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he 


TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT 


OF THE 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION 


OF ONTARIO 


1895. 


(PUBLISHED BY THE ONTARIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TORONTO.) 


PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY. 


TORONTO: 
PRINTED BY WARWICK BROS. & RUTTER, 68 AND 70 FRONT STREET WEST, 
1894. 


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TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


PAGE 
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL................ Be Sete. seta heiMory ssa, Ne cas ate Gag  hakinias hime a Be «is db bm 1 
reeds ayy. «aici. olsl ds jsre\Vievalaia'cie aha die sie csnwcced) douaccoaescevavevus 2 
a Nc ss ox feccs die eile’ dake sp o's is cose aeesic kewecscucvcbacedeecacceces 3 
TM yy cscs sn fics etceneac, sllacs eb eecldeccsauclaselaescdse caer 4 
eco ois say ss) san ales ivigvle cele crass ssc cci'dicdegetcucdesenvecca eves 5 
NI OPE PSU TTT  f, . ales ce abecs coccc svete ecincincccscevcdeccsavce Ee Sao 5 
IIE Gen ho eh cal. Saba wna die dicsacve vicactuencdeccees 9 
ET Se Hs Shy ope aiciviniaicis odie dceswla\e vip ees ese ceeceacaecsses 10 
Fruit Growing in Ontario, and How to Make It Pay: A. M. SMITH.............. ....-0ee00.e 16 
BOR OUP OSES 235... eee Mea Pee Pee Meets I7) be Yar Bias aut olacgiaca hele eel *eelaw é ajaida we 20 
Notes of Travel Through Some American Orchards: H. L. HuTtT. .................... eee: 24 
REE WE ee ow Sicha fe aka isk «sya al dlelw’sddnlsvidieisin sleishes oracles soudeabeccscees 29 
Fiowers and Their Relation to Us: W. M. Rosson ..... ............ We ects Wm mel at htae Coa eee 40 
er rote Fee (oso ne. geet ats onal ddl aiag edie fines wie aeeopsvvcnscoacces 43 
Reena TDrem OME TOG FXNIDID, (6... he ce lle ee ce stele cece tc cteeerecaccosocers 44 
Waursumens to the retiring President-.... ............6 6 cece esecceesccs Felehe ate Keren eeed die ue seade 45 
Raspberry Culture from an Amateur Standpoint: R. B. WHYTE ....... 2. ccc eee ee 51 
I Re PE AEST aistete lo or le sielncet i «)nldis.e'eelels see esse ecceieenecaes shee secede 58 
Maosmwaremioer rruits by Climate: Prof. JOHN CRAIG... . 0... ccc cece ca ccc es accececseccces 61 
a Mtn Naa nme ote alec tics idles ao ae 69 
NS ooo ras) 5)<'g culo) ards oh e)n 2m) oh hie) Sid-ausin ee'dha'vivididla sia ee aededeedeedeaseecs 73 
SET Ed ee She? dole eee at et Epae cbc ene 74 
Notes on the Chemistry of the Copper Salt Fungicides: Prof. F. T. SHUTT.................... 77 
Senn PANICO-OANAGIAN LIeaby .. 2. cs ccc cs cece ce ccc cecsccuencveces fees Satins: S Sis 'ace 79 
epert ar Oouumiitce on Hxperiment Stations .../ 206... c ce cece reece cee ee cesecesens 82 
Peterborough as a Fruit Growing County: E. B. Epwarps.......... Gea rarity sPe ie ada net svete rateralete ot 82 
Necessity for a Change in our Methods of Obtaining and Introducing New Varieties of Fruits : 
OSS BAe eta aas Maroy ate pie ay MEY crctalslane, pie acelete eRe ale aeuere o 86 
EE 3. of Gray She TaVeix o> YW vin! Rion) s,c.0.0 cedleveyed vie Mie-e@laclé sicedaleneadleseccesedes 89 
Some Desirable Ornamental Trees, Shrubs and Plants: Prof. WM. SAUNDERS................ shes 90 
man emmmminteree OW IVGW FIUItS. 6.26 icc s se ste cee cece eee acess eeeesnscens o Goad atta os 99 
Vote of Thanks to Corporation of Peterborough ....... ec tS ARN era vebis Vitae ssc nai cates wate 99 
Apprnpix [. (Additional papers)...............0eeesee. See ay aX tie tea Ain ead ren oa vaio tia eee 101 
Insects Injurious to Plants: The SECRETARY ......... eo Sientat i ede. SUBNET cc i ek 101 
CO ES EN Oe eee a 106 
CWO NLTIGS 9222 Jove press ses a cadets ssc Seo en ee nammessecdetnes oy 107 
New Fruits at the Central Experimental Farm: JOHN CRAIG ................05 ceeeee tee eeeee 109 
Canada’s Horticultural Exhibit at the World’s Columbian Exposition ..... ................... 111 
Horticultural Board Act of British Columbia ..... ..........-.-....... rl toe aha. “Sage eS eel 122 


The World's Horticultural Society..........:-605 ceertteseeeeys A! VAD RT ce ey Ba tie can 126 


iv. FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


APPENDIX IT. (Reports uf Affiliated Societies). ..........000s202eesscceecece soo 05 0s ttn 129 
Burlington Horticultural Society for 1898...... 0.6. -ceecsecect anes seve osc ene Pega wre 129 
Fruit Growing about Barlington:.< i)... 24 oe. ss ee been oma ae ve ack 7. bime wae 129 
Brant Horticultural Society .2.,......6.2.50505 008% ov detiy dlen ple'no:d oy. cin) > alesis me | (ABO 
Window Gardening: Trea. Bveys. <<nssic hak av ale ones ee Pe errr se 131 
Small Fruits for Profits : L. WOOLVERTON. «1.060 -000ssneceescineucice ds! vs gi alee nan 132 

APPENDIX ITI. (Catalogues of Fruits, and Fruit Lists) ............0¢.0008 o2 e000 nan) pees 137 
Apple Oatalogue.... :. /< sca seeac Eee aad  bicie ddteem Bae eee nee "ow ell geben ae 137 
Grape Catalogue... esc. sec ein wees co ee edie d astern la ve ect o ale eect 139 
District: Prait List, of Apless<., .:.ceoe's so dieas sas). -.h eae reer eM 141 
District Fruit List.of Grapes,..... 0. 6...ccc sce eeeeccecade (se) wales eas ae ne nnn 142 
Pear Catalogue. 0.26.60. c ence c cece ence sc ceeicnes cues «cates oye « mulwrdl nly siti eis 144 

Aprenprix IV. 

Ontario’s Fruit Exhibit at Chicago —A list of varieties. -............ <6. -=ss)ss mule oeite eee 145 

APPENDIX V. 

Scheme for Experimental Fruit Stations—Report of the Committee.... .............24 coeeeee 151 

APPENDIX VI. 

List of Trees and Plants Distributed by the Fruit Growers’ Association. . ........---seee+e0- 155 

AppEenprix. VII. 

Ontario Fruit Statisties .....0...60 0008 (esc e. bene os Seon ob hs Spe Ede € cone 157 


mot NDE xX. 


PAGE 
URN IIR Cie cco ccs es ct cee eee 92 
PETER CMMBUGNSIC. cic. See. cece eee ees 3) 92 
PABer GASYCATPUM. (06... cc ete ee eee 92 
Acer dasycarpum Weiri ...........-.-ee-ees 93 
Acer Ginnala..... tits) civ sieve te eds 98 
oe eee 94 
Ger PeMMSVIVAMICUM. ..... 2205 cece eeeeees 93 
Atseulus hippocastanum.............. ..+-++- 93 
RIAU REN o), cy sv oe es ee ee ees bige Oe 
PTEETOC VEOCICOIOS,. cones ccc cer tcc ces 129 
NT ik ng cece see eee ecees 93 
PUREED Cee 6. eel ss cows cesses 11 
Alexander’s winter grape ...............- =. 109 
Alnus glutinosa laciniata................... 93 
Prmemem Miogatain ashi... 2. .....-...- 2000208 94 
Ammoniacal copper carbonate...........-.-. 79 
Cy OT a 95 
OS a 95 
RUPERT olcacikc ce ceo close ecco eee 137 
Se 141 
mpple, Most profitable........0.0....... 006. 10 
Apples for foreign market................ 58, 117 
RUMEN es se ib ace ds cates eee 70 
PIMMPOMIMONG OL OFCDALIS...........00s000c08 89 
Auditor’s report.......... Aen ar eee a als 43 
2 yh 92 
PRRUAEOEP NAGA. ccc et ees 120 
OT 7 
2 92 
Banke mea Gravenstein ................... 109 
ee 95 
Re Ee ee ee 94 
Beelie Plerabive pear oo. 2)... kee ee eee 21 
Rs ose cec'e's ok) see's 1,0 167 
Teeteis B04 IACINIATS...,..-..... 2000.00 000-, 93 
Berberis Thunbergii..... ......... Mita Bishnir 95 
a 95 
Se er 106 
Diack epruce;.......... -. Peat Gt eh ais she a v's 92 
A Oe 94 
Blenheim Orange apple..... ......-. .. okt. +58 
ST 67, 79 
ES eae 94 
Brant Horticultural eae ey ARES eee aa 130 
Brilliant grape ......... Re Mipce ee Tae ee We Oe 
EERE Soule giesics eo cleo secs sence va? 1S 
Burlington Horticultural Society............ 129 
CE dca cece cesses voce 96 
ey io bono ccesc cede ess 108 
MMIIGED RPADIO 7 och os sec e esse ee cee cee eer hle 


Canada’s Horticultural Exhibit at Chicago .. 111 


PAGE. 
OREO WOLMIB an sacls's «. ghdw nde wed’ a 63> e'oee 35 
Canned goods at Chicago... .ccccsscecsecces 115 
GBragana: APDOTECBOGMBS 4 (ius oi k ade seb! eee 95 
Waragann Nena, 25... . sce ees debs. shines 2 tore 97 
Catala 16 CMA POM, be slate 5 Wiad ete law do wd he 98 
CATANIA SPECIORM (ss. aah Note bas totes ob 97, 98 
Cataloa, Tees Hy drid (ii: h00. iv. sedes eed 98 
(ealiopnus: AWMericana 2.0.2. .6 2-<0s oes eles ois 96 
Cephalanthus occidentalis: ..........22.000- 96 
Cercidiphyllum Japonicum.................. 93 
@hase- brothers” Pape... 0.3... cleewe'sh cab ee> 109 
Chemistry of the copper salt fungicides...... 77 
Cherries about Peterborough................ 81 
GIRGIARtIS:, CHICUOFIO GS 2. os) A ciek.s «oa se wove dae 94 
OE TASDOOER Yao 0!> tos of ated v oder eBid dete oh 52 
Wlotinray almiloh a. 5). \sAizceeis loin wits ale led yl tee ot 96 
CoGgHne MOM 2. folk cis k sale cater a Ree oes o Bie 101 
Colorado blue spruces. ncssel i oda Geese 92 
Committee on New Fruits............ ...... 99 
CP OMMATIIDL COR 925 5285 sal Sss sins simracee ae a RL wate 2, 82 
ME OHALILOPION a os satis tue s wre Meee eoere er 3 
Copper'carbonate. 200.25. os see We. ee 79 
Copper salt fungicides)... 4 ie ek ees 77 
COrehorus sk APONICE sa, 02 cc auicay Gans s Dave de a 
Cornelian GOCE 2:..) As iaae'stane. | Pikeee oa ocelot 96 
C OMmlie IMASCUl Ar cis tes whole ae 4 eG while eee 96 
Cornus SAN PWINOA Gris ccs 6 sl ayaa wta wale 8 sold ane 96 
(OPUS SIWOMICA et a ols faites. be teebes 96 
Crimson Beauty raspberry .... .... ........ 52 
CurculiGs..os Gare eh eain goes oh oes 25, 33, 101 
Cuthbert. Taspberry a: hoc ic cn ek ns 24 ae ee A . 58 
Cut-lest white birch?)../..0:. 000. eb 2) pee OS 
Cytisug Waburnum: .. oie se eae an Pee 97 
Waa SrELONGY, POAToG. <5. o> s. ccmwicaeetkde cee 23 
Waphne Cneorwin.cics 1s Jos + eae kite See ees 92 
Wankne mozereuin 2+. - 4.2. ees Meet 97 
Dempsey’s hybrids.... ... .... Tie AB: Beas. 45 
Weserimtions.of frais. .a.0'20% teeta SlG: 75 
DS ek get NERO a See ey Ma Sean SE a 107 
Meutrta Chena leeches aa Vata os Seeks Be ee 96 
Woubaia SPACWHIsw ws Iho ken wetoe cae PL ARS 96 
DIT OChOEN jo 256 tres alee aie tees Setaes Sige he 2 
District fruit lists of apples............... . 141 
Districtiruit lists of grapes... in ©. eS. 24 142 
District fruit: lists of pears... 2... x... 144 
DIO GMOIAR ens Manin eoieee se Se a Ore. owt OG 
Duchess apple in. .00 ee oe ede See. 11 
JST a jee eae eR oF 5 WR PRES EAE oe a 92 
Eau celeste.... ...... ee del tachi. cc he he? ce ike 78 
GHA D PEEDON 6 weitere, atse'se fet meee eure 110 
Eleagnus argentea ...........e ss ee eee ees 96 


vi. FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


PAGE 
Everbearing red raspberry.. .......-++++++5 53 
Exochorda grandiflora..........:scecceseeee 97 
Experiment stations. ....0....0-sneveeees- 82, 151 
Walger SURO occ dive cacy «oho 2 tececs, 0 earns intel bare 95 
TAWTEL SPANOS. cre cs re's fa ne oh ee ence eis « cil eialewe 110 
Plemish Beauty pear ici... caw, ee ss cee ae ts 21 
Floricultural exhibit at Chicago.............. 118 
Miowering almond):6)5).230 5 +. eee aes 95 
Flowers and their relation to us......... ae as 40 
Branco Canadian treaty... icieniessms.s aca siass 79 
Pranconia raspberry ..\. vale ss isteice ees wa 52 
Fruit exhibit at Annual Meeting............ 44 
Fruit exhibit at Chicago... 6.4... sess awacs pe 
Fruit growing at Burlington................. 129 
Bruit growing in Ontario. )). (ce asiidter 16 
Fruit growing in Peterborough County...... 83 
2 Tia bh ets dd ee esc ARSENE Pee en ek. 9, 157 
Cr Enistal SLVOLICE, «5.05018 shies Bete igre ape era 37 
Golden Queen..... Uae Sori aise eee Aa o 53 
Grapeveatalopues.”.) .). fe iS ade ctts Nae 139 
TAPE MIO cats Stic teicie ae nee la te acct aCe 24 
Grape industry in Canada....... ...... Sore) 380 
OVC) SPELLS] Sane IRS # Siar Menem nee gets ARIE 5 Re 143 
Grass HOMOOES Rois As tamsc ccs see ane Hee ee 29 
Gravenatem apples jy... Se «cree ee Oe 63, 106 
Grepe LASHVOLTy:. acccch. conse aes es ees .. 53 
Gymnocladus Canadensis................... 94 
_ Hansell raspberry............ Me hee Mee ON 52 
Heebner raspberry........ iterate a tne te ns nats 53 
Hemlock yapruce sx sae ce. saedtos eee ke he 
Herman asver erape. .: ot... Heer eee 110 
FoerslaneTacp verry, ..c cei ins eee ele eee 53 
EMCKOMIOS 00. a Vecdit halt t Nin ae eR eG 93 
Haliborn raspberry. c.2snk oe eh es 54, 55 
MRO APOE se kc eee ais CN hee ee ct poems ee 94 
Eloree sehestnuts ss oe Cis. wos a a eee 93 
Horticultural Board Act of British Calanibia 122 
Horticultural literature... ............ a ane 120 
Hydrangea paniculata grandiflora ......... 96 
deal U Seapets hon San ede So ee ee 110 
Insects injurious to fruits: . oo dfs cee de es 101 
eapanere. maples: ox Moe ka law eet 97 
Danan vee cater se | a as, aoe ee ona ote 27 
Japan Waltubin to. toes oes ee meee 94 
John Hopper Tose: 5 sq iis a cs oars law oem aie nle 42 
Joagthan apples: Ssh ooo eee Oar 64 
WUMEDOLLY 4 ati ies.c teas oes ae Stone esters) 
MMelane CinEKER is nes.ce array Hae es Qe ee 94 
Juglans nigra ..... he ee Nami tees a 94 
Paslans: Pieboldiaht 25c..nces seein sees 94 
Kentucky -coflee-tree ce soos scar eeee 94 
Kerosene emulsion. oa.028 ce ee ee 36, 103 
Hieher Pear... coe FoR eee eee oni 22 
RID oF oe obi 9 9 ol ee et eee ee 60 
Largest yield of apples..... ......0 1. cs neces 69 
TeBwWIence . POar 2340-5 sce se ose ee Vt 23 
Bong ‘Turner Tage. 126. wees «cues vies vince 42 


Lilacs— PAGE. 
Princess Alexandra. ... sess 97 
Oharles X. .. 2.2.05 0s 1 oh 5 97 
Persian .....6.00++00 9b 9 eee ets 97 
S. Josikaea Pe 97 

Lime in Bordeaux mixture.............--+- 34 

Mammoth Cluster raspberry ................ 53 

Manitoba maple ...2...... 750 s+ see 94 

Markets, Foreign ® wi :.3... > tte eee 74 

Marlboro’ raspherry \<.. <5; 22s see ee 52 

Mock orange’... ... 3. eae ti ee pe 06 

Modification of fruits by climate........... oe 

Mountain ash. ..:..-c: 2. ecste «eee 94 

Mountain maple... ... 0.2) ease + eee 93 

New Fruit Committee: 20.255 +e ee 99 

New Fruit Committee, Repurt of............ 107 

New fruits at Central Experimental Farm ... 109 

Newtown Pippin apple...................-.. 61 

New Jersey tea............. 1 iy bt a Rae rae 

Norway maple..... ..... Seiad a SON en gna reas 93 

Notes of travel ...::. 22029 Genus eee vee 

Number of fruit trees and vines in nib’ 9 

Oak-leaved mountain ash... ...i.v.e0eees- 94 

Oaks  . 0.650505 se elae Onene n 95 

Officers, ... ccs os» «+ sie «css eee 2 

Older raspberry............ .... HE SOM I . 110 

Oneida grape .............. sn OMS 4 et BES 110 

Ontario apple, ..... «sve: ase eee te 59 

Ontario’s fruit exhibit ........ 6, 47, 112, 113, 145 

Orcharding in Ontario. ............. ...--- 70, 71 

Ornamental] shrubs’... S:ceeee eee 95 

Ornamental trees .. 3.72. eee oe 90 

Oyster shell bark house ......,........... 33, 102 

Paragon grape... ee ee eee 110 

Paris green, Test of -3.24..... cs pee 39 

Peach circulio.. « :299eacee se eee ike eee 40 

Peach bark beetle... ):.255 . 2. «05 eae ee 32 

Pear listi thee sd big 0 ps ta 3s See 144 

Pears; Report 0; }. «sacle. s en ee ee dee 

Pear tree Psylla.. ». .20,.9.5050e0 103 

Peonia Mountaim .....3. | 2.5.5 cue 96 

Peterborough as a fruit growing country .... 82 

Pettit, A. H., Compliment to................ 45 

Pewaukee... 32s ss. 2 viene eee 12, 61 

Philadelphia. ........35..2) eee «Set penblgs eee 52 

Philadelphus speciosissimus................- 97 

Picea alba... . 2.2... 2.220 9 eee 92 

Picea nigra... ...2....5.5n sae 5 eae 92 

Picea pungens; .... os. usee ‘tig Gea «a Withee Boke 92 

PIMeS ... 25.5200 soe 1 ee et 90 

Pinus Australis. ..... ..; ieee) eee 92 

Pinus cembra. .. . ... +55: sul sees 91 

Pinus mughus. ....:.... ccna 92 

Pinus resinosa: ....: <\ J.alee sess ee 92 

Pinus ponderosa,......-...ss ». ssa 92 

Pinus strobus. ...........080 + dnl 91 

Pinus sylvestris .... .../:..5+ sae 91 

Plum package ...... .¢.e0.25505 eee! 118 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. vii. 


PAGE 
Plums about Peterborough.........- ...+-+: 81 
Ea vcs vasa Secevccccess nee +3) 
President’s address. ..... ne 5 
MPMI vin aaalertes css pee secre: 24 
PRU EEMIODE ce et voce neces etc e scenes 95 
POISON pads ee se scan sees cece eee ee eee 27 
gripe MCRIGNTAs 2.6 oreo. eee. eee ese eres 94 
PVrue AMCUPATIA.. 52-2. - 5.2. e eee cc ceeee 94 
Quercus macrocarpO ......--.-.+. seers eeees 95 
Race, T. H., elected president........ -.--. 46 
Raspberries, Eight best ............. .+---- 53 
Raspberries, Pruning............--+-++++:: 55, 56 
Raspberries, Seedling........-....e00+++-+: 54 
Raspberries, Varieties of..................-- 52 
Pemepperry Culbure .... 2.2... eee eee ee 51 
Raspberry gall fly ............. seseseeeeeee 104 
eee a 92 
Meare irae es aiDity.... 5 ....-...--2.--. 44 
PEOPNOPUMOIN ICR EG Saag een - ee cee ee eee eee 20 
Reports of affiliated societies............+-. 129 
oP ees 92 
gO Ge ie ee eee 92 
Retinospora leptoclada.................-+06 92 
Retinospora plumosa .........+20- .-- e+ 92 
Infededendron WixXOSUID. .....-......0-...6% 97 
Fehus aromatica 3... 2.20.0. eee eee eee 96 
Do SS ie eee iis TN 96 
Eebue glabra daci@iata. ....-.. .......655. 6. 96 
Tosaciimamones ...:...........-.-.... eon 
Rosa spinossissima.... .. ae ee 97 
SO ee oe ita) 95 
SSS re Cha ae ht 
arIOE IMRICEEY 92. ee nee ee ee 53 
RR isi nn odie vars s aes 91 
Secretary, Compliment to......... fags nett ee 49 
Seedling raspoerries .-.................. 111 
yc. 2s. sees eee 54, 58 
Ce eee ee 95 
I 96 
ES a eae 92 
Maver weepiie maple... 26.2... sea. 93 
SM ORIPEEOE POOUE 22 eos... ee ce le eee 132 
Spirea Bumaloa.......... Noosa enc y teslei's « 97 
DEINE ate a icici wip eee ee ene 97 


PAGE 
Mirek A LEOUOIE yobs bs aeaus occ ene deans © 91 
TAD OOUMNOM A wan Jac 7 F066 une cae 0200 97 
OIE DFOMMOUANT veto se Kes rieces vedere 97 
Spirea rotundifolia ...........+- Samere oda.ce es 96 
DUAR IOU OMA ia ax cateh idles 9080s a 9le 0:4 oo 0¢ 97 
Price TOMONCCEA tan 2 bi ones 25 aeceneet'd« 97 
PLAYED ORE: Ol Gir 0 adil ed Rod two's REE pois 73 
VBL gE AG AERP il Tae p> eee 27, 28, 31, 34 
ME Ae Coe IMS Rh a at oe ed yp ea © a en 92 
PV hited sania Meas cae 11, 12, 14, 15, 50, 60, 117 
Standard grape..... ih. + Meee eal an tos Pte dora 110 
RELA DORY QEOWIMIP |), sc stecviae ub vv vein dylinne 132 
SIPPSDCOMIMADIC St 5 aca als «aod Sapee at bie Utes oes 93 
Whe WTENCO A PDICt. h.ncas ts binetaees wie’ s 11,12 
SUITE ol nial 002 tS ee eR 5 96 
SV GOt PODPEL OUSM 52; «<j: een y ob sdieu dace 96 
SAN TECATIGN dat (a2 eh ane ee A 96 
PBN PANMICHIC ANIA 61 2 Lin Ways + « woah se ene 95 
PRIMAL OPAC steic!6) gid wioie hie od oe ne! bores we 95 
Tolman Sweet as stock .............. sc. 60, 85 
direasurers statement 250. ./ s.2s.6s eaees seer 43 
PPC CRTIODRNIARE Gato tt hee 2 Ed's an isle ne obec 96 
PDURMGERTASDUCLEY v2 5 0\h: 0 <facas tac oohve claw nic oe 52 
PUGS ANRENOOE TVs hos! a. ec's fie alo d as.¢ ee ae oe 53 
Vegetable exhibit at Chicago................ 114 
WANS i poa a Lan) E75 0 en rr ce 97 
Vit Urn OOUIUS! 54260) ss: ee a cleedaeicw cides 97 
Nea ReaMUPNHRU Geren teh EMIS cre scls lot wr oie) 2 kee a eos 94 
INDE OTN rer MeN eRe) cs Ela cha} oe Sic ws earetatwk s Sale 59 
VIGIL EN Get pas care fast vic SAN, (ola Soa y win Fiuiand 3.218 wieder 65 
DMEIDCniantts emer el wae lk Se ok cuiiee. Buna bac ae 97 
Weipelia: Sieboldtiie: ie.) a). es bic a cc ews vs 97 
Welcome to Peterborough .................. 8 
White Beaty. CPaNGl. 2. see ss cu os oes oe eae 110 
VELe INO wae eras Ng wie a so weire dle ceca 91 
MV nite spruGene tho. cate octeas sc ade ev seis wows 92 
IVA AVUG Wun tetas vere ated a aca aye: Sizes a aveln es Sj etesd ace 95 
RWW IMGOW, S ALGONIN GY. eae loc .e 2)00 as,s.2 © diehayal Sule 131 
Wane: exhibitrat: CMICai0. 2:2. k) cca see 116 
Worlds Wain oo... Tee Ps aha 6, 47, 111 
World’s Horticultural Society .............. 126 
RY BaP PEP eN ts. cere Sse 2 thee Sasa e ar Gee 
GHG We PIRES Coe Staci. a wee ee ee tee 92 
IWGMG ME UWOOU mimic etespdcccleled « de sieeituck 94 


T. H. RACE, Esq., MircHett, 


PRESIDENT OF THE FRuIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO, 1894. 


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ONTARIO’S FRUIT EXHIBIT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR, 1893. 


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mr eNPY-PIFPHYANNUAL REPORT 


OF THE 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


To the Honorable John Dryden, Minister of Agriculture : 


S1r,—In presenting to you this, our Twenty-Fifth Annual Report, I have the honor 
of calling your attention to the practical information contained in the discussions, which 
must tend to encourage the industry of fruit growing in central Ontario, where many of 
our best apples, such as Duchess, Blenheim, Wealthy, Pewaukee and others, seem to 
attain their greatest perfection ; also to the amendments made in the Pear Catalogue, 
which is intended as a guide for the use of judges at exhibitions. . 

Some references of general interest are also made to Canada’s fruit exhibits at the 
World’s Fair, Chicago, at which both the President and Secretary of this Association 
were honored with appointments, the one by the Province of Ontario, and the other by 
the Dominion of Canada. 

I might further ask you to observe that, for the second time, we have enlarged the 
Canadian Horticulturist, until now it is a magazine of forty pages each monthly issue, 
and with a gradually increasing circulation. 


I have the honor to be, 
Sir, 
Your obedient servant, 


L WOOLVERTON, 


Grimsby, December, 1893. Secretary, 


1 (F. G.) 


2 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOOIATION OF ONTARIO. 


OFFICERS FOR 1894. 


PRESIDENT: © 
MW HD, Bae on a ooo bes cue ccc'g ble bile areca ee card a4. goalie hana eaiee terete anne eee Mitchell, 
ViIcE—PRESIDENT: : 
Murtay: Pettit... s/s... 0 ueesatme tes ee tee e ce ts oa a ella lek pw Stet Winona, 
SECRETARY—TREASURER AND EDITOR: 
Tnus. Wioolverton, Wine... praca ers ee ote eee esa 4 0 dtlele oa: aj ches ene a Grimsby. 
DIRECTORS: 
Divisions sN oo... dea st3e sacs els eaten (art yeas W.S. Turner, Cornwall. 
Division NO: iA 2S2 Betis iene are ee R. B. Whyte, Ottawa. 
DIVISION NO: BOL n Merle eects ah eae D. Nicol, Cataraqui. 
Mrvision. ONO. i cee tea chews oe ote Wellington Boulter, Picton. 
Divisions NOM UOR Pi ah is eae oct tat Thos. Beall, Lindsay. 
HD TSABION INO: | Osha: ene Se octamer oe, casa W. E. Wellington, Toronto. 
Mi yasuons WN OT) i a.cce tae eas eta aes as .. W.M. Orr, Stony Creek. 
Division No. 8....................4. A. M, Smithy St) Gatnaeune 
TD UGISTOM ENO OO xen tee ins eteeeecat Pe ans J. R. Howell, Brantford. 
Division: WNOn Oss > « ok ee ee J. A. Morton, Wingham. 
MDT VACION ENO rel eer. Ole ees at Re ae J. D. Stewart, Russeldale. 
Division Net E28 ker Met 2s ee ..... Alexander McNeill, Windsor. 
EVASION AN Os wai we Eek ee es ote G. C. Caston, Craighurst. 
AUDITORS: 
PA HER eG bab. 2.2 We) an cid aan Ber ae ih ag eee ag so 0a tabele sai, ee Grimsby. 
W. W.. Hillborn.... cc eee wee oie «erase, Hn oie in & Aecrelotbn) ey, ge ea 
COMMITTEES: 


New Fruits. Messrs. A. McD. Allan, D. W. Beadle and John Craig. 

Revision of Assessment. Messrs. D. W. Beadle, W. E. Wellington and A. McD.Allan. 
Experimental Work. Messrs. Alex. McNeill, John Craig and W. W, Hillborn. 
Finance. Messrs. A. M. Smith, W. M. Orr and M. Pettit 

Executive. The President, Vice-President and Secretary. 


CoMMITTEES REPORTING AT THE MEETING: 


Fruit Exhibit. Prof. Oraig, Messrs. KX. B. Edwards and Geo. Cline. 

Nomination. By the Chair—Messrs. Alex. McNeill and T. M. Grover. “By the 
Association—Messrs. W. 8S. Turner, M. Pettit and D W. Beadle. 

Legislation. Messrs. A. H. Pettit, Alex. McNeill, D. W. Beadle, E. B. Edwards 
and W. Boulter. 

N.B.—The President, Vice-President and Sacretary are ex oficto members of all 
committees. 

REPRESENTATIVES : 

Western Fair. Messrs. T. H. Race and W. W. Hillborn. 

Central Fair. Messrs. R. B. Whyte and John Oraig. 

Industrial Fair. Messrs. W. E. Wellington and A. H. Pettit. 

Central Farmers’ Institute. Mr. Murray Pettit. 


DELEGATES: 


Experimental Union. Mr. W. M. Orr. 
Western New York Horticultural Society, Mr. John Oraig. 
Michigan Horticultural Society. Mr, Alex McNeill. 


The next Winter Meeting will be held in the Town of Orillia. 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO, 3 


“ 


CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS OF THE ASSOCIATION, 


- CONSTITUTION. 


Art. I. This Association shall be called ‘‘The Fruit Growers’ Association of Ontario.” 


Art. II. Its object shall be the advancement of the science and art of fruit culture by holding 
meetings for the exhibition of fruit and for the discussion of all questions relative to fruit culture, by 


collecting, arranging and disseminating useful information, and by such other means as inay from time to 
time seem advisable. 


Art. IT[. The annual meeting of the Association shall be held at such time and place as shall be 
designated by the Association. 


Art. IV. The officers of the Association shall be composed of a President, Vice-President, a Secretary, 
or Secretary-Treasurer, and thirteen Directors. 


Art. V. Any person may become a member by an annual payment of one dollar, and a payment of 
ten dollars shail constitute a member for life. 


Art. VI. This Constitution may be amended bya vote of the majority of the members present at any 
regular meeting, notice of the proposed amendments having been given at the previous meeting. 


Art. VII. The said Officers and Directors shall prepare and present at the annual meeting of the 
Association, a report of their proceedings during the year, in which shall be stated the names of all the 
members of the Association, the places of meeting during the year, and such information as the Association 
shall have been able to obtain on the subject of fruit culture in the Province during the year. There shall 
also be presented at the said annual meeting a detailed statement of the receipts and disbursements of 
the Associat’on during the year, which report and statement shall be entered in the journal and signed by 
the President as being a correct copy ; and a true copy thereof, certified by the Secretary for the time 


being, shall be sent to the Minister of Agriculture within forty days after the holding of such annual 
meeting. 


Art. VIII. The Association shall have power to make, alter and amend By-laws for prescribing the 


mode of admission of new members, the election of officers, and otherwise regulating the administration of 
its affairs and property. 


BY-LAWS. 


1. The President, Vice-President and Secretary-Treasurer shall be ex-offiicio members of all committees. 


2. The Directors may offer premiums to any person originating or introducing any new fruit adapted 
to the climate of the Province which shall possess such distinctive excellence as shall, in their opinion, 
render the same of special value; also for essays upon such subjects connected with fruit growing as they 
may designate, under such rules and regulations as they may prescribe. ' 


3. The Secretary shall prepare an annual report containing the minutes of the proceedings of meetings 
during the year ; a detailed statement of receipts and expenditure, the reports upon fruits received from 
different localities, and all essays to which prizes have been awarded, and such other information in regard 
to fruit culture as may have been received during the year, and submit the same to the Directors or any 
Committee of Directors appointed for this purpose, and, with their sanction, after presenting the same at 
the annual meeting, cause the same to be printed by and through the Publication Committee, and send a 
copy thereof to each member of the Association and to the Minister of Agriculture. 


4, Seven Directors shall constitute a quorum, and if at any meeting of Directors there shall not be a 
quorum, the members present may adjourn the meeting from time to time until a quorum shall be obtained. 
5. The annual subscription shall be due in advance at the annual meeting. 


6. The President (or in case of his disability, the Vice-President), may convene special meetings at 


such times and places as he may deem advisable; and he shall convene such special meetings as shall be 
requested in writing by five members. 


7. The President may deliver an address on some subject relating to the objects of the Association. 


8. The Treasurer shall receive all moneys belonging to the Association, keep a correct account thereof 


and submit the same to the Directors at any legal meeting of such Directors, five days’ notice having been 
previously given for that purpose. 


9. The Directors shall audit and pass all accounts, which, when approved of by the President’s signa- 
ture, shall be submitted to and paid by the Treasurer. 


10. It shall be the duty of the Secretary to keep a correct record of the proceedings of the Association, 


conduct the correspondence, give not less than ten days’ notice of all meetings to the members, and specify 
the business of special meetings. 


11. The Directors, touching the conduct of the Association, shall at all times have absolute power and 
control of the fands and property of the Association, subject however to the meaning and construction of 
the Constitution. 


12, At special meetings no business shall be transacted except that stated in the Secretary’s circular. 


4 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


13. The order of business shall be: (1) Reading of the minutes ; (2) Reading of the Director’s Report ; 
3) Reading of the Treasurer’s Report ; (4) Reading of the prize essays ; (5) President’s Address ; (6) Elec- 
tion of officers, and (7) Miscellaneous business. ; 


14. These By-laws may be amended at any general meeting by a vote of two-thirds of the members 
present. 


15. Each member of the Fruit Committee shall be charged with the duty of accumulating information 
touching the state of the fruit crop, the introduction of new varieties, the market value of fruits in his 
particular section of the country, together with such other general and useful information touching fruit. 
interests as may be desirable, and report in writing to the Secretary of the Association on or before the 
fifteenth day of September in each year. 


The President, Vice-President and Secretary shall be ex-officio members of the Board of Directors and 
of all Committees. The reasonable and necessary expenses of Directors and officers in attending meetings 
of the Board of Directors and of Committees shall be provided from the funds of the Association. 


: 


Local Fruit Growers’ Association. 


16. It shall be the duty of the officers and directors of the Fruit Growers’ Association of Ontario to 
encourage the formation of local fruit growers’ horticultural societies in affiliation with the Ontario 
Association. 


17. Any one may become a member of such local society for one year upon payment into its treasury 
of a minimum sum of one dollar ; and a compliance with clause 18 of these by-laws shall constitute him 
also a member of the Ontario Association for the same term. 


18. On the receipt of the names of such members, with the required fees, the secretary of such local 
affiliated society may transmit their names and post office addresses, together with the sum of eighty cents 
for each. to the Secretary of the Fruit Growers’ Association of Ontario, who will enter their names as 
ete of that society, entitled to all its privileges, providing the initial number of such names be not 
ess than ten. 


19. Each local society so affiliating, with a membership of not less than twenty-five, shall be entitled to 
a visit from some member of the board of directors or other prominent horticulturist, once a year, at their 
own request ; it being understood that the railway expenses of such speaker shall be paid by the Ontario. 
Society, and the entertainment provided by the local society. 


20. The proceedings of such local fruit growers’ horticultural societies shall, on or before the 1st day 
of December of each year, be forwarded to the secretary of the Ontario Society, who may cull out such 
portions for the Annual Report to the Minister of Agriculture for the province, as may seem to him of 
general interest and value. 


21. These local societies, if formed in cities, towns or incorporated villages, may be formed under the 
Agriculture and Arts Act (see sections 37, 46 and 47) and receive their due share of the Electoral District 
grant for the support of such societies. 


22. Each local affiliated society is further expected to send at least one delegate to the annual meeting 
of the Fruit Growers’ Association. 


The director of the Fruit Growers’ Association of Ontario of the Agricuctural District in which such 
society is formed, shall be ex-officio, a member of the executive committee of such local society and receive 
notices of all its meetings. 


AGRICULTURAL DIVISIONS. 


1. Stormont, Dundas, Glengarry Prescott and Cornwall. 
2. Lanark North, Lanark South, Renfrew North, Renfrew South, Carleton, Russell and the City of 
Ottawa. h 


3. Frontenac, City of Kingston, Leeds and Grenville North, Leeds South, Grenville South, and 
Brockville. 


4. Hastings East, Hastings North, Hastings West, Addington, Lennox and Prince Edward. 


5. Durham East, Durham West, Northumberland East, Northumberland West, Peterborough East, 
Peterborough West, Victoria North (including Haliburton), and Victoria South. 


6. York East, York North, York West, Ontario North, Ontario South, Peel, Cardwell and City of 
Toronto. 


7. Wellington Centre, Wellington South, Wellington West, Waterloo North, Waterloo South, Went- 
worth North, Wentworth South, Dufferin, Halton and City of Hamilton. 


8. Lincoln, Niagara, Welland, Haldimand and Monck. 


9. Elgin East, Elgin West, Brant North, Brant South, Oxford North, Oxford South, Norfolk North, 
and Norfolk South. 


10. Huron East, Huron South, Huron West, Bruce Centre, Bruce North, Bruce South, Grey East, 
Grey North and Grey South. 


11. Perth North, Perth South, Middlesex East, Middlesex North, Middlesex West and City of London. 
12. Essex North, Essex South, Kent East, Kent West, Lambton East and Lambton West. 
13. Algoma East, Algoma West, Simcoe East, Simcoe South, Simcoe West, Muskoka and Parry Sound 


Cr 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO, 


ee _ — —__—__——_—_— nd 


THE ANNUAL MEETING, 1893. 


The Annual Meeting of the Fruit Growers’ Association of Ontario, opened at one 
o'clock on Tuesday, December 5th, in the Town Hall, Peterborough, the President, Mr. 
A. H. Pettit, in the chair. 


THE PRESIDENTS ADDRESS. 
By A. H. Pertit, Grimssy. 


Mr. OnAinmAN,—Again I am called as your President to present the annual address 
on this the thirty-fourth annual session of this Association. This address should, perhaps; 
contain a recapitulation of the work of the past season, and, like a mile post on the 
highway, mark the progress we have made, and point out, if possible, the most prac- 
tical route on which to continue our journey. 

When we consider that this Association first entered on the work in which we are 
now engaged, with little practical experience to guide it, its champions but apprentices 
in the field with no works of science on that subject written by skilled horticulturists, 
in a land of almost unknown possibilities, having no financial resources, save self-sacri- 
fice on their part to stimulate and foster this great industry, truly, sir, we may congratu- 
Jate ourselves on the success that has attended its efforts. 

Where do we find ourselves to-day ? laboring in a field cleared of all those obstacles 
with the best practice of skilled horticulturists in every part of our land set before us, 
with orchards and vineyards like the mile posts of old to guide the student and encourage 
the laborer in his work ; that great cable that stretches from shore to shore, across the 
mighty deep, flashing to us the requirements of their people, and very often, as it were, 
closing a deal that means thousands to the resources of our people ; with the mighty 
power of steam and electricity, like the veins in the human body, coursing throughout 
the length and breadth of our land and into every nook and corner thereof, in order to 
draw all countries in closer commercial harmony and accord. Surely under such circum- 
stances our work is plain and our responsibility great, if we fail to foster, guide and 
direct that ever-increasing stream of fruit products into the most profitable channel. Are 
there not fields to-day, like our boundless prairie, rich and fertile, that yield us no return, 
for the lack of cultivation? These should be reached, if not with fresh fruit, then in its 
manufaetured state, and we might direct our attention in that line with advantage to the 
producer of fruit. ‘ 

I might point out one of our products that has made most marvellous strides in that 
direction, through the instrumentality of Associations like this, coupled with the 
uniform good quality of the article itself. I refer to the cheese industry. Is the fruit 
industry less important to the welfare of our country, and should it not claim at our 
hands a larger share of attention in the direction of finding wider markets? The butter 


6 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


industry to-day is being fostered by the Government, and will, no doubt, in time rival the 
cheese export, and why cannot we, the fruit producers of our country, claim some share 
in that policy, carried on by the Government of our country, towards opening up new mar- 
kets and making known their good quality? While the Government is framing its policy in 
the interests of the people, and thus fully recognize the importance of the agricultural 
and horticultural interests in our land, might we not ask them to place, not one big 
specimen, as they are doing in cheese, but one reasonably large consignment in some of 
those markets that as yet have not been cultivated in order that the size, color and qual- 
ity of fruit might win for us a wider market ? 

I referred, last year, to my work in connection with the Ontario Fruit Exhibit for 
the World’s Fair, giving a short description of the initiatory work then completed; I 
desire now to briefly refer to the continuation of that work and the final result as described 
by the judges at the close of their labors, 

On the 25th day of March last, I issued a circular to the Fruit Growers of Ontario 
through the channel of our Farmers’ Institutes and Fruit Growers’ Associations, urging 
them to take some united action in their separate localities, whereby their fruits might 
be fairly represented at the World’s Fair, pointing out what seemed tome to be the most 
simple and at the same time most economical and effective plan I could suggest. In 
answer to this appeal I received a large number of very encouraging replies. I then had 
some two hundred cases made of convenient size for shipping fresh fruits in their best 
condition ; these were forwarded to those points where action was being taken; they 
were filled with packing material and also a circular of instruction, how to pack and ship, 
together with forms of invoice, address cards, etc. These were returned again from time 
to time and served a very good purpose. I also pointed out in this circular that the 
quantity need not be so large, but the quality and regularity of shipments most important. 
I can now, as the representative of the fruit interests of Ontario on that occasion, tender 
my most hearty thanks to those who so nobly and patriotically, with the choicest fruits 
of their locality, assisted me to carry the horticultural banner of our province to such a 
successful issue, and that at perhaps the siren exhibition of fruit the world has ever 
seen brought together. 

I think, sir, it will be readily conceded that Ontario had the largest exhibit of fruit, 
scored the largest number of points, rated the highest as to quality, of any exhibit on 
the grounds ; and in order to make room for our display several States generously con- | 
tributed a portion of their space. Washington Territory allowed us some forty feet along 
the centre passage ; South Dakota, twelve feet, and the North-west Territories some thirty 
feet, all of which was filled to repletion by the generous contributions of the fruit 
growers of Ontario. ) 

I would like very much to give in detail a description of the various exhibits 
made, covering the whole of this North American continent, and showing wherein 
our country possesses superior advantages to many; this I shall try to do at a later 
period, as time will not permit me to do so now. 

I wish now to call your attention to the wide range of varieties embraced not 
only in our fruits in solution, but in fresh fruits collected from nearly every part of 
our province, and to the prompt realization of the object we sought to attain, calling 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIALION OF ONTARIO. 7 


forth very frequent and satisfactory remarks, such as this: “I am astonished at 
the wide range of fruits your country is capable of producing. It is a revelation to 
me.” Was not this the great object we sought to attain? JI am satisfied that 
thousands of visitors to that great exposition have received a wider knowledge of the 
resources, capabilities, and climatic influences of our country, that no other method 
could have so readily accomplished. 

Another point I wish to make clear on this occasion. Some of the papers in 
this province gave a very confused statement of the awards secured by Ontario in 
the fruit department. I wish now to give a correct one, copied from the official 
report of the board of judges. 


Provincial Awards were made to the Province of Ontario on: 


1 Fruits in solution. | 6 Cherries in variety. 


2 Apples of 1892. 7 Currants. 

3 Apples of 1898. 8 Display of native and foreign Gooseberries. 
4 Pears and Quinces. | 9 Continuous display of Blackberries. 

5 Stone fruits. | 10 Grapes. 


In all ten Provincial Awards. Now these fruits, although entered for a Provincial 
Award, were also entered in the producer’s name, in orderthat each individual might receive, 
_ and each locality as well, all the credit attaching to his or their contributions towards the 
provincial display, and for another reason which I wish to explain, in order that later on in 
the season I might claim for those districts that contributed so much towards the desired 
result, some recognition for their labors, and on that score we received the following District 


Awards: 


Niagara District...... Grapes. | Niagara District a bik ets Pears and Peaches, 
meruecton "oc... Grapes. BIESOME aupauurd oa vie ae eae Apples. 
Wentworth “...... Grapes Belleville and Eastern 

Wentworth “....... Wiplen and Peaches. Disthiet.< 477. Apples. 
Wentworth “*... .. Pears. Grey SSS bia) bi aye Apples. 

oraneston “  ...... Apples. EURO TR es So! Pe 3h Apples. 

Baruscton ““* ...... Pears. NUIMRCOEY | ti Urge sate Apples and Pears. 
Niagara Sa Apples. 


In all fourteen District Awards. Then on that score the judges felt there were alsa 
individuals who had contributed largely towards the display, and some recognition was due 
them in like manner, with the result that eleven Individual Awards were made as follows ; 


James Sheppard & Son.................. QUGCONStOM 5. e ek) tet Less Peaches. 
GY eu ee ey a Port Dalhousie J: 20.0 e554 “i 
EE pong (Creeks, td wc. ass dakrtet é 
rr Stet CAbMArIMeSiay. 5 a) aesreccs s i. 
Co DS Or Hheaming tone is: ose..022 5: 5 7 
SS re Winona... PR ee Plums. 
UE COReriGhin ae oh Cis a Skoen cays doe * 
OO a Err rs OU CTICNG sa oh nice wen 8 « s ‘ 
SME PP CULOE SS 8 oe ee ek Owen pound... 2065.2. Te * 
0 OO), i DOC ETE RE Ree ree mtomyiOreeks kin iess (cwens ss 
MRE eo ie a! Gs 6s Ss wos wae cnt 6 es AION Ar eas 2 caine « ....Grapes. 


This record for Ontario will speak for itself not in this country alone, but in a far wider 
field. It was written by men who came from some of the finest fruit-growing States in the 
Union, and men possessing a wide knowledge of the science of Pomology ; their labors were 
arduous, indeed, and Ontario added no small portion to their labors ; and in the discharge of 
that duty I believe they were guided by but one true principle, to deal out fair and even 
handed justice to all, “ let the chips fall where they. may.” 


8 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


[ cannot at this time, at the close of an eventful struggle for Ontario’s supremacy 
in the horticultural field, but express my most unbounded satisfaction, with the hearty 
and unanimous mannerin which my every effort in that direction has been supported, 
first to the Ontario Commissioner, Mr. Nicholas Awrey, for his wise and willing counsel 
at all times freely given to the Fruit Growers of Ontario, who so promptly and generously 
contributed to the desired object ; to Chief J. M. Samuels, of the Horticultural Depart- 
ment, for his kindness and courtesy at all times; to the express companies and customs 
officials who used every effort to have our goods promptly delivered ; to Mr. W. M. Orr. 
whose interesting efforts and happy manner rendered good service in the cause, and to 
Mr. James Brodie, wko during the past two seasons has rendered valuable assistance in 
the work. 


A WELOOME. 


Mr. E. B. Epwarps, of Peterborough, welcomed the Association. He said: We 
have done what we could to get the farmers here, and I expect to see them gathering in. 
I have much pleasure in introducing Mr. Anderson, the Warden of our County, who has 
come in to show the interest that he takes in the Association, and I will ask him to 
express a word of welcome to the Association. 

Mr. W. AnpERsoN welcomed the Association, and hoped that their visit would be a 
benefit to the locality. For himself, he had come to listen and to learn, and he expected 
personally to profit by the discussions. ' 

Mr. D. W. Dumsts, Police Magistrate, said: There is no part of the country that 
needs the presence of this Association more than the County of Peterborough. My 
enthusiastic friend, Mr. Edwards, says there are any amount of latent capabilities here. 
They have not been developed to the extent that I think is possible, and I incline to . 
think that the reason has been that the varieties grown here have not been suited, and 
those that were suitable have been too widely scattered to make a marketable commodity, 
Our people, in order to make fruit growing profitable, want just such instructions as you 
are going to give; and I am sure your meeting will be successful in every way. We shall 
be glad to get all the information we can. 

The PresipENT: We all appreciate the words of welcome extended to this Associa- 
tion. Last year, when we decided to come to Peterborough to hold this meeting, we felt 
that we were coming to one of the finest sections in the province of Ontario. We knew 
it was a wonderful cheese-producing, and to a certain extent fruit-producing section ; and 
we expect by coming here to gain from you, gentlemen, and the farmers and fruit-growers 
of this section of the country, a great deal of information. We also expect, having pre- 
sent, as you will see around this room, representative fruit men from almost every part of 
our province, to be able possibly to give a little information. Of course if we are not 
receiving information and gaining every day we must be going back ; therefore we expect 
to get information, and hope to be able to impart it. I do not know very much of the 
extent of the fruit interest in this section, but I have no doubt, from the appearance of 
the country, that there is room for a great advancement in that respect. In some branches 
of agriculture—in wheat growing, for instance—we seem to be producing almost more 
than the requirements of the people. Possibly we might increase our fruit production 
and decrease our wheat production with advantage to all concerned. We would be glad 
to see you all members of our Association ; but whether members or not, we want you to 
take an active part in the discussion, and assist in advancing that great interest we are 
endeavoring to promote in every possible way. I may add that those becoming members 
receive the Horticulturist through the year, and also get the annual report as well as 
share in the distribution of plants and shrubs, and different kinds of new things coming 
in. Mr. James, Deputy Minister of Agriculture, is present, and he is preparing some 
statistics of fruits produced in our country. I will now call upon him to address you. 


FRUIT GROWER®S’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO, 9 


FRUIT STATISTICS. 


Mr. James, Deputy Minister of Agriculture, said: As most of you, I presume, are 
aware, the Department of Agriculture for the Province gathers every year statistics in 
connection with the production of the staple field crops, statistics in regard to our live 
stock and other information dealing with agriculture. It is not a matter of very great 
difficulty to obtain, for instance, the acreage of fall wheat in Ontario. We can get that 
from the farmers, and we can also get it directly from the assessors’ returns. Having 
that to start with, all that we have to do is to send out our thousands of circulars to the 
farmers all over the province during the summer and at the end of the season, in order to 
obtain the yields per acre. In that way we are able to find out pretty closely how many 
bushels of wheat and other grains are produced in this Province, But that is only a 
part of the farm work of this country. Then we have been accustomed for the last ten 
years to gather statistics in regard to the cheese industry of Ontario. We have found, 
for instance, that we have been making enormous strides in that direction, until now our 
annual product is coming pretty well up to 100,000,000 pounds. There is another field 
that, as I said, has not been touched upon, viz., that of the orchard, garden and vineyard ; 
but there are so many difficulties right at the outset that we are almost afraid to under- 
take it. Wheat is wheat ; and no matter what the varieties may be, all go in together, 
are mixed in our elevators together, and are sold together. When we come to apples 
there are so many varieties, and the difference in bearing is so great, that the difficulties 
seem to be insurmountable. However, for two years, acting partly in concert with this 
Association, we have been endeavoring to gather statistics; and I think now we have 
the toundation laid to gather information that will be as reliable in regard to our fruits as 
the information that we have in regard to our grains. Some may say, perhaps, that the 
fruit growing of Ontario is not nearly as important as grain growing, or as the production 
of dairy articles A man has a little orchard ; he has a few trees, a few vines ; and pro- 
bably very few out of the entire number of farmers send their produce to market, Now, 
let us see as to whether the fruit-growing industry of Ontario is of such little consequence 
as some are apt to believe. From our two years’ work we have come to what we consider 
pretty reliable information in regard to the number of the various fruit trees—z. e. fruit 
of the larger sorts—that we have grown here in Ontario. In round figures they are about 
as follows—of course this does not take in the small orchards of towns and villages ; our 
work so far deals only with farm lands and the large fruit growers, so that the number 
_ may have to be slightly increased although not to any great extent. Thus, for instance, 
in apples we find there are about 7,000,000 b2aring apple-trees in Ontario ; about 2,000,- 
000 bearing grape vines; 700,000 plums; 500,000 each of cherries, pears and p2aches. 
Now, if you will take the average crop for each of these, and put a moderate rate as the 
value of the product, you will find that the figures thus obtained will amount up to a con- 
siderable sum. Of course only a portion of the fruit goes to market ; nevertheless 
it is the produce of the farms, orchards and gardens of this country, and though 
it may not find its way to market, it finds its way to the tables of this 
country, and the farmer himself perhaps consumes the larger’ portion of 
it. I have put the figures in that rounded-off form in order that we may 
carry them away. I presume there is no great necessity to go into minute details. We 
find that whereas some of the different fruits are confined to different lovalities, some of 
these, such as apple-growing, is found in all parts of the Province. The second point I 
want to refer to this, that, taking our figures of this year and comparing them with last, 
we find a slight increase in regard to all those fruits over last year, showing that the 
number of pear tees, peaches, plums, cherries and grape-vines—is slightly increasing 
year after year ; and just as in the case of the cheese production of Ontario, we have not 
yet come to the limit of our production. I suppose the limit will beset by the demands of 
our home and foreign markets. The only two points, then, that I want to make here are 
these: First, that fruit growing has already assumed very large proportions here in 
Ontario—much larger proportions than we are at first disposed to think ; and second, that 
there is a steady increase ; there is also a gradual and quite a perceptible improvement 
in the nature of our fruit growing and in the quality of the fruit which is being produced. 


(Applause. ) 


10 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


Mr. D. W. DumBLE (Peterborough): Just for information, and that we may have a 
more definite conception of that, I would ask : How do you get at the returns ? 


Mr. James: I suppose that would necessitate in the first place explaining how the 
government obtains its figures in regard to many of those crops. 


Mr. DumBLE: This figure is so astounding to us that actually I am incredulous ; 
and I want to know your basis. 


Mr. James: In the first place, we must find how many producing trees there 
are in Ontario. Take apples, for instance. There are two ways of getting at a thing of 
that kind. One is to go to every man over the entire Province and ask him how many 
apple trees he has on his farm. That is done in the taking of a census—done every ten 
years in the Province of Ontario. In getting these returns from year to year, however, 
we have assessors’ returns as to the acreage of our orchard and garden. Unfortunately 
these returns are not definite enough for us to base our reports upon. Every spring the 
Department of Agriculture sends out—one time we sent out 110,000 or 115,000 cards— 
to the the farmers in the Province. Sometimes we get these names from voters’ lists, and 
we keep checking them over so that we know that the lists are simply and solely farmers. 
Last year we got the names from the public school teachers. We got the address of 
every public school teacher in the Province. To that public school teacher we sent asking 
for the name of the farmers in his school section. These names came back, Then we 
knew we had at first hand the names of the farmers in each school section of the Province. 
Putting these together, they ran up into thousands and thousands. Then to these 
farmers we sent out blank forms asking them as to the number of acres in their farm, 
the number of acres in pasture, the number of acres in wheat, and so on ; the amount of 
stock ; value of their farm ; value of their implements ; and also in the last two years we 
have asked them the number of plum trees, pear trees, peach trees, grape vines, and so on 
and from these we have taken our returns. We have not the time or the staff to do that 
every year; but when we get the total acreage of a township, and returns from as large 
a proportion of that as possible, from that we have to make an estimate. We may bea 
little too high in some cases, a little too low in others ; but these will offset one another, 
taking the Province as a whole, and from that we get our returns. At the end of the 
season we send a card asking for a return per tree of the various fruits; then it is a 
matter of calculation—of suming up. For instance, last year the hay crop was valued at 
$36,000,000. That is a crop that every one knows is large ; but the point that I made 
was that fruit is so neglected by the ordinary farmer that he does not consider it of very 
much value, but when you come to put it together it amounts to a large sum. 


Mr. Epwarps: Then you consider these figures you have given us are fairly 
reliable ? 


Mr. James: I think I have under-estimated rather than over. estimated. 


The PresipentT: Gentlemen, this is an important subject, and we have a gentleman 
here who has been operating in that direction for two or three years. We will be glad to 
have any question. I may say that in addition to the regular programme of subjects we 
have questions. Any question that is called for we will be glad to bring it up; also if 
any gentleman wishes to put any question, the Secretary is always ready to receive it and 
have it brought forward at any time. We might take up the third question on the paper, 
and I would ask Mr. Smith to open the discussion on it. 


THE MOST PROFITABLE APPLE. 


Q. What one variety of summer, fall and winter apples has paid most profit in the 
commercial orchards of Ontario, during the past ten years ! 


Mr. A. M. Smita (St. Oatharines): I can only speak from the standard of the 
Niagara District, and in beginning I would say that no variety of apple has been very 
profitable there for the last three years. Our apple crop has been almost a failure, 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOOIATION OF ONTARIO, 11 


Mr. JAMES: You say it has been “almost a failure.” Now, we get that reply in our 
returns to questions—“ apple crop a failure ;” ‘ almost a failure.” What do the farmers 
mean when they say it is almost a failure? What do you mean when you say it is 
almost a failure? We find when we get their figures afterwards that there was quite a 
considerable crop. 


Mr. Smita: I mean that many of our farmers have to buy their own apples, and 
very few of them have any to sell. Some orchards are totally unproductive. A few have 
perhaps some varieties that are bearing well, and occasionally one in some sheltered or 
favored locality may be fairly productive. The one variety of summer apple that has been 
most profitable and productive has been probably the Duchess of Oldenburg. For fall, 
the Colvert, I think, perhaps, though it is grown to a very limited extent. The 
Blenheim Pippin has done fairly well also. 


Mr. Epwarps: Do you call that a fall variety ? 
Mr. Smita: In our section. 


Mr, Oaston (Craighurst): Isn’t that a winter variety? I saw it in Oxford County 
last January and it was in splendid shape, and it would keep a couple of months longer, 


Mr. SmirH: I suppose you would call the Snow apple a winter apple ? 


Mr. Epwarps: It keeps till January ; but the Blenheim is decidedly more of a 
winter apple than the Snow apple is with us. 


Mr. Smitu: I don’t think it will keep any longer. 
Mr. Epwarps: We keep them here till May. 
The Secretary: Under what conditions? 


Mr. Epwarps: Ordinary conditions—in cellar. J count on having a dish of Blen- 
heims every Sunday morning during winter up till May. 


Mr. Smita: tf count on having grapes up till May, too. 


Mr. Epwarps: They are kept without any special care; their temperature kept 
fairly low, but without any special care to regulate it by means of a thermometer or any- 
thing of that sort—an ordinary cellar. 


The Secretary: 35° to 40°? 
Mr. Epwarps: Yes. 


Mr. SmitH: Probably the most productive and profitable winter apple in our 
section is the Baldwin, though that has failed for one or two years. This year the Rhcde 
Island Greening has given better results than any other winter apple I know of. 


The Presipent: Now, Mr. Caston, we will call upon you next, for the north. 


‘ 2 

Mr. Caston (Simcoe County): For an early apple I would agree with what Mr. 
Smith said about the Duchess of Oldenburg. Then for fal], either the Alexander or the 
St. Lawrence—I would say the latter. It is sometimes liable to scab, but is a splendid 
apple, and one that bears well. Then as to winter apples, I would say the Snow. I think 
you will find on our list prepared by a committee of this Association that it is a winter 
apple ; and I think among the early winter apples the Snow has been the most saleable 
in our locality—in fact it has been one of the most valuable apples we have had. Some 
years it is pretty badly threatened with the scab, but it is always in good demand, and I 
don’t know that there is any winter apple that pays better in our section than the Snow 
in the past ten years. Then the later winter apple would be a choice between the Spy 
and the Russet. The Spy is a long time coming into bearing in our section, but it brings 
the most money, and I think it would be difficult to choose between the Spy and the 
Russet which is most profitable. Of course in future the Pewaukee may prove to be most 
profitable. 


Mr. Bouter (Picton): Has the Snow ever been a success in exporting to Great 
Britain 4 


12 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


Mr. Caston: There have not been a great many sent to the Old Oountry from our 
section ; we ship more of the later varieties ; but for the inarkets nearer us, round the north 
part of the Province, where they do not grow many apples, there is nothing sells better 
than the Snow. Everybody wants a few barrels of them any way. 


Mr. Epwarps (Peterborough): I think the Northern Spy is the apple which is most 
commonly grown here as a winter apple, and is found to be very successful in this locality, 
growing a good size and good color and quality. The Blenheim Orange I have found in 
my own experience a very good winter apple, and it would keep fairly well into the late 
part of the winter. 


Mr. Caston: Is it not a shy bearer ? 


Mr. Epwarps: No; we find it a very fair bearer—fairly regular and fairly good 
crops. For fall apple the St. Lawrence goes very well in this neighborhood; and for the 
earlier season the Duchess, I think, is usually the best, and in this locality it grows very 
well and seems to have a very good flavor and is very finely colored. As fair as profit is 
concerned, I should put the Blenheim Orange, from my experience, above all as the most 
valuable, 


The Presipent: Now, you notice in the circulars just distributed, that the list is 
revised for the various districts. We would like to get your views as to which are the 
most valuable sorts for the various districts. : 


Mr. Gites (Peterborough): I find that the Pewaukee is a very good apple, but it 
has one very bad fault—it falls off the tree very much. I don’t know whether the trouble 
is with my land, or what it is. Ifit would not fall off, it would take the place of the 
Northern Spy. TheSpy holds first place, but I think the Pewaukee is just as good as it, 
barring that fault. 


The PresipENT: Does it fall before it is ripe ? 
Mr. Giues: Yes. 


Mr. BouttEr (Picton): I have read this list over and have been surprised at some 
of the varieties that have been classed as first-class and desirable to be cultivated. The 
mistake of most apple-growers to-day is in planting too many varieties. You must select 
according to climatic conditions. My friend young Mr. Dempsey told me yesterday that 
he had realized more money from his Snows this year, per tree, than any other apple 
that he produced. i have been favorably impressed this year with the Snow as a com- 
mercial apple ; but hitherto they were so scabby that I had to throw away quite a few 
that I had bought for my factory. As to value of winter apple, my buyer this fall had 
more enquiries for Northern Spy and Baldwin than any other varieties grown in Prince 
Edward County ; and they would bring more money per barrel. He had orders for Spies 
to go fo Prince Edward Island. I don’t know why the Spy has not been classed_as one 
of our first-class shipping varieties. I have seen it printed that no gentleman would place 
the Northern Spy on his table as one of the first apples grown in Ontario, I think to 
the contrary. Properly cultivated where the sun can get at it, we can grow as fine 
Northern Spys as can be grown anywhere ; and American friends who have been visit- 
ing me say they have never tasted any apple grown anywhere in the States that can come 
up to the flavor of the Northern Spy. The Duchess is a first-class apple. The Colvert I 
think very little of ; it is a tasteless apple, though nice to handle. If we use Colverts we 
have to buy Jenettings to flavor them with. 


The Secretary: What would you leave off from that list for No. 4 if you wished 
the Spy included, and we will have it changed ? 


Mr. Bouttrer: The Ben. Davis is really a good apple ; I believe it is as good an 
apple as we can grow, knowing what I do of the English market. 


Mr. Caston: Its principal market value is not its quality, but the good shape in 
which it gets there ? 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 13 


Mr. Boutter: It is a beautiful, bright apple ; and has good keeping qualities. 
Along in March the Ben Davis is very good. This is the first year that I have not had a 
good crop of them. The Pewaukee has not been widely cultivated in Prince Edward 
County yet. To-day I have no more healthy apple trees than the Spies and Baldwins 
and Golden Russets. 


The Presipent: What varieties do you prefer for canning ! 


Mr. BouttEr: For summer apples we want the Duchess of Oldenburg first. If we 
could not get any other we would take it the second time and the third time. We like 
the St. Lawrence, andwe like the Fall Jenetting, although it is a very rough, hard apple to 
peel. These are three good varieties that cannot possibly be beaten in the way of can- 
ning apples. Let me tell you, whatever taste an apple has, when it is peeled and put into 
the can, it will come out and taste just the same six months or six years after. Con- 
sequently if you put an apple that is tasteless, your canned fruit will have no taste. There 
is too much water in the Colvert and in the Snow. I have done my best to make a 
success of the Snow as a canning apple, and I cannot do it; it is too soft and watery. 
There is no apple that cans better than the Northern Spy. 


Mr. J. McK. Smiru (Peterborough): What about the Ben Davis ! 


Mr. Boutter: The Ben Davis is a good apple, but it takes about a year to get i€ 
ready. 


Mr. McNeit (Windsor): One gentleman at the Windsor meeting attempted to say 
that the Ben Davis was the most profitable apple that he grew, and the Convention almost 
laughed him down. I sent him some enquiries in connection with this meeting, and he 
said, ‘‘ By all means give the Ben Davis a good word ; it is the best apple | have yet.” 
Last January he sent me some Ben Davis apples. I tell you they are just as nice an 
apple as I want to eat—and I am very particulaa about apples, too. The Ben Davis is 
like a piece of cork, as you might say, in the fall and winter, but coming along in January 
I give them to the children, and they take them willingly when the better class of apples 
would be refused. Either your Ben Davis isn’t ours, or else your taste is perverted. As 
for profit, I believe there is no apple grown that will give you as much. Fora winter 
apple why not plant it more largely? It appears to me there is a feeling in the 
Association that we should not not plant it ; and the feeling comes not from those who 
really have it but from those who are struggling after higher things in fruit. Now, let us 
have the higher things, but let us have a little money element in it. (Hear, hear.) I 
believe for the money element the Ben Davis is ahead of them all. I would not grow it 
exclusively ; but let us give it a good show, and put it on its proper plane, and show 
when it should be used and when it should not be used—give it its proper place in 
January, February and March. 


Mr, Stinson (Peterborough): I planted out 17 Ben Davis sixteen years ago. They 
started to bear six years after planting and have been bearing ever since. This last 
year I took 86 bushel off those trees, and took 80 bushels of good salable apples 
out of the lot. From my experience | would sooner grow the Ben Davis at 50 cents a 
bushel than any other apple at a dollar. 


Mr. Turver (Cornwall): I have eaten Ben Davis in July—my own growing. 


Mr. Oaston: I saw aspecimen that was kept for two years, and they were not 
rotten then—they were only shrivelled. | 
‘i Mr. Boviter: I would like to ask Mr. Dempsey if the Ben Davis is successful with 
im. 
Mr. Dempsry (Trenton) : The Ben Davis has proved to be one of the most profit- 
able apples we have planted, and the Spys one of the most unprofitable. I would not 
advise planting the Spy on any consideration, unless for a man of great wealth who could 
wait for it. 1 would rather see him plant some Duchess or Wealthy or Ontario—such 
apples as come into bearing and he can get his money out of them. Spys stand for a 
great many years, and you do not get your money out of them. J have now some 400 


trees some sixteen years planted, and the total crop off these, two years ago, was some 
twenty barrels, 


14 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATLON OF ONTARIO, 


Mr. Bouter: What cause do you give for them not panning out ? 


Mr. Dempsey: When the Spy in our section comes into bearing it bears for about 
four or five years, then it goes to pieces. 


Mr. Caston: That is the way they did in our section. 


The Presipent: I think [ shall ask Mr. Beall a question that possibly he will be 
very glad to answer. I think he took a very great deal of pains in the preparation of 
this report. Now, we find it necessary, as years roll on, to make changes. How shall 
we accomplish that in the best way? I find the western counties strongly urge that Ben 
Davis be placed on the list. It is not on the list now. 


Mr. Bratt: When that list was adopted by the committee they had no idea in the 
world that it was going to last for ever. We expect it to be changed from year to year ; 
but a great deal of care should be taken in making a change. I think a change should 
not be made merely because one particular variety is very much liked in one particular 
orchard. JI think the matter should be well considered. I think the Association in the 
first place decided on something which was as near perfect as can be within the limited 
number. We are only to allow five varieties of winter apples. Mr. Boulter could not 
understand why the Northern Spy was not placed on there. Well, a great many others 
no doubt think the same. The reason was simply this: Being limited to number, and 
also to certain characteristics—for instance, they were to be limited to varieties that 
could be successfully and profitably grown. The Ontario is mentioned here, instead of 
the Northern Spy. They are so nearly alike that it would be absurd to put in the two. 
The Ontario was believed by that committee, and by a great number of other persons, to 
be the more profitable of the two. ‘This list was to be a guide for persons in planting 
orchards. With regard to the President’s question, I have a scheme to lay before the 
' Association in connection with the paper I am to read here, that will embody this and a 
great many other matters connected with apples and fruits generally. I suggest that this 
matter be dropped until I read my paper. It simply meansthis: I propose having a 
committee appointed that shall be permanent, and that shall,-subject to certain limita- 
tions, take all these matters into consideration, condensing the reports, and putting the 
lists in such a shape that they can be easily understood—epitomising, as it were, all the 
transactions ia connection with new fruits and these matters also. 


The SecRETARY: One point has been brought before us very plainly by this dis- 
cussion : that certain apples are suited to some districts, and succeed wonderfully well there, 
but fail when planted in other districts. This list will be complete when we know what 
suits each separate part of the country. Formerly our Association gave just one list for 
all Ontario. That was found to be very faulty, because the apples that were recommended 
for general cultivation only suited certain parts; but now we have divided it into 
thirteen parts, and we are trying to find the apples that do the best in those thirteen 
sections, and we may subdivide it more by-and-by. The Cranberry Pippin, which Mr. 
Boulter spoke of as being not very desirable in Prince Edward County, is a great success 
with me in the County of Lincoln. This year, when I ought to have had two or three 
thousand barrels of apples, I only had two or three hundred. That is what I call a 
failure in the apple orchard. However, the Cranberry Pippin constituted the chief part 
of the crop that I had this year. Most other varieties failed, but the Cranberry Pippin 
was fairly successful, and the apples were clean and beautiful—there were very few 
culls, and they were the most desirable apple I had for market. Now, in all the Niagara 
District the Ccanberry Pippin is a very fine apple, beautiful in appearance and very fine 
as far as quality is concerned. The Spy also succeeds in the Niagara District. It is too 
tender for some northern sections ; but where it succeeds and colors properly we find the 
quality is beyond criticism. We found in Chicago that there was no Oanadian apple 
that was so much in demand in the western States and cities as the Canadian Northern 
Spy. 


Mr. Boutter: Was there any apple to compare with it ! 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 15 


The Secretary: I don’t think so; and if you go through the Chicago markets and 
ask, ‘ What apple are you selling most ?” they will say, “ The Spy ;” and if you ask the 
commission men, ‘‘ What is most in demand, they will say, “‘ Your Canadian Spy.” Com- 
mercial orchardists in Canada have several questions before them. One is: ‘ What can I 
grow best in my district?” The next is: “ What market am I shipping to ?—is it the 
American market or the English market ?”—and so on. You have to consider what the 
people want in the market you are shipping to. (Hear, hear.) And these questions will 
influence us all as to the varieties we plant; and if we have planted them, and they 
are not the kinds we want, we must top-graft them. The Ben Davis as grown in the 
west, in Oregon and in British Columbia, is most wonderful—twice the size we grow it in 
Ontario, four times the size they grow it in Prince Edward Island. It just emphasizes 
the truth of my statements. 


Mr. Beatt: The speaker just now stated that the Northern Spy would not perhaps 
do in the northern or colder parts. I would like to kaow where that is. I know where 
there is a long row in an orchard fully one hundred miles north of Lindsay, and they 
are bearing well, as they have borne for several years. 


The Secretary: Do you know how long it is planted ? 


Mr. Beatt: I donot. I have a memo. at home of the locality and name of 
owner, etc. 


Mr, Caston: I can corroborate a good deal of what Mr. Dempsey says. In the 
lower end of Simcoe County the Northern Spy thrives very well. In Morth Simcoe it 
does just as Mr. Dempsey says,—after it bears a few years it begins to fall apart. That 
has been the experience of growers in our section. Now, travel about thirty miles south 
and you will find old trees there growing all rizht, and bearing every year ; and I don’t 
know that you will get any better specimens in Ontario than you will in South Simcoe. 


Mr. BouttErR: Why do you condemn it and throw it out of your list ? 


Mr. Caston: Iam not condemning it ; but that is the reason I did not wish it put 
on our list—that after it bears a few years it gets rotten in the heart and begins to fall 
back. But I have proved by experience that it can be grown where any apple can be 
grown, by top-grafting. That isa very important matter, and one that deserves attention, 
You can grow any apple that can be grown in any other part of Oatario by grafting it 
above the crotch, on healthy limbs. It brings them into bearing earlier. As to quality, 
of course tastes differ. I would say the King is by all odds a better desert apple than 
the Spy, but it is not nearly such a good bearer. 


Mr. Boutter: I have about four hundred Spy trees and have not lost one tree. 
They have been out 12 or 14 years. 


Mr. Caston: They have not come to the failing part of the business yet. (Laughter.) 


The Presipent: In reference to Mr. McNeill’s remark about the Ben Davis being 
so good, I would say that the judges at the World’s Fair would score the Ben Davis from 
Nebraska in quality as high as 10; but when they would come down to Canada they 
would only score it about 8. So with the Kieffer pear. Out in those southern and 
western states they seem to have better quality in their eyes than we have in this country, 
farther east and north. 


Mr. Boutter: I would suggest that we defer this discussion till Mr. Beall’s paper 
is read. 
The Presipent: Is that your pleasure? Carried. 


16 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


———— 


FRUIT GROWING IN ONTARIO AND HOW TO MAKE IT PAY. 


Mr. A. M. Smitu, of St. Catharines, read the following paper: Fruit growing in 
Oanada in the past has been a series of experiments, many of which, on account of 
want of knowledge of what varieties were adapted to the soil and climate of different 
localities, have been disastrous failures. But enough have been successful to demonstrate 
the fact that most if not all the fruits grown in the temperate zones can be grown here in 
greater perfection, taking, keeping and quality into consideration, than in any other part 
of America, if not in the world. Thirty years ago the larger portion of the fruit con- 
sumed in this country was brought from the United States. The Mother Country then 
knew nothing of Canadian apples. To-day we are not only independent of these States 
as far as these fruits are concerned, but our apples stand at the head of theirs in the 
markets of the world, and we have shown in competition at theirown great World’s Fair 
that Canada stands second to none in the production and excellence of this most useful 
commodity. This being the fact—is it not well to ask themselves the question— 
What is to be the future of this great industry—Are we to rest contented with present 
achievements, or are we to press on and develop the vast resources at our command ? 
There is no other country of the same extent that has as much land as we have bordering 
on lakes and Jarge bodies of fresh water, which is particularly adapted to growing the 
apple in perfection, and although we have not as large areas adapted to growing pears, 
peaches and grapes and some of the more tender fruits, we have enough to supply our 
’ own markets and some to spare for our neighbors ; and plums, cherries and most of the 
small fruits can be grown wherever the apple succeeds. And when we consider the 
increased demand for fruic, the increased consumption, the markets already opened up in 


the old country and the neighboring States, and the markets opening up in the newer | 


portions of our own country, where fruits can not be grown with success, and think of the 
increasing facilities for preserving fruits, such as canuing, evaporating, etc, so that they 
can be transported to any part of the world, we can easily see that this industry is but 
in its infancy. And if we but carefully improve the advantages we possess and systemati- 
cally develop our resources it will soon become a vast source of income and prosperity to 
the country. The question then of how best to accomplish this object, or in other words 
how to make fruit growing pay best in the future, is one that deeply interests us as fruit 
growers. While I do not consider myself competent to answer this question in full, | may 
be able to offer a few suggestions that will be of value to planters. As I remarked in 
the beginning, many of us have had serious failures from planting varieties not adapted to 
our soil or climate. This need not be repeated if we, as members of the Fruit Growers’ 
Association, avail ourselves of the information obtainable from it, watch carefully the 
experience of our neighbors, and remember this rule, ‘‘ Plant only fruits that are adapted 
to youresoil and locality and the markets you want to supply.” Don’t plant too many 
varieties. Five or six of the leading varieties of apples or any other fruit are all that are 
profitable in any one locality, and when these are planted they have got to be carefully 
cultivated and fed in order to make them profitable. No starving the orchards or robbing 


them with other crops must be allowed. In order that fruit growing may pay in the future ~ 


it must be engaged in more as a business than in the past. The chief attention given to 
other products of the farm and a little, or entire neglect of the fruit will not make it pay. 
The fruit grower has to be educated then to attend to his business. The adapta- 
tion of different fruits to different soils and localities has to be considered. While I 
do not believe as, the saying is, in “ putting all your eggs in one basket,” I would say to 
the planter “if your soil and location is particularly adapted to the growing of pears or 
plums or any particular variety of fruit make that fruit a specialty particularly if there 
is a market and demand for it.” The cause of many failures in the past, and I fear will be 
in the future in fruit growing, is so many people embark in the business without any 
knowledge of the principles and requirements necessary for its success. They imagine if 
they get into a peach section, for instance, they can grow peaches on any soil there, and 
the same with other fruits, not knowing that in our best peach belts there is compara- 
tively but little soil and a few choice localities where that fruit succeed well. Consequently 
not only a knowledge of how to grow fruits but a knowledge of where to grow them is 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 17 


mecessary. The day is coming when nothing but first-class fruit put up in first-class 
shape will pay and in order to secure this result we must give careful attention not only to 
cultivation but to the destruction of insect pests and the prevention of the various fungous 
diseases which our fruits are subject to. In the matter of grading and putting up fruits 
for market also, there has to be a radical change with some of us, I think we might 
take a few lessons from our California competitors in this matter. If it pays them to 
carefully wrap their fruits in tissue paper and put them in neat boxes why would it not 
pay us? I believe the time is not far off when our choice Spies and other apples will be 
carefully wrapped and sent south and to California in exchange for their oranges, lemons 
and other citrus fruits. But I need not enlarge upon this subject—-members of the Fruit 
Growers’ Association can readily understand it. While I would advocate only the plant- 
ing of tried and known varieties for profit, | would by no means discourage the trial and 
testing of new fruits with the hope of making valuable additions to our present stock of 
valuable varieties. Doubtless the experiments of the future will bring out many addi- 
tions to those already produced by our Arnold, Dempsey, Saunders and others whose 
labors in this direction perhaps did not pay them in dollars and cents, but which will be 
of untold benefit to us and future generations. While I regret that our government has 
not taken hold of this work and given us an experimental station for it, | still cherish the 
hope that our future legisiators will awake to the importance of it and do something worthy 
of the cause and the nation, and not leave this important work to be performed by individual 
effort and at individual expense. I am aware that the Dominion government, at their experi- 
mental farm in Ottawa, with their efficient staff, aredoing what they can there; butonaccount 
of a climate unadapted to fruit they can do but little comparatively for the great fruit 
growing sections of the country. I would, therefore urge upon the members of this 
Association, particularly the younger ones, to redouble their efforts in this direction, not 
only by producing new hybrids and seedlings, but also by testing new importations as far 
as their means will admit, and disseminating them till Canada shall be known not only as 
the best fruit growing section but for the best varieties produced in the civilized world, 
and if it does not pay you in dollars and cents it will pay in the increased prosperity and 
blessings that it will bring to your country and posterity. Most of the pioneers of fruit 
growing in this country have passed away, and the remainder will soon follow. They 
have done well in building up this great industry, and the results are left in your hands, 
Try to improve them. 


The Presipent : Now, gentlemen, we will be very glad to hear from you all. The 
valuable paper you have heard is open for criticism. 


Mr. Beart: Referring to the suggestion in the paper that the Government should 
encourage hybridizing, I would like to ask: Why has not this Association taken that 
matterin hand? The Association has never, as far as I know, done anything to impress 
that fact upon the Legislature of Ontario, except the publication of an article in last 
year's report intended to draw public attention to the matter of remuneration to any 
person for theireffortsin that branch. I think there should be some public acknowledgment 
and remuneration from the Government to persons who have already done work in this 
direction. Ifthat were done it would possibly encourage others. I believe there is but 
very little being done in that respect. Fifteen or twenty years ago there were five 
persons who did much for this Province in hybridizing—Arnold, Dempsey and Mills are 
gone ; Haskins we never hear of—I do not know what he is doing ; we have only 
Saunders left, as far as I am aware. This country and this Association have done 
nothing to my knowledge to recompense these men for the time they have given, the care 
_ they have taken, and their experience and labor in this very important branch. 


Mr. McNetux: I think we should appoint & committee and do something worthy 
of this body in this matter. The gentlemen named by Mr. Beall are worthy of recognition 
and possibly a few might be added to the list. I should certainly suggest the addition 
of the late Mr, James Dougall, of Windsor, a gentleman who has done perhaps as much as 
any of those mentioned. You will have noticed the Windsor Cherry, lately written 
about in the Horticulturist. It was my pleasure, sitting in the shade of that tree, to 
hear the history of the Windsor Cherry. Mr. Dougall also originated lilacs that are 


2 (F.G.) 


18 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO, 


famous the world over. People do not usually connect his name with the Persian lilacs 
that are now being disseminated. I know a gentleman that has half a dozen moss 
roses that were the result of his hybridizing. The town clerk of Windsor has a collection 
of gooseberries that were given him by Mr, Dougall ; and the township clerk is respon- 
sible for the story that one of the finest gooseberries now on the market—I think the 
Industry—was stolen from Mr. Dougall ; that he sent it°to London, and it afterwards 
made its way across the lines under anew name. Now, could we not appoint a committee 
who would gather these instances of hybridizing experiments, and let us do honor to the 
men as far as possible. Mr. Dougall died poor, and I believe as the resu!t of the interest 
he took in horticultural matters in that line. | 


Mr. Epwarps: Would it not be well, while we are honoring the dead, that some 
provision should be made to encourage this line of experimenting for the future? The 
last speaker has not given a favorable impression of the profits. 


Mr. McNetrtu : It doesn’t pay. 


Mr. Epwarps : Still I think this might be done, possibly, if we could so impress the 
Ontario Government or the Ottawa Government with the desirability of making improve- 
ments in this direction as to make it possible to benefit the country to introduce new 
varieties either of apple trees or of other varieties of fruits, that the Government might be 
persuaded to offer a standing reward for the production in the future of improvements 
in varieties of fruit of various kinds. A man would then be likely to receive from the 
Government a sum that would to some extent compensate him for his labor, which 
would be similar to the benefit of a man obtaining a patent. 


Mr. Caston: I appreciate, and have often spoken publicly of the obligation that 
these progressive men placed us under ; yet I do not think the plan of a government 
reward would be wise. Some of those men, at least, have made money out of their 
productions. Some of them no doubt have been unselfish in their work, but others work 
for the hope of reward. Ido not think there is any more reason why the Government 
should offer a reward for them than they should for a patent. Weare told that the com- 
pany that hadcontrol of the Niagara grape made about half a million dollars out of 
it. I know I have paid $3 a dozen tor strawberry plants, and somebody must have been 
making money out of them (laughter), And a great many of them turn out to be worth- 
less after all. But I think it is only fitting and proper that we should acknowledge in 
some public way what these men have done towards making Ontario what it is to-day as 
a fruit-growing country. 

Mr. Boutrer : It is pretty hard work to do much good toa man after he is dead. 
It is very well to speak in eulogy of these men, but the trend of public opinion 
ig, not what has been done but what is going to be done for the good of the future ? 
I think this Association would be doing something for the coming generation if they 
pressed on thegovernments thenecessity of establishing more small experimental stations, in 
different localities than at present, where new fruits could be tested and the results given 
to the public. We have to learn by experiment what is best. Now, the Govern- 
ment can afford to do this, and they ought to do it, so that we may have positive 
knowledge as to what fruits are suited for the various localities. I don’t think we could 
accomplish much good by endeavoring to get a grant for those who have gone before. 
We find it takes along time to get a monument to a man after he is dead, no matter 
how much good he has done. 

Mr. Dumste: I think that the best experimental farm’you can have, and the most 
extensive and the most certain in its results, is the country just as it is. Now, take the 
action of our Ontario Government in getting those fruit statistics. Supposing they had 
sent several questions to each farmer—because they wrote directly to each—thus : “ What 
apple have you found thrive best on your farm, in quantity and quality ?” ‘* When 
do your trees come into bearing?” and soon. Would not the results from these questions 
tabulated, be che best possible data you could get anywhere ? They would get more figures 
in that way than in any other possible way. I throw this out to Mr. James as a suggestion 
for a series of questions next year. [know from experience that if you group Northum- 
berland and Durham with Peterboro’ and Haliburton you have not a fair group. The 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. Lg 


trees that will grow on the lake shore, on the other side of the summit, as we call it—ten 
or twelve miles from the lake—would be under totally different climatic influences on this 
side of the summit, so that this group, for designating the apples to be grown, is not 
fairly grouped to get good results. I suggest you should divide the country into 
smaller sections; and, within a radius of ten or twelve miles around Peterboro’, you could 
tell from what fruit we could get results better, than by grouping those four counties 
named here. I don’t think we ought to complain very much about either government, 
they are doing very handsomely in regard to these experimental farms. 


Mr. Caston : The difficulty Mr. Dumble mentions is one we have in all the districts 
classed here ; but we can’t help it. For instance my district takes in Muskoka. Of 
course, in a great part of Muskoka they cannot grow anything better than a crop of 
apples, anyway ; but when you come as far southas Lake Couchiching and take in Lake 
Simcoe, they can grow any variety of apples as well as any part of Ontario. When you 
get beyond the influence of the great lakes, and get into the great prairie countries, you 
may travel for 150 miles without noticing any appreciable difference in the climate. 
Probably the thing that will flourish here will flourish 150 miles farther on ; but owing 
to the influence of the lakes this country differs so much that you will find a fruit will 
do very well in one place, and 30 miles further up 1t won’t do at all. 


Mr. Dumsie: Down on the shores of Rice Lake, 10 or 12 miles from here, they 
grow cherries very successfully. We can’t grow them here at all. 


The PresrpENT: Do cherries thrive here ? 


Mr. DumstE: No, sir; unless it be the commonest cherries, and they are grown 
along the shires of Rice Lake. The horse chestnut will not flourish here, 


Mr. A. M. SmirH: I understand they are quite successful in grewing cherries at 
Ottawa. 


Mr. Stanton: I don’t think there is any section in Canada that will grow cherries 
and plums with South Monaghan, and that is only 10 or 15 milés south of this. I have 
seen trees there with ten bushels on them of the Lombard plum. 


Mr. Boutrer: Mr. Smith suggested that in time we would be wrapping our fruit 
up, as they do in California Has anyone had any experi nce in sending apples to the 
Old Country in any way other than in ordinary barrels? I ask this question because the 
Australian people are sending their apples there in packages quite different from ours. 


The Secretary : [ have experimented in Wrapping in tissue paper, and I believe in 
some instances it will pay. I don’t believe it would pay to send apples that way for 
general sale on commission, because unless people know you, and know your fruit, they 
want to see the apples, and it takes a good while to unwrap them and find out what you 
have rolled up. They think you want to deceive them, perhaps, and so have hidden 
your fruit. If your brand is known, and your reputation is secure, it will be an advan- 
tage, because they carry better ; decay cannot spread from one apple to another ; they 
preserve their bloom a great deal better ; they will be dry, and open out in better shape. 
The cases where I have tried ‘this plan successfully were those where I had made a 
special sale. I had special orders from private parties—in Edinburgh and one or two 
parts of England—where people wanted a few barrels for their own Special use, and had 
confidence that I would put them up to please them ; and I was able to make the sale at 
$4 a barrel, delivered at my own station, for apples put up in that shape. That was 
satisfactory to me. Of course, I was careful, when wrapping them, to put nothing but 
the very finest class of apples in for wrapping, and the result was that I have had 
repeated enquiries from those parties to have apples shipped to them successive seasons. 
This year I did not feel that I had the quality of fruit to do for them, so did not attempt 
to fill their order; but I believe that a business could be done in that way if we could 
once get in close enough connection with the consumers in the Old Country. (Hear, hear.) 
Tf we could once get by the middlemen who make the money out of us, and deal directly 
with son:e consumers that are willing to pay high prices if they can get just what they 
want, there are no doubt large numbers of people in England who, if they only knew us, 
and could get near enough connection with the Oanadian growers, would order freely, and 


50 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOOIATION OF ONTARIO. 


——— 


‘be willing to pay us our own prices. They would not hesitate to pay us $4 a barrel for 
our apples put up in that shape if they could depend on the brand. The opening is not 
for everybody—it is for those who know how to do the thing right. If you are putting 
up a special brand of fruit, I think it would pay to put it up in tissue paper. [I tried 
shipping pears in small crates, about one-third of a bushel, and I had hoped for success ; 
but the variety I tried was one I suppose nobody will ever get through to England—viz., 
the Bartlett. I thought I had picked them sufficiently on the green side, and that by 
pushing them through speedily I would succeed ; but I didn’t. When they reached their 
destination they were all mush. 

Mr. Bratt: Did you try Flemish Beauty ! 

The Secretary: I did not. 

Mr. Partison: I believe the late Mr. Dempsey had some experience. 

Mr. Dempsey: He shipped none except in 1886. They carried over perfectly. Of 
course they went over in connection with the Colonial Exhibition. They sold well there 
at that time, according to the Government reports. 

Mr. HititBorn : I shipped some at the same time, of Duchess apples and several 
varieties of pears, in bushel cases. They went in cold storage, of course, but few of them 
reached there in good condition. Those that did arrive sold at good prices, and the parties 
who handled them thought they would pay. The only difficulty was to get them there in 
good shape. 


REPORT ON PEARS. 


The PresipENT: Is the Committee ready to report on pears ? 


Dr. BeapLe: I have in my hand several copies of the old report, on which the Com- 
- mittee has marked in ink, opposite each variety, the change that they suggest. 
After I have finished my report J think it would be a good plan for the 
meeting to take up this list and criticise each item, and let us know what they think of 
the value the Committee has placed upon the several varieties for dessert and for home 
market. I have said nothing about cooking. At our last meeting it was decided, I 
understood—and this list was printed in accordance with that decision—that we would 
omit any account of cooking. I may say that the Committee came to tne conclusion, after 
looking the matter all over, that they were not appointed to make out a list for planters, 
If you will notice in the Report, page 137, the catalogue is said to be for use of judges on 
exhibitions, consequently they think that the division into summer, autumn and winter 
is not necessary. They recommend that the list be finally printed alphabetically, 
without any reference to the season of ripening. Judges do not care anything 
about the season of ripening. At exhibitions the prize-list usually calls for the 
best plate of Bartletts and the best plate of Beurre Giffard, etc. Then, again, there is 
this difficulty about settling on the time that these pears ripen—we have a tremendously 


large country as to climate. We have an almost sub-tropical climate on the north shore — 


of Lake Erie, and we have an almost Arctic climate up in Muskoka; and a pear that 
will ripen, say, on the Ist of September in the County of Essex, will not ripen till October 
up in Muskoka, if it will grow at all there, consequently there is great difficulty in decid- 
ing about the time—the classification that we should make of the different varieties of 
pears as to summer, autumn and winter. The difference is even greater than I have 
spoken of. You may take the shore of Lake Ontario near Grimsby, along from St. 
Catharines to Hamilton. Close on the lake shore, where the spring winds from the lake 
keep vegetation back quite late, you will find the Bartlett pears will be two weeks later 
than they will be ten or five miles inland. Then comes the question—is the Bartlett a 
winter pear or a summer pear! It is a winter pear just under the brow of the moun- 
tain; it is a summer pear on the lake shore. Taking all these things into consideration, 
your Oommittee have decided not to take notice of summer, autumn and winter, but to 
arrange the list alphabetically. I would suggest, therefore, that you take up this list 
and find out from those present who have had experience in these different varieties, 
whether we are right in our estimate of value for dessert and for home market. 


_e ee Eee 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO, 20 


The PrestpEent proceeded to read the list. 


Belle Lucrative was changed by Committee from 10 dessert, 4 home market, to 7 
dessert, 6 home market. ; 


The PresipEnt: How should this pear be so high for dessert and so low for home 
market ? 


Dr. BeapLe: Its appearance was against it, and it was hard to get people to buy it. 
It is a very sweet pear, and there is a moderate sale for it, but on the whole it does not 
“take” in the market on account of its lack of color. It is always green; it never has 
any color. 


Mr. Smit: But you have raised it two points for the home market. 


Dr. BeaDLe: Yes; we dropped it for dessert. It is sweet, and that is all you can 
say about it. It has no richness of flavor—just sweetness. 


Mr. Boutter: What was the reason for raising it two points for home market if the 
color was against it ? 


Dr. BEADLE: The color was against it, but as there are people who like a sweet 
pear, they thought it ought to be raised a little for home market. Mr. Orr will be able to 
tell you more about it. I deferred to the experience of persons who had marketed iv. 


The Presipent: If no change suggested in that, we will go on with the rest. 


Flemish Beauty, changed by Committee from 8 and 9 to 8 and 8. 


The Presipent: Why did you drop it for home market ? 


Mr. Cxiinz (Winona): Because it isa miserable pear to raise. It does not begin 
to compare in selling with the Bartlett. We have the Bartlett only at 10, and it is 
certainly fair to put it two points lower. I would like to have it only at 7. 


Mr. Boutter;: Wouldn’t 7 be pretty high ? 
Mr, Cuine: If you can grow them they sell pretty well. 


Mr. Boutter: Can you get two successive years’ growth from them ? 
Mr, Ouine: No. 


The Secretary: Would you plant any of them for the home market ! 


Mr. CuinE: I would not, except for grafting Beurre Gifford or some other on. 
We must consider this, that Flemish Beauty are always in the list of pears for varieties ; 
no list is considered right without it. 


The Secretary: You don’t encourage anybody to plant it ? 
Mr. CuinE: No; all good collections have the Flemish Beauty in them, though. 


Mr. Beart: I think it is a mistake to speak against a particular variety because 
it cannot be grown in some particular section or in several sections. The principle 
should be that wherever a valuation is given on a fruit, it should be a perfect speci- 
men. Then the question arises: If a man anywhere, in any part of the Province, can 
grow a first-class Flemish Beauty, should it be rated at a high rate? My own opinion 
is it ought to be rated as if a first-rate specimen was grown. We can grow them that 
will average very nearly a pound apiece, perfect in size and shape, and of a beautiful 
red or brown color. If pears can be grown like that, I do not see that you ought to 
try to prevent the people from growing it. It depends altogether where it is grown. 
I know it scabs in a great many places; but I think the scab is not such a bugbear 
now as it has been in the past. I think that should be left as it was. 


Mr. Boutter: We have been buying pears for eleven years, and I never yet, with 
the exception of one year, got good Flemish Beauty pears—buying from different parts 
of Canada. It is almost impossible to grow them without being cracked or specky. 


22 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. . 


Why it is kept rated as high as this I don’t know. If this list might deceive buyers 
into thinking this isa standard variety, or help nurserymen to deceive them, it should 
be changed— otherwise let it remain. It is not going to deceive me when I am buying it. 
I would not give for a Flemish Beauty 50 per cent. of ‘what I would for a Bartlett. 


Mr. M. Perrir: This scale of points should not be considered as the pear is found 
in the market—aftected by this fungus—but as it is when perfect. 


Mr. CuinE: That is what we supposed—that when you put pears on the table 
you put perfect specimens. We did not get this up for a planting list, though people 
might plant by it and not go very far astray. 


The Presipent: I would suggest that somebody move the adoption of this report ; 
then any change would come as an amendment. 


Dr. BEapLEe: I will relieve the chair of a dilemma by moving the reception and 
adoption of this report. 


Mr. M. Pettit seconds. 


Mr. Beart: J move in amendment that the Flemish Beauty figures stand as they 
are in print—8 for dessert and 9 for market. 


Mr. BoutteEr: I move in amendment that the points for home market be reduced 
to 7. ; 


Mr. Rogson seconds Mr. Beall’s amendment. 
Mr. HiLuBorn seconds Mr. Boulter’s amendment. 


Both amendments were lost, and the original motion carried, making the figures 8 
for dessert and 8 for market. 


Kieffer, changed from 3 and 5 to 4 and 6. 


Mr. Boutter: With us it is not a success, 


Mr. McNutt: We used it in our home last year as a canned fruit almost exclu- 
sively, and I think for market purposes it is a somewhat valuable pear. It has simply 
one fault as a canning pear—those little granules. For flavor in home use I think it 
is simply exquisite. 

Mr. Boutter: Has it been hardy as a grower ? 


Mr. McNriti: Yes, and it is a fine-looking pear. It sells well on the market. 


Mr. Bouter: [ planted out half a dozen trees, and I lost every one of them. As 
to canning, the only true test is putting up thousands of cans by dry steam. The 
Kieffers won’t do for canning at all. We would not think of putting them up in our ~ 
factory ; they won’t stand up in the cooking. 


Mr. A. M. Smith : Some years ago I planted about 40 trees; this year I gathered 
from them about 175 12-quart baskets. Last year—the sixth year—they had on pro- 
bably about 50 baskets. They are early, and a constant bearer. This year I sold them 
to the canning factory at Grimsby for 2} cents a pound. They wanted all I had, and more, 
too, if I could get them. I have friends who grow them largely on the other side, who 
claim that they are the best pear they have for canning there. 


Dr. BeapLE: This isa variety of pear that the Committee expected a good deal of 
kicking about, because it depends for its quality on the soil in which it is grown more 
than any other pear I know of. In Prince Edward County it would be poor and have 
no quality, but at Grimsby, or on the shores of Lake Erie, it would be very fine and 
desirable. I have seen some of very fair quality grown by Mr. Cline at Winona. I 
have eaten them from tins, and they had a very pleasant quince-like flavor peculiar to 
themselves. When prepared in the way these were, they lost none of their firmness, 
and seemed to be very desirable for canning. I find the public are asking for it and 
buying it in the Toronto market—I suppose for canning. 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 23 


Mr. M. Perit: Some few years ago! planted 25 trees at Grimsby. The fourth 
summer they were out they netted me $1 each; and they came into bearing so early, 
and bore so heavily, that this spring I planted 1,400 more, and [ think I can make more 
money on them at $1 a barrel than growing apples at $4 or $5 a barrel. 


‘Mr. Epwarps: Mr. Stinson has at some of our Peterborough meetings spoken 
very highly of the Kieffer pear for canning purposes, and they were grown in this 
county. 


The clause was passed without change, 


Dana's Hovey, quoted at 8 and 4—no quotations hitherto. 


The Presipenr: That is a considerable drop. 
Dr. BEapDLeE: It is good for nothing for market. It is good enough for amateurs. 


Lawrence, changed from 7 and 8 to 8 and 6. 


The Presipent: Why was that lowered ! 


Dr. BzapLE: Because someone who had had experience in marketing it suggested 
it. J can only ask my colleagues to explain, as I have had no experience in marketing 
it myself. 

The Secretary: I think the Committee is about right in that. itis an excellent 


pear for dessert—nothing we like better for home eating—but the size and color are 
somewhat against it. 


Mr. A. M. Smitu: My family generally market all I can grow of it. I don’t 
think is would be a very bad pear for market this time of year. J am inclined to think 
they have put the market value too low. If kept till the Christmas season and sold 
on our markets, it brings a very good price. 


The Presipent: | certainly would like to move that up a little for market. 
Mr. Smiru : | move that it be increased two points for market—that is to leave 
it where it was. 


Mr. Ciing: One particular reason we put that so low is that all pear shippers know 
that there is not much market for winter pears in Canada. You send pears to market 
now, and you would scarcely sell them at all. Just a few baskets will sell, and a small 
pear will not sell as much as a big one. 


The Presipent: I think the finest pears to go on the market to-day are Beurre 
D’Anjou and the Lawrence. When we can raise the Lawrence in its dessert qualities 
we should not put it back in its market. . That is giving it a “black eye”—and it is too 
good a pear to get a black eye. 


Mr. Hitporn seconded Mr. Smith’s motion. 

Mr. Epwarps : It is a pear that will grow well here. 

The motion was carried to leave it at 8 for market. 

The report as a whole, as amended, was then adopted. (See Appendix III.) 


The Secretary : It has always been our custom to appoint a committee to examine 
and report on the fruit. I would move that a committee be appointed hy the chair for 
that purpose. 


Mr Oaston seconded the motion, Carried. 


The Prestpent : I would now call for Mr. Hutt’s paper. I am sorry it isso near 
the close of the session, but we can take it up again at our evening session and complete 
the discussion of it, if there should be need. 


24 FRUIT GROWERWS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


SOME NOTES OF TRAVEL THROUGH SOME AMERICAN ORCHARDS AND 
GARDENS. 


The following paper was read by Mr. H. L. Hutt, Horticulturist at the Ontario 
Agricultural College, Guelph : 


It was my privilege during the past summer to visit a number of the most prominent 
sections of horticultural interest across the line as well as in our own province, but I 
have thought it vest at this time to speak more particularly of what I saw being done 
by our American cousins over the border. By so doing probably we shall be able to 
learn a few lessons from them. 


If then you will go with me in an imaginary trip, we will leave Ontario at Niagara 
Falls, and after three or four hours’ ride we stop at Geneva, situated at the head of Seneca 
Lake, in the Southern part of New York State. 


This is one of the finest fruit growing sections of the State and here are to be found 
some of her most extensive nurseries. One mile out of town is the State Experiment 
Station, where, under the direction of Mr. Beach, excellent work is being carried on in 
the horticultural department. Much is being done in the testing of small fruits. This 
summer there were 230 named varieties of strawberries being tested side by side, and 
there were 430 unnamed seedlings fruited for the first time. One of these gave promise 
of being valuable on account of its extreme lateness, coming in after all others had gone. 


The strawberry rows are all mulched in the fall. In the spring the mulch is 
removed till the ground is cultivated, then put on again. Rye cut green, in which there 
are no weed seeds, is sometimes used as an early summer mulch ; this is left on for the 
season. The ccllection of gooseberries is said to be the largest on the continent. They 
have been importing largely of English varieties and now have about 200 English and 
American varieties in bearing, with a lot of untried seedlings coming on. In the larger 
fruits there is nothing of very marked importance going on besides the testing of 
insecticides and fungicides. 


But in the neighboring country are to be seen some of the finest orchards 
to be found most anywhere. The first we will visit are those owned by the 
Maxwell Brothers. These gentlemen were formerly extensively engaged in the nursery 
business, but now give most of their attention to fruit growing. One of their farms, 
about four miles south of Geneva on the lake shore, consists of 300 acres, nearly half of 
which is in fruit. The other half is devoted to stock raising, most of the manure from 
which goes to the orchards. The three principal fruits grown on this farm are plums, 
quinces and cherries. The land is a rather heavy clay, but is given the very best of 
clean, level, cultivation, An excellent tool for this work we will find in use. Itisa 
Spring tooth harrow in two sections, that can be raised and lowered by a lever like our 
Wisner cultivator, but instead of having wheels it slides, when the teeth are out of the 
ground, on a pair of runners like a sleigh. Mr. Scoon, the manager of this farm, says 
that, ‘‘To take holdin heavy land and work easily up close to the trees, it beats anything 
tried yet.” Another tool we will find in use here for working close under low-headed 
trees is the Morgan Grape Hoe. This tool might be of great value to vineyardists 
in this country. It is drawn by one horse attached to the side of a tongue and con- 
sists of a broad blade on the end of a horizontal arm which works under the trellis, and 
can be worked in and out around the vines by a revolving disk.guided by means of the 
left handle. Itisa-very simple tool, and cost them $12. Mr. Scoon tells us ‘ it has paid 
for itself many times in a season in the saving of hand hoeing.” It might not do that 
on every farm, but on this one we find they have about 20 acres of cherries, thirty acres 
of quinces and eighty acres of plums. 


Besides the extent and high cultivation given, the method of pruning is a noticeable 
feature of these orchards. On plum, quince, and peach trees they practice the ‘‘shorten- 
ing-in” method of pruning. That is every winter the new wood is cut back within six 
or eight inches of its growth. This keeps the head of the trees very symmetrical and 
compact, and with the peach tree, in which the small inner branches naturally die out, no 


| 
a 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


doubt it is an excellent method, but on the plum tree, where the inner branches do not 
naturally die out, there is a danger of getting the heads s» dense as to shade too much 
the fruit in the interior of the tree. They claim, however, that aithough a little later 
this ripens up fully as well as on untrimmed trees The advantages claimed for this 
practice are that the trees bear longer ; the fruit is more easily picked ; the heads are 
smaller and more easily worked around ; and the curculio more easily managed. 


Their method of fighting the curculio is to capture and cremate him, “The curculios 
and string fruit are gathered in a sheet ten or twelve feet in diameter made like an inverted 
umbrella, and suppported on a light two-wheeled barrow. A slit in the sheet opposite 
the handles allows the tree to enter to the centre. The limbs are jarred with a padded 
bumper and everything in the sheet rolls into a tin drawer at the bottom. These 
“bugging machines,” as they call them, are made in Geneva and cost $17, Six of them 
were seen at work the day of our visit. 


The shot-hole-fungus is more troublesome here than the black-knot. Last year a 
lot of the plum trees were destroyed by this disease. The leaves fell in the summer 
before the wood had matured and the severe winter only helped to finish the work of 
destruztion begun by the fungus. 


Out of fifty or sixty varieties of plums tried in this orchard, the favorite varieties 
are the Reine Claude, Bradshaw, Genii and Purple Egg—the Reine Claude being more 
grown than any other. 


Their thirty acres of quince orchard is a rare sight to see. No unshapely, scrubby 
bushes like we usually find, but all handsome little trees with a three-foot trunk and a 
head, by ‘‘shortening-in” pruning kept as round as a ball. These receive the same 
clean cultivation as the plum trees and much the same treatment throughout, except 
that in the early spring the plums get two or three applications of nitrate of soda; one 
pound to a tree at each application. This gives them a very luxuriant foliage, but 
makes the fruit a little later in ripening. It is to avoid this late ripening of the quinces 
that they receive little or no nitrogenous fertilizers. 


The quince trees are doing best on the lowest parts of the orchard, while peach 
trees alongside of them are doing best on the highest parts. The orange or apple quince, 
_ the old stand-by, is the only variety grown. The crop last year on this quince orchard, 

we are told, sold for $3,500—on the trees. There are about 6,000 trees. 


The cherry trees received the same high cultivation as the others, but are not 
pruned back. The Early Richmond, one of the best of the Morello type, is the chief 
variety grown. 


If we visit Messrs. Hammond & Willard’s orchards and nurseries we shall have to 
do some travelling, for they are scattered here and there in fifteen, twenty and thirty 
acre lots, two or three miles apart. 


They have the largest fruit nurseries in this section; while W. D. Smith has the 
most extensive nursery of ornamentals. Mr. Willard’s orchards are all under very clean 
cultivation. They consist mostly of plums and peaches, but the varieties in the orchards 

“are as mixed as the men on a checker-board, for Mr. Willard is a firm believer in work- 
ing over a variety that does not suit him. In nearly every plum orchard we find them 
hard at work capturing the “little Turk” with the “ bugging machines.” Mr. Hammond 
still has faith in spraying and is waging war on them with London purple. 


It might be pleasant for some of us to spend more time in the beautiful orchards 
about here, but we must hasten on. 


At the Cornell University Experiment Station at Ithaca, forty miles further on, we 
may find a number of young Russian Apricot trees heavily loaded. This may be 
encouraging to some of us from the Niagara district, who have planted rather largely of 
this fruit and are still doubtful as to the success of the experiment. We may congratu- 
late ourselves, however, on being able to beat anything we may find elsewhere in grape 
growing. In Stamford Township may be seen a two-acre vineyard, only three years from 
planting, that this summer bore ten tons of grapes. I am sorry to say, though, that 
these went to the wine factory for $20 per ton, 


26 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


In another vineyard almost across the road from this, where the soil is just as good 
and the vines twice as old, there was not one-quarter the crop. Good cultivation is the. 
secret of the difference. 

If on our way to Chicago last summer we had stopped off at Lansing, Michigan, we 
might have seen at the State Experiment Station there, a striking experiment on the 
effect of sod in an orchard. One half of the apple orchard was under good cultivation 
and the other half in sod. Although there was little or no fruit on any of the trees this 
year, the contrast in the vigor of the trees was very marked. “The foliage on those in 
sod was turning yellow at the end of August, while those under cultivation were still as 
fresh and green as in June. 

Leaving now the orchards and fruits we will continue from Cornell, along the winds 
and curves of the Lehigh Valley R.R. to New York, to see some of the large market 
gardens of the east. 

The first place visited is the establishment of the great seedsman, the late Peter 
Henderson. Here I expected to find large seed testing grounds, but found that the 
grounds, and greenhouses covering nearly a couple of acres, are now almost entirely given 
up to the growing of ornamentals for sale. But out on Long Island are to be found a 
number of the large gardens that help to supply New York and Brooklyn. At Jamaica, 
ten miles out of Brocklyn, is one of the finest vegetable gardens on the western end of 
the Island. 

There are thirty acres in potatoes. These are planted one foot apart in rows two 
and a half feet apart, opened by a fertilizer drill, which by means of projections on a 
wheel following in the furrow measures and marks the spot for each piece of potato. 
The potatoes are not hilled, but the ground is gradually worked up te them with the 
cultivator. The potato beetles are kept in check with Paris green applied with a barrel 
sprayer, spraying four rows at once. In potato growing, however, I value more the 
experience of a Niagara grower who raises twelve.or fifteen acres every year, and is pro- 
bubly one of the most successful potato growers in that district. He takes his seed 
potatoes out of the cellar a couple of weeks before planting time and puts them in a 
warm shed to start the growth. Just before planting they are cut and sprinkled with 
freshly slacked lime. Experiments with and without liming show a marked difference in 
favor of liming. His favorite method is to plant in a well manured clover sod, plowing 
in the potatoes in every third furrow. The potatoes are dropped eighteen inches apart 
on the shalloved or mould-board side of the furrow. As soon as the tops begin to appear 
above ground, a harrow is put on and the ground thoroughly harrowed. In cultivating 
the, soil is worked gradually to the rows. Out of a large number of varieties tested the 
most profitable early varieties are the Karly Ohio, Toronto Queen and Burpee’s Extra 
Karly, and for late varieties the Empire State, Rural New Yorker No. 2, and Beauty of 
Hebron. 

But we must stay in the Jamaica garden on Long Island to see the sights in growing 
rhubarb and asparagus. There are about four acres in rhubarb, the plants standing 
4} x21 feetapart. These are cropped but two years in the open ground. The roots are 
then taken up and forced in the greenhouses for winter market. The staiks are of 
immense size, very few of them shorter than a foot and a half. The asparagus, Conover’s 
Colossal, is truly colossal, each stalk being eight or ten inches long and as big around as 
a hoe handle. To suit the fashion of the New York market this is all bleached perfectly 
white. The bleaching is done by banking the earth in the spring twelve or fourteen 
inches high over the crowns of the plants, and as soon as the stalks appear on the sur- 
face they are gathered by cutting from below with a long knife. They are then bunched 
in two pound bunches, cut square at the bottom, washed clean on the outside, packed 
in barrels, and sold in New York for fifteen cents per bunch. The immense market 
wagons used by all the New York and Brooklyn gardeners are quite in keeping with the 
extent of the business. These wagons alone cost $300, and generally carry all that can 
be drawn on a good road by one team of horses. 

There are plenty of fine gardens to be seen on Long Island, but to see one of the most 
extensive vegetable gardens of the Eastern States, if not in the whole of the United 
States, we must visit that owned by W. W. Rawson, of Boston, the author of that 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 27 


) 


valuable little book ‘‘ Success in Vegetable Gardening.” Mr. Rawson has two hundred 
acres in garden, and devotes thirty acres to the growing of cauliflowers. The soil is a 
rich sandy loam, and kept filled with manure. Although so extensive, the closest system 
of cropping is adopted. All of the smaller vegetables, as beets, onions, carrots, radishes, 
lettuce, etc., are grown in rows one foot apart and kept clean with hand weeders and the 
Arlington scuffle hoe. This hoe has a gauge on it regulating the depth to which it can 
be worked, making it quite a safe tool, even in the hands of an awkward workman. 

There were eight or ten very large greenhouses in connection with this garden, 
where vegetables are forced for early market. One of the largest houses is 400 feet long 
by 50 feet wide, and another of the same size is being built alongside of it. This large 
house is devoted entirely to the growing of cucumbers. It is divided lengthwise by six 
walks. The vines grow on each side of the walks and are trellised over head, forming 
six beautiful green arches 400 feet long, under which the cucumbers hang in abundance, 
where they can be easily seen and gathered. The White Spine is the only variety 
grown, These are picked when about eight inches long, and sell in Boston at from $6 
to $25 per hundred according to the season. They were planted about the Ist of 
January, and occupy the house till August, when the vines are cleared out, and a crop of 
radishes and Jettuce grown for the Christmas market, before the cucumbersare again planted. 

Other gardeners in the neighborhood who have not such houses, grow the cucumbers 
under sashes, resting on long frames made by setting planks on edge. A foot of manure 
is put in the bottom and covered with a half a foot of loam. When the vines have filled 
the frames, and the weather is warm enough, the sashes are taken off and the vines 
allowed to run at large. When the crop is off the frames are removed, the land plowed 
and planted with celery. 

Probably we have spent time enough for the present among the fruits and vege- 
tables, and those who have an eye for the beautiful may wish to spend some time among 
the ornamentals to be found in the Arnold arboretum and the city parks. We will stop 
to speak of only one or two of these. One of the handsomest hardy climbers very com- 
mon here and in many parts of the state of New York, is the Japan Ivy (Ampelopsis 
Veitchii). This will climb and completely cover a brick or stone wall with a beautiful 
mat of bright green leaves. Unlike the English Ivy it is deciduous, the leaves turning 
to a bright crimson in autumn before falling. To what extent this may be grown in 
Ontario is doubtful, but it is well worthy of a more extended trial. The purple beech 
(Fagus purpurea), with its large dark purple leaves, is a very pretty lawn tree much 
grown about Geneva. 

At La Salle, in New York State, a few miles from Niagara Falls, may be seen a fine 
collection of hardy ornamentals on the grounds of E. A. Long, one of America’s most 
popular authors on landscape gardening. One very pretty clump here cannot fail to 
attract our attention. It is a mound having for its centre the purple-leaved plum 
(Prunus Pissardw), and around this a border of the smaller growing Cornelian Cherry 
{Cornus variegata), with its varied green and white leaves. 

Probably most of you are already weary after all our wanderings, so I will leave you 
here to rest and enjoy the beauties of the scene, within hearing of the roar of Niagara’s 
mighty cataract. 

Dr. Brande: In reference to the Japan Ivy, I presume it will grow well enough 
here ; it grows well in Toronto. All that it nesds the first two years of its life is to 
protect it a little, especially to cover up the surface of the ground over the roots with a 
few leaves. No watter if the plant does get killed back for the first year or two, it only 
enables it to spread more ; and if it does not get killed back it ought to be cut back so as 
to keep a mat of foliage all up the wall. If properly trained, it is one of the most 
beautiful climbing plants we have for those who wish to cover a wall; (Hear, hear). It 
will cling by its own tendrils. The end of the tendril flattens after it touches the wall, 
and seems to adhere to it very much as we say the fly’s foot adheres to the glass as itis 
walking over it, It looks as though there is a little vacuum under the spread of the 
tendril, and it you undertake to tear it off you will break the tendril, but you wont break 
this little adhesive portion from the wall at all---you will have to scrape it off. It 
fastens itself as it climbs, and makes a perfect little sheet of foliage, that during the summer 


* .- . . 5 . e 
mer is bright green, and in the autumn is of the autumnal hues of our ordinary Ampelopsis. 


28 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


Mr. TurneR: We have the Japan Ivy in Cornwall unprotected. 

Mr. McNeixut (Windsor): It is finer on the north side than on the south side. We 
have some fine examples of it in Windsor. 

Prof. Oraic (Ottawa): I would like to ask the writer of the essay if he learned the 
name of the variety of Russian apricot that was in the vicinity of Geneva. 

Prof. Hurr: No, I did not get the name. I have an idea, though, it is the 
Alexis. 

‘Mr. McNerti: One of the most remarkable things in that .paper, to me, is the 
experience in the matter of spraying. Prof. Cook of Michigan, and the Cornell student. 
and everybody else, reported that all you had to do was to go out and spray your trees, 
and curculios and everything else would disappear ; but here we find them back again to. 
the old-fashioned article, and it appears to me a little explanation is necessary from 
the gentlemen at the experimental stations. I find, without exception, all favor the 
new modes of spraying. Here we have our good friend reporting that right along here 
spraying has not been a success, and they are going back to the older—and apparently 
the better—methods. That struck me as rather peculiar, and I was not prepared for it. 
after what I read in my other reports. 

Mr. Pattison (Grimsby): [ spoke to Mr. Willard, of Geneva. He can’t trust an 
ordinary man to go ahead and spray properly. We all know, particularly in the case of 
plum trees, if they are sprayed with too strong a solution, it will not only injure the tree, 
but may kill it. In a short time, enough damage may be done to completely offset 
the value of spraying ; but where there are small orchards, and you have men that you 
can trust, as in our district, as far as curculio is concerned, plum-spraying is actually 
satisfactory. 

Prof. FLETCHER (Ottawa): During four or five years I have had a good deal of 
correspondence in reference to the result of spraying, and I summed it up lately very 
much as this gentleman has said—that if the work is done carefully the remedy is quite 
satisfactory ; but if it is not done carefully, or if you trust people to do it who are not 
fit to do it, the results will be disappointing. ‘The experiment stations have employed 
men who have taken probably more care than the ordimary orchardist and fruit-grower 
takes in carrying out those experiments, because the one object they have in view is. 
to know whether that remedy is satisfactory or not ; whereas the fruit-grower’s first idea. 
is to save the crop, and not the absolute question of whether it is a satisfactory remedy 
or not. Where the work is done carefully, with due regard to the circumstances of the 
case, the results are satisfactory. A discovery of very great importance, namely, mixing 
lime with the arsenical poisons was made two years ago. J think it should be made known 
as widely as possible. The lime has a neutralizing effect on the causticity of these poisons, 
and the uncertainty will be less than if you use the Paris Green, and trust to others 
to do the work ; but this is the very place where such matters should be discussed, and. 
in fact, is the one question J came to hear discussed at this meeting. 

Mr. M. Pettit: Will lime-water neutralize the poison as well as lime 4 

Prof. FLutcHEer: No ; lime-water, I believe, is not strong enough. Prof. James, who- 
I see is present, can tell us if this is the case as well as anybody. 

Prof. James: I should think lime-water would hardly do, because lime-water is very 
weak. 

Dr, Brave: I submitted that question to the chemist at Ottawa, and he wrote me 
a letter. In that letter he shows why lime-water wil! not be sufficient. You cannot get. 
enough lime into the water to answer the purpose, because if you try to increase it by 
increasing the quantity of water, then you will dilute your other solution too much. I 
think that is about the result he arrived at. 

Mr. Oaston: There is another idea that paper brought out that we sometimes: 
might learn something from the Americans in the matter of implements. (Hear, hear.) 
There seems to be a great deal of ingenuity about them ; they seem to be the first to 
invent anything that will lighten and cheapen labor. I think a man in Canada is kept. 
back if he has not the proper implements. 

The Presipent: I will name as the Fruit Committee: Prof. Craig, E. B. Edwards, 
and Geo. W. Cline. 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO, 29 


EVENING SESSION. 


Mr. Caston: I want to ask Prof. Fletcher in reference to an insect that is 30 very 
common that we never took much notice of it in past years—that isthe grasshopper. Dur- 
ing thelast season, that was one of the most destructive insects we had in our section, 
because, after they could not do any more harm to the farmers, they invaded the gardens 
and ate the young* apple trees, and sometimes attacked the apples themselves ; 
and they sometimes} destroyed the vegetable gardens also. I think this is a pretty 
difficult insect to deal with. Some years ago, when he was very bad out in Kansas, one 
of the comic papers represented him as a soldier, and called him General G. Hopper. 
We want to know how to fight him; because it is the opinion of a great many that if 
we do not have severe frosts to destroy the eggs, we will have enough of them. If they 
increase in our section in th3 same proportion as they did last spring, there will be enough 
of them to eat up every green thing in the country. I thought that Paris green was a 
sufficient cure for almost any insect, provided you could getit toeat it. I tried it on 
turnips, but the grasshoppers devoured every turnip. They even ate part of the bulbs. 
I tried Paris green first mixed with water, but the turnip leaf is so glossy that it will not 
stay on it. Then I tried it with plaster and flour, and it would adhere to the leaf, but 
the mystery was that those leaves were all eaten, and on examination I found only one 
dead grasshopper ; and Iam inclined to believe he died from natural causes. (Laughter. ) 
The Paris green seemed to have no more influence on them that it would on a graven 
image. I consider Prof. Fletcher one of the best authorities on entomology that we have 
- in this country, and I want him to tell us how to fight Gen. G. Hopper, if he comes 
next summer. 


GRASSHOPPERS. 


Prof. FLetcHER: I feel somewhat that I am in a delicate position speaking here 
this evening. You had your programme already made out, and 1 do not believe in any 
outsider coming in—especially myself, who had not the possibility of telling you whether 
I was coming or not, so that there was no arrangement made; but I shall speak for a 
short time on your invitation, and I hope that what I say may be suggestive of further 
questions on matters upon which I may be able to give you some light. As to the 
grasshoppers, I do not wish to put myself up as a prophet, but I think we shall not have 
the same visitation as we had last year—in the same districts where those insects were 
bad this year. The excessive increase of any particular pest is due generally to some 
exceptional circumstance ; and, as you are all aware, last summer we had exceptional 
drouth in many parts of Ontario. From the crop reports you will see that the grasshopper 
pligue extended over some areas in Ontario. This gave a chance to the grasshoppers. - 
Regarding the suggestion that a cold winter would destroy the eggs, it is just as well for 
everybody to understand that the most excessive cold is not going to affect the eggs of any 
insect at all. The eggs of insects are prepared by nature to stand the conditions of 
the climate where they are found—in all places, at least, where an insect pest increases 
in large numbers. Insect eggs have been submitted to very great temperatures of heat and 
cold—far greater than are found in any place in nature—by artificial means, and they have 
not been found to destroy the eggs at all unless the eggs were brought into unnatural con- 
ditions. The life of our common grasshopper is simply this: The eggs are laid in the 
late autumn. Each female lays about four pods, or collections, of eggs The eggs are 
arranged in four rows, and there are seven to ten in these rows. The eggs are deposited 
by the female, which bores a hole in the ground, generally in the sand—and in passing I 
may mention that grasshoppers are generally more abundant in sandy districts. When 
the eggs are laid they are covered with a glutinous material by which they hold together 
like a little pod. The eggs are beneath the surface of the ground, and when there, no 
extremes of cold will affect them in the least; but we find by experiment that if these 
pods are broken up, or brought into an unnatural condition, they are easily destroyed. 


30 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


In the States of Minnesota and Dakota, where grasshoppers are numerous every year, 
and sometimes extremely so, and doa great deal of harm, one of the best remedies is 
supposed to be to plow up the stubble late in the autumn, by which the eggs are exposed to 
the winter frosts and laid bare so that they may be attacked by their enemies— 
predaceous birds, and other insects and animals, Where this is done, the occurrence of 
these insects next year is very much less, so much so that the State of Minnesota passed a 
law making it necessary for the farmers to plow their stubble in the autumn ; and if 
they don’t do it, it is done by the State, and the farmer is charged with the amount of the 
labor. The next means relied upon is a machine called the “ hopper doser,” or tar pan ; 
and this consists of a pan ten feet long by two feet wide, turned up at the back 18 
inches and at the sides are side pieces of wood or iron soldered in. To these at each 
end rings are attached and this pan is drawn over the fields or pastures—and you will pro- 
bably all have noticed that grasshoppers are most injurious in pastures of long standing. 
That simply means where the eggs were laid. We find these insects are very varticular 
as to the choice of a proper place to lay their eggs ; and in this part of the country they 
are Jaid in old pastures. In the West they are laid in stubble fields ; and where these 
stubble fields cannot be plowed regularly in the autumn it is found very profitable to draw 
the hopper-dosers across the fields in the spring. On the top of this pan is placed some 
gas-tar or kerosene emulsion, or water witha little kerosene on the top. These are drawn 
across the fields before the insects have’ got their wings. Roughly speaking, it would 
be about the Ist of July in Ontario when these insects develop their wings. The eggs 
hatch early in spring ; the young grasshoppers pass five moults, and then they develop 
their full-grown wings; but before that is done they are very largely at our mercy, 
and if these tar pans are dragged over the fields they are gathered in great numbers. 
In Minnesota they are destroyed by thousands of bushels in the spring months. This is 
found a practical remedy. Probably in western Ontario, if these insects are in such num- 
bers next year, it will pay farmers and others to apply this remedy to their pastures— 
because in the early part of the year the young grasshoppers live in the pastures or in 
the grass meadows ; and although we do not notice them very much in the hay lands, 
they are generally there in very large numbers ; they do not show so much and the extent 
to which hay lands can be injured without it being observed is very great. In 
experiments carried on by Professor Osborn in Iowa, 35 per cent. of the grass could be saved 
on crops which were measured out and treated by these pans being drawn over them three 
or four times during the early months. That being the case, how much better it would be 
for all farmers systematically to do this ; for not only are there grasshoppers which destroy 
this important crop of grass, but there are numberless other smaller insects. These insects 
that Mr. Osborn was treating were a small leaf hopper, similar to that called thrip, on 
vines. This diminishes the crop of grass every year; and if these grasshoppers are 
abundant next year, farmers ought to be on the look out early to make use of this 
remedy, because until the insects get their wings they are unable to fly very far from 
where they are born. As to Paris green on turnips, it is very important for fruit-growers 
to know that it may be made to adhere to such plants as the turnip and cabbage, and 
all such as have that waxy glaucous covering, by mixing soap in the water before you mix 
the Paris green. As to Paris green not having effect on grasshoppers, I think possibly it 
had effect on a good many but their places’ were taken by many others. There isa 
remedy sometimes used in California—mixing bran and arsenic and sugar together ; and 
this is made into a sticky paste, and abouta teaspoonful is used about the bottom of each 
vine in vineyards. The grasshoppers do not fly very much in hot weather, and instead of 
mounting into the vines they ate this poisonous material and were killed. In experi- 
ments I tried five years ago at Ottawa, when the grasshoppers were very abundant, I 
made some of this mixture ; but there I saw very little effect, because no sooner were the 
grasshoppers killed by this mixture than they were eaten up by their companions. A 
little flour in water will also make the Paris green stick. In regard to the plum 


SPRAYING WITH ARSENITES. 


curculio discussion, it is a very important thing that we should recognize how we stand 
as to that. Either spraying Paris green is a good thing, or it is not. I am not con- 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOOLATION OF ONTAKIO. 31 


cerned whether it is or is not, except as an entomologist. We have been advocating this 
remedy for ten years, and if it is a failure our work has to be done over again. The 
number of successful experiments has so far overbalanced the unsuccessful that the latter 
are not worth mentioning. The records of five years correspondence are almost univer- 
sally in favor of spraying; yet we must not forget that failures are often not reported— 
and that is the one question I want to ask you here. Are there any that have failed, 
after having taken the proper precautions, and carried out the directions with care? I 
know very many instances of success. I know very well that Prof. Weed, of Ohio, 
sprayed alternate trees with Paris green, and checked the trees that were left unsprayed. 
On the unsprayed trees most of the plums fell ; on the sprayed trees 75 per cent. remained, 
I remember when tne remedy was first proposed, Mr. Hilborn sprayed here and there 
through an orchard of a hundred trees; and the sprayed trees were the only ones that 
had any fruit on them. Mr. Rolph has told me of an instance where he sprayed, and the 
crop was so large as to break down the trees. I have tried spraying, and my correspon- 
dents have tried it, and it has been successful. Now, if this method is a, failure we want to 
know it so that we may change our methods and save the loss that hasoccurred. My 
conclusion in regard to spraying plum trees for curculio and apple trees for the codling 
moth is that the protection is sufficient in all instances to warrant people in applying 
it. Mr. Sidney Fisher, of Brome, in the County of Knowlton, Quebec, never sprayed 
his trees till this year, when he used the Bordeanx mixture and Paris green to treat 
at the same time the black spot of the apple and the codling moth, I saw his orchard in 
September, and he challenged me to find a single injured app:e in the orchard. There 
were some trees that were well loaded with fruit. I could not find a single apple in 
his orchard that had a codling moth injury in it, and I don’t think there were any 
that had black spots. From my experience I think the generalization may be made 
that 75 per cent. of the crop of plums and apples may be saved by spraying trees—in , 
proper proportions and at proper time—with these poisonous arsenites. If I am wrong 
in that, it is important to the rest of Canada that I, at any rate, should know it, 
because I have the responsible position of making the recommendations every year to 
the farmers and fruit-growers of Canada. 


With regard to the use of lime mixed with the arsensical poisons, for my own part 
I prefer Paris green, and I putin my mixtures an equal amount of Paris green and freshly 
slaked iime. It is true that London purple, being an arsenite of lime, is a little more 
convenient to mix with the lime mixture called Bordeaux mixture; but if you put a 
small surplus of lime in your Bordeaux mixture, Paris green is equally successful. Paris 
green is asubstance with an exact chemical formula which demands a certain percentage 
of arsenic. London purple, being a waste product, has not that set and constant amount, 
therefore itis not sosure. What we want isan exact proportion of poison, so that we may 
get the result that we look for. 


Mr. Bouttrer: Which is the best time to spray the plum trees? 

Prof. FLETCHER: As soon as possible after the flower has dropped. 

Mr. Boutrer: And the apple tree ? 

Prof. Fuercurr: Directly after the petals have dropped. 

Dr. Beapuz: I think it is advisable to spray before the blossoms open at all. 
Prof. Frercuer: For what? | 
Dr. Beapue: For the scab. 

Prof. Ftetcuer: Oh, for the scab on the apple, certainly. 


The Secretary: Sometimes spraying for plum curculio seems to be a perfect suc- 
cess, in other seasons it does not. How is it that in some seasons we seem to attain per- 
fect success, aud in others we do not? I have been wondering whether it was not be- 
cause we did not make the first application early enough, and whether it is not an 
advantage to apply it on the young leaf even before the blossom appears at all? Do you 
think that the parent curculio eats the young leaves, and that by poisoning the young 
leaves they might thereby be destroyed ? 


32 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. . 


Prof. Firetcuer: Yes, I think it might be a good suggestion, for this reason: The 
plum curculio is about before the leaves open, and it has also been found, in confinement, 
to eat not only the young leaves before they open fully, but also the young bark and the 
young twigs; and therefore if the poison could be made to act on the parent beetle it 
would be a good remedy ; but we do not know exactly what is the effect of this treatment. 
We do not know if the insect is poisoned by eating the leaves, or whether the females 
are prevented from visiting sprayed trees. J think there is no more representative 
body in Canada than this to which we can appeal as to the value of such remedies. We 
should have a sufficient number in this room who have either failed or succeeded in their 
use to settle this question at once. -For my own part, 1 cannot think of a discovery 
more important to fruit-growers than the discovery of these methods of spraying trees. 
In a large collection of different plants you will find some varieties or species in the genus 
are attacked by insects while others are left untouched. That points to the fact that 
some are injured more than others. I think that some of the failures may have arisen 
from the fact that some plum trees are more susceptible to the attacks of the insect, or 
the insect is more attracted to them; and where the very decided reports of -success 
have followed, it may be that the insect is not so much attracted. Ali this could be 
checked in a series of experiments carried on for two or three years. There are one or 
two insects that have not appeared at all this year, where they were very destructive 
before, and that brings me back to speak about the grasshoppers. We know that all 
insects that appear in very large numbers are attacked by their own parasites, It is 
supposed that every insect known has its own special parasites, and sometimes these 
themselves are attacked by parasites. Some of these parasites are described from the 
actual insect from whieh they are bred. When grasshoppers are abundant, you will 
find many of them that have red mites on them; these are parasites which are feed- 
ing on the insect and destroying a large number of them. Again, there are parasites 
which live inside of them. Sometimes, in crushing a grasshopper, you will see a large 
white: maggot, like a meat maggot. This is one of the tachina flies which are very active 
in destroying the grasshoppers. The egg is laid ow the skin of the grasshopper after 
hatching. It eats its way inside, and lives upon the juices of the body until it is 
full grown ; it then emerges and after a time turns to a fly. Many of these insects are 
destroyed by the gordius worms, which may sometimes be seen in water swimming and 
look like a piece of horse-hair. It is supposed by the ignorant that horse-hairs thrown in 
water will turn to these worms. It is nothing of the sort. These are parasites which 
have lived in insects, and then got into the water, where the eggs are laid, and then they 
enter the insects again in some of their preparatory stages, and live inside them as para- 
sites. Speaking of insects which were not so abundant as usual, the white cabbage 
butterfly, which is usually so abundant at Ottawa, was noticeably absent this year. We 
usually have to sprinkle our cabbages two or three times a year with pyrethrum powder ; 
this year it was hardly necessary at all. This year one of the worst pests was the root- 
maggot. We found this might be controlled with sufficient success to make it pay by 
mixing hellebore with water and putting it around the roots. Some experiments were 
made with salt, and these pointed certainly to success ; but in some experiments I tried the 
results were so contradictory that they will have to be tried again before any definite state- 
ment can be made about them. One insect which I should like to ask St. Catharines or 
any western fruit-growers about, is the peach-bark beetle—a very small beetle. I found 
it very abundant last spring at St. Catharines. It was a very wet day, and the gum 
which had exuded from the bark in some of the peach orchards could have been scraped off 
in handfuls. On minute examination I found it was the beetle that had been boring 
in the bark. I doubt if it enters‘the wood at all; but it was an injury to the tree to 
have the bark injured to the extent it was then. I should like to know if any of these 
gentlemen have tried any alkaline washes. With regard to borers, it.is known that 
the best measures are preventive ; for successful treatment it is necessary to find the time 
the beetle is abroad and lays its eggs on the tree. This would probably, with this insect, 
be in June, As we have no peach trees growing at Ottawa, I have not the opportunity 
to test washes on the bark, but I presume any of the well known alkaline washes or 
kerosene emulsion would be satisfactory. 

The Secretary: Tell us what the insect is like. 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO, 33 


-_" — ————$$———— 


Prof. FLercHer: It is hard to describe. It is very small—not longer than a six- 
teenth of an inch—and under the microscope it is very easily recognized by the shape 
of the antenne, the blades of which lie together like a fan ; and it is the only insect that 
attacks the peach which has the antennz of that kind. It lives burrowing in the bark. 


The Secretary: It would escape our attention easily ? 


Prof. FtetcuErR: It would unless you were examining to see what caused the gum 
on the bark. Mr. Fisher, of Queenston, brought it to my notice first, and then Mr. James 
Sheppard sent me specimens afterwards. The fruit pests of the year have not been very 
important. As I have not prepared any address, I will not take up any more time, 
but if there are any questions to ask, your-time will be better employed in asking them 
and I will do my best to reply. 


Mr. Craic: The apple curculio ? 


Prof. FLercaer: What is generally discussed under the head of apple curculio ig 
nothing but the plum curculio ; and the plum curculio attacks apples almost as much as 
it does plums. There are some features about insect pests that are hard to understand 
or explain. In the State of Maine their worst enemy is the apple maggot. I do 
not know a single instance in Canada where this insect has caused any trouble at all ; 
and yet itis common through all the country, feeding in the fruit of the hawthorn. 
There is hardly a bush that you can examine that you don’t find some of these apple 
maggots, and [ have bred it frequently, as well as the apple curculio. The latter, in the 
district around London, has been found injuring apples ; but it is rare in my experience 
to find it injuring apples. I have some plum curculios that were bred from apples from the 
Kastern Townships, which were brought me in the spring, attacked both by these and the 
codling moth. To spray with Paris green should in most cases be sufficient. I believe in 
this orchard Mr. Craig brought me those apples from the spraying had been done and it 
was not successful, whether it was that the Paris green was not ofa sufficiently pure 
nature, or that the spraying was imperfectly done, we do not know ; but it was a careful 
man that did it, and a man who has had good success in the use of these poisons before. 
There is no book treating of the apple but lays great stress on treating the canker-worm. 
At Ottawa it is most exceptional for that insect to attack the apple at all. The maple 
and other trees were almost defoliated. It is an easy insect to fight; it is merely a 
matter of spraying the trees when the larve are seen upon them. I have no doubt that 
the apple curculio could be treated the same way as the codling moth, and at the same time. 


Mr. Boutrer : Wha+ proportion of Paris green is used for apple trees for spraying ? 


Prof. FLETCHER: One pound in 200 gallons. It is very important to observe that 
proportion, and not put one pound in ten gallons, as some people do. 


A Dewecate: The oyster-shell bark-louse ! 


Prof. Fuetcuer : It is better to treat this pest twice, early in the spring before the 
buds burst, and in June when the bark lice have legs. This is only for a few days after 
emerging from the mother-scale. It crawls toa suitable place and inserts its beak through 
the bark, and at once begins to form a waxy coating for itself; and by the autumn it is 
simply a scale covering a bag of eggs, and these eggs will not hatch till the following 
spring. Kerosene emulsion made of coal oil and soap suds—two gallons of coal oil to 
one gallon of soap-suds ; add ten to twelve times the amount of water before you u-e it. 
A spray-pump is a necessity now for fruit-growers, and you probably all have them ; 
if you have not, it is a very good thing for you to get. 


Mr. Beat: I know of two persons this year who have used the Bordeaux mixture 
with Paris green, and I have good reason to know that the same formula exactly has 
been followed ; both used precisely the same quantities of everything. One of the men 
failed entirely, insomuch that he destroyed the leaves of his trees so as to nearly ruin his 
orchard, or at least injure it very materially. The other had no injury whatever. On 
strict enquiry afterwards it was found that where the leaves were injured the lime had 
been two or three years old, but it was slaked, of course—would that have made the 
difference 4 


3 (F.G.) 


34 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


Prof. FirtcHer: Decidedly it would make a very large difference. It would 
simply be chalk by that time, and have very little effect on the copper mixture. 


Mr. Beatu: You would recommend to have new lime ? 


Prof, FLEtTcHER: As new as you can get it. If it is not quite new, use double the 
quantity. Everybody who has tried to make the Bordeaux mixtures finds it is a very 
inconvenient thing, because the lime made in this country is very difficult to slake 
thoroughly. In Australia the lime is made from marble, and it slakes readily into a powder ; 
in England it is made from chalk, and does the same; but our lime does not easily 
disintegrate. It is easier to put in a larger amount of lime than you require, and 
get the milk of lime off it, and not bother with the residue afterwards. What 
does not run through your sieve, throw it away—don’t bother with it. In mixing 
lime with Paris green, the proportion I find convenient is one pound to one pound 
—the same amount of lime as of Paris green. 


Mr. BovutteR: What quantity of Paris green would you want to kill ordinary 
tent caterpillars? Could you kill them by spraying with the mixture you have men- 
tioned ? 


Prof, FrercHer: Undoubtedly. They leave their tent to go on to the leaves, 
and when they eat the leaves they die. That is strong enovgh for anything—one 
pound in 200 gallons. 


Mr. Epwarps: How often do you recommend spraying apple trees ? 


Prof. FLetcHer: It depends very much on the season. For the codling moth 
the recommendation has always been to spray it directly the petals drop from the 
flowers. There is an idea, among apiarists at any rate, that when the honey is 
being secreted in the flowers spraying trees is liable to poison the bees. Whether 
that is correct or not, we do not know; we can get the results we want by spraying 
at the time I mention. Then, after that, a fortnight later, it is considered well to 
Spray twice, at any rate; and three times is surer. 


Mr. Epwarps: Are there other worms that bore into the apple later in the 
season ? 


Prof. FuetvcHer: No; but there are two broods and sometimes there is also what 
we call a half brood—that is, an exceptional brood will develop—a brood that should 
have gone over into the winter will emerge in the fall and lay their eggs where the 
apples come together. Sometimes it is a very large brood, but generally it is a very 
small one. 


Mr. Epwarps: It was a very large brood this year in Peterborough in July 
and August—in some cases the fruit was almost eaten up. 


Prof. FLETCHER : Was that even where they had been sprayed ? 
Mr. Epwarps: The spraying had been done in the early part of the season. 


Mr. Patterson: lL have noticed that after spraying thoroughly the early part 
of the season, along the end of July and August there comes along another brood. 


Prof. FuercHer: Yes, sometimes a large brood and sometimes not large. In 
California there are always three, and sometimes four, broods of the codling moth. 


Mr. HiLporn: Can a tree be protected from the moth by mechanical appliances ? 


Prof. FLetcHer: Yes ; but many of the caterpiliars will spin their cocoons before they 
get up to the protectors. I do not think it is such a practical remedy as the appli- 
cation of Paris green. 


Mr. Hitporn: A firm in London who manufacture these protectors claim that 
Prof, Saunders says they will prevent from 75 to 80 per cent. 


Prof. Fuercuer: Their claim is probably made on Prof. Saunders’ book on 
injurious insects, which was written before the Paris green spraying was as well known 
as at present. I saw considerably over fifty specimens in one of the bands which was 
exhibited at London at the last annual meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOOIATION OF ONTARIO. 35 


a iat 


where one of these was put on the tree. They cost ten or fifteen cents each, and 
whether it would pay the fruit-growers is, of course, a matter for them to settle for 
themselves. 


Dr. Brapue: [ think they would be very much more effective in catching the 
female canker-worm. 


Prof. Fursrcaer: Yes, and the females of the cinker-worm are unable to crawl 
over them while they are new. 


Mr. Caston: I do not see, if an insect is able to crawl up a tree, why it 
should not crawl over this protector. 


Prof. FuercHer: They slope outwards from the trees and are very smooth inside 
when new. Of several specimens I watched, I saw nearly all drop as they got on that 
smooth surface. I did not find that they crawled over them while they were new. But as to 
the canker-worm, there is no doubt the remedy is to spray your trees while the cater- 
pillar is on them. The great pest in Manitoba on their shade-leaf maple is the 
canker worm ; and in the streets of Winnipeg for the last two or three years these 
trees have been almost defoliated by canker-worms. This year Mr. Fonseca, of Win- 
nipeg, used a spray-pump, and got some others to do it, and the trees were to a 
large extent saved. Another pest there was one of the aphides, or plant lice. The 
town clerk of Selkirk wrote to me, and [ recommended him to use kerosene emul. 
sion, and he wrote back that they had sprayed several hundred large trees and 
saved them. That was on the ash-leaf maple. 


Mr. M, Perrir: In the Niagara district this spring the plum trees were very badly 
injured by the aphis on the under side of the stem of the plum, and on the young growth of 
wood. It made its appearance quite early and kept on increasing until the plums were the 
size of a marble. Where it was very thick over the fruit leaves it checked the growth of 
the trees, and the fruit withered and dropped, aad it weakeued the trees very much. We 
sprayed with kerosene emulsion, Where you can get that on to them it is all right; but 
it is simply impossible to cover any proportion of them, they were so thick ; and you 
could not spray so as to strike up under all the leaves and touch them. If it appear 
another year, should we commence earlier, before they become so numerous, and what is 
our best means of fighting them !—because it is going to be a serious matter in growing 
plums. 


Prof, FLETCHER: Were they black plant-lice ? 
Mr. Pettit: Yes, but they appeared green when young. 


Prof. FLercHer: That species has been successfully fought in the States—in New 
York and New Jersey—by using kerosene emulsion. The eggs are laid on the trees, and 
pass the winter there, and then they hatch in the spring, and it you treat your trees early 
enough you will have much less trouble. 


Mr. Pettit: How early would you recommend ? 
Mr, Fiuetcuer: I think as soon as the buds burst. 


Mr. Pertir: They could be reached at that time; but it is simply impossible when 
the foliage is thick. 


Prof. FLetcHer: They are sometimes very injurious. One great pest in British 
Columbia last year was the apple aphis, and I have received a large number of letters 
saying that large fifteen year old trees had been destroyed entirely by the apple aphis. 
The kerosene emulsion has been tried by some satisfactorily. For plant-lice one part of 
emulsion to twelve of water would be sufficient strength. 


Mr. McNetx: Is there any connection between the disappearance of these and the 
appearance of the little orioles, and the little bird that appears at the same time? I have 
actually seen those little birds go along and just eat them in countless hundreds—duck 
around and gorge right into where there was a mass of those insects—eat them out by 
the millions. 


36 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


Prof. FuetcHer: I think the summer yellow bird would, but I don’t think the 
orioles would. 


Mr. Epwarps: Year before last I saw a large number of these on the trees, and the 
kerosene emulsion did not seem to have any effect on them. I sprayed it on and 
almost destroyed the leaves. I made an emulsion of two parts coal oil and one of soft 
soap. 

Prof. FLetcHeR: There has been a good deal of harm done by the wide publication 
of an erroneous formula called the Oook formula. Prof. Cook tried to simplify the kero- 
sene emulsion, and he got it so simpleit would not work. The Riley-Hubbard formula is 
the one that is successful It has been worked out very carefully It is: Two 
gallons of coal oil and one gallon of soap suds—made of a gallon of water with half a pound 
of hard soap. I should like if anyone would let me have his address so that I may send 
the printed formula to him. It is as follows : 


Mr. Epwarps: I would suggest to our secretary the publication of the formula at 
the time it is needed. 


The Secretary: That was done last year. 


Mr. Epwarps: One of our members not only destroyed the oyster-shell bark lice, 
but produced a much heavier growth of the trees, by a solution of carbolic acid, diluted 
with water, I suppose. 

Prof. FLETCHER: It is almost impossible to get the crude carbolic acid—which is the 
article that is nearly always supplied—to mix with water at all, unless you first emulsify 
it. It can be made into a carbolic acid emulsion—which is made very much in the same 
way as the coal oil emulsion. Prof. Cook gives a formula, and he thinks a great deal of 
the carbolic acid, and it is very useful, no doubt, but the difficulty to get it to mix is very 
great. Mr. Boulter, who has a particularly clean orchard, treats it with domestic lye 
made from ashes, and with very satisfactory results—so much so that I had very great 
pleasure in drawing public attention to it in my annual report two years ago. In New 
Zealand and other countries they use concentrated lye diluted. Mr. Boulter put the ashes 
in a barrel and let the lye run through, and reduced that about one half. On the Experi- 
mental Farm we have trees almost as good looking as Mr. Boulter’s, and Mr. Craig uses a 
soap wash every year. 


Mr. BEeAutu: How is it applied ? 
Prof. Craig : With a white-wash brush, on the main branches and the trunk. 


Mr. Race: You will find that louse at the very tips of the smaller branches. Isn’t 
it necessary to spray those 4 

Prof. FLercuEer: Undoubtedly. It has only the power of locomotion for about three 
days. It comes before that young shoot is being made, and it settles down on that young 
bark where it is thin. It then drives its very fine beak through the young bark and 
remains fixed there for the rest of its life. Where there is green bark it will attach itself 
to any part of the tree. 

Mr. Partison: I have found an excellent remedy for both the borer and the bark 
louse is to wash the trees in June every year with a mixture of washing soda, soft soap 
and water. . 

Prof. FLercHer : You get the same alkaline wash I have spoken of. With regard to 
the bark louse, some fruit growers claim it can be prevented from injuring the trees simply 
by feeding the trees, and that is part of Mr. Hillborn’s method—to dig ashes around the 
trees in large quantities. 

Mr. Hivsorn: There is another inscct in our part of the country that eats the 
cherries and the pears—the slug. 

Prof. Fuercner: Very easily treated with weak Paris green. It is more particularly 
injurious to the oak-leaved mountain ash and the hawthorne with us at Ottawa. 

The Presipent: How are you going to deal with it on thecherry? Itis just at the 
season of the year when the cherry is pretty nearly ripe. 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO, 37 


Prof. Frercuer: I don’t think there would be very much danger in putting on a 
very weak Paris green mixture. I have used that generally. 

Mr. Smitu: There would be no difficulty in using slacked lime. 

Dr. Brapite: Have you had any experience in regard to the Bordeaux mixture in 
keeping it for any length of time—for a fortnight or so—to see whether it had lost its 
efficiency ? I am under the impression it ought to be used pretty fresb. 

Prof. FuetcHErR: The first recipes for the Bordeaux mixture said: ‘‘ Keep it fora | 
time.” That meanta day orso. If it is kept for a long time [ think it does Jose its 
strength. I enquired from Prof. Shutt, the Chemist, and he said, as far as [ can remem- 
ber, that some change took place. 

Mr. Bouttser: A friend here says he took ordinary brick clay and rubbed his apple 
trees as a coating. 

Prof. FiretcHer: That would prevent the eggs being laid. 

Mr. W. M. Orr: How long does the curculio act on the plum ? 

Prof. FuercHer: I think about three weeks. 

Mr. Orr: Does spraying with Paris green effect the larvee ? 

Prof. FLETCHER: No. 

Mr. Bovurter: If you could tell me how to destroy the potato bug on tomatoes [ 
would give you a donation. 

Prof. FiuetcHer: I think the only way is to plant potatoes near them and trap them. 
I must not take up more time, Mr. President. Iam extremely obliged to you for allowing 
me to introduce this question of the value of spraying with the arsenites for insects. I 
know the plan is of enormous value to fruit growers ; but I had heard lately rumors that 
the method was discredited by some ; but what I have heard at this meeting proves that 
this is not the case. 

The PresipEnT: If it were not for tiring Prof. Fletcher out, Iam sure we would 
all like to have him remain on the floor longer. (Applause.) We have Mr. G. W. Cline 
and the Secretary who have been practising these customs for some years. Let us hear 
the result. 

Mr. G. W. Cine: I have had quite a bit of experience in spraying Paris green. 
We have been at it ten or twelve years. I guess I was the first one to start it in our 
section, and] have had very good success. Sometimes through the rains it is not as 
satisfactory as I would like, [tis pretty hard when you spray in the morning and it 
rains before noon, and when you spray in the afternoon it rains before night. However, 
I generally have a very good crop of plums, and have succeeded very well also with pears, 
though the curculio was very bad on pears. 

The Secretary: How many times out of ten years have you failed with spraying 
your plums ? 

Mr. Cuine: I have not failed once. 

The Szcrerary: You have had a partial failure some years? 

Mr. Cuine: Oh, some years my crop would not be as heavy as others. 

Mr. M. Perrir: Have you left some unsprayed some years? 

Mr. Crine: Yes, and they never came to perfection ; they all fell off. 

Mr. Bouttser: Has any member been troubled with the curculio in the Damson 
plums? 

Mr. Ciinz: A good many persons have Damson plums in our neighborhood, and 
they always have a crop of them. 

The Secretary: What do you think you spend per year in spraying plums? 

Mr. Cuine: I generally spray my plums about five times in the season. I have 
sometimes sprayed them only three times. It does not cost very much. I use three 


38 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


ounces of Paris green to forty gallons of water. I have never injured any trees, 
except to take some leaves off, when the water would begin to thicken in the bottom 
of the barrel. I commence spraying just as soon as the little covering drops off the 
plum. I have never found a curculio yet until after the blossoms were gone, and 
sometimes for a week afterwards. It is generally cool weather at that time, and the 
curculio won’t work in cold weather. Ona warm night they will work as lively as can 
be. i have left my trees watching for curculio for a whole week, and perhaps on Satur- 
day it would come hot, and on Monday morning there would be any number of curculios 
and the plums badly stung. 


The Srcretary: The force of my question is this: that if you, after ten years’ 
experience, have so much confidence in it that you will spray your orchard—which is a 
large one—five times in the season, it is a positive proof of the good results of your 
experience. 


Mr. Curne: I don’t think I could get the success in any other way. I jarred them 
for several years, and, of course, it is tremendous work. You have to do it in the even- 
ing. Very seldom you find curculio on the tree in the day time; but from six in the 
evening until dusk, and in the morning from daylight until seven o’clock, they are thick, 
and then is the time we always had to jar. I found it this yeara great deal easier in 
Spraying. I got a horse power pump from Lockport, and I find it is a light job now to 
spray, compared with the hand pumps. 


Prof. FLuercHeR: Do you know the name ? 


Mr. Ouine: It was the Victor I got. It has worked very satisfactorily. It is 
driven by cogs and chain. The price is $70. It cost about $10@ with the duty. 


Mr. Hinzorn : Do you find the foliage injured ? 


Mr. CuinE: No, I sprayed this year also with the Bordeaux mixture for the rot four 
or five times, until the leaves were white with the lime—I had a good deal of rot—and [ 
think it helped them. I know it helped the Flemish Beauty pears. Where I didn’t 
spray I didn’t have any, and where I did spray I had a very fair crop. 


The Presipent: Now, Mr. Woolverton, we would like to hear from you. 


The Secretary: I think Mr. Cline has ventilated the subject very well. I have 
also been testing it for eight or ten years past, and every year I spend a great deal of time 
in spraying my orchard. I do not omit it any season. I do not know that I need give 
you any greater testimony of my confidence in it than that fact, both for plum trees— 
though I am not so largely in plums as Mr. Cline—and also for the curculio in the apple 
and pear, and for the codling moth. In the latter I am confident of the great benefit to 
be derived from it. The codling moth has been exceedingly troublesome in the Niagara 
district in the past. Our apple crop has been frightfully diminished by this insect, and 
since we are using Paris green regularly we havea far smaller proportion of wormy apples. 


Dr. BEADLE: What about apple scab ? 


The Secretary: I have been trying faithfully copper mixtures and some seasons I 
felt confident that there had been great benefit from it, but some years when we have 
tried most faithfully there has been no scab at all even on trees not sprayed, so that I 
don’t feel prepared to report that I have had complete success yet. 


Mr. Cine: Have you had good success with the Paris green on the codling moth 
this year ? . 


The Secretary: No, not very good on account of the rains. 


Mr. Ciinzt; This is the worst season I have had. I have had more wormy apples 
than any year for ten years. There didn’t seem to be any until just as the apples 
were ready to pick, and then you could notice they were getting full of such all over. It 
may have been a late brood—too late for the spring. 

Mr. M. Perit: Is there any way that a fruit-grower can determine the quality of 
Paris green? A little of some brands put in a glass of water will color the water and 
appear to stay in suspension, Other brands you put in and it seems to curdle a little, or 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 39 


collect together and settle more, and not color the water so much. Now, this brand that 
colors the water more, we consider the best to use. I would like to know if there is any. 
‘thing in this. 

Prof FiercHer: I should rather think it would be the other way. The Paris green 
should settle partly at the bottom; but I think the best way of telling whether 
Paris green is pure or not is to dissolve it in ammonia. If it thoroughly dissolves it is 
pure. 


Mr, M. Perrir: We are not chemists. 


Prof. FietcHer: You need not be. Get a little spirits of hartshorn—or ammonia, 
for which it is another name—from the druggist. What is in the water is somethirg in 
suspension, but it should not stay in suspension—it should sink to the bottom. Measures 
have been taken now to have all the Paris green that is sold in Canada of a pure and 
known grade. That is now being considered—(hear, hear)— and I think before very long 
there will be some legislation to insist on it. 


Mr. Epwarps: I have heard amongst farmers and others a great deal of dissatisfac- 
tion expressed with regard to the strength and quality of Paris green; and if some 
measure of that sort were taken it would be very satisfactory. 


Mr. FietcHer: At any rate it would regain confidence. I find this, asa matter of 
experience, that if there is any id+a about a remedy not succeeding, ninety-nine per cent, 
of the people won’t try it atall. Asa matter of fact the adulteration of Paris green never 
amounted to ten per cent. of the samples we tested ; but the idea got abroad that it was 
impure, and it was no use putting it on; so, instead of putting on a little more, or tryi g 
to find that out, they wouldn’t put it on at all. So with this spraying, if there is any 
doubt about it a large number of people will not use it at all. Ihave tound by experi- 
ment that it is worth a great deal, and therefore it is going to pay everybody to spray 
Paris green over their trees. 


Mr. Bouter: I have been told by people selling it that Paris green is very expensive 
—about 40 cents a pound ; that it is all adulteratea to a greater or less extent. 


Prof. FietcHEeR: That is not the case. I have been told by the man who mzkes 
two-thirds of all that is sold in Canada, that when their travelers go out through Canada 
and offer Paris green at, say, 20 cents, the buyers say, ‘“ No, we want it second grade ;” 
and they insist on having it, and he cannot get them to buy the best grade at about 5 
cents more. The difference is between the pure and the second grade. They are prevented 
from selling it as ‘‘pure” Paris green, but they sell it as ‘‘ genuine” Paris green. 


Prof. Craig: I know some agents who sell this article to druggists as “ pure” Paris 
green and Paris green “ off color.” The difference is 4 or5centsa pound. The difference 
in the actual value of the insecticidal powder is several dollars a pound—not only in the 
actual damage it does in preventing the spread of spraying, but as loss of faith in the 
remedy. Mr. Tweddle, of Stony Creek, has been conducting some experiments with me 
this last year in spraying plum trees for curculio, and one effect he seems to have attained 
is that Paris green applied with Bordeaux mixture is not as effective as Paris green applied 
alone. His experience is that the mixing weakens the toxical effects of the Paris green. 
That is very important to know ; and if there are any present who have had experience I 
would like to know it. Mr. Tweddle’s whole experiments this year have pointed to the 
fact that insects must have been very abundant, because I visited his orchard early in 
October and was surprised to find the trees that he had sprayed faithfully with Paris 
green had the apples largely on the ground. 


Mr. Pattison: Don’t you think it was an extraordinary late brood that didn’t get 
poisoned at all ? 


Prof. Craia: He sprayed the 25th of July the last time. 


Mr. Citing: Do you know if these were the same varieties of trees ? 
Prof, Craia: No. 


Mr. Cuine: Take the Duane’s purple ; you can hardly keep curculio off them. 


40 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO, 


Mr. Race: Last year inthe county of Perth we were troubled with curculio for the 
first time in my recollection. This year I used Paris green alone, and my neighbor used 
the Bordeaux mixture. We applied it about the same time, and were the only parties in 
that district that had any plums at all, so I am very confident of the success of spraying ; 
but my experience was that my success with the Paris green alone was greater than his, 
althought he put on just as much and did his work as thoroughly as I did. A great 
many of his plums did drop, and we found they had been stung Oy the curculio. In my 
case it was a very rare thing to find they had been stung. 


Prof. Craia: It is very often difficult to judge by a glance in an orchard, or even by 
looking through it, of the actual benefits of any spraying experiments. I have often at the 
end of a season's work been discouraged, in looking at the trees that had been sprayed, and 
chose that had not, that I was unable to see a more distinctly marked difference ; but on 
picking the fruit the result showed up very much more plainly and distinctly than I 
was led to suppose it would. 


Mr. Race: You think the Paris green is most successful. 


Prof. Crate : I threw that hint out asa feeler. I shall try and get exact data on it 
next year. 


Mr. Epwarps: Will the spraying be as effective for the second brood of the codling 
moth as for the first, that is, those that lay their eggs between the apples, and so on ? 


Prof. FLetcHErR: It will be more difficult to apply, on account of the large amount 
of foliage then on the trees ; but where it can be applied it will be probably as effective, 
because any surplus of moisture will run between those apples and lodge there, just where 
the eggs are laid—in the calyx or cup of the flower. I do not remember seeing an apple 
injured where it hung alone ; it is where there are two or three together. I think it 
would pay you to spray, but I don’t think it would be as effective as the first spraying. 


Mr. Epwarps: When should that spraying be done ? . 


Prof. Fuetcuer: In July. The first time I have taken the first actual beetle at 
Ottawa is about the 26th May. 


Mr. Cuine: I have found they make their first appearance about the Ist June. 


Prof. Craia: Has anybody present had any experience in spraying peach leaf 
curculio with Bordeaux mixture ? 


Mr. Hitporn : This last spring it was not so bad asayearago. We thought it was 
on account ot the weather. A year ago we had a very wet, cold, backward spring, and 
the trees were very much injured. This spring trees that escaped the best before were 
the most injured. 


Mr. Suitx: What would be your remedy for that ? 


Prof. Craig : Some information was given to me a short time ago which was new to 
me, and I asked the question in order to bring it out. A horticulturist from Australia 
told me he had most complete success in spraying peach curculio with Bordeaux mixture 
four times. It kept their trees in perfect health ; and peach curculio there is one of the 
worst difficulties of peach growing. They began before the leaf was nearly out, and the 
sprayings were, I think, about a week apart. 


FLOWERS AND THEIR RELATION TO US. 


Mr. W. M. Rosson, of Lindsay, presented the following paper : 


By way of introducing my subject permit me to give a brief historical sketch with a 
few intimations on their commercial value. It would indeed be difficult to assign a 
greater antiquity to any industrial art than that which may be claimed for floriculture. 
The traditions and historical notices of this art refer to periods of very remote antiquity ; 
ancient legends celebrate the gardens of the Hesperides and of the Alcinous, and authentic his- 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOOIATION OF ONTARIO, 41 


tory tells of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, by means of which a mighty king sought to 
reconcile his Median Queen to the flat and naked country of her adoption. The Persians 
appear to have cultivated gardens from their earliest period. The Grecians followed in 
the same steps ; they formed gardens not merely for fruit and vegetables but for the 
cultivation of flowers. With them the narcissus, the violet and rose were in high repute, 
myrtle and box trees were clipped in fantastic forms, and flowers out of season were 
produced in their forcing pits ; for violets in profusion could be bought in the markets of 
Athens while the snow was thick on the ground, In Ancient Rome flowers and fruits 
were placed under the guardian care of special deities, and floralia or flower festivals 
instituted. Indeed to such a pitch of extravagance was the passion for flowers carried that 
at one period it became necessary that sumptuary laws should be enacted to restrain it. 
Still the extravagant love of flowers predominated, for, at one single supper given by the 
luxurious Cleopatra, the roses alone are said to have cost an Egyptian talent—about $1,000 
of our money. Nor was the love of flowers confined to wealth alone ;—the humble 
hermit’s cell had its little plot of ground for the growth of a few choice flowers for the 
chaplets and garlands of some favorite saints. The same love, admiration and devotion 
continued through all stages of history ; for we find the immortal bard of Avon, through 
the fair Ophelia, so beautifully describing the virtue of flowers and herbs (in her method 
of madness), and still onward in their aggressive and subduing influence to the present 
modern times, where their worth and value is becoming an important factor of commerce, 
yielding large revenues in different parts of the old continent and thus giving employment 
to tens of thousands. But pursuing this idea my subject becomes unlimited, and still 
more so on estimating tropical productions, their merchartable spices and perfumes, of 
such immense value to them and the world, only to be overshadowed by the speculative 
wealth in florticulture on this continent. Think of $6,000 paid for one rose (the 
Bennett) and the fabulous prices attained for the orchids and many other new and rare 
flowers, Then if wealth is the pursuit of this period, here is an avenue open to it. 


But I have grave forebodings that in this age, those beautiful gems of earth, that 
are exhaling a bountiful fragrance, enriching and exhilarating our very existence, are 
scarcely receiving a reciprocal response of gratitude or attention that is commensurate 
with their universal beneficence. It must be admitted that the present epoch of time is 
pre-eminently materialistic, speculative and inventive, and in this there is a danger of our 
finer feelings becoming susceptible to their absorbing influence and alienating us from the 
beautiful, 


But pardon this digression in blending the useful with the beautiful. Flowers being 
my theme, let us review their status: Old as humanity; broad as the universe in their 
adaptation ; deep beyond expression in the affections of our people; high as the flight of 
imagination can describe in their chastity, innocence, beauty and fragrance ; emblematic of 
Heaven’s best gift in their refreshing mission to the sick and suffering ; enjoyable alike 
by the monarch and lowly peasant; poets and writers of all ages have vied in the 
lavish description of their charms and influence; enjoyable alike in all states and con- 
ditions of life without any reaction of feeling ; expressive of human affection at births, 
marriages and deaths ; woven in the victor’s wreath ; flung as grateful tributes to valor, to 
patriot, statesman, or orator, who is able to captivate by deeds of daring, or thrill with 
eloquence ; talisman of love and sincerity to youth and maiden; pleasing and refreshing 
reminiscences to maturity and age; to all, refining and inspiring, breathing delightful 
perfumes, floating like rich incense o’er the earth, soothing human sorrow, exalting and 
ennobling character, touching a responsive chord in humanity, to the Giver of all good for 
those types of divine beneficence—surely such qualities ought to awake a vibrating chord 
of love, sympathy and devotion in every recipient heart, as it did in Scotland’s greatest 
lyric poet to the modest mountain daisy : 


_ Wee modest crimson-tipped flower, 
Thou’st met me in an evil hour 
For I maun crush amang the stoure 
Thy tender stem 
To spare thee now is past my power, 
Thou bonnie gem, 


42 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


The Secretary : What flowers are the most satisfactory in your garden 4 
Mr. Rosson : I think the rose is the king of flowers. 
The Presipent: Mr. Beall, let us hear from you on this subject. 


Mr. Brauy : I havea number of hybrid roses, we have no dfficulty in keeping them. 
All I could say would be to encourage hybrid roses instead uf the common summer roses, 
because there is scarcely more difficulty in growing one than the other, and it is pleasant to 
have roses when every other person’s have gone. We always have roses until the snow 


comes. In winter we lay them down, put a piece of wood on them, or some cedar brush, 
or something of that kind. 


The Secretary : You cannot grow La France rose in Lindsay out of doors ? 


Mr. Bratt : No, I have not succeeded in doing it. I don’t think there would be any 
difficulty if special care were taken to protect the roots. I don’t care for growing any- 
thing that requires extra pains ; it doesn’t pay. There is no ditliculty in growing and 
protecting the hybrid roses. 


The Secrerary: Can you mention the one that has given you the greatest satis- 
faction last year ? 


Mr. Brautu: The one that has given me the greatest satisfaction every year is 
the Lena Turner. It is beautiful in shape, and in the conformation of its petals, and it 
has a very fine flower. Its greatess beauty is it is constantly in bloom. We can always 
find a rose on that bush. The color is very bright, but rather of a deep pink. I seit 
some buds to Dr. Beadle and Mr. Mitchell, but I never heard that they have been 
successful in propagating them, and I cannot find it in any catalogue now. I believe it was 
from Dr. Beadle I got it, perhaps 25 years ago, and I am very anxious about the matter 
because the old bush is. getting weaker. 

Mr. McNert: What is your method of pruning roses 4 


Mr. Bratt: We never touch them in the fall of the year. Bend all down ; high 
branches will shoot up four or five feet high. Those are all laid down in the winter. In 
the spring we leave no shoot more than a foot or a foot and a half high. 

The SecrETaRY : Do your summer prune ? 


Mr. Bratt: No, of course we occasionally cut out old wood. I would pay ten or 
twenty times the price for the Lena Turner that [ would for any other, for the great 
satisfaction of blooming the whole summer long. I recollect one year we had fine 


beautiful roses on one branch in November: Of course we hadn’t very much frost before 
that. 


Dr. BrapueE: I have tried several times this last eight or ten years, and I cannot get 
it—cannot find anybody who is growing it. 


Mr. Race : Would you recommend confinement to a few varieties ! 


Mr. Bratt: I would recommend every person to grow all he can find room 
for. The more that are grown the better for the family and for everybody else. I would 
certainly choose the varieties that would bloom the best. I havea great deal of satisfaction 
with the old Jules Margottin. 


Mr. Race: Have you Jules Margottin growing on its own roots ! 


Mr. Bratt: No they are all budded roses. I would not take the trouble with a rose 
growing on its own roots, because I can’t find any person that keeps them more than two 
or three years. I want it to last as long asIdo. I don’t think any man can find a 
better rose than the old John Hopper. I believe that is the very first produced in 
England—one of the very first at all events—and I don’t know of any better rose 
to-day. 

Mr. Epwarps ; Would you give some roses that could be grown successfully here ? 


Mr. Bratt: We like the Camille de Rohan. Ihave the Marshall P. Wilder, but it 
does not suit me at all—it is a great big coarse rose. Caroline de San Sal I don’t 
care much for. The Baron de Rothschild and Gen. Washington are good roses. The 
latter is not double enough, but it is a very fine rose, and of good color. 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOO[ATION OF ONTARIO. 43 


SECOND DAY—MORNING SESSION. 


The President : It is usual to have our financial report submitted as early in the 
session as possible. I will ask the Treasurer to read his report, and then the Auditors to 
present theirs. 


FINANCIAL STATEMENT, 
Mr. WootverToN read his report as Treasurer as follows : 


TREASURER S REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1892 3. 


RECEIPTS. $ cts, EXPENDITURE. $ cts. 

ys oe 153 78 Ganadian Horticulturist, 6... 2.60.66. 1613 98 
Oe 2123 39 Salary, Secretary, Editor and Clerk. .... 1200 00 
Govermment Grant ................-4 1800 00 Chromo lithographs 50/024 sn erse a. snes » 339 55 
CS EE ee 294 87 WIKEGLOTS OXPOTISES:, Scie secu stale bn eletoie € 192 07 
Bound volumes and binding .......... 48 80 Garin a ASTON Ae ci thsra) bets autos whi otve alogers 186 18 
me Mera COC... ee ee 8 16 IGM BSNTIO Ubi: on % aes’ wig oi ne.« able «ipo 175 52 
Plant aistribation: 2. 0k. 2.2 cee ese ess 118 58 

Postage and telegrams ......... i reh act 107 33 

Printing’ and stationery: <1 2s ass« <i +. vs 94 08 

DEOMOSEAPNGN chy. ti euif eth kien dyes Vine fies 66 25 

Hleetroty pesae teins spncieie i acers Bieta epee . 65 65 

OG DUG rie, rey clasts) <esrn a sete esa ei cie: 2 54 92 

DT SCOMIMG cvs. Sencha cls ole payee caewie ead a 23 74 

COMMMLELEOS Fates tis leieeie Pe «sie hie oa ot tele 23 44 

PUCUUOES cen nie OL ee std sie ais a, Diet oees ars 20 00 

Care of rooms at meetings .......... .. 5 00 

TVUSSIAIE OXCHAN GOR). «5 sic oo Hh estes ws 3 00 

ett yea aitede ce crag) se eharai.cate(s sxe ale dea Sesh oy 1 50 

Balancovonc hand). 2c. asa ce at cs oes 148 21 

$4429 00 $4429 00 


We, the undersigned Auditors, having examined the various books and accounts kept by your Secretary- 
Treasurer and carefully compared them with the vouchers, have pleasure in testifying to their correctness, 
and the careful manner in which the books have been kept. 


Edwards 


Dep 338 . 
F, G. H. Dr ttison f Avditors. 


Dated December 6th, 1893. 


Mr. Epwarps read the report of the Auditors as appended to the Treasurer’s report 
and added: J have much pleasure in emphasizing the fact stated in the report ds to not 
merely the correctness, but the satisfactory way in which the accounts are kept. This 
is the first year in which I have been Auditor, and it has given me a very great pleasure 
to see the thorough and systematic way in which all the accounts are kept, enabling 
the Auditors to complete their work with satisfaction to themselves, and I hope, also to 
the Association. I have much pleasure in moving the adoption of the Treasurer’s report 
as audited. 


Mr. F. G. H. Pattison seconded the motion, and as the second auditor endorsed Mr. 
Edwards’ remarks as to tke correctness and neatness with which the books were kept. 


The motion was put and carried. 


The Presipent : It has been our custom to proceed with the election of officers the 
second day, and although the programme says this would be done on the last day, I think 
it would be better to continue our custom, as we have always a full meeting the second 
day. . 

Mr. Race: Would that require a motion ? 


The Presipent : I think it would, because I think there is a motion to the contrary ; 
is there not, Mr. Secretary 1 


44 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOOTATION OF ONTARIO. 
MN 
The Secretary : Yes. the reason the programme mentions the elections as taking 
place on the last day is that at Brantford the opinion was expressed that this would be 
better as the members would be better acquainted with one another and more able to judge 


who were fitted for the various offices. I presume, however, that we are pretty well 
acquainted with one another by this time. I have no objection myself. 


Mr. Race: After due consideration last night by the Executive it was decided to 
submit the question to the meeting this morning whether we had better depart from 
the arrangement of last year and go on with the elections this morning. I would move 
that the election of officers be proceeded with this morning. 


Mr. SmitH seconded the motion. 


Mr. Bratt: I would like to ask Mr. Edwards if this would make any difference to 
the people here. Are there any considerable number who had intended to be here at the 
election of officers ? 


Mr. Epwarps: No, [ don’t think so. I am sure it was not the intention of the 
people of the County of Peterboro’ to come in and swamp the meeting in connection with 
the elections. (Laughter.) 

The Secretary: The reason [ gave last night to the Directors for proceeding at 
once with the election was that the new officers ought to get together before they leave 
the Convention and lay plans for work, and go home feeling that they know what they are 
going to try to carry out during the year. 


The motion was put and carried. 


The PRESIDENT named Messrs, Alex. McNeil of Windsor and T. M. Grover of Norwood 
to act on the Nominating Committee. The three chosen by the meeting were : Messrs. 
Turner of Cornwall, M. Pettit of Winona, and Dr. Beadle of Toronto. 


REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON FRUIT EXHIBITS. 


While the Nominating Committee were at work, Prof. Craig reported for the Fruit 
Committee. He said : You will be interested to recognize your old friend, Ben 
Davis, from British Columbia. Grown in that genial climate it takes on quite a 
handsome appearance. I think the limits of improvement are comparatively narrow 
in the Ben Davis, though in its home it is very much better than we can grow it 
in Ontario. An interesting little apple, to which I may draw your attention later 
in the report on new fruits, is this Pomme de Fer, literally the Iron apple, which originated 
in the Province of Quebec. It is a small dark red apple, and keeps easily till June. 
From Mr. Robson of Lindsay. We now come to an interesting exhibit of W. H. 
Dempsey, the fruit of the labors of the late P. C. Dempsey, so long known in con- 
nection with our Society. This consists of apples all raised from the seed of the 
Northern Spy and crossed with the Golden Russet, and exhibits very well the work 
we may expect when we go into the work of hybridization. Another interesting 
- cross is the cross of the Duchess pear with the Sheldon; and this is the product. 
You see the progeny resembles the Sheldon considerably, and it has the same 
characteristic—gritty flesh—of the Sheldon, only more intensified I think. There 
are large gritty granules about the core of this that depreciates the quality considerably. 
Showing how apples may be preserved, we have specimens from Mr. Beall of Lindsay 
of the Lawrence. These apples are part of the crop of 1892, and are in perfect eating 
condition. They were kept in an ordinary cellar without more than ordinary pre- 
cautions. (The Professor here showed by illustrations taken from the table the advan- 
tages of cultivation, one apple having been grown in an old pasture and the other having 
received high cultivation. Both were of the same variety, yet the latter was twice 
as large as the former.) The report was then read as follows : ; 


Exhibit of selected fruit by the Secretary : Gilpin ; Jonathan from Quebec ; Blen- 
heim, Ontario; Alsopus’ Spitzenburg, British Columbia ; Newell, from Wisconsin—a 
flattish green apple, keeps till May ; Ben Davis, British Columbia, large, fine colored ; Ben 
Davis, Quebec ; Longfield ; Wealthy, Ontario ; Canada Red; Pomme de Fer. } 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO, 45 


Mr. Robson showed Agawam Grapes ; Fameuse, an extra good plate without scab or 
spot ; Josephine de Malines ; Fallawater. 


J. H. Toole, Orillia, exhibited La Rue, Hurlbut, Fisher, Pewaukee, very fine speci- 
mens, weil colored ; Ben Davis ; Mr. Leaf, Colvert, very green ; Golden Russet ; Mr. 
Toole, Pomme Grise; Mr. Gillet, Wealthy and Fallawater; Mr. Willis, Talman 
Sweet ; Ribston Pippin ; Belmont, by Mr. Willis. 


_ Exhibit of Hybrids by W. H. Dempsey : No. 80, cross of Golden Russet and Spy, 
large oblate crimson with light dots, calyx closed basin moderately large, round, regular, 
stem 4 to ? inch long ; cavity, deep, narrow, russeted ; flesh, yellowish white, firm, crisp, 
juicy ; acid, quality fair. Mr. Demspey says tree is a fair grower and apparently a fair 
bearer. Walter—same origin as last-—large, round, or oblong, yellow ground overlaid 
with splashes and stripes of light and deep red ; calyx, closed deep ; stem slender set ina 
deep, narrow cavity ; flesh, white, soft, melting core, very small ; quality only fair at this 
date, though now past its best, a handsome apple. 

Same origin as last. Medium to small, round, dark crimson; flesh, firm, woody 
sub acid, not promising. 

Seedling apple W. H. Dempsey, medium to small, round, dark crimson ; quality, 
not to be commended. 


Pear, cross of Duchess and Sheldon ; about same size and appearance of Sheldon 
flesh, peculiarly granular about the core, very interesting as the product of hybridization 
but hardly valuable from a commercial standpoint. 


Lawyer, exhibited by Thos. Beall, Lindsay, in good condition. Remarkable from 
the fact that it is from the crop of 1892, showing great keeping qualities. Vale Mascal 
Pearmain also Ontario. 


Seedling, grown by F. Orandall, medium size, flattish, greenish, and believed by your 
committee to be Belmont. 


By T. H. Race, Mitchell, Ont., large handsome, apple, has been calied Spanish 
Pippin, resembling Spy in appearance, but poor in quality. 

By A. M. Smith, Lawrence pear, Keiffer pear, Princess Louise apple. 

G. W. Cline, Keiffer pear. 


By W.S. Turner, Cornwall, Shiawassie Beauty, Golden Russett, Scott’s Winter, 
Bourrassa, Northern Spy, McIntosh Red, Fallawater, Ben Davis, 


EK. B. Edwards, Blenheim Pippin, Canada Red, Northern Spy. 


Mr. McGibbon : La Rue, Roxberry Russet, Northern Spy, Ben Davis, Fallawater, 
Ben Davis. 


The Secretary moved the adoption of the report, Mr. Beall seconded it. Carried. 


JOHN ORAIG, 
Chairman. 


REPORT OF NOMINATING COMMITTEE. 


Mr. Perrtit read the report of the Committee on Nominations, and moved, seconded 
by Mr. Smith, its adoption, which was carried. The full list appears on page 2. 


A COMPLIMENT TO THE RETIRING PRESIDENT. 


Mr. Bouuter : I think it was the proper thing for the Ontario Government to make 
preparations to have the fruit-growers of this Province properly represented at the Worlds’ 
Fair, and | believe their choice of a representative was a wise one. I wish to move: 


46 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


_“ That the thanks of this Association are due and hereby tendered to our retiring President for the 
action that he took whilst representing Ontario’s fruit interests at the World’s Fair in placing our exhibit 
to such advantage.” 


From personal observation during a month’s visit to the Fair, I know the choice was 
well made, and that our representative tried to do his duty. You all, as patriotic Cana- 
dians, felt your blood tingle when you knew what Oanada had done at that World’s Fair. 
Americans who thought we had a cold country that could produce nothing, found that we 
can compete with them in any products almost, we may say. To-day we stand on record 
as one of the greatest fruit producing countries on this continent. Our apples have ranked 
five shillings a barrel higher in the British market than any to the south of us, and I 
believe to-day they will rank higher than ever. Outside of the national view, I believe 
we will be benefited financially by the exhibit we made at Chicago. 


Mr. Cason suggested that this matter be deferred till the new President took the 
chair. 


The PresipEntT : I will now ask our friend Mr. Race to come forward and take 
the Presidency of this Association. I thank you, gentlemen, most sincerely for the 
cordial manner in which you have supported every effort of mine as your President 
during the last two years. In leaving the chair I feel that I am parting with gentlemen 
who have done everything in their power to advance the interests of the fruit-growers of 
this Province, and in every act of mine I have received their support and advice in every 
respect. [ask you, gentlemen, to tender that same courtesy and kindness to our new 
President, who will now take the chair. I have much pleasure in introducing Mr. Race, 
the President elect. 


Mr. Race: I am sure, gentlemen, that | thank you very heartily for the position in 
which you have placed me here to-day. I may justly boast that I am the first news- 
paper man who has ever occupied this position, and I also boast the honor of being 
the only newspaper man who has been, or is at the present time, the President of a 
Farmers’ Institute in Onterio. I have had a great interest all my life in agricultural 
matters, and I am still as deeply interested as I ever was in horticultural matters. 
I believe I am becoming more enthusiastic year after year. Sometimes we imagine there 
are too many professional men introduced into this sort of thing, but as long as a man is a 
professional man and at the same timea practical man, I think probably the two qualify 
him better than one who is only giving one side toa question. I take the theoretical side 
of this, and I also do a good deal on the practical side. I do a great deal of work in 
connection with horticulture. Ihave todoso. I am generally up pretty early in the 
morning in the summer time working among the fruit and flowers. I trust I may do 
honor to the position you have conferred upon me. I am heartily in accord with the 
sentiments expressed in regard to the ex-President. We thought he was a man so 
eminently qualified for the position and the duties that were going to devolve upon the 
the President at Ohicago, that we thought he was the right man to keep a second 
term in office, although it was contrary to precedent ; and I trust I may be able to 
fill the duties as satisfactorily. It shall ever be my endeavor to do so. You have 
heard the resolution that has been proposed by Mr. Boulter, that the thanks of this 
meeting be tendered the retiring President for the very etticient manner in which he has 
filled the chair, and for the manner in which he has performed the onerous duties that 
devolved upon him in connection with the Ontario fruit exhibit at the World’s Fair, 

Mr. Caston : I take great pleasure in seconding the motion. I think we would be 
lacking very much in our duty as fruit growers 1f we failed to express our appreciation of 
the remarkable success that has attended the labors of our President as Commissioner for 
Ontario at the World’s Fair. I think we are all proud of the success that Ontario 
has achieved there; I think it will be more profitable for the Province than all the 
immigration agents that we could send out. In the selection of the Commissioner, 
the right man was put in the right place, and we owe our gratitude first to the 
Government, secondly to Mr. Awrey, and last to our ex-President, who has so ably filled 
the duties. It required a man who was thoroughly conversant with the capabilities of 
Ontario—a man of energy; and above all, a man with a great amount of executive 
ability. All these qualities we had in our ex-President. We ought to be proud of the 


. 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO, 47 


—__—__—.. 


position our Province has taken at Chicago—due in the greatest measure tothe ability of 
our representative. I doubtif we could have got any man who would have filled the 
position better, and we are only doing our simple duty in recognizing his work. Ido not 
forget our Secretary either. We all know him, and know what kind of a man he is. 
Of course he was not so directly connected with our provincial exhibit, being a Dominion 
officer; but we know he would not be dallying around the Midway Plaisance instead of 
attending to his duties. (Laughter). 


The motion was put and carried amid applause. 


The Presipent: I have great pleasure, Mr. Retiring President, in extending to you 
the vote of thanks of this Association for the very efficient manner in which you have 
performed all the duties that have devolved upon you during the past year. 


Ex-President Perrit : Gentlemen, I am sorry it is just this time of day. (It was 
nearly noon). I would like, in reply to this resolution that has been so kindly tendered 
me, to present a very short address as the President’s Address, in which I trust I would 
be able to embody what I would like to say to you on this resolution. Ifyou could bear 
with me for ten or fifteen minutes I would do so. (For this address see page 5.) 


Mr. Prrrit continued: I would like to say a little more on this subject. I 
have spent the last six months with men engaged in the same work as myself, fighting, 
with every energy possible, to win for our Province that credit that she ought to have, 
Every State was doing the same ; and yet we met as men together on the most friendly 
terms, and the six months were the happiest I ever spent. From the day I entered that 
building till the day I left, I never heard one word unkindly spoken between us. You 
will not often see that at large exhibitions of this kind. Another feature of the case 
was this: We had men from the finest fruit states of the Union as judges; every man 
was a foreigner, and I believe the verdict he rendered for Ontario was a true one. I 
believe it was rendered in the best of his judgment; and instead of looking as we do 
sometimes to the other side as being in advance of us in fruit culture, and as our pattern 
in other respects, I say, gentlemen, they want to look to Ontario for their pattern. 
(Hear, hear, and applause). Trace it where you will throughout Ontario’s exhibits at the 
World’s Fair,—{ care not whether it is in agriculture, in stock, in fruit-growing, or any 
other branch of industry—and you will find she stands at the head of almost any 
other country that exhibited there. (Applause). They have difficulties to overcome in 
our neighboring states, they are not placed in a happy position anywhere to-day ; in many 
respects, they are far from markets. They have greater distances to reach the markets 
of the old world, that we have convenient to us; and I do not believe their agriculture 
is equal to our own. Look in the matter of cheese. We have heard of the United States 
being the great cheese country of the world. How is it with usto-day ? We went there 
in the spring of the year, and out of 134 awards offered to the whule world in the cheese 
industry, Ontario took 125 of those prizes. (Applause). Americans said afterward 
they thought Ontario wasa little slow because she didn’t take the other nine. (Laughter 
The only reason she didn’t take the other nine was that she was just short nine cheeses 
(Laughter). We had another exhibit to make in the fall of the year, collected from all 
parts of Ontario ; and what did Ontario receive there? Ontario received 99 per cent. on 
cheese at the fall exhibit. (Applause). In our horticultural department what did we 
do? The awards were not all out when I came away, but I know we have awards 
innumerable in our fruits. How did we get them? Those awards were decided by 
weights, and our weights were ahead of other countries We also got another award for 
our style—the nice way in which Ontario’s exhibit was placed. We got an award there 
which but one other State in the Union got. Then we have got numerous awards in 
our educational exhibit ; and we have got one award which I think is a credit to the 
- Province of Ontario—a credit to our country in every sense of the word; we received a 
national award for our system of education. (Applause). Could we ask more than what 
I have mentioned? I say it is enough to make a Canadian prouder and prouder every 
day of his life. I was proud of my country when I went there; [ am prouder of it 
to-day, because we have the people, the country, the soil, the climate that will produce 
better than any other climate in the world. Here is an advantage for our fruit-growers’ 


48 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


to look at ; the fruits of many countries ripen at a season of the year when the weather 
is too warm. We are thousands of miles nearer to the foreign market, our fruit ripens 
at a later season of the year our apple crop—the great staple crop to benefit our country — 
ripens later ; and those fruits can be placed in the markets of the world very much earlier, 
and I would not be surprised to see a great many of our American friends writing back 
to us to supply their winter trade. I visited a large number of the cold-storage ware- 
houses in Chicago, and I found a large quantity of their apples were Canadian. They 
got them for late keepers because they could not hold their own. I believe there are 
very few parts of this Province that cannot produce apples of the very best quality, every 
locality can produce some quality in far greater excellence than other localities. If you 
want certain choice varieties you have to go to the northern part; if you want other 
varieties you have to go to the south. We are capable of producing varieties that will 
supply the world for nine months in the year. When we see our grain product over- 
abundant, at prices too low to be profitable to the farmers of this country, cannot we 
wisely increase our product in some other line, as we are doing in cheese—as [ believe 
we will do in butter before long and connect with them the fruit—the apple—industry 
as well? Further than that: I think our manufactured product in the fruit line should 
be pushed more than it is. I had a conversation with a German from Hamburg, 
in Ohicago. He comes out to this country every year to purchase large supplies 
of provisions for Hamburg. He says there is a grand opening in that country for 
our apple crop. He looked over our apples and said: ‘‘That is the stock we want, and 
we want large quantities of it, and I will be glad to open up communication with you.” 
The Government of this country is sending Mr. Robertson—perhaps the greatest author- 
ity we have in our country on butter and cheese—to speak on the subject in Britain, and 
they have made a mammoth cheese to be drawn from one end of the country to the 
other. I believe the butter industry will receive the same attention I believe if Mr. 
Robertson would take our fruits also, and advocate them in Germany and other countries, 
we would greatly widen our market, and instead of curtailing the production of fruit in 
this country we would increase it largely, for we have the market that will bear a large 
increase with profits to the producer. Now, gentlemen, [ thank you most heartily for 
that resolution you have passed. I appreciate most fully the words you have expressed ; 
but I appreciated your assistance the more when I was in Chicago. I felt there that I 
was to fight your battle, and without your assistance at home I could do very little ; but 
it was that assistance you gave me, and your liberality in your contributions and selec- 
tions, that took the world’s prizes—not my work ; and that gave me thanks louder than 
anything else I have received at your hands. I was proud [ was connected with that 
institution; [ was proud that I had the privilege of being your representative there ; 
and any man who goes forward out of this country to represent the paople of this Province 
or of Canada in a competition like that, with the world, can truly rely that he has behind 
him the best and foremost race of people in the agricultural, horticultural, or any other 
field, that will stand up for our country and place it where it is destined to stand—at the 
head of any other country of the earth. (Great applause) 


The Presipent : I know, gentlemen, that you have all listened with a very great. 
deal of pleasure and interest, and I believe a great deal of profit, to the remarks which 
have been made by the retiring President. I do notthink it would be wellto emphasize those 
remarks, or to repeat them, lest we might, like Alexander of old, begin to smite ourselves 
in the side that we have no more worlds to conquer in that line. (Laughter). I have 
had an increasing hope and expectation for the last two or three years that what Ontario. 
has won for herself in the way of cheese, she was also likely to win in the near future 
for her apples ; for I am fully convinced from my own observations in this country and 
in the States of the Union, that there is not another apple produced on the continent 
equal to this one that we produce here in Ontario. It is not necessary to ask for any 
expressions of opinion on any remarks on this address. I think you are all ready to 
receive it, and to express your gratification in the manner that you have done ; and as it 
is now time to adjourn, probably we had betier adjourn till, say, two o’clock. 


Mr. Smitu: Oould we spare about five minutes longer while we are on this 
business 1? 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOOIATION OF ONTARIO. 49 


The PresipEnt: [ think so. 


Mr. Smita : While I am fully in sympathy with all that has been said and done in 
regard to the work of our late President, | think we ought not to forget that we have 
another member of our Association who has taken a very prominent part in that work, 
although not a representative of our Fruit Growers’ Association. We all know the part 
that our esteemed Secretary has taken there ; and although he has not been working as 
directly for Ontario, he has been working for Canada, of which Ontario is only a part. 
(Applause). We are one country, and I think the honors of Ontario and Oanada ought 
to be equally divided ; they ought to be identified ; and I have much pleasu) 

a vote of thanks to our Secretary, as an appreciation of his labors at the World’s 
Fair during the past summer. I know something of the labors that he performed there, 
having been with him a few weeks, and I think this vote of thanks is but his due. 


Mr. A. H. Pertit: I have much pleasure in seconding that motion. I can assure 
you that I saw the great work the Secretary was doing for this country of ours at the 
World’s Fair. I did not wish to refer to that department, or to trample upon his territory, 
as I wished him to have an opportunity of expressing himself more fully in that line. 


Mr. Epwarps: As one who was present at the Fair, and saw the splendid exhibit 
of Oanada as a whole and of Ontario in particular, and observed the excellent work of the ° 
Secretary as well as the ex-President, I wish to add my expression of appreciation of the 
work that hasbeen done. I think it is fortunate for Ontario that she had not merely 
our ex-President as the director of the Ontario exhibit, but that she had our Secretary 
as the chief director of the whole exhibit for Canada ; and I think it is a matter of 
which we have reason to be proud, that our two officers were the chief men in our 
Province and in our Dominion respectively. 

The motion was put and carried heartily. 


The SecrETaRY, in responding said: If there were time I would be very glad to 
reply at some length to your very kind motion, because there are a great many points 
which I believe would be interesting to you, which I might bring before you. However, 
I hope that I shall have opportunity in other ways to give you those points, so that you 
may read them, and it is not necessary for me to take up time here to place them before 
you at this late hour. But I do wish to most heartily thank the Association for their 
great kindness to me in the indulgence which has been shown me by the directors and 
members of this Association, because I fully understand my position as its servant ; and 
in taking up the work that I did at Chicago I had necessarily to give less 
time and attention to the work of the Association during the last year. I feel this. 
However, I may say that I did not lose sight of your interests and the interests of Ontario 
while looking after the interests of Canada as a whole. With regard to our own Associ- 
ation, I felt proud to make an exhibit of the literature which has been pub- 
lished by it during the past years; and our fourteen volumes of the Canadian 
Horticulturist, and our bound Reports showing work during so many years past, 
were placed before the judges at Chicago, and I am happy to tell you received a diploma 
and a medal for their merits as literature in the Department of Horticulture. I would 
like to add my testimony to what Mr. Pettit has said as to the noble place the Province 
of Ontario has taken at the Fair. We had some 8,500 square feet in the Horticultural 
Building devoted to Canada. Of this, more than half was occupied by the Province of 
Ontario. (Applause.) So prominent was the Province of Ontario in all the exhibits 
that I had to fight for Canada to make it appear as important in the eyes of the world as 
the Province of Ontario. (Laughter.) Ontario made such a noble exhibit, and was so 
well brought before the public, that it might almost be looked upon as a separate nation. 
Indeed, I noticed, in one of the American papers a reference to the great nations of the earth 
which were exhibiting at Chicago, and it gave the list in some such way as this: Great 
Britain, Germany, France and Ontario. (Laughter.) We certainly have reason to feel 
proud of the number of awards taken by our Province. Out of sixty-six awards made to 
Canada for the various exhibits, and to the Provinces, Ontario has taken about two- 
thirds. There were several additional awards which I can speak of that are not included 
in Mr. Pettit’s list because the individuals who exhibited sent their exhibits through 


4 (F.G.) 


50 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


the Dominion and not through the Province of Ontario. One of these is our esteemed 
friend Mr. Boulter, who has taken an award for his exhibit of canned goods. There 
is one thing I would like to refer to with regard to the benefits to us. I think we 
stand a great deal higher in the estimation of the world than we did before the Fair 
—not only in the eyes of foreign nations across the: water, but also in the eyes of our 
neighbors in the United States. You would be surprised at the prejudice that exists 
against Canada ; and the ‘‘ Yankees,” as we call them, are more strong and more difficult 
to be convinced in regard to the resources of Canada and her people, than any other 
nation in the world. They lie here alongside of us, and they are jealous of us, and 
they are accustomed to belittle our importance; but when we went there with our 
exhibits, side by side with the exhibits of the various states of the Union, they had to 
admit that we excelled them in our apple products, and that we were a far more import- 
ant country than they thought. Many of them would «sk us, “ Is it possible you grow 
these fruits? How finely colored they are! Surely you grow them under glass!” It 
was a constant source of astonishment to the thousands who walked through our courts, 
that we could produce such fruits under ordinary conditions in Canada. We proved to 
them what they were very slow to admit, indeed. I think results will be seen in the 
future, to cur interest and general advantage. J am sure there is a market opening up 
in the west, and should it be, as seems probable, that the duty is to be taken off apples, 
and we should be able to put this fruit into the United States, I believe we shall find 
an increasing market for our apples on that side of the line. In Chicago the constant 
enquiry among commission men was for Canadian apples, and particularly our excellent 
Canadian Northern Spy—an apple that does not take so high a place, perhaps, in the 
English markets ; but in the Western markets and Chicago the Canadian Northern Spy 
is the great apple in demand, and it will bring a very high price. I had enquiries from 
numerous large dealers in apples, not only from Chicago, but from States west, who were in 
the habit of ordering not only in carload lots, but tens and twenties of cars, asking about 
Canadian apples. At present the duty is almost prohibitive. Another thing: I believe we 
shall receive benefit in this Province in the way of colonization, and the kind of colonists 
that we want—not the kind that will be induced to go to the North-West Territories and 
so on, who have not perhaps a great deal of money, but the exhibition of what we can 
produce in the gardening line is likely to induce men of means to come to Canada. 
These are the men that we want in our older Provinces—men who will pay high prices for 
our land, and so make our lands more valuable. I believe this is not one of the least 
benefits to accrue to Ontario from the exhibits made at Chicago. (Hear, hear, and 
applause. ) 


SECOND DAY—AFTERNOON SESSION, 


The Secretary: Perhaps everybody here does not know, as I do, that Mr. Beall 
‘has undertaken some work that J think is of considerable importance to us. At Lindsay 
he has been instrumental in forming a local horticultural society, which is affiliated with 
us ; and this has worked so successfully there that Mr. Beall is inaugurating an under- 
taking to establish similar societies in adjoining towns and in other places. Now, if this 
scheme of Mr. Beall’s works, it would be a very good one. Indeed, I think, if it could 
be extended throughout the whole of the Province, so that societies affiliated with ours 
could be formed under the Agriculture and Arts Act ; it would be an advantage to them 
as well as to us, and should be considered more fully in all the towns in Ontario. 


THe PresipeNt: When we adjourned we had no secretary for this Association. 


Since that time the directors of the Association have met, and the secretary pro tem 


will announce the result. 


Mr. McNerii: At a meeting of the directors of the Association, called to order by 
the President, it was moved by Mr. Caston, seconded by Mr. A. M. Smith, that Mr. L. 
Woolverton, M.A., be continued as secretary of the Association and editor of the Horti- 
culturist for the ensuing year at the same salary as last year. Carried unanimously. 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO, 51 


The Presipent: You hear the report ; is that your pleasure ! 


D.:. BzapLte: We have no pleasure in the matter. That is entirely in the hands of 
the directors. (Laughter.) 

The Prestpent: The directors did not really make the thing a final matter in that 
meeting. 

Dr. BeApLe: Lt is final in the nands of the directors. The soziety has no power in 
the matter ; you can report to the society what you have done, but they cannot help 
themselves. 

The PRESIDENT was ee by vote of the Convention, to appoint a Committee 
on Legislation. 

The PRESIDENT: We ts a paper here on ‘“ Raspberry Culture.” I think, and 
some other of the directors think, that that would be a matter of ivterest to those who 
are present at this meeting, and we think well to call that question right on now. 


RASPBERRY CULTIVATION FROM AN AMATEUR STANDPOINT. 


Mr. R. B. Wauyrs read the following paper: Before discussing methods of cultiva - 
tion and varieties I would like to put in a plea for the more general cultivation of this 
the most delicious and in every way the most desirable of all small fruits. Oaly those who 
have grown them or have had the privilege of buying them freshly picked, have any idea 
of the delicate aroma and sweetness of the best of our cultivated raspberries, while in 
length of season, ease of cultivation and amount of crop for the space occupied, they have 
the advantage of any of the small fruits. By a proper selection of kinds you can have 
fresh berries on your table for five weeks or more, and the yield is so large and the 
cultivation so easy, that there is nothing to prevent any gardener—even though he has 
only a city lot—growing all that an ordinary family can use. No special soil is required ; 
any ordinary friable soil is good enough so long as it is drained as well as it ought to be 
before being made into a garden, for though the raspberry will make good use of all the 
moisture that comes from above it is very impatient of stagnant water at the roots. 
Neither can you expect the best results if your soil is very sandy ; so much water is 
required during the ripening season, that in a very dry and sandy soil the fruit is apt to 
be small and lacking in juiciness unless water is liberally supplied. The perfect soil is 
a heavy sandy loam that is fairly retentive of moisture and does not bake during hot 
weather. 

By far the best time to plant is in the fall as soon as the leaves have dropped. 
Procure your plants from the nearest reliable nurseryman and as soon as received unpack 
and cover the roots with moist earth until ready to plant ; do not expose them to the air 
any longer than is necessary. Exposure of the roots to the drying action of the wind and 
sun is the chief cause of plants failing to grow. Plant two to three feet apart five to 
seven feet between the rows according to the vigor of varieties. Weak growers like 
Brinckle’s Orange do not require more than five feet, stronger growers like Cuthbert need 
six, while rampant growers like Shaffer require seven feet between the rows. Before the 
Bore fieezes cover with rotted stable manure one foot on each side and 3 or 4 inches 
thick. 

During the next summer they do not require much attention. You can grow a crop of 
peas or beans between the rows if you like, but be sure and keep them free from weeds, 
cut off any laterals that may appear within two or three buds of the main cane, cut out 
any weak shoots and all suckers that you do not want; in the fall cut back the main canes 
to 4 or 5 feet high according to their vigor, mulch with manure as when planted and 
bend them down as close to the ground as possible, putting on them pieces of board or 
scantling or anything heavy enough to keep them under the snow. No other protection 
is necessary even for the most tender varieties. 

During the second and each succeeding season the treatment is thesame. As soon as 
the frost is out of the ground I remove the covering and tie the canes to stakes driven 
about a foot into the ground close to the plant. I find the cheapest and most convenient 


LIBRARY ~~ 
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINAIS 


52 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


stakes can be made from what is calling “furring’’ 14 x 2 in., used to nail lath to in 
house building, cut into 6 ft. lengths and pointed, the most satisfactory tying materis] is a 
cheap, soft, jute twine, When tied up spread the mulch between the rows and lightly fork 
itunder. Never usea spade. The roots are so close to the surface that they are very much 
injured if spaded. To keep down weeds and suckers I use a Planet Junior double wheel 
hoe which reduces the labor of weeding to a minimum. For a small garden a very good 
substitute is a ‘‘ Orescent hoe ”—an improved form of the Dutch hoe—sharpened on con- 
vex and concave sides so that it cuts equally well both ways. _ 

As soon as possible after the fruit is picked cut out all the old wood and surplus 
canes, leaving four to six to each hill, tie them loosely to the stake to prevent their being 
broken by high wind, and no further attention is required till the autumn. When the leaves 
fall I go over the rows cutting back all branches to six inches long and the main canes at 
five feet ; they are now ready to be laid down for the winter. 

This is the system of pruning I have practiced for fifteen years and am every year 
more convinced that it is the correct one for our climate. There is no variety that I have 
grown so hardy that it does not winter-kill more or less during our severe winters and 
sometimes to the snow line, ruining the crop for that year. The only safe course is to lay 
them down, and to do that they must be grown long and limber so that they can be easily 
bent. Another advantage of long canes is that the fruit being higher up on the plant it 
is not so liable to be soiled by the rain splattering the earth on it. It is also much more 
easily picked than if on a low growing branching bush, and being better exposed to the 
sun and air, they are finer flavored. When picking for immediate consumption I always 
take those along the top of the rows, finding them much sweeter and richer than when 
protected from the sun’s rays by the leaves. 

The question of what is the best raspberry to grow is a very difficult one to answer. 
So much depends upon conditions of climate, exposure and individual preferences that it 
is impossible to say of any one variety that it is the best one to grow under all circun- 
stances. 

During the last fifteen years I have grown over 20 named varieties and have fruited 
21 seedlings of my own. Out of the named kinds I have kept 8, though not all of equal 
merit, yet as having all some points of excellence about them that make me reluctant to 
part with any of them. Before discussing what I consider the eight best sorts for amateur 
cultivation, it may not be uninteresting if l give you a brief account of those I have dis- 
carded and in what respect they fell short of my standard. My raspberry experience 
began with the Olark and Franconia. 

The Clark is a large, sweet, juicy berry in quality, the very berry for home use; but 
with me it was too shy a bearer, not a vigorous grower, and was supplanted by other 
varieties as good in quality and more productive. 

Franconia is a large, fine-colored, well-flavored berry and a very heavy bearer. I 
think it produced as much fruit as any berry I ever grew, and would be a very profitable 
berry to grow for a near market, but for the amateur to whom quality is the first consi- 
deration, it has the serious fault-of having a very large seed, still it had so many good 
points that I discarded it with considerable reluctance, 

Orimson Beauty I procured specimens of from the introducer, but two years sufficed 
to show its worthlessness. Neither in size, quality or productiveness was it superior to 
our wild berry. 

The Philadelphia at one time a very popular variety, and which is still grown some- 
what extensively for market, fell far below my standard in size, colorand quality. It is 
a very heavy bearer of small dark-colored, poor-flavored berries quite unworthy of a place 
in the amateur garden. 

The Hansell is a an early medium sized, fair quality, but with me was too shy a 
bearer to be worth keeping. 

The Marlborough is a very large, bright-colored early berry, and I have no doubt a 
very profitable variety to grow for market but is the poorest-flavored berry I have grown, 
being altogether too insipid to be worthy of a place in the amateur’s collection. 

About the Turner as a fruit [ can say nothing, but with it as a plant my experience 
is so singular that I will give it to you in the hope that some of you may be able to 


a 
Ww 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


account for the phenomenon. Five years ago I procured 20 plants from a well-known 
cursery firm, they madea good healthy growth the first season. In the spring there was 
a fine show of blossoms but no fruit set. Thinking that probably some peculiarity of the 
season was the cause I gave them every care and the following spring had the finest-look- 
ing row of plants I ever grew—-a magnificient show of foliage and blossoms, but not a 
solitary berry did I get. I would very much like to know if any one else has hac a 
similar experience and how they accounted for it. 

Everbearing berries is the name given to some varieties that in addition to the usual 
summer crop fruit again in the autumn. I got some plants from a friend near Montreal 
under the name of “‘ Everbeariny Red.” I found that the summer crop was a very small 
one, and that we never got more than a few scattering berries in the fall, as they were 
always caught by early frosts before they had time to ripen. They might be a success 
farther south, but with us in eastern Ontario they are valueless. 

Saunders’ Hybrid sent out by our Association in 1880 isa hybrid between a red rasp- 
berry and a black cap; Johnson’s Sweet possessing some of the characteristics of both 
types, the softness and juiciness of the Reds with the flavor and habit of growth of the 
cap berry. I fruited it for several years, but though very satisfactory in productiveness 
and quality it was eventually supplanted by the Shaffer of the same type but much larger. 

My experience with the black cap family is limited to the Mammoth Cluster, Tyler, 
Gregg and Hilborn. The first three I have discarded, but still retain the Hilborn and will 
refer to it later. 

The Mammoth Cluster at one time the most famous berry of the class is now very 
little grown, having been supplanted by others of doubtful superiority. 

The Tyler is a very early, good flavored, fairly productive berry but too small, in no 
way superior to the Rubus occidentalis of our woods. 

The Gregg is much larger than Tyler but inferior to it in flavor and productiveness. 
I never could get a paying crop from it. Indeed it is doubtful if any of the cap berries are 
productive enough to be worth growing in a small garden. 

In my collection of what I consider the 8 best raspberries and none of which I would 
like to part with are three reds—Cuthvert, Herstine and Heebner ; three yellows— 
Golden Queen, Brinckle Orange and Carolan: one black cap, the Hilborn, and one 
Purple Hybrid Shaffer. 

Of the reds the best-known and I believe the most extensively cultivated of all rasps 
is the Cuthbert, well-known to all raspberry growers, a large, fine-flavored,-firm berry, 
very productive, holding on well to the receptacle, therefore not apt to drop till picked, 
a combination of good points that make it one of the best for amateur cultivation and the 
best of all for market. It is the only red raspberry that reaches our Ottawa fruit stores 
in good condition, looking fresh and attractive, while Philadelphia shipped at the same 
time looks sodden and mouldy with the boxes not more than three-quarters full. 

The Herstine is toosoft for a market berry, but for home use I prefer it to the Cuth- 
berv. It is a very large, fine-colored, sweet and juicy berry which I have grown with 
great satisfaction for ten years and have yet to see a fault in it. 

The Heebner which I got from my friend, Mr. W. W. Hilborn, five years ago—and 
who, I believe, controls it—is a very fine berry of the same type as the Herstine, as large 
and juicy, rather finer-flavored and I think more productive—for amateur cultivation upon 
the whole the best red raspberry I know of; it and the Herstine ripen about the same 
time a week before Cuthbert. 

If growing only one yellow I would take the Golden Queen, sometimes called a yellow 
Cuthbert —hardly so vigorous a grower—but otherwise very like it, except in color, which 
is a very pretty pale yellow. Its only competitor for first place among yellow is Brinckle’s 
Orange which is considered by most raspberry growers to be the finest-flavored of all 
rasps, and it is undoubtedly a most delicious fruit, large and very handsome but unfor- 
tunately too delicate in constitution to stand the extremes of our climate. It can, there- 
fore, only be grown with great care, and even with the best management they are some- 
times winter-killed. In texture it is too soft, except for home use, but freshly picked, 
with asuitable allowance of sugar and cream, there is nothing that I know of in the fruit 
line that can equal it. 


54 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


Caroline does not compare in size or flavor with Golden Queen or Brinckle, but has 
some good points. It is an immense bearer of beautiful pinkish yellow berries of the 
black cap shape and type, and though not equal to Brinckle in flavor is still very good. 

The Hilborn, the only black cap in my collection, is considered to be one of the 
best of the class, but with me the fruit is too small and too dry to suit my 
taste. Like all the caps it is very short-lived and difficult to manage in a small 
garden. I have had to renew my plants every three or four years, a serious 
drawback when space is valuable. The canes grow so stiff that they are difficult to lay 
down for winter and often break during the operation. Altogether I doubt if they can be 
profitably grown by the amateur. Indeed since the advent of the Purple Hybrids, their 
equals for canning, and very much their superiors for table use, it seems to me that their 
usefulness has departed. 

The best of the Hybrids is the Sheffer, a large purple berry, verv productive and 
vigorous. It is much liked by some for table use, but is rather too acid for my taste, 
Its color is also against it for that purpose, but as a canning berry it is unequalled. The 
canned fruit is of a beautiful dark reddish purple color, the seeds not near so prominent as. 
in the canned black cap, and the flavor is much superior to any other berry that I 
know of. 

In addition to these named varieties I have fruited 21 seedlings of my own during the 
last three years, five of them black caps, four of which proved worthless and were thrown 
out ; the other, I think, will be worth propagating. The rest are all red, some of them 
of no value, but most of them very good, and a few of them of great excellence. Nos. 3, 
6, 7, 13 and 17 I have propagated, and they are now on trial. 

No. 17 is the largest raspberry I know cline soft for shipping, but a very handsome 
berry and very productive. 

No. 7 is also a very large ee ast ales and bright-colored, with a very refreshing 
slightly acid flavor that has been much admired by those who have sampled it ; foliage 
large and dark green, canes strong and vigorous. 

No. 13 is also a very large, sweet-flavored, fine berry between 7 and 17 in firm- 
ness. 

No. 6 resembles No. 7, is not quite so large, and differs from it it flavor. 

No. 8 made a good showing on the original plant, but did not do so well last year 
when set out in the garden. It did not fertilize properly and some of the berries were 
imperfect. Jf it retains that defect the coming season I will discard it as there are too 
many good varieties in existence to perpetuate any others that are not equal or superior 
to the best of those now grown. 

The seedlings here described appeared at different times as stray plants in various 
portions of my garden, probably from seeds of the cultivated varieties, but I am unable to 
give the exact parentage in any case. Mention is made of them here, with the object of 
creating a greater interest among fruit-growers in that most fascinating of all horticultural 
work, the production and development of new varieties. 


The PresipEnNt.: Now, we will allow a reasonable length of time for discussion. 
Mr. WuyteE: I will be happy to answer any questions or reply to any criticism. 


The Secretary: Will you tell us more about your method of pruning? It is quite 
different from what we adopt in the southern part of Ontario. We cut them short, two 
or three feet from the ground in the growing season, and you prune them up quite high 
with tke object of laying them down ? 


Mr. Wuyrte: The only sure way of getting a crop every yer is to lay them down: 
A friend of mine told me he did not lay them down, and he lost every vine in the severe 
winter. [ find no difficulty in bending a cane as thick as my finger if it is sufficiently 
long. We have every winter practically snow enough to cover them. 

The Presipent : You don’t require to lay the Marlboro’ down 4 

Mr, Wuyte: I laid it down. 


The Presipent: Up near Stratford we can bring the Marlboro’ through the winters 
easily. 


or 
Or 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


Mr. WuyvteE: Are you subject to 30° below zero 4 

The PresipEnT: No. 

Mr. Wuyte: That fetches any of them. 

The Secretary: Tell us when you do your pruning, and how ? 


Mr. Wuyte: As soon as the fruit is off, if there are any very rampant I prune 
them then. If you prune the new wood any way severely there is too much centre 
growth when the frost sets in in the fall. It is the last garden work I do, after my grape 
vines are pruned, to go through my rasberries and cut them back to five or six feet. 


Mr. Epwarps: Don’t you prune them during the season at all 4 


Mr. WuytTe: No, not unless they are growing too rank. Asarule I don’t meddle 
with the canes till the fall, and then I cut them all down to five or six feet, and cut off 
all the branches back to the main stem. 


Mr. Turner: Cornwall is not far from Ottawa not much difference in temperature ; 
still one of our members—a Mr. Leitch—has his raspberries growing in hedge form ; 
does not cut them down. He had a splendid crop this year—grows them four feet high. 


Mr. Wuyte: There is this difference at Cornwall—they have the St. Lawrence 
river. Even though my Cuthberts would stand the winter without laying down, [ would 
lay them down. [I have left up plants, but I find those laid down fruit earlier. 


The PrestpENT: The Hillborn Black will stand 20° below zero. 


Mr. Wuyre: I left half of my Hillborns up last season. The plant was not killed 
outright, but the tops of a great many branches were killed. [ was more than ever satis- 
fied that it paid to lay them down. I have between 200 and 300 plants, and on a Satur- 
day afternoon I can lay the whole lot down. 


The PresipEent: Can any one in this immediate district give us any informa- 
tion ? 

Mr. Gizs (Peterborough) : I have quite a lot of Cuthberts and the black cap. I never 
lay them down. I have brought them through several years, and get a fair crop every 
year. 


The Secretary: Have you compared the results where you laid them down and 
where you did not, in the same year, to see whether you got a better crop by laying them 
down ? 


Mr. Gites: I have never laid them down, but they have generally sprouted out 
most years right to the tip ; not even the tip was affected to any great extent. 


The Presipent: What is your method of pruning ! 


_ Mr. Gites: Well, I prune the Gregg by the rules laid down in the Horticulturist 
and other papers, but the Cuthbert I did not prune at all—I just let them run for three 
or four years and then cut them down, and have a new plantation pretty much all the 
time. 


Mr. Smit: The cultivation of the plants affects their hardiness. If you cultivate 
them late in the summer and keep up a tender growth they are liable to be injured in 
winter. If you give them good cultivation the fore part of the summer, keep the ground 
well stirred and get upa good growth, and then leave your ground alone and let them 
harden up, ripen up their wood toward autumn, they will stand the winter much better 
than if you keep cultivating till the snow comes. 


Mr. Hinsorn: I can corroborate what Mr. Smith, says. We have sometimes below 
30° in our section, and we have never laid down the Cuthbert yet, and have a fair crop, 
by ceasing to cultivate early in autumn. I think it is a very important point in a great 
many other things besides raspberries, to have the wood well made and hardened up 
before the cold weather comes. If the plants are killed back a few inches, we cut that in 
the spring, and they throw out sufficient laterals to give a fair crop. 


Mr. Boutter: How late do you cultivate ? 


56 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


Mr. Hitsorn: I never cultivate much after the middle of the summer. I make it 
a point to have the ground thoroughly clean, and then I don’t put the cultivator in again 
that season ; I don’t touch them again till “ spring; but I get in among them in the 
spring and ‘encourage a good growth then. I always leave the old canes till the 
spring. 

Mr. Stinson (Peterborough) : I grow four raspberries —the Souhegan, the Gregg, the 
Shaffer and the Red Outhbert. I don’t prune the Gregg in the summer at all, and find 
I have better results ; the others I prune down about two feet. The Souhegan I prune 
to get the branches. Last year my berries came through all right, but two years ago 
they killed badly, which was the general experienee around here. The red raspberry I 
don’t prune in the fall. In the spring I cut out the old wood, and if they are killed I 
cut back the cane as far as itis killed. Leaving the old wood on during winter protects 
the plant by allowing the snow to lodge. 


Mr, FisHeEr, (Orillia): I grow Cuthbert and Caroline quite extensively. I don’t do 
any cultivation of the Cuthberts after I finish picking. I consider that is one of the 
great secrets of the plant being hardy; next spring we cut out old timber. The Caroline 
will stand more frost than any other raspberry, and will bear more berries—at least at 
Orillia. 


Mr. Turner: I don’t see how these men can take a pride in a garden or a plot of 
ground of any description if they don’t keep it clean. If there is anything I dislike to 
see, it isa dirty garden. These men can’t grow raspberries that way without having a 
dirty garden ; you must cultivate. The idea of these last two gentlemen saying they don’t 
cultivate any after picking the fruit! It is ridiculous! Your garden is full of all kinds 
of weeds, and these weeds are going to seed. I am the greatest enemy of weeds, I don’t 
allow a weed of any description to go to seed in my garden, summer or fall. I cultivate 
up to frost. I decidedly object to this idea of dirty gardening. I think both the last 
speakers are entirely wrong. 


The Presipent: May be these gentlemen do not consider simply hoeing out weeds 
to be cultivating. 


Mr. Caston: I can assure Mr. Turner he -is mistaken. He can come and see my 
garden, and this gentleman, too, in Orillia. The Cuthbert fruits pretty late with us, and 
by cultivating up to that time we can manage to keep our gardens perfectly clean. I 
can’t account for it except that Cornwall is a very wicked place, and has a greater visita- 
tion of weeds. (Laughter). 


Mr. A. H. Perrir: I want to go one better on the Cuthbert. I have seen the 
Cuthbert two seasons in Manitoba perfectly sound without being frozen back, and per- 
fectly good crops. In August and September they usually have dry weather ; the wood 
ripens and matures, and is not killed back; and there they certainly have lower tem- 
perature than we have here. So I think you will find the Cuthbert perfectly hardy 
under ordinary circumstances. 


* 


The Prestpent: Mr. Hilborn, will you tell us your experience ? 


Mr. Hirsorn: My experience with raspberries has been that the pruning-back 
system has done the best. I don’t quite agree with Mr. Whyte in the method of pruning, 
although I have seen his garden, and I must say that he has very fine raspberries, and he 
puts a good deal of work on his garden and has it perfectly clean and in good shape, At 
the same time, I think they can be grown more cheaply for market by the other system 
of pruning back, that is, the planter allows the canes to grow the first year until they 
are about a foot high, then pinches back, lets them branch out ‘and does no more pruning 
till the following spring; then he cuts back any surplus wood. The second year he 
allows them to get about two feet high before pinching back. In pinching back you 
must be a little particular. If you take off too much of the tip of the new growth, the 
cane does not recover ; it does not appear to make a good growth afterwards. If you 
take off the whole of the tip, it sends out the last lateral without branching out, and 
you miss the object in view. I would say, take off 4 to 6 inches of the cane when it 
comes to 24 or 3 feet high, according to the age of the plant. Do no more pruning till 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOO[ATION OF ONTARIO. 57 


the following spring. Do the cultivation early in the season ; start as soon as you can 
in the spring ; keep down all suckers and weeds until about the end of the picking 
season, and after that allow the wood to ripen up. 


Mr. Orr: Would you recommend fall plowing ? 


Mr. Hinsorn: No, I think not, from my experience. Of course, that might be 
varied in some localities, but, on the whole, I would not like to touch the ground in the 
fall. You cannot do that without breaking more or less of the roots, and I like to leave 
all the roots without injury, as they retain the moisture which helps to sustain the life of 
the plant during winter. 


The Prestwpent: I think it would be well to understand that Mr. Hilborn is from 
the Lake Erie shore, and that the methods of cultivation there would not suit the season here. 


The Secretary: Would Mr. Hilborn recommend the shortening system of pruning 
for cold sections, or wouldn’t he consider that the laying down would be a better system ? 


Mr. HitBorn: That depends on the man. If a man will give careful attention, as 
Mr. Whyte does, laying down is the best ; but the shortening-in system will work with an 
ordinary cultivator. More quarts can be grown at a less figure, take it asa whole, by 
growing in that way. My first experience was in Lambton Oounty, quite a distance from 
the water ; at present it is along the Lake Erie shore, and for a time I was at Ottawa. 
Taking it in all three sections, I think on the whole the shortening-in principle will work 
best with the majority of people. 


The PresipEnt: I gave up the cutting-back system three years ago, and I find I can 
get a nicer berry, and have a bush that is easier to work among, by allowing it to grow 
right straight up, and not cut it off till the following spring. I also find you will get a 
nicer berry produced from the stalk than from the lateral that has been sent out the 
August before. 


Mr. Suita : Would not that involve the necessity of tying up the canes? 


The Presipent: Sometimes I drive a stick right down the centre and tie it to the 

stick ; but my canes grow very high, and when I find that they are over-high and I am 
afraid they will blow down in winter time I cut back in the fall. I always cut back to 
4} feet. 3 , 
Mr. Hizsorn: That is all right where the work is done properly, and those who 
give careful attention can succeed very well and get a finer quality of fruit grown in 
that way, but the great majority would give what we call *only a slip-shod method of 
cultivation, and I think that is more easily done with the pinching-in system. 


Mr. Wurtz: The raspberries grown on the top of a plant exposed to the sun, have 
a very much finer flavor than those grown below the leaves. From the amateur’s stand- 
point, quality is the first consideration rather than a large crop. Short pruning, there- 
fore, is not suited for amateurs. I am surprised to hear that some growers do not culti- 
vate after the crop has been picked. I would a great deal rather not grow raspberries 
than have my garden grow in the foul condition that it would be in. I don’t understand 
about leaving them without pruning till the spring. Some of mine would be 12 feet 
high if I did not cut them back twice in the season. Whatan awkward thing to lay down! 


Prof. Oraic: Mr. Whyte has described the ideal method of growing raspberries 
for home use from the amateur standpoint. It is just a question for growers to decide 
whether or not they can be grown with profit ona large scale with the fine fruit that 
Mr. Whyte gets. In Wisconsin, a large grower, who grows 25 to 30 acres, lays 
down his plants every year, and finds it pays him to do it. In a series of 
experiments Jast year and thesyear before [ found it paid me in this way, that 
the bushes laid down and covered, grown tall, as Mr. Whyte described it, were a week or 
ten days earlier than those not treated in that way, and were sufficiently more productive 
to pay for the cost of the labor. That is with all varieties rivalling in hardiness with 
the Cuthbert. I don’t think with Hansell and Turner it paid me to do this, but with 
such varieties as Cuthbert, Hornet, Clark, and all that type, the results were very 
satisfactory. 


58 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


Mr. Bouutter: I have 40 or 50 acres in raspberries. The Shaffer is not good 
for canning at the factory ; it goes all to mush like the Cuthbert, and uses too much 
sugar ; and we have discouraged it so much that this year there were at least 50 acres 
plowed up in Prince Edward county. I know to-day of 500 or 600 cases of Shaffers in 
tin cans, that were sent to Winnipeg at 20 cts. a dozen less than it cost to put them up. 
I would not spend money on raspberries that had not good flavor. If you go into 
raspberry culture for money-making, you must put them seven feet wide—even the 
Cuthbert. We pinch them off when they get about three feet high. Then the laterals 
start out. When we let the canes grow too long they weaken and freeze. We don’t 
lay down the plants—too much labor; yet I have seen the thermometer down to —30°. 
We have lost them only one year. We cultivate with potato hoes. The Outhbert is a 
different berry from the Shaffer—one grows from tips and the other from suckers. We 
put them about twelve inches apart, and in a couple of years we have the rows filled 
right up. We give them thorough cultivation about two weeks before the berries ripen. 
In the fall we plow, and throw the dirt well up to the bushes ; that keeps them up so 
that they don’t break down with the snow, and plow that around them in September 
thoroughly. Keep the manure from under the rows—they will draw all out three feet 
from the side all right. I believe strawberries also can be successfully grown. I paid a 
man $1,000 for what strawberries he brought me off three acres. 


Mr. Wuyte: Stakes only cost 25 cts. apiece, and they last four or five years. 
We have canned 25 or 30 cans, and it is the universal testimony that the Shaffer 
cans better than any other, and has a better flavor. I have not heard anything yet that 
has disturbed my opinion. 


Mr. Boutrer: There is a difference between offering canned fruit to a guest, who is 
not going to be critical,.and trying to sell it. 


APPLES FOR THE FOREIGN MARKET, 


The Presipent: It has been suggested that we might discuss with profit to growers in 
this section, these questions ; and I wouid call on Mr. Edwards to open the discussion : 


@. What three varieties of apples should we grow for the British market? One 
early winter, one mid-winter, and one late keeper. 


Q. Are there any othef good imarkets for Canadian apples, besides Great Britain, 
and what varieties are in demand ? 


Mr. Epwarps: I made one shipment to the Old Country in connection with a friend 
of mine, and I found that the nett returns from all the varieties sent were about $1.89 
per barrel here. The Blenheim Orange, of which I sent 27 barrels, realized exactly 
$3.13 here after all expenses were paid. All the rest—including Northern Spy, some 
Ben Davis, some Russets, Rhode Island Greevings, and two or three barrels of Fameuse 
—which should not have been sent at all—netted exactly $1.57 per barrel ; so that the 
Blenheim Orange netted within one cent of being twice the returns of the others. It 
would strike me, therefore, that the Blenheim Orange was, for the British market, a more 
profitable variety than any others that were sent at that time. It sold readily at a time 
during last year when the markets were quoted as being from 10 to 16 shillings, and 
where no other variety in the same shipment realized more than 16 shillings. 
the Blenheim realized 18, 20, 22, and one barrel as high as 25 shillings. The trees 
bore well also. 


The Prestpent: Which of the three classes would-you put it in ? 
Mr. Epwarps: It would be called with us a mid-winter apple. 


The Secretary: With us, in Southern Ontario, it would be called an early winter. 
I think the apple has been very wisely brought before us, and deserves all that has been 
said in its favor. It is one of our best apples for the British market, and one that grows 
clean and good, and is therefore very desirable. In mentioning two others—including 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO, 59 


the Blenheim as an early winter—I would suggest the King as a mid-winter apple. That 
apple is growing in value every year in the British market. The last returns that I read 
classed it away up. It is constantly growing in favor and rising in price, but the 
difficulty is in procuring it in sufficient quantity—the tree is not a good bearer. The 
fact has been brought before our Association in times past that the King apple will pro- 
duce better if grafted upon the Talman Sweet ; and if this is true it opens out a remedy. 
Of course for a late keeper the Roxbury or the Golden Russet are about the only apples 
that we can plant. For the British market the Spy does not seem to succeed as well as 
it does in some other markets. It does not bring as high a price as either of those we 
have been speaking of. The Baldwin carries so well that it stands well in the British 
market. 


The PrEsipent: What are the bearing qualities of the King in this district ! 

A DELEGATE: Poor. 

J. G. Gatvin (Peterborough): Also the Baldwin. I find! tl e, Wagener one of my best. 
The PresipENT: Do you find the Wagener a hardy tree here 4 

Mr. Gatvin: Fairly hardy ; but it is a grand fruit. 

The Presipent: For the early winter ! 

Mr. Gatvin: Yes. 

The Fresipent: A short-lived tree ? 

Mr. Gatvin: Yes; but very productive while it does live. 


Mr. Bratt: With us the Ontario apple is doing exceedingly well. ‘This last winter 
we have had scarcely any winter apples of any variety—all have failed except the Yellow 
Bellflower—but the same trees, for instance, that would produce from a bushel to two or 
three barrels last year, would produce this year only from half a dozen to a peck, and 
then what we had were very poor. The same ‘rule would, apply to all other of our 
winter varieties—scarcely a good apple in all. 


The PresipENT: Can some one suggest a later apple than the Blenheim or King ? 


Mr. Epwarps: I believe the Ontario apple will in afew years from now be one of 
the most profitable that can be grown in this country. 31 understand they have been 
sent already to the English market, and have brought first-class prices—equal to the best. 


Mr. Smiru: Is the tree considered quite hardy in this section ? 


Mr. Epwarps: Yes, perfectly hardy. I have not seen the slightest indication of 
anything else. I have several trees. There is only one question yet to be considered 
in regard to it—as to the length of life of that tree. It may partake of the short life 
of one of its parents. The fact that it bears so early and so very abundantly would show 
that that is one of the possibilities. I believe there is nothing to show that that is 
the fact; but that is the danger. 


The Presipgnt: What has been the experience in this locality in connection with 
the Spy as a profitable apple for the British market ? 


Mr. Beaty: In growing apples for profit, there are a good many things to take 
into account. The trees will cost the same, perhaps, but the Northern Spy will take, in 
our locality, from 12 to 15 years to come into bearing, and not more than 25 per 
cent. of the trees will ever come to a bearing condition—they never live that long. No 
doubt it is principally because of the bad condition in which they are planted and cared 
for. I know of cases where there has been proper care and no loss. Then the Ontario 
will produce as much to the tree, and will come into bearing in the second, third, or 
fourth year—or the third year after planting from the nursery—and will bear almost 
every year. The reports we have from the Ontario apple in the British markets show 
that it is fully up to the Spy, or a little beyond. 


The Presipent: They have not had very much experience yet in the British 
market with the Ontario apple, as it is a comparatively new apple. The Ontario was 
introduced to take the place of the Spy, Jargely on account of the tree coming into bear- 


/ 


60 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


ing so much earlier. The Ontario is a direct cross between the Wagener and the Spy. 
It partakes largely of the properties of the Spy, and the tree partakes of the properties 
of the Wagener by early bearing; but up in the Huron district I have found the last 
year or two that the Ontario is not going to be a long-lived tree ; it is going to fail, as 
the Wagener tree does. It is going to be a heavy bearer, and it is already showing all 
the indications of scrubbiness. 

Mr. Rozgson : I would acquiesce in what the President says about the tree, and al8° 
corroborate Mr. Beall’s statement. I never saw anything so abundant in fruit as the 
Ontario apple is when grafted on the Talman Sweet. It was covered with fruit, and very 
fine specimens, every one of them. I think grafting on the Talman Sweet would be the 
very best way to produce the Ontario apple. 

Mr. Caston: I think that the same might be said in regard to some of the best of 
our commercial apples—the best way to produce them would be to graft them on Tolman 
Sweets. I have had a number of years’ experience now in growing an orchard, and I 
would plant a great number of Tolman Sweets, because I don’t know of any better stock. 
It is very hardy, and very suitable for grafting on. You can form a nice top on it ; and I 
would graft on to this the Northern Spy, the King, and from what Mr. Edwards said, I 
think I would be inclined to try the Blenheim Orange, which is a comparative stranger to 
me. Only once I met it in our section, but it seems to be grown in great perfection in 
Oxford county. There is another apple I would like to try—the Newtown Pippin—that 
brings the very highest price of anything I have been able to see that has been sold on 
the Liverpool market. Do any of our Niagara district growers know anything about 
this apple? Does it succeed there? Would it,be likely to succeed in any other part of 
Ontario? Would it succeed if grafted on hardy stock? If so, it would be one of the 
best apples we can get. I should judge the best way to proceed in this locality, and in 
many parts of Ontario, would be to plant only the very hardiest trees, and plant a 
number of Talman Sweets, or something that is very hardy, and then graft while those 
trees are young. 


The Presipent: How many years ? 


Mr. Caston: It depends on the growth of the tree. As soon as I get a limb as 
large as my thumb that would hold a graft, I would begin and take a third 
of the top off the first season, and and a third the second season, and the 
third season I would finish it. Graft far enough out from the body of the tree so 
that you will have your top not too close together. In that way we can bring 
the Spy into earlier bearing, and the King into more productive bearing ; and I think 
we ought to grow more of those apples. We find that the King stands next to the 
Newtown Pippin in comneercial value, and it certainly is a splendid apple and it is hard to 
equal it in flavor at this time of year—and I think that would be the best way to proceed. 
Now, we have another among the new varieties that I would recommend from experience 
so far, and that is the Pewaukee ; it is an early and abundant bearer. It is an extremely 
hardy tree—as hardy as the Duchess. It is a seedling of the Duchess and is nearly 
as handsome as the King, though not up to it in flavor. I would like to hear from some 
in the Niagara district, whether we could grow the Newtown Pippin top-grafted on 
hardy stock. 


Mr. SmitH: It is worthless in the Niagara district. 


The Secretary: It is one of the oldest apples in our district, but one we don’t 
grow because we can’t. Itis more liable to scab than any other. At the World’s Fair 
there was shown some magnificent samples that were grown in New York state ; and the 
superintendent of that exhibit said that they were grown clean and beautiful by the 
application of copper mixtures by spraying. Should we be able to overcome this difficulty 
in that way, we shall be able to grow that magnificent apple. 


Mr. Caston: Wherein does its great excellence consist ? 


The Secretary : Its good appearance, good size and very high quality. Of course 
its quality is its great recommendation. There is a yellow Newtown Pippin and a green 
Newtown Pippin. - 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 61 


Mr. Smita: Which do you consider the best ? 

Dr. Brave: It is the green they send to Great Britain. Thirty years ago we 
planted out about a dozen trees at home, but we never got any fair fruit. It always 
from the very start began to scab. From all the trees we would perhaps get a peck of 
apples that were fairly good ; and it kept going on from bad to worse until we could not 
get a solitary apple that was any good. Then we abandoned the idea that we could 
cultivate it. Now we have got new light on the matter of the apple scab, it is possible 
we may be able to grow it. it was just as true in all western New York as it is in the 
Niagara district—it scabbed ; but there was just that one particular locality on the 
Hudson River about five miles long by a mile wide, where they could grow that apple to 
perfection, and they did and took great pains to treat it as a choice apple—pack them 
up in paper as they do oranges, pack them in half-barrels and get as much for a half- 
barrel as we do for a whole barrel. 

The Presipent: The Newtown Pippin has been tried in Goderich dislrict. It has 
not been troubled with the scab there, but it is never going to be a profitable apple on 
account of the great amount of cultivation necessary to bring it to perfection. 

Mr. Rosson: There is another apple come out—Magog Red Streak ; I would like 
to hear about it. 

Prof. Craig : That has been brought out on account of strength and hardiness of the 
tree. The apple will not rank with the Newtown Pippin, Ontario, or even Blenheim 
Pippin. It is not sufficiently attractive either. In this district, where apples take on a 
very high color, it might be sufficiently attractive, but as ordinarily grown it is not a 
handsome apple, and I don’t think it is one that can be very generally commended. 

Mr, Turner: The Pewaukee is a favorite with us, and hardy also—a fine large 
fruit. 

The Presipent: I don’t think too much can be said in behalf of Pewaukee. It 
is a good bearer and very fine shaped apple. 

Mr. Curtis, an old resident of Peterborough, told of his great success in small fruits. 
He recommended vigorous measures against grass and weeds and suckers. 

The Presipent: Prof. Craig has something to lay before us, anl I think we had 
better hear from him now. 

Prof. Craia’s paper was illustrated with the aid of a large chart showing apples of 
same variety grown in different localities. 


MODIFICATION OF FRUITS BY OLIMATE. 


Mr. Joun Oratc, Horticulturist, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, read the fol- 
lowing paper : 

_ The variations and modifications wrought by the influence of climate on plants and 
their products has long been a topic of interest and a subject of research and I might add 
of speculation by the student of botany and natural history. 

Much has been written with regard to the effects of climate on plant and animal 
life, and we find great variation in plants as a variety is moved from its original centre 
of development. Again, we find particular acquirements and special provisions made for 
certain plants whereby they are enabled to endure the rigor and vicissitudes of ,the 
climates in which they have been developed. Thus it is that we find with plants natives 
of a dry climate, that their leaf surface and stomata or breathing tubes have been reduced 
to the smallest possible area and number, thus giving the least possible opportunity for 
evaporating moisture. Examples of this class are found in the hot and dry climate of New 
Mexico and Arizona where the fleshy and prickly leaved cacti abound. In the character 
of other products the modifying influence of climate is algo observable. 


62 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


1 have mentioned the change in the character of the leaves or foliage. There is 
also a distinct change in the color and shape of the fruit as weJ] as the size, weight and 
color of the seeds This latter peculiarity has been noticed by Thomas Meehan in 
comparing the weight of seeds of our American trees to their European allies. This 
modification of plants and their products may be direct, and influence the immediate 
progeny or it may be indirect and the variation is preserved through long years by means 
of natural selection working in the wake of gradual change. 

Some of the interesting features connected with the late Columbian Exposition to 
the Horticultural student were the variations shown by the same variety of fruit grown 
under different soil and climatic conditions. In fact so wide is the variation in apples of 
the same variety that frequently the Ben Davis of New Mexico or Arkansas for instance is 
quite unrecognizable to the fruit-grower who has been acquainted with this variety, say 
as grown in Michigan or Ontario. 

A brief study, as opportunity offered, was made by the writer, of the variations of 
form of a few of the standard of apples as grown in different apple regions of the 
northern continent. In this study, while the larger share of the incentive may be of 
scientific interest, yet most fruit dealers recognize the fact that the form of the apple 
has an important bearing on the shipping and consequently keeping qualities of that 
variety. It is well known to shippers that a round apple of regular form will ship and 
carry much better than an oblong irregular and ribbed variety. So that in looking over 
the diagrams which I am using as illustrations you will easily see wherein this question 
of variability of form has a practical bearing. 

Taking Ontario as a centre and travelling westward, the round apple seems to 
become elongated and to have reached a distinctly oblong form. When we arrive at the 
Pacific coast in British Columbia, Oregon or Washington, with this lengthening tendency 
is developed prominent ribs on nearly all varieties, with frequent wrinkling about the 
calyx. The same changes are noticed when the variety is carried eastward into Maritime 
Provinces, but to a less marked degree. 

With regard to color—travelling east and west from the point mentioned, the 
coloring and marking becomes less vivid, except in the case of the Blue Pearmain which 
in British Columbia and Oregon is as highly colored as the same variety grown in 
Quebec or Ontario. Another point not clearly shown on the diagram is the increasing 
size of the core and seed cavities in the western apples. 

In discussing the variations it is not difficult to say that it is a change due to climate, 
and there let the matter rest, but why should the variation always proceed in the same 
direction ? 

A study of the development of an apple from the blossom is an interesting one. 
L. H. Grindon in his charming little volume on fruit trees, describes it and the flower as 
follows : 


“The upper portion of the flower stalk is deeply concave, the sepals of the calyx 
springing from the margin as do the petals and the numerous stamens, while in the centre 
are five slender pistils. The curious should note this carefully since the apple as regards 
structure is one of the most remarkable productions of nature. The rule in plants is for 
the ripe fruit to consist only of the matured ovary. In the apple the matured ovary is 
the smallest portion of the fruit. Soon after the petals drop, the vase-like top of the 
peduncle becomes gradually distended with juicy tissue. By degrees it adjoins itself to 
the petals within. These at last become completely embedded and constitute the core 
(French, Cewr), the heart. A horizontal section of the ripe apple shows plainly where 
the adhesion took place, this being indicated by the green fibres. A ripe apple is thus in 
truth a fruit within a fruit.” 

’ The elongation of the ovary noticed in the specimens grown near the seaboard seems 
to be favored by climate, and the longer growing period gives it an opportunity to 
develop in this direction. On the other hand, in the drier and hotter climates of the 
interior the ovary is more rapidly developed and opportunity for elongation is not afforded, 
therefore the fleshy part of the apple is laid on laterally. 

We learn from this brief glance at the modifications of fruit as wrought by climate 
that each apple has its particular locality where it reaches the highest state of develop_ 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. §3 


— a — eee 


ment. Thus we find that Ben Davis of Missouri and Iowa surpass in beauty and 
quality, those grown elsewhere. Although they will not keep as long as if grown in 
Wisconsin or Canada. Again the Northern Spies and Kings of Ontario—and of par- 
ticular sections of the Province—are unexcelled by those grown elsewhere. Nova Scotia 
has long been famed for the fine quality and appearance of her Gravensteins—which 
after all are produced with the best results on a comparatively limited area. 

It is manifestly very desirable that the fruit-growers of the province should study 
these cases of local adaptation in order that in the present era of close competition they 
may be able to place Oanadian fruit products on the markets of the world with profits to 
themselves and credit to our country. 


The PReEsIDENT: I will name Messrs. A. H. Pettit and McNeill and Dr. Beadle, the 
persons to constitute the Legislative Committee. 


Mr. A. H. Perrit: I would urge very strongly to appoint a larger committee, not 
less than five, and that they fairly cover and represent all parts and interests of the 
Province, then when their report comes that it should be open for discussion. 


The PresipEnT: Well, in order to expedite matters | will enlarge that at once by 
adding Mr. Edwards and Mr. Boulter. 


Prof. Oraic: I intended to have said something on the fact that Ontario growers 
have one of the finest climates in the world in which to grow the finest apples ; but that 
has been so well brought out by the ex-president that I will not detain you longer. 


The Secretary: I have been growing Gravenstein. The trees are probably thirty 
years of age—they were planted by Mr. A. M. Smith; they are very thrifty and healthy 
‘and bear regularly, and very good samples of fruit. I am inclined to think they are not 
excelled by even those beautiful Nova Scotia Gravensteins that we saw in their exhibit 
at Chicago. If they do not equal them tkey are very close to them. One summer I 
shipped ten barrels to the British market, and I was rather surprised as well as pleased 
to find that they sold at $6 a barrel. I am only sorry that I have not a large orchard of 
that variety. I believe it will be one of the most profitable fall apples we could grow to 
ship in those sections of Ontario where it succeeds. IJ do not know that it would succeed 
in other parts as it does where I live—on the borders of Lake Ontario. 


Dr. BzeapLte: A few weeks ago I received from Nova Scotia some samples of a 
Gravenstein apple which was a natural sport of a branch of a Gravenstein tree that has 
now been propagated for about eight or ten years. It has a much higher color than the 
ordinary Gravenstein app'e as grown in Nova Scotia. The letter stated that in Nova 
Scotia they had been unable to grow that apple with as high a color as they wished, and 
as they believed it grew in Ontario, but that this sport was about to relieve them of 
that condition and give them a high-colored Gravenstein apple, and as they had propaga- 
ted it now for a number of years they thought it was likely to prove permanent, and 
enhance the value of the Gravenstein in the British market. I think I could easily get 
some scions of this sport, and I thought it would be well to get some of our friends to 
graft it into their Gravenstein trees here, and see how it compares, in point of color and 
flavor and appearance, with our own Gravenstein. The sample sent us was asmall apple, 
and the writer of the letter said that they were inferior in size to what they had had, but 
the best had been sent to Chicago and other places in the States in order to get the 
opinions of people there in regard to the fruit. I would like to see this tried side by 
side with ours, for it did not strike me that it was so much more highly colored than our 
Gravensteins. I have grown the Gravenstein for twenty years, and I never thought it 
lacked color—a beautiful apple with a strong flavor ; and I quite agree with our secretary 
that if that apple were picked and promptly handled and got into the British market in 
good order, it would always command a high price, for it has a most beautiful appear- 
ance and as to quality is perfectly satisfactory to any Englishman’s taste. 


Prof. Oraia: I saw at Chicago specimens of this apple referred to by Dr. Beadle, 
and also received specimens at Ottawa. I received scions, and they have been top-grafted 
on both Wealthy and Duchess at Ottawa, and I have a diagram of the particular apple, 
which is called Banks’ Red Gravenstein. 


64 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOOIATION OF ONTARIO. 


Dr, BeapLte: That is the one. 
Prof. Craig: It is quite distinct from the ordinary Gravenstein, it has a better color. 


The Prusipent: They are advertising scions for sale in two of our Ontario papers. 

Mr. Bratt: The late Mr. Dempsey showed me: in his place two apples ; one was 
what everybody understands to be the Gravenstein, and the other was what he called the 
true Gravenstein. There was very little difference in appearance to an ordinary observer. 
One had a very much higher flavor than the other, but if it stood on its base it invari- 
ably had one side a little higher -than the other—that is the good variety—and the 
other was quite flat. The inferior variety was much larger grown than the true 
Gravenstein. 


Mr. McNei: This matter of variation in climate and soil as affecting fruit is an 
extremely interesting subject. Perhaps variation is not so noticeable in any fruit as in 
grapes. I don’t believe Concords grown here are anything like those we grow in the west. 
On the other hand, we grow Delawares there to perfection, as far as appearance is 
concerned ; in fact I think the large Delaware is as fine a looking Delaware as they grow 
in the Niagara district ; but the few Delawares I have grown there have actually gone to 
waste ; they are sweet and very insipid—there is nothing about them to amount to any- 
thing. The same with our Niagaras—they are positively nauseous, nor are they as perfect 
in foliage and bearing as they grow in the Niagara district. On the other hand 
Concords grown in New York state are not at all the same as we grow; they 
are a muddy grape and a thicker skin, and hang to the bunch well. Our Ooncords 
drop very freely from the stem as soon as they get ripe. Our vines come from 
Fredonia, and are the same vines they are using in New York State, so that it is 
not a matter of different varieties but a matter of soil and climate; but I 
could tell the difference between the varieties by simply sampling them. It 
occurs to me that the directors of this Association might do service to the people by 
making a large map of their several districts, and noting the pecularities of fruit culture 
in the different sections of each division. I think I could mark out in Essex County, 
and shade off the number of districts that would show where different fruits could be 
grown successfully, and where they would not, and we might bring data.together, and if we 
could not draw any conclusions from it ourselves, those that come after us possibly might. 


The Secretary: While we were speaking of apples, I was desirous of calling your 
attention to this sample of Jonathan, which was given me by Mr. Coleman, the Secretary of 
the Iowa Horticultural Society, who was superintendent of their exhibit at the World’s 
Fair, and he told me that with him and in the State of Iowa the Jonathan was one of 
the most profitable apples they could grow. It brought more money than any 
other apple he put up for market. It is a beautiful dessert apple, has nice size, beautiful 
color and excellent quality. It seems to be perfectly at home there. I don’t know that 
I have seen it anywhere else grown to such perfection as these samples are. It has been 
shown for some years at the meeting of the Western New York Horticultural Society at 
Rochester. They praise it very highly there as a dessert apple, but it does not grow so 
large in New York State as this. Samples were also shown from Quebec Province, but 
they are much smaller and not so fine as these. 


The Prusipent: It resembles somewhat our Oooper’s Market. 


The Secretary: It isaltogether a deeper red, and the quality is different entirely 
It is an excellent dessert apple. It has only one fault—that it is inclined to drop, but 
then it should be gathered promptly. Another point I want to speak of. He states that 
it is a very hardy apple—that it endures 20° below zero quite well, without suffering in © 
the least, and he says it is a very early and a very regular bearer. Of course, its time of 
maturity isearly winter. Now,I believe it would be worth our while to consider this apple, 
and perhaps give it a test here in Ontario. It is for that purpose I brought it here to 
show you. 

Dr. BrapLe: I have grown that apple I suppose for twenty years ; rarely got it 
quite as large, taking the whole crop, as those two samples, yet frequently perhaps a 
fourth of those on the tree might be as large; but I notice one peculiarity about 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 65, 


these—the weight of the apple. If I remember correctly the apple grown at St. Cathar. 
ines was not anything likeas heavy asthese. The quality of the apple is good. I do not 
call it a high-flavored apple. It begins to bear early and colors up beautifully. I have 
had them fully as bright in color as these, and it always takes the eye oa the market, yet 
I never marketed it. I have often had people come into the orchard saying, “ What a 
beautiful apple!” and wanting to know if they could get some barrels of it. 


The Presipent: How does it compare with the Wealthy as a dessert apple. 


Dr. BeapLE: The Wealthy is a better dessert apple to my taste. I don’t call it a 
first quality apple. Itis fair, that is all as grown by me in the soil in which I grow it— 
a sandy soil. Possibly with a clay soil and different exposure it might be a higher flavor ; 
very probably it would be. 


Mr. Epwarps: We didn’t hear much about the Wealthy. What about that 4 


Prof. Craig: I think for the district of Ottawa, and other localities where we 
have cold, it is without exception the best winter apple that can be grown ; but it must 
be grown with this fact in mind—that it bears heavily, bears very young, and is there- 
fore likely to be short-lived, and must be cultivated nighly. I have two rows of twenty 
trees each in the orchard, and have used it for top-grafting stock ; and for the last three 
years—it was planted in 1888—it has been fruiting very heavily, every tree in the row. 
But in keeping it it must be picked early—that is to say, it must not be left on the tree 
till it has reached its most thorough maturity ; but if picked about ten days before—that 
would be on or about the 15th September—and kept in a cold cellar, I have had no diffi. 
culty in keeping it over till April. But if left to ripen thoroughly on the trees it will 
mature in December and not keep much longer than the middle of January. 


Mr. SmirH: Don’t you find it to drop? 


Prof. Craig: That is one of its faults. The stem is long and it sways with the 
wind easily, and blows off somewhat readily. 


Mr. Smita: It is the only apple that has borne an abundant crop with me this 
year. 


Mr. Turner: I would like to hear of the McIntosh Red—one of the best flavored 
apples we have. 


Dr. BeapteE: Very subject to the scab in the Niagara District. 


Prof. Craig: It is the same fault with the Fameuse in that direction ; but where 
it can be grown free of this it is a very satisfactory apple of high quality, and keeps about 
as long as the Wealthy. 


Mr. Epwarps: Can the Wealthy be shipped to the old country with advantage ? 


Prof. Craia: Yes, it has been shipped, not in barrels, however, but in compartment 
cases—the apples being carefully selected. 


The Presipent: I see nothing on the list with regard to the pear scab, and 
I think some here would like to hear about it. It is a matter that is creating 
some attention lately—particularly with regard to the Bartlett and the Flemish Beauty. 
I think Prof. Oraig had better give us something on that before he leaves. A party near 
me was thinking of grafting some other varieties into his Flemish Beauties, but he did 
not know whether the spot would be transmitted from that variety to them. 


Prof. Craig: I have found a great many Russian varieties to blight in the vicinity 
of Ottawa. I have other varieties grafted on them which do not blight and the disease 
has not attacked the graft ; and inthe same way the varieties not subject to scab, grafted 
on Fameuse, have not been affected to the same extent as the Fameuse apple grown on 
the same stock on its own tree ; so that reasoning from that point of view, I don’t think 
the disease would be transmitted in any constitutional way by reason of the union. [ 
am glad to chronicle some very striking successes by fruit growers on the Island of Mon- 
tre lin spraying for the prevention of pearscab, Flemish Beauty is about the only variety 
that is grown there to any extent, and in the last four or five years they have been very 
much troubled with the black spot, and cracking, which is very much allied to the ordin 


5 (F.G.) 


66 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATLON OF ONTARIO, 


ary apple scab. I have suggested spraying with the Bordeaux mixture, and I have reports 
this fall saying that while the pears have not been entirely free, yet the results have much 
more than paid for the cost of application. In conversation last evening with Mr. Murray 
Pettit, he said that while in many cases he did not think he had any results, yet in the 
case of the Flemish Beauty sprayed with Bordeaux mixture, he thought it had paid him 
to do it. 


The Presipent: Do you think that spot on the Flemish Beauty will yet be over- 
come so as to save that variety of pear !—because there is a strong feeling through the 
Huron district to discard that variety altogether. 


Prof. Oraia: Alongside the collection of Newton Pippins grown in New York State, 
referred to by the Secretary, were specimens of Flemish Beauty very badly scabbed, and 
others quite free. A card was placed on one of the latter, stating that these had been 
sprayed with the copper mixtures and the others, which were scabbed, had not been 
sprayed. There were also samples of the Seckel Pear with the same history, and if we 
are to take the evidence and words of these gentlemen—-and I think we safely can— 
we are led to believe that the spraying for the prevention of this disease is going 
to be a paying practice. 


Mr. A. H. Pertit: I think last year you reported great success in reference to 
destroying mildew on gooseberries. Has it been successful again this year ? 


Prof. Craig: Yes. 


Mr. Orr: Hight years ago my Flemish Beauties were paying $8 to $10 a tree. 
They have been failing from scab the last five or six years. We hive been spraying the 
regular Bordeaux mixture, Paris green and lime, but they have become practically 
barren. I thought of top grafting them, but they have such beautiful foliage and are of 
such tine shape that we do not want to do it. 


Pror. Craig: There is no doubt that the disease (apple scab) can be stopped, 
because I have done it. This year I sprayed a row of crab trees in the orchard, which 
blossomed heavily, and after the blossoms had fallen and the crabs had attained the size of 
large-sized garden peas I noticed that the spot had made its appearance quite generally. I 
imm*diately had the trees sprayed, using Bordeaux mixture double strength ; that is, the 
old formula—six pounds and four pounds—taking care that every part of that tree was 
covered thoroughly. You know that all the instructions which have emanated from the 
Experimental Farm have said that this remedy was preventive, and therefore the applica- 
tion must be put on before the disease had a foothold Now, in this case the disease had a 
foothold ; but I tell you, gentlemen, I examined these trees ten days afterwards, and, in 
every case where the Bordeaux mixture had fallen on a spot of the fungus it simply 
scaled off and, while the apple was somewhat distorted, the disease was not allowed to 
develop any further. It just showed me that this is a question of doing the work 
thoroughly and well. I know the conditions that arise in connection with this spraying 
matter, because I have handled the pump and the nozzle and have made the mixture 
myself, and have gone through fifteen acres of orchard and I know it is 
one of the most disagreeable pieces of work imaginable ; but it is just a question with you 
fruit-growers whether you will do it and grow good fruit or fail by not spraying—and it 
is a question of doing it thoroughly. Speaking of experience in connection with goose- 
berries, I have some evidence here from Mr. ‘I'weddle, a neighbor of Mr. Orr, whom I 
referred to before. He writes me: ‘The first brood of worms appeared in myriads 
shortly after the fruit set. A single application of Bordeaux mixture was given when 
the worms were first hatched, when only one-eighth of an inch in length, but not all were 
destroyed. When, two or three days later, worms again appeared and were large enough 
to destroy foliage rapidly, two more applications were made on the same day, going oppo- 
site ways on the rows and covering the foliaga completely. This was completely 
successful in destroying the first brood, and also the second brood, for the lime in the 
Bordeaux mixture stuck the whole thing to the foliage and it remained all season, and if 
any second brood hatched they got their dose and vanished without delay. The currant 
worms must be easier destroyed than the curculio, else we must attribute the loss from 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 67 


eurculio on plums, treated the same as the currant, to some other cause that is not 
apparent. No mildew or sun-scald appeared on the English gooseberries, yet both affected 
neighbors’ plantations under similar conditions where no fungicide had been applied ; and 
this points to considerable benefit in these cases.” That is the Bordeaux mixture with 
Paris green. Now, the use of sulphide of potassium has been so well demonstrated that 
I need not further urge its beneficial effects in preventing gooseberry mildew. 


Mr. A. H. Pertir: In mixing this Bordeaux mixture for currant bushes, do you 
use the same proportion of Paris green as when spraying for trees 1 


Prof. Craia: I use the same proportion. It may be a little more than is necessary, 
but if you keep changing formulas you are apt to make mistakes, and the one that was 
recommended is certain to kill them. 


Dr. BEADLE: One pound to 200 gallons of water ? 


Prof. Craia: It was 4 pounds of copper sulphate, 4 pounds of lime and 4 ounces of 
Paris green to an ordinary barrel of water. 


Mr. Orr: With plums we make a perfect success of spraying, but the pear trees bother 
us, though we covered them with Bordeaux mixture till the trees looked as if they had been 
whitewashed. 


Mr. Race: What time in the development of the plum did you do this ? 


_ Mr. Orr: Before they bloomed at all. We have followed it up thoroughly for 
one or two years. ‘The spot first appears when the pear is from the size of a pea to the 
size of a marble. We tried spraying before the bloom, then followed it up afterwards, 


Dr. Beapte: Don’t you think the ammoniacal carbonate of copper would be a 
good mixture ? 


Prof. Craig: It is a matter of convenience for the grower and depends on which 
he can mix and use most easily. I have not found it any more effective. _ I would like 
to ask Mr. Orr if he left any trees unsprayed, and was the crop entirely destroyed ? 


Mr. Orr: It has grown werse every year, until now it is utterly worthless. We 
had not a specimen fit to market last year or the year before. 


The SecrETARY: Yet they were treated with Bordeaux ? 
Mr. Orr: Every year, with one exception. 
Prof. Craig: When did your treatment close this year ? 


Mr. Orr: I cannot give you particulars. i was not at home this year. 


I ean gi 
you all particulars by mail. has 


Mr. Caston: This scab seems to affect the Flemish Beauty pear every year. We 
find that when we have a season where in June, say, we have a considerable amount of 
close, moist weather—just the kind that will rust wheat—it affects the apple. These 
fungus diseases are pretty much of the same nature. Last year apples were compara- 
tively free from scab in our section, because we did not have that peculiar kind of 
weather that fosters it, but this year we had. The scab seems to affect the Flemish 
Beauty pear every year, no matter what kind of weather we have. I don’t know how it 
is. I think the location has something to do with it. Where it is close and does not get 
a proper circulation of air, I think the scab will be much worse than where it is open. 


Mr. Siro: I have had gooseberries scalded by the sun and drop off really cooked 


in a very dry season, particularly where they have been somewhat affected by the fungus 
on the leaf ; and the foliage was not very heavy. 


The Presipent: It rarely occurs except where the leaves have been stripped by the 
worm. 


Mr. Pattison: I growa great many Flemish Beauty in the sam» district as Mr. 
Orr, and this year they were perfectly clean—with a few unimportant exceptions. I did 


not spray at all—never have sprayed. Has Prot. Craig had any experience in the treat- 
ment ot tomato rot with the Bordeaux mixture ? 


68 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


Prof. Craia: I have not personally. I think it has been used, but I don’t think it 
ever can be a practical remedy in growing tomatoes, because the rot appears at a time 
when the tomatoes have to be marketed, and the Bordeaux mixture would stain them so 
as to be unmarketable. 


Mr. Pattison: This year the rot began very soon after the tomatoes were formed 
with me. A young friend, who lives not “far from me, claimed that he had completely 
checked the rot on his tomatoes with the mixture. 


Mr. Turner: I think you will find that manure induces the rot in tomatoes. 


Mr. WuyteE: I grow over 40 varieties of gooseberries. Last year it was very diffi- 
cult to keep back the mildew. This year I had no difficulty whatever with it. They 
received the same treatment as last year—half of them with copper carbonate and the 
other half with potassium sulphide. 


Prof. Oraic : While these diseases are of fungus origin, as Mr. Caston remarked, and 
their development may be assisted by certain climatic conditions—one of the prime help- 
ers in this being great moisture of atmosphere—yet we cannot say that the climate causes 
them, although it may assist them. 


Mr. Caston: Scientific men tell us that the germs of these diseases are always 
present with us, but that some seasons are more favorable for their development. That 
is what I meant to say. 


Mr. Orr: I was collecting fruit for the World’s Fair for six to eight weeks, from 
Aneaster down to Niagara—all through the Niagara Peninsula—and I only met two 
specimens of good Flemish Beauty pears that I could send on to Chicago. 


Prof. Craig: What were the conditions surrounding those specimens ? 


Mr. Orr: Idon’t know. They were grown half a mile from our place. One 
weighed about a pound, and the other about 15 ounces. 


Mr. Race: The Flemish Beauty in our locality has become positively useless. 


Mr. A. H. Perrir: A great many fruit-growers in our section think a dry season 
is more favorable to mildew than a wet one. 


Prof. Craia: Powdery mildew is very common in a dry season. 


Mr. Hitporn: I have found the best remedy to be to change the location—plant 
in a different part of the farm every season. It is always worse in the dry season with 
me. 


Mr. Boutter: This year was the worst for rot on tomatoes that we ever had. 
Hundreds of bushels had to be thrown away. It commenced in the end, and worked 
right down through. We did not think it safe to take any of these tomatoes for the fac- 
tory. If they were putin crates, after a day or two the spot would work down through 
the tomato—black all the way through. 


Prof. Craig: Ido not know that I can state that it could be controiled commer- 
cially. Ido know that it can be prevented in a small way, and has been done. 


The Secretary moved the adjournment of the Oonvention until 7.30 p.m —it being 
now 5.30 p.m. Carried. 


SECOND DAY.—EVENING SESSION. 


The Presipent: We will goon and take up a few questions. S>metimes it is very 
well to have an experience meeting, especially when it is not over large ; and here is a 
question on the programme that will very likely draw out s>me valuable information, and 
we would like every one of you to have something to say on it. Suppose we take up No. 
4 :—‘“‘ Give instance of the largest yield of apples from any one tree; giving variety of 
tree, soil and cultivation ?’ Whoamong you will veature a few remarks on that ? 


Mr. Caston: Mr. Woolverton, I think, can lead us off. 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO, 69 


LARGE YIELDS OF APPLES. 


The Secretary: Mr. Bengough says he supposes this is the department for ‘ fish 
stories” tocome in. (Laughter) I hold in my hand one or two communications in 
answer to this question. I will start out by telling you my own experience. The largest 
yield that [ know of in my orchard was from a large Rhode Island Greening tree, [ 
should say eighty years of age, grown in deep sandy loam, where it spread to an astonish- 
ing size. In one season we gathered from that tree 15 barrels of Greening apples ; and 
on another bearing season we gathered 20 barrels from that one tree. [ don’t know 
whether anyone present will be able to tell a bigger apple story than that ; but if so, we 
would like to hearit. The Niagara district can beat any other part of the Province for 
a big yield. As to cultivation, this tree didn’t have any. It was grown in grass, but the 
soil, being sandy loam, did not get bound and hard ; otherwise it would have required 
treatment. Then it was good rich soil ; and the great extent of foliage so perfectly 
shaded the ground beneath that the grass did not grow as it would otherwise. There is 
really no sod, although there was no cultivation. 

Mr. Wuytz: My story is not so bigas the Secretary’s, for we are not expected to 
have as large ones near Ottawa : but I do know of a Duchess tree that for two years bore 
30 bushels—about 10 barrels—each year. It did not get much cultivation, It was 
grown in an ordinary garden, but weeds were kept down below it. 

Mr. TurNER: Our late director, Mr. John Croil, had three Fameuse trees in front 
of his house, which three years ago bore six barrels each. 

Mr. J. W. Smita (Peterboro’): If we told such stories here they would put us down 
for story-telling. I am not saying it is not correct, but I would like to get a few grafts 
off them. (Laughter.) I would graft them on the Tolman Sweets. 

The Presipent: What yield have you had out here on your Tolman Sweets ! 


J. W. Suitn: It is an apple that was not much taken in the market, but it takes 
better now. It is agrand tree to graft on—either it or the Ben Davis. I have had 
good luck in grafting on both of those. 

Jas. Tooue (Orillia): Itook 22 barrels of Duchess off six trees; and last 
year I took 15 barrels of Snows off five trees ; and nearly twenty years ago—it’s a story 
I don’t know as I dare tell—[“ Tell it !”]—at Frenchman’s Bay I took 17 barrels of Fall 
Pippins off a single tree. 

The Presipent: I think we may dismiss the Secretary now, and let him go home. 
(Laughter. ) 


Mr. Toote: That was a very old tree—about 60 years old. 
The Prestpent: Do you find the Duchess a profitable apple ? 


Mr. Toote: We can grow more Duchess in Orillia and neighborhood than any- 
thing else off the same number of trees, 

The Presipent: Mr. Dempsey, we would like to hear from you. 

Mr. Dempsey: I have never had any of these great big yields yet. Seven or eight 
barrels is about the largest*we had. I took seven barrels of Gravenstein off one tree 
last year. 

Mr. Oaston: Last year I took 8 barrels of Alexanders off a tree that was planted 
about ten or eleven years. 

The Presipent: How does the Alexander stand out this way in the market or 
for home consumption ? 

Mr. Caston: I think it will bear more for the time planted than almost any other 
tree. The apples are so large, they fill a barrel up very quickly. 

Mr. Beaty: I would like to ask: how much money has any person made off one 
tree not more than twenty years of age? I ask this because it is not apples, but money, 


people want off trees. I would rather have two barrels at $4 a barrel than six barrels at 
$1.50 a barrel, 


70 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


The Prestpent: Wasa large percentage of those apples fit for market ? 


Mr. Caston: In the case of the Duchess they were nearly all fit for market, and 
also the Alexander. 


The Presipent: Js the Duchess going to have a market 1? 


Mr. J. W. Smita: The Duchess is a fine apple in appearance, but itis not a market- 
able apple here, as far as I am concerned. 


Mr. Fisuer: At Orillia we like the Duchess for profit. This spring I sold 60 barrels 
off 75 trees planted seven years ago last spring. I sent them north, through the Muskoka 
District, where there was a good demand this year right through to North Bay. 


The PresipENT: That is the best story we have had yet. 
Mr. WuHitE: What did you geta barrel for those apples ? 
Mr. Fisurr: I realized $2 a barrel. Of course I paid for the barrels. 


Mr. Parrerson: A neighbor of mine claims that he got 18 bbls. of Greenings 
from one tree. 


Mr. Caston: I think we have heard from him already. (Laughter.) 
J. M. Smit: A good story can’t be told too often. (Laughter.) 


Mr. Orr. Mr. Burkholder, near Hamilton, has a tree that I heard yielded 25 
barrels, and that he received $50 for the fruit ; I think the variety was Tolman Sweet. He 
has one of the finest orchards I know of. 


A BATCH OF QUESTIONS ANSWERED. 


The following questious were on the programme : 


(1) Is there an increase or decrease of orchards in Ontario ? 

(2) What change is observable in methods of cultivation ? 

(3) What variety is most profitable ? 

(4) Give instance of largest yield of any tree, naming variety, soil and cultivation. 
(5) Name best varieties for export, one fall, one early winter and one late winter. 
(6) What value have apples as food for stock ? 

(7) Why do we hear so much complaint about foreign canned goods ? 


The Secretary read the following replies : 

Mr. Nico, of Oataraqui, wrote: In answer to the questions proposed I would state, 

Ist. During the past three years there have been only a few fruit trees planted in this 
district. 

2nd. There has been no noticeable change in the methods of cultivation, only young 
orchards seem to be more neglected than formerly. 

3rd. Red Astrachan, Eeincare or Snow, and Golden Russet. 
4th. That largest from any one tree that I know of was from a Blenheim Orange 

tree belonging to E. Wright, of Waupoose Island. The quantity gathered from that tree 

in 1891 was 15 barrels of good fruit. The soil on which the tree grows is clay loam on 
limestone rock bottom, on grass land pastured with sheep. 

5th. Blenheim Orange, Ontario and G. Russett. 

6th. I think sweet apples are worth fully as much for cattle food as Swede turnips, 
but I fiad that sour apples fed even in small quantities have an injurious effect on dairy 
cows. 

7th. I believe it is because of the use of copper for greening, and dissolution of 
lead compounds in long kept cans which become corroded by the acids in which the 
vegetables are preserved. I notice that there is in the Canadian market at present a 
large quantity of French canned vegetables, such as peas, beans and asparagus. In 
France canners of goods, for home consumption, are restricted, but for goods branded for 
exportation there is no restriction, I think the canning business should be protected so 
that poisonous foreign gcods should not be in competition with properly preserved 
Canadian goods, 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 7\ 


A. McD. Auuan, of Toronto, wrote : 


1. There has been an increase in orchard in the district, especially in Huron and 
Bruce and Grey, bordering on the water. And further there seems to be a disposition to 
further increase the area. 

2. Orchardists are giving more attention to cultivation. We find the best results 
where orchards are cultivated. When they come into bearing that cultivation requires 
to be very light with regular manuring every year, and in light soils potash applied in 
liberal quantities. Cultivation to be kept up every season up to middle of August, when 
it should cease in order not to induce late growth. These are the points’ noticed by 
cultivators. 

3. Duchess of Oldenburg, Gravenstein in Huron, and Oolvert in northern sections ; 
Ontario in West Huron; rest of county and Bruce, Baldwin, and part of Grey also ; 
other part Ben Davis. 

4, Alexander, about 20 years old, gave 13 bbls. this year near Goderich, light sandy 
loam, cultivated and manured. Baldwin last year in South Huron gave 9 bbls. in heavy 
elao soil, cultivated, all first class fruit ; in orchard near this in vicinity of Zurich, in 
grass, gave 74 barrels, not as good samples, same kind of soil. Trees, both about 18 years. 


The PresIDENT: What have you to say to this question: Is there an increase or 
decrease of orchards in Ontario during the past three years? We will speak of apple 
orchards first. That is a matter of deep interest, for we are aiming at an increase. 


Mr. Orr: In our section there has been a decrease of apple orchards. Many have 
been taken out, and there are none being planted in our section. 


The Secretary: It is the same in the vicinity of Grimsby, apple orchards are 
‘being dug out by the acre, and in their place small fruits—grapes, plums, peaches—are 
being planted. 


Prof. Craia: It would be interesting to growers from the Ottawa district to know 
that there is a possibility of finding a market up at Grimsby and Essex, because I have a 
report that the area of orchards in Russell and Carleton has been very much increased in 
the last three years. Apples, small fruits, including raspberries and strawberries, have 
been largely increased, 


Mr. Caston: The apple orchards in Simcoe County are certainly increasing, and we 
find more and more that it is better adapted to growing apples than any other fruit. I 
think it will come to this yet, that certain parts of Ontario which may be found adapted 
to the production of certain fruits will make a specialty of those fruits. Grapes and 
peaches will be grown in Grimsby and the Niagara peninsula and along the Lake Erie 
counties, while the apples will be grown further north, in what we might call the colder 
belt, and this will even up matters allround. As toa market for the Duchess, I could have 
sold ten times as many this year as I could get hold of. Of course the last crop was not 
large; but I can always sell all I can grow and a good many more. Very few people 
have an idea of the population that lies along the Canadian Pacific Railway, from north 
of Ottawa right out to the Rocky Mountains; while up in Nipissing and Algoma there 
is a large population engaged in lumbering, mining, railroading, etc.; and everything they 
use of that kind has to be shipped in there. That is where we find our markets, and 
there will be a great market there for years to come. I don’t think they will ever be able 
to grow tree fruits there with any degree of success. I doubt if they will ever be able 
to grow anything better than the grape in Manitoba. I believe that will be a great 
market in the future. . 


_ Mr. Beat: I think there is no increase in my neighborhood to any extent. There 
are always a few trees being put in every year, of course. 


Mr. Turner: The increase in Stormont county is very slight. They increase more 
in small fruits. 
Mr. Dempsry: I am quite sure they are on the increase in our section. There isa 


good market for the Duchess. There is many a carload shipped out to Winnipeg from 
our section, and has been for years. 7 


72 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


Mr. Hitporn: I think the apple is not increasing very rapid!y in our section. They 
are going more into pears and peaches, but in some sections the apple is on the increase. 


Mr. McNzeiti: I agree with Mr. Hilborn that in Essex apple orchardsare decreasing 
rather than increasing. In Kent probably a slight increase. In Lambton a considerable 
increase. The peach and pear orchards are increasing in Essex very rapidly. 


The Presipenr: I notice that Mr. Allan in his paper reports that orchards are 
largely on the increase in the Huron district. I do not know whether I can corroborate 
that statement or not ; but this I do know—as I have for the last four or five years been 
judge on the fruit lists in all the shows up in that tract- that the interest taken by the 
farmers in apple culture is very largely on the increase. They will gather around the 
fruit exhibit at these shows, and they manifest a deeper interest in the different varieties 
on exhibition ; and on every hand you find that they are anxious for information with 
regard to tne varieties and the value of the varieties from the marketable standpoint. 
Now, I think we may take for granted that that is the case all over the Province—that 
the farmers are becoming more and more interested in apple culture. 


Mr. Epwarps : There has been a slight increase in the county of Peterboro’, but not 
very marked. I think there has been an increase of interest among a certain few of the 
farmers in the county, and there has been some small increase genera!ly throughout 
Canada, but it has not been very marked during the past few years. 


The Prestpenr: You think that increase has been such as to justify the efforts of 
this Association ? 


Mr. Epwarps: I think so, most decidedly. I may say this—and I say it in view of 
the fact that we have not had very many here at the meeting—that, notwithstanding that, 
the influence of this Society is spreading throughout the country generally ; and I know 
that many a man who has not been here at any of our meetings at all, is influenced and 
helped by the work this Association is doing. I have had that stated to me more than 
once—that it was a good work, and not to give it up even if the farmers did not turn 
out in large numbers ; that the interest was spreading, through the reports published in 
the newspapers and otherwise, and that the information given was proving of use. 


The Presipent: It is a very good sign at our fall fairs to find farmers coming in 
with their pockets full of apples, and enquiring from the fruit judge what these qualities 
are. It is an evidence that the interest is increasing. We find that all over. 


Mr. D. W. Dumste: There is a vendor of fruit trees in the meeting, who will per- 
haps tell you how many trees, and what trees he has sold, and whether the sale is in- 
creasing or not. 


Mr. Trorrer: I cannot say our sales are increasing very largely, but still we 
keep them up to a very fair proportion every year. This year we find quite a cry of 
‘hard times.” The farmers have been depending on their grain crops in this section, and 
of course prices are poor, and they seem to be very slow to take up fruit culture, al- 
though we are doing our best to encourage the growth of trees by putting the best trees 
in their hands. I think in the next ten years, probably, there will be a great change in 
this part of the country in fruit-raising. In several other sections where we have sales- 
men the sales are very good, especially in the Belleville district. In this district I cannot 
say the orchards are increasing very much. There are no large orchards being put in. 
They are principally of twenty-five to fifty trees. Fifty trees is considered a large 
orchard in this section. 1 notice the interest is on the increase, and I think in the course 
ot a few years there will be quite a change. 


Mr. Caston : There is one other question here which ought to be discussed—perhaps 
not to-night: “ How should apples be packed and shipped ?” In many localities there 
are too many apples grown, or not enough ; that is, there are too many grown for the 
local market, and not enough to encourage men to come in and buy for export, and the 
market gets glutted, and people say there is not enough money in apples. 


Mr. Epwarps: That is just how it is here exactly. 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 73 


Mr. Oaston: There is nothing to hinder any farmer from packing and shipping his 
own. He needs to know how to put them up and how to ship them. 


SPRAYING FRUIT TREES. 


Mr. A. H. Perrit: We had an interesting discussion to-day about the spraying of 
fruit trees to destroy the scab. Now, we had experiences, pro and con, and we want to 
convert every man to the theory and belief that if it is properly done, and at the proper 
time, it will accomplish the work. I have a resolution which [ intend to move, and have 
held it till Prof. Saunders was here so as to get his views on the question : 


‘That in the opinion of this meeting it is desirable that our Director of Experimental Farms be 
requested to make, during the coming season, at several centres of fruit culture, a public practical test of 
the efficacy of the solutions recommended for the prevention of the scab in apples.” 


I would suggest it may be done in this way: Let them come with their proper 
mixtures ; have it mixed before a meeting, say, of 25 or 50 fruit-growers ; select half 
a dozen trees of different varieties of fruits ; have practical tests made—have mixtures 
properly put up, and three of the fruit-growers will guarantee to give a repetition of that 
same spraying as often as directed ; and then Jet us at the end of the year proclaim thas 
that has been a bona fide experimert, practical and thorough, and we will begin then to 
get down to business—we will all get to work, or else we will all condemn it. I think 
it would be a step in the right direction. 


Mr. Orr: 1s it your intention to confine that to apples ? 


Mr. Pertit: I mean to experiment as widely as they would think practicable to 
undertake. Let the test be made on apples in one section, pears in another sectioa, 
and include plums and anything else that we can and bring it before a meeting of fruit- 
growers so that they can watch the test through, and at the close of that test, if suc- 
cessful, say: ‘It has been thoroughly successful in our section of country.” (Hear, hear, 
and applause. ) 


Mr. McNeitt: I take pleasure in seconding that motion, particularly as I am 
satisfied of the efficacy of spraying. Although I called yesterday for those who had had 
Opposite experiences, there was no response. Yet to-day we have had the most pro- 
nounced experiences in opposition to spraying. Now, this thing ought to be settled once 
and for ever, and if the professors can devise a plan for settling it, they will be doing a 
benefit to the country that can hardly be estimated in dollars and cents. 


Mr. Boutter: I think nothing has come before this meeting in comparison with 
this motion in importance. Something ought to be done if possible to obviate the 
serious loss to the fruit that comes from these pests. 


Prof. Saunpers: I think probably there will be very little difficulty in carrying 
that out, but as it involves expenditure it would have to be placed before the 
Minister. I would be very glad to do my best to recommend it. I may say that my 
colleague, Mr. Craig, has carried on experiments in that way for two years in part of 
the Province of Quebec, and it would be quite in turn to do something for Ontario if 
the Ontario fruit-growers so desire. In this connection I might mention that I recently 
had a visit from a gentleman who has large peach orchards in South Australia, and he 
says that they can keep peach curl in almost entire subjection by spraying the trees in 
the spring, before the foliage starts, with the Bordeaux mixture and then giving them 
another spraying just as the young shoots are coming out. In that way they have 
almost perfect immunity from peach curl. 


Mr. Pertit: I have the greatest confidence in the work that is being done for us 
in the Experimental Farm, but I feel as though we want to draw them in closer connec- 
tion with the fruit-growing interest. They are too great a distance from us. If they 
would come before a body of fruit-growers and have this thing practically demonstrated 
I believe we could convince the whole body of the effectiveness of the work, and the 
sooner we all become converts the better. 


74 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


Mr. SuirH: I think this would be almost as valuable as the travelling dairy. 
(Laughter. ) 


Mr. Orr: I don’t think I have heard any gentlemen express the difficulty with 
plums ; the difficulty is with pears and apples. 


Mr. Perrit: Yes, I have heard complaints of that, and they have done different 
things without success. 


Prof. SaunpERS: Sometimes the difficulties are brought about by the differences in 
drugs used in spraying Sometimes the carbonate of copper would be of different 
strength when kept in powder form. 

The motion was put and carried. 


Prof. SAunpERS: Let a copy be sent to the Minister of Agriculture. 


Mr. Epwarps: I would like to introduce to this meeting Mr. Kendry, the Mayor 
of Peterboro’, who, unfortunately, was not able to be present at any previous meeting. 


The PrestpentT: We are glad to have the Mayor with us. Sorry he was not able 
to be with us before. I am also sorry there is not a larger number to hear him. We 
would like to have him come forward and say a few words to us. 


Mayor Krenpry: Iam very sorry I have not been able to be here before to receive 
you, but I trust that has been done by gentlemen of the town. I see our Police Magis- 
trate (Mr. Dumble) here, and Mr. Edwards, and I know it has been done well. I was 
called away from town on business, and to-night I have had an engagement till the 
present time to try and arrange a union of Ashburnham and Peterboro’, so that we 
hope the next time you come here, in place of coming to the town of Peterboro’, you 
will come to the city of Peterboro’. (Applause.) Ido not think I can say anything 
that would be of profit to you. I may say I am a judge of fruit, as far as the eating 
of it is concerned, but no further. (Laughter.) JI thank you on behalf of the town for 
having done us the honor of this visit. 


THIRD DAY.—MORNING SESSION. 


TuurspDAy, December 7, 1893. 


At a meeting of the Directors of the Association, held this morning, it was resolved 
that during the coming year each Director be asked to undertake the work of forming 
horticultural societies affiliated with this Association, the expenses of such Directors to 
be paid, and the Secretary was instructed to furnish each Director with necessary 
information. 


OPENING UP FOREIGN MARKETS. 


Mr. Orr moved, seconded by Mr. Oaston, the following resolution : 


“That this Association memorialize the Dominion Government on tbe benefits likely » 


to accrue to the fruit-growers of Canada and the public generally by the appropriation 
of a sum of money for the purpose of opening up the markets of Europe to the fruits and 
fruit products of Cauada by a judicious placing of experimental consignments at advan- 
tageous points and by calling attention to our products by a system of travelling agents 
or by other methods that may recommend themselves.” 

Mr. Orr: It is not necessary to make any remarks on this subject. Our time is 
short. The necessity of this motion must be apparent to all. 

The Presipent: I think that is a matter that will be very clearly seen by all 
present. We all know the advantages we have reaped as a Province from the introduc- 
tion of cheese and other dairy products into the European markets, and we do not see 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 75 


any reason why similar efforts should not be made to introduce our apples, as their 
snperiority has been as readily acknowledged during the last three or four years as the 
superiority of our dairy products. This resolution may stir up our authorities to aid us 
in the introduction of these products. 


Mr, A. H. Perrit: This matter was referred to in my address. The action taken 
by our Government in the dairy interest has worked such great results that I could not 
see why they should not operate in the same way in the fruit interest, not only in fruits 
in their fresh state, but also in their manufactured form, if possible. 


The Prestpent: The Government is going to take some steps for a display in 
one of the exhibitions on the Continent next year, and that will be an opportune time 
to introduce our fruits to the Continent. 


Mr. Pertir: We can scarcely wait till the year 1900 for the World’s Fair to come 
to develop our fruits in the different markets of the world. It wants prompter action 
than that. 


The Presipent: But I understood action was to be taken next year. 


Mr. Pettit: Probably if this were placed before the Government strongly the 
Horticultural Department of our Experimental Farm would feel like taking the same 
interest in that branch of industry that our Dairying Department does at present in the 
dairy industry. 


Prof. SaunpErs: I might say in explanation that the Horticultural Department 
of the farm is entirely on a different footing, relatively, from the Dairying Department. 
The latter has a special vote of its own for carrying out dairy interests, which is 
administered by the Dairy Commissioner, directed by the Deputy-Minister. The farm 
work is carried on by a special vote directed by the Oommissioner. The Dairy Commis- 
sioner is instructed to go all through the Dominion, giving our farmers such information 
as will enable them to manufacture uniform products and to make them of first-class 
quality throughout. Now, unless there can be a special vote got in that connection to 
help the fruit-growing interest it could not be managed out of the present vote which we 
receive for experimental farms, as that is entirely used. Indeed, every year we are 
more or less behind in our administration on account of the insufficiency of the vote to 
carry out the work we are at present doing. I would not say a word in opposition to 
the idea suggested in the resolution. It is a very good one, and the industry, I think, 
should be helped as much as possible ; but, in order to carry out that idea, it will be 
necessary to make some representations to the Government to induce them to give a 
special grant to the farm to enable them to do it. 


THe Presipent: As I understand, this is the primary step to an end, and the next 
step will be for this Association to send a deputation down armed with this resolution, 
and ask for the necessary legislation. 


The motion was carried unanimously. 


The PrestpENT: Weare very sorry that Professor Saunders has to go to Ottawa 
on the next train going east, and he has a few words to say to us, 


Prof. Saunpers. There is just one point I would like to mention in reference to 
the lack of uniformity that is prevailing to a great extent in the descriptions which 
are made of our fruits from time to time in the Horticulturist and in the other publica- 
tions of this country. This lack seems to arise more or less from inattention or thought- 
lessness on the part of the writers. We have an able and excellent example in the work 
of Mr. A. J. Downing ; and anyone who studies that work will find that there is a uni- 
formity of character in the descriptions ; there is a regular succession of points, which he 
takes up in the same order in regard to any fruit, which enables any one who wants to 
study any phase of our apples to know at a glance just where he will get the particular 
point in regard to the fruit which he desires for comparison. For instance, in regard to 


76 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


quality, it is always in the same place in the description ; and with Downing’s work you 
‘can get the information you want in regard to the value of twenty or thirty apples in 
less than half the time that you can get it from the random descriptions that are being 
made now in the journals devoted to fruit culture by those who are describing fruits and 
describing them well. When there is no system in describing a fruit, very often some 
important points are overlooked. My object in bringing up this matter is, if the mem- 
bers think best, to get the endorsement of the Association to a regular order and method 
of describing fruit so that all the valuable points in connection with the fruit and the 
tree shall be covered in the description, and the latter as far as possible made uniform in 
our fruit literature. Now, Downing in describing fruits begins, taking the apple and 
pear, with the origin of the fruit, the character of its growth, the color of the wood, or 
other peculiarity, and its productiveness. The same would apply to the vine in describ- 
ing the grape. If you want to know anything about the productiveness of the tree, you 
look in the first paragraph and you find it there, and it saves time—and time in these 
days is always a precious commodity, when we have so much todo. Then he takes the 
fruit, and begins with the size, dealing with the form, the color, the character of the stem 
and its cavity, the character of the calyx and its basin. Then the flesh is taken up, for 
its color, texture, juciness, sweetness or acidity, its flavor, and finishing up with the 
quality of the fruit,—whether it is first-class, medium, good or very good. The Secretary © 
could easily put this in proper form in the Horticulturist, so that the same terms should 
be used as far as possible by all describers, so that they would have the same relative 
meaning in all sections of the country. In some senses it is a small matter, and yet it is 
one that will, I think, have a very important bearing on the progress of fruit culture and 
the intelligent appreciation of those people who are not able to give very much time 
to the whole subject. Downing finishes up his description by giving the period of 
ripening. Now, any one who wanted commercially to look over our fruits, in regard to 
the fruits chat came in at particular seasons of the year, with a view of dealing com- 
mercially with our fruits, would only have to look at the bottom of the description to 
find when this fruit would be ready for market, if Downing’s plan were followed. Other- 
wise you have to read the whole description, and that takes time. Then in plums and 
peaches the same order is followed. The character of the suture usually follows color, 
and whether the flesh is free or adheres to the stone is placed after the quality of the 
fruit. I would suggest that this matter be referred to the Secretary and somebody else, 
to think over the matter, and if there is not time to act on it at this session to bear it in 
mind and take it up at some future period, because I think it is a matter of considerable 
importance in connection with the progress of fruit culture. 


Mr. McNetLL: I suggest that we adopt the form. 


Pror. SaunpERS: It would be a very good idea if the Association would adopt 
the form, and we would adopt the same form in the Experimental Farm, and it would 
ensure that descriptions would be complete, because every point would be taken up—at 
least every point would be suggested on the form. 


The Secretary: I fully appreciate everything that has been said, and will take 
care of these notes of Prof. Saunders’. I would be in favor of a committee being 
appointed of himself and Prof. Craig to draft this for publication, so that we may 
have something permanent and something we can all use both in descriptions of fruit at 
the farm and in our Association, so that we can work together in harmony. 


Prof. Craig: As a member of the Fruit Oommittee I have uniformly used 
Downing’s plan in describing fruits. 


Prof. SaunpErs. Ihave in my hand a paper which was handed to me by Mr. 
Shutt, our chemist, which, if you wish, I will read to you. 


~ 


~ 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


NOTES ON THE OHEMISTRY OF THE COPPER SALT FUNGICIDES. 


By Frank T. Suurr, Pe EO, 9.5) Beds, 
Onrer Cuemist, Dominion ExPERIMENTAL FARMS. 


The preservation of orchards, small fruit plantations and vineyards from their 
minute and often microscopic foes is a matter of great importance to those engaged in 
the fruit industry of Canada, and a subject not without interest to all lovers of a garden. 

The value of certain copper and arsenical compounds for destroying these insects 
and fungus pests is every year becoming better known, so that the practice of spraying 
is now no longer looked upon by fruit-growers as a scientific fad of doubtful efficacy, 
but rather as a sure and safe means for keeping both trees and fruit free from injurious 
attacks. Two years ago I wrote as follows, and the words will bear reiteration to-da 


“Properly applied, ¢ ¢., at the right time and in the correct proportions, the copper fungicides have 
proved and are proving themselves to be of inestimable benefit in the orchard and in the vineyard. The 
increased value of the truit has more than repaid, by a large margin, the outlay for spraying apparatus and 
materials and cost of application, and [ believe the time has come when no frait-grower can afford to 
ignore this useful means of preventing fungous diseases. Not the least important element in successful fruit- 
growing, now-a-days, is keeping in check fungous growths and destructive insects, and, for this purpose, our 
present hope lies in the application of arsenicaland copper solutions. By the more extended use of them 
the hope is confidently entertained that the loss occasioned by injurious insects and fungi will be greatly 
lessened year by year throughout the Dominion.” 


The intelligent manufacture and application of these spraying solutions is better 
carried out if the fruit grower understands—at least in outline—the chemistry involved 
in their preparation. The object of the present notes therefore is to state, though very 
briefly, the reactions which take place in making the more popular solutions and mixtur es 
containing copper salts, in use as fungicides. 

The source of the copper (the compound used), in ail these preparations is primarily 
copper sulphate or bluestone—a deep blue, crystalline salt, easily soluble in water, the 
chemical formula of which is CuSO,, 5H.O. 

Since the efficacy of copper sulphate as a fungicide has been well established—as 
illustrated by its beneficial action on seed wheat infected by smut spores—and sin:ze it is 
the basis of the copper in the spraying mixtures and a material easily and cheaply 
obtained, the question is often asked ‘“‘ Why cannot a simple solution of bluestone in 
water be used for spraying?’ The answer may be very briefly stated. A solution of 
copper sulphate sufficiently strong to prevent the growth of fungus diseases would, so far 
as our present experience shows, prove injurious to foliage. The corrosive character of 
this chemical must by some chemical means—precipitation or neutralization—be rendered 
innocuous before it can be of practical value for spraying when the leaves are out. For the 
initial treatment of apple and p2ar spot, Mr. Craig, Horticulturist of the Oentral Experi- 
mental Farm, Ottawa, says: 

‘«Before growth begins in spring, spray with a solution of copper sulphate | lb. to 
50 gallons of water.” 

But he also states, 

On no account should this be applied after the foliage has appeared, as it will 
severely injure it.” 

And again, for certain diseases of the grape, e.g, downy mildew, black rot and 
anthracnose, the same authority says : 

“Spray the canes with copper sulphate, 1 lb. to 50 gallons, before growth begins.” 

It is, therefore, evident that, save in exceptional cases, a solution of copper sulphate 
strong enough to be efficacious in destroying or preventing fungus diseases cannot safely be 
applied after the foliage has appeared. The solutions and mixtures about to be described 
allow the application of an adequate amount of copper, which at the same time is innocu- 
ous to foliage and effective as a fungicide. 


78 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


Bordeaux Mixture. 


This is perhaps the best known and the most highly valued and widely used of all 
the copper compound fungicides. Its formula, as now advocated, is as follows: 


Copper ‘sulphate (bluestone) «<9... e7e ies oh wivin le oes we ohietees eee 4 lb 
TING 5. (o'n\ ose as ‘ive w hava aseh aubeaee: aa ralitel nn i Mae ies col ee ae et en a 4 lb. 
Water .cs<s ee Pe PII tee eter ok ke Bere sere ay 50 gallons 


Briefly, the directions for manufacture are:—The freshly burnt lime is allowed to 
slake and then well stirred with sufficient water to make a thin creamy mixture. This 
. 1g now strained through coarse sacking into a barrel containing the dissolved copper 
sulphate and the whole stirred and made up with water to 50 gallons. 

The lime in solution precipitates the copper from the solution of bluestone as an 
insoluble material (cupric hydrate), the sulphuric acid combining with the lime to form 
sulphate of lime, which on account of its slight solubility remains to a a very large extent 
in suspension. The reaction is represented by the following chemical equation. 


CuSO,,5H,O +, Ca(OH), = ‘Cu(OH), + (Cas0, eon 
Copper sulphate. Slaked lime. Cupric hydrate. Sulphate of 
lime. 


By reason of the slight solubility of lime—1 part in 750 parts of water— the fifty 
gallons cannot hold in solution at once the amount of lime necessary to precipitate or 
throw out of solution the 4 lb. of bluestone. Since, however, the sulphate of lime 
(see above) for the most part separates out as it is formed, the same water again takes up 
more lime, which further precipitates cupric hydrate. This reaction is continuous and 
rapid until all the copper is precipitated. Finally, we have insoluble cupric hydrate, 
lime (from the excess used) and sulphate of lime suspended in a liquid containing small 
quantities of the the two latter materials in solution. If sufficient lime has been added 
and the reaction is complete the liquid, after allowing the precipitate to settle, is colorless 
and should not give any brown precipitate if to a few drops a small quantity of a solution 
of ferrocyanide of potash be added—showing that all the copper has been converted into 
an insoluble form. 

To precipitate a definite amount of copper sulphate, a definite amount of lime is 
necessary-—at least 3.5 oz. of freshly burnt lime for each 1:lb. of bluestone. In practice, 
however, in order to ensure the complete precipitation of the copper, and since impuri- 
ties always exist in the commercial article, an excess of lime is always used. No element 
of danger is in this way introduced, as the excess of lime is not injurious to foliage. It 
will not answer, as some have suggested, to use the supernatant lime water which can be 
poured off the undissolved lime—lime water in fact. Fifty gallons of such saturated lime 
water contain only sufficient lime to precipitate (practically) 2 los. of copper sulphate. 
As already remarked, it is owing to the sulphate of lime separating as it is formed, 
that fresh quantities of lime are dissolved, and can, therefore, react with the copper 
compound, 

By the evaporation of the spraying liquid the copper Is left upon the foliage as the 
hydrate. 

Eau Celeste. 


This fungicide is made by adding ammonia to a solution of copper sulphate. , 
The formula usually given for its preparation is :— 
Copper Sulphate.” wis pls victe. os «plo mala 25/09 ended Bala ae eee 1 lb. 
Strong ammMoniass tite. «sateke os eho eee LEO. a ee 14 pints 
Water oie Se dee ce abe mnie + < alae aihivure aha ates ereten aks Aleem cg er 22 gallons 


The first action of the ammonia is to precipitate basic copper sulphate (CuSO, 2Cu 
(OH),) which, however, soon dissolves in the excess of ammonia present to form 
ammonium copper sulphate (CuSO,, 4NH4 OH), a deep blue fluid. At the same time 
ammonium sulphate is produced and remains in solution. 

The evaporation of the fluid leaves upon the foliage basic copper sulphate and 
ammonium sulphate. 


ET ee ee 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 79 


Copper Carbonate. 


If a solution of sodium carbonate (Na,CO,, 10H,O) be added to one of copper 
sulphate (CuSO, 5H20O), the copper is thrown down as a pale green precipitate. This is 
‘basic carbonate of copper” (a compound containing both carbonate and hydrate of 
copper), and has the formula, CuCO;, Cu(OH),. It dries toa light green amorphous 
powder. In the above re-action sodium sulphate (NagSOx) is formed and remains in 
solution. 

The precipitate of basic carbonate of copper may be washed by repeated decantation, 
and thus freed from the sodium sulphate. Remembering that the weight of basic 
carbonate formed is, approximately, half that of the copper sulphate used, the addition of 
the required amount of water makes the spraying mixture known as “copper carbonate 
in suspension,” the formula of which, as recommended by Mr, Craig, is : 


Basic carbonate of copper................... Br Teese eee c eer enees 5 ounces 
Se Sig len iG A BR er RN aerate dl ral h Sader. cas ts vas, 5.09 Ve DOL gallons 
It is scarcely necessary toadd that the form of copper salt left upon the foliage when 


dry is the basic carbonate (CuCO , Cu(OH).). 


Ammoniacal Copper Carbonate. 


This spraying fluid results from the solution of the precipitated basic carbonate of 
copper, just described, in ammonia, and subsequent dilution with the required amount of 
water. Two soluble compounds are formed, ammonio-cupric carbonate and ammonio- 
cupric hydrate, which on drying upon the foliage leave basic carbonate of copper and 
hydrate of copper, respectively. The formula recommended is : 


TRE Ne to arn ee a ovat aches sy icine sk aire a Sais sia\p els ok Satie seas 5 ounces 
Ss aa NIA Siete 2 quarts 
EY ete w ee A PM ON od! sah aculsl voodoo sane sole weescales 50 gallons 


From the excellent results obtained by the use of this fungicide it may be inferred 
that this fluid presents the copper compounds in a form which is at once inimical to 
fungus life and non-injurious to foliage. 

The fungicides, accordingly, fall into two classes, ‘‘ Bordeaux mixture” and “ copper 
carbonate in suspension.” On the one hand, apply the copper in a more or less insoluble 
and precipitated form, while ammoniacal copper carbonate and Hau Celeste furnish it in 
solution. It is probable that the latter provides for a more equal distribution of the 
copper compounds on the leaves. From a ehemical standpoint it might be inferred 
that the spraying fluids containing the copper in solution, if made according to correct 
formule and applied at the proper strength, would prove more effieacious than the fluids 
containing the precipitated copper, though a slight variation in the strength of the latter 
fluids would involve, in all probability, less risk of injury to foliage. 

A part of this paper—that which refers to the chemistry of the Bordeaux mixture— 
was communicated to the Montreal Horticultural Society this year. The importance of 
the subject to fruit growers at the present time has induced me to complete the question 
of the chemistry of the copper fungicides and present the paper, thus extended, to this 
meeting. 


RESOLUTION re FRANCO-OANADIAN TREATY. 


Mr. McNett: I have a motion here that may call fora little consideration. 


Moved by A. MeNeill, seconded by A. H. Pettit, that in view of the large amount of capital invested 
in the grape growing industry of this country, ani the great possibility of its further development, this 
association is opposed to the ratification of the franco-Canadian Treaty, the provisions of which will most 
seriously affect, if not entirely destroy, this flonrishipg industry. 


Mr. McNett: [ask your favorable consideration of this resolution, [I think on 
very fair grounds. While we are all united on fruit-growing, it is possible that we are 


80 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


not all equally interested in every department of it. For instance, at the present time I 
am not at all interested in apples, commercially ; I am not interested in plums ; but, 
nevertheless, I take a deep interest in these fruits, and in acting with you here would 
act as if I were personally interested in the growth and sale of this particular fruit. It 
is the only way we can act, and I believe each one of us should look at the interests of 
each other here as if they were his own. I trust you are going to look at the grape interest 
as if it was your own interest. The report given by Deputy-Minister James the other 
day rather astonished some of us. He reported that there were at least 2,236,000 grape 
vines in Ontario alone, andif I mistake not another 2,000,000 were coming into bearing, 
so that within a very short time we will have over 4,000,000 grape vines here in Ontario. 
When we talk of millions we are getting into exceedingly large numbers, and an industry 
of this kind calls for very careful consideration. You can easily see, putting it plainly, 
that the total grape industry is positively and practically overdone under those circum- 
stances. If all the product of these four million vines were to be put on the market at 
once in Ontario it would simply swamp the market. There is not anything like one-half 
that put on at present, and the market is exceedingly low. The provisions of this treaty 
are such that if it should pass it will most seriously injure—it would actually destroy—a 
very large portion of the grape industry in this Province; only those districts most 
favored as to soil and market and climate would be able to grow grapes at all. Hundreds of 
acres of vineyards will be plowed up if this treaty should ever become a settled fact. 
Now, as we are /iere to look after the interests of the fruit-growers, I think it becomes 
us to take such steps as we can on this subject. It is not a political subject ; it is purely 
and simply a fruit-growers’ question, and as such I submit it to you. After giving the 
matter careful consideration and looking at the magnificence of this industry, I have 
come to the conclusion that it is necessary, that we should use all our best endeavors to 
prevent the passage of this treaty, or at least to express our opinion upon it. I trust 
you wili pass this resolution without a dissenting voice. 

Mr. M. Pertir: I think Mr. McNeill has pretty well covered the ground. There 
is no doubt that the ratifying of that treaty, or not doing so, is of the utmost importance 
to the grape growers of this Province. We all know that Montreal is the great outlet 
for the grape crop of Ontario, and hundreds of carloads of grapes that are shipped to 
Montreal are not used for dessert purposes. Well, from a prohibition standpoint, if our 
people in this Dominion will drink wine, why not grow the grapes in our own Province 
and manufacture pure native wine here, rather than import from a foreign land, paying 
thousands of dollars to support an industry in another country? I think that if this 
Association should remain in silence and not take steps to protect this very important 
industry it would fall far short of its duty. There is no question we have the soil and the 
climate and the people to manufacture all the wines, and as good wines as our people will 
ask for, and we are credibly informed that they can be laid down from the south of 
Europe—from France—so cheap that our manufacturers here cannot compete. Whether 
it is pure juice of the grape or not is another question ; but if people drink wine, why not 
manufacture it ourselves—the pure article—in our own country? (Hear. hear.) 

The Presipent : The desirability of this resolution coming before this Association is 
this. We find that our Dominion authorities, since they have found out what a large 
interest this proposed French treaty is going to seriously effect, are disposed not to rati:y 
it. It was not known before that the grape-growing interest of this Province especially, 
was anything like as larye as it really is. We believe a resolution of this kind, going 
from this Association, will largely strengthen the hands of the Dominion authorities in 
their disposition not to ratify this treaty. 


Mr. Caston: Of course we should look at these things in a broad sense—not in a — 


selfish light at all. Are there any advantages to be derived to the country at large from 
this French treaty that would compensate for the loss that we would sustain by their 
wines coming in competition with ours? Those who were at Brantford last year can 
bear testimony to the great excellence of the product of Oanadian wine there. I don’t 
think we could get a better or healthier product elsewhere. People will use it. 

The PresipEnt : It is not a question for us to consider as to whether wine is a good 
article or not, from a temperance standpoint. We know that there is a great deal cf 


——— 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 81 


wine consumed among our French neighbors in the Province of Quebec, and that wine is 
largely manufactured now from the grapes grown in Western Ontario. We have no more 
right to consider the matter of the wine than the Farmers’ Institute has to consider the 
matter of the ale made from barley. We, as an Association, are interested in the pro- 

duction of fruit, and grape-growing is one of the largest btanches of fruit production at 
the present time in the Province of Ontario. We want to increase it, and we cannot say 
whether you are to eat the grape or drink the juice of the grape ; and we believe if wine 
is made from the grapes, it is better to have that pure wine than to have the spurious 
article brought in from France to supply the French appetite. That is the whole subject 
in a nutshel]. Prof. Saunders, have you a word to say on this matter ? 

Prof. SaunpeErs: I don’t know that I have anything special. I fully realize the 
difficulty that the fruit-growers of this country would be in in competing with wine 
made in France. In going through the wine-making districts of France some six 
years ago, I ascertained that the ordinary price of labor in the wine district for 
good workmen was about two francs a day—about forty cents a day ; and 
as we know, the cost of transportation is so little it is scarcely likely that 
our people here could compete with wine-makers there on account of that great 
difference in the cost of Jabor. Whether we can produce as many grapes to 
the acre here or not, is also a question that perhaps would elicit some difference 
of opinion. The regular plan of growing there is the stake system—about four feet high, 
about two feet apart in the rows. It is just possible that they may have the better of us 
somewhat in their climate, and be able to produce more grapes peracre. They certainly 
have a great advantage in the matter of cost of manufacture, on account of the cheapness 
of labor ; and that is a point that wine growers of this country could not possibly get 
over. Of course I can say nothing on the merits of the treaty ; I am not sufficiently 
conversant with it in a general way. 

The PresipENT: We do not wish to rush this thing through without giving every- 
body an opportunity to say aword. It is a matter that touches the temperance question ; 
also the question of the tariff; so for that reason we do not want to rvsh it. 

Mr. Hixzorn : In looking at it from a temperance standpoint, [ think we should try 
to keep out these cheap wines. I donot see any other view to take in the matter. We 
do not want these cheap wines here. If we have any wines at all we might just as well 
have our own wines, even if they do cost more. 

The resolution was then put and carried. 


Mr. Trotter: There are two gentlemen here who have been engaged in raising 
plums and cherries for some time in this locality, and I think successfully. 

The Presipent: We would like very much to hear from them. We have had 
nothing about cherries and plums from this quarter. 

Mr. Ropert Fire: That you may not go away with the impression that we cannot 
_grow cherries and plums around Peterboro’, I wi!l give you a short statement. It is eight 
years since I planted my first plums—about forty Imperial Gage—and three years ago I 
had my first crop, two years ago my second, and a year ago last spring there was none. 
This last season I picked about one hundred and sixty baskets. Later on I planted other 
varieties—altogether about one hundred and twenty trees. There are quite a number 
not bearing. I have had quite a success in cherries. I had about twenty-five baskets of 
various kinds this last season—sight or nine different kinds—some that are called tender, 
and yet they succeed very well. I planted Montmorency, Louis Phillippe, and Governor 

Wood. The latter turned out very good. 

The Presipent : Did the Imperial Gage have black knot with you? 

Mr. Fire: No, not very much. I have not been troubled very much with black 
knot. There was a little on my cherry trees, but I guard against it as much as I can. 
Where I live there are people growing a tree or two in their gardens, and they don’t keep 
it off, and no doubt it inoculates others. 

Mr. Bouter : How do you keep it off? 

Mr. Firt: I take the surest way—L cut it off and burn it. 


6 (F.G.) 


82 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


The PresipenT: Did you ever try spirits of turpentine ? 

Mr. Fire: Yes, but I could not say it checked it. I saved one fine tree by using 
coal tar, and it is doing better now than it did before. The Pond’s Seedling plum I find 
is a fine bearer and grows well. It is thin, but you caunot expect to grow heavy crops 
on account of the size of the plum. It does not rot as badly as some others. I[ think 
the Imperial Gage would succeed best in this locality, with a man that was very atten- 
tive. They are like many other things—if you don’t feed them you are not going to 
have much. 

Mr. BoutterR: Have you tried the blue Damson plum ? 

Mr. Fire: No. I have tried the Shropshire Damson. It does well. 


REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON EXPERIMENTAL STATIONS. 


Prof. Craic: I wish to make a verbal report from the Committee on Experimental 
Stations. The Committee met this morning, and considered the question very carefully, 
and have formulated in part a scheme for carrying out the work, but have not had time 
to bring it to such a stage of completion as to allow it to be presented to the meeting at 
this time ; but I may say that they are a unit on the manner in which the work may be 
carried out, and would ask the indulgence of the Directors of this Association in the 
matter of time for further preparation and formulation of this scheme, which will be 
done by correspondence as quickly as possible. Their idea is to formulate a scheme as 
far as possible and submit a copy of it to each director for their approval and sanction, 
and for the directors to take such action afterwards as in their wisdom they see fit, If 
you approve of that, it would be necessary to continue the work of the Committee till 
such.time as the final report is brought in. 

The PresipenT: I think it would be as well for this Committee appointed last night 
for that purpose to be made a Standing Committee till they are able to report. 

The Secretary moved that this report be received, and that the Committee continue 
their work. 

Mr. Beat seconded the motion, which was carried. 

Mr. M, Perrit: I would move the appointment of a deputation to urge the neces- 
sity of these resolutions we have just passed concerning the French Treaty, and if 
necessary interview the Government in reference to them; and I would suggest Mr. 
McNeill, Mr. A. H. Pettit, and Mr. Boulter, as that committee. 

Mr. TuRNER seconded the motion, which was carried. 


PETERBOROUGH AS A FRUIT-GROWING COUNTY. 
By E. B. Epwarps, PETERBOROUGH. 


This County, situated as it is between 44 and 45 degrees of latitude, and at a distance 
from and considerably above the level of Lake Ontario, has a severe winter climate, the 
thermometer frequently reaching from ten to twenty below zero, and rarely from twenty 
to thirty below. The air is, however, usually dry, especially with a low thermom- 
eter, and the winter is generally uniform, while the snow commonly covers the ground to 
a depth of from one to two feet, from December until the middle or latter part of March. 
The summer weather does not differ materially from that of other parts of Ontario, so far 
as its effect upon fruit-growing is concerned. The effect of the severe cold is to destroy 
the more tender fruit trees such as the peach and some varieties of cherries, plums, etc. 
But apples of nearly all the best varieties, many kinds of plums, pears, cherries of the 
Morello variety, grapes of some early varieties, raspberries, gooseberries, strawberries and 
currants will grow in this climate. Grapes, of course, require to be laid down in winter, 
and raspberries, the blackcaps especially, are generally laid down, and strawberries are 
also usually covered. 


Le a) 
co 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


Granted that the fruits I have named will grow here, if I am asked the question 
“1s Peterborough a fruit growing county?” I am compelled to say, “It is not.” If I 
am asked the reason why, I can give no better reason than to put it down to want of 
knowledge in the first place, and want of enterprise in the second. 

In all the townships of this large county there are, according to the municip | 
statistics, only 1,900 acres devoted to the orchard and garden. In North Monaghan, with 
a total of nearly 14,000 acres there are 162 acres of orchard, or one in 86, the best 
showing as to percentage in the county. Douro, with 38,000 acres, has 285 acres of 
orchard, or 1 in 135 ; Smith, with a total of 57,000 acres, has 401 acres of orchard, or 1 
in 144 ; Otonabee, with 64,000 acres, has 400 of orchard, or 1 in 161; Asphodel has 209 
acres of orchard, being 1 in 180; Ennismore, 86 acres, or one in 199; Dummer 205 
acres, or onein 321. The average of these, the seven best townships in the county is 1 
acre of orchard and garden to each 169 acres. The other townships have such a small 
proportion of orchard that they may be quite left out of consideration, and in fact it 
would be unfair to take them into consideration, as they do not compare with the other 
townships in the quantity of arable land. Pursuing the investigation alittle further, we 
find that Asphodel has 21 farmers who have 2 acres and upwards of orchard, Monaghan, 
47, Otonabee, 76, Smith 70, Douro 19, Ennismore 1, and Dummer 28, or 262 owners in 
the 7 townships have 2 acres each and upwards. The number who have more than two 
or three acres is very small, while probably not a half a dozen in the whole county have 
as much as ten acres each. 

Taking the adjoining counties for the sake of comparison, the county of Northumber- 
land has 6,858 acres of orchard, being an average of one acre in every 63 acres for its 9 
townships. The townships of Cramahe is the best, with 1,245 acres of orchard, or | in 
37 of its total acreage; Haldimand 1,240, or 1 in 61; Brighton 1,012, or 1 in 48; 
_ Hamilton 886, or 1 in 69 ; Murray 798, or 1 in 60; Percy 740, or 1 in 72 ; Seymour 633, 
or 1 in 98; Alnwick 158, or 1 in 105, and South Monaghan 146 or 1 in 125. 

In the county of Durham, with 6 townships, there are 3,794 acres of orchard, or 1 
in 57 of the total acreage. The township of Darlington has 1,183 acres of orchard, or | 
in 57 ; Clarke 801, or 1 in 85; Hope 725, or 1 in 88; Cavan 467, or 1 in 135; Man- 
vers 330, or 1 in 211; and Cartwright 288, or 1 in 128. 

In the county of Victoria the showing is not so good, there being only 1,525 acres 
of orchard, or 1 in 276 of the total acreage of the seven townships which make any 
returns of orchards. The township of Ops has 358 acres of orchard, Mariposa 340, Fene- 
lon 259, Verulam 205, Emily 152, Eldon 121, and Somerville 90. In the best township 
the percentage is 1 to 156, and in the poorest of the seven one to 680 of the total 
acreage, 

It will thus be seen that Northumberland has three and a half times the acreage in 
orchard that Peterborough has, and Durham over twice that of Peterborough, Victoria 
on the other hand being 375 less than Peterborough. 

As to the extent to which the different fruits are cultivated : Currants, gooseberries, 
raspberries and strawberries are generally grown by each individual for home use, a few 
market gardeners growing them for the local market, but there are considerable quanti- 
ties brought in for sale from outside places. They grow as freely and as well here as 
elsewhere. Grapes are not generally grown. The local market is largely supplied from 
the Niagara district. A few small vineyards exist, chiefly in the neighborhood of the 
county town. Asa rule it is hard for local men to compete against the growers of more 
favored localities. Having regard to the question of climate, the competition from outside 
and the constant care required, it does not strike me that farmers in this county can 
successfully grow grapes for sale. But there is nothing to prevent any farmer having 
half a dozen vines for home use, of such varieties as Niagara, Brighton and Agawam. 
Oherries are little grown in this county, the Heart cherries not standing the climate. 
Plums are not grown to any great extent, but in the adjoining township of South Mona- 
ghan they are largely grown, the conditions being exceedingly favorable, and this township 
largely supplies the local market. Pears grow fairly well here, such kinds as Flemish 
Beauty, Bartlett, Olapp’s Favorite, Lawrence, etc., generally succeeding, but of late years 
there has been serious trouble with the blight. There are no large pear orchards. 


84 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO, 


Whatever may be said of other fruits, it is quite clear that Peterboro’ can grow 
apples as well as any other place in the world, and it is in this direction that there is 
room for systematic development, [t is not necessary to seek for Russian or iron- 
clad varieties to stand the climate. The best standard varieties can, with a few excep- 
tions, be grown here, and there are at all events varieties sufficient to form a first-class 
commercial orchard. And yet the great difficulty has been that people have put in too 
many poor varieties, too many early kinds, and too many kinds in any case. The result 
is that, so far as | am aware, there is not in the county a single orchard which can be said 
to be a satisfactory commercial orchard. There is consequently nothing to attract the 
best buyers or to make it worth while for the owner to ship his own fruit. 

The Northern Spy is perhaps the standard apple in this section, and one that 
attains here a fine growth and flavor. The Duchess is also a great favorite, and is very 
fine in coloring and flavor for cooking purposes. The Fameuse or Snow succeeds fairly 
well, being fine in size, color and flavor, but it is inclined to spot badly some years. The 
Russet also succeeds well. With the writer the Blenheim Orange is in all respects the 
most satisfactory apple, the tree being vigorous and healthy, a regular bearer, and the 
fruit being largely first-class. Another satisfactory apple is the Canada Red, which 
appears to me to resemble the Pomme de fer of Quebec. It is generally free from spots 
or worm holes and a good keeper. The Rhode Island Greening is not in general very ~ 
successful in this neighborhood, although 1 have a number of trees of this variety 25 
years old. The King of Tomkins County attains a fine size and coloring here, but the 
tree does not bear freely nor regularly. The Ontario has not been sufficiently tried here. 
An objection is made that the tree is not a good grower. Wealthy promises to be very 
successful in this section, Pewaukee and Mann will be very useful on account of their 
keeping qualities and hardy growth. I have not pretended to exhaust the list, but each 
grower seems to have his favorite variety, and in any case there are, as I have said, 
varieties enough that can be successfully grown to satisfy the wants of all. 

To sum up, I desire to emphasize the following points : 


1. Peterborough county is well adapted to growing apples of the best varieties and 
possessing the best keeping qualities, the highest flavor and the richest coloring. 


2. It will pay to grow winter apples for export, and the returns will average at 
least twice the returns of any grain crop that can be raised on the farm, and with less 
labor. 


3. I would not encourage the average farmer in this county to grow for sale any 
other kinds of fruit, or to grow for sale summer or fall apples. 


5. A decided advance is necessary before our county can be considered a fruit grow- 
ing county. How is this to be accomplished? Let me suggest a way. I would like to 
see 200 progressive men in this county who have suitable land, resolve to have a commercial 
orchard of ten acres each. ‘To accomplish this successfully I would recommend them to 
combine to purchase trees from a reliable nurseryman, getting the best stock on the most 
favorable terms, and planting a limited number of varieties that are found to succeed 
best in their respective neighborhoods, regard also being had to the prospective market. 
I would recommend the planting of say 100 trees each the first year, 150 to 200 the 
second year, and the balance the third year, the whole ten acres being thoroughly and 
carefully worked each year with a view to its future use. The cost for trees and planting 
them need not exceed $8 to $10 an acre, even if men have to be hired to plant them. For 
a number of years hoed crops could be grown to advantage in the land, giving a present 
return for cultivation. The cash outlay for ten acres would be from $80 to $100. IL 
think Tam well within bounds to say that in ten years these ten acres will have increased 
in value by at least $1,000. {think I am also within bounds to say that in 15 years 
they will be bringing an interest on a valuation of $5,000 for the ten acres, over and 
above all expenses for labor. This would only a little more than double our present acre- 
age in orchard. But the new orchards would easily be worth four times our present 
orchards in producing power, and at least a million dollars would be added to the value of 
the farms on which they would be growing. If we cannot get 200 men we must be content 
with fewer, but there is no reason why the number should not be doubled or quadrupled, 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 85 


The Presipenr: I consider this a very valuable paper. It gives an amount of 
reliable data rarely obtained in such a concise way. 


Mr. Caston: I was going tc ask Mr. Edwards where he got his figures. 

Mr. Epwarps: From the assessment roll. I would not recommend farmers to give 
up their farming and go in for fruit raising altogether, because in most cases the farm- 
ers in this neighborhood, I know, are not posted in the work of looking after an orchard ; 
but it strikes me that if they would have a definite object before them, which would be 
within moderation, and go at it deliberately and slowly, they would soon have an orchard 
that would be worth while, and get over one of the difficulties that exist at present— 
_ that we do not attract buyers to come in here and take our apples away. Our local 
market is overcrowded ;-we have not sufficient to supply the foreign market satisfactorily, 
and the trouble is, we are just treading on each other’s toes here in the town, and 
farmers, finding that they cannot sell apples, decide to sacrifice them at any price. Per- 
haps they are shaken down from the trees and brought into the local market. The result 
is that they do not bring their fair value, and there is no one to come in and buy what 
they have worth while. 

Mr. Caston: This is a very valuable paper, and suggests many lines of thought on 
the apple industry. [ think there is nothing on which farmers need so much light as on 
the cultivation of orchards. They do not give them proper care. They need to realize 
that the orchard will pay them more, acre for acre, than anything they can produce on 
the farm even when they get $1 to $1.25 a bushel for wheat. But how are we to get 
that information to them! They do not attend our meetings, or the Farmers’ Institute 
meetings as they ought, they do not take the Horticulturist, and a good many do not 
take the agricultural papers. There are many other parts of the country the same as 
here—they grow too much for the local market, yet not enough’for export. There is no 
apple that will earn so much money as the Wealthy, if picked early—by the last week of 
September—and you have a market that will take them then. Then we have the 
Pewaukee. I believe a great deal in the importance of this top-grafting to grow some 
of our commercial apples for markets abroad. In any county of Ontario, except in 
Algoma or Muskoka, we can grow any apple that can be produced in the Niagara 
district or anywhere else, by simply top-grafting them ou good hardy stock. I have a 
theory that it is nearly always the trunk of the tree that peels, sometimes from sun-scald, 
bursting of the bark, or disease. In 1884 immense numbers of trees were lost by being 
frozen to death in the crotches of the branches. Now, we find certain varieties that have 
been perfectly hardy for vears even in localities where the temperature goes down to 25° 
and 30° below zero. Then if we take the trunk of that tree and get above the point of 
attack, and introduce the varieties that we want to grow in the limbs, we will succeed. 
I have proved that from my own experience. There is not a King of Tomkins or a 
Rhode Island Greening living that was planted in the usual way 25 or 30 years ago, but 
I have them growing grafted to Siberian trees, and I find they produce more than 
they do growing on the original tree, and far finer specimens. It is important, in plant- 
ing out new orchards, to select some of those hardy standard varieties, and as soon as 
they get large enough graft some of our good apples on them. I would be disposed to 
regard the Wealthy first as a winter apple; but now I cannot do so—it is a fall apple. 

Mr. A. H. Perrir: I have been quite interested in Mr. Caston’s theory of top- 
grafting, but I do not think his premises are altogether sound. Taking for instance a 
Tolman Sweet, and graft the Duchess or some other apple on that, and I have no doubt 
that for a few years, with the cut-back that tree has received, and with the top graft, it 
will soon begin to bear, and bear quite profitably ; but I believe the graft at the top will 
be no better than the tree that was originally grown, for this reason: I have iv my orchard 
grafts on seedlings that were grown for 25 or 30 years, and I do not see that those trees 
grow a bit better than other trees pianted from the same varieties, grown on their own 
stock. You graft the Northern Spy on the Tolman Sweet. The Northern Spy is a 
rapid and strong grower: the Tolman Sweet is not so much so. The trunk on the 
Northern Spy will be at least one-third larger in circumference within two feet from the 
ground than the Tolman Sweet, and vice versa. 1 think there are some matters that are 
not fully matured on that theory yet. 


86 FRUIT GROWERWS’ ASSOOL[ATION OF ONTARIO, 


Mr. Oaston: The great trouble is, people don’t begin soon enough. You want to 
begin on a tree while it is young ; and I know specimens in my own locality that have 
been grafted 10 or 15 years—King of Tomkins grafted on Talman Sweets. In about 
three graftings you want to complete the top. I do not know of any stock better for 
grafting on than the Haas. 


Mr. Pettit: Jo you graft so as to throw the tree into bearing ? 
Mr. Caston: No, simply to get a hardy stock. 
Mr. Oaston: It is extra hardy in our locality. 


Mr. Boutrer: It is certainly gratifying to mé to hear from Mr. Edwards’ paper 
that this locality produces as much fruit as it does. It is encouraging to the Associa- 
tion to know that you have been so successful, 


NECESSITY FOR A CHANGE IN OUR METHODS OF OBTAINING AND 
INTRODUCING NEW VARIETIES OF FRUIT. 


Mr. Tuomas BzEAtt, of Lindsay, read the following paper : 


New varieties of fruits are obtained in different ways. Mostly, however, from acci~ 
dental seedlings of supposed superior merit which are often found in localities where our 
staple fruits are grown. The merits of such seedlings are first decided on by the 
individual taste and knowledge of the finder. For many years past the first move 
towards bringing such varieties to public notice has generally been to bring samples to 
the notice of the Fruit-Growers’ Association, where it was subjected to the scrutiny of 
a committee, composed mostly of experts, who reported thereon at the next meeting of 
the Association. These reports have, until recent years, been very interesting papers, 
inasmuch as they bore evidence of careful scrutiny, considerable knowledge of the subject, 
and commendable courage in their outspoken criticism. For while commending what 
was commendable they courteously put an extinguisher on the many varieties that were 
without merit. 

Of late, these committee reports are of a very different character. They are simply 
a list of whatever there may be on exhibition. There is nothing specially commended 
and nothing disapproved of. Perhaps these committees recognize the fact that the 
result to the public will be as formerly, viz.:—That they will assist in making a show 
in the annual report as well as the former, and, that as the Association takes no means 
whatever to preserve any record (in convenient shape) of the excellencies of any varieties, 
all would go down to oblivion together. 

Perhaps there is no branch of the business of fruit-growing which interests the 
great majority of fruit growers more than that of ‘new varieties.” For whenever a new 
variety, or what purports to be a new variety, is brought to their notice, especially 
when sufficiently puffed by nurserymen’s agents with the assistance of gorgeously colored 
prints, and, provided the prices named are high enough, the sales made are generally of — 
sufficient extent and magnitude to amply recoup the enterprising nurseryman. 

A retired nurseryman of Eastern Ontario, well known to many persons in this 
assembly, and much respected by all who do know him, says that more money is paid 
away every year by the people of this province for high-priced worthless nursery stock 
than would be sufficient to pay the interest on our national indebtedness, and I believe 
his statement is true. 

A nurseryman’s catalogue was lately received by me which seems to “ cap the cli- 
max” of this mode of advertising. A new apple called “Springdale” is introduced, 
and, as advertised, seems to be the most useful apple yet produced in any country. I[t 
is said to be of Jarge size, measuring between four and five inches in diameter ; beautiful 
in color, of fine flavor; a winter variety that retains all its good qualities until the follow- 
ing spring, even after being used to fill up the mud holes and ruts on the farm during 
winter. All these and other excellent qualities are vouched for by a certificate from the 
‘Hon. W. G. Vincenheller, Arkansas State Commissioner of Agriculture,” who, after 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO, 87 


certifying to many of its good qualities says: ‘“‘ freezing does not injure the fruit ; ate 
them last spring, after they had been run over by waggons and left all winter half 
buried in the ruts, and yet still sound and of fine flavor.” It seems almost too absurd 
to think Canadians can be gulled by such advertisements ; but such trash would not be 
circulated if it did not pay. 

Much valuable time and a great deal of money has been spent in endeavoring to 
obtain from North-western Europe varieties of winter apples superior to our own for 
foreign shipment. For some years past our reports and our journal have been crowded 
with descriptions and illustrations of new Russian varieties of fruits of ail kinds, but as 
far as I can learn no winter apple has yet been found to equal the varieties already 
grown here. And the fact that none of our best winter varieties have been obtained 
from more northern or colder countries than this should have been sufficient long ago to 
have caused a discontinuance of these costly experiments in pomological research. 

On the pages of our Horticultural Journal there may be found strong commenda- 
tions of varieties which a practical public had long before found unsuited to the 
peculiarities of our climate. The first article in the November number is an example. 
Here the McIntosh Red apple is described as ‘‘a seedling of great value,” a ‘‘ winter 
variety,” surpassing the Fameuse in “coloring, size and quality,” and also as being a 
variety underrated by the committee on apples because of its being a “‘ new” variety. 
To all of which is added a certificate of character from Dr. Hoskins, of Vermont, who is 
(the writer says) “the best authority we have on hardy apples,” stating it to be ‘the 
best and most beautiful apple of its season.” Now, it is not a very “new” variety. 
It was described in Dowing some twenty years ago. Ten years ago the editor of the 
Canadian Horticulturist said of it: ‘‘ It is known in Western Ontario, but the fruit is 
so very subject to the black scab that it cannot be profitably grown at present.” In 
1884 Mr. McIntosh, who is a nurseryman, said he had been propagating from the 
original tree for fifty years. 1t can hardly be said to be of “great value,” because of 
the two serious blemishes in its character, also referred to by the writer of the article in 
question; viz.: Its great liability to “scab” and the unusual tenderness of its fruit 
buds. It has been tested largely throughout this Province during the past twenty 
years, yet none of the four or five hundred fruit-growers to whom application was made 
by the committee on apples for lists of varieties most suitable for cultivation in this 
Province recommended this variety. 

During the past two years a few hybridized varieties have been introduced, having 
so many of the necessary qualities requisite in fruits for commercial orchards that little 
doubt exists but this method of obtaining new varieties excels all others in the certainty 
of its results. If this method of procuring new varieties is so very good it may well be 
asked why it is that so little is heard of hybridizing or cross-fertilization lately. I 
believe the chief cause is that, while a number of nurserymen have made large profits 
and the whole Province has been greatly enriched by growing some of these varieties, 
the originators—those who have spent many years in the production and development 
of these varieties—have received no reward therefor, and but little encouragement 
either from the public or from this Association. No doubt a few persons may continue 
to experiment in this most attractive branch of horticultural science, but since it is so 
well known that no pecuniary reward may result to the originator of a valuable new 
variety we may not hope for much of that energetic, persistent and continuous effort 
which ensures success. 

I have endeavored to show some of the causes of want of success in introducing 
new varieties, which, briefly, may be summed up thus: 


1. A great many of the new varieties which have been brought to the notice of 
this Association during the past twenty years, if we are to believe the committees’ reports 
(and there is no cause to doubt their accuracy), possessed qualities which might have 
resulted ere this in displacing some of those now on our list, but which, through the 
neglect of this Association to keep a convenient record of such varieties, are now for- 
gotten. 

2. Nurserymen are always ready to acquire new varieties of anything in their line, 
but nurserymen are mortal], and therefore work for their own personal gain. The fewer 


88 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


the number of new plants the better for them, but of these they require absolute control. 
So far, all is well. But, as already shown, the profit to them is often in proportion to 
the exaggeration used, hence no dependence may be placed on their catalogues. 

3. Bringing varieties to public notice through the columns of the Horticulturist 
which are not equal, and often inferior, to varieties. on the authorized list of this 
’ Association, is very misleading and annoying to the public, and therefore of great injury 
to the Fruit-Growers’ Association. It should be thoroughly understood that no new 
variety of fruit can obtain a prominent place in public estimation until the fact is 
established beyond doubt that it is superior to some one, at least, of the established 
varieties as given for the various districts of Ontario. : 

; 4. The fact that nothing has been done, or is doing, by this Association towards 

securing suitable compensation for successfal results in hybridization is a reproach to 
this Association, and is perhaps the chief cause of the decreased interest in this, the most 
important branch of practical pomology. The following sentence from page 121 of 
Annual Report of 1892 is worth quoting in this connection: ‘ But if students in this 
branch of science were assured that extraordinary success would meet with corresponding 
reward, men in early life having the necessary educational training would engage in this 
pursuit, and pomology and horticulture would soon be elevated in our country to that 
position in the scale of natural science which its importance deserves.” 

Perhaps it may not be out of place here to suggest a remedy for this state of affairs 
for the future, and possibly regain somewhat from the past. 

A committee might be appointed, which should be permanent in its character ; viz.: 
Tt should hold its position from year to year, or until changed by the Association, and 
should be in addition to the usual fruit committees. This committee should take 
cognizance of all matters relating to new varieties of fruits, such as to revise and condense 
after publication all reports of committees on new fruits ; revise and condense all lists of 
fruits from year to year; summarize all the work of the Association for the past and 
preceding years relating to new fruits; originate or take into consideration any scheme 
which may have originated elsewhere for the better conduct of this branch of the business 
of this Association, and report at every annual meeting. This committee, for the better 
prosecution of their work, should consist of three persons only, who, in addition to having 
some knowledge of fruits, should have a fair knowledge of public business. And, also, it 
should have the power to appoint from time to time sub-committees of experts for each 
kind of fruit, who would report to the permanent committee as may he required. 

Mr. Parrison: J hardly think it advisable that rewards should be offered to 
introducers of new fruit. I think they stand very much in the position of inventors 
who patent articles and thus obtain the right over that article. It is found that although 
no reward is given for new patents the market, as anyone can ascertain by examining 
the records, is simply flooded with new patents for every imaginable kind of thing, the 
great majority of which are worthless and die a natural death. I think there are plenty 
men who will undertake hybridizing and offering new fruits from simply the love of the 
occupation. Then, again, if the new fruit is good and properly introduced there is no 
reason why the producer should lose control over it until he makes a good bargain with 
some nursery—they are always ready to make a bargain. 

Mr. Epwarps: I do not agree with that last suggestion, I think Mr. Beall’s 
view is thoroughly good, because the policy of this Association and of the fruit-growers 
of Ontario has always been a liberal one. It has been in the direction of spreading 
knowledge, on every new point, through the whole country, and it is in that direction 
I think, a notable success should be rewarded—not everything, but where there is a 
decided success the Government should assume it and spread it throughout the country. 
Now, you cannot protect trees and things of that sort as you can patents, because every 
tree that goes out into the country produces its own scions, which may be budded on 
every tree in the orchard. 

The Secrurary: Mr. Beall has unjustly criticized an article in the November 
Horticulturist about the MacIntosh Red. If [ remember aright, it was there clearly 
stated that on account of its tendency to spot it was ruled out. Very fine samples of 
that apple were shown at the World’s Fair at Chicago from the Province of Quebec. 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOOIATION OF ONTARIO, 89 


Mr. Parrison: The article is here; the tenleacy to spot was mentioned. It 
reads as follows: ‘“ How unfortunate that it has two s»rions faults; one, in that it 
scabs almost as badly a3 the Fameuse, and another in tho fact that, while its wood is as 
hardy as the Fameuse or Wealthy, its fruit buds are nore tender, so that in cold sections 
it becomes a shy bearer ” 


ASSESSMENT OF ORCHARDS. 


Mr. Epwarps: With the consent of the other members of the Legislative Com- 
mittee, [| would refer to the question of municipal assessment, so far as it relates to 
fruit-growers. I think that it would not be undesirable that some representation should 
be made to the Government with a view of authorizing, under the Assessment Act, the 
assessment of those parts of the farm that are devoted to the orchard and vineyard, in 
the same way that the rest of the farm is assessyed—that is, acre for acre—instead of 
increasing the assessment where a min begins to increase his orchard. I think the 
increase of orchards should be encouraged. At the present time there is no provision 
in the Assessment Act to assess orchards otherwise than their full value, whatever the 
assessor may think that to be. I therefore move that a committee, consisting of Dr. 
Beadle and Mr. Wellington, with power to add to their numbers, make such representa- 
tion to the Government as they may deem desirable with reference to the assessment of 
orchards and vineyards. 


Mr. Turner seconded the motion. 


The Secretary: You might also add Mr. Allan to that committee ; he is also in 
Toronto. 


Mr. Epwarps: Yes, I will add Mr. Allan. 

Mr. Pattison: Would it be just to the other farmers if, by planting an orchard 
on a piece of land, you raise the value of that piece? 

Mr. Epwarps: I think it would. 

The PresipENT: It is a matter with many sides to it. Wedall know now that our 
assessment law is the most complex and complicated in the world. 

The Secretary: In some cases property is lessened in value by putting an orchard 
on it, at least in the owner’s opinion, because they are digging them out, and digging the 
roots out is no small job. 

Mr. A. H. Perrit: I don’t think many orchards are being taken out in our 


country or any other country because we don’t want them, but rather so as to plant 
something else that there is more money in. 


Mr. Caston: It would still be an orchard, all the same. 

The Presipenr: What is your pleasure in the matter? There will be no expense. 

Mr. A. H. Pertit: I would move that Mr. Edwards be added to that committee, 
as one of the legal profession there, to unravel the knots. (Laughter.) 

Mr. Epwarps: The idea was that we should have men resident in Toronto. 


The Presipent: Is ita fact that the assessment has been increased in any three 
or four or five acres that have been planted as orchard ? 


Mr. Epwarvs: I do not think it is, bat the assessment law recoguizes simply the 
assessment of aJ] land according to its actual value. 


The Presipent: I do not know any case where an addition has been made to the 
assessment in consequence of a farm baving one or two or more acres of orchard upon it. 


Mr. McNew.i: I was a member of a township council some years ago when that 
very point came up. The Chappel farm, on the Sandwich River, was assessed at $75 
an acre because it was one continuous orchard for some distance back, Fine, enter- 
prising fellows had hold of it. There was a slovenly Frenchman right next to him, 
and he got off at $40 an acre, and the matter came up before us. What could we do? 


90 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 
an Ee ee 


The Frenchman’s farm was not worth more than $40 an acre; the front of it had all 
been given away fur gravel; and here was this farm in orchard assessed at $75, and 
well worth it. Still he grumbled, because he had improved his farm and the other man 
had made a wreck of his farm, that he should suffer for his neighbor. The other man’s 
was costing the community just as much as his was, and he argued in that way. 


Mr. Orr: I know I am paying twice as much as I was sixteen years ago. 


Mr. DempsEy: I havea couple of acres of orchard assessed at about $100 an acre 
in the County of Prince Edward. If the farmers alongside were assessed at the same 
rate they would pay immense taxes. If my two acres had no orchard on it it would be 
assessed for $30 an acre. 


The motion was then put and carried. 


SOME DESIRABLE ORNAMENTAL TREES, SHRUBS, AND PLANTS, FOR. 
PLANTING IN ONTARIO. 


By Pror Saunpsers, Director DomINIon EXPERIMENTAL Farm, OTTAawa. 


The love of plants, shrubs and trees is a general characterstic of civilized man, and 
there are few people who do not feel pleasurable impulses when they look upon beautiful 
shrubs and trees in the full beauty of their leafage. 

Nature has indeed been prodigal in her generosity in the many beautiful forms 
which these noble objects present as found growing wild under varying conditions of 
climate and soil the world over. Man has long exercised his skill and energy in the 
production and cultivation of new forms originated by cross fertilization in which he 
appears as an original worker. He has also assisted nature by preserving the many 
singular and beautiful variations which occur as “sports” in plants and trees. Nearly 
all the modifications in the forms and coloring of the foliage of plants, shrubs and trees 
have oecurred through these mysterious workings of nature, and under man’s watchful 
care these treasures have been preserved and multiplied, and many new and beautiful 
forms thus made generally accessible. 

For example we have many variations which have occurred in the common arbor- 
vitze popularly known as cedar. In addition to the ordinary bushy form so beautiful in the 
woods of Eastern Canada, there isa stately pyramidal form in which the tree assumes 
the distinctness of outline and regularity of form of a pyramid of green without any 
pruning or shaping by the hand of man. As a strongly contrasting form there is 
the variety known as Little Gem, so dwarf in habit that it rarely grows much over an 
inch a year and seldom attains much more than a foot in height. It is indeed a little 
gem with its dense green foliage and slowly spreading form, for which almost every 
garden however small could find a suitable corner. 

Representing the sports of this tree which are intermediate in character we have 
the dense rotund low growing form of globosa and Hoveyi with many others, some of 
which have the foliage beautifully arranged in regular laminated plate-like masses. 
Among the variations in form and character of the foliage are the Heathleaved and 
the Tom Thumb in which the foliage is much more finely divided, and among variations 
in color may be mentioned the Victoria with its silver tipped leaves also Aurea, Mee- 
hani and Douglas’ golden with their various shades of golden yellow. All these have 
occurred as natural variations or sports, and man’s agency has been of use in recognizing 
the value of these sports when produced and in preserving an! propagating them. 

It is astonishing what a volume of varied work is continually carried on in every 
direction in nature’s laboratories, and the variety of products which result therefrom 
are most numerous and interesting. 

The subject assigned to me as the basis for some remarks on this occasion is ‘‘ Some 
desirable ornamental trees, shrubs and plants for cultivation in Ontario.” Ontario is a 
large province, varying much in different sections in its climate, and as most of you will ; 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 91 


naturally be more interested in those trees aud shrubs which from their hardiness are 
more particularly adapted for growing in eastern Ontario, I shall with your permission 
confine my remarks on this occasion mainly to such varieties as can be successfully 
grown within this area. With this material limitation the subject is still a very large 
one. The climate at Ottawa is probably more severe in winter than the climate of this 
district, yet we now have on the Experimental Farm there in trees and shrubs alone nearly 
600 distinct varieties, to which may be added about 150 hardy sorts of roses and many 
additional sorts are being added to both of these groups every year. The varieties of 
perennial plants of all classes would easily add 1,000 more to this already long list. 

From this multiplicity of material I can only refer in the limits of such an address 
as this to some of the more strikingly beautiful and attractive things. 

A question is frequently put to me by novices in this department—and the well- 
informed members of this Association will, | know, pardon me for referring to it—whether 
such and such a shrub is a flowering shrub. Ail shrubs are flowering shrubs, and all trees 
also which are hardy in this climate. In many instances, however, the flowers are small 
and inconspicuous and are not generally noticed. Some which are unattractive in flower 
are conspicuous in fruit, while others which make little show either in flower or fruit 
make amends for ali other deficiencies in the beauties connected with their foliage and 
form. 

Taking the subjects in the order in which they are placed on this occasion, trees will 
first claim our attention. 

At the outset permit me to offer a word of caution and to enter a much-needed pro- 
test. Hnthusiasm in anything, however good, will often carry one to extremes and this 
is very frequently the case with tree planting for ornamental purposes. When our minds 
become awakened to the beauties and pleasures connected with this form of ornamentation, 
we want to crowd as many beautiful things as possible into the small space at our 
disposal. 

In the planting of trees on any piece of ground due regard should be had to the 
placing of the different species so that the larger growing sorts which require many years 
of growth before displaying their full beauty should not have that beauty disfigured and 
marred by being so crowded that their graceful outlines cannot be seen and where the 
limbs soon begin to die from overshading. This can easily be avoided by planting the 
area surrounding such trees on the space which as growth progresses they are designed to 
occupy with such shrubs and dwarf forms of trees as will admit of being transplanted 
without injury to other quarters as the need arises for such removal. It is far better to 
have a few well grown shapely trees on a dimited lawn or garden plot, whose gracefulness 
and beauty will be a constant source of pleasure to the owner and his friends, than to 
have ten times that number of different sorts, so crowded together that none can get the 
requisite sunlight and air for healthy development. Under such circumstances and 
burdened with the idea that it is almost a sacrilege‘ to cut down a single specimen from 
among those which have had years of care, in order to give space for the admission of 
sanlight and air, we find the owner endeavoring to effect all sorts of compromises—taking 
the head off one specimen, lopping the arms off another and trimming up the lower 
branches of others until they are made to resemble the tiny trees in a Noah’s Ark—a bunch 
of green on a piece of stick. By such management they all become disfigured and bereft 
of that beauty and grace with which nature has endowed them. 


EVERGREENS. 


Some of the more desirable forms of arbor-vite have already been referred to and 
no collection would be complete without some of these. 

Among the pines there are many beautiful sorts. One of the best is our native 
white pine, Pinus strobus, which should be planted of small size in order to produce the 
best results. Whan allowed sufficient space to develop they make handsome specimens, 
and they preserve their bright green color all the year round. 

The Swiss or stone pine, Pinus cembra, is a slow grower, upright in habit, which 
makes a striking object and will content itself with a limited space for many years. 

The Scotch pine, Pinus sylvestris, is a more upright grower with long dense foliage 
of a bright lively green in summer and of a good color in the winter 


92 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


The Austrian pine, Pinus Australis, is a medium grower also with long and dense 
foliage. It is a little more stiff in habit than the Scotch pine. 

The yellow or bull pine, Pinus gonderosa, has very long foliage and a striking and 
distinct habit of growth. ‘This tree deserves to be better known and more extensively 
planted. 

The red or pitch pine, Pinus resinosa, has a more graceful and less rigid habit than 
the Scotch or Austrian. 

The dwarf pine, Pinus mughus, and its somewhat larger growing relative, Pinus 
Montana, require but a limited space for their growth, and both make handsome specimens. 
They should be allowed to branch from the ground, and in a few years they become large 
globular masses of green of a most agreeable shade of color. 

Among the spruces the common white and black spruces, Picea alba and nigra are 
well known, but theirfull beauty andsymmetry are not oftenseenin the struggle for existence 
which they maintain in their native haunts. If you desire to get compact specimens of 
full symmetry begin with a tree not more than two feet in height and give space suffici- 
ent to admit of the young tree being bathed in sunshine and air, and nature will 
do the rest and in a very few years a specimen tree will be produced which will charm 
the beholder. 

The balsam spruce, Abies balsamea, has rather too open and spreading a habit to 
make it very desirable as a single specimen, but in a suitable group with more compact 
growing sorts it may well find a place. 

The hemlock spruce, Abies Canadensis, is one of the most beautiful and graceful of 
all evergreens and should not be overlooked. It is, however, difficult to transplant and 
for this reason is not always successful. 

Among the spruces none is so striking and beautiful as the Colorado blue spruce, 
Picea pungens, and more especially those specimens with a distinct steely blue color to the 
foliage. This color varies in its intensity from a faint hue to one of a very decided and 
striking character. The blue color is most pronounced in the new growth in the spring, 
and as the summer advances it becomes softened and mellowed to a pale bluish green which 
contrasts strongly with the bright new growth when it pushes out the following season. 

In connection with evergreens, I would say we have grown several of the Japanese 
Retinosporas at Ottawa without protection. The A. filifera is one of the hardiest 
and has never been injured by the coldest weather. The &. Leptoclada bears some 
resemblence to the arbor vite and is also hardy, but the most striking and beauti- 
ful of all the forms is &. plumosa. This has a delicate foliage, finely cut, and of a very 
feathery texture ; and although not quite so hardy as R&, filifera, has stood fairly well 
for the last four years. A modification of this form, known as the golden variety of 
Plumosa, also does fairly well with us, and seems about equally hardy with that of the 
green form. Among the evergreen low growing shrubs—may be mentioned one of the 
Daphnes, which is very handsome atid attractive, and has proven hardy in Ottawa. I 
refer to the Daphne cneorum. It grows about six or eight inches high, and has clusters 
of flowers which are delightfully fragrant, and the plant blooms for the greater part of 
the first months in the spring, and usually again in the autumn. We have had some difficulty 
in establishing some.of the plants, and where the most pains were taken there has apparently 
been the least success, but one plant which was left in a very poor piece of sandy ground 
and never had any attention, has done remarkably well and made most vigorous growth. 
I believe it requires a light sandy soil to grow it successfully ; but it is one of the 
best and most desirable forms of low-growing woody shrub that I know of. 


Decipuous TREES, 


Among the desirable deciduous trees there are many deserving of men- 
tion. The various forms of maple are very beautiful. ‘The red and sugar need no 
comment, as they are known to all. They are very desirable as street trees and shade 
trees wherever there is room to grow them. A great many people, however, plant a form 
of the maple known as the silver maple (Acer dasycarpwm) to a greater extent than is 
desirable, because it is soft and brittle in its wood, and when we have storms in winter and 
the branches get coa'ed with ice these trees are almost always disfigured by the breaking of 
a large number of their limbs. Many call this the soft maple, and confound it with the 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO, 93 


ordinary soft or red maple, which is a very much better tree, being tough, strong and 
durable. The form of weeping maple which is often planted as an ornamental tree, the 
A, dasycarpum Weiri of the catalogues, is a variety of this brittle western maple, which, 
although a very desirable tree, and very beautiful, when sound and perfect, is very liable 
to be injured and torn to pieces by winds and storms of the character to which [ have 
referred. The Norway maple although well known in some sections, is I find, scarcely 
known at all in other districts. It is a very desirable tree, very handsome in its growth 
and vigorous. It retains its foliage generally ten days to a fortnight longer in the autumn 
than any of our native species, and although it does not assume the beautiful colors which 
our red maple does, its handsome shades of brown and yellow, contrasting with the shades 
of the other species, lend a charm and variety to the autumn landscape. Another very 
pretty form, which in the woods is rather a striking-looking tree, is what is called the 
Mountain maple, (Acer spicatum.) This is rather a large bush, or sometimes a small tree, 
Still it is worthy to be mentioned and to be included in a collection of trees of this char- 
acter. There is a variety of the Norway maple, which is also desirable, although not so 
hardy as the ordinary Norway maple, and that is the form known as A. Schweidleri. This 
produces deep colored foliage in the spring. The foliage is sometimes darker than the pur- 
ple in the purple beech, although it is of a somewhat different shade of color. It retains this 
handsome purple color until the growth is pretty well advanced in the summer, when the 
color gradually fades almost to a plain green. Another form of maple which is deserving 
of cultivation to a far greater extent than it gets is the Pennsylvania maple (Acer Penn- 
sylvanium.) This makes a handsome small tree, and the bark is so beautifully striped 
with white bars as to make it strikingly ornamental not only in the summer but also 
during the winter months. Passing to the chestnuts, we do not find in Ottawa that the 
common form of European horse chestnut, Wsculus hippocastanum, succeeds well. 
Tt lives and struggles along, but makes very little growth and is very unsatis- 
factory ; but that near relative of this species, known as the Buckeye, which grows 
wild in Ohio, known as Msculus flava, is a very useful ornamental tree which 
passes with the uninitiated, very frequently as a horse-chestnut, but when examined 
it is found to differ both in its leaves and fruit, There are several species of alder 
which make very pretty trees if uninjured, but unfortunately we have had introduced 
into this country an insect which preys on the alder. In Europe it is a small moth, 
which in the larval state works between the tissues of the leaves and makes large 
black or brown patches on the leaf, which causes the tree to look very unsightly. 
Hence, unless we can devise some means of reaching this little insect the alder trees 
are not desirable. To destroy this- pest is exceedingly difficult, as it lodges itself 
between the upper and lower tissues of the leaves, and feeds inside on the soft tissues of 
which the leaf is formed. There is one sort of alder which seems to escape almost en- 
tirely the attacks of this insect, and I think that is partly due to the fact that the leaf is 

so finely cut that it does not give the opportunity to the insect to find a home sufficiently - 
large to admit of its coming to maturity. I refer to the imperial cut-leafed alder (Alnus 
glutinosa laciniata), the leaves are of a beautiful shade of green, and are finely cut. 
Among the birches we have several remarkably handsome and beautiful trees—particular- 
lv the canoe, the yellow and the red birches. There are, however, none which attract so 
much attention for ornamental planting as that variety of the white birch of Europe known 
as the cut-leaf birch (Betula alba laciniata). This tree has proven hardy as far north as 
Brandon, Manitoba, where we have on the experimental farms one or two very nice trees 
growing thriftily. Very few of the deciduous trees which are common and hardy here will 
endure the climate there; but this is an exception, and is becoming a very popular orna- 
mental tree for planting in that province. About Ottawa it thrives remarkably well. 
We have many of them on the experimental farm, and every year adds to their beauty 
and grace, and their long, pendulous branches sweep the ground with the movements of 
the wind in the summer time. The hickories are all very beautiful trees and compact in 
their growth. Among these, however, there are none better or more attractive than the 
ordinary soft-shelled hickory. Among the deciduous trees there is one of recent intro- 
duction to which I would like to call you special notice. This is from J apan, and is 
believed to belong to the family of magnolias. It is known as Cercidiphyllum Japonicum, 


94 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


SS eee 


Coming from Japan it was not expected it would stand in such a climate as we have at 
Ottawa ; but after five years’ trial, in which it has never killed back an inch, to my 
knowledge at any time, I think we may fairly pronounce it to be hardy there. Thisisa 
rapid-growing tree, with heart shaped leaves which are dark-green above and silvery green 
beneath. The leaf stalks are dark red and there is a tint of the same color in the veins in 
the leaf, which, contrasting with the dark brown of the young shoots gives the tree a very 
attractive appearance. Another tree, a native of America, which has its habitat in the 
more southern portions of this country, is also deserving of mention, as it has proved hardy 
in Ottawa after four years’ trial, I refer to the yellow-wood Cladrastis tinctoria. It is 
a small-sized, round-headed tree, and has handsome compound leaves and sweet-scented 
flowers in June. The tree has not flowered with us yet, but 1t has made a regular and 
fair growth, and has not, to my knowledge, been injured by the winter. The beeches are 
more difficult to grow than most other classes of trees, and their growth is slow. The 
European beech seems to be fairly hardy. So also is the purple variety of this tree, com- 
monly known as the purple beech. The Kentucky coffee tree (C'ymmnocladus Canadensis) 
sometimes supposed to be tender, but has also proven quite hardy in Ottawa. There are 
two large and handsome trees growing in front of Rideau Hall which must be forty or 
fifty years of age. We have found young trees planted on the experimental farm also to 
be hardy, and these trees have also been tested at different points in Ontario, and they 
have proven hardy wherever planted. Although of somewhat irregular growth when 
young, it becomes a tree of good shape in time. It has blunt shoots, with the extremities 
somewhat swollen, large compound leaves, and a rough bark. The Butternut (Juglans 
cinerea) is found native over a very large portion of Ontario. It is met with also in some 
parts of Quebec and extends down to the Maritime Provinces. The black walnut, (Juglans 
nigra) does not grow native over all of this territory,but we find as a rule it can be grown 
wherever planted, and is a hardy and very useful tree. So also with the Japan walnut— 
the J. Sieboldiani—which is a rapid-growing and hands me tree, and appears to be equally 
hardy with the black walnut or the butternut with us. 
Mr. SmitH: Does the black walnut grow at Ottawa? 

Pror. SauNDERS; Yes, we have trees growing at the Experimental Farm five or 
six years old which have been grown there from the nuts, and they are quite hardy. I 
desire to call your attention to a tree which grows not only in the northern parts of 
Ontario but all through the north-west ; that is the Negundo tree, Acer Negundo or 
box elder, and sometimes known as the Manitoba maple. It"isa tree which resembles the 
maple very much. Sugar can be made from its sap in the same way that we make it 
from the hard maple, and this sugar is of very fine quality. In connection with our 
work at the experimental farms we have during the last three years distributed about 
five tons of the seed of this tree, this seed has been collected inthe valleys and among 
the bluffs in Manitoba and the North-west Territories. Having called attention 
repeatedly to the value of this tree for that section of country, many people have the 
idea that it is a very desirable tree to plant down here. It is nothing of the sort. We 
have so many trees here which are very much better and more valuable that it is not 
desirable injmy opinion, to undertake to introduce that tree for any general planting in 
the east. It sometimes makes a pretty specimen while young and thrifty, but it is not so 
handsome or shapely as our native maples. I mention this in this connection because 
every year J get scores of letters asking for seed ofthis particular tree, from people who 
reside in districts where all the better classes of trees can be grown. This tree would 
not be grownso muchin Manitoba if we could grow there the hard or the soft maple or 
the Norway maple ; but asit isone of the fastest growing trees for that section and is 
quite hardy, it is exceedingly valuable both forshelter and ornament. Among the small 
trees, or large shrubs, may be mentioned the hop tree, or wafer ash, which is coy- 
ered late in the summer with bunches of seed vessels about the size of an ordinary wafer, 
and very much like a wafer in form. There are several species of mountain ash which 
also do remarkably well all through the northern and eastern parts of Ontario, the com- 
(mon European form (Pyrus aucuparia) also what is known as the American mountain ash 
(Pyrus Americana) and the oak-leaved form of the European mountain ash (Pyrus 
aucuparia var, quercifolia.) These are handsome and desirable trees, and grow well, and 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 95 


are hardy all through this Territory to which I have referred; it seems to me, from what 
I have seen of these trees, that they fruit more abundantly in the colder portions of this 
Province than they do in the warmer sections. In some localities, during the early part of 
the winter, before the birds have got at them and thinned them out, the trees are sometimes 
covered with scarlet clusters of fruit. Among the oaks we have a number of varieties 
worthy of notice. One of the most desirable forms is what is known as the mossy cup 
oak (Quercus macrocarpa.) That is a species very widely distributed, growing not only 
through all the eastern parts of this country, but growing west, away up into Manitoba, 
and almost into the territories. The red and white oaks also deserve a place on large 
grounds. Another curious and interesting tree from Japan, which has been found hardy 
at Ottawa, is the salisburia or}maiden hair tree (Salisburia.adiantifolia). ‘This was not 
expected to be hardy there, but it was tried with a number of other sorts, many of which 
have failed, and we have found it to be quite hardy, and it makes fair growth from year 
to year. I speak now, from four years’ trial. We have trees that have stood four winters. 


Mr. SmitH: Does not that bear some kind of a fruit or nut ? 


Prof. SaunpERS: It does bear a nut of beautiful white silvery character on the out- 
side, not so large as our native chestnut, but smoother and flatter in its form. I know 
of no instance where it has seeded very far north of Washington. 


Mr. SuitH: I have one seven or eight years old, and have been looking for seed for 
some time. 


Prof. SaunpERs: There are some varieties of willow and poplar, especially some of 
those which have been imported from Russia, which are proving valuable as trees both 
ornamental and useful. They are all very rapid growers. The Basswood (Tilia Ameri- 
cana,) is also a native with us, and grows well as an ornamental tree. So does the 
European basswood, 7’. Hwropeea, which makes a smaller tree, more compact and pyra- 
midal in form. All varieties of elm seem to succeed, and of these there are a large 
number, varying in form and color of leaf and bark ; but it is scarcely necessary at this 
time to refer to them, other than in a very general way. 


SHRUBS. 


Coming to the question of shrubs, I would call' your attention first to the 
FalseIndigo, (Amorpha fragrans.) I have a specimen mounted here to show you what 
it looks like when in flower, The flowers are deep blue, arranged along spikes. The 
shrub is about four or five feet high, and is well covered with these spikes of flowers early 
in the spring. Among the earlier blooming shrubs is the flowering almond (Amygdalus 
nana) ; although not perfectly hardy at Ottawa, we find it to winter fairly well ; it gene- 
rally gives a pretty good supply of flowers. Prunus triloba is also very handsome, only 
the flowers are Jarger. Among the barberries we have a number of species, among the 
more striking of which is the Berberts Thunbergu. Inthe autumn there is no bush that 
I know of that puts on a more brilliant hue in its foliage—not even the red maple—than 
is shown in this shrub. The Siberian Pea (Caragna arborescens), of which here is an 
example in flower, is another of the very useful shrubs which have been introduced 
within late years that has proven exceedingly hardy—so hardy that on the plains of 
the North-West, where there is no protection whatever from the full sweep of the 
winds in winter, this shrub stands even better than any of the native species. So useful 
does this promise to be that a large number of these plants have been distributed from 
the Experimental Farm for test all through the North-West Territories. We have also 
sent there a considerable quantity of seed for sowing, which has been brought out from 
Europe. These yellow flowers that you see here appear in May, at a time when few 
of the flowering shrubs are in bloom, and the bush, from the compound character of its 
leaves, and its general aspect, is very valuable and beautiful. There are several other 
species belonging to this same genus which promise to be almost equally hardy and use- 
ful, varying in size and character of shrub and flower; but we do not yet know enough 
of them to be able to speak with the same certainty that we can of this particular 
form. Another very handsome native shrub is what is known as the New Jersey Tea 


96 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


Ceanothus Americana). This has spreading panicles and white flowers in June, that 
are very thickly clustered over the whole bush. As you find it growing in nature it 
presents more or less of a loose, straggling habit ; when cultivated in the shrubbery bor- 
der we find it assumes a very beautiful form, and is one of the most attractive of the 
low growing shrubs. The Button Bush (Cephalanthus occidentalis), which is found com- 
mon in many sections, is also a very desirable skrub for general cultivation, and its 
curious globular flowers, coming in late in July, when most other flowering shrubs have 
done flowering, makes it an attractive object in the shrubbery. The Sweet Pepper Bush 
(Clethra alnifolia,) is another attractive shrub and an excellent bee plant. The various 
species of Dogwoods also claim recognition here, especially the Siberian Dogwood, Cornus 
Siberica and C. Sanguinea, of Europe. We have also some very handsome variegated 
forms of foliage among these Dogwoods which are well worthy of cultivation, especially’ the 
variegated Cornus mascula or Cornelian Cherry, as it is calledin Europe. This list would 
be incomplete without some of the forms of Deutzia, of which we have several, which are 
half hardy in Ottawa. One of these, Deutzia gracilis, is hardy with us, probably for the 
reason that it is low growing and is thus covered with snow, which keeps it warm in 
winter, so that it comes out in the spring in good condition and flowers freely. The 
Dewizra crenata, kills partly back every winter; there is usually sufficient wood 
left alive to give a few flowers to start again, and we have found the Silver Bush Berry, 
elwagnus argentea, from the North-West exceedingly hardy and useful, The Forsytheas 
we cannot do very much with. They are handsome in their foliage—but rarely flower 
with us. The wood does not kill off, but the flower buds are killed almost every winter, 
except those branches that lie on the ground and are covered with snow. 


Dr. Brave: It is often killed back in the Niagara District. 


Prof. SAUNDERS: Ofall the shrubs under cultivation, probably there is none that has 
attracted so much attention and given so much satisfaction as the Japanese Hydrangea, 
known as Hydrangea Paniculata Grandiflora, which was distributed by this Association 
years ago. This shrub is a charming one. — It is perfectly hardy in Ottawa, and I have 
seen it growing as far north as Sault Ste. Marie in a garden that I visited there several 
years ago; I think it is hardy in almost all the settled parts of Ontario. It is a rapid 
grower, and produces at its tips every, year large clusters of whitish flowers; they remain 
a long time open—three or four weeks a single flower spike will last—towards the end of 
this period they get dingy and pinkish in color ; ; but for the first two or three weeks they 
are exceedingly handsome and attractive, and awaken more attention in the collection at 
the Experimental Farm from visitors than any other shrub that we grow. Quite unex- 
pectedly we have found the tree Peony to be quite a success in Ottawa—the Peonia 
Moutan. It has lived for several years, and made very good growth, and, as far as we 
can judge, is quite hardy. 

Dr. BeapDLeE: Because the snow covers it. It needs protection in the Niagara 
district. 


Prof, SaunpERS: Doesit? Well, our bushes are now about two feet high, and they 
seem to pass the winters very well. Probably our snow saves it. 


Dr. BEapLE: It may be that the freezing and thawing that it goes ‘through so many 
times in winter in the west is the cause of injury there. 


Prof. Saunpzers: That is quite possible. We have winter, when it sets in, good and 
steady, and we like it much better than so many changes. The different species of Phila- 
delphus, known also as Mock Orange, or Sweet Syringa, are very hardy and very florifer- 
ous. Among the plants belonging to the Sumach family we also have the Aromatic 
Sumach (Rhus aromatica), which is a hardy and valuable shrub, and the common form 
known as #, glabra‘and the cut-leaf form, of the same species(A. glabra laciniata). I must 
not omit to refer to a few of the Spireas, which are among the best of all the hardy shrubs. 
The Spirea Van Houtti and the round-leafed Spireea (Spirwa rotundifolia), are two special 
favorites that I think should be in every collection. The mounted specimen shown here 
is covered with a mass of these smail white flowers so thickly that you can see them when 
in flower from a long distance. The color of the flowers gives a character to the whole 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOOI[ATION OF ONTARIO. 97 


bush ; and the same with the S. Van Houtii, which is even more floriferous. Among the 
other sorts that should be named is S. Bumalda, a very handsome Spirza, with leaves 
more or less variegated, which bears flat clusters of pale purple flowers later in the season, 
We havealso S. Prunifolia in spring, which produces clusters of little white daisy-like flowers, 
and is very attractive and pretty ; this, however, is not so hardy. The S. Callosa and the 
golden form of the Spirwa opulifolia—the cranberry-leafed Spirzea—are good forms with 
us, especially the latter. Among our sample hedges, of which there are more than thirty 
under trial, this sends out such a profusion of golden foliage that the bright color can be 
seen for a long distance. As a single bush it is very fine, too. Wehave another Spirza 
known as the willow-leafed spirea, S. Salicifolia, and one also known as S. tomentosa, or 
the hairy spirea. These are among the more distinct forms of Spirza that carry you 
through the season, beginning with the plum-leafed spirzea, which is the earliest, and fol- 
lowing with the others in succession, you have spirzeas in bloom during a period covering 
two months in all. The lilacs must have a word said in their favor. The old fashioned 
lilac has been improved so much in late years by careful selections of the plants and by 
the cross fertilizing which has been carried on in Europe by different experts, that we have 
now quite a large list of valuable varieties covering all shades of color, frem white to 
deep purple. 


Dr. BeapLE: And double, too. 


Prof. SaunpERs: Yes, double also. The Princess Alexandra is probably one of the 
best of the new white forms. It is very desirable, and should be better known. Oharles 
X., we find in our experience at Ottawa, to be one of the most prolific in flowers. Indeed, 
the bushes, which are comparatively small, are very often half covered with flowers in the 
blooming season. 8S. Josikcea is a very distinct form of lilac, different in character from 
the old ones, with a very glossy, laurel-like leaf, and purple flowers, which are several 
weeks later than the ordinary lilac, The forms of the Persian lilac—the white and the 
purple—are both more or less tender with us, sometimes killing back considerably ; but 
they usually give us a tolerably good quantity of flowers notwithstanding. There are two 
or three of the Viburnums which are exceedingly good ; V. Lantana, which has large 
and handsome foliage, and large bunches of flowers, suceeded by scarlet berries, which 
turn almost black later, and are quite conspicuous. The last group of shrubs [ shall refer 
to is the Wigelias. These are not entirely hardy at Ottawa. They usually kill down 
about half their length--some times only a quarter ; but, by judicious pruning, good 
flowers are produced in abundance, and the shrubs are very handsome. _[ will call your 
attention new to the remainder of those I have here: Corchorus Japonica, Caragana 
Pendula (Siberian Pea), Cytisus Laburnum, Exochorda Grandiflora, Genista Siberica, 
Philadelphus Speciosissimus, Rhododendron Vixosum, Rosa Spinosissima, Rosa Cinna- 
monea, var, Siberica, Viburnum QOpulus, Weigela Amabilis Rosea, Weagela Sieboldii 
Varvegata, etc. I have not said anything about roses—the cultivated forms—as these 
would occupy an evening by themselves to discuss. 

I have now brought under your notice some of the choicest forms of hardy trees and 
shrubs, enough, I trust, to afford material for satisfying the most fastidious taste, and 
enough also to furnish material suitable for all conditions as to space, and which, with 
judicious selection, may be made to furnish a succession of bloom throughout the growing 
season. 


Dr. BeapLE: Do you find the Daphne Mesereum hardy ? 

Prof. SaunpErs: Not entirely hardy. 

Mr. Waite (Ottawa): We have two. or three plants of it that have grown wild 
and flowered every year for the last ten years. 


Prof. Saunpgers: These things usually gain in hardiness as they endure the climate 
for a time. We usually find a shrub that is moderately tender to begin with, that will 
develop a hardiness of constitution that will enable it to stand what would have killed it 
at the outset. 


Dr. Beapite: In regard to the walnut, Mr. Joly, formerly Premier of Quebec, has a 
large black walnut grove down in Quebec, still further north. 


7 (F.G.) 


98 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO, 


Prof. SAuNDERS: Yes, he exhibited some of the timber at Chicago this year. 


Mr. Wuite: I had one of the first cases of walnut tree fruiting thissummer. [| 
am sorry to say the boys stole the nuts ; they were a novelty. Very few people have any 
idea how beautiful the spiked maple is. The trees are very handsome. 


The Presipent: Where can they be procured ? 
Mr. WHITE: They grow wild in the woods. 


Prof. SaunpERS: The Ginala I should have mentioned when I was on my feet. It 
is hardy from the Atlantic out north to the Pacific. We have grown it on the Indian 
Head farm for several years. é 


Mr. SmitH: Have you ever had any Japanese maples ? 


Prof. SAuNnDERS: Yes, we have tried them. I tried a number of different forms in 
London when I lived there, but they all killed out. We have them in Ottawa, but we 
keep them in the greenhouse or in the cold cellar in the winter time. 


Mr. SmirH: I saw them in Rochester, and Mr. Barry told me that for the first two 
or three years they had to protect them, but afterwards they could stand the climate. 


Prof. SAunpDERS: They would there, but they would not stand our climate. 


Mr. Caston: What about the Catalpa that was issued by the Association a few 
years ago / 


Prof. SAuNDERS: We have three varieties of Catalpa : Speciosa, Tees’ Hybrid, and 
Kempferi. We have trees bearing seed this year in abundance, and anybody can have 
two or three pods by dropping me a card at any time, as we have collected quite a 
quantity of them. I think the Speciosa is the hardiest of the three forms, although the 
Tees’ Hybrid, taking it all in all, is quite as hardy. We have trees that have been out 
four years that have not killed back to any extent ; and we find an occasional tree in this 
forest-planted group that does not kill back, while all the neighboring trees are killed 
down to the snow line. It may all depend on where the seed was grown that produced 
that particular tree ; but we are not able to trace that back, because we bought the trees 
from nurserymen and don’t know anything about where the trees were grown. 


Mr. Turner: We havea black walnut fruiting in Oornwall that is subject to a 
large black caterpillar. I would like to know the remedy. 


Prof. SAunpDERS: The remedy for all these caterpillars is very simple if you have a 
spraying apparatus or a pump to spray them with the Paris green and water. That isa 
species of Detauna that you refer to—produces a very handsome moth. We have them at 
Ottawa, and if we didn’t look after them once ir a while we should find the trees all defoli- 
ated, because they eat the foliage very fast; but by spraying with Paris green you can 
kill them in a very few hours—the whole of them. 


Mr. Turner: Oan you grow Catalpa Speciosa in Ottawa ? 


Prof. SaunperS: Yes; six or seven years ago I put out a row of trees, and to-day 
there are about two standing, while the rest are killed out. Another tree has blossomed 
for the last two or three years very freely. 


Mr. Caston: It makesa rapid growth in our section, but kills back in the winter. 


Prof. Craig: I would like to call attention to a very important fact in this orna- 
mental shrub matter. I have a great many letters during the year asking where the 
many varieties of these shrubs can be procured. A number of those that have been 
enquired about have been already mentioned here this evening, and I am at a loss fre- 
quently to know just where to direct the parties, because I have not found, in many of the 
catalogues of our Canadian nurserymen, lists of other than the very commonest shrubs 
that have been mentioned. Now, I think that a more general interest in their propaga- 
tion should be taken by Oanadian nurserymen, and that Canadian planters should not be 
obliged to send to the United States tor these desirable ornaments. A very easy method 
of propagating, that we have practised at the farm, is by taking hardwood cuttings after 
the growth is ripe in the fal], and setting out just as currant cuttings are set, in a 


a | = 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 99 


trench that you may make with a spade in the ground. All that you have to do is 
to protect them with a little straw or mulch material. The next Spring the straw is 
taken otf, and perhaps 40 to 60 per cent. of these will grow—Sibirica, Weigela, Cor- 
chorus, Syringa (or Mock Orange), the Deutzias, and Jersey Tea—in fact most of the 
desirable varieties which are mentioned can be easily and readily grown in this way. 
Another shrub, and the most valuable probably, mentioned this evening—the Hydrangea 
—is most profitably produced from green wood cuttings, just as you slip a geranium, 
and can be set in a cold frame or in a box set in a shady place, the cutting being 
three or four inches in length, with the two lower leaves taken off and inserted down to 
the two upper leaves ; you will find it will root very quickly in this manner. 


Mr. Caston:- There is a shrub growing wild north of Lake Superior. You come 
across it at Port Arthur, among the rocks. It is very much like the Snow-berry in habit, 
grows about the same size—five or six feet high—and it is useful as well as ornamental, 
for it produces a very rich fruit—the plant is bent over with the weight of the fruit. 


Prof. SaunpErs: There is no doubt it is one of the dwarf forms of the June 
Berry. 


Mr. Caston: But it was along about the 11th or 12th of July. 


Prof. Saunpers: You would not expect it in June in your country? It belongs to 
the same family as the Saskatoon Berry of the North-West. 


STANDING COMMITTEE ON NEW FRUITS. 


The Secretary: I think it would be well to appoint a committee in the line of 
Mr. Beall’s paper, whose names would be published as a committee on new fruits, to 
whom any new fruits during the year might be sent for their opinion, and that this com- 
mittee should be expected to report to us, through the chairman, at the next meeting. 
I would move that the Committee be A. McD. Allan, D. W. Beadle and John Craig. 

Mr. Beatt: That Committee, I think, should also revise all present lists. 

The Secretary: Yes, I think that should be among their duties. 

Mr. Epwarps seconded the motion, which was carried. 


VOTES OF THANKS. 


Mr. McNzr: I take great pleasure in moving that the thanks of this Association 
be tendered to the Mayor and Corporation of Peterborough for their kindness in granting 
us accommodation and entertainment, and that the Secretary present this resolution to 


the proper parties. 
Mr. M. Perrir seconded the motion, which was carried. 
Mr. Bouter moved a vote of thanks to the press. Mr. Caston seconded. 


The PresipEnt: We have been more carefully looked after by the papers here than 
any place I have visited. Both reporters have been constantly with us. 
The motion was carried. 


The Presipent: I think we are very much indebted as an Association to Mr, 
Ed wards. . 


The Secretary: I was going to say that we should express to Mr. Edwards, as 
President, and to the Peterborough Horticultural Society, our thanks for their kind invita- 
tion here and courteous attention to us while we have been here. 

Dr. Beapie: [ want to second that motion, 
began to speak on the subject. 

The motion was carried amid applause. 


I should take up too much time if I 


100 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


Mr. Epwarps: I think we who live here should give the Association not only 
thanks, but some more heartfelt recognition of your kindness in coming here to give us 
information and to help us in the work we are trying to do. I must say that I look 
upon it as a great compliment on the part of the Association to come here, and we are | 
the ones who are indebted, and not you. 


The PresipENT: Now, gentlemen, the work of this Oonvention for this year is 
done. We have not had as large an attendance as we would like to have had, but we 
have got through a great deal of very valuable work, I think. This work will all tell in 
the long run, because it will appear in the Report, and though it may not have been 
immediately felt just about here in this locality I think it will be felt in a very much 
wider field than this. Nothing more being before the chair, I will declare this annual 
meeting closed. 


The Oonvention adjourned at 12.30. 


APPENDIX I, 


INSECTS INJURIOUS TO PLANTS. 


CONTRIBUTED BY THE SECRETARY. 


The title of this paper, as I first wrote it down, was misleading. It was “ Insects 
Injurious to the Fruit-Grower.” A lady seeing it remarked, ‘‘ Your subject seems to be 
rather a limited one ; with how many insects is the fruit-grower affected ?” 

In a way, surely the fruit-grower is affected by all those insects which injure his 
fruit—his pockets certainly suffer to an immeasurable extent. It has been computed 
that hundreds of thousands of dollars are annually lost to our fruit-growers, through the 
injuries caused by our insect enemies. 

I am well aware that in treating upon insects I am treading upon well-worn ground, 
and I can scarcely be expected to bring before you any new discoveries. The pathways 
are well worn by such masters of entomology as Riley, Packard, Saunders, Harris, 
Ormerod, Pettit, and numerous others. Mr. Packard’s work is too general for the use 
of the fruit-grower ; Harris’ is most interesting, but not arranged well enough, nor is it 
sufficiently complete to meet the needs of the practical truit-grower; Riley’s work for 
the United States, and Miss Ormerod’s for England are invaluable, but it remained for 
our own Professor Saunders to write a book, under the title of the above heading, exactly 
suited to the needs of Canadian fruit-growers, arranging it for practical purposes under 
such heads as ‘‘inseets injurious to the apple,” ‘to the pear,” “to the peach,” “to the 
grape,” etc., classifying the different insets under each head according to the part which 
they affect, whether the root, bark, leaves or fruit. This has proved a most convenient 
arrangement. I would suggest to some of our amateur collectors that they might make 
for themselves a most interesting collection on this same basis. This would not be so 
scientific an arrangement from an entomological point of view, but it would he be exactly 
right in the eyes of the professional horticulturist. 

It would obviously be absurd for me to attempt to cover in a paper like this 
even a general survey of the ground so well gone over by Professor Saunders ; I shall only 
attempt to give you some idea of the more well-known injurious insects which just now 
are great obstacles in the way of success in making the garden and orchard profitable 
throughout the fair Province of Ontario. 


THE Copiing MotH AND THE CURCULIO. 


At the very head of our enemies in the insect-world is the Codling-Moth, (Carpocapsa 
pomonella). Like other insects, it is increasing with the increasing supply of apples for 
it to feed upon, until of late years it has threatened the total destruction of our apple 
crops. A few years ago, before the practice of spraying with arsenites came into use, 
the pest became so serious that one third of the crop had to be thrown out as seconds, 
purely on account of its ravages. If these insects were content to feed upon the poorest 
of the fruit we would not grumble, as they would do us a good turn by thinning out our 
fruit, but, unfortunately, they choose the fairest and best, thus directly robbing us of our 
hard-earned profits. 

Many and very ingenious devices have been tried to keep these insects under control, 
as, for instance, trapping the moths with botttles of sweetened water ; by twisting hay 
bands about the trunks of the trees, into which the larve would crawl to pupate, and 
then wringing these bands through a wringer to destroy the cocoons; by keeping sheep 
and pigs in the orchard to eat the infested fruit, worms and all, as it falls to the ground, 
but every one of these devices has served only to check, not rid us of the evil. 


102 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


Can the fruit-growers be blamed then because, when the use of arsenites sprayed on 
the trees and fruit was found to be a success, they adopted it almost universally ? I speak 
of this because objection has been made on scientific grounds to the use of arsenites, since 
by the use of them not only the injurious, but also the wseful insects are often destroyed, 
and, among the latter, many parasites whose friendly office might in the end keep these 
enemies in check without the expense and trouble of applying poisons. The true 
principle, they say, is to favor the increase of these parasites and introduce other insect 
friends and thus cope with our foesin a manner which can be approved of on scientific 
grounds. 

Possibly such a course would be the wiser one in the end, but ‘a bird in the hand is 
worth two in the bush,” and I fear the fruit-growers have no patience to sacrifice a 
present advantage for an ulterior good. 

There are two broods of this moth—the first is on the wing about the time of the 
opening of the apple blossoms, when each female deposits her tiny evgs singly in the calyx- 
end of the apple ; and, as each moth deposits on an average about fifty eggs, it is easy to 
see how rapidly the insect may increase. There is a second brood of the moth in the 
latter part of July, but, if the first brood is destroyed, the second will be, of cource, 


destroyed with it. Hence arsenites, applied once or twice in June, will ensure a fairly — 


sound crop of fruit. 

Year by year less poison in dilution is found to be sufficient to accomplish the pur- 
pose. One pound of Paris green to 200 gallons of water is the usual prescription, but 
many experimenters have found that 250 gallons will not form too dilute a mixture. 

Formerly it has been necessary to depend upon American inventors for tools for 
this work, but there are ove or two spraying pumps invented in Canada which now 
answer our purpose well. 

_ How best to cope with the curculio has long been a problem. Not only are the 
plum, apricot and peach stung and caused to drop by means of its evil doings, but the 
apple and pear are also subject to its ravages, and as a result, are much knotted and ill- 
formed. On this account the apricot is little grown in Southern Ontario where it might, 
otherwise, succeed well, and many fruit-growers are even debarred from engaging in the 
cultivation of plums. | 

Until spraying with Paris green was introduced, jarring of the trees was the only 
method adopted and, where faithfully performed, has been, on the whole, successful ; some 
experimenters claim that it is more effective than the use of Paris green. The operator jars 
the tree with a sharp tap of a mallet and the “little turks” are gathered up in a sheet 
and burned. This must be continued every day until the plums are well grown. It isa 
much simpler plan to give the orchard one or two good sprayings, which will suffice, 
unless constant rains wash off the poisons, providing always that the first application is 
made almost as soon as the foliage appears, in order to destroy the parent beetles. The 
preferable method is scarcely yet settled. Professor Green, of the Ohio Experiment 
Station, strongly advocates the spraying method as most effective, while Professor Beal, 
of the Michigan Station, favors jarring. ) 

The Curculionide is a numerous family and nearly all are harmful. Mr. Billups, 
who read a paper at one of our meetings at Niagara, stated that the members of this 
family number nearly ten thousand species, many of which are injurious to our fruit. 


THE OysTER SHELL Bark LOUSE. 


This is one of the worst pests of our Canadian apple orchards because it works 
almost entirely unseen by ordinary observers on account of its small size. Some of our 
worst foes are so minute that their presence can be only discerned by the use of a micro- 
scope. In its first stages this louse is almost microscopic. The eggs, which lie all 
winter concealed under the dead body of the parent louse, hatch out into tiny lice which 
emerge from their covering during the warm days of the early part of June, and in about 
a week they settle down upon some smooth place on the limbs, often concealed from view 
by patches of old bark, There they spend the summer sucking the juices of the tree, 
weakening its vigor, until full grown when each becomes a scale, covering in its turn 


an ee ee 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO, 103 


three or four score of eggs. When I first discovered it in my orchard, I found many trees 
almost dead through its effects. The bark was rough, but I had not previously suspected 
that these rough places were scales concealing young lice. Lousy trees! What a disgrace ! 
I soon set to work with alkaline solution, such as washing soda and potash, and also with 
kerosene emulsion, and by their use have succeeded pretty well in destroying them. If 
neglected, these insects will in time completely cover a tree, even to the outer branches, and 
it is difficult then to reach them with broom or scrubbing brush. The only plan left is to 
spray the whole tree with an alkaline solution and kerosene emulsion. Some of the 
formulas recommended are as follows : 


Kerosene Emulsion: Common or whale oil soap one-half of a pound ; one gallon of 
hot waier, and two gallons of kerosene. Stir until all are permanently mixed, and then 
before using dilute with nine parts of water. This will be found one of the most effective 
remedies for the Oyster-Shell Bark Louse Another more simple remedy and yet, if 
faithfully applied, quite effective, is a soda wash made by dissolving one-half a pound 
of common washing soda in a pail of water. Alkaline wash may be made of common 
lye and water, which, if applied during the first week of June when the young insects 
are first hatched out and are in their most tender stage, will, in most cases, answer 
every purpose. If concentrated lye is used a pound should be diluted in a barrel of 
water. 


Among the newer enemies which the fruit-growers have to meet are the Pear Tree 
Psylla and the Raspberry Gall Fly, and of these we give a brief notice. 


PEAR TREE PSYLLA. 


The Pear Tree Psylla bids fair to become one of the most troublesome enemies in 
fruit-growing which has yet appeared. As if it were not enough to discourage pear 
growers that the blight so often destroys their finest trees and the Curculio and Scab ruin 
their finest fruit, this tiny insect must appear, having emigrated from Europe, and completely 
wreck their bright hopes of success. Only so recently as 1891 was this insect noticed 
as a formidable enemy, and pear growers in various parts of the Eastern States lost 
thousands of dollars’ worth of fruit and many valuable trees through its ravages. 


A very excellent bulletin by Professor Slingerland, of the Cornell Experiment 
Station, devoted to this insect, has been published, from which we gather much of the 
accompanying information, in advance of its ravages; for there is little doubt that 
Canadian pear orchards will be visited by it during the coming spring. 


‘ Already New York State has suffered severely. Mr. H. Wright’s orchard, near 

Ithaca, N.Y, promised in 1891, 600 bushels of fruit, but less than fifty bushels matured, 
and but a few trees made any growth. Mr. G. T. Powell, of Ghent, N.Y., a prominent 
fruit grower, stated that the insects reduced his pear crop that year from an estimated 
yield of 1,200 barrels to an actual yield of less than 100 barrels of marketable fruit. 
Besides this the trees in the orchard had a stunted appearance, no doubt owiag to the 
attacks of this pest. ; 


The Pear Tree Psylla was first introduced into this country from Europe in 1832, 
by Dr. Plumb, of Salisbury, Conn. The year after he first noticed it, and during the 
next five years, he lost several hundred trees by its ravages. From various reports it 
appears that the pest has already reached the Mississippi Valley it its progress. The 
severe outbreak of 1891 proves that in New York State, at least, it has become so 
numerous that it only requires favorable opportunity to do an exceedingly great amount 
of damage. 


Entomologists class the Psylla as belonging to the family Psyllidx, or Jumping Plant 
Lice, under the sub-order Homoptera. The general name Psylla is derived from the 
Greek word meaning a Flea. In Europe there are three species which infest the pear 
tree, and our species, Pyricola, is not the worst. Let us hope therefore, that its relatives 
may never reach us. 


104 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


Among the indications of its presence are the following :. 


The old trees will be observed to make little new growth ; new shoots droop and 
wither in May as if from loss of sap A little later the old trees put on a sickly appear- 
ance ; the leaves will turn yellow, and the fruit grow but little, and about midsummer 
most of the leaves and half formed fruit will fall from the trees. Besides this the 
insect secretes a large amount of honey dew which covers the twigs, trunks and branches 
of the trees after the leaves expand, as is found throughout the season. At first this 
substance is clear like water, but soon assumes a disgusting blackish appearance, owing to 
the fungus growth within it. 

Mr. Slingerland visited Mr. Wrigbt’s orchard: at Ithaca, in the latter part of 
November, 1891, and states that the whole orchard appears as if a fire had swept quickly 
through it, scorching trees and blackening trunks, large branches and the smallest 
twigs. The Bartlett and Duchess varieties suffered the most. 

The insect may be perhaps re- 
cognized from the following points 
of description, together with the 
accompanying illustrations : 

Fig. 1 represents the nymph 
or immature forms when _ first 
hatched. They are translucent 
yellow in color, and hardly visible 
to the naked eye, eighty of them 
placed end to end would scarcely 
measure an inch, but they increase 
in size until about twenty of them 
would measure an inch. A _ very 
conspicious feature is a broad black 
wing pad on each side of the body. . 
Fig. 2 shows the adult insect, which strikingly resembles the Oicada in minature ; it 
would take nine or ten of these placed end to end to measure an inch, and the hair 
line in each case by the side of the insect shows the natural size The general color is 
crimson, with broad black bands across the abdomen. [he legs have thickened femurs 
to aid the insect in leaping. 

Mr. Slingerland found, when examining Mr. Wright’s orchards in winter, hiber- 
nating broods of adults. [hey were hidden in crevices of large trees ; a favorite 
hiding-place on some trees was in the cavity of the bark about the scar of the severed 
limb. By Apri, 1892, the larger part of the ezgs had been deposited singly. These 
had been placed in the creases of the bark, or in old leaf scars, about the bases of the 
terminal buds of the preceeding year’s growth. The eggs are small and shining, and of 
a light orange yellow c»ror. A short stalk o1 the larger end attaches the egy to the 
bark, and a long, thread-like process projects from the other end. By the 18th of May the 
most of these eggs are hatched out, and the minute nymph immediately seeks a suitable 
feeding place, where it sucks the sap with its short beak, a favorite place being in the 
axils of the leaf petioles and stems of the forming fruit. In about a month they are 
adults. The adult has strong legs and wings, and thus is able to move readily to dis- 
tant orchards. 

To be forewarned is to be forearmed, and therefore, the importance of making 
public at this time the methods of combating this pest, as laid down in Mr, Slingerland’s 
bulletin, is evident. 

None of the fluids applied seem to be destructive to the eggs, but the nymphs are 
found to be easily destroyed by kerosene emulsion. The emulsion was prepared after the 
followiug formula: One-half pound of hard or soft soap, one gallon of water and two 
gallons of kerosene. This was then diluted with twenty-five parts water, and in every 
case the nymphs were destroyed almost immediately after coming into contact with the 
liquid. The best time to spray for this nymph is early in spring, just after the leaves 
have expanded, probably, as a general rule, the two weeks succeeding the 15th of May. 
If this is faithfully done, the pest will be completely checked for the season. 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOOIATION OF ONTARIO. 105 


RasPpBeRRY GALL FELy. 


This is by no means so formidahle an enemy as the last, but it is one almost 
unnoticed in Ontario until Jast year, when Dr. Brodie, of Toronto, who has been making 
a specialty of the study of Canadian gal!s and gall flies, wrote an article for the Canadian 
Horticulturist describing this fly. He tells us that it has been plentiful for the last 
twenty or thirty years in the county of York, on both cultivated and wild varieties of 
raspberries. The only reason why this insect does not completely destroy our raspberry 
plantations is the fact of its being kept in check by parasites, and, in Dr. Brodie’s 
opinion, the encouragement of these is, in almost all cases, the true way of keeping in 
check the harmful creatures. 


The illustrations which follow were drawn from life by Miss Violet Brodie, the 
doctor’s daughter. Fig. 3 represents one of the galls as it appears 
on the raspberry bushes. There are over two inches long and 
three-quarters of an inch in diameter, covered with short prickles 
and of the same color as the bark of the cane. If these are 
collected the second season and put in a bottle the gall flies will 
emerge about the middle of May and may be seen walking on the 


; Fic. 4.—TuHrE Gai Propecer, Fig. 5. 
Fic 3. (Disastrophus Turgidus. PARASITE OF THE GALL FLY- 


side of the jar next the light. Fix. 4 represents the insect under consideration, which is 
known to entomolosists as Disastrophus Turgidus. ‘The doctor describes them as short 
and chunky, the head and thorax black and the abdomen reddish brown, flattened later- 
ally and rounded. 


The most numerous parasite, he says, is Torymus, which is of a coppery, brown- 
greenish color, wito a long ovipositor. Fig. 5 


Tke next most numerous parasite is the Ichnewmon, Fig. 6, with head and thorax 
black, and abdomen reddish, blackish toward the end. 


Another parasite is the Ormyrus, Fig. 7, which is uniform black color, the thorax 
punctured and rough, and the abdomen smooth, shining and pointed. 

These parasites should be 
encouraged and by no means 
destroyed, and by their aid this 
insect will be probably so kept 
in check as never to become a 
formidable enemy to the fruit 
grower. 

In connection with this 
Raspberry Gall, we may notice 
another Gall not often described 


Fic. 6.—IcHNEUMON FLy, Fig. 7. : : : ; z 
Parasite of the Gall Ely. A Sprcrms or Ormyrus. = 1 public print. It is the Pithy 
“© Gall of the Blackberry, and the 


producer is a near relative of the Gall Fly. Te ‘is ‘known as Disastrophus nebulosus 


106 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


Fig. 8 shows one of the Galls which it produces 
on the blackberry canes. If these are cut open 
transversely, they will be found to contain a 
number of oblong cells, each about one-eighth 
of an inch long and containing a single larva. 
The perfect insect appears in spring and is 
about half an inch long, black, with transparent 
wings, and red feetand antennz, The parasite 
insects prey upon this, as well as upon the 
Raspberry Gall Fly. A sample of this was 
sent us by a correspondent. 

Time and space would certainly fail us 
were we to enumerate a full list of the fruit- 
grower’s insect enemies ; the stem and leaf of 
the grape vine, of the apple tree, and a long 
list of small fruit plants are all subject to the 
ravages of numerous destructive insect foes, 
some of which are easily dealt with, and othets 
so difficult that to overcome them is still a 
difficult problem in our road to succcess 

In view of all this, we feel the necessity of appealing to our professional friends, 
who are students of science, to aid us in solving our problems. Already we, practical 
men, are much indebted to scientists for the practical turn which they have given their 
investigations, and we venture to hope that, in the near future, they will place us under 
still deeper obligations along the line here indicated. 


EiGaree 


THE GRAVENSTEIN APPLE. 


Mr. R. W. Starr, of Starr’s Point, Nova Scotia, one of the best Canadian authori- 
ties on apples, writes to our Secretary as follows, concerning the Gravenstein apple : 

For many years past this apple has been placed at the head of the list as a standard, 
profitable variety, hy which all other sorts are compared for their commercial value to 
the orchardist. And so far it still retains its position, and has no successful competitor 
during its season, it is fast driving every other fall apple out of cultivation, for the reason 
that it can be more profitably grown than any other variety, and when placed on the 
market will always outsell any other sort of the same season. 

From its thrifty, vigorous habit of growth, and well known reputation for early 
bearing, it is a favorite for working over old and unprofitable varieties, and seems to 
have the power to adapt itself to all varieties of stock and most conditions of soil. 

As to its longevity, we have fruited it for between 50 and 60 years, top grafted on 
full grown trees that are bearing good crops yet, nor do I know of any Gravenstein trees 
on good soil dying of old age. We sometimes lose them as we lose other sorts by borer, 
collar rot, or sap-blight, but not more in proportion than other sorts, and when this does 
occur it may generally be traced to injudicious cultivation, want of drainage, or some 
climatic influence that is beyond our control. 

As a shipper it will stand the voyage across the Atlantic and come out in good order 
if properly handled before shipment, and carried in well ventilated between-deck compart- 
ments. The tough, unctuous, close-grained skin makes it a good shipper, and 1 have no 
doubt but that the season for marketing might be prolonged for several weeks by placing 
the fruit in cool storage as soon as taken from the tree so as to retard its ripening. At 
present the shipping season to London is limited to say from September 15th to October 
10th but for home markets they are frequently held into December, and it is not an 
unfrequent occurrence to see a barrel opened in March, showing perfectly sound. 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCTATION OF ONTARIO. 107 


In looking over some old papers I find a list of described varieties that [ had written 
out in 1861 to accompany a collection of fifty varieties of apples grown on the old Starr 
homestead and sent to the London Horticultural Society’s Show, held in conjunction with 
the World’s Fair in the Crystal Palace of that year. The Gravenstein finished the list, 
and as this description and history was written so long ago, and the added experience of 
thirty-two years of close observance, has if possible increased my opinion of its value, [ 
have copied it verbatim, to show that this apple is no new craze, but that it has steadily 
won its way to the top of the front rank and holds its position by genuine merit. 


“‘ This fine apple is said to have been originated at Gravenstein in Holstein, It was 
first introduced to Nova Scotia about the year 1835 by the late Hon. Charles R. Prescott 
who procured scions from the London Horticultural Society (of which he was a member) 
and grafted on bearing trees in his orchard at Starr’s Point. Those branches bore fruit in 
’38 and from that source has originated all the Gravenstein trees of the Province. The 
tree is of strong, quick growth, and bears young. It is very productive, and perfectly 
hardy in this valley. Fruit large, varying from oblate to roundish, frequently irregular, 
and sometimes ribbed, stalk short, thick, and deeply set in anarrow cavity. Calyx large, 
closed, set in an irregular and rather wide basin; skin smooth, tough, bright yellow, at 
maturity ; splashed, shaded, and marbled, with dark and light red, tinged with orange. 
Flesh quite firm, crisp, very juicy, with a brisk vinous slightly aromatic flavor, and 
in ripening develops a great deal of fragrance. Commences to ripen from 10th to 15th 
of September, but is not usually fully grown and colored before the 25th and if stored 
in a cool cellar may be kept until midwinter, i.e, if kept under lock and key.”’ 


Starr’s Point, September, 1861. 


REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON NEW FRUITS—SEEDLING APPLES. 


‘Mr. John Craig, chairman Oommittee on New Fruits, handed in the following 
Report : 

A large number of samples of apples, mainly seedling varieties, have been received 
during the past year. The two following seem to merit propagation and a careful trial : 

Dmry, Syns.: (Alexis Baldwin. Dery’s Seedling. Pomme de fer.).—Received from 
J. L. Dery, of Mont St. Hilaire, Quebec, October 7th, 1891. The original tree examined 
October 23rd, 1892, and further samples received from Mr. Dery this autumn. Mr. 


a 


Poo 


Dery. 


Dery says this tree was raised from seed of American Baldwin, planted by his father 
about seventy years ago. Since fruiting age it has borne moderate annual crops. It is 
fairly healthy, and with good care should live for many years. 


108 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOC[ATION OF ONTARIO. 


Fruit large, oblate, 34 by 24 inches. Slightly ribbed. Skin green, and almost 
entirely covered with red, which is specked with numerous white dots, resembling Oanada 
Baldwin closely in this respect. Stem short, usually about balf an inch. Oavity mode- 
rately shallow, regular and slightly russetted. Basin small, wrinkled. Flesh greenish 
white, firm, lacking juiciness, sub.acid ; quality good. The best condition during March 
and April. 

The apple known and cultivated in the eastern townships as “ Pomme de fer” 
resembles the above closely, and is evidently from the same stock. 


CaLuMET: Received from Mr. W. H. Murphy, Ottawa, who describes the tree as 
growing on his farm on Oalumet Island, supposed to be of seedling origin, apparently 
about thirty years of age. 


CALUMET. 


Fruit medium to large, round, when fally ripe, yellow, partly covered with streaks 
and splashes of light red. Stem short. Cavity almost wanting. Calyx open; basin 
small and shallow. Flesh firm, white, very juicy, sub-acid, good. Mr. Murphy says it 
keeps through the winter with ordinary care. Specimens kept in my office were in good 
eating condition on the first of last June. The skin of this variety is not of the kind that 
‘‘ spots” readily. 

Banks’ RED GRAVENSTEIN: The large number of variegated plazits now in cultiva- 
tion have all appeared, at different times, as single shoots upon the parent tree, and their 
peculiarities are reproduced and multiplied by means of bud propagation. A striking 
example in pomological lines of this force or power was recently noted in the collection of 
apples exhibited at Ohicago by the Province of Nova Scotia. Among them was a variety 
called the “ Bank’s Red Gravenstein,” which the introducer, Mr. A. S. Banks, Waterville, 
N.S., claims, “appeared as a sport upon the common Gravenstein tree in the orchard 
owned by E. C. Banks, Waterville, and that this branch has for thirteen years always 
borne apples that were almost wholly red.” In appearance it is rather rounder and pos- 
sibly less ribbed than the average Gravenstein ; not quite as large, with a much more 
brilliant color, many specimens being entirely covered with deep crimson. In quality there 
is little difference from the type. In season it is said to be two to four weeks later. Its 
brilliant color and greater keeping qualities should add much to its value. The following 
is a description made from a typical specimen taken from the tables at Chicago, and the 
cut illustrates the same specimen : 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOOL[ATION OF ONTARIO. 109 


Medium size, round, regular; calyx closed; basin shallow, obscurely ribbed. Stem 
4 to } of an inch long, set in deep narrow cavity. Color deep yellow, almost covered with 
splashes and blotches of brilliant crimson. Flesh white, moderately firm, juicy, rich, sub- 
acid, melting. Quality best. Core open. Same type of flesh and juice as Gravenstein. 


BANKS. 


As a sport from the old time favorite it is exceedingly interesting, and as a possible 
competitor it should receive careful attention. 


NEW FRUITS AT THE CENTRAL EXPERIMENTAL FARM IN 1893. 


Mr. Craig further supplemented his Report by the following : 
GRAPES. 


The following varieties fruited this season : 


Alexander’s Winter: Received in the spring of 1891, from S. D. Alexander, Bell- 
fontaine, Uhio. Sent out as a white winter variety. Vine a fair grower, with foliage 
characteristic of the Labrusca type. Bunch loose, straggling; berry large, round and 
very slightly oval ; very dark amber in color ; skin thick, fairly tender, very little juice ; 
pulp meaty, acid ; seeds large ; quality only fair; ripens with Salem. Not likely to be . 
valuable. 


Brilliant : Mr. T. V. Munson, Denison, Texas, produced this variety by pollinating 
Lindley with Delaware in 1883. The vine is moderately vigorous, bunch long; shoul- 
dered ; berry medium size, almost round; color deep garnet; skin thin, juicy; pulp 
tender ; seeds large, usually 2 to 3; quality good; berries do not drop easily. The first 
fruit of this variety did not ripen this season, although claimed to be as early as Dela- 
ware by the introducer. 


Chase Bros.: A single vine of a variety received from Chase Bros. & Oo., Rochester, 
N.Y., in 1887, and entered in the vineyard records under the above name, has fruited 
for the past three seasons. The introducer writes that ‘‘the variety originated with 
Jacob Moore, formerly of Brighton, N.Y.” They further say “that the fruit is most 
excellent in quality, but it proved to be a shy bearer here, so much so that we did not 
feel justified in putting it on the market.” As fruited here the bunch is of medium size ; 
shouldered, fairly compact ; berry medium size, round; color rich bright wine; skin fairly 
thin, juicy, very sweet; pulp tender, melting ; seeds medium size, usually two; quality 


110 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOOIATION OF ONTARIO. 


—— 


good ; ripens with Delaware ; berries drop somewhat after picking. While recommend- 
ing this variety to the growers, I would have them bear in mind the experience of the 
New York introducers. 


Eclipse: Originated with John Burr, of Leavenworth, Kansas, and introduced by 
Stayman & Black, nurserymen, of the same place. Vine a weak grower; bunch medium 
to small ; shouldered ; berry large, round; vivid greenin color; skin fairly thick ; small 
amount of juice; pulp tender, brisk acid; fair quality ; berries hold on well; ripens a 
week later than Concord. Too late for this locality. 


Farrell: Origin the same as the last. Vine a moderate grower; bunch large, 
tapering ; shouldered ; berry medium to small, round, yellowish white; skin thin; pulp 
rather tough ; juice vinous sweet; seeds small, numerous. Too late for this locality, 
taking this season as a criterion. 


Hermann Jeger: Originator, T V. Munson, Denison, Texas. Produced vy pollin- 
ating Vitias Lincecumi—the Post Oak grape of Texas—with Herbemont, an old Texas 
variety. This did not fruit ina sufficient quantity to give a correct impression of the 
size and form of the bunch, which is said to be large and shouldered. Berry small, 
round, black, with purplish bloom ; firmly attached to peduncle ; juice and pulp sprightly 
acid ; seeds small; not ripe when picked, October 10th. Later than Concord. Not pro- 
mising for this vicinity. 

Ideal: A seedling produced by John Burr, and intreduced by Stayman & Black, of 
Leavenworth, Kansas. Bunch medium size; berry large, round, purplish amber; skin 
thick, juicy, vinous sweet; pulp tender ; seeds large and numerous ; quality fair to good. 
Ripens with Concord. 

Oneida : Said to be a seedling of Merrimack, which it does not resemble ina single 
characteristic. Vine a short-jointed, weak grower; bunch medium size, slightly shoul- 
dered ;. berry small, oval, amber-colored ; skin thick, tough ; juice rich and sweet; pulp 
meaty and acid; seeds large. ‘This variety keeps well, which seems to be its only point of 
merit. 

Paragon: A seedling produced by John Burr, and introduced by Stayman & Black. 
Bunch medium size, cylindrical, compact ; berry medium size, round, black, with purplish 
bloom ; skin thin; very juicy, with a tender, dissolving pulp; seeds small ; quality medium ; 
berry does not drop readily ; ripe September 5th; keeps till December. Berries resemble 
Early Victor quite closely. 

Standard: Origin the same as the last. Bunch and berry medium; black; skin 
thin; small amount of juice; pulp tough and acid ; ripens a little in advance of Concord ; 
loses flavor rapidly. Not promising. 

Campbell: Produced from seed of Triumph by T. V. Munson, Denison, Texas. The 
first fruit of this variety has given a small compact bunch; berry medium to small, 
round ; skin thin, translucent ; very juicy; pulp melting; seeds small; quality good. 
Ripens with Concord. 

White Beauty: A seedling produced by John Burr, and introduced by Stayman & 
Black, Leavenworth, Kansas. Bunch medium size, compact; shouldered ; berry round, 
clear. white, covered with light lilac bloom; skin thin; very juicy; pulp moderately 
tender ; seeds numerous; quite foxy ; medium quality ; late. 


BLACK RASPBERRIES. 


Older : This variety originated with and has been introduced by R. D. McGeehon, 
Atlantic City, Iowa. It was set out in the spring of 1892, bearing some fruit the same 
‘season, and an abundant crop this year. The plant is exceedingly vigorous, and roots 
from the tips readily. Berry large, round, deep blazk, with very large drupes. The 
seeds are not prominent, and the berries are borne in good-sized clusters. It also has the 
habit of fruiting heavily on young wood. This year the first fruit ripened with Hillborn, 
while it continued bearing till the season of Gregg had closed. So far it seems to be a 
profitable variety. 

A number of the newer black caps are being tested, but the above is the only one 
which so far stands out prominently as a variety worthy of careful trial. 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. Ll! 


SEEDLING RASPBERRIES. 


The seedling raspberries so favorably mentioned by a joint committee of the fruit- 
growers of Ontario and Quebec, in the Annual Report for 1890, have been undergoing 
further trial by being transplanted and subjected to ordinary field culture. Some have 
not sustained their early reputation, while others at first not deemed promising have done 
remarkably well. One variety not mentioned by the committee in this report, for the 
season being very late it was not at its best at the time of their visit, has since shown so 
many points of excellence that it has been named and is now being propagated for distri- 
bution. It may be described as follows : 


Sarah: (Record number 3's.) Produced in London, Ont., by Prof. Saunders, from 
seed of Shaffer’s Colossal. Plant a moderate grower, suckering’ freely, and propagating 
naturally only in this way. The foliage seems to be intermediate between the European 
raspberry Rubus Idaews and the American Rubus Strigosus. The canes have been 
affected to some extent by anthracnose, but not more than Cuthbert or Marlborough 
growing alongside. Fruit large, round, drupes large, deep garnet, firm; very juicy ; 
pleasantly acid and exceptionally rich. A few ripe berries were found last year, and 
' this at the time of the first picking of Cuthbert, but the main crop did not ripen till the 
season of Outhbert was over, the last good picking taking place each year from the 8th to 
_ the 12th of August. A striking characteristic of this variety is its habit of ripening the 
fruit in consecutive order and much regularity, beginning with the terminal clusters of 
each branch. Of course, this is in a measure true of all red raspberries, but none that I 
know of carry the peculiarity to the same extent. 


CANADA’S HORTICULTURAL EXHIBIT AT THE WORLD’S COLUMBIAN 
EXHIBITION. 


THE SECRETARY’S REPORT. 


Having accepted, with the approval of the Directorate of this Association, the 
position of Superintendent of Canada’s Horticultural Exhibits, under the Minister of 
Agriculture for the Dominion, it is but proper that I should give some account of 
my work. 


I may begin by saying that Canada was the most prominent exhibitor of fruit, 
unless we except California whose immense orange exhibit was a most wonderful dis- 
‘play. No country had her court so tastefully decorated; for over the exhibit on a 
large arch was the word CANADA in letters twenty-seven inches high so that it could be 
read a long distance away; and over the exhibit of each separate province smaller 
arches were made showing the name of the province. 


The following tables will faithfully represent to you a comparative view of the 
number of varieties of fruits and vegetables from the various provinces and experi- 
mental farms of the Dominion. 


The first table includes both those shown in a fresh state and those in solution. 
The totals in the right hand column are not the sum of the number of varieties exhibited 
by the various provinces and experimental farms; for many of the same were shown 
by each ; it contains simply the total number of distinct varieties shown by all, dupli- 
cates omitted. 


In variety of fruits shown, Canada’s exhibit was far in advance of any, owing to 
the large number exhibited by Ontario. The apples of Ontario, Quebec and Nova 
Scotia, the plums of British Columbia, and the pears, peaches, cherries and small fruits of 
Ontario were special objects of admiration. In bottled grapes, the exhibit by Ontario 
was remarkably good, but that made by ‘the Central Experimental Farm at Ottawa sur- 
passed every other shown at the fair during the early summer. They were remarkably 
well preserved, even the bloom being plainly discernible through the liquid. 


112 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


Fruits or 1892. 


uk ee oo |S ae 
meet (4 3 Es a 
S| Sle. |BE Ges ga] sel eg] . 
yan : ; =) ¢|Hd | es llee| €8 | a8 | dg & 
Fe 3 MO i 25 |/o8) PE ISEa| mE | eS lea] 
a | 8 | «@ | 8a | $3 )4¢ |Bes 2 oo 
= Ee 5 | 2O|-24 | be |885| 22 | B48 | Sg a 
o) ez a a Ay Z 2) = i = ¥ 
AD DIOS a0}. Sad Ue ao eee 111 |} 140 86 27 QT Nis wee o's) > wya'a dle |e ae ene 292 
REARS foo 0s Sade 1 cape eee 59 2 1S tise ye 73 
Peaches: 2 sh .c nae Diss iste Pore rere mri cr eR 19 
PIS SA os se oh creo ee tae 55 14 5 a7 20 pA ies °, 13). Soe de te aaa 86 
Gerrits 45, Po eee 16 3 LO as Salas ee ees D2’ |. 0. con ts (ie oie ne 39 
Grapes. s3. 2. Sree aoe 53 30 BO. od Cette ihe os 11d tac hoe ee 139 
Strawberries........ 2 eae eters BO?) seals eee meets A Wee 5 07>] ‘a es Shen 1 61 
Currants) oc caus scleeraue are 16 3 As acer 3 8B loco eu eee 5 9 25 
Gooneberries:. |... sabe fees aoe 2 eked Telia: 5 Te Pe A 13 1 I 1 37 
Raspberries °302/)5 pcdauen naa DS iate ee ibs Magee paces ; 13 he see 5 3 18 
Blackberriea:).2..3 eer ccs aeace Cl ae ae ae ale ena ney PN Pee 4 
Total of all kinds ...... 424 | 202| 149 47 49 i ae Wp 1 12 14] 7938 


In strawberries, Ontario was far ahead, and also in Heart and Bigarreau cherries, 
while in the Morellos the Central Experimental Farm took the lead, owing in part to 
the many Russian varieties under test. 


The Province of Ontario deserves especial notice, because fully one-half the bottled 
fruit on exhibition from Canada was from Ontario. The Superintendent, Mr. A. H. 
Pettit, was engaged one year previous to the Exposition in collecting and preserving 
the fruit, and well earned the direct credit of the success gained by his province. No 
money was spared by the Provincial Government to make the exhibit a success, and 
much of the expense of installation and maintenance of Ontario’s exhibit, as well as of 
the beautiful bottles containing the fruit, was furnished by that province. 


The British Columbia apples, which had been kept in cold storage during the 
winter, were immense ; and the huge Spys and Pearmains puzzled even the judges over 
their identity, owing to the peculiar habits of development induced on the Pacific Coast. 
The quantity was small, however, owing to the majority being frost-touched in transit to 
Chicago. The same misfortune apparently befell Nova Scotia’s apple exhibit, though to 
a smaller extent ; but to this was added careless handling by the cold storage employees, 
who had been instructed to open all packages and remove the paper wraps. Notwith- 
standing this, Nova Scotia’s apple exhibit in May and June was a very interesting one, 
especially to the scientific student of horticulture, owing to the number of varieties. In 
this, however, Nova Scotia was outdone by Quebec, which showed one hundred and forty 
varieties, by far the largest collection of 1892 apples shown by any exhibitor at the 
World’s Fair. Ontario came next with one hundred and eleven, but two-thirds of them 
were in bottles ; and New York State next with one hundred and two varieties, none in 
bottles. Even Prince Edward Island showed twenty-seven varieties, some of them quite 
creditable, especially considering her climatic conditions. 


From the next table it is quite evident that the largest part of the exhibits of fresh 
fruits of 1893 were made by the Province of Ontario. Some idea of her generous display 
may be gained from the fact that she not only filled her allotted space of two thousand 
square feet—one-half the whole Canadian Court—but was even compelled to seek addi- 
tional space to accommodate the surplus during the last month of the Fair. 


During the whole summer Ontario, being near at hand, was able to keep up an 
almost daily sup; ly of small fruits, which could not be done by the other provinces on 
account of distance. From the time, therefore, ot the disastrous cold storage fire until 
the apples of 1893 were ready, the tables of the other provinces were of necessity rather 


* These are not the totals of the figures given, for there are many duplicates. 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 113 


bare, a lack, however, which was then fully remedied. Indeed, when Mr. Bigelow, 
representative of Nova Scotia, arrived in the beginning of October, and laid out on 
the tables two or three barrels of Nova Scotia Gravensteins the Nova Scotia Court 
became the subject of general admiration. A sport of this famous apple was also shown 
under the name of Banks’ Red Gravenstein, smaller in size, but higher in color and 
better in quality. 


Fruits or 1893, 


d d/s |&¢ | 3 2 mtn 
—— 8 | g/8y Aad] #2] Ex] 4 
218 | 2 |a8| eg lsaslesiag| 3 
g 3 S | SS] ae [82s] «si oh! & 
o Ss oS gee ie) “Cs 5 =| © bd bi bal O 
(oe) oe A —Q Aa iS) <a) xy 
oe BE 144 |} 119 144 51 SO ha tat" 22 318 
a er 67 2 ZOE Notes bea le fy kA et Need 82 
EG LO a ev e 10 NA MER. bray ts he Tl 15 98 
Ree sss. ks... Gio rite 1 NA ae ge ee Re 42 
oe ES ete 7S SSE SO OA a eee | 24. 
a 79 Gives Ue eto) LOIN sis armitaaiec ees (eal Oak 
ns cD 8S ck | ae ie ge ee | iY apse ene. ae 
ES ae TCO SS Re Ao gaa ee | PO a I Oui, } 12 
oo 24 ieee GRRE AEN MCR ee | ae 7s re 30 
OE a 7 SR Se ieee eche Reale Sd Sia Bute 3, 13 
2 a a as oak Sel Be dal Cle cy emia ee (ee a Pa a OR 5 
SE ee 22 UG EESNCIES CHP oc One pe Pa 3 
0s A ee ee che laca we tit ieg dlbcned by nc 1 
Total number of varieties ...... tis 521 142 ATT, 68 30 131 | i V6 37 847 
j | 


Several shipments of magnificent apples also came from British Columbia about the 
same time, and their reputation went forth through the papers and brought many visitors 
enquiring for the big apples of British Columbia. The old Esopus Spitzenburg, that 
high-flavored old apple of the very choicest character, which no longer succeeds well in 
Ontario, was shown in perfect samples from the former Province. The same is true of 
that best of all dessert apples, the Fameuse, while the Ribstons and Bellefleurs were 
beyond criticism. To British Columbia, also, belongs the credit of showing the largest 


success, 


The numerous great cases containing the large and magnificent display of vege- 
tables from the five experimental farms of the Dominion and from the various Provinces, 


was completed, which was early in June, I had the balance, two car-loads, transferred 
to that place, whence fresh lots were brought to the tables from time to time as needed. 
This continued one month when, on the 10th of J uly, that terrible disaster occurred, in 
which some fifteen or twenty gallant firemen lost their lives, besides an immense loss to 
property, including our reserve exhibit, sufficient for two succeeding months. 


114 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


It is, however, a satisfaction to know that during the month I was permitted to 
draw upon this splendid store of vegetables, I succeeded in placing upon the tables of 
our vegetable court abundant samples of nearly every kind in the collection. 


VEGETABLES OF 1892. 


Z| sa leg | ge 
F| “ lee |e o | eS 
2 |v S$ |29 lan | me 
SSeS ae ice if = HH o4> ae me 
yal . |2@ |S, .| 88 
—————e Ae Poss) a ./K&g 2.86] a0 
: 2 Ba | ee |e fea ee g 
S| g-\-h | oe |O8 lan eerie 
5 a) s 25 »o |oae © F Plan 3 
= cS 5 | ea | $4886 ooetee 
'e) O° Z ia Z 2) = = ie) 
Potatoes’. siete seers ore ere AI 4 19 8 28 17 27 22 | 200 
UPS hiss viet etneeae we alae agealctetere 6 2 3 4 eR Pages ek 2 1 14 
GSrrOts le, sales Veleee ea ante atom ee ere lomiaeee 6 3 3 6 8 7 3° 5 22 
Miaaip ele. 3022's Sei teas cas ee Gemeente Oo vit issaket take | tagall Westests, 1 1 2 3 5 
OT ONS: PRET. ae SNS Poem ae ftag soba Ree 5 Se Vihavae eae 1 2 i aes 2 5 - 
| Dio tM ARREARS 3 bo ron hy Meme i aN Ae Oe 4 1 Bs pare 3 5 3 1 if 10 
EAC HTL nc OMe tae Se ae aay HS scien Mew RS es, Ang ARE AN Bodaca deus se cihell waters pelea 1 a 4 
PALAIS EEIAES teehee inten ic cies fe cate ie 1 di 1 Be epee i ae 4 
Holl Riabiec cai). ists Cine w Rae ce olalondin ce wet erclede ott set eae eee 1 1 dS Wieateaey, T: SS, it 
Péas (in: pods, bottled)..\o ie: ese De ie et Wine UR eel ae te cea ee 5 5 10 
Peas (shelled, bottled) <.cc..202 500s ons aw | (oie e!| pete salle Ihe teleya eral ce cee tne 6. a ay 6 
Beans (bottled)... oo. cic oe ke es eu! ke ciel eule Pevsete's'e |e a ralee lacie alece| RSI siete 8 8 
BOR U DAE 6 aire o's adie ote wteiws die le o:aln, 0,0 eo Sra slateue oll leyetate!eeuil Gall latelan| ga er antcal |e keener eet eae nn 6 6 
Total number of varieties. ... ........ 139 |< 18 °| 027 o> gah eae | 49 | 54 | 295 
VEGETABLES OF 1893. 
as | & g.|¢ 
aq | 8. [as 2 
@|312 | 32) 20) 
wate 3B 3. SS ]}/8§a}/,8e)|] 8d 
;| 8 | Oo [Bg |Be| se) eoleat . 
= mM s |o8| sn | ee le8lea1 = 
2 3 a2 oS) aa o. 5 3 
2/6 | 28 |-34 ) 33 ee eee 
fo) Z po] 2) 3) = 3) oO 
pte OCR atic cite lo sine ooxtrove ss ven oth haere yee 177i 29 7 OF (Meare vy ES: es BESS 248 
SPT ARS) hee easy aatishe ode) assets 's ctlo, Stet, tees meet 16 SAL seer 1 PPR Per: O lee ace 24 
OB PH OTS TY rete ed tore ao, tocrer li etata tapers ese eee 19 i As WE ee pb. TiaNy a GH ES. a Bis 
Np eLS es pee ski oa arite chaste ce oimtae cient 13 DB Gears 2 BS PAD fealty: Oita aie’: 18 
Onionin yi Raines Ate testla sles njelese ieee siablalieiede 7 u Bod eyaht wih oasis ae ae bb oo ap 21 
Beats 0 (eee ok garter a cea apres ais i2ce a alal eerie eee 13 DL i silvia a3 aes eae ee 4 13 1 24 
TRAGISHE Sa Coa vac ce dane aise bear's. Wiener, Cn PREM Dg ES a se tiene 9 
Corn—greens .554)4 5): rest. 25's FUE: Aste elle PAR Ia PR Sele) tse nor 36 3 aaa 17 53 
Cauliflower.fe waviw a etieee otis slow cis vigetadte 2 Big esd deel sae 8: shite ca eS ee 12 
Parsley’ cc). dis ciatho Wiad W 6 sell Wales o pahe later Wis deeietal | chadataty olan fae otal or ahta a ee Bde thas 2 
TT GWIRGOCS so kis Dee ee aah ei hs no eka DCR are ht ee 22 oe aie ee re 27. 
Calertiy wie sp -adas Ree ae ees . Ih BS : A ae bls a og es 6 4 
Geum bDeng) hiss pk ok ea toe Fee ee ee Di ig cre-See elhwaratt let: loca cht cl Hip. divetare @ re 
BG BiNB cle hs Sueswadeo Wee enate yaar eeai gh itacia d,s Vian ec | ete etnie!sl| + ate theyll tana RNY ee San 13 
| ct ne Aa en CA LB, SS ary -tah LR ey | OA Bane (Mice eT Mele ee haa aa 3 
Calibares. 2 iii. .\ie neta ate eaten nt seismic eB ese 20 Di VS dia wie hada ll eee Giulia ate « 27 
Kohl Rablowsk ac vpcca teeta athens. dente BF Micwri colores ten Pe ei 5 
BURSTS Ovi u's Div oreo alti eee SIRI ties Seren hal Raat MAGS. Be tly Sine dn : 
Bagg ‘plant... s ces eee en eeeeteesse ba | > Qe |i stneed st alte gies sla: gi aan 2 
Sop tnen ly sag f)s bapa jolh aretiph Sota a setnoden heed tae aan A Toa. tied Seen) | ewults | stele 0 ci) ) Stele hath in 4 
Total number of varieties.. ........... 315 39 16 5) doe {Jee 18 | 539 


The Vegetable Court was a most important feature of our exhibit, because it was 
not only excellent during all the season, excepting, perhaps, the month of August, when 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOULIATION OF ONTARIO, 115 


the old vegetables that were saved from the Cold Storage disaster were exhausted and 
the new ones were not yet received, but also because it was practically the only impor- 
tant vegetable display in the horticultural building. The only others attempted were 
those by New York and Michigan, the latter very poor, and the former, though contain- 
ing some excellent collections of radishes, tomatoes, peas, beans, onions, etc., was shown 
at a very great disadvantage, owing to the style of installation, In consequence, the 
Canadian Vegetable Court was always full of visitors, and received many fivorable 
notices from the foreign press. 

The attention of the general public was arrested by the big pumpkin and the big 
squash, grown by Wm. Warnock, of Goderich, and exhibited during the month of 
October, in the two prominent corners of the Court. The pumpkin, Stump’s Mammoth 
Red, weighed 146 pounds, and the squash, Mammoth Green, a new hybrid, weighed 365 
pounds. Mr. Warnock said there was no secret about his method of growing it, and he 
willingly described it for the benefit of others desiring to grow monstrosities for exhibi- 
tion purposes. A compost of one horseload of hen manure and three of loamy soil was 
made about the Ist of April, and mixed three times during the period till the 10th of 
May. Then hills were made seven feet in diameter and eighteen inches deep, mixed with 
one-third part of compost and levelled up six inches above the level. These hills are 
made about twenty feet apart. The seed was sown about the fifteenth of May and the 
ground kept loose. As the vine began to run, it was mulched three inches deep with 
horse manure over the whole surface of the beds. Every branch of the vine was held 
down with stakes two and a half feet apart, so that they might take root more freely. 
As soon as a specimen set which looked promising, he pruned off all others. The speci- 
men is best got by artificial fertilization, for bees are often late and a blossom, well 
fertilized, will produce a more vigorous sample. Twice a week he pruned off all new 
growth and continued this through the season, also cutting off all other blooms except 
the one. Water was very important, and it was applied twice a week with a sprayer, an 
hour on a plant each time of application. ; 

One special exhibit from Ontario deserves particular notice, viz.: a very fine collection 

of potatoes of one hundred and sixty-three varieties, sent forward by the Ontario Experi- 
mental Farm at Guelph. These and a collection of twenty-nine well chosen varieties 
from Nova Scotia, were prominent factors in winning us laurels for our vegetable 
exhibit. 

The green corn exhibit from Oanada was a great surprise. Fifty-three varieties, 
seventeen of them from the North-west Territories, were a standing wonder to Illinois 
and Iowa, who consider themselves almost the only corn producing countries of the world. 
This exhibit proved that in some parts of Canada fine varieties of corn can be produced, 
while even in the North-west many of the early varieties will mature. 


FRuITs AND VEGETABLES IN TIN Cans. 


Number of varieties shown by Canadian exhibitors at the World’s Columbian 
Exposition - 


| 


> 


lh? Sole hese Ie a 
« io) » = 
BRN ae ak Leese tu eec ho. | 3 
6 | g | mee eee POL ES ReOn Tatas = 
peer teas 22) Bom 22] se (se 
ee he shea BS Seles hab, @O g 
a Pehee Pees ee ki eee apie | of 
He rae Os | eI 2 Slee: at 5 

3s =¢ = =o 5 oe oS 
| Ss ole! >= re sa | = 
ay eG (A ten aa a ee ES hook 
i 2 mo aS >? aS : Ra | 2 
we | — | & | ives eS Dior ea cet ef = 
4 6 | A | 3a Soil }P on | Spe, |" ae = 
a Baerivi palo a | = A 
LSE —————— IS SY | es 6 Sa TS ee | | _—_— 
| ea 

Fruits 2 | tia ee | 1 4 | 
IIE NN NTSC i i! i coe (en (os 4 2, 0's ii 24 
EE et.) ).,....|........ 6. ¢'] 1 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 19 

z= | 


~~ 


116 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


PickLes, OCatsup, VINEGAR, Etc. 


Number of kinds shown by Qanadian exhibitors at the World’s Columbian 
Exposition : 


ra), | a 
roa ~ 
ee ie | Ao ae 
5 s = STG? tr 
im ae Go oe) m S 
| Fa ie) si | S| de & | Sq 
og = me Pe) i ee 
‘ Ss ao > (<b) > on a) 
———— | 4 = | a be [es =) | HS | 
lo | &  ) Sate 2 3 | a 
ie 2 6s eae & 
12 | 2 | | e6 |e | 2 
co) e Se 2 @) mt wf) he 
| | & | See eres 
MLS!!! 
Jellies and jams ...... .... 2) eg a eee Dita uae sees 8 ee ree ae ipie 
Pickles; catsup and vinegar... .c.2 (a eee see teen behieeaaee 15 | 12 5 | Si, | 33 
IIVERE DICKIOR ee eects che. cre ces he le Ie cae tacts | siete 32 he ley ie ad er PANE) WR es 5 
Jams from wild fruits....... MS rt cs hares a eee | Oi nee ees | hg Meee yf! | SERS Saw 6 
* Total MMUTADOTS 212, ae dots 1-5) Mie AIG viata ele'ors aetna o 16 15 | 12 10 1 | 54 
Wine EXHIBIT. 
. . . ; ' 
Number of varieties from Canadian exhibitors : : 
2 & 
| | S) 5 
| | : g a . 
43 < ; = = a eth eibogs 
| ae Beas mw | Bs Riek r=] 
Te) ov As nS © oo no} ro) 
a Reishee oF ae = aS eG = 
Tach iS eh aee tee ey See Sn ~S je es 2 
ney =n) mM By oO Big ou 4.2 gS 
Mm ame 38 2g ° © so ous 2a 
| .& /n es Ay Se HO pa = 2U ‘23 ; 
AE fae Gi oes) a a he ae mi a 
| ao | Raed | ea | 2B | SB | sn is |S 
| = : 5 A = o cs ~ ss 
Wines exhibited through the | | . 
Pe aT cea, eae ee eal ares <6 | een I pores ores ty 7 
Unfermented grape juice for | 
sacramental purposes ..... | | nd ns rR rrr ire 1 
Wines exhibited through the | 
Province of Ontario ...... | hSDN, CEM Bie fae eae ha ence ecm be 2 2 5 2 16 
a ms a, | |e 
Total numbers. ..'...:-. : | 1 | 6 1 Bo. 2 2 | 5 2 24 


The fruit and vegetable courts seemed to vie with each other in surprising the 
passers-by. In August and September, for instance, green corn was shown from the 
Central Farm, Ottawa, and from that at Indian Head, N. W. T. An oft-repeated 
remark was, ‘Is it possible you can grow corn in Canada, and even in the North-west ?” 
The fact that, during a large part of the summer, Canada made the only large vegetabl 
exhibit, was a strong point in our favor and proved the wisdom of the Dominion ir 
providing abundantly for this exhibit in advance, so that we held our space until 
September, when fresh vegetables began to come in. 

The fruits of Canada served as a means of placing before our foreign visitors one of 
the most promising industries of our country. Notes of the varieties we grow were 
made by gentlemen from Norway, Belgium, England, Russia and other European coun- 
tries ; because such products, raised in profusion on the farm under the most ordinary 
conditions, revealed not only a pleasant line of occupation for the colonist, but also one 
of more than ordinary profit. This industry is attracting a most desirable class 0 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 117 


settlers, viz., young men of means, who wish to purchase fruit farms in Canada, And 
while fruit growers themselves do not desire an increase of fruit farmers, for fear of 
lessening the profits by competition, there is no doubt of the excellent results to the 
country at large of attracting to it a class of colonists, who have not only means, but also 
who are possessed of education and refinement. 

There is reason to expect an increase in trade also from our fruit exhibit, because 
samples of Canadian apples were given to many visitors, and these united in acknowledg- 
ing that, in point of flavor and color, the Ontario Spy, the Quebec Fameuse and the 


Nova Scotia Gravenstein were unsurpassed.. Canadian peaches and pears were also pro- 


nounced superb by taose who sampled them. The writer, who grows apples largely in 
the Niagara peninsula, was offered $4 per barrel for a car-load of his Red Astrachan apples, 
delivered in Chicago; and, later on, the same price for Cranberry Pippins, Fameuse, 


_ Spies, Kings and other fancy varieties, Canadian apples, especially the Tolman Sweet, 


the Northern Spy and the Fameuse are the most popular apples in the Chicago market. 
Thousands of barrels of Ontario Spies have been brought to this city during the last two 
years by apple buyers, and sold ata profit in spite of the McKinley Bill. The Cana- 
dian Swazie Pomme Grise was a]so asked for by private parties, who wished to secure 
that choice little dessert apple, for their own use. 

Thus it appears that, even in the United States, in some of the great cities of the 
west and south, there may open up in the near future an almost unlimited market for 
Canadian apples of certain kinds, as, for instance, the above mentioned kinds from 
Ontario ; and, in addition, the Baldwin, Greening, Blenheim Orange, Oranberry Pippin, 
Ribston, Ontario and Golden Russet ; from British Columbia, the Spitzenburg, Ribston, 
Golden Russet, Pomme Grise, Fameuse, Maiden’s Blush, Ben Davis, Wealthy and many 
others ; and from Nova Scotia, such kinds as Gravenstein, Ribston, King, Golden Russet 
and Nonpareil. This latter apple is scarcely distinguishable from the Ontario Roxbury 
Russet. Had there been a competition for the best quality of fruit, Canada might well 
have contested the place for supreme excellence. One proof that she even now holds 
that place in the commercial markets is the lively demand for our fruits on both sides of 
the Atlantic. In the Liverpool market, the greatest apple market in the world, Canadian 
apples always bring the highest price, and, on this account, American apples are some- 
times shipped through Oanada, and are labeled ‘‘Canadian,” in order to bring the 
shippers more money. Jn this market, during the past five years, Canadian Baldwins 
have averaged a higher price than New York State or Maine Baldwins, as is proved by 
a table of actual sales carefully prepared hy Messrs. Woodall & Co., of Liverpool. 

A good point was made by inviting interested persons inside the office and giving 
them samples of Canadian apples and grapes to teste the quality. We always boast that 
Canadian apples are the highest flavored apples grown, and this was the best way to prove 
it. The Montreal Fameuse was especially selected and a barrel kept in reserve. The 
universal verdict was in its favor, common expressions being, “ Delicious,” ‘* The best I 


_ ever tasted,” ‘‘ Better than any American apple,” etc., etc. 


; Among the lessons to be learned from the Horticultural Exhibit at the World’s Fair 
is the evidence that every apple has its home, where it may be grown to the greatest 
perfection. Thus, the Ben Davis, a comparatively poor apple in Canada, and one not to 


_ be much commended to orchardists, is at home in the State of Idaho, and, as grown 


there, is so large and highly colored that it is the most profitable apple that can be 
grown, while our Oanadian Spy is a comparative failure. The Baldwin is.a failure in 
Illinois and a success in Maine and in’Canada. The Green Newtown Pippin is a success in 


_ Pennsylvania, and as grown there is a grand success, it being the highest priced apple in 


the British market ; but the same apple is not profitable in Canada. One point is note- 
worthy, that the farther north an apple can be successfully grown the better the quality 
and the higher its color. Here then is Canada’s opportunity. Her orchardists need to 
select such varieties as are proved by this World’s Fair to be grown to the highest 
perfection in Canada. No further exhibitions, in which Canada has a part at all, 
should lack in a first-class fruit exhibit. Fruit growing is one of her leading industries, 
more especially in the older provinces, and, while agricultural exhibits may attract 
emigrants to settle upon her free grant lands of the North-west, a horticultural exhibit, 


118 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


especially of fruits, will tend to attract to the older provinces the sons of a wealthy class 
who bring wealth and refinement along with them. One thing should not be forgotten, 
viz., that a fruit exhibit cannot be made at any moment, but must be prepared a 
year in advance, in order to have an exhibit through the early part of the season. 


Many mistakes are made by shippers in the selection of fruit for exhibiting. 
Apples and pears lacking in color, with stems off, blemished with spot, curculio or 
worm, are often forwarded ; a great mistake, for the judge takes off points for each 
such imperfection. / 


The packing, too, is often bad. Plums, for instance, were sent in cork dust and 
heated on the way, when they should be carefully rolled in tissue paper and packed 
closely in narrow crates. A convenient sized package for shipping plums and peaches 
for exhibition is made as follows: Sides, four pieces } inch stuff, 20 inches by 5% inches ; 
top and bottom, two pieces, 4 inches by 20 inches; ends, two pieces, 4 inch stuff, 44 
inches by 11# inches. Pack from top (the narrowest side) and open on side. 


The same package would be most desirable for extra samples of peaches and plums 
for an appreciative market. It is used by California, and the care exercised by California 
fruit growers in selecting, grading and packing their pears and peaches has gone a long 
way toward bringing them the reputation and consequent high prices which they have 
earned in the markets of the East. 


The importance of exhibiting large masses of special varieties of apples is plainly 
manifest for making an impression on visitors at a World’s Fair. A plate of two of a 
single variety, no matter how excellent, attracts no attention from people walking 
through miles of exhibits ; but when we showed a hundred plates of a single variety, as 
in the case of the Nova Scotia Gravenstein, or a large cone of beautiful apples, as, for 
instance, the one Mr. Bigelow, of Nova Scotia, made of his King apples, they were the 
admiration of all, and drew especial attention to the Province that produced them. An 
abundant supply of the finest commercial apples should be shown and inferior ones 
should be left at home, and not sent forward simply for the purpose of increasing the 
number of: varieties on exhibition, for every poor sample lowers the average percentage 
of excellence scored by the whole exhibit. 


FLORICULTURAL EXHIBIT, 


Sir D. L. Macpherson, Chestnut Park, Toronto. ; 
Height. Spread. Leaves 
ft. ft. No. 


1,, Adiantum Santa, Catharina, West Indies® . 05. c46c5.<.5 as a 2 ee cee a 
2, Buonapartea juncifolia, Mexico... 00. ee sen) oe as eins ae © ielsfore a ubleer 3 
3. Asplenium bulbiferum, New Zealand). ...2 sci vila ssc hs sa we wulem blots h alates 
John Hoskin, Esq., Q.C., Rosedale, Toronto. 
4. Kentia. Balmoreéana, New ‘Grainea. 034s suicide spline bea elke bo Gants nite 12 12 19 
Waterworks Reservoir, Summerhill Avenue, Toronto. 
5. Hicus.Parcelli, Polynestay .. 6.5 4.0%... .5.us'b ew eles bealeiale sane yeanra tnaee te pee 5 3 
6:. Cyeas revoluta, Chima oan. 3). Fale et ea he ls ee 4 6 90 
7.-Latania” Borboniea, South ‘China. 2.0. .52)0beN Sle 5 fee wets biel le oe Ae 10 15 5. 
8:40:11, 4 Crotons: (vaniode) iat. ac esan ens oT (ei dade des Bo alas <ecneds ie en 4 
12: Nephrolepis exaltatar, iis oiie ccie wins 0s es nam seaiaiscstels's ests sie) Fil a 0 ie keen 
Horticultural Gardens, Gerrard Street, Toronto. 
18, Livistonia: Australia .: 3.55 ic Sey Rew iie cig ele i eva = Realy. 2 eaieike ones th sl ee nil ee 6 12 36 
14, Latania Borbonica, South China... 01.00... foe ccs nsec ems erence rs eeue none 4 5 8. 
16, Pandanus Veitchii, Polynesia. 22.056) /ocneks ence aie eas Fo eee 4 4 
16. 7) Utilis, Madagascar sii. isantesingd, Jag vs ho oe POS al eee ose ee 4 4 
1%. Cycas revoluta,, Oia: 5.3,: stekenesne divs eeieisis pheledly SOTA 7d Ae a A ene ea Ce 3 4 22 


*The country named after each plant is that from which it was originally introduced. 


18, 
19, 
20. 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


Normal School, St. James’ Square, Toronto. 


INET ETICUIOS 5c cee c.c.0ls yee do poenss sercer ances tems wssenns ie 
RENMEI IS ccc ns oie. sees cece neeeeee EMC ASA s Sat Laka Maat ae 
ERGeMe NERIItIUS (7 DIAKG@E) . ......0c0.cccccccercccsvevesscccetecs 


Dieaetee ee wurenueo recurvata, Hast Indies. .................scsessctesceace 


23, 
24. 


25. 
26, 


27. 


SRIRIMICOTITONAL ATIACTAI 2.0... cee s crv eccevcsessevetcevens 
MICE EOUGM COMING. 6.51... sc tcc tee e eens veer acccsevaenrce 
Phyllocactus latifrons, RN eo hal a le staph cide a tw ao, oe. wand by ale Wa Bye tots 
Nephrolepis exaltata ........... .. AV ete Beal peibhetanlt 8) Sen eno 

u I DEES sreiey os aga) serene vi crie,¥, ejece.aie eine 006n Wye! exe 0%, woe ackhe 


Government House, King Street, Toronto. 


. Araucaria Cunninghaii, Moreton PEROT ee eis UMA ae Te ore tesa ala. al.o ata. ais 


u Bidwellii, a ee 
TE ae clad) oe dees wie evs Gelb beedceniecis 


eCoeecernvreieeanneeeeteeoeesnesseosnss 


MNMMMEMIECIEMOIMUVAT,, JAPAN ..5......- ccc ccsccere se dcevescesccceccscese 
SEM MMCINI IID, PUAGY LNOIOS,..........-6 (ccs ccer ccacecenccsscdeeecereees 


Exhibition Park, Dufferin Street, Toronto. 


ISS RETA cio 8. kg ps cos oom od oie ole.cnle es slesieeeeoe sans Mt ie 


PMEMMEMIENOMICR, SOUL CHINA, 2... 2... c cece ete vesseacccccnacecscceccce 
“ seal \ | 


=) Se simie) miss (6e. 0) (0) Ge. vb 0 )6) &,6\\e) a) 6) 8) 6). ee s)@: 16,66), 0, 6, 6) av) w sye © 


p Langamus Veitchil, Polynesia..................+. WE NRE Ppt SE Ey ccelbia a hee 2 


Miata New Guinee ..... 1,-5.0... ...0. scence sccssccscnscnces 


ee INIMEIET VATIOUS). (0. fos. coco cee cece ese s vee ceteceeesess 
OTE) hd sl clicicsass vse! eee ee sel oliel eviaeiee dase sees 
IE SE OC) 
Se neneE MSE MMBICM SOUL CHITA 2.6.5. 5.55. cc tre cece vec e tbe ce ses cones : 
warmmievienratravirens, Tropical America,.........-.....cecee see e ccc ceees 


Many small ferns...... NN re Se Net SPR tesa tsica AG. chek A violas Sie o Wins bis) a ails Inajoie 


ee PNIPEREAMIULINIS (Soe ec ee sce cc cc et bec dee seen eveSecnccen. cece 
Terr SPSL ccld ate eel efe ble t wle's deed ovanvleweceus 
. Latania Borbonica, South China...... RE Ne 48 hie Noha «thes alain 
. Pandanus Vietchii, Polynesia ........... PR tis a ne eM act elds 
SITET NE Shea Aa wienccl sos veces cevebelllcccusucetesess 


u Lindeni 
“ RR PO te ck uw diciv.e. ppc Yio diersyciee a altye dieiels 0-08 
“ NE reser Un I OE ace sales cee no's aladovseeces 
Bea Dosti... .. . 
EIRCOM INOW GUINEA... 0.5 ek ee ek ce cece e ne caaccvesens 


i 


MIMI MUA AOASCAT oo. co. cc cnet cca tases aseeeeccere 
pumeatnencemes, Manritius (5 brakes)...... 0. .....cccsuseesacccccdecceseets 
nara INGw GulNeA...........006005 | wesc cece cecencee eeecees 
areewviauere Norfolk Island ..................:. MTT Pare lel igen roca eat tec 
eM MASE ITIGICS... 0... os ccs nec ac cceweduwessccccccenseesess 
» Ehoenicophonum sechellarum, Seychelles... ...........0...ccvccccccccs sees 
. Draccena indivisa, New Zealand Settee settee: Meee soe Cees e Bratehe ayant oan 
pammeucaomes atrovirens, Tropical America., ..............ccc00. ccnenccces 


ern en mieca alomolia yar. West Indies ...:.-..<..0.sceccces ceccssvcues 
EE C0 


EERIE EMME ORICO., 5.) .  ek bec c cat nt ve ccceccsenendeenence 


EEE ces dc dicicis fo 'sidicisla scald eelaced. olan ceegacecdegs 
a ey dnc dc cle ees vendelecacheucvenuceucs 


Pee aGHSOMIANA........5-... ein eaiaven nless.s URES is PS Seohe it fr cree ey a 


RI ee oo de, als dz) Gc re eisic wields w siel'vicja ee eh Oe cdaeeces 
i EEIMNMCISIIESU NAD AT. 5.......- 2-0 to oc ccccecccsccredeulecceccucccece 
Pennetta eplomidens, Seychelles... ........ ccc cee ccc ens cece sscsucuse 


ETT) AES 


SeneenemmIIeLIITOFMIs, Chind..... ......ccc cscs cn cccccevecs LOS OE Ce Ae oR 
eeeesmnmnsneion, Out China... 0.06. k ces cece ec cece cee cecccacess 


Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph. 


. Pandanus utilis, Madagascar Bier te SRE ACAT hs FA at ete ol, SAC ain'dl Sarein, Halk eke Sake Sdn pes 
eeneemamreers, INdiA, Levant 22.05.26 ccc 5c reece ave ndecesseuccecces 


“ RR sc ht eI) 22 g'S, on ins GL asece Sainte allan « leva gaa ae wi 


IIE MOOMIS, ATIBCEAIA, 0.02005 oo sane ns ocho eieveneescenssscceecs 
. Rhapis flabelliformis, ER UT ag aa kia sid, Ud thea eat tic hice oia'e wus ¥6 


18 
10 


Ce | 


NWP ODN OU 


Nile 


He CLOT OS O10) OL OT OO GD OVO Og C9 OTST EP DD 


“ere 


H DD OUR OU He 


NI- 


119 


21 


10 


10 
18 


fot cx Or OO 


~) 


120 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


Messrs. Manton Bros., Florists, Toronto. 


83.88. 6 Draccena Indivisa, New Zealand 
Many small ferns 


"“@eeer sere er ee eee ee ne eee eres Peer aweeees 


ce) 


Mr. F. G. Foster, Florist, Hamilton. 


89. Kentia Balmoreana, New Guinea 
90. " Yosteriana i" 

91. Phoenix reclinata, Tndia. 2 ui sie ima ak Levi ss < hy02 oe oe ee 
92. Areca lutescens, Mauritius .g005%.). sch. see am onan ee 
93. Latania Borbonica, South China 
94. Draccena Lindeni 


Ulsy eet ww (ce 010 a ele @ 0 0 6.06 0.0)5 (8 m miele, * RSis" oe 10.6) 8) 0) 6 © ese 


© 0 6 © = Ove) +1616 (© 6 @ 6) 0 6 8.6 6 08 @ 6,0 Ww wie Seles 6 @ « sie lave 


cd 


CC i ed 


This exhibit was given a very prominent place in the dome and was counted very 
fine by experts in floriculture. It was cared for by first-class florists from Toronto and 
was, therefore, kept in the best possible condition. 


From the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, there was shown a very fine collection 
of thirty-five varieties of evergreens, which served an excellent purpose during Auzust, 
and September in decorating the tables when the stock of fruit is at the lowest. A full 
list of these may be seen in the catalogue. 


In addition to the ahove exhibits, there was also a very fine collection of Canadian 
horticultural literature, containing the reports of the Nova Scotia Fruit Growers’ Associ- 
ation, thirteen volumes; a book entitled ‘The Canadian Fruit, Flower and Kitchen Gar- 
dener” by D. W. Beadle of Toronto’; a set of fourteen bound volumes of the “ Canadian 
Horticulturist ;” a set of twenty-five reports of the Ontario Fruit Growers’ Association, 
and a collection of fine photographs giving excellent views of some representative Cana- 
dian fruit farms. These, coupled with the products of farms and gardens, gave the 
visitor a very correct conception of the progress of horticulture in Canada. British 
Columbia showed a map of that province, a very commendable feature, for nine-tenths of 
the visitors would otherwise have had no idea of its situation, much less of the location of 
its towns, rivers or fruit centres. Iam of the opinion that at future exhibitions an 
important feature in both agricultural and horticultural courts should be a well executed 
map of each province, not too large, but clearly marked to indicate those localities where 
the products shown may be successfully grown. 


Thus, in every way, I have endeavored to impress our visitors with some adequate 
notion of the high position occupied by Canada, both practically and theoretically in 
horticultural pursuits, and [ am confident that, in a large degree, this effort has achieved 
signal success. 


In closing, I submit the list of awards in horticulture, which must be gratifying to 
every loyal Canadian. That Canada should carry off over sixty awards and medals, 
besides many “ Honorable Mentions” in the Department of Horticulture alone speaks 
volumes for her fruits and vegetables as compared with those shown by other countries 
when viewed by expert judges. The Province of Ontario alone took thirty-four awards 
in fruit—by far the largest number taken by any exhibitor. 


List oF AWARDS. 


Name of Exhibitor. Exhibit. 

Department of Agriculture, Ottawa. ..... Ltn So Aig General Collection of Vege- 
tables from her Experimen- 
tal Farm. 

Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa ...... od atcha Papa Collection of Vegetables. 

" eter eor en fy ih cei em > Grapes. 

Experimental Farm, Brandon, Man................. e Vegetables. 

as aM APMIM ete eae Me aa Cig pk ec eh ‘* in solution. 
6 Nappan, Nis 5 sc aici teu aieen ane ue Vegetables. 
eid "e Bin Oak re Se IN a m from 


New Brunswick farmers. 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 121 


List or AWARDs.—VJontinued. 


Name of Exhibitor. 


Experimental UO A 6 0 
Pomoen Head, WN. W.T owe ee 
puree wv inmipes, Man..............00 scree 
Ontario Canning Company, Hamilton, Ont ........., 
Wemmmmemermon, ricton, Ont ........6.0.cccec cee 
The Fruit Growers’ Association of Ontario, office at 
AR 
Weeemenen, Grimsby, Ont.:.............5.... 
Peer ontar, Toronto ...... 0.0... 4. cece ee ee 
66 ce 
2 EOE eae nae 
i Me 
6e (a9 u : 
E Me yt. es sie ak 
: | SA erase 
; | SE aa alee 
: . Sees 
e ne enyen ec erriee yt Vi ee 
; Mees 527000 
(Niagara District) Toronto........ 
ce 
; ? Eis us. 
3: (oeelington District), “ 6... ae 
(73 66 66 
; : ah: 
mr (Wentworth District), Toronto.... 
< ce 6c 
‘ce (a9 ee 
> (Essex District) % : 
Province of Ontario (Belleville and Eastern Districts), 
Ls SR 
Province = Ontario (Grey District), =o tag Onbe 2 a2 
Pemeectinee ae ee 
“ (Simcoe “ Po Ns aeacaeraae © 
Pri amar: Wennie,) fh 0) ays. 
Jas. Shepherd & Sons, Queenston... 
x: W.R. Read, Port Dalhousie. ...... 
is C. Atkins, Stony Creek .......... 
m W. Kottmeier, St. Catharines...... 
ne EK. Tyhurst, Leamington.......... 
hs Geo. W. Cline, Winona .... ..... 
“a Wm. Stewart, Goderich .......... 
Me Geme Woarnock, wi oe ese fe 
4: W. M. Orr, Stony Creek.......... 
os if Prouer, Owen Sound... ..'\..... 
Ms Mrs. A. M. Croly, Tilsonburg, Ont 
ce 
Province of Quebec Riaebec ES RE SUS 1 Ua a 


Se. Be if 8, 6 9.10 8 © 6 8 6 6 6) 6 aera” o's; be 


Province of Quebec, Missisquoi Horticultural Society, 
EES ane re 
Province of (Quebec, Missisquoi Horticultural: Society, 
a od fins j ee! pile) ce a viyalesurihs bie « 


Exhibit. 
Collection of Apples. 
Vegetables. 
és Pickles. 
¢ Canned Fruits. 
“ec “cc 


Horticultural Publications, 


. Unfermented Grape Juice. 


Grapes. 
Apples of 1892. 
: 1893. 


Pears and Quinces. 


. Stone Fruits. 


Cherries. 

Currants. 

Gooseberries. 
Blackberries. 

Fruits in Solution. 
Collection of Vegetables. 


Grapes. 


. Apples and peaches. 
. Pears. 
. Pears and peaches. 


Apples and Pears. 
Turnips and Mangels. 
Peaches. 


66 


. Botanical Collection. 


Collection of Plants. 
Apples of 1892. 
Fruits in Solution. 


Apples of 1893. 


122 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


List or Awarps.— Concluded. 


Name of Exhibitor, Exhibit, 
Province of Quebec, Geo. B. Edwards, Covey Hill...... Apples of 1893. 
Province of British Oolumbia, Victoria .............. Collection of Apples. 
x aR! Mima R ca Al (7 4 Plums. 
4 POHL tt, Ay? anelich alphas hege aan ee Vegetables. 
Province of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown...... ‘ 4 Apples. 
. fp es hs Vege off1892 


The Fruit HOT Ea Ses of Nova Scotia, Wolfville. Apples of 1892. 
i i Apples and pears of 1893. 
Tow. ee Wolfville SPATE ot ahha cass chetckiotied setae ny cea Apples. 


Mr. E. Hutcherson of British Columbia contributes the following Act, designed to 
provide for the destruction of various diseases and insects, from which possibly we may 
gain some useful hints : 


THE HORTICULTURAL BOARD ACT OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. 


Her Majesty, by and with the adviee and eonsent of the Legislative’ Assembly of 
the Province of British Columbia, enacts as follows: 


1 This Act may be cited as the ‘‘ Horticultural Board Act, 1892.” 


2. There is hereby created a Provincial Board of Horticulture, to consist of six 
members, who shall be appointed by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council, one from the 
Province at large, and one from each of the horticultural districts which are hereby 
created, to wit :— 


1. The First District shall comprise the Electoral ee of Victoria, Victoria 
City, Esquimalt, and Cowichan. 


2. The Second District shall comprise the remaining Electoral Districts of Van- 
couver island, and The Islands. 


3. The Third District shall comprise all of New Westminster Electoral District south 
of the Fraser River : 


4, The Fourth District shall comprise the Electoral districts of New Westminster 
Oity, and of Vancouver City, and New Westminster Electoral District north of the Fraser 
River, and the Electoral District of Cassiar : 


5. The Fifth District shall comprise all the rest of the Mainland of British Columbia. 


3. The members shall reside in the districts for which they are appointed ; they 
shall be selected with reference to their study of and practical experience in horticulture, 
and the industries dependent thereon ; they shall hold office for a term of four years, and . 
until their successors are appointed and qualified: Provided, however, that three of the 
Board first appointed (to be determined by lot) shall retire at the expiration of two years. 
All vacancies in the Board shall be filled by appointment of the Lieutenant-Governor in 
Oouncil, and shall be for the unexpired term. 


4. The Lieutenant-Governor in Council may appoint a Secretary, prescribe his 
duties, and may also appoint a Treasurer, who shall give a bond to the Lieutenant-Gover- 
nor in Council in the sum of one thousand dollars for the faithful performance of his 
duties. The Secretary and Treasurer shall hold their appointments at the pleasure of the 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF-ONTARIO. 123 


Lieutenant-Governor in Council. Before entering upon the discharge of his duties, each 
member of the Board shall take and subscribe to an oath of allegiance, and to faithfully 
discharge the duties of his office, which said oath shall be filed with the Provincial Se- 
retary. 


5. The Board shall receive, manage, use, and hold donations and bequests of money 
and property for promoting the subjects of its formation ; it shall meet in the months of 
April and October of each year, and as much oftener as it may deem expedient, for the 
consultation on and for the adoption of those measures that will best promote the horti- 
cultural industry of the Province; it may, but without expense to the Province, select 
and appoint competent and qualified persons to lecture in each of the districts named in 
seotion 2 of this Act, for the purpose of encouraging and improving practical horticul- 
ture, and imparting instruction in the best methods of treating the diseases of fruits and 
fruit trees, cleaning orchards, and exterminating orchard pests. 


6 The office of the Board shall be located at such a place as the majority thereof 
may determine ; it shall be kept open to the public, subject to the rules of the Board, 
every day excepting Sundays and public holidays, and shall be in charge of the Secretary 
during the absence of the Board. 


7. For the purpose of preventing the spread of contagious diseases among fruits and 
fruit trees, and for the prevention, treatment, cure, and extirpation of fruit pests and the 
diseases of fruits and fruit trees, and for the disinfection of grafts, scions, or orchard 
débris, empty fruit boxes or packages, and other suspeeted material or transportable 
articles dangerous to orchards, fruits, and fruit trees, said Board may suggest regulations 
for the inspection and disinfection thereof, which regulations shall be circulated in printed 
form by the Board among the fruit-growers and fruit dealers of the Province, and shall 
be published at least ten days in two daily papers of general circulation in the Province, 
and shall be posted in three conspicuous places in each district, one of which shall be at 
the County Court House thereof. 


8S. The Lieutenant-Governor in Council shall appoint, from the number of the Board 
or from without their number, to hold office at the pleasure of the Lieutenant-Governor 
in Council, a competent person especially qualified by practical experience in horticulture, 
who shall be known as ‘‘ Inspector of Fruit Pests.” It shall be the duty of said Inspect- 
tor to visit the horticultural] districts of the Province to see that all the regulations of 
said Board to prevent the spread of fruit pests and diseases of trees and plants injurious 
to the horticultural interests of the Province, and for the disinfection of fruit, trees, 
plants, grafts, scions, nursery stock of all description, orchard débris, empty fruit boxes 
and packages, and other material, be made known to the people of the Province ; he shall, | 
whenever required, and under the direction of the Lieutenant-Governor in Council and of 
the Board, and may also upon his own motion, and upon complaint of interested parties, 
inspect orchards, nurseries, and other places suspected or believed to be infested with 
fruit pests, or infected with contagious diseases injurious to trees, plants, or fruits, and 
he shall report the facts to the Board. The Inspector shall, from time to time and when- 
ever required by said Board, report to it such information as he may secure from obser- 
vation, experience, and otherwise, as to the best method of diminishing and _ eradi- 
cating fruit pests and diseases from orchards, and also suggestions as to practical 
horticulture, the adoption of produce suitable to soil, climate, and markets, and such 
other facts and information as shall be calculated to advance the horticultural 
interests of the Province. ‘The Inspector shall from time to time, under the direction 
of the Board, hold meetings throughout the Province in the interests of horticulture, and 
impart such information and instruction to fruit-growers and farmers as may tend to the 
improvement and expansion of the fruit industry of the Province.” 


9. Whenever a complaint is made to any member of the Board that any person has 
an orchard, trees, or nursery of trees, or a fruit packing house, store room, sales room, 
or any other place in this Province infected with any noxious insects, or the eggs or 


124 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


larvee of any such insects, or that any packages of trees, plants, or fruit arriving in this 
Province, or in this Province about to be disseminated, which are known or suspected to 
be from localities that are infected with any disease or pest injurious, or that may become 

injurious, to the fruit interests of the Province, such member shall inspect, or cause to be 

inspected, the premises or property to which such complaint relates, and if the same be 

found to be infected as aforesaid, such member shall notify, in writing, the person having 

charge of such premises and property to appear before him at such time and place as 
specified in such notice, to be heard in reference to the infection of such premises or. 
property aforesaid, and such property shall not be removed after the person in charge of 
the same shall have been notified in writing as aforesaid without the written permission 

of a member of the Board and whether the person notified to attend is present 

or not. If such member shall be of the opinion that such premises or property 

or any of the same, are infected as aforesaid, he shall notify, in writing, the person 

in charge of the same, within a time to be prescribed in such notice, to treat and 

disinfect said premises or property in the manner presented in said notice, and if the 

person so notified shali neglect or refuse to treat and disinfect the said premises or 

property, in the manner and within the time prescribed in the said notice, such person 

shall be liable to a fine of not less than ten dollars nor more than one hundred dollars, to 

be recoverable on summary conviction before a Justice of the Peace ; and if it appears 

on the trial that any orchard, trees, nursery, building, or any other structures, 

premises, or property in charge of the defendant referred to in said notice, or any part 
of such structure, premises, or property, is infested or affected as aforesaid, the Court 

shall declare whatsoever of the same is so infected a nuisance, and shall order it to be 

abated, or may make any other order necessary to prevent its continuance, and it shall 

be the duty of the Board, or some member thereof, to execute such order, and the costs 

and disbursements of the prosecution shall be adjudged against the party convicted as 

aforesaid. 


10. It shall be the duty of the Secretary to attend all meetings of the Board, and » 
to procure records of the proceedings and correspondence, to collect books, pamphlets, 
periodicals and other documents containing valuable information relating to horticulture 
and to preserve the same ; to collect statistics and other information showing the actual 
condition and progress of horticulture in this Province and elsewhere; to correspond 
with agricultural and horticultural societies, colleges and schools of agriculture and horti- 
culture, and other persons and bodies, as he may be directed by the Board; and prepare, 
as required by the Board, reports for publication ; he shall also act as assistant to and 
obey the directions of the Inspector of Fruit Pests, under the direction of the Board, in 
the exercise of the duties of his office, and shall be paid for his services as said Secretary 
and Assistant Inspector a salary to be fixed by the Board, and his mileage actually paid 
out shall be allowed when acting as assistant to the Inspector of Fruit Pests. 


11. The Board shall annually, in the mouth of January, report to the Minister of 
Agriculture a statement of its doings, with a copy of the Treasurer’s account for the 
year preceding, and abstracts of the reports of the Inspector of Fruit Pests, and of the 
Secretary. The members of the Board shall receive as compensation for their services 
their mileage actually paid out when attending the meetings of the Board, and shall be 
allowed a sum not exceeding five dollars a day for time actually employed, to be fixed by 
the Lieutenant-Governor in Council. 


12. The Treasurer shall receive all moneys belonging to the Board, and pay out the 
same only for bills approved by it, and shall render annually a detailed account to the 
Board of all receipts and disbursements. 


13. The said Board shall, when making its annual statement, report to the Minister 
of Agriculture what (if any) legislation is needed in aid of the horticultural and fruit- 
growing interests of the Province. 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO, 125 


———eeeeEeEeEEeEeee—eEe—e—eEeEeEe 


14. The powers and duties devolving by this Act upon the said Board and the 
Inspector of Fruit Pests in relation to fruit and fruit trees, are hereby extended to hops 
and hop plants, for the purpose of preventing the spread of disease among hops and hop 
plants, and of extirpating any pests affecting the same. 


15. Notwithstanding anything in the said Act contained, it shall be lawful for 
the Lieutenant-Governor in Council, at discretion, from time to time, to assign the per- 
formance of the duties of the Secretary of the Board to the Inspector of Fruit Pests, and 
to remunerate the Inspector accordingly. 


PUBLIO NOTICE. 


Pursuant to Section 7 of the above Act, the following notice is published in the 
fruit growing district of British Columbia. 


Novice. 


Rule, 1. All agents, dealers, nurserymen, or persons importing, selling, or distribu- 
ting nursery stock, as well as all trees, plants, and fruit, (unless they have im their pos- 
session a certificate from the Horticultural Board that their property is free of pests) 
before distributing, offering for sale or disposing of any article as above mentioned, shall 
notify the member of the Board, his agent or representative in whose district any such 
article is found, or the Secretary or Inspector of this Board, who shall inspect or cause 
to be inspected said nursery stock, trees, plants, or fruit, and if they are found io be free 
from pests shall issue a certificate to the owner or person in charge, stating said articles 
appear free from injurious insect pests. 


Rule 2. All persons possessing, forwarding, or distributing trees, plants, nursery 
stocks, or fruit infested with any insect such as: Woolly aphis, apple tree aphis, scaly 
bark-louse, oyster-shell bark-louse, San Jose scale, red scale-borers, currant worms, or other 
known injurious insects shall have the same disinfected and cleansed of such insects 
before forwarding, distributing, selling or disposing of said trees, plawits or fruit, 


ftule 3. The Board demand that all boxes or crates which have been used in the 
importation of fruits or nursery stock into this Province shall be immediately broken up 
and destroyed by fire, whereby growers will avoid the expense of disinfecting, which it is 
incumbent on the members of the Horticultural Board or their agsnts to enforce. The 
following method will be considered sufficient for disinfecting boxes, etc.: By dipping 
them in beiling water containing not less than one pound of concentrated lye or potash to 
every ten gallons of water, and submerging said material not less than five minutes. 


Rule 4. Nursery stock or any trees or plants infested by any insects as included in 
Rule 2, shall be disinfected by dipping in a solution prepared as follows: Take three 
pounds of soap (whale oil or good home-made soap), three pounds sulphur and one 
pound Gillett’s concentrated lye, or lye of equal strength and purity, boil one hour in 
four gallons of water, add one gallon coal oil, then boil slowly twenty minutes and add 
twenty-five gallons of water. 


Rule 5. \Yhere insect pests, such as are mentioned in the British Columbia Fruit 
Growers Supplement for 1893, or other known injurious insects, are found to exist, 
spraying must be done and other remedies applied during the growing season, while the 
trees are in leaf, as shall be recommended by the Board from time to time, so that the 
inseets can at least be held in check until the stronger washes of the dormant season can. 
be safely applied. 


fiule 6. Where hop fields are infested with the hop-louse spraying must be done as 
shall be recommended by the Board. 


Rule 7. Horticultural and Fruit Growers’ Societies are requested to work in har- 
mony with this Board, and may, without expense to the Board, elect from their number 


126 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


— a0 4 - ee 


one or more persons to act as local Inspectors or Advisers, who shall report to the mem- 
ber of the Horticultural Board of the district in which such Society is located, or to the 
Secretary or Inspector of the Provincial Board, cases where trees or plants are infested, 
and the owner or person in charge refuses to obey the directions of the Society in car- 
rying out the rules of the Board, also any other matters of importance to the interests 
of said Society. 


Rule 8. All members of the Board are hereby authorized to inspect any garden, 
orchard, trees or nursery of trees, fruit, packing-house, warehouse, store-room, sales-room, 
or any other place in the Province liable to be infested. with any noxious insects or 
eggs or larve of any such insects, in order to satisfy themselves that the rules and 
regulations of the Board are duly observed. 


Rule 9. Any person having infested material, trees, plants, fruit or packages, and 
refuses or neglects to take action to have the same disinfected, or pests exterminated, 
after due notice has been given, shall be deemed guilty of an offence against the Act, 
and shall be dealt with according to law. 


By order of the Board, 


EK. A. Carew-Gipson, 
Acting Secretary. 
Office of the Provincial Board of Horticulture, 
VicroriA, 26th October, 1893. 


THE WORLD’S HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Immediately following the World’s Congress on Horticulture at Chicagoin August 
last, a series of meetings was held to consider the advisability of organizing a horti- 
cultural society which shall include every country of the globe. After much discus- 
sion, in which many eminent men from various parts of the world engaged, the World’s 
Horticultural Society was organized and the election of thethree general officers was 
held, on the 25th of August, This new society is designed, in the language of the 
constitution, “‘to promote correspondence and to facilitate exchange of plants and 
information between the countries of the world.” This society can co-ordinate and 
extend the work of all existing societies, compile statistics, promote legislation and 
education, prepare correspondence directories, diffuse all the latest information from 
the various parts. of the globe, consider means of iransportation, and facilitate the 
exchange of varieties and every commodity in which pomologists, viticulturists, florists, 
vegetable gardeners, and other horticulturists are interested. The society will probably 
meet occasionally at the various International Exhibitions, upon which occasions, also, 
it can greatly aid in procuring exhibits from all parts of the world. 

The general charge of this great society resides in three officers: The president ; 
vice-president at large; secretary-treasurer at large. There is to be a vice-president 
and a secretary-treasurer for each country, who shall direct the affairs of the society 
in their respective countries. The officers elected at Chicago upon the 25th of August, 
1893, were: Prosper J. Breckmans, A. M., Augusta, Georgia, U.S. A., president, a 
native of Belgium, but for many years a prominent pomologist and nurseryman of 
the United States, where he is now president of the American Pomological Society ; 
Henri L. de Vilmorin, Paris, France, vice-president, a distinguished horticulturist, 
scientist and author, who is favorably known throughout the world; George Nicholson, 
secretary-treasurer, Curator of the Royal Gardens, Kew, England, everywhere known as the 
author of the incomparable Illustrated Dictionary of Gardening. Later, the president 
appointed William F. Dreer of Philadelphia, vice-president for the United States,a man 
long and favorably known in the seed trade; and Mr. Dreer appointed Professor L H. 
Bailey, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., secretary-treasurer for the United States. At 


. FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 127 


Ce — — —S—- 
~ 


this juncture, Mr. Nicholson declined the office of secretary-treasurer at large, as it would 
be inconsistent with his present duties. ‘This is a source of great regret to his many friends 
and admirers. Until asuccessor is elected, the secretary-treasurer for the United States 
has ‘consented to act in the capacity of general secretary-treasurer, + 

~ .#@he society now requests the earnest and early support of its friends. The vice-presi- 
dents of the various countries will be announced soon, and the organization will then be 
quickly completed. The society needs the co-operation of every enlightened horticulturist 
and every important horticultural organization. 


Prosper J. Berckmans, President. 
Augusta, Georgia, U.S.A. 
Henri L. DeEVitmorin, Vice-president, 
No, 22, Avenue de la Bourbonnais, Paris, France. 


L. H. BAtuey, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A, 
Secretary-treasurer for the United States, 
And temporary Secretary-treasurer at large. 


. 


The initial membership fee for North America is $2, which also covers the dues for the remainder of 
the current year. Thereafter, the dues are $1a year. Every American horticulturist should identify him- 
self with this organization ; and every state or district society should do the same. Remittances from the. 
United States should be sent to the secretary at Ithaca, N.Y. 


CONSTITUTION. 


This body shall be known as the World’s Horticultural Society. 

The object of this society shall be to promote correspondence and to facilitate exchange of plants and 
information between the countries of the world. 

' The membership of this society shall be composed of societies in the various countries and of indi- 
viduals, who shall subscribe to its constitution and pay the membership fees. 

The officers of this society shall consist of a president, first vice-president, and a secretary-treasurer ; 
also a vice-president and a secretary-treasurer in each country, independent state or province, whenever 
suitable persons can be found who are willing to undertake the duties of such office. The officers shall con- 
— an executive committee, which may call meetings on such occasions of interest as may be deemed 
worthy. 

The term of office of all officers of this society shall be three years, and until their successors are duly 
elected and qualified. 
f--2The vice-president in each country shall be appointed, at the outset, by the president of the World’s 
Horticultural Society, after conference with the foreign representatives at the World’s Columbian Expesi- 
tion, or upon correspondence with horticulturists in the various countries. 

he vice-president of each country shall appoint the secretary-treasurer for that country. 

The fee for societies shall be $5 annually, or as near that amount as thecurrency of the country readily 

admits. The initial fee for individuals shall be $2, or approximately that amount, which fee shall also be 
the dues for the remainder of the current calendar year. The annual dues thereafter shall be one-half that 
sum. 
# _jThe funds shall be spent by the executive committee for the necessary expenses of the society, which 
shall a'llow one-third of all the collections in each country to be retained there for its own expenses and to 
be disbursed by its own secretary, except in the country represented by the president, where all the funds 
colleeted shail be retained, but that country shall pay its share of the general expenses. The executive 
committee has power to publish a periodical of the size and frequency of issue warranted by the funds, and 
which shall be sent free to all members of the society. In the absence of meetings of the executive com- 
mittee, the president, first vice-president, secretary-treasurer, and the secretary-treasurer of the country 
represented by the president, shall constitute a finance committee, which shall audit the accounts of the 
society, any two of whom shali constitute a quorum. 

The president, first vice-president, secretary-treasurer, and secretary-treasurer of the country repre- 
sented by the president, constitute the committee on by-laws cf the World’s Horticultural Society, any two 
of whom shall constitute a quorum. 

Adopted by a meeting of horticulturists of various countries, in Chicago, Aug. 25, 1893. 


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APPENDIX II. 


REPORTS OF AFFILIATED SOCIETIES. 


REPORT OF THE BURLINGTON HORTICULTURAL ASSOOIATION, 1893. 


This society has again to report a successful year. 

The membership now numbers over sixty, which shows a substantial increase for the 
year. Four meetings have been held which were well attended, and in the proceedings of 
which a strong interest was taken. : 

Several papers were read and addresses given which elicited lively discussion. 


As it is the custom of the society, the usual annual outing was taken. This year 
the members visited the plum and grape plantations in the vicinity of Stony Creek, 
meeting with a kind reception from the proprietors, and receiving as well as giving many 
valuable points as to culture and marketing of fruits. A Society Exhibit was made at 
the Industrial Fair, Toronto, at which we were awarded first prize. By means of municipal 
grants a great deal of fruit of every variety grown in this district was sent to the 
World’s Fair, Chicago. A competent fruit man was engaged to collect, sort, pack and 
ship suitable fruit throughout the season, commencing with the earliest strawberries and 
continuing on through with the various fruits as they matured to the close. 


This was his sole work, so that, obviously, a large quantity of fruit found its way to 
Chicago. 

At the date of writing no official notice of results has reached us, but, from the press 
reports of awards made this district certainly stands high. 


OFFICERS. 


The following are the officers of the association for 1893. 
President: Geo. E. FISHER, Freeman P. O 
Vice-President: J. S. FREEMAN, Freeman P. O. 
Secretary-Treasurer: A. W. PEART, Freeman P. O. 
Assistant Secretary: Guo. N. Peer, Freeman P. O. 


Directors—Apples, Edwin PEART; Grapes, C. N. DyNnkEs; Small Fruit, Atex. ReacH; Peaches and. 
Pears, W. F. W. FisHer; Plums, C. G. Davis; Vegetables, E. THorPE; Shipping, Jas, LINDLEY. 


Executive Committee: Dr. HusBAND, ALEX. ReacH, P. McCuiiovues. 
Entertainment Committee : The President, Vice-President, and Secretary-Treasirer. 
Auditors: Gro. N. Peer, and C. N. Dyngs. 


REPORT OF FRUIT GROWING IN 1893 ABOUT BURLINGTON. 


The following paper was sent in by Mr. Geo, EK, Fisusr, President of the Burlington 
Fruit Growers’ Association (affiliated). 


To the Secretary of the Ontario F. G. A: 


Sir :—In responding to your request I have much pleasure in submitting the following 
brief report of the fruit crop of 1893 and of the present condition of orchards in the 
Burlington district. 


9 (F.G.) 


130 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO, 


Apples were upon the whole a light crop, of fair size and very highly colored. Green- 
ings were more plentiful than any other variety, Baldwins and Ribstons next; these 
three being our most profitable varieties year after year. Some orchards situated near 
the lake gave an average yield. One gentlemen, the Rev. Mr. Watt, picked fourty-four 
bushels of Baldwins from one tree—a pretty good yield for last year. Im going back 
from the water the quantity decreased rapidly and beyond a distance of probably three 
miles there were very few apples.’ Spraying is pretty generally resorted to, and where 
that was practiced there was not an unusual proportion of worms and very little scab. 
‘he foliage was not heavy but healthy, and the growth of wood, though not large, was 
well matured ; and this may be said of all our fruit trees. 

The yield of pears was probably sixty per cent. of that of 1892. The fruit was 
smaller and more knotty. The scarcity and poor quality of the Duchess was remarkable, 
as of late years we have had full crops and splendid samples of this variety. Bartletts 
did fairly well. The Lawrence and Vicar gave very large crops, but the Anjou and 
many other varieties were short. Blight was more prevalent than usual and many 
young trees showed the effect of the previous winter’s frost. 

Plums were a good crop, well developed and unusually free from rot. The curculio 
did much damage where spraying had been neglected, but where this had been carefully 
attended to it caused no trouble. Large plantations of both plum and pear trees have 
been made here, but while the blight has destroyed many pear trees, our plum trees have 
escaped serious injury from black knot. 

Peaches have not been planted largely, but occasionally a few hundred trees are found 
together. The disease known as the yellows has not been troublesome. The steady cold 
of the preceding winter held the buds in check till spring opened, resulting in a full crop 
of exceedingly fine quality. 

Grapes were an immense crop, of exceptional size and flavor. We have had very 
little mildew ; the vines are very thrifty and the wood is well matured. 

Strawberries yielded a large crop and were a good sample. Michel’s Early made 
more money than any other variety. Monmouth, the largest early berry grown here, did 
very well. Considerable experimenting with new varieties is being done. New beds have 
run well, Some growers are discouraged by low prices, but these have only old varieties, 
which were unprofitable, while large fruits sold well. 

Raspberries, blackberries, gooseberries, red and black currants gave heavy crops, 
made plenty of wood and promise well for another year. 


BRANT HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
| OFFICERS. 


President : LyMAN Cuapin, Brantford. 
Vice-President : CHAS. GRANTHAM, Cainsville. 
Secretary-Treasurer : D. M. Lex, Paris, Ont. 


Directors : J. R. Howey, Brantford; T. A. Ivey, Brantford ; Onas. GRANTHAM, 
Cainsville; Davin Greie, Oainsville; Davin Westsrook, Oainsville; Jas. MiILuEr, 
Paris ; H. J. Bryan, Mohawk ; G. R. Coon, Norwich; Jonn A. Eppy, Scotland... 


A meeting of the Brant County Fruit Growers’ Association was held in the Town 
Hall in the Town of Paris, on Tuesday afternoon, January 29th, 1894. 

There was a good attendance present, and much interest manifested in the subjects 
under discussion. The session was opened by the President, Mr. Lyman Cuapin, of 
Brantford, whose remarks were very appropriate and practical. 

The Mayor of Paris, Mr. J. H. Fisher, welcomed the Association to Paris, and com- 
plimeuted the work which had been done by it in encouraging the development of the 
industry about Paris. 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO, 131 


A paper on Window Gardening was given by T. A, Ivey, of Brantford, which is as 
follows : 


WINDOW GARDENING. 


A knowledge of the habits or requirements of the plants desirable for winfow garden- 
ing, either inside or out, is of first importance, as without this knowledge fine healthy 
plants from the greenhouse or conservaiory are often ruined in a very short time ; not 
through any lack of interest on the par: of the grower, but simply through wrong treat- 
ment, in which, it may be, only one «ssential element is lacking for the health of the 
plant. For instance, suppose a palm, a fine healthy specimen, is brought into the house- 
window from the greenhouse, where it has been grown in a nice even temperature of say 
fifty-five degrees at night, and perhaps ten to fifteen degrees higher during the day, and 
all its other requirements as to moisture, ventilation, etc., had been carefully looked after 
by the florist. Now, suppose this same palm is handled in its new quarters in the win- 
dow by one anxious to keep it looking nice. It is kept nicely watered, and perhaps every 
day the temperature may be as near as can be the same as it had in the greenhouse, the 
moisture at the roots about the same, and the amount of light about the same. It is in 
the same soil, in the same pot, but it soon shows signs of going back. The Jeaves become 
withered and the plant generally looks sick. There is probably just one cause of trouble, 
viz., the condition of the atmosphere of the room as to moisture. The plant had grown in 
a moist atmosphere in its greenhouse quarters. The change in this respect is very great 
ir its new situation in the house, the air being very dry there. I have recently tested this 
in two specimens of palms taken from the greenhonse to the dwelling. One was watered 
in the ordinary way at the root. The other was watered at the root in the same way, but 
in addition was carefully sprayed all over every day. This last retained its fresh look all 
right, while the other speedily withered its leaves and looked like dying and had to be 
returned to the greenhouse to recover. I think this establishes what I said at the begin- 
ning. Itis necessary to know the requirements of our plants as to moisture, heat, venti- 
lation, light, soil, etc., the difference being considerable in different plants. Let no one 
‘imagine that he can grow successfully a large variety of plants in exactly the same sur- 
roundings and with the same general treatment. In our greenhouses we have a consider- 
able range of temperature, and can vary the amount of light and moisture in different 
parts of the house, and can thus vary the treatment of plants according to their natural 
requirements to a great extent. This affords the florist in charge opportunities for the 
exercise of his brains. He must select the portion of the greenhouse with a low tempera- 
ture for plants requiring less heat, while the hotter portions will receive the plants requir- 
ing high temperature, and soon, The care of house plants and window gardening will 
call forth the ingenuity of the grower to produce the same conditions as near as possible. 
This 1t first sight looks like a very difficult thing to do, but it is said ‘Where there is a will 
there is a way,” so with the will in the right direction it is possible to accomplish much. 
It will be first necessary to find out what your plants really do require on the lines above 
referred to. Then, next in order is to study your house, its different apartments, and the 
conditions of heat, light, moisture, etc., in each; then a general arrangement of plants 
may follow. The kitchen, if light and warm and having more moisture in the air than any 
other room in the house. would be a good place for such plants as coleus, crotons, palms, 
etc. A cooler room would do for geraniums, stocks and the like. A warmer room with 
less moisture would suit pandanus, abutilous, some varieties of palms, especially if the lack 
of moisture in the air was supplied by frequent spraying in the case of the latter, and so on 
over the whole list much can be done. What I have said is no doubt more suggestive 
than otherwise, but if it will lead any interested persons to study out results for them- 
selves along these lines, then I shall feel rewarded for my trouble in preparing this paper. 

Considerable discussion followed, by which much information was elicited regarding 
how to water plants, how often to apply it ; best fertilizers to use for house plants ; proper 
temperature for coleus, geraniums, etc. 


132 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


The President then called upon Mr. L. Wootverton, Secretary cf the Ontario Fruit 
Growers’ Association to give an address on Small Fruit Growing. The following are some 
of the points made by Mr. Woolverton in his address : 


u SMALL FRUITS FOR PROFIT. 


The man who is favorably situated, and has the right kind of soil, and who himself 
is the right sort of a man, may devote his attention more or less to small fruits with a 
reasonable prospect of making a fair profit. To be favorably situated, he must either be 
within driving distance of a market for his fruit, or near an express office from which his 
fruit may be forwarded to acity at a reasonable rate ; to have the right kind of soil, he 
must have land that is not too heavy to be easily cultivated at all seasons, and not so 
light as sand as to be too readily affected by drought ; and to be the right sort of a man, 
he needs to have some knowledge of fruit culture, much patient perseverance, and a 
disposition to pay close attention to many little and apparently unimportant details, Mr. 
J. H. Hale, an authority of high standing in Connecticut, gives the following as the 
requisites to success in small fruit culture: 1. A love of fruits for their own sake, and 
pleasure in theirculiure. 2. A soil fairly well adapted. 3. Markets within easy reach. 
4, A supply of extra laborers near enough to be promptly available in emergencies, 5. 
Plant no more than can be thoroughly cultivated and profitably marketed. 

Upon such circumstances I can encourage any one so disposed, to enter-upon this 
industry. But, just here, | wish to sound a note of warning, and to say that not all the 
glowing accounts of the profits of fruit culture are to be swallowed whole. It has been - 
to the interest of the nurserymen to laud the business, to exaggerate the profits of it 
until many are tempted to leave good situations to engage in it, who are utterly ignorant 
of it, and who are doomed to disappointment. Like any other line, the profits only 
come as the reward of the most patient industry. | 

The subject of small fruits for profit is too large to be treated in one paper ; it needs 
a series of papers in order to deal with it in a profitable manner. I shall therefore in 
this one confine myself principally to the 


STRAWBERRY, 


leaving the others for successive papers. One of the most important essentials for succcss 
in the selection of varieties.) And in this the amateur is almost bewildered with the 
multitude, each of which has been boomed as the one beyond all the others in value. 

It may be interesting here to notice that all our prominent varieties are natives of 
America, and improved from that known botanically as Fragaria Virginiana. A little 
while ago, the popular foreign varieties, such as Jucunda, and Triomphe de Gand had 
their commenders, but of late, since the introduction of such fine large varieties as Sharpless, 
Bubach, Haverland, etc., and others, they have been thrown aside, because so much less 
productive. My list of varieties for profit is soon given. I would omit the old Crescent. 
True, it is one of the earliest and most productive of all strawberries, but it is soft and 
poor in quality. 

The Wilson seems likely to give place to some of the newer varieties for main crop, 
but many still prize its firm flesh and tart flavor, especially for canning for home use. 
Firmer than the Crescent, it is better suited to ship to distant markets, and it never 
disappoints the planter as a market berry unless enfeebled by rust, which lately is its 
chief fault. 

The Sharpless for large berries and top prices is indispensable, but it is a poor shipper, 
and unless used soon after picking isalmost inedible. It is best cultivated in very narrow 
rows or else in hill culture. 

Among the newer berries which have been tested, we mention the Bubach as one of 
the most promising ; indeed it is likely to displace the Sharpless, being about as large, 
more regular in shape and far more productive. Atleast this was my experience with it 


last season. 


FRUIT. GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO, 133 


The plant is a strong grower, with large, healthy foliage, and very productive ; 
succeeds on light or heavy soil. The blossom is perfect ; berry large, roundish conical, 
bright svarlet, moderately firm, fair quality ; season, early to medium. | 

The Williams, a variety which originated near you, in a place called Cainsville, is 
quite a success with me in Grimsby ; indeed, I have gathered more fruit from it than 
from any other variety. It is also very firm and therefore an excellent shipper. It is 
too well known to you to need description. 

The Saunders, one of John Little’s seedlings, is in my opinion very valuable. The 
plant is a good grower and a heavy bearer ; blossom, staminate ; fruit, large, conical, 
dark glossy red ; quality, good ; season, medium. 

The Haverland is a very productive variety, and the plant withstands drouth well ; 
blossom, pistillate ; fruit, medium to large, but rather soft, light red ; season, early. 
This variety is a favorite with me on account of its shape, size, and color. 

Warfield is another very productive plant, though rather small; berry, firm, dark 
glossy red ; somesay it is larger than the Wilson, but with me it averages about the 
same, 

Another berry, which the originator, Mr. John Little, has done me the honor of 
calling the Woolverton, impressed me very favorably, but I have not tested it yet 
long enough to say much about it. 

The Enhance is much commended by some experimenters, and the plants are 
strong, healthy growers ; berries, large like Sharpless, but firmer ; season, medium. 

You need not invest much in plants. You should learn some of the secrets of the 
nursery—enough at least to propagate all kinds of small fruits for yourself. Buy a 
dozen of any new kind of strawberry plant and very soon you will have all you want 
for yourself. 


® 


FERTILIZATION OF THE BLOSSOMS. 


The strawberry grower who is ignorant of the sexuality of the plants he is using, 
often makes a serious mistake in planting. Many varieties, such as the Wilson, Down- 
ing, May King, Captain Jack and Sharpless, have perfect flowers—that is, the stamens 
and the pistils are both fully developed. Everyone nowadays knows that uniess 
the pollen dust from the stamens fertilizes the pistils, no seeds will be produced, and little 
or no fruit, but in the case of the perfect or hermaphrodite varieties above mentioned, this 
is safely provided by their own flowers. 

There are other varieties, however, such as Crescent, Bubach, Jewell, Manchester, 
which have imperfect blossoms. They are pistillate—that is, they have pistils only, and 
the stamens are aborted, or so imperfectly developed as to supply no pollen. Such varie- 
ties need to be planted in the vicinity of some variety from which the wind and the bees 
will bring the pollen dust to their pistils, and for this purpose it will suffice if every third 
or fourth row is planted with a hermaphrodite. George R. Knapp, a celebrated straw- 
berry grower, of Greenfield, Mass., speaks very highly of the Sharpless as a variety for 
this purpose, and says he has found the Crescent unequalled when every third or fourth 
row is planted with the Sharpless; while for a medium to late kind, he has had great 
success with the Manchester fertilized by Sharpless, and declares that in this way the size 
of the former is very materially increased. 


CHOICE AND PREPARATION OF SOIL. 


A deep, rich sandy loam, not too light, is best for strawberries. Generally speaking, 
such land as would produce a good crop of corn is the kind of land whic may be depended 
upon for a successful plantation. For one or two years previous the ground should be 
thoroughly worked up, and then, before setting, thoroughly manured and prepared for 
planting by deep plowing and pulverizing. It may then be marked out with a corn 
planter in rows three feet apart. 


134 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO, 


PLANTING. 


Great care should be taken to shade the rows from the rays of the sun. I use a 
basket covered with a damp cloth for carrying the plants while planting. The quickest 
method I have ever tried of setting the plants is to open the earth with a slanting cut of 
the spade, while a boy spreads out the roots of the plant, and places them in the opening. 
The spade is then withdrawn, and the earth, falling back, is firmed with the foot, and thus 
the plant is securely and well planted. Planters differ somewhat as to the best distance 
apart in the rows, some advocating 12, some 18 inches ; but unless there is reason for 
economizing plants, the lesser distance is to be preferred. The best time for planting is 
as early in the spring as the ground is in good condition, in order that the plants may 
make as much growth as possible the first season, and be prepared to yield a full crop the 
following season. 


MANURE. 


In this lies concealed one great secret of the greatest success in profitable strawberry 
culture, as well asin most departments of practical horticulture. We are often astonished 
at the immense yield ofa small garden plot, and we say, “ If a quarter of an acre will yield 
1,500 quarts of fine berries, an acre would yield four times as many, or about 6,000 
quarts.” We plant the acre, with the expectation of coining money, and lo! we get only 
about 2,000 quarts from the whele acre. What is the trouble? Why, we have put the 
labor, the manure and the cultivation, on the acre that we before put on the quarter, and 
the failure is the natural result. Listen to what Mr. P. Curry, a market gardener in 
Keokuk Co., Lowa, says in the Prawve Farmer on this point: “In your issue of June 7th 
a writer reports a big strawberry yield of 5,000 quarts from one acre. I will give a. 
report which discounts his. I have a patch, 10 by 13 rods square, of Orescent Seedlings 
fertilized with Captain Jack, from which we picked in 1886 5,060 quarts, and in 1887 
5,100 quarts. This is exclusive of all used at home and given away. The secret of the 
large crop is, deep ploughing and heavy manuring and mulching.” 

No doubt that barnyard manure is one of the best fertilizers for the strawberry, if it 
can be had in sufficient quantity. The late Mr. E. P. Roe was an enthusiast in small 
fruit culture, and he advised it in preference to any other manure, recommending a dress- 
ing as heavy as sixty tons to the acre. At one dollar per load this would be rather an 
expensive operation, but with him it was the secret of his success. Mr. J. H. Hale, of 
Massachusetts, who is a good authority on small fruits, reeommends fertilizers containing 


a large proportion of phosphoric acid and potash, but lacking in nitrogen, claiming that — 


this latter element tends to the over-production of foliage. He uses ground bone ashes 
and wood ashes in the proportion of 1,500 pounds of the bone and 500 pounds of muriate 
of potash, or its equivalent in wood ashes, to ap acre. Another noted strawberry grower 
(Mr. M. B. Faxon, of the same State) says he always applies stable manure in the fall to 
his beds, and a little phosphate in the spring, the latter tending greatly to increase the 
size and quantity of the berries. 


CULTIVATION 


should proceed the whole season through. Many neglect cultivation before fruiting 
season, on the plea that it wiil disturb the plants, lessen the yield, and cause the fruit to 
become dirty. But worse ills than these are likely to overtake the man who neglects. 
cultivation. His plantation is lost in weeds and grass, his berries dry up in time of 
drouth, and are as small as his profits. I have tried watering such a plantation at great 
expense, by drawing barrels of water and pumping the water over the ground, and by 
digging a well in the strawberry patch ; but a day’s hot sunshine, and the ground was as 
dry as ever, My experience is that constant cultivation in time of drouth is an excellent 
mode of irrigating plantations in Canada. 

If some system of irrigation could be planned by which a constant supply of water 
would be furnished the strawberry plantation in time of drouth, it would, no doubt, bring 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 135 


the planter the highest success, giving him a full crop of the largest fruit. In California, 
where the land would be a desert without it, irrigation is necessary every summer, and is 
worked in a gigantic scale, each grower paying for his supply of water according to the 
amount he uses, and the results are marvellous. Plains that were before destitute of 
vegetation become clothed with beauty, and yield their owners immense crops of fine fruit. 

With us irrigation is not an absolute necessity, and hence is neglected ; but we 
believe, if some simple and inexpensive method could be adopted, that the results would 
be most gratifying. We referred in a late number of the Canadian Horticulturist to a 
method of tile irrigation which looks practicable and worthy of a trial. It is described 
as follows: By means of the farm windmill, a tank reservoir may easily be filled, and 
thus, the necessary water and pressure for flooding small areas, may be obtained. The 
‘water is distributed by means of common drain tile, using sizes from two to four 
inches in diameter; the larger for the main or distributing tile and the smaller for 
branches. The tiles are laid at a depth of about a fvot or fifteen inches below the surface, 
the excavaticns being made by a plow without much expense, and the lines of tiles are 
laid about ten feet apart. When the water is turned on into the standpipe, it will fill 
the pipes to their extremities, which, of course, are closed, and a p>rtion of the water, 
constantly escaping by the joints, will work its way by capillary attraction toward the 
surface of the soil. One acre is about the extent which may be worked under one system 
of pipes and machinery. 

It is important that cultivation should continue throughout the season. Time and 
labor thus spent will return four-fold in yield of fruit, and size of berry the coming sea- 
son, for it is at this time that the fruit buds are being formed for the next year. 
It is a great advantage to keep the rows narrow both for ease in cultivtion, and for 
general thrift of the plants. The wide matted row may do well for a single season, but 
then it becomes crowded and grass grown, and in time of drouth suffers extremely ; 
and about the second year it needs plowing up. But if the rows are kept narrow, with 
not more than two or three plants abreast, all will receive the benefit of the hoe and of 
the cultivator, they will keep up a thrifty growth, and may be kept in bearing for several 
successive seasons. 


WINTER PROTECTION 


is of the utmost importance. It grieves one to see a beautiful bed of strawberry vines 
exposed to the killing influence of the alternate freezing nights and thawing days of 
March and April, when a little timely effort would have saved them, Straw, corn- 
stalks, coarse manure, evergreen boughs, etc., may be used and need not be applied 
until the ground is frozen, as the purpose is not to keep away the frost but to pre- 
vent the frequent thawings and freezings. 


PICKING 


in @ proper manner is more important than many suppose. Careful hands who will 
not mash the fruit, but gather by nipping off a part of the stem with the thumb and 
forefinger deserve better pay than those who are careless. This work should not be 
done if avoidab'e when the fruit is wet, as it will not look or keep as well as when 
picked dry. The cool of the afternoon is about the best time, for then the fruit is 
dry and not overheated by the burning rays of the sun. 

In some plantations it is customary to give each picker a carrier which holds six 
small baskets marked with his name or corresponding number. He must return all 
baskets to the packing shed, full or empty, and receive an account ticket. These are of 
rough paper, with name and number of pieker and with figures for quarts, which are 
punched to show how many are delivered. At night these are taken up and the num- 
ber of quarts marked on a weekly ticket, which contains in addition to name and num- 
ber of picker, six columns for record of berries picked each day, one for sum total and 
one for cash paid Saturday evening. These are taken up when paid and filled. 


136 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOOIATION OF ONTARIO. 


My own plan is to give out the patch in sections for the season to competent per- 
sons, who will use their own children or employ others and thus relieve me of oversight, 
or of the need of an overseer. Many a woman with a family of children will gladly take 
a contract for a certain number of rows for the season, and I have never had the work 
done so well and with so much comfort as in this way. Strawberry picking can be con- 
tracted in this way at 14 cents per quart; currants, gooseberries and blackberries at 1 
cent, and raspberries at 2 cents, and be well and faithfully done. 


“Tur PACKAGE 


which I have used for some years is the 24 quart basket crate, which is sold with the fruit. 
The cost is only 16 cents per crate and baskets, or 2 cent per quart, and it has always 
appeared to me that the express charges on the heavy wooden crate and the frequent loss of 
the same, is quite that much and not so convenient or attractive on the market. Latterly I 
have used a 16 quart crate costing 12 cents, which is very convenient to handle, and contains 
just the quantity of fruit which a small family wants to purchase at one time for canning 
or preserving. Indeed the time has come when large awkward packages are at a dis- 
count and tidy and convenient packages are most in demand. 

When all is done, and done properly, the question remains, does it pay ? 

At 1 cent for picking, 1 cent for the package, 1 cent for express charges and the 
commission merchant, and 1 cent per quart toward paying expenses of cultivation and 
rent of land, we have 4 cents a quart as the minimum price which will cover all 
expenses, and the profit must be looked for in the number of cents over this which the 
crop averages, and the yield per acre. 

Taking an average yield of 2000 quarts per acre, and an average price of 8 cents per 
quart, we have 2000 x 4 equalling $80 profit ; but as we only get two crops in three years, 
we have only an average of say $50 per year net profit. But double the yield, as it is 
possible to do, and you will more than double the profits. 

Most farmers agree that there is positively no net profit in grain growing, and little in 
any agricultural line unless it be live stock. I wish to point out that money can be 
made in strawberry culture; not to give any extravagant ideas of the profits of it, for 
there is plenty of room for failure, but it is worth trying in favorable localities, and is 
as likely to be profitable as any other crop. 


The Secretary of the Brant Horticultural Society then gave an address on methods 
of picking and marketing small fruits, which was followed by. considerable discussion. 
The next meeting of the Society will be held in Burford, some time in the month of 
February. 
D. M. Les, Secretary, 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 137 


APPENDIX III. 
CATALOGUE OF FRUITS— APPLES. 


FOR USE OF JUDGES AT EXHIBITIONS. 


EXpLaNaAtory Nove.—In the plan of rating, all varieties are supposed to be perfect specimens ; then 
the best varieties under each of three or four heads are rated at ten, and all the more or less inferior 
varieties by some figure less than ten. _It frequently happens, however, even with the best varieties, that 
imperfect samples are exhibited. In such cases all values given in the Catalogue must be reduced one or 
more points each, for (1) lack of color, (2) undersize, (3) unevenness of size on plate, (4) wormy, scabby cr 
ilshapen specimens, (5) lack of stem or calyx, (6) polished fruits, 7.¢., having bloom wiped off, or for any 
other thing which tends to change the natural appearance of the fruit. 

The column “ Total Value” is for use when prizes are offered for fruits without designating the pur- 
pose for which such fruits may be required. 


Quality. Commercial value, 
x Total 
ame; eason. . 
Dessert. | Cooking. Home Foreign value. 
market. | market. 
(oo 7 Ss Be SE 4 Se ae ee 9 9 10 28 
American Golden Russet .....,......... W 9 8 8 9 34 
American Summer Pearmain...... ..... Ss 3 1 ADEN Cir ae awe 6 
RMR ESOT ss. cece cece ese W 5 2 2 3 12 
ag ean W | 5 8 3 5 21 
PUREE OARPIANTY, kc cc ccc ene W 8 8 7 7 30 
PATIGPTECPAIWDOITY .. 2... sv occc eee cece a 5 1 2 5 13 
Lo wae | Wa) 2 8 | 1 3 14 
i W 2 5 i 8 22 
oe 7. es ee 8 8 a 23 
Ce EV aeh sl itatece< ssatats a 8 9 19 
ee Ss 1 AD | ae i i le J oe ha ESE a RR H 
NE ce cwee a’ oe W 3 6 4 6 19 
Blenheim Pippin Se IL) BAN SA W 6 7 9 10 32 
ET W 6 6 8 8 | 28 
RENEE se dice cs cece ccc see W 6 7 2 4 19 
a W 5 4 3 6 18 
Cabashes....:....... Pe oe os oye. « § W 2 i 8 9 | 26 
oe Er W 6 8 8 9 31 
a W 4 8 5 7 24 
Waguen teed MtFOAK., 1.. ....2.......... A 2 | 8 7 8 25 
Chenango Strawberry................06. A 8 3 7 LO MARS 18 
ER eee A | 1 9 7 8 | 25 
Cormien GilMMOWOr..................005. W HL er IRR ce craters 1 2 4 
oo so A 9 3 7 10 29 
Cranberry Pippin........ 0 AS OCCECREEOD W 7 8 8 8 31 
a | W 2 8 7 6 23 
Ee W 5 és 6 7 25 
a ee A 2 6 3 5 16 
ES Dp Me (a De 4 2 4 10 
Duchess of Oldenburgh ................. S 2 10 10 10 32 
OE A 7 5 3 | SSeS A ed Spee EP 
FS S 9 3 SR Se a 21 
GS Ss 8 3 3 | CEEOL : 14 
Early Strawberry MME 2s 'v o0 o'n,5 6 6'0'e S 8 2 (hig? Arar eee eis 17 
Edgar’s Red Streak...... MRM v solace 3 W 5 if 7 8 27 
SE W 2 + 3 5 14 
Heap Spitzenburg PIGGY 5) 05 0-0 snc s'e a's W 9 7 9 10 35 
Ie one access cede W 7 8 8 9 32 
Se A 3 4 7 7 24 
CS ae A | 4 i$ 6 3 | 20 
a a, co cece ss see A 6 8 7 7 28 
Piukiog SE W 6 6 6 it 25 
a os ois cies cc cebees A 9 5 9 8 | 31 


Nort.—In the first column the letter S denotes summer, A autumn and W winter. 


138 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


SS = 


CATALOGUE OF FRUITS.—APPUES. —Continued. 


Name. Season. 


Fall Queen (See Haas) o.y.%.. 0). acieeeee es 
Gloria: Mundi) 302... eae eee ene 


| 

| 

Samp i.) Abed 
] 

| 


Golden Russet (English) .............. ; 
Golden Sweet. 2)... Meer es BAe: 
Grand:Sultan 3 2. Cosa aoe at akties ccc 
Gravenstetn to! 5 Shc 2 Se eee 
Green Newton Pippin i.) 220s c. be. oe. 
Grimes’ ‘Golden 6005 IM a aes 60855 
Haas (See Fall Queen) issn est ok oe 
Hawley nan sce ee) £0. Mek orien ae 
Hawthornd@en. 7). fo:.lcsaee oe tee ens 
Holland Pippines: cent. te wots ckcaie oe 
Hubbardston Nonsuch:~. 222. 0.2 =< «toes 
Huarlbut’s fish dein oomeaes Uae ae meets 
Trish PenOnE irc gs, icles Cea ree Seca anes Vee 


» Sersey Sweeting . 2. ngs ske ease vans ict 
SRO die Bo soe. eesome hee aoacoe AG 


| 
Keswick: Codliti:s i305 teetemstaios cre tarsicn } 
King of Tompkins County .............. 
DAY iho hE tics t00 a ict oh oa te ie Waspeephathae 
| 


eeoeeer eee eee eee eee eee es eoereoreerre 


LordéDuncans ie LA bose she 
London Finpin ib Aan sediacasans, Sino ace tatn olb. ie 
bowellly.cs site. oe Mae ME te Rs ig an 


eoere sess eee see ee ee Oe Fo eK ee Eo eee ED 


Meas Red: Streak 75 355..08 eee eek ce 
Melntosh Red oie a. oii. pte tera aces 
Milena eee Skies a ase ako Waic mea etote aeete 


Monmouth Pippin iss: os. dees aetrsokin 
NEOtR OR ie sek 2 athe Acleitis ele. eis a htes bone 


Newton Spitzenburg. 2.03. o6053'. bans sean 
Northern Spy <2 26) odes cee tee aes 
NewtonsPippitis. 6 tebe doses tes tak 
Aes id oe acre capper lator at ele’ ther eae tte cole aL 


Peach PER tue yw eae a a Cy oP eS 


Portepn sew cei: Mae SO Sree Pee wae atts 
Prigstl yin crave coe wince Eaeanee ate es 
Pronate!. 2. ec. P58, eae ee 
EP OWZOM hoin5/e estore) = ciatoicta thee alates lecr niets 


Pumpkin Sweet i; 2. wes ke ae nee eee 
Pumpin. Rinasetc22.2.,-. 1.) sere rete 
Pomme Royale. (See Dyer) :0\5 snrtieciine eos Pata 
RSID 35% is veel Anata os eee cere 


Red: Astrachati wa... on aces ee ata Secret 
Red Betle-Hour 5... sti.tidyo os As ceoteeerns 
Hed Casta d ie .'3 52 cciain s scatter oe eee 
Red) @atiaattr 5 3255 teks eee dactaneeiee 


bb gpudpdaapgacaddppp dogdedp app dppgpdgppcppuderpupadppp ad: 


Red Hiiakety chiro, « tee ok Aopen 
Red BDigtignsimete tii: aie stecd into wre 
Rhode Island Greomminity se sto dvrqinteee oes o's 


Srsarsgpunap 


Commercial value. 


Quality. 
I 
Dessert. | Cooking. Home 
| market. 
5 RR: 8 | 6 
8 7 8 
2 4 1 
2 rf 7 
9 9 10 
9 4 6 
9 2 6 
5 7 7 
6 5 5 
2 8 7 
6 8 7 
7 8 ' 8 
5 5 4 
7 6 6 
5 b 3 i 
9 t ‘e 
SE ee ae 8 8 
iL 9 6 
8 10 10 
Qa aren’ eee mae 1 
7 5 5 
5 7 4 
33 8 6 
2 9 if 
PE a MPEN | 8 eae 
5 i | 4 
2 9 5 
1 9 10 
3 is 7 
4 ‘¢ 6 
3 7 5 
6 7 7 
8 8 Z 
4 6 6 
6 8 6 
8 7 6 
1 9/6 | cis 
7 8 6 
8 10 10 
9 9 7 
9 10 | 10 
7 7 6 
5 ‘ a 
4 8 8 
4 Vf 7 
Orc OE ite msc aeeeata 5 
LO Sergi fhm a 6 
5 4 5 
4 5 6 
7 6 6 
9 9 5 
10 7 | 8 
shavaghie Rola ae 4 1 
1 6 4 
5 | 1 2 
4 5 3 
5 ii 8 
a 4 2 
6 6 fg 
6 \ 8 7 
5 | 6 t 
s 10 e et 8 


Foreign 
market. 
. ee | 
als 
Sc 
am 
8 | 
“ 
6 
Fide’ Pay 
i 
8 
Le | 
EGE ae 
sherds Pe 
3 
7 
10 | 
9 | 
A. | 
5 
i 
| 
ae od 
| 
8 
| 
8 
ee 
5 
rf 
6 
oston a 
10 
10 | 
10 
8 
8 
8 
7 
8 
3 
Z 
mp ar oe 
8 
mye ol 
s Siiet ae 
" 
he 
8 
7 | 
vo 
» eaten aft 


Total 
value. 


see wee wwe 


ee ee 


eee eee eose 


Oe ee ig 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO, 


CATALOGUE OF FRUITS.—APPLES,.— Continued. 


(uality. Commercial value. 
Name Season . 9. 
: ; . Home Foreign 
Dessert. | Cooking. ie 
market. | market. 


i a i ee ff ee | 


Total 


value, 


| 
UIIENITOPII Ey gic) inca clce cs ccccecees W Loa 8 | 8 10 | 36 
a W 6 8 8 9 | 31 
Scarlet Pearmain........ RAL Ovnes wom a A 5 6 5 6 | 22 
UII PBCE DOAUILY 2... tee eee ees A i 6 6 ey FP 19 
Se WwW | 1 4 il 1 6 
I cs ccc cle cs cas seer cses A 3 6 4 6 19 
SMO TO WING, . 6... 5.6.0...055 rate Meret 3 S 2 5 5 a I (EA ae ea Fh 9 
St. Lawrence....... S20 SEE ee A 7 8 8 8 ol 
MIMS cls ncvlc seas ss ceseve A 5 6 5 AE 16 
Summer Rose ........ BEE, Sek oot ms S 6 6 Ce Te Perea 16 
le cnc ss ccc ena wees W 7 2 1 4 14 
eee. » aoe Grise (See Pomme Grise | 
IN ois cade lata cee cece alice celncaseupmeduarsecc(sces ssewclepeeseasec 
0 W 2 2 | 7 8 19 
Snow (See Fameuse). ec Oy MSS SAT eA Naa | | Re eee ie aig ctw g Ss cata Weres ode we ene ee AE ee 
ns 2 7 5 6 20 
oe WwW i 5 1 Br ae aN 7 
1 oe 3 S 10 5 9 9 33 
Twenty Ounce See Cayuga Red Streak). . PA ENE etree tl aati Boba ial ai cd Sc Mave ew BS es (act aa ae Oe 
a A 6 5 4 6 21 
ecg ck cece se eens W 8 7 6 7 28 
Wallbridge (See Edgar’ een CIEE Tse ENT Oe nents Sh Le Ne ee ess woe 
Cl oe Wi.! 8 6 9 9 32 
Westfield-Seek:-nu-Further .... ......... Ww i, 7 7 if 8 29 
I PIEAGATY © fo. oo cc ae ence cane S | ii 2 Sapa bby Ail Braet 4 
(ame  VOTILC. .. ww ee ce eee W 5 7 5 | 6 23 
a W 7 a0 Aue 1 3 11 
anna W fone ee 8 8 30 
IS | W 8 7 5 5 25 
Wetow Prancparent ............. ... .. | S 6 | 7 | GARR eel ere! 19 
GRAPES. 
(This list is subject to revision each year.) 
ies Quality | Shipping | Market 
Varieties. Color. | Season. fon tabientc salve. sale: Total. 
ee ee eee is oe ah EEA Pe te 
eens a R L 8 10 9 27 
ge gees ee lee W M 5 2 4 1l 
a R M 5 4 4 13 
0 Ha weaken A R L ih 3 2 6 
ES 2) B M 8 10 6 24 
a W E 3 2 3 | 8 
ee B M | 1 1 | 3 5 
te hes bo occ ccc secseccece B M la? 0p RS AR SW ores SO Ge i Teel Ceara 
Co B M 5 9 | § 20 
Sk oc ccc vec emeses R E | 9 6 8 23 
re bs B L 1 3 | 2 6 
ED ee A B Eh oo ul 3 | 2 6 
UM i Bisic Jin savin cece vceccsecss | B M | 5 5 4 14 
I B M 2 3 1 6 
Se ae R L 9 8 Soh ye 
Ri 13 sso eb bcaceenne | B E 2 | 5 | gag te E 


List oF ABBREVIATIONS :—R red, W white, B black, L late, E early, and M medium. 


140 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


CATALOGUE OF FRUITS.—GRAPES.—Continued. ‘ 


Quality Ship’g Market 


Varieties. Color. | Season. | pos abie, vale: salaor Total, 

Clintons eRe eo tak a aie a Bae ee ae B J, aes 5 2 7 
Womcord hi" tiie view ieee ees oe B M 7 6 8 AS 
CWotbare. 424s ce. ss peewee REND Sues Ny oie B E 5 5 4 14 
Crovelinee crenata wees eA am Rent oc ‘ B E 6 6 3 15 
CROCON Us Sule eis Saas Pat aR ne oe te W E 4 3 2 10 
Cynthiana cei ites ste ee Renee es at B L A: 2 1 4 
Counstland tesa eee se Cer aan ha se en B E 2 5 5 12 
DGlAWATO (oso Sede oes cee Rae Aeris R E 10 i 9 26 
Daa ae ne Sei hic PR 2a ele RAE R L 6 8 7, 21 
Diriehese uke ae ee onl W L 1 6 i 14 
PO PACUt A MADOLS © ei siace. 55 wit ks DUAN eke std einer R E i 6 “ 14 
IEA GOM Ook Ue nts ee ene Gite Benen cetera B M 7 5 3 15 
RAVI! PAW: jc Sas wisls See one sere S eeahaneoe nent B M 6 4 4 14 
UEC oio chee eaoute are tee nied es BOC PCIE. WwW L 1 2 a 4 
Hnpire Stators oil sue tee me nat peeks eee WwW L 3 4 4 11 
Harig Olio gtct.. tected wee cee okey eee B K 3 6 5 14 
Hramelontc. 23.00 bee eed me ee cee eee B EK 6 5 4 15 
PT GSTAAG ss oi ae eta oa aah ee Sinbae eee W M it 5 2 14 
EGtawise manta. Se en CMe da tc eee ee WwW L 2 4 3 9 
Barly Vietarns 25 4ine basa aca s <1 pie cote we B E 5 4 3 12 
Bisse: (Oe AL) oa hs eee in oe dulce tia dete B L 3 7 6 16 
ab ee enc on cee Pomc. ake DIS eh W E Z 2 3 7 
MLOLENCE. So Sia.) Oe ae eis cee Atte B E 2 2 3 7 
Goethe (Rog. Dy Tsai estes of SERA SBF ap eNy R L 8 5 5 18 
Gaertner (Rog, 14):..<... ...:.. 5 eee R M 8 6 6 20 
EV aetiord joe vie 2 x estas cote iic ep eo sie eme cate & tei! s' E 3 5 6 14 
Herbert (Rog. 14) Pie shales EAR RARE ey tame 53 M 6 8 ‘f 21 
PALA. i520 dare eee Mh ee B L 3 4 2 9 
1 6 een Par ROT ie epee Ng tn RHC) Sita W M 5 2 3 10 
HOPDSMAOINE 4.252122. Piso DERG Oe laeerae eeite B L 1 > 3 6 
1 oy ot SR AR RU ART) No EO eRe ona TILY Sor ME AC CTU R L 8 7 6 PAN 
abel cate Pee i ae Ny eee a B L o ‘A 6 16 
fe EU Sea HED are De AM ahs See ALR ct B E 2 5 5 12 
PSA a ak si t's cee idteeais a cuete anierh Peete Sree B L 3 6 4 13 
cdamieavalle.. 2 5 cs cee tae ie av ee een B E 2 3 3 8 
PCB ACA oie elt eH Looe Meee aise Rete ee aie le aie ee W E 5 5 5 15 
GeOMSrsoM. oi 5 25) Sef ecnes Se PE eG oe R L 6 4 5 15 
EWE enchiek mae debate a ieee B M 4 4 2 10 
MAAY EM: ria sees ceien a onus cee eS eet serene W E 7 3 5 15 
Tay WV ASI GOR 2 \e50.2'-,4'3\d nas, chee Meri ore W L 3 5 3 11 
Tnndloys (ide. (8) sccctiins Chait fae eee oe R E 10 2 9 28 
Massasoit (Og YO) is secu tee gat ale ceed R E 6 4 5 15 
Warten hee Ain oa tala eee we arora see a W M 6 5 a 14 
Merrimac (Rog. 40) oy. uci. cee a tlds B L 7 9 6 22 
Moore's Harty vole cae acetates Sane B EK rf 6 9 22 
DIG Ora s5.u ake vets a eee oth tas endear navn eS R E “ i¢ 9 23 
Eat caleh ae ¢.ochc ten eaten CMa ated e feel e ehamietalts B M 6 vf 3 16 
Moore's Diamond 0. tase estore eee W E 7 i, 7 F1. 
IVEA ror. Cie si < od ne ete ol MD, RRR ane cue re aid B L 1 4 2 7 
INIAPAPA 5%), hid foes Lael Meee igie Eattae W M 8 5 9 22 
Do) TIM Ras Nk RE AEA OMT yt Ca W L 1 5 3 9 
Wortoa eu ie ale) tee ova MDL B L al 5 2 8 
Worthern, Muscadine: 5)... ¢Ss5-ohievien ec. R M 2 6 6 14 
Oneida Eivsckes cabal hee eee maa ale ae R M 3 2 4 9 
Ontario: citadel aid evo ores uae ene as B M 2 4 4 10 
Othello-(Amold’s Nos): 2052 .beunss ceeke B L 2 3 2 ri 
Por leiiig atid Pie eee eee BAT Aes outta R F, 2 6 6 14 
POC RMN SON). .<c\y. 57's pete era a eae ee W M 6 6 6 18 
Ppentisa iia x eee aes ite weirs tae W L 5 7 4 16 
Poughkeepsie: Red iii sds cas dat Gas edt tales Ww E 6 6 7 19 
Ca dts aoe i) ea ae ee epee R L 1 2 1 4 
Wee Oa oe Fildes ah Sodccseatoass Olu Cae ete W M 8 4 4 16 
Bee a COR) 2a).'), skier, veleteans Gen eae nee R M ‘4 8 7 22 
BeOrtz: irk oe ti baa Vt eee B M | 2 2 25 
ROCKINGNATN 6.27). coon oa mutes oe wee tole B M 7 6 8 21 
Oger NOMA i is eae ds a eee eon B M 6 6. 6 18 
EUOROR INO. Boatesia awit av cee hetebe ania CRORE iy Sue L 3 7 6 16 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 141 


CATALOGUE OF FRUITS.—GRAPES,—Continued. 


Varieties. Color. | Season. Phere ie PDD & ins ih | Total 
| 
| | 
A B M 5 7 6 18 
BR A B M i, 8 7 22 
a) R M 8 8 8 24 
RE eiddla ese esac esses ccaeee B L 5 5 5 15 
ee B M 3 4 3 10 
a B M 3 5 3 11 
GemmeperenG ....1./........- ee lh sie fe WwW L 1 4 1 {6 
Ei oc edie! cone siaccc eee W L i 5 1 7 
ES WwW L a 4 2 17 
Ulster Prolific........ RP er Rats ats antares ei. 20% R M 4 5 5 14 
EE Pe CGOMESTIO) 6.2... 11 wee | cel elec cc ccer soe eeeces | ee Ages ys TA Ae SPE aOe? Pe 
TE R L 6 10 8 24 
6) ed ed Po | Pte ener: Re, Kaiks “atatust e 
ET in ele ca cls a cje gece sees R M 6 7 7 20 
ee elk eee esa eee ee Nee B E 9 | 4 | 8 21 
PPEMIONEDOP S55. 20. see ete cee cess WwW E 4 4 4 12 
a oa B M 8 | 9 8 25 
DMCC arc. cle eiccc css eed woo eee R E 5 | 6 7 18 
0 ss ee | R M 4 | 6 5 15 


DISTRICT FRUIT LIST.—APPLES. 


Showing the varieties considered most desirable for planting in the various Agricultural Districts in 
Ontario. 


District No. 1.—Stormont, Dundas, Glengarry, Prescott and Cornwall. 


Summer.—Yellow Transparent, Duchess of Oldenburgh. 
Autwmn.—Alexander, Fameuse, Gideon, St. Lawrence. 
Winter.—LaRue, Pewaukee, Golden Russet, Ben Davis, Talman Sweet. 


District No, 2.—Lanark, Renfrew, City of Ottawa, Carleton and Russell. 


Summer.—Yellow Transparent, Duchess of Oldenburgh. 
Autwmn,.—Alexander, Montreal Peach, Wealthy and Haas. 
Winter. —Pewaukee, Golden Russet, Scott’s Winter, Talman Sweet and Edgar’s Red Streak. 


District No. 3.—-Frontenac, City of Kingston, Leeds, Grenville and Brockville. 


Summer.—Yellow Transparent, Duchess of Oldenburgh and Red Astrachan. 
Autwmn.—Alexander, Wealthy and St. Lawrence. 


Winter.—Golden Russet, Pewaukee, LaRue, Ben Davis and Red Canada. 


District No. 4.—Hastings, Prince Edward, Lennox and Addington. 


Summer.—Yellow Transparent and Duchess of Oldenburgh. 
Autwnn.—Alexander, Trenton, Gravenstein and Wealthy. 
Winter.—Ontario, Hubbardston’s Nonsuch, Pewaukee, Ben Davis and Cranberry Pippin. 


District No. 5.—Durham, Northumberland, Peterborough, Victoria and Haliburton. 


Summer.—Yellow Transparent and Duchess of Oldenburgh. 
Autwmn.—Alexander, Colvert, St. Lawrence and Gravenstein. 
Winter.—Ontario, Hubbardston’s Nonsuch, Pewaukee, Ben Davis and Blenheim Pippin. 


District No. 6.—York, Ontario, Peel, Cardwell and City of Toronto. 


Summer.—Yellow Transparent and Duchess of Oldenburgh. 
Autuwmn.—Alexander, Gravenstein, Red Beitigheimer and Wealthy. 
Winter.—Golden Russet, Pewaukee, Ontario, Ben Davis and Hubbardston’s Nonsuch. 


142 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


District No. 7.—Wellington, Waterloo, Wentworth, Halton, Dufferin and City of Hamilton. 
Summer.—Yellow Transpareit, Red Astrachan and Duchess of Oldenburgh. 
Autumn.—Gravenstein, Colvert and Wealthy. 

Winter.—Golden Russet, Ontario, Blenheim Pippin, Baldwin and Cranberry Pippin. 


District No. 8.—Lincoln, Welland, Haldimand and Monck. 
Summer.—Duchess of Oldenburgh and Red Astrachan. 


Autwmn.—Gravenstein, Ribston Pippin and Wealthy. 
VY inter.—Blenheim Pippin, Ontario, Princess Louise, Golden Russet and Cranberry Pippin. 


District No. 9.—Elgin, Essex, Oxford and Norfolk. 
Summer.—TVuchess of Oldenburgh and Red Astrachan. 


Autumn.—Gravenstein, Tw enty Ounce and Fall Pippin. 
Winter.—Blenheim, Pippin, Ontario, Baldwin, R. I. Greening and Golden Russet. 


District No. 10.—Huron, Bruce and Grey. 
Summer.—Yellow Transparent and Duchess of Oldenburgh. 
Autumn.—Gravenstein, Wealthy and Colvert. 
Winter.—Pewaukee, Ontario, Baldwin, Htbbardston’s Nonsuch and Cranberry Pippin. 


District No. 11.—Middlesex, Perth and City of London. 
Summer. —Duchess of Oldenburgh and Yellow Transparent. 
Autumn.—Gravenstein, Colvert, Alexander and Fall Pippin. 
Winter.—Golden Russet, Ribston Pippin, Ontario, Hubbardston’s Nonsuch and Cranberry 
Pippin. 
District No. 12.—Essex, Kent and Lambton. 
Summer.—Yellow Transparent and Duchess of Oldenburgh. 
Autumn.—Gravenstein, Chenango, Strawberry, Wealthy and Lowell. 
Winter.—Ontario, Blenheim Pippin, Baldwin, R. I. Greening and Golden Russet. 


District No. 13.—Algoma, Simcoe, Muskoka and Parry Sound. 


Summer.—Duchess of Oldenburgh and Yellow Transparent. 
Autwmn.— Alexander, Colvert, Red Beitigheimer and St. Lawrence. 
Winter.— Pewaukee, Golden Russet, Scott’s Winter, LaRue and Wealthy. 


DISTRICT FRUIT LIST. —GRAPES. 
District No. 1 : 


Black.—‘ hampion, Worden, Early Victor, Moore’s Early. 
Red.—Delaware, Lindley Moyer, Wyoming Red. 
White. —Eldorado, Niagara, Jessica, Vergennes. 


District No. 2: 


Black.—Barry, Rog. 17, Herbert, Moore’s Early, Worden. 
Red —Delaware, Gartner, Norwood, Vergennes, Lindley. 
White.—Duchess, Kensington, Moore’s Diamond, Lady. 


District No. 3: 


Black. —Champion, Moore’s Early, Worden, Hartford. 
Red.—Lindley, Brighton, Delaware. 
White.—Moore’s Diamond, Jessica, Eldorado. 


District No. 4: 
Black.—Worden, Moore’s Early, Farly Victor. 
Red.—Wyoming Red, Delaware, Moyer. 
Vi hite.—Jessica, Moore’s Diamond, Niagara. 


District No. 5: 


Black.—Champion, Worden, Wilder. 
Red.—Brighton, Delaware, Salem, Lindley, Agawam. 
White.—-Niagara. 


FRUIT GROWER®S’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 143 


District No. 6: 


Black.—Worden, Moore’s Early, Champion. 
Red.—Brighton, Lindley, Delaware, Wyoming Red. 
White.—Jessica, Niagara. 


District No. 7: 


Black.—Concord, Worden, Rog. 4—44, Moore’s Karly. 
Red.—Rog. 9—15, Vergennes, Delaware, Brighton. 
White.—Niagara, Moore’s Diamond. 


Nortu LAKE District ; 


Black.—Champion, Worden, Rog. 4, Moore’s Early. 
Red —Wyoming Red, Salem, Rog. 9, Delaware, Brighton. 
White.—Jessica, Lady, Niagara. 


District No. 8: 


Black.—Concord, Worden, Rog. 44, Moore’s Early. 
Red.—Rog. 9—15, Vergennes, Delaware, Brighton. 
White.—Niagara, Moore’s Diamond, Pocklington. 


District No. 9: 


Black.—W orden, Concord, Rog. 4—44, Moore’s Early. 
Red.—Velaware, Lindley. Agawam, Brighton. 
White.—Niagara, Pocklington. 


District No. 10: 


Black.—Concord, Moore’s Early, Worden. 
Red.—Brighton, Delaware, Lindley. 
White.—Niagara, Lady. 


Laker SHORE Division : 


Black.—Concord, Worden, Moore’s Early, Barry. 
Red.—Agawam, Brighton, Lindley. 
White.— Niagara, Lady. 


District No, 11: 


-black.—Concord, Worden, Rog. 19, Rog. 4. 
fied.—Rog. 9—-15, Brighton, Delaware. 
White.—Niagara, Moore’s Diamond, Jessica. 


District No. 12: 


Black.—Concord, Worden, Moore’s Early, Hartford. 
fed.—Delaware, Walter, Rog. 15—22, Brighton. 
White.—Niagara, Prentiss, Lady. 


District No. 13: 


Black.—Worden, Moore’s Early, Champion, 
Ried. —Delaware, Lindley, Wyoming Red. 
White.—Jessica, Moore’s Diamond, Lady. 


In compiling the foregoing Grape Lists we have consulted the Directors, as well as the lead- 
ing fruit-growers throughout the several Districts. We have also tried to frame the lists so as 
to advise the planting of such varieties as bear the highest general points for each District for 
hardiness, productiveness, etc., shipping quality of fruit, and commercial values. 


G. W. Cringe, Chairman of Committee. 


144 ‘FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


PEARS. 


Dr. BEADLE, Chairman of the Committee on the revision of the Pear Catalogue, presented the following 
Report at the annual meeting at Peterborough, and it was adopted. 


This rating is solely for the use of Judges at Exhibitions, and not intended to be in any sense a guide 
for planters. In the rating here given the specimens of the several varieties are supposed to be perfect, 
free from the larve of the codling moth, from scab spots, curculio, indentations and all blemishes. Any 
specimens falling below perfection should be rated by the Judges at some figure less than the figure here 
given for perfect specimens, according to the degree of imperfection manifest in the specimen under 
consideration. 


D. W. BEADLE, 
Gro. W. CLINE, + Committee. 
W.H. Dempsey, 


Home Total. 


aoa Desert. market. 


| 

Amaia Bite naces 5 stots ev jareis uaa 0) cate eels ote. nL te et ec aeW OSIRIS ca ae ee 4 6 10 
PA ISFOU 5. 5:5 Soin dws Nope cheatin 21a wfolin poe 2 le pose oie else Sa mat Seuss 8 ayers een aetna ee =, 10 19 
Bartlett: 5. 5eiccoRvcints ie cielate aun se Molo vie a dle ated OE Loe ee ee Bity 5 9 10 19 
Bolle Mimerative! ode. cieatioica ace vette sake Moe cope rae » euste ee Do eae aan: 7 6 13 
Beurre nose aie 15s bok vB Ph ec cleier ob Saale oA OU eee ee iG Lv he eae | 9 | 9 18 
Beurre: Gitar oo so sin catcate wie vtacalc obieiale 2 bina. ates Lae ake tee ce chee area tne ree 8 ] 17, 
Beurre Mardy éioc). 5% ssid wie, ojo ono esate a Qa s bias atta peis.e oe mre RSS 8 | 8 16 
Beurre Gris @’Hivér ......... ..0+ aie nee te ald Nid piNeteanc etal e eae Sik ie tee eee 4 4 8 
Beurre Superfine.............. Matinte he 2 Scapalal Rao altace Sereee eee eT canine | 6 | 5 pa 
Bratidy WiMe! 225 5 a. lassie dla Sie ee w 8a late Bs \iobe a solo, Vania lefle Noslek Wa tats et ee i 8 15 
Butane. are: \iecabdidgies & io @biausupueie o> wimyby alae 8 auabbet Seatasey be GaI a re tested oes are aaa eae 5 6 11 
Ol ain gen 5.6. event wie. oo xl mpphs ayn Os 20) tie ms cS ebolata) Baran Fad Phlee) anol aetna ie ae 5 9 14 
Clapp’s Favorite. ... 5.05.4 Ll'e Sigua blaine 9:0 4d slelela yo, praletets eal scatter aie pinta Cte en aereanes (i 8 15 
Dana’s Hovey. crass... isle she 2 siete wre mic: 0!" Suaitha sce shal avalieye catare) cence a dere test eee ayn 8 4 12 
DAF BOI 6 oe estan a la ote De betes ashe Ue aizine he ore RIEL acne nai ae eee | 5 4 9 
Der PSOY ic. 25 <x sie savate ale eecla Rie aigisls yoieterneete Qala stoi bhard ata oie) Misa s7) Marea anes een a Sid 2 17 
DRS) hs Ve aatee dak. sete Bh hire lied cytes ee einai + jae id Sole Wah oe ke Nea aan eae ce 5 ‘4 12 
Doyenne Boussocke gs ois ss eek dec eis 0 aie e’ginie is\ais late wie chee. Shale Nav Tae et 9 9 18 
Doyenmne dite ysis. cs eis aie oiecy Givi whe chee ane, 5 betes andcalel chahetlalele tote es eet one tee | 5 4 9 
Doyanne du’ Comice yoi..ci ie cd ewe coe nukes tye one ee bine ey eee Geter 8 fi 15 
Moyonne Grey isos ioe eloiele esas a.ihop es cal e tage’ jet nie' A wyaea le leila le eneets ane Siete 7 5 12 
Doyenne White............ slab i's ble aie seavene aha lelattcgw a eWereehe b Sotetanas ORs eteel ieiaiete aan on” 7 15 
Duchess GA meOuUlemie’ oats sic o:e'e isi o/nidu asi acs syoibea noha Wane eaten e biapatie tata alee ee el eee "6 | 8 15 
Plenpish Beaty ise kic.s isco ase, oete in ae’ arciein’o Wie Bini elude lataiichecmioslet ae eee a arte ie mete cy ie eee g 8 16 
Pred6rick Clapp. sihcccsssssisse oie vin ata de 6 sine accom nneiey his stale ipperete acer cen | oie ee Me on ys 
Glout Morcediy coe 8) sess sc Skis hia dw eeepc eee meee oats ee oe eee 6 5 17 
GeOOGBIGs . ois vaainieloihareretel aha 4/6 0! S oceralons. Ove husks eie keve RIRGNONGTIa set encyeneate neon etn eae 8 8 16 
Blowel, . (. o's Suaths Pe tian ois ol fly aly B'ske-0 mi gheve ee ep velatend ean eee etna | 8 9 17 
oD OWNS) 5 Fi dec oes,. Sree Tee he Dieta a cacatese, dls sterRe la os area ietatatets kare aetna 6 4 10 
Josephine de DiAalimes 2 is).hie2ic:5 aie ejcle isbols sj tieie eoeueiy siacpiergleia © Avilglstgmisl sha ore Baten eretaee 10 6 16 

REOELOR. ¢ ohoii- a's ik Gig ito ieee RM un tk caycle se he dete tatu GANOCe Re orictee:take: 22s ot ene cee Nee an ene 4 6 10 
earthed) 5. osccic daa tie teehee, ene le pa isha a ne site. Piet ons eisge ed biknt eh tia) gee Ros toa enn ne eae aD 4 4 8 
DsB WEG CO: oe ce Ps ject oupiats eet o eiese leis Poe Fons o sole oie ale denna yin cede 8 8 | 16 
Louise Bonne. 25. 2s hab gece Oa ois Gis. o's See's wikis scale taele Dated ie keene ee oe 6 8 14 
Manning’s Hiizabeth..:. 5. viiei efeises 0 )ars'u o°siaipseue ay «ea vicnevieg Ohta ee gneteu ety b ofe e 7 5 12 
Moot Vereen cock rea leas a ns certs od agin fen ths a te et ot ci ce 8 5 13 
Osband’s Summer ........ rio hbia eeelevs ola, b> ied oie airile um aphety face tanh RUMRe ance eters Sa e 6 5 a | 
Petite. Marguertte Aitica+ i acmantem cite os ages paste (Silos bude! etgin i siatete dole greene eee 5 4 | 9 
Pres. Drouard {nse \sis s: nia socal Bs ssid vx lovelih oveimev noel spon ce ohare sdliale Naits te hel ian ae Ԥ 8 15 
BRS eheie 2 oo 5 els ea ae oa wav ch oh augihena iirc aie ents eiievice bal arte 6 ac 10 
Behe) cs ah eal ab Fe wal iain sao Pea entation alarel 6: & het abd wath ekackae ape seer a 10 5 15 
DHGIMEtE 46 <4 sacs: Melero. ban ole, ote) d Ammer eha toi ta'b wile] pdarere.a'e. &Gcehe tai seta etal aktuelle oe eer 10 9 19 
Souvenir de Congres............. Gavel esie ajacave sh» 6% Sunt e WU Riae Ste ere hea a 4 6 10 
Swair’s Orange, «).sivjeia sis saioveisin divladte ts cosets wtidio hip © a8 Shales Uaioe hae 5 7 120 
TYSON eos a cllerns ob dein, cteiold Ab. o@iateinipintonie erork njsiaa b\w» sfale Sin are eye Oca eben ai ae 8 6 14 
Trigmaphe de. V 16WU6 is aiclsce cis tanenamie ead» Oe ET eh Tee keene 8 3: 16 
Ag cs ae TAT Paar mr wee an itl Mer oer RL AMT A By ure re, Sere Eee | a en lie 3 4 7 
Winter Noelia oi igeyisss avis ie diceied a biviovid won pik aes, olchiee ater ia etaetSceieey ity ee aie eae 8 8 16 


APPENDIX IV. 


ONTARIO’S FRUIT EXHIBIT AT CHICAGO. 


A list of varieties of fruit from the Province of Ontario on exhibition at the World’s 
Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893; prepared by the Secretary, who was also 


Dominion Superintendent of Horticulture. 


Alexander, 
Algoma Seedling, 


American Golden Russet, 


American Pippin, 
Autumn Strawberry, 


Baldwin, 

Beall, 

Beauty of Kent, 
Bellefleur, 

Bell Russet, 

Ben Davis, 
Benoni, 

Black Apple, 
Black Detroit, 
Black Gilliflower, 
Blenheim Orange, 
Bonum, 
Borsdorfer, 
Bowman’s Sweet, 
Brockville Beauty, 


Cabashea, 

Canada Baldwin, 
Canada Red, 
Cayuga Red Streak, 
Cheeseboro’ Russet, 
Chenango, 
Clapperton’s Nonsuch, 
Colvert, 

Cooper’s Market, 
Cornish Gilly flower, 
Cranberry Pippin, 


Duchess of Oldenburg, 
Dutch Mignonne, 


Early Joe, 

Early Strawberry, 
English Pippin, 
English Russet, 
Esopus Spitzenburg, 


10 (F.G.) 


APPLES. 


Fallawater, 

Fall Jenetting, 
Fameuse, 

Flushing Spitzenburg, 
Frontenac Red, 


General Grant Crab, 
Gideon, 

Gloria Mundi, 
Golden Pippin, 
Golden Sweet, 
Gravenstein, 
Greening, 

Grimes Golden, 


Haas, 

Hardestine’s Pippin, 
Hawley, 
Hawthornden, 
Haly, 

Holland Pippin, 
Hubbardston, 
Hyslop Crab, 


Ironclad, 


Jersey Sweet, 
Jonathan, 


Kentish Fill-Basket, 
Keswick Oodling, 
King, 


Ladies’ Sweet, 
Lady, 

LaRue, 

Leeds, 

Lowell, 


Maiden’s Blush, 


Marengo Crab, 
Michigan Red, 
McIntosh Red, 
McLean, 
Mother, 


Naigle’s Winter, 
Newton Pippin, 
Noble’s Vandevere, 
Nonpareil, 
Northern Spy, 


Ontario, 
Ortley, 


Peach, 

Peck’s Pleasant, 
Pewaukee, 
Phenix, 
Pomme Grise, 
Porter, 

Pound Sweet, 
Primate, 

Prince Albert, 
Princess Louise, 


Rambo, 

Red Astrachan, 
Red Calville, 
Red Pearmain, 
Red Russet, 
Ribston Pippin, 
River, 

Roxbury Russet, 
Russian No. 1 
Russian No, 3 
Russian No. 4, 
Russian No. 7 
Russian No. 8 
Russian No. 9 
Russian No, 10, 
Russian No. 11 


146 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


Russian No. 315, 
Russian A, 
Russian B, 
Russian Y, 
Russian Seedling, 


Seek No Farther, 
Solard, 

Spotted Pippin, 
Steele’s Red Winter, 
St. Lawrence, 

Stott’s Russet, 
Striped Gilliflower, 
Stump, 


Ananas d’Eté, 
Angouléme, 
Anjou, 

Anne de Bretagne, 


Bartlett, 

‘Bartlett Pere, 
Belle de Beaufort, 
Belle Lucrative, 
Bergamut, 
Bessemianka, 
Beurre Bosc, 
Beurre Chaudry, 
Beurre d@’Eté, 
Beurre Diel, 
Beurre Giffard, 
Beurre Grise d’Hiver, 
Beurre Hardy, 
Beurre Superfin, 
Bloodgood, 
Brockworth Park, 
Budd, 

Buffum, 


Chambers, 
Chaumontel, 
Clairgeau, 
Clapp’s Favorite, 


Dearborn’s Seedling, 
Dempsey, 

Doyenne Boussock, 
Doyenne de Comice, 
Dr. Reeder, 
Duchess, 

Duke de Brabant, 


APPLES.— Continued, 


Sutton Beauty, 
Swaar, 

Swazie Pomme Grise, 
Sweet Bough, 


Tetofsky, 

Tolman Sweet, 
Transcendant Crab, 
Trenton, 

Twenty Ounce Pippin, 
Vandevere, 

Vanity Crab, 
Vermont Pippin, 


PEARS. 


Karly Harvest, 
Easter Beurre, 
Elizabeth, 


Fertility, 
Flemish Beauty, 


Gagovka, 

Gansell’s Bergamot, 
Glout Morceau, 
Goodale, 

Grey Doyenne, 


Honey Sweet, 
Howell, 


Josephine de Malines, 


Kieffer, 
Kingsessing, 
Kirkland, 


Lawrence, 
Leconte, 
Leslie, 
Longstem, 
Louise Bonne, 
Louise Ciapp, 


Madeline, 

Marguerite de Marillat, 
Mignot, 

Mikado, 


Napoleon, 


Wagener, 
Wallbridge, 
Wealthy, 


Westfield Seek No Farther, 


White Pippin, 
Wilson’s Seedling, 
Winesap, 

Winter St. Lawrence, 
Winter Strawberry, 


Yellow Bellefleur, 
Yellow Newton Pippin, 
Yellow Transparent. 


Onondaga, 
Osband’s Summer, 
Oswego Beurre, 


Paradise d’Automne, 
Petite Marguerite, 
Pound, 

President Druard, 


Reine de Verger, 
Rostiezer, 


Sapieganka, 

Secretary Marechat, 
Seckel, 

Seedlings (several kinds), 
Sheldon, 

Souvenir de Congres, 
Steven’s Genesee, 
Summer Belle, 

Summer Bergamot, 


Therese, 
Tonkovietka, 
Triomphe de Vienne, 
Tyson, 


Vernon, 
Vicar, 


White Doyenne, 
Wilmot, 
Windsor, 
Winter Nelis. 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 147 


Alexander, 
Amsden’s June, 


Beatrice, 
Blood, 
Bowslaugh’s Late, 


Centennial, 
Chinese Cling, 


Early Barnard, 
Early Crawford, 
Early St. John, 
Early York, 


Foster, 


Garfield, 
George the Fourth, 


Abundance, 


Belgian Purple, 
Bingham, 
Bleeker’s Gage, 
Botan, 

Bradshaw, 
Burrow’s Seedling, 


Canada Orleans, 
Caraduc, 

Cline’s No. 1. 
Cline’s No. 2. 
Coe’s Golden Drop, 
Columbia, 


Damson, 
Dennison’s Superb, 
Diamond, 

Duane’s Purple, 


Early Orleans, 
Egg, 

Empire, 

English Damson, 
Evelyn, 


Fellemberg, 
General Hand, 


German Prune, 
Glass, 
Goderich, 
Golden Gage, 


PEACHES, 


Hale’s Early, 

Haun’s Golden, 
High’s Early Canada, 
Honest John, 


Ireland’s Seedling, 
Jacque’s Rareripe, 


Kensington, 


Late Crawford, 
Lemon Cling, 
Longhurst, 

Lord Palmerston, 
Louise, 


Morris White, 
Mountain Rose, 


Niagara, 

PLUMS. 
Goliath, 
Green Gage, 
Gueii, 
Hermosa, 
Horse Seedling, 
Huling’s Superb, 


Imperial Gage, 


Jefferson, 


Kingston, 


Lady Grey, 

Lawson’s Golden Egg, 
Lombard, 

Lord Derby, 


Magnum Bonum, Yellow, 
Magnum Bonum, Red, 
Miner, 

McLaughlin, 

Monroe Egg, 

Moore’s Arctic, 
Moyer, 

Native Blue, 

Niagara, 

Ogan, 

Ontario Pride, 


Orleans, 
Owen Sound Beauty, 


Old Mixon, 
Pine Apple, 
Reeve’s Favorite, 


Salway, 

Seedling Orawford, 
Smith’s Extra Late, 
Smock, 

Snow, 

Steven’s Rareripe, 
Stump the World, 


Wager, 
Waterloo, 
Wheatland, 


Yellow Alberge, 
Yellow Rareripe. 


Peach, 

Peter’s Yellow Gage, 
Pond’s Seedling, 
Prince Englebert, 
Prince of Wales, 
Prince’s Yellow, 
Purple Egg, 


(Quackenbos, 


Red Gage, 
Reine Claude, 


Saunders, 

Seedling of Smith’s Orleans, 
Shipper’s Pride, 

Shropshire Damson, 
Simon’s Plum, 

Smith’s Orleans, 

Stewart, 

St. Lawrence, 

Sweetwater, 


Vanity, 


Victoria, 


Washington, 
Weaver, 

Webster’s Gage, 
Wetherell’s Seedling, 
Wild Plum, 


Yellow Egg, 


Zena, 


148 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


American Am ber, 


Black Eagle, 
Black Heart, 
Black Spanish, 
Black Tartarian, 


Coe’s Transparent, 


Early Purple, 
Karly Richmond, 
Elkhorn, 

Elton, 

English Morello, 


Black Champion, 
Black Naples, 
Black Seedlings, 


Cherry, 
Common Red, 


Fay’s, 


Ashton (Improved), 


Bloodhound, 
Bottle Green, 


Olayton, 
Oompanion, 
Crown Bob, 


Downing. 


Duke of Sutherland, 


Golden, 

Golden Ball, 
Gold Finder, 
Green River, 


Advocate, 
Auburn, 
Atlantic, 


Baron’s Eclipse, 
3arton, . 


Beder Wood, 
Belmont, 


CHERRIES. 
English Oxheart, 


Governor Wood, 
Great Biggareau, 


Kentish, 
Knight’s Early Black, 


Large Montmorency, 


Mazzard, 

Minnesota Ostbeim, 
Montmorency Ordinaire, 
Monstreuse de Mezel, 


CURRANTS. 
Lee’s Prolific, 


Naples, 
Native Black, 


Raby Castle, 
Rei Dutch, 


Saunders, 
GOOSEBERRIES. 

Gypsy Queen, 

Houghton, 

Industry, 


Keepsake, 
King of Trumps, 


London, 


Ocean Wave, 
One of Them, 


Pearl, 
Providence, 


STRAWBERRIES. 


Boyton, 
Bubach, 


Cameronian, 
Captain J ack, 
Cloud, 
Crawford, 
Crescent, 


Napolean Biggareau, 
Native, 


Ostheim, 
Red Cluster, 
Seedlings, 
Vladimir, 


Yellow Spanish. 


Versailles, 
Victoria, 


White Dutch, 
White Grape, 


White Imperial, 
Wild. 


Railway, 
Ruby, 


Smith’s Improved, 


‘Sulphur Queen, 


Thumper, 


Warrington, 
White Eagle, 
Whitesmith, 
Winnow’s King, 
Winderful, 


Yellow Champion, 
Yorkshire Fillbasket. 


Cumberland, 
Curtis, 


Daisy, 
Dominion, 


Edgar Queen, 
Enhance, — 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOOIATION OF ONTARIO. 


Eureka, 
Farnsworth, 


Gandyy 
Governor Hoard, 
Great Pacific, 
Grenville, 


Hatfield, 
Haverland, 


Ivanhoe, 


Jessie, 
Jumbo, 


Lady Rusk, 
Leader, 
Little’s 15, 


Adirondac, 

Alvah, 

Amber Queen, 
Augusta, 

August Giant, 
August Mammoth, 


Bacchus, 

Black Hamburg, 
Black Pearl, 
Black Prince, 
Brighton, 
Burnet, 


Canada, 
Oanterbury, 
Catawba, 
Centennial, 
Challenge, 
Ohampion, 
Clinton, 
Concord, 
Conqueror, 
Cottage, 
Creveling, 


Delaware, 
Diana, 
Dracut Amber, 
Duchess, 


Early Dawn, 
Early Victor, 


STRAWBERRIES.—Continued. 


London, 
Louise, 
Lovett, 


| Maggie, 


Manchester, 
May King, 
Martha, 
Miami, 
Middlefield, 
Michel’s Early, 
Monach, 
Monmouth, 
Mount Holyoke, 
Mrs. Oleveland, 
Mrs. Garfield, 
Mystic, 


Parker Earle, 
Pearl, 


GRAPES. 


Eaton, 
Eldorado, 
Elvira, 
Empire State, 
Etta, 
Eumelan, 


Faith, 


Gaertner, 
Geneva, 


Hartford, 


Iona, 
Irving, 
Isabella, 
Israella, 
Ives, 


Janesville, 
Jefferson, 
Jessica, 


Kensington, 


Lady, 
Lady Washington, 


Marion, 
Martha, 
Mary, 


Princess, 


Sadie, 
Saunders, 
Seneca (ueen, 
Sharpless, 
Shaw. 


Townsend, 
Victoria, 


Walton, 
Warfield, 
Westbrook, 
Williams, 
Wilson, 
Woodruff, 
Woolverton, 


Yale. 


Missouri Riesling, 
Moore’s Diamond, 
Moore’s Early, 
Moyer, 
Muscadine, 


Niagara, 

Noah, 

Northern Light, 
Norwood, 


Othello, 


Pearl, 
Perkins, 
Pocklington, 
Potter, 
Poughkeepsie, 


Prentiss, 


Red Chasselas, 
Rentz, 

Rogers 1 (Goethe), 
Rogers 3 (Massaso it), 
Rogers 4 (Wilder), 
Rogers 9 (Lindley), 
Rogers 13, 

Rogers 15 (Agawam), 
Rogers 17, 

Rogers 19 (Merrimac), 
Rogers 22 (Salem), 
Rogers 24, 

Rogers 28 (Requa), 


149 


150 FRUIT GROWER®S’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. : 


Rogers 30, 

Rogers 32, 

Rogers 33, 

Rogers 34, 

Rogers 36, 

Rogers 39 (Aminia), 
Rogers 41 (Essex), 
Rogers 43 (Barry), 
Rogers 44 (Herbert), 


Black Giant, 
Brandywine, 


Caroline, 
Cole’s Prolific, 


Franconia, 


Erie, 


Kittatinny, 


GRAPES.— Continued. 
Secretary, 
Senasqua, 


Taylor, 
Telegraph, 
To Kalon, 
Transparent, 
Triumph, 


Ulster Prolific, 


RASPBERRIES. 


Golden Queen, 
Gregg, 


Highland Hardy, 
Marlboro’, 


Nemaha, 
BLACKBERRIES. 


Lawton, 
Lucretia Dewberry, 


Snyder, 


Vergennes, 
Walter, 

White Ann Arbor, 
White Chasselas, 
White Nice, 
Woodruff, 


Worden, 
Wyoming Red. 


Philadelphia, 
Shaffer, 
Turner, 


White Antwerp. 


Taylor, 


Western Triumph. 


APPENDIX  V. 


EXPERIMENTAL FRUIT STATIONS FOR THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO. 


Subsequent to the meeting at Peterborough, the committee on experiment stations, 
consisting of Prof, John Craig of Ottawa, A. McNeill, of Windsor and W. W. Hilborn, 
of Leamington, prepared the following report, and submitted it to the directorate through 
the mail. The report was accepted, and the scheme adopted, a copy of which is herewith 
presented : 

The exhibits of fruit made by Ontario at the World’s Columbian Exposition gave to 
the world a truer conception of the possibilities and attainments of the Province. Italso 
inspired the fruit-growers of the Province with a better appreciation of the capability of 
her soil and climate for the production of fruit—that “ flower of commodities ”—in its 
highest state of excellence. It has also emphasized in a general way the fact that each 
variety of fruit varies in respect to appearance and quality according to the soil and locality 
in which it is produced, and has a more or less area in which it reaches most nearly per- 
fect development. 

Our knowledge of the variations in habit of growth and quality of the fruit due to 
soil and climatic effects is vague and undefined, and data with regard to the relative suc- 
cess of varieties in different sections is lacking. The fruit interests of the Province suffer 
in consequence. 


The Fruit-Growers’ Association of Ontario has long recognized the advantage that 
would result from establishing a system of experiment stations, particularly designed to 
collect information of this character and to promote the fruit interests of this Province 
generally. That they are sincere in the matter is attested by the fact that a standing 
committee was appointed three years ago, whose duty it was to do everything in its power 
to bring the scheme to a successful completion. This committee has interviewed the 
Government annually, but thus far without any definite results. 


The fruit-growers of Ontario fully appreciate the liberality with which they have 
been treated by the Provincial Government, but are assured that the good use made of 
their grant has more than justified the expenditure, in witness of which they point with 
pride to their journal of horticulture which has a circulation as wide as the continent, is 
well known in Europe, and is recognized as the official organ of the fruit-growers of the 
Dominion. 


In view of the large capital invested, and the annual revenue derived from the fruit 
industry of the Province, which, according to recent statistics, is second only in value to 
the hay crop, which takes the lead, your petitioners feel that they are justified in laying 
their desires before you with full assurance that they will receive at your hands that con- 
sideration which their importance deserves. 


It is believed that the fruit interests of the Province cannot be served best by the 
establishment of a single experiment station, no matter where it might be located ; and, 
further, that results more useful and more immediately available would be obtained by 
the establishment of a number of small and inexpensive trial experiment stations. These 
might be carried on in co-operation with the various fruit-growers in different parts of 
the Province, who already are specialists, and have made a financial success of growing 


152 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


one or more classes of fruit. For example, the services of a grape specialist, or a plum © 
or peach grower might be secured with all the advantages accruing from knowledge gained 
by practical experience. , 


ORGANIZATION. 


The Board of Control shall consist of the President and the Horticulturist of the 
Ontario Agricultural College, and three members of the Fruit Growers’ Association 
elected by the directors of that body, with the Secretary as ex officio member. 


The line of work to be pursued by each station shall be decided upon by the Board 
of Control, and shall be submitted to the directors at the time of the annual meeting of 
the Fruit-Growers’ Association for approval, together with a full report of the work of 
the year for incorporation in the Annual Report. 


_ An Executive Board for each station, whose duty it will be to carry out the direc- 
tions of the General Board of Oontrol, shall consist, of the experimenter and the director 
of that district acting with the Secretary of the Fruit Growers Association. 


All plants shall be purchased by the Secretary of the Fruit Growers’ Association 
after consultation with the experimenter, subject to the approval of the Board of Control 


EXPERIMENTERS AND THEIR DUTIES. 


Each experimenter should be a specialist and should have suitable soil for the 
cultivation of the particular class of fruit of his own choosing, whichis mainly to be tested 
at the station of which he has charge. He shall be elected by vote of the Board of 
Control, subject to the approval of the Directors of the Fruit Growers’ Association ; and 
in case of incapacity or dereliction of duty shall be dismissed and his place filled by action 
of the same body. 3 


The experimenters shall be members of the Fruit Growers’ Association of Ontario. 


The first duty of each shall consist of making an accurate and trustworthy report on 
all varieties of the particular fruit assigned which he has on trial upto date. To this 
list shall then be added all the desirable sorts of late introduction. These shall be 
obtained by the Secretary of the Fruit-Growers’ Association in consultation with the 
other two members of the Executive Committee, subject to the approval of the Board of 
Control, and shall be properly planted, carefully recorded and labelled. 


The Board of Control shall have power to arrange and manage all details}in regard 
to perfecting the organization not otherwise provided for. 


COLLECTION AND DIFFUSION OF INFORMATION. 


Brief reports shall be rendered to the editor of The Canadian Horticulturist, for 
publication in that journal, once in two months during the growing season ; and a com- 
plete report not later than the 15th November of each year shall be forwarded to the 
Horticulturist of the Ontario Agricultural College for publication, if deemed,by him 
to be sufficiently important. 


It is suggested that one or more annual visits be made to each station by the Hor- 
ticulturist of the Ontario Agricultural College at the most favorable periods for securing 
information for publication in bulletin form, and pointing out to the Secretary any 
faults observable in the station, as well as indicating useful lines ofjwork which might be 
inaugurated. At the time of these visits he will be received by the experimenter as the 
official representative of the Board of Control as well as of the Government. 


FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 153 


EXPENDITURE, Nature AND NUMBER OF STATIONS. 


It is suggested that ten trial stations be organized and located as follows : 


PME EVONOR ANIC! POATE, 6 65. ck eect lr cos tener semecocscoes 
Located Managed by 

NET Sofas Pelle oes a. 9.6, «01, c, 4.0, 0) oho je 10 6.0 a 0 «veya 00) mein ele.eies 
Located Managed by 

EME PICOUATIG: DUTIES © fins scence idee neve cecsveseceecvee 
Located Managed by 

Meme E CACHES ANG SITAWDEITION ...... 0.2.2 cc serene cccecece 
Located Managed by 

SIRT ANCL CHIOTTIOS 5.066). eisic ej ee see leew wane snes te ence 
Located Managed by 

MACE clesa ts ces seis obo ee case sees NARS By oie I ssa 
Located Managed by 

Sumer omermos and small fruits ... 2.05. 1. ee ee eee e eee 
Located Managed by 

CRMC ONG CULTANtS ... 6. es ee oc ce ce ee ee eneee 
Located Managed by 

Pens eurawberries and peaches. ....... 2.2... dee eeetececs 
Located Managed by 

ee Gooseberries and raspberries 22... 6 dee es cece eee 
Located Managed by 

ER ee ch 80200 2 0)s. 21 0) sca)ia eels a & 9, 3 a lapeie bole ees 


Gizvor It is believed that an appropriation of $2,000 will be sufficient to initiate and carry 
on this work successfully, including the purchase of plants for each station the first and 


succeeding years. 


STATIONS PROPOSED TO BE ESTABLISHED IN THE SPRING OF 1894. 


No. I. 


No. 2. 


No. 3. 


No. 8. 


No. 9. 


mapper, pears and small fruits:. 3... lk os wee ee Beats .. $100 
Located in Prince Edward County. 
Managed by W. H. Dempsey, Trenton. 


Apples, grapes, plums, strawberries, currants, gooseberries and 
eRe ier nate vigh Heese <8 es $100 
Located in Simcoe County. 
Managed by C. G. Oaston, Craighurst. 


Plums, apples, pears, grapes and small fruits........ ee les os $100 
Located in Huron Oounty. 
Managed by 
Grapes, currants, gooseberries, plums, pears, cherries and 
BARE CELAO NI Moretti Mae a )al/oxdi a sticg Ss Te doyslehas deal 0S as $100 


Located in Wentworth County. 
Managed by M. Pettit, Winona. 


Peaches and strawberries, currants, cherries, gooseberries, 
raspberries, plums and quinces..............00: $100 
Located in Essex County. 
Managed by W. W. Hilborn, Leamington. 


154 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO. 


EstIMATED EXPENDITURE FOR 1894, 


Five stations at $1000. ..fV ee kee ae Cle lea ee . $500 
Trees, ‘plants, @be ccc cs disse a4'sep so 10 aleretareenls Sieis b tects eae aman 200 

Clerical work—corresponding with stations, purchasing stock for each, 
keeping lists, making tabulated statements for publication .. 50 
Meetings of Board’ of Controle. .).5:. ¥-:ys nics ote 3) «> +010 oe sha 75 
Travelling expenses of official ‘visitors’... ¢.¢:t.fe0. 0.\0 se + 4» «6 see 75 
Contingent: fund. oo). igs. 2 Bea reet a's edb as eee Oe 100 
$1,000 


EXPERIMENTER’S AGREEMENT. 


li of of the county of and Province of 
Ontario, do promise and agree to properly and carefully plant all fruit trees and plants 
entrusted to me for experimental purposes and to give them proper care in the way of 
cultivation and pruning, and that I will keep a record of the same and report as to the 
growth of the trees and plants, their hardiness, etc., size and quality of the fruit, time of 
ripening, and all other information required within my power and ability to give. I will 
be guided by the Board of Control in making these reports and report when and to whom 
they may direct. I further agree to be guided by the Executive Board as to plan and 
methods of experimental work entrusted to me. I also agree to give any information I 
can to, or asked for by the Horticulturist of the Ontario Agricultural College, or by the 
Secretary of the Fruit Growers’ Association of Ontario. 

In consideration of faithfully carrying out the experimental work as outlined above, 
and making reports as directed, I am to receive annually the sum of dollars. All 
trees, plants etc., entrusted to me for experimental work when once planted shall become 
my property, but not to be used in any way to advance personal ends, such as controlling 
or propagating new varieties. 

Should I fail to carry out the wishes of the Board of Control, I hereby agree to forfeit 
all or any part of my annual grant, as considered right and just by the said Board of 
Control. 

(Signed ) 
Dated 


APPENDIX VI. 


LIST OF PLANTS AND TREES 
DISTRIBUTED BY THE F'RUIT-GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO FROM 1875 TO 1893 INCLUSIVE, 


1875.—Swazie Pomme Grise Apple, 

1876.--Glass Seedling Plum. 

1877.—Goodale Pear. 

1878.—Burnet Grape. 

1879.—Ontario Apple. 

1880.—Saunders’ New Hybrid Raspberry. 

1881.—Senasqua Grape ; two pounds of the Dempsey Potato ; Hydrangea Paniculata; Wealthy Apple. 

1882.—Spirea Prunifolia ; Lee’s Prolific Black Currant ; three bulbs of Gladiolus ; Moore’s Early Grape. 

1883. — Rose Peonia ; Worden Grape ; Niagara Raspberry. 

1884.—Yearling Tree of the Canada Baldwin Apple; Deutzia Crenata; Prentiss Grape; three papers 
choice Seed, viz., Pansy, mixed Aster and Drummond’s Phlox. 


1885.—Russian Apple, one year old; Catalpa, one year old; Fay’s Prolific Currant, one year old ; Tuber 
of choice Double Tulip; Three papers choice Seeds, viz., one each of Diadem Pink, Striped 
Petunia, Salpiglossis. 

1886.—Three plants Ontario Strawberry ; Russian Yellow Transparent, one year old; one plant Lucretia 
Dewberry, Early Victor Grape, one year old; two plants Marlboro’ Raspberry; three papers 
Seeds, viz., Gypsophila Paniculata, Aquilegia Caerulea and Delphinium, mixed colors. 

1887.— Vladimir Giiry Dahlia; two plants Hilborn Raspberry ; Niagara Grape Vine, one year old; 
New Single- flowered Geranium ; three packets Flower Seeds. 

1888.—Storm King Fuchsia ; Golden Queen Raspberry (two plants) ; Niagara Grape Vine, one year old ; 
package of Spring- flowering Bulbs, viz., Tuberose (double Excelsior Pearl), Dahlia (Gaiety, 
striped flower), Napoleon Gladiolus ; Jessie Strawberry ; Tree of Doyenne Boussock Pear, one 
year old ; Abutilon (double) ; Ostheim, Russian Cherry. 

1889.—Niagara Grape; Vergennes Grape ; Princess Louise Apple; Paul Neyron Rose ; Baron de Bon 
tettin Rose ; Jessie Strawberry. 

1890.—Russian Apricot ; Simon’s Plum ; John Hopper Rose ; Shaffer Raspberry (four tip plants) ; Wealthy 
Apple; Bubach No. 5 Strawberry (four plants) ; Richardia Alba-Maculata, or Spotted Calla. 


1891.—Golden White Apple ; Mill’s Grape Vine; Williams’ Strawberry ; Triomphe de Vienne Pear ; twe 
Cannas ; Gen. Jacqueminot Rose; two Dahlias. 
———- Grape ; Idaho Pear ; Williams’ Strawberry ; Gipsy Girl Apple; Japan Honey- 
suckle 
1893.—Rosa rubifolia; Spiraea media rotundifolia; Picea pungens; Pinus ponderosa; Pseudotsuga 
aes ; Seedling black Currants; Red Queen Apple; Golden Reinette Apple; Crimean 
pple. 


APPENDIX VII, 


ONTARIO FRUIT STATISTICS. 


The following table contains the numbers of apple, pear, peach, plum and cherry 
trees, and of grape vines in the townships of Ontario as computed for 1892 and 1893, 
from returns sent in by farmers and fruit-growers to the Department of Agriculture 


(Bureau of Industries. ) 


| ; 1893. 1892, 
Districts. | aoe us . 
earing oung . on- 
Age. Trees, Bearing. Bearmg. 
APPLE TREES. No. | No. No. | No. 
BS SS aa 1,296,335 409,771 1,264,495 459,296 
6 5 1 A Sa ea 800,837 249, 856 751,637 254,074 
Georgian Bay..... OES RAEI Ee ee digs 500, 747 242,374 450,135 223,953 
West Midland oe Meg Atari ee Oe 1,164,110 | 292,200 1,097,843 308,063 
EINEM eas seca ccsecrcusececcccee 1,993,891 447,905 1,961,607 460,617 
mits umwrence aNd OFfaWa.... 0.52.5 ccc cece esc eeee 786, 100 316,937 750,621 309,334 
IEEE gL cs ce sce ccesce secu: 373,917 153, 799 346,407 152,896 
MUMMETRIMISETICES oc coco ccc secs se sucicencseteves 17,426 Si. 839 15,235 32,711 
Dd IS oo od 0) e's ols tel 2 eae 6's 6,933,363 | 2,144,681 | 6,637,980 | 2,200,944 
PEAR TREES, | | 
ee ac cineveceecceeaves 134,047 84,617 121,224 | 92,918 
Ee ees oles come ceeicevces 46,975 27, 246 45,216 28,137 
Ne) 5.g ioc, poids cies cla cb eo oes 22,486 33,253 17,474 32,556 
NT ee hk acc ccc cc se voces vase 72,803 48,625 61,929 46,045 
I con alo ola dls vein se oon 211,702 294,560 205,976 273,788 
SepemeMIeROMG@G ANG OFCAWA, 2. <5 coe nc ccc ccc coc eeens 20,830 15,877 19,199 14,383 
Sra dane eee enna 12,071 9,834 | 14045 10,992 
es 838 1,153 693 
en 521,752 515,165 485,276 499,512 
PLtum TREES 
ooo cis nice ccccvuchecsccess 56,230 | 82,400 48,533 | 79,291 
NL yo ccs cle dae ccevvecesess 56,617 37,766 59, 129 | 40, 306 
Nk ac ivc lsc ccs ccccsvscercs 85,502 80,002 93, 962 85, 120 
a 68,337 75,957 62, "943 74, ola 
Re 247,960 333, 427 295, 181 332, 743 
MePeMaNPT OMICS ANG OULAWS. 2... 2... cece cles penccces 127,226 40,589 130, 732 38, 970 
ee. , oon c a sce weececctn deme 31,212 22,414 30, 041 24. 854 
ET OPUNERECES 555s oc. ines teres cccceccccts 9,477 7,539 8,933 ea: 814 
gee, 55 cos vec senescence 682,561 680,094 659, 454 | 683, 415 
PEACH TREES 
i | 
Nh soso co s.c ccs aeloccsccccdece 173,392 | 153,080 | 141,502 182,536 
ST ae 10,516 | 7,055 9.118 8,275 
eee enn 1,688 3,013 | 1.359 1.322 
MEINEM oo kn sg ccc eccnccvacleccces 17,124 9, 660 12, 658 11,824 
I 5 oi ap ccceccecescosens 319,054 212, 804 277, 765 229,720 
EE (0 a rn Z BOER Seta cs 2 253 
I yynic cs ccs cs ecov ices eceacscoes 99 498 198 | 617 
ses a on coe 72% « cet a declan ciel |< seod ifs «cs BGs ea eee 7 
I a 621,873 386,330 443,100 | 434,654 


158 FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOOIATION OF ONTARIO. 


ONTARIO FRUIT STATISTICS.—Continued. 


1893, 1892. 
Districts. om 
Bearing Young . Non- 

Age. Trees. Bearing. Bearing. 

ie eee ee ee ee ee | 

CHERRY TREES. No. | No. No. No. 
MBO VIG sacict cae epee eRe et ccna eee 166,145 52,853 163,610 58,369 
Male Ehubon sc T2 C0 2 GAR ee See see sere Re Ree 82,713 27,535 81,138 29,420 
Georgian Bay.........- Seuss aus items bis be Sheette hreioions 538,293 28,769 54,796 23,314 
West Midland 5.o:i.'qo seek teres nea Seek baa ee 77,017 30,862 76,368 30,017 
Hake Ontario 2c.) tot sepals talon cne ask ale wahaieeete etevabae ee 94,338 63,182 93,713 © 55,776 
St. ‘Gawrence and Ottawa. O05 oe. on oe ah salen 28,945 14,962 29,731 10,629 
Bagh Mian 5 rae tats atoetadar e actiens a ava Soteeboionstoals 13,954 10,046 12,348 10,684 
Northern Districts: .. oor ea eee Oe nine Biase 1,659 1,449 1,471 1,837 
The; Province’. ', 202). hietenokis tates Soe hikes heh eisks 518,064 229,658 513,175 220,046 
GRAPE VINES. 

Bakke Eine ior de Say, oa hci eaec te wren epee mete oie sla eae 922,042 195,408 962,265 250,708 
Weakee Grong 8 Pepe las aise aetincie Pat cians tore shee oe a ee 37,506 34,335 35,715 24,762 
Georgian Bay....... PM Ate Ube ate hadnt ete boatiheone aN 23,194 8,774 28,455 8,052 
Westeiidland tii) i eee 04s eae hte cn GWie cheae 55,870 24,879 48,259 29,028 
Lake Omtanio:’ (2 Jf g cn a daveut hence cole ae ees 1,117,502 473,981 1,029,479 571,626 
St. ihawrence and Ottawa. os oiceieo sie ccedeteeliscas | 40,037 18,048 37,135 44,704 
eA SteNE Gaia. Aes teed. diese teaser tina oie ote ena aien Etueebone 26,013 26,864 31,911 20,605 
Northern Districts, +) Jii.'. ae ere ae ake nls cela ater slate 1,118 1,141 914 j 1,174 
The Province ..... beep ie S on ome A od ek OR 2,223,282 783,430 2,174,133 950,659 


The districts given in the above table are comprised as follows: 


LAKE Erig, Essex, Kent, Elgin, Norfolk, Haldimand and Welland. . 

Lake Huron. Lambton, Huron and Bruce. 

GEORGIAN Bay. Grey and Simcoe. 

West Mipianp. Middlesex, Oxford, Brant, Perth, Wellington, Waterloo and Dufferin. 

LakE Ontario. Lincoln, Wentworth, Halton, Peel, York, Ontario, Durham, Northumberland and 
Prince Edward. 

St. LAwRENCE AND Ortawa. Lennox and Addington, Frontenac, Leeds and Grenville, Dundas, 
Stormont and Glengarry, Prescott and Russell, Carleton, Renfrew and Lanark. 

East MIDLAND. Victoria, Peterborough, "Haliburton and Hastings. 

NortHerN Districts. Muskoka, Parry Sound, Nipissing, Algoma, Manitoulin, Thunder Bay and 
Rainy River. 


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