature of the water was not noted. The surface and bottom
temperatures off the Firth of Forth, where the depth is about thirty
fathoms, are approximately as follows in the months during which the
witch spawns.
April. May. June. July. | August.
Surface, - - | 43°3° 46°5° Syke 543° 55°
Bottom, - =) $6 ° 44:3° 45° 485° 51°5°
The lower temperatures mentioned by Cunningham are not specified,
and the eggs of the witch were not among those submitted to temperature-
experiments by Dannevig at Dunbar. But in the experiments referred
to YJ it was found that the egg of the cod, which is larger than that of
the witch, being about 1:39mm., took 154 days to hatch at a temperature
of 42°°8, 122 days at 46°°4, 103 days at 50°, and 92 days at 53°°6;
while the egg of the flounder, which is smaller than that of the witch,
measuring 0°95 to 1:05mm. in diameter, at the same temperatures hatched
in 64, 53, 44 and 32 days respectively. It may therefore be assumed
that if the bulk of the eggs of the witch be spawned in the latter part of
June, the majority of the larve hatch out about a week later, or, approxi-
mately, at the beginning of July. The hatching period, owing to the
influence of temperature, will be more contracted than the period of
spawning.
*Kighth Ann. Report Fishery Board for Scotland, Part ITT., p. 263 (1890) ; Ninth rbid.
p. 264; Tenth rbid., pp. 234, 242.
t+ Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinr., vol. xxxii., Pt. I., p. 101 (1887).
T Seventeenth Ann. Rep. Fishery Board for Scotland, Part III., p. 99 (1899).
§ Rep. to Council, Roy. Dublin Soc. for 1851, p. 258 (1892).
|| ‘ Fishes and Fisheries of the Irish Sea,” p. 55. (1902).
Thirteenth Ann. Rep. Fishery Board for Scotland, Part I11., p. 147.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 187
The larval witch on escaping from the egg measures, according to
Holt,* about 3°99mm., and ten days after hatching, when the yolk was
exhausted, a specimen measured 5°‘57mm. Cunningham found that in forty-
eight hours after hatching the length of the larva increased from 3:9 to
5'9mm., a rapid increase. From the very considerable length at which
transformation is completed, it is evident that the pelagic stage of this
species is comparatively prolonged ; one, incompletely transformed, with
the left eye on the ridge of the head, and measuring 40mm. in length,
was taken by myself on 15th January off Aberdeen.
In the present Report (p. 270) Dr. H. C. Williamson describes the
post-larval and early young stages of the witch.
In the accompanying Table I give the particulars concerning 151
post-larval witches caught in tow-nets at various depths in Aberdeen
Bay and off it, in the Dornoch Firth, and in the Clyde.
Sct. Trans. Roy. Dubl. Soc. V. (Ser. I.), p. 84 (1893).
| TABLE
188 Part III—Twentysecond Annual Report
SIZE (Mm.).
Place and Date.
6 | 7; 8] 9 | 10] 11] 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 }.17 | 18 | 19-| 20 | 21} 22 | 23 | 24 | 25
ABERDEEN BAY.
1900.
1st October, - ‘J . . . e ° e e e . . . . ° . . 1 . 1
ond ” im Co e . e e . ° e e e e . ° ° e af 1 . « i 1
ord yh mE e A c 4 . F C A é 4 5 ; 1
” 3) ee aS . : Lael ett ee . «| 7) oa
8th She. © : a Miers aller 4 °
1902.
15th January, - A 4
1903.
16th October, - c : : : . Dales ; 2 ‘ 4 5 Nelle
” ” J lle 1 2 iB pa as here
” ” = e . e . . . e
7th November, -| .- : : : - - : 5 : ; : o A 5 5 : F a he, hate :
5 A ha ewe pee els eS hes 6 1 6 |e
DORNOCH FIRTH.
1903.
20th October, Si lew C f ‘ 4 * , 6 : ;: 0
ray
py
11th November, Ld . . e e . ° ® ° e e ~ e . e
1 2th ” Le ° e e ry ° . e . e . e e
CLYDE.
1899.
7th June, - =| 6 : ; Bedlbia
bo
_
°
.
14th ,, - a i 6 1) 3) 10
~
bo
pa
15th ,, mie ae as cies BB ae Oa Re WW dB | 3
99 EON pate . 2} 3] 2 . aie hha Pa feta
” ph cs . 4]. 1 a sie Wes - |
‘A Re ee sali bene ae pe Ae a he Ae
15th July, - Sali. ; 9 : ; 7 : 5 : J 7 9 - ° 5 -
16th ,, - cialis . Bd 4a Bae ies hil
18th 9 ~~ = . e . e e e ° . . ° . e
19th ”9 = ~. ° . . 94 2 e e 1
bo
ry
e
e
.
.
e
ra
°
ra
5 °
°
a °
. e
° e
1st August, ° . . . e ° ° ° °
=
—
e
°
°
°
°
| of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 189
™~ ee
ZiM Gillie cali lla Gln Doh. Remarks.
26.| 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34} 35 | 36 | 87 | 38 | 39 | 40
SS | |, | ———.§ |. | | | "| SF SE |) ———_— | SS OOO Oo Lh TO
)
Lalhex 5 3 2 * . * . | Tow-net. Serial iii. 1fm. from bottom.
1 Teer i Tl 1 1 a1 an 2 fms. from bottom.
4 : : 4 me Noe a A 5 . 3 53 8 fms. to 9-10 fms.
1 : é é < : : A 5 at 14 fme.
2} 1 ‘ / é b 5 5 2 oe 8-9 fms.
‘ 3 0 j é 3 : { 5 1 | 30fms. Mid-water net.
. | Surface-net, 3 fms. from surface.
ils ee : 6 BES | beat ' , . F - ; ‘ ; . | Bottom tow-net, near trawl head.
TRS re 5 A 2 | Small-meshed trawl. Still pelagic.
| seme ser a re Werle es bod tS ol esaAl |<. Tow-neb, 6 fman below suiface;
| . Oiler. 6 ae ; . : : , 3 é F F me mid-water.
E ‘ 6 F - i 3 6 ‘ ; a A ; 3 BA near surface.
DET lpi Sail lean Bie anes : ‘ : Do es : “ above bottom. Pelagic.
. . ° 1 . ° e ” ” ” 29
|
: é fs ° : ‘ 6 ‘ 5 : 0 5 : ; ‘ 14fms. Between Pladda and
| : Ailsa Craig.
| Peete eos claret) Saviors, lal pe line artes dees, bes » 5 fms. Between Sanda and
| G Brennan Head.
| C é : é ; : : j : ; : a 5 F 55 5-20fms. Between Mull of Can-
| tire and Corsewall.
| : : : a : : A ab 9 : eles ? re 5-15 fms. Shrimp. Stations
IVs; V:
6 Atte oa lee é sen lies . é 6 : : : 3 20fms. Between Ailsa Craig and
. Mull of Cantire.
A 5 , 6 rp 25 fms. Between Mull of Can-
tire and Corsewall.
5 : i 55 on trawl head. Station III.
; : . , P : : “ , +5 25 fms. Between Pladda and
Turnberry.
3 ila, al F : Ke on trawl head. Station XII.
A : 4 2 o 10-15 fms. Series III.
| 3 : ; F E , ‘ < 20fms. Station IV.
| ws
190 Part III —Twenty-second Annuai Report
They are to be found in Aberdeen Bay in October and November,
and, as above stated, an odd specimen may be procured even in January.
The size of those obtained ranged from 12 to 40mm. (4-13 inches),
transformation being completed and bottom-life begun as a rule about the
latter size. In the Dornoch Firth a few were also obtained in October
and November, from 22 to 38mm. _ In the Clyde, in the deep water |
across the mouth of the Firth, in June and July, a number were procured
ranging from 6°5 to 37mm., the smaller forms being generally caught
towards the surface and the larger forms deeper. On Ist August these
measured 14, 15, and 17mm. I am indebted to Dr. Williamson for
particulars of these.
In the absence of a complete periodic series of tow-net collections
extending over the whole time from the beginning of spawning, it is not
possible to tell the age of the specimens given in the Table; but if spawn-
ing ceases in August it follows that those got in Aberdeen Bay in October
and November must be two months old, and may be more, and that the
Specimen, ineompletely metamorphosed, procured on 15th January, was
.over four months old. The size at which metamorphosis is completed,
and therefore the duration of the pelagic stage in this species, is there-
fore considerable.
The young forms living on the bottom were also sometimes caught in
the small-meshed net, enveloping the cod-end of the otter-trawl, or in
the shrimp-trawl. Thus, on 24th October, in sixty fathoms some miles off
Aberdeen, nine specimens were taken, five of which measured 42mm., and
one each 37, 38, 40, and 43mm. These clearly belonged to the preceding
spawning season, and would be a few months old. On 28th December,
in thirty fathoms, off Burghead Bay in the Moray Firth, fourteen specimens
were secured which measured as follows:—
Mm, 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 63
2 1 1 3 2 1 1 - 1 1 1
All these also belonged to the previous spawning season; the next
largest got in the net was 137mm. (see below).
In the same locality, on 14th November, one measuring 56mm.
(2,3, inches) was taken, and it belongs to the same category. On 21st
January, in fifty fathoms, in the Moray Firth, a specimen of 47mm. was
taken ; on 23rd January, in the same place, another of 45mm., the tail of
which was, however, damaged, and its real length would be several milli-
metres greater. ()n Ist April, off Burghead Bay, in thirty-two fathoms,
seven small witches were caught of the following sizes :—60, 65, 66, 74,
76, 77, 83mm. (23-3} inches), which would be, approximately, from
eight to ten months old; the next largest was 144mm.
On the west coast, two were caught in Loch Long, off Ruad Dubh, in
thirty-five fathoms, on 20th September, which measured 57 and 58mm.
respectively ; on 17th September, in Upper Loch Etive, in fifty-two
fathoms, six were taken, four of which measured 47mm., one 57 mm.,
and one 60 mm.; on 21st April, one measuring 90mm. (3} inches)
was obtained seventeen miles off Corsewall Point. There seems little
doubt that all these also belonged to the spawning-season immediately
preceding.
Holt, on the coast of Ireland, caught specimens of 42mm. in eighty
fathoms on 19th August, which he was of opinion were from eggs
spawned early in the season, and were thus from four to six months old ;
and in July he got one in one hundred and forty-four fathoms, measur-
ing 12.5cm., which he believed to be about one year or more old.* ~
In some of the hauls a number of specimens were procured belonging
to a fairly well-defined older group, and these, with some others, are
represented in the accompanying Table.
* Sct Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. V (Ser. II.) 85
of the Fishery Board for Scotland, iff)
| MORAY FIRTH. ctr: CLYDE.
SEA,
Il II IV. | Vv | VILIVIL] = VII. 4 XI. XIL XIII.
| ee:
El 3}
> - lade ee 27-28 N
Pace 28 Dec., 1903. |S] 1 April, 1904. | oo) 3 5 Sept., 1899. = 5] 8Nov., 1901. } “Jog.” [24 Dec., 1901.
a larly FS] 3 | =| nen *
Cite an 22) 8 [AFI 4°
Qld | 2 \totl JO} g| ® [rot 12] of (Tot. O| go Tot! FO] g Tot] O | gS \Tot] O | g |Tot.
| |
| 8
4 9} 9
| 5] 1 4| 4
6 i. |i al 1] 1
oe a1 3
| 8 3) 8
| 9
10
u 1} 2
12 : |
13) 1 he] 1]
4] 4 Sree see Th 1 1}
15} 2 4 rath Ue [ee 13
16] 1 ae (ae ila 18 | 1) 2 Doras
|i7 De tel 4| 4 8 2| 2 2 2
18 2 2 | 2| 6 & 1
19 1 il 2 2 | all ae ral |e 1 re a
ooo 2) 5 2) 2 flee
Bw 2 | 1 lis 2| 2 1 1
fee a 2 2} 3 | 2| 3 bso eid
2 27 1] 1 1} 2 —|——|—_— 1] 5| 5 i pe) sy
3 | 2 of 4] a1 tl 6 1| ive DP 2 76)| s Hewes
1} 3 3) 1 £i, 2 6 3 | 2} 2 21 7| 9 2} at
5 | 1 if 6} 3] 3] 2| 2 D2 leben Ilion) 8 2} 2
8 | 2 af oL| Bal ae oN 2 | 3| 6 DAS Lear p12 3| 3811] 4] 5
5 | 4 4} if Bh Sl ot 3 | iba? oS.) 12 ish 1h) eb 1) sie
ol 2 6 gs} 3} 2| of 7 | 2| 3 341 2| 10] 12 lee 6| 6
4 | 3 ai 3] 12 | 12 | 2 | 5| 6 4c 8 9) 1 118: of 2 sale
3 | 2 24 3] 9} 9] 2 2G eZ Sale wie tl <5 | 27 | 828 2) Tose
Bru! 3 a] 4] 13 | 13 | 5 | 1 1-6) 1/-4| 5] 4] 19] 23] 3] 4] 7
64 3] 5 Bi 21 ion pie 2 | 1 1 Gf 10 | 21] 31] 5| 11] 16
7 | 6 64 24 16 | 16] ———— 10} 4| 2/ 6f 7/10/17] 5| 9} 14]
8] 2 of 3] 10 | 10 | 6 | [sibel alg tito 18/23) 5 | 8) ast
pet | 1 27 if 10 | 10 | 5 | 1 7) S210 6) 5) i
4 1 1] 3] 8} 8] 3 | Cotes EEO | 2) IB) 4] 4g
aie | 2 2, 1] s| s| 1] a) 6) bl) diag
apeh | i 29 3] Ba 1{ 2 2} 1 1
| a 1 3] a a 2 | 1 WS) 2) Shri) oeies
eet | 1 2) 1 10 | 10 | “|
Zale ra ae 9| 9} 3 |
2 | 2} 2] 1
2 1 1 4) 4 | i
a 2 2 |
bo
bo
192 Part I1I.—Twenty-second Annual Report
Thus, in the haul of 14th November (I) there were eight specimens
between 13 and 16cm. (viz.:—132, 140, 144, 146, 148, 152, 156, 161mm.),
and the next size was 242mm. In that of 28th December the group
was represented by ten specimens, measuring from 137mm. to 168mm.,
the next largest being 215mm.; in the haul of 23rd January it was
represented by nine specimens, from 138 to 186mm., the next size
being 222mm., and in the haul of lst April by fourty-four, from 144 to
191mm., the next largest being 217mm.
A consideration of the first and second series or generations in these
cases throws light on the rate of growth of the fish, and the measure-
ments may be grouped as follows, showing the smallest and largest
specimens represented in each case, and the mean size: —
FIRST SERIES.
Arithmetic) Geometric
Date. No. | Smallest.| Largest. | Range. Average. Mean:
1903. Mm. Mm. Mn. Mm. Mm.
14th November, - 1 - : - 56 =
28th December, - 14 40 62 22 44°7 52:0
1904.
23rd January, —- il - - - 47°0 -
Ist April, - - | 60 83 23 716 71°5
SECOND SERIES.
‘ Arithmetic]G tri
Date. No. Smallest. | Largest. | Range. re Bee ci Moan
1903. Mm. Mm. Mm. Mm. Mm.
14th November, — 8 182 161 29 147°4 146°5
28th December, -— 10 137 168 bl 150°2 152°5
1904.
23rd January, - 9 138 186 48 167°4 162°0
1st April, - - 44 144 191 47 166°1 167°5
The arithmetic average, it may be explained, is obtained by adding
up the sizes of the fishes represented in each group and dividing by the
number of fishes; it will deviate from the true average size in one
direction or the other if the larger or the smaller fishes of the group
predominate in numbers. The geometric mean is the middle figure
between the extreme sizes, viz.:—the largest fish and the smallest; its
accuracy depends upon the limits of the group being truly indicated,
Considering first the difference in size between the first series of
witches and the second series, which are one year older, it is evident that
the size of the single specimens of the first series obtained on 14th
November and 23rd January respectively, are not representative, the
former (56mm.) being too large and the latter (47mm.) too small. This
is shown by the townet collections in October and November, as
represented in Table A. and Plate XI, in which specimens measuring
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 193
from 12mm. to 40mm. were secured. The differences between the two
series on 28th December and on Ist April are these :—
Arithmetic | Geometric
Smallest. | Largest. Average. Mean.
Mm. Mm. Mm. Mm.
28th December, - a7 104 105°5 100°5
sti April, -- - 84 108 94°5 96°0
If the mean of the average sizes be taken for the two hauls, the
difference between the first series and the second series is, for the
arithmetic average, 100'0mm., and for the geometric, 98-3mm—and this
might be taken as approximately representing the increase in growth in
length in the witch at this stage in one year, ¢.e., about 3% inches. It
will be seen, however, as is the general rule, that the average difference
in length is greater at the earlier date than at the later; in other words,
that the younger fishes increase in length more rapidly than those one
year older. The annual increment is therefore better represented on Ist
April than on 28th December; and since Ist April is two or three
months anterior to the height of the hatching season, and the more
rapid growth in length of the smaller fishes continues, the true difference
in length between witches which are one year old and those which are
two years old is probably under $0mm, (34 inches). The average length
of a one-year-old witch appears to be about 34 inches, and that of a two-
year-old somewhat under 7 inches.
The above Tables also furnish information as to the growth of the first
and the second series between the dates of the collections. Thus, in the
ninety-five days between 28th December and Ist April the increments of
the first series of witches was as follows :—
Arithmetic Geometric
Smallest. Largest. Average. Mean:
Mm. Mm. Mm. Mm.
20 21 26°9 19°5
In the period mentioned, therefore, the young witches grew a little
over 20mm. longer—abont % of an inch. The second series of older
fishes grew less rapidly. Comparison of the sizes at the various dates
shows the following increases :—
[TaBLE.
194 Part II1.—Twenty-second Annual Report
Increase.
No.
Ae 8.) le os
y Smallest | Largest | Average.| Mean.
Fish. Fish.
14th November to Mm. Mm. Mm. Mm.
28th December, 44 5 7 2°8 6:0
28th December to
23rd January, - 26 1 18 17°2 9°5
23rd January to
Ist April, - 69 6 5 —1:3 as)
28th December to
Ist April, - 95 tf 23 15:9 15:0
14th November to
ist April, - | 139 12 30 187 21-0
The increase in length in the ninety-five days from 28th December to
1st April amounted to about 15mm. (3 inch); on the 139 days from
14th November to Ist April, to about 20mm. (? inch). It will be
noticed, as pointed out in previous reports, that the larger fishes of an
early series grow more rapidly that the smallest, 7.e., the variation in the
sizes of the individual fishes of the group—due primarily to a difference
in the time of hatching, early or late—becomes more pronounced, which
is one of the causes of the coalescence of the older generations or groups.
It will also be observed that, so far as these data go, growth was more
rapid in December and January than in spring. This might be expected
from the higher temperature of the bottom water in the depths where the
witches lived during the former months, growth being closely related to
temperature. Unfortunately, no observations have yet been made with
sufficient frequency to enable the temperatures at these depths in the
northern waters to be approximately stated for the various months of the
year. Off the Firth of Forth, in thirty fathoms, according to the
Garland’s observations, the mean bottom-temperature in the months
referred to were—November, 49° F.; December, 49°2° ; January, 41°7° ;
February, 41°5° ; March, 40°1° ; April 43°3°.
With regard to the sizes and growth of the witches of older series,
above two years, there is more difficulty, owing to the coalescence of the
groups, and the different rate of growth of the males and females after
sexeral maturity is attained ; and there are not yet sufficient observations
on the older males and females to make the matter clear. In most of the
collections, as may be observed from the table, there is a general absence
of specimens between the second and third groups, and it is not certain
whether this gap is natural, 2,e., that it is caused by there being really no
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 195
intermediate sizes, the grow th ofthe largest of the second series not
having brought that series up to the third—or whether it is owing to the
imperfect collections. A comparison of the measurements at the different
dates shows that the latter factor at least partly accounts for it, inasmuch
as smaller specimens of the third series were obtained in January and
April than in November as shown :—
Cm. 15. 15°5 16 16°5 17 17°b 18 18°5 19 19°56 20 20°56 21 21°5 22 22°56 23 23°5 24
MD ORNOVassp iy lee clea d : 2
28th Dec... © 2 I ele lies he - = oe Se Si a WE 2
Darddaney) int - oOhe Oaks stem 1Sa A PI hate os 3 sa ue 1 Q 2
Ist April, Sh UU vie Sign nus chin GIN) Pie mp toy aay Eile Vl site v5 Teg) S283
Tn the curves of measurements there is a marked drop indicating a
division between the third and the fourth series, but it does not agree in
the different cases, and is based upon not very many mixed measurements
of males and females. The lowest point is at 30-3lcm. in November,
27cm. in January, 30-3lcm. in December, and 29cm. in April. Study of
the curves of the other series of measurements given in the Table shows
that the fixing of the division between the third and fourth groups must
be deferred. If, however, as reasoned above, a two-year-old witch
measures on the average about 7 inches, and the rate of growth is
slightly reduced, the average length when three years old will probably
be about 10 inches, or 25cm., with a range for the group of approxi-
mately from 84 to 114 inches.
The average size and the range of size at which maturity is first
reached in the males and females are not yet sufficiently elucidated.
I found females ripe at 14 inches, spent at 13 inches, and nearly ripe
at 122 inches; and males ripe at 15 inches, nearly ripe at 114 inches.*
On the west coast of Ireland the smallest ripe female found by Holt was
twelve inches, and the smallest approaching ripeness was also 12
inches; the smallest ripe male was 103 inches, and the smallest
approaching ripeness 10 inches,f
From these facts it appears that the female witch does not spawn
before the fourth year; some males may possibly become mature in their
third year. It is noteworthy that in this species, under certain sizes the
males are much more numerous than the females. In 2348 specimens
under 16 inches, and mostly from 10 to 13 inches, the greater part of
which were examined by Mr. F. G. Pearcey on board the Garland,
915 were females and 1833 were males, the males at these sizes being
thus rather more than twice as numerous as the females. In 104
examined by myself there’ were sixty-seven males and _ thirty-seven
females. Among large witches, on the other hand, from 13 or 14
inches upwards the proportions of the sexes are reversed. Of 422
examined, 306 were females (34-50cm.) and 116 males.
7. THe Norway Pout (Gadus Esmarkii).
Since describing the observations made on the growth of this species
in the Nineteenth Annual Report collections have been obtained and
measurements made on several occasions. Most of the fish were caught
in the Moray Firth, or off Aberdeen, but in two instances collections
were secured in the deep water off the Shetlands. The first haul was for
forty-five minutes on 19th May, 1901, in sixty-five fathoms, about
fifty-three miles S.E. by S. 45S. from the south point of Fetlar Island,
Shetland ; the bottom temperature was 42°5° C., and the surfacc 46°6° C.
The number of Norway Pouts caught was 285, almost all belonging to one
* Kighth Ann. Rep. Fishery Board for Scotland Part III., p. 161) 1890); Tenth
ibid., p. 239.
t Report of Council for 1891, Roy. Dublin Soc., p. 272,
+ Part III., p. 155 (1.901).
196 Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
series, which extended from 85mm. to 129mm.. the range being thus
44mm. The arithmetic average size for the 279 in the series was
106:2mm., the mean was 107mm., and the maximum ordinate 10°5cem.
(Pl. XII). The remaining six fishes, measuring from 137 to 149mm.,
represented part of the second series.
The next collection was obtained on 11th December, 1901, from the
grounds seventy-five miles south-east of Sumburgh Head, Shetland, in
seventy-five fathoms of water. The number of specimens secured in the
small-meshed net was 704. Most of them belonged to one series,
although three were represented. ‘The first was not well represented, and
was not cut oft so sharply from the next series of larger fishes as in the
hauls in September and October of the preceding year.*
The measurements, in lem. groupings, are given in the Table appended ;
and the 2mm. grouping is as follows at the point of division :—
115-6 117-8 119-20 121-2 123-4 125-6 127-8 129-30 131-2
10 11 7 5 1 J 14 21 25
This series extends from 97mm. to 122mm., a range of 25mm.;
the smaller forms are no doubt absent. The arithmetic average size
of the eighty-five fishes contained in it was 111°‘5mm., and the mean
was 109°5mm. The maximum range in this series in the collections
made in October 1900, which included 1553 fishes, was 50mm., and if this
be applied in the present case it would make the size of the smallest
belonging to it about 72mm., and the mean size on this basis would
be about 97mm.
The next older group begins at 124mm., and apparently extends to
180mm. or 182mm., but it is possible it terminates at about 164mm.
The two-millimetre grouping from 157mm. to the end is as follows :—
157-8 159-60 161-2 163-4 165-6 167-8 169-70 171-2 173-4 175-6 177-8
14 8 6 + 7 12 6 4 4 5 5
170-80 181-2 183-4 185-6 187-8 189-90 191-2 193-4 195-6 197-8
3 i - 1 3 - 1 = 2 1
Taking the series as ending at 182mm., the range of the 611 fishes
composing it amounts to 58mm. ; the arithmetic average size is 142°3mm.
and the mean 153mm. ‘There were other eight fishes, the largest being
197mm., which evidently belong to a third series. The arithmetic average
size is 190'‘9mm.
For comparison with the preceding collections taken in the same neigh-
bourhood I give here the main features in tabular form, the averages
being the actual arithmetical average.
Ist Series. 2nd Series. 8rd Series.
Date. ==
Range Average. Range. Average. Range. Average.
1900. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm.
31 August - os 110-162 140°2 163 -213 176°8
4 September 92 787 117 —155 1360 157-200 168°9
16-19 Octr. 66-116 87°7 119-172 143°6 177-197 182°5
1901.
19 May 85-129 106°2 = - - =
97-122 111'5 124-182 142°3 185-197 190°9
11 Decembe
|
!
* Toc. cit., plate ix.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 197
If, however, the series ends at 164mm., then the average size of the
second group would be 139:‘9mm., the mean size 144, and the range
40mm. ; the third group would have a range of 32mm., an average size
of 1741, and a mean of 181mm.
The differences between the average size of the various groups as shown
above are as follows :—
Ist to 2nd. Ind to 3rd.
36°6
57°3 32°9
55-9 38°9
20:8 [45°3 | 48°6
In the December haul the first and third series were very imperfectly
represented (see Pl. XII.), and the averages given do nt correctly
show the proper sizes. The figures in brackets indicate the difference of
the corrected means.
Collections of the Norway Pout were also made at various times a few
miles off Aberdeen in the deep water known as the Dog Hole, the depth
varying from about fifty to about seventy fathoms.
The first was on 28th June, in sixty-five fathoms, eleven miles off; the
bottom temperature was 48:2° F., and the surface temperature 52°5° F.
The number of specimens procured was 141, One of those was a very
small one, measwring 27mm., no doubt spawned some months earlier,
The next series comprised 131, ranging in size from 125mm. to 172mm.,
the range being 47mm.; the arithmetical average size was 180:°2mm.,
the mean 148°5mm., and the maximum ordinate 14°d5cem. There
were Six in a third group, ranging from 178 to 194mm., with an average
size of 187*2mm., the mean being 186mm. Other three probably formed
a fourth series, the sizes being 210, 215, and 222mm., and the average
212°3 mm.
In the next collection, on 30th July, in sixty-two fathoms, the bottom
temperature being 57° F., and the surface temperature 58°6° F., 350
specimens were taken, all belonging, apparently, to the same series. The
range of sizes was from 120mm. to 184mm., or an extent of 64mm. ; the
arithmetical average was 155:1mm., the mean 152mm., and the maximum
ordinate 15°5mm.
The third lot was got on 21st August, in fifty-eight fathoms, the surface
temperature being 55°9° F., and they numbered 218 specimens. Two,
possibly three, series, were present. The first comprised three fishes,
measuring 67, 81, and 83mm. The second included 214, from 130mm.
to 189mm., the range being thus 59mm. ; the average size was 158'8mm.,
the mean 159°5, and the maximum ordinate 16cm.
On 3rd September, the fourth collection was made in fifty-eight fathoms
in the same locality, the bottom temperature being 53° F., and the surface
temperature 53:2”. Most of the fishes in the small-meshed net escaped,
owing to a hole in it; the number of Norway Pouts obtained was fifteen,
ranging from 132 to 168mm., the average size being 156: 9mm., the mean
150mm., and the maximum ordinate 16cm.
A few days later, on 10th September, eight specimens were taken in
Aberdeen Bay, measuring 76, 77, 83, 85, 87, 91, 93, 94mm. respectively.
The average size was 85:7mm., the mean 85, and the maximum ordinate
9cm.
The next collection at the Dog Hole was on 16th December, in fifty-
seven fathoms, the bottom temperature being 46°2° F. The number of
specimens taken was fifty-four, belonging to two series. The first included
198 Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
seventeen fishes, measuring from 114mm. to 132mm.; the average size
was 124:7mm., the mean 123mm., and the maximum ordinate between 12
and 12'5cm. The second series comprised thirty-seven fishes, ranging
from 142mm. to 184mm.; the arithmetic average size was 160°8, the
mean 163mm., and the maximum ordinate 15:5cm.
The particulars in regard to the specimens taken off Aberdeen may be
summed up in the following Table, which alsc includes a number caught
in the same locality by the Garland in October and November of the
previous year :—
Ist Series. 2nd Series. 3rd Series. 4th Series.
Range. | Aver. | Mean.J No.}] Range.| Aver. | Meand Range. | Aver. | Mean. Range. | Aver. |Mean.
1900.
Oct. 12, ; ; . 26 | 59-107 96°3 83°0
<3 238, 24, ; A - £200 | 87-117 | 101°8 | 102:0 . 164
Noy. 16 7 ; . 60 | 80-117 | 102°9 98°5 {168-170 | 169
» Dy oot ; 5 51 | 83-114 99:2 98°5
190).
June 28, 5 Zi . 181 |125-172 | 150°2 | 148°5 178-194 | 187°2 | 186 4210-222 | 212°3
July 30, : - . eo0 {120-184 | 155:°1 | 152
Ang. 21, 67-85 77°09 75 214 |130-189 | 158°8 | 159°5 : 201
Sept. 3, : 0 : 15 |182-168 | 156°9 | 150
ne 10, | 76-94 85°7 85
Dec. 16, | 114-132) 124°7 | 123 87 {142-184 | 160°8 | 163
The hauls on 9th November 1900, and 10th September 1901, were
taken in Aberdeen Bay in about ten fathoms; all the others in 1900 in
deeper water, from thirty-three to sixty fathoms up to ten miles from
shore.
Beginning with the younger fishes, the one taken at the end of June,
measuring 27mm. (1,4, inch), was doubtless about two or three months
old, and derived from the spawning in the previous spring. This series
was not represented in the July collection, but in August the three
measuring 67, 81, and 83mm. were no doubt large members of this group ;
the average size at this period is probably under what is given in the
Table. On 10th September, in Aberdeen Bay, the eight specimens of
this series taken had an average length of 85°7mm.; and three months
later, on 16th December, the average size of seventeen was 124-7mm.
This would indicate an increment of 39mm. in the period named, and
47-7mm. from 21st August, 117 days earlier, or 408mm. per ten days,
which is too large.
In the Firth of Clyde a few collections were also obtained, but the
numbers were small. On 15th July, 1899, one was taken in a few
fathoms of water in Machray Bay, Arran; it measured 85mm. On 4th
October, 1901, thirty-six were caught in the shrimp-net of the Garland
between Rhuad Point and Ailsa Craig. ‘They ranged in size from 63mm.
to 97mm.; the arithmetical average size was 83°5mm., and the mean
80mm., and they no doubt belonged to the same year’s spawning.
In the Moray Firth the Norway Pout is fairly common in the deeper
water, and some collections were in sufficient numbers to enable curves
of their measurements to be drawn. On 4th July, 1901, a small collec-
tion, consisting of sixteen specimens, was procured in fifty fathoms a few
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 199
miles from Kinnaird Head. They appeared to belong to two groups, the
first consisting of eleven, ranging in length from 125mm. to 172mm.,
with an average of 154:°3mm., and the second of five specimens from 183
to 202mm., the average being 190°'2mm.
On 14th November, 1903, 432 were taken in thirty fathoms off Burg:
head Bay, belonging to two series. The first comprised 369 specimens,
varying in length from 75 to 137mm., the average size being 108-Omm.,
the mean 106mm., and the maximum ordinate 10°5cm. The second
series, of sixty-three fishes, extended from 141mm. to 173mm., the average
a being 150°5mm., the mean 157mm., and the maximum ordinate
5'5cm.
In the same locality another collection was made, in thirty fathoms,
on 28th December, 1903, and 307 specimens procured, all belonging to
the same series. The sizes ranged from 88mm. to 124mm., the average
being 103°4mm., the mean 106mm., and the maximum ordinate 10°5cm.
A fourth collection in this locality was procured on Ist April, 1904,
and apparently only one series was represented. It comprised 347
specimens, ranging in size from 93mm. to 139mm., the average being
110:2mm. or 42 inches, and the mean 116mm.
On 23rd January 1904, 250 specimens were procured in fifty fathoms,
off Kinnaird Head, three series being represented. The first consisted of
205, ranging in size from 96mm. to 136mm.; the average was 115:3, the
mean 116mm., and the maximum ordinate 12°5cm. The next group was
composed of forty-four, from 145mm. to 18lmm.; the average being
158-6, the mean 163mm., and the maximum ordinate 15-5cm. There
was a large one measuring 203mm.
The particulars are given in the accompanying Table :—
SERIES [, SERIES II. SERIES III.
Date and
Place.
No.| Range. |Averagej|No.| Range. |Average|No.| Range. |Average.
Mm. Mm. Mm. Mm. Mm. Mm.
Off Burghead, - me ee oe
14th Noy. 1903,|855 | 75-126 1070.9 77 | 127-1738 147°1
28th Dec. ,, |3807 | 88-124 103°4
Ist April 1904,/347 | 93-139 110°2
Off Kinnaird
ead,
4th July 1901,/; 11 | 125-172 154°3
On
188--202 | 190°2
23rd Jan. ,, |205 | 96-136} 115°3 | 44 | 145-181 | 158-6 1 | 208
In these collections it will be observed that as a rule the second series is
poorly represented. ‘The apparent annual increment of length amounting
in the three cases in which comparison can be made to 40:1, 35:7, and
43°3mm., the mean of the three being 39°7mm., or 14 inches.
The information that may be derived from the Table as to the rate of
growth from one date to the other is not very great, the successive
averages irrespective of place being 107°0, 103°4, 115°3, 110°2 and 154°3.
The latter is based upon only eleven specimens, and is too large, larger,
indeed, than the average in November, 147:1, which deals with the
measurement of seventy-seven fishes.
200 Part II1.—Twenty-second Annual Report
Information as to the size at which the Norway Pout becomes mature
is scanty, the only observations, as far as I know, being those by Holt,*
who found two ripe females, each 43 inches in length on the west coast
of Ireland early in April.
I examined the condition of the reproductive organs in many of the
specimens procured by me.
Seven females from the collection obtained off Burghead on 14th
November, varying in size from 151 to 171mm. (6-62 inches), had small
ovaries, the largest eggs ranging in diameter from ‘189 to :231mm.,
Others on 28th December, from 95 to 118mm., had the ovaries only
‘slightly developed,” but the size of the eggs was not determined. On
23rd January some of those caught in fifty fathoms off Kinnaird Head
were examined, and both the weight of the ovary and the diameter of the
largest eggs had considerably increased. The following Table exhibits
the particulars, the dimensions being in millimetres, and the weight in
grammes, The first six are from the November collection, and the others
from that in January.
; Weight of Diameter of
Length. Gross Weight. O oH ry. Largest Eggs.
151 27°9 ae Dik |
152 28°2 ve ead QA
157 30°9 LE, we
158 aye) 16 189
164 32°6 os “21
tia 38:4 Be it
153 THT “% “44
155 26°5 Hf -46
155 28°6 173 ‘57
155 28:4 |
155 26:7 ‘8
158 31-0 18 te
161 oly By ‘57-63
180 41-0) ies? ‘50
202 67:1 3°4 *b9="63
Those examined from the collection made off Burghead on Ist April
were all “quite immature,” their sizes ranging from 93 to 139mm.
(35-52 inches) so that this circumstance together with the facts in the
above Table appear to show that spawning occurs probably in February
and March.
A Table giving the measurements in twenty collections, arranged in
half-centimeires, is appended.
* Roy. Dubl. Soc. Report of Council for 1891, App., p. 291.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
Aberdeen, Off Shetlands. Moray Firth.
XVIII.| XIX.} XX.
Cm. |
ee REAL. |) WV,
XID.|XIIT.| XTVAXV. [XVI | XVII.
|
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I, Aberdeen Bay, 12th October, 1900. XII. Deep Water, off Shetlands, 16th October, 1900.
II. 23rd October, 1900.
III. os 7th November, 1900.
IV. Dog Hole, off Aberdeen, 28th June. 1901.
Wo a a 30th July, 1901.
2ist August, 1901.
8rd September, 1901.
VIII. an 3; 16th December, 1901.
IX. Deep Water, off Shetlands, 19th May, 1901.
xe ii 31st August, 1900.
% > 4th September, 1900.
”
XIII.
XIV.
XV.
”
”
”
”
19th October, 1900.
11th December, 1901.
Deep Water, Moray Firth, off Kinnaird, 23rd
January, 1904.
XVI. Moray Firth, off Burghead, 1st April, 1904.
XVII.
XVIII.
XIX.
. Firth of Clyde, between Rhuad Point and Ailsa
Craig, 4th October, 1901.
xX
”
”
”
off Kinnaird, 4th July, 1901.
off Burghead, 14th November, 1903.
”
28th December, 1903
202 Part III. —Twenty-second Annual Report
8. Tae Suarp-Taitep Lumpenus (Lumpenus lampetriformis.)
Fairly large numbers of this fish are taken in the small meshed-net
around the otter-trawl, more especially in the deeper parts of the Moray
Firth, as off Kinnaird Head, and at the mouth of the Firth of Forth, and
some of the collections have been measured. The best of these was one
got at Station V. in the Firth of Forth, on 10th May, 1901, which com-
prised 255 specimens. They ranged in length from 127mm. to 345mm.
(5 - 134 inches). The measurements, grouped in half centimetres, are
appended, and the curve is given in Plate XI. It is apparent
from these that at least three series, and possibly five, are represented in
the collection. What appears to be a first series is indicated by two
specimens, measuring 127mm. and 128mm., the next size being 138mm.
On the 16th May, on the same ground, a still smaller one was captured,
viz., at 123mm., the next measuring 172mm. In a haul on 31st August,
off Sumburgh Head, in sixty-five fathoms, the smallest I have obtained
was taken, viz., 84mm. (3,5 inches), the next largest in the small
collection being 154mm. I am inclined to think that the specimens in
the Forth collection referred to were the larger members of an early
series, the smaller individuals probably escaping through the meshes of
the net ; the specimen at 138mm. might also belong to this series.
The second group begins at 138 or 146mm., its division from the third
series being fairly well defined at 190mm. The range is thus 52mm., the
average size of the thirty-three specimens, 167°8mm. (62 inches), and the
mean, with the first-named limit, 164mm., and with the series beginning
at 146mm., 168mm.
The next group begins at 197mm., and it appears to terminate at
263mm., a range of 66mm. In the curve based on the half-centimetre
grouping of the measurements, there is a depression at 23cm. ; it does not
seem, however, to represent a division between series, but only irregular
representation. The number of fishes composing the second series was
127, the arithmetical average size was 235:2mm., and the mean 230mm.
The next series begins at 264mm., and extends to 312mm., a range of
48mm. It comprised seventy-eight fishes, whose average length was
288:9mm., the mean size being 288mm.
The other fifteen fishes in the collection probably belong to an older
group. They measure from 315mm, to 345mm., the average size being
325°'7mm., and the mean size 330mm.
The averages and limits above given are based on the supposition that
five series are represented; but on the assumption that the smaller fishes
belong to the same series as the second group, then the extent of the
latter would be from 127mm. to 190mm., a range of 63mm., and the
average size of the thirty-five fish would be a little less, viz., 165°4mm.,
the mean being 158°5. If the fifteen larger fishes be included with the
preceding series the range would be extended from 264 to 345mm., a
difference of 81mm.—obviously too great—and the average size would
become 294'9mm., the mean being 304:5mm. Looking at the curve there
seems little doubt of the presence in the collection of members of a fourth
series, and scarcely less of the presence of the early one.
The amount of annual growth between the series as determined above
are as follows :—
lst to 2nd, 2nd to 3rd. 3rd to 4th. Ath to 5th.
Mm. - 40:3 67°4 537 36°8
Inches, - 14 234 24 ibe
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 203
If the two smallest fishes be included in the second group, the difference
between the latter and the next older one is 69°8mm.
Some other collections of Lwmpenus were measured, the largest being
one procured off Burghead in thirty-two fathoms on Ist April, and which
comprised 365 specimens. These, after being preserved in formaline, were
measured by the Laboratory attendant, and the measurements are
included in the Table appended. On preparing a curve, however, it is
apparent that either the series was irregularly represented, or the
measurements faulty, since the divisions between the groups are not
marked. Four series, however, at least, seem to be indicated.
With regard to the age of these groups, it is necessary first of all to
decide as to the period of spawning, about which little is known. In
specimens taken off the Shetlands on 3lst August and 4th September,
the females, ranging in size from 234mm, to 286mm., had large ovaries,
with large eggs from 1*imm. to 1:44imm. in diameter, the ovaries them-
selves measuring from 25mm. to 35mm, long.* These specimens were
evidently on the eve of spawning.
In a collection procured in the deep water off Kinnaird Head, Moray
Firth, on 23rd January, the sizes ranging from 153 mm. to 284 mm., the
ovaries were small and lax, and the tissue contained a great number of
small dark-brown bodies scattered throughout them, apparently eggs or
blood in the process of disintegration and absorption ; they appeared to
be spent. The same condition was noted in the ovaries of the specimens
taken off Burghead on Ist April. On the other hand, in a few specimens
procured in the Firth of Forth on 16th August, measuring from 236 mm.
to 283 mm., the eggs were well developed, the largest ranging in diameter
from 1‘1 mm, to 1-4 mm,; the yolk spheres were large and small oil-
globules were present,
From these observations it may be concluded that Zwmpenus spawns in
the late part of the autumn or the early part of winter, and it is probable
that the eggs—which appear to be demersal—do not hatch until early in
spring, which may therefore be taken as the period from which to date
the rate of growth.
Looking to the rate of growth between the series as shown above, it is
probable that the smaller specimens in May, measuring 123, 127, and 128
mm., were a little over one year of age, the specimen obtained off the
Shetlands at the end of August, 84 mm. in length, being probably six or
seven months old. The average size of Lunpenws when one year old is
obviously less than these sizes, the smaller forms having escaped capture.
The information as to the size at which maturity is reached is very
scanty, the number of specimens approaching ripeness which were
examined having been small. In August the smallest in that condition
were 236, 239, 241mm., and they evidently belonged to the same group
as the third (197-263mm.) represented in the curve for the May
measurements. The probability therefore is that Lwmpenus
spawn when three years of age. It may be noted that many
of the largest specimens procured are males. This sex therefore does not,
as with the flat-fish, grow at a slower rate after maturity than the females,
A Table of measurement of some of the collections is appended,
* Nineteenth Ann. Report Fishery Board for Scotland, Part II1., p. 287.
204 Part ITT.—Twenty-second Annual Report
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fs Aes » 28rd, 24th July, 1901. January.
Vs », 16th August, 1901. VII. Moray Firth, off Burghead, 1st April.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland,
TABLE A,.—SuHowina RATION BETWEEN LENGTH AND WBIGHT,
Length
‘ | In
In Cm. | Inches.
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PLAICE.
Weight in Grammes.
Average.
Smoothed
Average.
Oat Oe
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206 Part I11.—Twenty-second Annual Report
PLAICE—continued.
Length. Weight in Grammes. Average
Weight} No. of
I Sioothed in Fish.
In Cm. Inch, es, | Average. Ayer no. Range. Ounces.
5 is 147-9 151°4 134— 158 a 9
25 i 164°6 161-0 153- 184 5°8 8
5 ao 170°6 172-2 152- 187 42 8
26 103 181°5 181:4 175- 190 4
5 oi 192-0 195-2 = 1
27 8 212-0 207-0 192- 233 9
5 an 217-0 219°7 204— 225 5
28 11 230-0 933-7 224 236 2
5 a 254-0 2481. | 210- 278 13
29 a 260°2 266-0 247— 276 4
5 a 283°7 280-6 256- 308 Bb 10
30 13 298 299°] 288— 318 10°5 8
5 - 315°5 3169 286— 341 8
31 12,5, 337°1 332°8 319- 368 9
5 BA 345°8 343°3 324 375 10
32 5 347 3554 Ag. 1
5 373°5 382 356— 404 13
33 13 4256 411-2 380- 474 5
5 434°5 433-4 324 502 14
34 3 440-2 444°5 397— 496 13
5 458°8 464°3 417— 530 12
35 133 494 484°6 432 558 16-7 20
5 ; 501 509 456— 558 A 9
36 14,3 532 527 481 580 10
5 549 550 510- 623 10
37 25 568 566 503— 679 17
5 582 585 538-— 673 7
38 15 605 605 564— 644 il
5 E 628 626 540- 708 7
39 158 644°6 649°9 568— 701 10
5 677 678 644- 708 7 6
40 8 7116 708 673— 807 25-1 10
5 735 739 708- 792 a 9
4] 164 7437 770 735- 782 4
5 . 831 818 708-1104 10
49 EE 880°8 864 835— 956 6
5 879 899 835— 970 9
43 15 936 916 835-1126 8
5 935 939 842-1019 8
44 173 947 954 864-1048 "7
5 - 982 993 948-1048 |° ... 6
45 3 1049 1026 932-1168 37°3 10
5 - 1057 1076 991-1118 6
46 182 1122 1092 913-1388 16
5 cn 1098 1131 1005-1175 4
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 207
PLATCK—continued.
3498-3809
Length. Weight in Grammes. Average
x Weight} No. of
: in Fish.
In Cm. Fe og, | Average. eG aii’ aca cian (Me Range. Ounces.
47 4 1174 1166 1005-1317 9
3) 1217 1228 1161-1288 4
48 Ks 1293 1282 1182-1373 4
5 1336 1334 1218-1533 6
49 1935; 13738 1375 1338-1409 2
7) . 1417 1404 1253-1494 8
50 at 1423 1429 1381-1466 50°2 3
5) : 1446 1459 1366-1614 4
51 203. aes 1508 - vee
5 ae 1465 1575 1
52 vs 1621 1624 1529-1713 2
5) 3 1675 1685 1437-1869 59-2 6
53 é 1759 1746 1643--1876 2
5 a 1805 1784 1 ee 2
54 21} 1802 oF
5 1784 1816 1585-1911 £
55 3 1861 1820 1826- “ee 2
5 Ain 1881 “4 545
56 22.1 1940 1963 1
5 at 2005 sa
57 ve 2150 2073 1969-2528 3
7) 2053 2122, 1
58 Le 2163 2142 2047 2279 2
25) 2209 2223 1
59 23} 2297 ee Ss
9) sale 2445 2371 2435- 2464 86°3 3
60 5 2372 2468 2175-2514 me 3
5) be mae 2096- us 2
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66 i a
67 26,5, ih
5 re su
68 25 3575 3058-4092 2,
5 3653 2.
eae ces PAE
208 Part I1[.—Twenty-second Annual Report
PLAICK—continued.
Length. Weight in Grammes. Average
: Weight] No. of
| in Fish.
In Cm. Bes Average. | en oy Range. Ounces. |
70 273 3908 =f ar nt 1
71 3 “he be er ae 2
5 ah 4481 “Bs La 158°2 1
72 284 ee oe 5 ak fe
5
73 16
3)
74 1h
5
79 293;
5
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‘5 cnt
7 z
5 bat 3°35 ate i wet 1
8 33 ee hs Bea i es
5 ice
9 is
5 see
10 $
ll 45. ace
5 ra 14°77 ]
5 Te 18°9 sla 17°35- 20°5 ‘66 2
13 54 20-0 21:3 18°8 — 20°97 3
5 i 23°8 23°0 23. — 24:7 6
14 4 26'0 26°1 22°6 — 29 8
5 - re 28°5 itd iM
15 g 31°15 32°3 26° - 35°5 1°] 4
5 om 36:1 36°1 34°5 - 37°9 6
16 655, 41-2 405 | 38:5 — 44: 2
zo) oat 44-9 44°9 40°2 — 51°6 9
17 tH 48-6 48°3 44°3 -— 53:1 6
5 re 51°7 51°8 47°5 — 57°7 +
18 7% x 550 sak a
‘5 = 58°4 61°4 54:3 - 62°4 2
19 4 67°8 68°9 se ]
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 209
LEMON—continued.
Length Weight in Grammes Average
: Be nele , fons £" peetomye £ __| Weight] No. of
Wey in Fish.
In Cm. Sela Average. | Smoothed Range. Ounces.
ais Be igh kit. aa eee Gee
a) a 79°4 Sys Pe
20 g 91:0 89°3 84-9 — 99-1 3°2 4
3 99-2 98:0 is oe 1
21 84 105°0 i 102 -106°8 3
22 4 -
3) 157 = & af 1
24 ie am Fe ay s3 oe:
25 $ nee ae oe ong ~.
5 ae 170 Ba axe rs 1
26 104 214 ace ve ‘i 1
27 8 228°'8 .@ we i i
28 13 We ‘hs ia var ke
3) ak 262 ie 241— 283 nae 2
29 Va Ba ine ee bs
3) net 340 hs 326- 354 hep 2
30 13 ig ai oa
9) nde 346 363 319- 361 12:2 3
31 1235 354 ie x - ]
32 3 453 ae ; a 1
5 ae 434 as All 474 ae 3
33 13 : ae ven Zo
5 484 Ade 445 524 ve 2
34 3 468 482 432- 481 ee 3
5 493 514 439-— 559 2 5
39 ; 582 561 552— 616 20°5 4
7) 598 586 518— 630 ie 4
36 143, 579 595 538— 658 is 4
3) 608 611 566— 651 bee 2
37 is 647 638 5959— 694 ae 4
zs) 658 678 559— 715 Ba 7
38 48 718 697 616- 779 wai 5
3) 715 736 651- 779 Bed 4
39 153 775 754 157- 82) 4
3) : 7726 763 644— 871 aa 7
40 ; 740 788 694~— 786 26°] 2
5) x 852 829 729- 991 se 9
41 163 896 872 835- 991 aes 7
5 ~" 868 894 793- 942 e a
210 Part I1].—Twenty-second Annual Report
LEMON —continued.
Length. Weight in Grammes. Average
ee : Weight} No. of
I Smoothed er Fish.
In Cm. Inch os, | Average. ee Range. Ounces.
42 i's 917 |; 922 871- 963
5 us 982 es 935-1026
43 15 i 1038 as
> Wh
44 172 | 1094. 1062-1126 | 38-6 )
z) wae 1119
45 3 | 1076 % a fe 1
WITCH.
bo
—
|
a?
—
co
—
F (° 2)
. |
bo
—
Ow
oO
oko
~J
=
~I
~J
51
~I
i)
tobe
—
bo
Ot
Heo
OO: :
aN
bod
—
Or > bo
(d} Kanto)
~I
_
(st)
=)
|
—
Or
—
or
oOn~r~I OU
(SU)
—
ish)
|
—
GO
a
—
—
~I
fea
|
bo
—
—
OL He CO Or
—
—
Or
—
me
ee + mee eS.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 211
WITCH—-continued.
Length. Weight in Grammes. Average}
A‘ piel t gl) eee ee eo EoIgnGEe Nov of
| In | Smoothed | in Fish.
| In Cm. Inches, | “Yerage: Average. Range. Ounces.
19 4 28°3 28°3 Dia = 29" 2
5 ee 31°38 31°6 OS 45— 34°3 2
20 g one 35°4 BN | Stabe. 12 2
“5 a As 1) hay
2) 84 47-2 44:0 47°5 — 46°9 2
5 a 45°0 47°7 Ase = 4) 2
oo, 14 50°9 ols 4i5 — 563 5
5 tf 57°9 58°9 ]
PB 94 68 63°9 1
5 65°9 69:2 60 —- 84 4
24 Ve Teun 13.6 70 - 78 3
5 78°0 80°3 70 - 88 9
25 g 89°1 86°1 79'°3 — 69°5 orl 5
5 97°3 95:0 89°5 -108 4
26 104 98 99°3 88°3 -108 4
5 102 106°2 89 =-.109°5 6
27 2 118 ERO Pile, 127 4
5) 130°9 127% 103° ~—150 10
28 18 1342 137°0 Len 140 6
"5 ae 146 144°] 12-3 157 3
29 ae L52°2 loas7 137-4163 10
5 162°8 | 164°3 144 -189 ne 6
| 30 13 178 170°4 164 -—186 6:3 6
| 5 170°4 179°8 160°8 -178 as 4
31 12} 191 192°9 163°. »=216 6
5 Miss... | 26-4 2085) =23) 3
32 3 2298 224°0 DOs) =254' 6
5 232 229°8 206) =255 5
eae 33 13 234. Peay (afi 213). —263 6
5 247°3 249°7 PA Wd Sari f 10
34 S 267 °7 262 236 —297 te 4
fy 27120 274°9 250° 208 ae 10
35 a 2859 283°5 262) 326 10°1 tt
5 293°5 29-2. 255 W345 9
36 14,3, ola? 308 B00 7 Sb 118°
5 318 °2 320°1 314 -340 8
37 ir 330°0 337°1 312 30 7
5 363°1 30a 320mm 300 14
38 16 366°0 370 ye 405 13
5 381 391 305 -467 15
39 153 4°6°2 414 397 -460 6
5 435 440 397 -489 8
40 3 458°5 458 418 -500 16:2 4.
5 481 476°3 459 —531 a 3
41 164 480 487°3 418 -574 Ls 12
212 Part I[I.—Twenty-second Annual Report
WITCH—continued.
Length. Weight in Grammes. Average
Lhe s Weight | No. of
: in Fish.
In Cm. ee Average. es Range. Ounces.
5 ) ieee 5015 | «450171 =| 411 ~=-630 8
42 fs | 521°7 517° 489 -592 4
5 |. 2 527°8 547°8 447 -417 4
43 +3 5940 577 574 -651 13
oF eee 608 °3 608 573 -680 6
44-178 «| 620 624-7 | 581-659 2
L ate ee 646 648 588 -733 7 :
45 | 2 678 677 ' 630 -729 23°9 4
50 al age 707°5 706 677 -744 4
| | |
464 | Past 733 732°7 694 -772 2
comme kane 758 760 | 658 -871 6
4, | 3 789 _ 780 758 -821 2
bal bees} 798i). OYSL i has8 | S882 r 3
48 | $ 763 791 727 ~-800 26°9 2
5 818 ah 751-885 2
COMMON DAB.
7 3 2-74 2:77 26 — 3-1 8
5 a 3-25 3-43 7 34 13
8 3h 4:2) 4°12 3°3 — 4-7 12
5 4:9 5-11 4-2 — 55 10
9 2 bee 6-2] ae ey
5 7:24 7°32 6-4 — Sl 5
10 15 8°5 8-72 75 — 9:3 7
5 10°53 es es
11 aS 12°6 12°31 | 116 -167 4
=p) on i isu) bo —
Or or Qn Or Or Or
bo I
a 4 sibs
om c
DoH
ew ~TI bo OT Qo
worm H LO bo ot
Dee
bo C&O 8 SO (st)
“J OUl IS © =
Nee
Io a a A) BS) i)
ee - mao wb
LH od |
wwe —_
CO BD Ut bo GO Or pod
Ho He or
a = a YT TT EY
oo
(SU)
CT
ee! DD woe
NO ke CO co oO
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. a1
COMMON DAB—-continiued.
| Length. Weight in Grammes. Average |
Seen aks _| Weight | No. of |
| io. 2c Fish. |
ltma In | Smoothed | ae e!
| In Cm. | Inches. Average. Average: Range. Ounces. |
3) 13°8 13°7 12°1 -15°9 8
12 2 14°6 14°7 13°0 -16 1]
9) 16°6 16°4 t4°5 —18°5 24
13 ds 18:0 18°4 16°5 -20°1 10
3) 20°6 20°9 19 -225 ae |
14 4 24-9 93:7 | 20°5 -27°8 6 |
‘5 - 26°4 26°2 23'5 -33°7 12
15 § 28:0 28°1 23°5 -32 1 8
5 o 30°0 30°5 25 -34°1 6
16 63°5 334 34:3 21 -37 1]
29) ‘es 39°4 39°0 367 -44°6 9
17 ts 44°] 43°1 42°4 -47°1 3
29) es 46°0 46°3 40°5 -59 10
18 13 48°9 00 °4. 41°5 -59°2 4
23) i 56°2 56°7 52 -64 4
19 4 65-0 62-4 59-78 |
5 66°0 692 64 -69 Le 4
20 g 76°6 74°7 73-85 Pil 9
29) ae 81°6 82°7 71 = -90 yi
21 84 90-0 90°3 vi -99 4
5 £ 99-4 99-4 82 -136 it
22 44 108°7 104°9 91g 130 10
9) 106°6 Hd. 98; --129 9
23 94 129°9 123°5 [120 -141 8
9) 133°9 136°2 111-149 3)
24 ve | 144-9 142°3 123-173 11
D 148°0 153°6 131-172 ah
25 g 167°9 163°8 148-19] 59 8
5 174°4 177°6 141-198 ai 9
26 104 190°5 186°9 170-219 ; 16
5 195°8 198°7 171-219 5
27 3 209 9 210°9 170-247 8
5 217°6 224°3 189-262 1]
28 1] 240°7 238°9 191-276 6
29) 257°3 254°0 205-297 4]
29 13 269°0 266°4 247-291 7
‘5 285°4 280°5 262-318 Nes 8
30 +3 279°8 296°4 255-290 9°8 5
5 311 305°3 247-347 aS 7
31 12; 327 315°3 304-368 5
9) f 323°5 333°4 311-333 4
32 8 335 338°4 304-383 6
a) 370°7 353 °2 304-396 6
33 13 336 379°9 325-347 2
5 J 402°8 a
214. Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
COMMON DAB—continwed.
| Length. Weight in Grammes. Average
Weight] No. of
in Fish. |
— Cm. | Bees Average. pela, Range. Ounces. |
\ { / = i
34 3 455 4229 | 450-460 ty: 2
oe lor Bs 474°5 | 4494 | 439-510 * 2
35 eg 445°7 | 469°3 | 389-481 15:1 3
5 - 468-7. | 47971 389-573 4
36 14,3, 505 487 446-559 3
5 “ae Are. FOL? % <.
| 237 x 5143 522-9 446-552 3
| 25 Sb aes 517 549°3- | aS 1
| 38 | 4 2 ew TG 22
aes | b: Gye. igve ea l
| 39 158 ier pe | é.
| 5 | Ks | 693°5 |
ed ee | a eS
| py ee 750 26°5 1
| aie 3) ae ; ae
| ey |
Oo | wets ty |
2 an vs ae)
— |
| FLOUNDER. |
| ; | | i |
ll | 4:85 as Ee | i 2
13 Be ae & at
78°7 66- 85 2°83
ne:
5 hams 124
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 215
FLOUN DER—continued.
Length. Weight in Grammes. Average
=! eae San he ee le _ | Weight | No. of
: | in Fish.
In Cm. | Nee Average. | po eeel Range. Ounces.
93 | 9b 126°7
Sone IN erties e: 135°5
24 | Us & 1412
5 a 147 150 137-157 a 2
25 g oe 162 aa 5°7
5 ie 170 Le
26 103 YG 176 170-184 2
5 ~t if
5 s: 261°8 m7
30. 1) eI 0.076 279°4 9°8 1
5 276 2944 z l
31 12,3, | 313-7 3093 297-340 3
5 — 324-4 -
32 &s | 308 340°5 304-312 2
5 i 355°5 is a
33 13 403 372°3 347-481 3
5 2 400-9 of =
34 a | 420 410:2 382-453 3
5 415°7 425°] 354-481 4
35 $f 449-5 440°1 439-460 15-9 2
5 - ae 458 2 i: er a
36 14,3, | 467 482°8 1
5 is a 523-3 a
37 es . 543°] .. *
5 580 561°1 538-623 2
38 45 | 588 583°9 1
5 re - 606°6 ,
39 152 625°3
aN
o
ko
ror)
Pear
Signe:
on
ror)
OO
So)
cr
560-765
27 s | 191 197°7 170-212 9
5 es 219°5 209°3 219-220 re 2
28 11 218 993°] 184-234 a 4
5 2356 % ay, po
29 de | 245-7 247-7 241-248 io 3
42 Ee CP:
216
Part I[I.—Twenty-second Annual Report
> 2 BI
LITTLE SOLE.
Weight in Grammes.
bo =I
© bo
—HO-1 Doe Wh:
dD
O1 00 GO
.
Smoothed
Average.
Range.
a
Ovum oo bk
oro o) Pw
Ch wannm KO
~I OS
1 |
oo be I) (SUSY
Average
Weight} No. of
in Fish.
Ounces.
“9
‘is
Colts
TURBOT.
|
|
|
|
|
810°5 750-871 )
828 ie 29-2 1
as - $90 * :
951 e, 828-1090 3
+ 97] od i
99] 1000 1
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 217
TURBOT— continued.
Length. Weight in Grammes. Average
Weight
im
Range. Ounces. |
No. of
Fish.
Smoothed
Average.
o | Average.
me 1039
1034 1072
In
Im Cni.
Inches.
ie!
—
1147 1155
1143 1108 - 10901289 a4
Li Re a mH ne i
|
5 hy - ” fc ag A
42 oe ve at i a ie
5 ds aA ba i. he of
43 18 fi hs PY ‘i i
5 2 e py Ef a 6
44 172 | 1827 ae ns 64:5 1
5 Pe é e oe Re Ay
45 fe! : ey oat ae
5 5 a KE i. 4 a
46 18} A 2173 ae Re a
5 is ip i ie hi so
47 4 Wy if : < ,
5 - a ce @: ve rf)
48 a ee co - se
5 eS ora i (2 a 1
49 19,5 oy 2613 4 - E
5 w es ee ie got ae
50 11 | 2706 o - 95 + 1
—
Rho
ola
or
3052. :
3399 :
.
.
.
3441
3483. 12
.
.
4300
.
.
oe
oe
.
.
oe
218 Part I1I.—Twenty-second Annual Report
TURBOT—continued.
Length. Weight in Grammes. Average
Weight} No. of
Fish.
erat I Smoothed | im
In Cm. Inches. Average. “a Ta'Cm- | nchos! | AVO™S" | aserages)|/o neo | eee | Range Ounces.
60 3 ee
2) ve BLT Res
61 24
62 5 ae 5217
5
63 8 Ms,
5 ee 5317, = 5268-5367 187°7
64 25 ds is
65 3 bet a4
Oo
66 ? ye 5
5 at ee 6376
67 26;°5 se aes
68 is ua bee
5) Ke :
69 18 6301
5 oe se 7435
70 27 8569 ae
23) ee
71 i a 8745
72 28% g92] =
73 5 ae Bs
74 18 ee iS
75 29.8, ae 10227
76 g Ae
5) : “ae
77 me
9) a
78 302 sae
5 en 11533 a3 10323-12121
79 sae ais abs
80 ae “cid ae
81 cis Se me
82 SAC oa ae
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 219
BRILL.
Length. Weight in Grammes. Average
Ml oe _| Weight} No. of
in Fish.
In Cm. bata 5 Average. on oe Range. Ounces.
25
5) a
26 104
D ses Dis 1
27 2 283°7 243-— 339 4
5) 302°2 ee
28 ll 320°6 312- 219 2
| 75) es 337°1 319-— 368 3
29 is 344°] 326-— 389 a
q 5) 351°9 3ll— 361 de Z
| 30 1 360°5 347— 396 13°0 3
| 29) 380°9 328— 432 Ae 4
| 31 12% 406°4 318- 481 6
| 5 we 440°3 396- 552 5
32 3 471°0 411-- 516 8
5) 495°3 474— 410 4
| 33 13 517-6 460- 552 5
*b 542 524— 580 4
34 3g 562°9 a o.
oo 587°9 566— 595 3
30 3 622 ee ae
5 si 655 583-— 729 Zoe 3
36 14,3, 683 Ble AJ on
5 ee 720 701- 715 2
37 ts 769 ae sot
5) 824 821- 839 3
38 te 873 “of ae
39 152 912 879- 962 4
5) -, 953 874— 984 4
40 i 978 935-1055 35:1 2
i) : 1022 977-1005 a 2
4] 163 1052 1019-1140 2
| m3) 981-1189 2
42 os os
| 5
| 43 te 1097-1281 41°3 7
| 9) : Se ee, a
| 44 172
9) an 1
45 4g Rr
5 55e
| 46 184 1451-1557 53°1 3
220 Part I1I.—Twenty-second Annual Report
BRILL—continued.
Length. Weight in Grammes. Average
Weight § No. of
| in Fish.
Range. Ounces.
|
In Cm. In
Inches.
5 1565 l
48
> |
49 | 19%, | 1940 0 6|_(t.... 1699-2181 | 68-5 2
50 a Ee = | af wee Sid mes
5 hee mcelese BAN << Ee ae al l
|
|
|
|
Smoothed
Average.
S Average.
ee
2145 | uF 1
HALIBUT.
113°5
143 z s oh
ee ee ee: he das iG - a,
26 =| «104 1s ~113 - f: ce 4 pi]
ales: oe ey ls 1692 ips of ie
196 190°3 192-201 “6:9 2
238
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 221
HALIBUT—continued.
Length. Weight in Grammes.
< In erage | smoothed
ee, Inches. | “Verge. Average.
35 3 439
5
36 14,5 502°5
) af
37 1
38 13 566
5 |
57 225 oi
9) 1820
58 8
29)
63 243
64 25 2350
5 ee
72 281 = pu
29) ¥ 3811 ibs
73 Aon si 4017
5 oe
74 15 4223
5)
75 2955 af
23) Ae 4622
76 g ah
5 te
fy sal
5 5022
18 30?
88 343 ig 55
5 6754 coh
89 a 7341
29) - 7929
90 354 566
9) Af
95 ve
5 ‘C 9289 gs
96 372 a 9600
5 9912
97 8552
5 i
98 af
2) 9685
99 35
Average
Weighty No. of
in Fish.
Ounces.
15°5 1
19°9 1
67:8 1
83 1
Z
149-4] 1]
177°3 vl
a 4
259-2
1
1
es 4
339
1
1
.
Ss. ———
222 Part I11—Twenty-second Annual Report
HALIBUT—continued.
Length. Weight in Grammes. Average
Weight No. of
in Fish.
In Cm. | eat Average. | Sy ae | Range. Ounces.
|
2 a | be
100 393 * ig 372 4
| Dd < 10534 10501 i
Be Weg 2 4. ke .. | 10478-11385 3
Fee 9230 | 10468 te 1
102 402 10591 - 1
12597 444°8
.
. woe
.
.
wae .
oe
.
eee
. .
. wae
woe .
.
. eee
.
.
see eee
eee
eae
14726
524
18271 17252-19291
20787 =| 20152 re
¥: 20399 a
20844 | 20979 736
21693 | 21399 iS
o | 22090
.. | 22288
22487 |
28150
25375 4 |
~ 27414 968
29453 sp a
LONG ROUGH DAB.
4 1,% 33 if ie lean ae i * 1
5 2 Bl hing AB SER 2
5 D) 4 =
5 e ‘97 P| 9- +] 4 4
6 3 1-2 3 | pps Bee ‘O04 5
5 3 16 | ies 1-2 1-854. 8 9
|
7 a 1:86 1-93 17 -— 2-0 a 15
5 2:26 | 23] 19-— 2:8 % 18
8 31 276 | 2-68 24- 3:1 09 16
Fe ee cecal ae |
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
LONG ROUGH DAB—continued.
Length. Weight in Grammes. Average]
‘ Weight] No. of
im) 4} Bish.
In Cm. ee Average. poe Range. Ounces. )
2) Me 3:1 3°50 29 - 3°7
9 os 4°35 3°9 39- 5:0
5) ; 4:8 4:97 4:1- 60
10 te 5°6 a7 46 —- 6°8 2
OD rr 66 6°5 54 - 78 ve
11 413 73 7°85 56 - 8°6
5 orl 8°41 6:8 — 10°5
12 3 9°5 10°5 OPE T
2) 11-9 11°6 9°9 - 13°6
13 5 13°8 13°3 12°9 - 15°6
‘D ae 14°8 15°5 12°2 — 18:2
i4 4 17°3 16°5 14°2 - 19°7
z) 18-2 20°0 17 - 20 a:
15 g 22°8 21°6 18°3 - 24°9 8
2) 25°0 25°3 23°7 — 26°4 ;
16 6455 27°9 27 °2 25°4 — 33-1
5) Be: 29°38 30°1 25°6 — 32°7
17 + 32°3 32°4 27°4 - 38
2) = 30°2 30°9 32 — 39:2 o
18 7% 39°5 40°4 34°7 - 47°4 1-4
es) ae 45°7 43°8 41°9 — 50°7 «id
19 £ 48°] 50°5 45 —- §2°1
9) 55°3 53°7 42 - 58°5 ass
20 g 59°4 58°5 56 — 61°4 2°]
9) ae 61°7 Bc 56°9 -— 66°5
21 84 Bt 68°6
3) a (les 74:2
22 14 86°8 83°6 81°4 - 96
2) as 89°4 96°4 81°8 - 97
23 94 106-0 103-2 105-107
5 iy 114°0 “A sas
24 ts 122 vas 121 -123 4°3
25 g
265i), |) 104 168 59
5 170
27 8 ve
zs)
28 11
a3)
29 Ts
5
224, Part I71.—Twenty-second Annual Report
WHITING.
Length. Weight in Grammes. Average
Weight} No. of
“ In eee Smoothed | gis Fish.
In Cm. | pches. Average Ronee Range. Ounces.
28 15
(hats
~
Or
m9
Co: ye
COW CO OG}
Ol
~I Sp Ot
~I Or Or
io)
Hi Ob He
> Ot
iw)
or)
—
fon)
ioe
—
H Go bo
Orns Ot
H= —TI bo
a
H~ GO bo
former |
mee oO
—
bo
_—
|
—
Or
CO
bo
~I
colon
Or
oe
~I~I O1
SH WO Or
co, ee
ee
~I S> Ot
Lo i) iw) i) bk ~ bond —_ —_ eae al Led — —_
noe (SU) bo — (=) eo} (e") ~I (op) Or co (st) bo —
Or Or Or Or Or Or Or Or Or Or Or Or Or or Or
es) io.) ~I (ap) On cs
Hy Cha a BIH ost bh vale el bah alnr toe ore loo |
| i fen o i]
mi
i) Cc CO “1 ~“1D DD Or Or we ho ew Ww bo Wo bo Noe = (lll weal eee —_
ow HH Ormt ~~ o> CO ~I pom CO Ol Cc +1 09 m— CO ~] Ore bo ow oo
oS TH km Or Ww for i) ~ Or OS > Oo % a | Oi CO ia Le al
Lf
a
i) c On] ~I10 & Or Or Or He He He eo vw oO bo bw bo Nee laa peel eon —
C0 CO] ocr ew Orc bo +1 bo ~I- © “1a Go Ur ko On Oo a | Ou bo ow oo
—k OD iWeorn OS ~10We ~“19 +I CO — vO bo b bo W o> CO me OO He CO ee CO kt bo
bo lax Or H> w ow w hd LO po bo poet fomed eed [pel ase ed
os S 0 coo~I D eee (=) le) (=) op) tb & i WD ~I-1 2D GU WO © Cm!
a ee ESE SI aor ers oe tk Ged Bwk COW OHH
| ie vet ae id Wa ie © ll ll Pee) [=e ar reese er Le ull pe alle tem en Ae alleys ST ist ait
—_ ee i ~I10 Or io Re eee oo to bo bo bo bo Ll seal anned i
ito) Uo SoS 6 © cokes -— GO bo ~I CO > wwntl - OO ~TOr~T
° Cali ea on Sie MS) MoT! He TARA SOecr
fap) bo
a RC TS LL LL LL LE |
a oe) bo
Or (op)
ALC CRNEY CORA CP TT LT LL aT LT Ls Le LA
— — a — — — I
© LO CO > oOnWwre > Or oO CO Or Pm CoO co on or) oo eT (0 ore 2) onNw~ co — —
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 220
WHITING —continued.
Length. Weight in Grammes. Average
Weight} No. of
I Gmidathed in Fish.
In Cm. Inch es, | Average. a age: Range. Ounces. !
: |
5 es 185°2 187°7 159 -205 - hi Go|
29 15 1910 193°8 165-205 ia 14
5 | .. | 2051 | 2022 | 199 213 : any
30 a 210°6 213°6 188 -228 7°6 11
5 =A 225 225 223 -255 Bi 7
31 12; 239°4 237 217 -276 Me 13
9) ste 247 252°5 252 -273 ie 3
32 3 271 264 242 -331 vies 8
Zs) Lr 274 272 256 -312 er 10
33 13 270 279 me as 4
5 nf 293 292 263 -354 os 9
34 3 312 309 306 -361 Ae 6
5 dei aa 322 oF ss eh,
35 re 332 332 298 -411 12°0 8
5) eer he 341 Pus ais 25
36 6) «14,3 351 357 - ais ae
ih ke 378 378 341 -432 ua 8
37 vs Be rer i ee zs
Sales. a 392 i,
38 15 | 407 407 x 2
time B ie 430 428 400 -524 4
39 153 446 462 , 404 -524 5
5 — 509 504 474 -545 2
40 Z 513 sae Se 1
9) se 538 542 1
4] 164 546 state 7
5 ane ee 586 ee
42 ys see see see vee vee
5 i 613 st 517 -680 a: 4
43 1 Bo eh a Ss Se
5) ih
44 173 569 1
#3) ee
45 z
5 te
46 184
47 4 903 a. ye 1
5 &.. 859 893 723 -977 3
48 z 984 1
9) A 5g
49 19,5;
‘5
226 Part IL.—Twenty-second Annual Report
HADDOCK.
Length. Weight in Grammes. Average
Weight | No. of
i Fish.
I Smoothed be
In Cm. | Tishie Average. avohege. Range. Ounces.
6 23
5 so
7 z
‘5 cts .
8 34 oF ays me
5 ¥ 4°6 ‘16 1
9 45 3 5°3 a sf
5 a 6:1 63 56 - 66 ‘22 5
10 is 72 78 70- 7:4 ‘25 2
5 oe 9-1 8°8 8 - 98 8
11 4.5; 10°2 10°8 9°6 - 115 4
5 ae 12°0 119 11-1 = 4257 12
12 Z 13°5 13°6 121 - 14°5 9
5 ng 15:4 15°4 14°6 — 165 8
13 54 17°2 17°6 16 - 18-2 10
5 20°1 19°8 18:2 — 23°6 12
14 4 22°1 2276 | 20 —- 25°5 8
5 25°5 a2. || 229 = abe 17
15 g 28:0 28°3 | 24 —- 303 ‘99 16
5 ae 31°4 31:0 | 29°8 — 35 ihe 16
16 655 33°7 33°8 31°6 - 35:1 12
5 36°3 _ 366 32°3 -— 40°3 16
17 Ps 39°8 39°7 35°6 - 43°5 21
5 430 44:0 | 38 —- 48°5 19
18 1k 49:2 483 | 44 - 53°5 22
5 se 52°7 53°0 | 48°1 - 59 28
19 572 56'°5 | 51°8 - 61 18
5 oes 59°7 61:4 | 552 - 68°3 ao 13
20 g 67°4 65°7 64:2 - 73 24 11
5 a oe! 70°3 68°6 - 71 So 3
21 84 73°3 75°4 | 72°4 - 76 sa 6
5 sf e 82°8 a ve Pe
22 R 92:7 91°4 91°6 - 94°5 a 3
5 a 98°8 97°4 | 90°5 -106°3 * 3
23 94 100°7 102°6 96°5 -105 ae 2
5 os 108°3 109°3 99°5 -122°5 ane 10
24 ts 119-0 118°3 | 112 -127 aes 3
5 ae 127°6 128°7 | 114°5 -135°6 se 7
25 g 142°5 1402 | 126 -162 5°03 15
5 ee 150°5 150°2 | 131°6 -177 eee 23
26 104 157°5 157°3 | 138 -184 55 24
5 bs 164°0 165°6 | 148 -184 S58 23
27 s 175°3 174°6 161-206 Eee 30
3) sn 184°4 184°1 162-206 eee 19
28 1] 192°7 194°9 176-219 oe 17
Length.
In
In Cm. | Inches.
a5) ;
29 vs
oy vate
30 8
“5 re
3] 12,5,
Db re
a2 a
a5 ee
33 13
5 ¥S
34 3
“5 ce
35 #
45, a
36 14,3,
25 83
37 Ts
roy
8 1
5
39 153
5 a4
40 2
i, we
41 164
5 i
42 ts
5 ot
43 18
055 bon
44 173
45, 5
45. 2
5 sa
46 183
a5) a
47 4
75) see
48 4
5) tr
49 1955;
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
HADDOCK—continued.
Weight in Grammes.
1033
1063
Smoothed
" | Average.
2055
217°2
228°4
243°3
256°0
Zhen
281°4
293°0
305°1
319°0
336°1
349°9
367°2
381°0
405°8
425 °2
445°0
465°9
485°9
515°6
542°1
571°6
579°]
591°6
Range.
170-229
198-238
207-267
213-269
241-284
238-304
240-347
255-307
247-347
276-368
297-385
311-412
325-432
318-432
325-496
361-517
389-510
420-509
432-588
417-559
467-616
523-637
530-641
573-574
523-696
549-736
566-782
722-785
715-864
750-759
730-892
715-850
729-1027
870-1191
976-1090
948-1182
Average
in
Ounces.
20:25
29-2
Weight] No. of
Fish.
APBD woo:
228 Part II1.—Twenty-second Annual Report
HADDOCK —continued.
Length. Weight in Grammes. Averag
Weight} No. of
fees Smoothed _ =e
In Cm. | Tiches-4 A YCeSe Anare ge. Range. Ounces.
a.
3) oe, 1205 i Ge a
Bole 1212 ~- 1228 1076-1295 Ye 5
52 zs | 1338 - 1303 1281-1387 Se 3
5 i eee 1358 =I phe 2%
530= "| g 1379. - 3 1345-1451 ip 5
54 | 214
9) a
| 55 5
56 =| 222; | 1440 Be: | 1387-1501 50°8 3
|
7 zs | 1628 1
i) bi 1635 1
58 13 oi
dD c Kae
59 234 UE
5 = 1915 2
60 é
61 24
62 ts | 2110 | 1
dD s
63 &
5) Si
64 25
oa |
65 2 Ast i A: - ie
5) as 3214 ‘an Ay 113 1
6 | 2
5 =
67 | 26:3, |
5 |
68 ts
5
69 78
5 oe
70 273
3)
71 2
5
72 284
a) ae
73 te
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
HADDOCK—continued.
22
9
Length. Weight in Grammes. Average
Weight | No. of
i Fish
; isd in :
In Cm. Sn Average. vel ae Range. Ounces.
74 18 | 3691 3002-4290 3
75 29555
COD.
2 12 sa ae
2) i ‘ll 1
3 1s 18 1
5 te 37 it 1
4 1's ‘65 ‘63-67 2
5 2 | 1-04 EOL) 12:07 2
6 2 ae
) a
7 Z
5 wal
8 34 4-4 “es 4:3 - 4:4 3
5 ad. 4°65 501 Co a wi 2
9 Ls 6-0 5°75 54 - 6°8 4
5 6°7 6°83 6°2— 87°6 = 8
10 it 78 7°93 CMe 233) 0-3 ii
23) 9°3 9°47 8:4 — 10°2 Ar. 4
11 425 11°3 11:10 | 10°3 —- 11°9 12
5 ah 12-7 13°] 11-7 — 1355 9
12 £ 15-2 15-0 14°3 ~ 16°5 5
5 fe 17°1 17°3 16:2 - 17°8 1]
13 5 19°7 19°7 16°8 — 20°7 9
5 Ro 21°3 21°8 19 - 22°4 1]
14 4 24°6 24°6 21 - 29 7
5 a 27°8 27°8 24°6 — 30°6 E 10
15 g 31:1 30°7 30 - 31°6 i 4
5 a 33°3 34:0 30°2 - 35:5 4
16 635 37°6 37°5 34. - 405 4
5 oie 41°7 41-2 40°5 - 43 2
V7 +h 44°4 45°4 | 40°4 - 47°8 ie 5
5 va 50°0 49°3 45°6 — 54°5 P 2
18 7% 53°5 54°00 | 50 - 56 a 3
5 ene 58°5 579 | 58 - 59 2
19 7 61°7 62°9 59°4 — 64 2
29) sr 68°5 66°8 | 68 - 69 2
230 Part I1I.—Twenty-second Annual Report
COD—continued.
Length. Weight in Grammes. Averag
Weight] No. of
in Fish.
In Cm. Bei Average. a ee Range. Ounces.
20 g 70°1 711. | 66:5 — 73:8 2.5 2
5 os F456 WT 1959 a © 1
21 st 83 83:0 .| 838 — 83 2
5 | 90-2
22 1] 97°4
5 103°5
23 94 111°8 110°7. | = 105-119°3 a 3
5) zu ee 1163S | a ate oe
24 ae 121°8 1231 1
5 1356 | 13571 1
25 Z a 146°5 5.2
5 157°8 158°3 6
26 104 170°6 169°1 149-184 st 4
5 a 179 179 175-184 i 2
27 8 - 189 ae
5 Pek 187°7 1985 | 177-198 4
28 1l 218'8 210°7 | 194-248 7
5 * 209 | 217°8 191-219 3
29 ar 995°5 | 2318 219-232 2
5 x 261 252°5 933-284 ~~ 9
30 283 271°5 271°8 | 255-304 9°6 6
oe Ca oe hls 283.0 * -
31 12,3, 296 | 294°1 278-311 5
5 N 3035 306'1 297-313 4
32 g 319 | 3241 | 290-333 6
5 Be 3498 350°4_ | » 318-389 5
33 13 382 | 366-9 368-396 2
5 2 i. 3509. 1 is 4)
34 138 3945 392°9° | 382-404 4
5 = 4035 | 410 382-425 2
35 3 rs. 420 At 14:8
5 aE ak 432 ine i: fs
36 iM 499°7 | 441°9 | 396-456 a 4
5 ae ee) a-AG22 A
37 +s 494°7 482°9 466-516 4
Dee 4918 | 493°5 467-538 6
38 15 494 | 520°8 460-528 ae 2
5 Be 5765 | 547:8 573-580 2
39 158 573 | 585:8 ey 1
5 oy) 608 | 599-2 | of ys. 1
40 3 616°7 6143. | 595-637 21°8 2
5 a 618-2 620°6 536-680 its 4
41 | aga | 5925 641-2 | 581-604 ws 2
Dae 675°5 6585 | 615-736 a 2
20" ge sos 658°7. | 6711 581-779 3
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 231
COD—continued.
Length. Weight in Grammes. Average
Weight} No. of
i Fish.
In ' Smoothed | me
In Cm. Tchas: Average. Average. pie | tnehee: | Pe | Byers | Range. Ounces.
5 Bee 2517 2528 2400-2761
5 An 679 700-4 or 1
43 15 “ 763°4 om :
5 oe 864 820°8 Ke “i
44. 173 835 859-4 < 1
5 My, 879°3 ”
45 3 9204 906°6 843-963 32% 5
5 ay 920 938 1
46 182 973 965 941-1005 2
5 FeAl 1002 968 1
47 4 963 986 1
5 .. | 1026 1005 | 991-1062 2
48 z | 1004 1013 963-1097 3
5 2 | 1010 1044 935-1100 7
49 19: Pity 1080 1068- 7
5 rg 1113 a if
50 fT 11r4 1139 1054-1175 2
5 at 4h P89 1182 1
5] 20, | 1243 1232 1232-1254 2
5 P1265 1295 1246-1281 3
52 vt 1978 1346 1253-1572 3
5 e* 81305 1373 1303-1536 3
53 ETE 1347 1374 1274-1451 3
5 22 || BET 1405 1345-1402 4
54 214 | 1486 1466 1416-1557 2
5 a 1532 Ks
55 & | 1702 1608 1670-1734 9
5 oe 8 1580 1660 1458-1826 ji
56 22.1, | 1689 1646 1451-1820 4
5 po 166i 1680 1494-1791 4
57 vs | 1691 1719 " ]
5 | 1805 1792 1805-1805 2
58 13 | 1880 1865 1763-1997 2
5 i 1910
59 234 | 1964 1940 1798-2209 4
5 ms ; 2020 -
60 5 | 2108 2057 2025-2224 13
5 | 2043 2088 1812-2293 4
61 24 2113 2129 2004-2290 3
5 “4 fp 2981 2174 1
62 Ss 2177 :
5 i i 2194 2207 2004-2208 “4
63 P 2357 ie
64 25 2524 2499 2259-2790 2
232 Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
COD—continued.
Length. Weight in Grammes. Averag
Weight] No. of
in Fish.
In Cm a Average. ee Range. Ounces.
65 2 oe 2569 ie 90°7 spe
5 4h 2588 2598 2153-2838 sae 3
66 252 2638 2680 as »
5 5a ze 2744 2471-2818 im 3
67 263, | 2914 2878 2740-3151 :. +
9) i a 2975 ee a ae
68 zs | 3037 3027 2945-3144 Be 4
3) ak a5 3069 ae re ~e
69 48 | 3101 3116 ae os 1
5 a 3179 3233 3038-3384 S 3
70 27% 3420 3380 ait 120°7 1
9) aa a 3488 ahs ae
71 a 3557 3581 3413-3639 S- 3
5) ee ap 3697 ae a A
72 284 3738 3865 adie Aa, 1
5 as 4161 yas 3646-4418 re 4
73 k:3 eee were one eee eee
5
74 13 = &; fe sae =
5 a 4074 +: 3951-4149 Be 3
75 29,5, | 4000 fa 3823-4178 141 2
5
76
5)
77 i 4602 $3 4276-4928 oe 2
78
79 oe 4985 a 4312-5607 43 7
80
5
81
5 = 5501 Abs 4027-6542 a 3
5 ss 6514 Ee oe 230 1
83
5
84
5 ca 6655 ae 6202-7193 - 3
5
86
5 | 6542 i. 6485-6599 as) 9
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
COD—continued.
Length,
In ue Smoothed
In Cm. Inches, | “V¢?28e- Average. Range.
5 6806 6287-7816
88 nee dns
5 7558 7045-8071
89 i ae
5 7208 6061-8581
90 a das
3 7866 6797-8935
91 ee ey
5
92
2) va ee
93 8347 7944-8836
5 are rs
94 9144 8440-10025
5 te or
95
29) a Ox
96 8776 7590-10053
29)
97 se C4
5 9424 9134-9713
98 Ae a3)
5 9702 8156-10642
99 Ve gt
5 m fa.
100 10194 8326-11455
‘5 9942 9318-10253
101 10506 9742-11753
5 e. of
102 10947 9914-11420
‘5 11158 rae
103 10936 10181-11899
5 dE ao
104 11361 10082-12489
5 +d. “oe
105
5 11300 ste
106 12141 10930-13410
5. 11328 a
107
5 ae Pe
108 12239 10404-14075
5
109
233
No. of
Fish.
360
429
Rms WwW WO
— OU
ro
234, Part ITI.—Twenty-second Annual Report
COD—continued.
Length. Weight in Grammes. Average
Weight] No. of
n Smoothed in Fish.
In Cm. | yt ches, | Average: Averaze Range. Ounces.
110
5
lll
5)
112
+)
THE NORWAY POUT.
3 12 315 we 29- 34 2
4 15% aN
7) ae
5 2
5 an
6 3 oe
7 3 Japs) 09 1
a5) a 2°9 2°84 1
8 34 ae 3°19 1
5 a 300 3°75 3°2 — 3°8 4
9 o. 4°58 4°56 32 oie 13
59 a 5°55 5°49 4°7 ~ 6°4 13
10 16 6°35 6°69 5°5 — 7:0 2 ll
a) os 7:18 7°38 53 - 8°7 19
11 gue. 8°6 8:10 7:3 -— 96 14
15) ote 9°77 9°7 7°3 -10°9 17
12 f 10°8 10°87 10°3 -11°8 3 9
5 wai 12°1 12°41 10°9 -12°9 as vi
13 54 14°34 13°81 12:7 -15°2 he 5
75) at 1% 1581 12°4 -17°2 1]
14 4 18:1 17°87 17°2 -19°2 8
D ah 20°5 20°57 17°8 -26°5 14
15 é 2371 23-5 18:0 -28:2 8 15
7) ot 27:0 26°27 23°6 -20°9 10
16 6,5, Pasar | 29°1 23°1 -31°7 16
5 oh 3h 31°8 28°7 -35°8 7
17 44 35°'1 34°98 38 -38'4 3
3) oH 38°34 37°9 35°7 -41°4 5
18 74 40°3 41:2 33°3 -47°0 1:4 5
5 ot 44°9 44°6 oe Ve, 1
19 4 48°7 50°3 47°4 -50°1 2
6 57 '°2 Ser. 572° -57°3 oti 2
19°8 60:0 Be ahs PA | 1
20:2 67°1 Wes 1
of the Fishery board for Scotland. 235
GURNARD.
Length. Weight in Grammes. Average
Sw ; ee Weight | No. of
i Fish.
I Smoothed a
In Cm. ceed Average. | Anerne. Range. Ounces.
4 1,55
5 vat 71 65-77 2
5 2 48
5 1-25 1:13 12- 13 ‘04 2
6 3 1°65 rh ee
5 2°05 2°19 1
7 2 2°87 2°64 2°75- 3:0 2
5 30 3°27 29- 3:1 2
8 34 3°93 ae 36 - 4:2 3
9 vs sr a 468 oe
5 on 593 56 —- 66 iF 3
10 a 6°3 6°97 2 ]
5 ba 8°7 8:3 ie 1
11 ts 10-0 9°87 1
5 10°9 10°2 — 12°0 "38 3
12 2 ae bi bos it
5 se
13 5
5
14 4
29)
15 g
5
16 62
5 “8
17 ié
9) ce 49°3 44 ~— 54 Ly 3
18 7k if ae ae eM
5 ae
19 4 61 1
20 g
29) ape
i 21 84 82 a ee a 1
5 aes 85 83°3 85 - 85 3°0 2
22 iH 83°5 85°8 79 - 88 2
5 sc 89 aL
23 9F 95 93 1
23) a 95 101 on iat 1
24 r 113°5 112 107-120 he 2
5 oi i 124 ae EP aa
25 é 135 132 Bh 4:7 ]
5 i bc ~ 138 ee a au
26 102 14] a 132 -148 ae 3
Sa.
236 Part TIT.—Twentieth Annual Report
GURNARD— continued.
Length. Weight in Grammes. Average
Weight] No. of
in Fish.
In Cm. aan os, | AVerage. en eae Range. Ounces.
5 157°7
27 ; a ra Le $e S.
a) 174°7 sch 163-183 eh 3
28 ll E. 177°! as ah Pe
5 mee 179°6 te. 170 -186 fe. 5
29 i'5 Bo ny nn ss
30 43 227°0 bs 205 -255 80 5
2) _ 237 235 na Ae 1
31 12,5; 241 249 sa = 1
5 oa x 269 me = 2
32 3 297 289°7 ae ee 1
5 ih a 303 dl A 4}
33 13 309 312 285 -333 ee 2
5 324°3 iy 307 -361 11°4 5
34 3 id: waa ode at ee
35 ra 5 ee are ie oe
36 14,'; 337 a” Sis Be 1
37 5
5
38 1
5 i |
39 153 |
9) ee |
40 3 |
4] 164 573 mek | ee 20:2 ]
9)
42 vs
5
HERRING. ;
1°86 2 0°0131 48
2°91 1g 0:0582 14
4°3 134 32 31-34 Ol 4
4°8 1g "42 - ‘38-47 11
80 $ 2°98 isa 27 - 32 1 5
a3) we 3°8 3°63 3°5 - 4:0 3
9 y's 4°] 4°27 34- 49 8
23) nal 49 4:97 44 - 55 11
10 1% 59 5°90 53 - 71 2 5
|
CN
of the Fishery Board for Scotland, 9%
HERRING—continued.
Length. Weight in Grammes. Average
bys ia) re Weight | No. of
In Smoothed _ pase
In Cm. Inches, | 4Verage: Average. Range. Ounces.
5 “e 69 70 60- 82 9
11 4.5. 8-2 8-2 76 — 9-4 11
5 a 9°5 9°4 8'4 - 11°4 23
12 } 10°9 10°6 9°5 - 12 12
9) re 11-9 12% 10:2 - 13 21
13 5k 14-0 13°8 13° -— 14°7 9
5 te 15°6 15°'8 15 - 159 6
14 4 17-9 LWT 16°2 - 18 9
5 aa 19°5 19°9 18°6 — 20°7 6
15 é 22:4 23°4 21°8 - 22°8 i 9
5 er 28 °4 26'0 at 1
16 625 27°3 29°1 26 —- 28 3
5 31:5 30°8 30 - 33 4
17 tt 33°6 34:1 31 - 35 7
5 37°1 36°8 36 - 38°7 6
18 75 39°6 40°3 37 — 42°5 10
5 : 43 °2 43°4 38 - 47 14
19 3 47 °3 475 44 - 52 7
5 §2°1 51:1 49°5 — 57 6
20 é 53°9 55°1 52°8 — 55 1-9 2
5 59°3 60°0 57°1 -— 632 5
21 8} 66°7 66°9 60°8 - 72°6 4
5 sien 74:8 75'9 72 — 85 5
22 44 863 81:5 83 - 89 3
5 88°4
23 94 91°5 94°2 82 -101 4
5 101-2 98°8 93 -113 8
24 ts | 103°6 10671 85°5 -114 11
5 113°6 110°8 108-117 Hi
25 i 1152 119°8 113-118 4:0 4
5 130°5 126°3 120 -143 6
26 104 133°3 1362 118 -160 17
5 144°8 143°9 126 -168 17
27 : 153°7 153°9 141 -186 22
5) 1632 163°3 151 -188 11
28 11 172-9 174:0 149 —-195 14
5 a 1859 185:2 158 -213 ee 16
29 vs | 196°9 194°8 185 -218 , 8
5 ee 201°7 208°8 178 -212 12
30 45 | 227°9 219°5 188 -253 80 12
d 1 229°4
31 123, | 236°7 236°8 204 -280 7
5) 244°3 248-0 228 -259 3
32 2 263 260 -266 9°3 2
<I
Sail:
Length. Weight in Grammes. Average
CVE Weight ne ie
j in is
In Cm. Inches. Average. “Ta Gm | rach: ||AP86° [Ramage | 8 ES |] a Range. Ounces.
4 1; ¥ 2
5 13 50 Fe: a Ei 1
5 2 ‘67 ‘67 “*63- °75 "02 8
5 i 84 ‘88 ‘7 - 1:0 As 28
6 3 1:14 , ‘92- 1:3 “04 20
‘5 4 1°53 1°57 1 Nae I; 15
"| 8 2°04 2°02 16 — 23 07 21
5 ree 2°48 2°59 2°0 — 2°8 ee 33
8 3k 2°90 3°05 2°4 — 3°6 38
5) £ 3°76 3°72 3°3 — 4:3 14
9 2 4°59 463 | 3:8 — 5:3 il
‘5 : 5°53 5°56 4:9 — 65 14
10 15 6°55 676 | 55-8 23 12
9) aa 8'2 8-08 14 — 1972 a3 20
1] 45 9°5 9°48 78 -11'8 27
5 iA 10°75 “10°86 9°7 -12°9 aS 28
12 3 12°34 12°46 10°8 -14°2 “4 33
9) fee 14:27 14°34 12-2 -15°4 : 15
13 of 16°4 1
LUMPENUS.
nie! | fee eee ee he
15 55 a x he
9) ie 4°4 15 1
16 625 Ne ce
3) ma 5°0 i * 1
17 1s 5:17 5°32 42- 6 3
a) 5°8 5°91 ee 1
18 ie as 6-41 ue
5) te ToL 6°86 sf 3
19 4 7°25 75 72- 7:3 2
5 “es 8°1 7°65 74 —- 8°7 * 3
20 ‘f 7:6 8:07 1 On aig ‘27 2
a) ee 8:5 Sy ee ros |
21 ga a 9°38 as ee
5 Bee a0 10-09 8:8 = 10°7 6
22 et 10°45 10°68 | 10:4 — 103 2
5 be wey. 11°45 10°4 — 13°1 2
23 93 12:2 12°45 10°3 — 14°7 5
9) ie 13°4 12°93 12°3 - 13°8 4
24 Lf 13-2 13° 77 12:8 — 13-7 . 2
9) tes 14°7 13°8 —- 15°6 52 2
25 g a ; tee
Part IlT.—Twenty-second Annual Report
SPRAT,
ee
bo
<
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
LUMPENUS—continued.
Length. Weight in Grammes. Average
Se eae ean 2) Weight] No. of
Fish.
I Smoothed ae
In Cm eae Average. “Ayeiaees Range. Ounces.
26 104 16:2 oe ee en 1
28 11 20:2 5 18 — 22-4 fil 2
29 T. A, if: on
30 Ae AS re
POGGE.
5
ro
6
75)
vi
5
8 34 3°72 A 3°42-— 3°93 a8; 6
a) *, 4°5 4°47 3°93- 4:94 aes LG
9 vs 5:2 5°46 4°45- 5°83 oh 12
5 6°48 6°34 5°15- 6 85 ie 14
10 45 7°34 7°36 6°88-— 7°66 26 3
5 soe 8°25 8°74 7°87- 8°64 Lae 2
11 45, 10°62 10°55 3 is 1
5) Ne: | cy 12°30 oF - 1
2 3 13 52 13°80 12°71-14°63 "48 4
5 Me 15-12 15°38 15 -15°25 a 2
13 54 te 17°51 os Soh ae
5 me 21°27 19°64 ye fe) 1
14 4 20°13 1
#5) a
15 g
240 Part III —Twenty-second Annual Report
PLAICE.
SHOWING THE CALCULATED WEIGHT AT VARIOUS SIZES.
Length in Weight in Length in Weight in
Centimetres. Grammes, Centimetres. Grammes.
1 ‘009 36 435-632
2 ‘075 37 472947
ss ae 38 512°336
4 ‘598 39 553861
5 1:167 40 597 °500
6 2°017 4] 643°515
7 aor, 42 702°346
8 4:78 43 742357
9 6:°807 44 795°360
10 9-338 45 850°838
11 12428 46 908 824
12 16°134 47 969°398
13 20°513 48 1032-600
14 26°013 49 1115°295
15 31°509 50 1167°200
16 38 240 51 1238 °436
hy: 45°868 52 1312°856
18 54°454 53 1390-065
19 64:°042 54 1470°249
20 74:700 55 1553 °443
21 87°793 56 1648°160
22 99°420 57 1729 147
23 113-603 58 1821 °760
24 129:075 59 1917°624
25 145'900 60 2016-792
26 164°107 61 2119-322
27 183°781 62 225 269
28 208°102 63 2370°411
29 227 *720 64 2447 -360
30 252-072 65 2564°174
31 278°159 66 2684344
32 305920 67 2808 225
33 335°543 68 2935°552
34 366 944 69 | 3068 °281
35 406°450 70 3251 °592
PLATE Vi.
Common Dab.
700
16
| Plaice. |
4 Norway Pout.
fee
Cod.
BI | |
7 18 19 20
et
75
eb
PLATE VII.
= ace | eect 4 ==
8
210 15
ie Ana
| | : ||
no} a / |
190 13
7
ae ae ‘ea ea ee
170 11 |
160 10 IE | / t _ | |
[ 5 : el
| 8
150 + 9 H |
|
140 eet ie | IL |
4 i
130 - 7 BH
120 IL |
|
110 5
100 4 Is a
. t : | | |
| | |
= + aie a
| |
mt 1 | | | | | 1, Plaice.
| | | 2. Common Dab.
8. Witch .
» ie I 4. Long Rough Dab.
11 12 | | | 5. Cod. |
} 6. Haddock.
Ale 7. Sprat.
| 8. Herring.
40 + | IL = he et
ae | | ie a
| |
20 — a lt | L + = |
ee
10+ EA
eZee |
ie - 1 = a | l all | =
28
1 2 3 4 5 6 v= 28 9 10 1 12 13 14 16 16 17° 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
i
r
~~
‘SPRAT PLATE vit.
= : ~ = [ 1 Te | e
Aberdeen Bay, Cromarty 9 Aberdeen Bay, 15
1éth April 160 Firth 85} Aberdeen Bay, | | tet September ae ee Pineal
(61 fish). 19th December (16 fish). ERY,
(74 fish) SARE
80; |__|
2am | ale
20
15 a — 13
Aberdeen Bay, by UF Gf ED ro, ohh ah rey ay
20| 18th-24th October rc ~- —. ———
Oh (112 fish). he |
| Aberdeen Bay, |
25 | 8| 17th December
5 (7 fish).
20 |— 2
io u Ww 2aeeS eto) U7) SUNCOM TO! inueo8 IS
1
15
15 2 5; 7 | { 10
Aberdeen Bay, 10 11 12 13 14 Aberdeen Bay,
1“ ae ciel 6 18th December
) | 5 : (26 fish). 10 CEO) HO th SES
Cromarty Firth, ——
10th January 4 | 5 dL [ 17 | i ||
(27 fish) 5 $ Dog Hole, Aberdeen, | T |
8 ar eae
2 ARNON fish).
1 ~ aL
il 2 8) 42 75 ei 28 ON 0) Ieee reste
L | LJ} oe ~-
a 8) A Gh PG Anis TPE} 14
4 Aberdeen Bay,
11 30 Ist June +
3 Aberdeen Bay, (58 fish).
2 He 20th September |
| (5 fish), | 25 + ———; 4 ie.
Forth IIt., u | ale | |
9th May Sl
AGEpiaahD. ae ame ec ieen ns gece eS LOLS TL 2 SelB 20 ales iz uta a7? EGmLPaDUUnsiasEe ath oll
6 [
© 10 11 12 18 7 | |
] 4 I 10 + + —- i"
Aberdeen Bay,
area ae —| fipeees | ©
(74 fish). 5}
10 11 12 18 #14
ee
f eel ewe ie . Sree
%, al) tae 15) 6) 7 18) EO OM IO Rede era
20 = |
4 =
CMS SV Su CIS IS Cees ts eG
BecO eB Gy A7 sels G) M0 <1 Jae a8
5 ‘
“s
’
| .
| s
4
| :
f :
bi
¥
‘
rs
ois
4
i
x
-
a j
| | {
.
|
a, a :
|
ae 4
} i
id
“a pein aA 4S
Vedran Tete.
cree.
a
eel
peer treet, . = ——
Feo
~~
es
cm
A
a srt Cea Rdainidinegs fin
og ‘a
‘
PLATE IX.
3 5 7 9
Burghead, Dornoch, Dornoch, Dornoch,
25th December Slst Maroh 28th December 25th December
(870 fish). (185 fish)
(635 fish).
Burghead,
160 }————++- 28th December
(480 fish), 20 |
8
10 11 12 18 14 Dornoch, l
600 llth November ———e
2 4 = (1698 fish). A
Pee Bb Se) 7 38) oo) 0 ie ania
550 —
(137 fish). 10
————— All December
400 Collections L
mie combined
450 /- | |
Aan 50 +
350 + peas
300 |—
aaa agen acl ogres eT ee |
Dornoch, |
22nd October 75
| (41 fish). | st |
Si Nels ES
st 200 |— Te!
6| 7 ba?
5
4 100 - | 1 -
8}
é =e | 75
1
[ieee 4 al at i)
(Vax a PCG ERT nT DR DCT TOS amedben sy (de Nin -v8.. 19 MLO) Wile sie: 78)
25
oer Se 10° ak a
75
SPRAT
50
40
PEATE XG
30
April. | May. | June. | July. April. | May. | June. | July. Aug. | Sept. Oct. Noy. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. | April. | May. | June | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. Nov Dec Jan. Mar.
F Stee
130 Bee. see: a L ais fal Beet...
eo See, | |
120 in alr Sailr aaa eres
mh | | aC a = | t=
100 L “i i + sai a wa]
| | a Le el
< | b—| jj}
= eo |
al =P = -~ —+ -— —
ealp is - = i SE alee IL aa
| | |
| |
Se | | = IL IE ! Bre IE | ie
|
é | |
7 i ae ails + = i
} / = ves === — alt IL el ( a es
=
{ee OS ML = Ara ;
, as 7 : oe tt el ance eee Ee ee
“=e = Ques! oe fgg ae Mt ee Lia ee i -
ia ak ee of et eee re ae a a eS. \ oe. »« :
ae i Se LL Cee Gee ee Rc a od oe ee oe SMEs
: ‘ a : ve | i 2 * aS oie med tes >a el Se ‘ é ~ ie i ee
PLATE XI.
| “|
. {SE ee
19 4
Witch.
= 1g |—___l- —- dt : 1
|
| Off Burghead, 16
1st April.
Witch.
+ : { Off Burghead, 40
\ 98th December. \
=
45 | Mi Firth,
1 ae | | Mi L i | Witch. —
a.
o
|; 8 | —
|
4 ——s | tL 10 | |
3 jes |
| | 2 5 xy
/\ eh
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 2% 26 2 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 60 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 9B 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 4g 48 50 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
| | | | | | | | |
i >i 30
Witch. Witch. 26 |
A=Townet Clyde.
Collections in Aberdeen Bay 10 | A=Townet Collections, 28 |
and Moray Firth in 15th July to 1st August.
October and November. es 27 Lumpenus.
: ‘ Rest of curve=5th September. - Forth, St. V., |
The rest of the curve=Off Burghead, 10th May 1901. i
14th November. a
IL 8 Hs = wy Black="5cm. grouping. | _
“| | Be Red = 1 cm. us
7 53
{~ f A
21
—— i +t 6 |) ==> — = aa
19
d [ r 1 5y 18 + r i 4
17
aI 4 i lo +—— 4 | 16 = +
16
=F r 3 | 14 —- 4 ==
13
|
= i Ir 12 ~
| ‘ | al dle
+ r IL | ite 10
ie | i ; \ !
2 4 6 8B 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 94 96 BS 30 32 34
ee | |
r a 6 = i" i
\
See i
= = 4 \]
Ste / | j i ai NN
al > : 2 “] ar :
1
te een \ VAN | ic | a
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 2% 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 49 42 44 46 48 50 1011129314915 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 2 26 27 28 29 30 31 82 88 34 35
520
g
.
|
PLATE XII.
= ~~~ =F = = =a | 7 ic }
] Norway Pout, * } (285) a
off Aberdeen. Norway Pout, Norway Pout, | Norway Pout. Nonwavabout Norway Pout,
: | 10 off Aberdeen. —| off Kinnaird Head, 90 q ‘off Burghead, 90 Soll ie Breniena: | 40! off Aberdeen, at
A=12th October. 16th December. 23rd January. ' 1st April. | 19th May : 28th June.
B=23rd-24thOctober| °
= 8 ae 80 4 30 + as
7
G =! - +e - | | 70 4 20
1
4b = =a] it) 10
3
i 2 50 | Al as
Pipa viene onthe sy 3)
4
otto rs! 8 20: Aly Ta Bas) is 16 YR ii WET ee GI Ge GUC MILNE LE NIL Nib unGn Gx7mcISh LOM DO men ou a oe — =.
Norway Pout, |
Norway Pout, Aberdeen, |
= — = T a | 100 off Burghead, 40 21st August. a7 A ee eet
14th November. A (Red)=3rd September. | |
Norway Pout, Norway Pout, B (Black)=10th September.
off Shetland, 580 | off Shetland, Aberdeen.
16th October Slst August & 2 -
(928 fish). | 4th September.
i + 260 + = si 10 30 | I
=e = a
| DO Sasa) as
jc eee
Norway Pout,
50 off Shetland, —
TCO Clyde,
Rhuad Point to Ailsa,
4th October 1903
19th October.
10 | ai
-
é
A
| AVN
| 140 a
(704).
120 Norway Pout,
off Shetland,
11th December
5 ae
(307).
Norway Pout, |
100! off Burghead - oi 7
28th
December |
i : | |
Co ee 4
A i
Reciye Se eG NO sie Wey ls 16 40 —f eit
16617 18 19 20 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 12 18 14 1b 16 #17 18 19 2 221 22 Dug uraG) MLDS OMELTON AT) 12D Gig tuna) LS) SIO icy, 20 |
20 dL J :
9 10 il 12 18 14 1h 16 17 18 18
=e
6 7 8) 19s LOR 2 los ie
Length in
Centimetres.
Om Or WN —
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
_HADDOCK.
SHOWING THE CALCULATED WEIGHT AT VARIOUS SIZES.
Weight in
Grammes.
008
063
213
504
984
1°700
2°700
4°030
5°738
7870
10°476
13°600
17297
22566
26°563
32°239
38 665
45900
53°980
62°967
72°884
83806
95°754
108-800
122-974
138°377
154°913
180°529
191°941
212-500
234°455
257 °911
282°846
309 °322
337440
Length in
Centimetres.
Weight in
Grammes.
367 °200
398639
431°846
467 023
503°733
542°408
583073
625°720
670°449
717°188
766°034
817°087
870400
914°465
983800
1043°963
1107°018
1171-662
1239°300
1309°470
1444-332
1457°468
1535°531
1616°333
1700000
1786 °340
1875°641
1967°870
2063°290
2162°144
2262-764
2367005
2474°580
2585°366
2699524
241
24.2 Part LI1.—Twenty-second Annual Report
IV.—_NOTES ON SOME RARE AND INTERESTING MARINE
CRUSTACEA.
By Tuomas Soort, LL.D., F.L.S.
(Plates XIII.-XV )
nr
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Preliminary Remarks, : : 5 : : 2 ; . 242
Copepoda :—
Fam. Monstrillide, . . 5 : : : 2 ; 4243
Fam. Choniostomatide, . : ; i A ; . 250
Amphipoda, : ‘ : : : : : : ‘ . eo
Sympoda, . : : 5 : : : : : : . 258
Description of the Plates, . : E ; : : : . 259
PRELIMINARY REMARKS,
In the following notes I have described a number of minute Crustaceans
belonging to the Monstrillide and the Choniostomatidee—two families
of Copepoda containing aberrant and parasitic forms of more than usual
interest. A few forms belonging to other groups more or less rare in the
Scottish seas are also recorded here.
The species recorded here belonging to the Monstrillide are as
follows :—
Monstrilla grandis, Giesbrecht.
os longicornis, I, C. Thompson.
fe gracilicauda, Giesbrecht.
4 anglica, Lubbock.
ns dubia, T. Scott, sp. n.
Thaumaleus thompsont, Giesbrecht.
. rigidus (I. C. Thompson).
a zetlandicus, T. Scott, sp. n.
RS rostratus, 'T. Scott, sp, n.
The following are the names of the seven species belonging to the
Choniostomatidz which are also described :—
Stenothocheres egregius, Hansen, new to British Fauna.
Spheronella paradoxa, Hansen, __,, a Re
minuta, T. Scott, sp. n.
* callisome, T. Scott, sp. n.
a cluthe, T. Scott, sp. n.
pygmea, T, Scott, sp. n.
- amphilocht, Hansen,
A description is furnished of each of the species mentioned above, and
this is illustrated by drawings which have been prepared by my son, Mr.
A. Scott, A.L.S., who also prepared most of the dissections required.
The preparing of these dissections wasin some cases rendered more
difficult when the species happened to be represented by only a single
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 243
specimen whose appendages were not very obvious even with a moderately
high magnification.
Some moderately rare species of Amphipoda and Sympoda are recorded
at the end of the paper, the names of which are as follows :—
Hyperia medusarum (O. F. Muller).
Tryphana malmi, Boeck.
Anonyx nugax (Phipps).
Hoplonyx cicada (Fabr.).
Harpinia pectinata, G. O. Sars.
Metopa borealis, G. O. Sars.
Paratylus falcatus (Metzger).
Megaluropus agilis, Norman
Idothea neglecta, G. O. Sars.
Hudorellopsis deformis, Kryoer.,
Pseudocuma similis, G. O. Sars.
The following are the descriptions of the various species referred to :—
COPEPODA.
Fam. MoNSTRILLIDA
Genus Monstrilla, Dana, 1848.
Monstrilla grandis, Giesbrecht. PI, xii, fig. 11, 12; pl. xiv., fig. 9-11;
plexv., fie. 1, 2:
1892. Monstrilla grandis, Giesb., Pelag. Copep. des Golfes v.
Neapel, p. 588, pl. 46, fig. 2, 8, 11, 17, 19, 24, 25, 35, 39.
Description of the Female:—In this species the antennules of the
female, which are moderately stout, are scarcely equal to one-fourth the
length of the animal; their structure is somewhat similar to that of the
antennules of M. gracilicauda, but the articulations are rather more
distinct (fig. 9, pl. xiv.).
The fifth pair of thoracic feet are sub-cylindrical, about twice as long
as broad, and with a somewhat bi-lobed extremity (fig. 10, pl. xiv.); the
exterior lobe bears three sete, the inner one is small but the other two
are elongated. The inner lobe appears to be furnished with only a single
apical seta, but our dissection shows what appears to be the base of a
seta on the inner margin of this lobe, the seta itself having probably
been broken off; the position of this seta is indicated on the drawing by
dotted lines.
The abdomen consists of three segments, but the first, which is larger
than the next two combined, is divided into two portions by a pseudo-
articulation as shown by the drawing (fig. 11, pl. xii., and fig, 11, pl. xiv.) ;
the second and third segments are sub-equal and are together much
smaller than the first segment.
The furcal joints are each provided with six sete, one being situated
on the outer edge near the base of the joint while the others spring from
the apex (fig. 11, pl. xiv.); one of the apical setz near the inner edge is
very small.
The female represented by the drawing (fig. 11, pl. xiii.) measures
4:25 mm. (about + of an inch).
Description of the Male :—The male is much smaller than the female ;
the specimen represented by the drawing (fig. 12, pl. xiii.) measures only
2 mm. (.% of an inch).
244 Part III. —Twenty-second Annual Report
The antennules of the male, which are proportionally rather longer than
those of the female, are five-jointed, the last joint being hinged to the
preceding one (fig. 1, pl. xv.).
The first and second segments of the male abdomen are not coalescent
as in the female, but otherwise the two sexes are nearly alike.
The armature of the furcal joints (fig. 2, pl. xv.) is similar to that of
the female.
The fifth pair of feet resemble very closely the fifth pair of the male of
M. longiremis.
Habitat——Head of Loch Fyne (Firth of Clyde), November 28, 1899,
one female, and January 30, 1901, a male and a female.
Professor G. 8. Brady records a Monstrilla, obtained at Cullercoats
in July, 1900, which he thinks may be the male of M. grandis,
Giesbrecht,* and I. C. Thompson mentions the occurrence of the same
species in the vicinity of the Channel Islands.t
Monstrilla longicornis, I. C. Thompson, PI. xiii., fig. 1-7.
1890. Monstrilla longicornis, I1.C. Thompson, Trans. L’pool. Biol.
Soc., vol. iv., p. 119, pl. iv., figs. 1, 2, and 4 (¢).
1892. Monstrilla longiremis, Giesb., Pelagischen Copepoden des
Golfes von Neapel, p. 589, pl. 46, figs. 10, 14, 22, 37, and
41 (9).
1902. ‘i es longiremis, T. Scott, 20th Rept. Fishery Board
for Scotland, pt. iii., p. 469, pl. xxv., figs. 3 and 4 (9).
The antennules in both the female and male are elongated and slender,
being in some examples nearly half as long as the cephalothorax and
abdomen combined; but their length seems to vary to some extent in
different individuals, and those of the male appear to be proportionally
rather longer than in the female. The male antennules are composed of
six joints, and the articulation between the fifth and sixth is so hinged
that the sixth joint can be folded inwards ; the second and last joints are
of nearly equal length and considerably longer than any of the others
(fig. 6). In the female antennules all the joints except the first appear
to be coalescent, so that each antennule is apparently only two-jointed
fig. 3).
a fifth thoracic feet of the female consist each of a sub-cylindrical
plate, but the proximal half of the leg is rather wider than the lower half
and is defined from it by a distinct notch on the inner margin, and from
this notch there springs a moderately long seta; three other sete spring
from the distal extremity of the leg, but the innermost one is short while
the other two are elongated; all the setze appear to be more or less plumose
fig. 4).
Ae fifth feet of the male are somewhat rudimentary, each being
represented by a single moderately long plumose seta which springs from
a small tubercle near the lower ventral margin of the last thoracic seg-
ment. The genital appendages are narrow and spiniform (fig. 7).
The furcal joints in the female are each furnished with five moderately
long setz, but there are only four sete to each of the furcal joints in the
male, This appears to be the only British species of Monstrilla in which
the number of furcal sete in the female is five.
The male of Monstrilla longicornis does not appear to have been
previously recorded except by I. C. Thompson,
* Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb., Durham, and Newcastle, vol. xiv., p. 64, pl. iv., fig. 1-3.
+ Journ. Marine Zool. and Microscopy, vol. ii., p. 97 (No. 8, December, 1897).
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 2.45
The following are the localities whence I have obtained this species
and the dates when the different specimens were collected :—
Firth of Forth, between Fidra and the Bass Rock, October 18,
1890 (9).
Firth of Forth, east of Inchkeith, August 14, 1891 (2 & d).
Firth of Forth (locality not stated), 1893 (Q & 3).
Firth of Forth, Station V. (to the west of May Island), August 30,
1894 (2 & 3).
Firth of Forth, Station V., July 24, 1901 (9).
Firth of Tay, at Buddon, December 5, 1902 (9).
Thirty-five miles east of May Island (per ss. ‘Glenogle,” of
Aberdeen), August 20, 1903 (9 & 3).
Off Aberdeen about ten miles, November 11, 1901 (9).
Firth of Clyde, off the Ayrshire coast, November (date not stated),
1895 (9).
Firth of Lee head of Loch Fyne, December 11, 1897 (@).
Virth of Clyde, Whitefarland Bay, Arran, July 6, 1899 (¢).
Solway Firth, Luce Bay (per Andrew Scott), November 26, 1901 (9).
Larne Harbour, Ireland (per Andrew Scott), January 14, 1904.
The female represented by the drawing (fig. 1) measured 3:1 mm.,
which is similar to the size given by Dr. Giesbrecht ; the length of the
male which the drawing represents (fig. 2) is 2 mm.
One or two of the more obvious characters by which J. longicornis
may be distinguished from other forms are the long and somewhat slender
antennules, the form and armature of the fifth pair of thoracic feet,
and the number of the furcal sete. The structure of the abdomen
appears also to differ to some extent from the other species of Monstrilla
recorded here.
It may be remarked further that the integument in this species when
examined with the microscope and under a moderately high power is seen
to have a granular appearance not observed in other species (see the
drawings, figs.1 and 2).
That I. C. Thompson’s Monstrilla longicornis is identical with JZ,
longiremis, Giesbrecht, must, I think, be admitted. The long antennules,
the granular appearance of the integument, the number of furcal sete, and
the structure of the abdomen show that it can be nothing else, and as
Thompson’s name was published two years before that of Dr. Giesbrecht
it must be restored. Thompson does not appear to have seen the female
or Dr. Giesbrecht the male of this species.
Monstrilla gracilicauda, Giesbrecht. PI. xii., fig. 8-10; pl. xiv., fig. 15.
1892. Monstrilla gracilicauda, Giesb., op. cit, p. 587, pl. 46,
figs. 9, 16, 18, 29, 32, 43.
In the female of Monstrilla gracilicauda the antennules are rather
shorter than in the species just described. They appear to be four-
jointed, the first three being small, while the end joint is equal to the
entire length of the other three (fig. 8, pl. xiii.).
The fifth pair of thoracic feet (fig. 15, pl. xiv.) are sub-quadrate in out-
line, rather longer than broad, and somewhat gibbous at the distal end as
shown in the drawing; each foot is furnished with three plumose sete,
one on the outer aspect and two at the apex, the feathering is very
delicate and can only be seen by using a moderately high magnification.
The abdomen consists of four segments, the first segment, which
24.6 Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
appears to consist of two coalescent segments, is of a sub-cylindrical form
but tapers slightly towards the distal extremity ; it is about one-third
longer than the breadth at the widest part and nearly twice the entire
length of the next segments. The third segment is only about half the
length of the second one.
The furcal joints are each provided with six sete arranged as shown in
the drawing (fig. 10, pl. xiii.), but one of the sete is very small.
The length of the specimen represented by the drawing is 31 mm.,
which is somewhat larger than that stated by Dr. Giesbrecht. No males
of this species have been observed hitherto.
M. gracilicauda has been collected at the following places :—
Firth of Forth, above Queensferry, June 26, 1890 (9).
Firth of Forth, off Musselburgh, September 29, 1892 (@).
*35 miles east of May Island, Firth of Forth (per s.s. “Glenogle ”),
August 20, 1903 (9).
Firth of Clyde, Whitefarland Bay, Arran, July 6, 1899 (9).
Firth of Clyde, near head of Loch Fyne, November 28, 1899 (9).
Monstrilla anglica, Lubbock. PI. xiii., fig. 13; pl. xiv., fig. 12-14.
1857. Monstrilla anglica, Lubbock. Ann, and Mag. Nat, Hist.
(2), ‘vol. sac, p. 409, pl geo. fo 28:
1900. Monstrilla (*) dane, Scott, 18th Ann. Rept. Fishery
Board for Scotland, pt. iii., p. 398, pl. xiii., fig. 15-20.
Description of the Female.—The specimen represented by the drawing
measures 3°2 mm. (nearly 3 of an inch); it has a general resemblance in
size and structure to Monstrilla longicornis, but is scarcely so robust (fig.
13, up Exile
The antennules are elongated and slender and indistinctly three-jointed ;
the basal joint is as usual very short; the next, which is not very clearly
defined, is also small, but longer than the basal joint; the remaining
portion consists of a single piece which may be made up of two or three
coalescent joints (fig. 12, pl. xiv.).
The fifth pair of thoracic feet are sub-cylindrical in outline, and nearly
twice as long as broad ; each foot is furnished with two elongated apical
sete, and the inner margin, which is nearly straight and shorter than the
outer margin, terminates in a small rounded process, beyond which the
distal portion of the foot becomes narrower as shown in the drawing
(fig. 13, pl. xiv.).
The genital filaments are scarcely equal in length to the furcal sete.
The abdomen appears to consist of three segments; the first segment
is about twice the length of the second, while the second is about one and
a half times the length of the third.
The furcal joints are each furnished with six setze (fig. 14, pl. xiv.).
Habitat.—Firth of Forth, west of May Island, July 26, 1901 ; thirty-
five miles east of May Island, August 20, 1903, per s.s. ‘ Glenogle.”
Females only were observed in both gatherings.
This species resembles WM. longicornis in size, in the elongate antennules,
and to some extent in the structure of the abdomen, but differs very
distinctly in the armature of the fifth pair of thoracic feet, and in
possessing six instead of five furcal sete ; and the integument appears to
want the minutely granulated structure observed in M. longicornis.
The specimens recorded by me in Part III. of the Eighteenth Annual
Report of the Fishery Board for Scotland from the Firth of Clyde appear
to belong to Lubbock’s Monstrilla anglica; these specimens were
* This specimen was of a fine green colour.
b DULUY
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 247
apparently imperfect as regards the furcal hairs, and no doubt helped to
disguise their relationship with the species named. Having now obtained
specimens in fairly good condition, I am enabled to give a few accurate
figures of the female which may be of interest as supplementing Dr.
Bourne’s very fine drawings of the male. (See the Quarterly Journ. of
Micros. ‘Science, vol. xxx., pt. 4, new series, Feb. 1890.)
Monstrilla dubia, T. Scott, sp. n. PI. xiii, fig. 14; pl. xiv., fig. 16-18.
Description of the Female.—Body moderately slender ; length of the
specimen represented by the drawing is 3°3 mm. (fully $ of an inch).
The cephalothoracic segment is about one and a half times the entire
length of the remaining thoracic segments and abdomen.
The abdomen is composed of three segments ; the first segment is about
equal in size to the last segment of the thorax, the second is smaller than
the next, while the second and third are together scarcely as long as the
first segment (fig. 14, pl. xiv.).
The antennules are moderately stout and about half as long as the
cephalothoracic segment, and composed of four joints ; the first and third
joints are small, the second is about half as long again as the third, while
the fourth is equal to the entire length of the three joints (fig, 16, pl. xiv.)
The fifth pair of thoracic feet are moderately slender; each foot is
narrow and sub-cylindrical at the proximal end, but becomes wider
distally and terminates in two lobes; the outer lobe is larger than the
inner and is furnished with three moderately long sete, the inner lobe is
narrow and appears to be devoid of setze as shown in the drawing (fig.
ED pisziye):
The fureal joints are each provided with four elongated hairs, one of
them springs from near the base of the outer margin, two spring from
the apex, while the fourth is attached on the inner aspect and near the
middle of the joint, as seen in the drawing (fig. 18, pl. xiv.).
Habitat.—Firth of Forth, east of Inchkeith, August 14, 1891; and
head of Lech Fyne (Firth of Clyde), November 11, 1897, and November
28, 1899. No males have been observed.
Remarks.—The Copepod of which I have just given a description
does not agree with any described species known to me. The characters
by which it may be distinguished are the following three: first, the
structure of the abdomen, the first segment of which is as large as the
segment of the thorax next to it ; second, the peculiar form of the fifth
pair of thoracic feet; and, third, the number and arrangement of the
furcal setee.
Monstrilla dubia as described and figured here has a somewhat close
resemblance to the female of M. dance as represented by the beautiful
drawings of Professor Claparede,* and especially by figure 3, taf. xvi.,
which shows the female from the under side; the proportional lengths of
the abdominal and of the posterior thoracic segments are almost identical,
but the furcal joints are represented with only three sete ; there is also
a slight difference in the length of the second joint of the antennules.
Had a separate drawing of the fifth pair of thoracic feet of the female
been given by that author the identification of the species would have
been rendered more certain.
* Beobachtungen uber Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte wirbelloser thier an der
ktiste von Normandie, Angestellt, p. 95, taf. xvi., fig. 1-6 (1863).
248 Part [[1I1—Twenty-second Annual Report
Genus Thaumaleus Kroyer, 1849.
Thaumaleus thomsont, Giesb. Pl. xiv., fig. 1-4.
1892. TZhaumaleus thomsoni, Giesb., Pelag. Copep. des Golfes v.
Neapel, p. 584, pl. 46, fig. 7, 27, 31, 36, 40.
1902. TLhaumaleus thompsont, Scott, 20th Ann. Rept. Fishery
Board for Scotland, pt. iii., p. 470, pl. xxv., fig. 5, 6.
In Part III. of the Twentieth Annual Report of the Fishery Board
for Scotland, I published a description with figures of the male of
Thaumaleus thompsoni taken in Lerwick Harbour, Shetland. Recently,
when examining a small collection of Monstrillas that had been captured
from time to time during the past twelve or fifteen years, I found a single
female of the same species that had been taken in a tow-net sample
collected off Scarborough on July 9, 1893, during some investigations on
behalf of the Fishery Board for Scotland; this specimen I will now
briefly describe, and illustrate the description with figures showing a few
of its more characteristic features.
The specimen referred to was elongated and very slender, and
measured 4°8 mm. in length (about $ of an inch). The cephalothoracic
segment was about equal to twice the entire length of the remaining
segments of the thorax and abdomen combined (fig. as pl. xiv.).
The antennules are short and stout, and appear to consist of four
joints ; but the third, which is small, seems to be partly coalescent with
the second (fig. 2, pl. xiv.).
The fifth pair of thoracic feet are e moderately large, foliaceous, and are
abruptly wider at the distal extremity, the result of a lobe- like process
on the inner distal aspect; each foot carries three apical sete, the
innermost of which is considerably shorter than the other two, as shown
in the drawing (fig. 3, pl. xiv.).
The abdomen consists of two segments ; the first is fully half as long
as the last segment of the thorax, and larger and more dilated than the
second segment. The short furcal joints carry three moderately elongated
setze (tig. 4, pl. xiv.).
The structure of the fifth pair of thoracic feet, and the form of the
abdomen referred to above, seem to be characteristic of this species.
Thaumaleus rigidus (I.C. Thompson). Pl. xiii., fig. 15-17; pl. xiv, fig. 19.
1888. Cymbasoma rigida, I. C. Thompson. Linn. Soc. Journ.
Zool., vol. xx., p. 154, pl. xiii., fig. 1-4.
1890. Monstrilla rigida, Bourne. Quart. Journ. Micros. Science,
vol. 'xxx., pl, xxxvu., fia, 8,44, 12:
1892. Thaumaleus claparédii, Giesb., op. cit., pp. 381-385, taf.
46, fig. 5, 15, 21, 26.
Description of the Female.-—Length of the specimen represented by
the drawing (fig. 15, pl. xiii.), 2°7 mm. (4 of an inch). The cephalothorax
is moderately stout, rather wider near the anterior end, and nearly twice as
long as the entire length of the remaining segments. The abdomen is
composed of two segments, the first is about one and a half times the
length of the last segment of the thorax, and the proximal half is more or
less dilated ; the second segment, which is smaller than the first, is
probably composed of two coalescent segments, as a slight constriction,
dividing the segment into two portions as shown by the drawing (fig. 15,
pl. xiii, and fig. 19, pl. xiv.), is observable in all the specimens examined,
The antennules are short and stout and appear to be four-jointed, the
first and third joints being very small (fig. 16, pl. xiii.).
Se ee
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 249
The fifth pair of thoracic feet are rather longer than broad, the
terminal portion being distinctly small and wider than the proximal
half; each foot carries three moderately long apical sete, as shown in
the drawing (fig. 17, pl. xiii.). ;
The fureal joints, which are of moderate length, are each furnished
with three sete (fig. 19, pl. xiv.).
Habitat.—Mauchrie Bay, Arran, Firth of Clyde, September 17, 1886.
St. Andrews Bay, August 7, and off St. Monans, Firth of Forth,
September 6, 1890. Dornoch Firth (Moray Firth district), July 30,
1895, Whitefarland Bay, Arran, Firth of Clyde, July 6, and between
Arran and the Ayrshire coast, November 9, 1899. All the specimens
obtained were females,
Remarks.—I have adopted I. C. Thompson’s name for this form in
preference to that of Dr, Giesbrecht, as I am convinced, after examining
a number of individuals and comparing them with the descriptions and
figures of Thompson and Bourne, that Thawmaleus rigidus (I. C.
Thompson) and 7. claparedii are identical. The antennules of the
female in both are short and stout, and although Thompson’s figure
indicates a greater number of articulations than is observed in 7. claparédit,
this may be due perhaps to certain constrictions having been mistaken for
joints ; but what I rely on chiefly is the structure of the abdomen and the
form and armature of the fifth pair of thoracic legs of the female, which,
so far as they are represented by both Thompson’s and Bourne’s figures,
are practically the same as the similar parts of 7. claparedii represented
by the drawings of Dr. Giesbrecht.
Thaumaleus zetlandicus, T. Scott, sp.n. Pl. xiii, fig. 18, 19; pl. xiv.,
fig, 20-22; pl. xv., fig. 3, 4.
Description of the Female.—Body moderately stout and elongated ;
length of the specimen represented by the drawing (fig. 18, pl. i1.), 4°8 mm.
(nearly + of an inch). The cephalothoracic segment is about one and a
half times the entire length of the remaining segments of the thorax and
abdomen.
The abdomen is composed of three segments; the first segment is
distinctly larger than the last segment of the thorax and about twice the
entire length of the next two abdominal segments ; these two segments are
sub-equal, but the second is slightly the longer of the two (fig. 22, pl. xiv.).
The antennules, which are short and moderately stout, are composed of
four joints; the first and third joints are smaller than the others, while
the end joint is about equal to the entire length of the other three
(fig. 20, pl. xiv.).
The fifth pair of thoracic feet are short and broadly foliaceous and
terminate in two broad rounded sub-equal lobes, the outer one of which
is provided with three moderately long sete; the inner lobes do not
appear to carry any sete (fig. 21, pl. xiv.).
A male belonging apparently to the same species as the female
described above is considerably smaller than it, and the cephalothoracic
segment is only slightly longer than the combined lengths of the other
thoracic segments (fig. 19, pl. xiii.). The length of this male, which is
represented by the drawing just referred to, is 2°6 mm. (or nearly +4; of
an inch). The antennules are five-jointed and longer than those of the
female (fig. 3, pl. xv.); the abdomen appears to consist of four segments,
the first two are sub-equal and are each distinctly smaller than the last
segment of the thorax, while the last two are together only a little
longer than the preceding segment. ‘The number of furcal hairs is the
same as in the female (fig. 2, pl. xv.).
Hatitat.—Lerwick Harbour, Shetland, October 15, 1901.
200 Part L11.—Twenty-second Annual Report
Remarks,—The more obvious characters by which this species may be
distinguished are: the structure and lengths of the female antennules, the
three-segmented abdomen, together with the proportional difference in the
size of the first segment with the preceding segment of the thorax and
the other two abdominal segments ; and lastly, the peculiar form of the
fifth pair of thoracic feet, as indicated by the various figures.
Thaumaleus rostratus, T. Scott, sp. nu. Pl. xiv., fig. 5-8.
Description of the Female.—The length of the specimen represented by
the drawing (fig. 5) is 39 mm. (about 2, of an inch); the first
cephalothoracic segment is moderately stout, tapering gradually in front
into a blunt pointed rostrum; while posteriorly the body becomes
gradually narrower towards the distal extremity (fig. 5, pl. xiv.).
The abdomen is composed of three segments; the first segment is as
large as the next two together, but the second is very small.
Each of the furcal joints is provided with three sete of moderate
lengths, arranged as shown in the drawing (fig. 8, pl. xiv.).
Antennules short and moderately stout, four-jointed and sparingly
setiferous ; the first and third joints are small, the second is about one
and a half times the length of the third, while the last is equal to the
entire length of the other three joints (fig. 6, pl. xiv.).
The fifth pair of thoracic feet are short and foliaceous, and each
terminates in two unequal lobes; the outer lobe, which is narrower than
the inner and projects somewhat beyond it, is furnished with three
moderately long sete; the inner lobe is broadly rounded and provided
with a single seta (fig. 7, pl. xiv.).
Halitat,—Lerwick Harbour, Shetland, October 15, 1901. Three or
four specimens were obtained, all of which were females.
Remarks.—The form just described is readily distinguished by the
produced forehead and by the form and armature of the fifth pair of
thoracic feet.
Fam. CHoniosToMATIDz&, Hansen (1887).
Genus Stenothocheres, Hansen (1897).
Stenothocheres egregius, H, J. Hansen. PI. xv., fig. 5-10.
1897. Stenothocheres egregius, Hansen, The Choniostomatide,
p. 89, pl. i., fig. 1 a-e.
The Spheronella-like form which I ascribe to Stenothocheres egregius
was obtained in the marsupium of MMetopa borealis, G. O. Sars, The
female represented by the drawing (fig. 5) measured about °68 mm. in
length (nearly 1, of an inch) ; the body was almost spheerical in shape,
but was rather longer than the height.
The antennules are small (fig. 7), and the end joint, which is furnished
with two moderately long spine-like terminal sete, is about one and a
half times as long as the preceding one.
The antennze are very minute and composed of two sub-equal joints,
and they are each armed with a comparatively stout terminal spine (fig. 8).
The maxillipeds were damaged while being removed for the purpose
of mounting, but the second pair, so far as they could be made out,
appear to be moderately strong with stout terminal claws as indicated in
figure 6. :
The first pair of feet, though very small, are comparatively stout and
two-branched, and both branches appear to be two-jointed ; the inner
branches are furnished with three apical spines, the middle one being
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 251
moderately elongated, while the other two are short; the outer branches,
on the other hand, are provided with one terminal spine which is
moderately stout (fig. 9).
The second pair appear to be more slender than the first, and the inner
branches are only one-jointed and bear a single moderately long apical
spine ; the outer branches, which are two-jointed, are only armed with a
very short spine at the apex (fig. 10).
The abdomen is very small and provided with two furcal joints which
bear a few minute sete.
The Amphipod on which the parasite was observed occurred in a
surface tow-net gathering collected in Aberdeen Bay on October 16, 12903.
The parasite agrees very closely with the description and drawings of
S. egregius, Haneen, as given in that author's Monograph of the
Choniostomatide: referred to above, and therefore, though the Amphipod
on which it was found (detopa borealis, G0: Sars) is a different species
from that mentioned by Dr. Hansen as the host S. egregius, I am
satisfied that the parasite I have described belongs to that species.
The Amphipod on which Dr. Hansen obtained his specimens of
S. egregius belonged to Metopa bruzelii (Goés.),
Spheeronella paradoxa, H. J. Hansen, Pi. xv., fig. 17-19.
1897. Spheronella paradova, Hansen, The Choniostomatide,
p. E18, pl. ui, fig: 4 a-1> pl) tv., fig. 1 ah:
The female of this Sphwronel/la represented by the drawing (figs. 16
and 17) is smaller than those described by Dr. Hansen, being only °57 mm.,
whereas the smallest of the specimens mentioned by that author was
‘71mm. But with the exception of the difference in size the specimen
recorded here agrees very well with the species to which it is referred.
The specimen was found in the marsupium of Bathyporeia pelagica
(Bate). The figure representing a side view of the parasite shows the
posterior thread-like attachment considerably twisted upon itself and
terminating in a sucker disc; the only other appendages visible are at
the anterior end, and comprise a pair of antennules and a pair of powerful
maxillipeds.
Six specimens of Bathyporcia were found to be infested with
Spheronella, and all the parasites observed appeared to be adult females,
The body of the female, represented by the drawings, is seen to be nearly
globular, particularly when viewed from above.
The antennules are three-jointed, the end joint being the longest one
and the penultimate joint the smallest; they are each provided with a
few sete (fig. 18).
The maxillipeds (fig. 19) appear also to be three-jointed; the first
joint is very large, but the other two are smaller; the third is armed
with a moderately stout terminal claw, and as the articulation between
the first and second joints forms a hinge, the last two joints, together
with the terminal claw, can be folded upon the first, and this allows the
maxillipeds to be used as powerful grasping organs.
No males were observed.
Habitat.—In the marsupium of Bathyporeia pelagica (Spence Bate),
collected off Lossiemouth, Moray Firth, December 29, 1903.
Spheronella minuta, T. Scott, sp. n. Pl. xv., fig. 11-15.
An adult Sphweronella was obtained in the marsupium of a specimen
of Pertoculodes longimanus (Spence Bate) from the Dornoch Firth,
collected by the bottom tow-net on December 28, 1903. Dorsal and side
views of the specimen are “epesee by fig. 12, 11. The length of the
specimen is ‘48 mm. (about =, of an inch).
252 Part I[I.—Twenty-second Annual Report
The antennules appear to be three-jointed; the first joint is nearly
twice as long as the second, while the third is equal to rather more than
the entire length of the first and second (fig. 13).
The first maxillipeds are very small, and consist of a single stout joint
armed with a moderately strong terminal claw (fig. 14).
The second maxillipeds are rather more slender and elongated than the
other pair; the basal joint is twice as long as broad; the next two are
small and narrow, and appear to be hinged to the basal joint; the
terminal claw, which is moderately stout, is slightly curved (fig. 15).
Dr. Hansen states that he obtained female Spheronellas in the
marsupiums of three specimens of Perioculodes longimanus from
Denmark, and that they appeared to be identical with S. paradoxa, the
only appreciable difference being their smaller size. Dr. Hansen’s exten-
sive knowledge of this curious and difficult group of Crustacea precludes
any doubt concerning the accuracy of the identification of these specimens.
Iam therefore inclined to regard the Spheronella found on the Perioculodes
from the Dornoch Firth as a somewhat different form from those he
observed, and have described it provisionally under a distinct specific name.
This Spheronella from the Dornoch Firth Perioculodes appears to
differ not only in size and shape from S. paradoxa, but also in the size
and proportional lengths of the joints of the antennules and in the size
and structure of the second maxillipeds.
Spheronella callisome, T, Scott, sp. n. Pl. xv., fig. 20-27.
The Spheronella I record under this name was obtained on a specimen
of Callisoma crenata (Spence Bate) collected at the mouth of the Firth
of Clyde on February 7, 1899. The parasite is an adult female and
measured ‘86 mm. in length (= 4 of an inch). The body seen from
above is nearly globular, and the cephalon is seen projecting somewhat
beyond the anterior aspect in the form of a moderately conspicuous
tubercle (fig. 21). Seen from the side the body is broadly oblong, with
both the anterior and posterior ends boldly convex. The anterior portion
of the body appears to be thickly beset with minute hairs (fig. 20 and 21).
The antennules are three-jointed; the middle joint is very short, but
the other two are moderately elongated (fig. 22).
The antenne are very small and uniarticulate, and are each furnished
with a single terminal seta about as long as the antennal joint (fig. 23),
The mandibles are slender, elongated, and sub-cylindrical (fig. 24).
The maxille are stout, and are each apparently composed of a single
piece, and armed with two modefately stout terminal sete, while a third
seta springs from a minute lateral process, as shown in the drawing (fig. 25).
The first and second maxillipeds have each of them moderately stout
basal joints, and they are each provided with strong terminal claws
(fig. 26, 27). ;
The ventral filament, which is furnished with a terminal sucker-like
disc, is long and slender, and twisted upon itself as shown in fig 20.
This Spheronella does not agree with any described species known to
me.
Spheronella cluthev, T. Scott, sp. n. Pl. xv., fig. 28-30.
A single adult female of this Spheronella was obtained in the
marsupium of a specimen of Harpinia pectinata, G. O. Sars,* found in a _
tow-net gathering collected in moderately deep water at the mouth of the
Clyde estuary, and nearly midway between Ailsa Craig and Sanda
Island ; this tow-net gathering was collected on November 14, 1899.
* Some remarks on the distribution of this Harpinia will be found among the Notes
on Amphipoda at page 256
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 253
This parasite, which appears to differ from any other Spheronella
known to me, measures ‘74 mm. in length (about 34, of aninch). Its form
is almost globular, especially the dorsal view, but seen from the side the
height is rather less than the width (fig. 28, 29).
The only appendages that could be satisfactorily made out were the
second maxillipeds, and these are moderately elongated and slender, and
are each provided with a slender terminal claw (fig. 30).
There does not appear to be any previous record of a Spheronella
having been found on Harpinia pectinata.
Spheronella pygmea, T. Scott, sp. n. Pl. xv., fig. 31-34.
The adult female of this species represented by the drawings (fig. 31
and 32), whether viewed dorsally or from the side, is seen to be of a
nearly oval form, the length being equal to about one and a half times
the breadth. This parasite, which is very small, measures only -49 mm.
in length (about J, of an inch).
The antennules and antenne appear to be rudimentary, while the only
appendages of which a satisfactory examination was made were the first
and second maxillipeds represented by the drawings (fig. 33, 34).
The first maxillipeds, which are very small and uniarticulate, are armed
with a moderately stout terminal claw (fig. 33).
The second maxillipeds are elongated and three-jointed; the inner
distal angle of the first joint is produced so as to form a small bifid
projection ; the first and second joints are sub-equal in length; the third
is small and narrow, and bears a somewhat feeble terminal claw (fig. 34).
Habitat.—This small Sphwronella was obtained in the marsupium of a
specimen of Pseudocuma similis, G. O. Sars. No males or post-larval
females were observed.
There does not appear to be any previous record of a Spheronella
from this species of Pseudocuma.
Spheronella amphilocht, H. J. Hansen. PI. xv., fig. 35, 36.
1897. Spheronella amphilochi, H. J. H., op. cit., p. 139, pl. vii,
fig. 3 a and b.
The Spheronellu I record under this name was found in the marsupium
of Amphilochoides odontonyx (Boeck) (= Amphilochoides pusillus, G. O.
Sars).* The specimen represented by the drawing (fig. 35) is a young
female, and as Dr. Hansen has only described the adult form of the
species from a solitary example, a satisfactory comparison between our
specimen and his description and figures could not be made. Dr,
Hansen’s specimen was, however, found on the same species of Amphipod,
and this favours the identification of the two parasites as being the old
and young females of the same species. The young female I am
recording measured only ‘14 mm, in length (about ;+, of an inch), but
the size of the adult described by Dr. Hansen was ‘54 mm.
A speciinen which appeared to be an adult female was taken from the
marsupium of the same Amphipod in which the young one now recorded
was obtained, but it was somehow lost ere it could be thoroughly
examined and figured.
The posterior part of the body of the young female is distinctly hispid,
and the thoracic legs were furnished with long and slender terminal hairs,
as shown in fig. 35. Near the middle of the dorsal aspect a number of
slender bristles were observed.
* Crustacea of Norway, vol. i. (Amphipoda), p. 222. See also the supplement to the
‘volume, p. 690, where the author restores Boeck’s name, A. odontonyx, for the name used
in the body of the work.
254 Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
The second maxillipeds were moderately powerful, but the other
appendages were smaller and weaker.
As this young female agrees with none of the other young forms
described by Dr. Hansen, I prefer for the present to regard it as the post
larval stage of his Spheronella amphilocht.
As a list of the genera and species of the Choniostomatide described
by Dr. H. J. Hansen in his interesting work on that curious group of
parasitic Copepoda may be useful, I give it here. To this list I have
added the few odd forms mentioned in the preceding notes, and one or
two others recorded in previous Reports. The names of the hosts on
which the parasites have been obtained are also given, and I have indicated
by an asterisk (*) such of the species as up till now have been observed
in Scottish waters. This will show how much room still remains for
further research among these minute organisms.
The names of the parasites are arranged in alphabetical order on the
left-hand side of the page, while the names of the hosts on which they have
been found are placed immediately opposite.
Names of the Parasites. Names of the Hosts.
Gen. Aspidoecia. Erythrops elegans, G. O. Sars;
*Aspidoecia normant, Giard and E. serrata, G. O. Sars; £. ery-
Bonnier. throphthalmus (Goés.); 4.
microphthalmus, G. O. Sars ;
and F. abyssorum, G. O. Sars.
Gen. Choniostoma.
Choniostoma hanseni, Giard and | Hippolyte gaimardi, M.-Edw. and
Bonnier. H. polaris (Sabine).
Choniostoma mirabilis, H. J. 5 gaimardu, M.-Edw.
Hansen.
Gen. Homeoscelus.
Homeoscelus mediterranea, | Iphinoé trispinosa (Goodsir).
ve Wr fee cE
Homeoscelus minuta, H. J. H. Diastylis lucifera (Kroyer).
Gen. Mysidion.
Mysidion abyssorum, H. J. H. Erythrops abyssorum, G. O. Sars.
a commune, H. J. H. Erythrops serrata, G. O. S.; £.
abyssorum, G. O.S.; and Par-
erythrops obesa, G. O. 8.
Gen. Spheronella, H. J. H.
(a) Spheeronellas pajrasitic on Amphipoda.
Spheronella abyssi, H. J. H. Astyra abyssi, Boeck.
acanthozonis, H.J.H.| Acanthozone cuspidata (Lepech.).
amphilochi, H. J. H. | Amphilochoides odontonyx (Boeck).
‘ (=Amphilochoides pusillus, G.
O. Sars).
a antillensis, H. J. H. | Corophiwm bonelui, M.-Edw.
if argisse, H. J. H. Argissa hamatipes, Norman (=A.
typica, Boeck).
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
Names of the Parasites.
Spheronella atyli, H. J. H.
i bonnieri, HPs
. caliopit, H. J.
callisomee, Abe Scott.
th capensis, H. J. H.
a chinensis, H. J. H.
cluthe, T. Scott.
fs danica, 15 (06 [eA a ld
3 dulichie, H. J. H.
¥ elegantula, H. J. H.
. Jrontalis, H. J. H.
i giardu, H. J. H.
- gitanopsidis, H.J.H.
5 holbolli, H. J. H.
Pe intermedia, H. J. H.
nf irregularis, H. J. H.
i leptochetra, H. J. H.
i longipes, H. J. H.
“ messinensis, H. J. H.
r metope, H. J. H.
5 microcephala, Giard
and Bonnier.
minuta, T. Scott.
paradoxa, H. J. H.
za vestita, Hi. J. H.
255
.
Names of the Hosts.
Paratylus swammerdami(M.-Edw.).
Protomedia fasciata, Kroyer.
Calliopius laviusculus (Kroyer).
Callisoma crenata, Spence Bate.
Lemboides afer, Stebbing.
Corophium bonellit, M.-Edw.
Harpinia pectinata, G. O. Sars.
Corophium crassicorne (Bruz.).
Dulichia monocantha, Metzger.
Chetrocrates sundewalli (Rathke).
Am~pelisca macrocephala, Lill}.
Protomedia fasciata, Kroyer.
Gitanopsis arctica, G. O. Sars.
Paramphithoé boeckit, H. J. H.
Bruzelia typica, Boeck.
Metopa rubrovittata, G. O. Sars.
Leptocheirus guttatus, Grube.
Ampelisca tenuicornis, Lillj.
Gammaropsis melanops, G. O. Sars.
Metopa bruzelit (Goés.).
Ampelisca typica, Spence Bate.
Perioculodes longimanus (Spence
Bate).
Bathyporeia norvegica, G. O. Sars ;
B. pelagica (Bate); and B.
robertsoni (Bate).
Microprotopus maculatus, Norman.
(b) Spheronellas plarasitic on Isopoda.
Spheronella affinis, H. J. H.
53 curtipes, H. J. H.
Janira maculosa, Leach.
5 spinosa, Harger.*
5 munnopsilis,H.J.H.| Munnopsis typica, M. Sars.
(c) Spheronellas plarasitic on Sympoda.
Spheronella decorata, H. J. H.
A dispar, tJ. EX,
5 insignis, H. J. H.
es marginata, H. J. H.
es modesta, H. J. H.
pygmea, 'T. Scott.
Gen. Stenothocheres, H. J. H.
*Stenothocheres egregius, H. J. H.
‘ SarS0, eis J) sk,
Gen. Salenskya, Giard and Bonnier.
*Salenskya
Bonnier.
tuberosa, Giard and
Diastylis rathkei, Kroyer. ©
Hudorella truncatula (Spence Bate).
Dastylis cornuta, Boeck ; and D.
rostratus, Goodsir (=D. levis
Norman).
Iphinoé trispinosa (Goodsir).
Eudorella emarginata (Kroyer).
Pseudocuma similis, G. O. Sars.
Metopa bruzella (Goés), and
Metopa borealis, G. O. Sars.
Stenothoé marina, Spence Bate.
Ampelisca spinipes, Boeck.
256 Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
AMPHIPODA.
The following notes on some species belonging to the Amphipoda and
one or two other groups of the Malocostraca obtained in plankton—
samples collected during the investigations recently carried out by Dr.
T. Wemyss Fulton in the North Sea and the Moray Firth—may be of
interest.
Hyperia medusarum (O. F. Muller). This species, which appears to
have a decidedly northern and Arctic distribution, and of which there is
so far no authentic British record, was obtained in a surface plankton-
sample collected about 180 to 185 miles east by north of Aberdeen on
October 8th, 1903. One or two full-grown females and several young
specimens were noticed. In the same gatherings there were observed
Clione borealis and Limacina retroversa—two northern Pteropods—as
well as Tryphosa nanoides, Hoplonyx cicada, and some other and
commoner forms.
Tryphana malmi, Boeck. This curious and brightly coloured little
Amphipod occurred in a surface gathering collected off the Ord of Caith-
ness, Moray Firth, on November 21st, and in a bottom gathering collected
off Lossiemouth on December 29th, 1903. This is the first time I have
met with 7ryphana so close to the Scottish north-east coast, but the Rev.
Canon A. M. Norman records its occurrence at Banff, whence specimens
were sent to him many years ago by Thomas Edward,* Professor G. O.
Sars in his great work on the Crustacea of Norway records this species
from three different places on the west coast of Norway, and only from
deep water ; he states further that Boeck also obtained it in deep water
in Hardangerfjord.t The only other localities which Norman gives in
his note on the distribution of the species are the Faroe Isles and North
Atlantic, lat. 18° 8’, long. 30° 5’ W. (Stebbing). Zryphana malmi may,
however, be less rare than the apparent dearth of information concerning
its distribution would seem to imply. I have obtained it in at least two
plankton-samples from the Shetland Islands, in addition to the two
mentioned above.t
Anonyx nugax (Phipps). This species, rarely met with in the British
seas, was captured in Aberdeen Bay on December 23rd, 1903. The species
was taken for the first time in Scottish waters in February, 1889 ; on
that occasion it was obtained near May Island, at the mouth of the Forth
estuary.§ It was again met with in January, 1901, in the Cromarty
Firth, when specimens collected on the 10th of that month by Mr. F. G.
Pearcey were forwarded to the Fishery Board’s Laboratory at Bay of
Nigg, near Aberdeen, || and the present record of its occurrence in
Aberdeen Bay is the only other occasion on which it has been observed
off the east coast of Scotland. None of the Scottish specimens of
Anonyx nugax have attained to anything like the size of some Arctic
examples,
Hoplonyx cicada (Fabricius). This species, which, like the last, is
also a northern form, has already been referred to in the note on Hyperia
* British Amphipoda of the Tribe Hyperiide, &c., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), vol.
v., p. 183 (January 1900).
+ Crustacea of Norway, vol. i., Amphipoda, p. 18. —
+ Conseil permanent International pour l’exploration de la Mer; Bull. des Results,
Pt. D., for August, 1903, pp. 44-47.
§ Eleventh Ann. Rept. of the Fishery Board for Scotland, Part III., p. 212, pl. v., fig.
18-20 (1893).
|| Nineteenth Ann. Rept. of the Fishery Board for Scotland, Pt. III., p. 258 (1901).
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 207
medusarum ; but the largest specimen observed in the collections under
consideration was obtained in the same gathering with Anonyx nugax,
from Aberdeen Bay. Though the species appears to be widely distributed
along the west side of the British Islands, the records of its occurrence on
the east coast of Scotland appear to be very few, and its presence in
Aberdeen Bay is all the more interesting.
It may be stated that the gathering from Aberdeen Bay collected on
December 23rd, 1903, contained a considerable number of other species
of Amphipoda besides the two I have specially mentioned, and the names
of the following may be given, Acidostoma obesum, Tryphosa longipes,
dmpelisca spinipes, Iphimedea minuta, and one or two fine specimens of
Amathilla homart. Specimens of Diastylis rostrata and Striella armata
were also observed.
Harpinia pectinata, G. O. Sars. The occurrence of the single specimen
of Harpinia pectinata already mentioned in connection with Spheronella
cluthce, whose host it was, is of sufficient interest to be specially referred
to in these notes. ‘The only stations that may be considered as within
the British limits where this species has hitherto been observed ‘‘ are all to
the west of Ireland and between Ireland and Rockall.”* Its capture at
the mouth of the Clyde estuary may be an indication that it may be
found in other places when carefully sought for. H. pectinata, which
seems to be confined to moderately deep water, is a form that may easily
be mistaken for a more common species, the characters by which it is
distinguished being not easily made out without dissection. Professor
G. O. Sars speaks of it as being “by no means rare” off the south and
west coasts of Norway and occurring, asa rule, in company with /7/.
neglecta. The Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing has seen the Clyde specimen and
confirms my ideutification.
Metopa borealis, G. O. Sars. The occurrence of this species in
Aberdeen Bay has already been referred to under the Choniostomatide
as one of the hosts of Stenothocheres egregius. Metopa borealis, like M.
aldert and one or two other members of the same genus, has an unarmed
telson, but with the assistance of Professor G. O. Sars’ excellent mono-
graph, 1t need not be confounded with any of the other species referred
to. M. borealis is a northern form, but appears to have a fairly wide
distribution ; it is one of the rarer forms recorded by Dr. Robertson from
the Hirth of Clyde.
Paratylus falcatus, Metzger. One or two specimens of Paratylus
falcatus were obtained in a tow-net gathering collected in the Dornoch
Firth on December 26th, 1903. Though this Paratylus bears a strong
resemblance to P. uncinatus, G. O. Sars, the tooth-like posterior projec-
tions of the segments of the metasome on the dorsal aspect readily
distinguish it. I have found both forms in Scottish waters, but neither
of them very common.
Megaluropus agilis, Norman. This somewhat curious species, readily
distinguished by the peculiar form of the eyes, was obtained in a bottom
plankton-sample collected on December 29th about three miles off
Lossiemouth, Moray Firth.
ISOPODA.
Idothea neglecta, G.O. Sars. Professor G. O. Sars in his great work on
the Crustacea of Norway, now in course of publication, has in Volume II.
* British Amphipoda, by Rev. A. M. Norman; Ann. and Mag. Nut. HWist., (7), vol.
v., p. 387 (April, 1900),
R
258 Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
(Isopoda) described as distinct species one or two forms which previously
have apparently been included with the Isopod known as J/dotea tricuspt-
data, which was in consequence considered to bea variable species. One of
the forms referred to, which Professor Sars has raised to specific rank is
named by him Jdothea neglecta,* and he states concerning it that it
“occurs along the whole Norwegian coast from Christiania Fjord to Vadso,
and is often found in great abundance among decaying alge in depths
ranging from six to twenty fathoms.” This form is probably not un-
common round the coasts of Scotland, and is, I think, included among
the varieties of ‘/dotea tricuspidata’ described in Bate and Westwood’s
Sessile-eyed Crustacea.t Idothea neglecta appears to be moderately
frequent in some parts of the Clyde estuary ; my friend Mr. Alexander
Patience of Glasgow, who first directed my attention to its occurrence in
the Clyde, has obtained a considerable number of specimens, which he has
been kind enough to let me examine, and there are several specimens in
the collection in the Fishery Board’s Laboratory, Bay of Nigg, which are
also from the Clyde district. The average size of the male of this Jdothea
is stated by Sars to be 25 millimetres in length (=1 inch). One of the
specimens in the Laboratory is, however, much larger than that, being 33
millimetres, while others in the same collection measure 28, 27, 25, and
20 millimetres. The female is much smaller than the male, its average
size being, according to Sars, only 16 millimetres. All the specimens in
the Laboratory have been collected in different parts of upper Loch Fyne
during 1897 and 1899.
Idothea neglecta has not yet been recorded from the east coast of
Scotland.
SYMPODA.
Eudorellopsis deformis (Kroyer). This curious little species was
obtained in a plankton-sample collected by the s.s. “ Glenogle” about
fifty miles to the eastward of the May Island, Firth of Forth, on August
20th, 1903 ; the species has been observed in various other localities, but
very sparingly and usually in moderately deep water.
Pseudocuma similis, G. O. Sars. This species has already been referred
to as the host of Sphwronella pygmea under the Choniostomatide ; a
few specimens occurred in a plankton-sample collected in moderately deep
water about three miles off Lossiemouth, in the Moray Firth, on December
29th, 1903. Pseudocuma similis resembles the more common P. cercaria
very closely, and this may be the reason it has only recently been
recognised as a British species.
A considerable number of other microcrustaceans, more or less interest-
ing, have been noticed in various plankton-samples collected during the
recent fishery investigations carried out under the direction of Dr, Fulton
in the North Sea and Moray Firth. These may be described in a sub-
sequent paper dealing more generally with that group of marine organisms.
I take this opportunity to substitute other generic names in room
of two that have recently been adopted for certain forms of Copepoda,
but which I now find to be pre-occupied.
(a). Genus Platypsyllus, T, Scott, Z’wentieth Report of the Fishery
Board for Scotland (1902), Pt. IIL, p. 455. I find that Platypsyllus
was used in 1869 both by Dr. Ritsema and Professor Westwood for a
* Crustacea of Norway, vol. ii., p. 84., pl, xxxv, fig. 1.
+ British Sessile-eyed Crustacea, vol. ii., p. 381, text figs.
bey bef oe oe
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
259
genus of Coleoptera, its use by me for a genus of Copepoda must therefore
apse, and the name I propose to substitute for it is Jeanella, the diminu-
ive of the proper name Jean.
(6) Genus Paranthessius, T. Scott, Twenty-first Report of the Fishery
Board for Scotland (1903), Pt. TL{I., p. 120. This name has already
been used by Professor Claus for a genus of Copepoda different from that
described in the Report mentioned, and it must therefore be replaced by
another, and the name I propose to substitute for it is Heteranthessius.
Rigg 1:
Fig. 2.
Hig. 3.
Fig. 4.
Hig. ..5:
Fig. 6.
Big: >. 7.
Fig. 8
ie 9
Fig. 10
Hig. 1)
Fig. 12
Fig. 13.
Fig. 14.
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Bigs 17
Fig. 18
Big. 19
Fig. 1
Hig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.
PEATE OXI:
Monsirilla longicornis, I. C. Thompson,
Female, dorsal view
Male, dorsal view
Antennule, female 5
Fifth pair of thoracic feet, female
Abdomen and caudal furca, female
Antennule, male
Abdomen and caudal furca, male, ventral aspect
Monstrilla gracilicauda, Giesbrecht.
. Female, dorsal view
. Antennule, female :
' Abdomen and caudal furea, female,
Monstrilla grandis, Giesbrecht.
. Female, dorsal view
. Male, dorsal view
Monstrilla anglica, Lubbock.
Female, dorsal view
Monstrilla dubia, T. Scott, sp. n,
Female, dorsal view
*
Thaumaleus rigidus, I, C. Thompson.
. Female, dorsal view
. Antennule, female
. Fifth pair of thoracic feet, female
Thaumaleus zetlandicus, T. Scott, sp. n.
. Female, dorsal view
. Male, dorsal view
PLATE XIV.
Thaumaleus thompsoni, Giesbrecht.
. Female, dorsal view
; Antennule, female
. Fifth pair of thoracic feet, female 5
. Abdomen and caudal furca, female : :
Diam.
<n Gcb:
SD:
x 40.
Sn oer
x 80.
x 153:
x 80.
SGiuuieboe
COs
nO:
OG.
Pe
x, 22]
eed ee
east 5)3
x 530;
x: 136:
nes
Sus NOR
earl | a
x 279:
x “79:
x 97.
260
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
COIS 1
15.
19.
He OO
Part ITI.—Twenty-second Annual Report
Thaumaleus rostratus, T. Scott, sp. n.
. Female, dorsal view
: Antennule, female
. Fifth pair of thoracic feet, female
. Abdomen and caudal furca, female
Monstrilla grandis, Giesbrecht.
. Antennule, female
. Fifth pair of thoracic feet, female
. Abdomen and caudal furca, female
Monstrilla anglica, Lubbock.
. Antennule, female
. Fifth pair of thoracic feet, female
. Abdomen and caudal furca, female
Monstrilla gracilicauda, Giesbrecht.
Fifth pair of thoracic feet, female
Monstrilla dubia, T. Scott, sp. n.
j Antennule, female
. Fifth pair of thoracic feet, female
. Abdomen and caudal furca, female
Thawmaleus rigidus, I. C. Thompson.
Abdomen and caudal furca, female
Thaumaleus zetlandicus, T. Scott, sp. n.
. Antennule, female
. Fifth pair of thoracic feet, female
. Abdomen and caudal furca, female
PEATE XV.
Monstrilla grandis, Giesbrecht.
. Antennule, male ,
. Abdomen and caudal furca, female
Thaumaleus zetlandicus, T. Scott, sp. n.
. Antennule, male.
. Abdomen and caudal furca, male
Stenothocheres egregius, Han.
. Side view, female
. Dorsal view, female
. Antennule, female
. Antenna, female .
. Foot of first pair ;
. Foot of second pair 5
Spheronella minuta, T. Scott, sp. n.
. Female, side view
. Female, dorsal view
. Antennule
. First maxilliped .
. Second maxilliped
Diam.
x 2655.
mA TS
x 19;
x 78.
Ne ers
x 379:
re
Midas
Xam oe
x75
x Jaf:
x “64.
x 106.
‘Re
x 130.
x” “64.
x 79.
X79:
x Pope;
x 106.
ee TR
x eG:
x iar
Ki Gees
Kon le
xe 7S:
Xe dole
x 78.
x 106.
x 106.
x TSE.
x FSi.
x FSi.
PLATE XlIll.
a
<<
REPORT, 1904.
ENA
ai
, del. ad nat.
PLATE XIV.
sort, del. ad nat.
PLATE XV.
peter Po
ort, del. ad nat.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
- Fig
Fig
30.
36.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
Spheronella paradoxa, Han.
. Female, side view
. Female, dorsal view
. Antennule
- Maxilliped
Spheronella callisome, T. Scott, sp. n.
. Female, side view
. Female, dorsal view
. Antennule : :
. Antenna . : ; :
. Mandible.
. Maxilla :
. First maxilliped .
. Second maxilliped
Spheronella cluthwv, T. Scott, sp. n.
. Female, side view
. Female, dorsal view
. Second maxilliped
Spheronella pygmea, 'T. Scott, sp. n.
. Female, side view
. Female, dorsal view
. First Maxilliped
. Second Maxilliped
Spheronella amphilochi, Han.
Female, side view 3
Antennule of the same .
XX XXX X XK XK
x X X
PS ene mee
262 Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
V.— REPORT ON THE OPERATIONS AT THE MARINE
HATCHERY, BAY OF NIGG, ABERDEEN, By Dr. T.
Wemyss Fuuron, F.R.8S.E., Superintendent of Scientific
Investigations.
During the season of 1903 the operations on the hatching of plaice
were continued on a considerable scale as in previous years, and under
the same conditions as are described in preceding reports. It need only
be stated that the supply of fertilised eggs is obtained, not by stripping
the ripe fishes of their eggs and milt, as is done in some other marine
fish hatcheries, but by retaining the fishes from season to season in a
large tidal pond, feeding them, and at the spawning season simply
collecting the eggs from the water by appropriate means, and trans-
ferring them to the hatching apparatus. For this method, a large
retaining pond is necessary, and the one constructed at the Bay of
Nigg has answered its purpose admirably, the fishes remaining in it
throughout the year in good health and supplying their eggs at the
proper period with a minimum of trouble to the attendants, and with
good results in regard to the success of incubation. :
One of the consequences of this system which contrasts with the
condition at Dunbar, where the fishes were merely retained in the pond
for some time before the spawning began, is that spawning goes on for
a much longer time than used to be the case under the former system.
It begins earlier and may continue longer, the dates varying with the
temperature to some extent, but the extent of the season is always
greater. Thus at Dunbar the collection of eggs did not as a rule com-
mence till March, the principal reason being that the fishes had not had
time to become accustomed to their restraint in confinement after being
placed in the pond, and they retained their eggs instead of spawning in
a natural way, very often with fatal results, as described in previous
reports. In point of fact they did not spawn until they had become
accustomed to the conditions in which they were placed. The respective
dates for the beginning of the spawning at Dunbar and at the Bay of
Nigg are as follows :—
9th March to 8th May = _ 60 days
23rd March ,, 23rd May = 61 |,
Sth March - .; “8th Day == W6t oe
22nd February ,, llth May = 78 ,,
15th February , 7th May = 81 ,,
10th March ,, 29th April= 50_,,
10th March ,, Sth May == 56— |,
22nd January ,, 2ndMay = 100 ,,
8th February ,, 25th April= 76 ,,
23rd January ,, 16th May = 113 ,,
It will be observed that the mean duration of the spawning process
at Dunbar owing to this delay in its commencement was sixty-five days,
while at the Bay of Nigg the mean duration has been eighty-six days,
or twenty-one days longer. In the first season at the Bay of Nigg the
hatchery was not ready in time, and in the third season the beginning
of spawning was delayed by cold, though the termination, which was
of the Fishery Board for Scotland, 263
earlier than usual, was natural. The ordinary duration of the spawning
season of the plaice appears to be about the longer periods, extending
over three full months and part of other two—and the observation is of
some importance in fishery investigations.
Eggs were observed in small numbers a few days before the regular
collection began, and a few were found after the date when the collection
ceased. The total number of eggs secured from the pond by means of
tow-nets was about 65,940,000, the eges being measured in a vessel of
known capacity and the number thus estimated. Spawning took place
for the most part in March, the numbers of eggs secured in the various
months being as follows :—
January, - - - 240,000
February, - - - 11,840,000
March, - - - - 37,080,000
April, - - - : 15,900,000
May, - - - - 880,000
In some years the bulk of the spawning occurs in the early part of
April. On some mornings in March last year as much as five gallons
of eggs were taken from the pond. Of the number of eggs collected
81 per cent. were hatched, and the remainder succumbed at one stage
or another in the apparatus; there is reason to suspect that some of
the eggs which are lost in this way are not fertilised, a tendency having
been shown to economise the space in the pond by having in it an
unduly large proportion of females at the expense of the number of
males.
The estimated number of fry which were hatched and kept for a
period in the apparatus was 53,600,000, and they were afterwards
placed in the sea, most of them being liberated a few miles off Aberdeen,
by means of a fishing yawl. At the request of the line-fishermen
further up the coast a number were set free on three occasions oft
Fraserburgh, the total distributed there being about 16,000,000.
The particulars as to the distribution of the fry and the details as to
the numbers of eggs collected throughout the season are given in the
tables appended, which also show the variations in the temperature and
the specific gravity of the water in the spawning pond and on the
beach.
The number of fishes kept in the pond to act as the breeding stock
was as usual supplemented in autumn by others caught by means of
trawlers and brought alive to the hatchery in large tubs; for there is
always a certain amount of natural mortality among them, particularly
during the summer. The plaice, as hitherto, were fed on mussels, which
are usually removed from their shells, but are sometimes enly crushed.
The ponds and apparatus, which have been described in preceding
annual reports, continue to serve their purpose well, and the water
supply, both in regard to temperature, density, and purity, is very
suitable for the work. The only changes that have been made in the
arrangements consist in the removal of the water tumbling-box from
the inside of the hatchery, where it was served with the incoming water,
to the outside, where it is now operated by the out-flowing water. The
box is necessary to provide the motive power to the Dannevig hatching
apparatus, and it was found to interfere to some extent with the
pressure of the water to one side of the hatchery and thus to retard the
supply. Also by the fitting up of the tank-house for scientific experiments
it was found necessary to divert a portion of the water from the
reservoir tank for this purpose, and the change necessitated a little more
pumping early in the mornings.
264, Part III. —Twenty-second Annual Report
The question of attempting to rear the fry on a fairly large scale has
been considered. It not unfrequently happens that at the end of the
hatching season young metamorphosed plaice are found in some part of.
the apparatus, which have succeeded in passing the post-larval stages,
although it is not easy to get such forms when it is attempted to rear
them. The difficulty is in providing a supply of suitable food, and it is
proposed to utilise a tank to act as a receptacle for spawning inverte-
brates, so that the water, enriched with the embryos and larve may be
used to supply the young fishes.
For a few years the placing of the fry in Loch Fyne has been inter-
mitted, and they have been distributed, as described, along the coast of
Aberdeenshire. The reason for doing so is in order to enable observa-
tions as to the abundance of young plaice on the beaches in Loch Fyne
to be made under natural conditions, without artificially reared fry being
placed there in the same season, and the push-net examination of these
beaches is being continued each summer. ‘The fry were originally
taken to Loch Fyne without such observations having been made
beforehand, and there were therefore no data for comparing the abun-
dance of the young plaice in the years in which the fry were put into
the Loch. From the natural fluctuations which take place with fish
everywhere, it is obvious that it is desirable to have observations carried
on long enough to be able to distinguish one cause of fluctuation from
the other, just as in cases where the influence of a method of fishing, or
of stopping it, requires to be tested in the same way.
During the hatching season the hatchery was visited by deputations
of fishermen from the coast of Aberdeen, as in previous years, at the
request of the Technical Education Committee of the County Council,
and they received demonstrations as to the processes employed.
[ TABLES.
£0
domy
Jan.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
265
TABLE I.—Showing the Daily Progress of the Hatching Operations,
as well as the Temperature and the Specific Gravity of Water
in the Pond, and on the Beach.
Date.
20
21
22
25
24
25
26
27
28
CO OOM Oe ea Ota eH eee CO NS) ae bat
10
Nunber of an ber of Ni
Kegs
95 Fry
@dllected: found Dead i
in Boxes. put ou
60,000
40,000
20,000
40,000
40,000
40,000
120,000
40,000
120,000
280,000
40,000
200,000
60,000
400,000
200,000
320,000
160,000
320,000
200,000
80,000
480,000
560,000
480,000
600,000
800,000
120,000
260,000
ees umber of Total Stock
in Boxes. |
—_—_—_—__— | | LL |
60,000 f
100,000 |
120,000 |
160,000 |
200,000 f
240,000 :
240,000 §
360,000
400,000 |
520,000
800,000 |
730,000 |
980,000 |
980,000 |
1,380,000 |
1,580,000
1,820,000 |
1,980,000
2,300,000 |
2,500,000 |
2,500,000 |
2, 860,000
3,420,000
3,900,000
4,500,000
5,800,000
5,040,000
The Sea
Water in the j Water on the
Pond
at Noon.
iCemp./Sp. gr.flemp. \Sp. gr.
The Sea
Beach
at Noon.
'Cent f Cent.
31 | 27-2 | 4-2 | 27-2
3-8 | 97-2] 44 | 27-2
4-0 | 27-3 | 5-0 | 27°3
4-1 | 27-2 | 5-0 | 27-0
4-2 | 27-4 | 51 | 27-0
46 | 973] 5:3 | 27-1
53 | o72 4 5:5 | 27-2
5-4 | 97-2 | 5-4 | 27-0
53 | 27-3 4 5:3 | 27-0
55 | 97-4 | 5-4 | 27-1
56 | 273 | 5:2 | 27-0
4-2 | 97-2 | 5-0 | 27-0
4-1 | 27-3 | 5-0 | 27-9
42) o71 | 4-9 | 26-9
4-0 | 27-4 | 4:6 | 27-0
4-0 | 27:3] 51 | 274
4-4 | 27-1 | 4:8 | 27-3
4-6 | 27:2 | 5-0 | 27-0
a4] o72] 4-9 | 97-1
48 | 27-4 7 5-1 | 27-0
52 1273] 5:3 | o7-1
54 | 27:5 | 5-2 | 27-0
57 | 27-3 | 56 | 27-2
6-2 | 27:2 | 6-0 | 27-1
6-0 | 27:3 | 6-0 | 26-8
58 | 27-4 | 59 | 27-0
NS ag
266 Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
TABLE I.—continued.
The Sea The Sea
Neer at Water in the} Water on the
Number of Eggs Number of Total Stock ig oe
ries Collettea. HON Wee Rete Moo : 2
in Boxes.
Temp. |Sp. gr.fTemp. Sp. gr.
Cent Cent
Feb. 22} 1,320,000 6,360,000} 5°5 | 27°2 | 59 | 27:0
2s) 880,000 7,240,000] 4°8 | 27°3 | 5:7 | 270
5p) 24 320,000 7,560,000 4:4 | 27°2 | 54 | 27-1
», 25] 1,240,000 100,000 8,700,000} 4°6 | 27°3 7 5 27°0
soso 880,000 9,580,000} 4°4 | 27-4 | 5:3
5. ev |. 15960; 000 140,000 10,600,000} 4°5 | 27°2 | 5:0 | 27-2
4 28 720,000 11,320,000— 4°6 | 27:'2 | 5:1
Mar. 1 11,320,000} 4°8 | 27°3 | 5:0 | 27°0
» 2| 1,680,000 320,000 12,680,000 4°77 | 27°5 | 5:0 | 2771
1 CO]: 25200;000 18,880,000] 4:4 | 27°2 | 5:0 | 27-0
» 4} 1,040,000 14,920,000} 4°8 | 27:1 | 5:3 | 27°8
>» + D| 1,160;000 16,080,000 § 4°6 | 27:2 | 5:2 | 27:0
eg 0 980,000 380,000 16,680,000} 4°8 | 27°2 | 51 | 27-0
ee 960,000 220,000 17,420,000] 4°9 | 27°70 | 5:0 | 27-1
ee 17,420,000§ 5:0 | 27°4 | 5-1 | 27:0
55s LO) ee 205000 19,140,000] 4°8 | 27°3 | 5:1 | 27°9
», 10/ 1,600,000 480,000 20,260,000} 5:0 | 27°5 | 5:2 | 2771
55 21). 1)280,000 | , 21,540,000} 4°7 | 27:2 | 5:0 | 27-2
wale tee 960,000 270,000 22,230,000] 4:9 | 27-5 | Saie2z7 Zz
,, 13] 1,320,000 23,550,000] 5:1 | 27-4 § 5:3 | 27-0
», 14} 1,440,000 220,000 24,770,000f 5°3 | 27:4 | 5:3 | 27-1
eet 3) 24,770,000} 5:2 | 27°3 | 5:2 | 27:2
», 16| 2,000,000 330,000 | 4,000,000 | 22,440,000} 5:4 | 27-4 | 5:1 | 27:0
pe 22,440,000} 5:0 | 27:2 | 5:4 | 27:0
», 18] 2,360,000 360,000 24,440,000] 5:2 | 27-4 | 5:2 | 27°2
», 19} 1,160,000 260,000 25,340,000] 5:6 | 27:5 | 51 | 27-0
» 20] 1,200,000 460,000} 3,800,000 | 22,280,000 5:5 | 27°3 | 5:2 | 27°9
», 21} 2,060,000 24,340,000] 5:4 | 27:5 | 5:4 | 27:1
9» 22 360,000 23,980,000] 5:9 | 27°6 | 5:2 | 27°3
», 23} 3,500,000 400,000 97, 080,000} 6:2 | 27:4 | 5:4 | 27°4
», 24| 1,280,000 320,000 28,040,000] 6:0 | 27°3 | 5:8 | 27:2
» 291 1,520,000 220,000 29,340,000] 5°8 | 27:3 | 5:8 | 27:1
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 267
TABLE I,.—continued.
i The Sea The Sea
Number of | Number of | Number of Perea) Beach,
Date Pe ee load besa 2H lane | Sede
pln in Boxes; |) 2" OM
Temp. |Sp. gr.]Temp.|Sp. gr.
t Cent. Cent.
Mar.26| 1,220,000/ 260,000] 4,300,000} 26,0001 ... | ... |
,, 27| 1,240,000) — 320,000 i 26,920] 6-0 | 27-2 | 5:8 | 27°3
28 a 280,000 . | 26,640,000] 6-2 | 27-3.] 5-8 | 2771
,, 29| 1,960,000 © .. | 28,600,000} 6-4 | 27°5 | 5:8 | 27-2
580 cf 450,000 .. | 28,150,000] 6-3 | 27-4 | 5-9 | 27°5
,, 31| 2,240,000 340,000 . | 30,050,000] 6-1 | 27-2 | 6-0 | 27°3
April 1 by 2 4,000,000 | 26,050,000] 6-2 | 27-6} 5:8 | 27-4
, 2| 2,040,000) 420,000 .. | 27,670,0001 6-4 | 27-3 | 5:9 | 27°3
eS : 27,670,000} 6-1 | 27-1 } 6-2 | 27-0
, 4] 1,560,000) 520,000 | 28,710,000} 6-6 | 27-4 | 6-2 | 27-2
, 5! 1,040,000 £ .. | 27,750,000
mal? 280,000 | 6,000,000 | 23,470,000] 6-4 | 27-5 | 63 | 27-1
Pee he 4£0,000 . | 22,990,000) 6-1 | 27:3 | 6-2 | 27-4
, 8| 1,960,000| — 300,000 .. | 24,650,000} 6-4 | 27-6 | 6-2 | 27-3
, 9| 1,160,000 bis .. | 2,810,000] 7:0 | 273 | 66 | 27-2
,, 10| 560,000] 470,000 .. | 25,900,000] 7:2 | 27-4 | 6-8 | 27-0
,, 11] — 800,000 BY .. | 26,700,000] 6-8 | 27-7 | 66 | 27-3
,, 12] 720,000 2 | 27,420,004 7-0 | 27°8 | 6-4 | 27-0
BA 3 320,000 .. | 27,100,000| 6:8 | 27-6 | 6-4 | 27-4
,, 14} 1,220,000 2 . | 28,320 000] 65 | 27-4 | 6-1 | 27°8
, 15} 440,000| 280,000} 8,000,000 | 20,480,000] 6-0 | 27°5 | 6-0 | 27°3
pealG:) 1400;000'|> -2. .. | 20,880,000] 5:9 | 27-8 | 61 | 27-4
,, 17} 400,000} — 400,000 .. | 20,880,000] 5:4 | 27-4 | 6-0 | 27-2
13 20,880,000} 5:1 | 27-6 | 5:8 | 27-7
, 19| 800,000} 320,000 .. | 21,360,000} 5-0 | 27-3 | 5:8 | 27-4
,, 20} 440,000 is 4,400,000 | 17,400,000) 4:8 | 27-2 | 51 | 272
,, 21} 340,000) 240,000 .. | 17,500,000} 4-9 | 27-4
, 22} 400,000) 260,000 .. | 17,640,000] 5-0 | 27°3
, 23/ 400,000 of ... | 18,040,000
ee 18,040,000] 5:8 | 27-4 | 5:8 | 27-2
eos 340,000 .. | 17,700,000] 6-4 | 27-6 | 6-1 | 27-5
», 26| . 820,000 ee .. | 18,520,000] 6-6 | 27:5 | 6-4 | 27-3
268
Date.
April 27
Eggs Fry
Collected. teen ee put out.
180,000
160,000
400,000 7,300,000
400,000
160,000
300,000
5,500,000
60,000 140,000
60,000
60,000
4,300,000
40,000
20,000
2,000,000
———— ee ee eee
65,940,000 | 12,340,000 | 53,600,000
Totals,
Part I[I.—Twenty-second Annual Report
Number of N pa of Number of
TABLE I.—continued.
s
otal Stock
in Boxes.
18,340,000
18,340,000
18,180,000
11,281,000
11,281,000
11,281,000
11,680,000
11,520,000
11,820,000
11,820,000
6,320,000
6,320,000
6,320,000
6,240,000
6,240,000
6,180,000
6,240,000
1,940,000
1,980,000
2,000,000
The Sea The Sea
Water in the} Water on the
Pond Beach
at Noon. at Noon.
7°3
74
7‘2
76
17a,
7:2
74
76
73
7°8
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 269
TABLE 1I.—Showing particulars in connection with the
Distribution of Fry.
ee ese cues | scone
», 20} Three miles off Girdleness. Fair. 3,800,000
» 26] Off Aberdeen Bay, between three and 5°3° 4,300,000
four miles,
Acoril fe P|" tn eae Bay, three and a half miles 4,000,000
Ja 6 | Off Fraserburgh, two miles off Lighthouse. 56° 6,000,000
», 15) Off Fraserburgh, outside the breakwater. Sea rough. 8,000,000
,, 20} About two miles off Aberdeen. 59° 4,400,000
», 00} About three miles off Aberdeen. 7,300,000
May 7| Three and a half miles off Girdleness. Gi27 5,500,000
», 14}! About three and a half miles off Aberdeen dads, 4,300,000
Bay.
su Od ee el about two and a half miles ee Wind light, 2,000, 000
270 Part III. —Twenty-second Annual Report
VI.—ON THE POST-LARVAL AND EARLY YOUNG STAGES OF
THE WITCH (PLEURONECTES CYNOGLOSSUS, Lyn.)
By H. Cuas. Wriutamson, M.A., D.Sc., Marine Laboratory, Aber-
deen. (Plate XVI.)
A very complete series of post-larval and young witches has been
collected by Dr. Fulton and these he has handed to me for descrip-
tion.
This form is especially interesting in that it has a very long post-larval
period; it reaches a large size before it takes up a bottom habitat, 7.e.
before its transformation from a bilaterally symmetrical fish to a flat-fish.
Drawings of eight post-larval and two young stages are shown in
Plate XVI. Anextended and detailed description is not necessary, as
these serve sufficiently to indicate the general form and the arrangement
of the black pigmentation so far as the latter has survived preservation.
All of the specimens had been preserved in a solution of formaline in
seawater.
Cunningham* was the first to observe the larva of the witch, and
his description may be here incorporated. He says— ‘The larva is
not different from that of the other species of Pleuronectes ; its length is
3'9mm.; there is no pigment in the eye; a number of very minute points
are scattered down the sides.” About 48 hours after hatching, ‘the
length is now increased to5‘9mm. . . . . 3; the median fin-fold is
much wider; the eye is slightly pigmented, and pigment is largely
developed in the skin of the body ; the cutaneous chromatophores form five
well-marked transverse stripes arranged in longitudinal series along the
sides, three of them on the tail, are in the region of the rectum, and one
about the pectoral fin.”
Holt? gives a more detailed account of the larva and early post-larva.
The additional particulars which he furnishes are the following :—The
larva, hatched from an egg captured in the sea, ‘had pigment of a pale
chrome colour by reflected light, and of a dark yellow by transmitted light.
This extended over the head, eye, and throughout the trunk and free
caudal region,and over the yolk . . . . Inthe nextstage black
pigment is associated with the yellow, and also appears independently
along the margin of the dorsal fin. In a specimen, two days old, hatched
from artificially fertilized eggs the length is 55mm. We now find a
change in the arrangement of the pigment, which is broken up into three
distinct bars in the post-anal region. Moreover, the yellow pigment now
exhibits a greenish colour by transmitted light.”
A drawing of an early post-larval stage (derived from artificially
fertilized eggs) ten days after hatching accompanies the following
description :—“ The eyes are black, with a bluish lustre ; the lower jaw is
very prominent, the pectorals very large, the otocysts large. The post-anal
region is very slender, especially the part ventral to the notochord; the
latter is very stout. The urocyst is larger than before. A ventral patch
of black chromatophores has appeared midway between each post-anal
pigment bar. The most anterior bar, that in the region of the pectoral
fins, has lost its distinction, Pigment is absent from the dorsal fin in this
region, whilst there has taken place a considerable development of pig-
ment in the lower jaw and anterior ventral region ; the coloured pigment
* Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, xxxiii., Pt. I., 1887.
+ Se. Trans. Roy. Dublin Soctety (2), iv., 1893.
of the Fishery Board for Scotiand. 271
is now orange by transmitted light, except in the median fin, where it is
brown” (Holt .
Previous to the publication of the paper just referred to, Petersen* had
described a post-larval pleuronectid measuring 32mm. in length. He
considered it to bea Halibut (Hippoglossus vulgaris). Kylet and Holt and
Byrnet have recently described post-larval stages of the witch, and these
agree closely with Petersen’s form, which is apparently really a witch.
It has, moreover, the spinous armature of the operculum to which Holt and
Byrne draw special attention.$ The fin-ray formule for these specimens
were as follows :—Petersen’s—Dorsal, ca, 104; Anal, 88; Caudal, 82.
Kyle’s specimens (two in number)—Dorsal, 103 (105); Anal, 83, 85;
Caudal, 18. Holt and Bryne—Dorsal, 108; Anal, 95.
The post-larval witch is a characteristic form which cannot be con-
founded with any other known species. Its main characters are its long and
narrow post-anal body ; the well-marked triple-bar arrangement of pigment
on the same ; the prominent head and snout, and its extended transforma-
tion period. Kyle in this connection says, in referring to the two examples,
12 and 14mm. long respectively, described by him, that their ‘most striking
features, in addition to their length and relative thinness, are the long head,
the projecting snout, with the deep depression over the eyes, and the
early stage of metamorphosis.” In Dr. Fulton’s collection the largest
post-larval (7.e. pelagic) witch measures 40mm., while the smallest young
witch (7.e. transformed) measures 44mm. Holt describes one of the
latter which measured 42mm.
The only other pleuronectid of our waters which approaches the witch
in having a lengthy post-larval period is the Lemon Sole (Pleuronectes
microcephalus). Post-larve of this form have been found measuring
27mm. (Holt), but the general shape of the pelagic stages of this species
is very different from that of the witch ; the outline of the former is oval,
whereas that of the latter is elongated.
The witches from which the drawings were made exhibited black pig-
ment only. The pigment other than black has disappeared since they
were preserved; and in some cases the black pigment has faded consider-
ably. This probably accounts for the fact that some variation on the
pigmentation is found in the forms described, especially as regards the
marginal fin. ‘The outer edge of the marginal fin was, moreover, some-
times frayed, and in consequence the presence of pigment there was not in
these cases determined. :
It is hoped that the sketches here supplied will aid in the diagnosis of
preserved examples. A number of the drawings are of natural size; the
majority are enlarged, It is sufficient to note that the post-larval char-
acters are constant ; the general form, which is more readily indicated by
the sketches than by:a word-picture, is, when taken along with the bar
arrangement, sufficient to indicate the species. A brief note will be
given of each of the stages illustrated.
The first (Fig. la) is an early post-larval example, measuring in total
length 5:°2mm., in greatest breadth *75mm. It has the typical pleuronectid
form, viz. a short abdomen and a long post-anal region. The marginal
fin shows no trace of fin-rays; the caudal fin is still diphycercal. The
pigment is well marked. At the point of the mandible there are a few
black - pigment spots, and in the pectoral region there is a ventral group
of spots. On the hind dorsal area of the abdomen a group of large
chromatophores is visible, and along the keel of the abdomen there is a
* Report of the Danish Biological Station, iv., 1893.
+ Journal of the Marine Biological Association, vol. vi., No. 4, Dec. 1903.
+ Report on the Sea and Inland Fisheries of Ireland, 1901, Pt. II., Dublin, 1903.
§ Dr. Petersen has informed me that he is satisfied that the form is a witch.
272 Part LIT.—Twenty-second Annual Report
row of similar pigment corpuscles. The eyes are black. The post-anal
region is marked by three main transverse bars of chromatophores ; they
are equi-distant from one another. Each bar consists of a dorsal and a
ventral moiety. The hindmost is in the region of the future caudal fin,
and is large. Between the bars there are three pigment groups situated
ventrally on the edge of the muscle-segments ; they may be termed secon-
dary groups, in contradistinction to the main broad bars. Of the post-anal
pigment groups just mentioned, the hind main bar alone extends on to the
marginal fin. Only one pigment spot was, in addition, found on the
marginal fin; it was situated on the ventral fin. A ventral view of this
post-larva is shown in Fig, Ib.
In Fig. 2 a specimen similar in size to one of those described by Kyle
is reproduced. It measures 12‘5mm. in length, and in greatest breadth
reaches about 3mm. A greater amount of pigment is found in this
individual than in the preceding. Along the ventral edge of the muscle-
segments in the post-anal region a few more intermediate or secondary
pigment spots are seen, and some pigment was made out on the ventral
marginal fin in large and small spots. Anterior to the anus the condition
of the preceding specimen holds. The caudal pigment is now diffuse ;
the caudal fin-rays are being laid down and the tail region is becoming
heterocercal, The rudiments of the interspinous bones are indicated by a
somewhat opaque part of the marginal fin, next the muscle-segments.
The interspinous bones, still very small, are to be made out in the next
figure (3), a drawing of a post-larva measuring 14mm. in length and
5mm. in greatest breadth. In this specimen the large pigment corpuscles
on the hind part of the optic lobes were prominent. A natural-size
sketch of this post-larva is given in Fig. 9.
A witch 18mm. in length is reproduced in Fig. 4. The fin-rays are
now almost completely formed, and the tail is nearly homocercal
in character. A row of small pigment spots along the junction of the
ventral interspinous bones and the fin-rays is made out.
In Fig. 5 all the interspinous bones and the fin-rays are formed. This
example is of the same size as the specimen recorded by Holt and Byrne.
In length it measures 25mm., in greatest breadth it reaches 7°5mm.
The fin-ray formula is—Dorsal, about 110: Anal, about 95; Caudal, 22.
Fig. 7a is an enlarged drawing of a witch measuring 34mm. In it
the pigment was not very prominent ; it had probably faded.
A post-larval form, measuring 38mm., is shown in Fig. 12. Trans-
formation is not yet completed. A drawing of the left side of the head
of this example appears in Fig. 8.
A completely metamorphosed witch, measuring 44mm., is reproduced
in Fig. 13. Holt described one which was a little smaller, viz. 42mm.
The migration of the left eye to the right side of the fish is a slow
process. In the fish measuring 25mm. it has moved to a noticeable
extent. It then appears a little above the ridge, when the fish is viewed
from the right side (Fig. 5). In the large post-larva, 38mm. (Fig. 12),
the eye is on the ridge ; in another, measuring 40mm., the migration was
not completed (Figs. 6a and 6b).
Dr. Fulton examined the last-mentioned specimen (40mm. long)
shortly after it was killed in formaline. He found that the only pigment
then visible was black. It was distributed as follows :—On the snout
and jaw there was a collection of little specks; on the front of the lower —
jaw a like collection. A group of spots was present on the optic lobes,
while a broad band of spots was conspicuous on the hind part of the
abdomen. On the median line there were, on the post-anal body, six
equi-distant pigment patches. The dorsal interspinous region showed
eight fainter patches, while five or six similar patches were seen on the
ventral interspinous region.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 273
During the post-larval period the pigment on the two sides of the body
remains practically identical. It is only in the larger specimens, e.g.
38mm., that it is possible to detect a lighter shade of pigment on the left
side than on the right.
With the transformation, however, a very marked difference is noted
(Fig. 13). The fish itself becomes more opaque, and its upper surface
(the previous right side), shows a large quantity of pigment. Posterior
to the anus there are on the upper surface seven broad patches across
the median line of the body; on the dorsal fin there are five broad patches
with intermediate smaller patches, and on the ventral fin three broad
patches with smaller intermediate groups. The under or blind side,
however, retains the post-larval pigmentation ; in this case it resembled
that found in the post-larva measuring 38mm. (Fig. 2).
Holt and Byrne draw attention to the presence of spines on the
operculum of the post-larve. I have found this spinous armature in the
example measuring 12°5mm. (Fig. 2). In the preceding specimen,
52mm. (Fig. 1), it was not made out. It was found in all the succeeding
post-larval witches, and the spines were equally developed on both sides
of the body. The sketches indicate with approximate accuracy the
number and arrangement of them.
In the metamorphosed example, 44mm. long (Fig. 13), teeth were found
on the operculum. ‘Two large teeth projected from the posterior part of
the operculum, and dorsal to these three were two (or three) other similar
teeth. They were equally developed on both sides of the fish.
No spines were made out on the operculum of either side in the young
witch measuring 59mm. in length.
Small teeth (in the jaws) were made out in the smallest member of
the series, and they were present in all the other post-larval stages. ‘l'‘hey
are not numerous. ‘Teeth were not seen in the smaller bottom form.
LITERATURE.
CunnincHAM.—‘‘The Eggs and Larve of Teleosteans,” Trans. Roy. Soc.,
Edinburgh, vol. xxxiii., Pt. I., p. 97 (Plates I. to VII.). 1887.
CunnincHAM. —‘‘ Marketable Marine Fishes.” London, 1896.
Hout.—‘‘ On the Eggs, Larval and Post-larval Stages of Teleosteans,” Sc. Trans.
Roy. Dublin Society, ser. 2, iv., p. 455, Plates I. to XV. 1893.
Hott AND ByRNE.—‘‘On a Young Stage of the White Sole (Pleuronectes
cynoglossus),” Report on.the Sea and Inland Fisheries of Ireland for 1901,
Pt. II., p. 67, Plate III. Dublin, 1903.
Kyue.—“‘ Halibut (ippoglossus vulgaris, Flem.) or Pole-Dab (Pleuronectes
cynoglossus,” Journal of the Marine Biological Association, vol. vi., No. 4.,
Dec. 1903, p. 618, 1 plate.
M‘IntosH AND PriINcE.—‘‘On the Development and Life-Histories of the
Teleostean Food and other Fishes,” Zrans. Roy. Socy., Edinburgh, Vol.
xxxv., Part III. (No. 19), Plates I. to XXVIII.
M‘InrosH AND MASTERMAN.—‘‘ British Marine Food-fishes.” London, 1897.
PETERSEN. —‘‘ On some Zoological Characters of Young (Post-larval) Flat-fishes,”
Report of the Danish Biological Station, iv., Appendix II., 2 plates, p. 126.
Copenhagen, 1893.
274
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
6a. Head of post-larval, do.,
6b.
7. Post-larval,
1
2
3.
4
5
195
Pari 111.—Twenty-second Annual Report
Do.,
Do.,
Do:
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI.
NV.B.—No attempt has been made in the drawings to insert the proper number of
interspinous bones and fin rays.
Fig. la. Post-larval, Plewronectes cynoglossus, 5°2mm. long; “75mm.
do.,
do.,
do.,
do.,
do.,
greatest breadth, . x
do., ventral view.
125mm. long; 3mm. greatest
breadth, x
14mm. long ; ; 3mm. greatest
breadth, x
18mm. long ; ; 5mm. greatest
breadth, “
25mm. long ; ; 75mm. greatest
breadth, Be
40mm. long ; ; right side, %
40mm. long ; left side, x
34mm. long; 13mm. greatest
breadth, . x
38mm. long : left side, x
14mm. long, natural size.
28mm. long, do.
34mm. long, do.
38mm. long, do.
44mm. long, do.
59mm. long, do.
ca
ca
ca
ca
Ca
ca
Ca
ca
Ca
19
Oname oO ao OD
-B. REPORT. 1904. . PLATE XVI.
| OW.
Ss. 9-14, -A. H. WALKER. Tar Wircu-—Plewronectes cynoglossus.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland, 27
Or
VII.—ON SOME PARASITES OF FISHES NEW TO THE SCOT-
TISH MARINE FAUNA.
By THomas Scort, LLL.D., F.L.S.
Plate XVII.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Preliminary Note, . ; : ‘ ; ¢ . 275
Part I. Copepoda Parasita—
Fam. Dichelestide,. , ; ; ; ; Aho
Part Il. Trematoda—
Fam. Tristomatide, 278
Part III. Note on a Post-larval Fish attacked by J Podon
Leuckarti, . 279
Description of ‘the Plates, . ; ' ; ; : . 280
PRELIMINARY NOTE.
Some time ago Dr Fulton, Scientific Superintendent to the Fishery
Board, kindly handed to me for examination aspecimen of Tygon Panvinass,
Lin., which had been captured in the Dornoch Firth on October 22, 1903.
This specimen measured about 144 inches across the pectoral fins and about
244 inches from the nose to the extremity of the very slender tail; it was
thus not more than about the average size of this kind of fish, yet it
yielded on examination no fewer than four different species of ectozoa.
Two of these species belong to the Copepoda and two to the Trematoda,
and only one of them, viz., Brachiella pastinace, van Beneden, .appears
to have been previously described. Descriptions and drawings of these
apparently new forms are given here.
Moreover, while examining some organisms set aside from former
collections, I found a specimen of Lerncwa lusci, Bassett-Smith, obtained off
Aberdeen in January, 1902; as this parasite has not before been recorded
from Scottish waters, I have had a short description, with drawings of it,
prepared for this paper.
I have further to state that at the end of this paper will be found a
description and drawing of a very curious Natural History group consist-
ing of a larval fish, somewhat emaciated, and two small Crustaceans, which
appear to be attacking the fish ; for this interesting specimen I am indebted
to my friend and colleague, Dr Henry Charles Williamson.
The drawings have been prepared by my son, Mr A. Scott, A.L.S.
I propose to describe the various organisms mentioned in the order in
which they are referred to above.
PART I.—COPEPODA PARASITA.
Fam. DICHELESTIDZ.
Genus Hudactylina, van Beneden (1853).
Eudactylina minuta, T. Scott. Pl. xvii, figs, 111.
Description of the Female.—The length of the specimen represented by
the drawing (fig.1), measuring from the forehead to the end of the furcal
276 Part ITI. —Twenty-second Annual Report
joints, is about 1‘lmm.(about 54 of an inch), but that represented by figure
2 is slightly larger, and measures about 1:'4mm. The segments, especially
along their dorsal aspect, are rough with minute scattered spines. The
body is slender, as in the species previously described, but the fourth and
fifth segments are rather more dilated than the others. The cephalosome
is about equal in length to that of the first two segments of the metasome
combined. The first segment of the metasome is a small one, while the
next two are each rather longer and stouter than the one immediately
preceding ; the last segment of the metasome is considerably smaller than
the third one. The segmentation of the urosome (abdomen) somewhat
resembles that of Hudactylina similis, A. Scott.
The antennules, which are short and stout, are apparently five-jointed,
as in those of the species referred to, and their armature is also similar to
that of Hudactylina similis, but, on the other hand, there is a distinct
difference in the proportional lengths of the joints,—the third being longer
than the second joint and the fourth scarcely twice as long as the ultimate
one (fig. 3).
The antenne, which are moderately elongated, have a general resemblance
in their form and structure to those of the other described species; but the
second joint, which is about as long as the third, is produced on the inner
aspect and near the distal end so as to form a single stout and prominent
spine, and a single powerful hook-like spine with a thickened base carrying
a few small sete is articulated to the extremity of the third joint (fig. 4).
The mandibles and maxille do not present any marked difference from
those of Hudactylina acuta, van Beneden.
The first maxillipeds, which resemble the same appendages in Hudacty-
lina similis, are armed with a moderately stout terminal claw, and the end
joint is furnished with a row of minute course denticles along the inner
edge (fig. 5).
The second maxillipeds are large and strong and,form powerful chele;
they are somewhat similar in structure to those of Hudactylina similis, but
the extremity of the claw which impinges against the lower spoon-like
process has the stout apical tooth with a rounded hood-like covering
(fig. 6).
In the first pair of thoracic feet both branches are two-jointed, and both
are moderately stout; the inner branches are sparingly fringed with minute
sete, and armed with two apical spines of unequal length; the outer
branches, which are rather shorter than the inner, are each furnished with
a fringe of minute sete on the outer margin of the first joint, while the
end joint bears several spines round its outer margin and apex ; the inner
spine is of moderate length, but the others are small (fig. 7).
The structure of the second pair has a general resemblance to that of the
same pair in Hudactylina similis and EH. acuta, The inner branches, which
are distinctly three-jointed, are considerably smaller than the outer ones,
the first joint bears a longitudinal row of small spines on its inner aspsct,
while the end joint carries two apical spines of moderate but unequal
length. The outer branches are stout and elongated, and, like the inner
ones, appear to consist of three joints, but the articulation between the first
and second joints is apparently nearly obsolete; two short spines which
have their bases dilated spring from the outer margin and near the distal
end of the elongated first joint ; the third joint, which is short and rounded
at the extremity, is provided with a single and moderately stout subter-
minal spine, as shown in the drawing (fig. 8).
The third and fourth pairs are nearly alike, and resemble the same two
pairs in Hudactylina similis, except that the inner branches are furnished
with a number of scattered spinules on their outer aspect; the outer
branches are each of them rounded at the extremity, and provided with
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. MT
a single elongated terminal seta, there are a few spines on the outer
margins of the second and third joints, while the first joint bears a fringe
of minute spines along its outer edge (fig. 9).
The fifth pair, which are broadly foliaceous and resemble in their
general outline the same appendages in Hudactylina acuta, van Beneden,
are furnished with several transverse rows of minute spines and three
apical sete (fig. 10).
The furcal joints, which are rather longer than the last abdominal seg-
ment, are each of them armed with two ‘terminal spines—a stout one at
the apex and a somewhat smaller one on the outer edge, as shown in the
figure; a small seta springs also from near the middle of the outer
margin (fig. 11),
Habitat.—On the gills of a specimen of the ‘Sting Ray,” Trygon
pastinaca, Linn., captured in the Dornoch Firth on October 22, 1903.
No maies of the Hudactylina were observed. The fish, as already stated,
measured about 144 inches across the pectoral fins, while its length from
the snout to the extremity of the tail is about 244 inches.
Remarks.—This Hudactylina appears to differ from previously described
species by its smaller size—being little more than half the length of the
smallest hitherto recorded, and from its being found on a different host.
But there are also structural differences which separate it from other forms.
I will recapitulate one or two of these: it differs in the proportional
lengths of the joints of the antennules, in the armature of the antenna, in
the armature of the first maxillipeds, in the structure of the second pair of
thoracic feet, and in the proportional lengths of the segments of the thorax.
Though a number of specimens were obtained, only a small proportion
of them were in good condition for dissection.
Eudactylina acuta, Van Beneden.
1853. Hudactylina acuta, Van Beneden, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg.,
vol. xx., pt. 1, p. 235; Mem. Acad. Roy. Belg. (1861),
p. 150, Pl. xxv.
In my notes on the parasites of fishes in Part III. of the Twentieth
Annual Report of the Fishery Board for Scotland (published October 2nd,
1902), I describe the occurrence of Hudactylina acuta on the gills of an
Angel-fish, Rhina squatina (Lin.), captured in January 1902 about eight
or nine miles south-east from Buchan Ness, and the description of the
parasite is illustrated by a series of drawings. My son had already
obtained the same Hudactyline on the gills of Angel-fishes captured in
the Irish Sea, but there did not appear to have been any previous record
of it from Scotland.
Through the kindness of Mr. Robert Duthie, Fishery Officer—presently
stationed at Girvan, Ayrshire—I am enabled to record this interesting
parasite for the second time from Scottish waters, which, like the speci-
mens previously referred to, was found on the gills of an Angel-fish.
This fish, which was captured by turbot-net fishermen in the seaward
part of the Clyde estuary and landed at Girvan on May 25th (1904), was
secured by Mr. Duthie, who kindly forwarded it to me for examination.
The fish was an immature female, and measured two feet nine and a-half
inches (nearly 83 centimetres) from the front of the head to the extremity
of the caudal fin. This Hudactyline is an addition to the parasitic
Copepod-fauna of the Clyde.
Lernea lusci, Bassett-Smith. Pl. xvii., figs. 12 and 13.
1896. Lerncea lusci, Bassett-Smith, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.
(G); vol. xviit., p. 13, pl. iv., fig: G6.
The form described under this name is considerably smaller than the
278 Part ILI.—Twenty-second Annual Report
more common Lernea branchialis, and hitherto it appears only to have
been observed on the gills of the Brassie or Whiting Pout (Gadus luscus,
Linn.). The specimen I have to record was obtained on the gills of a
Brassie captured about ten miles off Aberdeen on January 16, 1901.
This parasite measures a little over half an inch from the head to the end
of the genital segment. The neck is slender and short, and the append-
ages of the cephalon are moderately developed. Dr. Bassett-Smith
describes the posterior appendage as being sometimes as long as the neck,
which is also characteristic of the specimen now recorded (fig. 13). The
genital segment is considerably dilated and strongly sigmoid, except at
the posterior end where, in marked contrast to Lernxa branchialis, it is
only slightly curved ; the twisted egg sacs are proportionally not so slender
as in that species.
Lernea lusct does not appear to have hitherto been recorded from
Scottish waters, having been probably regarded as a form of L. branchialis.
Figure 12 shows the specimen attached to the gill-arch of the fish.
Brachiella pastinace, Van Beneden.
1851. Brachiella pastinace, Van Beneden, Ann. des. Sci. Nat.,
3rd ser., t.,xvi., p.; 118, pl. 1v.,;figs., 8,9.
Two specimens of this Brachiella were obtained in the nasal foss of
the Trygon in which the Hudactylina just described was found. One
specimen occurred in each of the two fosse. These two specimens which
were posted to the artist along with a few other things in order to have
drawings of them prepared, failed to reach their destination, and I am there-
fore unable to furnish figures of this species.
PART I1L.—TREMATODA.
Fam. TRISTOMATIDA.
Thaumatocotyle concinna, gen, et. sp. nov. Pl. xvii., fig. 15.
A large sucker-disc, so characteristic of several of the Trematoda, is
attached to the distal end of the body by a very short stalk which is
apparently flexible. The sucker is nearly circular in outline, and its ventral
surface is divided into thirteen marginal compartments which are separated
from each other by narrow muscular bands ; the compartment at the lower
end of the sucker is larger than any of the other twelve and is of the
form of an equilateral triangle, the blunted apex of which is directed
inwards and reaches fully half way toward the centre of the sucker; the
other twelve marginal compartments are of nearly equal size and are sub-
quadrate in form, as shown in the drawing (fig. 15). Two moderately
slender rods spring from two adjacent muscular bands near the centre of
the disc, and extending to the circumference of the sucker terminate in
little hook-like processes—one on each side of the lower triangular
compartment.
The anterior end, which terminates somewhat abruptly and has a broadly
triancular outline, is bifurcated in the middle. On the ventral aspect,
close to the margin on each side of the fork and extending from it to the
outer angle, there are arranged three small discs which may probably
function as suckers.
The length of ue specimen represented by the figure is about 3 milli-
metres (nearly 4 of an inch), while the breadth at the widest part is
equal to about one fifth of the length ; the body is flattened and in some
specimens nearly transparent, so that the internal structure may to some
extent be discovered.
i ~ eae wee
ee eg a es
pS eae ae —
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 279
This Trematode does not agree with any genus or species known to me.
abitat.—In the nasal foss of Trygon pastinaca, captured in Dornoch
Firth, October 1903.
Heterocotyle pastinace, gen. et sp. nov. Pl. xvii., fig. 14.
Several specimens of the Trematode described under this name were
obtained on the same Trygon pastinaca with the form just recorded, but
they were found not in the nasal fosse but on the gills along with
Eudactylina minuta described in the first part of this paper.
In this Trematode the posterior sucker is slightly oval in outline—the
transverse diameter being greater than that which is longitudinal in the
proportion of about 13 to 11. The edge of the sucker is indistinctly
crenate, and its ventral surface is divided into eight compartments, which
extend from the circumference to near the middle, where they are
interrupted by a small diamond-shaped space representing the point of
attachment of the sucker to the body. The two lowest compartments are
of a slightly larger size than the four upper ones, but the compartment on
each side is about double the size of the one immediately above. More-
over, these side compartments, together with the two lower ones situated
between them, are each sub-divided into two portions by a circular line,
as shown in the drawing (fig. 14). About the middle of the band which
divides each large lateral compartment from the lower one, there is
attached a short rod that terminates in a strong hook.
The body is of a narrow ovate form and is considerably depressed ; the
greatest width is equal to nearly three and a half times the length ;
the total length of the specimen represented by the drawing is only
1-44 mm. (about .4 of an inch). The anterior end is narrowly truncate,
and is without any lateral appendages, as in Phyllonella or Placunella,
which it otherwise resembles.
Besides the occurrence of the four different kinds of parasites from
the Sting Ray mentioned here, Prof. van Beneden has obtained on
specimens of the same species of fish taken on the coasts of Belgium, not
only the Brachielia pastinace—which he found both in the nasal fosse
and on the gills—but also Lerneopodu galei and Ergasilina robusta ; the
first he obtained in the nasal fossee and the other on the gills. The same
writer also records finding five different kinds of Cestoids in the
intestines of T7ygon.*
PART Er:
Note on a Post-LARvAL Fish ATTACKED BY PoDON LEUCKARTI.
Plate XVII.—Fig. 16.
It is fairly well known to students of the Entomostraca that these
organisms live to some extent on animal as well as on vegetable matter,
and also that they do not always confine themselves to decaying sub-
stances, but that living specimens, if small enough and in a
weak or sickly condition, are not exempted from being attacked by
them. When examining a gathering of living Entomostraca in whica
Ostracoda are frequent, we may occasionally observe a number of these
minute Crustaceans crowding round some object of general interest, anu,
when the reason for the crowding is investigated, find that they are busy
feeding on a dead or dying companion.
reais a des cotes de Belgique leurs Parasites et leurs Commenceaux, pp. 14,
870). ;
280 Part ITT.—Twenty-second Annual Report
But although such incidents are not of rare occurrence among the
Entomostraca, the example to which I would direct attention, where a
post-larval fish is apparently being attacked by two members of the
family Polyphemede, is somewhat unusual, Larval and post-larval fishes
have no doubt many enemies, among which may be included other fishes
as well, and it has also been shown that even the harmless-looking
Sagittae feed upon such larve,f but this is the first time I have observed
Entomostraca presumably attacking a post-larval fish in the manner
shown by the drawing.
As stated in the preliminary note, I am indebted to Dr. Williamson
for this interesting specimen. The fish, he tells me, is a Pleuronectid—
probably Pleuronectes platessa—but its emaciated condition made its
correct identification somewhat doubtful. That these Crustaceans have
become accidentally attached to the specimen is hardly likely, for the
position they occupy and the firm hold they have of the fish, evidenced
by their adhering while extraneous matter was being brushed off, and by
their continuing to adhere firmly though subjected to a good deal of
tossing about, does not favour such an explanation, but tends rather to
support the opinion that they have intentionally seized hold of the young
Pleuronectid, but whether for the purpose of attacking or merely for
resting I am not prepared to say. The specimen is, however, sufficiently
interesting to be recorded here. The fish was observed in a tow-net
gathering collected last year and supposed to be from the North Sea.
The two Crustaceans belong to the same species, viz., Podon leuckartt.
* Annals of Scottish Natural History, April, 1892, p. 142.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE XVIL.,
Eudactylina minuta. Diam
Fig. 1. Female, side view, KI age
Fig. 2. Female, dorsal view, x IGE
Fig. 3. Antennule, xO
Fic. 4- Antenna, x D2
Fig, 5. First maxilliped, x 521
Fig. 6. Second maxilliped, x 3890
Fig. 7. Foot of first pair, x. ba
Fig. 8. Foot of second pair, x 260
Fig. 9. Foot of fourth pair, x 260
Fig. 10. Foot of fifth pair, x 260
Fig. 11. Furcal joints and last two segments of abdomen, x 260
Lernee lusct.
Fig. 12. Female, side view, : ; PO i ae)
Fig. 13. Parasite on gill of Gedus 1 uscus, : ; ! aE aes
Trematodes.
Fig. 14. Zhaumatocotyle concinna, : ‘ 5 : » oie GBs
Fig. 15. Heterocotyle pastinace, x 68
Fig. 16. Larval fish with two specimens of Podon leuckarti attached to it, x 39°75
PLATE XVII
, 1904.
B. REPORT.
I
S
=
=
—
=
>
>
=
Ty
corr, del. ad nat.
}
|
.
y
)
i
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 281
VIII.—_ICHTHYOLOGICAL NOTES.
By Dr. T. Wemyss Futon, F.R.S.E., Superintendent of
Scientific Investigations.
[Plate XVIII]
CONTENTS.
PAGE
The Young of the Conger, - - - . - - 281
A Larval Fierasfer, - - : - - - = 283
The Sting Ray, - - - - - - - - 283
The Pilchard, - - - - . - . - 284
The Fecundity of the Sprat, - - : - - - 285
An Albino Plaice, : : : - : : = 280
The Thickback (Solea variegata), - - - 4 - 286
Reversed action of the Gill-cover in Plaice, - - : = 287
Tue YouNnG or THE Concer (Leptocephalus).
Two specimens of the young of the conger eel were caught in the
Moray Frth by means of the small-meshed net around the otter trawl,
which has been so productive of rare forms, and as such specimens
are very rarely obtained in British seas, and they differ from one
another in age and characters, I have thought it desirable to give a
description and figures of them here.
The first specimen (Fig. 1) was obtained on 27th December on Smith
Bank, a well-known fishing ground off the coast of Caithness, in 28 fathoms
of water. It was not recognised at the time among the other fishes
caught and the lot were preserved in formaldehyde and taken to the
marine laboratory at the Bay of Nigg. It was only later, when the
material was being worked up, that the specimen was discovered. With
the exception of a slight abrasion on the posterior half it was in good
condition ; the imperfection was probably due to the fish having been
caught by doubling as it passed through the mesh of the net. On
examination some weeks after it was caught it was found to be trans-
lucent, with a whitish opacity, the perfect transparency of the living
form having been affected by the preservative. It was quite soft and
flexible, resembling a tapeworm in these respects, as well as in its
extremely flattened form. In extreme length it measured 145mm.,
(5Z inches), and it is therefore among the largest of the specimens
recorded. Its weight, after the superfluous water had been removed, was
only 0°61 grammes, and its volume was 1'1 cubic centimetres as nearly
as could be determined. Its bulk in proportion to its length, as will be
seen below, was thus very much under that of the other older but
shorter specimen.
The extreme dorso-ventral height of the body was 13:5mm., and it
was broadest from about 70 to 95mm. from the head; the height just
behind the head was 7mm., or about half of the other. The thickness
of the body was difficult to determine; it was much thicker behind the
head, where it measured about 2mm., and from this point to the
posterior extremity it gradually diminished, the greater part of it being
rather under than over Imm. in thickness. The length of the head
from the tip of the snout to the gill-cleft measured 10mm., and its
height at the eyes was 5mm., the breadth being 3mm. just behind the
282 Part [IT.—Twenty-second Annual Report
eyes. The eyes were relatively large, measuring 2°5mm. in diameter
(they are represented as rather too large in the enlarged figure, and as
a little too small in the other figure) ; the anterior edge is situated about
3mm. from the tip of the snout. The snout is blunt and obtuse and
rounded, and longer than the lower jaw, which is more pointed. The
cleft of the mouth ends rather behind the middle of the eye, and each
jaw is armed with a series of somewhat long, fine, slender teeth, those
in front being the longest ; of these, 34 were made out in the lower jaw
and 30 in the upper.
The pectoral fins, placed immediately behind the gill-opening, were
small and delicate, measuring about 35mm. in length.
With regard to the pigment, there were two minute specks of black
on the lower part of the gill-cover on the left side and four similar
specks on the corresponding position on the other side. A linear series
of black specks runs along each side of the ventral margin, beginning
about 1lmm. behind the pectoral fin; they are most. distinct in the
anterior portion but are continuous to the tail, and in the posterior
part they are much more miuute, numerous, and crowded, giving the
appearance of a very fine black line. Along the lateral line there is a
single linear series of corresponding chromatophores, of which 35 were
counted, and beginning about 35mm. behind the head; they are usually
situated at the junction of myotomes, and are most numerous towards
the tail. No other pigment specks were observed.
Of the myotomes—which are very distinct except at the tail—l
counted 142, but, as stated, those at the posterior extremity are
indistinct.
The second specimen (Fig. 2) was of a different kind in several respects. —
Tt was taken in 24 fathoms, also in the Moray Firth but south of Smith
Bank, on 12th February. In shape it is vermiform rather than
tzenioid, and appears to correspond to the Z. punctatus of Kaup, and
which has been shown by Grassi and Calandruccio to be the stage from
which the perfect conger is directly developed. It measures 125mm.
(42 inches) in extreme length, and weighed, after the superfluous water
was removed by blotting paper, 1675 grammes, its volume being 1'8cem.
Tt will be seen by comparing these figures with those referring to the
other specimen that the reduction in length is accompanied by a
considerable increase in bulk, since the shorter specimen weighed over 1]
gramme more than the other, its weight being nearly three times
greater. The volume, as stated, did not increase in the same proportion ;
the discrepancy is perhaps due to the tissues of the younger being less
solid, perhaps to defect in the determination of the volume.
The extreme breadth of this specimen is 10°5mm. and its thickness
3mm. Its thickness is maintained in a fairly uniform way for the first
two thirds of the length of the body, after which it diminishes rapidly.
The distance from the tip of the snout to the commencement of the
dorsal fin is 44mm. and from the same point to the anus 55mm. The
head is 9mm. in length, 45mm. high, and 3-5mm. broad, and the top is
more rounded than in the younger specimen. The eye is somewhat
smaller, measuring 2mm. in diameter and placed 2‘5mm. from the end
of the snout. The lower jaw is shorter than the snout, but not to the
extent represented in fig. 2b. Teeth, so conspicuous a feature in the
younger specimen, could not be made out. The pectorals were more
developed, being longer and, especially, broader. Of the myotomes, not
so distinct as in the other form, 141 were counted. The black chro-
matophores were arranged as in the younger specimen, but none were
observed on the head. Those along the lateral line are more conspicuous
than those placed along the ventral margin, of which there are 26 in
front of the anus, and they are much more numerous behind, being
crowded together, as in the first specimen, towards the tail.
=> sas
we a= <-> tend 2
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 283
The literature dealing with these young forms need not be given here,
as Cunningham has given avery full account of it in some of his papers,*
and he has described a specimen of Leptocephalus Morrisit which he
obtained at Plymouth in June, 1895.¢ Besides the classical papers of
Grassi and Calandruccio, reference may be made to two papers, one by
Higenmann on “The Egg and Development of the Conger Eel,” and the
other by the same author and C. H. Kennedy, on the “ Leptocephalus
of the American Hel and other American Leptocephali,” both published
in 1901. |
A Larvat Sierasfer.
On 8th October last year a larval Fierasfer was taken in a tow-net
used on board a fishing boat at a distance of about 185 miles E. by N.
of Aberdeen ; the net was used between the surface and twenty fathoms,
the depth at the place being between fifty and sixty fathoms. (PI.
XVIIL, fig. 3, 3a).
The specimen measured 64mm. (23 inches) in length and exhibits the
slender form characteristic of the genus; the yolk, as indicated in the
figure, forms a considerable mass. The remarkably elongated first dorsal
ray was apparently damaged, but enough of it is left to show the
presence of the skinny lobes with which it is provided.
Fierasfer is remarkable for its habit in the adult condition of living
within Holothurians in a condition of commensalism, but it would
appear that its larval pelagic life is one of considerable duration. It is
an extremely rare fish, and even Emery, who has written the classical
monograph on it,§ was able to obtain only a few specimens.
Outside the Mediterranean, specimens have rarely been obtained.
According to Couch, Edwards found six specimens, between 6 and 7cm.
long, in March, 1863, on a sandy bottom off the coast of Banff, but the
record stands in need of confirmation and is passed over by Day. The
latter author mentions only two examples of /’. dentatus, both got on the
south coast of Ireland, one in 1836 and the other in 1852, and there
does not appear to be any other good British record of its occurrence.
Only other three specimens appear to be recorded for the north of
Europe. One was taken by a fisherman in from 100-200 fathoms on
the Jutland Reef, to the west of the Scaw—and therefore not a great
distance from the locality where the specimen here recorded was
obtained—and it is now in the Royal Museum at Stockholm. The
second specimen was got near Stavanger in 1881, and was described by
~~ Collet; it isin the Bergen Museum.|| The third was a specimen of
fF, acus, ubtained by H.M.S. Triton in the Farde Channel, on 9th August,
1882, close to the surface. It measured 104mm. in length, and has
been described by Giinther.4
Tue Stine-Ray (Zrygon pastinaca).
On the 22nd October a specimen of the sting-ray was taken in the
trawl by one of the trawlers engaged in scientific work in the Dornoch
Firth in from 8 - 13 fathoms. It was a female, measuring in extreme
length 63:0cm., and in extreme breadth 37‘5em. It is noteworthy that
*Journ. Marine Biol. Assoe,, vol. iii, p. 281 ; vol. ii, p. 36.
tIbid.,iv, p. 74.
EBull. U. S. Fish Comm. for 1901, pp. 37-81.
§‘‘Fierasfer. Studi intorno alla sistematica, l’anatomia e la biologia delle specie mediter-
ranee di questo genere.” Atti R. Accad. d. Lincei, vii., 1879-80.
|| Christian, Vidensk. Forhandl. 1882, No, 19.
| ‘‘ Report on the Pelagic Fishes collected by H.M.S. ‘Challenger’ during the years
1873-1876,” page 27, 1899,
284 Part IIT.—Twenty-second Annual Report
the torpedo described in the Vineteenth Annual Report* was caught near
the same place. On this specimen Dr. Scott found some new and
interesting parasites (see p. 275.)
This fish is said by Day to be not uncommon off the mouth of the
Thames and along the south coast, and Dr. Murie states that on the coast
of Kent and at Burnham specimens from 1 to 2 feet are not uncommon,
while in the estuary of the Thames it is not abundant and only small
specimens are found.t Holt refers to two small specimens trawled off
Plymouth, and several taken on the trawling grounds off Salcombe; and
he says the fish is well known to the local fishermen and hardly deserves
special mention as a rare fish in that district.
It is, however, a very rare fish in Scottish waters. Parnell met with
only one example, which was caught in a salmon-net in the Firth of
Forth,$ and Mr Eagle Clarke, who has brought together all the descrip-
tions of rare species of the Firth of Forth since the time of Parnell, met
with only one specimen which he examined in 1897, and which was
caught off the Isle of May, and it is the only instance he knows of since
Parnell’s record.|| It does not appear, either, that the indefatigable
Edwards of Banff ever came across a specimen.
It is noteworthy that this species, like the torpedo, usually has the
skin smooth and soft; though Day mentions that there are occasionally
some tubercles along the middle line of the back in the scapular region.
The one is protected by its electric organ and the other by the
formidable serrated spine with which its tail is provided, and which is
capable of causing dangerous wounds; they thus differ from the ordinary
rays in this respect.
Tue PriucuarD (Clupea pilchardus).
On the 20th June last year a pilchard was taken in a drift-net
employed in catching herrings, about 15 miles off Buckie, in the Moray
Firth, where it was landed. Iam indebted to Mr. Alexander Suther-
land, the Fishery Officer of the district, for the record. It measured
8% inches in length.
In Scottish waters the pilchard is a very rare fish. Parnell, writing
in 1837, says that it was then very rare, although some thirty years
before it was common, and in certain localities found in equal abundance
with the herring; as no authority is quoted the statement may be based
on Parnell’s own observations. He says that a few were occasionally
taken in the summer months on the Berwick and Dunbar coasts, but
that since 1816 no pilchard had been observed in the Firth of Forth.
Day also states that pilchards were more than usually abundant at
Yarmouth in 1780, 1790, and 1799, but he does not mention his
authority.
They are, however, occasionally taken at long intervals. Thus Eagle
Clarke states that Mr. Logan records in the “ Proceedings of the Royal
Physical Society of Edinburgh” (vol. ii., p. 289) that in March, 1861,
considerable numbers of young pilchards were brought to the Edinburgh
market along with herrings and sprats; they were only caught in large
quantities for a few days in March, but they had occurred sparingly
with herring during the previous winter months. Dr. Muriel says that
* Part 111s, 1.200: :
+ ‘‘ Report on the Sea Fisheries and Fishing Industries of the Thames Estuary,” p. 169,
Kent and Essex Sea Fisheries Committee, London, 1903.
{ Journ. Marine Biol. Assoc. v., p. 198, 1898.
§ ‘‘ Fishes of the Firth of Forth,” p. 440, 1838.
|| Annals of Scottish Natural History, Oct. 1900, p. 215,
4 Op. cit., p. 104,
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 285
a considerable number were taken off Harwich in September, 1868 ;
and a few stragglers are still brought in with the herrings at Yarmouth,
according to Patterson in the Zoologist for 1897.
THE FECUNDITY OF THE SPRAT.,
Observations on the fecundity of the sprat have been apparently
rarely made, no doubt from the rarity of ripe sprats among those caught
by fishermen, the only statement on the point, as far as I am aware,
being In my paper on the Fecundity of Fishes in the Ninth Annual
Report of the Fishery Board.* In their work on British Marine Food
Fishes, Professor M‘Intosh and Mr. Masterman say that ‘the mature
female appears to carry about 5000 or 5400 eggs, more or less,” which
agrees generally with what is stated in the paper referred to, but it is
not mentioned whether their remark is based on my observations or on
others of their own confirming it.
Ripe sprats having been caught in the Moray Firth in the
small-meshed net used on board trawlers the opportunity was
taken to investigate the point again, the previous observation h&ving
been founded on only one specimen, and that not very well preserved.
As mentioned elsewhere, it is a striking feature in the ripe sprat that
it is impossible to tell from the external appearance that it is ripe.
There is no swelling caused by the ovaries or testes as in most other
fishes, and on opening the fish the ovaries were found to be very small,
although the eggs were mature and nearly mature. The contrast with
the ripe herring, for example, is marked, and yet the eggs in the latter
are demersal, while most fishes with pelagic eggs have greatly enlarged
ovaries and exhibit abdominal tumefaction at the spawning time. It
appears, however, that all this is in conformity with the number of
eggs spawned by the sprat. The fish which I examined in 1890,
referred to above, measured 44 inches in length, and was found to con-
tain about 1404 large eggs, and about 4000 smaller ones; the ovaries
weighing 6°5 grains,
The following are the particulars of five females examined,
Weight of Piece No. of
Length. Weight. Ovariseuu | Rearaineds Eggs, Total Eggs,
Mm. Grammes, | Grammes. | Grammes.
1 122 12°8 0°38 "032 228 2713
2 120 12:0 0°492 041 274 3488
3 124 12'8 0:441 "037 158 1880
4 122 10°5 0-458 "058 297 | 2346
5 120 11°8 0-541 — 147 2484
The eggs enumerated were those which were large and yolked, but
there were many smaller, and in point of fact it would be difficult to
draw a line anywhere between the large and the small, and to say that
so many belong to this spawning season and so many to the next. The
average number of eggs in these specimens was 2582, the small unyolked
being excluded, which is rather greater than the number given for them
in the early paper referred to. On the whole, however, on the
assumption that the small eggs develop and become mature during the
~ Part TLL, py 2608,
286 Part III —Twenty-second Annual Report
“ course of the spawning season, the number stated in the paper may be
about right, viz., 5000. The duration of the spawning season is not
well known. The floating eggs were procured by the Garland from
23rd March to 19th August,* and it so happened that the extreme
dates were in the same year, so that the period mentioned, comprising
149 days or very nearly five months, may be taken to represent the
extent of the spawning season. How long the individual sprat goes on
spawning is not known, but considering that the period embraces the
warmest part of the year, and that growth is greater then, it is
probable that at least the 5000 eggs are shed. But even in that case, it
is evident that the sprat is one of the least fecund of fishes and,
so far as known, the least of all among the fishes whose
eggs are pelagic. Amid the varied complexities in the life of marine
fishes the explanation is not easy to discover. That the comparatively
early age at which the sprat may reach maturity is not the sole
explanation—though doubtless an important factor—is shown by the
fact that the whiting, which reaches maturity in its second year,
produces a very much larger number of eggs.
An ALBINO PHAICE.
Last year a few post-larval plaice were discovered in the hatching
apparatus, and among them was a small albino specimen, or one in
which the pigment was almost entirely absent. The only pigment
present. was a few scattered chromatophores along the rays of the
dorsal, ventral, and caudal fins, on the anterior part of the head between
the eyes, the edge of the lower jaw, and between the jaw and the
pectorals, and about a couple of dozen of minute specks scattered over
the posterior half of the body, mostly near the tail. The eyes were
fully pigmented. The pigment was a dark umber. The body of the
little fish was transparent, the bottom of the hatching-box being visible
through it. It lived for about a year, and it differed in habit from the
other small plaice living with it in that, while they were nearly always
on the bottom, it preferred the side of the box, to which it clung, close
to the surface of the water. The peritoneal lining of the abdominal
cavity shone through the tissues with a metallic bronze appearance.
Tue Tuicksack (Solea variegata)..
Two specimens of this species of sole were taken in the small-meshed
net in the Moray Firth—the first on 27th December in 28 fathoms at
Smith Bank, and the other on the following day in 30 fathoms off
Burghead. They were both females—the first measuring 14°8em. with
the roe well developed, and the second 16‘3cm. The latter weighed
38 grammes, the ovaries weighing 1:1 grammes, and the eggs were well
advanced, the larger measuring ‘84mm. in diameter. It is evident,
therefore, that this fish spawns in the Moray Firth, but it is rare.
It is common on the south coast of England, especially (according to
Cunningham)? south of the Eddystone, in from 30 to 40 fathoms. Two
specimens were taken by Holt during the Irish Survey. It has also
been occasionally captured on the west coast of Scotland, Gunther
describing two immature specimens caught off Cantyre in 65 fathoms
in March 1888,t and afew small specimens have been taken by the —
Garland in the Firth of Clyde. Day says that it was met with oecasion-
ally off Banff by Edwards, but I have not traced the record,
* Masterman—‘‘ A Review of the Work of the ‘Garland in connection with: the:
Pelagic Eggs of the Food Fishes,” I bid., Part III., Fifteenth Report, p. 234,
+ ‘* Marketable Marine’ Fishes ” p- 259,
{ Proc. Roy. Soc., Edin. xv., p. 220,- ~
co
a)
e.
paeel
<
e
PAs det
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. — 287
THe Growth oF THE HALIBUT.
A specimen of the halibut, which was obtained for me by Mr. Ingram,
the Fishery Officer at Aberdeen, may possibly throw some light on the
growth of this fish. It was caught at Iceland by hook in the spring,
and landed at Aberdeen. It measured 64:0cm. (25 inches) in length,
and weighed 2°350 kilogrammes. On the under surface, extending the
whole length and breadth of the fish, were certain markings, part of
which was plain and part obscure. The following was very clear :—
“TT, M. 1901,” and it was succeeded by what appeared to read “AGLI,”
but may have been meant to represent “AUGT,” or August. The
marks were obviously made with a knife, and the curves were angular ;
the cicatrix was very narrow and linear and attached to the subcutane-
ous tissue, and I suppose it occupied the same relative position in the
surface of the fish at first, the skin growing equally all over.
IT am informed by Mr. Ingram that the mate of the vessel which
brought in the fish (the Caspania) states that in his time it was a
common custom for the fishing apprentices at Grimsby to “ engrave”
their names in this way on small halibut, and then throw them over-
board. If the date is authentic, it would show that the growth of the
halibut in proportion to the size it attains is not rapid, because it implies
that about two years and eight months elapsed after the marking was
made, and the fish must at the time have been of a certain size. But
a plaice of about the length given would be probably more than six or
seven years old at least,
REVERSED ACTION OF THE GILL-COVER IN PLAICE.
It may be worth recording that the plaice in the large pond at the
Bay of Nigg Laboratory frequently exhibit a reversal of the usual action
of the gill-cover under certain conditions. In the process of respiration
fishes take in water by the mouth, and by a process like that of
swallowing expel it by the gill-openings. But when the tame plaice in
the pond cling to the side at feeding-time, they very commonly push
their snout and head for some distance out of the water, and it may
then be observed that the water is spouted upwards from their mouth
as a little fountain, an inch or so in height. In this case it is evident
that the water is drawn in through the gill-openings behind, passes
over the gills, and is then expelled by the mouth. The observation has
some interest in connection with the known habits of some other fishes.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE.
Fig. 1. Leptocephalus Morrisi, natural size.
(la.) Head enlarged, side view.
(lore, Be. dorsal view.
Fig. 2, Leptocephalus punctatus, natural size.’
(2a.) Head enlarged, side view.
(2b: eae 5s Me dorsal view.
Fig. 3. Fierasfer dentatus, larva, natural size,
(3a.) Anterior part enlarged.
INDEX.
ABERDEEN Bay: Trawling Investigations
in, 19, 22, 23, 30, 32, 37, 38, 43, 44, 47.
Albino plaice, 286.
Angel fish (Rhina squatina): Parasites
Oly 217:
Anglers : Proportion marketable, 14.
Anonyx nugax, 256.
BALLANTRAE: Herring Fishing, 12.
Brachiella pastinace, 279.
Brill: Proportion marketable, 14.
— Relation of length to weight, 219.
Size at maturity, 18.
Burghead Bay: Hauls in, 20, 23, 27, 33,
39, 42, 44, 47.
Calocaris macondree: Attachment of
eggs in, 117.
Cancer pagurus : see Crab (edible).
Carcinus menas ; see Shore Crab.
Cat-fish : Proportion marketable, 14.
Choniostomatide, 250.
Coal-fish : Proportion marketable, 14.
Cod: Proportion marketable, 14.
Proportion of immature landed, 19.
—— Relation of length to weight, 229.
Size at maturity, 18, 158.
Common Dab (Pleuronectes limanda) :
Proportion marketable, 14.
Relation of length to weight, 212.
Size at maturity, 18.
Conger : Young stages of, 281.
Copepoda parasita, 275.
Crab (edible) (Cancer pagurus): Life
History of, 9, 100.
Carapace : Changes in, 136.
Casting of, 121.
—— Distribution of, 122.
— Kggs of, 112.
—— Growth of, 125.
—— Impregnation, 101.
—— Influence of temperature on, 125.
—— Migration of, 136.
— Mode of attachment of eggs, 108,
115.
Muscular system of abdomen of
male, 103.
Spawning, 108.
Crangon vulgaris: Attachment of eggs
in, 118.
Das, Common : see Common Dab.
Dichelestide, 275.
Dornoch Firth: Hauls in, 22, 24, 28, 34,
40, 45.
Eacs of Decapod Crustacea: Mode of
attachment of, 116.
of edible Crab :
ment of, 108.
Hudactylina, 275.
acuta, 277.
minuta, 275.
similis, 276.
Hudorella deformis, 258.
Mode of attach-
Fierasfer, 283.
Flounder (Plewronectes flesus): Propor-
tion marketable, 14.
Relation of length to weight, 214.
Gadus esmarki: see Norway Pout.
Galathea dispersa: Attachment of eggs
aged Life
Growth : see Rate of.
Influence of temperature on, 159.
Gurnard : Proportion marketable, 14.
Relation of length to weight, 236.
Happock : Proportion marketable, 14.
—— Proportion of immature landed, 19.
ira Relation of length to weight, 226,
241,
Size at maturity, 153.
Hake : Proportion marketable, 14.
Halibut : Growth of, 287.
—— Proportion marketable, 14.
Relation of length to weight, 220.
Harpinia pectinata, 257.
Hatchery ; Work of, 8.
Herring : Investigations on, 12.
Relation of length to weight, 236.
Heteranthessius, 259.
Heterocotyle pastinace, 279.
Hoplonyx cicada, 256.
Hyperia medusarum, 256.
Idothea neglecta, 257.
Immature Fish : Definition of size—limits
of, 17, 18, 19.
Proportion landed.
Isle of May : Hauls off, 48.
Jeanella, 259.
KINNAIRD Head : Hauls off, 37.
Lemon Dab (Plewronectes microcepha-
ws): Relation of length to weight, 209.
Proportion of immature landed, 18.
290
Lemon Dab: Proportion marketable, 14.
Size at maturity, 18.
Lernea branchialis, 278.
lusct, 277.
Leptocephalus Morrisii, 281.
punctatus, 282.
Ling: Proportion marketable, 14.
Little Sole (Solea Jdutea): Relation of
length to weight, 216.
Lobster (Homarus vulgaris): Attachment
of eggs in, 117.
Spawning of, 117.
Long Rough Dab: Relation of length to
weight, 222.
Lossiemouth: Hauls off, 26, 28, 47.
Lumpenus lampetriformis: Eggs of, 203.
—— Rate of growth of, 202.
— Relation of length to weight, 238.
Size at maturity, 203.
—— Spawning of, 203.
Lumpsucker : Caught in trawl, 23.
Lybster: Hauls off, 30, 35, 45.
Maia squinado: Attachment of eggs in,
116.
Megaluropus agilis, 257.
Metopa borealis, 257.
Monstrilla, 243.
anglica, 246.
dubia, 247.
gracilicauda, 245.
—— grandis, 243.
— longicornis, 244.
longiremis, 244.
Monstrillidz, 243.
Moray Firth: Trawling Investigations
in, 19.
Munida rugosa: Attachment of eggs of.
116.
Nephrops norvegicus: Attachment of
eggs in, 118.
Norway Pout (Gadus esmarkii): Rate of
growth of, 195.
—-— Relation of length to weight, 234.
Pandalus montagui: Attachment of eggs
in, 118
Paranthessius, 259.
Parasites of Fish, 275.
Paratylus falcatus, 257.
Pilchard (Clupea pilchardus), 284.
Plaice : Albino specimen of, 286.
Duration of spawning, 262.
—— Hatching of, 262.
—— Proportion marketable, 14.
Proportion of small caught by.
trawl, 30, 33, 40.
Proportion of immature landed, 18.
Relation of length to weight, 145,
205, 240.
Reversed gill-action in, 287.
Size at maturity, 18, 156.
Platypsyllus, 258.
Podon leuckartt, 279.
Pogge (Agonus cataphractus): Relation
of length to weight, 239.
Proportion of Immature Fish landed, 16.
Pseudocuma similis, 258.
Part IIT. Index.
Rate of Growth of Fishes: Relation of
length to weight, 142.
Rate of Growth of Norway Pout, 195.
Sharp-tailed Lumpenus, 202.
—— Sprat, 171.
—— Witch, 186.
SHORE-CRAB (Carcinus menas): Impreg-
nation of, 101.
—- Eggs of, 119.
Spawning of, 119, 120.
Skates and Rays: Proportion market-
able, 14.
Smith Bank: Hauls at, 25, 30, 36, 43,
45.
Sole (Solea vulgaris), 14.
Solea variegata : see Thickback Sole.
Spheronella amphilochi, 253.
callisoma, 252.
—— cluthe, 252.
—— minuta, 251.
—— paradoxa, 251.
—— pygmea, 2538.
Sprat (Clupea sprattus): Fecundity of,
285.
—— Growth of, 171.
— Rate of Growth of, 171.
—— Relation of length to weight, 238.
Spawning of, 172.
Stenothocheres egregius, 250.
Sting-ray (7'rygon pastinaca), 283.
Parasites of, 275.
Tarset Ness: Hauls off, 45.
Temperature: Influence of, on Growth of
Fishes, 159.
Thaumaleus rigidus, 248.
rostratus, 250.
—— Thompsoni, 248.
zetlandicus, 249.
Thaumatocotyle concinna, 278.
Thickback Sole (Solea variegata), 286.
Trawling Investigations, 6, 13.
in Aberdeen Bay, 19.
in Moray Firth, 19.
—— Proportion of Marketable and Un-
marketable Fishes, 13.
Trematoda, 278.
Tristomatide, 278.
Trygon pastinaca : see Sting-ray.
Tryphana malmt, 256.
Turbot : Proportion marketable, 14.
Relation of length to weight, 216.
| Witcu (Pleuronectes cynoglossus): Growth
of, 186.
Post-larval and young stages, 187,
270.
—— Proportion marketable, 14.
Proportion of immature landed, 19.
——— Proportion of sexes, 195.
— Relation of length to weight, 210.
——. Size at maturity, 195.
Spawning of, 186.
Whiting: Proportion of immature landed,
iS:
—-- Proportion marketable, 14.
— Relation of length to weight, 224.
Size at maturity, 18, 150.
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price 6d. s ORS Bie Aaa “oes
| Foreign Office :— eae Neda cy | a
| Awrica sy Treaty. The Map of. By Sir EH. Hertslet, K.C.B. 3 Vols. Price 31s. 6¢.
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~- > {Cd 2147.1--800—8/1904—H. & Sons. — ge ceaer’
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TWEEN T'Y-SECOND
ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
Being for the Year 1903.
IN THREE PARTS.
Part J.—GENERAL REPORT.
Part JIT,—REPORT ON SALMON FISHERIES.
Part IIT «SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS.
Nie neat ‘~ ee
i2 ae : :
PART IIl.—SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS.
: ; aa Presented to both houses of Parliament by Command of bis Majesty. C8
Fi aS
GLASGOW:
PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OFFICE
By JAMES HEDDERWICK & SONS, ae ae
Ar ‘THe COrrizen Press,” St. Vincent. Place. — etn
And to be purchased, either directly or through any Bookseller, from —
OLIVER & BOYD, EDINBURGH ; or :
EYRE & SPOTTISWOODE, Hast HaRrpine Street, FLrert Street, E.C., Ree
32 ABINGDON STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W.; or
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4 1904,
yd. 2147-] Prue ds, 2d.
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Date Due
JAN 18 1958.
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