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MAIN OAL REPORT
(Veil oFare COLLEGE
AGTIGUCTURAL BAPERUWENT STATI
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MAINE STATE COLLEGE
AGRICULTURAL oa, STATION.
STATION COUNCIL.
RUTILLUS ALDEN, EsqQ., Winthrop. of
WILLIAM H. STRICKLAND. HsqQ., Gea aliens
ARTHUR L. MOORE, EsqQ., Waterville. Trustees.
ADVISORY MEMBERS.
B. W. McKeen, EsqQ., Fryeburg, State Board of Agriculture.
D. H. KNOWLTON, HsqQ., State Pomological Society.
Pror. I. O. WinsLow, St. Albans, Maine State Grange.
MEMBERS FROM STATION STAFF.
M. C. FERNALD, PH. D., F : : < ; President College.
PRESIDENT.
W.H. JORDAN, M.5., : ; a eee : : Director Station.
' “SECRETARY
WALTER BALENTINE, M. S., 5 F ; Professor of Agriculture.
F. L. Harvey, M.5., : é : Professor of Natural History.
F. L. RussgEt., V. S., P : ; : Veterinarian to Station.
STATION OFFICERS.
W.H. JORDAN, M.S.,, : : : ; 5 : 5 - Director.
M. C. FERNALD, PH. D., ; : : 5 : : Meteorologist.
WALTER BALENTINE, M.S., . é ; Botanist and Entomologist.
F. L. RUSSELL, V.S., . 4 . : : , : Veterinarian.
J.M. BARTLETT, M.S., . ‘ 3 : : i , . Chemist.
L. H. MERRILL, B.S. . : : : : 3 ; : Chemist.
F. P. Briags, B.5., : . Assistant in Botany and Entomology.
A. M. SHAW, ; ; ; ‘ : : ‘ Foreman on Farm.
Mrs. J. HAMLIN WAITT, , 2 : . Stenographer and Clerk.
TREASURER’S REPORT.
THE MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
In account with
THE UNITED STATES APPROPRIATION.
RECEIPTS.
From the Treasurer of the United States, as per ap-
propriation for the year ending June 30th, 1890. $15,000 00
EXPENDITURES.
SlenieBcoco cscs cash co0coDgDOUND DODgOb00 0000000000 $8,290 80
Construction and repairs.....-.-.-...ccsccce cscs 748 83
TPTSMHIN ns 99006 005000 40 sho oLy OoraegUOtOOO dad D000 749 76
Stationery and postage. ....----.cceee seco rece cece 32 72
Travelling expenses......--2++2 see rcerceccee sees 181 25
General) ExpenSelrereeci l= (2 sielelele'e)-\s)ele\lale nie! elnl ciel : 184 72
Library.+-+cccccccecsesssccee cosceere watatiana’s oesien stevens 156 78
Dep’t Botany and Entomology.....-.- nce eee e ee cece 106 39
Gt) Veterinary SCONCE’: «l= elec «(elle -ieiala lela) 2 </sieiere 447 96
*¢ Meteorology..---.0-.- eienioistelsuchaseveiaratevaternuaravevorcte 110 40
CC EL OUEL CU Ie hteterelolelalsietelioferetereteuciers eiatenatetelelavenalel ata 123 85
Fertilizer Analyses.......2++.+2eceee- Sistave/teuzia Sete 172 38
Water Supply.-.-.-.... emcee cece ccs seeecee eooee 1,046 50
Field and Feeding Wxpts....-..----0+.. aheretaveratolcteiere 1,867 22
Chemical Laboratory. ....2c0. sseeceee sooee nicieielos'e 780 31
———— $14,999 87
Unexpended balance..--......-+e- esccsecccces $0 13
I hereby certify that the above is a correct statement of the amount
expended by the Maine Experiment Station from the United States
appropriation, for the fiscal year ending June 30th, 1890.
GHORGE H. HAMLIN, Treas.
TRUSTEES MAINE STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND MECHANIC
ARTS.
I hereby certify that I have examined the accounts of the Maine
Experiment Station for the fiscal year ending June 30th, 1890; that I
have found the above to be a correct statement of expenditures both as
to amounts and classification, fer all of which proper vouchers are on
file.
e WM. H. STRICKLAND, Auditor.
TRUSTKES MAINE STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND MECHANIC
ARTS.
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. iil
Pee COLORS (KE POR YT.
M. C. Fernald, Ph.D., President Maine State College:
Sir—A report of the work of the Maine Experiment Station for
the year 1890 is herewith submitted. The nature of the work
which this Experiment Station is undertaking to do is best under-
stood by a reference to the subject matter of this report. A
glance at the table of contents very clearly shows that the time
and attention of the Station force have been occupied by matters
directly related to practical agriculture. Moreover, it is found by
the treasurer’s report that the large item of expenditure outside
the funds devoted to the payment of salaries, is for the mainte-
nance of field and feeding experiments, these being of necessity
practical in their character. If any other assurance is needed that
the Station is working along the lines which would be commended
by the good judgment of the farmers themselves, it is only neces-
sary to point to the constitution of the Station Council. Of the
six gentlemen connected with that Council who are not members of
the Station staff, five are directly and intimately associated with
the agricultural interests of the State, and as from this Council
proceed largely the suggestions which control the work of the
Station, it is safe to assume that under present conditions, the
Station will not drift into lines of experiment and investigation
purely theoretical and scientific that stand in a remote relation to
agricultural interests.
It is deemed wise, however, and rightfully, that more or less
time shall be given to a study of those principles which underlie
all the operations of the farm, and of which we have still far too
scanty a knowledge. Some of the mistakes from which practical
agriculture still suffers might be avoided by the proper use of facts
already known, but there are other errors which will undoubtedly
be avoided by a better understanding of facts which we now see
but dimly, and a knowledge of facts of which we are now ignorant.
FERTILIZER INSPECTION.
The annual inspection of fertilizers is still carried on by this
Station, although no State appropriation is made to the Station for
that purpose. The United States oflicials are certainly giving a very
IV MAINE STATE COLLEGE
liberal interpretation of the congressional enactment establishing
these stations when they allow a portion of these funds to be used
for the purpose of doing police work in several states. The time
may come when this use of station money will not be allowed, and
it will then be necessary for the state to provide for this annual
inspection by the direct taxation of itsown citizens. It is gratify-
ing to note that the station inspection of fertilizers is productive
of good results. :
Very many farmers of the State have in the past distrusted the
practical value of the analyses and valuation of the various brands
of fertilizers offered for sale in the State, and have been much
inclined to take as their basis for judging values, the very unsafe
verdict of asingle year’s test of different brands of fertilizers
under conditions that are likely to give any thing but a correct
answer. Farmers are more and more coming to believe in the
truth of the statement so often made in their hearing, that a fer-
tilizer is in general valuable in proportion to what it contains.
FERTILIZERS EXPERIMENTS.
The experiments which have been planned with a view to solv-
ing certain problems involved in the maintenance of the fertility
of the soil are by no means confined to the College premises.
They are widely distributed through the State and are being con-
ducted through the co-operation of farmers who are greatly inter-
ested in the work, and who with their neighbors are very carefully
watching the results. Such a distribution of this kind of experi-
mental work accomplishing two purposes: (1.) An answer to
several questions is more certainly reached than if the experiments
were confined to the College Farm. (2.) The experiments are
more widely observed, and for this reason more largely stimulate
habits of observation and accurate thinking.
Datry BREEDS.
Perhaps no investigation which the Station has undertaken has
attracted more attention throughout the State than the test which
has been made during the past two years of the various breeds of
dairy cows. It has been recognized and repeatedly stated that
the possible safe conclusions from these tests are limited, and that
the characteristics and economic value whieh they would: tend to
fasten upon certain breeds of animals might not be wholly in accor-
dance with later and more extended tests. It is very satisfactory
to find that so far such is not to any very great extent the case,
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. v
and that the work being done at other experiment stations seems
likely to accord very fully in its outcome with the facts recorded
by this Station.
PUBLICATIONS OF THE STATION.
Many of the experiment stations are publishing the results of
their work in the form of bulletins which are either additional to,
or finally form part of, the annual report. The plan which this
Station has adopted, is to publish the annual report in sey-
eral parts, these being in the nature of bulletins. This Report
will be published in four parts. The publications of the
Station are mailed to not far from fifty-seven hundred addresses,
which, considering the population of the State, and as compared
to the mailing lists of other stations, is a very generous distribu-
tion of printed matter. There is still room, however, upon our
mailing list for the additional naties of farmers who are interested
in progressive agriculture.
FaciLirres FOR WorK.
The buildings, apparatus and other appliances used in the work
of this experiment station are much the same as stated in the
reports for 1888 and 1889, the chief addition being the erection of
a forcing house 20x100 feet, which will, in part, be used for exper-
mental purposes. It seems certain that early in 1891 a horticul-
turist will be added to the Station*staff, who will undertake to
work in the interest of the market gardeners and fruit growers of
of the State.
W. H. JORDAN,
Director.
Maine State CoLuegce, }
Orono, Me., Dec. 31, 1890.
TABLE -OF -GONTENTS:
REPORT FOR 1890.
PART I.
INSPECTION OF FERTILIZERS.-.s2+0+-+: See See se bite OS oe
PART Il.
TESTs OF Datry CoWs....--. cops alias fect yene ieee reverential a taaraie oa Seto ck
Food Of GOWS: «-<c0ccaccces Se scclie st eciocntokcec mentee
COSEOR AGO Us ce wise oe comes ce cece nes ntlenie Cee Sahni tee =
Yield of milk. milk solids, ete.............. Shietes Bateman esas
Relation in quantity of milk, milk solids, fat, etc..--....-....
Cost of milk, milk solids, fat, efe..-.......-........ See oe
Composition of the milk... ..20.ccsee sc cece ose cece nen SS055-
Composition of skimmed milk, cream and butter milk.-......
Food value waste products of the diary..................-+.-
Loss of fat in waste products of the diary..... .-..........-.
MECHANICAL LOSS OF BUTTER FAT.......-.--. Sie hoe erate eee
THE EFFECT OF A DELAY IN SETTING MILK..-- ..............
THE PREPARATION OF THE RATION FOR MILCH Cows........-
THE MINERAL INGREDIENTS OF MILK. ....---0 cccccccoce cacecs
THE WAd GUOBULES OF MILK ¢22-a0.- sone cooe ee ssbieee oceans
REPORT ON UDUBERCULOSIS=: sosece cece wee seecee coos Siow wate
PART Ili.
RELATIVE YIELD OF DIGESTIBLE MATERIAL IN EARLY CUT AND
Late Cut TimotTHy HaAy............ at aie o whee Wa ee oe ee roe
FEEDING EXPERIMENT WITH COLTS.-.....---- .-.---<- Siawitieatete
FEEDING EXPERDIENT WITH STEERS. -:--.-2- -ccccs -coce aieeiae
FEEDING EXPERIMENT WITH DIFFERENT BREEDS OF SWINE...
FERTILIZER EXPERIMENTS. .<-2--.cce-=-5 o- pictalshenoin ects aya mee
Effect of different forms and mixtures of fertilizers...... ..-
Systems cf manuring........ Soo Aeioc SSH See Soe se scasasc .
Fertilizer experiments by farmers...... .... ....0.---22---s-
TESTS OF VARIETIES. occu dc occcee aw acee ec cst, soos eee eaters
65-67
68-70
71-74
1d-i
79-101
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. VIE
PART IV.
REPORT OF BOTANIST AND ENTOMOLOGIST...-++..-+++ seee eee 105-139
GU RAMNIACEION GILES DG tara si, cie ialalerclave syele/ale(alie’aiois\ieieyerejere eteleiate ove ey aisyeleace 107-112
Comparison Of seeds tested..-.-<sccccccscccecccccssscsccsece 110-111
Experiments with corrosive sublimate.......sceeseseeeseeees 111-112
ESP H RLM NTS AVAL DE ChRVAS SH Siclelelereials|sleleoleiele) sielelslis\els/elale|eie) sle/e]s/ala 113
SIPRVAGIN GH EXCP ENR TIESNUDG jefe ieieeveseis: ore /eyareicivie ohare elelele: eeleis sycleraye a/eiotare 113-114
PRVIDIS (NCA ate clam wisialc tele omiaistelelalels-alelale'ss0.s/<ielejelws nlaleiiewia *Ixfoibinle ejala 113-114
Wo Min SAMO HS ereleratefekelatolohe ale <leiatale!otalsiyalo\«ielslelelele/alslolero|(cfertelete) elstat= 114
EXPERIMENTS WITH PARIS GREEN UPON POTATO BEETLES.... 114-115
CAUSHSLON GEO TPATONS CA hielelcllsieietetosioe sieteieie nisielelelelolsla)s]elelavelal elalals 115-117
STRAW BERRIES steps ciais eccie ciere sleielessielevsveicielen co stelole/e iavelsrsve,sierete/e'ele sete « 117-118
RIB GRASS, OR ENGLISH PLANTAIN. «++ ecco seccce sess Baleisoeins 119
JVAIvIC, IDARI DID LOT oocdmdoe 5900 OOcedd AUGONOO S60 0G00 COONOOOGOO6> 120
THE CECROPIA EMPEROR MOTH.....--«- BSG CA COOOHOGUO BODD 00nD 121-122
THE WHITE-MARKED TUSSOCK-MOTH.....-+++0- aisieieuerejeie: esereistare 122-124
LLTie TRO Goo aes coe Mbboo Gaptda cece buso Moe etanendco cane bees 123-124
PRG EC ALCS as fore sietavarelaiaravo\c'> roy sie eres corte eleiails| eiakstoleie: ot ereveleventiota sierainie mies 124
MRE IHVATE TL; WEBB=W ORM <2 'scic\slciccis scis'e clecece clcres ote eremiere ees sie s 124-127
ILS IEMSOyasooooonbo ac podooco0o bODs ONaDDD ONS pa0qaads sconce 126
Remediessccicic cece cic SAD AO OT ODOR AO CO BROCE ET On eee rir ae 127
THE EYE-SPOTTED BUD-MOTH........0+. Sretaikatslole ne oe onbe erelese cere 128-131
IREMECGIES Raine c.ciecicicice ere Sialoisieisieiebavorcve ciarorsreve's ADOC OD E-COCGOSOOOS 131
THE WOOLLY-LOUSE OF THE APPLE .«.coeccecce soces eine re teversta 131-134
Description and habits....eccccccescescess nboce Cob. spocccco e288:
Remedies...-...... Sibiavave bola lave eters re Reto ss iesaveleVeloveerebetara aioe aietere slanine 134
THE RED-HUMPED APPLE-TREE CATERPILLAR........ axstalsicters.c 135-137
THEE ALT OANKER-W.ORMisclscisersicis sles isicecielecceissceciciceceece. LVEISS
THE HOREST LENT CATERPILLAR scccce ccciice esccisceicce coon 138-139
HRV WETS 'Tisters als siete -«icteiolatalevstsictelcueiteisisle | ave stare cia ale stele ee eicletola te wiee 140
REPORT OF METEOROLOGIST......-200- ppantOOS THoDO COBO ObC eee 141-157
Percentage of moisture......... eieleiaheioioie) leloisie sieie/orsloiarensie nicloerein ll Ale1 Ad:
SOM hemPMeratuLesy see elloialo\sleleleleloralelelelelsjeleleleleieieisiereiaicieiciciaiisiciemA4—148
PREELESELIA PEVAG 1A UIO MM avorerctole! ois\a's) eve etele oketeteletaleteroreereisiniclctareiere padao JERE
SOLA RACIAL OMeteelelelreictelelevelcte sieieiarevere ele alatevale a\elocieccleisayernenioece 149-150
Amount of Sunshine........ 9000 oGgD00aG00 Rietateisicne ae Saisiecereeiose 150
AVVATTNG DTA ES ALI avateretotessieleleleleiet ote fa ala’ (aje's a a\oistalievefevelctetatcrerevere) ste isieters 151
INSPECTION OF FERTILIZERS.
The Station Report for 1889 shows that in that year forty-three
(43) brands of fertilizers were inspected. In 1890 the number
of brands has been increased to sixty-four (64) (including seven
(7) brands of bone), for the inspection of which one hundred and
fifty (150) samples were selected. There is evidently quite an
increase in the activity of the fertilizer trade, as new firms are in-
troducing their goods, and those manufacturers having an estab-
lished trade are adding to the number of brands which they offer.
In all cases three samples of each brand have not been secured.
In general this has been owing to the following causes, viz.: Sale
of the fertilizer at but very few points ; and finding only the goods
held over from last’ year’s sales in the hands of nearly all the
agents visited.
SELECTION OF SAMPLES.
The samples for this year (1890) were selected by Mr. S. H.
T. Hayes, an agent of the Station, who acted under instructions
which it is believed were faithfully and accurately observed.
In nearly all instances the samples were drawn from four
packages, mostly 100-pound bags, so that in those cases where
three samples were taken they represent twelve packages.
Tue TRADE VALUES OF FERTILIZERS FOR 1890.
The trade values given below which are used by this Station are
those ‘‘agreed upon by the experiment stations of Massachusetts,
New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Connecticut for use in their respec-
tive states during 1890. The valuations obtained by use of the
following figures will be found to agree fairly with the average
retail price at the large markets of standard raw materials such
””
as:
Sulphate of Ammonia, Azotin,
Nitrate of Soda, Ammonite.
Dried Blood, Dry Ground Fish,
Muriate of Potash, Bone or Tankage,
Sulphate of Potash, Ground So. Carolina Rock,
Plain Superphosphates,
2 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
Cts.
per lb
Nitrogen in ammonia Salts. ...5..022. os-ccssccoeconsccqseccoaneaeravss snscevces) menses 17
MGT AGES ses scene sens suslsescr sine aeondossacsccnees evesdaiduerrgae send danecneeae 144
Organic nitrogen in dry and fine ground fish, meat and blood...... oeee Ml
in cotton seed meal and castor POMACE..........s.eee00e- 15
in fine bone) and tankage.....0-...20.cc0dccs-cereneaeveecues eons 16%
in fine medium bone and tankage..........ceccecereeereeces 13
in Medium bone and tankage.........scccccceerseceersecerees 104
in coarser bone and tankage.........scccecseccecsccsceeceeee 84
in hair, horn shavings and coarse fish scrap...... ...... 8
Phosphoric acid, soluble in Water.........:....cssecsceceseeceecccesstensecesstenees 8
IN ADIMONIUM Citrate......0..s05-+>-2-20<-0ssnaeacees 74
in dry ground fish, fine bone and tankage... 7
in fine-medium bone and tankage............... 6
in medium bone and tankage...............s0e00- 5
in coarser bone and tankage........c..sseseseeeee 4
in fine ground rock phosphate................... 2
Potash as high-grade Sulphate and in forms free from Muriate (or
(OUIOTHIG SE) Sernonce: aoceocc a snocnocioorsondse: caoausansrce sean n ing canenoonas 6
AS) KAINIGGs. die osesecesesticiesscccescnon caseosescsseadesssebccasccsmasacce cosmos 44
AS MINMIIALC seers spsaesssteeee ss cerersnaeesatssecees ose: aeaaaaciena-sasneseapenese 44
‘‘These trade values are the average prices at which in the six
months preceeding March the respective ingredients could be
bought at retail for cash in our large markets, Boston, New York
and Philadelphia, in the raw materials which are the regular source
of supply. They also correspond to the average wholesale prices
for the six months ending March 1st, plus about 20 per cent, in
case of goods for which we have wholesale quotations.”
THE VALUATION OF SUPERPHOSPHATE AND Mixep Goops.
These trade values are applied to the valuation of Superphos
phates and all mixed goods, as follows:
It is assumed that the organic nitrogen of these goods has for
its source such materials as dried blood, ground fish, or nitroge
nous substances of equally good quality, unless a special examina-
tion of some particular brand shows that inferior material like leather
has been used. Organic nitrogen in mixed goods is therefore
valued at seventeen cents per pound. The nitrogen present in
nitrates and ammonia salts is reckoned at fourteen and one half
and seventeen cents respectively.
The insoluble phosphoric acid of mixed fertilizers is considered
as coming entirely from bone, and not from South Carolina rock,
and is reckoned at three cents per pound.
The potash is valued at the price of that ingredient in kajnite
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 3
and the muriate, unless the chlorine present in the fertilizer is not
sufficient to combine with it, in which case the excess of potash is
reckoned at the price of the sulphate.
The valuation of a fertilizer is obtained by multiplying the
percentages of the several ingredients by twenty (which gives the
pounds per ton), and these products by the prices per pound, and
the sum of the several final products is the market value of the
fertilizing ingredients in one ton. For instance the ‘‘station
valuation” of the Allen Corn Fertilizer No. 549 is obtained as
follows :
2.34 per cent. Nitrogen equal 46.5 lbs. per ton @ 17cts.......... $7.96
BOae ce Sol. phos. acid ** 101.0]lbs. ‘* * @ Scets...... ... 8.08
PAS teens: IRCV ieee tion ces DOsGneten ces Tan TE CUR sce seeeaee 2.22
1.96 ie Mnsolsey SS FAST sO 2 ees ee male Sean waver ace 1.18
elae. Ss Potash OOD cA eC es AS CLSiencnseces 4.61
Vit UAELO Ge reraieis dep ehsaccevsesstesesees dei sccudarevesceas teh becsoscedsesuccsesssceceons $24.05
CHANGE IN METHOD.
Heretofore separate analyses have been made of the three
samples representing the same fertilizer. This year equal quanti-
ties of the three samples have been mixed, and an analysis of this
mixture has been assumed to give the same result as would be
reached by averaging the analysis of the three samples, an
assumption which must be correct.
STATE COLLEGE
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“SSUSATVNV HO SLTOSHA
STATE COLLEGE
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AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT
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‘SSHSATVNV HO SLTOSHa
16 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
Tue Existinc Metuops or SELLING FEerRtTitiziInc MATERIALS.
This multiplicity of brands of fertilizers can but be regarded as
unfortunate. They all contain the same valuable ingredients of
plant food, and in a large percentage of the leading brands are
found so nearly the same quantities of nitrogen, phosphoric acid
and potash in the same forms, that it makes very little difference
which the farmer buys. In spite of this fact, scores of agents
are making special claims for the particular fertilizers which they
represent, on the ground that they possess qualities superior to all
competing goods, a claim that in most cases has not the slightest
foundation in fact, and originates wholly in business zeal. Such
a state of the fertilizer trade must certainly tend to confuse the
farmer, and to retard his accepting the correct standards which
should control the purchase of plant food.
The real objectof buying a fertilizer is to secure certain elements
of plant food which it contains, elements which have as definite
prices as sugar, flour or iron, prices which are quoted and are
authoritative in commercial circles. In other words a pound of
nitrogen or potash is sold to manufacturers for so much. just as
retailers buy flour or sugar at certain prices. There is no reason
why the consumer should not buy his nitrogen or potash in the
same way, and the time is undoubtedly coming when this will be
done. Now trade names are made much of, but with a more
rational method, trade names will disappear, and nitrogenous, or
phosphatic or potash material will be sold as such and will be rated
according to what it contains. Then the farmer will tell his
neighbor that he has purchased so many pounds of nitrogen,
phosphoric acid and potash, instead of so many pounds of
‘‘Blank Bros’. Lightening Crop Lifter.”
An ImporTANT CONSIDERATION.
For the first time the tables showing the results of the station
inspection give the market cost of the valuable ingredients sepa-
rately as well as the total valuation. By consulting these figures
it is possible for the farmer to determine whether in buying a par-
ticular fertilizer he is paying most for nitrogen or for some other
ingredient. To illustrate this point the case of two brands of
Quinnipiac goods may be taken, the Grass Fertilizer_and the Seed-
ing Down Manure. With the former the nitrogen represents
thirty-seven (37) per cent. of the total cost, while with the latter
it represents only fifteen (15) per cent. A study of the tables
shows that in general the cost of those fertilizers receiving a high
valuation comes more largely from nitrogen than is the case with
the brands valued lower. It is very easy to force the valuation
of a fertilizer to a high point by the use of a nitrogenous material,
as the element nitrogen bears a comparatively high market price.
TESTS OF DAIRY COWS.
The Report of this Experiment Station for 1889 gives on page
106 to 134 the results of the first year’s test of three breeds of
dairy cows. When this work was undertaken it was the intention
to continue it for two years. The second year’s test has been
completed and the results reached, combined with those of the
first year, can be found on the following pages. The general con-
ditions under which these trials have been conducted, the methods
adopted and the objects sought to be reached are fully stated in
the Report of 1889, and as that Report has been sent to all those
who are likely to receive this one, or can be had upon application,
a restatement of these facts is not considered necessary. There
were omitted from the description of the six animals used in the
test, the records of the Holstein cow, Agnes Smit.
In order to make these descriptions complete her record is
inserted at this point.
Agnes Smit, Holstein, No. 4479 H. F. H. B., sire, ‘‘Barsinger-
hoen” (a district bull), dam ‘‘Diekje,” weight 1175 lbs. Bought
of William A. Russell, No. Andover, Mass., May 22d, 1889.
Her first calf after coming to the Station was born on Feb. 1, 1890.
Foop or THE Cows.
The food of the cows for the second year has been the same as
that of the first, with the exception that Agnes Smit has been fed
a certain amount of middlings in addition to the regular grain
ration. A statement of the rations fed and the general methods
of feeding can be found in the 1889 report on page 109. During
2A
18 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
the summer of 1890 the cows were at pasture after May 30th
and until October 10th, although with the exception of about two
months they ate considerable hay in the barn.
was continued unchanged throughout the season.
The grain ration
The following
tables show the amounts of the different kinds of food eaten by
the several animals during the years 1888-89 and 1889-90,
and also the average daily ration for each animal during the time
that the trials have been earried on.
Foop EATEen By Cows 1n 1888-89.
Total hay eaten.........-. sogadoposaKoN0d060000
Total ensilage eaten.....ceeee.-e- wocccccccces
Total cotton-seed meal eaten soo nwaDdecoaoo0d
Total corn meal eaten..... Siateleletelaletetelsteleloiaistetata
Total wheat bran eaten ...--ccccccecccce 50006
Total food eaten in Darn.....--ccccesscocsees
Days of pasturage . .-ccscccccceccrces sa0c0e>
Hay eaten daily for 365 days... -c.------ ddas
Ensilage eaten daily for 365 dayS.....c»ccc-
Grain eaten daily for 365 days ......... O20
Pasturage daily for 365 days, hours .........
Jansje.
(Holstein.)
June 13, 88 to June 13, ’89.
Ne ce |e
a2|/8]ao0]o0
On| © | -aB|O
A 2 AE fo)
$2) 3) gals
Sa) B| 34] ©
a |x| 18
A | :
2 5s
B io)
Ibs. Ibs
6375 | 5800
1648 | 2540
250 486
827 982
778 748
00 | 9878 | 10556
102 122
17.4 | 16.0
45 7.0
5.1 6.1
2.2 2.7
Foop Eaten By Cows IN 1889-90.
Agnes.
(Jersey.)
Sept. 13, ’88 to Sept. 13, 789.
Ida
(Jersey.)
Sept. 1, ’88 to Sept. 1, ’89.
os = > 2 wo 3
ce alo [a Ss = a
| Qs o an ©] s|.- = ax wey
*| Slat] slo oO Slo o 3) > a >| Qy
682) ES) 2) s2)/ 2) fe oles a| Bie
ws 2 Sa Hal o/2 Slo, S2 5
an| 9| nel © nm) Oo 0} $|/S2) 5) cHIS
a0|*| 315/98) =| $5) als al Sie
[g) 8) ax) 2) be] 3) sai 2/Sa/2) ~e
o/7 1al18 |slo |& es a
= Oia : 3 :
oO i=} o > a Y
Se eleecledek le
5 5 2 QD
Ibs. Ibs. Ibs. lbs. ines lbs
6643 6275 6150 6150 6000 5800
606 221 509 521 513 526
1230 1342 1123 1077 1035 1053
836 1342 755 670 531 568
170
NOLS AIM elolelelercleletatetaialelelalaiaistatetstereraisiars 2672 3075 2387 2268 2079 2147
Mot Al LOO eiee\e\eiel-tcleleiaiele ooadconeed ecce 9315 9350 8537 8418 8079 7947
Hay eaten daily, 865 days..........-.| 18.2 17.2 16.9 16.9 16.4 15.9
Grain eaten daily, 365 days ........-. VPs) 8.4 6.5 6.2 ig a8
Days out in pasture.............. cece 182
132
132 132
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 19
Rations ror Two YEARS.
Agnes
Jangje.| Smit. | Nancy | Queen |Agnes.| Ida.
(1-year|Avon- |Linda.
only) dale.
lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs.
Total hay eaten. ...cccccscsscccccesee| 13383 6275 12525 11950 11600 11300
Hay eaten daily (730 days) .......--| 18.3 17.2 17.3 16.4 15.9 15.5
Total ensilage eaten (in 1889) ....... 2670 1648 2540 2540 2540
Ensilage eaten daily (730 days) “A000 3.6 2.2 3.5 3.5 3.5
Total grain eaten ....ccccrcccccccceee| 5362 3075 4442 4464 4130 4093
Grain eaten daily (730 days).... -. : 7.3 8.4 6.1 6.1 5.7 5.6
Note. The cows were in the pasture part or all of about 120 days each year,
but they probably had the equivalent of not over 90 full days of pasturage each
season. In fact, there were not over two months each year when hay was not
fed in the barn.
Cost oF THE Foon.
The cost of the food is reckoned at what are assumed to be
average market values. The reasons for taking such values
rather than those ruling at the time work is being carried on are
given in the Report for 1889. It is again remarked in this report
that the figures thus reached simply show the relative expense of
feeding each animal and not the actual expense for any one year,
or any one period of time, or for any particular farmer. These
figures may be more or less, according to the circumstances of the
farmer or the ruling market prices, but whatever may be the
changes in these figures, they will relatively stand the same. The
table below shows the expense of each animal for each of the
two years, as well as the average expense.
Cost OF THE Foop.
Jansje.| Agnes | Nancy | Queen /Agnes.| Ida.
Smit. |Avon- |Linda.
dale.
Cost of hay 2d year.....-.ccccercceees|O dd-21 |$ 31.37 |$ 30.75 |S 30.75 |$ 30.00 |S 29.00
Cost of cotton-seed meal 2d year.... 8.42 3.09 7.12 7.29 7.18 7.36
Cost of corn meal 2d year............| 12.30 13.42 11.23 10.77 10.35 10.53
Cost of wheat bran 2d year....... Soc 8.36 | 13.42 7.55 6.70 5.31 5.68
Cost of middlings 2d year.....ccccc. 2.12
62.29 | 63.42 | 56.65 55.51 52.84 52.57
Cost Of pasturage....szeccccscovcccsess 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00
Total cost........ heceosmcosgrooca)) (B)RY) 70.42 | 63.65] 62.51 | 59.84] 59.57
CoSt of first Vear.....ccseeecesece.-s-| 73.20 59.89 63 90 59.64 57.95
Average cost for two years...... coos! FLL 70.42 61.77 | 63.21 59.74 58.76
It is to be noticed that the expense of feeding a Holstein
animal averaging 1,200 pounds in weight is only $11 per
year more than the cost of feeding a Jersey animal, aver-
aging in weight only about 900 pounds; or, in other words, the
expense of feeding the heavier animals has been only about eigh-
teen per cent. more than that of maintaining the lighter animals,
20 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
whereas the Holsteins exceed the Jerseys in weight about thirty-
three per cent. This is equivalent to saying that the quantity of
food has not been in proportion to the weight of the animals, and it
may be suggested by some one that this fact places the larger cows
at a disadvantage as compared with the smaller. It should be
remarked, however, that the Holsteins have eaten on the aver-
age a third more grain than the Jerseys, and hay has been fed to
them according to their appetites. It is a well recognized fact
that the food of an animal does not increase in proportion to the
increase in weight, or, in other words, a small cow requires a
larger maintenance ration in proportion to her weight than a large
cow, consequently the food required for a given production would
be relatively less in the case of the heavier animal. It is per-
fectly reasonable that this should be so. The large cow gives off
less heat for each pound of live weight than the small cow, for
the reason. that two cows weighing six hundred. pounds each
would have much more surface exposed to the air than one cow
weighing twelve hundred pounds. ‘The loss of heat will be some-
what in proportion to the exposed surface, and so the two small
cows would require more food as fuel than the one large one. A
study of the figures of the two previous tables shows that only
moderate rations have been fed, and it is believed that these
rations have been fairly proportioned to the needs of the several
animals. While the grain rations may seem to some to be small,
it should be remembered that the mixture of foods has been
such as to give the maximum results from the amount eaten.
Tue YietpD oF Mux, Mitk Sorips, Far, Cream anp Borrer.
The nature of the record kept of the production of these cows
is given in the Report for 1889 on page 112, to which place refer-
ence is made for those desiring information. ‘The figures of the
table which follows represents the main results of the two years’
test. It is to be noticed that something more than the yield of
milk and butter is given. If a cow’s butter capacity is to be tested,
then the total amount of fat in her milk is in general the standard
by which she should be judged. If on the other hand, we wish to
ascertain her capacity as a producer of human food, then it
becomes a question of the total amount of milk solids which she
is able to manufacture. Having kept a record with these animals,
not only of the yield of milk but also of its composition in the
several cases, we are able to calculate the weights of milk solids
+
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 21
and fat which the several cows have produced. ‘This is all shown
in the following table.
TABLE SHOWING THE PRODUCTION OF THE Cows.
2
-o 8 (=| ao <) o i. =
O.n om ~ cm nm w
Woes. | be Mise eel ge
Ain Be <q n ton mm
Sol) ise Sith Sib «(Pe |e
a | #8 S4 | o4 2 2
~ — a~ 4
& So
No. of days milked ace YOAL.ccccceee. 365 281 287 340 822
Year .-ccevcens 308 293 294 296 357 351
AVETAZE ....cccsccccccccnces 336 293 287 291 348 336
Ibs. lbs. lbs. lbs. Ibs. lbs.
Yield Of milk 1st year..ccece...-ce00-| 9991 6948 6983 6876 4107
$6 2A VEAL. «06 cee cecccee 8362 7562 6293, 7227 6204 4655
Average... secooscsseeee-| 9176 | 7562| 6120| 7105] 65401 4381
Av. daily yield of milk for 365 days 27. 20.7 16.8 19.5 17.9 12.
Yield of milk solids Ist year ....cee. 1228 751 894 1015 638
es 2d YEALT.ee voce 1042 893 811 919 960 696
AVETAZE ..cccccccccccscccces 1135 893 781 906 987 667
Yield of fat Ist year.....2 c+ ccccecee 340 209 246 352 238
86 2d VEAL eee evccccccccces. 298 251 219 261 337 263
AVOEYAZC rc. os cecccessesveee (— ———-— —_|— ell
319 251 214 253 344 250
Weight of cream, fresh, Ist year....| 189 1008 1008 1586 951
ce 2a year..... 1377 973 1068 908 1537 1066
Average ........ coecccecccce 1598 973 1038 958 1561 1008
Av. No. of inches cream........... . 799 486 519 479 780 504
Weight of butter lst year............ 349 197 188 379 2388
of 2d VEAL ..ccccceces 285 224 202 207 369 273
Aveta penteea-.kette Scene orien | te cayrull sty Petnty me eT ncaae
Note. ‘The quarts of milk can be calculated by dividing the pounds by 2 1-7.
TABLE SHOWING AVERAGE PRODUCTION OF BREEDS.
| Holstein. | Ayrshire.| Jersey.
Average yield of Milk, 1DS......+.-sseseeeeeeeeeees 8869 6612 5460
Average yield of milk Solids, IDS. ......-+2s.....- 1014 848 827
Average yield ot butter fat, Ibs........ poconasadeds 285 233 297
Average yield of cream, (inches). micielelelsisicielsialeleisicle 642 499 642
‘Average yield of butter, Noha secocccdso conanc098$ 270 199 314
The figures given above should be carefully examined. They
show that the Holsteins have produced milk solids considerably in
excess of the other two breeds and that the Ayrshires and Jer-
seys have differed very little in this respect. This means that
the Holsteins have produced considerably the larger amount of
human food. When, however, we come to the consideration of
the yield of fat, we find that the Jerseys excel and that the
Ayrshires stand lowest in the scale. We see then, that when it
becomes a question of a particular kind of production from a cow,
the total solids in the milk cannot be taken as a standard any
PAR MAINE STATE COLLEGE
more than can the total fat. There is no question but that these
two Holsteins would produce much larger weight of cheese in a
year than either the Ayrshires or Jerseys, and that the Ayrshires
would in this matter excel the Jerseys. On the other hand, the
Jerseys plainly excel in butter production. It would be, there-
fore, decidedly unfair to measure the relative butter production
of these animals by the solids in the milk, or the relative cheese
production by the fats. This is true, because one breed of ani-
mals produces more fat in proportion to the total solids than does
another breed. It is no injustice to any other breed, and is but
an impartial statement of a fact, to say that the Jersey is emi-
nently a fat producing cow.
Tue RELATION IN QuantTiry oF Miix, MILK So.ips, Fat, Cream
AND BUTTER.
The quality and value of the milk from these several animals is
very clearly seen by showing its relation in quantity to the cream
and butter produced. Another point that is of importance to
Maine creameries, and which it seems proper to bring out in this
connection, is the relative butter value of the cream. These rela-
tions are expressed in the table which follows:
Jansje.| Agnes | Nancy |Queen /Agnes.| Ida.
Smit. |Avon- | Linda.
dale.
lbs. lbs. lbs. | lbs. lbs. lbs.
Milk for each pound milk solids 1st
VEAL. ...ccccccrccceccovecscoceses 8.13 7.92 7 82 6.77 6.43
Milk for each pound milk solids 2d
YEALeccccerese sls clseceo-scns sooncc 8.02 8.47 7.76 7.86 6.46 6.69
—_—_— — | — —___
AVECTAZE coccccccccrssssces 8.07 8.47 7.84 7.84 6.62 6.56
Milk for each pound butter fat 1st
Es ososcrssse* aaqonaeSsc8- 29.35 28.49 | 28.40 | 19.52 | 17.27
Milk Xor each pound ‘butter fat 2d
VEAL. «+2200 noceDacoeseccadccecoo|| PETS S23 28.738 | 27.70 | 18.41 | 17.70
AVETAZE ...-cecccee-eeeees| 28.70 | 30.13 28.61 | 28.05} 18.96 | 17.48
Milk for each inch cream (average)| 11.4 15.5 11.8 14.8 8.4 8.7
Milk Ee cock pound of butter Ist
nesao eacoooooosesoco secs sacs 28.59 30.19 | 37.13 | 18.12 | 17.26
Milk aor an pound ‘of butter 2d
YEAL..cceeeeeseeescccecee coseces| 29.34 | 33.79 | 81.14 | 34.91 | 16.81 | 17.05
AVETAZE ....ccrccceveccess| 28.96 33. 79 | 30.67 | 36.02 | 17.46 | 17.30
Cream foreach pound of butter Ist
Gag sancecoooe acooancace sc05¢ 5.20 5.12 5.36 4.18 4.00
yi
Cream for each pound of butter 2d
VEAL cece cscccecccccceceses Sadar 4.83 4.34 5.28 4.38 4.17 3.90
Aworare setiices 3). ..| 5.01] 4.34 | 520| 4.87| 418| 3.95
Inches of cream for 1 1b. of butter.. 2.52 | 2.17 |- 2.61 243 2.06 1.98
The facts set forth in the above table forcibly illustrate the
great differences that may occur in the value of certain dairy
products, whether we regard them from the food standpoint or
as factors in business operations. This is a matter in which the
——_.
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 23
consumers of milk in our villages and cities have an interest.
Milk is an important source, when healthful, of the very best
quality of human food, and is so regarded especially by those
who have to do with the physical welfare of children. It is evi-
dently unfair, however, to pay the same price per quart for all kinds
of milk. The food value of a quart of Jersey milk, such as that
produced by the Station animals, is worth twenty-five per cent.
more for purposes of nutrition, than is the Holstein milk. While
it may not be possible to grade the retail price of milk according to
its quality, it would be entirely just for the milk man who is selling
the product of a Jersey herd to receive a larger price than that
which is paid for Holstein or Ayrshire milk.
This matter of the varying value of milk according to its
source is a very important one in the case of those butter facto-
ries that are purchasing milk instead of cream. When the man-
agements of such factories pay the same price for milk con-
taining five and one-half pounds of fat to the hundred, that they
do for milk containing three and one-half pounds of fat to the hun-
dred, they are either defrauding themselves or doing great injus-
tice to the producers of the richer milk. Nothing can be more
‘ unbusiness-like than to purchase milk for butter making purposes
at a uniform price without regard to quality. Somewhat the
same considerations pertain to cream-gathering butter factories.
The above table makes it very clear that cream is not of uni-
form value and that the individuality of animals has a very
marked influence upon the cream that is produced. Taking the
average of a two years’ record we see that the amount of cream
required for a pound of butter has varied from 5.2 pounds, in the
case of the Ayrshire, Nancy Avondale, to 3.95 pounds, in the
case of the Jersey, Ida. The custom so far in Maine has been
to pay the same price for equal volumes of cream, without regard
to its source. This may be rank injustice, as the facts
show, and is excusable only on the ground that no rapid and accu-
rate method exists for testing cream. It is true that until a com-
paratively recent date no such method has existed, but now we
have several methods that are fairly efficient and their absence
can no longer serve as an excuse for underpaying one cream pro-
ducer and overpaying another.
The time has clearly come when the butter factories of Maine
should deal justly with their patrons and take steps towards
paying for cream according to its butter value. Apart from other
24 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
considerations the two facts that the milk and cream from differ-
ent breeds of animals is so greatly unlike, and that the animals
now found upon a farm are very likely to be either thoroughbreds
or grades of a single breed, make it imperative that we shall no
longer proceed upon the old assumption that milk is milk and
cream is cream. In response to a request from a gentleman in
this State interested in dairy matters, the cream produced by the
several Station animals has been measured in inches as well as in
pounds. This was done from March 2nd to Sept. 21st, of the
present year.
The quantity of cream in pounds, also in inches and the amount
of butter produced during that time are given below.
VARIATION OF INCHES OF CREAM REQUIRED FOR ONE PouND OF
Butter with DirrerRent Cows.
Jansje | Agnes | Nancy | Queen |Agnes.| Ida.
Smit. |Avon- | Linda.
dale.
Pounds Of Cr€am....-ccscccsccccccces 454 347 185 492, 748 506
MN CHESIOMETE AM cremtes < ckiele cele oleic eieeiaiel=
2263 1764 93 256£ 38783 2655
Pounds Of DUtleL ce. ne) eciee ee nniecnls
954 831 373 | 107% | 1842 | 1323
2 Ibs.|1.971bs.| 2 Ibs.|1.921bs.|1.98 Ibs.|1.91 Ibs.
4.75 | 417 | 4.90 | 4.58 | 4.06 | 3.90
2.36 | 2.12 | 2.46 | 2.88 | 2.05 | 2.01
Weight of an inch of cream........-
Pounds of cream for each pound of
tte
Inches of cream for each pound o
DU Rc socconoodcossosS0s¢
We see that the same varying ratios exist between the inches of
cream and the pounds of butter as between the pounds of cream and
the pounds of butter, the inches of cream required in the sey-
eral cases to make one pound of butter varying from 2.46 inches
to 2.01 inches. This demonstrates in terms that are familiar to
dairy-men how unjust may be the present system of paying for
cream.
Cost or Mitx, Mirx Sorips, Fat, Cream AnD BUTTER.
The method of calculating the cost of the products from the
several animals are explained in the Report for 1889 on page 115.
In order that the figures may not be misunderstood, the -state-
ments referred to are repeated here.
‘‘In computing the cost of the production of these cows, the
food is alone considered. Moreover, the cost given for the butter
fat and butter, represents the whole value of the food, no allow-
ance being made for the other solids which are retained in the
waste products from butter making, and which are certainly
worth something. If there was a recognized market price for
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 29
skimmed milk and butter milk, or if the skimmed milk of these
animals was alike in value, in short, if an allowance made for the
skimmed and butter milk could be anything but a purely arbitrary
estimate, relatively unfair in any case unless based upon
the percentage of solids, it would be possible to calculate the case
of butter on a different basis. As it is, each farmer must make
his own estimate of the worth to him of the waste products of
the dairy.
The following table of costs is calculated from the figures
given in the two preceding tables :”
Cost oF PRODUCTION.
Jansje.| Agnes | Nancy | Queen |Agnes.| Ida.
Smit. |Avon- |Linda.
dale.
Cost of milk per pound Ist year.....) .7326 1.007 -915L -5674 | 1.411
2d Year.cecee| .8287 9312 | 1.011 8649 -9648 | 1.279
es eccccerccccscesece| 100 -931 1.009 -890 -916 1.345
Cost of milk per Guart lst year. 1.56 2.16 1.96 1.86 3 02
2d year..e.ee| 1.77 2.00 2.17 1.85 2.06 2.74
~ AVELVAZEC 2... ccseeccccrees 467 2.00 2.16 1.90 1.96 2.88
Cost of milk solids per Ib. lst year..| 5.96 7.97 7.15 5.87 9.08
“« 2d year...| 6.64 7.88 7.85 6.80 6.23 8.56
AVETAZE corercccccecceeces| 6.30 7.88 7.91 6.98 6.05 8.82
Cost of butter fat per lb. Ist year....| 21.50 28.68 |25.58 |16.96 | 24.39
“2d year.....| 23.26 28.06 29.07 23.96 17.76 22.65
AV OLAS Ok 5 asa oacnes sons 22 88 28.06 28.87 | 24.77 17.35 = | 23.52
Cost of cream per inch Ist sear: 8.05 11.88 12.68 7.52 12.19
oU 2d year.. 10.06 14.49 11.92 13.77 7.79 11.17
- Average. ...s.00. seeee| 9.05 [1449 [11.90 [18.22 | 7.65. | 11.68
Cost of butter per lb. Ist year.. coccce| 20.94 30.40 |33.99 | 15.72 24.35
62d year .......| 24.32 31.44 31.50 30.14 16.22 21.82
Average ......ssseseee00+«/ 22.63 |31.44 [30.95 132.06 {15,96 [23.08
AVERAGE Foop Cost or PRODUCTION wiTH BREEDS.
Holstein|Ayrshire| Jersey
(cents.) | (cents.) | (cents.)
Average cost of milk per pound Bveisteteretate SasocoGoDOCN00N6 Hop -949 1.180
* quart..... eletoleralererstera felalelaleieistere BE 2.03 2.42
Kc Og solids per pound...........- 9000 7.09 7.45 7.44
Go butter fat per pound............ seeeees 25.22 26.82 20.43
ce CYEAM PEL INCH...ccesccccce. sey veresace 11.75 12.56 9.66
G butter per pound.... .... 500800000 ees 27.03 31.50 19.52
The above results show that the Holstein milk has cost least and
the Jersey milk the most, when quantity alone is considered.
When we come to consider the cost of the solid matter in the
milk, then the case is somewhat different. The Holsteins still
show a somewhat more economical production than the others, but
there is really only a small difference in the cost of a pound of milk
solids as produced by each of the three breeds. As was remarked
2B
26 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
in the Report of 1889, the cost of a quart of milk depends not so
much upon the volume produced, as upon the amount of solid mat-
ter that it contains. Of course the greater volume of milk a cow
produces the less its quart cost, other things being equal, but it
seems to be true that we do not find in general the production of a
large volume of milk which has a high percentage of solids. If,
for instance, by a process of selection, the Holsteins are bred to
the production of richer milk, a decrease in the yield will un-
doubtedly occur.
The cost of a pound of solid matter in milk is really the true
test to follow, especially if we regard the milk simply as human
food. It seems that in the case of these cows a pound of Jersey
milk has cost nearly a third more than a pound of Holstein milk,
whereas, a pound of Jersey milk solids has cost only about one-
twentieth more, or five per cent. The figures that represent the
cost of the fat, cream and butter, show some very marked differ-
ences in favor of the Jersey animals. The butter fat in the
milk of the Ayrshire and Holstein animals has cost from twenty to
thirty per cent. more than in the case of the Jerseys, with about
the same differences for the cream. The cost of a pound of but-
ter in each of the three cases varies still more, the Ayrshire butter
costing sixty per cent. more than the Jersey butter. In order
to make these relations still plainer, the table below is arranged.
The cost of the various products, milk, milk solids, fat, cream
and butter is taken as 100 for the Holsteins.
RELATION OF Foop Cost.
|
|Holstein Ayrshire Jersey
ray Po eo eehoceessseoeesssicce- ee osecossesccseseosce
| 100 111 132
CoshionmmlkasolGs--ccecssscsleessescces esses eeeseeree=e = 100 105 105
Wan Deg eye i ress - 100 106 81
Cost of Cream per MeN - 2.26262 o 8 i - ew ne ewncecnee 100 107 Sl
Visa re iat Pe eo Soc cosecececeeesces cecece | 100 115 72
It may not be out of place to again emphasize in this connec-
tion the great difference between the cost of a pound of edible
material in milk and in beef. The Station cows have produced
annually during the past two years an average of 895 pounds of
milk solids, all of which is edible. This has been done at an
average food cost of 7 1-4 cents per pound. It is safe to say
that farmers of Maine would consider the production of a 1,400
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 27
- pound steer in three years a fairly creditable performance. Such
an animal, if fat, would furnish for the purpose of human food,
not far from 375 pounds of edible dry matter.
No one can find fault with the assumption that it would cost as
much to feed this steer for three years as it would to feed a cow
giving milk for half that time, or, fora year and a half. KEsti-
mating the expense of the food on the same basis that we have
for the cows, the food cost in the case of the steer three years old
would be $96, making the food expense of producing a pound of
edible dry matter in the butcher’s meat 25.6 cents. According to
these figures, the food cost of producing human food by means of
‘the dairy cow as compared with beef production would be as
100 :353.
CoMPOSITION OF THE MILK.
The milk of the several animals has been analyzed during the
two years’ test to as full an extent as it was possible. On the
average, samples of milk have been taken of the night’s and
morning’s milk for about 45 days in each year, the intention
having been to take samples for five consecutive days in each
month during the time the cows were giving milk. During the
time from June 1888 to April 1889 the night’s milk and morning’s
milk were analyzed separately, but since that time equa-
quantities of the two have been mixed and this mixture has been
analyzed.
In calculating the composition of the first year’s milk, the ash
was assumed to be .75 per cent. Analyses made during the sec-
ond year have shown that .75 per cent. for the Jersey’s and .65
per cent. for the Holstein and Ayrshire milk would more accu,
rately represent the amount of ash, and in the calculations of the
composition of the second year’s milk these figures have been used
the averages for the first year being corrected to correspond.
The following tables show the averages of each cow’s milk for
each period of five days, and also the average for each cow for
the whole year:
28 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
TaBLes SHOWING ComposiTion oF MILK oF EACH Cow.
( Jansje. )
Zz =I es =
oS = Sa Co ~
a | @ i 2 |
DR = 5 DR =
July 15-19..... aeons BS eo ee 65 £90 471 4.70
Sept. 30-Oct. 4.......... .. scecseersa|) a2 Sen 65 2.95 5.51 2.94
ING ysis nae nee eee ae eee 11.91 65 2.94 5.16 3.16
Fea elt bere emer as oe ie Se ae Sheet |e Es 65 2.91 5.16 3.59
Reb syiy-2lssc hess eee a amg 12.23 65 3.06 5.08 3.46
Merrell 1995." S255) ce see Le Le IDSs 65 8.08 5.26 3.83
PAT TAD G2. ee eee ete. eee 12.23 65 3.04 5.01 3.52
JUDE 10-14... reese eee e reese rece cree 12.92 | 65 | 3.28 | 5.22 3-76
Average ..--.. sss5scencsscc 12.62 | 65 3.27 5.13 | 3.56
7 mit.
Agnes Smit
z | =
= A a a Z
fore 2 Z = =
| mM oO | m
nyse Bier E Sasso | 11.39 | 65 2.88 4.80 3.06
September 30-October 4...---- |e | 65 | 396 | 5.03 3.56
November I1-15............--- ease Pee 65 3.48 | 4.80 4.27
February 17-21... ....... rare seat} 39168! 1 65 | 3.05 | 5.06 3.93
March Iu 3-) scce a ewe oee See Al ear eee) 65 259 | 5.20 2.965
Masri be Ase ee CCR A 11.38 65 959 | 4.93 | 8291
JUNE T0144 ce Sess. ceweste os eees ane ee 11.60 | 65 2.89 | 4.99 | 3.06
Average ..... ater ae tee se) | 12.05 | 65 | 2.99 | aor | saa
(Naney Avondale. )
3 EAE P
= re tts Mae a 2
CN ee ae 2 =
RD | eet) | Rn
Suly p1 Ss 10 Secs ee eee [eae iGhie| enS Sb ene 3.20
Senne, 30-October 4........... 12.60 65 sat. } 5.21 | 3-37
ovember 11-15....... SEIS 2/KAY, A308 12.73 65 | 854 | 5.06 3.48
SAnniaryat-lle sce eee apaeee eee | 14.44 65 | 4.19 549 | 4.11
February 17-21..... AS ANE 5 See IM irasonll on ee oe ee 4.25
SHG 10 Motes eke sae = ace eos | 12.61- | 65 3.17 5.45 3.34
AVEFAage ....0-.002-- Sh Beal: A399 on Wi6s terete eo't |) osc, [eae
(Queen Linda.)
l
, Eos pane
Bane | eet ea ea gee a
Saige eas Op ee
eee see |
Shiruhiny (Al Boone eae ee eee tS #5 | 2.30 5.60 3.50
February !7-21.......... fosotcesoce- 12.54 | 65 2.99 5.36 3.54
March 19-93 | 19.55 65 3.02 5.48 3.40
April 22-26. |} 72.95 | 65 3.04 5.04 3.52
June 10-14. Bae) 13.21 65 | 3.95 5.41 3.90
fully val eon sce. ee 3 By (ie el net ria le Sosy 544 | 3.73
WATE TISE U1 2s stone ce cae tee won| 13.74 | 65 | 3.63 | 4.91 4.55
Ayeraze <.ss¢ssss-252 Aeon ihe bE S| Fy aes ee ee tp
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 29
(Agnes. )
a) 4 s ~ -
= 3 i & 3
° <q Ce 5 ~
na | ro) Dn
September 30-October 4..... oe... 15.08 *75 4.32 5.06 4.95
November 11-15..... eccccccccccecses 15 81 “75 4.65 4.77 5.64
January 7-11 ....-... .. \pGOdGD00 weces 15.52 75 4,23 5.10 5.45
February 17-21........ seccccccerccce 15 36 75 4.38 5.06 5.17
March 19-23 ......... ec cccceccccsccce 15 29 “75 4,23 5.17 5.14
PG OW F=949} Gaoodohda Soodoomsscot S000 15.24 75 4.28 - 4.76 5.45
DUTT C OVA irate ieicinisieleieie/eleis\elelsisi«\s\visleisic 15.55 “75 4.27 5.04 5.49
July 7-11 0.2 2..- 2s seceee ce cecevesccce 15.53 75 4.12 4.95 5.71
August LI-15 2... ccccccccceecsccvcces 16.15 2715 4.52 4.52 6.35
JN ASE® oooacancac ceccere 15.50 75 4.33 4.93 5.48
(Ida. )
a < 5 u
SP leigh SED a0 ice hae
S) < 8 =] Fy
| N iS) R
September 30- October 4........... 13.92 75 3.34 5.13 4.70
November 11-15........-ccccssoceees 14.00 75 8.61 4.71 4.98
Jauuary 7-11...-.... sigis elusleclalnclel= ele = 15.00 75 3.98 4.67 5.60
February 17-21..........cesee-- eeees 15 12 715 4.08 4.63 5.66
March 19-23 ....ccescessseeeess noacad 15.55 15 3.95 4.99 5.86
AYPYil 22-26 ..cceseccceessesce gbod0es 15.15 75 3.90 : 4.74 5.76
June 10-14....... sistetetelsinta ocodea sefelalele 15.76 Ay fs) 3.86 4.93 6.21
July 7-11..... lefelelelalela\eivialelelels/s\-la/s O00 15.76 -75 3.90 4.86 6.25
August 11-15 .................. doone0 15.05 715 4.02 4,51 5.76
JMG scnnaoccodaaaedges 15.04 75 3.85 4.80 5.63
AVERAGE CoMPOSITION oF MILK oF KAcH BREED FOR Two YEARS.
Casein
Total Ash. and Sugar. Fat.
Solids. Albumin
Average of Holstein milk....... ee-| 12,22 65 3.10 5.00 3.47
Average of Ayrshire milk......... 12.98 .65 3.39 5.27 3.67
Average of Jersey milk...... sgaoos 15.24 75 4.09 4.90 5.50
The above analyses, representing as they do several animals,
and extending over a'period of two years, furnish information on
several points that are worthy of consideration.
(1.) The effect of breed upon the composition of milk.
The quality of the milk as based upon the percentage of solid
matter in it, is best with the Jerseys and poorest with the Hol-
steins. If the milk solids of the Holstein milk are represented
by 100 we have as follows:
Holstein, 100; Ayrshire, 106; Jersey, 125.
It is to be observed that the relation in quantity of the various
constituents of the milk solids is not the same with all the breeds.
&
30 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
For instance, there is very nearly the same quantity of sugar in
a hundred pounds of each of the three kinds of milk. The
larger quantity of solids in the Jersey milk is due to the presence
of more casein, albumen and fat. Moreover, the relation existing
between the nitrogenous constituents (casein and albumen) and
the fat is not the same in the several cases.
RELATION OF CASEIN AND ALBUMEN TO ButtTer Fat.
Casein and Albumen=100.
; i Nancy |
| Jansje. | Agnes Avyon- Queen | Agnes. Ida.
| Smit. dale.| Linda.
————— — — —— eS
JUNE cocccccsrc--- 222-1888) 100 : 103 100 : $8)
DULY «.cceesssaeeererss 100 = 107 100 : 34)
August <.........- e--- | 100°: 108 100 : 105,
September .-...+ S2cor - 100 = 107) 100 : 104) 100 : 110) 100 : 139
OCtODeLr ..sccrcrscrece | 100 : 311 100 =: 101) 100 : 127) 100 : 128) 100 : 151
NOVEMDET .cacsceceess | 100 : 115 100 : 100) 100 = 115) 100 : 130) 100 : 145
December ....-- sonst | 100 = 197] 100 : 99) 100 : 118) 100 : 128) 100 : 140
JANUATY esse--seees ~«21889) 100 : 114) 100 = 120) 100 =: 131) 100 : 142
February ....--... s-== | 100 = 105) | 100 : 103] 100 : 121| 100 : 139
April .....--.-..-.-<-- | 100 = 107) 100 : 151) 100 : 109) 100 : 120) 100 : 142
MAY «202 cones eens | 100: 93 | 100 : 104) 100 =: 102) 100 = 119) 100 : 139
Dune ssevessce) soe essee | 100: 38 100 : 100, 100 : 99/ 100 : 120) 100 : 145
July ..-......---- cesecs | 100 : 96] 100 : 106] 100 : 96) 100 : 106) 100 : 126) 100 : 116
September...-.scee.eee 100 : 100) 100 : 109) 100 : 100 100 : 115) 100 : 141
November «..cserss | 100 : 107) 100 : 120) 100 : 98 100 : 121) 100 : 137
JANUMALY -0-20---22--- 1890) 100 : 123) 100 = 98) 100 : 124) 100 : 129) 100 : 147
Febraary ....---....-« | 100 = 113) 100 = 129] 100 : 94! 100 : 119) 100 : 118] 100 =: 137
March -ssscesceccessce 100 : 108) 100 : 106 | 100 : 112, 100 : 121) 100 : 149
| } ——eSs
April ............---<. 100 : 116) 100 : 124 100 : 112) 100 : 127) 100 : 148
June -....... socscosee: 100 = 115) 100 : 106) 100 : 105) 100 : 120) 100 : 128) 100 : 161
Sly coeesceresssenae = ) | 100 : 116) 100 = 138) 100 : 160
August saroceeerce | 100 : 125) 100 : 140) 100 : 143
Average ..-.. secess=| 100 = 108’ 100 =: 134) 100 : 168! 100 : 113) 100 : 125 100 : 148
Note. The heavy lines indicate the times when the cows were dry.
Taking the average composition of milk for two years we have
with the Holsteins the casein and albumen standing in relation to
the fat as 100:111, with the Ayrshire as 100:108, and with the
Jerseys. as 100:154. This is a matter of considerable importance
because of its bearing upon the proposal to measure the cheese
value of milk by an estimation of the percentage of fat. Itis
very evident that a pound of fat in Jersey milk does not carry
with it so large an amount of the other solids that go into the
cheese as does a pound of fat in the Ayrshire milk. In other words,
the cheese value of Ayrshire milk is larger in proportion to its
percentage of fat than is the case with the Jersey milk, and the
difference is sufficiently large to be worthy of practical consider-
ation. The analyses of the milk of several breeds of animals at
the N. J. Experiment Station, furnish similar testimony in regard
to this matter.
bs
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 31
RELATION OF CASEIN AND ALBUMEN TO Borter Far.
Results at N. J. Experiment Station.
TORT good coocoeésocvo0es BETODIES. Cocben Casein and Albumen : Fat :: 100 : 116
AYISDILE 20... ccccccrccccccccccccccccccccececcess cs of oe g 100 : 108
JOTSCY .ccccrccvecccccccvcccscccccerssssercccccce és £ Ag ss 100 : 125
GUEINSCY 2-..0000...ccccccccccncccscsecesecccess as L “ “ 100 : 123
(2.) Effect of certain conditions upon the relative proportion
of milk solids.
A great deal of discussion is going on at the present time in
regard to the effect of certain conditions upon the composition of
the milk solids. The question is, Can we increase the casein and
diminish the fat, or increase the fat and diminish the casein, in a
cow’s milk, by changes in her food, or does the relation in quan-
tity of the various milk solids depend upon the constitutional
characteristics of the animal? Again, does the composition of
the milk solids vary with the season or with the duration of the
period of lactation? One of the tables just given shows the
relation in quantity of the casein and albumen to the butter fat
in the case of six cows for the period of two years, this relation
being determined by the analysis of the milk during five days in
nearly every month of the year. It is plainly seen that the com-
position of the milk solids is somewhat variable, that is, that the
fat is sometimes more, and sometimes less, in proportion to the
casein and albumen. But a very careful study of the figures fails
to reveal any fixed relation between these changes and the food
of the animals, the season, or the period of lactation. The
change from cold weather to warm,. from dry food to grass, or
from a full yield of milk to the diminished yield of approaching
parturition, seems to have no well defined effect upon the propor-
tions in which the various ingredients exist in the milk solids.
Whatever changes occur seem to be due to functional causes
that are hidden from ordinary observation. Whether or not radi-
cal changes in the food have the effect to increase or decrease the
amount of a single ingredient of the milk without affecting other
ingredients to a like degree, is still a question in dispute, although
all the scientific experience of the past indicates that such is
not the case. This Station is about to enter into an investigation
with a view to studying this point.
(3.) The effect of an advance in the period of lactation. The
general effect of an advance in the period of lactation seems to be to
increase the solid matter in the milk. It is especially true that
oe, MAINE STATE COLLEGE
during the last few weeks a cow produces milk previous to the
time of parturition, the percentage of solids in the milk is greatly
increased. It is a question whether the somewhat uniform
increase that is seen to occur in the quantity of solids, is not due
to the corresponding decrease in the yield of milk. It would not
be strange if extended observations finally show that any cause
tending to largely augment the amount of milk produced within a
given time has in general the effect of diminishing the percentage of
milk solids, whether that cause be breed, food, season or any other.
For this reason it is not safe to measure the value of a ration for
either butter or cheese production by the increase or decrease
which such ration may cause in the yield of milk.
A part of the animals have shown an increase in the relative
amount of fat in the milk solids as the period of lactation has
advanced, but this has not been generally true and seems there-
fore to be an individual matter.
(4.) The daily variation of the composition of milk.
There is a daily variation in the composition of milk which
seems to be independent of breed, individuality, food, or any
other known cause. While the milk of any given animal may
have essentially the same composition during six days out of
seven, there occasionally comes a day when there is suddenly an
unexplainable change and which is sufficiently great to render it
entirely unsafe to judge of the effect of food by the composition of
a single day’s milk. When, however, we take the averages of
periods of four or five days each, we find that these averages com-
pare very closely. If, for instance, the milk of a single animal
were to be analyzed for every day in a month, and these analyses
were to be averaged in six periods of five days each, it would be
found that the six averages would give practically the same fig-
ures. Whatever permanent changes take place in the character of
the milk of the individual animal are periodical in their nature and
seem to be due largely to conditions over which we have no control.
We must after all regard any particular cow as a machine set to a
certain gauge, which is capable of producing a certain kind of pro-
duct, and while we may make changes in food and surroundings
which increase or decrease the amount of product, we can do oe
little in the way of changing its character.
Composition OF SKIMMED Mi_K, CREAM AND Butter MILK.
On the days that the whole milk has been analyzed samples of
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 33
the skimmed milk have also been taken, as well as samples of the
cream and butter milk coming from the milk during these periods.
The samples were taken as follows: the skimmed milk was drawn
off to within an inch or so of the cream, then stirred, and a por-
tion taken for analysis, after which the skimming was completed.
In this way the accidental presence of fat from the cream was
avoided. The cream was thoroughly stirred before churning
and then sampled. The samples of butter milk were taken
before it was mixed with the washings from the butter. The
analyses have not been complete, only the total solids and fat
having been determined.
The analytical results appear below :
TasLes SHOWING CoMmposITION OF SKIMMED Mix, CREAM, AND
Butter Mitk or Eacu Cow.
Jansje.
Skimmed Milk. Cream. Buttermilk.
D 5 2 2
z 3 = a 2 2
3 ee ° => © by
3) 73) N
July 15-19 .. ..cccccecece 11.58 1.03 22 76 13.77 10.58 22
September 30,-October 4 9.35 16 24.54 17.05 9.74 92
November 11-15.......0. 9.49 25D 92 99 15.69 9.05 23
January 7-11....... secee 9.79 75 24,94 17.59 9.24 Bd
February 17-21.......... 9.52 46 24.20 16.69 9.27 16
March 19-28....-.....2206 9.52 ol 23 45 15 9L 9 32 10
ADPTil 22-26...00--c0roeee 9.31 200 30.61 21.02 8.97 13
June JO-14........ceeeeee 9.81 36 26.05 18.36 9.85. 17
AVErage.......e- 9.79 | 50 || 24.94 | 17.01 9.50 26
Agnes Smit.
Skimmed Milk. Cream. Buttermilk.
Z Ps) Z e 2 | +
ES Ss = =
o) me eo) oa ° im
7) 72) nN
Tip bose deen odeen [Rh 56. 9618 | 19:46 || 945 __ i
September 30,-October4 9.85 -88 26.40 19.27 12.64 43
November 11-15......... 10.63 1.35 25.26 17.62 9.59 29
February 17-21 ....00.0. ». 9.58 42) 28.0F 21.82 9.70 Sy
March 19-23..2...-.20+008 9.03 Ad 26.34 19.36 9.15
April 22-26...cce.sscesece 8.86 48 30.48 22.89 9.05 1.10
June 10-14.........eec.ee. 9.10 46 27.84 20.48 9.22 39
AVEYAZE ....cceeee 9.45 65 27.22 20.13 9.83 54
2C;
34
July 15-19 ......-....000-
September 30,-October 4
November 11-15.........
January 7-11...... ao00c¢
February 17-21... «....-
March 19-23 ........- Aoce
April 22-26 ............-.
June 10-14.........ccces.
AVETAZE coccccccee
MAINE STATE COLLEGE
Nancy Avondale.
January 7-11 ...-....+--
February 17-21 ... .....
March 19-23 ....+.....<-
April 22-26.....+... eee
June 10-14......... caesee
July 7-11..... ccccccsocces
August 11-15........ 306
AVETAZE ..,.ccceee
September 30,-October 4
November 11-15.........
January 7-11.... ...-.-.
February 17-21....-«....
March 19-23 .........++--
April 22-26 <----.......--
June 10-14........-2+...
July 7-11 .....-ce0e- eee
August 11-15 ...... on ee
AVerage ....-s0--
Skimmed Milk. || Cream. Buttermilk.
a Fa «
co} . mn = @ a
7 BD DB
9.69 31 P51, | 1G S2Ih | ee Oi Rao
9.88 ‘40 23.88 16.15 11.02 2.07
10.10 57 23.56 15.49 9.65 22
11.59 ‘89 24.55 16.08 12.03 1.96
11.28 ‘89 25.22 16.49 11.49 16
9.51 2 25.05 17.56 49 | 36
10 34 A 24.46 16.34 | 1634 || 1053 | 62
Queen Linda.
Skimmed Milk. | Cream. | Buttermilk.
oo , a : a ;
z 2 g Z Saag
So is ° = oO ee
mM | mM mM
0.11 1.05 27.03 19.70 9.51 38
10.39 1.12 25.71 1747 9.79 33
10.35 1.00 26.38 18 82 955 19
10.12 1.02 26.23 18.90 9.31 Te
10.55 1.02 27.70 20.26 9.61 31
10.43 1.08 27.27 19.80 7.96 69
11.18 1.80 24.26 16.05 9.99 27
(10.45 1.15 26.37 1875 |\bne OSOm ses
Agnes.
Skimmed Milk. | ,Cream. Buttermilk,
a * wR < i :
S = S a = =
i) Ss S as fo) oe
M Rh mM
10.42 08 27.15 19.49 10,15 10
10.56 18 27.01 18.64 10.52 12
10.83 26 27.85 19.58 10.83 09
10.69 18 27.28 18.69 10.96 35
10.70 aul 27.08 18.59 10.52 09
10.26 ‘09 27.81 19.75 10.29 08
10.59 20 29.97 21.78 10.63 18
10.46 22 28,68 20.58 10.54 28
10.36 37 27.65 19.15 10.62 25
10.54 19 27.89 | 19.58 10.56 17
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 35
Ida.
Skimmed Milk. Cream. Buttermilk.
D nD mn _
eS e = 2 = =
CS = ra) aa! Co) fe
Dn MD nN
September 30,-October 4 9.55 -10 27.80 20.21 9.38 38
November 11-15......... 9.58 17 27.84 19.81 9.45 07
January 7-11 ...-.-.cceee 10.34 AT 26.73 19.31 10.23 40
February 17-21 .......... 10.20 29 28.02 19.83 10.24 17
March 19-23 ...........0. 10.28 15 27.93 19.96 10.10 08
April 22-26 ...ccecce..-. 9.98 .09 29.02 21.18 10.01 08
June 10-14.......-.00.... 10.49 ‘ 00 31.33 24.01 8.90 22
July 7-11...... -ooocooasas 10.69 81 31.47 23.70 10.38 31
August 11-15 ........ ... 10.53 , 1.08 28.85 20.74 10.22 23
AVerage...-..2.05- 10.18 40 28.72 20.97 9.88 22
AVERAGE ComMposITION oF SkimMMED Mirk, CreEAM’ AND BurreR
MILK OF THE DIFFERENT BREEDS FOR Two YEARS.
Skimmed Milk. Cream. Buttermilk.
2 = isi ~ s PS)
3 = 3 es C EB
3 Fe 8 | $ |
FIGISHSIN Re eaLeearauee: 9.50 52 25.80 18.30 97 55
IRerahines sv assse Keeeol| TG 85 25.00 17.00 10.00 44
JETScY sce sesscesscese-=| = 1060 37 ||" 27.90 19.80 10.30 19
Several facts are shown in regard to the skimmed milk, cream
and butter milk which are worthy of attention, partly because
they stand in opposition to certain notions that are entertained by
many. First of all, it does not appear to be true that the cows
producing the most and the richest cream are those that furnish
the poorest skimmed milk. The proportion of cream from the
Jersey milk has been much larger than from either of the other
two breeds, and at the same time the Jersey skimmed milk proves
to be the richest of all.
The question is often asked, How do skimmed milk and butter
milk compare in composition? It appears from these analyses
that they are not greatly different so far as the percentage of
solid matter is concerned. It is true with regard to both skimmed
milk and butter milk that they follow the order of richness of the
whole milk from which they come, or in other words, the poorer
the whole milk, the poorer are the waste products of the dairy.
In regard to the waste of fat, it appears that the Jerseys have had
36 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
the advantage with both the skimmed milk and butter milk. The
Ayrshire skimmed milk has contained the most fat, but with the
butter milk there has been but very little difference between the
Holstein and Ayrshire.
Another interesting matter is that of the composition of the
cream. It is a fact that the Jerseys have uniformly produced the
richest cream, while the average is lowest for the Ayrshires.
In these cases, the analyses made in the laboratory are in entire
accordance with the results obtained with the churn. This is
equivalent to saying that all kinds of cream are not the same.
The results of these analyses suggest an explanation of the fact
that has been observed by creamery men, namely: that cream
gathered in autumn appears to have a lower butter value than
that of spring or summer. ‘The poor feed of the pastures and
other conditions have been brought forward as an explanation of
this fact, but in the light of the results here shown, it seems more
reasonable to suppose that this lower butter value of cream, is due
to the advanced period of lactation. ‘The practice of dairy men
now is such that in the autumn the herd generally contains fewer
animals fresh in milk than at any other season of the year. A
careful study of the figures given in the above tables shows that
while the cream from a cow that has been milked several months
is as rich in solid matter as when she was ‘‘fresh,” there is a
marked difference in the relative amount of the different solids.
It seems that without exception the cream-solids from a ‘‘fresh”
cow contain a larger proportion of butter fat than is the case
during the latter stages of the milking period. This fact is made
evident by the figures in the succeeding table, where the relation
of the fat to the other solids of the cream is numerically stated.
RELATION OF OTHER SOLIDS IN CREAM TO THE Fart.
| Jansje. | Agnes Smit.
Ratio of Ratio ot
Total Solids | other Total | solids other
solids. not selids solids. | not solids
fat. to tat. | fat. to fat.
Cream from “fresh” cow 24.54 749 | 1:23 28.01 6.19 1:35
Creum just previous to |
“drying Off ?.....e.-- 22.76 899 | 1:15 25.26 7.65 | 1:23
Nancy Avondale. Queen Linda.
Cream from “‘fresh” cow 25.05 749 | 1:23 27.03 7 33 PS
Cream just previous to
“drying off”...-. ... 25.22 8.73 1:1.9 24.26 8.21 EOF i)
Agnes. Ida.
Cream from “fresh” cow 27.75 | 8.26 | 1:23 27,80 7.60 | 1 :2.7
m just previous to
Seats y L322 28.85 8.11 1: 2.6
“drying Off ” ....e06- 27.65 | 8.50
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Si
As above stated, the inches of cream have not been measured
during the entire two years, but only from March 2nd, 1880, to
the following September. In order to furnish additional testi-
mony for the correctness of the figures in the above table, the rela-
tion of butter to the inches of cream both in March 1890 and in
September of the same year is given. It appears that without
exception more inches of cream were necessary for a pound of
butter in September than in March, and it is also true that at the
latter time the three animals mentioned were near the time of
‘drying off.”
Queen
Teva || Agnes. Ida.
Inches of cream for 1 pound of butter March 2-9...... | 2.2 2.1 1.9
Inches of cream tor 1 pound ot butter August 24-31.... 3.2 2.4 2.4
THE Foop VaLvE oF THE WASTE Propucts oF THE Darry.
The food value of the skimmed milk and butter milk, which
are the waste products from butter making, is not sufficiently con-
sidered in estimating the profits of dairying. The methods
adopted in testing these dairy animals have made it possible to
secure some very definite and reliable figures in regard to this
matter. The table below shows these figures.
TABLE SHOWING THE Foop MatTerIAL RETAINED IN THE WASTE
PRODUCTS OF THE Datry.
Nancy
», | Agnes Queen
Jangje. Smit. |AVvon- Toprnalsi, Agnes.| Ida.
dale.
Total milk solids, Ist year. p9000 eoccee (1228. 751. 893. |1015. 638.
s 2nd year ...cceccces |1042. 893. 811. 919. 960. 696.
AVOLAZE. ...cccee seccees+|iloo. 893. 781 906. 987. 667.
Cream solids, lst year eescsesccccves+| 410. 238.8 | 230 415.7 | 258.2
«Ind year ........00e00-| 3d0. 251.5 246 232.2 422.4 293.5
Ropes eaaieiiotelelaletohelsters 90 375. 251.5 | 242.4 | 231.1 419. 273.3
Cream solids, per cent. of total milk
SOlidS, 18t VEATeove-ccceeegesovcees| 33-8 31.8 25.7 40.9 89.7
Cream solids, per cent. of total milk
Solids, 2Nd YEaL...cececscoe coece-| BLL 28.2 30.3 25.3 44.0 42.2
AVEYABE ..esccercceeccesse 33. 28.2 31.0 25.5 42.4 40.9
Skim- milk solids, Ist year..... oobowe 768.5 491.9 | 6382.1 | 557.2 | 340.9
OG Qnd year.....--ee0-| 673.9 | 610.8 | 526 650.7 492.4 | 366.4
Average..... doadoconce 721.2 | 610.8 | 508.5 | 641.4 | 524.8 353.6
Skim-milk solids, per cents of total
milk solids, Ist year.............. 62.6 65.5 70.6 54.9 53.4
Skim-milk solids, per cent. “of total
milk solids, 2nd year ............. 64.6 68.4 64.9 70.8 51.3 52.6
Lae RE eda ke | ee
AVELAGE sesec.... ee ecceee| 63.6 68.4 65.2 70.7 53.1 538.
Butter- milk solids, Ist year ..........| 124.2 68. 64.1 | 104.7 59
s 2nd yearese........| 91.4 60.8 79. 57.7 106.8 65.
Iv BPAGe acohedeswieee ..| 107.8 | 60.8 | 73.5 | 60.9 | 105.7 | 62.
Butter-milk solids, per cent. in tota
milk solids, Ist year............ 101 9.0 7.2 10.2 9.2
Butter-milk solids, per cent. in total
milk solids, 2nd year......... ...| 8.8 6.8 9.7 6.3 11.1 9.3
III Aeon banotnosteeonen 9.5 68 | 9.3 6.7 | 106 9.2
38 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
We see that the total amount of solid matter contained in a
year’s milk of the various animals ranged from 667 pounds up to
1135 pounds, or an average of 895 pounds per year. ‘There was
retained in the skimmed milk and butter milk from 416 up to 829
pounds of dry matter, or an average of 638 pounds of dry mat-
ter. This is seventy-one per cent. of the total yearly production,
or, stated in another way, in making butter there is sent away
from the farm only twenty-nine per cent. of the dry matter which
the cows produce. It is worthy of note that seven-eighths of
this is contained in the skimmed milk, which is equivalent to
saying that the food value of the skimmed milk is seven times
that of the butter milk. Now, what is the total food value of the
waste products of the dairy, reckoned in dollars and cents?
At the present prices of grain it is safe to estimate the solids
in the butter milk and skimmed milk at two cents per pound,
which would give an average value per cow of $12.76 yearly. It
should be remembered that this material is wholly edible and
wholly digestible, whereas in the case of grain from fifteen to
twenty-flve per cent. of the dry matter is indigestible and of no
use to the animal.
Loss oF Fat IN THE WASTE PRODUCTS OF THE DArRY.
In testing the behavior of the milk of these several animals in
the manufacture of butter, the various lots of milk have been
treated exactly alike, that is, they have been set in the same cabi-
net, with water at the same temperature and for the same length
of time.
In the table below can be seen the amounts of fat which the
cold setting process has failed to remove from the skimmed milk,
as well as the amounts of fat in the butter milk.
Nancy
Agnes ee
Jangje.| “Sr |Avon- Oueer Agnes.) Ida
dale.
Ibs. lbs. Ibs. Ibs. Ibs. Ibs.
Total fat in milk, 1st year cecserocceee| B40-4 208.8 | 245.9 | 352 237.8
cis condhyearse-n epee --| 286.5 | 251.6 | 219.5 | 269.6 | 3875 | 268.1
Average Snocannoscospeones|| SIB4: 251.6 214.1 257.7 344.7 250.4
Fat left in skimmed milk, Ist year. 22.9 248. 64. 13.1 19.3
ss 2nd year . --| 32.6 38. 23.6 68.3 8.5 14.2
AVETAZE coe... coccescces| 27.7 38. 24 2 66.1 10.8 16.7
Fat, left in butter-milk, Ist year......| 6.1 3.3 2.1 1.4 it
SS 2nd year...... 2.7 3.2 Tol 2.0 ily 1.4°
AVETAZE ccccccevcccrcccces 4.4 3.2 5.2 2.0 1.5 1.2
Total waste of fat, average.........-| 32.1 41.2 29.4 68.1 12.3 17.9
% % % % % %
Per cent. total fat in skimmed milk,
Ast YEaLecesseee-- donodeceaseces 6.7 11.9 26.0 3.7 8.1
Per cent. total fat in skimmed milk,
QNd VCALseccc-ce-ccccccccseerees 11 38 | 16.1 10.75 | 25.3 2.5 5.4
AVETAZE cocceroee = seccee 9.0 15.1 11.3 25.6 3-1 6.7
Per cent. total fat in butter-milk, 1st
YECAT coc-s.-. onocods000NnEeS acoe 1.8 1.6 0.8 0.4 0.4
Per cent. total fat in butter-milk, 2nd| ;
YEAT o--.cccccercccee-vocsscoceces -9 1.27 3.2 0.7 0.5 0.5
AVETAZE eveccveccccsoccece 1.3 1.3 2.4 -75 -45 «45
Total per cent. waste of fat, average! 10.3 16.4 13.7 26.3 3-9 7-10
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. ag
Several facts are very plainly set forth by the above figures.
The most noticeable fact is that the behavior of the milk from the
various animals is greatly different. For instance, in the skimmed
milk from the cow Agnes only 12.3 pounds of fat were left during
the entire year, whereas the amount in the case of the cow Queen
Linda is seen to be 68.1 pounds. It cannot be said that poor
manipulation of the milk is the cause of the large waste in the
case of the latter animal, because the milk was treated exactly
alike in the two cases.
It is claimed by certain parties that where a canis only par-
tially filled the creaming is not as perfect as with full cans, but
granting that this is true, the effect of this condition should be
seen to as great an extent with the two Jerseys as with the ani-
mals of the other breeds. On the contrary, we see that the
creaming of the Jersey milk has been very satisfactory, notwith-
standing the cans have for part of the time only contained a small
amount of milk. The fact simply is that the cold setting process
is able to do for one kind of milk what it cannot do for another.
Where the manipulation of the milk has been entirely the same in
all cases, we must look to the constitution of the milk for an ex-
planation of this difference in behavior. A reference to the
work done by Mr. Merrill in studying the milk globules of these
various animals, which appears later on, seems to offer a
satisfactory partial explanation of the great difference in the
readiness in which the fat globules come to the surface in the two
cases cited.
The loss of fat in the skimmed milk has varied from 10.8 pounds
yearly to 66.1 pounds, or an average for the six cows of 30.6
pounds. By the use of a centrifuge it would be possible to
remove all but about seven pounds of this fat, which would be
equivalent to a gain of thirty pounds of butter per cow. This
would amount to an increased income per animal of about six
dollars. It remains for the farmer to determine whether with his
‘herd of ten to twenty cows such an income would warrant either
the use of a centrifuge at home, or the shipping of his milk to a
factory where the cream is separated by the centrifugal process.
It is fair to remark, that with a herd of Jerseys or grade Jerseys
the gain made by discarding the cold setting process would un-
doubtedly not be as great. Another fact prominently brought to
view by these figures is that the great waste of butter fat is in
the skimmed milk, the waste in the butter milk being of compara-
tively little importance.
40 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
It is to the process of separation of cream that we must look
for an improvement in dairy methods if we wish to avoid the
larger wastes of butter fat, rather than to be churning. The
highest average loss in the butter milk for any single cow during
two years has been five pounds.
SuMMARY.
(1.) The average amount of water-free food consumed daily
by the cows tested was, for each animal; Holsteins 27.4 lbs.,
Ayrshire 24.7 lbs., Jersey 23.2 lbs.
The weight of digestible dry matter consumed per cow, aver-
aged daily: Holstein 17.70 lbs., Ayrshire 15.70 lbs., Jersey 15.
lbs. The daily use of digestible dry matter for each 1000 lbs.
of live weight has been as follows: Holstein 14.30 lbs., Ayr-
shire 15.2 lbs., Jersey 16.8 lbs.
(2.) It has required approximately ten pounds of dry food
material, or 6.6 pounds of digestible food material, to produce
one pound of milk solids. The averages for the three breeds
are nearly alike in this particular.
(3.) The annual yield of milk solids has been: Holsteins
1014 lbs., Ayrshire 848 lbs., Jersey 827 lbs., or in the ratio of
122, 102 and 100 respectively. The annual yield of butter fat
has been: Holsteins 285 lbs., Ayrshire 233 lbs., Jersey 297 lbs.,
or in the ratio of 122, 100 and 128 respectively.
(4.) The milk required for a pound of milk solids has been
as follows: Holsteins 8.3 lbs., Ayrshire 7.8 lbs., Jersey 6.6 lbs.
For a pound of butter fat: Holstein 29.41bs., Ayrshire 28.3 lbs.,
Jersey 18.2 lbs. The weight of cream corresponding to a
pound of butter has been: Holstein 4.7 los., Ayrshire 5.0 lbs.,
Jersey 4.1 lbs.
A measurement of the cream in inches for six months,
showed the relation of cream to one pound butter to be as
follows: Holstein 2.24 inches, Ayrshire 2.42 inches, Jersey
2.03 inches.
(5.) The food cost of a quart of milk, reckoning the cattle
foods at market prices has been: Holstein 1.83 cents, Ayrshire
2.03 cents, Jersey 2.42 cents, or in the ratio of 100: 111: 132.
The food cost of apound of milk solids has been: Holstein
7.09 cents, Ayrshire 7.45 cents, Jersey 7.44 cents, or in the
ratio of 100: 105: 105. The food cost of a pound of butter fat
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 4]
has been: Holstein 25.22 cents, Ayrshire 26.82 cents, Jersey
20.43 cents, or in the ratio of 100: 107: 81.
A pound of milk solids has been produced by these six cows
at an average food cost of 7.3 cents, which bears to the cost
of a similar amount of edible material in a steer’s carcass an
estimated ratio of 100: 350.
(6.) The average composition of the milk for two years has
been: Solids in 100 lbs., Hoistein, 12.22 lbs.; Ayrshire, 12.98
lbs.; Jersey, 15.24 lbs., or in the ratio of 100: 106:125. The
pounds of fat in 100 pounds of milk have been: Holstein, 3.47
lbs.; Ayrshire, 3.67 lods.; Jersey, 5.50 lbs., or in the ratio of
100: 106: 158. In general the milk has grown richer in solids
(and fat) up to the time of ‘‘drying off.”’
(7.) The ratio of the quantity of nitrogenous compounds
(mostly casein) to the butter fat has been subject to consider-
able variation but does not seem to have been controlled by
changes in the food or season, or to have been modified by
an advance in the period of lactation. The proportion of
milk solids is affected by breed, however. The casein (and
albumen) being represented by 100, its ratio to the butter fat
is seen to average: Holstein, 100: 111, Ayrshire, 100: 108; Jer-
sey, 100: 134.
(8.) The average percentages of total solids and of fat
in the skimmed milk for the two years give: Solids, Holsteins,
9.50 per cent.; Ayrshire, 10.40 per cent.; Jersey, 10.50 per
cent. Fat, Holstein, .52 per cent.: Ayrshire, .85 per cent. and
Jersey, .37 percent. In general the skimmed milk has grown
richer in total solids and in fat as the time of parturition
approached. The average composition of the butter milk
has been: Solids, Holstein, 9.70 per cent; Ayrshire, 10.00 per
cent.; Jersey, 10.30 per cent.; Fat, Holstein, .45 per cent.;
Ayrshire. .44 per cent.; Jersey, .19 per cent. The composi-
tion of the skimmed milk and butter milk has not been greatly
different.
(9.) The percentage of butter fat in the cream has aver-
aged: Holstein, 18.30 per cent.; Ayrshire, 17.00 per cent.
Jersey, 19.80 per cent. As the time of parturition hag
approached the amount of fat has been less in proportion to
the other solids in the cream, than while the cows were
‘‘fresh.”’
2D
42 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
(10.) The butter value of a given volume of cream has
proved to be less in September than March, with such ani-
mals as were approaching the time of parturition.
(ll. Theskimmed milk has contained on the average 62 per
cent. of the solid matter of the milk, and the butter milk, 9
per cent. At the present prices of cattle foods, the 639 lbs.
of dry matter left in the dairy waste products from a single
cow was worth for feeding purposes two cents per pound.
(12.) The annual waste of butter fat in the skimmed milk
has varied with the different cows from 10.8 lbs. to 66.1 lbs.,
or from 3.1 per cent. to 25.6 per eent. of the total fat. The
waste in the butter milk has ranged from 1.5 lbs., to 5.2 ibs.,
or from .45 per cent. to 2.4 per cent. of the total fat. This
waste has been least with the Jerseys and greatest with the
Ayrshires.
eee
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 43
MECHANICAL LOSS OF BUTTER FAT.
It is noted in the Station Report for 1889 on pages 131 and
132 that the total amount of solids in the whole milk is not
accounted for by the amount of solids in the skimmed milk and
sour cream. The loss seems to have fallen especially upon the
butter fat. It was found that not far from ten per cent. of the
fat in the whole milk failed to appear in the skimmed milk and
sour cream. A calculation based upon the second year’s test
shows a similar discrepancy. Ina table below, which gives the |
results for both years, it appears that from twenty to forty-six
pounds of butter fat are annually unaccounted for in the case of
each of -the cows.
RESULTS FOR 1888-9.
Nancy
Jangje. Ayon- Sie Agnes.| Ida.
, dale. ¥
lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs.
Total solids in whole Ini eos sores ss 1222.77; 751.1 | 893.6 | 1015.2 | 638.4
olids in skimmed milk............. ) ; 5
Solids in sour cream.....cceee0» ... } 1183-7 730.7 | 862.1 | 972.9 | 594-1
Deficiency of milk solids............. 44. 20.4 31.5 42.3 44.3
Total fat in whole milk.......-+..ce0- 340.4 208.8 245.9 352. 237.8
Fat in skimmed milk ......see0see-20-| 22.9 Diba iG iain IETS noes
Frat im S0UYr CrEam..c.cere-see sesessss| 280s 163 5 154. 292.9 178.6
307.9 188.3 | 218. | 306. | 197.8.
Deficiency ef fat......... socdcos cocees| 32.5 20.5 27.9 46. | 40.
—
ReEsutts For. 1889-90.
Nancy
., | Agnes Queen
Janagje. P von- ; Agnes.| Ida.
Smit. Alpi. Linda.
lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs.
Total solids in whole milk.....-..0c-+| 1042.1 | 893. 811. 918.7 | 960.5 696.5.
Solids in skimmed milk.........+. ....{ 673.9 | 610.8] 526. | 650.7| 492.4 | 366.4.
Solids in sour cream....e--+-> oagaDoKal| BBIDol 251.5 | 246.1 232.2 | 422.4 293.5
Mota «ce--+--+ lie ee ape mee ee ...| 1009.0 | 862.3 | 972.1| 892.9] 914.8 | 659.9.
Deficiency of milk solids ............. 33.1 30.7 38.9 35.8 45.7 36.6
Total fat in whole milk...........- vse| 286.5 | 251.6 | 219.5 | 261.5 | 337.5 |) 263.1
Fat in skimmed milk. ......- Coe ete (iaar i S820! | NieD=6) || Lassa elon nT uon
Hat in SOW CLEAM ice... cvuwcnccce- sae 229.6 187.4 165.2 166.3 296 .2 213.3
ERO fel ectaretetocirtaiieicisistetersietaricrctelele riers 262.2 225.4 188.8 234.6 304.7 227.5 él
Deficiency Of fat... ccccvucwrcvvcvsccers 24.3 26.2 30.7 26.9 82.8 35.6
One method of explaining this loss is to*say that it is due to
the milk and cream that have adhered to the dairy utensils. It is
true, of course, that some loss does occur in this way, but it
44 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
seems hardly possible that ten per cent. of the total butter fat in
the milk adheres to the milk pails and cans in which the milk is
set. To be sure, the amount of waste in this way has been rela-
tively much larger because the quantity of milk and cream
handled at each time was small, and so the amount adhering to
the dairy utensils was a much larger proportion of the total dry
matter in the milk. The method of calculation used in securing
these figures should be regarded with some suspicion, perhaps,
for as has has been stated, the product for each month, not only
of milk, skimmed milk, but also of cream is assumed to have the
same composition that is found for five days in the month, and
all the calculations are made on this basis. In this way errors
may have arisen, but it is hardly probable that they would all
occur on one side and uniformly cause a discrepancy in the same
direction. In order to test this matter more correctly and thor-
oughly, calculations have been made based upon the actual yield
and composition of the milk and other products during the five
days on which the cows were tested. A large part of the analy-
ses made in 1888 were made of both the night’s and morning’s milk,
and as the records show the the weights of each mess of milk,
of the skimmed milk and of the total amount of cream at the
time when it was ready for the churn, it is possible to ascertain
whether any loss of fat occurred. This has been done for four
cows during the period of five days in June and a similar period
in July. Besides these calculations, a special test has been made
in which quite a large quantity of milk of known composition
was taken. This latter trial was made in February, 1890. ‘These
additional results are shown below.
| Chloe. Lois. dansje. Nancy
| | | Avondale.
a at| ices | {| a -
| = s || c 3 aS 3 <=) s
sie |lele |ls|]e lls] é&
| w = | R | Rn RD
gure. 1888. | Ibs, | Ibs. || Ibs. | lines anaes inet inne? | Ibs.
otal in whole milk........-.--.--- 37.30) 4.68) 14. 92) 4.24)| 22. wee 6.32)| 16.50 4.36
eae iiried wile =o ol igetsalegall erp: 36| .78|| 15.26 _-81|| 81|| 11:0) .82
in SOUT CTEAM.........-c000e. | 4.75) 3.62/| lS 33| 3.27|/ 6.94 5.14) 4.67) 3.28
| 17.04 1.35 | 14.69) 4.05|| 22. "22.20 ~ 5.95|| 15.77| 4.10
Deficiency ...-..... -.--- 296 \) 33i| 1 0223l e198) ei aa .73| 26
Per cent. loss fat ......s00+6 eeeees | 7-00) 4.5 5.8 | 6.00
Pach 1888. | |
otal in whole milk......---+++.... 14.29) 3.79)| 3.10|| 17.05 4.40) 3.71
—__ |__| ——————e et
in skimmed milk........----- 9.67, .39) .44| 10.80 —.29) 51
in sour Cream......... See-ee-| 4.21] 3.19) | 2.53) 5.74 3.86) 3.04
— — || —— |——_ —
13.88] 3.58 2.97|| 16.54) 4.15 3.55
Deficiency ....-..sseeeee- 41) -21| 113|| 15) .25 9
Per cent. loss fat ......c-.esseccees 5.50) 4.20) | 5.701 4.30
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 45
SpeciaL Test or Loss or Fart.
Weight of milk taken morning ........eseeseeseveeres Coes saccces eecceceecs eeccee 125 Ibs.
sf is “« night..... ne
‘« of sweet cream, total....
“of skimmed milk, morning.. °
ce SOOM ni pitas loa tileee dae lace outcessepbinisen ec wae 669)5
© Of BOUL Cream, total. ......, 2. sccccccccce cosscccccscccccs cccvccesecceve 37h **
Whole milk. Skimmed milk. Baccetll Sons
Sy ee ||| See ||| Cxeam.|' Cream,
Morn. | Night. || Morn. | Night.
lbs. lbs. lbs. Ibs. lbs. lbs.
Solids in 100 lbs ........... S000sadc00 12.75 | 13.02 9.99 9.69 25.77 | 25.80
Fat in 100 Ibs .......-.ce00 core ceeees 3.75 4.07 -685 -478\| 18.19 | 18.17
Contained in whole milk........--cescusscescescccocs Bo00000 26.83 lbs. solids, 8.09 lbs. fat.
SS in sour milk and sweet Cream .....eeee- seccerees 26.68 sé 8.02 ss
$s in sour milk and SOUL CrEAM.....-cceeecscccces 26.34 es 7.77 cf
Fat not accounted for in sour milk and sour cream, .32 lbs. = 4 4 of total fat.
In no instance was the amount of fat in the skimmed milk and
the sour cream equal to that of the whole milk, the discrepancy, or
apparent loss, amounting in the several cows to from four to seven
per cent. of the total fat in the milk. It should be noted that in
the special trial where a large quantity of milk is used, the fat of
the sweet cream plus that of the skimmed milk accounts
for practically that of the whole milk. The cream was
allowed to stand a longer time than usual before churning and
diminished in weight from evaporation or otherwise a pound and
three-eights. ‘The percentage of fat seems to have remained
unchanged, however, and the sour cream, although the weights
were taken without pouring the cream from one can to another,
thus avoiding any mechanical loss, contained by analysis a quarter
of a pound less of fat than the sweet cream. This indicates a
loss of fat not yet explained. These trials would have
‘been repeated in a more exhaustive manner had not lack of time
‘prevented, but this will be done, and further investigation may
show that this loss has been wholly mechanical.
46 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
THE EFFECT OF A DELAY IN SETTING MILK.
It is often the case that milk is allowed to stand an hour or so
after it is drawn before it isstrained and set in cold water.
Especially with a large herd, the milk of the first animals milked
may sit some time before it is brought into contact with the
cold water. Again, oftentimes the dairy-man is careless in
allowing the milk to stand unnecessarily and so does not strain it
into the cans nearly as soon as he might. The question arises,
What is the effect of this delay in setting milk upon the amount
of fat which is left. in the skimmed milk? In order to secure
information upon this point the matter was tested in the follow-
ing manner: The milk of several animals (grades) was drawn as
quickly as possible, thoroughly mixed in a large vessel, divided
into two equal parts and one-half immediately submerged in
water at a temperature of about 40°. The other half of the milk
was allowed to stand from one-half hour to an hour, after that
delay being submerged in the same cabinet with the other portion
of the milk.
The following data were recorded :
The weight of milk set ; the temperature of that portion of the
milk which was placed in the cold water immediately; the tem-
perature at the time of submerging of that portion of the milk
which was allowed to stand some time before placing in the
cold water; the composition of the milk which was used in the
tests and the composition of the skimmed milk.
The first test was made from Jan. 20th to Jan. 24th, 1890,
and the second test was made from Feb. 3rd to Feb. 7th, 1890.
In the case of the first test, that portion of the milk which was
allowed to stand some time before setting in the cold water was
strained into the cans at the same time that the other portion was
set in the water, and when finally placed in the water it was not
stirred. During the second test that portion of the milk which
was not put into cold water until after a half hour or an hour,
was thoroughly stirred at the time it was submerged. This latter
method of treatment would correspond entirely to the way in
which milk is manipulated when it is allowed to stand some time
before straining. It should be stated that the milk which was
not at once placed in the cold water was in the first test allowed
to stand in the dairy-room, and in the second test, in a cold walk
outside of the dairy-room. ‘The results which are shown in the
tables below were a surprise. ‘heir testimony, however, is un-
mistakably in one direction.
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
47
TasBLes SHOWING THE Errecr A DELAY IN SETTING MiLtK AFTER
January
“cc
a}
“é
“
“
“ec
o
o
a3
“
January
ia]
ێ
“
ce
Aad
‘ec
oe
ee
IT 18 DRAWN.
With, night’.....sccccccsssccccceseccscsceses
Dist, MOTMING....ceccescserereeseess esieiatals
21st, night ....
22d, morning....
22d, night..... o¢
23d) MOTNING..<..cccsicscncceecs- stat
QA, MIGht..ccce.cecscccccccecsacccsseccces
24th, mornin
ee eee tee we eee
wee eee et eens
Weight of || Composition of milk
each lot of Total BEES
milk set. Solids. Fat.
lbs. % %
lig 13.26 4.58
Q5E 12-54 3.55
18% 12.86 3.21
26 12.44 3.30
183 12.55 3.78
243 12.53 3.46
18 13.37 4.57
242 12 75 3.48
20 12.96 4.37
Q74 13.30 4.22
28 12.80 4.10
28 13.07 4.28
27 13.25 4.05
35 13.49 4.50
Milk set at once |;|Milk allowed to stand before
after being drawn
a4 Comp. of
Bus skim’d milk
Buy ills
ae
25 | Total
a sol’da| Fat-
‘ ; %e %
20th, night.............. ---| 96 SEIG| > | Rel
21st, morning,....... eceeee| 94 | 10.12) 1.00
21st, night . ...2...........| 96 9.21 -20
22d, morning .............. 96 9.40) .25
774i (5 WED Nh seancoobodoses0dKC 96 9.07 -20
23d, Morning... ce... 96 9.59} .17
94 9.29 ali
96 9.50} .20
94 9.41} .20
2)
-21
Milk set at once
after being drawn
Comp. of
74 skim’d milk
Bas 3
=o
8 Total ae
25 |sol’ds| ~ 2°
55
| &
2
: % %
February 3d, night............e0e...| 96 9.41} .18
4th, night. .......02..0...| 96 9.41 14
5th, night........ Seccccsces| 95 9.46) .28
Gthy MISHt cess c cr ece cise 95 9.78] .32
7th, night........ wieweielatatsielete 95 9.49] .27
AWICVAE Cust cecisncsinsinsicciele eee «24
setting. Not stirred when set.
®
= uu. 2 Comp. of
7S 22 % . |skim’d milk
os = = tp
@s | 23 | $3 |——
o Ss ons
= >| oF 28 | Total
Fe | Bu | 38 |sords| Fat
OF o's ip
& iT 9)
a A
° ° % %
xhr.| 90 6 S521 reo
zhr.| 90 4 9.85) .66
zbr.| 92 4 9.27) .25
zhbr.| 90 6 9.84) .64
xhr.| 90 6 9.09) .24
xhr.| 90 6 9.62) .22
lhr.| 86 8 9.35} .20
lhr.| 86 10 9.51; .20
lhr.| 84 10 9.35| .24
-32
| 26
Milk allowed to stand before
setting. Stirred when set.
ro) 5 Bb Comp. of
= re. = |skim’d milk
Sul MatGer
oe | SS 3 2
as ee | os
ie & | ~ 2 |Total
e2| 3° | 82 leoras| ™*
oa | & |
Ss as |
ss] e A |
. e i % . %
Lhr.| 90 6 9.53 “21
zhr.} 91 5 9.51 24
thr. | 90 5 | 9.46] “99
lhr.| 8 | 11 | 9.79] 97
lhr.} 84 11 9.63) 97
-26
48 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
‘
One of the important facts shown by the foregoing is the extent te
which cooling took place by allowing the milk to stand from a half
hour to an hour. A half hour’s standing, both in the dairy-room.
and in the cooler walk outside, caused the temperature of the milk
to lower from 4° to 6° or an average of 5.3°. An hour’s
standing lowered the temperature of the milk in about the same
proportion for the length of time, or from 8° to 11°, the average
being 10°. In no case did the temperature of the milk get below
84°, the temperature of the freshly drawn milk ranging from 94°
to 96°. When we come to consider the effect of this extent of
cooling upon the completeness of the separation of the fat from
the skimmed milk, we find it to be slight, in fact, scarcely worth
considering.
In the first test where the milk was immersed in cold water as
quickly as practicable after it was drawn, the average per cent. of
fat in 8 trials was .21 per cent., while the skimmed milk from the
milk allowed to stand from a half hour to an hour before being
placed in the cold water was found to contain on an average .26
per cent. In the first test, as has been stated, the cooled milk was
not stirred at the time of placing it in the cabinet, and in the second,
the cooled milk was stirred when submerged. In this latter case
the milk that was placed in the ice water at once left only .24
per cent. of fat in the skimmed milk, while that which was allowed
to stand left .26 per cent. These differences are insignificant and
show that with herds of ordinary size, it will not be profitable
to submit to any great inconvenience in order to place the milk in
ice water immediately after it is drawn. In a half hour to an
hour, milk does not seem to cool sufficiently to materially effect the
completeness with which the cream will rise.
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 49
THE PREPARATION OF THE RATION FOR MILCH
COWS.
A great deal of time is spent in discussing not so much what
the’ration shall be as how it shall be fed. Matters which pertain
to the minor details of cattle feeding, such as the method of pre-
paring food, number of times of feeding, the mixture of the
various parts of the ration and other things of similar nature,
have been given, the writer believes, undue prominence in former
discussions. It is especially the case that a prominent writer for
one of our leading journals has strenuously advocated the chop-
ping of the hay and coarse fodder fed, moistening the chopped
material and thoroughly mixing the grain with it before feeding.
This writer has claimed that the labor necessary to do this returns
large profits.
The attention of the Director of the Station has been several
times called to this matter and for that reason it was decided to
make a test of the method advocated in order to illustrate either
its value or lack of value. Consequently in the spring of 1890
the hay fed to the Station cows was for quite a period of time
chopped quite fine, moistened and the grain thoroughly mixed
with the chopped material. This mixture was allowed to stand
several hours before feeding. Previous to beginning the feeding
of the ration in this manner the animals were receiving hay and
a mixture of two parts cotton seed meal, two parts corn meal and
one part bran, by weight.
During the time that the chopped and moistoned ration was fed
the kind and quantity of food given remained unchanged, and at
the end of the period of fifty-one days the animals were returned
to the former ration, that is, unchopped hay, and grain fed dry.
As the cows to which these rations were fed were those which
were undergoing a two years’ test, a careful record was kept
of their yield and of the quality of the milk. This being done
it became possible to ascertain whether chopping the hay and
thoroughly mixing the grain with it after moistening, had any
appreciable effect upon production. The figures which appear
in the following tables form the basis of our conclusions :
2B
50 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
Tue Rations Feb.
| | Agnes | Queen
| Jansje. | Smit. | Linda. | Agnes. | Ida.
| Tbs. Ibs. | Ibs. | Ibs Ibs
Dry ration, unmixed (February 20 to)
March 4fh.).............- ae j | |
Hay fed daily Gaerne’) soosccec eee! 24.4 | 22.5 | 22.7 | 21.6 M.7
Gram fed datlyso-sos2eees eso neneee | 8. | Bee a yf 6. | 6.
Ration, pee d met aud. mized (Mar. | i | |
5th to April 24th.).... .....-...|
Hay fed daily...-.-- eS eotcoore ace eo | 3. | 5 | 3. | 22. 0.
Grain fed daily........-...02.-.----- 8. 410. | 7 6. | 6.
Dry ration, unmixed (April 25th to| | |
May 24th.) 2 serocee cate sacs) 1
Hin y, fed daily: 262" 52.5.0e0 oso an, | 235 | 3.2 22. 21.8 21.6
Grain fed daily.2:050... ©o-2.0deecn ae Pace (ae (eS a i 2 6
* The grain ration of Agnes Smit was increased on March 8th by two pounds
of middlings.
Composition oF THE Mux Dourine THE THREE PERIODS.
| otal || Casein |
panic Ash. re Sugar.| Fat-
Hi —
| #6 || # tb $ | &
(Pebruary 17-21........ ccocescece--| 12.93 || -65| 3.06] 5.06] 3.46
Jansje. { Starch 1 OS. Pee cote e we cee oeeeeen | 12.35 || - | 3-08 | 5.26 3.35
(April 92-9§...s--.200---- Pesrdedece| 48.28 ro nes | Su08e) 5207, | cree
1 | !
Sees (February Maa, Base eee | 12.68 || -65| 3.05] 5.06] 3.93
Ene> | March 19-93... -....-------------- | ieo}| .65| 2.79] 5.20| 2.96
Smit. (April 92 96..00-.i oceccceceec-c---] 1138 || (es | 2.59] 4.93] 3.a0
1 ]
en {February 17-21...-.. pebeenceactace | 12.54 /) .65) 2.99] 3.36] 3-54
Queen} March 19-23...------.-- eat Bon Saas | 12.55 |] -e5| 3.02] 5.481 3.40
BUA § | Agiril 227 Oe ooo ss ees eee | 12.25 || 65] 3.04] 5.04 | 3.52
( February 17-2 stesso Ne s36 IP Va Calssiliis-an toe
Agnes. grch 19-93 0.2.22 cencce-e-- ----| 15-29-75 | 4.93| 5.17] 5.04
Uagaige ns cae wate Son --| 15.24 || im] 4.98) “476 | 5.45
{ February 17-21....eeeeeeseeeees ..| 15.22 || 75 | 4.03] 4.63| 5.66
Ida, 2 MayehAo-28 orc. cesees cscs | aos] 75 | 3.95| 4.99] 5.86
) April 22-96. TT EOE Se | 5.15 || .% | 3.90] 4.74! 5.76
Propuction oF Mix anp Bourtrer Dourine THe THREE PERIODS.
Jansje. | ants ae | Agnes. | Ida.
ns ———— ——
Dry ration, unmixed (30 days) | Ibs. | Ibs. Ibs. | _Tbs.- | Ibs.
Total milk yield...--.-.... teens, 896 1108. | 4. | 601. | 397.
Total butter yield..........- ae 29.7 | 43-9 | 24.7 34.5 24.6
Average daily milk yield aeseat 39.9 | 36.9 | 30.1 2. | 13.2
Average daily butier yield.....- 1.02) 1.57] -82 1.15) 82
Ration, chapped wet and mixed (51 ds.)| | |
Total milk yield .....-..-..... = 34. | W712. | 1235. S84. 614.
Total butter VAG ile s-s-55e-n se2s-]) 47.1 | sy es) 33-5 | 51.2 38.3
Average daily milk yield ... -.. 26-3 | 33-6 24. 17.3 12.
Average daily butter yield......| 33 1.00) -65 1.00; -75
Dry ration, unmi ized (30 days) | | |
Total milk yield.-..... siecce | 720. 308. 64. 492. 357.
Total butter yield -..........-... 2. 3.7 Tr ise || 27.5 21.
Average daily milk yield.......-| a 26.7 | 21.5 | 16.4, 11.9
Average daily butter yield...... -£3| -79| -5T| 92| -72
The records show that up to March Sth, the several cows were
eating dry hay and grain, that from March 5th to April 24th,
inclusive, the ration of hay and grain, without being changed in
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 51
kind or quantity, was simply mixed by chopping the hay, moist-
ening it and sprinkling the grain upon it. After April 24th, the
animals were returned to the same ration that they had eaten
previous to March 5th. Now how did these changes affect pro-
duction? There is no evidence that they had any affect. The
amount of food given, it is seen, remained practically unchanged
and it does not appear that the method of preparation had any
influence either upon the yield or composition of the milk. It is
noticed that the yield is given for thirty days previous to March
5th, and for thirty days following April 24th. The time during
which the chopped and moistened ration was fed between those
dates was fifty-one days. During all this time there appears to
have been very little change in the composition of the milk, as is
shown by analyses made in February, March and April. There
was a steady decrease in the daily yield of each animal, which
seems to have been quite uniform throughout the entire time,
from the first of February to the last of May. The daily weights
of each mess of milk, although not recorded above, show that in
changing from the dry food to the moistened or from the moist-
ened to the dry, there was no deviation in the daily production,
but that the animals behaved in every respect as though they
were receiving the same amount of ‘nutrition in the same form,
which was really the case. The simple fact seems to be, that
when animals are receiving palatable food that is adapted to their
needs these minor differences in the method of treating the ration
have very little influence. Of course it must be conceded that if
steaming or chopping and wetting a coarse fodder renders
palatable that which would otherwise be unpalatable and
therefore useless as a cattle food, a saving is thereby
made. It is, then, only a question as to whether the material
thus utilized is of greater value than the cost of preparing it.
But there is very little evidence that steaming, chopping, wetting
or otherwise treating cattle foods that are palatable without any
treatment, and of which the animals will eat a sufficient quantity
in their natural condition, is good economy.
52 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
THE MINERAL INGREDIENTS OF MILK.
BY L. H. MERRILL.
AWNALYsIs oF THE AsH oF Mik.
The milk from which the ash was obtained for these analyses
was not taken at random, but represents five consecutive milkings
from each cow, 50 cubic centimeters being taken from each lot of
milk at each milking. The skimmed milk represents the same
lots as the whole milk.
For the benefit of those who are not familiar with chemical
methods, it should be stated that the potassium, sodium, iron,
etc., found in the ash were calculated as oxides. It is probable,
however. that all the chlorine present is combined with these ele.
ments, and that the weight of the ash as calculated is too great
by the amount of oxygen which would be replaced by the chlorine
found. About 71 parts by weight of chlorine would replace 16
parts of oxygen. This correction is applied in all these tables.
Composition oF Mirx Asa.
Holstein.
100 paris of ach contained.
Jansje- | AgnesSmit. || Average.
| Whole Skimmed) Whole |Skimmed
27.3 | 27-12 1) 26.86 ) 26.89
38 9.37 | “99 I 9:32 | (si97
g 19.65 | 19.98 || 20.79 | 21-31
Magnesia....- -...« 3.25 | 2.47 2.39 | 2.56 | 2.55
Tron Oxide .. 44 42 2 | 43) .39
Phozphoric Acid .......- 26.11 29 63 29.47 || 27-87 | 27.98
Sulphurie Acid .. ....- 2.43 1.41 | 1.79 | 1/92 |; - 12-44
Chiorine..... Saecaseee oe | 13-49 12.48 | 12.72 || 13.09 13.50
16.06 | 10.21 102.85 | 102.85 || 102.94 | 108.0
Oxygen equivalent te | | |
Chlorine ......... «- 3.15 3.21 2.86 | 2.85 || rE 3.03
100.00 | 100.00 |) 100.00 | 100.00 || 100.00 | 100.00
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 5d
Composition oF Miik Asu.
Ayrshire.
a 7 100 parts of ash contained.
Nancy Avondale. Queen Linda. Average.
Whole |Skimmed|| Whole Skimmed|| Whole |Skimmed
Potash .....+++-+eeeee-++|/ 18.80 19.08 25.97 25.79 22.38 | 22.43
Soda .... ..-..... eeeeeee 11 72 9.90 7.62 7.72 9.67 8.81
Lime... 2 .-0.0. seeeeeee 26.85 27.18 24.05 23.98 25.45 25.59
Magnesia... sssseeeeee 3.10 2.77 2.34 2.53 2.72 2.65
Tron Oxide .....-..see00- .39 59 19 sol -29 45
Phosphoric Acid ....... 25.52 26.53 30.31 29.40 27.92 27.97
Sulphuric IKGCOlsoacccso00s 3.21 3.26 1.38 1.76 2.29 2.51
Chlorine .. .............. 13.44 13.86 10.51 10.99 11.98 12.43
a 103.03 103.12 102.37 102.48 102.70 102,80
Oxygen equivalent to
Chlorine ...........-. 3.03 3.12 2.37 2.48 2.70 2.80
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Jersey.
100 parts of ash contained.
Agnes. Ida. Average.
Whole |Skimmed/| Whole Skimmed|| Whole Skimmed
Potash ..cccccsccccsccces 21.65 21.30 23.94 22.91 22:79 22.10
miaoisqacanbovarcson docead 7.79 7.65 ~ 8.94 8.50 8.37 8.08
JOTHTaGds ASH OSEROSO ODOC cel 25.58 25.45 22.13 22.93 |! 23.85 24.19 «
Magnesia....... . sees 2.50 2.68 2.59 2.49 2.55 2.57
Tron Oxide... ....006- 46 49 20 .19 .33 .B4
Phosphoric Acid.... ... 81.41 81.75 $2.97 32.46 $2.19 32.11
Sulphuric Acid........-- 2.70 2 40 93 1.92 1.81 2.16
Chlorine ...cccccoeccecccs 10.21 10.70 10.71 11.10 10.46 10.91
102.30 102.42 102.41 102.50 102.35 102.46
gay een equivalent to j
Hhlorine .....0.°°°°*° 2.30 2.42 2.41 2.50 2.35 2.46
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
This work was undertaken in part to show the differences in
composition which might be attributed to differences in
breed. It is evident, however, that analyses from a larger num-
ber of cows would be necessary to give any conclusive results of
this character. The potash and phosphoric acid seem to be the
most variable constituents, It will be seen that the ash from the
Holstein milk contains more potash than that from the other two
breeds. On the other hand, the Jerseys show a much larger per-
centage of phosphoric acid than the others.
These differences are insignificant, however, when compared
with the individual differences shown in the two Ayrshire cows,
Nancy Avondale and Queen Linda. The small amount of potash
in the case of the former seems to be compensated for in part by
a correspondingly larger quantity of soda and lime. On the
D4
MAINE
STATE COLLEGE
other hand, the ash from the milk of Queen Linda contains more
phosphoric acid and less sulphuric acid and chlorine than that from
the milk of Nancy Avondale.
Pounps oF AsH INGREDIENTS IN 1000 LBs. or MILK.
Potashpecweressececerctes
SOC daccecwacieisiecis ACOUORBGS
Lime..... eieecieiscisieiseteiatate
Magnesia .... ....... s00¢
Iron Oxide...... s000ao000
Phosphoric Acid.........
Sulphuric Acid..... s000c6
Chlorine..........2eeecees
Cayeen equivalent to
Hlorine..........600.
Potash ....... podcondagaa
Sod aieeccccceneniecice poood
GIMME Bases ee sesomine terse
Magnesia.........- secceee
iin Oba @oococembossa00
Phosphoric Acid..... oc.
Sulphuric Acid.....-...0.
Chlorine..... 5000000 o000c0
Oxygen equivalent to
Chlorine............
Potash...... BGS00000005 36
Soda
Lime
Magnesia.......... soo0500
Tron Oxide..... i
Phosphoric Acid.........
Sulphuric Acid....... so5
CMOEING seca eie eens oonee
eeerseccescece-eeeeee
to
Oxygen equivalent
hlorine....
Holstein.
Whole milk. Skimmed milk.
Jansje. |Agnes S.| Av’rage.) Jansje. |Agnes S.| Ay’rage.
Ibs. Ibs. Ibs. Ibs. | Ibs. Ibs.
1.79 ie) 1.69 1.86 1.67 1.76
-60 -00 -O7 OL -56 .54
1.49 Le) 1.32 1.58 1.22 1.40
-22 .14 18 19 15 AT
-03 -02 -03 04 -02 -03
1.77 1.72 1.74 1.84 1.81 1.82
17 -08 13 ally ell -14
-91 14 -83 moo) -78 .89
6.98 5.99 6.49 7.18 6.32 6.75
21 17 -19 ~22 -18 -20
6.77 5.82 6.30 6.96 6.14 6.55
Ayrshire. ;
Whole milk. Skimmed milk.
N. A Q. L Ay’rage N, A. Q. L. | Av’rage.
lbs. Ibs. Ibs. || lbs. | Ibs. | Ibs.
1.33 1.61 1.47 1.37 1.68 1.52
-83 AT -65 offll -50 -61
1.91 1.49 1.70 1.95 1.57 1.76
22 15 18 -20 17 18
-03 -01 02 04 02 -03
1.81 1.88 1.85 1.91 1.92 1.92
.23 -09 16 24 11 17
-95 -66 -80 1.00 72 .86
7.31 6.36 6.83 7.42 6.69 7.05
21 «15 -18 22 16 19
7.10 6.21 6.65 7.20 6.53 6.86
Jersey.
Whole milk. Skimmed milk.
Agnes. Ida. Ay’rage.|| Agnes Ida. Av’rage.
lbs. Ibs. lbs. lbs. Ibs. _ Ibs.
1.69 1.79 1.74 1.78 1.76 1.77
-61 -67 ~64 64 -65 -64
1.99 1.66 1.82 2.12 1.76 1.94
-19 -19 19 22 19 21
-04 -02 -03 04 -02 -03
2.45 2.47 2.46 2.65 2.50 2.57
2! -07 14 -20 15 18
-79 -80 -80 -89 8d .87
UE 7.67 7.82 8.55 7.88 8.21
18 18 18 -20 19 i)
—. ———————— — —-_—_—_-
7.79 7.49 7.64 8.35 7.69 | 8.02
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 5
or
TotaL Contents or AsH IN THE MILK or Eacu Cow ror OnE
YEAR.
Holstein.
Whole milk. | Skimmed milk. Cream.
Yield Total Yield Total Total
milk. Ash. Ash. milk. Ash. Ash. Ash.
lbs. % lbs. Ibs. % lbs. lbs.
JANSjC.......06 9176 -677 62.13 7578 -696 52.75 9.38
Agnes Smit.... 7562 . 582 44.00 6589 -614 40.45 alte,
Pounps or AsH INGREDIENTS IN ToraL YIELD or MILK.
Whole milk. Skimmed Milk.
Jansje. A.S. Av’rage.|| Jansje. A.S. | Av’rage.
Ibs. Ibs. Ibs. Tash enipst eel se
Potash ........0- elafeteterstetener 16.46 11.98 14.22 14.07 10.97 12.52
Soda ..........06 s006000.00 5.52 4 12 4.82 3.88 3. 72 3.80
IWIN cdoo coDd0D0000000000 13.63 8.65 11.14 11.97 8.06 10.01
Magnesia .......+see0e0. 2.02 1.09 1.55 1.43 -97 1.20
Tron Oxide .....0+....000. 27 18 23 227 -10 -19
Phosphoric Acid..........| 16.23 13.04 14.63 13.97 11.92 12.94
Sulphuric Acid........... 1.50 -62 1.06 1.32 «12 1.02
Chlorine........... 9000000 0 8.39 5.58 6.99 7.53 5.14 6.34
64.02 | 45.26 | 54.64 || 54.44 | 41.60 | 48.02
Oxygen equivalent to
Chlorine.............. 5000 1.89 1.26 1 57 1.69 1.15 1.42
62.13 | 44.00 | 53.07 52.75 | 40.45 | 46.60
Ayrshire.
Whole milk. Skimmed milk. Cream,
Yield Ash. Total Yield Ash. Total Total
Milk. Ash. Milk. Ash. Ash.
lbs. % lbs. lbs. % lbs. lbs.
N. Avondale.. 6120 -710 43.46 5082 -720 36.58 6.88
Queen Linda. 7105 621 44.12 6147 653 40.14 3.98
Pounps or AsH INGREDIENTS IN ToTaL YIELD oF MILK.
Whole milk. Skimmed milk.
A N. A. Q. L. | Avrage.| N. A. | Q. L. | Av’rage.
lbs. lbs. Ibs. Ibs. lbs. Ibs.
Potash ............. opeodae 8.17 11.46 9.81 6.98 10.35 8.66
SGD, sossoosco0o000008C0000 5.09 3.36 4.23 3.62 3.10 3.36
Lime Reteletelotetetelsleieraterereretal|mmrliln G7 10.61 11.14 9.92 9.63 9.7
Magnesia ....,.... 3 0000 1.35 1.03 1.19 1.01 1.02 1.01
Tron Oxide .......... so000 17 -08 -12 22 12 -17
Phosphoric Acid..........| 11.09 13.37 12.23 9.71 11.80 10.76
Sulphuric Acid........... 1.40 61 1.01 1.19 aril 95
@hlorine yn ecemsiscmterie. 5.84 4.64 5.24 5.07 4.41 4.74
44.78 45.16 44.97 37.72 41,14 39.43
Oxygen equivalent to
Chlorine ........... eia(eleieies 1.32 1.04 1.18 1.14 1.00 1.07
43.46 | 44.12 | 43.79 || 36.58 | 40.14 | 38.36
56 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
TotTat Contents oF AsH IN THE MiLK or Eacn Cow For ONE
YEAR.
Jersey.
Whole milk. Skimmed milk. Cream.
Yield Total Yield Total
milk, Ash. Ash. | milk. Ash. Ash. Ash.
lbs. % Ibs. || Ibs. % lbs. lbs.
Agnes..... Breiate 6540 ~779 50.94 | 4979 835 41.57 9.37
{ 3373. -769 25.94 6 89
UGB cesocg 25006 4381 749 32.83
Pounps or AsH INGREDIENTS IN ToTaL YIELD OF MILK.
Whole milk. Skimmed milk.
Agnes. Ida. Av’rage.|| Agnes. Ida. Av’rage.
Ibs Ibs. | Ibs Ibs Ibs. Ibs.
Potash eric cts saererctenie Sacooc]] E108 7.86 9.44 8 85 5.04 7.39
RNG, Scooodg0sa0000s 0000500 3.97 2.94 3.46 3.18 2 20 2.69
Lime.......---- oo9500 O00 13.03 7.26 10.15 10.58 5.95 8.27
Magneésia........0.-. -...- 1.27 -85 1.06 1.11 -65 .88
Tron Oxide.....-.-.02- odbel) = 23 07 15 20 -05 12
Phosphoric Acid.......... 16.00 10.82 13 41 13.20 8.42 10.81
Sulphuric Acid.......-..- 1.38 +31 84 1.00 -50 -75
(ClilkowahVD sogscna0cec0050000 5.20 3.51 4 35 4,45 2.88 3.67
52.11 33.62 42.87 42.57 26.59 34 58
Oxygen equivalent to
Chlorine ............- 40000 Utley -79 .98 1.00 -65 82
50.94 32.83 41.89 41.57 25.94) 33.76
In connection: with these results it may be of interest to con-
sider the amount of fertilizing materials contained in the ash of
milk. Of these, the only constituents of importance are potash
and phosphoric acids. ‘The other ingredients are usually found
in sufficient quantities in the soil, or are to be obtained so cheaply
that it is not necessary to notice them here. From the preceding
tables we find that the average amounts of potash and phosphoric
acid contained in the milk of a single cow for one year are as
follows :
Potash. Phosphoric Acid. Total
Pounds.| Value. || Pounds.| Value. Value.
Whole milk ..... oopoDdodcDSO0Sc0c05 11.16 $ .50 13.42 $ 1.07 $ 1.57
Skimmed milk .........-220c..e.0: 9.53 43 11.50 -92 1.35
Cream, by difference......-.....-- 1.63 1.92 $ .22
These constituents are estimated at their market values, viz. :
41-2 cents per pound for potash, and 8 cents per pound for
phosphoric acid. If the whole milk from one of these cows were
sold, it would carry from the farm potash and phosphoric acid
valued at $1.57. If only the cream were sold, the skimmed milk
being used upon the farm, the loss for one cow would be but 22
cents.
r
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 57
The average amount of manure from one cow is estimated at
9 tons, or 2 1-4 tons of dry matter. One ton contains about 15
pounds of potash and 7 pounds of phosphoric acid. The
milk of a single cow, therefore, contained as much potash as
three-fourths of a ton of the manure, and as much phosphoric
acid as two tons.
As nitrogen is not contained in the ash, it has not been noticed
here. But in view of the fact that it is found in large quan-
tities in milk and is the most valuable ingredient of manures it
should be considered. Six thousand eight hundred} and [fourteen
pounds of milk, the average product of one cow, contains 37.48
pounds of nitrogen (.55 of one per cent.) worth at least 15 cents
per pound, or $5.62 per year for the milk of a single cow. One
ton of manure contains about 12 pounds of nitrogen, worth $1.80.
The milk from a single cow, therefore, contains in one year as
much nitrogen as three tons of manure. As in the case of the
other constituents, however, the greater part of this is retained in
the skimmed milk.
2
a0 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
THE FAT GLOBULES OF MILK.
BY L. H. MERRILL.
The size of the fat globules in milk has an undoubted influence
upon the completeness with which the cream separates. Prof.
Babcock, in the Report of the N. Y. Expt. Station for 1885,
describes a method by means of which the relative number and size
of the globules in different samples of milk may be ascertained.
Omitting details, the method is briefly this: Capillary tubes of
glass are filled with a very dilute sample of the milk, temporarily
mounted in giycerine and placed in a horizontal position until the
globules have risen to the upper sides of the tubes. The slide is
then placed upon the stage of a microscope, the internal diameter
of the tube measured by an eye piece micrometer, and the num-
ber of globules in a given length of the tube counted.’ The results
of a number of observations are caleulated for a tube of uniform
length and diameter. The figures thus obtained serve to show
the relative number of globules in a given quantity of the sample
The relative size of the globules may be obtained by dividing the
per cent. of fat in the milk by the number of globules.
This method was applied in the examination of the milk of five
of the Station cows, representing three breeds, Holstein, Jersey
and Ayrshire. Samples of the whole and skimmed milk were
taken on four successive days. Considerable variation was
shown from day to day, yet the individual peculiarities were well
marked, as is shown in the following table, which gives the average
of the results for the four days.
RELATIVE NUMBER AND SIZE OF GLOBULES IN MILK.
| Relative number | Zz Relative size of
of globules. Fat. globules.
hE ee a ee es jas eae
Jansje, whole milk ............... 213 | 3.75 | 182
eS skimmed milk ............ | 89 fear) 81
Nancy Avondale, whole milk . 293 | 3.75 130
skimmed milk - 7 43 55
Queen Linda, whole milk.__.... | 188 | 3.32 178
cf skimmed milk ....| 75 | 47 | 65
Agnes, Whole mulk 7-222 2-.-cccnas 138 | 4.57 332
skimmed milk ..... ...-.. 19 | 10 54
ida wholeailktssnascsaen-> secs 140 | 5.29 390
ce Skammed antiky peeps eee a. 24 [ods 81
As might have been expected, the larger globules have gone
into the cream, leaving only the smaller ones in the skimmed
milk. Inno case do these average one-half the size of those in
the whole milk, and in the case of Agnes they are less than one-
sixth as large. It is noticeable, also, that the globules in the
milk of the two Jerseys, Agnes and Ida, are double the size of
those of the other breeds, a fact which must in large part account
for the ready creaming of this milk.
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. ae
REPORT ON TUBERCULOSIS.
BY DR. F. L. RUSSELL.
Last Fall there were discovered among the herd of cattle at the
State College farm two cases of tuberculosis. One was a year
old Guernsey heifer, and the other was a six year old cow, the
dam of the heifer. They were both killed and buried, but the
occurrence has given rise to considerable comment, and reports
have been circulated that were either untruths or but half truths,
so that many have gained an entirely wrong conception of the
whole matter. It is the purpose of this article to briefly state the —
simple facts pertaining to the subject.
In the Spring of 1889, when funds became available for
restocking the College farm, the trustees instructed three of
their number, who constituted the Farm Committee, to make the
purchases.
The Farm Committee acted upon the policy that has been
adopted of having the different pr ominent breeds of cattle repre-
sented in the college herd, and bought two Jersey heifers, five
Guernseys and three Holsteins; also six grade cows. There was
already on tbe farm a Jersey bull belonging to the College, bred
by J. R. Bremer, Hingham, Mass., (a cattle club bull), and in
the Experiment Station herd two Jersey cows and a calf, two
Ayrshire cows and a Holstein cow.
Four of the Guernseys, viz.: a five year old cow, Sard 4th,
two two-year old heifers, Velma 2nd and Mayland Lady, and
a year-old heifer, Margheita, were purchased the first of May
1889 at Wayland, Mass., of Mr. Wm. P. Perkins. About the
same time, the Holsteins consisting of a six-year-old cow, Nitalia,
a four-year-old heifer, Agnes Smit, and a bull calf, Archer Aber-
dare, were purchased of Mr. Wm. A. Russell, No. Andover,
Mass, The Guernsey bull, ‘‘Jack Stately” was bought of Mr.
D. M. Clark, of Portland, Me., the following December. The
Jersey heifers were purchased in August, 1889, of Mr. Bailey, of
Winthrop, Me., and the grade cows were bought about the same
time of different parties in Kennebec Co. |
After the Guernsey cow Sard 4th was purchased, but before
she was moved, she dropped a heifer calf, sc here were eight
animals in the herd brought from Massachusetts in May, 1889,
five Guernseys and three Holsteins.
When they arrived here I examined them with considerable
60 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
care, and aside from Sard 4th’s calf they seemed to be in excel-
lent health. This calf was scouring badly when she came here, a
natural result of the excitement and exposure to which Sard 4th
was subjected in a long journey at that season of the year. With
little treatment, except attention to her feed, the calf soon recov-
ered, and although her growth was checked she soon began to
gain again and continued to develop in a satisfactory manner.
When the trustees met the last of June, I made a favorable
report to them on the condition of the herd. After receiving my
report, the trustees instructed their secretary to request the State
Veterinarian to examine the herd. The last of July, 1889,
after the cattle had been here about two months, the State Veter-
inarian, Dr. Bailey, of Portland, came to examine them
Although he informed me a few days in advance of his coming, I
was away on my vacation and unable to meet him here. He pro-
nounced the health of the herd entirely satisfactory with the
exception of the temperatures of the three Guernsey heifers,
Mayland Lady, Velma 2nd and Margheite, which he thought
slightly elevated, and he left word with Prof. Balentine for me to
take them again at different times and report to him. I took the
temperatures as requested four or five times during the next three
months and communicated to him the results. In December
1889, Dr. Bailey wrote to the Secretary of the Trustees that the
herd was in a satisfactory condition of health, making no excep-
tions. In the meantime, two of the heifers had calved and were
doing well, as they have continued to do up to the present time.
The first evidence that any of the stock was affected with tuber-
culosis was discovered Octobor 18th, 1890. The Guernsey heifer,
at this time a year old, that was brought here a young calf by the
side of Sard 4th, was turned out in the spring of ’90 with four
other heifers. She was seen frequently during the summer, and
up to October 18th seemed to be doing finely. At this time she
was found away from the other heifers and not feeding. She was
evidently sick and was taken up to the barn. When my attention
was called to her perhaps an hour later, I found her very gaunt but
in good flesh.
Her temperature was 105° (F), but she had no appetite. But
sl. ght respiratory murmur could be detected on the left side and
there was marked dullness on percussion. On the right side the
respiratory Murmur was much increased. She had a persistent
hollow cough. The heifer was quarantined until October 31st,
when the Farm Committee were here to attend a meeting of the
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 61
Station Council, and then she was killed. In the mean time her
appetite was irregular and she continually lost flesh and became
weaker. Her temperature was taken frequently and varied from
101° to 105°.
When killed, her left lung was found adherent over a large part
of its area and contained a large abscess with a capacity of nearly
two quarts. Attached to the surface, and particulatly within the
substance of this lung, were many tubercles, varying from the size
of a pea to that of a large goose egg. The right lung had a few
small tubercles in its substance, but no abscesses. Attached to
its inferior and posterior borders, also to the walls of the thorax
and the right side, were many tubercles, most of them small. In
the right thoraric cavity attached to the diaphragm was a mass of
tubercles weighing over a pound. Many of the thoraric lymphatic
glands were enlarged, and one of them contained an abscess of
considerable size. The liver contained a number of small absces-
ses and had a few tubercules attached to its surface.
When this heifer was found to have tuberculosis, her dam Sard
4th was carefully examined and although up to this time she was
considered perfectly sound and was in apparently fine condition,
the examination revealed a little trouble in the left lung. When
the heifer was killed and her condition ascertained, the Cattle
Commissioners were notified as required by law, and two of the
commissioners, Dr. Bailey and Mr. Beal, came here. At this
visit they only examined Sard 4th, and they pronounced her
diseased. November 10th, they came again to examine the rest
of the herd.
At this second visit they examined Sard 4th again, after she
had been exercised a little, but there was no apparent change for
the worse. Indeed after taking her temperature, which was
slightly below the normal, and carefully examining both lungs, Dr.
Bailey said, **I should not be able to condemn her from what I
have seen of her to day.”
Sard 4th was killed and the right lung appeared sound. ‘The
anterior lobe of the left lung was slightly adherent, contained a
small tuberculous abscess, and adhering to its surface and within
its substance were a number of small tubercles. The diseased
portion of the lung was so far forward that the difficulty in detect-
ing the extent of the disease in the living animal was accounted
for. An examination of the rest of the heid failed to reveal any
more diseased animals, although one heifer was regarded with
62 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
some suspicion, which has ‘not’ been confirmed by a more recent
examination.
Thus it will be seen that we have had two cases of tubereéulosis;
Sard 4th and her calf, and the rest of the — animals in the
herd are pronounced sound.
It may interest some to know what the cattle of the College
have for feed. Sard 4th and the other mature cows giving milk
have been fed two quarts of shorts and one of corn meal at a feed
twice a day, and what good hay they would eat. The heifers are
raised on skimmed milk and as soon as they are old enough a
few shorts are given them and'the amount gradually increased
until it reaches two quarts when they are two years old. No corn
meal or other grain than shorts is given to the heifers. In the
summer all the stock is turned out to pasture and while the feed
is good they get no grain.
The question very naturally arises, Where did these two ani-.
mals contract tuberculosis? Were they diseased animals when
they were brought here, but in so slight a degree that it could not
be detected by a careful examination, or were Huey infeeved after
they came? :
That there is some ground for taking the latter view must be
admitted. There is too much tuberculosis walking about in
human form for us to be sure that any inhabited locality is free
from the elements of infection, and no greater change than these
animals underwent would’ probably render’ them’ somewhat more
susceptible for atime. That there was sufficient time for these
cases to develop-as the result of infection after they were brought
here is abundantly shown by the fact that very much the most
advanced case of ‘the two was brought here as’a young calf.
There is no conclusive evidence either one way or the’ other, so
that if ‘any one cares to think both’ cases were ‘the result of acci-
dental infection, occuring after they were brought here, there is —
no proof to the contrary. But much the more probable theory is
that they were already infected animals when they came to Maine.
Indeed, it is possible that the ultimate source of their disease is
the native home of the Guernséys, as I understand that Sard 4th’
was imported in her dam. It is much more likely that Sard 4th
conveyed the disease to her calf than that both of them con-
tracted it independently and all the rest of the herd aed
although exposed to the same danger.
The greater advance that the disease made in the heifer may be
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 63
accounted for by her exposure to wet and cold, while her dam was
housed every night. During the first part of October, before the
heifer was found sick in the pasture, we had two or three long
cold rains, and when the heifer was brought to the barn she was
evidently suffering from a severe cold that doubtless hastened her
decline.
We are frequently asked if there is danger that we will have
more cases of the same kind. There can be but one answer to this
question. We are liable to at any time, and the same possibility
exists in relation to every herd of cattle in the State, though we
do not regard this danger as very serious. But in one respect,the
College herd has the advantage of most other herds in the State,
as these animals have been subjected to a rigid examination and
pronounced sound, while a similar examination of all the cattle in
the State would doubtless reveal some cases of tuberculosis that
are not even suspected at present.
The idea seems to prevail that there is especial danger from
‘tuberculous cattle, and on that account extraordinary efforts should
be made. to exterminate bovine tuberculosis. But the fact.is we
have little reason to suppose that much progress will be “made in
suppressing consumption and kindred tuberculous diseases so long
as our efforts are confined to killing off diseased cattle.“* Indeed
if it were possible to go through this State and all states and
countries and kill all the cattle effected with any form of tuber-
culosis, but very little real progress would be made in stamping
out the disease. If the disease were confined to cattle, this would
be the very course to pursue. But this is only one of the meas-
ures to be adopted, and by no means the most important, in order
to make any real progress in ridding ourselves of this [deadly
disease. Great stress is laid upon the fact that diseased cattle
may convey tuberculosis to man; while the more important fact
that consumptive men, by means of their sputum, which they
spread broadcast wherever they go, may, aud doubtless do, give
tuberculosis to other men and cattle is often disregarded. Almost
no effort is made to limit the danger from this source, which is
regarded by the best informed as by far the most important means
for the spread of tuberculosis.
In recent years great advance has been made in the knowledge
of the cause of. tuberculosis and the means by which it is spread ;
but it seems to me that boards of health and physicians are slow
in putting this knowledge into practice in limiting the spread of
disease. Persons affected with scarlet fever are kept carefully
64 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
secluded with good results, while patients affected with the more
surely fatal tuberculosis are permitted to live on terms of closest
intimacy with their families, and to frequent public resorts without
any limitations or attempt to guard others from infection. Asa
resu lt we see the members of large families falling victims to this
disease one after another. and about one-tenth of the whole human
race dying from this one disease. If Asiatic cholera should gain
as many victims in one year as tuberculosis gains every year, it
would be regarded as an alarming condition of affairs, and every
available means would be used to check it.
We do not want to take any backward steps in the matter of
controlling, and so far as possible exterminating, bovine tubercu-
losis, but this work is rendered of almost no avail so long. as
scarcely any measures are taken to limit human tuberculosis. Noone
who is acquainted with the facts will deny that a large proportion
of human tuberculosis is preventable. An extreme conservatism
and disregard. of the value of human life should no longer be
allowed to hinder the adoption of such practical means as will
save countless lives. There are evident difficulties to be encoun-
tered in carrying out Sny effective measures, but they are not
insurmountable, and the end to be attained will justify the adop-
_tion of radical measures for the good of humanity,
RELATIVE YIELD OF DIGESTIBLE MATERIAL IN
EARLY-CUT AND LATE-CUT TIMOTHY HAY.
The old discussion with regard to the best time of cutting grass
for the purpose of making hay, cannot be said to have ceased,
neither can it be safely asserted that the problem involved in this
discussion has been solved. To be sure, quite an amount of
experimental work has been done with reference to this question,
but this work, much of it, has not been especially exhaustive.
We have contented ourselves with measuring out plots of grass
of as uniform character as possible, cutting these plots at differ-
ent periods of growth and weighing the resulting hay. This is
good as far as. it goes, in fact, up to a certain point, is the best
wecando. The true standard for judging the production with
any given crop, is the resulting amount of digestible material
rather than the total weight of the crop. The writer believes
that in testing this matter of the economical time for cutting
grass, two things are essential in order to obtain reliable results.
(1.) .That a large number of tests shall be made, including a
series of years.
(2.) That not the weight of the crop merely, but the
amount of digestible material shall be ascertained.
Investigations of this kind are now being conducted in ac-
cordance with the above views. Whatever tests are being made
of production with any crop, are being made in this way.
The following experiment is the second one undertaken by this
Station, that has had for its object the determination of the
amount. of digestible material in early-cut and in late-cut
Timothy hay. The first experiment is reported in the Station
Report for 1889, pages 44 to 45. In the summer of 1889,
fourteen equal sized plots of very uniform grass were measured
out, ten of these plots being located in one field and four in
another. The size of each of the ten plots was 30x50 feet, and
of each of the other four plots,\33x90 feet. One-half of these
plots was cut on July 1st and the other half on July 18th. At
3A
66 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
the first cutting the Timothy was in full bloom. The hay was
successfully cured and was then stored in the Station barn after
careful weighing. On April 7th, the two lots of the hay were
reweighed. Below can be seen the weights of the hay as put
in the barn and on April 7th, together with the percentage of
loss during the time of storage.
YIELD OF Earuy anp LaAtTe-cut Timoruy Hay.
7 4 =
mM
3 3 5 > £
lol 08 by Q mR
24 aS a 3
S ODM OF oOo. oe
o S ee © op oD
a, wk acd = op
5 og Ors) ae Hs
149 ae oe a aan
oS = En =" wm =
we © = a
ra ee oy
Ibs Ibs. lbs. Noe Uh
-Early-cut Timothy, cut J’y.1 1560 5070 | 4225 845 16.6
Late-cut ‘ yee 18! 1910) | 6208 5086 1122 18.1
This hay has not only been analyzed, but the digestibility has
been determined by feeding to sheep. We have, therefore, as the
total data’ by means of which to calculate the relative feeding
‘value of the two lots of-;hay cut at different dates, its weight,
‘composition and the digestibility of the various ingredients. All
this data can be found in the following tables.
Composition oF Timotuy Hay.
1 a
She
Me =19 ! ofS
5 BAe a ees
om) = a) Do soe °
Es} a Oo *K 2 — i »
5 E4 om ST Ve fo]
= < Ay Se) ASS ie
ae
Ss Ss s= as) jeer = sf
a ODXGIENG: Timothy hay, early-cut/10.40 | 4.86 | 7.06 |32.51 |41.67. |°3.5
CXX, Timothy hay, Jate-cut ....' 9.70 | 4.38 | 6.12 30.32 '46.17,| 3.3
ComposiITIon oF FEcEs.
eS = obs =
® oy
So |e es (8! See
eB fq [ao h Basel g
st [ose | se | ss. jet Fl] se
Feces, SSHLNVER 0) lee shocundgone:scaedstueona 8.45 | 6.42 | 7.81 |83./15 |40.93 | 3.24
ce “e Ds sahch cle deeieigustosketeer 9.45 | 6.27 | 7.31 [85.62 |38.55 | 2.80
os - BRB Spoon codeo moar acaeon 8.70) | 6549 | 8.19 |82231 41 19 sek
me Ob LRA pet one Erp Aeon 8.55 | 6.07 | 7.16 |86.52 139.16 | 2.54
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 67
Dicestipitiry or Timoruy Hay.
&
iz}
5
MM.
ro) B oe
+) 3 ov
a Ce oF
Ss q cor
mn Lon] _—
Ai se | dj Bo
=] Z| S
@ | 3} 7 Shes
F o . ~ (3) »
Bb fs) a ro) ee Pe
Hi = Hi = = = 3
el ° <q an Fy az fe
CXIX, Timoruy HAy, early cut,
Sheep 1.
Fed in five days, g18.,.-.. oe..esseee-.../3136 |2965. | 170.1} 247.1/1137.8) 1458.4 | 122.5
Excreted in five days, grs.. soccvccccees|1391-6/1293.9| 97.6) 118.7] 503.8) 622.1 | 49.2
Digested, 1s.....ececesccsss-ceccceseec(L/44.4/1671.1) 72.5) 128.4] 634.0) 836.3 73.8
Per cent. digested ........ ececcccccres | 50-6] 06.4) 42.6] 51.9] 55.8] 57:3 | 59.8
Sheep3.
Fed in five days, gYs...+-eeesseee- eeeee(dl36 |2965. | 170.1) 247.1/1137.8| 1458.4 | 122.5
Excreted in five days, g7s.....2-..+++ --/1369.5)1272.1) 97.3) 122.8) 484.6) 617.8 | 46.8
Digested ....cccccccccccccccccccccsscces 1766 .5|1692.9) 72.8) 124.3) 653.2) 840.6 15.7
Per cent. digested........+2++ ere-ceeces|- 06.5] 57.1) 42.8] 50.3) 57.4, 57.6 | 61.8
» Ay. per cent. digested by 2 ee 5.59) 56.7) 42.7) 51.1} 56.6) 57.4 | 60.8
CxXx, ee Y¥, late cut .....e00-
Sheep 2.
Fed in five days, grs. ....0e.0++--0000+-/3160.5 3007.2) 153.3) 2
Excreted in five days, grs. cececsoeesee(1512-2'1407.5| 104.7| 1
Digested ..... pialelsieleloisisiarn/el=is'e|steleia si=tnlei=ieie 1648.3/1599.7| 48.6) 92.1) 466.4) 972.2 | 69.0
Per, cent. digested..... escevccccseesaees| O21) Haol| 31.7) 42.9) 43.9) 60.1-} 59.6
: i Sheep 4.
Fed in five days, grs. ree pH 3007.2) 153.3) 214.2)1061.2 f
Excreted in five days, grS.ccccce-reeeee\16/3-0, 1962.4; 111.1) 131.0) 668.3) 716.6 | 46.5
Digested .....ssc00 evccoccccsccecsseses (1487.0, 1444.8] 42.
Per cent. digested ...cces...+.-+-eeees 47.0| 48.4] 27.
Ay. per cent. digested by 2 animals...! 49.5 50.7! 35.
It seems that the yield per acre of the grass cut on July Ist,
was 4,225 pounds of dry hay, and of that cut July 18th, 5,086
pounds. As would be expected from all previous analyses, the
early-cut: hay proved to be the more nitrogenous and also the more
digestible. From the early-cut hay 56.07 per cent. of the organic
matter was digested and from the late-cut hay only 50.70 per cent.
Of total digestible material the late-cut hay proved to con-
tain the. more, the amounts per acre being, Early cut 2,028
and Late-cut 2,212 pounds. These figures stand somewhat in
opposition to those obtained from the crop of 1888, where the
larger amount cof digestible material was obtained from early-cut
hay. It is only by repeating these tests and taking an average of
a series of years that we shall obtain results that will apply to
practice.
68 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
FEEDING EXPERIMENT WITH COLTS.
The object in view in conducting this experiment was to deter-
mine the relative economy of feeding oats for producing growth in
colts, as compared with certain other commercial foods. The grain
ration selected. with which to make a comparison with oats was a
mixture of pea meal and wheat middlings. The animals selected
for the experiment were three grade Percheron colts of the fol-
lowing ages at the time the experiment was begun:
Colt No. 1, bay filly, age, 18 months.
*s os 2, black gelding, age 16 months.
‘6% 3, gray filly, age, 9 months.
These animals were fed through three periods, during the first of
which they 1eceived hay and a grain ration made up of one-third
pea meal and two-thirds wheat middlings. During the second
period they received hay and for the grain ration oats alone.
During the third period they were returned to the mixture of
pea meal and middlings, which was mixed in the propertion of one
part pea meal to four of middlings. Below are given the exact
weights of hay and grain fed daily during each of the three periods.
COLT No. 1. COLT No. 2. COLT No. 3.
PERIOD 1. 15 Ibs. hay. 14 Ibs. hay. y, 12 lbs. hay.
Feb. 13 to April 2./ 8 lbs. mixed grains. 7lbs. mixed grains. 6 lbs. mixed grains
PERIOD 2. 15 1bs. hay. 14 Ibs. hay. 12 lbs. hay.
Apr. 3 to May 28. {8 lbs oats. 7 lbs. oats. 6 lbs. oats.
PERIOD 3. 15 lbs. hay. 14 lbs. hay. 12 Ibs. hay.
May 29 to July 2. (8lbs.mixed grains. 7 Ibs. mixed grains. 6 lbs. mixed grains
The weights of these colts were obtained at the beginning and
end of each feeding period, and those recorded here are the aver-
age of three weighings taken on three consecutive. days.
Colt | Colt | Colt
No. 1./No. 2.|No. 3.
PERIOD 1. Hay. peas and middlings. lbs. | Ibs. | Ibs.
Weight February 13th to 15th............seecseseeceeeerees 922 | 767 | 612
a March 3dtoApril)2nd.-s.2.7..-.02-~052-e-h-oeee- 977 |} 827 | 658
GAIA GI OAYS: ssc cececen tern cess taleinleseaccanane nas pansanenen 55 60 46
Dyailiya ral Weessanan sess aseeereenees ad aansaa: pee cien meee eee} 1.19 | 1.30 | 1.00
PERIOD 2. Hay and oats.
Weight March 3d to April 2nd..............ssecsessecenees 977 | 827 | 658
Ee May 26th to 28thz..............006 Se omc deenaecleeree= 1042 | 867 | 713
Gain in 56 days............ “6079. 00 eD SELENE TIERONE 65 40 55
Daily Mall seecccssecccseessseteceass eee ereenssareasace nantes 1.16 diel esos
PERIOD 3. Hay, peas and middlings.
Weight May: 26th 00 2500 -cscscscce<n2ccs-she-atssenarsneare 1042 | 867 | 713
ce SUE SUL LO OULY 20 eceseenccnonenveaobasss-abase 1053 | 918 | 748
(GROIN TD) 815) GER SaccosnandancractcogadcocconsaRocnbcHcte. Rete 11 51 35
IDeviiy ear orseacessecbecsacncsonce aarecntenecnaoceceat coe .31 | 1.46 | 1.00
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 69
oH = E 3 HO aa
Pe, Bb fae 6 y Ti oo
a Shales £ = 223
oa | ag |sae;| £ dis | 35%
oa A |ASaal o aa | AM,
Fe |. 23 |ono™| & we | eso
Pae| ee |e ae o| = bho | 3S ts)
oo Bo |peaekl # Fe | saa
a D mM ne + eI nS oe
5 os ong =) Q Ons
Le a we A
= AS |Ass Ss)
PERIOD 1. (46 days) lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs.
COlU i ewspmsise cco vies tecweces eset 950 12.9 13.6 Dey fe? 1.19 10.9
66D ieccnccecsce mieten pielalcleisieleieleiavelers 797 11.8 14.8 1:7.3 1.30 9.0
CDE hie (lalpiaieipiatateiats eccccccccccoecces 635 10.1 15.7 1:7.3 1.00 101
AVETAGE.o--e- AS00006 peccccaccccs 794 11.60 14.70 1.16 10.00
PERIOD 2. (56 days)
CONG Die visiesisiss cicwcecccccccccc seein 1009 12.2 12.1 1:8.3 1.16 10.5
SAO ilvicia\elsctersoatets spoarpodces ecccce 847 10.9 12.9 1:8.4 -71 15.4
GS) Bic6ag5000000es009000 sc05 cle\cieiels 685 9.4 13.7 1:8.4 98 9.6
AVECTAZC 22... cecccccces covcee| 847 10.80 | 12.9 95 11.4
PERIOD 8. (35 days)
1) Up ltereelainietsieielaiteteteta SOGda000N06000 1047 12.87 12.3 1:7.5 .31 41.
Be AE56000 atelayerats goocon Sonocoodec 892 11.69 13.1 1:7.6 1.46 8.0
Bt odoasac 690000 we cccscccvccoce 730 10.00 | 13.7 Lev fat 1.00 10.00
AVEYAZE ..-cccccee 9 G0cdddo O0¢ 890 11.52 | 138.0 -92 12.5
Unfortunately the growth of these colts was somewhat irregu-
lar, so that the results do not allow as definite conclusions as
would otherwise be the case. It is especially noticeable that in
the third period animal No. 1 made a very small growth, a fact
which is due to some cause that is not evident. But notwith-
standing this irregularity of increase in weight, the outcome of
the experiment is such as to show no superiority for the oats as
food for producing growth merely. In fact, if anything is
indicated it is that the advantage was with the mixture of peas
and middlings. A gradual decrease in the average daily growth
in passing from one period to another, may be fairly charged to
the increase in the weight of the animal without a corresponding
increase of the amount of food. Granting that the ration of
mixed grains was not inferior, at least, to the ration of oats for
producing growth, the important question then becomes that of
the relative cost of the two rations. Of course the peas were a
costly food and were used in the case of this experiment merely
because they constituted a nitrogenous food which is a perfectly
safe one for horses. It is fair to assume that gluten meal would
have answered the purpose equally well. Now a mixture of
gluten meal and wheat middlings, if in the same proportion and
quantity as were the peas and middlings in the first period, would
cost about eleven cents a day,.whereas an equal weight of oats
would cost about sixteen cents a day, basing our estimates of
70 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
course upon the present prices of -grain. With different prices
for grain, the relative cost of the feed rations might not be the
same. ‘The lesson of the experiment is then, if it is fair to draw
any lesson from it, that unless oats are essential for producing a
dtsired quality in the growing colt, a grain ration of any other
kind is likely to be much more economical. This experiment is to
be repeated with other animals, using gluten meal and middlings
for the mixed grain ration.
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 71
FEEDING EXPERIMENT WITH STEERS.
Tn the fall of 1888, a feeding experiment was undertaken with
‘six steers which had a two fold object.
(1.) To test the relative growth of steers of different breeds
when feeding rations of the same character.
(2.) To determine the effect of two rations having quite dif-
ferent nutritive ratios, when these rations are fed fora long period
of time or until the animal is quite fully matured.
The breeds represented in the experiment were Holstein,
Shorthorn and Hereford, two animals of each being used. The
history and age of the animals were as follows:
Holstein No. 1,age 6 1-2 months, bred by Chas. H. Fitch, Pepperell, Mass.
SCN eUN Ost2s maneue “¢ bred by Maine State College.
Shorthorn No. 3, age, 7 ‘bred by E. E. Parkhurst, Presque Isle, Me.
£6 No. 4; age, 7 ‘© bought of Howard & Ellis, Fairfield, Me.
Hereford No. 5; age, 8 “« bred by M. M. Bailey, Winthrop, Me.
se No. 6, age,61-2 ‘* bred by A. J. Underwood, Fayette, Me.
The experiment began early in November 1888 when the ani-
mals were from five to eight months old. Three of the steers,
one from each breed, were fed hay, mostly Timothy, and a grain
ration consisting of equal parts of cotton seed meal, ground oats
_and wheat bran. The other three steers, one from each breed,
were fed hay, and a grain ration consisting of equal parts of corn
meal, ground oats and wheat bran. The animals were fed in this
manner throughout the time the experiment was continued,
excepting that in the following spring a portion of the hay was
replaced by a certain amount of corn ensilage.
It would be gratifying to be able to report this experiment as
having been completed in accordance with the original plans, but
owing to a surprising number of accidents this cannot be done.
Early in the summer of ’89 one of the Holstein steers received an
injury which interfered with his growth, ‘and in the following Octo-
ber a workman employed in painting the new Station barn care-
lessly left a pot of paint sitting in the yard where the steers were
running, from which two of them drank more or less, thus
causing their death. For these reasons it is impossible to report
the experiment later than July 27th, 1889. The results that were
obtained are given here, not because of having any special value
as a comparison of breeds, but because they give important testi-
mony in regard to one of the prominent problems in animal nutri-
tion.
a2 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
The quantity and kinds of food eaten by each animal are shown
in the following table:
The hay was fed according to the appetites of the steers, but
of the grain a weighed quantity was given each day, the amount
being three pounds daily per animal during the first five months
of the experiment, and four pounds during the last three months.
It is to be noticed that the amount of food consumed by the
different animals did not vary greatly.
Foop Consumep By STEeEers, Nov. 7TH TO JUNE 27TH, 233 Days.
Holstein. Shorthorn, Hereford.
Steer 1.|Steer 2.||Steer 3.|Steer 4.||Steer 5./Steer 6.
Ibs. | Ibs. || Ibs. | Ibs. || Ibs. | Ibs.
LEER fanatics SenoocedencnOr Roos tccssesc 2340 2220 2168 2275 2240 2235
Cotton-seed Meal.ccscccccccesccccecs _ 272 272 : 272
GTOUN OAt8.c...coccce coccccccccons 272 272 272 272 272 272
Wihteatibrans-seesccsseehaseseaease 273 273 273 27. 273 273
Cormimedisoesscessaseiencee ences see 272 27 2712
DOTS BB oconcoossoscesonsccrotecee 1894 1841 1871 1878 1844 1770
Hay eaten daily (average)..cssceces 10. 9.5 9.3 9.8 9.6 9.6
Grain eaten daily (average)......... 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5
Ensilage eaten daily (average) 8.1 tory) 8.0 8.0 7.9 7.6
The figures of the next table show the weights of the animals
at the beginning and at the end of the experiment, the total gain
in weight and the average daily gain.
Holstein, | Shorthorn. Hereford.
Steer 1. Steer 2.| Steer 3. Steer 4.||Steer 5.\Steer 6.
| | ee | |
lbs. lbs. Ibs. lbs. Ibs. lbs.
Weight of steers Noy. 7-9.....-. e-| 380 332 342 413 459 429
“9 &s June 25-26......... 822 720 707 808 802 791
Gain in 233 GayS..--cscccecessceee 442 388 365 395 343 362
Daily Gail ..-essecseesece soeee 1.90 1.66 1.57 1.70 1.47 1.55
If this experiment were to be considered as a fair trial of
breeds, it would be necessary to state that the Holstein steers
made the largest growth and the Hereford the least, but it would
be decidedly unfair to assume that in a two years’ test the rela-
tive growth would stand in the same order. The amount of
growth was very satisfactory with all the animals, ranging from
1.46 pounds per day with one of the Herefords to 1.9 pounds per
day with one of the Holsteins, the average for the six animals
being 1.64 pounds.
The most important testimony which this experiment gives is in
regard to the influence of the kindof food upon the amount of
growth produced. As before stated, three of the animals, one
from each breed, were fed a much more nitrogenous ration than
were the other three. Those animals which ate cotton seed meal
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 73
in the place of corn meal were the ones consuming the larger
amount of protein, and if it were true that any deviation from the
standards given in German tables is detrimental to the nutritive
effect of the ration, the more highly protein fed steers should
have made much the larger gain. This we do not find to be the
case. The Holstein steer eating the cotton seed meal made a
greater gain than the one eating corn meal, but in the case of the
steers of the other two breeds this order was reversed. There
are, however, no marked differences in the rates of growth,
except, possibly, with the two Holstein animals. The nutritive
ratio of the ration containing cotton seed meal was 1 :6.7 and of
the other ration made up in part of corn meal it was 1 :10.
The figures below were reached by assuming the foods to have
an average composition. The coefficients of digestibility used for
the hay and bran, were those that have been found by experiments
at this Station, but for the corn meal and cotton seed meal they
were taken from the table of German coefficients. The hay was
assumed to be all Timothy, whereas it actually contained a very
small amount of Alsike clover, which would of course make the
nutritive ratios slightly narrower than those given, although not
affecting them relatively.
Holstein. Shorthorn. | Hereford.
Steer 1./Steer 2.| Steer 3. Steer 1.) \Steer 5.|Steer 1.
Ibs. | tbs. || tbs. | Ibs. || Ibs. | Ibs.
Digestible protein consumed. ..... 258.3 | 174. 252.4 | 176. 251.1} 178.
Digestible nitrogen-free ex’t con-
sumed including fiber .......... 1478. | 1537.9 || 1402.9 | 1563.2 || 1434.1 | 1535.1
Digestible fat consumed....... seeee| 100-9 77.4 98.3 78.2 |} 99.4 77.1
Total digestible material retained..| 1837.2 | 1789.3 3-6 | 1817.4 || 1784.6 | 1785.2
Nutritive ratio.......... aaisiohigesle eee) li-Ocdg) le os9 1:6.5} 1:10 || 1:6.7} 1:10
Digestible material eaten daily... 7.90 BY (| 7-5 7.8 | bef 7.7
Digestible material eaten for 1000
Ibs. live weight ..............0.- =|) P1352 14.6 14.5 12.8 || 12.2 12.6
Digestible material eaten for each
pound of gain.............. ceeee 4.16) 4.61) 4.80) 4.60 5.2 4.9
{Pounds of nutricnts fed daliy for each)
1000 lbs. live weight.
— ——_—__ ———_ ——— |
| | | )
Be eee || ee cleat
A 22 #5 | B2 ||
= Hips ‘ ie se || gain
SMR Ses Piaee) tll eaeel
_ = i | |
=! ie || =
Ibs. | tbs Ibs. lbs. lbs. || Ibs.
SEL N Onillscesosetact aes acceecses vse TS e e106. || | MTU Ral || EC
ss Sis cleslesia ress cae ne ecovcceuce| 1.42 12.5 63 | 14.6 1:9.9 | 1.66
“se Dalswiesian wccdenccaccccnacsee| 2.06 11.4 80 4.3 | 1:6.5 1.57
LG Awesccone SCODEOOEUNOUODeSTeC 1.23 11.0 3) 12.8 | 1:10 1.70
ss 5. psec cwcccncccccccessscnce elegy itt 9.8 -68 12.2 6.0 | 1.47
a (Rioneenbects os cosdédoosscac 1.21 10.8 54 12.6 SLOOP EoD
German Standard, ‘animals 6 to 12 y |
HTT) WO lsophecencont coe saenbone 2.50 13.5 60 16.6 136) | 1}
German Standard, animals 12 to 18 | |
months old 2.00 13.0 -40 15.4 1:7
3B
74 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
The figures in the last of the above tables were arranged so as
to show clearly how the rations fed to these steers compare with
the standard German rations for growing animals. In order to
make this comparison easy there has been calculated the pounds
of the various nutrients fed to each animal for 1,000 pounds live
weight. Two things are noticeable :
(1.) That in no instance was the total amount of digestible
nutrients so large as called for in the standard rations, and (2)
there was no case where the proportion of digestible protein was
as large. In three cases the amount of protein fell very much
below the theoretical ration. Of course if the total amount of
digestible material had been larger, gain would in all probability
have been greater, and in this respect the German standard is
very likely nearer right than the rations actually fed. However
this may be, it cannot be doubted that the experiment adds much
to the increasing volume of testimony that for growing animals
so large an amount of digestible protein is not necessary as is
called for by the German standards. While there is un-
doubtedly a limit which we cannot fall below without seriously
affecting the efficiency of the ration, that limit is unquestionably
considerably below 2 1-2 pounds of digestible protein daily for
each 1,000 pounds of live weight.
Whether or not any especial care is necessary to prevent an
unbalanced ration, or whether the ordinary cattle foods may be
combined indifferently without regard to their composition, there
being no danger of a deficiency of protein in any case provided
the animals are fed generously, is a question to be settled by
future careful investigation. What is found to be most econ-
omical in feeding for growth may not, and does not seem likely to
be true, in feeding milch cows.
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 75
FEEDING EXPERIMENT WITH DIFFERENT BREEDS
OF SWINE.
The‘following breeds of swine were represented in this experi-
ment: Berkshire, Cheshire, Poland China, Chester White and
Yorkshire. Two animals were used of each breed, one male and
one female, both of which were from the same litter.
The persons of whom the pigs were purchased and the ages of
the animals at the time of beginning to feed them, were as fol-
lows: Berkshire, bought of J. W. True, New Gloucester, Me.,
age, six weeks; Cheshire, bought of C. C. Phelps, Vernon, N.
Y., age, eight weeks; Poland China, bought of Hon. Rufus
Prince, So. Turner, Me., age, six weeks; Chester White, bought
of F. J. Fogg, Dexter, Me., age, five weeks; Yorkshire, bought
of B. F, Briggs, Auburn, Me., age five weeks.
As can be seen farther on, the feeding began the last of April
and the first of May. The food of the pigs consisted of skimmed
milk and wheat middlings throughout the entire experiment, with
the exception of a small amount of Hungarian grass and corn
fodder which were fed in September. On August 20th, one of
the Berkshire pigs appeared to be somewhat lame, and a few days
later her appetite began to diminish. Late in October, one Poland
China and one Chester White began to be lame and exhibited a
poor appetite. The Cheshires and Yorkshires continued to be in
perfect condition throughout the entire experiment and showed
greater power to withstand confinement and high feeding than did
the animals of the other three breeds. It is not claimed, how-
ever, that this is a general characteristic of these breeds. This
experiment was divided into three periods, the first of which ended
on August 2nd, at the time when the amount of skimmed milk
was considerably diminished. The second period extended from
Aug. 3rd, to September 6th, at which latter date the amount of
milk was again diminished. From September 7th to the end of the
experiment constitutes the third period, during which time but a
little milk was fed, wheat middlings constituting nearly the entire
amount of feed, although during this time 150 pounds of Hun-
garian grass and corn fodder were given each lot of animals.
The first table which follows gives the weights of the pigs at
the beginning and end of each feeding period, the increase in
weight of each lot for each period, as well as the daily rate of
76 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
gain. The average rate of gain throughout the entire experiment
is also stated.
GrowTH OF VARIOUS BREEDS OF SWINE.
é | 3
& S a | 2 2
=| ad EAS) +E rata}
$2 | 82 | 8y | Ss | sa
As | RZ | AE | He | SB
Fa o i) = tal
my 5
PERIOD 1. va i re
Date of beginning to feed......++--- ereee |Apr. 23! Apr. 23} May 3) May 8 |May 10
Of lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs lbs.
Weight of pigs at beginning.... ....2.«:. 26 66 31 30 30
Weight of pigs August 2nd..... obo0ac00s3 232 263 201 217 197
Gain in weight..... ....s00---« cooo8 206 197 180 187 167
No. of days fed...... 540000 doouodsuad 05, 05 102 102 92 92 85
Daily gain....-.cesssssoeeeaves eeeees coese-| 2.02 1.93 1.95 2.08 1.97
PERIOD 2.
Weight of pigs August 2nd......... Sp000c 263 211 217 197
Weight of pigs September 6th....- ....... 396 316 326 314
Gain in weight........... ceneise esse ll @1 76% |p 188 lth | gloom
Daily gain (85 days) -csc.+....cecessoceee- 2.2 3.8 3.0 3.1 3.3
PERIOD 3. Noy. 15 Nov. 26/Oct. 25 Oct. 25 Nov. 20
Weight of pigs, ending September 6th....| 188 396 316 326 314
a ss % “ fe 245 602 388 410 476
Gain in eight......c.seccsscsseeeee-| 57 206 | 72 | 84 | 162
No. of days fed...... booed Tln/cisleierelsle 70 81 49 49 75
Daily gain..... ..... iafinarae ose: Oat eapeslieecd 2.5 1.4 og |) wie
Total gain in 3 periods....s.cces-- poscong70053|) SBer 536 357 ae: 380 446
Total number days fed..-....... slelefaiejeseteeinlelsielerel| 20 218 176 176 195
Daily gain of one animal.......... ps90009 do0300 1 1.23 1.01 1.08 1.14
*Only one animal after August 23d.
**Only one animal.
In the second table can be seen the weights of milk and mid-
dlings that were fed during each period.
Amounts oF Foop CoNsUMED By VARIOUS BREEDS OF SWINE.
lac fdl ce eee a ee
oS ad oO I 19 Sf
sf | 32 | ss | 8h | 82
He | 4s | He | 4B | AB
a = iC 2 a
a 5
PERIOD. | ; lbs. lbs. Ibs. lbs. lbs.
Total milk fed........ Ceecceccccosceseuss| 1286 1286 1186 1186 1116
Total middlings fed..... go000000b8 vecce-| 316 459 366 362 353
PERIOD 2.
Total milky fed\ es sect poooodan soadeaged 396 438 438 438 438
Total middlings fed’-.- -...-....-- poad00 238 415 820 320 320
PERIOD 3.
Total milk fed.........-. pddsanaocanDEGOE 91 182 182 182 182
Total middlings fed........... dooonde0KL 337 1087 455 427 721
RUINS ATTA TASS olslotelslelalatel=ielelaleleeieiolereleieeis 60 90 90 90 90
Fodder corn........ stolslofeveimiey<teviajeyntsreleteiafeleys 30 60 60 60 60
Milk fed in 3 periods...... 1773 1906 1806 1806 1736
Middlings fed in,3 periods 951 1961 1141 1109 1394
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
77
In the third table we have given the total amount of digestible
food consumed hy each lot of animals, and also the amount of
digestible food required in each case to produce one pound of
growth.
RELATION OF GRrowTH TO Foop witTH Various BREEDS OF SWINE.
. é| s
o : AZ| | )
tl . o .
| a a | rr) 5 = & 1S 5
$2 | om | @o | SH | Of
ae ies |e | a2 | ae
fa 9 iS g a
mH S)
PERIOD 1. (To Aug. 2d) lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs.
Gain in Weight ........ssceccecscerseeess 206. 197. 180. 187. 167.
Total digestible material ‘eaten. - soocess| 378. 435.2 | 361.9| 359.1 | 346.4
Pounds digestible food for each Ib. gain 1.83 2.21 2.01 1.98 2.08
‘RIOD 2. (Aug. 3d to Sept. 6th)
Gain In Weight --- 02s. 06. ceccenscnsceces 76. 133. 105. 109. 117.
Total digestible material eaten......... 200.6 | 326.4 | 261. 261. 261.
Pounds digestible food for each lb. gain 2.64 2.46 2.48 2.40 2.23
ERIOD 38. (Sept. 6th to completion)
Gain in Weight......-..00. ccccsccessccns 57. 206. 72. 84. 162.
Total digestible material eaten ......... 252.6 | 785.1 | 349.7 | 33).4 | 532.97
Pounds digestible food for each Ib. gain 4.43 3.81 4.85 3.93 3.29
Total gain in Weight ....-....sscecee cases oe ~ 339. 536. 357. 380. 446.
Total digestible food eaten .... .-.-........ 831.2 | 1546.7 | 972.6 | 950.5 | 1140.4
Digestible food consumed for each Ib. gain 2.45 2.88 2.73 2.50 2.5
In commenting upon these results it should be remarked in gen-
ral, that no striking differences are observed in the rate of
‘rowth, orin the relation of the amount of food to growth, with
uhese several breeds of swine.
(1.) The daily rate and growth of our animal is seen to have
been : Cheshires, 1.23 pounds; Yorkshire, 1.14 pounds; Chester
White, 1.08 pounds; Poland China, 1.01 pounds; Berkshire 1.
ound.
(2.) It does not appear that the animals growing most rapidly
~equired the least food for a pound of growth. The weights of
ligestible foods consumed for each pound of growth made are the
‘ollowing: Cheshire, 2.88 pounds; Poland China, 2.73 pounds ;
Yorkshire, 2.55 pounds; Chester White, 2.6 pounds; Berkshire,
2.45 pounds. Although the Berkshire pigs made the smallest
gain they required the least food for each pound of growth, and
the Cheshire making the largest gain consumed the most food for
each pound of increase of weight.
(3.) A careful study of the first of the above tables
shows plainly that the ratio of food to growth was very
cifferent during the early part of the experiment from what it was
the latter part. In Period 1, including approximately the first
78 MAINE STATE COLLEGE ,
one hundred days of the experiment, not far from two pounds of
digestible food produced one pound of growth, while during the
last fifty days, or thereabouts, the ratio was four pounds
of digestible food to one of growth. The ratio of the
second period stands between those of the first and third.
(4.) Itis worth remarking that certain of the animale, not-
ably the Berkshires and Chester Whites, made during the first
three months a larger percentage of their entire growth than did
the other breeds. ‘The difference, however, is not very marked.
@
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 79
FERTILIZER EXPERIMENTS.
Prof. Walter Balentine.
Errect oF DIFFERENT Forms AND MIXTURES OF FERTILIZERS.
In 1886 the Station commenced a series of plot experiments,
having for their object: (1) The comparative effect of different
forms of phosphoric acid in manuring crops; (2) A comparison
between commercial fertilizers and stable manure in crop produc-
tion ; (3) The effect of partial as compared with complete fertili-
zers; (4) A comparison of the effect of different quantities of
fertilizers.
The soil selected for this work is a clay loam situated near the
southern boundary of the college farm. This field was laid off
into thirty-six plots, as shown in the diagram. Each plot con-
tains one-twentieth of an acre, being eight rods long by one rod
wide. They are separated by strips of land eight feet wide,
through which runs a ditch sufficiently deep to take off all sur-
face water. At the commencement of the experiment the ground
was in condition to produce a fair crop of grain. For further
information in regard to the state of cultivation of this field at
that time, see Station Report for 1886.
MAINE STATE COLLEGE
80
DIAGRAM OF EXPERIMENTAL FIELD No. 1.
South.
"499 AA
Cl) 2h OR eer on Ger eele Lia Or 6
96 | cS | FE | GS | Z| TS | OF | 6S | 8S | LS
a ci
— ve Te ee ee ee eee
06
61
North.
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 81
On the first year of the experiment the plots were manured as
indicated in the following table, three plots in each case receiving
the same treatment as to fertilizers. The entire field was seeded
to oats, the plots receiving the same cultivation.
Plot 1
it i Received no fertilizer.
Plot % Dissolved bone black, 400 lbs. per acre.
coi of potash, 100 Sy Lest
Sulphate of ammonia, 200 ‘* ‘* ‘*
Plot 4 Fine ground bone, 360 lbs. per acre.
Muriate of potash,100°* ‘ ‘:
“ Sulphate of ammonia, 140 lbs. per acre.
Plot 4 Fine ground South Carolina rock, 300 lbs. per acre.
ne Muriate of potash, 100 lbs. per acre.
us Sulphate of ammonia, 200 lbs. per acre.
Plot r Muriate of potash, 100 lbs. per acre.
uh Sulphate of ammonia, 200 lbs. per acre.
Plot r
fs Stable manure, 40,000 lbs. per acre.
Plot 1
Received no fertilizer.
Plot x
“¢ Dissolved bone black, 400 lbs. per acre.
Plot 2
oe Dissolved bone black, 400 lbs. per acre.
ES Muriate of potash, 100 se $s
Plot 2 Dissolved bone black, 200 lbs. per acre.
ss Muriate of potash. 50 ge Tae ne
ts Sulphate of ammonia,60 ‘“ ‘“ *
Plot 2 Dissolved bone black, 300 lbs. per acre.
re Muriate of potash, 100 Cet oe
te Sulphate of ammonia, 120 ‘“* -** ¢*
Plot us Dissolved bone black, 400 lbs. per acre.
‘© 30 + Muriate of potash. 150 coe he aes
** 36) Sulphate of ammonia, 180°* >
On the second year of the experiment the same kinds of fer-
tilizers were applied and again a crop of oats was raised. With the
oats, the second year, grass seed was sown, so that in 1888 or
the third year, the field was in grass and no fertilizers were used.
The results of these three seasons of cropping are to be found
in the Station Reports for the corresponding years. In 1889, the
fourth year of the experiment, fertilizers were applied again as in
the years 1886 and 1887, and the field was planted to corn; but
the season was such as to render it apparent that the crop would
not be a success, hence the land was summer tilled.
The fifth year (1890) a crop of peas was grown on the field
without the further addition of fertilizers.
3C
82 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
In table A are given the results obtained from the first tier of
plots. These furnish data on the comparative value of soluble
phosphoric acid in Dissolved Bone black and the insoluble phos-
phoric acid in fine ground bone and fine ground South Carolina
rock, also on the comparative value of commercial fertilizers and
stable manure.
Both of these points are of great practical importance. The
phosphoric acid of dissolved Bone black is soluble but more
expensive than the insoluble phosphoric acid of fine ground bone
and South Carolina rock. It is believed that a large portion of
the soluble phosphoric acid becomes insoluble in water soon after
application to the soil On the other hand, it is believed that
there are agencies at work in the soil which make the phosphoric
acid of the mineral phosphate more available for plants as time
goes on.
The question naturally arises whether manuring continuously
with insoluble mineral phosphate might not from a financial
standpoint prove more advantageous.
It often happens that a farmer finds it desirable to cultivate
more land than he can manure well with the farm manures he has
at hand, and the question arises whether it will be better to pur-
chase stable manure at a neighboring village, or to make up the
deficiency with commercial fertilizers.
of
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WTA VL
84 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
Table A shows, that of the phosphates applied to this field with
this crop, fine ground bone gave the highest yield of peas, while
dissolved bone black stood next, the lowest yield being with
the South Carolina rock. The table also shows that muriate of
potash and sulphate of ammonia have little or no effect when
applied alone. and that by far the largest yield of peas was
obtained from the plots manured with stable manure.
Table B gives the average yield in bushels of the sets of three
plots subjected to the different methods of manuring, and also
shows the cost of the gains due to the phosphates and the stable
manure.
TABLE B.
pe i vee ee el el ee
| 2 je eZlees|o eels aZ\sonlee
‘ = eas ,m@ |, a|\2a2|SFclesele oe
Kinds of Fertilizers. | 8= |e a|QerlSe -|\2e5|°5 0°82
Se el ea al eerie 1) | oe -SOlau Zines
ee aa at ey id pega Reggie ed
| 5g [Fe Sl-ua|bos|su al Lao
= LG trate re a ee eh ee
ING@W INE 25456556 ss62- 0024 | | 12.3) 660
Dissolved bone-black--} | 400
Muriate of potash ..--- | 100) 15.0) 840; 2.3 180|$ 5.20'$ 2.26
Sulphate of ammonia..))| 200)
Fine ground bone ..... 360) |
Muriate of potash...-.. I 100} 15-7; 980 S| 320, 5.04) 1.68
Sulphate of ammonia-.) > 140)
Fine ground S.C. rock )! 300
Muriate of potash ..... j a 14.3} $40} 1.60) 180) 2.40) 1.50
Sulphate of ammonia.-. } | 200, } |
Muriate of potash.....) | 100 ar | | |
Sulphate ie ammonia: fe doo) 1227) Sbb et ae
Stable manure...... .+---| 40000} 22-7) 1280) 10-0! 620) 20.00) 1.87
In table B it has been assumed that all gains on the plots to
which phosphates were applied, above what was produced on the
plots manured with sulphate of ammonia and muriate of potash,
were due to the phosphates, and that the increase on the stable
manure plots over the unmanured plots was due to stable manure.
Practically the entire gain of the plots to which phosphates were
applied was due to phosphoric acid, as the plots receiving no fer-
tilizers produced as great a yield of peas as the plots receiving
muriate of potash and sulphate of ammonia.
The cost of gain is based on the following prices: $26.00 per
ton for dissolved bone black, $28.00 per ton for fine ground bone
and $16.00 per ton for fine ground South Carolina rock. The
price of the South Carolina rock is much too high in comparison
to the other phosphates but is what was actually paid in this case.
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 85
The cost of the increase produced by the stable manure is
reckoned on a basis of one dollar per ton for the manure.
The crop of peas on these plots would probably have been
much larger had it not been for the severe cold rains in the early
part of the season, which proved damaging to most crops during
the year 1890.
Table C shows the method of manuring and the crop produced
in studying the question of partial and complete fertilization, 7. e.,
in studying the question whether in all cases it will be more prof-
itable to apply nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash or to omit
one or two of these substances.
This question is one into which every farmer in the State who
uses commercial fertilizer should inquire. The standard brands of
commercial fertilizers contain all three of the above named sub-
stances, and it may happen that only one of them is of use to
him In such a case the cost of the crop has been unnecessarily
increased by what he has paid for the fertilizing elements that
have not materially added to the yield of his land.
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MAINE STATE COLLEGE
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AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 87
. It is seen in table C that the average yield of the plots to which
no manure was applied is practically the same as the average
yield of those plots which were manured with muriate of potash
and sulphate of ammonia. The plots manured with dissolved
bone black show a decided increase over the unmanured plots.
The highest yield is given with dissolved bone black and muriate
of potash.
The following table (D) shows the average yield per acre under
the various methods of fertilization, the gains on the manured
plots over the unmanured plots and the cost of same.
This experiment shows quite clearly that for the soil on which
the experiment was carried, out and for this crop, the nitrogenous —
manure was not needed, and that it only served to increase the
cost of the crop.
TABLE D.
SNe iceen a en aes
Se ES R=: Snel nt es
2 . | eel o nlaes les a a
Se | Peel Seales eee | fos
m= 8 | 22] Se slhOm lon | a Z
= &™S5/ Sp |s oS |e or o 2
a O42 |Se |o5 lod B
fy Be >a |>@ > S g
“aa /<4% |< on S
INO GING? sins wars eraraters wea o's —— |} 127] 854 | —— | —-—
Dissolved bone-black ....!40U lbs.| 14.2 | 924 aS 7 $2.40
Dissolved bone-black .. ) |400 * Ee é
Muriate of potash...... } TOON ron) ee eee Oze 2 166 1.79
Dissolved bone-black... ) |200. ‘
Muriate of potash... D0 ec 14.9 | S44 2.2 | —10 2.29
Sulphate of ammonia .. GOR SS
Dissolved bone-black .- ) |300 *
Muriate of potash...... LOOP Ss) Seve S72 1.0 18 9.18
Sulpbate of ammonia .. ) |120 *
Dissolved bone-black?.. ) |400 ‘
Muriate of potash...... } IIGS0), Gt) ilaje8) |) eee 3.2 | —30 4.16
Sulphate of ammonia.. ) |180 ‘
The amount of commercial fertilizers that can profitably be
used in growing the staple agricultural products is a question
that every farmer must settle for himself, because of the varying
conditions under which farmers are working. But the experi-
ments at the Station present matter that is worthy of considera-
tion.
Table E shows the crop producing power of the field without
fertilizers in the results obtained from the unmanured plots,
together with the results obtained from the use of different
amounts of commercial fertilizers.
In table F are shown the gains per acre and the cost of the fer-
tilizers producing them.
MAINE STATE COLLEGE
88
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AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 89
TABLE F.
Cost of
Quantity of Fertilizer) Average yield per Gain per acre. Grain
per Acre. acre. F per
“Peas. | Straw. Peas. Straw. | bushel.
No manure..--.-----. 12.7 bush.| 854 lbs.
Diss’lved bone-black ]
200 IDS. cee.
Muriate of potash, \li4.9 «' | 846 |a.2 bush.| —8 Ibs.| $2.64
Sulphate of ammo- |
nia, 60 lbs.....-
Diss’lved bone-black }
300 Ibs .-......
Muvinte of potash haz « Jere « fo « | we «| 0s
Sulphate of ammo- |
nia, 120 lbs..... j
Diss’lved bone-black |
a 400 Ibs.....-.0-
uriate of potash, ji ahha
150) is. .5...: dow ote
Sulphate of ammo- |
nia, 180 Ibs.....
From the results given in table F it would seem that for peas,
on the land on which this experiment was earried out, the
smallest quantity of fertilizers applied produced the best results
financially ; and that in no case was the increased yield produced
by the fertilizers sufficient to pay for the cost of the fertilizers. _
Systems oF MANURING.
The object of this experiment is to compare a system of
manuring with stable manure and systems of manuring with com-
mercial fertilizers, and of cropping without manuring.
In 1888, a ten acre field of grass land located south of the col-
lege farm stables was carefully surveyed and divided into four
plots extending nearly east and west, each plot being 177 5-10
feet wide by 613 52-100 feet long, and containing two and one-
half acres. This land is a clay loam and excellent grass land.
For two years no fertilizers were applied to any of the plots,
the grass being cut and weighed carefully to determine the rela-
tive conditiion of the plots as to fertility. The plots are num-
bered 1, 2, 3 and 4, commencing with the plot on the north side.
Their yield of hay for the two years is shown in the following
tables :
8D
90 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
TABLE SHOWING YIELDs OF Hay Per Piotr anp Per ACRE FOR THE
Year 1888. ;
Per Plot. Per Acre.
Ploblls.s. =. cate als wows see Oe AO 7.380 lbs. 2.952 lbs.
oes Oe, Jee JE Oe ee ae cste adele Bee sl GAG ee. a Ree
Ben cpinpis satelot asad ade woeiere eee SAS crt cna want iranian otra arora 5.930 .-s&.. 9.37255
a 4 JE os eras ee it totew dt 7.055 ** 2,822 +
TABLE SHOWING YIELDS OF Hay Per Plot anp PER ACRE FOR THE
YEarR 1889.
Per Plot. Per Acre.
Plot 25-552 .<ce sie alsin axe ap aleisuin ssivigeaianete eee 5.320 Ibs. 2.158 lbs.
65 pede ayn oS ba re ciclo 2 Re re ree ies 5.625 ** 2.950 >
ae FB sckeews BIRO OEIC e ON CIAE CARIBOO COC ne nae 4 ASD: ©*20 OG NZ! ae
Sie Al Sek creme bmi. apps ae Lie miata yan ge a 5.485 ** 2.194
TasLe SHOWING ToTaL YIELDS oF Hay Per Acre anp Per Prior
FOR THE YEARS 1888 anp 1889.
Per Plot. Per Acre.
Plot i Ao Age a nalse\bclsnus wees by mae atest Sate a fe mio 5 ee eee 12.710 Ibs. 5.084 Ibs.
; De Selncacidccsleuina coepiae anaes area econ mena 12.080 4.832
BET E aiatelaleleiotmtnta a ints iain aletsie tie aie alaia aa tote tal lao l ots tmieate 10:415 *& 4: 1#4 *&
CCA: Fel tee ces Sree vermctetee ae eva cbimc be cctocine 12.030... » 50100
TaspLe SHOWING THE AVERAGE YIELD OF Hay PER PLotT anp PER
ACRE FOR THE Two YEARS.
Per Plot. Per Acre.
POE Senos wctecie sacs ne bekis a cote eee aina es Senet 6.350 Ibs. 2.542 lbs.
sity seSMh Sis. OSE UES... ERLE LS. AIS 6.040 2.416 ™
Soe ee ee A a ee Ee DS See Once Nf ae 2 O92
BOW AY a aa Solem cael Be elsl s/o me so'a ain aia tal a aioe eae taeieiaiale 6200) ons es
Taking Plot 4, which is the plot under cultivation without
manure, as the standard from which to reckon the productive-
ness of the other plots from time to time had they been cropped
without manuring, and representing the yield of Plot 4 by the
number 100, the following table shows the yields of the different
plots that might be expected without the adddition of fertilizers.
in per cent. of the yield of Plot 4.
The figures below show the average yield of hay for the years
of 1888 and 1889 in per cent. of Plot 4.
Plot 1, 101 per cent.
shi2, eG a trsike
ss 3, 80 66 66
“ec 4, 100 ce ts
In the spring of 1890 the entire ten acres were plowed and the
plots treated as follows as to fertilizers.
eceived 50 loads of manure from the cow stables, or at the
R
Plot if rate of 20 loads to the acre, requiring 3 loads to the cord.
Received 2,500 lbs. of finely ground South Carolina rock, 250
Plot 2 lbs. of muriate of potash, 165 Ibs. nitrate of soda and 40 Ibs.
sulphate of ammonia.
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 91
muriate of potash, 165 lbs. of nitrate of soda and 40 lbs. sul-
phate of ammonia.
Plot 4{ Received no fertilizers.
[Musee 1250 lbs. of acid South Carolina rock, 250 lbs. of
Plot 3
At the time of planting it was thought desirable to couple with
this experiment one to determine the comparative amounts of
barley and peas that could be produced on the same area under
the same system of manuring and cultivation, and also to deter-
mine which of the two varieties of peas, the Black-eyed Marrow-
fat or the small Canada, would give the largest yield.
With the above named objects in view one-half of each plot
(1 1-4 acres) was sowed broadcast to barley. The remaining
half plots (1 1-4 acres) were each divided into two parts of five-
eighths acres, one part of which was in each case planted to the
small Canada pea, in drills with a Eureka Corn Planter at the rate
of two bushels per acre. The other five-eighths acre was
drilled to Black-eyed peas.
The peas were cultivated twice between rows to keep down
grass and weeds.
92 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
The following diagram shows the field and manner of seeding.
EXPERIMENTAL FIeLp No. 2.
[
No. 1. | 3 acres | dsids We aisWaleitwer =e Black-eyed Peas.
20 Loads (6% Cords
Stable Mauure
|
]
|
tt € acres bees eeeeeeeerse.e+-+-Canada Peas.
per Acre. i
f
!
iis
|| 14 Acres. i eee oP = eee Ft 2 -- Barley.
24 Acres. 1 ;
|
| J
No. 2. | 2 Acres. } serose ses2 e+eeee-Black-eyed Peas.
|
1000 Ibs. South Care- |) |
lina Rock, 66 lbs. ni- 1 2 ACTES. F sees escees SS aes sose Canada Peas.
trate of soda, 16 lbs. |.
sulphate of ammonia, || )
and 100 Ibs. muriate | t
of potash per acre. | 13 Aeres. eneoee rere ree Hee te eee eee eee Barley.
24 Acres. |
J
No. 3. | z acres. } SSE eis aoe laces Black-eyed Peas.
500 Ibs. Acid South |
Carolina Rock, 66lbs. || % Acres. } -------+----.2-eeeeeee Canada Peas.
nitrate of soda. 16lbs. ||
sulphate of ammonia | }
and 100 Ibs. muriate ||
of potash per acre. | 13 Acres. , Shiceed saere Seiaee esiee Deeeee Barley.
23 Acres. | |
Ae) ae aed See a
No. 4. es acres} Sia alo sien eee ees Black-eyed Peas.
| r
i| # acres} oS ewcceree oes creecns Canada Peas.
No. Manure. |
7
|| 14 Aeres eee eRe ecee ee eee eer ee Barley.
2% Acres. |
The season was very unsatisfactory for experimental work both
at the opening and at the close, on account of heavy rains. This
work was carefully carried through however, and though the crops
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 93
were much less than would have been the case in an ordinary sea-
son, they will serve to show the comparative effect of the fertili-
zers used in growing them and the comparative yield of stock
food produced by the different crops under the conditions of the
experiment.
Below is given a table showing the combined yield of barley
and peas on each plot and the amount per acre, together with cal-
culated yields of Plot 1, 2 and 3 had no fertilizers been applied,
the average yield for the two years that the field was in grass,
calculated in per cent. of Plot 4, being taken as a basis.
Amounts of fertilizer applied
per acre.
Total yield per
lot of 24 acres
Total yield per
acre.
per acre without
fertilizer.
per acre due to
Calculated gain
fertilizers.
Calculated yield
Plot 1. 20 loads stable manure....- 5520 Ibs. 2208 lbs. 1129 Ibs. 1079 lbs.
Plot 2. 1000 Ibs. 8. ©: rock. .......
66 lbs. nitrate of soda......
16 lbs. sulphate of ammo-| 4280 Ibs. | 1712 lbs. | 1062 Ibs. 640 lbs.
Plot 3. 500 Ibs. acid S. C. rock.....
66 lbs. nitrate of soda......
16 lbs. sulphate of ammo-| 3555 lbs. 1422 Ibs. 894 Ibs. 528 lbs.
@eoeersoescces+ es. cseses
Plot4. __|No fertilizer ..... ..... _ | 2795 Ibs. | 1118 Ibs. | —— =.
The highest yield is given here with stable manure. Then fol-
lows the plot to which the finely ground South Carolina rock was
applied. Next in order comes the plot receiving acid South Car-
olina rock, while the lowest in the scale is the unmanured plot.
There is nothing remarkable in the yield of Plots 1 and 4. They
produced relatively about what was expected of them. Plots 2
and 3 were treated alike as to fertilizers, excepting in the amount
and condition of phosphoric acid. Plot 2 received abont 200 -
lbs. of insoluble phosphoric acid per acre, while Plot 3 received
70 lbs. of soluble phosphoric acid per acre. It would seem from
these results that the 200 lbs. of insoluble phosphoric acid was
more effective in producing an increase in the total weight of the
crop than the 70 lbs. of soluble phosphoric acid.
In order to study the effect of the fertilizers on the relative
yield of barley and peas separately, and the comparative amount
of stock food produced by the barley and the two varieties of
94 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
peas, the following diagramatic table of the experimental field is
presented.
Plot 1. '|Black-eyed Peas, 405 Ibs., Straw, 585 lbs.
(2 acres.)
‘ | (Canada Peas, 199 Ibs., Straw, 821 Ibs.
Stable manure, 20 loads per (2 acres.)
eee eo || Barley, 552 Ibs., Straw, 2958 Ibs.
(23 acres.) (li acres.)
Plot 2. | Black-eyed == 326 lbs., ) Straw, 325 lbs.
cs eed | (2 acres.
Bowed ite. oe ee (Canada Peas, 1271bs., Straw, 483 Ibs.
potash’t)eGniba-tuitrate, of)| 2 OR PACIES) DO el
soda, and 16 lbs. sulphate |Barley, 553 lbs., : Straw, 2527 lbs.
of ammonia, per acre. |
23 acres.) (13 acres.)
Plot 3. | Blackeyed Peas, 251 lbs , ) Straw, 450 Ibs.
(2 acres.
ee cei ye ae 3 Caroling! ‘Canada Peas, 122 Ibs., 2 Straw, 393 Ibs.
potash: 66 lbs. nitrate of) (2 acres.)
soda; and 16 lbs. sulphate of| parley, 542 Ibs., Straw, 1799 lbs.
ammonia, per acre.
(24 acres.) (13 acres.)
Plot 4. ||Black-eyed Peas, 257 lbs., Straw, 418 lbs.
(3 acres.) ~
\Canada Peas, 160Ibs., _ Straw, 430 Ibs.
No manure. 1 (5 BCres-) ain, 1 ee
Barley, 220 lbs., Straw, 1310 Ibs.
(2) acres.) (13 acres.)
In order to study the relative effects of the fertilizers on the
crops of peas and barley, the following tables have been made
showing the yields per acre of Barley, Black-eyed Peas and
Canada Peas, on the different plots, together with the calculated
yields had no fertilizers been applied, and the calculated gains
due to fertilizers.
BARLEY.
| — ; | ss a
2 | Bo =
Es | tea tS
Amount of fertilizersapplied. | 5 Ss | SER ES
per acre. | abe | 323 5
BA} Bes ee
= ec =
<a | Ox &
Barley.| Straw. Barley, Straw. Barley.) Straw.
Tbs. Tbs. |- Ibs. | Ibs. | Ibs. | Ibs.
Plot 1.\20 loads of stable manure... .| 441 | 2766 178 1058 263 1708
Plot 2. 1000 Ys. S.C. rockscvscssletee | 42 | 2216 | 169°) 1006 | 273 | 1210
66 lbs. nitrate of s0da.......++. | | }
'16 lbs. sulphate of ammonia.
/100 Ibs. muriate of potash..... | | |
Plot 3./500 Ibs. acid 8. C. rock.......,.|
\66 lbs. nitrate of soda........-.| 434 1438 141 834 293 604
/100 Ibs. muriate of potash. ...
— = a ee
] ;
16 lbs. sulphate of ammonia...) |
e AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 95
BLACK-EYED PEAS.
mo
= |
a 36 a
IS).
ag MEE a5
o S
Amount of fertilizers applied us ZFS 2g
per acre. 4 Los os
MO ZARB =m
PR Bes ae
ML) oF2 Se
al a8 &
Om
Peas. | Straw.| Peas. | Straw.| Peas. | Straw.
lbs. lbs. lbs. Ibs. lbs. lbs.
Plot 1./20 loads of stable manure..... 648 920 425 665 223 255
Plot 2./1000 Ibs. S. C. rock. ..cceeeeees
66 lbs. nitrate of soda..........
16 lbs. sulphate of ammonia... 522 520 375 652 147 132
100 lbs. muriate of potash.....
Plot 3. 600 Ibs. acid 8. C. rock..+.-+.-. na YF:
66 Ibs. nitrate of soda..........
16 Ibs. sulphate of ammonia... 402 720 329 526 73 194
100 lbs. muriate of potash.....
Plot 4.|No manure ....-sscseeseeeee ss. 411 | 658 bg Sy ~
CANADA PEAS.
3 hE I
eal g S . =
S mS a 835
Amount of fertilizers applied 5 FS 3 3
per acre. = son Bp
z 3S Be
s 52 ae
rs = Cx
él Sz. o
Peas. | Straw. Peas. Straw.| Peas. | Straw.
Ibs. | Ibs. | Ibs. | lbs. | Ibs. | Ibs.
Plot 1.'20 loads of stable manure..... 318 1314 259 695 59 619
Plot 2.|1000 Ibs. S. © WGKA. Akoshl. dé
s. nitrate of soda... =
16 Ibs. sulphate of ammonia... 203 697 245 660 42 3
100 lbs. muriate of potash.....
Plot 3. 500 Ibs. acid S.C. rock... i asee)
66 lbs. nitrate of soda.....-. oe = ; :
16 lbs. sulphate of ammonia... 195 596 204 550 9 46
100 lbs. muriate of potash.....
Plot 4.;,\No manure.......... crete staterers 256 688
Considering first the effect of the fertilizers on the barley, it will
be seen that the calculated gain of grain is largest with the acid
South Carolina rock and least with the stable manure, while the
fine ground South Carolina rock is mid way between the two.
With the calculated gain of straw the order is reyersed, the
stable manure giving the highest gain of straw, fine ground South
Carolina rock ranking next, while the acid South Carolina rock
stands lowest.
But in whatever light the figures be examined we can but come
96 MAINE STATE COLLEGE -
to the conclusion that the South Carolina rock has assissted in
increasing the crop of barley to an extent nearly equal to, if not
greater than, acid South Carolina rock.
With the Black-eyed peas the stable manure gives the best
results, South Carolina rock standing next in order, and the
acid South Carolina rock at the foot of the list, so far as the
yield of peas is concerned. But with pea straw the South Caro-
lina rock gives the lowest returns. The effect of the phosphatic
manures on the yield of the Canada peas was but slight, and the
greatest effect of stable manure was in increasing the straw. The
gain in this direction was 619 lbs. per acre while the yield of peas
was only increased by 59 lbs.
There is no way of accounting for the failure of the manures to
increase the yield of this crop in proportion to that of the Black-
eyed Marrowfat peas.
In considering the yields of the crops grown on this field from
the standpoint of the amount of stock food produced by each
under like condition of fertilization it is but fair to state that the
peas possess about twice the value of the barley as a source of
albumnoids. The following table shows the yield per acre of
Barley, Black-eyed Peas and Canada Peas.
Barley. Black-eyed Peas. Canada Peas.
LEAF eat oseaecearencnacecenccnec aaa anone- 441 lbs. 648 Ibs. 318 lbs.
SON ERR a Ee 442 *§ 522 ** 203 -*
32 De nceeenonaccasanoie otooondosne saoasesence 434 * 402 * 195°
Rely A sansa anne se= eee orahnepenenespaceadae = nn 176 * 411 ** 256 *
The conclusions to be drawn from these figures are obvious.
Under the conditions of this experiment the growing of peas for
stock purposes is to be preferred to growing barley. The Black-
eyed Marrowfat pea yields double the amount of the Canada pea.
FERTILIZER EXPERIMENTS BY FARMERS.
In 1889 the Station sent out sets of experimental fertilizers to
several farmers designed to test the availability of insoluble phos-
phates.
Two of these sets fell into the hands of farmers whose land
evidently needed phosphoric acid more than anything else. One
of them, Mr. H. L. Leland, has kindly consented to continue his
experiment this year without further manuring.
This experiment was conducted on a dry, slaty loam, which
previous to 1889, had received no manure for thirty years and had
ee =
_ =")
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 97
been subjected to continuous cropping. At the time it was
plowed up it was cutting only half a ton of hay per acre. The
experiment was conducted on one-tenth acre plots, and the
amounts of phosphates applied were such that the plots receiving
crude phosphates obtained four times as much insoluble phos-
phorie acid as was received of soluble phosphoric acid by the plots
to which the acid phosphate was applied.
Mr. Leland writes that the bad weather seriously interfered with
the experiment for this year.
The results are valuable, however, as showing the relative effect
of the phosphoric acid from the various sources.
In 1889 the average increase of the plots receiving phosphoric .
acid with sulphate of ammonia and muriate of potash over the
plots receiving only sulphate of ammonia and muriate of potash
was for
Acid South Carolina Rock, 194 per cent.,
Fine Ground South Carolina Rock, 113 per cent.,
Fine Ground Caribbean Sea Guano, 62 per cent.
In 1890 the gains were for
Acid South Carolina Rock, 124 per cent.,
Fine Ground South Carolina Rock, 65 per cent.,
Fine Ground Caribbean Sea Guano, 42 per cent.
The following tables show the results obtained by Mr. Leland
for the years 1889 and 1890.
EXPERIMENT OF H. L. LELAND FOR 1889.
Crop Potatoes.
~~
° zs
mt Yield*
ou gh yal, Amount per acre
a Name of fertilizer. per of
2 ; acre. | potatoes.
A
INGiIG! SE Oi, OG" secécocons Sapdaesoqnaacs nooonoo Rieloutcle starnicieete sre 500)
1. |Sulphate of ammonia.......-...- S40 009 aichetelsvemione tevatate sraterelaleinvelaci 150 } Ibs. /683 bush.
Muriate of potash.............-. stelefateyerats eisieioialeistotaleieieiaiaterste\cieisieforels 100 J
Fine ground S. C. Rock............ -..-008- alajsleletefetalaieiala ajeis\etelatats 1000
2. {Sulphate of ammonia.........---. .....- soobgsosesgoen eeecerece 150; ‘* |50 cs
Muriate of potash..... dyouan0005 bcguaddnacoondcane nosogeadtaocde 100
Caribbean Sea Guano.....-..-.6- soonagoseoonne oonensandas sabena!! 75) )
3. |Sulphate of ammonia......... 6. boooood SdbgQ00gDSnS CagccSuC se=| 150) S* (40
Muriate Of potash......... socapanogs sadosooddesgnonce sovocecoe. 100 )
Sulphate of AMMONIA... ...ccceceescccncccseceereccsecs: Sa0n000C LOO Nee Vor
4, |Muriate of potash........-....... sonooeaocodgocoGenssonocnd Coe” 100 | a
Denn INOy LERUUIZ EM orn leleleiclceiele clare soosodaoecdne9 Sd0OCOn ANZ HHROGOoS AAG pShn 30 Oc
Acid S. C. Rock .......--- SopetinatinacnocecondoHaoabecnooseddnenshe 500 )
la. |Sulphate of ammonia.............-.» 50 DODOdS boeponondnonddoGde 150> “© {65
MUuriateof potash’ -.)l.< che) .elesscaceel aces APES URAC EY i 100 §
Fine ground 8. C. Rock 1000 ) :
2a. |Sulphate of ammonia . 150} “* 48% :
Muriate of potash...... ictatere oper n crete -««| 100 J
(CHimnoehin Stee (CIE Gagos0n. KooasosoAcopoaoHope sone soSnanean- 725 )
3a. |Sulphate of ammonia.......... nodocosoadccodoss ecco ehos secre 150+ * {83% sS
Muriate of potash..... cacnoogtiooncads 6 doadonosnecndcoscimacaanbe 100
Sulphate of ammonia........... -.+. Saeeicte mtalaraie\clateterele iter atsaiens 150) 911
Asian VEIT AGO OL) O OUASHalats ata a sretelelslslelclelclejaisvatcla’winiate's/e «/aleiclsaiuielelale)isi~)=)s'ofaial 100 | ma
DAiee INOPLE LUIZ Cli mtelitelelevele wialeltatol<intel «elalswialelstnteieisielatsls) <\ell<isfelelilet=/si=)4 sielaiele= 293
*Rust killed potato vines about August 15th, or the yield would probably have been
greater.
3E
98 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
EXPERIMENT OF H. L. LELAND FOR 1890.
Crop Beans.
7 | Amount | Yield of
£ 1 per acre | beans
aS Name of Fertilizer. ; | per acre
S ct eaey ee
. | | in
z Ibs. | bush.
|
|Acid S. C. Rock..... .... See ee yoo ees ee | 500) |
1 (Sulphate of ammonia.... on ecnoccccccesannnen-s seanesceas 1. 50) 2 Or
'Muriate of potash .......-.------ ae poe: oan eee Cea
Fine ground S. C. RocK...-..0-2-- 2. seeccces ce ceccece cease acct 1000 ) |
2 |Sulphate of AMMONIA... cece. cece reeccessncccerscccse-ee-> +-| L0G | 8.7
Muriate of potash eee eee ceeescsees serne == eaeenccesccae wcece! 100 J |
Caribbean Sea Guano ..........-.-- 5c SbSson ago tsetse see ee | 725 Be:
3 |Sulphate of ammonia... ..... eRe SH ESR eres oe 150° | 6.3
Mnriate Of POLASW es ese ec ena sas on eae aa aeer te meneame 1005
Sulphate of ammonia........2. 2.1.2. sececeeee - - Btecconos 1). LOD} alana
A WIT IAEC OF OLAS oe pees ara ene new an een niemn eee a een meee 1005 | Z
Bui Noltersilizersan <2 2ermesa naan ne aee nanan RSE emo ce | 4.6
Were 62 @ a Roc keaas eee nan a eee ee | 500) |
la.|Sulphate of ammonia......2...-c0e200 2. seeeceecee ASSES 3 Be | 150° | 10.5
IMGIEIAGE Of ORASIN I esters c we eri a ele nee = ta een | 100 )
lone fav | See LED Ree Eee sees on Sees ee eco se: 1000) |
2a.|Sulphate of ammonia...... ...........- ap eiccsseemciicees Anos. 150> | 6.4
Jie EET SN eee eer oases eeotes Sen eee sees} | 100 |
CAR UVEein SEE (RTE ees eee ec ne ee es | 725) |
3a.|/Sulphate of ammonia....--. apiceteascacder secoiens) Godconsetecs} | 150+ | G4
La WHER PESCSP TUT) ENG) ereicere as oscn lacbobots Soecececeecetese eccosr 100) |
Sriphaceo ti aminontaecss. tose eee esse ae eee ------| 1507 | 49
Aa. Muriate:of potashen-1a-ens) ses aeceeae ss epee ee BA A Sesace J) ( M00i§; Flees
bal No fertilizer eon se ee ee ees IY 5 ee th Eee ree | 3.7
Five sets of experimental fertilizers were sent out to farmers
last spring having the same general object as those that were sent
out in 1889, namely, the determination of the availability of
phosphoric acid in crude phosphates. ‘These sets were arranged
for tenth acre plots like those in the preceding year. The phos-
phates used for crude material were South Carolina rock and
Thomas’ Slag.
The latter is a fertilizing material that has come into notice
within a few years. It is a by-product resulting from the manu-
facture of a certain grade of steel and contains a considerable
quantity of free lime, together with a varying amount of phos-
phoric acid. The lot purchased by the Station carried twenty per
cent. of phosphoric acid, of which six per cent. was soluble in
ammonium citrate.
Rather remarkable results have been obtained by the use of
this material in experimental work, and the question has arisen, in
the minds of some, whether the favorable action of this phosphate
was not in part due to the free lime it contains. Hence two plots
have been arranged which receive an equal amount of phosphoric
acid in South Carolina Rock, to which is added an amount of free
lime equal to that contained in the Thomas’ Slag. ‘The nitrogen
in this set was furnished in the form of nitrate of soda and the
potash as muriate of potash.
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 99
EXPERIMENT BY J. P. MOULTON, OF SPRINGVALE.
Mr. Moulton reports as follows :
‘“‘The soil is a heavy, rocky loam, yellow sub-soil with a hard
pan from two and a half to three feet below the surface ; land in-
clining gradually to the south-west. It was seeded seven years
ago mid cut three-fourths of a ton of hay per acre in 1889. The
ground was plowed the first of May, 1890, and planted from the
twelfth to the fifteenth of the same month. Fertilizers applied as
directed. Seed was a small eight rowed corn and the hills were
two feet eight inches apart each way.
The following table shows the kind and quantity of fertilizers
used and amount of crop produced on the several plots.
Yield of | Yield of
s Amount; Total Now No.2
ra ay per acre jyield per] husked | husked
a Name of Fertilizer. FA ee corn per | corn per
B plotin | plotin
7! lbs. lbs. Ibs. ial
INCIOISOMmnROCKEeeeececcritccces Soosod 500
1 |Muriate of potash............ gop0ad6e0e Bos 100 705 233 103
INTETALCTO tS OO Bmtatelelatstalete alelslelotatelelatelelelalelninieiere 150
Fine ground S. C. Rock..................-. 1000 }
LATE code dasorodnobcosopdnED sbooooaGonCC 200 |
2 |Muriate of potash......... Sooo Sonsoac coda 100 105 112-5 175
Nitrate of soda..... noguedsn dauovancdanones 150 J
Thomas’ Slag.... ........- oon ooaeneassone 1000)
5} (Wreaths OMe OUEYSIO\ Sopos oocdpodobcooaqoucKd 100 712.5 269.5 108
INTEL LCE) Os SOC A cleterelel«!+l=lela)s)slola(eleioiaie)elel=|*/eleleisi<ie 150
Fine ground S. C. BOCK is pavopadacdsebadcec 1000 }
4 |Muriate of potash......... 5 0600 lode 100 820 192.5 100
Nitrate of soda..... 500 150
Muriate of potash. wes 100 ”
5 |Nitrate of soda....- ieee 50 pao HED 88
6 |No fertilizers.... eee| ——— 706.5 107.5 134
Acid 8. C. Rock.... 500
la.|Muriate of potash.. «| 100 987.5 279 90
Nitrate of soda coacnbeooos ‘ 150
Eine ground S. C. Rock.....0.2-..5....00- 1000)
LITE) po dbhdp nanoneddacesaoodd JeonoonoTeo50oe 200 ;
28-/Muriate of potash....-s..0+0++- Waneanst eins 100 1082.5 aS 90
Nitrate Of SODA.ccccccccnsccsccnes psogasened - 150
AUTON AS gs LL ateleleletelatsiaic teleiatelsaietalee/oleielatelateratetsys 1000
3a.|Muriate of potash.............. HoacooKddoidad 100 1094. 270 115
NTT AC TOM AOC Sstereicalelniolnis'einis!slatela\slelelelelstelsia aici 150
Fine ground S. C. Rock.............. seces-| 1000
4a,|Muriate of potash.......0cce. - © sevcaces 100 735 239 97
Nitrate of SO Seay Sodocoaoad siaterahiiestertiets 150
WEEN TYE sags ba ooodrdodounccono0e 100 y
58-'Nitrate of s0da......... Rete ree 150 oon Bu 88
GarlINOMtextiliZer catelee eee tekee ssc abisnon sa00s00 457.5 143.5 82
Observations and remarks of Mr. Moulton in regard to the
crop.
‘“‘The corn was harvested the first of October. Plots 1, and
la, were very dry and ripe when harvested.
These plots were more forward than any of the others through
100 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
the entire season and in ripening were two weeks ahead, but the
kernels were not as plump or the ears as well filled.
The fertilizers applied to plots 2 and 2a, seemed to have a bad
influence on the germination of the seed. The corn on these
plots kad a backward appearance through the season.
Plots 3 and 3a gave the best and largest yields of corn, though
the fodder on 3 was not as much as in some other cases.
Plots 4 and 4a were an average pair.
The fertilizer applied to plots 5 and 5a seemed to effect the
seed in the same way as on 2 and 2a. Only about half of the
seed germinated.
Plots 6 and 6a surprised me more than all the others. No
one supposed that the corn would mature.”
In Mr. Moulton’s experiment all of the phosphates seem to
increase the crop over muriate of potash and nitrate of soda.
Slightly more corn was produced by the Thomas Slag than with
Acid South Carolina Rock. The experiment gives no evidence
that the superior effect of the Thomas Slag over Fine Ground
South Carolina Rock is due to the free lime contained in the slag.
EXPERIMENT OF MR. O. B. KEENE, EASTON,
AROOSTOOK COUNTY.
No description of soil accompanied this report. The results
obtained are quite remarkable, though they show little evidence
of any benefit to the crop from the use of crude phosphates.
-The plots in this case as in the experiment by Mr. Moulton
and Mr. Leland were one-tenth acre plots.
The crop cultivated was potatoes. The number of hills per
plot 870. Mr. Keene reports many missing hills which might
have been due to bad seed.
In the following table are given the quantities of fertilizers
used ; the number of missing hills; the actual yield per acre and
the calculated yield per acre had all of the hills on the plots
yielded as did those producing potatoes.
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 101
. Amount No. Total Yield
Ss per acre
= per missing yield perin bush.,
fe Kind of Fertilizer. comput’d
iS) acre in| hills. acrein | for 870
} hills per
Y, lbs. ' bush. plot.
ATCIGNS TO MROC Keer eeemiee cnieelemiisies doar} 0) aii)
1 |Muriate of potash......sccecesscecresoeress 100 220) 218 292
Nitrate of s0da.....0..ssccss..sseneee bee i 150 § |
AN OMEO IE sso coobboodudesscosoe Coon. 1000 |
3 |Muriate of potash....0... 2+ secceceees.s. 100| 301 182 278
Nitrate of SOda....¢re...s-0-- 150
Fine ground S. C, Rock 1000 )
4 |Muriate of potash... ..... 100 458 134 281
Nitrate of soda. oe Re ESTER CTE 150
TIGL AOL te PO tas etsteclacietelala(aiclelssiclelalatsisvelelerels 100 ) iS yee
” Nitrate of aoa. BONDE ROSS oO Benme enone 150 § 576 104 255
Gap PNORCORTILIZ ORS mectetelstetere ele cena late erteleetelete ctor ——— 434 128 155
WANCIOUISE (06 Ie sendodcuecc acc0d FOneOgOOUDET 500
LaslMUTiate OL POtdshicecccens - cee cis-cenee: 100 327 213 344
MUTED Ont! FOC Mono buco sc ac codonenouonencdoe 150
UM IOWTENEY SIE coon onbuase 1) Seobocadohdoen 1000
3a.|Muriate of potash.. .22.....+ccccseoens ss 100 251 192 270
NGMEULS Ot SOK Ea Ghoosods oagsoooenDano jootns 150
Mineveround Ste WO CK eerste eel) soy. cieielel 1000
43-|Muriate Of pOtash:........-..cecccecsseaes: 1:0 221 151 205
Ninaite of soda...... soo0e0 sooepoboon Sooo 150 f
WHMENKS Ort OBIE Coa bo o6anbadeos coobds 100 3
Da INTHEATGIOL sould bs snlauoee kari als haven Giee 150 238 A ie
6a.|No fertilizer..... goacdde scaosoconocd sonocons --— 84 109
This experiment is interesting in showing the remarkable effect
of commercial fertilizers on some soils. The average of the plots
receiving no fertilizers was 132 bush. per acre. The average of the
plots receiving nitrate of soda and muriate of potash was 262 bush
per acre. Here the crop was doubled by adding 150 Ibs. of
nitrate of soda and 100 lbs. of muriate of potash.
The cost of the chemicals in this case was $5.50.
The extra cost of 130 bush. of potatoes was about 4.2 cents
per bushel.
No addition to this crop was produced by using South Carolina
Rock or Thomas Slag. But the use of 500 lbs. of Acid South
Carolina Rock, costing $4.50, caused an additional gain to that
made by the nitrate of soda and muriate of potash of 56 bush.
at a cost of 8 cents per bush. :
This experiment has a local value, if Mr. Keene and his neigh-
bors have much soil of this character, as indicating what they
shall use for fertilizers in growing potatoes.
102 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
TESTS OF VARIETIES.
Pror. WALTER BALENTINE.
For several years the Station has grown a large number of
varieties of potatoes, oats, barley and peas to test their compara-
tive value, each year cultivating the varieties produced the pre-
ceding year and adding new varieties.
The present year the old varieties have been dropped and only
a few varieties of garden vegetables that have been advertised as
novelties have been tested. The season has been unfavorable for
giving these varieties a fair trial, being cold and wet both in the
first and last part leaving only a few weeks in the middle portion
of really favorable weather for producing such crops.
Quite a number are not reported on as it was quite evident that
the fault was more with the weather than the variety.
Below are given the results of these trials:
BEANS.
Early Golden-Eyed Wax Bush Bean.
Planted May 24th, blossomed July 18th.
Large enough for string beans, July 31st.
Ripe September 20th. Quality medium.
Yosemite Mammoth Wax Bush Bean.
Planted May 24th. Blossomed July 24th.
Large euough for string beans, August 4th.
Ripe October 1st. This variety rusted so badly as to be
worthless.
Henderson's New Bush Lima Bean.
Planted May 24th. Blossomed August 4th.
Large enough to shell Sept. 25th. This bean is too late for
profitable culture in this section of the State.
Early Golden Cluster Wax Pole Bean.
Planted May 24th. Blossomed Aug. 2d.
Large enough for string beans, Aug. 18th. Quality good.
Failed to ripen on account of wet weather.
Black-Eyed Wax Bush Bean. y
Planted June 9th. Blossomed July 30th. i
Large enough for string beans Aug. 8th.
Ripe Sept. 20th. Quality good. F
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 103
Champion Bush Bean.
Planted June 9th. Blossomed July 30th.
Ripe Sept. 29th. Quality good. Fairly prolific.
SWEET CORN.
The following varieties of sweet corn were tested :
Burbank’s Early Maine Sweet Corn.
Planted May 24th. Spindled July 26th. Silked Aug. 4th.
Ears large enough to boil Aug. 30th. Quality inferior.
New Gold Coin Sweet Corn.
Planted May 24th. Spindled Aug. 13th. Silked Aug. 27th.
This variety was very late. The kernels did not arrive at the
milky stage before tbe frost killed the crop.
Ne Plus Ultra Sugar Corn. |
Planted May 26th. Spindled Aug. 13th. Silked Aug. 25th.
Failed to produce ears far enough advanced for boiling before
the frost killed the crop. The variety is too late for this climate.
PRAS.
But one variety of pea was planted, the Dwarf Champion.
Planted June 9th. Blossomed July 20th. Large enough to
shell Aug. 4th. This variety is fairly prolific and of good
quality.
BEETS.
Mitchell’s Perfected Earliest Turnip Beet proved to be of
superior quality.
SQUASH AND PUMPKINS.
Four varieties of squash were planted for testing and one
variety of pumpkin. The season proved so unfavorable that
none ripened before the frost killed the vines on Sept. 25th.
Report of Botanist and Entomologist.
Pror, F, L. Harvey.
Below is given an outline of the subjects considered by the di-
vision of Botany and Entomology during the past season.
BOTANY.
1. Germination Experiments.
2. Testing varieties of grasses,
3. Spraying Experiments for Apple Scab and Codling Moth.
4. Spraying Experiments to determine minimum amount of
Paris Green for Potato Beetles.
rc
5. Causes of Potato Scab. Consideration of investigations by
Messrs. Bolley and Thaxter.
6. Correspondence about Strawberries,
7. Plantago lanceolata, Linn.
tain deseribed and Illustrated.
8.
and illustrated.
Je
LO:
sock-moth.
Tike
HZ.
13.
Apple.
14.
15.
16.
Leontodon autumnalis, Linn.
ENTOMOLOGY.
Rib Grass or English Plan-
Fall Dandelion considered
Platysamia Cecropia, (Linn.). Cecropia Emperor-moth.
Orgyia leucostigma, (Sm. & Abb.).
White-marked Tus-
Hyphantria cunea, Drury. Fall Web-worm
Tmetocera ocellana, (Schiff.) .
Eye-spotted Bua- moth.
Schizoneura lanigera, (Hausm).
Woolly-louse of the
(demasia concinna, (Sm. & Abb.). Red-humped Apple-
tree Caterpillar.
Anisopteryx pometaria, Harris.
Clisiocampa sylvatica, Harris.
Fall Canker-worm.
Forest Tent-caterpillar.
PLANtTs OF Economic ImporTANCE RECEIVED FOR EXAMINATION IN
1890.
No. |Common Name} Scientific Name.| From Whom. Depredations, &c.
1 | srapigeea. | auantavum. | “Winslow Me,| Weed in meadows.
2| sowtiistte. | arvoniat. | ‘Presque tale) Weed m grain elds
4| Black Knot. HE LOE Ea Tif A Boley Parasitic on cherry trees.
Ta] oats, | Avena eativa, FR RIarson,| Specinens eumagT Valo by
ie ie au Deals: ee oens eae |! cresncmee Te
Wa iarnetonsd) accmmints.,. |Varlous Panien)| Veet mn aes aeaaon= and
TATE COLLEGE
5
MAINE
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AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 107
REMARKS.
Those of the above named plants and insects that have been
studied and are of suflicient importance are considered below.
The fine plates illustrating Rib Grass and Fall Dandelion were
prepared by Miss Kate Furbish, Brunswick, Me. The cuts illus-
trating insects were obtained from J. B. Lippincott & Co.,
and are after cuts in Saunder’s Insects Injurious to Fruits.
Mr. F. P. Briggs, as Assistant, has rendered efficient aid in con-
ducting germination tests, looking after the grass plots, conduct-
ing spraying experiments and collecting material for the herbarium.
Hereafter the experiments with insecticides will be under the di-
rection of Prof. Munson and any one wishing information on
spraying apparatus or insecticides should address their letters to
him. Those who wish information regarding plants or insects,
especially injurious fungi or insects are requested to sent speci-
mens to the writer. Directions for sending specimens may be
found in Station Report, 1888, p. 194, or in Maine Agricultural
Report, 1888, p. 158.
We invite correspondence. It is to the interest cf farmers to
cultivate the habit of noticing insects and fungi when they first
make their appearance and not wait until pests are beyond control
before reporting them. It will be largely through corres-
pondence that the Station learns of insects doing damage in the
State.
GERMINATION EXPERIMENTS.
The seeds tested during the year were germinated as in previous
years, in pockets or folds of cloth, which were kept moist by a
flap of the cloth dipping into water. The entire apparatus was
described in the Annual Report for 1888. The conditions, it is
believed, were as favorable as possible, and the results obtained
seem to prove that such was the case, for in many instances every
seed sprouted.
The material for this year’s work was obtained from James J. H.
Gregory, Marblehead, Mass., and E. W. Burbank, Fryeburg, Me.
Following are tables showing the results of the experiments :
COLLEGE
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110 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
CoMPARISON OF SEEDS TESTED.
During the years 1888, 1889 and 1890, we have tested seeds
grown and sold in the State, and also some of those sold in Maine
on commission, which are grown in other states. The results have
been published in the Reports for these years respectively, but for
the purpose of comparison we give below a résumé of the larger
part of the work. The seeds tested were put up by the foilowing
parties: Lewis Atwood, Winterport, Me.; E. W. Burbank, Frye-
burg, Me. ; Edwin Chick & Co., Bangor, Me. ; Department Agri-
culture, Washington, D. C.; A. H. Dunlap & Sons, Nashua, N.
H.; R. B. Dunning & Co., Bangor, Me.; Thos. W. Emerson &
Co., Boston, Mass.; D. M. Ferry & Co., Detroit, Mich.; James
J. H. Gregory, Marblehead, Mass.; Kendall & Whitney, Port-
land, Me.; David Landreth & Sons, Philadelphia, Pa.; E. W.
Lyman, Springfield, Mass. ; Delano Moore, Presque Isle, Me.; J.
B. Rice, Cambridge, N. Y.; James M. Thorburn & Co., New
WORK, Ne Ye
Varieties | Average %, Varieties | Average ¥,
Une Bp Dy tested. eel UIE LID OFF tested. pet
Lettuce. Lettuce.
Atwood. 2 63 Emerson. i 10
Chick. 1 99 Ferry. 2 90
Dept. Agr. 2 90 Gregory. 1 100
Dunlap. 3 83 Lyman. 1 0
Dunning. 1 Hi Rice. 3 cal
Turnip -« Turnip.
Atwood. 3 7 Ferry. 5 83
Burbank. 1 100 Gregory. 1 98
Chick. iL 76 Lyman. 1 4
Dunlap. 3 29 Moore. 1 99
Dunning. 1 29 tice. 2 73
EKmerson. 1 97
Cabbage. Cabbaje.
Atwood. i 48 Emerson. ] 92
Burbank. 1 89 Ferry. 4 85
Chick. 1 69 Gregory. il 46
Dept. Agr. 4 80 Lyman. 1 91
Dunlap. 3 49 Rice. 3 U0
Dunning. 1 88
Parsnip. Parsnip.
Atwood. 2 22 Ferry. 38 ays)
Burbank. 1 30 Gregory. 1 3d
Chick. 1 44 Lyman. 1 0
Dunlap. 5 36 Moore. 1 82
Dunning. 1 34 Rice. 2 58
Emerson. 1 49
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. i)
Varieties |Average % Varieties |Average %,
Fut up by tested. | sprouted. LARD eR tested. | sprouted.
Celery. Celery.
Atwood. 1 48 Ferry. 2 3d
Chick. 1 27 Gregory. 1 27
Dunlap. 1 10 Lyman. 1 33
Dunning. 1 62 Rice. 2 45
Onion. Onion.
Atwood. 1 73 Ferry. 1 67
Chick. 1 74 Gregory. 1 78
Dept. Agr. 10 83 Lyman. i ()
Dunlap. + 34 Rice. 2 87
Emerson. 1 95 ‘Dunning. 1 62
Beet. Beet.
Atwood. 2 52 Emerson. 1 77
Burbank. i Hl Ferry. 3 83
Chick. 1 63 Gregory. 2 60
Dept. Agr. 6 76 Lyman. 1 48
Dunlap. 4 79 Moore. 1 8+
Dunning. 1 18 Rice. 4 72
Carrot. Carrot.
Atwood. 1 57 Ferry. 2 58
Burbank. 1 56 Gregory. 1 43
Dunlap. 2 56 Moore. 2 82
Dunning. 1 dl Lyman. 1 22
Emerson. 1 48 Rice. 2 45
Tomato. 7 Tomato.
Atwood. 2 52 Gregory. 1 76
Dept. Agr. 4 58 Lyman. 1 57
Dunlap. 1 78 Rice. 3 91
Ferry. 2 $1
Radish. Radish.
Atwood. 2 4 Gregory. 1 75
Dunlap, 2 79 Lyman. 1 Su
Ferry. 2 69 Rice. 3 S4
Sweet Corn. Sweet Corn.
Burbank. 2 95 Gregory. 1 94
Dept. Agr. 2 $2 Moore. 1 90
Ferry. ] 99 Rice. 3 S6
Clover. Clover.
Chick. 3 86 Landreth. 1 78
Dunning. 4 SS Moore. 1 Sl
Gregory. 2 77 Thorburn. 5) 86
Kend. & Whit. 5) $3
EXPERIMENTS WITH CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE.
In all of the germination experiments care has been taken to
destroy all fungoid germs by boiling the cloths used, for about
thirty minutes, and thoroughly scalding the tray and everything
connected with it. Yet the seeds have moulded more or less dur-
ing the two weeks they remained in the germinator. Those that
sprouted in a few days moulded but little, or not at all, while
those that sprouted slowly, or failed to germinate moulded con-
siderably, and sometimes very badly. The germs of the mould
must in these cases have been on or in the seeds themselves. The
question arose whether the mould interfered. in any way with the
142 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
sprouting of the seeds. As was stated in last year’s report, a
weak solution of corrosive sublimate, (mercuric chloride) one part
to ten thousand parts of water was used, in which the seeds were
dipped, after which they were washed in water that had been
boiled, and then placed in the germinator. Only a few were tried
in this way and no conclusions could be safely drawn from the
results. This year more experiments were made, in about the
same way. ‘Two solutions were used each stronger than the first.
one having one part of the corrosive sublimate to one thousand
parts water, and the other, one part to five hundred parts water.
Below are tables showing the per cent. sprouted, with and without
being dipped in the solutions,
Corrosive sublimate 1 part to ‘|| Corrosive sublimate 1 part to
1000 water \| 500 parts water.
: | Not | Dipped in| ,. 4 | Not | Dippedin
Kind of seed. | treated. | solution. Kind of ‘seed- treated. | solution.
=i | Lad x
Bean. | @9 79 Corn.
| 92 ss
Parsnip. | 35 37 Beet. wd 31
Cabbage. | 46 43 ‘Squash. pos 25
Carrot. [eas 50 Cucumber. | * 72 67
Radish. ie de 78 | Watermelon. 78 7s
Tomato. | 76 | 82 — |\Cabbage, 89° J Ip Se
Celery. jeez 7 Carrot. 47 56
Alfalfa. | 53 58 | Turnip. | 100 100
Red Clover. | 87 $9 |Parsnip. | 30 3
One thing is proven by these experiments, that in some cases at
least, the sublimate did not injure the vitality of the seeds, and in
uo case did it destroy all of the seeds, if itaffected them in any way.
The average of the two columns is nearly the same. Those that
vary the most have the lowest percentage, while those that average
above seventy-five per cent. differ but little. Another thing is
sure, that the sublimate destroys the germs of the fun-
gus. None moulded after being treated, except the
squash, and that but little, while before being dipped it was com-
pletely covered with a dense forest of fungus. And yet, more
squash seeds sprouted when they were not treated with the solu-
tion. This makes it impossible to say at present whether it is of
any advantage to use the sublimate soiution. In seven cases out
of the eighteen, more germinated when it was used. In eight
cases, more when it was not used, and in three instances there was
no difference. Till more data is obtained all we can assert is that
a solution of corrosive sublimate of proper strength will destroy
the germs of mould without destroying the vitality of the seeds,
and probably without injuring them.
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 113
EXPERIMENTS WITH GRASSES.
In Experiment Station Report, 1889, p. 161, will be found a
consideration of forage plants tested on small plots to determine
their adaptability to the soil and climate of Maine. On page 169
of the same Report is a table of the most promising ones. Of
these, eleven kinds were selected the past season and grown in
one-eight acre plots, and next season a record will be kept regard-
ing them.
SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS.
APPLE SCAB.
It was intended to conduct some spraying experiments the past
season with copper compounds, to determine their value in prevent-
ing or checking apple scab. For various reasons mentioned below
the work was abandoned. Arrangements were made with Mr. F.
M. Woodward, Winthrop; Mr. Chas. S. Pope, Manchester, and
Mr. E. F. Purrington, Farmington, to conduct these experiments.
The material for the work at Winthrop was ordered early, but by
delay in transportation did not reach its destination in time to
make the first application before the leaves started. The bloom
was so light and the rains so heavy and frequent it was thought
best to abandon the work for the season. Mr. Pope writes that
he made the first application but a heavy shower washed it off
almost immediately, and as the rainy weather continued he did not
spray again. One of the difficulties in using these compounds is
that they are washed off by rains and the disease is always worse
in rainy seasons. The copper compounds are quite rapid in their
action upon vegetable spores and would destroy them in a few
days. Much good would therefore be done if the compounds
remained only a few days before being washed off. Care should be
taken to make the applications immediately after showers. ‘These
experiments will be conducted another season if possible. The
experiments conducted by Prof. Taft in Michigan, and Prof. Goff
in Wisconsin, in 1890, and considered in Me. Expt. Sta. Rept.,
1889, p. 182, indicate that the copper compounds will materially
check this disease and at a very small cost. We would like to see
iv 2
114 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
the method carefully tested in Maine and hope many will spray
for the scab another season and report the results. Directions
for spraying and apparatus were considered in the Station Report
for 1889. Additional information if needed will be given by
correspondence.
Copiine Morus.
Complaints of Codling Moth ravages continue to be reported to
the Station. It is a surprise that the arsenic compounds are not
_ used to check this pest. It is conceded by many fruit growers in
other states, who have tried spraying with Paris Green and Lon-
don Purple for codling moths, that they are effective remedies.
Why do not the orchardists of Maine avail themselves of this
remedy? ‘The process is simple, free from danger, effective and
the materials and apparatus inexpensive in relation to the bene-
fits received. In the interests of successful orcharding in Maine
may we not strongly urge the great importance of spraying? In
our Report for 1889 it was suggested that perhaps the first appli-
cation should not be made until the apples are larger then peas.
This is based upon the belief that the moths come out later in
Maine, than has been supposed. We hope those who spray will
watch the first appearance of the moths about the trees and report
the same to the Station.
EXPERIMENT WITH PARIS GREEN UPON POTATO
BEETLES.
It is well known by those who use Paris Green to destroy
Potato Beetles, that there is more or less difficulty in obtaining a ©
mixture of the right strength to kill all the insects, without
‘scorching’ the leaves.
In order to determine the least amount of Paris Green required
to do effectual work, four different strengths were used. The
amounts taken were one and one-half, one, one-half and one-
fourth teaspoonful to two gallons of water. As a teaspoonful
weighs very nearly 8 grams, and there are 404 grams in 1 pound
avoirdupois it would be at the rate of 1 pound Paris Green to
about 75, 112, 125, and 250 gallons of water respectively. The
poison was applied to four adjacent rows, all being badly infested
with young beetles. There was no rain at the time, or any thing -
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. LS
to interfere with the experiments so far as is known. After
thirty-six hours the results were noted as follows:
First row, one and one-half teaspooufuls to 2 gallons water,
nearly all the insects killed.
Second row, one teaspoonful to 2 gallons water, same as first,
so far as one could perceive.
Third row, one-half teaspoonful to 2 gallons water, perhaps
one-half the beetles dead.
Fourth row, one-fourth teaspoonful to 2 gallons water, could
only find an occasional one dead.
The leaves were not scorched in any of the rows.
From these experiments we see that one teaspoonful of Paris-
Green to 2 gallons of water, or at the rate of 1 pound to 112
gallons, did as effectual work as the stronger mixture, while the
lesser amounts were not sufficient. This is perhaps as good a
rule as can be given, and the amount may be varied more or less,
if the strength of the Paris Green is found to vary.
CAUSES OF POTATO SCAB.
Since my last Report some very important investigations into
the cause of Potato Scab have been made at the Indiana Experi-
ment Station by Mr. H. L. Bolley and at the Connecticut Station
by Dr. Roland Thaxter. Though there were differences of opinion,
botanists had about concluded that this disease was due to chemi-
cal or mechanical conditions and not to a vegetable or animal par-
asite, but the investigations of these gentlemen have opened the
question anew. They claim to have discovered specific forms of
organisms that will when introduced into healthy potato tubers
produce the scab, and wherever the disease occurs these organ-
isms are present. It is exceedingly interesting to know that the
species of bacterium found by Mr. Bolley, and regarded by him as
the cause of the disease, is entirely different from the filamentous
fungus found by Dr. Thaxter. It is reasonable to conclude as is
done by Dr. Thaxter that there are two kinds of Potato Scab,
the organism studied by Mr. Bolley producing what is called
shallow or surface scab and the one found by Dr. Thaxter
causing the deep scab. The investigations of these gentlemen
seem so thorough it is hard to find any errors in their work and
the conclusions reached seem inevitable. Now that the parasitic
116 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
nature of the disease is established the theories of mechanical
and chemical irritation, insect depredations, excess of moisture in
the soil, and the attacks of larger fungi must be discarded as
primary causes. It is well established by many observers and
many experiments, that rubbish, garbage, excess of vegetable
matter, fresh stable manure, saw dust, chip manure, ashes and
lime, excessive moisture in the soil and growing potatoes from
year to year on the same field aggravate the disease. It is there-
fore certain, that the agents and conditions before regarded as
primary causes are secondary, aggravating the disease by pro-
ducing conditions favorable to the growth of the parasites. The
investigations of Dr. Thaxter indicate that the fungus causing the
disease may be a form common in manure and other fermenting
organic matter and would be transferred to the soil in such
material and reach the potato tubers. Should this prove to be
true it would open the question how far diseases affecting farm
crops are due to the germs carried to the field in infested fertil-
izers and lead to the necessity of adopting means to sterilize fer-
tilizers. Certainly it would do but little good to select clean
potatoes for seed and plant them in a soil fertilized by material
teeming with the organism that causes potato scab. If the diseasé
is caused by vegetable parasites, as seems quite probable, then
scabby seed and infested fertilizers are the sources of the disease,
or the germs may live in the soil over winter. By selecting clean
seed and not planting successive seasons on the same ground, two
of the sources would be eliminated. This would leave the fertil-
izing material as the remaining source of infection.
It would also be necessary to avoid all general conditions as
poorly drained soil, etc., that are known to favor the develop-
ment of fungi.
Although neither Mr. Bolley nor Dr. Thaxter have suggested
any definite remedies, it is a long stride in the right direction to
kuouw the cause of a disease, and as Mr. Bolley says, ‘*The facts
secured must of necessity affect the future investigations in the
line of prevention; and the indications are very favorable to the
belief that results in that direction may be reached which will
have a financial value to the potato grower.’’ ‘Those who wish to
read the investigations of Mr. Bolley and Dr. Thaxter will find
articles by the former in Agric. Science, Knoxville, Tenn., Sep-
tember and October, 1890 and by the latter in Conn. Exp’t. Sta-
tion Bull. No. 105, Dec. 1890. .
since the above was written Prof. Thaxter has been successful
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 7
in producing the scab disease by inoculating healthy tubers with
the fungus, but thinks the similar fungus found in horse dung will
not produce it.
STRAWBERRIES.
The following correspondence regarding strawberries may be of
sufficient interest to place on record.
After receiving Mr. Fowler’s letter the writer asked Prof. May-
nard, of Amherst, Mass., some questions regarding strawberries
and below his answer is given, also Mr. Fowler’s letters. The
facts contained therein may be suggestive to others who are
growing strawberries. The Station is testing varieties of straw-
berries (see Ex. Sta. Rept. 1889, p. 256) which will be reported
upon in the future. ;
SearsmonT, Mr., Aug. 27, 1890.
Pror. F. L. Harvey:
Dear Sir :—I wish some information in regard to strawberries. -
My patch looks very nice and I expected a nice yield but they
were small and il shaped. I think the most of them are Crescent
seedlings and am afraid there are not enough Wilsons. What I
wish to know is this, will natives do to set out with the Crescent
seedlings next spring ?
. Very truly, |
M. A. Fow er.
Amuerst, Mass., Sept. 22, 1890.
Pror. F. L. Harvey:
We have discarded both the Crescent and Wilson, but they are
suitable to grow together as the one is about as poor as the other.
I do not know how the last succeeds with you, but with us it is
worthless ou account of its lack of vigor. The Crescent is vig-
orous and productive but poor quality. Would advise the trial of
Bubach No. 5 in place of the Wilson, and if you find the Crescent
valuable perhaps the May King, Warfield or Haviland would
please you as a fertilizer for both. It would be far more profit-
able to set some other variety than the wild seedling to fertilize
the Crescent unless you wish to save the seed, in which ease it
might give some interesting crosses.
Very truly yours,
S. T. Maynarp.
118 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
Searsmont, Me., Oct. 28th, 1890.
Pror. F. L. Harvey:
Dear Sir :—As to my strawberries I am in a fix. I must have
some 15,000 plants and I can’t get enough of any variety but
natives to set out, so shall be compelled to set them or none. The
berries formed this year and some grew well, also had some Wil-
son berries among them, but most of the berries were ill shaped,
small and did not ripen good or refused to grow larger than a
Champion of England pea. I gave them a heavy coating of
manure in August and cultivated it in with spring tooth cultiva-.
tor and now have an abundance of nice plants. Expect to get
some Haviland or some other variety in the Spring to set out for
sets the next year. My plants were hurt last winter and spring
by ice and rain.
Very truly,
M. A. FowLer.
Maine State College Experiment Station Report,--1890,
(Plantago lanceolata, L.)
in.
ib Grass or English Plantai
1
Kate Furesisu, Del.
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 119
RIB GRASS, OR ENGLISH PLAINTAIN.
Plantago lanceolata, L.
This weed belongs to the Order Plantaginacee (Plantain Fam-
ily) and was introduced from Europe. Plantago comes from the
Latin and means sole of the foot. It was originally applied to the
door yard plantain, which grows in foot paths. Lanceolata
refers to the lance shaped leaves. It may be known by the fol-
lowing description :
Root living from year to year, stem grooved, angular, nine
inches to two feet high; leaves hairy, narrow, three to five ribbed
and in a cluster at the root. The flowers small, whitish, borne in
a thick short spike at the end of the long flower scape. The pod
opens at the top by means of a lid and allows the two oblong boat
shaped seeds to escape. ‘These seeds are smaller than clover seed
and may be distinguished by the brownish color, oblong shape and
hollow or groove on the inner face. They look like a diminutive
boat. Attention is especially directed to this weed, as it is being
introduced into the State in clover seed. Complaints have been
received about fields over run with it, that were seeded to clover.
The seeds of the plaintain being smaller and duller colored are liable
to escape notice, being hidden by the bright yellow color of the
clover seed. Great care should be exercised by farmers in pur-
chasing clover seed, so as not to introduce this detestable weed.
We hear complaints of its occurrence in other States. Being a
perennial it is a hard weed to exterminate. It is hardy and will
cover the ground with a mat of leaves. Cultivation ina hoed crop
would be the best way to control it.
Accompanying the Report for 1889 was an envelope containing
New York Red Clover seed, adulterated with about ten per cent.
of Rib Grass seed, (Plantago lanceolata, L.) This seed was pur-
chased at a prominent seed store in Maine and was highly recom-
mended. It was distribubted that farmers might learn to distin-
guish the seed of Rib Grass and avoid it.
That farmers may recognize this weed when they see it
growing, we publish on the opposite page a fine crayon
drawing made by Miss Kate Furbish, Brunswick, Me. The plate
also shows one of the flowers, and one of the stamens enlarged.
120 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
FALL DANDELION.
Leontodon autummnalis, L.
This plant belongs to the Order Composite or Sunflower Family
and was introduced from Europe. The genus name Leontodon
comes from two Greek words and means lion-toothed, referring to
the toothed leaves. The specific name autumnalis, means blooming
in the autumn, but is hardly applicable to this plant as it blooms
from June to November. This weed can be readily determined
by the following description: the plant from five inches to two
feet high; branched and bearing heads at the ends of the scaly
thickened branches, which are composed of many yellow strap
shaped flowers. Leaves clustered at the root, lance shaped, hairy
and cut toothed. Perennial, growing in meadows and along road-
sides, and blooming from June to November. It has spread from
New England to Arkansas. Where found along roadsides it
should be dug up. The seeds, which bear at one end a row of
tawny brittles, (pappus) are easily carried by the wind to cal-
tivated grounds. When introduced, cultivation in a hoed crop is
the best way to kill it.
On the opposite page is showna fine cut of this weed made frini
a crayon drawing executed by Miss Kate Furbish, Brunswicx, Me.
This will enable farmers to tell the plant when they see if. The
plate shows the plant natural size and also one of the seeds
magnified and with the bristles (pappus) attached at the end.
PEATE (le
Maine State College Experiment Station Report,--1890.
(Leontodon autumnatis, L.)
FALL DANDELION.
KATE FuRBISH, Del.
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 121
THE CECROPIA EMPEROR MOTH.
Platysamia Cecropia, (Linn.)
We received a cocoon of the above insect from Mr. R. C.
Higgins, attached to a Juniper twig. The cocoon was put away
and on June 10th the moth came forth, and essentially the fol-
lowing letter was sent to Mr. Higgins, which may be of interest
to others : ;
‘‘Dear Sir:—The cocoon you sent some weeks ago produced.
to-day a beautiful moth (five and a half inches spread of wing)
known as the Cecropia Emperor Moth. This insect belongs to
the Bombycide which embraces the Chinese silk worm Bomby
mori. It is the largest species of moth found in the United
States. It usually feeds upon the apple, plum and cherry and a
variety of other shrubs and trees. Taking it upon a Juniper is
novel to me, and I find no record of it feeding upon coniferous
plants. The caterpillar probably wandered to the Juniper tree to
spin its cocoon. This insect is not abundant in nature and
though classed as one of the pests of the orchard does but little
damage. It is kept in check by ichneumons, other insect par-
asites and birds.
The moth, caterpillar and cocoon of this insect all being so
large and conspicuous they attract attention and specimens are
frequently sent. The moths may be known by their large size,
the rich brown color of the wings, each bearing near the middle a
kidney shaped white spot usually shaded with red and edged
with black. The caterpillars are three or four inches long and
nearly as thick as a man’s thumb; pale green with carrot red
warts on the third and fourth segments of the body, yellow
warts upon the back of the other segments, excepting the second
and last, on which they are blue, as well as the smaller warts
along the sides.
The cocoons are about three inches long, pod shaped, rusty
gray or brown, and firmly attached by one side toa limb. They
are composed of two layers of silk, an outer papery and loose
fibrous one and an inner densely woven oval one containing the
chrysalis. The moths come from the cocoons in June. The eggs
are soon laid and in a week or ten days the caterpillars appear.
They are voracious feeders. When full grown in the full they
iv 3
122 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
spin their cocoons and remain in this state until the following
spring. The cocoons are frequently found in the orchard or
woods after the leaves have fallen, attached to the branches.
This moth is considered in Saunder’s Insects Injurious to
Fruits, p. 73, and all the stages figured. It is also considered in
Insects Injurious to Vegetation, Harris, pp. 385-388.
THE WHITE-MARKED TUSSOCK-MOTH.
Orgyia leucostigma, (Sm. & Abb. ).
During the past two years specimens of the above insect, in
the egg, larval and wingless female stages of its life history have
been received at the Station from various parts of the State.
Being apparently widely distributed and having attracted consid-
erable attention we give below an account of its habits.
Eggs, three or four hundred in a mass attached to the empty
grayish cocoon previously occupied by the female moth. Egg
mass convex, smooth, grayish white; composed of several layers
of eggs with a frothy, gelatinous material between them.
Larva, when mature, over one inch long; bright yellow; head
and two small protuberances on the back carrot red; back orna-
mented with four cream colored brush like tufts; two long black
plumes near the head and one near the posterior end of the body ;
sides clothed with yellow hairs; brown or black stripe on the
back, and a dusky stripe on each side. See Figure 1.
Fig. 1.
Cocoon, gray, spun on the inside of aleaf. Texture loose and
the silk interwoven with numerous hairs from the caterpillar.
eee. ee ee Eee eee
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 123
Chrysalis, enclosed in the cocoon, oval, brown or sometimes
whitish below, covered with whitish hairs or down. Figure 2 d.
shows the male chrysalis and Figure 2 c. the female chrysalis.
Perfect Insect (female) wingless or wings mere rudiments,
light gray, oblong oval, body distended with eggs; legs long.
Figure 3 represents the female resting upon the empty cocoon
from which she emerged.
Perfect Insect (male) winged, expands an inch and a quarter,
fore wings crossed by wavy bands of darker shade; a small
black spot on the outer edge of the wing toward the tip, beyond
it an oblique blackish stripe, near the outer hind angle a minute
white crescent. Body gray witha small black tuft near the base
of the abdomen, antenne feathered. Figure 4 represents the male
moth natural size.
Lire History.
During the winter months there will be found occasionally in
the orchard, dead leaves attached to the branches of the trees.
Upon examination these will usually be found to contain an
empty, gray cocoon with a mass of eggs attached to it, as
described above. These eggs hatch in Maine about the first of
June or earlier farther south. The young larve at once begin to
devour the leaves of the tree. When disturbed they lower them-
selves by means of a silken thread which they climb when danger
is past. The beautiful caterpillars described above feed about
two months and then spin their cocoons. The moths soon
emerge and the females being little more than animated masses of
eggs are sluggish. The males having wings are able to fly and
they meet the females while resting upon the empty cocoon to
which the mass of eggs is finally attached. ‘The eggs soon hatch,
producing the second brood of caterpillars which complete their
growth late in the season and enter the chrysalis state. The
124 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
moths soon emerge, mate and the eggs are deposited and remain
on the trees during the winter.
REMEDIES.
The female is wingless and always attaches her eggs to her
empty cocoon, hence the insect does not readily spread from tree
to tree. The caterpillars sometimes wander when their food
supply is. gone, or are accidently carried from tree to tree, or eggs
are introduced on young trees. From the nature of the insect it
it is not usually very injurious but sometimes does great damage
to the leaves of apple trees and also gnaws the surface of the fruit.
Though partial to the apple tree it alsofeeds onthe plum, pear
cherry, rose, and occasionally on the elm, maple, horse chest-
nut, linden, oak, locust, butternut, black walnut, hickory, spruce,
fir, larch and other plants. The orchard should be examined dur-
ing the winter months for leaves attached to the branches and if
they contain egg clusters collect and burn them. Any cocoons
without egg clusters should not be molested, as they probably con-
tain parasites of this pest and should be protected. Mr. Saunders
says that nine different species of parasites, four and two winged
flies, are known to prey upon this insect in the caterpillar state.
THE FALL WEB-WORM.
Hyphantria cunea, Drury. (H. textor, Harris. )
While in Cumberland County, Me. last season attention was
directed to an orchard badly infested by this insect. Though it
was only July 5th, the webs were already quite conspicuous. In
Forest Insects, just issued from the Dept. of Agric., Dr. Packard,
on p. 244 says: ‘‘Tbe name Fall Web- Worm is most expressive
for New England and other northern states where the insect is single
brooded, appearing there during August and September, while in
more southern regions it is double brooded.” ‘Though we have
not traced this insect through its life history in Maine and cannot
positively say there are two broods, yet the fact that the webs
were conspicuous and the larve fully three-fourths of an inch
long early in July would indicate two broods in western Maine.
A few webs were observed about Orono during the fall months,
probably those of the second brood or late single brood.
This is a native insect which has from time to time done great
damage to forest and fruit trees. It isa general feeder, having
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 125
been observed to feed upon over one hundred different species of
trees, shrubs and herbs. This species makes a web which is
sometimes very conspicuous, attaining dimensions of several
feet. The web can readily be told from that of the Apple-tree
Tent-caterpillar. The former insect does not leave the nest to
feed. As soon as hatched the young larve spin a small web for
themselves. Under the shelter of this they feed in company
upon the upper portions of the leaf, leaving the veins and lower
surface. As they grow they connect their web to adjoining twigs
and leaves until finally a whole branch several feet long may be
inclosed. The web of the Jatter is more frequently made in the
fork and is not usually extended along the branches and the cat-.
erpillars leave the nest to feed, returning for the night and to rest.
Below is given an account of the insect in all the stages of its
life history.
Egg 4 mm. (.16 in.) in length, bright golden yellow, globular,
ornamented with numerous regular pits, which according to Pack-
ard give it under the magnifying lens the appearance of a beauti-
ful golden thimble.
Larva (young) pale yellow with two rows of black marks along
the pee a black head and sparse hairs.
Full grown larva usually pale yel-
lowish or greenish with a broad, dark
stripe along the back and a yellowish
, stripe along the side, covered with
Fig. 5. whitish hairs that spring from black
and orange yellow warts. The caterpillars are somewhat variable
as to depth of color and marking, even on the same tree. The
fall brood is generally darker colored than the spring brood.
The larva is shown in Fig. 5.
Cocoon, thin, almost transparent, composed of a slight web of
silk intermixed with a few hairs from the caterpillar. or some-
times mixed with sand when the cocoon is spun in the soil.
Pupa, length 0.60 in.; breadth in the middle at the bulge, 0.23
in. ; dark brown, smooth, polished, faintly punctate, and bulged in
the middle a little all round.
Perfect insect, a moth which varies
greatly in size and color. These color
varieties have received different names
by entomologists but are now reduced
to H. cunea, Drury. The most com-
mon form is white or slightly fulyous with white wings,
126 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
but the wings show variations from pure white to those profusely
dotted with black and brown; front thighs tawny yellow, some-
times marked with a large black spot; feet blackish; expanse of
wings 1 1-4 to 1 2-3 inches; male moth usually smaller with the
antennz doubly feathered beneath. The antenne of the female
possess two rows of minute teeth. The moth is shown natural
size in Fig. 6.
lire History.
The female deposits her eggs in a cluster on the upper or under
side of a leaf, usually near the end of a branch. The clusters
consist of many eggs laid in regular rows, if the surface of the
leaf admits. Sometimes the eggs are laid in smaller irregular
patches. Each female lays on an average about five hundred
eggs. The eggs for the first brood are deposited by the last of
May or during June, and the time required for them to hatch
depends upon the weather. Under favorable circumstances they
mature in about ten days, or those of the second brood in eight
days. As soon as the caterpillars hatch they spin a small silken
web which soon becomes conspicuous. Under this they feed
together upon the upper surface of the leaves. As they grow
other leaves and branches are included until the web reaches con-
siderable size and contains dead leaves and the molt skins of the
larve. If their food supply gives out they quit the web and drop
to the ground and crawl directly toward other trees with almost
unerring instinct, or when disturbed let themselves down by a
thread and by this regain the tree when the danger is past.
Whea full grown they are 1.11 inches long and leave the web
and wander about for suitable places to spin their cocoons. They
select crevices in bark, the angles of tree boxes, rubbish about
the base of trees, and other similar situations, while the fall
brood prefer to bury themselves in the earth if possible, but
adapt themselves to circumstances. They soon spin their
cocoons. The pupz contained in these hatch into the second
brood of moths about the first of August, and the moths lay
eggs which hatch into caterpillars that feed, mature and spin
their cocoons during August and September. The insects inva-
riably spend the winter in the chrysalis state in the cocoon and
the following spring the moths emerge and lay their eggs, thus
completing the life history.
ee Fee, Ae eee ey ee ee
eee”
4 Sy ea il
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 127
REMEDIES.
As these insects do not leave the web to feed and are protected
by it, spraying to kill them would do no good. The best way is
to strip the webs from the extremities of the branches with the
hand as soon as they appear, and destroy them with the included
young caterpillars. The twigs bearing the small webs should be cut
off with a knife when on the low branches, or with long handled
pruning shears if on high branches ‘and burned. These insects
should be destroyed while the webs are small. There is no
excuse for allowing them to remain until Jurge branches are
involved in the web. The webs are unsightly and even when the
insects are not abundant enough to do serious damage they should.
be destroyed.
The natural enemies of this insect are many. Outside of
insect parasites and predacious insect enemies, screech owls,
cuckoos, the common toad and several species of spiders feed
upon them. They have but few bird enemies, being so hairy birds
will not eat them. Those mentioned above and the common toad
eat the whole insect, while the spiders suck the soft parts out and
leave the shell.
Among the predacious insects, the Mantis or rear horse in the
south, and the wheel bug and other hemipterous insects in other
parts of the country help to hold them in check. The true para-
sites are those that lay their eggs in the eggs or caterpillars of the
web-worm and destroy them. They consist of hymenopterous
or ichneumon like insects and tachina flies. Of the former one
species infests the eggs, and two others lay their eggs in the
caterpillars. One species of tachina at least is known to imfest
the larvae of the web-worm. ‘The eggs of the parasites hatch
and their larvae destroy the web-worm, and from their chrysalids
or cocoons the parasites come forth.
128 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
THE EYE-SPOTTED BUD-MOTH.
Tmetocera ocellana, (Schiff. ).
we
_ ______
Fig. 7.
The following letter was received last May:
RocKianD, MeE., May 20, 1891.
ENTOMOLOGIST EXPERIMENT STATION.
Sir :—I send you some blackberry buds that are infested with
maggots. I have about one-fourth of an acre and I think three-
fourths of the buds on the piece contain one or more of these
maggots. I noticed them for the first time last year, when I
found a few of them. When the buds are small they eat into the
heart of them and spoil them. The eggs are deposited in the
buds early in the spring or in the fall. I have found some of
them on rose bushes and also on a peach tree standing near the
blackberries. My family and I have killed a great many of them
but still they will injure the bushes very much.
Yours respectfully,
JoHN N. Ineranam.
The specimens sent by Mr. Ingraham were put into a breeding
cage to transform and proved to be the Eye-spotted Bud-moth.
This species was considered and figured in the Annual Report
of the Experiment Station, 1888, p. 169 and in the Maine Report
of Agriculture, 1888 p. 133 as a pest upon apple trees. We
find no record of this species attacking blackberries, therefore
the habit is new. The observations of Mr. Ingraham would indi-
cate that this species also feeds upon the peach tree and roses.
As there are several bud-moths that infest our fruit trees and
shrubs it is not safe to conclude that this species did the injury
on the peach trees and roses, though they were near the black-
berries, until the insect has been reared from them. It is not
improbable that the Eye-spotted Bud-moth feeds upon peaches
and roses, as it is known to feed upon plums and cherries, plants
belonging to the same family.
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 129
The larve we transformed went into the pupa state the last of
June and the moths appeared in July. As the moths are on the
wing in July the eggs must be laid in the summer or fall, and as
the larvee are apparently nearly grown and have done much dam-
age early in June the eggs must hatch very early or else the larva
hybernate. When this insect was considered in 1888 we did not
have the writings of Mr. James Fletcher, who expresses the
opinion in his Report for 1885, p. 24, as Entomologist to the
Dept. of Agric. of Canada, that it passes the winter in the larva
state on the branches of apple trees, protected by a covering of
silk. Since the above was written there has appeared from the
pen of Prof. Fernald in Bull. No. 12, April, 1890, Mass. Expt.
Station an interesting article upon this insect.
This article contains such an exhaustive and careful study of
the egg and larval stages we quote that portion of it verbatim.
‘‘The fore wings expand about three-fifths of an inch. The
head, thorax, and basal third of the fore wings, and also the
outer edge and fringe are dark ash gray, the middle of the fore
wings is cream white, marked more or less with costal streaks of
gray, and in some specimens this part is ashy gray, but little
lighter than the base. Just before the anal angle are two short
horizontal black dashes followed by a vertical streak of lead-blue,
and there are three or four similar black dashes before the apex,
also followed by a streak of lead-blue.
The hind wings above and below and the abdomen are ashy
gray. The under side of the fore wings is darker, and has a
series of light costal streaks on the outer part.
The moths pair and the female lays her eggs, when in confine-
ment, in clusters of from four to ten or eleven, often overlapping
each other. They are oval, flattened, four-fifths of a millimeter
long, and half as wide, sordid white, with a narrow border of
clear and transparent white, while the center of the eggs is one
complete mass of minute granules. In about three days thie cen-
ter of the egg has grown darker, and the granules larger; and on
either side there is a clear, wliite, oval space about one-third the
length of the egg. In about two days more the outer edge of
the center is the same color as in the last stage, and inside this
is a narrow, lighter band, while in the center is seen the form of
a cylindrical larva larger at one end, and both ends slightly
curved towards each other; and in one or two days more the
whole form of the larva is visible. the head, thoracic and anal
iv 4
130 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
shields being black. The egg stage lasts from eight to eleven
days.
When the young iarva hatches it does not eat the shell of its
ego, but goes on to the tenderest leaves and almost immediately
begins spinning a micioscopic layer of silk, under which it eats
the cuter layer or epidermis of the leaf. The larva is then about
three millimeters in length, of a creamy white color, with head,
thoracic and anal shields blackish brown, and a few minute pale
hairs on the body ; the head is very large for the rest of the body.
In a.week the larva is nearly four millimeters long, light yellow-
ish brown, with the head, thoracic and anal shields dark brown,
and it eats minute holes through the leaf, its silken web now
being visible to the naked eye. The larva gradually becomes a
trifle more brownish, increases in size and enlarges its web
along the side of the midrib.
Late in the fall the silken web is quite heavy and thick, and
the larva deposits its excrements in little black pellets in the form
of a tube, under the web, within which it hibernates during the
winter. Not unfrequently two leaves are fastened together by
the silk of the web, and sometimes a leaf is secured to a branch
of the tree in the same manner.
About the first of May the larva measures seven millimeters
when resting, and eight when in motion. It is cylindrical in
form, with the head dark brown and of medium size. The body
is dark yellowish brown, and the head, thoracic and anal shields
very dark, polished brown. There are ten lighter brown pro-
tuberances on each segment, from each of which arises one pale
hair. On the upper surface of the ninth segment is seen the
double undeveloped reproductive organ of a light brown color.
The legs are dark brown and the prolegs yellowish brown. About
the first of June the larva is from ten to twelve millimeters in
length, and the body has changed to a cinnamon rufous color.
From the middle to the last of June it curls or draws together
several leaves which it lines with silk, and in which it transforms
to a pupa.”
We show in Figure 7, Page 128, a cut of the larva and moth.
Since the above was written Mr. Ingraham writes that though
nearly all the buds were infested and badly eaten, the flower buds
were not molested and he had a good crop of blackberries. This
may have been due to the well known law, that the last effort of
nature is to reproduce, and the diminished leaf surface may show
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 131
itself next season in a loss of vigor of the new canes. He also
writes that this insect was noticed in 1889, but did not do enough
damage to attract much attention or require remedial measures.
In 1890 it had so much increased as to affect most of the leaf
buds. This teaches the important lesson, that orchardists and
farmers would save themselves much truuble and expense by care -
fully watching their orchards and crops to detect new insects when
they appear in small numbers, apply remedial measures at once
and not wait until the entire crop is endangered before active
measures are taken. For this reason we urge the importance of
sending to the Station for identification insects not kaown, to learn
whether they are friends or foes.
REMEDIES.
Pick and burn the infested buds while the caterpillars are still
in them.
Spray the bushes or trees, about the time the buds are opening ,
with Paris green, one pound to two hundred gallons of water.
London purple could be used instead of Paris green and in the
same way. There would be no danger of poisoning the fruit as
the application is made so long before the berries are formed it
would all be washed off.
If this insect hybernates in its silken web attached to leaves as
stated by Prof. Fernald, then to gather the fallen leaves of infested
trees or bushes and burn them would seem a good remedy.
THE WOOLLY-LOUSE OF THE APPLE.
Schizoneura lanigera, (Hausm.).
The following letters were received during the fall of 1890:
Wayne, Me., Oct 8, 1890.
Pror. Harvey:
Dear Sir—I send you by to-day’s mail a box containing two
twigs covered with some kind of a fungous growth. The twigs
were taken from a seedling tree set out in the spring of ’89, and
from the nursery of F. Bowman & Bro., Sidney. The whole top
of the tree is affected but otherwise seems healthy. I first dis-
covered it about one week ago. I think I have seen the same
growth on black alders. Whatis it? Is it injurious? If injuri-
ous what is the remedy?
Truly yours,
W. A. Burgess.
132 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
Fair¥FieLtp, Me., Sept. 12, 1890.
F. L. Harvey:
Sir—I can find no more of the worms like those you already
have, but I send a specimen which I have lately discovered on a
tree which came from Homer N. Chase, Geneva, N. Y. Will
write you more at length about them soon.
W. J. Hicerns.
The specimens accompany the above letters were the ‘*Woolly-
louse of the Apple.” and as this is quite an injurious insect we
consider it at length and illustrate it.
Two forms of this insect are recognized by entomologists.
One known as the Apple-root Plant-louse which attacks the roots,
producing wart-like excresences or swellings. The other form
known as the Wooly-louse of the apple was the one we received.
It feeds upon the sap of the trunk and branches. They are
regarded as the same species livizg under different conditions.
We do not know which was the original form and which the vari-
ety, whether it was a northern species feeding upon the trank
and branches and adapted itself to a southern life by seeking a
habitat on the roots, or whether it is naturally a root species
seeking the trunk and branches in a cool, moist, northern climate.
Its more frequent occurrence on the roots would suggest the lat-
ter. The above ground form occurs most abundantly in this
country in New England. This insect is more common in Europe
and Australia than in America, where it is more destructive, and
is called the ‘‘American Blight.” Entomologists differ in their
opinions regarding its nativity, some accredit it to America, most
are inclined to think it originated in Europe. It would not be
much honor to either country to produce such a pest.
This insect in the root fofm was noticed in this country as
early as 1848, when thousands of trees were found so badly
infested that they had to be destroyed. Since then the insect has
been reported as doing more or less damage in every section of
the country. The above letters indicate that this pest was dis-
tributed upon nursery stock, and gives us another opportunity to
reiterate the importance of carefully examining nursery stock
before setting it.
DESCRIPTION AND Hapiis.
Eggs—Minuute, requiring a magnifying glass to see them. They
are laid in the crevices of the bark at or near the surface of the
ground.
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 133
The young when first hatched appear like specks of mold,
being covered with fine white down. As they get older the cot-
tony covering becomes more distinct, apparently issuing from the
pores of the skin of the abdomen and attaining considerable
length. The young have beaks longer than the body and when
grown this organ is fully two-thirds the length of the body. By
means of the beak they attach themselves to the root or branches,
and when abundant, draw heavily upon the vitality of the tree, or
may even kill it.
When full grown the females are about one-tenth of an inch
long, oval, head and feet black, legs and antennze dusky, abdomen
yellowish, body covered with white mealy powder, a tuft of long,
easily detached down upon the hinder part. Under each patch of
down is usually found a female and her young. During the sum-
mer the females are wingless and the young are produced alive.
Toward fall the broods contain both winged females and winged
males, which have not much down on them and are nearly
black and plump. The fore wings are about twice as long as the
narrow hind ones. These winged females fly to other trees and
lay eggs, establishipg new colonies. During the early part of the
season this form of the insect is found in clusters about the base
of the trunk, upon suckers or twigs springing from the trunk, but
in autumn they commonly affect the axils of the leaves and some-
times cover the whole under surface of the limbs and trunk, mak-
ing the tree look as though whitewashed.
Fig. 9.
Figure 8 shows the insect magnified. The centre of the figure
represents a portion of a twig showing how the lice collect about
the axils of the leaves.
Figure 9 shows the winged insect much enlarged, a cluster of
the young enlarged and an apple twig natural size, showing an
opening in the bark caused by the puncture of this insect.
134 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
REMEDIES.
Natural remedies.—This louse is preyed
s, upon by a small chalcid fly known as Aphel-
inus mali, Hold, and shown much enlarged
in Figure 10. The real size is shown by
the crossed lines below. The lady birds
and their larvee, also the larvee of the lace-
wing flies and syrphus flies, which feed upon
plant lice, also hold this species in check. (A consideration
of these useful parasites will be found in Station Report, 1888,
under the head of the Apple-tree Aphis.) Spiders devour
large numbers. They spin their webs over the colonies entrap-
ping them and then devour them at their leisure. We find no
record of birds feeding upon them.
Artificial remedies.—TVhe presence of this insect can be reatily
detected by the moldy or whitewashed appearance of the trunk or
branches where the colonies are located. If a tree seems sickly
and the leaves turn yellowish, it would be well enough to examine
the roots, by laying them bare, to ascertain whether the root form
of this species is present. If the lice are found in the creyices,
they can be killed by scalding water freely poured upon the roots.
If the trees are in the ground the water can be applied nearly boil-
ing without injury. If nursery stock, taken up to transplant, the
water should not be hotter than 150° Fahrenheit. The roots may
be drenched with strong soapsuds followed by a dressing of ashes
on the surface of the ground.
It is said that mulching should precede the treatment, as it
causes the lice to come near the surface of the ground where they
can be more easily reached. When the lice are on the branches
strong soapsuds, kerosene emulsion, or Paris green in water
applied in the usual way would prove effective. As the winged
females no doubt fly to other trees, more or less, and start new
colonies, the lice should be treated before the fall broods appear.
It would always be well to carefully examine nursery stock before
setting it. At least it should be carefully watched the first sea-
son for any new pest that might appear in few numbers, so as to
destroy them.
Tae ET We
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1339)
THE RED-HUMPED APPLE-TREE CATERPILLAR.
Gdemasia concinna, (Sm. & Abb.).
This pest of the apple tree has made its appearance in Maine,
as shown by the correspondence given below, which is perhaps
important enough for permanent record. That the insect may be
more easily recognized by orchardists we give Figure 11 an illus-
tration of the moth life size, Figure 12 the full grown larva and
Figure 13 the pupa.
(For the Maine Farmer.)
Pest oF THE APPLE TREES.
[The following note, together with the box of insects, was sent to Prof. Harvey, of
the State College, for his investigation. We give his clear and very satisfactory
reply. ED.]
Mr. Editor :—Please give, through your columns, the history
and habits of the pests Isend you. I find them stripping the
leaves off my apple trees, leaving nothing but the main stem of
the leaf. I never saw anything like them before, as I can recol-
lect. Yours truly,
FarrFieELp, Mr. Wn. J. Hicerns.
Editor Maine Farmer :—The insects which you forwarded by
express came to hand in good condition. They are the half
grown larve of the Red-humped Apple-tree Caterpillar; de-
masia concinna, (Sm. & Abb.).
The perfect insect is a moth which measures from an inch to an
inch and a quarter across the wings. The fore wings are dark
brown on the inner, and grayish on the outer margin. There is a
dot near the middle, a spot near the angle and several longitudi-
nal streaks along the hind margin, all dark brown. The body is
136 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
light brown, and the thorax of a darker shade. These moths are
on the wing late in June or July. The female deposits her eggs
on the under side of a leaf in a cluster, usually during July.
They soon hatch into small caterpillars. These caterpillars,
while young, feed upon the tender tissues of the under side of
the leaf, leaving the upper surface unbroken, but when large they
devour greedily the whole leaf. They reach maturity during
August or September. The specimens sent were about half
grown, and were about three-fourths of an inch long. When
full grown they are often an inch and a quarter long. The full grown
larve may be known by the cora!-red head and a hump of the same
color on the fourth ring or segment from the head. The body is
striped lengthwise with narrow yellow, white and black lines.
‘There are two rows of black spines along the back, and rows of
shorter black spines on the sides. Each spine bears a fine hair.
The spines on the coral-red hump are more prominent than the
cthers. The hinder end of the caterpillar tapers and is usually
elevated when the insect is at rest. When handled, a fluid with a
strong acid smell is emitted. When mature they descend to the
ground and hide under leaves or rubbish, or sometimes burrow a
little into the ground and slowly change to the chrysalis state,
where they remain until the following spring, when the moths
appear, completing the life history. At the north there is only
one brood during the summer, but in the south two broods appear.
The species is widely distributed, though not usually abundant.
It prefers the apple. but will feed upon the plum, cherry, rose,
thorn and pear, plants belonging to the Rose family.
As these caterpillars go in flocks, and when not feeding remain
close together, they could easily be destroyed by cutting off the
branch on which they appear and burning it. They might be
destroyed by jarring the limb, and when they fall to the ground
trample them with the foot. If the trees are not in bearing, the
insects could be destroyed by spraying with Paris green in sus-
pension in water, 1 pound to 150 gallons. They emit such an
odor birds do not eat them. It is said that Ichneumous are par-
asetic upon them and help hold them in check.
This is the first complaint we have had of this insect in Maine.
It may have been introduced on nursery stock from farther
south. The history of its appearance and the extent of its depre-
dations at Fairfield would be interesting, and we hope Mr. Higgins
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 137
will tell us more about it, Those who have a copy of “Saunders”
Insect Injurious to Fruits,” will find this pest figured and con-
sidered on pages 63 and 64.
F. L. Harvey,
Orono. ~ Entomologist for the Station.
THE FALL CANKER-WORM.
Anisopteryx pometaria, (Harris.).
This species was considered and illustrated in Station Report,
1888, to which the reader is referred for an account of the life
history and remedies. We expressed there a want of information
regarding its distribution in the State and damages. Since then
we learn it is widely distributed and does considerable damage to
the foliage of orchard and shade trees. About Orono it has
steadily increased for the past two years and this season did con-
siderable damage. We think that byspraying with Paris green or
London purple in the usual way, when the worms are small, they
could be readily destroyed. ‘This worm is known by the farmers
about Orono as the ‘‘Green Inch-worm.” Last November we
received the following letter, which with the answer, we place on
record.
Betrast, Me., 11, 10, 1890.
F. L. Harvey:
Enclosed find specimens of Lepidoptera, Anisopteryx, I think
female, with eggs accompanying. They are to-day found in
large numbers on the outside of the front door of my dwelling
house in this city.
Are they A. eseularia or A. ponnatrnene Iwas not aware before
that they deposited their eggs on buildings. Perhaps they are a
new insect. Can you tell?
Haste,
Geo. E. Brackerr.
Mr. Geo. E. BRACKETT:
Dear Sir:—Your letter containing insect specimens was
received during my absence from home. It now claims attention.
The specimens enclosed are the females and eggs of Anisopteryx
pometaria, Harris, the Fall Canker-worm. This species usually
deposits its eggs upon the branches or twigs of trees. The
females being wingless, when they emerge from the ground,
iv 5
138 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
craw] to the base of trees, which they climb. The tendency to
climb is so strong in these insects they blindly ascend fences and
houses, as well as trees, and deposit their eggs. The eggs thus
laid would hatch, but the young larve would perish. This shows
that the instinct of insects is not the infallible guide claimed by
some. They make mistakes in judgment, like us mortals. This
species has been abundant here this season. My boys had quite
a box of females and eggs which they took upon fence posts
duiing my absence. So this blind habit of laying the eggs seems
common, though I have never seen it recorded in any of the ento-
mological works. Will make note of it some time in the future,
and give you credit for the observation. Will be pleased to
answer questions about insects any time.
Yours truly,
Orono. F. L. Harvey.
THE FOREST TENT-CATERPILLAR.
Clisiocampa sylvatica, Harris.
The Forest Tent-caterpillar was so abundant the past season
in several localities in the Penobscot Valley that it caused serious
alarm upon the part of many, as to the safety of our forests and
orchards. Several articles bearing upon the subject appeared in
the local papers. It isno doubt TRUE THAT IT Is a great drain upon
the vitality of forest trees to lose their leaves and have to replace
them. They probably do not regain their normal vigor for sey-
eral years and many die from this cause. There is however no
need of serious alarm, as the history of this insect shows it does
not continue to increase many years in succession, but generally
disappears almost entirely after the second season. To ascertain
how far parasites were destroying this pest the writer took 135
cocoons last fall and from them was able to rear only twenty
moths.
This shows that only about fifteen per cent. survived the attacks
of parasites and other mishaps. From the cocoons came forth
about ninety parasites; two species of Ichneumons and two
species of Tachina flies. As only twenty moths came forth this
leaves about twenty-five deaths to be accounted for in some other
way. Some of the cocoons seemed affected by a disease, proba-
bly bacterial, that may account for part of the mortality. This
a
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 139
spring, 1891 and previously, we have bred a Chalcid fly from the
eggs of this species. Thus the efforts of fungi, larval and egg
parasites combined aid in holding them in check. ‘The parasites
have increased rapidly the past season and there will be compara-
tively few caterpillars in 1891. The parasites bred were Pimpla
conquisitor, (Say), Anomolon near exile, Prov., Tachina clisio-
campa, Townsend and Phorocera promiscua, Townsend.
The Tachinas were new to entomologists and were named and
described by Prof. C. H. Tyler Townsend in Psyche for May,
1891. The Phorocera was very abundant. Eighty of the one
hundred and thirty-five cocoons collected at random were infested
by it. This spring we bred from the eggs of this species as stated
above, a minute four-winged fly which we sent to Prof. C. V.
Riley for identification and received the following reply, which we
record for the benefit of entomologists, it being too technical for
the comprehension of those not versed in entomology. ‘‘The
specimen is a species of Tetrastichus, a genus in which we have an
indefinite number of undescribed species in this country, which are
very difficult to separate. Your species is probably undescribed.
Tetrastichus is invariably, so far as we know, hyper-parasitic and
the primary parasite, is, in your case, probably, a Telenomus or a
Trichogramma.”’
140 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
FRUIT TESTS.
With few exceptions the plants set in 1889 lived and made a
vigorous growth during the season of 1890. In accordance with
the purpose noted last year, cions of the most promising varie-
ties of apples were sent to some of the leading orchardists in
various parts of the State, for the purpose of determining the
adaptability of these varieties to the widely varying conditions
existing in different localities. A blank form was sent with all
cions that the system of records may be uniform.
The following fruits were added to the experimental plantations
in 1890:
APPLES. Bartlett.
Excelsior. Clairgeau.
Fall Pippin. Clapp.
Golden Russet. Flemish Beauty.
Gideon. Hardy.
Martha. Howell.
Mann. Keiffer.
Munson’s Sweet. Lawrence.
October. Le Coute.
Peter. Louise Bonne.
Primate. Seckel.
Red Russet. Sheldon.
Tallman Sweet. Souvenir des Congres.
Wandevyere. Superfine.
Wealthy- Winter Nellis.
William’s Favorite. PLUMS.
White Pippin. Green Gage.
Antononka. McLaugblin.
Aport. Moore’s Arctic.
Arabskoe- Quackenbos.
Bogdanoag. Pond’s Seedling.
Early Sweet.
Golden Reinette-
Prunns Simoni.
Smith’s Orleans.
Mallet. Washington.
Ropina- Weaver.
Striped Winter- Wild Goose.
Fable Apple. CHERRIES.
Yetofsky- Yellow Spanish.
Vitvoka. Black Tartarian.
Titus Riga. Belle Magnifique.
PEARS. GRAPE.
Anjou. Lindley-
Angouleme-
a s- —
—_ = = oO
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 141
REPORT OF METEOROLOGIST.
PRESIDENT FERNALD, METEOROLOGIST To Tue SrarTion.
MAINE EXPERIMENT STATION.
Lat. 44°, 54, 2", N. Long. 68°, 40’, 11", W.
Following the purpose indicated in the last report, the Experi-
ment Station seeks not to duplicate the meteorological work of the
College, but rather to study carefully certain meteorological condi-
tions which are more or less intimately connected with practical
agriculture.
It therefore addresses itself to an examination of the meteoro-
logical phenomena regarded of greatest interest to the cultivator of
the soil.
The most of the instruments employed have been manufactured
by H. J. Green of Brooklyn, N. Y. Mr. Robert H. Fernald of
Orono, has been observer during the two years that this work has
been carried on. In this report the results of observations made
during the years 1889 and 1890 are combined. The instruments
have remained unchanged in position during the two years.
The several problems considered will appear in the following
pages. The first to which attention has been given, is a deter-
mination of the percentage of moisture in forest as compared
with that in open field.
The arrangement of instruments for this investigation is here-
with submitted.
Hygrometer No. 1 is placed in a wooden stand constructed for
thermometrical instruments and located in the open field remote
from buildings. Hygrometer No. 2 also is enclosed in a wooden
box, perforated to allow a free circulation of air, and located also
in the open field. Hygrometer No. 3 is also enclosed in a per-
forated box attached to a tree in a moderately dense forest.
Hygrometer No. 4 is placed in a similar box attached to a tree in
a portion of the forest a little more open than that in which No.
142 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
3 is located, but near which is a running brook except during the
driest part of the summer.
Each hygrometer is about four feet above the surface of the
ground. Readings are taken three times daily, at 7 A. M., at 1
P. M., and at 7 P. M., local time.
Observations were commenced April 5, 1889 and they have
been continued through the growing seasons of 1889 and 1890.
The monthly averages are given in the following tables on the
scale of 100.
PERCENTAGES OF MOISTURE.
HYGROMETER NO. 1.—IN OPEN FIELD.
1889. 1890. 1889. 1890. 1889. 1890.
[A.M. 7A.M. 1P.M. 1P.M. 7P.M. 7P.M. Mean.
April, 81 74 53 50 66 58 64
May. $4 $1 60 62 71 74 72
June, 88 $3 67 vy- 81 75 78
July, 85 85 65 74 7d 79 77
August, 95 90 70 63 80 rire 79
September, 93 93 68 76 $3 85 83
October. 94 90 66 62 79 79 78
Mean results. 89 $5 64 66 76 75 76
HYGROMETER NO. 2.—IN OPEN FIELD.
1889. 1890. 1839. 1890. 1839. 1890.
7A.M. 7A.M. 1P.M. 1P.M. 7P.M. 7P.M. Mean.
April, 78 70 52 46 65 56 61
May. 80 78 5a 61 68 74 69
June, St 78 66 68 74 75 74
Jaly. 79 80 60 63 69 71 70
August, 87 ss 67 62 75 73 75
September, 91 91 60 67 81 83 79
October, 93 91 66 62 $1 79 79
Mean results. $5 $2 61 61 72 73 72
HYGROMETER NO 3.—IN FOREST.
iss9. 1890. 1ss9. 1890. 1889. 1890.
7A.M. 7A.M. 1P.M. 1P.M. 7P.M. 7P.M. Mean.
April, $1 78 62 61 69 69 70
May, $3 87 63 74 73 $1 77
June, 89 87 80 77 84 82 83
July. 94 93 86 85 91 83 89
August. 91 94 89 80 93 84 8s
September, 96 96 88 87 92 92 92
October, 96 96 90 86 90 90 91
Mean results, 90 90 80 79 85 $3 $4
__—
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 143
HYGROMETER NO. 4.—IN FOREST.
1889. 1890. 1889. 1890. 1889. 1890.
TAQ MEl Awe IuP IPM. 7PM. 7 Po. © Mean.
April, 83 79 65 60 77 71 72
May, 89 88 66 73 80 84. 80
June, 92 89 81 77 86 84 85
July, 93 91 79 79 87 85 86
August, 95 91 S6 78 91 85 88
September, 96 97 83 86 90 92 91
October, 96 94. 80 80 90 89 88
Mean results, 92 90 77 76 86 84 S4
PERCENTAGES OF MOISTURE.
RESULTS FOR 1889 AnD 1890 COMBINED.
7A.M. eM fee NYE: Mean
Hygrometer No. 1, in open ficld, 87 65 76 76
be be os be be we 83 61 72, 72
= ** 3. in forest, 90 79 84 84
Ob Op al OG = 0b 91 76 85 84
Regarding the mean results from hygrometers Nos. 1 and 2 as
indicating percentages for the open field, we have the following
summary of results:
7 A.M. 1P.M. (126 Wile Mean,
Percentages of moisture, open field, 85 63 74 74
Regarding the mean results from hygrometers No. 3 and 4 as
- indicating percentages for forests only moderately dense, we have
the following summary results :
7A.M. 1P.M. 7P.M. Mean.
Percentages of moisture, forest, 90 78 84 S4
Comparing results, open field and forest, we have excess of
moisture in forest above that in open field expressed in percent-
ages.
7A.M. 1P.M. 7P.M. Mean.
5) 15 10 10
It thus appears that from observations covering the period of
growth of two years, that the excess of moisture in forest above
that of open field in the morning, amounts to but 5 per cent.,
while in the middle of the day it rises to 15 per cent., and at
night-fall drops down to 10 per cent., and that the mean excess
for the day is 10 per cent. In a very dense forest the percentage
of excess would undoubtedly rise much higher. The presence of
patches of forest in any region exerts a marked influence on the
hygroscopic conditions of the atmosphere, and this condition, in
turn, is an important factor in the growth of vegetation.
144 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
It was noticeable in the investigation made that proximity to
running water during two-thirds of the period of experiment only
compensated for the loss of moisture resulting from the more
open character of the forest where hygrometer No. 4 was situated
as compared with No. 3.
It is designed that this examination of the effect of forests on
the moisture of the atmosphere shall be continued.
Sor, TEMPERATURES.
In this investigation a knowledge of the temperature of the soil
at different depths, during the growing season, is sought.
The periods covered by the experiment are from May 1 to Nov.
1, 1889 and from April 1 to Nov. 1, 1890, with thermometers
placed in the soil to the depths of 1, 3, 6,9, 12, 24 and 36
inches.
The thermometers were allowed to remain in place during the
winter intervening between the two periods of observation.
Their location is in the open field, near hygrometer No. 2, in
the tract of land assigned to the Station for experimental pur-
poses and devoted to farm experiments. The character of the
soil is regarded, therefore, as representative of that on which the
field experiments by the Station are carried on.
A summary of results for the two seasons by monthly aver-
ages is given in the annexed tables.
145
STATION.
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT
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COLLEGE
MAINE STATE
146
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AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 147
In order that comparisons may be made between soil tempera-
tures at different depths and the air temperatures during the same
months and in the same locality, the following tables are added.
THERMOMETER IN THE OPEN AIR.
(Locality the same as that of the soil thermometers. )
1889.
7 A.M. 1P.M. 7P.M. Mean.
° [e) ) [}
May, 52.95 68.30 59.47 60.24
June, 63.36 (LOM 68.07 68.57
July, 65.12 75.75 70.86 70.58
August, 59.97 74.20 66.81 66.99
September, 54.39 70.86 61.55 62.27
October, 37.41 52.80 44.05 44.75
Mean, 55.53 69.36 61.80 62.23
1890.
7 A.M. 1P.M. 7P.M. Mean.
o} ° Oo fe}
April, 35.76 49.02 42.55 42.44
May, 49.16 60.60 53.58 54.45
June, 57.99 67.64 62.76 62.78
July, 67.10 76.19 71.85: 71.71
August, 61.50 73.78 68.84 68.04
September, 52.04 66.16 58.52 58.91
October, 37.70 53.19 45.63 45.51
Mean, 51.60 63.80 57.68 57.69
TABLES SHOWING CHANGES OF TEMPERATURE IN THE SOIL FOR
INCREASED DEPTHS.
1889.
Depth of oe ag P ae Differencein |Changes in tem-
Thermometer. months, May to|™¢# tempera- perature for one
. Oct. inclusive. canes inch.
ine Tue sh aoe ls eon SG) eet om hie E
eA Clitetereteteletat-televeteralsie 60.50 ae
BinGHEss a Rie ieacke 60.77 aie! +0.13
6 inches...... eee 59.63 i ae —0.38
Ouinchesseese Meenas 58.78 st 2a ==). 98
ieminchess sateen 58.26 —0.52 —0.17
Pll shVelnGioogo0 ooas onoc 56.40 —1.86 —0.15
36 inches........c.0.. 54.79 —1.61 —0.138
148 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
1890.
an tempera- s - -
Aue onl Difference in |Changes in tem-
Depth r
Ete eai tea od ies . Api 6 mean tempera-\perature for one
Oct. inclusive. SEES inch.
° fo) °
1 inch..... Sesoce sacs 54.63 ;
SVinGHeSs stewie sie [tects 54.92 ‘aes aa
6 inches. -----.-.-.-- 53.96 ae shee
Oeinchesseceeeeies cre 53.26 my nA Geni:
12 inches......-..... 53.31 ieee tae
DANONE Sen area eeee 51.96 RG a
SOMINCHES Rare oeae cee 50.77 Sls == ()5
An examination of the tables shows that the soil responds
readily to the daily heat of the sun to the depth of three inches,
less readily to the depth of six inches, in a moderate degree only
to the depth of nine inches, and very slightly below twelve inches.
To the depth of three inches the range between the morning and
the midday observations has been as high as fifteen degrees.
The mean daily range at the depth of 1 inch during the period of
observations was 5°.62; at the depth of three inches, 5°.26 ; at the
depth 6 inches, 1°.90; at the depth of 9 inches, 1°.18, and below
12 inches, very slight.
At the depth of 3 inches, the average temperature of the soil
was somewhat higher than at the depth of 1 inch. The surface
soil averaged about five degrees warmer than the soil 36 inches
below the surface.
The rate of reduction of temperature with depth below the layer
three inches from the surface is clearly shown in the foregoing
tables.
Comparing soil temperatures with air temperatures during the
two seasons under notice, the following mean results appear.
At the depth of 1 inch, the temperature of the soil was lower
than that of the air by 2°.40; at the depth of 3 inches, by 2°.11;
6 inches, by 38°.16; 9 inches, by 3°.94; 12 inches, by 4°.18; 24
inches, by 5°.78, and at the depth of 36 inches, by 7°.18.
TERRESTRIAL RADIATION.
The heat radiated from the surface of the earth during the
night reduces its temperature several degrees below that of the
surrounding atmosphere. The amount of this radiation or the
consequent reduction of temperature is approximately shown by
comparing the readings of a terrestrial radiation thermometer
a =
PS eee
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 149
with those of a minimum thermometer. In obtaining data for
the comparison given below, the minimum thermometer was four
feet above the ground and the terrestrial radiation thermometer
was within six inches of its surface. The results are based on
monthly averages from May to October inclusive, 1889 and from
April to October inclusive, 1890.
TasBLeE Snowing Loss or Heat sy TERRESTRIAL RADIATION.
1889.
May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Mean
(0) oO oO o oO ey o
Mean of minimum temperatures, 46.63 53.25 55.08 538.65 49.07 33.91 48.50
Mean of Tem. from Ter. Rad. Ther., 88.48 49.20 50.59 47.66 44.60 28.48 43.17
Loss of heat by radiation, 8.15 4.05 4.49 5.389 4.74 543 5.33
1890.
oO oO O fo) oO oO o fo)
April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Mean
Mean of minimum temperatures, 29.17 42.52 48.71 58.61 53.52 45.382 36.05 44.13
Mean of Tem. from Ter. Rad. Ther., 19.95 37,10 42.10 44.55 46.25 38.40 27.14 36.50
Loss of heat by radiation, 8.22 5.42 661 9.06 7.27 6.92 9.91 7.63
On cloudy nights the difference in the reading of the two ther-
mometers is small, and on exceptionally clear (dry) nights it is a
maximum. The greatest range observed was 19°.5. On the morn-
ing of July 2d, 1889, the radiation thermometer was the higher,
showing that the moist air resting upon the surface of the ground
served as a warm blanket, and that the amount of heat absorbed
was greater than that radiated. From the table above it appears
that the mean radiation for the two seasons was 6°.48.
SotarR RaApIATION.
The temperature of the atmosphere does not indicate the inten-
sity of the sun’s heat, as only a small percentage is absorbed as
the rays are transmitted through the air. The maximum ther-
mometer in the shade, therefore, does not give the intensity of
solar radiation ; neither does exposure of an ordinary thermometer
to the direct rays of the sun in consequence of the cooling effects
or draughts of air. In order to avoid the effects of currents of
air, the vacuum solar radiation thermometer has been devised.
‘‘This consists of a blackened bulb radiation thermometer inclosed
in a glass tube and globe, from which all air is exhausted. Thus
protected from the loss of heat which would ensue if the bulb were
exposed, its indications are from 20° to 80° higher, than when
placed side by side with a similar instrument with the bulb
150 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
exposed to the passing air.” By the use of this instrument the
amounts of solar radiation at different places and in different sea-
sons at the same place are rendered comparable. The relations
of solar intensity, as distinct from temperature of the air, to the
growth and maturity of crops are worthy of careful investigation.
High solar intensity maintained through the latter part of the
growth season has an important bearing upon the complete ripen-
ing of vegetables and fruits and likewise upon their keeping
qualities. From the wide range of observations undertaken by
Experiment Stations with radiation thermometers, important
deductions may reasonably be expected. I subjoin tables of
results from the maximum thermometer and the thermometer for
solar radiation expressed in monthly averages.
1889.
May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Mean
) ) Co) oO ) ) Co)
Mean of readings, Sun Ther., 133.02 184.22 189.55 137.56 122.79 105.86 128.83
Mean of Maximum Temp., 67.85 73.45 75.30 78.72 71.23 52.78 69.05
Excess of solar intensity, 65.17 60.77 64.25 63.84 51.56 58.08 59.78
1890.
April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Mean
oO G oO oO Oo Oo
Mean of readings, Sun Ther., 119.19 119.45 128.81 139.37 188.25 114.94 112.52 124.65
Mean of Maximum Temp., 49.37 61.16 68.01 76.53 74.67 62.382 55.61 64.38
Excess of solar intensity, 69.82 58.29 60.80 62.84 63.58 49.62 56.92 60.27
From the above records it appears that the average excess of
solar intensity above that given by the maximum thermometer for
the growing period of 1889 and 1880 was 60.°02.
AMOUNT OF SUNSHINE.
The amount of sunshine as an essential factor in crop produc-
tion is worthy of observation and record. Observations were
commenced May 1, 1890, and the table below furnishes the sum-
mary for the six months following.
Bricut SUNSHINE In Hours.
1890.
May June July Aug. Sept. Oct.
180 186 216 193 126 133
During this period, the average hours of bright sunshine per
day was 5.6 or 41 per cent. of the possible amount.
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Hy
Winp Anp RaAIn.
The velocity of the wind has been determined by a Robinson’s
Anemometer attached to the Experiment Station building, and the
amount of rain by means of a guage, signal service pattern,
located in the same plat as the soil thermometers.
1889.
WInp. Ran.
Mean distance Velocity Amount.
travelled per day. per hour.
Miles. Miles. Inches.
April, 253.93 10.58 1.36
May, 189.83 7.91 1.61
June, W7Ale 7.13 4.86
July, 200.33 8.34 3.27
August, 139.35 5.81 1.69
September, 198.06 §.25 2.10
October, 194.31 8.09 3.96
Mean, 192.42 8.02 Total, 18.85
1890.
WInpD. Rain.
Mean distance Velocity Amount.
travelled per day. per hour.
Miles. Miles. Inches.
April 241.73 10.07 1.98
May, 235.14 S)a7/s) 10.13
June, 230.40 9.60 3.78
July, 166.28 6.95 3.84.
August, 187.03 7.65 5.39
September, 155.59 6.45 4.21
October, 189.01 7.85 3.19
Mean, 200.74 8.34 Total, 32.52
For the full year 1890, the mean monthly velocity of wind was
211.16 miles, and the mean hourly velocity, 8.90 miles. The
rain-fall in May, 1890, amounting to 10.13 inches was larger than
in any other month in twenty-two years.
CONCLUSION.
This report covering simply the growing periods of two years,
is based upon and contains summaries of more than twenty thous-
and independent observations. In order to show more definitely
the nature and daily requirements of the meteorological work in
progress, I append the records for one month, selecting the month
of July, 1890. Their examination will disclose many points of
interest which cannot be incorporated into a brief report.
By lapse of time such records and their antecedent observations
become increasingly valuable, and their thorough discussion, as
expressed in my former report, ‘‘adds to the sum of available
knowledge and furnishes rules for guidance useful alike for the
scientist and the farmer.”’
152 MAINE STATE COLLEGE
HYGROMETER NO. 1.—IN OPEN FIELD.
Juty, 1890.
TA. M. 1 P. M. if 32
i ls Ig Ab 5
PelOsle Jac liPeloL|s als: |e ioe
uae AgFEIS Ba|AsleaSsls= ages
se lls
oO oO oO oO oO (6) oO
1. 59.2,59.2/59.2) 100|/81.0/68.0/61 §1|/68.5 |62.2/58
2. 62.0/59.0/57 84)/71.8/61.9/56 57 ||64.8 |59.0
3. 59.7/59.759.7! 100||63.6/63.6/63.6! 100)|62.2 |62.2)6¢
4, 66.0/64.0°63 90||71-7/67.5)66 81]/67.0 |65.2)
5e 62.0/62-0.62 | 100]/73.5|/73.5)73.5| 100||73.8/69.5
6. 625/56. 8/54 T1||75.2)638.3)/72 91||71-8 |64-6:
ile 65-0/62.2 60 86||74.1/66.0)/62 66 ||70.0 |64.0)6
8. 66.3)/64.0, 62 88|/81.2)75. 7/7 78||76.7 |72.8
9. 73-8/68.0,.65 T5||'70-4/61.6)55 61||59.7 |54.0
10. 51.2/48.0/45 79|\66.3|56.2/48 53)||63-2 |58.2/55
ite 53.7/49.6)/44 70|/'73-0/66.8|69 85||72.7 67 8
12. 56.7/55. 7/55 94||76.4/64.3/57 52||70.3 |66.4
13. 66.7/61.6'59 76||70-2|/62.0157 63 ||62.9 |57.8
14, 60.0|58.2:57 90||74.0/65.3/61 63||76.2 |69.9
15. 66.8]/64.0 62 86)}|80.9)76.5/77 86||82.2 |/76.5
16. 73-2)69.0.67 81||82.6/82.6/82.6] 100|/78.3|74.3
17. 66.1/63.0 61 85||78-6/73.0)7 79||68.0/65.1
18. 58-7/55.0/53 80||64.5/56.0/50 59 |/68.0/55.3
19, 60.0)54.3.50 69 ||60-0)57.5/56 86 ||56.5|56.5
20. 56.3/54.5)53 89||66.3/57.8/51 59 |/61.3/58.0
21. 09 -0)/53.0/52 88 ||72.0)63.5/59 63 |/68.1|62.0/58
22. 58-1/55.0)/53 83||74-0/65. 7/61 65 ||57.0|62.3
23. 62.5|/60.0'59 87||74-0'69. 0/67 78 ||65.2 |59.0
24. 62.2)/61.5)61 96 ||72..7|64.2/60 63||67-8|59.8,
25. 61-7/61-1/61 97||67.0)65-0)/64 90 ||62.3 /62.3)6:
26. 67-1/66.1,66 951/70-2|69-0)69 941/67.8 |67-0
27. 70.0/65.6 63 79||77-3'66.4|76 95 ||74..7 |66.8
28 65-1/61.2 59 80||80-3)/71.8/68 66 ||72.8 |69.7
29 T1-8|/67.5 65 80||84.1/71.4/66 54/|73.3 66.0
30 64.6/64.2 64 97|/86.0/78.3)75 71/|78.0|71.6
3L 70.0|67.0.66 86 ||80.0)72.5/69 70||75.1|72-0
|
Means 85 714
Mean for month | | | | -83 |
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Pas
HYGROMETER NO. 2.—IN OPEN FIELD.
JcLty, 1890.
7 A. M. 1P.M. i Pa
Aledlesi= |ipcledlscl] llodledliecle
Day. PRiSsl|SES5lEs Ss 5 2/25 E325 52/85
=O I= 4 As a faa) eA Q eae ea 5"
—— eet | ernest || pateses | Ss
o o o o | oO o oblion |
ile \63-3,61.5) 60 | 90 |/86.0/69.2 60 > 1189.8'62.358 | 67
2. 71.0|64.5) 61 | 70 ||78.8/65-8158 | 51 |\67.0/60.0,55 | 66
ah 61.0 60.0 59 | 94 |\64.4/64.4 64.4/100 |/63.1/63.1.63.1/100
4. 165.4 65-8| 64 | 88 |\74.5/68.5 66 74 |\69.2 66-3 64 &6
d. 63.2'62.7| 62 | 97 ||74.0/74.0 74.0/100 ||80.6)72.069 | 66 _
6. 66.7|58.8] 54 | 62 ||77.0/65.058 | 52 |\75-9\66.762 | 62
We '66.7163-.0| 61 | 82 1\77.6 66.661 | 56 ||73.4165.3 61 | 65
8. 71.0\67.3] 66 | 83 |!84.8:74.8,71 | 63 |/30.7/73.1|70 | 70
9. 74.8/68.0) 64 | 71 |\70.3 58.0/48 47 |\60.6/51.4£/44 53
10. 54.0/48.0]) 42 | 64 68-6 57-9 51 | 52 |'67-0/60.6'56 | 69
11 56.2)51.6| 48 | 74 73-6 ,63-2,57 56 ||79-0\77-5\77 94
12 63-2 (61.4) 40 | 90 |/82.0.68.361 | 49 ||69.8/66.365 | 83
13 70-2 63.2) 59 | 68 |/76.0,64.0 57 52 (68-0 57.5/50 52
14 66.6 61.3) 48 | 74 ||77.6,66.050 | 54 |/82.6/68.8/62 | 50
15 70-6 66.0) 64 | 79 |\85.1/77-0/74 | 70 ||86-4/78.1/75 | 69
16 77-0)73-0| T1 | 83 ||83.1/83.1/83.1}100 ||82.5/75.8|74 | 74
17 70.5|66-2) 64 | 80 ||82.5/70-5|66 dT ||\69.2\65.7/63 83
18 60.0, 55.7| 52 | 76 |\65.8'55.8/45 | 53 ||71-0/58.1/48 | 45
19 /63-0,57.0} 53 | 69 |/6L-0)58.7/57 | 88 |)/57.2/57.2/57.2)100
20 58.0/55.7| 54 | 8ST !/65.5/57.0)51 59 |/63.0\58.2/55 Td
21 59.0/55.3] 53 | SO |/71.8/59.5\d1 | 48 |/74.2/61.4152 | 47
22 66-3'60.S| 57 | 73 ||77.5,62-1/49 | 39 |/69.7|59.753 | 5B
23 68.3|63.2} 60 | 76 ||75.0\64.8/59 | 57 ||67-8)60.3,55 | 66
24 66.4/61.2| 58 | T4 |/74-1/64-0,58 | 58 ||70-0)61.1155 | 60
25 63-0/61.6| 61 | 92 ||68.6'65.8/64 | 87 ||63.0/63.063 |100
26 67-8 66-3] 66 | 93 ||70-6/69-269 | 93 |/68.6/67.066 | 98
i 71-8 \66.3| 93 | 75 ||79.0\68.062 | 57 ||75-6|68-6.66 | 70
28. 73-0\66-3] 63 | 70 ||81-1/68.4/62 | 52 ||74.6/65.7/61 | 62
29 72.4.68.0, 66 | 81 ||87.0|74.0\68 | 54 ||75.6\67-1163 | 64
30 (66-0 64.7) 64 | 93 ||89.3/81.0/77 | 70 |\79°0|\73.5)71 | 77
31 70-6 167.6, 67 | 86 ||80.3/72.5,68 | 69 ||'74.3 ea 86
Means | | |-80 | | |-63 | | |.71
-
: Mean for month | | | | | | -T1 | | |
MAINE STATE COLLEGE
154
HYGROMETER NO. 3.—IN FOREST.
JuLy, 1890.
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20
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25
26
27
28
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30
31
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AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 155
HYGROMETER NO. 4.—IN FOREST.
Mean for month
JuEY, 1890.
Ta. M 1PM | TP. M
D pro | es rid | p>2 ledle ale : as ee
ay. =3S SB |O-ns/8 =s iss Om |o & HS|p-s|o-n e<y
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ie 58.0 | 58.0 |53 |100 || 74.6 (69.067 | 76 ||/66.8/63.361 | 83
D4 60.3 | 58.9 |d8 | 92 || 71.9 |64-S\6L | 69 |/66.1/62.260 | 80
d= 60.0 | 59.0 [58 | 94 || 61.6 |61-6'61-6/100 ||58.9/58.9 58.9 100
4. 65.2 | 65.2 69.2/100 68.3 |67-7 68 98 |/65-6 64.864 | 96
Ds 61.7 | 61.7 |61-7/100 || 70.1 |70.1'70.1100 ||71-7,69.3.69 | 88
6. 60.9 | 58.0 [56 | 84 || 71.0 |64.361 | 69 |/69.4/66.8)65 | 88
Ue 63.0 | 61.2 |60 | 90 || 69.0 |65.0/63 | SL 67-0/63.3.61 | 82
8. 64.6 | 63.2 |63 | 92 || 77.8 |73.2/71 | 8 1!'74.5/'71-7/71 | 88
9. 69.8 | 67.0 |66 | 87 || 68.3 |62.7/59 | T4 |'57.8|52.5/49 | 70
10. 52.1 | 50-0 |48 | 87 || 62.4 |58.2/55 | 78 |\61-2/59.0/58 | 88
iple 50.3 | 49.0 |47 | 91 || 69.0 |60.655 | 6L |\65.6/59.3'55 | 69
12. 53.L | 52.38 |51 | 95 || 74.6 |66.3/62 | 65 |/69.0/61-7/57 | 66
33 65.0 | 61.6 |59 | 82 || 69.0 |63.059 | 72 |\61-2'56-1/52 | 73
14. 57.8 | 56.0 |55 | 90 || 67.1 |62.2/)59 | 76 |\68.5/64.0/62 | 78
Ae 62.8 | 61.2 |61 | 92 || 78.8 |74-978 | 83 ||78.5/74.6/73 | 83
16. 69.8 | 67.3 |67 | 88 || 72.0 |68-8,68 | 85 |/73.3/72-0/71 | 94
16 63.3 | 62.3 |61 | 9d || 72.0 168-0 66 | 82 |,67.3)/64-6/63 | 87
18. 58.9 | 57.1 |56 | 90 || 62.7 |56.2'52 | 67 |\61.5/57.0/54 | 76
19. 55.3 | 53.3 |52 | 88 || 59.2 [58.157 | 94 1/55.0/55.0155 100
20. 55.7 | 54.6 [54 | G4 || 62.3 [57-754 | 76 |59.157.757 | 92
21. 51.6 | 50.2 |49 | 90 || 68.1 60.055 | 68 |\61-0)57.0)57 | 78
22. 57.3 | 54.2 |82 | & 67.9 |59.053 | 58 |'63-6/61-1/60 | 87
PAY 61.6 | 60.2 |60 | 92 || 72.7 68.2\66 | 80 ||61-858.657 | 83
24. 61.0 | 58.0 [56 | 84 || 68.8 |60.257 | 65 | 66.8 63.4)61 | 83
25. 61.2 | 60.56 |60 | 96 || 66.0 |65.0\64 | 95 |/61.5\61.5/61-5|100
26. 66.8 | 66.2 |67 | 93 || 69.8 |69.8/70 | 98 |\67-0\67.067 |100
27. 67.7 | 66.2 |66 | 93 || 74.0 |69.1/67 | 78 |/69-0/65.8/64 | 85
28. 60.0 | 59.0 [58 | 94 || 74.2 |69.7/67 | 80 ||69-6)65.0)93 | 79
29. 64.1 | 68.0 |62 | 95 || 81.0 |73.9\71 | 72 |\71-4\67-0\64 | 79
30. 65.0 | 64.2 |63 | 96 || 81.4 |77-2\76 | 84 ||76.0\72-1/70 | 82
31. 69.6 | 67.1 |67 | 88 || 77.0 |73 Ae 84 ||74-0/70-6/69 | 84
Means 91 -719 85
FE'9E 8Z'9E \0G°9G |LL'S |F8°SE |LL°SS BL°Z9 09°69 OL 2d ‘68°S9 G6°S9 |G8°S9 18° F9 |\1L'F9 16°E9 |18°99 \$6°99 )99'@
gsc | G:gc | #'8a | L°19 | 9°19 | 9°19 | 6°99 | 0°19 | O-Z €°89 | 0°89 | 3°89 8°69 169 069 Gr Th G Th &°69
FSG | ese | L°8G | G19 | 8 09 | 6°09 | 9°99 | G99 | $99 | 8°SL L°99'| O°L9 | 8 TL | 9°69 | GLO | OFZ O°gh 0°19
ose | L8G | 6°L¢e | 4°09 | 8°09 | G09 | 4°g9 | G9 | 6 g9 | L°89 1°99 | 6°¢9 | OTL &°69 0°99 9° SL 8*Pk 9°99
g°1G | 9°2¢ | LG | #09 | G°09 | 0°09 | L°F9 | S-F9 | S79 | 4°99 | G°g9 T-¢9 | £69 &°L9 L¥9 GIL 6°19 9°89
G°1G | G:LG | F°Lg | 8°6e | 86S | 9°6S | SFO | G-s9 | G-s9 | G99 | SFO O'F9 | L°89 | $99 | G°$9 | STL | VIL )
Z 1G | OLE | OLE | GGG | F:6e | 6S | L°S9 | 4°29 | S GO | OF G’g9 | ¢°89 | L°S9 | €°F9 | 8°S9 | GLO | G89 1°99
O°L¢ | O LG | OLE | F°6E | F°6S | S'6S | L°Z9 | G9 | 0'S9 | G°E9 | G E9 G°§9 ae) g79 9°89 Leg §°99 g° $9
O'1¢ | OLE | 6°9G | L6G | G°6E | G'6S | O'S9 | S29 | 9°29 | SFO 0°S9 | 9°29 | 6°99 | T°E9 | $29 | G°89 | GOL 6 19
O°1e | O'LG | 8°9G | O°6E | O°6E | GSS | L119 | L°T9 | G09 | 8°29 Te COn eee LON SOeG9 0°79 6 19 g°89 6°69 4°09
O°Le | O'LE | OLE | SSG | O°6G | S°8G | #19 | G°09 | 8°09 | 6°Z9 1°09 6°66 9°¢9 Go 0°6¢ 6°89 69 0°8
O°L¢ | O'LE | OLE | 0°6E | O°GE | O°6E | 9°09 | G°09 | OTD | 8°09 009 | G09 | I 29 | 9°09 | 0 09 | G°E9 0°89 ¢°8¢
Lule | Tle | Pug | 6c | F6E | FSS) O19 | T19 | SLO 0°r9 | G°09 Eee one Bee a oe ; ae ete
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S 6°99 6°9G | L°9G | L6G | 0°09 | 9°69 | G #9 | E49 | 9°49 | 8'F9 | 0 $9 | O'S9 | GSB | 0-99 | 0°99 | 699 1°99 0°99
fe L9G | G:9G | G:9G | G'6G | F 6G | S°6S | G'F9 | SFO | OF9 $°G L-F9 | G9 | 6°99 P19 0°S9 | 6°69 0°69 g°¢9
4 9°9¢ | 6 9G | F°9G | 6G | $'6G | 0°6S | E°S9 | 69 | LT €9 | O'F9 | F&O 6&9 | L°¢9 G79 0°&9 6°19 p19 0°89
2) e-9¢ | 9G | L°9G | 0°6E | 0°6E | BSG | G79 | ECO | 9°C9 0°§9 | G29 ee oe : eS vee 5 a f a ; He
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<a Z'9¢ | 0°9¢ | 0°9E | 68g | 0°6E | O69 | 0 29 |) 8-19 | 4°19 129 | 9°19 | G19 | 1°$9 | E29 | 4°09 | S°P9 | GF9 | 0°09
a 0°9¢ 0°9¢ | 6°gG | 0°6S | 0°6e | 06S | G'g9 | G'E9 | FSO | 9°E9 | S-S9 | O'S) | O&O | LCD | L119 | oo GL9 | 9°19.
a 9Ge | 9°GG | GGG | L8G | 9°8G | S°sg 1°89 9°89 8°s 8"F9 go ¥9 8) 8.30 et) (ee) 0°99 £°89 we
y yae | #Gc | 1°SG | g-se | Gse | O'S | 089 GZ | 9% 6°89 | 0°89 | 0°89 0°99 G F9 &°89 & 69 6°89 L°$9
ES e-aGg | Lee | ogg | 6°8G | 6:9¢ | L La | Se9 | Fad | Gc9 ZS9 | 8°29 | 0°S9 | FF9 | L°E9 | 29 | G99 | L°S9 Gg 89
&) 6 FE Q-4e | G:FG | 9:4G | G-2G | OLE | L119 | S19 | O19 | Leo | O19 G19 | ¢ F9 | Geo | 0°09 | O'L9 | G9 | $09
Zi .6°FG CFC GG | OLE | O'LG | OTLE | #19 | G19 | O'T9 | 0°39 | L°T9 | GLY | L°E9 | O'S9 | VCO | G99 | 4°99 | 9°CO
S ‘ese | eFe | ate | ove | 72g | 8°9¢ | 8°09 | 9°09 | G-09 | 3°19 | 0°19 | 0°19 | O°T9 | 0°29 | S19 | O'T9 | 9°89 | O'z9
= L' Fe | OPE | OFS | Gog | G-9¢ | G gg | G09 | G09 | O'T9 G09 ie ore Se a oe =e ae ae
8°E¢ ‘ee | 2°gG | G-9G | G-9G | G:9G | 8°09 | G°s9 | 8 09 | S19 | 6°09 “1th SRE) IP fey * ac H
aca oe rear 0-96 079¢ ! Gg | G°6¢ CGC G°6G |.0°0) | 0709 | 0 C9 | $19 | #19 | G09 | L°E9 | 099 | G°09
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AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. LST
Juiy, 1890.
ae ee = s Anemom-
Sas = eter ob-
AS & 2 served at 1
‘ ae Bas] ag served a
Maximum and Minimum|)|™ 3 5) = 5 Precipation P.M
Thermometers and Bos| 3s Movement
) Record of Sunshine. S ps z a °o
| Sea a Wind.
| ais, |2a
BE | g |se 8% » lal asl Ze
a | 2 \ze oo | suf fegiises| =5
| Day.| £2 | 2 |E4 Ass | Bos |.8il=4] o8
4 ‘Ss |os He H & |esllogZe| wo
s a Wwe ® o js \ioa 3) sa
= A n a S ||\8=as| ow
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| fe) oO 12) Oo oO
. 1. $2.9 | 51.2 | 124]| 45.5 | 151.0 195.4) 8.14
2. 75.5 | 50.38] 7 || 42.0 | 154.0 116.3) 4.85
3. 64.2 | 50.1 | O || 42.8] 82.8 || 6.30 a.m. 158.2) 6.59
| 4, 72.0 | 60.2] 0 || 57.8 | 96.0 303.8| 12.66
} 5. 77.3 | 61.0 | 384]| 56.1 | 145.3 2P.M. |1.20)) 147.5) 6.15
6. 78.9 | 50.3 | 124]} 40.0 | 152.0 77.9) 3.25
ite 75.6 | 59.1 | 634|| 50.5 | 137.0 || 109.2} 455
8. 82.7 | 60.5 | 8 || 51.4 | 143.0 || 7.30 P.M. |8.30 P. M.|1.20)) 180.8] 5.45
¥): 7To.4 | 64.09 941) 57.1 | 152.2 323.0) 3.46
10. 69.7 | 48.6 | 183|| 34.0 | 153.4 284.8] 11.87
itt 75.5 | 50.0 | 114]| 48.6 | 159.9 : 184.9} 7.70
: 12. 79.9 | 43.1 | 104]| 34.1 | 151.0 66.8] 2.78
3. 74.0 | 57.2 6 || 47.5 | 189.6 177.3) 7.40
14. 77.1 | 49.9 | 9 || 40.0 | 150.0 185.1) 7-71
15. 84.5 | 49.9 | 7 }| 45.8 | 147.6 |/10.30 a. M.|10.45 A.M.) .02|| 131.9) 5.50
2.45 P.M. |1.30 PB. M.| .10)
16. 84.5 | 61.0 | 124]| 49.6 | 153.0 |} Night. Night. | .02|} 179.2| 7.47
ily 79.0 | 57.5 | 0 || 46.0 | 119.1 || 7.30 P.M. | Night. | .04||° 53.9) 2.25
1s. 70.7 | 54.9 | 12 || 489 | 1467 199.6) 5.38
ig), 68.0 | 43.0 | 1#|| 31.4 | 124.0 146 8| 6.12
20. 66.8 | 52.0 | 3 || 46.3 | 153.5 || 2.30 P.M. |3.30 PB. M.| .01|| 126.2) 5.96
21. 73.5 | 438.5 | 123]) 338 | 1538.2 $3.1) 3.46
2? 75.3 | 46.9 | 11 || 35.8 | 138.7 68.5} 2.85
23 77.1 | 48.2 | 941] 36.1 | 189.8 182.5] 17.52
24 73.9 | 502) 9 1) 88.7 | 189.3 256 S$) 10.70
Early
25. 67.8 | 55.2 | 0 || 48.3 | 100.0 || Mornirg. 165.9} 6.91
26. 76.0 | 62.0 4|| 57.0 | 97.5 5 P.M. |1.21)| 214.3! 8.93
27. 81.0 | 63.7 | 11 || 56.2 | 152.0 242.6) 10.11
28. 81.5 ; 52.2 | 11 || 48.1 | 1463 114.7) 4.30
25) 84.4 | 58.6 | 7 || 49.0 | 151.0 175.6) 7.32
30. 86.8 | 58.6 | 0 || 39.1 | 144.8 195.0) 8.18
31. 80.8 | 58.1 | 0 || 890 | 126.9 || 6.304.mM.| 3P.M. | .04|| 257.1) 10.71
Total,|2164 Totals, 3.84|| 5154.7
Means.| 76.53! 53.61! 7 || 44.55] 139.37 166.28' 6.95
Page
AMEN COLMMHeNUMIZECiccscscenesesesaecsstecaserce-teseaasscsscccsecessseauarasss ese 4,5
Americus Bone Superphosphate. ............ seccccccccccccccesssccesccsssees 4,5
ATHETICUS MIZULe BBONEC WM Cale ccstveccccsoscscsenesreesecteeasseesseise dass eeeeds 14, 15
AN SY OLS) SIGE D)sccicoactococccac ona acnsonanOOCSRORUSCKCHEA eencbsbcanhoconcgeadscnia otessoc - 113
Balyrotate SUpPCEpPHOSpUaAbey-cecses-<c2cer-esececceorselierecsessscnseenscsaecas : 4,5
Be SeashowliGuanOneseccs eccccscesscnes enacectaoreecnonsaase sen senebialee erie 4.5
IBEANS Si GEStSMOLA: sscicevcccncsddsdodelececessceses sWlnclecdcccsdecssioccesseecsccetece 102-103
IB CEES LESUSHOlenecenicessesvocetsseostesacelsocuscscuadedsasats\earssacecssesases see 103
Boome” Meats cicdt se see sacieccndbes daecd tdias ace de deestkscecse seve seceeatecestess 14, 15
Botanist and Entomologist, report Of ............ccsceceseessecsececsecees 105-139
Bowker’s Ammoniated Bone Phosphate...............ssccoessesseeseees : 4,5
Fresht Ground: (BONG iccciscescscess scsce esse escenstecesssdeecse's 14, 15
Elland sDrillVPhosphater.scscs-sssts esessacenssceeneeee create 4,5
PotatosPhosphater: ..rccceies csceccscereces ce scwcseoueseinscsectecs's 4,5
Square Brand Bone-and Potash...........-.secccrsecsose oveees 4,5
Surel Crop) Bones Enosphateeeess-veccse-s-o-e sos -eeaeseeeaeereces 4.5
Bradley’s Circle Brand, Bone and Potash.............s:s00sseseecseeeeees 4,5
Complete Manure for Potatoes and Vegetables.......... 4,5
Eureka Seeding Down Fertilizer.............c..0-cscs--reee- : 4,5
Potato? Manure sorsccessc20 2. ssc atesenscnccesses sess ostnaseseuseeces one 4.5
PureyHine GroundPBOnesccs-s--ceetceeeeeee sce oceceseaneceee re 14, 15
Xe Superphosphate sess csscosssasscteoseedwseseotcseesseeessenae Gad
Megetable and Potato: Me rtilizen cs cascsecs oo eenccnces-enee 6,7
ButtaloWentilizerrsasccne.<-- coc sesaseccecoscsteuceeeeeee tet aeaseewennesteecteceos 2
Buttalo:Guanor. svsc.sces 6 .cwsee ss vekcawet cae ssl reoweeclveonoueewevsseudeasesetebecuce 6.7
Potato Hop and Tobacco Phosphate................ssceceseceee Gard
ISTECON CHECE Ola. 332 Seton oecss ee cosesesed eccd terest eee oe ee eae be sod eate 29
WBOCCER COS Of 552225522 secon fecha ccedesssseseccscccesteteeseteehen aeeescscecelonens oH:
TElablOnvanGequambibyeenwcs-ssse-0e-claccecacttacctes secs sassesecten 22
NALS) OL C Eroncaocacoge. codon botcs0c0 BUdUEaCORO gS ROOD CUR SUOCHORER BaEa Lecce pangoe 20
Butter Hatem echanical elossrOleccsnsstsns cca: osandecconcesess soalnacteotoeree 43
Bouter mike COmMpOsivlOnVOh-sa--asoseshesces trees cescecascscveccrcecevenveree 32
Casein..relation to DUCE tatis.cess:casccassssscctesssceseces ce vevescenl weeces se 30
DECRG Pcie Wee sas. aeetearenesatetne tantivasce case saaecnaeaevevdateceudeeaternesns 121
Glank/si Cover Bay Statephenpilizens.cc.cs..c-sbeseenttobsssscnsecsaesacctesatres 6,7
Clarkes: CoverBay: State GaGnk ..-c..-cscsecssactcususcosescvetaes cts eveeeures ‘ 6547
Seeding Down Fertilizer.................000 : 6,7
ClevelandtRotatosehosphaterectzssssr1:ochoessedsenscacccas scence cucgeasnesese Grad
GlevelandiSuperphosphate s ic: cccssc<ts0.0dsscacsarescosscssecvecesvecevacscncse Gav
160 INDEX.
Coding AMO ieee aceccninseoctec dass easersussehs-ssacdhe<yehsreateema sear rete 114
Colts feedine experiments) willievessesseessersosehieneseresneneeseeerestes . 68-70
Corrosive Sublimate, experiments With)...:..........0cccs cseccsece oo +e Hui
CONVE OOD OBsas esescenceeustesesacasaces casetensonces co seasons ce eneneRaeoe soa: 17
PLEPArAblONsOL TatiONer.wecccesser-cacsteceseneccsttae- et teeneeee Reese 49
CreamyrcOmpPOSiblOn Ol. ssewerccscecncccesccscscceateees snacersies tects ameceaes 32
COSUiOlimacnes desseremsascsenet BqOb adh anandqUn2on Hesdbocdore césdaadaco sande 24.
relation of fat and other Solids im...............2.csceresssseeeeee 36
LE] ALLOML ANG MALLY.» sscncmnseueaedecss sasete see ees esee ence cease : 22
VATIAtOMcOl VAlWes seven csseeadeccnessebouw gos sates eae ome cenaene ene 24
VAC] OE: seacten saeadion cic <cseicwscsucasiieniecaselusstic ce else sme ee een eet ; 20
Crocker’s Ammoniated Corn Phosphate.............s.ce-sesseerescosseeere Goma
Cumberland iBonelsuperphosphatencscesetesssesreaieseseeeaeeceeeceeecee 6,7
Cumberland Seeding Down Fertilizer.................0:0.-0cscssosseceseres 8,9
@yclone Reduced) Pure Bone Mealliict:.)s.;-c0sse+s+eseressereshe-essesseees 14-15
Dain waste PLOoduUcthOlenc.-ccsescraecetseeseceee coreesesreesetess see soja ‘ 37
Dainty MiCow Si tEStStOL nc cctuas-oasecacecceeceesnecectoe nee cntneskcosiecme seen caseer 17-42
MATT GO MERLIN ZCT: once see -aeseecesce secures ceeneboes sere caselict ehee a eeE eae > ty @
E. F. Coe’s Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate..................se200 Sy 3)
CrassrandsG rain ertilizeneeeseerse ser eeresasseeeeeeetee tear 8, 9
High Grade Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate...... 8.6
Potato: Mertilizer co.uk ssaiseess stevenenedestooeue space lneontene 8,9
IDTaeAII OJAI aN EE ss ccoon50ocesacocHoaRnSooHOHnEbbade ces ec }opuAsaarehSaEce asbqosICOeH 119
Eye-Spotted Bud Moth......... aodbnb Abo SHocodPonOdOGoI0KeDoDSnEECGODTenDObO doOobE 128
Fall Canker Worm........... 2 suis enol dtnciactiac duran em ace ae toca eee Sepa eena ate PAST
DAMGeliOn eee. Shewedlsewee wueseiececctumaresderscewec tases septeeseesbocduen mann 120
MAYS) 8) ACO) 0 lnepemcacodcrisconceosncrc todédsinoe sone bsbadrnpecoboocdsecdadtadeoce 124
Farrars | SUperphospleabe rcs sesesessec-es deere sasesadeeerenenesecidaseases 8, 9
aE ACOSG Ole suas ccs ssieaceeere soc semadiocte tec terete n: saseiacecsacdsumstincensect 24
I KOYSIS IO ber Anco sondobeocandaadcccea sonaadocsa sopedaubdapseoeoce bas oJecoduedccackononbe 38
MechaniGal JOSS Olive. scsccs ccowecssssecenesece ne ctcssesewetocsseeet sseseee aes 43
relation, COMCASEMMEs.-c.pecesoceene cesses. deceenetoaem sce eeaoncendeeae eer: 30
relation to other solids in GCream.......:2-2. .2.0-..0cossecessereceere : 36
relation to quantity....................s0.. Slebelsisd slelelslag wins swetnate ses aetiels 22
WISI! Cifonncocoancnssndosmeotectvodocw capone coogosacboos spsagmonseQbcdoeNasS Seeks . 20
PAOIOUINES, Ore (Wall erposeccdeseocecs snsossocrcesceocecascour cusgodosscstnenacc 2c as
Hertilizety Sally. Ses ue SUES Ofesmemaeteaae teeters tente mene eneee ee eeestes 4-15
COX OSIUTNEM IS ocpacaccaced ceadsosoosapassodd soobdodoonsacapoddacooBeonner 79-101
CHIOSMITNO MGS LY UAVETNEIRSocobdo saeanavcoconcodnoscondseoesonononad 96-101
IMAEKIVISss MeLHOASHOMl SelM OMe ecessesecsceseeteeaseets 16
NTA HATER, TINETDEVHION Olissoses dosoosccosacgoasonasco sennnan angpobconnadabans0q%6 1-16
the effect of different forms and mixtures............... ; 79-89
LEEKS (oe AV NU EIS CO) ndacertoboatmay oneaccbesbede eGABSonoCcocacD candsonoEane & 1
AVE IE AKO 0} (0) Eaudennectced boo perdu abso duceeansaandeacoa: codconnoqdcodea 6 2
TAGXOYS |, GOEL Oils docdaaconssdconees SaQna ccoeoneesnar s2ocoREDdCOO HnonEHOUReeoSoRNEEDEboNC 19
TOR GYOL OIE CON Saoccadenadodbaccnousonmossbonoennoopadbap qdonoodadsnoocsoonnsocoCHOUNS 17
Iptormesin, brerniss (CRY Ty OEE sc c6 caaone coor oehbdasonocsono anbsnepapSa0ageand0s0q60¢ : 138
Tip titnet Key1 Fe snp gnainccdaoacsaamacannc coopaGoodnaddeseqdognohe boon sdbcnduabood maandoas : 140
Germination sy Exp eriMVeMtiSeessccaeseteesanseeeseeliccnebeeiaetmatccit asics te 107
INDEX. 16
Gloucester, Wish ANG POtaSDscsc0scccssuncescueo-danvoscescnecatuecsausnsunscanse 8,9
CRASEES GE XP CLINIONIES) wWilillerecdsacseacieanesss scorers) +ecustssies sss cdal'sy-lsepiaes ile
SPE CUONMOLBLEELINZETRsesacsteeieacscnsdeetccaduracessnsacvesacejuuosnelceaeowale 1-16
Liebigs’ Ammoniated Superphosphate.............cssc--ecesesecenesseeees 8.9
RYE IEDEUID SS VIS COIS, Of trae decseeteaseascs «aeleassasy sn aclsedecestedaa the sdcbeebeew 89-96
RUCHCE OMS Sh, TOD OLUAOLscesvarciteosedccccadasdasdercsacestenes dqeseadebaeeteoray 141-157
IMINIKANAI ALY SIS: Of ASMeeseecaeesceeecescr= cosctOmecsiassoscluoseoeiessssv-caseassuasmere 52
Ena CRATE MUGr su. ceasniie-anssaaaacdccnscaneencrectmenssre~soskepapdclncnnden 3
VENI Remene ODP ORINIO My Olreatesy cents cedacaon dee detest canteca eas boneites amacesds 27
COSGIOlgesreeeeeeactarcosten nears teen ctnessanear ea scrosite costes sesmeeitan de 24
Cailvavanianonol COMPOSIbOMisereekesheecases-ceabe es secsescceele 32
ClleehrOt Gelty, Wy SCLGIMO%.<.-ccacceoscetarsedecclesncnellasencidadepuarese 46
fab CLODULES Osa sensestecescidececteseeaee seedless cceee arate se as canassiccein ie 58
MUN en Aen One MENS) Oleessctencencsees-motesseiassessccceceeresceeeese(cel> 52
RELAtO NAN Gq U ali lnysesnecceadsccetensines tees eaeie tects teeuetccccmanaesees 22
VAC OBOL peswcer scccscpestecisccessieetcssnestace snaadsecesnoieaicies chia sasiistciees 20
MilKevAls heetenfilizer mone ICM GSillsssietiesstese specs steeeneleeres=-//0reeesaeee 56
WinamSOiUS 2COStOR ec a Peis Olyare een aria Nes eaidr. sone 24.
effect of certain Conditions UPON.............s.ceceeee ee . 31
Ne LG OEP ILOs G UV O LG Vira cteswenndenn cecadaenieseneriade= nai hesen er 5 22
Wel MO Las nomen suas tise r nese senccsacas demnceseces cases aoneseas 20
MOIStUTe. PelGentage) Of. se..s.<castesessrecsesacesies asses -ccssenavddcecsselensdoe\s 142
Ormeanal CoeiseSuperpnvospnatereccresececssme-eewss eetteeeeecs seks seea= 8,9
Ofisssuperphosp hater .nis:\ scsscsseacmacocesstcosscctens tere eeeie se stesesosuaeess 8,9
Paris Green, experiments upon Potato Beetle....................00e08 114
MCASMMLES Lin Olics cjoncicch ia o<ese ratericciarclnnccissieincemctenee ta Stieeseectned taocattestcaecaabe 103
Pend eTIe ETO ZC Mnaman-hepdeesapeceseseanedaesectertece aca aseassionseccaes wares 8,9
outtopbeetle; use Of Paris) Greens. .<-c., sctse) a7csceasee-oecesese see 114
PottosHopand Lobacco Bhosphatel..-..-.-.1--20s1-20- ---000-2a release ; 8.9
Otatope DOS p haters caneweimesotaces oneduaeeres sate seidteae ane nos eee etee thee ennie Some (ealite
Batatonscabs, CansescOb. sactsncsrescoss canctiees soso et Peas tisstthchin Aeon ae 115
Onionipiie GrasssHentilizense.csssecee-cnsae a. saesnceercceecesoes tee eeeee 5 ale, mn
ROSP ACE se seuss ccacsoece ess scabs ncuosacewescon a detar aectesents 10. 11
POtACOMMIANINE 5. sasesnc ane see acc at onc case aoneeeeoceee es Se cbclacisaats 10, 11
Seeding Down) Mantunesesnese-ceceesseseeeeateese ease cecess cpeee a Ocul
EWA heeeeetncscccseneresceisaccct ota act ciclsrdus vat sive ee ab aueisie ese emuriacceoet tect se seee Hestovs 151
ATOR Bp heparavion OL MOEN COWS s-ceres--acccceeseeeeeceececs cer ceineclece 49
FA Wee OMEL wate: cmancccce crecmnsucin nen dolsdatsionvcidten ener oaoce erate eooeee se slnoae wee da 14, 15
edeeiumpedwApple:Mreey Caterpillan-ss-ces-ccsecceseeccdeees.cecea cases 135
Reese Concentrated Potato and Corn Manure.......-..........c.eeee00 10, 11
RUD MCMHASS . cacesswanuvseacisanesac ccocdenaradssrasaneaerecesere eoecsineccecss isacecsseass 119
ihovalesnecedings: Down) Wertilizer csr scccc.h <ccasscuewsvaxssevedesceaveesanes 10, 11
Sagadahoc Special Potato Ferbilizer.c.... 0.00 500k sce cece cece eee 10, 11
NACAdAMOC SUPELPMOSP MAC ccescesceccsececens. vesces ceces ecewesicecetececsons 10, 11
SM SSeS EHISIION Oli. seteateedccsvs-ls saeseicessct aceteaensapaswaces seaane es : 4-15
Sin PLCC Se LE CULOMG Ole ncavauenccarareaspscaucdeassarsuseates soaewetesssavesestees.< : 1
CUS ESTEEM AIO DN O tices ennoscee scm ciecssinas acces ver <cusaatcaWaateGaderhexancas 107
ECUSNDESECU COMMPALISON Oric...cs2-cccanceteas se fecivascdseeaas c/ahceenccccveds ; 110
Sellimneebenbulizer MatenialSsc,.s.seccsssee cceeeu neonates cece reeesccaceecuanes 16
162 INDEX.
Nettie milk peftectrOrncdelayin:.c,. -c--sasescscsaileseeeen ee eset eee aeen ars : 46
PkTMMe dao ke COMP OSITO NW Olsens eceree race esse aceasta ree seh ane ten eee 32
Soil! ‘Tem peracuresscrerereeecneresccssses-cccestons valvoteecs seater nec tc see nae 144
Solar Radiationg. : (cists. asteccsucenwssasseeusdceteen cin osereaesens aceee Reece neki 2 149
Soluble WacitickGuanosmsacceesseacsce-caseertecaescseeeanss asec aeee eae a ane Oat
Standard Ass range Seed ioe) Oils ccseleseeeceniseelieet aches see ee eteatae 10, 11
Standard: Mertilizencesseecstascscceseececdecsacekensteestsiececea ser tenc ce eneeee 20) LOSE
Standard \GUan Osea vernaou seas ac sccarcentaes oor cece auenenceGeieaRee eke epee eee 10. 11
Steers. feeding experiments With.................0cossssssssses. eR, 71-74
SPLAVINGFeX Pe TMMEMLSemcaceddeatancsa teva: sey cstataartaasecractec ys aseeae teams . 113-114
Stockbridoe Cornyand) Grainy Manunessnascs teens eseeeeaerereeseetre ses 12, 13
Grass ULOp yD reSsimarcntsascirws-ncscsnorsactnce wana seeeeseeeeer Bene la}
PReavand) Bean) Fertilizer. (-ccssccssceussensiesscucee eee amenL 2 amlics
Potato and Vegetable Manure.............-...-.0.-0eceeree Penney) le y0/3°
Seeding, Down WHeruilizens-nc.cesalscenseseree eee nt ee meeeee a2 oloe
PVieretables Manune/.inen ncn senaseleworenece snatcesnereece sehen 12, 18
Strawberries, correspondence concerning.......... JscongoonganepS5n0006 : 117
Sweets Cormeatestyolicusvennvchaeren torn canctnmeleee aes cane n ea ae : 103
Swine, feeding experiments with different breeds..................... . 75-78
Sunshiney Amounts asscesaes waco aacce mera eee oncmee eects ceases 150
NESS Git CIM GOW ES adocoence b6008 ooGdhonDG000 pEduCabaoO TOONS 17-42
Terrase IRAGKEITOM socccoo0enas 2600000000 00000006 Donn suGC Onbr 148
Timothy Hay, composition Of.....- +2222. e200 seeeee ees weeeee, 66
CiGeS bib UG y AO terete rier eletale la te lel /-1=iele) tala oinliet erates 67
relative yield of early-cut and late-cut........... 65-67
Miradeavaliresroteterpilizelsenyserettierdelceieteletiele kalieveltetels)tevaleiae ners 1
SAHIN SOMUIOSTE, TREOOIMG Cilio obo0c sban0n soScegdnonD GOONS sacuDe sone 59-64
Waliationrote te noMiuzenseetrereudctt-ttsastetetlertel alate lsieesictelacrerelenclaiayoneiaree 2
\WEIGHIOR, TEES Ollosco aan000 0000000000 Du00G0 GND | ddond00 stODDEC 102-103
Waste products, food value of..--.-.----++..0.- gt eters avelata sla betersere 37
Waste products, loss of fat im...... .eee cee cece cece ee rece cee 38
Wihitenmanke ds susso eke Mo tineriienstetlsietisreteieelelort etaleetstensbey- teers 122
Wind keskecmcune es aris Ae Wanarctay evotren oncre anasrota orators aves tone sial avers wrote fel soe etarmera 151
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