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SIXTH ANNUAL MEETING, 


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1880. 


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STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION, 


AT ITS 


SIXTH ANNUAL MEETING, 
HELD AT 


MARENGO, ILL., DECEMBER 9, 10 AND 11, 1870. 


-PusLisHED BY Di1rRECTION OF THE ASSOCIATION. 


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LEADER STEAM PRINTING AND PUBLISHING HOUSE. 


1880. 


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(iticers of the Association: 


FOR 1880. 
PRESIDENT, 
Dr. JOSEPH TEFFT, Excin, It. 
SECRETARY, 
W. J. ANDERSON, Enain, Itt. 


TREASURER, 


ERRATA. 


On pages 74 and 75 where the words “ butzric ” and 


) 


“lipzle” occur, read “ butyric” and “ lipyle.” 
Page 93—in Dr. Tefft’s remarks—the second word in 


the ninth line, read “ should,” instead of ‘“ must.” 


JOHN SMALLUWUOUOD, FREEPORT, LLL. 
Gry ie PARCONG Eran. int. 
W. H. STEWART, Woonstock, I11., 
H. W. MEAD, Hespron, I11., 
N. ELDRED, Girman, [nurots. 


The seventh and next annual meeting will be held at Marengo, 
Illinois, Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday, Dec. 15, 16 and 17, 1880. 


(iticers of the Association 


FOR 1880. 
PRESIDENT, 
Dr. JOSEPH TEFFT, Exain, Ic. 
| SECRETARY, 
W. J. ANDERSON, Exain, Itt. 
TREASURER, 
R. M. PATRICK, Mareneo, It. 
VICE-PRESIDENTS, 
C. C. BUELL, Rock Fauts, I1t., 
Hon. Wm. PATTEN, Sanpwicn, [11.., 
S. W. KINGSLEY, Barrineton, I1t.., 
E. H. Sewarp, Marenoeo, I1Lt., 
J. R? McLEAN, Exarn, I11., 
ISRAEL BOIES, Davis Junction, It., 
LUTHER BARTLETT, Bartruert, I11., 
Pror. F. H. HALL, Sucar Grove, I1t., 
I. H. WANZER, Onetpa, ILL, | 
CHAS. BOONE, WINNEBAGO, ILL., 
JOHN SMALLWOOD, Freeport, Ix1., 
Grn. L. B. PARSONS, Frora, Iu, 
W. H. STEWART, Woopsrock, Iut., 
H. W. MEAD, Hesron, I11.., 
N. ELDRED, Gitman, Inurors. 


The seventh and next annual meeting will be held at Marengo, 
Tilinois, Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday, Dec. 15, 16 and 17, 1880. 


MEMBERS 


OF aeEUE 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION 


FOR WS88o. 


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ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 5 


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*John Keating, a well-known and highly-respected member of 
the Association, was killed by the bursting of a wheel on a feed-cut- 
ter, while at work on his farm, near South Elgin, Illinois, December 
ol, 1879, 


9 A ep 


mie 


ILLINOIS 


STATE DAIRYMEN'S ASSOCIATION. 


SIXTH ANNUAL MEETING, 


HeLtp ar MArRENGo, ILLS., DECEMBER 9, IO AND II, 1879, 


Marenco, Dec. 9, 1870, \ 
3 O'CLOCK P. M. 

The convention was called to order at 3 o’clock p.m. 
by the president, Dr. Terrr, who occupied the chair. After 
stating that the convention would now be considered form- 
ally opened, the president called upon T. McD. Richards, 
president of the Kishwaukee Farmers’ club, who delivered 
the following address of welcome: 


MR MOD. RICHARDS: ADDRESS. 


Mr. President, and Members of the Mhnows Dairymen’s 
Association: Ladies and Gentlemen: In behalf of the Kish- 
waukee Farmers’ club, the citizens of Marengo and the 
dairymen of McHenry county, I bid you welcome on this 
annual reunion of yours. Marengo and vicinity open their 
homes and hearts to make your stay pleasant, and we all 
hope to profit from your essays and mutual discusssions. 
This is a region deservedly noted, at home and abroad, for 


8 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION, 


its excellent butter and poor cheese. I presume, however, 
' skim cheese will continue to be made so long as factory 
patrons and manufacturers can both make money by so 
doing. Class me as one of a large number who will not 
eat cheese thoroughly skimmed. “ If this be treason, make 
the Most of ut, 

McHenry county is one of the pioneers in the manu- 
facture of good cheese and “ Gilt Edged” butter. Barthol- 
omew, Stewart Brothers, and a few others in this county and 
Kane, made cheese, long years ago, that superceded the 
noted “ Western Reserve” and New York cheese. Mr. 
Israel Boies (a name honored by dairymen everywhere) may 
justly be considered as the pioneer in the manufacture of an 
extra quality of butter in this vicinity, where now so much 
is manufactured, and is so widely appreciated. 

Dairymen of Illinois, your executive committee have 
outlined an. extensive field for discussion on this occasion. 
Very few dairy topics have as yet received solutions that 
command universal assent. The field is wide and still open 
for both argument and experiment. In the same neighbor- 
hood several methods are considered best for feeding dairy 
cows. The causes and prevention of abortion, a very seri- 
ous drawback to dairymen, remain unknown. The best 
methods of setting milk, still in dispute; the best breeds of 
dairy stock a subject of difference, and so on. Above all 
these topics, so useful, and necessary to be discussed, let us 
not forget to study to so manage this industry that its most 
noted product shall be a race of men and women noted for 
intelligence and worthy manhood and womanhood. [Illinois 
is a great state—only in its infancy of development. Jam 
proud of her past progress, and hopeful for a glorious future. 
I feel quite sure the dairymen of Illinois will bring no dis- 
honor to its fame. One word more, and I give way to your 
regular proceedings. Dr. J. Woodworth, one of the mem- 
bers of the Kishwaukee Farmers’ club, who was also a 
member of your association, and a worthy patron of both, 
and I may justly add, a man of science and a practical man 
as well, convenes with us no more on earth. [Iam sure we 
all duly appreciate his energy and suggestions in the cause 
of dairy improvements, and offer in this public manner our 
grateful tribute of respect to his memory, 


In the absence of Judge Wilcox, of Elgin, who was to 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 9 


have responded to the address of welcome, the president 
called on Mr. Charles Baltz, of Chicago, who spoke as fol- 
lows : 


MR. BALTZ’S.. RESPONSE. 


Mr. President, and Ladies and Gentlemen of Marengo: 
Allow me, in behalf of the dairymen here assembled, to 
thank you for the very kind welcome just tendered us. We 
have left our places of business, our shops and our farms, 
to come here and discuss with you questions of mutual 
interest in this our annual convention. And I hope that 
our coming here will not be in vain; that this convention 
will be a grand success, as its predecessors have been; that 
the discussion of these various questions pertaining to the 
dairy interests of our state, will result beneficially to each 
of us. 
| On my way out here from Chicago to-day, riding 
through the country lying between here and that city, I was 
strongly impressed with the thought that if this section of 
the country was properly developed it might yet be the 
ereatest dairy country of the world. 

I hope each one of us will do his best to make this an 
interesting and beneficial gathering. Wecan do so if we 
try. I had little thought of being called upon to respond 
to Mr. McD. Richards’ address of welcome, when I came 
in, consequently I hope you will overlook any errors I may 
have made in my few rambling remarks. 


The president, Dr. Tefft, then read the following ad- 
dress: 


DR TEP E TS ADDRESS: 


Fellow Citizens, Ladies, Gentlemen and Dairymen of Mh- 
nois: In accordance with a general custom which was 
early adopted and has been carried out from year to year, 
at our annual meetings, it devolves upon me at this, the 
sixth anniversary of the Illinois Dairymen’s Association, to 
present to you a partial resume of our operations during 
the past year. The manner and purpose of our organiza- 
tion, the many advantages and happy influences arising 
from and extended by this and similar associations, and the 
progress made in the different departments of dairying 


10 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 


have been so frequently and graphically presented and dis- 
cussed by others, at former meetings, that any attempt on 
my part to engage in the same could but be extremely irk- 
some to you. 

The year just passed has been one replete with fluctu- 
ations in the market price of dairy products. Butter and 
cheese have not only been very low in our markets, but 
have been unprecedently low in the European markets. 
We thought we had good reason for believing this would 
be the case in the early part of the present season, when 
we saw the great amount of poor butter and cheese in the 
commission houses, in cold storage, and piled upon the 
wharis in the city of New York, last fall) 7 ie (clearer 
market we expected much, yea, most, of this cheese would 
have to be dumped inte the Atlantic ocean, to feed the 
dolphin and sea serpent. But, luckily, some of it was 
shipped to England, where it is said to have been used to 
feed swine and where it sold for nearly or quite enough to 
pay transportation. 

We have simply invited your attention to the above 
for the purpose of showing in a measure the cause of the _ 
depression in the markets in the fore part of the present 
season. In our judgment this was largely due to our hold- 
ing and placing too much poor cheese in the hands of the 
commission merchants during the warm weather of last 
year. 7 

This season the dairymen have taken a different course, 
and we have no flooded markets this fall, although the pro- 
duction of cheese has been quite equal, if not in excess of, 
that of last year in our country. Had our cheese of last 
season been in quality such as to bear transportation to 
South America, we venture to say it could all have been 
sold at fair, remunerative prices, along as it was ready for 
market. Our exportation of butter to that climate is already 
very large, why should it not be so with our cheese? We 
answer—Simply because we do not take care to make a 
cheese to suit that market. If we desire to sell our dairy 
products we must cater to the wishes of the consumers, to 
a certain extent, at least. 


The consumption of this article of food for man has 
largely diminished in our own country within the last two 
or three years; and why so? Simply because but very 
little good cheese is to be found in the market places. 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. II 


It would seem that the home market, which should be 
the best of all markets, is largely if not wholly ignored by 
our dairymen at the present time. 


It: was claimed in 1876-7 that the consumption of 
cheese in this country was fully four pounds per capita. 
Were that so for 1878-9, our 47,000,000 people would 
require about 188,000,000 pounds of cheese for home con- 
sumption alone. But howis it now? We estimate a falling 
off of about twenty-five per cent. in the home consumption, 
reducing the amount required from 188,000,000 to 141,- 
000,000 pounds and leaving a surplus on our hands of about 
47,000,000 pounds. Now this is an item in marketing that 
nobody but the dairymen of this country has any power to 
remedy. The American people too well appreciate the 
nutritive qualities of good cheese, when taken into the 
human system, to discard its use, if such cheese can be 
readily obtained. 

Last winter a bill was drafted and presented to our 
legislature, which passed the senate and came _near passing 
the house, to recognize the Illinois State Dairymen’s Asso- 
ciation as a state institution, with power to establish and 
maintain an experimental dairy station somewhere in the 
state. One of the objects of such a station would be to 
examine, and recommend the raising, the best and most 
profitable breeds of cows for the dairy of Illinois. The 
United State census of 1870 gives Illinois 640,321 cows. It 
is now computed that the state has at the present time 
between 800,000 and 1,000,000. The estimated average life 
of a cow in the dairy is about six years. This holding true, 
it will call for the annual rearing of about 150,000 to fill 
the vacant places of valueless cows in the state of Illinois 
alone. This being correct, it behooves us as citizens, and 
especially as dairymen of Illinois, to look well to this matter 
of breeds for the dairy. Prof. Johnson tells us of a breed 
of cows that required nine pounds of hay to produce one 
quart of milk, and of another breed which required only 
five pounds. Now if this be true (and we have but little 
doubt of it from our own observation),would any gentleman 
within the sound of my voice hesitate for a moment, all 
other things being equal, which breed to select his cows for 
the dairy from? This is only one item of the use of such 
a station; although a very important one, perhaps not the 
most essential one to the dairyman. The fact that our 


12 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 


creamery butter when first made is very fine and of excel- 
lent flavor, with an aroma not to be excelled by that of any 
other country’s make on the face of the globe—although so 
nice when first made, it soon begins to lose its rich aroma 
and fine flavor, and more quickly becomes stale than the 
best dairy butter. This requires the most careful examina- 
tion to find where the trouble lies, that it may be corrected. 
It has been estimated that the United States in 1878 pro- 
duced 653,000,000 pounds of butter, and that Illinois is 
credited with one-fourteenth of this amount, which would 
give her 46,642,857 pounds. Now if by any means we can 
increase the keeping qualities of our butter, so as to realize 
one cent advance on the price per pound, it would place in 
the pockets of the dairymen of Illinois, per annum, the snug 
little sum of $466,428.57. What shall we say of cheese? 


It is a well-settled fact that our cheese is not as com- 
pact but much more porous than English Cheddar, and does 
not hold its flavor as well and long as the English makes. 
It is also a demonstrated fact that our cheese contains more 
of the sugar of milk than their’s and perhaps to this may be 
attributed the trouble. Some are disposed to charge our 
defect to climatic influences. It is possible and very prob- 
able we shall never know the actual cause of the trouble 
with either butter or cheese until some one makes a careful 
investigation of the matter, which is not likely to be done 
under our present dairy system. Therefore the necessity 
of a dairy station. Much more might be said on this sub- 
ject, but time and space will not allow us to dwell. 


The time was when we were taught that dairying must 
be confined to a strip of land from east to west a few hun- 
dred miles in width. This was and is a mistaken idea. 
Where good grass will readily grow, dairying may succeed, 
for the ingenuity of man may supply the other necessary 
articles. The dairy interest in this country west of ine 
great lakes is being rapidly developed. Look at Wisconsin, 
with her annual production of millions of pounds of fine 
cheese, and Iowa, with rapid strides in the dairy business ; 
while Minnesota, Nebraska, Missouri, Kansas and other 
western states are beginning to throw their mite on the 
wheel of fortune. While the foregoing and other states not 
mentioned may manufacture large amounts of butter and 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 13 


cheese and throw their products on the market, they are 
not largely your competitors only so far as our own country 
is concerned. We must look to Europe for the larger part 
of the competition which we are likely to meet. France 
alone exports to England more value in butter than the 
entire United States does in both butter and cheese. Den- 
mark is also exporting a large amount of fine butter to 
England, and so, also, is Sweden. 


We saw Swedish butter (if our memory serves us) at 
the New York fair, put up in something like a wash-tub and 
covered with two thicknesses of coarse cloth, which had 
been exhibited at a fair in Europe and then sent across the 
Atlantic for exhibition at the fairin New York. This butter 
smelled and tasted rather old on top, but was solid and 
sweet further down in the package. 


This is the kind of butter that you have to compete 
with in the European markets, butter that is so made’that 
it will cross the Atlantic ocean in a wash-tub and hold its 
fine flavor. England imports both butter and cheese from 
us to export to other countries. Now why should we sit 
upon our haunches with folded arms and allow England or 
any other country to import for the purpose of exporting 
our goods? Why not open our eyes to the situation and 
export direct to those countries, and save the commission 
through English hands? 


The Hon. W. G. Laduc, commissioner of agriculture, 
Washington, D. C., informs us in his report for 1878, page 
287, that fully three-fourths of our export of butter and 
@fcese/is to Great Britain, The balance is to British 
America and the West Indies. On further examination of 
said report, we find on page 292 a much fuller statement, 
giving the names of countries where we have exported 
butter and cheese, with the amount to each country. We 
have copied this for the purpose of correcting an error 
which has crept into some of our conventions in this state, 
as well as other states. We allude to dairy, as compared 
with other statistical reports. We here give a few of the 
exports for 1878 : 


14 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 


BUTTER. COND’ D CHEESE. 
COUNTRY WHERE EXPORTED TO -| MILK, |———- ——_ ——- 
LBS. OF | VALUE. | VALUE.} LBS. OF VALUE. 
Wiretiinsrall 1K thnvexsl ovina, osc onocageasyiagsodpnstoocoe 14,343,759|$2,050,5701$ 34,135|120,929,600/#13,759,385 
Firainic © Baer ai eaat eee salen mcie stleeu eae ee 27,268 3, LOS ea nvorecnees 3,400 364 
Gea Mya VEN ae eek lee aisle we beeen pei anes 2,854,128] 434,595 raz 47,470 5,986 
Belgium and Netherlands ........ ........ 19,852 AN 87) | poscoriiocnce 4,872 492 
Other European countries.... ......... 5,897 TSO) eesersineees 407 86 
TEXAUOISIN AAVGHEINGAL, . Gade Seba nooeosoa50oq0eq0e0e09 1,158,924] 208,756] 3,488] 1,651,726 180,368 
Wrest tlindiiesineyniee bese coudecs seach ecorsectins 2,471,113\ 413,601] 18,180 716,736 94,004. 
Mexico,Central and South America... 563,791| 126,202| 9,957 307,864 40,120 
Other Countples mrcscnmceccetes eee eee 312,888 743299 10,455 121,505 22,724 
YANIS Era) Cae eee e isan, OM cn wen aaa eeall ea tae neat eee) Helene ta bane PN I{O}O}| sosoosoay bouvnol|osuadonn ONguee 
JBN O20. dtntonqubosooticooadcncansoonooHasbus4eEda6q)) Joossodosocobsal|gucunapqass005 BUD OO Wamecshaeiciaeee Mell eminoeedsraratstascae 
Cae, Gee eR EUN aes valet selciie setuce tal Aaenabrn Wl hain ieeesere tetera SINS o seqanon dado [aodiooy Beodaebas 
Ota leecsnsseaten cies essence cme coeeeae 21,837, 1171$3,931, 822/128 ,284'123,783,736|$r4, 103,529 
The amount of the cereals exported in 1878: 
WAKER So ceag dee hc caned ck gens sale ce Secemine anacealcelrensgtecacometiesenente i eats 72,404,961 bushels|$ 96,872,016 
Wiheattutl oui: maienccesensseosseetanconoecinaasc acne cece seme samen eecicat 3,947,333 barrels} 25,095,721 
Joyner KG PMO OH NRE ne saan BASHA atic BanG Ena ae aagbaa age Tapcbgel @ aaAobsnodHGsob0ee 14,392,231 pounds 730,317 
Barley Es Saas eae Ca TOU Ait SU ee St ac sie stamens an atest UN ENS 3,92x,501 bushels 2,565,730 
Won eee eee csencddaaeveietis yutrene cou moan smeencun a wtuetracware seen aeeae 85,461,098 bushels] 48,030,358 
orm male a Eee lea bee ius ae meee ee earmaea Nae aeneemce esse 432,753 barrels} 1,336,187 
(EIS cco gacedosdonnoscoccuder caUpooEdo pT onOngoTEEondecbUOOsoO UB ococdosoabbdcapB9Oo0 3,715,479 bushels 1,277,920 
REVO ec eate cee comeacs sce etabe sane sacle een lnamaduy suse temo deteioeteseiae mae 4,207,739 bushels] 3,051,739 
FRG gO Ute eee Wass ene eee tamethaiicenswaciicbeacabccmeslmtmercsmeccscenes 6,962 barrels 30,775 
Other SATEVINGpianoonecenedscbeee wiseltsicieepidalaae naualeaeilesesteclelee came terra Wictenci tl enter gia tae era ge ere cere 1,077,433 
CCS DMEPATEM Ls Mescuuvewleasebsaceure secuuewas Seameeecetmees ee ece| hl ANCE Ae: Greaney eee mae 1,709,639 
RACE rise eee Minas ceuci is Muara vouue stealer oc awnaleowens esaniten ede eet ae seracen 631,105 pouuds 33,953 
Iota WANE coccosooancons Tats ate Sater, riage een ne he emene I 181,811,794 
The amount of cotton exported in 1878: 
Coftonwimawamateriallie.scseeeee ee 3,391,795 bales, or 1,607,533,511 pounds | $180,031,484 
OF TIVADINUTAUC HITE Cie aan eee aT UR se Wa Ue a Le AMSne aS Wa a Re eeepc 11,438,660 
otal amount 2s shssisciessseseusus tos de||uovubccauestine seuar cone cm seca meay alle canal Meee a tapetee $IQ1,470,144 


We have made below an estimate of the milk used in 
the United States in 1878 for culinary purposes, on a basis 
of a population of 47,000,000 people, divided by five, giving 
9,400,000 families. Now if we give each one of these 
families of five persons one pint of milk per day it will call 
for 1,175,000 gallons per day for the United States, or 
428,875,000 gallons forthe year: This, at ten ‘cents (pex 
gallon. would come to $42,887,500. 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 15 


AGnotnt eersumed AS'ADOVE .. 00... .cseeee sce c scenes: i $ 42,887,500 00 
(GINS ES Ss hsbc OCOU BA ECUH SBE ROBB HODE CEECROS BEE DROS BE NCACE HERE 312,543,923 pounds @10c 31,254,392 30 
UR UIEEO Teena onean ls sisis oeeehee Wea AU HAH saiStelsetale cae ualere soa 653,000,000 pounds @20¢ | 130,600,000 @0 
Womndemsec mi eeecc.--ssce-codoctcecsscsescs-tececeoss 3,600,000 gallons @ 10 ¢ 360,000 00 
Total amount of milk product in 1878........] |ecscsssssseressevencevsvensccessneees 205,101,822 30 
RECAPITULATION. 
The value of wheat, flour and bread exported...............seeeseseeess $122,698,054 


Wheat consumed at home, 1 bushel per capita, at $x per bushel... 47,000,000 
$169 ,698,054 00 


We estimate the dairy product to exceed the wheat by.......c......s0eesenees $ 35,403,838 30 
The dairy product of the country exceeds the entire exportaticn of all cereals. 
The exported cotton, manufactured and raw material, amounts to ............... $£191,470,144 OO 


‘the dairy, product exceeds the cotton export Dy-.s...:-..-csc.cceseseneseceansss ¢ 13,631,748 30 


In conclusion, we would most emphatically say that in 
our judgment the world is not over-stocked with dairy 
products, and more than that, we very much question 
whether it is ever likely to be so. 

Look to the southern states in our own country and 
you will see they are not likely to become either good but- 
ter or cheese makers. The question is asked, Why not? 
We answer—Simply, because they do not raise the grasses 
necessary to do so. The spears of grass in some portions 
of those states are as scarcely seen as an honest politician 
in the country at large. 

Think you of the many millions of mouths to be sup- 
plied with one of the best of foods for the human system ; 
one that is universally received in its normal state by nearly 
On Gute all of the mammals on the face of the earth. 
Cheese contains the nitrogenous and more or less of the 
phosphates of milk, and is better adapted to building up and 
sustaining the system than any other known solid food of 
similar cost. Butter is largely carbon, a substance necessa- 
rily called for and used by animals in sustaining the fire of 
life. You ask us how we know this to be a fact; we answer 
—by observation. Look with your mind’s eye to the 
Esquimau who lives in the far northern clime, where 
the mercury congeals in the winter, and hardly thaws dur- 
ing the summer, who takes the oil blubber (which is largely 
carbon) and drinks it with as much custo as our toper does 
a glass of whisky and with much happier results. 

We believe it to be a duty that every manufacturer 
who is engaged in the manufacture of dairy products owes 
to himself, to make his goods of such quality as the market 
where he expects to sell demands. We see no good reason 
for commissioning perishable goods like butter and cheese, 


16 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 


If not saleable when ready for market at some reasonable 
price, it is far better to hold them in the factory, where they 
can be looked after and cared for, than to send them for- 
ward to commission men to be placed in store-houses or 
piled upon the wharfs of any city on the face of this broad 
earth. After once ready for sale they are never out of the 
way until in the hands of the consumer or actually con- 
sumed. 

The exportation of butter, from January I, 1879, to 
Nov. 27, has reached 34,705,284 pounds; the excess over 
last year for same time, 13,518,230 pounds. The exporta- 
tion of cheese for same time is 120,366,357, a falling off of 
8,638,316 pounds, as compared with last year, as per New 
York price-current report of Nov. 27, 1879. 


On motion it was then decided to take up the topics 
in their order according to the programme, and 


Toric No. 4—‘ Has the manufacture of skimmed 
cheese had any thing to do with the depression in the price 
of dairy products?”’—was taken up. Charles Baltz, of 
Chicago, was called upon, and talked a short time upon the 
subject. 


CHARLES Bartz: He was entirely unprepared, he 
said, to talk on the topic before the convention, though he 
had often been called upon to do so. Being a cheese deal- 
er, however, he was willing to do or say any thing that 
would make an improvement in the manufacture of skim 
cheese. In regard to it having any effect on the market, 
he thought that the market was governed, mainly, by the 
laws of supply and demand. He would not take either 
side of the question, but would strike a mean between the 
two extremes. Possibly skim cheese, when made in the 
summer, may hurt the price; but if 1t 1s made’ propery 
will always find a good market. Let it be made as it will, 
it will finda market. The dealer buys it because it is cheap, 
and the consumers buy it from the dealer because it is 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 17 


cheap, and these try and palm it off on their families for 
good cheese until they are sick of all kinds of cheese. His 
idea in regard to making skim cheese was that we should 
make a grade that would be beneficial to both the retailer 
and the consumer; then the trade would not be injured. 
Some skim their cheese on all sides, and then skim it in 
the middle. Of course such stuff will hurt the trade; it 
will always do it. He thought it would be well to discuss 
this matter pretty thoroughly. In some sections, skim 
cheese can be made to advantage; in others, it cannot. 
Those manufacturing cheese should try and keep up the 
grade. It should be kept up in order to increase our home 
_ trade. Make cheese that people will eat and you will always 
find sale for it. He had heard people complain that they 
could not get cheese fit to eat from retailers. 


There was another thing he wished to speak about, 
though it was foreign to the subject in discussion. He 
thought farmers should be very careful, at that time of the 
year when the weather was soft, and not let their cows out 
on their meadows and pastures. There are always, in such 
weather, little green spears, that sprout up and are eaten by 
the cows, which lend their flavor to the cheese and butter. 
If the butter is not salted as it should be, they can be easily 
tasted. He had often detected these flavors in butter. They 
have a tendency to spoil both butter and cheese, and one 
eheese spoiled by them will do more harm to the market 
than many good ones will do good. He would recommend 
that in an open winter the cows be kept in the barnyard and 
not let run on the meadows. 


He thought the milk-men should help the manufac- 
turer in doing away with poor grades of cheese, by paying 
him a good price for his work. 


18 ILLINOIS STATE DATRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 


In regard to boxing cheese, he would say that a cheese 
should not be boxed before it was cured. It stops curing 
as soon as boxed. ‘There was a great deal said about salt- 
ing cheese properly. Skim cheese required more salting 
than cream. You often find green spots in cheese—the 
result of poor salting. Get good salt and work it in well 
and you will find no trouble in preserving your cheese. Get 
good milk, make good cheese and put it on the market, and 
you will never be troubled with low prices. 


R. M. Patrick: Said he would take the ground that 
the manufacture of skim cheese had much to do with the 
decrease in prices. Statistics relative to the consumption . 
of cheese in this country and England, proved, conclu- 
sively he thought, that if we made a good quality of cheese 
our home consumption would be greatly increased. Our 
average consumption is four pounds per individual. In 
Eneland the average is fourteen pounds. If we could get 
to where our average consumption was as great as this, we 
would consume more than we could manufacture in this 
country. He believed that if we would make good cheese 
our home consumption would be increased 100 per cent. 
He would take issue with Mr. Baltz on the subject of the 
manufacture of cheese. Ai little skimming does not injure 
cheese; but it is impossible to make good cheese out of 
milk skimmed teo much. It is true, there is a demand for 
’ skim cheese. In the south, for instance, there is a demand 
for skim cheese, because the cream will not keep in a warm 
climate, 


J. R. McLean: Thought Baltz carried the matter too 
far.. Didn’t think that herbs, such as found in our pastures, 
would hurt cheese at this time of the year or at any other. 
He had seen some very good skim cheese, and some very 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 19 


poor; some so poor that his family wouldn’t eat it. He 
thought, like Patrick, that cheese a little skimmed was the 
best. In his opinion the greatest danger came from another 
quarter. We were making our cheese too hard. Some of 
it was so hard that it would make good car-wheels. In 
regard to the distinction between skim and cream cheese, 
he had seen his friend Baltz, on the Elgin board of trade, 
pass by good cream cheese and buy skim cheese right at 
the side of it. If this is done, how does skim cheese hurt 
fie market? ie didn’t think it hurt itany. So long as 
the buyer can get skim cheese for much less than he can 
cream he will not buy the cream. 


On motion of J. R. McLean the chair appointed a 
committee of three, consisting of J. R. McLean, T. McD. 
Richards and W. Boies, to draft resolutions relative to the 
death of Dr. Woodworth. 


On motion it was decided to adjourn when they did to 
7220) 9, M1. | 


On motion of E. H. Seward a committee of three— 
R. M. Patrick, HE. H. Seward and D. Wood—was appointed 
to act as a finance committee. 


Charles Baltz, of Chicago, asked if any arrangements 
had been made with the railroad companies to reduce the 
fare for those attending the convention. On being informed 
that no such arrangement had been made, he remarked that 
if there had been any he was going to offer a resolution 
thanking the company. 


On motion a committee, consisting of J. R. McLean 
and M. Switzer, was appointed to select judges to examine 


20 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 


the butter and award the premiums. Dr. Tefft, the presi- 
dent, was later added to this committee. 


On motion the convention then adjourned until 7. 30 


pe mi, 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 21 


EVENING SESSION. 


DurswaAy, 7:20 P.M. 


Meeting was called to order at 7:30 o’clock, President 
Tefft in the chair. In order to accommodate R. P. Mc- 
Glincy, who wished to leave the next morning, | 


Toric No. 11—“ The doings and acts of the Elgin 
Board of Trade’”’—was taken up. Upon that topic Mr. 
McGlincy read the following paper : 


Mik WGLINC YS: PAPER. 


My paper on this subject must be largely composed of 
figures, and may therefore prove uninteresting to many; but 
the figures will have considerable bearing on the “ doings” 
of the board, and wil] show what has been done by it since 
its organization in 1872. 

At a meeting of the Northwestern Dairymen’s Associ- 
ation, held in Elgin in January, 1872, I heard J. R. McLean 
and others speak of the manner in which dairymen were 
robbed by commission men to whom they consigned their 
cheese and butter. The drift of the speeches was about in 
effect like this : ‘‘ We send our goods forward on commission, 
and, when we receive accounts of sales, they show that the 
cheese was either off flavor, too hard, or too soft, or they 
had huffed, or leaked badly, or were cracked; the weight 
did not hold out; ‘ they arrived just when the market was 
flat, and no demand for any thing, and, feeling that I must 
realize the best possible figure, I sold them, and inclose you 
check for the amount, less five per cent. commission.’” I 
may remark that it was stated the commission was always 
the same, no matter whether the goods were up or down, 
and it was a singular coincidence that goods nearly always 
went down when sold on commission, and up when sold 
direct to the dealer. Those were the days when the dairy- 
men produced the milk, the factoryman the cheese, and the 


22 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 


commission man made a profit from both without risking 
his own capitai. But the organization of the board of trade 
happily changed, in a great measure, this state of affairs ; 
still not as effectually as some of us had hoped, and still do 
hope for. 


Such statements as those referred to could have been 
made by scores of men who attended that meeting, for they 
had felt the sting in a greater or less degree Vanae avers 
therefore, competent to serve as witnesses in the matter. 
But where was the remedy, and how was it to be applied? 
These dairymen were scattered about the country, some 
distance from Chicago, our then almost only market for 
Western butter and cheese, with their farms to look after, or 
their factories to superintend ; so they could not ameaq 
personally to the selling of their products. They well 
knew that they were at the mercy of the commission men, 
and yet they had relief in their own hands, if they only 
knew it. There were some wise heads in that convention, 
and among them none more so than the late Robert Stewart, 
of McHenry county —a man ever ready to give his time, 
experience or money to aid in developing the dairy interest, 
or to assist in bettering the condition of his neighbors ; and, 
although I am not positive, yet I am inclined to the opinion 
that he made the motion for the appointment of a commit- 
tee to adopt measures for the organization of a board of 
trade at Elgin, then, as now, the dairy center of the North- 
west. But a board of trade,—asked one of another, until 
the inquiry became general,—what gocd will that do? 
They, of course, had all heard of a board of trade, for there 
was one in Chicago, where wheat and corn, oats and rye, 
barley and flour, bacon and lard, and even money, were 
bought and sold, but a board of trade for the sale of dairy 
products was then beyond their comprehension. They had 
heard of “ puts’ and “calls,” |“ blinds’ and “istraddlesie 
shorts: and ‘tongs, \" promts and); maroimeia ame 
“bulls” and “bears,” but just what meaning these terms 
would have, when applied to a butter and cheese board of 
trade, they could not understand; for they had been accus- 
tomed for years to doing business on an entirely different 
plan, and were suspicious that they might not succeed as 
well with the new mode as with the old one, yet, like 
drowning men, they were willing to catch at any thing that 
would afford them relief. 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 23 


The motion for the appointment of a committee pre- 
Walleg ane the chair appointed RK. R. Stone and C. W. 
Gould, of Elgin, R. W. Stewart, of Hebron, and Ira Albro, 
of Wayne, as such committee, which was afterward enlarged 
by the appointment of J. R. McLean and George W. Lake. 
These gentlemen met and drafted a constitution and by- 
laws, which were adopted at a meeting held at Elgin, March 
I, 1872, and at the same meeting the following officers were 
eles: resident, Dr. Joseph Lefit; vice-president, J. R. 
iielean» sccretary, K. K, Stone; treasurer, O. Davidson. 
I think at the next meeting a few samples of cheese and 
butter (the latter private dairy) were exhibited, and a few 
sales were made. 

I may here go back a little in the history of the board, 
and state that many who favored the organization felt that 
it would be more ornamental than useful, but the eight years 
of its existence have proved most conclusively that they 
were mistaken in their supposition. They inquired who 
would come to Elgin and buy their goods. By this move, 
if unsuccessful, they, or at least some of them, were fearful 
that the commission men would refuse to handle their pro- 
ducts, and they would then be worse off than before. To 
some it looked like leaping from the frying-pan into the fire. 
Little did they dream that in two years Chicago, Cincin- 
nati, St. Louis, Philadelphia, Baltimore, New York, and even 
Liverpool, England, would send dealers to their little inland 
city, to duy the goods direct from the manufacturers. But 
they have lived to witness the frequent visits of the repre- 
sentatives of the leading cities of the Union tothe Elgin board 
oF tfage, im search of the best butter made in the world, 
and the best skimmed cheese that can be found. I say the 
best skimmed cheese, for I have heard dealers say that 
some of the eheese offered for sale was skimmed on the top 
and bottom, and opened and skimmed in the middle; so 
that would make it the best skimmed. 

But to return. All of the books and papers belonging 
to the board, containing the reports of the sales made and 
the proceedings of the business meetings, were destroyed 
_by fire in January of the present year, so I am compelled 
to rely on memory and the columns of “ The Elgin Advo- 
cate,” which publishes weekly a full statement of the sales 
and business of the board, for many of the facts and figures 
here given. 


24 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 


The first year the board was organized’ the sales of 
butter and cheese amounted to $81,000. Small as this is, 
it gave great encouragement to the friends of the enter- 
prise, for, had this been disposed of in the usual way, the 
factorymen would have paid the commission men $4,050 for 
the privilege (?) of selling their goods. With this showing 
for the first year, all the factorymen who were within reach 
of the board became members, and aided in sustaining it, 
In 1873 the sales amounted to $210,177.53 ; 1874, $368,- 
528.58; 1875, $496,220.04; 1876, $767,640.68 ; 1877, $1, 
059,085.08; 1878,'6755,507.15. In the latter) eax ahenc 
were sold 120,821 boxes of cheese, aggregating 4,897,340 
pounds, and 1,113,¢55 pounds of butter. The falling off in 
sales in 1878 is due to the fact that many of the factorymen 
failed to report their sales. Had they been) as promt in 
reporting as they were in selling, the aggregate for the year 
would have compared favorably with that of the previous 
year. For the year ending with December, 1879, the sales 
amounted to'$530,143.67. During this period there were 
98,836 boxes of cheese, aggregating 3,648,314 pounds, and 
977,879 pounds of butter, reported sold. Let us recapitu- 
late, and see what the total sales have been since 1872, the 
year the board was organized, to December, 1879. We 
find that they aggregate $4,280,392.72. At tive een iecmn, 
commission, the factorymen and dairymen, on that sum, 
would be out of pocket $214,319,63. Quite a respectable 
sum; and all saved by the board of trade, which has been 
maintained during the past eight years at a cost of $2 per 
member per year, a sum so trifling that none have felt it. 

The question may be asked, Why do not all factorymen 
become members of the board, and share the benefits? In 
reply, let me state that but few factorymen in northern Illi- 
nois are not members of the board, having long since 
concluded that the advantages were far tou great to be 
neglected. Our membership is scattered from Chicago to 
Pecatonica, and from the Wisconsin line, on the north, to 
the C., B. & Q. railroad, on the south, which scope embraces 
very nearly all the factories in the northern part of the state. 
Many private creamerymen and dairymen are also members, 
as well as the irrepressible commission men of Chicago, St. 
Louis and New York; and, so far as is known, all are satis- 
fied with the board, and believe that its organization has 
been for the best. ; 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 25 


I would not be a faithful chronicler of the “doings and 
acts ef the board,” if I failed to speak of its ups and downs 
in life; of the latter of. which, however, it has fortunately 
had but few. The first year of its existence was but little 
more than an experiment. The following years showed 
that it was firmly established, and had become an institution 
of the land, and a refuge for all dairymen and factorymen 
who would seek its shelter, for its portals were ever wide 
open to the oppressed of both these branches of business. 


In the year 1876 or 1877 a strong effort was made by 
several of the Chicago dealers to break down the board, 
but they signally failed. Dr. Tefft, the honored president, 
counseled the factorymen not to yield to the importunate - 
demands to send goods on commission, but rather club 
together and start one of their number out as a salesman, 
with instructions to visit St. Louis and other cities, and sell 
their products there. But before the plan could be put into 
effect, St. Louis came to us, and we solved the problem of 
what to do with the cheese with little difficulty. Chicago 
dealers refrained from visiting the board for about three 
-. months, but, like the prodigal, they came back, even willing 
to be forgiven for their sins of omission. Since then they 
have been very peaceable, make very good members, and 
visit the board punctually every week. During the period 
referred to, while the dealers failed to visit the board, the 
factorymen were sorely tried, as were their pocket-books 
and the patience of their patrons, but mot the cheese they 
made. ! 


The organization of the board has proven beneficial in 
more ways than one. It has been the means of bringing 
the factorymen and dealers into a closer relation; through 
it factorymen have become acquainted with the prominent 
dealers in the leading cities; and, when the custom prevailed, 
during the early period of the board, of selling goods largely 
by sample, factorymen had opportunities of examining their 
neighbors’ products and comparing them with their own, 
without being considered inquisitive or trying to steal the 
trade. And I would say that these comparisons have been 
highly beneficial; for I well remember one factoryman who 
complained that he could not get as much for his cheese as 
his neighbor, and he imploringly appealed to the president 
for advice. Nor did he appeal in vain; for the president 


26 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 


quietly and kindly informed him that his cheese was not 
neat in its appearance; the bandage was put on in a hap- 
hazard manner, the box looked as if it was old enough to 
retire from service, and, to crown all, the cheese was dirty 
on the top and side. This factoryman was shown a few 
bright samples from other factories, and told to imitate 
them. He took the hint, and in a month could show as 
fine cheese as any one on the board, and he continues to 
do so to this day. He obtained better prices, and not 
infrequently sold his goods froma half cent toa cent higher 
than any other. It has been beneficial to those dairymen 
who make their milk into butter at home, by enabling them 
to obtain better prices for their goods than they could pos- 
sibiy have done had not the board been organized. ‘The 
establishment of the board has given manufacturers a mar- 
ket at home, and at as favorable prices as they could obtain 
elsewhere. It, in a measure, establishes the price of dairy 
products for all the country west of the Mississippi, and 
frequently New York quotations are not made until they 
get the returns from Elgin. 


It seems to me that every producer of milk who lives 
within a convenient distance of Elgin should become a 
member of the board, and then they should attend its 
weekly meetings, and moreover I believe it would be to 
their interest if they would require the factorymen who 
make up’ their milk to sell the products on” the board 
instead of commissioning them, as has too often become 
case of late. 


Perhaps the uninitiated may wonder what is meant by 
the “irregular sales” which they see reported from week to 
week, and which almost invariably outnumber the “regular 
sales.” Well, these are the sales which have been made on 
commission, and are reported when the returns are made to 
the factorymen. 


After the loss of our books, papers, etc., in January of 
the present year, the board organized under the state law, 
obtaining a charter, and became an incorporated body. We 
have by-laws and rules governing the members, and when 
one feels that he has been wronged he can appeal to the 
powers that be, and justice will be meted out to those who 
violate the law, if they can be detected. Since the organi- 
zation of the board, there have been but three or four trials, 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 27 


for violation of the laws or contracts, thus showing that we 
are quite a law-abiding set. This year we have a member- 
ship of one hundred and thirty-six, which is considerably 
more than we have ever had before, but we do not want it 
to stop here, but want all dairymen, all factorymen, and all 
dealers to join us, and, by so doing, aid in keeping Western, 
and especially IJinois products, in the first rank of the 
leading markets where they are sold. 


Factorymen who deal on the board have opportunities 
of becoming posted as to the state of the markets in all the 
leading cities, save Chicago, which, however, is so remote 
from us that the quotations might become stale before they 
reach us, hence we do not post prices on our bulletin board 
from that town. We also receive a regular telegram every 
Tuesday from New York city, giving us the state of the 
market there for the previous day. Thus the board en- 
deavors to inform the members of the state of trade in the 
different cities, but once in awhile factorymen become inde- 
pendent of these sources of information, and some “ fly ”’ 
dealer picks them up, and buys their product at figures 
below the market price. Being bitten once, they afterward 
try to steer clear of such breakers. 


The meetings, as a rule, are quiet and orderly, anda 
stranger, unacquainted with our way of doing business, 
would imagine that we never get up a boom in butter and 
cheese; but it is said that still waters run deep, and the 
days we have the heaviest sales we have the least noise ; in 
fact, when there is business on the board, there is no time 
for noise or idle talk. 


It would require too much time to give the personnel 
of some of the more prominent members of the board, 
although I believe it would prove highly interesting to 
many, and perhaps at a future meeting I may give a pen 
picture of the bulls and bears of the Elgin board of trade, 
and thus complete the “acts and doings” of that now 
famous institution. 


In conclusion, let me call your attention to a tabular 
statement of the sales, by months, during the year 1870, 
together with the average price of butter and cheese; the 
highest and the lowest price of each. To some these 
figures will be an important study, and, I believe, will be of 
interest to all: 


28 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 


CHEESE, Pa |p wtameanioe.|) 
Ina) lof, Re 
zo 2 TOTAL 
MONTHS. ———- —-—_ fs 5 —-——-. 5 é 
BOXES.| PounDs.| ™|Pounps.| © SALES. 
Eb ONTAN AT: scoococasosascondhgasdanuoAbosnoecosuentcboodtl 854 29,775| 5% 35,758|3034'$ 12,238 20 
ED RU ary aaiaert sagce ae ssecitte samateacaeeuacwentres 640 22,400] 47% 16,606] 26 6,165 66 
Miane hi tainis ioe acer sscmmeseetesioas snnenasdessneeces 1,300] 47,900] 54%] 31,870/26 TO,I1I 39 
Mii a shosedeaesepansesieanssecvontonaspecceeeauaeneatees 1,835] 67,350] 534 16,211|22% 8,096 49 
ae aida cue nerenlamaehoe uae se Misutcculsmad talteceruncie det ae 214,346 5% 515385 ae a 71 
WIN ESs5 Se gbooodaoAGansoDoboanc shod noon otoabodedvouKOAsdeds ,000 324,525! 57 7O,205'11 29,0651 24 
Qialiyes veces wander sn SERRA B RENE Poca SS Be Bar eERCOE Meee 5,825| 206,475] 434 48,022|1534| 27,452 54. 
PESGIGASE TeNNPE NE HEL a oti CELERON gah Siete ye SD 14,694| 506,391] 434] 156,053|/17%| 50,133 50 
DSPLOMD SI is eerde nsec wene uae neem aoe eiae cucoec se 13,121| 462,704) 8 196,348]22 73,474 16 
October ii Gui ere ea ear ea 9,892} 373,785|1034 88,362)/28 68,377 21 
INowemib eras ceeeueonn pincien cen acccsk uu seee UO ae 16,404] 689,276/1134| 133,321|37 II5,153 91 
Decenmbercy eee canes ene ice vec une Neuen ane a 19,561] 704,387\103%4| 141,280]34 109,742 56 


ING OVE DALES: amentens ccuncc cucubenaisetenexeceatene se 98,836] 3,648,314 977,879 $539,143 67 


Lowest price for butter, 144/c.; highest, 4oc. Lowest price for cheese, 3c.; highest, 124c. 


[Mr. McGlincy having kindly tabulated the sales for 
December, they are shown with the rest, thus giving an 
ageregate for the year—Serc’y D. A.| 


J. R. McLean (called upon): Said that Mr. McGlincy 
had so completely covered the ground there was nothing 
left for him to say. He would illustrate in a different way, 
however, that might be more easily comprehended, they 
amount of business done by the board of trade. There had 
been 1,535 car-loads of cheese and 221 car-loads of butter 
sold on the board of trade and shipped from Elgin and 
vicinity since the organization of the board. These figures, 
he thought, might be remembered more easily than the 
other. 


The question discussed during the afternoon—No. 4— 
was then brought up again, but no one responded to the 
president’s invitation to speak upon it. 


Question No. 5—‘‘ What can be done to prevent the 
slaughter of dairy products during the summer months ?” 


was next brought up. 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 29. 


€ 


McLean: Said there were two ways to prevent the 
slaughter of dairy products in summer. One was, to make 
a good article, that would sell quick; the other, was not to 
make any at all. 


Several calls were then made for C. C. Buell, to which 
that gentleman respondcd as follows: 


C.C. Buert: He was not interested himself only in 
the manufacture of butter. Had learned by dear experience 
that making butter to keep for higher prices was not profit- 
able. He thought butter might be made through the sum- 
mer so that it could be kept sweet, but it can’t be kept so 
that it will be as sweet as new butter. Had tried keeping 
some in air-tight boxes, and had kept it sweet. Had sold 
this for twenty-five cents per pound, in Chicago, but it had 
gotten a flavor which he didn’t like. He preferred trying 
fokecp putter rather than sell it for fourteen cents per 
pound, but he hadn’t sold any the last summer for less than 
seventeen cents. However, he would rather make butter 
that would sell for eighteen cents than to make some to 
Keeprover. In regard to cheese he had had no experience. 
Had tried to become interested by reading some articles 
written by Prof. Arnold. Had received a letter from the 
professor describing his process, but he supposed all under- 
stood it well. 


Mr. Stone: Would like to ask Mr. Buell the price 
of other butter when he sold his for twenty-five cents. 


BuELL: Twenty-seven and twenty-eight cents. 


R. M. Patrick: Would make but a few remarks. 
Thought the subject a very important one. One year ago 
the experiment of cold storage was tried in Chicago and 


30 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 


New York, and he considered it somewhat of a failure, be- 
cause it had not been tried this season. The experiment of 
keeping cheese, as they are made now, must be a failure, or 
nearly so. Large amounts of cheese had been kept, how- 
ever, and sold at good prices, This had also been true of 
butter. Thought if butter was properly made during July 
and August it might be stored at a good profit until fall; 
but it must be made in houses prepared for it. Many have 
done well at this, but all must not take it up. Large lots 
were ruined in this way in the year 1878. It is a well- 
known fact, though, that the article 1s never so good as 
just after being churned; the fine aroma is not preserved, 
and the buyers are getting so particular that if butter is two 
weeks old they want to get it for two cents less per pound. 
Cheese that is properly cured is im its best copeimon 
Peoples: tastes have changed so much im) the las. ew, 
years, that old cheese is almost worthless; yet cheese can 
be stored so as to prevent this depreciation in summer 
months, but if all is stored the markets will be glutted in 
the fall. The best way was to market the greater part of 
both butter and cheese during the summer months; then a 
good profit could be realized during the summer. 


Mr. Stone: Said he had heard how to keep cheese, 
and now he wanted to know how to make butter to keep. 
He had come to learn. 


Mr. BurELL= Said he would like -to know how they 
made butter in Marengo; but in answer to question, how- 
ever, would say he didn’t’ believe butter could be made to 
keep, the temperature of which in making was too high— 
that was soft in making. If kept so cold that it was hard 
all the time—hard enough to work well during the whole 
process of making—he thought it would keep. Thought 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 31 


the temperature never ought to be higher than from 60° to 
(ee weinisuimimer not over 60°; in winter not over 64°. 
Would like to hear Mr. Baltz’s ideas on the subject. 


MARTIN SWITZER was then called on. Said he wasn’t 
in the habit of making speeches and preferred to hear Mr. 
Buell; but if any one had any questions to ask he would 
be glad to answer them. His experience was, that if you 
heated cream over 60° or 65° you destroyed the aroma and 
destroyed the keeping qualities. He thought the greatest 
danger in making butter was when it was just coming. 
You may spoil it then in a few minutes. Thought Buell 
had set the temperature a little too high. He had churned 
and made butter at as high a temperature as 64° and 65°. 
This was ina cold room. He thought butter gathered in 
the churn would make better at 62° than at 64°. He had 
made it at a high temperature. 


Cee perm: iad attempted to get at a periect 
process of churning butter, and had almost succeeded in 
getting it. He gathered his cream and commenced churn- 
ing at 58°, and before he finished it would be up to 64°. 


Switzer:  Vhought, as a rule, that the temperature 
was not lowered soon enough. He thought the time to do 
this was just as soon as you could detect particles of butter. 
len aula iyecuce the temperature then to 60° or,62°. The 
addition of ice was objectionable, but not of water cooled 
with ice. He believed that any substance once frozen or 
boiled would never regain its former condition. He had 
made but little butter out of milk; he made it out of 
Cheam ream at no time should be kept over 48°; he 
would rather have it less. He had kept it at 72°, but didn’t 
think it was right. Never wanted his cream over 65°, to 
be good. 


32 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 


BUELL, in answer to a question asked him, said his 
experience was that cream should not be kept long after 
skimming. There was, he thought, no work so poorly 
done in the factories as the churning. 

Mrs. CuurcH was called upon, but she replied that 
she was not in the habit of making public speeches, and 
besides, 1t was a good while since she had made any butter 
and cheese ; she would rather listen to others. 


W.W. BincHam: Said it was useless to attempt to go 
by the thermometer, entirely, in the manufacture of butter ; 
our observation would tell us when to churn. Thought 
the best quality of butter could not be made by rule). it 
had been said that any one can make butter and cheese, but 
he had found out differently. The longer you make it the 
less you think you know about it. 


BuELL: Inanswer to a question asked him, Buell said 
that he set his milk in open setters, but was not so particu- 
lar about that. Low temperature was the best, always. He 
kept his 54° in summer; in winter, if it kept below 60° he 
was satisfied. 


W.W. BincHam: Said his experience im settime leq 
him to the belief that setting in cold water in tanks, closely 
covered to keep out all foreign substances, was the proper 
way. The colder the water set in, the better the quality of 
cream, and the quicker it would rise. Te’ hadimiee tine 
Cooley process but didn’t like it. In this process the milk 
was placed in the cooler warm from the cow. Necessarily 
the vapor condensed on the top of the can. It was well 
known, he said, that cream was one of the most sensitive 
substances to catch odors that existed, and would of course, 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 33 


in the Cooley process, absorb all the animal odors arising 
from the milk. He said you could not always get same 
results from same experiments. By his plan of setting— 
the submerged plan—butter could be made that would keep, 
mein i eream would rise quicker and higher. He 
thought milk was one thing and butter another, and tem- 
perature separated them; and the lower the temperature 
ie oreater the difference. He thought we could not be 
governed wholly by the thermometer. . He worked his 
butter but once. Salt is never thoroughly diffused through 
the particles until it is all dissolved. If he was making the 
amount of butter they make in factories, he would work it 
Mev citerens manner, ke washed his butter until the 
water came from it clear. He didn’t know as it was any 
improvement to wash with brine. 


Battz: Thought butter made by using the submerged 
process didn’t keep so well. He thought there was no rule 
by which the details of butter-making could be followed. 
You must be governed by experience. The Cooley pro- 
cess of raising cream he didn’t think was good, because you 
keep every thing in the can that should be allowed to go 
off. Butter made this way wouldn’t keep. The great secret 
in butter-making was to take out this animal heat. He 
thought the best way was to set in open cans and let the 
animal heat pass off as it should, and then you can use 
your judgment about how to proceed after that. He had 
Hach butter) come into his market that would keep for 
months, and some that wouldn’t keep at all. Some that he 
got keept all right, and marketed all right in the fall. He 
wanted butter that he could ship any where. If butter was 
to sell in Europe, it must be of the best quality—made to 
keep. He thought we could not dwell too much on this 
making of butter. 


34 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 


BuELL: Thought a wrong impression had been cre- 
ated about the use of the thermometer. Thought good 
butter could not be made without the use of the thermom- 
eter. He would stick up for the thermometer, first and last. 
In winter we need it to know when to start our churn; you 


all know how it is. He had made good butter at 85° and 
(e} 


Gon, 
all right to go ahead. He thought it a very important 


When he knew how the mercury stood then he was 


aid in butter-making. 


BincHAmM: Said he wanted to make an explanation. 
He didn’t mean that we should do without the thermom- 
eter, but that we needed experience as well. 


BuELL: Had seen butter made without working, just 
as good as that made by working. His rule was, as soon 
as the cream began to slush, thus denoting that the butter 
had come, he put into the churn a pail of water. This 
helped the butter to gather quicker. As soon as the butter 
became fairly separated, and looked like granules of sugar, 
he quit churning. You spoil butter when you churn too 
much. Draw out in ordinary manner. He got the butter 
in lumps the right size, then drained the butter all it would 
drain. Toa sixty-pound churning he then adds one pail of 
strong brine, turns it, and then puts in another lot of brine; 
and usually, if it is strong enough, you can pack the 
butter at once. He remembered one time that he thought 
he hadn’t salt enough in, and found the fresh aroma de- 
stroyed. He used Hanson’s coloring; others were good. 
Used Higgins’ salt, because it was more easily dissolved 
than Onondago. He had used another brand. Wanted 
a salt that was easily dissolved. You could see by his 
mode of making butter that it must dissolve easily. 


; 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 1 SB 


On motion, the convention then adjourned until nine 
o’clock Wednesday morning. 


36 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 


WEDNESDAY —MORNING SESSION. 


The convention was called to order by the president at 
ten o'clock. 


On motion, W. W. Bingham and Mr. Gilbert were 
added to the finance committee. 


The president suggested that the finance committee, 
in taking the names of members, be careful to get the name 
and address plainly written so that there would be no 
mistakes. He also announccd that he had in his possession 
a paper by I. H. Wanzer on the Subject idisemsseq ihe 
previous evening. 


On motion, Mr. McGlincy was instructed to read 
Wanzer’s paper, which he did, as follows: 


lH WANZERS Garni 


Mr. President: ‘What shall be done to prevent the 
slaughter of our dairy goods in the summer months?” is 
a question that has been discussed from time to time, under 
different headings, in most of our dairymen’s conventions 
ever since they were first organized, and we believe much 
good has resulted from the same. But never in the history 
of associated dairying has the necessity of some radical 
change been so forcibly impressed upon the minds of dairy- 
men as in the ipast season. It has positively, come im 
the point where we have got to do some things differently 
or abandon the business. 

In this paper we will bricfly call the attention of dairy- 
men to some reforms that it would seem easy to put into 
successful] operation. First, we mention the oft-admitted 
fact that we are making too many of our goods in the sum- 
mer months. ‘This over-production can, we believe, be 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. aH 


easily and profitably abandoned in the West. With the 
expensive feed and long winters of the East, they can never 
compete with us in the manufacture of butter and cheese in 
winter. And now, as the tastes of the world are for strictly 
fresh goods, we find, in order to supply this growing 
demand, we must milk more in the winter months; and 
when we consider the fact that the West must fill this 
demand for at least one-half of the year, we are insured a 
profitable outlet for all we can make. Our past experience 
in winter dairying 1s, we think, convincing enough that the 
_winter months are the months to make the heft of our 
goods, thus helping to equalize the markets of the world. 
We believe that it is more from the force of habits inherited 
from the East than any thing else that the West, as a whole, 

is clinging so close to summer milking. ‘ 

Second, we mention the oft-repeated fact that we must 
make our goods better. Much of our summer product is 
made worthless through the carelessness and incompetency 
of butter-makers and cheese-makers; and we think that, 
since the abandonment of buying milk at the factories, poor 
goods are on the increase. Manufacturers should be held 
strictly responsible for all goods made from milk entrusted 
to their care. 

Our curing rooms for cheese, in the main, are greatly 
at fault. Most curing rooms are built by only siding up 
the outside and plastering the inside. These rooms 
neither resist heat nor coid. In two of the factories under 
our charge the curing rooms are built as follows: First, they 
are sheeted with good lumber on outside of studding ; then 
furred out and sided; then furred out between studding on 
the inside and papered with good building paper; then 
furred out and lathed and plastered between studs; then 
lathed and plastered again outside of all, making four dead- 
air Spaces. In these rooms cheese will keep their flavor, if 
well made, from four to six weeks longer than in rooms 
built in the old way. In a business of 5,000 pounds of 
mule daily these rooms will save the extra expense of 
building each month, for four of the summer months. 

Omi otter must be made better. Where are many 
things in the summer months at war with us in our attempt 
tommiake) eood keeping butter’ It requires’ the greatest 
vigilance to keep our factories in condition so that our 
cream may raise in a sweet atmosphere; and this is made 


38 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 


more difficult from its close proximity to the cheese-making 
room, + Let\us so control matters thatoum nelllemmnilst 
setting. for cream, shall be ima clear, sweet xoemecand. 
when this is done, followed. by all\the requisites of good 
butter-making, we will have butter that will keep a 
reasonable length of time and still meet the requirements 
of the trade. When made, we should at once make up our 
minds whether we want to put it upon the market at the 
ruling prices, or hold it for better. If to be sold, get it into 
the market just as soon as possible. Sell at what you would 
consider a low figure, at home, rather than put it into a hot 
car to go a long distance to the place of your commission 
man, exposed to delays and heat between cars and 
store—“alll at your risk,’—and after being received in store 
not cared for in a proper manner,—for but few mortals will 
care for the goods of others as though they were their 
own. If we should think it better to hold for better prices, 
put it into the nearest cool, clean, dry cellar, with good 
strong brine covering top; preferring this to the damage 
incurred in transit and the expense of what, in many 
instances, proves to be worthles, damp, cold storage. 


Then again, it seems to us that we have fallen into a 
system of marketing our butter and cheese which if. per- 
sisted in will work ruin to this industry. Chicago is our 
natural distributing point, and its commission men, recog- 
nizing this fact, have taken advantage of it and entered into 
combinations compelling the manufacturers to commission 
their goods; and so well are these combinations held 
together that we can never sell outright unless there is more 
to be made for them. The time was when the keepers jar 
the cows sold his milk to the manufacturer and the 
manufacturer sold his goods to the dealer, but now the 
producer of the milk commissions bis product to the man- 
ufacturer, and the manufacturer commissions the goods to 
Chicago dealers, and Chicago dealers commission the goods 
to dealers in New York, and the dealers in New) Vouk 
commission them to parties in Liverpool or Glasgow; and 
all the breakage, leakage, shrinkage, freight, cartage, and 
the three or four commissions, come out of the producer of 
the milk—and no wonder small dividends follow. If we 
are to consign our goods, let us get just as near the con- 
sumer as possible. The time has come when any man of 
common intelligence can open a correspondence with good 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 39 


men on the other side, and will find it just as easy to ascer- 
tain their financial worth as that of a Chicago or New York 
man; and unless we can get fair play from our menat home 
we can leave Chicago men out in the cold. 

In conclusion, I would express a hope that the present 
session of the State Dairymen’s Association may have its 
influence in favor of an increase of winter dairying, as well 
as for the making of better goods and a reformation in our 
ways of disposing of the same, thereby to encourage and 
foster the great industry of dairying. 


Question No. 6—“ Will it be more profitable for the 
dairymen of Illinois to follow dairying exclusively for the 
next few years, or diversified farming ?’—was then taken 


up. 


C. C. BuEtt read the following paper on this topic: 


eC BURL S PAPER. 


The apparent tendency of all industrial enterprise at 
the present period is toward specialties in production. It 
seems hardly necessary to take any time to prove this prop- 
osition, or even illustrate it. We see it inthe spades we dig 
with, the hammers we pound with, the plows we use, the 
wagons we ride in, the clothes we wear, etc. The items of 
almost the entire list of manufactured products proceed 
from establishments which make specialties of some leading 
article or articles. So in merchandizing, and in professional 
pursuits as well, when we look for the causes of this, we 
find some of them in the increased use of improved machin- 
ery, by which the various cheap moter powers are made to 
take the place of skilled manual labor, thus turning outa 
greatly increased number of articles designed to meet 
human want, at greatly reduced cost, and in a style, asa 
rule, much better adapted to please the taste. 

The cost of transportation has been made so small (as 
it should be with present facilities) that it matters little to 
the consumers whether an article is produced in Oregon or 
Maine. A general equalization of values has thus been 
produced so far as locality is concerned. The controlling 
elements in the problem of production have come to be, 


40 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 


technical skill and capital, coupled with natural facilities, 
such as climate, adaptation of soil, cheap power, presence of 
the raw material,,etc. . Alli these things, are in temic oF 
economical division of labor and are the mark of progress 
in civilization itself. 

The question for discussion here is, do the various 
branches of the business of husbandry fall under the same 
law, and especially is the business of dairying in the imme- 
diate future and considered as to its rewards and profits, to 
be most advantageously pursued as a specialty, or other- 
wise in connection with diversified farming? I do not hes- 
itate to take the position that the law referred to does apply, 
with proper limitations, to the various branches of agricul- 
tural industry and to dairying in particular. 

It will be noted here that the question is not whether 
dairy farming will be profitable the next few years. That 
is an entirely different and separate question. But assum- 
ing that there will Be any profit at all in the business, I be- 
lieve it will be greater if pursued under favorable circum- 
stances as a specialty ; and further, this special attention to 
it may make all the difference there is between a losing and 
a profitable business. The day is past when the dairy of 
five cows, in connection with mixed farming, can compete 
economically with the dairy of fifty cows, the natural facili- 
ties being the same; and the question is by no means set- 
tled that the dairy of fifty cows, operated distinct and alone, 
can compete economically with associated dairies of five 
hundred or a thousand cows, the same skill in the various 
details being brought to bear in both. The same principles 
apply here that apply to other branches of industry. The 
consumer of dairy products has advanced in this direction 
as he has in others. He demands a more finished product 
—a product of greater artistic skill. And his demands are 
inexorable. He is able to pay for it and he will have it. 
The manufacturer who is able to meet this want “ takes 
first money,” and is likely to reap the greatest profits. 


Skill and capital are brought into use advantageously 
here as in other branches of industry. Capital is required 
to procure the facilities for producing the best product as 
well as a given quantity of it at the least cost. Skill is 
acquired by careful study and practice on the part of a 
capable individual, and this becomes economically possible 
only when operations are large and the products consider- 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. Al 


able in amount. Compare the product of milk strained 
into six-quart crocks or pans, set on the bottom of a cellar, 
churned by hand in five to fifteen pound batches, either by 
the housewife, milkmaid, or the proprietor himself, worked 
with a paddle or ladle, put into rolls of one to five pounds 
and neatly marked, rolled up in a napkin or piece of old 
cotton garment, and taken to market along with a few eggs 
and vegetables, perhaps—compare, | say, this product, both 
as to quality and cost in labor, with the product of an asso- 
ciated dairy enterprise, and you have the extremes of the 
economic view I would like to bring before you, so far as 
quality and cost are concerned. Now consider the relative 
rewards probably received, and the contrast is complete. 
Now every small dairy approaches more or less near the 
unfavorable extreme I have described, as to the cost of the 
product in labor. ‘The quality of the product may be, and 
sometimes is, equal to and even superior to the product of 
the large dairy or the associated dairy; but this is not 
usually so, and is liable to be so only at the cost of greater 
expenditure in valuable labor. Circumstances may and 
sometimes do warrant this; but this is the exception and 
not the rule. 

I have no doubt, therefore, that dairying as a specialty 
is far the most profitable form in which this business can 
be engaged in. Of course, it is better to market the butter 
produced on any farm, over and above home wants, rather 
than waste it; but not much profit for labor is likely to 
come from this source. 

The above conclusion, however, does not imply cer- 
tain things, and it does imply certain other things. It 
does not imply that any kind of a farmer, on any kind 
of a farm, with any kind of cows, with any kind of 
management, can, by making dairying a specialty, “ pay 
off the mortgage ” and achieve success. It does not 
imply that the man, who thinks he knows it all to begin 
with and who does not master his business, will make 
dairying profitable. It does not imply that the farmer, with 
land especially adapted to grain raising and not to grass, 
with water scanty or poor, will succeed. 


It does imply that the dairyman shall have a liking for 
his business and shall master it in its details. He shall not 
be afraid to roll up his sleeves and go to work himself. He 
shall take the dairy papers, attend the dairy conventions, 


42 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 


impart and receive knowledge, learn to distinguish a good 
and profitable cow, know the comfort of a seat on a milking 
stool, and not get mad if butter from the same churning 
don’t take both first and second prizes in the same class. 
“The wind bloweth where it listeth,’ etc. He should 
know enough not to put colts and steers and cows into the 
same pasture and yards and expect a profit from the cows. 
He should have eyes to see that by letting a lot of hungry 
hogs run with his cows, in order to save the droppings, he 
does not give his cows a minute’s rest for turning feed into 
milk. It implies that the dairyman has a farm which is 
either excellent for grass or otherwise adapted to produce 
both grass and grain. Inthe first case he may profitably: 
as a rule, buy more or less grain to supplement his grass, 
and in the latter case he would probably feed the grain he 
raises. It implies that the dairyman does not live either in 
Alaska or Florida, if [am rightly imformed about the cli- 
mate of these two localities. In short, it implies that there 
is a general and intelligent adaption of means to the end to 
be accomplished. 

As to the future, I never considered the foresight of 
the person, who claimed to see far into it, established. He 
sometimes pretends to see a long way, but usually, like the 
cross-eyed girl, acts as if looking somewhere else. There 
undoubtedly will beizps and dowus—mostly downs, prob- 
ably, as it will appear to each one with respect to his own 
business. There is no more prospect of free trade in money 
than of free trade in general. Money will not be allowed 
to become in fact as practically in law a commodity as well 
as money, nor will it be permitted to perform the simple 
duty of exchange, useful for currency, but comparatively 
useless as a commodity merely. The banking function, so 
called, would be interfered with. A whole class of money 
assuers would thereby lose their occupation. 


There is no probability of another war to send butter 
up to fifty cents per pound and more. The Boises, the 
Wanzers and the Elginites are not going to sell their butter 
for ten cents a pound more than the rest of us can get. 
They will have to ride wn the omnibus. We doubt whether 
the dollar-a-pound customers are to increase, but the con- 
sumers of good butter will, and there will be more of it. 
The dairyman’s dish will not probably be always right side 
up; but if he be neither fickle nor foolish, he may catch 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 43 


his proportion of the shower. Yes, dairying to succeed is 
to dairy persistently, to dairy intelligently and three hun- 
dred and sixty-five days in a year, and one day more in 
leap-years, and ¢o dairy as a special business. 


W. W. BincHAM: Said the question had been dis- 
- cussed in a little different light from what he had thought. 
He believed no business should be followed, if not followed 
thoroughly. The question was, Is it going to be profitable 
if followed the next few years? He thought the experience 
of the past few years had taught usa lesson. The business 
was but in its infancy. Many were classed as dairymen who 
were nothing but milk-producers, who did not profess to 
know how to make butter and cheese. These, of course, 
followed the co-operative plan. The profits to be derived 
from any business are from what you have above cost of 
production, He thought the dividend plam of making but- 
ter and cheese had a tendency to decrease prices. He 
_ thought if this plan was followed out it would always glut 
the markets as it had in the past. This glutting had a ten- 
dency to diminish prices. It was putting the profits of 
the business into another’s pocket. Thought in a few 
years this business would get down to where the dairymen 
would either sell their milk outright, or make it up them- 
selves, and learn to sell it out and out and not put it into 
the hands of commission merchants. He thought if we 
would do away with this dividend system of making up 
our products, our profits would be increased, because of the 
quality made, and less of it. We could judge of the future 
only by the past, and he thought he could say, without 
being successfully contradicted, that those who have been 
getting rid of their milk by the dividend plan hadn’t made 
a cent in the past few years. The dividends had been down 
jo forty and fifty cents, which didn’t pay expenses. He 


44 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 


thought this dividend question was one which should 
receive the careful attention of every dairyman and others 
interested in the matter. Dairying in the future would be 
formed upon a good, sound basis. He thought, however, 
that diversified farming was the best, from the fact that you 
were the least liable to failure, because you had two or 
three things to fall back on in case of an emergency. 


KincsLtey: Thought diversified farming was the best. 
Some bought their cows, and others raised them ; this varied 
much in different localities. He thought if a man had a 
small farm he ought to keep to dairying exclusively. He 
thought, however, for the sake of the land, he ought to 
change. He had been a dairyman a good while. 


Mr. SEWARD: Said the question should not pass with- 
out more talk. Diversified farming was the question which 
had to come, sooner or later. He was satisfied that we 
mowed and pastured our land too long. Manuring land 
would not produce the quality of grass that you could get 
if you broke it up. Our land seemed very well adapted to 
raising clover. He had seen pastures that had never been 
broken up, and he thought from them you could get a 
larger crop than from older land. Foreign grasses would 
come in. About it being more profitable, he thought the 
dairymen of Illinois should follow mixed farming. He 
thought if every farmer would try and raise some stock 
and raise more grain than he needed he would be better off. 
He thought exclusive farming not so profitable. Thought 
farmers should raise a few calves and keep up their dairies. 
He thought one good breeder kept on the farm was a good 
thing, and unless we raised some stock like this, every little 
while, we must go to others and buy stock and pay big 
prices. He thought, too, that we should raise root crops ; 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 45 


the larger the better. He thought farmers should raise a 
little of every thing. You could get more out of your land 
this way than could those who made dairying a specialty. 


CALVIN GILBERT: (On being called upon)—Said he 
would rather let his friend McGlincy talk ; he could interest 
an audience better than himself. He thought the question 
was of much importance. Had been in the dairy business 
for 15 years and he didn’t know as he had gotten very rich 
out of it; but he believed he had done as wel! at that as he 
could at’ any thing else—any other kind of business. He 
had been traveling in the West and had not seen the wealth 
he saw at home. Compared with the South, also, we were 
much better off. He wished to digress a little. His idea 
of the dividend plan was, that it was the right plan if run 
rightly ; but, as all knew, the making up ef milk had been 
in a way not at all satisfactory to our dairymen. Our milk 
_and money had gone out and we had received so many 
cents per hundred. This plan had been run too loosely to 
ceive satisfaction. When he was receiving thirty-five and 
forty cents per hundred for his milk he thought he was 
throwing it away and he had made a private creamery. 
The factories, though, were at present paying good divi- 
dence. inc shad a contract for butter, made in. his own 
dairy, for thirty cents per pound, clear, in Chicago. Thought 
dairying was the business if you could keep your cows up 
all right, though you must have your ups and downs. He 
knew that this skim cheese was ruining the trade. This 
part of the state, he thought, was adapted to dairying. 
Further south there was no water and it made it impossible 
to dairy good in the southern part of the state. If you 
were in the business, to keep at it, and you would come out 
all right. 


46 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 


In answer to a question: He made one pound of 
butter from twenty-five and a quarter pounds of milk. He 
had heard of more being made, but he would like to see it. 
He had been told by a dairyman in Chicago that he was 
making four pounds of butter from one hundred pounds of 
milk. He fed corn and oats, and thought it was -better to 
erind all together. He set his milk in pools in deep setters 
for forty hours; in warm weather, twenty-four hours. Let 
it get a little sour before skimming, but usually skimmed 
just as the milk was changing. When he started it took 
twenty-seven pounds of milk to make one pound of butter. 
He had found it took just one and three-quarters pounds 
more of milk in June than in October to make a pound of 
butter. | 


BARTLETT: Found a little over one pound difference 
between summer and October milk. He had always found 
a good deal of difference in these two seasons, but it was 
probably in the feed. He let his milk stand thirty-eight or 
forty hours; about the same at all times of the year. Was 
getting at this time of the year about four and one-half 
pounds of butter to one hundred of milk. He had gotten 
from fifteen to thirty-three cents for his butter. Weighed 
it aS soon as it came out of the churn. He shipped to 
Chicago. 


J. H. Foote was then called upon: He set his 
milk in warm weather by putting in pans. He had made 
in October a little less than four pounds of butter to one 
hundred pounds of milk. In November he made one 
pound of butter from twenty-one of milk. He had fed 
bran, corn-meal and corn in the shock. 


O. S..McALuisterR: Thought the dairy business 
needed experience and close attention. He thought if a 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 47 


man went into dairying he needed to do that exclusively. 
If you got to raising other things you couldn’t give dairy- 
ing the attention it needed to make it profitable. 


On motion of Mr. Baker a committee consisting of 
Dr. Tefft, R. M. Patrick and C. C. Buell was appointed to 
meet Governor Cullom, who was expected on the noon 
train. L. Bartlett was later added to this committee in place 
of C. C. Buell, who was unable to serve. 


Question No. 7—“Is it advisable for dairymen to 
continue in the business ? ’—was then taken up. 


The president called on J. R. McLean, who was down 
on the programme for a talk on this subject. 


Jo Wk. MeLeaAn: Said the former question had so 
- completely used this one up that there was nothing left for 
him to say. He would have prepared a paper on the sub- 
_ ject had he not known that the former qustion would 
necessarily cover the ground. He remembered, in connec- 
tion, the old maxim—‘“ Every body gives advice and few 
take it.’ He thought this question must be left to each 
man who was in the business. Every man knew whether 
he had been doing well the past year and whether it would 
be profitable for him to remain in the business. If a man 
had a factory close by, run on honest principles, it would 
probably be a good plan to keep at it. He had talked with 
quite a number of well-known dairymen on this subject 
and had concluded that if it was not for the recent boom 
dairymen in general would have had to sell their dairies to 
buy bread for their families; but things are better now. 
He was satisfied with what he was getting for milk ; but if 
he had not had something else to fall back upon he would 
not have been there, nor would he have been able to raise ' 


48 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 


the dollar necessary to become a member of this society. 
He thought, while McGlincy was reading of the immense 
amount of dairy products that had been sold on the board 
of trade, he would like to ask where the the money had all 
gone. If we had received it, what had we to show for it? 
Providence and the prosperity attending business had made 
times a little better. God had sent dry weather the past 
year that we might get good prices for our products. And 
the president had read how our exports to Europe had 
increased; all of which has had a tendency to better the 
markets; but would we dare to depend on these next year? 
He would digress a little: He believed in diversified farm- 
ing. His idea had been for years that a man could make 
it the most successful. He kept twenty cows on one hun- 
dred acres of land. Beside these he could raise a few calves 
and a few colts. He supposed that was called diversified 
farming. Kept a few turkeys and chickens and other fowls, 
He knew a man named Rohlston, who lived on Henry 
Sherman’s farm, near Elgin, who sold $1,800 worth of sweet 
corn the past year, and’ spent’ every cent of it) (omy mae 
feed to keep his dairy of seventy-five cows. His neighbor, 
Larkin, had made money in the dairy business—he could 
make money at any thing. He would advise dairymen to 
so slow. It had been suggested that the business would 
get down to a solid basis before long, but if ever the busi- 
ness got lower down than it had been, God help us! Some 
one had spoken about home consumption of dairy products. 
The trouble there had been that the dividends paid by the 
factories had been so low that the patrons couldn’t get 
money enough to buy cheese. It wasn’t all in skim cheese. 
It wasn’t all in under-consumption. What was to be done? 
Go into mixed farming? He would advise again to go 
slow. Raise some calves, raise some pork, and if your 
cheese spoiled before you sold you had something to fall 


ILLINOIS STAFE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 49, 


back upon; but to draw your own conclusions whether it 
was better to keep it up. 


On motion of C ©. Buell the following greeting, 
signed by the president and secretary, was ordered sent by 
telegraph to the president of the International Dairy Fair, 
then in session in New York: 


Ff. B. Thurber, President International Dawry Fair, N. 
Y.: Illinois State Dairymen’s Association, now holding 
annual convention at Marengo, Ills., sends greeting, with 
best wishes for success of Second Annual Dairy Fair. 


The committee appointed to draft resolutions relative 
to the death of Dr. Woodworth, then reported the follow- 
ing, which were unanimously adopted : 


PRIpUTE OF SRESPECT. 


Wuereas, This association learns with deep regret 
that the All-wise Creator and Ruler of this universe has in 
His Providence removed from our membership, since our 
last meeting, our esteemed co-laborer, Dr. J. Woodworth, 
a gentleman who, by his many good qualities of heart and 
mind, endeared himself to his family and friends, and to 
strangers as well; and one who in all his intercourse with 
his fellows exhibited the true spirit which should ever 
characterize man in all his dealings; as a dairyman he 
occupied a position in the front rank of his profession and 
was ever ready to impart information to others, believing in 
ii! injunction, Let your light shine” so as to benefit 
others: Therefore, be it : 

Resolved, That we deeply deplore the death of Dr. 
Woodworth, but recognizing the hand of Him “ who doeth 
all things well,’ we bow in humble submission to the divine 
will ; and, be it 

Resolved, Yhat the association extends its heartfelt 
sympathy to the bereaved family in this hour of their deep 


50 | ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 


and bitter affliction, and consolingly points them to Him 
who “tempers the wind to the shorn lamb” and careth 
for the sparrows ; and, be it 
feesolved, That a copy of these resolutions, signed by 

the president and secretary of this association be sent to 
the family of the deceased, and that they be printed in the 
journal of proceedings. 

Joun R. McLean, 

Tuos. McD. Ricwarps. 


The president announced that he had just received 
a telegram from Gov. Cullom, which he read as follows: 


SPRINGFIELD, ILu., DEC. 10, 1870. 
Dr. Joseph Tefft: 

I have not been able to leave home to attend your con- 
vention. Hope you will have a pleasant and profitable 
session. I regret that I cannot be with you to-day. 

5. Mo Concom 


Question No. 7 was brought up again, but as noth- 
ing was said on the subject, it was passed, and 


Question No. 8—“ The defects in the management of 
the dairy business in this state; what are they, and how 


can they be remedied ?”—taken up. The following paper 


by Israel Boies, on this subject, was then read by the sec- 
retary : 


LO BOLES” PAPER: 


Gentlemen: 1 feel that I have not brains enough to 
do justice to this subject, and were it not that you have 
selected three other men to address you on this question— 
able men,—I would think the subject would fare slim. It 
would be like offering skim cheese in a full-cream cheese 
market. Butto the subject. First—a want of system, too 
much slip-shod work, cows neglected, irregularity in feeding, 
irregularity in milking. I say that half of the cows that 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. SI 


are milked in the Northwest (let a good business man 


make the figures) are milked at a loss; one-half the balance 
pay no profit; the other quarter pay, why ?>—because they 
are in the hands of men that never do business by the 
halves. If they keep cows, they know every month, yea, 
every week, whether they pay or not. Such men don’t ask 
their cows to pay without feed, and the best kind at that. 
Their cows are always milked regularly ; they are provided 
with good, warm stables, protected from all cold storms, 
always treated kindly; they use no dogs, but soft, kind 
words. There is too much guess work with farmers, 
generally. When you ask one man how his cows are doing, 
he will answer promptly: “ Average twenty-five pounds 
per day; I get $1.25 per hundred for my milk; I get thirty- 
one and one-fourth cents per day per cow—cost, twenty 
cents per day for keep; and at that figure my hay and 
grain is sold for a good price at home. I have the manure 
for my farm; my farm is growing better every year and my 
bank account stronger.’ This is so with but few. Three- 
fourths of the dairymen in the West cannot say they do as 
above. Take, for instance, the report of Professor Wilson, 
at Elgin, in 1874, of the best dairy in 36,000 cows kept in 
New York State. That season the best dairy produced 
$92.50 worth of milk, the poorest, $13.50. Both these 
men carried to same factory and received same price for 
their milk. I presume, if we knew the product of the 
entire 36,000 cows, we would find not more than 9,000 of 
the 36,000 gave over $40 worth of milk. I judge by what 
I know; it is not guess work. How much is lost every 
year by bad management in the manufacture of butter and 
cheese? Why do dairymen keep and milk cows and carry 
milk to a factory where the proprietor or manufacturer does 
not understand his business ? Why is it that there is eight 
cents a pound difference in the price of creamery butter ? 
Why is it that there is from two to four cents per pound 
difference in the price of full-cream cheese? Is there not 
five cents per pound difference now in skim cheese? Why 
do dairymen carry their milk to a factory that never turns 
out any thing but second-class goods? Is it not the fault 
of you, dairymen? I think if dairymen first guaranteed to 
the factoryman good, pure milk, then bound the manufac- 
turer to produce “A No.1” goods or pay the difference, 
and then carried this rule into effect and lived up to it 


52 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 


strictly, I believe it would make twenty-five per cent. in 
favor of the dairymen. Gentlemen, it is your own fault if 
you don’t remedy this evil. I dislike long epistles, yet a 
volume can be written on this subject; but I have only 
touched two points—the production of milk and the man- 
ufacture. of the same. 1 have not sard ome vamarrer that 
might in truth be said on these two points, but enough at 
this time. 


On motion the chair appointed a committee of five, 
consisting of S. W. Kingsley, J. KR. MeKeanm@@. iiell 
L. Sheldon and W. W. Bingham, to nominate officers for 
the ensuing year. 


On motion, the convention then adjourned to meet at 
1 20} py tal, 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 53 


PE TEIRNOON SESSION. 


WEDNESDAY, DEc. 10. 
The convention was called tv order by the president at 
1:45, and 


Question No. 8 was resumed. 


B. Capy: Said he would make a few suggestions. 
In the first place, those who were running the factories 
should rum them in a cleanly manner. In the next place, 
those who brought milk to the factory should be obliged 
to bring it in. good order. Have plenty of water at the 
iactemy and have it good, Factorymen didn’t let: the 
patrons know what they were getting for their milk. His 
idea was, to let the patrons know all about it. The business 
_ depended upon the patrons and the makers. There were 
many who didn’t understand any thing about the business, 
but would after a while. He had been to some trouble to 
collect figures in the matter, and had found a great differ- 
ence in many cases between dividends paid by factories in 
this section, for same month. Wanted to know how this 
could be accounted for. 


Ira THompson was called upon, but said he had not 
come to be heard, but to learn. 


ies WiciARws. Said’ good! butter and: good 
cheese could not be made from unclean milk. 


Mr. S. K. BartHotomew (called upon): Said he 
thought the ground had been pretty well covered by the 
previous speakers, but he would repeat, for the more our 


54 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 


errors were brought before us the more apt we were to 
correct them. The main point to consider was the stock 
from which we got our milk. One trouble was that we 
kept too many cows that did not pay, that ate up the 
profits of the good ones. The average cow gives about 
3,000 pounds of milk per annum. It should be from 5,000 
to 8,000. The worth of the animal was measured by what 
it produced over and above what it cost to keep it. The 
way to get good stock was to raise it. A few years since 
he thought he was losing money by raising calves because 
he could buy them cheaper than he could raise them, and 
so concluded to buy; but he soon found he was paying 
much more for the cheap animals—they proved to be the 
dearer. He selected his cows from choice stock—both dam 
and sire. He could raise good cows this way. When he 
had bought them he never got as good ones as he could 
raise. You ‘didn’t notice the expense: Of taismianieaem 
There was another defect—we were putting on the market 
goods that did not get sold. There was just one of two 
remedies that must be adopted for this: One-half of us 
must go out of the business, or we must produce only half 
of the year. Let the Eastern people manufacture the dairy 
soods in summer, and we would make in winter. Those 
were the most important of our failures. We asked the 
cow merchant to fill up the gaps in our cow ranks, and lost 
by it. Another trouble :—But few of us were educated to 
the business. We started out here thinking we could 
make and sell produce as cheaply as the Eastern people, 
but we found that to get high prices we had to make goods 
that would bring them. We were improving, though; we 
fed cattle better. A few years ago it was not an extraordi- 
nary thing to see hides stretched on farmers’ fences; but 
we have got past that. Dné average “farmer can) mane 
without a shudder, throw to his cattle an extra peck of 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 55 


feed. However, one class of bad men might spoil the 
good effects of many good ones. He had found out that 
dividing the milk in his factory, putting the milk of big 
producers in one place and that of small ones in another, 
resulted good. He had found in doing this that by the 
other way half of his patrons were robbing the other half. 
The small patrons were robbing the big ones. We must 
bear in mind that it took good milk to make good butter, 
and it took good butter to find buyers. 


 W. Patren: Had had but little experience in butter- 
making. Was running a small private dairy. He had 
married a woman who, in her own estimation, knew how 
to make butter better than he did. He wanted to run the 
butter-making, but his wife would not let him. But he 
had a chance once: His wife was called away to the home 
of his son, last fall, by one of those unfortunate accidents 
which frequently occur to newly-married couples, and he 
_ tried his hand at it. He made a good batch of butter and 
sent it to Chicago. He didn’t hear any thing about it until 
he called at the commission house on his way to the con- 
vention, and tound, as the merchant told him, that the 
butter kept well—very well. He didn’t want his wife to 
know any thing about it, and told the man to bill it at 
thirty-five cents per pound in returns and he would make 
up the difference. If he had thought. any of the women 
present would ever see his wife he would not have told of 
it, 


Mrs. Gro. SAanps: Had made butter a good while, 
but lately her “lord and master” had learned how, and 
now he knew it all. He attended the State Dairymen’s 
Convention at Elgin for a few hours, and he knew much 
more than she did. He did well, however. The last month 


56 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 


he had made one pound of butter from twenty-two pounds 
of milk. She had made good butter, but didn’t feel com- 
petent to give any instructions. 


Mr. Sands: Said his wife gave him more credit than 
he thought she would. She found a great deal of fault 
with him at home. Said he was not neat. 


©. S. Canoon; Thought the first (place @olsranya 
reform in this matter was in the stable, with all. He never 
had carried milk to factory, but thought the greatest 
mistake made was in not requiring more cleanliness. We 
should be more careful. Suppose we began at the begin- 
ning—dressing the cow right and keeping her in a good 
place. | 


J. H. Foote: Would add to Mr. Cahoon’s remarks. 
He hired much help and he allowed no man to speak a loud 
word in his barn; nothing louder than a whisper. You 


must keep the cows quiet. It didn’t matter so much about 
the feed, 


T. McD. RicHarps: Said that was all well enough 
in theory, but he hadn’t seen the man yet who wouldn't 
speak out loud, if he was raised by a kicker. 


CanHoon: You should get good, quiet milkers from a 
quiet class of people. Set the pail right under the cows. 
Clean off, the teats; brush them clean, He had teanctimes 
all of his men in the matter of milking. 


D.C. Scorterp: Thought it was of ereat impor: 
ance to keep cows quiet; it was very important, also, that 
they be kept clean. About keeping cows quiet: He had 
a man manage his dairy once who had a very quick temper, 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 57 


but he was always good with the cows—always kind. His 
next man was always yelling at the cows, and he always 
had trouble. He soon had a number of kicking cows. 
The cows fell off in their milk. These two facts keep in 
mind: Keep the cows quict and keep them clean. A cow 
should never be milked until every thing is brushed off the 
udder, and there should be no talking. He had had men 
who would sing a nice little song when they were milking. 
It was necessary to keep the animals quiet when you milk. 
It always affects the milk to make a noise. Remember 
when you milk, that this question came up at the conven- 
tion. 


McLean: Would like to ask if any of them ever 
hired a man who could sing. Said he had had cows that 
could kick a man into the middle of next week, and he had 
an Irish girl working for him at that time who would sing 
those old Irish ditties, and could milk the cows he dare not 
touch. Had a son who belonged to what they called a quar- 
tette, he believed, and who was getting to be quite a singer. 
He always sung while milking, and could get more milk 
fiom tneveows than his father could, every time. His 
advice was to hire singers for milkers. 


GEO. SANDS: Hada fine cow once that would come 
up regularly every milking time to be milked; was as gen- 
tleasalamb. He built a cow barn and got this cow in the 
first time to milk her, and found, to his sorrow, that she 
had what was termed back-action. He told his boys that 
they might experiment with her and see if they could break 
hemor kickine, by force; but they made a failure of it. 
This was one of the best cows he ever had. He was in for 
kind usage. | 


PaTTEN: Believed in what they called animal mag- 


58 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 


netism, and its results upon animals. He believed that 
some men would make a kicker out of any cow they would 
attempt to milk. He had two sons; one was a good 
milker, the other, he believed, honestly wanted to make 
one, but could not. 


BARTHOLOMEW: ‘Thought there was something in this 
singing while milking. The best milker he ever had he 
had kept for twelve years. He never milked a cow that 
he knew of without singing, and never sung but the one 
song, and that was “The Sword of Bunker Hill.’ He 
didn’t believe there was another song that could bring the 
milk that one could. 


Dr. Terrr: Thought the factorymen were in error 
in their way of running the factories. They should visit 
each one of their patrons and see how, and in what condi- 
tion, they got their milk. The Illinois Condensing Co., of 
Elgin, had a rule, that their patrons’ barns should be visited 
once each week or oftener, and examined. A little sour 
milk in the milk pail might spoil the whole batch that came 
to the factory. The manufacturer had not the interest he 
ought to have in this matter. It was not out of his pocket 
so much as it was out of ours. It should not be allowed 
for one man to spoil all. The Illinois Condensing Co. 
never let milk come into the factory until it was examined 
by an expert. It was impossible to make good cheese if 
you didn’t examine your patrons’ cow stables and appurten- 
ances. If you wish to manufacture a good article you 
should examine your patrons’ barns and find out how your 
milk came to you. Then again, were our factories clean 
and nice? Were they run on a clean principle? If all 
this was done we would not have so much fault found with 
our cheese in the future as we had now. He knew of Mr. 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 59 


Borden, president of the Illinois Condesing Co., going to 
the stable of one of his patrons and examining the milk- 
strainer. As soon as he smelled it he threw it as far as he 
could. Of course the patron was provoked, but Mr. Bor- 
den told him that he would get him a new one. After that 
the man brought good, clean milk, for he knew Borden to 
be a man of his word, and he had told him that if he 
brought impure milk again he would get rid of him. If all 
our milk was so handled we could make good cheése. He 
would never allow a man to take a particle of cream off 
the milk. If he bought the milk, he bought the whole. 
If he found a man watering his milk he would cut him off 
mighty quick. 


‘The committee appointed to select judges to examine 
the butter and award premiums reported the following : 


JupGES TO EXAMINE BUTTER :—N. C. Skelton, Boston; 
_E.C. Ellis, Boston, and Geo. Hawthorne, Elgin, Ills. Com- 
mittee to draw the butter and take it to the judges: D.C. 
Wolverton, Belvidere, and O. W. Butts, Chicago. 


They were instructed to retire to a close room, away 
from where the butter was stored, and allow the butter to 
be brought to them by the drawers. 


The nominating committee then gave the following 
report which on motion was accepted and the nominees 
declared elected. 


REPORT OF COM. ON NOMINATIONS: 


For president, Dr. Joseph Tefft, Elgin, Ill.; secretary, 
Wejweinderson, Mlgin, Ill.; treasurer, R. M. Patrick, Ma- 
renge, Ill; vice-presidents, C. C. Buell, Rock Falls; Hon. 
W. Patten, Sandwich; S. W. Kingsley, Barrington; E. H. 


60 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 


Seward, Marengo; J. R. McLean, Elgin; I. Boies, Davis 
Junction; ‘Luther Bartlett, Bartlett; Profi ial auear 
Grove; I. H. Wanzer, Oneida; Chas. Boone, Winnebago ; 
John Smallwood, Freeport; ,L. B. Parsons, Plana. Capt. 
W. H."“Stewart, Woodstock; H. W. Mead, Hebron; N. 
Eldred, Gilman, Illinois. 

S. W. Kincs.Ley, Chairman Com. 


Question No. 9—‘“ The effects of drainage on differ- 
ent soils, and the best system employed ”-—was taken up. 
Upon this topic, R. M. Patrick read the following paper : 


R. M. PATRICK’S PAPER. 


Mr. President, and Gentlemen of the Ihnois State 
Darymens Association: In giving my views upon the 
subject of drainage, I will state they are the result of some 
twelve years of practical experience upon a farm of 480 
acres—which has rapidly increased in productiveness, and, 
more recently, owing much to more perfect drainage. 

The lands which most need draining in this country 
are low lands, made rich by alluvial deposits left upon them 
by the overflow of streams, or the wash from higher lands 
surrounding them, and the decayed rank growth of coarse 
vegetation. These lands, being of an alluvial character 
mixed with rich vegetable growth, form the richest land 
known, and when thoroughly drained are capable of pro- 
ducing the most luxuriant crops, and in this climate ina 
succession of years prove more productive and more 
valuable than much of the higher and dryer land. The 
natural growth of grass upon these low, undrained lands is’ 
coarse, sour and almost valueless for dairy purposes. 
Without drainage it is impossible to cultivate these lands 
successfully, or to raise the sweet cultivated grasses which 
are so necessary for producing a fine article of butter or 
cheese. So these lands—the richest known—when un- 
drained remain of little value. 

There is another class of lands, situated higher, which 
seem dry upon the surface, but the water line is so very 
little below the surface that the season is far advanced 
before the water gets well out of the tillable soil, and the 
crops of grain or cultivated grasses on such lands are 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. OI 


uncertain and unsatisfactory. Drainage of such lands 
immediately changes their character, making a profitable 
and reliable soil, which dries easily and can be worked early 
in the season—a necessity which yearly becomes more 
apparent in raising and ripening the corn crop. There is 
also in these soils great fertility which heretofore was locked 
up but which by drainage becomes liberated, through the 
action of the warm rains and air now penetrating the whole 
mass. 

Soils which heretofore paid little or no profit are by 
drainage made to pay large profits, and to pay the entire 
expense of drainage in one to three crops of grain or 
cultivated grasses. 


_ Drainage, to be effective, must be deep. Lands adjoin- 
ing ditches are always saturated with water just as high or 
near the surface as the water-line in the ditch. On lands 
quite level the water often stands in ordinary shallow ditches 
within a few inches of the surface, while in a two and a half 
or three foot ditch it would stand much below the surface, 
leaving the adjoining land for one and a half to two feet 
below the surface free from water, in a condition to be 
worked early, and almost certain of producing a fair crop 
of grain or grass. 

My former practice in draining was to employ men 
with spades or ditching machines; either plan always leav- 
ing an unsightly bank of earth on one side of the ditch to 
prevent the surface water from flowing in on that side, and 
making an excellent place to raise foul seeds to be distrib- 
Uted over the adjoining fields. Recently Il find I can dig 
wider, deeper and better ditches with a team and road 
scraper, and cheaper than by any other method. My plan 
is to plow the ground one furrow deep, the width of the 
Sdtaperm ine emtire leneth of the field to be ditched; then 
scrape this plowing out the entire length, commencing at 
one end, carrying the dirt back several rods and spreading 
it evenly on the land, The team continually travels ina 
circle, carrying out a scraper full each time round. Then 
again plow and scrape as before, and so on until the ditch 
is from two and one-half to three feet deep, about three 
feet wide at the bottom and five feet wide at the top, with 
sloping sides, and the ground Jeveled on both sides, so that 
it can be cultivated to the edge and that the surface water 
is not prevented from running in. A man and team will 


62 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 


make from eight to ten rods of such ditch a day; making 
the cost within twenty-five cents per rod. On lands 
where little but surface water is to be carried off a shallow 
ditch of this character will do, and it can be seeded to grass. 

If the lands adjoining the deep ditch are springy and 
need further draining I then use tile drains, laying them 
never less than two and one-half to three feet deep, and at 
nearly right angles with the main drain, from five to ten 
rods apart, as the lands are more or less wet and springy. 

The first field of ten acres drained with tile by me was 
favorably located for draining, and was done at an expense 
of $5 peracre. The tile was laid in the spring and the field 
plowed and sown to oats and seeded to timothy and clover. 
The crop of oats was one of the largest ever raised by me, 
and was so badly lodged that fully one-half of the field was 
cut with a mower; yet the additional value of this crop 
over any heretofore raised on this field more than paid the 
entire cost of draining it. The next crop of hay yielded 
over two tons per acre; and the portion of the field which 
was heretofure wettest, and almost worthless, yielded fully 
one and one-half tons of fine timothy and clover hay per 
acre. 

The second field, drained with open drain and tile, not 
so favorably located for draining as the first, cost $10 per 
acre to drain, but was more perfectly drained than the first. 
The drains were laid in the fall and the field plowed ready 
for spring. The crop first raised on this after draining was 
oats, and yielded over forty bushels to the acre, of good 
quality. Two such crops would fully pay the cost of drain- 
ing over the value of any crops heretofore raised on this 
land. 

Tile drains laid with two-inch and three-inch tile cost 
me as follows: | 


16x2-inch tile, at $12.50 per m. here, cost per LOC asceced Badass awe slanistantiats sPoonosIabansadooes iret 20€ 
Digging tile drain 2¥% to 3 feet deep, Cc BEB UTS VET Eh co One ust reciaincieleide Oaieceeitele Raeaa ities eaiaine cine enetaee roc 
(COE Ot Daiboxe) ol (mlles\enoval (eletsatnyer Chr, jorste THO) — sdcoubeaaced dodunoo IA osbEAb KoscuidoS Opa ey osswOda 30C 
16x3-inch tile, at $22.50 perm. here, cost per TO Clhasains ziaetas suv eo owatsiec ecaniscinns isielateltiee Sone eREE eRe 36c 
Digging tile drain af, tos feet deep, 66.1) £6, vieeseussieaenicassanule wens Solanaceae ene IoC 
(CosE O? eohnela wills eyovel toliketenmaver (Gbveynm. joie OL nacoouanddacdoudhooanen oopoAG uoedncos vost asec 46c 


The laying of the tile, after the drain was ready, and 
the filling of the drain, was done very rapidly by my own 
men, the filling being done with team and plow, and the 
expense of laying tile and filling drain would be from five 
to eight cents per rod. 


| 


ee ee 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 63 


: Many are deterred from undertaking the drainage of 
their lands because of the expense; but every farmer can 
drain a few acres of land each year at a trifling addition to 
his yearly expenses, and the small capital invested immedi- 
ately becomes productive—lands which before were nearly 
valueless paying for draining with one or two crops, and 
paying large yearly profits thereafter. 

The time has arrived in this part of the West when 
farmers must produce more from their lands to make farm- 
ing profitable. Cheap lands are becoming scarce, and the 
tillable portions of old farms have by Jong cultivation 
become, in too many cases, so exhausted as to produce 
unprofitable crops, and the necessity is now fairly upon us 
for draining and opening up for successful cultivation these 
rich undrained lands. 


PaTTEN (called upon): He could give no rule in this 
matter, nor lay down any law to follow. He didn’t want 
to take up the time of the convention. We had many 
farmers who were using drainage, some one kind and some 
another. He would recommend the tiles. If a man was 
_rich he could afford to let his land go without drainage ; 
but if he was’poor he couldn’t afford to let a foot go un- 
drained. He would lay down no rule, either in regard to 
size of tile or the depth needed. You must be governed 
entirely by the land. He had made mistakes in draining, 
but he had found it profitable. Had used too small a tile. 
Had used from two-to six inch tile at the depth of from 
two and one-half to nine feet. Your grade should be 
even, and at the mouth of the tile well protected. You 
would find that the cattle got at the mouth of the drain and 
destroyed it. Take a two-inch plank and level it off; the 
cattle will let it alone if level. It didn’t answer to let the 
line sag, for, if you let it get out at the start, a fine sand 
would run through and clog them up, Make the grade two 
inches to each 100 feet; you may need more of a grade if 
you run near a hedge. The fine fibrous roots of the hedge 


64 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 


would fill up the tile. If you run under a hedge your 
would have to take up the tile every few months. 


SCOFIELD: Would tile laid three feet below the sur- 
face be protected from frost? 


PaTTEN: Yes, he thought so, but no water should be 
allowed to stand-in the tile. The better way was to lay it 
lower than three feet. He had found by experience that 
drained land was profitable—he knew it was. He had tried 
some very poor looking lands. He had had a pond of about 
two acres in area from which he had raised, after draining, 
seventy-five bushels of corn to the acre. His soil was the 
loose, porous soil, but thought that as good results could 
be had. in all soils.. One error was; we had too Small tiles. 
His tile was round and large. Some of his neighbors had 
used tile sixteen inches., He had tried to get tile laid solid, 
and that was a great point. One advantage of round tile 
was, you could lay it evenly and well, Never to get an 
experienced drainer to do your work. He had been fooled 
that way once. He had got a man to lay the tile for so 
much per rod, and found that he was more particular about 
the rods than the tile. They should be left level; that was 
the great point. Hecould give no rule about size of tile, 
because there was a great difference in soil. He had run 
some ditches in peat bog and did not succeed; below the 
peat was a quicksand. He believed in some places you 
could run ditches shallow. In his part of the country they 
set their tiling deep.’ After the rain in the sprinepyen 
would see that the first dry land was over your ditches. 
In covering joints of tile he would get clay soil. He had 
laid tile when they filled as he went along, but the first 
heavy rain after they were laid cleaned them out. In mak- 
ing his ditch he used what was called a “ goose-neck.”’ In 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 65 


laying he didn’t allow his men in the ditch after leveling, 
it must be level bottom. In laying the tile he used a stick 
and dropped them into the ditch. In very wet spots he 
used his judgment as to how many feet apart to lay tiles. 
He had raised seventy-five bushels of corn per acre where it 
had been slough land. Most of the farms in Illinois were 
three-fourths good land. Sometimes yeu could put corn 
for first crop on drained land; on most land it would not 
do at first, however. 


JupGE LAWRENCE: Thought the question of drainage 
was one of the most important. He had drained land that 
was more rolling than that in this part of the state, where, 
owing to the peculiar distribution of the soil strata, the 
water ran out on the surface of the ground. The trouble 
in drainage was that the water that came into the tiles was 
was from the bottom of the ditch. Round tiles were the 
best. He knew something about the grounds of the Ilh- 
-nois Industrial school at ‘Champaign. There had been 
many ponds on those grounds; now there were none. 
Tiling there did not cost more than one-eighth of what it 
did here. He had found it unsatisfactory to use small tiles. 
About the number he would say, you must have enough to 
drain well. His son had raised eighty bushels of corn per 
acre from ground that was once a pond. He thought all 
rolling ground could be benefited by the use of the drain 
tile. We thought we could not get tile because they were 
too dear, but when we got to wanting them very much 
then we would make them. In laying, the first thing to be 
done was to set your stakes ; an inch to the rod was enough 
of a grade—but to be careful or it would fill up. Have it 
level. Make the fall a little more if any thing going down 
a grade ; to walk backwards as you laid the tile, and not to 
get into the ditch after the tiles were laid. You wanted 


66 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 


clay for the bottom of the ditch to cover them. But you 
might get it all layed out for you, though you could never 
do any thing until you learned by experience. An open 
ditch would not drain the land as well as tile. It filled up, 
and then you couldn’t get the water from the bottom ; still, 
you should use an open ditch in draining peat beds. 


Patrick: Thought if all farmers had plenty of money 
to use, they should have large tile, but as they hadn't, they 
must take the matter gradually. He had found no oe 
in keeping open his open ditches. 


LAWRENCE: .Had seen open ditches used and knew 
they cost double what tiles did, to keep them open. 


Rev. Wren: Thought there was much difference in 
open drains. He would like to hear Mr. Patrick explain 
what kind of an open ditch he used. 


Patrick: His ditch was two and one-half or three 
feet deep, and cost him twenty-two and one-half cents per 
rod to dig. He had had no trouble with its being filled up 
so far, but if it did fill it could easily be opened again. He 
thought it was surely the cheapest ditch. 


On motion, the convention then adjourned to 7:30 p. m. 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 67 


EVENING SESSION. 


WEDNESDAY, DEc. Io. 


The assembly was called to order at 7:30 by the presi- 
dent. 


On motion, the chair appointed a committee, consisting 
et), Mi Frink, 1. Bartlett and J. H. Foote, to examine the 
dairy implements exhibited. 


The judges selected to examine the butter on exhibi- 
tion then reported the following 


AWARDS. 


ELGIN BOARD OF TRADE SWEEPSTAKES. 
Points. 


_ Premium of $50 in gold to L. C. Ward, St. Charles, 47% 


THURBER OR HIGGINS SALT PREMIUMS. 


Munn & McAdam, Belvidere, 1st, (gold medal), - 47% 

GC. Buell, Rock Falls, 2nd, (silver medal), - 47% 

oes Boies, mene° (Home toy 3d, one 
medal), - 47 


MOULTON OR ASHTON SALT PREMIUMS. 
W. A. Boies, Marengo (Union factory), Ist, ($25.00), 46% 


Munn & McAdam, Belvidere, - 2d, ($15.00), 45% 
Geo. Sands, Belvidere, - - oad. (BTO.OO), 4514 


The awards were made on the basis of fifty points for 
perfect butter, divided as follows: Flavor, 10; make, 10; 
texeuie, 10, ‘keeping, 10; color, 5; salt; 5—-total, 50. 
Further on will be found a tabular statement of the points 
registered on all the butter exhibited. Instead of the name 
of the exhibitor will be his number, opposite the scale of 


68 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 


points registered. As all knew what their numbers were, 
each exhibitor will be able to see at once wherein his butter 


failed. 


The president called upon Mr. Wheeler, a representa- 
tive of the Chicago Linseed Oil Co., who occupied a short 
time in explaining the usefulness of the linseed meal as a 
feed for dairies. 


Mrs. F. G. Hackley, of Marengo, then read the follow- 


ing paper on “The homes of dairymen and what they 
should be:” 


MRS. HACKLEY’S PAPER: 


Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: I quite agree 
with you. What presumption! What am I that I should 
have superior knowledge of dairymen’s homes, and the 
conceit to even attempt to shadow forth their future? I 
confess to being intimately acquainted with one dairyman, 
possessing to a high degree interest in his home and sur- 
roundings, and out of supreme respect for him, and for 
most reasonable objections on his part, I know compara- 
tively little of other men of like pursuit. I have viewed 
their homes, in holiday attire, occasionally in undress uni- 
form and actual service. From my own experience and a 
elimpse of those traveling in the ‘“‘milky way,” it is a safe 
conclusion to arrive at, the homes in question must neces- 
sarily be exceedingly busy ones. Else should they differ 
materially from the homes of “the butcher, the baker or 
the candlestick-maker”? Are the dairymen considered 
a peculiar people in the land? Undoubtedly they are recog- 
nized by their dress of overalls and coarse boots witha 
broadway cut, which they wear with such an air as “smells 
to heaven.” But what will not one endure with butter in 
the neighborhood of forty cents per pound ? 

Let the consumer felicitate himself upon his past good 
fortune, obtaining something for comparatively nothing, 
dairy goods being below the actual cost of production. 
“General average’”’ has a word to say, and the late ruling 
prices bring sunshine and plenty into the dairyman’s home. 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 69 


Once more is heard the merry jingle of the “almighty dol- 
lar” in his pocket, with the comforting assurance that the 
dairy industry is second to none. Little did our Puritan 
ancestors look forward to the day and generation when the 
mother country would stretch forth her hands in want to 
her exiled children, who are to-day proud to send her food 
and raiment. How providential in her straightened circum- 
stances, that they can supply her every need from their 
abundance. Our depression for the last three years forced 
us to great exertions. We must make wonderful improve- 
ment to be able to sell our wares. 


Over-production of inferior articles made them a drug 
upon our hands. With this mortifying result before us, 
and, to be second to none in the merit of our goods, are the 
reasons that to-day we find a ready and remunerative mar- 
ket. In the flush of our success we must not rest upon our 
laurels, but press forward to higher aims in this direction, 
and gain greater achievements. And this industry is com- 
plete and separate from the ordinary house-keeping, which, 
when combined, serve to make one’s life a constant round 
of duties. It is a nice point, and no ordinary study and 
exertion is required to mingle with the world socially or 
relicioushy.. True, where the milk is carried to a factory, 
- there is less work for the house than where there is a home 
dairy. Yet the utensils (which are many) must be purified 
with exquisite care. Eyes, nose and hands of the house- 
keeper are brought into requisition. Eyes to see that every 
point is reached, nose to assure herself all is perfectly 
sweet, and hands to accomplish the whole. Possibly the 
tongue, with suggestions in reference to cleanliness, manner 
of milking and care of apartments occupied by “ Brindle” 
and “ Snowflake.” 

Milking is an accomplishment I would earnestly advise 
the dairyman’s wife not to cultivate. . She would not be, 
like Mrs. Toodle’s eccentricities, ‘‘so handy to have in the 
house,” but so handy to have in the stables on occasions. 
But friendly relations with the calves is to prolong their 
Exiptenec, anc a financial success. Patient, exceeding 
patient, tender care. The little creatures are too often con- 
sidered obstinate because they do not readily do that which 
nature has never required of them—drink some sour mix- 
ture that mortal 1s pleased to expect them to thrive upon. 
The circumlocution and gymnastic exercise necessary, and 


7O ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 


adjectives unnecessarily employed in teaching the infant 
bovine to drink, when undertaken by a man, would beggar 
descriptien and fill books. Would we could read the other 
side of the story, bound in calf. 


You may justly say, what has this to do with the 
“homes of the dairymen?” Much, we assure you. Cot- 
ton was king until corn waved its tasseled scepter. Now, 
the cow and her progeny are absolute sovereigns, usurping 
unlimited power. Every effort must bend towards their 
well-being and comfort, else they will refuse to yield munifi- 
cent returns, which gives prosperity and comfort to the 
household. What busy homes they are, too, “from early 
morn’ till dewy eve”! The dairyman’s home. The name is 
suggestive of a comfortable degree of wealth. If that 
wealth is acquired by the present owner, it means that the 
day of good, strong, brave tusseling with poverty is over ; 
that the foe he had wrestled with so long and stoutly, is 
vanquished. Yet to keep the vantage ground so valiantly 
gained, requires busy hands, notwithstanding he can give 
his family many comforts and luxuries heretofore unattain- 
able. ‘‘ No man has a better right to kill himself by over- 
work than he has to do it by over-drinking. If suicide be 
a crime, he who dies by putting too great a task upon his 
strength, is as truly a criminal as he who dies by putting a 
bullet through his brain. If a certain amount of rest and 
recreation is necessary to a man’s health and life, the 
omission to take it is as great an offense against God’s law 
in nature as would be the omission to take food, and death 
by willful starvation is no more an act of self-destruction 
than is death by willful fatigue.’ One can not but be. 
struck with the force and truthfulness of these remarks. 
Where is the remedy 2? Unquestionably the housekeeper 
in the dairyman’s home is too often over-taxed—“ The tire- 
less service of willing hands, the strength of swift feet . 
7 *”? It is useless to enumerate the duties that pile 
themselves Alps high upon the weary shoulders, and more 
than useless to suggest a servant to lighten the labor. We 
remark here, emphatically, there are no servants in this pro- 
gressive, enlightened, civilized nineteenth century, that . 
know how te work. Then is it any wonder that the brow 
becomes ruffled and the voice takes on a hard, monotonous 
sound, directly in the face of duty, when the body is over- 
weary? We know full well, to be happy ourselves and to 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. AX 


make others happy, our countenances should be placid and 
our cheerfulness assured by our vocal organs. 


“ Fie, fie! unknit that threatening unkind brow, 
And dart not scornful glances from those eyes, 
To wound thy lord, thy king, thy governor ; 
It blots thy beauty as frosts bite the meads, 
Confounds thy fame as whirlwinds shake fair buds, 
And in no sense is meet or amiable. 
A woman moved is like a fountain troubled— 
Muddy, ill-seeming, thick, bereft of beauty ; 
And while it is so, none so dry or thirsty 
Will deign to sip or touch one drop of it. 
Thy husband is thy lord, thy life, thy keeper, 
Thy head, thy sovereign, one that cares for thee _ 
And for thy maintenance: Commits his body 
To painful labor, both by sea and land, 
To watch the night in storms, the day in cold, 
While thou liest warm at home, secure and safe,— 
And craves no other tribute at thy hands 
But Jove, fair looks, and true obedience.” 


That reads and sounds very well, Mr. Shakespeare ; 
but the women of our time are doing their full share of 
keeping the home “warm, secure and safe.’ The world 
and women have made great progress in three centuries, 
Could we have stepped into the modest, unpretending home 
of the “Bard of Avon,’ where happiness seemed to dwell, 
and looked our surprise and pleasure, how surely he would 
have uttered these talismanic words: “Anne Hath-a-way!”’ 
An unknown author, in a poetic way, has sought to give us 
sympathy in some verses styled “ Kitchen Consolation.” 
Allow me to extend this sympathy : 

“Oh! this baking and brewing, 
This boiling and stewing, 
And washing of dishes three times a day ; 
The griddle-cakes turning, 
The skimming for churning, 
The setting of tables and clearing away ? 


“ What is 1t but weariness, 
Work without cheerfulness— 
The same round of labor day after day ? 
Vd rather be painting, 
Or sewing or braiding, 
Or spending my time in a pleasanter way.” 


72 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 


Thus my fancy kept dreaming, 
O’er the hot dishes steaming, 
And wondering why I must a kitchen fire tend, 
Till an angel’s low whispering 
Compelled me to listening, 
And taught me these household discomforts to mend. 
“Ts your work not the oldest, 
The usefulest, the noblest— 
In ministering daily to the life God has given ? 
If the work is unceasing 
Of washing and sweeping— 
Remember that order’s the first law of heaven! 
“ Pray what gives more pleasure 
Than a well-seasoned dinner 
When tastefully served on the family board ? 
Thank God you can labor, 
Can knead, mix an’ flavor, 
And draw pleasant meals from a farmer’s rich hoard— 
“ That heartsome delight 
At morn, noon and night, 
When the family gathers for chat and good cheer ! 
Then should you be complaining 
Of work unavailing, 
That brings joy to the loved ones each day of the year ? ” 
Strategic movements. occasionally have a most happy 
effect in the home field. Let the lord of ‘the manor but 
imagine he has his own way, how sweetly he will consider 
himself the originator of your feats of generalship, and the 
household ship in its swan-like progress is a pleasing sight 
to behold. In all homes one or the other rule, and may no 
discord ever mar the beautiful harmony of that life. With- 
out domestic happiness nothing on earth is to be desired ; 
and with it, no withholding of earthly goods is to be dread- 
ed. But the domestic machinery does not always run 
smoothly: sometimes it is on the center and doesn’t run at 
all. There are examples of placid, lovely peopleteften 
before our mental vision, “Oh! world look on and wonder,” 
yet if we were to live the round of the seasons in their 
home-life, we would say the “kalf has not been told.” 
Actually so like their neighbors, with a good bit of the 
common humanity flesh is heir to, with which to spice their 
everyday life, we heartily condemn their faults and ways, 
because they are out of our possession. How ours must 
appear to them. 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 73 


4 


“Tiome is where the heart is,’ I once heard an old 
gentleman remark, and I thought how true, for if the heart 
isn’t there, what a frail structure. To make it an attractive 
place, a happy refuge from the world, a pleasant abiding 
place, adorned and cozy, the heart must be interested. 
Whatever our vocation, we must be thoroughly alive and 
interested to be successful; and, our lives are what we 
make them. Yes, in a measure, and as truly, our lives often 
make us. We hit upon many sharp corners as we battle 
along, and wonder why,—almost forgetting “there is a 
divinity that shapes our ends, rough hew them as we will.” 
If we could only remember, in the toil and anxieties of our 
every-day life, we are weaving like the workers on tapestry, 
among the tangled ends and innumerable colors on the 
whom side ef the pattern. In our after life it will be 
presented to us in all its perfection and beauty, the threads 
even and beautiful, the colors fair to see. 

It was a blessed mother that gave toa child these lines, 
to quell a turbulent, restless spirit: 


‘ Be quiet, take things as they come, 
Each ‘hour will draw out some surprise ; 
With blessings let thy days go home, 
Though shalt have thanks from evening skies.” 


And may these words of wisdom descend and cover 
us like a beautiful benediction through our lives, and— 


‘‘ Let us gather up the sunbeams, 

Lying all around our path, 

Let us keep the wheat and roses, 
Casting out the thorns and chaff. 

Let us find our sweetest comfort 
In the blessings of to-day, 

With a patient hand removing 
All the briers from our way.” 


After a short recess, in which the finance committee 
were allowed to press their claims, Dr. Tefft talked for a 
short time upon the subject of “ Milk and its Uses,” as 
follows : 


Dr. Terrt: “Ladies and gentlemen—while waiting 
a few moments for an essay you will please alow me to 


74 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 


invite your attention to some of the uses of milk, which 
are as follows: 

“tst—In its normal state it is one of the best of foods 
for young mammals. It is also good food for those further 
advanced in life. 

“2d—Milk may be condensed, with or without sugar, 
for use in the human family: if with sugar (called preserved 
~ milk), it will keep good for years. 

““23d—The caseine of milk may be made into cheese, 
for food. 

“ath—The caseine may be made into lactine, largely 
used for stamping or printing calico. 

“sth—The serum, or whey, of milk may be eied 
with cereal caseine and made into a nutritious food for man 
in the form of cheese. ) 

“ 6th—Full-cream cheese—a. thing that is but rarely 
found—yet good food for the human family. 

“7th—Milk is frequently made into koumiss, much 
used as a mild, nutritive stimulant in sickness. It contains 
about one per cent. of alcohol. 

“8th—The whey of milk may be evaporated and 
lactine, or sugar of milk, obtained, which we trust will be 
largely used some future day for culinary purposes. 

“oth—Sour milk is largely used in the United States 
to make jewelry called American coral, celluloid, and jet. 

‘“toth—The cream, or fatty part, of milk is usually. 
made into butter. Butter contains— 

Summer. Ua 


Margarine tice ness anoesctun snneancenstslemacmecsip taasncainerabestamcnomt cu dlune cua aana nai way 40 
PB UEC SE OTT eerie aetna a ear fo Mea re eda CL Oe ere LT SOU 60 35 


puele) TOO 


“May butter frequently contains—margarine, 68 per 
cent): butter oil, 30 per cent, and butzie,| capiorm and 
capric acids, 2 per cent. | 

“A compound is supposed to exist in margarine con- 
sisting of three atoms of carbon united to 2 of hydrogen, 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 75 


which is named lipzle. This unites with an atom of oxygen, 
forming oxide of lipzle—C3H2O01. Now margarine con- 


sists of— 

I of margaric NCCU N ae crea OMAN ag Juice Ga aa alt, (UUs eau ae sting laws aut rst ae ugticy C Dek) 

A CHIRCHSCLCLE MM UNDZ ep iuciuesanae se esate seco cue ea abou a ctucierleiiealid Pe entztioslss Uae cemmloseaberesioes cece suuaans Bree St 
MODI SSW INE Mecer nce cia av sich suse aseacbntcdu nate iaverssass vunseledawneceute r margarine—C37H 3605 
‘““ Butter oil consists of— 

TOMO NCIC RVC YONA UIPEC I sare sasued ca acer Sie scnvsekiasea sumein@scte«sseiiadeseoaucusiasesclesesasssestaces C34H3105 

TRO UNOS MOM MUO ZIG cuvettes esual vay Se datade ca ssigagemcamensecuensevantederctduacessoctdsegsece conse Shiez 
Cr COMMA aR CoG Sanrontianen eaceuenauceeeeaiicnacklSel alesugcwllbe Maar ouiel one's t of butter oil—C37H 3306 


“Now, when the oxide of lipzle is separated from the 
fatty acids, it unites with water and forms glycerine, or oil 


sugar— 

PROM aC MONTY ALC Mead iistern oaks cseiemeualeiees Ay ae bacwsivartatsccaacisbedc oubeldtedssananesanbiesdiesed wacwustencv' C6H402 

Uli ea clen ee cee serene a Maerua Gee un un Cansudht scan caus tele CumaNU caus paue eRe seen Watemcsedesiedeieses)' isccean Bi 
(CaM en teach cee cue tl eccaiice sa sacmhjavesesdes eteacedwchieucavanis 1 of glycerine—C6H705 


“Tf we add this glycerine to a mixture of sulphuric 
‘and fumigating nitric acids S, pouring it into water and wash-. 
ing upon a filter, we have glonoin, or nitro-glycerine, a 
substance which holds in reserve power sufficient to level 
mountain ranges.” : 


The following paper by Stephen Patrick, of Truxton, 
N. Y., on “ The Origin of Soils, their Formation and Dis- 
tribution: Explaining the soils and climates best adapted 
to dairying and the method of increasing their adaptation,’ 
was read by R. M. Patrick, of Marengo: 


SEVEN’ PATRICK'S” PAPER. 


Gentlemen of the Llhnots State Daiwrymen’s Association : 
In compliance with a request of a member of your associa- 
tion I write a brief essay upon “ The origin of soils, their 
formation and distributions; explaining the soils and cli- 
mates best adapted to dairying and the method of increas- 
ing their adaptation.” 

Ist. The origin of soils; their formation. In giving 
my views of the origin of soils and their formation [ will 
give briefly a synopsis of the combined theories of modern 
seologists, who substantially agree that all soils have their 


e 


76 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 


origin in the destruction of ancient rocks; which, in the 
early geological period, covered the earth’s surface. The 
sranite formed the first stratum or platform, on which all 
other formations are rested. At the commencement of the 
first geological period all rocks lay in a horizontal position. 
During the early and middle geological periods, the whole 
of the earth’s surface was subject to great and intense dis- 
turbance, caused by the action of intense subterranean heat 
and volcanic action; continents and islands were by the 
process of upheaval, elevated above the surface of the ocean. 
During the violent throes and convulsions which occurred 
at these periods in the elevation of continents and islands 
above the surface of the ocean, in many parts of the earth, 
their stratas of rocks were twisted, bent, tilted, or thrown 
out of place, and often lay with a heavy dip; or in a verti- 
cal position, in mountain ranges, hills and elevated plains. 
During these geological periods intense heat prevailed on 
the earth’s surface, causing dense vapors and a great 
amount of rainfall on mountains, hills and plains, then ele- 
vated above the ocean’s surface; forming rivers and streams, 
with rapid currents, plunging down mountain and hill-sides 
with great force, scooping out canyons, gorges, ravines and 
deep valleys on mountains and hill-sides, disintegrating 
rocks from their beds, grinding, decomposing and pulver- 
izing them to atoms while drifting their debris to oceans, 
seas, bays and Jakes, which were continually receding by 
the process of elevation of land above their surface, form- - 
ing large tracts of diluvial soils, on both continents. Dur- 
ing the long succession of ages in which these diluvial or 
drift-soils were forming, the great heat and immense rain- 
fall which prevailed during the receding of waters of oceans 
and seas and the formation of diluvial soils, caused an im- 
mense and luxuriant growth of vegetation on the earth’s 
_ surface. The decayed matter of this vegetation intermix- 
ing with the materials of these diluvial soils or drift-forma- 
tions, in most parts of both continents, formed soils of great 
fertility. The greater portion of the great basin drained 
by the Mississippi, Missouri and Ohio rivers and their 
branches, and the lake system of North America, are soils 
of this character ; formed mainly by the decomposition and 
pulverization of rocks underlying these diluvial deposits, 
drifted from a distance. These formations are wonderfully 
rich in calcareous, saline and alkaline matter, and mineral 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. U7, 


infiltrations ; which belong respectively to the geological 
periods of their formations, and are soils of great fertility 
and productiveness where ‘there is sufficient rainfall during 
the summer and fall months. - 

2nd. The formation of alluvial soils. These soils are 
formed and deposited in river valleys by the annual over- 
flow of rivers, by the removal of diluvial soils already 
formed, and the decomposition of rocks on the mountains 
and hillsides of the river sources drifting their debris or 
sediment, intermixed with vegetable matter, and depositing 
them in their valleys and in deltas at the mouths of rivers 
where they discharge their waters into oceans, bays, seas 
and lakes. These soils partake in character of all the geo- 
logical formations from which these soils were formed, and 
are generally rich in organic matter and mineral infiltra- 
tions, and are the most fertile and self-sustaining of all soils 
known; as in the valley of the Nile, Ganges, Rhine and 
valleys of rivers in North America. All taken together 
cover large tracts of country. , 

3rd. Soils of volcanic origin. The soils derived from 
volcanic action are of much less extent than either of the 
former ones. They have their origin wholly by the melting 
of the primitive rocks by intense subterranean heat and vol- 
canic action. These melted rocks form lava, ashes and 
pumice, which are raised and forced through the craters of 
volcanoes during their eruptions, running down their 
mountain sides into the valleys and plains below them, and 
forming soils partaking of the character of all the rocks 
forming these soils, Volcanoes were more numerous and 
eruptions more frequent in early periods than at present. 
The soils derived by volcanic action are generally, where 
there is sufficient rainfall, moderately fertile, as attested by 
the magnificent forests grown on these soils in Oregon, 
Washington Territory and British Columbia. 

The intrinsic value of volcanic action during past ages, 
in contributing means for the advancement of modern civ- 
ilization cannot be fully estimated. By its action mountain 
ranges have been elevated. Their rocks have been tilted, 
bent, twisted and displaced, and their precious metals and 
mineral treasures have been revealed and made accessible 
to the ingenuity of men and used for the purpose of com- 
merce and mechanical arts. All this in addition to the for- 
mation of valuable soils for agricultural purposes. | 


78 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION, 


Having given a brief outline of the origin and forma- 
tion of soils, I will, as I understand, give the order of their 
distribution, explaining the soils and climates best adapted 
to dairying. A sufficient and equal rainfall through the 
spring, summer and fall months, and an equable climate . 
not subject to the extremes of heat or cold, are as essential 
to successful dairying as a fertile soil. The soils formed 
from the primitive rocks, even before the existence of 
organic life, being mostly volcanic and mineral-bearing as 
surface rocks, are, with sufficient rainfall with a mild and 
equable climate, well adapted for dairying; as in Oregon, 
Washington, British Columbia and Montana. These coun- 
tries and Great Britain, Belgium, Holland and Denmark, 
owing to their mild and equable climate, are in my opinion 
the best adapted of any countries known for dairying. All 
of these countries are situated between 45° and 50° of north 
latitude... The. equatorial currents of the Pacitejoeean, 
flowing with their warming influences northeasterly to the 
shores of California, Oregon, Washington ‘Teritory and 
British Columbia, passing through the valley of the Sacra- 
mento and the valley of the Columbia river, and through 
the great gap in the Coast Range of mountains, 150 miles 
in width at Vancouver's, their currents of warm, atmos- 
phere, passing northeasterly through Oregon, Washington 
and British Columbia, till they meet the polar currents; 
then their course veering southeasterly through Montana, 
give these countries a mild and equable climate and suffi- 
cient rainfall, similar to the climate of England, Belgium 
and Holland—caused by the equatorial currents passing 
through the gulf stream across the Atlantic northeasterly 
to the shores of Western Europe. | 

The soils next in their order ‘of formation are derived 
from the decomposition of carboniferous rocks, which were 
first elevated during the early part of the middle portion of 
geological periods. Elevation and subsidence continued 
through all ages of this formation with that portion of the 
earth covered by these rocks. Stratum upon stratum of coal 
was formed, with layers of rocks between each stratum of 
coal. Often the central portions of these coal basins were 
covered with drift, to the depth of 2,000 or 3,0@0 feet; 
while the outside rim of these coal basins came to the sur- 
face. The distribution of soils derived from these rocks, 
west of the Alleghanies and north of 37° of latitude and 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 79 


east of the Rocky mountains, is very extensive, and now 
ascertained to cover not less than 200,000 square miles— 
being distributed among all the states and teritories drained 
by the Mississippi and its branches, covering half the state 
of Illinois and some 20,000 square miles in Moritana— 
taken as a whole, the most fertile of any class of soils on 
this continent. Most of these soils are well adapted for 
dairy production. ‘The soils next in the order of their for- 
mation are magnesia limestone of Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, 
Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Minnesota, Dakota and Mon- 
tana. They are cotemporaneous with the Trenton, Black, 
and Hudson river limestones of New York. The rocks 
which underlie these are in the Mississippi valley the same 
asin New York. The soils derived from the decomposi- 
tion of these rocks are of great fertility and productiveness, 
and with sufficient rainfall during the summer and fall 
months and an equable climate, cannot ‘be equalled on the 
continent for their adaptability to dairying. The next for- 
mation in its order is the Devonian. The Chemung sand- 
stones of New York, New England, and Northern Penn- 
sylvania are of the series of this formation. They occupy 
the greater portion of the water-shed from Nova Scotia to 
Ohio, when their waters discharge into the great lakes and 
St. Lawrence, on the north, and into the Atlantic on the 
south; being on an average about 1,600 feet above tide- 
water; the same elevation as the water-shed where rivers 
at the head-waters of the Mississippi flow south, and the 
Red and Makenzie rivers flow north. The soils of this-for- 
mation are mainly derived from decoinposition of the sand- 
stones and slate rocks, and are not as fertile as the latter or 
“the magnesian limestone formation,” but their climate, 
owing to their elevation and the general equal distribution 
of rainfall through the summer and fall months, makes these 
soils the most reliable of any known on this continent for 
dairying. The other rock formations of the Devonian sys- 
tem are the Onondaga and Niagara limestones of New 
York, Cincinnati limestones of Ohio and Kentucky, Cedar 
Valley limestones of Iowa and Minnesota. All the states 
east of the Mississippi have large tracts of land of this for- 
mation which, as a general rule, have a soil but little infer- 
ior to the magnesian limestone formation of Iowa, Illinois 
and Wisconsin—and with a larger amount of carbonate of 
lime and organic matter than any other class of soils and 


80 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 


of great fertility—but better adapted for the production of 
grain than for dairying. The reasons for the general abun- 
dant supply of rainfall during the suimmer and fall months 
on the great water-shed of the Chemung sandstone forma- 
tion, may be explained by the fact that lands .elevated 
15,000 to 18,000 feet above tide-water, attract the moisture 
of the atmosphere, and produce a greater amount of rain- 
fall and a more equal distribution than those regions situ- 
ated much lower or much higher than this elevation. The 
sources of supply of moisture are the Atlantic on the 
south, and the great lakes on the north and west; their 
atmospheric currents meet on this water-shed and cause, as 
a general rule, an abundant rainfall. The same influences 
operate in part in causing rainfall in Illinois, Wisconsin, 
Minnesota and Iowa. The moisture of the upper atmos- 
pheric currents is supplied by the great lakes, and flows 
southwesterly, and returns in the lower atmospheric currents 
attended with rainfall—flowing from the south-west to the 
north-east, as established by a long series of observations 
made by the signal department at Washington. 

On the subject of the best means to) imercase ime 
adaptation of soils for dairying, I will mention one of the 
most practical manners of doing it. On all dairy farms it 
should be a standing rule with the owner of the farm to 
make all the manure possible from the produce of the farm, 
and judiciously apply it where most needed, It is a well- 
established fact that the liquid manure of an animal is worth 
quite as much yearly, if properly applied, as the solid 
manure is. Every stable should be so constructed as to 
save the liquid as well as the solid manures of all animals. 
All portions of a dairy farm that are too wet to produce the 
best qualities of cultivated grasses should be thoroughly 
drained and cultivated, till fit to raise cultivated grasses in 
the highest degree of . perfection. Low, wet, sour lagde 
produce an inferior quality of grass, but illy adapted to the 
production of milk for butter and cheese ; but when thor- 
ougly reclaimed, by perfect drainage, are often the most 
valuable portions of farms for grazing purposes. Asa rule 
there is no class of investments that pays better than thorough 
drainage of wet lands. For dairy purposes grass for hay 
should be cut while green, and never allowed to fully ripen. 
When grass is cut before it is fully ripe the quality of the 
hay is much more valuable than when left to ripen, and a 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. oI 


second crop speedily starts; and then, also, is the proper 
time to apply liquid manure by filtering on grass lands. 

In this country a 100-acre farm that will keep thirty 
cows is considered a good one. On the alluvial soils of 
England, Belgium and Holland, farms under thorough cul- 
ture by a system of soiling and a judicious application of 
manure—solid and liquid—often keep two or three cows to 
te acre, and two or three crops of grass are often cut 
Vea) wideretoiore the butter and cheese made in these 
countries were far superior to American manufacture, owing 
chiefly to their favorable climate, their practical knowledge 
of farming, and the superiority of their cultivated grasses 
and dairy stock. Recently America has made great strides 
in the manufacture of dairy products, and now American 
cheese competes fairly side by side with the best English- 
made cheese in its own markets. The progress made in the 
Western States during the last few years in the manufacture 
of butter has been wonderful. Twenty years ago Illinois 
was not considered capable of producing even a fair quality 
of butter. To-day she not only produces more wheat than 
any other state in the Union—being for the last year 45,- 
000,000 bushels, to Iowa 40,000,000, Nebraska 37,000,000, 
Minnesota 36,000,000 and Kansas 30,000,000—but she has 
- taken the front rank among the butter-producing states; 
and the butter now made in the creameries of northern 
Illinois and in your own immediate neighborhood stands 
higher in quality and sells for more in the great markets of 
this country, than the butter made in any other state in 
this great nation. 


A suggestion was made by one member that the 
president call upon those who had received premiums on 
their butter to give a description of their modes of making 
He wreminna jutter, AS all present seemed to favor the 
suggestion, the president called upon Mr. C. C. Buell, who 
eave the following description of his plan: 


C. C. Buetu’s MerHop: The milk was set in ordinary 
setters in a cool room—not in water. It was skimmed in 
twenty-four hours, and skimmed the second time twelve 
hours later. The cream was kept twenty-four to forty- 


82 ILLINOIS STATE DAITRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 


eight hours, or until a marked acidity appeared. It was 
churned in a revolving churn known as “ Stark’s Churn 
and Butter Worker.” The churn was started (cream being 
at a temperature of 64°)—made twenty-five to thirty-five 
revolutions in a minute, and butter appeared in from one 
hour to an hour and one-half. As the butter granules 
began to appear distinctly about three gallons of cold water 
was added to a churning of say sixty pounds. After a 
few revolutions the buttermilk was withdrawn clean—the 
churn being stopped as soon as it was practicable to do this. 
Then about three or four gallons of strong brine was 
poured into the churn and the churn carefully revolved so 
as to keep the butter disintegrated as much as possible and 
at the same time thoroughly to wash it. Afterwards a 
brine of, say two gallons of water and sixty ounces of salt, 
was added and the churn revolved three or four times, and 
the same repeated three or four times during, say half an 
hour or more. The butter was then put into a tub used for 
this purpose, allowed to stand one to three hours, then 
placed on the butter-worker and very lightly worked and 
packed for market. If there was an apparent lack of salt 
at the time of working, more was added, according to taste. 


Gro. Sanps’ Metuop: Being next called upon, he 
said his process was very simple, and he had taken no extra 
pains with the butter which received the premium. Used 
the iron-clad pan. Set milk in winter forty-eight hours; 
first heated it to about go°, then cooled it off as rapidly as 
possible—the colder, the better. Kept the room where he 
churned at about 60°, and cream at about 62°. Whemitie 
butter collected to lumps about the size cf hickory-nuts, 
he stopped churning and rinsed the butter clean, after first 
drawing off the buttermilk. He then saited the butter— 
about three-fourths of an ounce of salt to one pound of 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 83 


butter. He used what was called the Marengo churn. He 
let the butter stand about twenty-four hours after the first 
salting, then added a little more salt. Used coloring that 
he made himself from anatine and curcuma root. His 
cows were of the Durham breed, and he had made through 
the month of November one pound of butter from each 
twenty-two pounds of milk. 


On motion it was decided that the manufacturers not 
Present, who had received premiums on their butter, be 
asked to give the secretary a statement of how they made 
their butter ; the same to appear in the proceedings of the 
association. In accordance with this resolution the follow- 
ime statements were received from LL. C. Ward, Munn & 


McAdam and W. A. Boies: 


ik C; Warp's MretHop: The milk was received once 
-a day at his St. Charles creamery, and set in deep pails in 
cold pools of water. The skimming was done while the 
milk was sweet; the cream was left to acquire a slight 
acidity before putting in the churn. It was churned in a 
square-box revolving churn with a capacity of about 350 
pounds of butter at a churning. Time taken to churn, one 
to one and a half hours, usually. Before the butter was 
taken from the churn it was washed with the necessary 
quantity of fresh water to wash out the most of the butter- 
milk; it was then taken out, slightly worked and salted 
with three-fourths of an ounce of Higgins’ “ Eureka”’ salt 
to the pound, and set away for twenty-four hours,;—when 
it was worked again sufficient for the final packing. The 
working was done with a butter-worker run by steam 
power. Had made 150,000 pounds of butter at his cream- 
ery each year for the past two years. 


84 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 


Munn & McApam’s Meruop: Were very particular 
to get their acid right, as they considered it of great im- 
portance, and then brought the cream to a temperature of 
63°. Run the churns so as to bring the butter in one hour. 
Care was taken to stop the churning while the butter was in 
a granulated state. The buttermilk was then drawn and 
water the same temperature put into the churn and the 
butter thoroughly washed, the water drawn off, and more 
water added. The butter was then taken from the churn 
and but slightly worked, when the salt was added at the 
rate of one pound of salt to twenty of butter, and thor- 
oughly worked. Then the butter was placed in a warm 
room and allowed to stand twenty-four hours, when it was 
worked as little as possible and packed. 


W. A. Borers’ Meruop: fis was ver Simple joer 
his milk in open setters; let it stand about twenty-four 
hours. Always allowed it to get a little acid before churn- 
ing. Before putting in churn raised the temperature to 64°, 
and churned until the butter appeared in lumps about the 
size of peas. He washed the butter twice—until water 
came from it clear. Kept it cool enough to be firm while 
working. The butter upon which he received Higgins’ 
salt premium was all from the same churning. 


During the evening Rev. Hutchinson, of Marengo, was 
called upon to speak. He responded in a few well-timed 
remarks, in which he expressed himself pleased with the 
evident advancement of the dairy interests in this country. 
He was glad, he said to see so many of the younger class 
attending the meetings of the association. It rested with 
them to advance the business they were engaged in. He 
was pleased to see them take so much interest in the dis- 
cussions on the various questions. The point of taking 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 85 


good care of cattle, he was glad to hear discussed. He 
thought the more care we gave cattle the more we would 
ecnrouerot them.’ Kindness to them would bring its 
reward. He was pleased to see the ladies out. This sub- 
ject of home was a good one to discuss. We must not for- 
get as we were traveling through this world that we had a 
social nature as well as a physical nature that needed culti- 
vation. ‘ 


The secretary then read the following paper on “ The 
Hood, Value of the Milk Product of the United States,’ 
prepared by G. P. Lord, of Elgin: 


Gor LORDS PAPER. 


“Three and one-half pounds of milk possess the same 
amount of nutrition that is contained in one pound of 
boneless beef.” —Willard’s Dairy Flisbandry, p. 13. 

peEvery tat ox gives 57.7 per cent. of butcher's meat, 
including bones, to every 100 pounds live weight.’—Aucy- 
clopedia Britannica, 8th ed., vol. 9, p. 762. “About 12% 
per cent. of such meat is bone.’—Same work, p. 762. Con- 
sequently 50 per eent. of a fat steer is boneless beef. 

“The average annual product of milk in 1860 in thir- 
teen states was 446 gallons per cow.’—Willard’s Dairy 
Flusbandry, p. 20. 

Assuming this as the average annual product per 
cow, the 13,000,000 milch cows in the United States 
will preduce annually 5,798,000,000 gallons of milk, weigh- 
ing 50,732,500,000 pounds, containing nutrition equal to 
14,495,000,000 pounds of boneless beef; which is equal to 
the boneless meat in 20,650,000 fat steers, of the gross 
weight of 1,400 pounds cach, or 700 pounds each of bone- 
less meat. 

If we desire to find the money value of that amount 
of nutritive food we have only to ascertain the value of 
such cattle in our commercial markets. Estimating it at 
$4.50 per hundred pounds, live weight, it amounts to $63 
per head. 


86 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION, 


20,650,000 steers, at #63 per head, equal............ PRONE DOOR RAC Oboe scocounenscencdacoase. $1, 300,950,000 
Deduct one-fifth for hide and tallow....... Lines aves alvssedenccsen secon cree wectee Re MC tT ane 260,190,000 


1,040,760,000 

This is the food value of the annual milk peodncne the 

United States, compared with the same amount of nutrition 

in beef. 

STATEMENT SHOWING THE ANNUAL LOSS OF MILK 
SUGAR IN MAKING BUTTER AND CHEESE IN THE 
UNITED STATES. 

Milk contains 4 1-5 per cent. of milk sugar.—Am. 
Cyclopedia, vol. 11, p. 543, sample 8. 

Milk contains 4% per cent. of milk sugar.—Willard’s 
Daiwy Husbandry, p. 500. 

Skimmed milk contains 4.66 per cent. of milk sugar. 
—Willard’s D. H., p. 500. 

Buttermilk contains 4.61 per cent. of milk sugar.— 
Willavd s DF...) 500. 

Whey contains 4.57 per cent. of milk sugar— Ward’ s 
Df p 370. (Averave or 1) samples)! 

Butter contains 0.70 per cent. of milk sugar—WiL 
lard’ s DD. TTS Pp 500! 

Cheese contains lactic acid but no milk sugar.—W2- 
Lads DAT. PP. 370) gah Ona 372. 

Estimated quantity of butter produced annually, 
1,000,000,000 pounds.—D pt. of Agr. Report for 1877, p. 
343. Estimate of cheese, 350,000,000 pounds. 

To produce this quantity of butter and cheese (esti- 
mating 27 pounds of milk for one pound of butter, and 934 
pounds of milk for one pound of cheese,) will require 29,- 
950,000,000 pounds of milk. Estimating 4% per cent. of 
milk sugar and we find that quantity of milk contains 
1,272,875,000 pounds of milk sugar. From this deduct 
milk sugar found in butter—7,000,000 pounds, and it 
appears that 1,265,875,000 of milk sugar is run off into the 
buttermilk and whey and lost. 

We find that the New York wholesale price of milk 
sugar in 1879 was 40 to 50 cents a pound.—McKessens & 
Robbins Wholesale Druggist List. 


1,265,875,000 pounds of milk sugar at 4o cemts per pound...........0....0esceseceee scree $506,350,000 
ce (a4 


if valued at 20 cents TEA a ROGERS Macon ond H an ABE sak SHbo Ss sor $25 3,175,000 
To cents PERCU Nae cee ton tie UU a $120,587,500 
5 cents CMTC AURRE CaS Sennen Ores (ol KaMMAGRa acces $63,298,750 


Here we have the startling fact before us) that te 
annual waste of milk sugar in the United States—a valuable | 
constituent of milk—if valued at one-eighth of the New 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 87 


York wholesale market price amounts to a sum greater 
than the entire annual sugar crop of Cuba. : 


On motion the convention adjourned to nine o’clock 
Thursday morning. 


83. ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 


MORNING SESSION, 


Tuurspay, DEc. 11. 


The assembly was called to order at 9:45, the president, 
Dr. Tefft, occupying the chair. 


Toric No. 1o-—‘ Manures—— Natural and Artificial 
—the best manner of application to the different soils ’”— 
was taken up first. Upon this question Ve W. Sheldon 
read the following paper: 


LW SHELDON S PATER 


Mr. President, Ladics and Gentlemen; In discussing 
this question I have not much to offer that is new. The 
question has been discussed at our gatherings until it is 
familiar to all. 

What is manure? Any substance that enriches the 
soil.. The waste at the farm yard of vegetable and animal 
substances, in a decaying condition, is manure or plant food.. 
He that can make two blades of grass grow where but one 
grew is a public benefactor. Ele can be done by a judi- 
cious use of fertilizers. 

As a rule, all manures should be applied to the surface 
soil, as fast as they accumulate. Where it is practicable, 
draw daily, and spread direct from the load. If for mead- 
ows or pastures, apply in fall or early winter ;- harrow in 
spring with a smoothing harrow. For corn land, apply 
upon fall plowing in fall and early winter. If the manure 
is coarse, do not hesitate to apply liberally and cultivate in 
. in the. spring. The above has proved a success with 
repeated trials upon sandy prairie soil. Where a three 
years’ rotation is practicable, clover and timothy make the 
best of fertilizers. _ Land will increase in fertility by 
repeated heavy seeding and plowing the sod under. Clover 
is the farmer’s friend. Sow liberally. It is a good invest- 
ment to sow clover with all small grain: it is worth many 
times its cost as a erie if not wanted for meadow or 
pasture, 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. — 89 


Conimercial fertilizers can be used to profit inthe absence 
of barnyard manure. I have used bone superphosphate. 
upon oat and corn land. With a four-years’ trial it in- 
creased the yield fully forty per cent. It was applied to the 
surface and cultivated in. Common salt gave equally good 
results. In many individual cases salt has increased the 
wheat crop from fifty to seventy-five per cent. The profits 
of the farm are in what you have to sell, instead of that you 
buy. If we practice that which we preach, we will have to 
buy less and have more to sell. Let me repeat it: sow 
clover, and sow it liberally. 


PaTTEN: Was troubled with his oats lodging. It 
generally cost him more to have them harvested than they 
were worth. He would like to know how to obviate it. 


- SHELDON: Thought salt. could be used to good ad- 
vantage on all soils. It would strengthen the straw. 


JupGE LAwRENCE: Wanted to say a word against the 
use of artificial fertilizers. He had lately been traveling 
and visiting farms in New York. He inquired of some 
of the farmers how they kept up their soils, and he 
found that they were paying more for artificial manures — 
than they got out of the land. He raised about two 
bushels of grain to his neighbor’s one. He had a piece of 
soil that was naturally strong soil, It was what was called 
sub-soil. He ploughed that up in 1837, and, without ex- 
ception, it had borne a crop of grain every year from then 
until 1876, when he raised a crop of clover on it. He had 
tried to plow the clover under, but it was so rank he could 
not. So far as he could see, that land was just.as strong . 
now as it was forty years ago, and the only manure it ever 
had was the vegetation he had ploughed under, Healways 
spread manure on the surface, and he drew it from the 
barnyard as soon as made. Yet this rule would not always 
work. He remembered a few years ago he had a number 


O ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 
9 


of straw-piles, and he spread these on twenty acres of land, 
and planted this to corn and made 3,000 bushels of corn. 
' The result was, next season it was better yet. Make all 
‘the manure you can. If you have any weeds on the farm, 
don’t burn them, but pile them up and make manure. He 
wanted his land full of clover all the time ; it was good for 
everything. No matter if there were some clouds, cure it 
as best you could; put it in the barn, if there was no water 
in it, and it would come out all right. He spread his 
manure in winter as he drew it out. He never had any 
trouble about corn ripening in rich land. 


SCOFIELD: Would like to know if corn would ripen 
as early on manured land as on poorer. 


BisHOP: Yes, sir. 


LAWRENCE: Knew of a man in the state of New — 
York who took poor clay land and manured it until he 
finally could raise fifty bushels of wheat to the acre. When 
asked how he did it, he answered, “ With manure, and a 
little more of it.” 2 


CanHoon: Told of a man who raised cattle. Some 
one asked him how he kept his pastures in so good’a con- 
dition. He said he didn’t go and buy more steers every 
time a fresh blade of grass appeared. Thought that was a 
good point. Not to skin your pastures too close. 


Tuos. Bishop: Thought the aim of manure was to 
make the land produce more. He knew but little about it, 
but what manuring he did was on the surface. He some- 
times ploughed it in. He never kept a field in grass very 
long. He was always breaking up and always seeding 
down. He knew but little about artificial manure. Had 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. gt 


seen some experiments with patent manures but didn’t 
consider them a success. He found in manuring that it 
didn’t cost him any more to produce forty and_ fifty 
bushels of corn than to produce thirty and forty. He used 
to fatten a great many cattle, and found that corn raised on 
land that would produce 120 and 125 bushels was much 
better than corn raised where the yield was less. The 
meal was always worth more. It was the same with 
pasture land. He kept account of every thing in his busi- 
ness. He knew just what his-expenses' were: He had 
found that in buying cows for thirty and forty dollars he 
had made a hundred dollars. He thought this was on — 
account of rich pasture. Had found in pasturing that a 
forty-acre field, where it was well manured, would keep 
much more stock than if it was poorly manured. It paid 
to keep your land manured well. This year he had raised 
some corn on surface-manured land and got 120 bushels to 
the acre, and thought that this corn was worth more than 
- any raised on poorer land. 


PaTTEN: Would differ a little from Bishop. le. 
thought that manure drawn out in piles served as a mulch 
and kept land from drying out. 


CanHoon: His agricultural paper said that good tillage 
was manure, and he agreed with it. 


LAawrRENCE: Thought if we could get our manure on 
before it heated we would derive the greater benefit from 
it. : 

Bishop: Raised a good deal of grain. His barn- 
yard had been covered very deep with manure. He drew 
out when the summer work was over, and it heated in the 
fall. He would just as lief have a load of such as that 
which came from the stable. | 


92 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 


Question No. 10 was then passed, having been pretty 
well discussed, and the next question, that of legislation, 
taken up. 


M. H. Tuompson: Said he would like to ask if the 
duties of the legislative committee, appointed at the last 
annual meeting, were considered at an end, or would. the 
committee hold over another year. 


| On motion, it was decided that the same committee 
should hold over another year. 


J. R. McLean: Said we needed help from the legisla- 
ture to enable us to publish our proceedings and statistics. 
In the Southern States they knew but little about the busi- 
ness, and we must enlighten them by our publications. 
When he was down south he met a man who was in the 
dairy business on a small scale, who asked him if we milked 
our cows in this country more than once each day. 


W. Patren: Had little faith in this mae of jewieias 
tion in behalf of the association. He was, as an individual 
member, able to take care of himself. All he wanted wasa 
guarantee of protection to himself and property. We 
wanted laws that would be a benefit to us. .We could get 
very little out of it. Had very little confidence in these 
matters. Was not in favor of monopolies. If he could set 
no other objection to the matter, he would bring up that— 
objection to monopolies. 


McLran: Said Patten didn’t understand what we 
wanted. We were paying taxes to publish and circulate 
proceedings of the State Horticultural Society, which was of 
no more importance than the State Dairymen’s Association. 
We wanted an appropriation to enable us to print our pro- | 
ceedings, and send them south, where they needed instruc- — 
t.on. 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 93 


PATTEN: Could not be hired for fifty dollars to wade 
through one of those lengthy state society reports, and he 
had seen printed reports that had cost the state $28,000, 
that he wouldn’t give ten cents for. 


McLean: Knew that these reports were, as a rule, 
uninteresting, but he was in favor of getting up some that 
were readable. © 


Dr. Terrr: Said it was a well-known fact that they 
had better agriculturists on the other side of the water than 
we had here, and there they had their schools and gave them 
instruction in the matter. Our state had attempted such a 
school at the state institution. The dairymen of this state 
paid large taxes. All their property was taxed. Now, if 
we could get any privileges as dairymen we should get them. 
It was well known that we couldn’t keep up a board, and 
we must have a station of investigation. The legislators did 
their work and got their pay, but didn’t look to our interest. 
‘If we could, in any way, advance or improve by such, the 
standard of our products, we would make much. ‘The but- 
ter product of [Illinois for the year was 42,000,000 pounds. 
If we, by means of help, could make butter that wouid bring 
us one cent per pound more than it does, we would realize 
a nice little amount from it. 


PATTEN : Said if you got any thing like a state board 
established by law you simply gave another chance fora 
certain class of men to get office. He agreed with Dr, 
Tefft fully, but he didn’t want a government such as they 
had over the water to rule over him. He wanted to see 
this matter kept separate from the state. It only opened ail 
chance for the governor to favor a few more of his friends 
by giving them offices. We were making good progress 
and got along well any way, and ought not to complain. 


\ “ 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 
2 


Lawrence: Would like to ask Mr. Patten if he was 
Upposed to printing state auditor’s reports. Because the 
masses did not read them, was it any reason that they 
should not be printed ? 


PATTEN: We got all the information needed on these 
subjects from the papers. He didn’t need these reports, 


LawRENcE: Was acquainted with many men in the 
south who were in the business. Thought there were some 
good dairymen there who were good butter-makers. His 
friend, John M. Pearson, could “make as sood butter as ° 
could be made in this section. He thought no appropria- 
tion would ever be gotten from the state until men were 
sent to the legislature who had some back-bone in this 
matter. Then you must send those who could get their 
votes. Look at the industrial institute at Champaign! The 
officers of that institution, at one time, were practical farm- 
ers; the present ones were politicians and theorists. 


M. H. THompson:, Said he would like to ask Patten 
how they were going to pay the expenses of the associa-~ 
tion and get the proceedings printed with forty-five dollars 
—the amount in the treasury. 


‘PATTEN: . Would say again that he thought we got all 
the report of such proceedings we needed from. the papers. 
If it got to be a state institution it would soon be like the 
Champaign school; it would get into other hands very 
soon. 


THompson: Said the idea was this: The state votes 
to expend so much for the support of other organizations. 
We, as dairymen and farmers, pay a large portion of this 
tax and ought to reap a benefit ourselves. | 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 95 


After some scattering remarks by other members of 
the association the subject of legislation was dropped. 


_ Dr. TEeFrrr suggested that the association fix a place 
and time for the next annual mecting. 


E. H. Sewarp, in behalf of the people of Marengo 


- and the Kishwaukee Farmers’ club, extended an invitation 
» to the association to meet in Marengo. 


On motion this invitation was accepted. 


a 


A suggestion was made that those who had received 
premiums on their butter be asked to donate part of their 
premiums to the society. 


ProF. FRANK HALL, of Sugar Grove, was then intro- 
duced and read the following paper on “ What will Educa- 
tion do for the Farmer ?”’: 


PROP MALLS: RAPER. 


A well-known Illinois educator remarks in substance 
as follows: | 

“The average Western farmer foils hard early and 
late, often depriving him of needed rest and sleep,—for 
what? to raise corn. For what? to feed hogs. For what? 
to get money with which to buy more land. For what? 
to raise more corn. For what? to feed more hogs. For 
what? to buy more land. And what does he want of 
more land? Why, he wishes to raise more corn,—to feed 
more hogs,—to buy more land,—to raise more corn,—to 
feed more hogs,—and in this circle he moves until God 
Almighty stops his hoggish work ! 

Whether or not this is a fair criticism of the Western 
farmer, it is an undeniable fact, that too many of us are 
slow to perceive utility in any thing except that which will 
at once add to our material wealth. 

You can measure the genius and guess the occupation 


96 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 


of the man, who, after viewing for a moment the great 


Niagara casting its two millions of tons of water per min-_ 


ute into the chasm below, while beholding this most 
wonderful, this most stupendots work of ‘nature, could 
exclaim “ What a fine chance to wash sheep, boys ! 


People are numerous who can see no value in a mag- 
nificent cataract, with all its sublimity and grandeur, unless 
it can be made to assist in the accumulation of material 
wealth—unless it can be made to turn the grindstone, 
water the garden, grind grain, saw wood, pump, or churn ! 


To such persons a picture of Niagara or of Yosemite, even * 


though executed by a. Bierstadt, would be utterly useless. 
Their farms, their homes, their houses, their cattle, and I 
had almost said their wives and their children, are valued 
only in so far as they will aid them in making money. 

I value the dollar. It is mighty, but not jalmieiniy, 
Under certain circumstances it is the desirable thing for a 
man to possess. But when a man has more dollars than 
he needs to satisfy his physical and intellectual wants— 
more money than he needs to buy food, clothes, a home 
and such mental privileges as he is able to appreciate, it 
_ were far wiser for him to spend his time in increasing his 
capacity for intellectuai enjoyments, rather than in the 
accumulation of property which he can never use. 

There is a man in Kane county who has a mania for 
collecting whips. Every scrap of leather is by him trans- 
formed into a whip-lash; every suitable piece of wood into 
a whip-stock. When I ‘last saw him mh had one thousand 
whip-stocks and fourteen bushels of lashes! and he was 
very anxious to complete another whip that day. Such a 
man is scarcely more foolish than he who has a mania to 
accumulate money beyond the amount which he has the 
ability to use for his own enjoyment and for the -comfort 
and welfare of his friends and of humanity. 

Intellectual development—knowledge—increases our 
desires, and our capacity, for cnloyoae The fools 
easily satisfied. Beyond the food and cl lothes which are an 
absolute necessity, his wants can be as easily supplied with 
a few dollars as with millions. The more one knows the 
more will it take to gratify his reasonable desires. 

What will education do for the farmer? It will 
increase his capacity for enjoyment. I speak now more 
especially to our wealthy farmers—men, who are worth 


LS 


~~ 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S: ASSOCIATION. OF | 


from ten to fifty thousand dollars. Among my acquaint- 
ances are such individuals; men whose annual income 
would be ample to provide for every want, even if they 
should refuse henceforth to perform physical labor. They 
- have enough, as the saying is, “to carry them through;” 
and then there would be sufficient lett for the heirs, to ruin 
a family of six children after giving the lawyers half! In 
their homes you will find no libraries, no pictures, no 
‘musical instruments, few carpets. They seldom attend 
lectures, or concerts, or even dairymen’s conventions. 
They can’t afford it. They are saving their money—for 
what? to buy more hogs! They have never heard of 
Winter or. Longfellow, or Herbert Se oe tel tscley7. 
1 hey, don’t ‘know whether Shakespeare is living or dead. 
They are interested in European wars, because these raise 
the price of hogs. Almost their only enjoyments are eat- 
ine drinking, sleeping, and accumulating. 

What will education do for such? . 

I repeat, it will increase their capacity for enjoyments, 
and will check them in their avaricious, inordinate accumu- 
lations. 

This latter is desirable. The accumulation of exces- 
sively large fortunes is oftener a curse to the heirs, and toa 
community than a blessing. To borrow a figure : ite 
snow, when evenly distributed over the land, becomes a 
source of pleasure and .profit; but when piled in drifts 
mountain high, it impedes travel and becomes a source of 
great annoyance. So with wealth; when evenly distrib- 
uted, its benefits can scarcely be over-estimated ; but when 
it “ drifts” it becomes a hindrance rather than a help j in the 
onward march of civilization. “The Creator evidently so 
understands it; for he seldom fails to give to avaricious, 
erasping parents, spendthrift children who quickly scatter 
(with the help of the lawyers) what has been” so injudi- 
ciously piled up. Indeed, I sometimes think this is why 
God permits lawyers to exist. (If you have a fortune 
which you want leveled off, for the good of humanity, em- 
ploy a lawyer.) 

What will education do forthe farmer? It will enable 
him to spend more money for his own real enjoyment and 
for the promotion of the genuine happiness of his family 
and friends. It will convert hovels with bare walls and 
bare floors into beautiful homes with pictures and carpets 


98 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 


and books and periodicals and musical instruments. It will 
give us more of those comforts and intellectual enjoyments 
by which civilized man may be distinguished from the 
barbarian, By it will our lives become more musical, more 
poetical—less sensual, less groveling. Creamery butter 
and Cheddar cheese are good for the stomach, but the mind 
cannot feed upon them. 


What will education do for the farmer? ’Twill force 
him to pay ten dollars for railroad fare where he pays but 
one now;—to attend lectures, the theatre, expositions, 
agricultural fairs, farmers’ institutes, and dairymen’s associ- 
ations. ’Twill induce him to buy a library of 200, 400, 
500, Or even 1,000 volumes, and a three-hundred-dollat 
case in which to put it. ’Twill coax him to take a longer 
rest at noon that he may have time to listen to the “ Tales 
of a Wayside Inn,” or a chapter from ‘“ David Copperfield.” 
"Twill force him to leave off work earlier at night that he 
may have time td read the president's message or the 
“Tribune’s’’ comments thereon. °*Twill teach him oftener 
to leave the pig-pen and seek the parlor; not because he 
loves Berkshire music less,—but because he loves piano 
music more. ‘Twill double his annual expenditure for 
clothing ; for the old frock and old over-alls will be consid- 
ered unsuitable in which to appear in the lecture room or 


even upon:the cars. More ribbons must be bought and. 


the dresses must be made\in style, that) Wir and the 


daughters may not be ashamed to appear ‘in the society of — 


cultured people. More than this,—napkins must be pur- 
chased and napkin-rings and China and silver ware, that the 
table may be appropriately furnished and adorned; for the 
educated farmer will often desire to entertain ministers, 
editors, and intelligent men of all classes, who are accus- 
tomed to such things. More boot- blacking will be needed, 
more yellow lace, more kid gloves, more red mittens, more 
embroidered bal-briggans, more puffs and curls and Sara- 


toga waves, more stove polish, more pomatum, more 
German cologne, more paper, more postage stamps, more’ 


tooth-brushes, more scrub-brushes, more brooms, more 
soap and water. 

I tell you, my farmer friends, this education is an ex- 
pensive thing. Beware! beware! For every dollar you 
expend in educating your sons and your daughters beyond 
what is absolutely. necessary in the performance of their 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 99 


every-day duties, you may some day be forced to pay ten 
dollars to satisfy the wants that the dollar’s worth of edu- 
cation will have created ! 

But there is another side to this argument; not only 
does education increase our wants, but if a due proportion 
of it be of the practical kind, it,in nearly or quite the same 
ratio, increases our ability to earn. 

It makes us of more value to the world, for which the 
world will cheerfully pay us.. _We may thus earn more, 
spend more, enjoy more. We may elevate ourselves, by 
semmiueh, above the level of-the brute. A symmetrical 
education simply increases a man’s capacity for doing and 
enjoying. Itdoubles him, quadruples him; enables him to 
give more to the world and receive more from the world ; 

makes him occupy a larger place in the universe. 


If the education is truly symmetrical—if there is 
physical development, brain development, and heart devel- 
opment, it lifts him away from the brute and up towards 
God. 

But in all this I speak of that education which is best 
adapted to a man’s wants, ever.keeping in mind the occu- 
pation or profession by which he proposes to serve humanity 
and gain a livelihood. 

Tt must be borne in mind while discussing this subject — 
that the educational field is immense. A life-time may be 
devoted to a survey of the merest corner of it. Zoology, 
botany, chemistry, astronomy, mathematics, language,— 
either of these subjects, the average mind cannot master in 
three score years and ten. Therefore, let it be granted that 
an education is desirable for all, and still the question 
remains: In what corner of the broad field shall the farmer, 
the merchant, the lawyer, labor ? Shall they, hand in hand, 
laboriously travel over that part of the field where Greek 
_ roots once grew, and then, turning to the barnyard, together 
snuff the gases arising from the manure heap in the effort to 
detect the presence of escaping ammonia? Or shall the 
_ lawyer devote his early years to the study of those branches 
best adapted to the development of linguistic powers, while 
the farmer devotes his time, for the most part, to the ac- 
quirement of such knowledge as will be of practical utility 
to him in /zs life-work ? How much time shall the farmer 
devote to language? How much time shal] the lawyer 
devote to agricultural science? How much time can the 


« 
e 


100 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 


farmer devote to the study of poetry and music, and how 
much time can the poet-musician afford to devote to the 
science and practice of agriculture? These are questions 
that force themselves upon us. 

To return to the question assigned to me to answer : 
‘“What will education do for the farmer?” 


If you mean by education such mental culture as is 
obtained in the average high school, I can answer, unhesi- 
tatingly, it will make him-a lawyer or a ‘doesenionla 
minister or an editor. Or, if by chance circumstances force 
him to become a farmer, he does it under protest. 

Teach a man German to prepare him to travel in 
France, and when he arrives at Paris he will) realize ian 
there is a mistake somewhere. Showa young farmer all the 
advantages and attractions of a mercantile or professional 
life, and none of those which are peculiar to agricultural 
and horticultural pursuits, and the chances are that he will 
soon abandon the country and seek the city, The farmer 
may love music; but if while he is still a farmer, he devotes 
an undue amount of time to the science of (musien ane 
utterly neglects the science of agriculture, the probabilities 
are that his farm will soon cease to be sufficiently remuner- 
ative to enable him to gratify his love of song. 

A young man enters the high school. Immediately, 
he commences a:course of training exactly calculated to fit 


him for professional or mercantile ‘life. 


Those branches of study which lawyers ane doctors 
and editors and ministers have ever found advantageous to 
them in their spheres of labor, are made most prominent in 
the school. But not one branch of study is found which is 
especially adapted to the wants of the agriculturist ! 

Does the pupil study chemistry? He is taught that 
part of the science which the druggist or physician 
especially needs. Or he is lead to view in a most super- 
ficial manner, the science as a whole, from the standpoint of 
some great investigator. Of its application to agriculture 
he learns little or nothing. He learns the names of the ele- 
mentary substances and théir atomic weights, but of the 
compounds of which ordinary soils are composed he knows 
nothing. He can represent upon the black-board many of 
the most complicated chemical reactions, but of the effect of 
mixing wood-ashes and animal manures he is ignorant. 

The chemistry of food (especially of the food of the 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. - Yo! 


herbivorous animals) is the subject of brief mention, or, per- 
haps is entirely neglected. 


Does the pupil study botany? He will learn. to define 
a few score of technical terms; he will become somewhat 
familiar with the binomial system of nomenclature ; he will 
perhaps, analyze a few flowers and learn to speak their 
botanical names. A\ll this is useful information, and very 
proper in its place; but why omit that part of botany which 
would be of most value to the agriculturist? The student 
is brought face to face with pretty wild flowers. He learns 
to recognize fifty or sixty of them, and—he has “completed 
botany,’ and triumphantly passes his “ first examination ”’ 
in the study. (Indeed, this is much more than. is done in 
many schools.) 


He has finished the study, but he cannot tell “a red 
oak frorn a white oak,” ‘‘a hard maple from a soft maple,” 
“a hickory from a bitternut,” ‘‘a black walnut from a butter- 
nut;’ “a bass-wood from an ash,’ unless he learned it at 
home on the farm. The pupil has completed the study, but 
his attention has never been directed to the different species 
of weeds in the garden, or to the different kinds of grasses 
iMetdre Mecca ierforace. Hie cannot tell a red clover leaf 
from a white clover leaf if they are alike in respect to size, 
nor does he know whether red clover is a biennial or a per- 
ennial. 

As with chemistry or botany, so with other studies. 


‘Professional men” have, for the most part, arranged 
our text-books and our courses of study, and it is by no 
means surprising that we find therein just those branches 
and methods which are best calculated to fit the student for 
professional life. 


What will modern high school adincaiice do for the 
farmer? I repeat, it will make a ‘professional man” of 
him; and the figures are not wanting to prove this asser- 
tion. 

Of the twelve and one-half millions of people. in the 
United States engaged in gainful and reputable occupations, 
not far from 3 per cent. are engaged in professional ser- 
vices, 

Perhaps it is safe to say that the lawyers, the phy- 
sicians, the teachers, the clergymen, the journalists, the 
artists, and the land surveyors, constitute something less 


102 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 
than 3 per cent. of those whose vocations are remunerative 
and reputable, 

- Nearly 50 per cent. are engaged in agriculture, while 
the combined industries give employment to upwards of 80 
per cent. of all those who, by their own labor, either mental 
or physical, add to the wealth and prosperity of this great 
republic. 

Now, if jit be true). as/is claimed by, many, that the 
course of study in our high schools is equally well adapted 
to the needs of-all classes, it would be expected that not 
over 3 per cent. of the graduates would attempt to gaina 
livelihood by professional services. Either this must be true 
or else there is a demand for a greater proportion of pro- 
fessional mén, which no one believes. 

What are thefacts ? 

More than 60 per cent. of the male graduates become 
professional men. The vocations, present and prospective, 
of the male graduates of several high schools which are 
believed to represent fairly the high schools of Illinois, are 
as follows: Ministers, 14 per cent.; teachers, 24 per cent; 
. lawyers, 14 per cent.; mechanics, 10 per cents physicians, 
Il Ger Cent. merchants and mercantile clerks, 4 per cent. 
undecided, 10 per cent; farmers, 3 per cent. 


One high school in Northern Illinois, than which few 
rank higher, numbers among its graduates during the past 
twelve years, 128 persons, of whom thirty-two are males; of 
these, three are mechanics, and one.1s a farmer) Anmdpyet 
they tell us that the course of study in our high schools is 
equally well adapted to the needs of ‘the farmer) tie 
mechanic, or the lawyer. 

Another school, which, in point of popularity, has no 
Superior, boasts of 29 male sraduates ; of this number three 
are farmers, and one is a mechanic. 

Of the male graduates of either ef these schools, not 
14 per cent. become handicraftsmen ! 

Send a young man into one of these schools in oiler to 
make an intelligent farmer of him, and before the course is 
half completed ‘he will tell you he wishes to study law. 

The tendency of our high school system is away from 
the farm, away from the workshop, and towards the pulpit 
‘and the bar. 

Our present system of public education is a long and 
costly stairway, near the bottem of which may be found the 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 103 


plow, the anvil, the saw and the loom; a little higher the 
yard-stick and the ledger ; at the top, the editor’s chair, the 
bar, the pulpit,and the rostrum. This stairway is broad and 
cheap at the base, but its upper portion is narrow and ex- 
pensive. It should be made throughout as broad as at the 
bottom, and should reach to the farthest height to which the © 
would-be farmer, mechanic, and lawyer can, hand in hand, 
advantageously climb. Let us, as farmers, demand that if 
Greek and Latin and German and French and algebra and 
geometry and trigonometry are tobe taught in the public 
schools, and at the public expense, that the ‘“ Elements of 
Agriculture” shall also be taught; this latter term to in- 
clude the chemistry of soils and manures, farm botany, farm 
entomology, the science of breeding, the philosophy and 
chemistry of cream raising and of butter and cheese making, 
the chemistry of food, the history and peculiarities of the 
various breeds of cattle, hogs, horses, and sheep. More 
than this: let us demand that for every three dollars 
expended in the teaching of those studies, the tendency of 
which is towards the professions, fifty dollars shall be ex- 
pended in teaching those subjects, the tendency of which is 
towards the farm. | 

This is but fair when we remember that but 3 per cent. 
of the twelve and one-half millions of earnest workers are 
professional men, while 50 per cent. are farmers. 

However much we may delight in poetry and music, 
in painting, sculpture, history and philosophy, in culture, 
‘this fact remains : people will not, as a rule, devote years to 
hard intellectual toil, except they believe that in some way, 
and at some time, the knowledge thus acquired will become 
the “dasis for action.” 

And, too, to some considerable extent, at least, it must 
be made the basis of such action as will have a money value. 
Be it otherwise, and the man will have increased his desires 
without a corresponding increase in the means of gratifying 
them. 

Let the education of a young man be chiefly of that 
practical kind which he can use in his chosen life-work, and 
you give him the ability to earn more dollars with which he 
can gratify his love for that higher education, which, 
although it may have little or no money value, is zzvaluable. 
Reverse this process: let him become enamored with poetry 
and philosophy and music, to the neglect of the practical 


104 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 


education which he might use in his chosen occupation, and 
you have increased his expenditures and diminished his 
receipts. You have made him of all beings the most mis- 
erable. Hungry and thirsty, you tantalize him by showing 
him luscious fruit and sparkling wine just beyond his reach. 
Ignorance to him would, indeed, be bliss. 

What will education do for the farmer? If it be that 
kind of education, that its results, in part, at least, may 
appear in his well-filled corn-cribs, in his heaped up potato 
bins, in better shelter for his cattle, in a more judicious 
selection of animals for breeding purposes, in the more 
perfect adaptation of food to the necessities of the animal, in 
better butter and more of it,—such an education he may be 
induced to acquire; and, having thus built a substantial 
educational edifice—an edifice of which the foundation stone 
and the frame are the “common English branches;”’ the 
siding, the roof-boards and the shingles—those branches 
that are especially adapted to the necessities of a farmer, he 
will then desire to put on a cornice of poetry, with musical 
modillions; an astronomical cupola, with philosophic mina- 
rets; historic balconies and fanciful arcades. Let him do it. 
Induce him to do it. He is.as much entitled to an educa- 
tional palace as the lawyer. These palaces may be equally 
attractive, equally spacious, but not alike. The foundation 
stones and frames may be similar, but Ladiz roof-boards and 
Greek shingles will hardly keep out the rain over the head of 
the farmer. 

To the lawyer and minister great skill in the use of 
language is a necessity ; to the farmer it is, at most, only a 
convenience. ‘To the farmer, a knowledge of the chemistry 
of soils and foods and manures is a necessity; to the lawyer 
it is secondary in importance. Poetry and history are suit- 
able ornaments for the farmer’s educational palace—tor the 
minister's they are substantial covering. In conclusion, 
permit me to say to any who may be connected with our 
educational system, either as teachers or school directors, 
if you really desire to see the industrial classes of this 
country brought to a higher intellectual plane, fivs¢, give to 
them these branches of study, a knowledge of which will 
have, to them, a money value; knowledge that they can 
make the “basis for attion;” knowledge that will enable 
them to succeed financially in their chosen vocation, that 
they may not be burdens upon society, but that they may 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION, 105 


possess the dollars necessary to provide for the physical and 
intellectual wants of themselves, and of those that may be 
dependent upon them. 

Last in order, but by no means least in importance, let 
us give them that knowledge which will enable them to en- 
gage, during the leisure moments of life, in such intellectual 
and artistic pursuits as will be gratifying to them, a benefit 
to humanity, and will entitle them to a high position in the 
social scale. 


On motion, it was decided to hold the next annual 
meeting one week later in the month. 


The committee appointed to examine the dairy imple- 
ments then handed in the following report, which was read 
by the secretary. 


THE COMMITTEE’S REPORT. 


Clark’s Improved Revolution Pan, we consider a very 
sood pan for deep setting, and worthy of recommendation. 
It is manufactured by Conger Brothers, Manchester, Iowa. 

Hawkeye Submerged Milk Pan, exhibited by J. G. 
Cherry, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, we would recommend as 
worthy of trial and use; the best we have seen for the sub- 
merged process of raising cream, and would particularly 
recommend it for those raising cream for factories. 

Cherry’s Transportation Can is an improvement on the 
large carrying can, and worthy of adoption. 

J. F. Lester's Square Churn is so wide and favorably 
known that it needs no recommendation from us. 
J. M. Frink, 
L. BARTLETT, \ Committee. 
J. H. Foote, 


On motion of J. R. McLean, a vote of thanks was ten- 
. dered to the people of Marengo for their hospitality to the 
visiting dairymen. 


On motion, the association then adjourned to Wednes- 
dayy, Wee. 15; 1880. 


106 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 
| SECRETARY’S REPORT. 


The following is the report of M. H. Thompson, retir- 
ing secretary, for the year ending December 10, 1879: 


To balancejon hand from Yast yieatee icc .ccco-coeesesrentdsceenscceeunsliserass esate eeeeeeres Ue eeacioaeeon $§ 3°04 
S© “Cash for TEPOUb oes iekeads seeds acieled oe dae tee debeas aucun dosdecedec acca aac gut cae eR RACER CMe Reeme aeaianEae 25 
unemastorcash: of Ra My Patrickt Mreasuner.:.cs.c, ssosecstoaee eee ee eee eeeeeee eee 75 50 
$78 79 
CONTRA. 

June 11, by cash paid for printing reports) 22:2...) -sececareneaenusets-o-ere-weseceuasberses se eeetenene $60 00 
is «© sundry items, PF ee sain ea CLC secsleceecsceecrouenncenes cane neee tana HAO 
Cash on hand to balance... es ove ben de olecclansls culsiaie'l guia ne Neate Ree C aga a aBnetETy IGG) 
$78 79 


' Marengo, Ill., Dec. 11, 1879. 


REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON LEGISLATION. 


The following report of the committee on legislation 
was handed to the secretary since the meeting of the asso- 
ciation : 

Dy. Joseph Tefft, President of the Mhnows State Dairy- 


men’s Assoctation—Sir: The committee of your association, 
charged with the duty of presenting to the legislature the 
interests of the dairy industry, for the purpose of obtaining 
such aid from the state as its necessities demand, would 
respectfully report that in the month of March last they 
went to Springfield and presented to a committee of both 
branches of the legislature the following statement : 

First, The importance of the dairy industry. 

The following statement will show the magnitude and 
value of this branch of industry in the state of Illinois : 

From the census returns of 1870 (the last actual data) 
it appears that the number of milch cows then in the state 
was 640,321. Estimating the increase at 25 per cent. dur- 
ing the last eight years (and this increase in number is not 
equal to the increase in the dairy product during that time), 
and we now have 840,421 cows in this state. We adopt 
800,000 as the basis of our estimate. 

Without taking into account the men and horses 
required for distributing milk to families in our cities, and 
the men engaged in the manufacture of butter and cheese, 
we find that it requires the labor and care of at least one 
man for every twenty cows, a span of horses for every 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 107 


thirty cows, and about four acres of land for the support of 
one cow; so that 800,000 cows require the care and labor 
of 40,000 men, the work of 60,000 horses, and the product 
of 3,200,000 acres of land. 

VALUE OF COWS, HORSES AND LANDS. 


SEO IOOME OW SHRUG O CAGE LE eis ninestes dnalvdvecacussenelieis oe clacastcevaceecasesesersecosescscesss $24,000,000 
60,000 horses, at $80 each..........  ODODBDBODDOO DOD S000 Coose bBo eno ncoSsd rob asO KARO A HuCE SO EOE EH 4,800,000 
PRC OOOGOAGKES) Ol ATIC UAL PZOscacudocecsacedcscaactensececcisessosevssivosseeesisascese svecsdescessercss 96,000,000 
NG tale vA We taeive rede ceMosistsesiiserctnreecusiecsescisacctecedsabsutsssaceweacceaddouacesteresrescoe'ss $124,800,000 
FEEDING 
Te 


It is understood by the dairymen of Illinois that the 
quantity and quality of the feed (other things being equal) 
is the measure of the quantity and quality of the milk of 
the cow, and so they have adopted a liberal system of feed- 
ing. Eight quarts of oat and corn meal mixed, fed daily 
for 240 days in the year, and, in addition, one-quarter ton 
of bran and two tons of hay to each cow (or feed equiv- 
alent to it), would not be above the average feed for cows 
in the dairy district. 

FEED REQUIRED. 

If so fed, the 800,000 cows would require 24,000,000 
bushels each of corn and oats, 200,000 tons of bran, and 
1,600,000 tons of hay. And the horses, fed eight quarts 
of oats and corn daily (or its equivalent), with two tons of 
hay each per annum, would require, for the 60,000 horses, 
2,700,000 bushels each of corn and oats, and 120,000 tons 
of hay. Thus making a total of 26,700,000 bushels each 
of corn and oats, 200,000 tons of bran, and 1,720,000 tons 
of hay, or feed equivalent to it, for the annual anes of the 


COWS and horses. 
VALUE OF THE FEED. 


2OW7GOROGO USM SHON COMM) al BO) COMES variensaeeiecclessiseciducteslentions aeciitaneiseriteeisatiere oneestisee) AHOKOLO OOO 

Zor So OOOMMUSMESTOMOAtS) AL 2O/ COMES cin). 0sess seco stevetersiioastameseesmersebeetaccwosiecceesevssecnl 543405000 

200,000 tons of bran, at CeO ocr nnc ted oc SRB OSS HER cRA A HncaBCURCH Rac oourcumebacd AAGANaB SE OES CH-Sat Hy linadnsXCloL(elale: 

I,720,000 tons of hay, at $5... delewanalvemencuictiseateee | Os OOO; OOO, 

Grinding 48,000,000 bushels of oats and corn for: cows, ‘at me cents... aeidsaiaetacatdeaseneuN el .O2OLOCO 

Value of feed used annually ................ Sede Ra vetoes weir Aaj eamtnn P2GROTOLOOO: 
VALUE OF LABOR. 

40,000 men, at $200 per annum ....... Paetlaysaniesyecleseanesn A GsOOOsOOO 
COST ‘OF DAIRYING. 

Value of feed used ue Mediasate dole wedonatalacsten ited eaatlane abeee ae deste ranean area mena 25s O7O%OOO 

Value of labor of men . AH eeelebai ose BOSUEE pdb Ron panic Hts OLS OIOTO) 

Depreciation and loss on stock, 5 per cent. “on n $28, 300,¢ KOTO Roe He ade seo OROHAGHABS eB NO6 1. lz c’rs10).{0) sto) 

Total value of feed and labor and loss on StOCkK..........s00seeeeeeeseeces see cae enn aeeh35,IIO,000 

AM) AVeTALE. WETKCOW 4s) Ole .rssnesssensselsns 0 bio ERO ODN HOY ekeeH OREO CA RCBE $43.88 


To this amount ee ‘He added a sum equal to the 


108 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 


value of the work of 60,000 horses, the annual outlay for 
necessary repairs, and the amount of insurance and taxes 
on the property used in dairying, as also the value of the 
summer pasturage for the stock. Having no exact data for 
these items, they do not enter into our estimate of the cost 
of dairying. 

Second, Attention was called to the food value of the 
annual milk product of the United States. 

Assuming that there are now in the United States 
13,000,000 milch cows, and estimating their average annual 
yield of milk at 446 gallons each, this being the average 
yield of milk in thirteen states in 1860 (Willard’s “ Dairy 
Husbandry,” p. 20), and we find the annual milk product 
in the United states amounts to 5,798,000,000 gallons, 
weighing 50,732,500,000 pounds. 

Willard in his ‘Practical Dairy Husbandry,” p. 13, 
states that ‘“‘three and one-half pounds of milk” has a 
nutritive value “equal to one pound of boneless beef.” 
That being true, makes the food or nutritive value of the 
annual milk product of the United States equal to 14,495,- 
000,000 pounds of beef, free of bone. 

We also find that every 100 pounds of a fat ox gives 
57.7 per cent. of butchers’ meat.—ALucyclopedia Britannica, 
Sth ad., vol. 9, p. 702. 

About 12% per cent. of such meat is bone.—Same 
work, p. 705. 

We find therefore that 50 per cent. of the gross weight 
of a fat steer is boneless meat. It will therefore require 
20,650,000 fat steers, weighing 1,400 pounds gross, to pro- 
duce 14,455,000,000 pounds of boneless beef, and that this 
only equals the food or nutritive value of the annual 
milk product of this country. The present market value of 
such fat steers would not be less than $4.50 per 100 pounds 
live weight. The market value of that number of fat 
steers would amount to $1,300,950,000. To ascertain the 
value of the meat, we deduct one-fifth for hides and tallow, 
$260,190,000; which leaves $1,040,760,000 as the market 
value of the beef that would be required to furnish an 
amount of nutrition that is only equal to that of the annual 
milk product of this country. 

Third, Your committee further called attention to 
the loss of milk sugar—one of the most valuable consti- 
tuents of milk—in the process of making butter and 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 109 


cheese. In order to do this we must ascertain the per- 
centage of milk sugar contained in milk. 

Milk contains 4.20 per cent. of milk sugar—Wew Amer- 
wcan Cyclopedia, vol. 11, p. 543, sample 8. 

Milk contains 4.50 per cent. of milk sugar.—W/llara’s 
Practical Dairy Flusbandry, p. 500. 

Skimmed milk contains 4.66 per cent. of milk sugar. 
—Same work and page. 

Buttermilk contains 4.66 per cent. of milk sugar— 
Same work and page. 

Whey contains 4.61 per cent. of milk sugar.—Same 
work, p. 319 (average of 15 samples), 

_ Butter contains 0.70 per cent. of milk sugar.—Same 

work, p. 500. 

Cheese contains lactic acid, or but little milk sugar. 

The wholesale market price for milk sugar in the 
spring of 1879 was forty to fifty cents per pound, as appears 
from the price-list of McKesson & Robbins, wholesale 
druggists in New York city. 


1,265,875,000 pounds of milk sugar, at 4o Cents, AMOUNES tO ......00.cc sce eee vee eee eee veefh500, 350,000 
do do at 2olCents, AMOUNTS CO) Li veccseccc cesses ceeessecees) 25391755000 
do do at Io cents, AMMOMIMtSHLO) ateceecheraseecteseeee ses e205 07500 


Here we have the startling fact that the annual loss on 
milk sugar in this country, if valued at one-fourth the low- 
est New York market quotations, amounts to more than 
double the value of the entire sugar crop of the Island of 
Cuba. 

Fourth, Your committee further stated that while our 
creamery butter, when first made, is of superior quality and 
flavor, and, therefore, commanded the highest market price, 
we have already learned from experience that it is very soon 
off flavor, and unless marketed and used within a limited 
time it deteriorates in value. For this reason it must 
necessarily be confined to home markets, as it is not safe to 
ship it abroad with the expectation that it will retain its 
flavor so as to compare favorably with the best shipping 
grades of butter that may be found in the London markets. 

Wiwlard s D.-F., pp. 3740, 341, 342. 

From all these analyses it appears that all, or nearly all, 
of the milk sugar is “ run off” in the buttermilk and whey, 
and lost. 

In manufacturing butter and cheese §9 per cent. of the 
milk product is used, and 41 per cent. is consumed in fam- 
ilies—as stated in “ Willard’s Dairy Husbandry,” page 20. 


LTO), ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 


Chemical tests show 4 pounds of butter in 100 pounds 
of good milk; but as there is some loss in churning, we 
estimate that it will require an average of at least 27 pounds 
of milk to preduce one pound of butter. 


From the department of agriculture report for 1877, p. 
343, it appears that we make 1,000,000,000 pounds of butter 
annually, requiring for its product 27,000,000,000 pounds of 
milk. 
{t requires an average of 934 pounds of milk to produce 
one pound of cheese. Willara’s D. H1., pp. 524, 525, 520, 
527. 
The department of agriculture, in their report for 1877, 
p- 343, place the annual product of cheese at 300,000,000 
pounds, requiring for its production 2,950,000,000 pounds of 
milk. The milk used in manufacturing butter and cheese 
contains 1,272,875,000 pounds of milk sugar. From this 
deduct for amount in the butter, 7,000,000, which leaves 
1,265,875 ,000, run off annually in the buttermilk and whey. 


Fifth, Your committee further stated that, while it is 
true that the dairy farmers feed their milch cows corn meal, 
oat meal and bran in liberal quantities; and while it is 
admitted that this is the best food for producing a superior 
quality of milk, the truth is that the cheese we produce 
does not rank as good in quality or bring as high prices as 
cheese produced in other countries, even while the analysis 
shows them to be as rich in butter, and that, therefore, there 
is no legitimate reason for that difference in quality. 


In view of these facts, your committee feel justified in 

asking the legislature to appropriate a sum sufficient to 
enable the Illinois State Dairymen’s Association to establish 
an experimental station for the purpose of ascertaining, by 
actual tests, 

Ist, Howto improve the keeping quality of our cream- 
ery butter, so that it may be transported, with its flavor 
unimpaired, to the best markets of the world. 

2d, Howwecan improve the quality of our cheese, so 
that it will sell at as high prices in the English markets as 
cheese produced in other countries. 

3d, To ascertain the best method of saving the sugar 
of milk which is now run off into the buttermilk and whey. 


In conducting such a station it seemed desirable to 
ascertain, as far as practicable, the best and most reliable 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. Ii! 


breeds of milch cows—or those best adapted to the Ameri- 
can system of dairying. 

While the legislature of this state makes liberal appro- 
priations to the agricultural and horticultural societies, and 
regularly appropriates about $12,000 per annum for county 
fairs, we regret to state that though they could not contro- 
vert the arguments, and were surprised to learn the facts, 
and could not but recognize the needs of the dairy industry, 
they did not feel justified in making the appropriation. 
The whole thing was so new to them as almost to take them 
by surprise. 

The experiences of the dairy farmer during the year 
now drawing to a close have been such as to show the ab- 
solute necessity of making more strenuousefforts in this 
direction, if they are to continue in this business. 

At the request of the committee, C. H. Larkin and J. 
R. McLean accompanied them to Springfield, and, there- 
fore, join in this report. 

. G Ey orp, 

M. H. THomeson, | 
JosEpH TEFFT,  / Committee. 
C. H. Larkin, | 
Joun R. McLzan, J 


i Nn tft NON a ns a tr a es, 


JUDGES’ REPORT. 


The following tables show the number of points cred- 
ited to each exhibitor of butter, for the different premiums, 
offered at the sixth annual meeting of the Illinois State 
Dairymen’s Association, held at Marengo in December, 
1879. Instead of the exhibitor’s name, his number is 
given. This will enable each one to see in just what par- 
ticular his butter failed, or was perfect: 


BOARD OF TRADE SWEEPSTAKES PREMIUM. 


[Owing to some oversight the report on the other 
numbers entered for this premium was not handed to the 


secretary. | 


Ti2 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 


Entry No.|| Flavor.| Make. |Texture.|Keeping| Color. Salt. |* Total. 


133 8 824 9% 71% 4 5 422/ 
Be iu wal 824 gi 917 837 4 4% 4334 
ee 932 922 99% 917 5 48%, 

Dee ee 827 932 947 9 4% 46, 

Bete ste 9 917, 824 4% 44 4 

Mee gl 9 8i7 8 ay, 48 

TG ae. 824 9% gy 914 4% 4624 

Dinu 9 827 gi ay, 424 44 

118 84 824 814 77 424 AV, 

145 9 92% 927 934 4%, 47%, 
Tp aiead ahve hele 9 924 92% 10 4 4 46% 


HIGGIN SALT COMPANY’S PREMIUM. 


Entry No: || Flavor.| Make. |Texture.|/Keeping.| Color. Salt. | Total. 


OO aa es 84 824 1% 424 4% 41% 
DER eee 8 814, 7% 82% 427, 4 41lz, 
TD ene 9 9 824 8% 5 3% 4324 
DE a eG 824 84 8 84 5 4%, 427% 
ARTE UNG V4 ) VA Biz 424 4iZ 44 
20 Syn Sane 824 9%, 92% 8%, 4\z 42%, 45 
BO Las 1% A 8 8% 4%, 2% 40 
5 Dagan 1% 81%, 8 7% 42% 42% 41 
£32 ACES 91% 7% 1% 82% 4\Z 424 44 
Vo ae 82% 8 82% 824 42%, 427, 431% 
ZO ea 8% 84 82% 8%, 42%, 41, 4227 
1 RO ES 9 92% WA WA 42%, 5 47 
CA 7% 8% 8 8 4 4\Z 4014 
10 ee 82% 924 M4 84 424 42%, 451% 
63n Ree 82% 9%, 9 | 8% 42%, 44 45 
20 ae 92% 8 8 8 4 4 41 
OU es 72%, 8 724, | 1% 4 4iZ B94 
Cr RES 9 9 $24 8 3% 324 42. 
HONS nei 9 8% 81%, 8% 4V7, 5 492%, 
Oe are 824 824 734 7% 4V7, 5 49 
Baal A 824 9 8 Vz, 5 4914, 
Gr tear ee 87, 9 9 A 4Vy, 5 44 
LA a Be 8 7%, 824 84 4%, 5 424 
Om WY gt gt, 9 432 5 4624 
i eee oe 8 82% 8 8 5 4 417% 
LOS ee 824 8 8 raya 4 424 402% 
TOD as 104 gl4 gu is, 4 42% 402% 
LOD eee 91, WA 824 A 5 4%, 431%, 
BAe ee 8 7% 734 724 4 44, 39% 
OO ee ise 84 1%, 7% 1% 417, 4% 4014, 
LE eee 9 WA 92% 82%, 5 5 4624 
Te eee nT, 914 92% 91%, 82% 5 5 47 
RE Ua 92% 92% yA 91%, 5 42% 4724 
BTacacs avn aie 7%, 84, 7, 8 4%, 4 41 
SON ONIN 114, 83% 8 7% 5 42% 4114 
1S ea 6 7 14 1%, 44 4% 364% 
79... 824 8% 82% ay 427, 2% 422%, 
130 eG A 8% 8i% 7% 5 4%, 42 
TO Es 82% 92% gl, 9 424 5 1614 
se RR Ms 9% 924 9 9 4M, 42%, 461%, 
Sitntancne) 3 8% 8 8 4%, 4, 41 
1S7e es 8 824 84 8 4 5 42 
[ooo es 1% 94 9 8 424 42% 45 


*Scale of points—flavor, 10; make, 10; texture, 10; keeping, 10; color, 5; salt, 5—5se. 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 113 


ASHTON SALT COMPANY’S PREMIUM. 


Flavor.| Make. |Texture.|Keeping.| Color. Salt. Total. 


6% 64 7% 62% 4 324 35 
62% 6 62% 4 2% 417, 3014 
62% gl4 8 1% 427, Vy 3927 
7 6%, 6% Bis 4 33 
i) wes 80 rie: 
e3 8 y AY, 
6 5 5 ; i re 29% 
6Y 5M, 5 324 4 8; 
9? gl 9 7 iu 427, 5 431 
1%, 8 7% 77 41%, 424 392% 
8% 72%, GA 49% 42%, 402% 
74, Ti 7% 7 424 437 3817 
8 8% 9 8 5 424 Be 
BVA TV, 624 7 4 4 3617, 
8 giZ 824 VA 424 424 4227 
9 8 917, 824 427 427 4417 
824 8 84 8 417, 43% 42 
8, 84 8Ys 1% 4, 4% 41% 
9 9 927, 82% 5 434 46 
VA 8 8 8 4 42 42 
7 1, 7 424 417, 384 
9 924 gt, 9 427 4 459% 
9 9 9 84 41% 424 4417, 
924 84 94 822 aly 43 45 
9% 8% 8% 9 4, 4 44s 
92% yt, 9 824 427, 434 46 
7%, 822 8 1% Al, 4 40Y% 
giz, 9 9 gi, 4 42% 4432 


— 


114 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 


STANDARD QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF MILK. 


PRON CORA NRF RS Ne FSF N EOF NOR NET RON EAN 


Quantity.— Borden’s standard — of eight and five- 
eighths pounds per gallon — is now taken and accepted as 
the standard for milk, not only in our own country, but in 
all Europe. 


Qua.ity.— The executive committee of the State 
Dairymen’s Association, after many experiments carefully 
made, have decided that hereafter the following shall be 
considered by them as the standard quality of milk in 
Illinois: Water, 87.5; solids, 12.5—1in a scale of 100 
parts. 


ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 115 


Tue Oxtpest—EstTABLiSHED Dairy House In THE WeEsT! _ 


Pe BARCLAY, 


Manufacturer of the Celebrated 


Hoin Heater Vats and Steam Vats, 


BOILERS, ENGINES, MILK-CANS, 


And all kinds of 


DAIRY FURNISHING GOODS. 


Complete Quttits for Creameries & Cheese Factories 
CONSTANTLY ON HAND. 


ALL Goops WARRANTED. SEND FOR PRICE~-LIST. 


Bev. PANUTON, 


Wholesale Manufacturer of 
CheeseBoxes, 
Butter-Lubs 


and Huiurkins. 
FACTORY AT 


SOUTH ELGIN,’’’- ILLINOIS. 


116 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 


——TH E— 


ELGIN: LEADER 


STEAM JOB PRIMING HOUSE, 


ELGIN,, ILLINOIS, 


ONAN AREAS ANNE FSA NAN TN ANSI IN ANN OND 


The daily and weekly editions of THE LEADER give full 
accounts of all meetings of the 


ELGIN BOARD OF TRADE, 


And are especially interested in all that pertains to the 


DAIRY INDUSTRY. 


Ve TAN ANON ARAN A Ne ON ANION AN RON ANSON NONI N 


All manner of printing for Factorymen, Dairymen and 
Dealers, satisfactorily executed. 


j ' 1; 
Ft 3 
WoW. SHEeRrwitn, 


— Cheese Boxes, butter Packages 


PACTORY SUPPLIES. 
ae t 4 
ELGIN, ILLINOIS. : 


| 
play ites | ¥ 


Everything that pertains to the Manufacture vl 
| m | ) 


# 
Cheese & Butter, furnished at lowest figures. , 
l : 


{ 


f 


paene, 


¢ 


—-THE ATTENTION O1 — 


IATKYM CN & STOCK FEEDERS 


—IS DIRECTED TO THI. 2 


Ney F.acess Linseed Mea | 


he Greatest Files: Former, Milk and L utter Producer wm use. 


Sd 


ANALYSIS: 


By RSE 6 a De ae ee Nir IEE obs Ma ria ere ee on 6.37 

BL ie BOR gs Se donate ah Sor akin Saibes w pas Sao Dae zecce Gi hove aie gue oles GUECOCURE DE: Ey eam a ag 1.50 

;LBUMI ou CONG “UNDS; (Flesh-Foraing Substakices, ):n...ssseseeeesn ieee eat 38.67 
MUCILA’ EF, SUGA» acd DIGESTIBLE. IBRE...4:....4.: fas Sotiris Hel ve Sec neem 39-19 
TUSK Yo abe TBR ie cee eh ee crg ele ce etaabamcebatie Wada esas suendtiatie seein (eres | aaa eae 8.40 
BEN EER Ay, MATTE Boe? aSW sso wrenrceceeen seete ste cones ac ccageee tind: enc agth reese tee 5.87 
106.00 

_ Bonssiugault, eb.» + Agricultural Cheiiist, estimates the rutriment of roo pounds 
inseed Meal as equs 309 vounds of oats, or to 318 pounds of corn, or to 767 pounds 


~~ wheat k =n. 


——_—_ --——_ 


iM SHED MEAT, 


“aslong! enrecognize .s5 p> :eminentl, v: able, but o-vins to he large percentage of 


necessa_ lv left in th aln .nufacture. ip ‘the ol way. tt could de used ealy sparingly. 
t by the New Proc is « ‘fficulty he kb en ov. -com and a the same time: much 
geramc it of MIuci | Sug r, Albumer:. : tc., reiaains 

Veal ma. = fro: oil wl h has be : subjected to xtreme »ressure, will sh: w but 


Ynout 27 pe cent) of alby. not matter, w.ichisa'oss of : rer25 prrcent. This is dst to 
7P ? 


ke mealai is fo ndini coil ia the: fourm: of foots or sed) 1ent, of which our oil contains 


/ 


TO FAIL. MEF > it is» pecially valuatle, as the mani) al vulue of a ton of Linseed 
2al after passin; through the :attle, is -stimated by the \. aiding Agricaltuyal Society of 
gland as .eing...orth $. 50 A resul’ that would justii, he sale of corn and feeding 
iseed Meal in its place 


his mew can be j-din any puantity witi out making the iuilk 
and hutter taste. | 


We ¢€ aarantee?: pi rfectl pure Linse; d Meal: 


Mant acture! nlx in Chicago, by th: Chicago Linseed 
‘il Co., office No 1 \Vabash Avenue. | 


oR SALE 'N MAR? NGO BY R.M. & F. W.PATRIC? & GO, 


IN £LGIN BY D.H.BUTLER ®& ;0N. 
IN DUNDEE) 7M.'i. BARR'WS & CO.