Annual report of the Secretary of the Board of Agriculture

Public Document No. 4

SIXTY-FIRST

ANNUAL REPOllT OF THE SECRETARY

MASSACHUSETTS

STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

19 13.

BOSTON:

WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS,

32 DERNE STREET.

1914,

Approved by
The State Board of Publication.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

8tate Board of Agriculture, 1914, .

Report of the Secretary,

Summary of Crop Conditions, 1913,

Public Winter Meeting of the Board at Springfield,

Address of Welcome By Hon. John A. Dennison, .

Response for the Board by Abner Towne,

Announcement of Dairy Prizes. By P. M. Harwood,

Lecture: Poultry Feeds and Methods of Feeding. By Pro

fessor J. C. Graham,

Lecture: The New Orchard. By Professor F. C. Sears, .
Lecture: The Most Important Factors in Successful Farming

By Professor G. Y. Warren,

Report on "Protection from Flies" Contest. By P. M. Har-
wood,

Lecture: Breeding and Feeding Dairy Cattle. By F. E

Duffy, '

Lecture: Rural Credit, Banking and Agricultural Co-opera

tion in Europe. By J. Lewis Ellsworth, ....
Lecture: Alfalfa Growing. By Joseph Wing,
Summer Field Meeting of the Board at Barnstable,
Essay: Peach Growing in Western Massachusetts. By li. W

Rice,

Essay: Co-operation. By C. R. White. ....
Essay: Diversified Farm Accounting. By I^. A. Sloman, .
Essaj'^: Farm Ice Houses. By Professor B. S. Pickett,
Essay: Farm Water Supphes. By S. P. Gates, .
Essay: Cantaloupe Growing in Massachusetts. By J. jNI. S

Leach,

Essay: The Culture of the Currant. By Professor U. Pv Hed-

rick,

Essay: Pruning the Grape. By Professor U. P. Hedrick,
Essay : Nut Culture for Masi-achusetts. By William C. Demin_
Essay: How to buy Fertilizers. By R. E. Annin, Jr.,
Essaj': Honeybees as Pollinizers. By Mrs. Susan M. Howard
Twelfth Annual Report of the State Nursery Inspector,
Sixth Annual Report of the State Ornithologist, .
Fourth Annual Report of the State Apiary- Inspector,
Twenty-third Annual Report of the State Dairy Bureau,
Tenth Annual Report of the State Forester, .
Returns of the Incorporated Agricultural Societies,
Director}' of Agricultural Organizations,
Index,

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State Board of Agriculture, 1914.

Members Ex Officio.

His Excellency DAVID I. WALSH.

His Honor EDWARD P. BARRV.
Hon. FRANK J. DOXAHUE, Secretary of the CommonweaUh.
KENYON L. BUTTERFIELD, President, Massachusetts Agricultural College.
FRED F. WALKER, Commissioner of Animal Industry.
F. WILLIAM RANE, B.Agr., M.S., Slate Forester.
WILFRID WHEELER, Secretary of the Board.

Members appointed by the Governor and Council.

Term expires
FRANK P. NEWKIRK of Eastbampton I914

HENRY M. HOWARD of West Newton 1915

CHARLES M. GARDNER of Westfield 1916

Members chosen by the Incorporated Societies.

Amesbury and Salisbury (Agricul-
tural and Horticultural) ,
Barnstable County, ....
Blackstone Valley, ....
Deer field Valley, ....

Eastern Hampden, ....

Essex,

Franklin County, ....
Hampshire, .....

Hampshire, Franklin and Hampden, .
Highland, ......

Hillside, ......

Hingham {Agricultural and Hort'l),
Hoosac Valley, .....

Housatonic, .....

Lenox Horticultural, ....

Marshfield {Argricullural and Hort'l),
Martha's Vineyard, ....

Massachusetts Horticultural,
Massachusetts Society for Promoting
Agriculture, .....

Middlesex North, ....

A. WILLIS BARTLETT of Salisbury,
JOHN BURSLEY of West Barnstable,
JACOB A. WILLIAMS of Northbridge,
DAVID T. BARNARD of Shelburne,
O. E. BRADWAY of Monson,
FREDERICK A. RUSSELL of Methuen,
GEORGE E. TAYLOR, Jb., of Shelburne,
F. E. FARRAR of Amherst, .
RUFUS M. SMITH of Hadley,
JOHN T. BRYAN of Middlefield (P. O. Che:

ter, R. F. D.)

HAROLD S. PACKARD of Plainfield, .
U. S. BATES of Hingham, .
ABNER TOWNE of Williamstown,
R. H. RACE of North Egremont, .
ALFRED H. WINGETT of Lenox,
WALTER H. FAUNCE of Kingston, .
JAMES F. ADAMS of West Tisbury, . •
EDWARD B. WILDER of Dorchester, .

N. I. BOWDITCH of Framingham,
GEO. W. TRULL of Tewksbury (P. O. Lowell
R. F. D.),

Middlesex SoxUh,
Nantucket, .
Oxford,

Plymouth County,
Quannapou'itt, .

JOHN J. ERWIN of Wayland,
HERBERT G. WORTH of Nantucket, .
WALTER A. LOVETT of O.xford, .
ERNEST LEACH of Bridgewater, .
CALVERT H. PLAYDON, D.V.S., of Read

Spencer {Farmers' and Mechanics'
Association), .....
Union {Agricultural and Hort'l),
West Taunton, .....
Weymouth {Agricult'l aiid Indust'l),

Worcester, ......

Worcester East, .....

Worcester North {Agricultural and

Driving Association),
Worcester Northwest {Agricultural and

Mechanical), .....
Worcester South,
Worcester County West,

EDWARD WARREN of Leicester,
HENRY K. HERRICK of Blandford, .
CHARLES I. KING of Taunton, .
THERON L. TIRRELL of Weymouth (P. O

South Wejmouth), .....
EDWARD A. WATERS of West Boylaton,
GEORGE F. MORSE of Lancaster (P. O

South Lancaster), .....

L. E. FLETCHER of Fitchburg, .

ALBERT ELLSWORTH of Athol, .
WILLIAM E. PATRICK of Warren,
JAMES A. RICE of Barre,

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£l)c ^oinmonrucaltl) of iWa00acl)U6Ctt0.

THE SIXTY-FIK8T ANNUAL REPOP/r
SECRETARY

OF Tin:

State Boaed of agriculture.

To the Senate and House of Representatives of the Commonwealth
of Massachusetts.

Agricultural conditions in Massachusetts are steadily
growing better, although the improvement is slower than
many of us wish it to be. It is true that we are not cultivat-
ing as many acres as formerly, but on the other hand we are
getting from the acres we do cultivate better results. There
is also a decided tendency, both among business men and in
the Legislature, to favor constructive work for and M'ith
the farmer. What is needed to-day more than any other
one aid to agricultural development is the provision of organ-
ized agencies to help in solving the practical problems which
the farmer has to face. Among such much-needed provisions
are better selling agencies, particularly for milk ; co-operative
buying and selling organizations ; a better system of farm
finance ; cheaper and more abundant electric power for use
on our farms: better transportation facilities in rural dis-
tricts ; particularly more trolley lines and better roads.

Massachusetts land has got to be farmed, and is going to
be ; and if signs are read correctly we shall soon see in Xew
England a marked return of population to our rural districts.
There can be no reasonable doubt, however, that a large per-

viii BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

centage of the permanent agricultural population of Massa-
chusetts will be drawn from the old countries of Europe,
the methods of thrift and economy of whose peasantry are
more suited to the development of our kinds of land than
are the habits of the native stock, who are more impatient
of results, and are not willing to work so long hours nor to
live under the hard conditions which seem necessary while
developing a new country, — for many of our agricultural
problems are really those of a new country. Large parts
of our lands available for agriculture must still be cleared
of trees and stones, and need to be drained or irrigated ; and
in many other respects, the same sorts of preparatory work
are needed that were done by the first settlers of Xew Eng-
land.

This resettling is already taking place on a large scale.
We have seen the Polish people take possession of the Con-
necticut Valley within the past few years, and in certain of
our hill towns Jews and French Canadians are taking up
the land and making a living where our older settlers have
failed. The Portuguese are rapidly acquiring land in Bris-
tol and Barnstable counties ; and in the not far distant future
we may expect to see large settlements of still other nation-
alities in our State. The one thing that may still save the
day for the native Americans on our farms is the use of
more and better machinery and of better methods discovered
by scientific study, for certainly no nation in the world has
ever made such use of chemistry and mechanics in agricul-
ture as has ours.

The whole question of repopulating our rural districts and
of using our now unproductive land is an economic one.
The great plains of the west would never have been populated
if people had not seen how they could make money from
the soil. ISTeither will Massachusetts agriculture advance in
any considerable degree unless a sure profit can be obtained
from the soil. Three initial steps must be taken, and taken at
once, if we are to establish any definite and sane agricultural
development in our State.

First. — The agricultural lands of the State must be put

No. 1.] RP:P()RT of secretary. ix

into such shape as to make thora marketable to prospective
purchasers.

Second. — A system of banking must be established
whereby farmers may obtain money on as easy terms as other
business men do.

Third. — There must be a large publicity movement
started, similar to those inaugurated bv other States, callino-
the attention of the whole country to our land and its re-
sources.

Undoubtedly there has not been as widespread an interest
in agriculture for years as at the present time. Our ever-
increasing population has caused a corresponding increase in
the amount of food consumed and in the proportion of our
food supply that is drawn from distant sources. By these
facts, together with the prevailing high prices of all food to
the consumers, the public is being led to look more and more
to the Massachusetts farmer for help in solving the very
much vexed question of domestic economy. The public little
realizes, however, that the increase of our population has
been accompanied by no increase in the number of farmers
of the State, and that there has been an actual decrease in
the acreage farmed and the number of cattle kept. The great
influx of immigrants does not, as formerly, seek the farms,
but the newcomers now crowd the cities, or else are used on
great enterprises, such as building railroads and buildings,
becoming consumers instead of producers of food supplies.

Farm labor was never so scarce as now nor so unsatisfac-
tory, although this year saw some improvement in some sec-
tions. It seems as if the farmer must be content with the
very worst of our immigrants, after the manufacturer and
the railroad man have had their pick. This situation might
be helped in this State if there were established under this
Board a bureau which would co-operate with the United
States Department of Immigration, and keep in touch with
the people who are coming into this country. At present
many immigrants from agricultural sections of Europe, who
should go on to our farms, go instead into mills and factories
where thev soon lose all desire to do the work for which

X BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

they are most needed and best fitted. We need these people
on our farms already developed, and also to take up and
utilize our now idle farm lands. There seems to be no agency
noAV in existence to give our immigrants any idea of the
actual agricultural conditions. As a rule, immigrants are
not able to go out and buy farms at once, nor would it be
wise for them to do so. It would accordingly be the duty of
the proposed bureau to see that desirable men were found
places on good farms where they could spend a few years in
learning our ways and the local conditions of soil, climate
and markets that must be met to insure success. The immi-
grant, however, is not the only important factor in the prob-
lem. One thing must not be lost sight of in the whole great
question, and that is the great desirability of turning many
of our young people toward the farms of the State and, while
so doing, of giving them an education which will fit them to
carry on successful agriculture.

One thing to which I especially wish to call attention is
the necessity not only of more fully conserving our soil fer-
tility, but of practicing better methods of handling all the
ingredients which go to build up our soils. The members
of the American commission in Europe were much impressed
by the way in which all manures and farm refuse were saved.
The cement-lined manure pit, and the carefully protected
compost heap, were considered as necessary on each farm as
the farm buildings themselves, while with us the tendency is
to stack the manure outside of the buildings on the ground,
and far too often on a side hill where the best parts of the
manure run away with the spring rains. This problem is
becoming more acute as time goes on, and the sooner we
realize that here lies the vital problem in the future of our
agriculture, just so much sooner will we give our best at-
tention to its solution.

The Year's Crops.
The past season in. our State has been, from an agricul-
tural standpoint, the most varied for many years. Some
crops have paid very well while others have been almost a
failure, and this goes to prove that, taking one year with

No. 4.] KEPORT OF SECRETARY. xi

another, di\ersiiied farming, particularly under our condi-
tions, is much surer to yield a steady profit than when only
special crops are grown. The market gardeners had a very
poor winter, owing to the low price of lettuce and other
greenhouse crops, but they more than made up for this dur-
ing the late spring and summer months, when the prolonged
drought reduced the volume of farm truck to a minimum,
thus greatly enhancing the prices received for these inten-
sively grown crops. As most of the market gardens are well
irrigated, market gardeners do not fear a dry summer, and
more and more of our farmers are also coming to see the
value of some form of irrigation and are installing it on
their farms. The onion growers of the Connecticut Valley
in particular are using irrigation with great success, and crop
increases of over oOO bushels per acre are recorded, as the
result of irrigation. The onion crop generally was light this
season, and prices ruled high, so that on the whole the onion
growers were well satisfied. The hay crop was very good
on the average, sufficient rains in the spring and early sum-
mer having given the grass a good start, and in most places
a good crop was harvested under splendid weather conditions
in late June and early July. A very noticeable thing this
season was the large percentage of clover which appeared in
many mowing fields where no clover was sown. One very
common explanation of this was the very mild winter of
1912 and 1913, causing clover to winter well. Another was
the increased use of lime in JMassachusetts, by which soils
too sour for clover have been sweetened enough to grow this
crop, which is certainly a very important one for our dairy
farmers, although clover is not desirable in the timothy, or
herd's grass, which is intended for horse hay.

The apple crop of the State was severely cut by the heavy
frost of late May, when temperatures of 25° were recorded
in many places, after the blossoms had fallen and the fruit
had set ; many apples which were not injured enough to fall
were so marked as to reduce them to second and third grades.
While the result was a very great reduction of the crop,
still the apples in general were of fine quality and good color.
Prices have ruled high, from $2 to $4 a barrel, but the very

xii BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

mild damp weather of October caused heavy losses in apples
not in cold storage, and even those in cold storage were af-
fected to a considerable extent. There is still a very wide
interest in apple culture, and many are going into the busi-
ness in a large way. Still, we have an abundance of splen-
did apple land in the State, and ample opportunity to
enlarge. One pressing need of the apple situation is that
of apple standards or grades, and your secretary believes
that our farmers will never get satisfactory returns for apples
until a standard is adopted both for barrels and for boxes.
It is a mistake for growers to pack apples of any but fancy
grades in boxes, for the public has come to believe that
the box is an assurance of quality, and we must not in any
way injure that impression. The adoption of the Canadian
or Maine law, both as to barrels and boxes, would materially
help the apple situation in this State.

A great deal has been said regarding the overpl anting of
the apple, but there does not seem to be much danger of this,
for the demand for good apples is ever increasing, while the
multiplying army of insects and diseases for the orchardist
to fight is likely to quickly eliminate the untrained man
who thinks he can grow apples by sitting in his office and
depending upon others to do the work. ]^o form of agi'i-
culture requires so careful, ceaseless attention as the growing
of good apples, and there will always be a profit in the busi-
ness for the skilled and painstaking orchardist.

The pear crop of the State was very large this year, and
quite generally of good quality, although much of the fruit
was small, oMdng chiefly to overbearing. In 1912 there wore
practically no pears in Massachusetts, and after a year's rest
the trees attempted to do two years' work in one. Prices
were satisfactory on the whole, and particularly for the late
fall and best winter varieties, including the Bosc, Anjoit,
Dana's Hovey and Sheldon.

In spite of the late frosts, peaches were abundant" and in
most cases of very high quality. Our State has probably
never raised better peaches than it did this year, and as most
of them were sold locally, good prices were realized. While

No. 4.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. xiii

we ha\o ninuy splendid varieties of peaches liei'c we ?till
need one which is more adapted to Massachusetts conditions,
— a peach of good quality whose buds will stand our win-
ters better. We have plenty of fine land for peaches, and
only require a hardy variety to make this State a great
peach-growing one.

Plums and cherries where not injured by frosts were very
good. It is to be regTetted that more cherries are not gTOwn
in Massachusetts, as this crop is a most profitable one and can
be grown with ease practically all over the State. The sour
cherries are most in demand, and are also most easily gTOwn.

Grapes while not gTown extensively were especially good
and sold well. There is no doubt that the grape crop can
be made to pay in this State, provided, however, that hiali
quality grapes are grown, as these are not to any extent
affected by competition from other States.

Strawberries were badly injured by the frosts in most
places, and the crop was reduced fully 70 per cent. Prices
ruled high, however, and the growers were fairly satisfied
with results.

Other small fruits are not grown in sufficient quantities
to affect the markets materially, although we have splendid
opportunities for growing all kinds, and enjoy particularly
good markets for them.

The whole outlook for fruit growing is very encouraging
and no branch of agriculture in our State now offers better
inducements to the careful man.

Potatoes were a light crop in most sections, but the quality
was good and prices have been very satisfactory.

General crops were good on the whole, but squash and
other vine crops were short. Prices on all general farm
crops have been high, and in most sections farmers have
been well satisfied.

FAR:\r Products of the State.
For the year 1909. according to the federal census of 1910,
the leading farm products of Massachusetts were as fol-
lows : —

XIV

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Milk and cream (sold), .

$13,773,458

Hay and forage, . . . .

11,280,989

Vegetables (other than potatoes), .

6,189,857

Egg-s

4,280,445

Cattle (sold and slaughtered),

4,068,926

Forest i^roducts, . . . .

2,668,410

Flowers and plants, . . ■ .

2,455,467

Fowls,

2,411,078

Potatoes,

1,993,923

Apples,

1,780,290

Corn,

1,372,144

Tobacco,

1,218,060

Swine (sold and slaughtered),

1,068,172

Butter and butter fat (sold).

1,063,859

Cranberries, ....

1,062,205

Horses and mules (sold),

836.441

Nursery products, .

605,875

Strawberries, ....

495,438

Oats

157,381

Peaches, nectarines.

138,716

Pears. ....

110,069

Maple sugar and syrup, .

77,559

Raspberries, .

55,757

Rye

52,396

Sheep (sold and slaughtered)

45,524

Wool, ....

36,670

Blackberries, .

31.454

Grapes, ....

30.858

Plums

28,253

Buckwheat,

24.678

Currants,

19,904

Ploney and wax.

19.176

Beans and peas (dry), .

13,541

Cherries,

10,848

Barley, ....

7.177

Quinces

5.754

Gooseberries, .

5,007

Seeds (clover and millet).

4,454

Nuts

3.671

Cheese, ....

3,610

Wheat

2.515

Kaffir corn and Milo maize.

835

Mohair, ....

509

Apiicots.

326

No. 4.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. xv

A glance at this table shows that we produced in 1910
more than $60,000,000 worth of agricultural products, and
it is fair to say that now we are well above the $75,000,000
mark, although a study of the whole question proves that
most of our crops, with the exception of cranberries, flowers
and some vegetables, are produced for our own consumption.
In other words, Massachusetts is not agriculturally an ex-
porting State. In fact, most of the large amount of money
we spend for agricultural products goes to other States,
since we import about three-fourths of the agricultural prod-
ucts here consumed. This brings up the important question
of the development of our now unproductive lands, of which
w^e have an abundance in the State, and upon which might
be produced a large proportion of the food we now buy else-
where. Much of this land lies within easy reach of Boston,
while large tracts are near other centers of population. To
be sure, much of this land, when improved, would only be
good for producing hay, but we need more hay in Massa-
chusetts.

There is now an appropriation of $15,000 by the State for
the drainage of wet land, and this Board is made respon-
sible jointly with the State Board of Health for carrying
out the purposes of the act. Some parts of the act are not
practical, inasmuch as they require the State to work the
land after draining, and to grow crops which can only be
sold to State institutions. There is no question that the land,
once drained, will grow crops, and while it might be desira-
ble for the State to gi'ow crops in this way as an experiment,
it does not seem necessary. A better method of carrying on
this work would be for the State to drain some large tracts
of land and assess the costs on the landowners, spreading
them over a long term of years where they are willing to
pay, and where they are not, to buy the land and sell it
again to those who want farm land. Prison labor should be
used for reclamation purposes as the act provides, since often
the labor in our prisons is not now utilized to its fullest ca-
pacity, and it would seem that this would be one of the best
ways of using such help in constructive work. A bill cover-

xvi BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

ing the above recommendation has been prepared, and will
be presented to the Legislature this year.

The work of the joint committee so far has consisted in
looking" over several tracts of land with a view to their de-
velopment, but in most cases the expense would have ex-
ceeded the funds available. A survey has now been made
of one large tract, and if reports are favorable, work will
soon be begun on this place.

Dairying.
The rapid decrease of dairy animals in our State forcibly
calls to our attention the unsatisfactory condition of the
dairy industry, though to fully discuss the question would
occupy more time and space than we can allow in such a
report as this. Certainly one factor stands out prominently
in the whole question, and that is that the farmer is not
getting enough for hjs milk to return him a fair wage ; and
how can he be reasonably expected to continue in a business
which brings no adequate return? The greatest decrease
in the dairy business is in sections where farmers are ship-
ping milk to large city contractors, principally Boston,
while the smaller cities, such as Springfield, Brockton, etc.,
which are supplied from near by, have a fair number of
prosperous and satisfied dairy farmers in their environs,
although many of these towns are now bringing a good deal
of milk from a distance, and conditions are not entirely satis-
factory. The continued agitation of the milk question in
the Legislature, together with the low price received by the
farmers for milk, has had a gi'cat tendency to reduce the
number of dairy animals kept. There is in fact at present
a serious shortage of dairy cows, not only in this State but
in all the eastern States, as is indicated by the fact that only
recently carloads of dairy cows have been shipped from
Brighton to ISTew York farms. There would seem, in view
of this shortage and the consequent high price of cows, to
be a splendid opportunity for our farmers in more remote
sections, where pasturage is cheap, to raise dairy animals,
selling either butter or cream and using the skim milk or
buttermilk for growing young stock. We are fast approach-

No. 4.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. xvii

ing a situation which can onlv result in one way in so far
as our dairies and the dairy business are concerned, namely,
that our dairy animals will have to be brought from the
middle west at a greater expense, and consequently with a
great increase in the cost of producing milk.

Our farmers are already finding it more profitable to
grow fruit, vegetables, corn, or even hay, and ship these to
city markets or to country towns where very few of these
crops are grown. Our vegetables, in particular, go to supply
the summer hotels of New Hampshire, Maine, Vermont, and
Canada, while we receive milk from these sections where, as
yet, the dairy business is about the only thing the farmers
can do, although few of them are getting a satisfactory price
for their milk. If the farmers of Massachusetts could get
G cents a quart for milk at their farms, the cows would soon
return to our State and there would be little heard about the
dairy question. It is absolutely impossible to expect our
farmers to produce a 10-cent article for 3I/2 or 4 cents. The
public is now getting what it pays for and no more, and
just as soon as there is a willingness on the part of the con-
sumer to meet the farmer half way, our cities will be supplied
with plenty of clean, fresh milk.

Undoubtedly the solution of the milk question, and in
particular that which bears on the product itself, will never
be settled until milk is paid for on its merits, and your
secretary firmly believes that there will be no great improve-
ment in the product until a system of grading and standard-
ization is adopted whereby the product and not the dairy
will be the important item. Along with such a change in
our present system there will have to be established milk
stations where tests will be made and the farmer paid ac-
cording to the quality of the milk he produces.

A paragraph from the report of the secretary of this
Board in 1884 is interesting in that it shows that the milk
question is no new one : —

The produelion of milk to supply our towns and cities is a branch
of husbandry that in late years has not been satisfactory; the farmers
have allowed shrewd contractors to control the supply and sale of
milk, and have accepted prices lower than the cost of production.

xviii BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

The Hay Ckop.
The great question of supplying cheap forage for our cattle
will never be solved until we realize that we are growing a
smaller hay crop per acre than is commensurate with profit-
able agriculture. The average for 1912 was less than 1^
tons per acre, with a value of less than $27, and yet the high
prices for hay which have prevailed the past five years ought
to have stimulated the growing of better crops of hay. The
greater part of our hay land is capable of producing over
4- tons per acre, and while much other land is light, and
suffers during a dry season, yet with proper care even this
should produce 2 tons per acre. Many of us are apt to think
that hay land will go on producing indefinitely without any-
thing being returned to the soil, not realizing that once a
hay field is well started the application of a few dollars'
worth of fertilizer each year will often more than double the
crop. The proper top-dressing of our hay lands each year
should be a more regular practice on our farms, and this
with the use of modern hay tools would materially reduce the
cost of producing hay. Too much stress has been laid on
the need of large barns for hay storage. Many of us would
be better off with smaller barns, using Dutch barns or open
sheds for storing hay. The costly upkeep of buildings on
many of our l^ew England farms has discouraged the second
and third generations from continuing on the farms.

Alfalfa.
We have heard a great deal during the past few years
about growing alfalfa in Massachusetts, and a greater inter-
est than ever before is being manifested in this crop. Cer-
tainly the successful cultivation of it will have much to do
in solving the dairy question. We have quantities of land
suited to the growing of this crop, and yet at the present time
there are only about 300 acres actually planted and producing
in the State. Eour crops a year have been cut from many
fields, with an annual average of 5 tons of dry hay per acre,
although in most cases the crop is used to feed green. Many
experiments are being tried in the use of alfalfa as a silage

No. 4.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. xix

plant, and best results have been obtained when wheat or
rye has been sown with the alfalfa. The first cutting of
alfalfa and rve or wheat may be put in the silo if conditions
are bad for curing hay.

There have been formed quite a number of alfalfa-grow-
ing associations or clubs during the past season, among which
are the Worcester County Alfalfa Association, the IS'ew Eng-
land Alfalfa Growers' Association and the Connecticut Al-
falfa Growers' Association, thus showing that there is a lively
interest in the question, and that steps are being taken to
grow the crop in a large way. There is no reason why our
lighter soils should not be used to grow alfalfa, as there is
a ready sale for the product at good prices, and no better
food for dairy animals has yet been discovered. It is diffi-
cult at present to obtain good seed, but we hope soon to have
an abundant supply either from th6 government, which is
conducting some splendid experiments, or from private
sources where good seed is recognized as the most important
factor in growing the crop.

Sheep.
One often wonders, while going over our State, why more
sheep are not raised, and when the question is brought up
for discussion one generally gets the answer that dogs are
the chief reason why the farmers do not raise sheep. There
is no doubt that dogs do destroy many sheep ; but if the busi-
ness is, or could be made, profitable is it not a fair question
to ask why dogs are allowed to ruin the sheep business any
more than the San Jose scale or other insects are allowed to
ruin the fruit business ? ISTo doubt the sheep business is not
profitable as at present conducted; but if enough farmers
could get together and pool their pastures and engage a man
to care for the sheep in large flocks, there would seem to be
a fair opportunity for profit in the business. Much land
remote from markets should be used for this purpose, while
crops could be grown for winter sheep food that would not
pay if grown for distant shipment. Sheep are being raised
in England, Scotland and Wales on much more restricted
areas than here, although their dogs out-number ours five

XX BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

to one. While dogs there do destroy some sheep, yet the
number is so small under their system as to be only a frac-
tion of the loss from other causes.

It would seem reasonable to suppose that what other coun-
tries, with no better facilities than ours can do, may be done
here. At least, the experiment is worth trying. It is certain
that sheep greatly improve pastures and make them capable,
after a few years, of feeding more cows on the same acreage ;
for they not only eat many plants and bushes which the
cattle will not touch, but their droppings have also a decided
fertilizing value.

Beef Cattle.
There is a decided feeling among many of our farmers
that the time is ripe to again raise beef cattle in our State,
and it would seem that with the high price of beef, together
with the increasing demand for such food, many of our now
idle pastures might easily grow many beef animals. Particu-
larly so would this seem possible in districts remote from
railroads and transportation facilities, where it would be next
to impossible to get perishable farm produce to market at a
profit. The industry has got to be built up from the bottom,
however, and it will take many years to establish it on a
profitable basis. The beginning has got to be made, never-
theless, and soon, if we are to supply the demand. Many
seem to feel that as soon as they get well established in this
business price will drop so that there will be no profit. This
has not been the case in older countries ; in fact, prices have
advanced there, and are as sure to do so here.

Legislation of 1913.

The recommendations of the Board for legislation met
with generally favorable consideration by the Legislature.

Chapter 260, Acts of 1912, was amended so as to provide
for a more general distribution of the bounty to children
and youths. An appropriation of $1,000 was granted the
Board for the encouragement of agTiculture and practical
home arts among boys and girls. The date on or before
which the returns of the agricultural societies drawing

^o. 4.1 J{EJ'OJ{T OF SECKETARY. xxi

bounty shall be tiled was changed from January 10 to De-
cember 10, next preceding, so that the financial year of the
societies might conform to that of the State. An appro-
priation for a deficiency in appropriation for publishing the
special report on ^' A History of Game Birds, Wild Fowl
and Shore Birds " was granted. The appropriation for in-
cidental and contingent expenses was increased $100. A
bill, not submitted by the Board, increasing from $1,000 to
$2,000 the poultry i>remium bounty, was enacted into law.
The only recommendations of the Board which did not
become law were the following : an act providing for an open
season on pheasants and allowing farmers or other persons
to destroy pheasants found injuring cultivated crops; an
act to provide for the collection and distribution of informa-
tion in regard to farms for sale and the agricultural re-
sources, advantages and opportunities of the Commonwealth ;
and an act that the annual appropriation for the use of the
Dairy Bureau be increased from $8,000 to $10,000.

Milk Legislation op 1913.
The recommendation of the Board that an annual appro-
priation of $15,000 for three years be made for the encour-
agement of practical dairymen was made a law, with a re-
duction of the appropriation to $5,000 per year. An act to
safeguard the public health against unclean milk containers
and appliances used in the treatment and mixing of milk
was also placed on the statutes.

Changes in the Board.
The expiration of terms alone resulted in the following
changes in the personnel of the Board: Mr. Ernest W.
Payne, of the Deerfield Valley Society, retires after three
years of service, and Mr. David T. Barnard has been elected
to fill his place ; Mr. Harry A. Ford, of the Hillside Society,
retires after three j'ears of service, and Mr. Harry L.
Packard has been elected from this society; Mr. Augustus
Pratt, of the Plymouth County Society, retires after twenty-
four years of service, and Mr. Ernest Leach of Bridgewater

xxii BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

has been elected to the Board in his place; Mr. Burton W.
Potter, of the Worcester Society, retires after six years of
service, and Mr. Edward A. Waters has been chosen to fill
his place ; Mr. John L. Smith, of the Worcester County West
Society, retires after six years of service, and Mr. James
A. Rice has been elected from this society. The retirement
of Mr. Pratt removes from the Board one whose close in-
terest in, and sympathy with, the work of the Board, ren-
dered unselfishly throughout a long period, makes his
retirement all the more regrettable to all those who have
known him. The resignation of Mr. J. Lewis Ellsworth,
after ten years of service, as secretary of the Board, and the
election to this position of Mr. Wilfrid Wheeler, delegate
from the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, left a vacancy
in the representation from this society which has been filled
by the election of Mr. Edward B. Wilder. The West Taun-
ton Agricultural Society, which has applied for bounty, has
elected as delegate Mr. Charles I. King.

WOEK OF THE OFFICE.

The demands on the office force of the Board have in-
creased faster than provision could be made to meet them,
and consequently it has been impossible to carry on some
phases of the work. The loss of the second clerk, Mr. Erwin
H. Forbush, who in August, after service of a year and a
half, resigned to accept a more lucrative position at the
]\Iassachusetts Agricultural College, has been keenly felt.
Mr. Forbush's training and experience had fitted him to
carry on the editorial work of the office in a most efficient
manner, and he was urgently requested to continue. The
difficulty presented in this case makes it seem advisable to
recommend such a redrafting of the law as to allow the em-
ployment of a second clerk at such a salary, to begin with,
as may be necessary to secure a proficient man, leaving op-
portunity for an occasional advance. Surely a new man,
unacquainted with the details of the office, is not worth the
maximum salary due him after a term of years. As the
Civil Service Commission was imable to certify any one
to fill the position of second clerk, there was held in October

No. 4.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. xxiii

an examination of 41 candidates. At the end of the year
no report of this examination had been made. Mr. J. C.
Goldthwaite of Chester, Vt, has been employed provisionally
for the last four months.

The necessity of having a stenographer in the office who
could give her entire time to this work was met in the spring
by the employment of Miss Josephine W. Riley. As the
appropriation for lectures before the Board and extra clerical
assistance was insufficient, Miss Riley's salary has been paid
from the appropriation for the dissemination of useful in-
formation in agriculture. It is manifestly undesirable to
be obliged to draw for clerical assistance on this fund. For
this reason, and in order that the clerical force of the entire
office may be consolidated, it is recommended that an appro-
priation of $5,000 be made for this object alone. Then the
expense of lectures before the Board should be paid for out
of the dissemination appropriation.

Meetings of the Boaed.

The summer field meeting of the Board was held, at Barn-
stable, July 31 and August 1, in connection with the State
Grange. There was a splendid attendance ; the day was fine,
and a few exhibits of farm tools and machinery served to
attract the people considerably. The following speakers pre-
sented subjects of interest to Cape Cod : Prof. J. C. Graham
on poultry and Dr. H. J. Franklin on cranberries.

The morning session was conducted by the Board, and the
afternoon by the Grange. Many of the Board members
visited several of the cranberry bogs in the vicinity, which
are unusual sights to those living in the western part of the
State.

The winter meeting was held at Springfield, December 2,
3 and 4, in the municipal building, in conjunction with the
Hampden County Improvement League, the Massachusetts
Dairvmen's Association, the Massachusetts Milk Inspectors'
Association and the ISTew England Alfalfa Growers' Associa-
tion. This combination of enthusiastic workers for agricul-
tural progress resulted in one of the largest and best meetings
that the Board has ever held. Everv one worked with a will

xxiv BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

to make the meeting a success, and the added attractions of
the Dairy, Corn, Children's and College exhibitions, together
with splendid exhibits from the various manufacturing com-
panies, left little to be desired in the way of an agricultural
gathering.

The following topics were discussed: poultry, seed, milk,
apples, farm management, dairying, boys' and girls' club
work, home improvement, club work, rural credit, banking,
co-operation and alfalfa. It is hoped that copies of the dis-
cussions on these subjects will soon be printed in pamphlet
form.

The attendance at all sessions averaged 200, and a very
great interest was manifested. Certainly the members of
the Board, and those attending the meeting, will long remem-
ber the cordial reception given them by the Springfield
people, and have carried away many pleasant memories of
a meeting full of interest and optimism for the future of
our agriculture.

Fakmers' Institutes.

Your secretary has given a good deal of thought to the
question of Farmers' Institutes and meetings of this sort, and
one thing seems to stand out prominently if the future in-
stitutes of the Board are to be a success. We need some one
who can conduct these institutes as a circuit, and I recom-
mend that the Board employ a man capable of doing this
sort of work to make up the list, which shall be widely pub-
lished, and attend to the advertising and other necessary de-
tail, so that the institutes shall be a success. In so far as
it is practical, all institutes should be held in connection
with the local agricultural organizations, granges, etc., and
an all-day meeting held, in which topics dealing with the
section may be discussed.

In so far as possible these institutes should be practical
demonstrations or illustrated lectures on the various subjects.
The poster which the Board has voted, and of which we now
have a good supply, should aid materially in attracting at-
tention to these institutes. We are having more calls for
speakers than we can attend to with our present appropria-
tion, and if all the demands are to be met a large appropria-

No. 4.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. xxv

tion will have to be obtained. Our money for institute work
is now drawn from the dissemination fund, and with such
demands from all sources upon this fund it is impossible to
do the work without more money. An increase of $2,800 is
asked for this year.

The institute work of the year was carried on as usual.
There were held 144 institutes with 174 sessions, there hav-
ing been more two-session institutes than ordinarily. All the
societies held three or more meetings except the Eastern
Hampden, which held one, and the Hampshire, Hoosac Val-
ley, Middlesex South and Quannapowitt societies, which held
two each. Eight societies held four or more meetings, and 38
institutes were held by organizations other than the societies
represented on the Board. The aggregate attendance for the
year was 20,017 persons, or 115 per session, as against 118
last year, 126 in 1911, 110 in 1910, 137 in 1909, 111 in
1908, 118 in 1907, 127 in 1906, 125 in 1905, and figures
ranging from 94 in 1899 to 109 in 1904 for previous years.

The addition of a subject list to the published list of
speakers seems to have been of considerable assistance to
those in charge of institute work.

Boys' and Gikls' Agricultural Work.

The $200 granted two years ago to each agricultural so-
ciety in the State had an immediate effect in stimulating
agricultural societies among the boys and girls of the State.
In sections where there was active co-operation on the part
of the school people with the fair officials the exhibits have
been large and excellent in quality.

The $1,000 appropriated last year for State work has been
used in promoting a more definite type of home projects in
potato, corn and market-garden work, also encouraging the
cultivation of small back-yard gardens by those who did not
have larger areas.

Cups were offered to cities and towns in which the boys
and girls did the best agricultural work. Brockton won first
prize, and Worcester second, in the city contest ; Hadley won
first, and Groton and Methuen tied for second place in the
town contest. Cash premiums were offered the schools doing

xxvi BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

the best work. Among the larger schools, the Mark Hopkins
School, N^orth Adams, won first prize; Central Grammar,
Hadley, second; Southworth Street School, Williamstown,
third; Marshall School, Brockton, fourth; and the grammar
school at North Hadlej, fifth. In the rural school contest,
Russellville School of Hadley won first prize; Chicopee
School, Groton, second; West School, Hadley, third; JSTew
Boston School, Hadley, fourth; and the Moors School,
Groton, fifth.

There were 190 entries in the market-garden contest, 193
in the potato contest, each planting at least one-eighth acre;
39 entries in the one-half acre corn, and 25 in the acre corn
contests. More than 75 per cent, of those who entered
planted the area, cared for and harvested a crop. Many
applied scientific methods, and although the season was poor
had excellent results. These contestants were grouped into
two corn clubs, four potato clubs and one market-garden
club. The 7 winners were given a free trip to Washington,
D. C, where they met champions from 29 other States where
similar work is being done ; the 7 winning second place will
be given a free trip to some place of agricultural interest in
!N'ew England ; and the third prize winners will spend a week
at the Massachusetts Agricultural College, where a special
program will be prepared for them.

At the State exhibit held at Springfield, over 150 exhibits
of pecks of potatoes, plates of potatoes, ten-ear exhibits of
corn, single ears and exhibits of. garden products were made
by these young agi'iculturalists. It was a large and excellent
display that attracted much attention and favorable com-
ment.

Your secretary feels that the boys' and girls' department
is a very important one, and that it should receive encour-
agement and financial support. It would seem that the full
amount of $3,000 asked for last season should be granted
this year by the Legislature.

The complete list of the winners of rewards follows : —

1. Fordyee Anderson, Plainfield, $45 00

2. Whitney J. Bent, Maynard, 1 00

3. John E. Blodgett, Holland, 1 00

No. 4.]

REPORT OF SECRETARY.

XXVll

4. Harold A. Bolles, Wilbraham,

5. Orin Butcher, Concord, .

6. John R. Callahan, Hadley,

7. Harold F. Campbell, Brockton,

8. Elbert A. Chapman, Montgomery,

9. Walter T. Clark, Granby,

10. Harold L. Cobb, Bernardston,

11. Nelson M. Colkins, Rutland, .

12. Chas. Depoyan, Bridgewater, .

13. John K. Devine, North Hadley,

14. George Enderson, Hadley,

15. George Erickson, Brockton,

16. Howard Estes, Windsor, .

17. Lawrence Estes, Windsor,

18. Thomas J, Glasser, Uxbridge, .

19. Henry Graves, Plainfield,

20. Cleon Hammond, Abington, .

21. Robert E. Hanitin, Belchertown,

22. Warren Hapgood, Framingham,

23. Ferdinand J. Ice, Williamsburg,

24. Frank Kokoski, Hadley, .

25. Donald Lunt, Maynard, .

26. Joseph Kokoski, North Amherst,

27. Carlton D. Maeomber, South Westport,

28. Gordon B. McKay, Brockton, .

29. Spencer Merriam, Westminster,

30. Ellery M. Metcalf, Saugus, .

31. Ethelwyn H. Moore, Worcester,

32. Newell W. Nichols, Sturbridge,

33. Kenneth Nickerson, Harwich, .

34. Eldon Packard, Brockton,

35. Edward Parsons, North Amherst,

36. Roger E. Peck, Shelburne Falls,

37. Wm. C. Pierce, Jr., Lincoln, .

38. Elizabeth Root, Easthampton,

39. Kenfred Root, Easthampton, .

40. Walter Root, Easthampton, .

41. Center Grammar School, Hadley,

42. Chicopee School, Groton,

43. Mark Hopkins School, North Adams,

44. Marshall School, Brockton,

45. Moors School, Groton,

46. New Boston School, Hadley, .

47. North Hadley Grammar School, North Hadley,

48. Russellville School, Hadley, .

49. Southworth Street School, Williamstown,

$6 00
30 00

6 00
12 00

9 00
52 00
35 00

2 00
42 00
63 00

5 00
10 00

15 00
40 00

30 00

2 00
45 00

7 00

19 00

20 00

3 00

2 00
1 50
1 00

16 00

31 00
40 00
28 00
12 50

1 00

8 00

3 00

4 00
50 00

17 00

21 00
12 00
20 00
20 00
25 00
10 00

5 00
10 00

5 00
25 00
15 GO

XXVlll

BOARD OF AGRICITTURE. [Pub. Doc.

50. West Street School, Hadley, .

51. Cathei'ine Slein, New Braintree,

52. Alexander Smith, Westj^ort,

53. Chester A. Smith, Hadley,

54. Clifford Stetson, Plainfield,

55. Wm. P. Strong, Holyoke,

56. Ralph Walker, Marlborough,

57. Lloyd White, Ludlow, .

58. Warren W. Wetherbee, Stow,

59. Chas. C. Wilson, Warren,

60. Edward F. Wilson, Warren,

$15 00
40 00

2 00
19 00

1 00

3 00
40 00

1 00

29 00

5 00

5 00

The 'New England Fkuit Show.
This organization held a very successful show at Horti-
cultural Hall this year, and was materially assisted by the
Board; which offered prizes for Massachusetts-grown apples,
pears, etc. The whole exhibition was the best ever staged in
the east, and it is even doubtful if anywhere in this country
a better show has ever been brought together. Owing to the
late frosts, which reduced the apple crop to a large extent,
there was not as much fruit in the halls as at the show of
1911, but certainly the better quality and packing of the
fruit made up for the lessened amount. The box fruit was
particularly fine and showed conclusively that the work begun
and maintained by the ^ew England Fruit Show has had
its effect to a marked degree in this direction. The Board,
in bringing Mr. Castner from the west at the last show, cer-
tainly did a splendid thing in demonstrating the great im-
portance of proper packing of apples. The Massachusetts
Fruit Growers' Association also did some splendid work in
collecting a noncompetitive exhibit for Massachusetts of over
200 boxes, and the expenses of this exhibit were borne by
this Board from its special prize appropriation.

CoEN Show.
The Board held a corn show in connection with its winter
meeting at Springfield, and while only $300 was offered in
prizes, yet a very fine exhibition resulted, in spite of the
fact that never has there been in recent years such an un-
favorable season for corn growing in Massachusetts. The

Xo. 4.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. xxix

late frosts of J\lii_v killed mncli early ])laiitc(l seed, while a
very severe frost on the night of September 12 damaged a
large amount of the unripened grain; with these two dis-
asters, added to the wet weather of October, one wonders how
any corn was matured in the State.

All classes were well competed for. Flint corn was, on the
whole, harder than dent, but some very fine dent Avas ex-
hibited. Professor Taylor of Durham, I^. H., judged the
contest. The money for prizes and ribbons for this show
was drawn from the special exhibition appropriation.

Wild Deer.

So much complaint has been received by the Board and
also by the Fisheries and Game Commission that it would
seem advisable for the State to enact >some drastic law regard-
ing these animals which are such a menace to the orchard
industry.

The State paid $19,977.29 to our fruit growers for dam-
ages by deer in 1913, but this money does not in any way
compensate for losses sustained.

A bill, indorsed by many of our farmers in the western
part of the State, will be presented to the Legislature this
year, calling for a longer open season on deer, and also giv-
ing to the farmer the right to use the meat of the animals he
may kill.

The only way we can hope to get relief from this deer
nuisance will no doubt be by the extermination of them,
but how best to accomplish this result is difficult to decide.
Certainly one thing is necessary, and that is to prevent deer
from private parks escaping to our wild lands, and a law
requiring all private-deer parks to be fenced will be abso-
lutely necessary. Massachusetts should never become a reser-
vation for deer, and any law looking toward the abatement
of this nuisance would be acceptable to this Board.

Massachusetts Dairymen's Show.
This recently organized association is doing splendid work
in dairying, and this year the Board has given it $560 for
show purposes. The association has held two exhibitions,

XXX BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

one at Brockton and one at Springfield. The show at Brock-
ton was not as large as expected, but the time was too short
to properly prepare for it. At Spring-field ample time was
allowed, however, and through the efforts of the Massachu-
setts milk inspectors and the Hampden County Improvement
League, working in conjunction with the Dairymen's Asso-
ciation, the large number of 207 samples, representing every
section of the State, were brought together for competition.
This is the largest milk show ever recorded in this country,
and the success goes to prove that when all agencies work
together a great interest can be aroused. The samples scored
very high in nearly all classes, and one very significant fact
was that where milk from expensively constructed dairies
was brought in competition with that from ordinary barns,
the rule was that the ordinary barn milk won the prizes, thus
showing that the man is the largest factor in clean milk pro-
duction. The Board furnished some very attractive ribbons,
together with money, for prizes at this show.

!N'uRSERY Inspection.
This very important work has gone on satisfactorily this
season, and the continuance of it seems more than ever neces-
sary, not alone to check the spread of the various insects
within the State and from our own State to others, but also
to prevent the importation of dangerous insects from else-
where. At the present time every shipment of plants, etc.,
coming into Massachusetts from foreign countries is exam-
ined by our inspectors, and if any suspicious insect or dis-
ease is found, the shipment is either destroyed, fumigated
or quarantined. Just one example of the value of this work.
On one shipment of trees from Japan last spring, our in-
spectors found no less than twelve insects of various kinds,
many of them new to our country, as well as three dangerous
plant diseases. ISTeedless to say the shipment was destroyed.
If this sort of work had been begun twenty-five years ago
we would not now be fighting the gypsy and brown-tail
moths, and the value of this preventive work cannot be com-
puted in dollars and cents. In the case of the Japanese

No. 4.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. xxxi

shipment, if only one of those insects had proved to be a bad
one, it might cost the country millions of dollars in a short
time.

Other States are making more stringent laws all the time
regarding nursery shipments, and our nursery inspectors
have got to meet this by more careful inspections, so that
there will be absolutely no danger of shipments of dangerous
insects to territories now clean. The Colorado potato beetle,
under no inspection, spread w^ith amazing rapidity all over
the country, while we have had the gypsy moth for over
twenty-five years, and it is still confined to J^ew England,
owing to our stringent laws and the good work by those
charged with their enforcement.

Insect Pest^.

There have been quite a number of serious outbreaks of
insects during the past season, the tent caterpillar and brown-
tail moth being the worst oft'enders. There is no doubt that
the tent caterpillar has been getting worse and worse during
the past few years, and the outbreak of this year is only an
inkling of what we may expect this coming season unless
some of this insect's natural enemies rise up and keep it
down. All over southern 'New England this insect made the
landscape hideous with its stripped trees and unsightly nests.
Apple trees, wild cherry, peach and plum are its natural
food, and where no spraying was done the insects had a free
course. In order that the damage may not be repeated this
year, and to lessen the chance of these pests spreading, all
wild cherry trees should be cut down, as well as all apple
trees which are not going to be cared for by the owners.
Many of the wild and old pasture apple trees which stand
too far from the home farm to pay to care for would much
better be turned into firewood than left to act as a feeding
and breeding place for these insects.

The forest tent caterpillar was also bad in some places,
where their w^ork is often mistaken for that of the gypsy
moth. Very serious damage was done late in the summer
in some locations by the brown-tail moth, and there seems

xxxii BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

to be no end to the spread of this creature. In the forester's
report will be found more complete details regarding both
this and the gypsy moth.

Orchard insects have been numerous this season, in par-
ticular the codling moth and railroad worm. Seldom have
we had such an outbreak of the former, which this year ap-
peared in larger quantities the second time than it did the
first. In many places where a second spraying was not
made the small apple crop was further badly reduced by this
insect.

Scale insects seem to be held fairly well in check by most
orchardists. Indeed, this insect regulates itself fairly w^ell,
for where it is neglected by the orchardist it soon kills the
trees and consequently itself. There is, however, grave dan-
ger of its spreading further on many ornamental shrubs and
trees, such as dog'^vood, Japanese quince, mountain ash and
lilac.

Insects on vegetable plants were not as numerous as usual,
although the asparagus beetle was much in evidence during
the early part of the season. Aphids and plant lice were bad
on cabbage and cauliflower. One very hopeful thing in con-
nection with all insects is that where their natural parasites
are abundant very little damage is done, but let their para-
sites be reduced materially and serious outbreaks are sure
to follow.

Roads.

The road question in the State is getting to be more serious
each year, for with the increased automobile travel all roads
are receiving very severe wear. The burden of building good,
new roads comes very hard, even on the well-to-do towns, and
is practically impossible in the hill towns where good roads
are absolutely essential to development. E^ot only does the
small town need good roads to get its products to market, but
fully as important are good roads in bringing the people to
the towns. There should be a system of State highways con-
necting all of the hill towns, but the towns themselves should
make good roads to connect with the State roads. This last
season the State built about 60 miles of State highways in
conjunction wnth towns, under the small towns road act, thus

No. 4.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. xxxiii

assisting nearly 90 towns, and about the same amount of
work is planned for the coming year ; but this is not enough
to make travel safe and easier in the hill towns. Many of
these will be denied the service of the trolley for years, and
in the meantime good roads should be constructed. The bill
introduced last year, but laid over for consideration by the
incoming Legislature, designed to give towns aid in construct-
ing roads, is, in the opinion of your secretary, worthy of
notice. This bill provides a State official to supervise the
construction of roads in small towns where two or more of
them can unite, and as much money is now wasted in con-
structing poor roads it would seem as if the passage of this
bill would materially aid the situation. Certainly good roads
are the first essential to the repopulating of our hill towns.

The Agricultural College.

At the present rate of growth our agricultural college will
soon need many new buildings. In fact, some are absolutely
necessary at once, and it is to be hoped that the Legislature
will grant the money to build those most needed this year.

The college is keeping in close touch with all the advance-
ment in agricultural education, and while it may be doing
its best to keep all departments in the highest state of ef-
ficiency, there are some of the practical courses which need
better instructors and investigators, chief among which is
the market-garden course. This seems to have been neglected
more or less lately. We need the best instructors in this
course, as Massachusetts should produce double the amount
of market-garden crops that she does at present, and what is
more important is the need of our market gardeners from
time to time of help in solving their many vexing problems.

It would seem that in the rapid expansion of the college
in the past few years some practical subjects — the teaching
of which is most important — have been lost sight of, and
now that agricultural expansion has pretty well covered the
State it would seem advisable that greater attention be paid
to the development of the plans already laid out, looking
particularly toward a very strong central organization at the
college, where not only students will receive the kind of in-

xxxiv BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

struction which will fit them to carry on the farms of the
State, but where also our farmers and gardeners can from
time to time get inspiration and help.

The very pleasant relations of the Board and the college
have existed this year as formerly, and many of the college
instructors and professors have supplied our institutes with
splendid lectures on subjects of interest to the farmers.

Electricity and Agriculture.

Undoubtedly no one thing would do more toward solving
many of our agricultural problems than cheap electric power
for our farms. Electricity to light the farm home and farm
buildings, to cut the silage and run dairy apparatus, to turn
the washing machine, to heat flatirons, cook and do a hundred
other things in the home would lessen much of the drudgery
of farm life and serve to make the life of our brave, patient
farm women lighter and give them more of an incentive to
encourage their boys to stay on the farm and their daughters
to marry farm men.

We have many streams and ponds in our State capable of
developing much power, and where towns are themselves not
able to put in the necessary plant private capital should be
urged to do so, or the State furnish the necessary means to
develop the latent power.

Conference of Organizations.

At the suggestion of the president of the agricultural col-
lege and vote of the trustees, the Board passed a vote at the
last annual meeting, calling a conference of the various organ-
izations interested in agricultural work in the State. The
organizations represented were: the Agricultural College,
Board of Agriculture, Boston Chamber of Commerce, the
Massachusetts State Grange, the Board of Education and the
Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture.

Two meetings of this conference have been held, the first
one at Amherst, where four organizations were represented,
and the second at Boston, with five of the organizations rep-
resented.

No. 4.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. xxxv

Questions discussed were the relative functions of the va-
rious organizations, and in particular those of the college and
the Board of Agi-iculture. It was agreed at the first meeting
that President Butterfield and your secretary should draw
up statements regarding their views of the work of each
organization. These reports have been drawn up, but owing
to the absence of President Butterfield that of your secre-
tary has not as yet been submitted.

Apiaey Inspection.
The work of this department has been very thorough this
year, although the small number of inspectors, the small ap-
propriation and tlie large field to be covered has made it
well-nigh impossible to visit all places. That there is a
growing field for this work would seem apparent from the
fact that we are getting calls from all over the State for ex-
aminations of apiaries and instruction in beekeeping. The
usefulness of the bee in pollination of fruit blossoms has not
been appreciated, and we should keep more bees in the State
if only for this purpose.

State Ornithologist.
Very few people recognize the important work that Mr.
Forbush, our State Ornithologist, is doing, not only for Mas-
sachusetts, but for the whole country. His splendid work
in connection with the recently passed federal laws, enacted
to save our migratory birds and to protect in other countries
the fast vanishing species of rare and beautiful birds, places
him in the front ranks of those who have devoted their life's
work to a worthy cause. Birds have not been given their
true value in our economic life as insect destroyers, and the
only reason that the gypsy and brown-tail moths are not held
in check by birds is that there are so few birds and so many
other insects on which they are used to feeding that as yet
they have not learned to eat these insects. Increase the num-
ber of birds and the insect pests will soon be taken care of.
The new edition of Mr. Forbush's book, " Useful Birds and
their Protection," has come from the press, and brings this
very important work up to date in all essentials.

xxxvi BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Mr. Forbush has this year refused a very attractive offer
to go to Washington on a salary commensurate with his serv-
ices, but has decided to remain in Massachusetts. At pres-
ent he is receiving only a very small salary, and it would
seem to your secretary, in view of what he has given to the
State in the past, and hopes to give in the future, that his
salary should be increased to at least $2,000. I therefore
recommend that this increase be granted.

The State Foeestee.

Under the direction of State Forester Raue the work of
destroying and keeping in check the gypsy and brown-tail
moths is going on with a fair degi'ee of success, but the mag-
nitude of this problem cannot be realized unless we consider
the large area over which these pests have already spread.
This department is working with the United States Depart-
ment, who are attempting to keep the infestation confined
to 'New England, but it is apparently an uphill fight, and the
moths will sooner or later spread to other States unless in
the meantime some parasite or disease is found to control
them. As a rule, the cities and towns of eastern Massachu-
setts were kept quite free from serious inroads of the pests
this season, but many tracts of woodland were badly
stripped.

The work of reforestation is going on wherever land is
acquired. Forest fires are being controlled to a gTeater de-
gree, and in co-operation with to^vns and cities the forester
is trying to work up a sentiment toward town and municipal
forests. The Massachusetts Forestry Association is much in
favor of a plan for State forests, and this together with the
State Forester's plans ought to work out satisfactorily, so
that land which is worthless for agriculture might be used
for State forests.

Wasted Ageicultueal Resoueces.
One thing which Massachusetts has to contend with, and
which should be brought to the attention of all of us, is that
much of her best agricultural land is now in the hands of

No. 4.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. xxxvii

people who do not use it for agricultural purposes, or even
if they do, the products generally go to satisfy some fancy
farming scheme, and are not materially used in the general
market. The holdings of these people are becoming gi^eater
and greater each year. Our farmers seem willing to sell
their places at the rather attractive prices offered them, not
realizing that the amount of money which they might re-
ceive for their farm put out at interest would not give them
the kind of living that they had on the farm. Another phase
of this situation is that many of these holdings by non-agTi-
cultural people are within a short distance of the cities, and
are in many cases the old farms from which the cities got
their milk supply. This is more true of Boston than of the
other cities, and now Boston is suffering from what might
be termed, for lack of a better name, long-distance milk,
and in many instances the very people who are most con-
cerned about Boston's milk supply are either living on or
own one of these farms which have been withdrawn from the
producing line.

Another side of the question which should be considered
has to do with the cultivating of land which is being held
near large cities for speculative purposes. This land should
not be allowed to be idle, as it is in many cases for years,
but should be rented to desirable persons who would use it
for growing their own vegetables and fruit. Many city lots
are now being used in this way, but I refer more particularly
to land lying immediately outside of cities. If our people
from mill towns could but use this land and grow on it a
pal't of their own food, there would be less talk of the high
cost of living and the red flag would disappear from the
streets of our mill towns.

The Daiey Bueeau.
This Bureau has conducted its work in the same efficient
manner as in the past, and under its able general agent cases
of fraud against the dairy laws have been prosecuted. The
relations between this Bureau and the Board have been har-
monious; so much so that the Board has placed the appro-
priation of $15,000 for the encouragement of dairying in

xxxviii BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

its hands, and the report of the Bureau will state what use
it has made of the money.

Your secretary feels that the Board, through its Dairy
Bureau, has widened its influence to a marked degree, and
particularly so in the system adopted for the distribution of
this appropriation. We need more constructive work in
dairying at the present time, and certainly no work done
along dairy lines has resulted in so much favorable com-
ment as has this.

Fairs.

A good many of the fairs had bad weather for at least
part of the time, and some were unfortunate enough to have
bad weather over their entire dates. This, of course, cut
down receipts in many cases and made it difficult for the
societies to meet their obligations. There has been a tend-
ency for some of the fairs to go along the lines followed for
years in the offering of premiums and in the general con-
duct of the show, and it would seem that the time has come
for some material changes to be made if we are to meet
successfully the demands of our times. It would seem that.
first, our fairs should be more predominantly agricultural ;
the tendency of some fairs toward the industrial and sport-
ing side seems to indicate a belief that the community does
not wish to have agricultural fairs. Then, also, there is a
tendency to make too much of the so-called fakirs' row and
attractions of like nature, which, although allowed on the
grounds by the State police, do nothing to serve the cause
of agTiculture except by bringing a small revenue to the
association. This small revenue might be made a large one
if the fairs would adopt some better form of attraction,
which might take the form of a moving-picture show in some
sections, while in others, pageants, depicting the history of
the town or section, might be advisable.

The question of premiums also is a most important one,
and many are inclined to think that we have arrived at the
time when it would be best to offer large prizes for the best
crops gro\vn in a given section, or the best conducted farm,
making it a condition that a liberal amount of the crop or

No. 4.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. xxxix

the products of the farm shall form a feature of the fair.
The standardization of the premium lists and exhibits of
our fairs is desirable, and to this end there should be a list
of judges acceptable to the Board, who alone should be
allowed to judge, and it should be their particular duty to
see that no unworthy article is awarded a prize.

A certain percentage of the money paid to the agricultural
societies should be awarded as State prizes for the best fruit,
vegetables, poultry, animals, etc., in each class, and ribbons
suitably inscribed be given in connection with the money.
These ribbons should be awarded only in limited numbers
and to only the very best objects.

The Poultry Outlook.

The same plan should be applied to poultry exhibits, mak-
ing the State prizes a distinct feature* and paying prizes only
for best birds in a few good classes.

The demand for an increased production of poultry and
eggs has been so great that the methods of care and manage-
ment have not kept pace with it. Especially is this true of
intensive poultry keeping. The poultry business not being
yet reduced to an exact science, many suppose that it is pos-
sible to get a particular breed of fowl that will give a high
egg production irrespective of other conditions ; yet in poul-
try contests no one breed takes the lead, and in the investi-
gational work carried on at the various stations and colleges,
breed or variety do not appear to be specially important.
The poultry house is no doubt a very important factor, but
there are many who seem to suppose that more depends upon
the house than anything else. Many poultrymen think the
modern type of house is not automatic enough, and are look-
ing also for one that will house from 500 to 2,000 in one
flock as efficiently as we can house 25 to 100, imagining that
in such a house hens will lay in spite of the conditions that
naturally result from overcrowding.

There are other people who pin their faith on some par-
ticular kind of feed, patented or otherwise, that will make
hens lay regardless of their breeding, housing, general care

xl BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

and management. So strong is the belief that some such
feed can be found, that thousands of dollars are still "being
wasted every year in this State in buying patented feeds
and many so-called poultry foods that are not in themselves
foods at all. But condiments and stimulants have about had
their day in the poultry business.

Many experiments have been carried on at our various
agricultural experiment stations to determine the value of
certain types of houses, feeds, etc., but in almost every case
it was found that more depended upon the individual hen
than on the house or the feed. This naturally led to a study
of the hens themselves, irrespective of the house, feed or
variety. So we now have our tested hen just as the dairy-
man has his tested cow. She is tested for egg production,
fertility, hatchability of eggs and viability and growth of
chicks.

It must be kept in mind that we are not belittling the
breed, the house or the feed. We consider these important
factors in poultry culture, but we believe undue emphasis
has been laid upon them in the past. They are simply tools
in the hands of the poultryman. What is of much greater
importance than the particular tool selected is that these
tools are handled by men who possess considerable knowl-
edge and skill. In other words, success in poultry keeping
depends largely upon the human element involved, the same
as in any other line of effort.

Co-operation.

We are at present hearing a great deal about co-operation
in all kinds of business, and particularly so in regard to agri-
culture ; so much so that the American commission, consist-
ing of delegates from all over the country, was sent to Eu-
rope this past summer to make a study of agricultural
co-operation and rural credits, and many of their findings
are exceedingly interesting.

Apparently there are many ways in which our farmers
might co-operate to their mutual advantage, but there ap-
pears to be a spirit of independence among us which is detri-

No. 4.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. xli

mental to that get-together spirit so absolutely necessary in
a co-operative society, and it is difficult to find among us
the common point where we can come together.

European experience has proved in case after case that
co-operation has brought the farmer up from a hopeless con-
dition to one of prosperity. It seems necessary to have a
very bad condition of affairs before co-operation can be
brought about. We have seen in this country the western
fruit growers organize and co-operate only after they had
found it impossible to sell their products as individuals.
Undoubtedly some such condition will have to exist here
before we can accomplish much, especially in regard to sell-
ing agencies. It does not seem as difficult to co-operate in
a buying agency. Co-operation would certainly aid us much
in such questions as central cold-storage plants ; milk sta-
tions ; transportation companies ; sales companies ; good seed ;
cow-testing associations, etc.

One of the most important points in co-operation among
farmers is the establishing of a standard for their products.
"No doubt each individual farmer can establish his own stand-
ard, but this means little when selling goods in a large way.
The Danes could not sell the enormous quantity of butter
exported each year were there not a standard established by
the co-operative society, to the rules of which each indi-
vidual member must conform; neither could they get the
large uniform prices as individuals.

We should have co-operative societies in our State to
handle the principal crops. Butter, eggs, poultry, milk,
fruit, etc., should be sold through State co-operative societies,
each package or article bearing the stamp of the association
and the grade of the products, thus guaranteeing to the con-
sumer the quality of the goods sold.

Extracts from the Trespass Laws.

The demand for the cloth posters containing extracts from

the trespass laws has continued about as usual, and it was

necessary to have 3,000 printed in the middle of the year.

The frequent requests for, and offers to purchase, posters

xlii BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

in addition to the maximum number of five allowed by law
to be given to any one applicant in a year has made it de-
sirable that the statute under which these are printed and
distributed be so amended as to permit the secretary of the
Board to sell at not less than the cost thereof as many addi-
tional posters as any applicant may require, the money re-
ceived from such sales to be credited to the appropriation
for incidental and contingent expenses, from which the cost
of printing is paid.

Good Seed.

The importance of good seed cannot be too highly em-
phasized, as this is the most essential step in all of our agri-
cultural work. Certain kinds of seed, like corn, squash,
tomato, etc., can best be grown by the farmer himself, pro-
vided he establishes a good strain and keeps it up by careful
selection; but other seeds are difficult to grow, and here we
must depend on the seedsmen for our supply. All seed
should be tested both as to its germinating per cent, and its
freedom from weed seed; and where strains of known worth
are carried by seedsmen, we should not hesitate to pay more
for them than for seeds of unknown merit. As a rule, seed
germinated satisfactorily this season, but in some instances
a very poor quality of seed was sent out, resulting in many
cases in the entire loss of the crop. The screening, to elim-
inate that which is too small, is a good practice, and shows
remarkable results, particularly in the tobacco industry.
The sizing of lettuce seed for the greenhouses is also a
marked advantage, resulting in perfectly uniform beds of
lettuce.

POUETEY PeEMIUM BoUNTY.

The poultry premium bounty was distributed to the differ-
ent poultry associations applying therefor, in proportion to
the premiums paid for the breeds specified by the Board.
Two societies each received the maximum allowance of $300.
The following list shows what societies received bounty and
the amount to each : —

No. 4.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. xliii

Attleborough Poultry Association, ....
Dalton Poultry, Pigeon and Pet Stock Association, .
Eastern Massachusetts Poultry and Pigeon Association,
Holyoke Poultry and Pet Stock Association,

Lenox Poultry Association,

Mansfield Poultry, Pigeon and Pet Stock Association,

Milford Poultry Association,

New England Poultry Association, ....
Northern Berkshire Poultry Association, .
Springfield Poultry Club,

$70 55

160 43

111 03

300 00

147 71

56 18

260 40

202 90

115 33

300 00

Total, $1,724 53

. Booklet on Massachusetts Agriculture.

This office is receiving an average of six applications daily
for information regarding agricultural land and opportu-
nities in Massachusetts, and we sadly^ need a booklet of some
sort to send to such inquirers. This pamphlet should be a
good writeup of Massachusetts from an agricultural stand-
point. It should be well illustrated and have a number of
maps as a supplement and a list of farms for sale, without
any lengthy description. I make this latter suggestion after
giving the subject due thought, for I have hesitated a long
time before advocating anything that would seem at all like
a real estate scheme. Many of the people who write or come
to this office in search of a farm ask if we have any prices
on farm lands, saying that they will not go to see such places
unless the prices are fixed before they go, giving as an expla-
nation that when they go to places that are not priced the
OAvners always ask an unreasonable price, especially if the
purchaser is a city person.

We are asking this season for $2,500 to publish a booklet
on Massachusetts and her agricultural resources, and it is
to be hoped that we shall get it, for the advertising which
we got from our farm catalogue was certainly many times
worth the price.

xliv

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Publications.
The following publications were issued by this Board dur-
ing 1913, and may be secured upon application to this
office : —

Number.

Agriculture of Massachusetts, 1912

Crop Report No. 1

Crop Report No. 2

Crop Report No. 3,

Crop Report No. 4

Crop Report No. 5, ........ .

List of available publications

Circular No. 1,

Circular No. 2,

Circular No. 3,

Circular No. 5,

Circular No. 6, ......... .

Circular No. 7 • .

Circular No. 8

Circular No. 10,

Circular No. 11, .........

Separate No. 2,

Separate No. 3,

Separate, Growing Small Fruits and Berries

Separate, Some Practical Points in the Management of Poultry
for Egg Production.

Separate, Recent Advancement in Market Gardening, .

Nature Leaflet No. 1 (reprint),

Nature Leaflet No. 2 (reprint),

Nature Leaflet No. 5 (reprint),

Nature Leaflet No. 14 (reprint),

Nature Leaflet No. 26 (reprint)

Nature Leaflet No. 27 (reprint)

Nature Leaflet No. 28 (reprint)

Nature Leaflet No. 35 (reprint)

Nature Leaflet No. 38 (reprint),

Nature Leaflet No. 41 (reprint),

Nature Leaflet No. 43 (reprint),

Annual Report of State Inspector of Apiaries (Apiarv Inspec-
tion Bulletin No. 6).

Annual Report of State Nursery Inspector, ....

Annual Report of State Ornithologist

Directory of Agricultural Organizations, .....

Special Report by State Ornithologist on "Useful Birds and
their Protection."

7031

15,000

96

8,000

88

6,000

76

5,200

36

5,600

48

6,000

4

2,000

8

10,000

24

5,000

12

1,000

12

2,000

12

3,000

8

1,000

16

1,000

16

500

24

500

36

4,000

20

600

4

1,500

4

2,500

4

2,000

8

1,500

4

2,000

4

2,000

8

1,500

12

1,500

12

3,000

4

2,000

4

2,000

12

2,000

16

400

36

3,000

28

50

451

3,000

1 Including twenty-fifth report of the Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station
240 pages. Does not include 41 pages of cuts.

Bulletins on Massachusetts Agriculture.
No bulletins have been published this year, although much
time has been spent in the revision of Nos. 2 and 3, and the
publication of a new bulletin, 'No. 6, on " Dairying." Every
article which appeared in Bulletin No. 2, on " Apple Grow-
ing," has been revised by its author, and one or more new
articles have been added, making it still more useful to the
farmer. This bulletin is now in press, and is expected within
a month. Bulletin 1:^0. 3, on " Grasses and Forage Crops,"
has been revised, and an essay on new grasses will be added.

No. 4.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. xlv

The bulletin on " Dairying," which is now in press, is one
which has been needed for some time. It contains articles
by some of the leading dairymen of the country, and covers
the field fairly well. The bulletin has about 140 pages, in-
cluding an extensive bibliography. A fairly wide scope is
covered by the bulletins now published, which are of great
help to the farmer. Bulletins should also be issued on animal
husbandry and beekeeping. The supply of Bulletins ISTos.
1 and 5, on " Poultry Culture " and " Vegetable Growing,"
respectively, is getting low, and they will need to be reprinted
the coming year.

Crop Reports.

The monthly Crop Reports were published this year as
usual, with the exception of the October issue, the issuance of
which has been postponed owing to lack of money. A num-
ber of interesting and helpful special articles were contained
in the various numbers, including " Peach Growing in West-
ern Massachusetts," by Mr. L. W. Rice, " Co-operation," by
Mr. C. R. White, " Diversified Farm Accounting," by Mr.
L. A. Sloman and " Farm Ice Houses," by Mr. B. S. Pickett.

The May issue was the quarter century number of the
Crop Report, and contained the names and a sketch of all
active correspondents, together with their terms of service.
The editions were as follows : May, 8,000 ; June, 6,000 ; July,
5.200; August, 5,600; Septemi3er, 6,000. Copies of the
June, August and September issues are still available at this
office.

After carefully considering the question of Crop Reports,
your secretary has come to believe that it would be wise to
discontinue the printing of these. The ground regarding
the crops is fairly well covered at the present time by the
papers and the United States government, and while these
agencies may not get at the same source of information as
do our correspondents, the reports are quite complete. As at
present conducted we have no paid correspondents, and it is
becoming increasingly difficult to get correct data from our
correspondents, and, further, to get it printed quickly enough
to be of value. In many ways it is to be regretted that
work of this sort should be given up, but unless we can get

xlvi

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

more accurate data, and get them more quickly, it would be
better to use tbe money in some other way. To this end I
would suggest a weekly letter, containing market quotations
on the principal crops, together with some topics of vital in-
terest to our farmers.

Publication of Annual Report.

The Board voted at Springfield to accept the recommenda-
tion of the secretary regarding the publication of the annual
report, which in brief is as follows : —

That tJiere shall be printed for distribution 5,000 copies
of the report as it is at present, but without the experiment
station report, and that there shall be printed separate copies
of all papers and lectures for general distribution, in such
numbers as may be deemed necessary by the secretary. The
reason for this recommendation is that very often persons
coming to the office wish only one bulletin and now have to
take away the whole volume. There would also be consider-
able money saved in mailing and in printing, and the follow-
ing table will show the approximate saving, both in pages
and money cost. The present cost of printing" the annual re-
port is $6,000 and the estimated cost of the new book would
be $3,250, thus leaving a balance of $2,750 to be used in
printing separates from the reports for wider distribution.

Legislative Appropriations.

1913.

Objects for which appropriated.

Appropri-
ation.

Used.

Traveling and necessary expenses of the Board,

$1,300 00

$1,458 34

Salaries of secretary and clerks

5,700 00

5,700 00

Traveling and necessary expenses of the secretary, .

500 00

329 19

Lectures before the Board and extra clerical assistance, .

1,600 00

1,595 21

Incidental

1,600 00

1,593 60

Dissemination of useful information in agriculture,

6,000 00

6,001 48

Printing 15,000 copies "Agriculture of Massachusetts," .

6,000 00

-

Bounties to agricultural societies,

32,000 00

27,207 18

Poultry premium bounties,

2,000 00

1,724 53

Encouragement of orcharding

500 00

501 39

State apiary inspection,

2,000 00

2,000 00

State nursery inspection

15,000 00

15,074 64

State Ornithologist, salary and expenses, ....

2,000 00

1,927 81

Special exhibitions

2,000 00

2,018 53

Premiums to children,

1,000 00

995 74

Encouragement of dairying,

5,000 00

3,834 81

Reclaiming wet lands, i

15,000 00

13 75

Dairy Bureau, salaries and expenses,

10,300 00

10,300 00

$109,500 00

$82,276 20

1 Jointly with State Board of Health.

No. 4.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. xlvii

Conclusion.

In closing this report I wish to call attention to several
rather important things in connection with the future of the
Board. In the first place, I want it distinctly understood that
the Board is not the secretary, but that responsibility rests
upon each member for the work of the Board. We are a large
body, but organized as we are, I firmly believe that no other
form of organization can in any way keep in as close touch
with the farmers as can ours; but it remains with you to
keep this ofiice informed regarding the needs of the farmers
in your district, for in no other way can we keep in touch
with you. This office wishes to serve all the farmers all the
time. We want your close co-operation and suggestions as to
your needs. Several methods suggest themselves to me as
means by which this office could be ©f service to you, one of
which would be to supply the delegates with a list of reliable
commission men in each city so that these lists would be
available to the farmers of the district; another way would
be to supply lists of reliable nurserymen, seedsmen, etc., and
the prevailing prices of fertilizers which the farmers should
pay, as well as freight rates.

The crop distribution problem is a large one in the State.
Let this office know just what particular needs your section
has in relation to this. Send us clippings from local papers
regarding agriculture, and, what is more important, keep
the local papers informed as to the doings of the Board. The
information you receive at meetings of the Board should be
passed along to the farmers in the district, and if you cannot
do this, ask the farmers to write to the office for such in-
formation as we can give to them. It will be the aim of this
office to keep in as close touch as possible with the farmers
of the State, but we need your help in doing it.

As delegates to this Board you must not feel that you have
done your duty in holding your fair, but remember that you
are the representative of the farmers for your district, and try
to do all that you can in assisting the farmers about you to
raise better crops and to market them in the best way.

xlviii BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Summary of Recommendations of the State Boakd of
Agricultuee.

1. That the annual salary of the general agent of the
Dairy Bureau be increased from $1,800 to $2,300.

2. That the method of publishing the annual report be
changed so as to provide for a more economical expenditure
of the appropriation of $6,000 for this purpose.

3. That a special appropriation of $2,500 be made for
collecting and distributing all available facts relating to the
agricultural resources, advantages and opportunities of the
Commonwealth.

■i. To provide for an appropriation of $500 for the pur-
chase and preservation of agricultural books, photographs,
exhibits, specimens and the like for the library of the Board.

5. To change the month from October to August in which
bounty to the agricultural societies shall be paid, and to in-
crease the distance which the grounds and buildings of new
societies must be from those of established societies. (Two
bills.)

6. To provide for an increase from $1,000 to $3,000 in
the appropriation for premiums to children and youths.

7. To provide for restricting the " poultry premium
bounty," so called, to premiums offered and paid through
poultry associations, as by the State Board of Agriculture,
and to further provide for certain perfecting amendments
to the law authorizing the payment of said " poultry pre-
mium bounty."

8. To provide for a division of the appropriation for lec-
tures before the Board and extra clerical assistance, so as to
permit the payment for said lectures from the appropriation
for disseminating useful information in agriculture, and so
as further to permit the payment of all clerical assistance
in the office of the Board, with the exception of the first
clerk, from an appropriation of $5,000 for this purpose
alone.

9. To authorize the sale of posters containing extracts
from the trespass laws.

No. 4.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. xlix I

I

10. To provide for an increase in the annual salary of the '

State Ornithologist from $1,500 to $2,000.

11. To provide for the repurchase by the ovs^ners of wet
lands, deeded by gift or sale to the Commonwealth, for the
purposes of reclamation. |

12. To provide for an increase from $2,000 to $3,000 in

the appropriation for the encouragement of agriculture by I

the holding of special exhibitions. ,

13. To further extend and protect co-operative associa- 1
tions. i

14. To facilitate rural credits and enlarge the powers of i
credit unions. ]

Respectfully submitted, 1

WILFRID WHEELER, '

>■ Secretary.

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Summary of Crop Conditions, 1913.

The season opened warm, with seasonable rains, and the
usual amount of planting seems to have been done up to about
the 10th of May. Frosts on this date occurred in several sec-
tions. After a short, dry, cold spell rains and warmer weather
arrived to help vegetation. Pastures and mowings showed
good growth early in the season, but received a setback in
May. Fall seeding wintered well in most cases, although
there were scattering reports to the contrary. All fruits ex-
cept plums bloomed well. Small fruits showed the best bloom
for the State. Frosts injured all fruits in some sections,
more noticeably in the valleys, and damage of greater or
lesser degree was reported from all parts except Dukes and
Nantucket, which did not furnish information on this ques-
tion. Strawberries were most affected by frost. The season
of 1912 and the mild winter following seem to have been
peculiarly favorable to the multiplication and preservation of
the tent caterpillar, while the warm spring insured early
incubation and an abundance of food. Cutworms, brown-
tail and gypsy moths, currant worms, elm-leaf beetles, June
bug larvae, codling moths and bud moths were the most in-
jurious insects of the month. The amount of planting done
during the month was below the average. Farm help was
reported to be scarce and the percentage of good help small.
Wages showed no advance over those of the previous year.
Many new orchards were set out and old ones were reported
as being better taken care of. Successful experimentation
with alfalfa was reported from various parts of the State.
Hawks, crows, blackbirds and pheasants were named as being
the most injurious birds to crops and chickens.

The weather of June was of the average midsummer type,
with the temperature about normal, and rainfall irregularly

No. 4.] MASSACHUSETTS CROPS. li

distributed and, generally speaking, below the average for
June. In some sections there was a scarcity of rain, and
droughty conditions prevailed during half of the month,
while in others heavy rains attending local storms gave pre-
cipitation near or above the seasonal average. Conditions
were very favorable for planting, for growing crops and cul-
tivation. At the close of the month it was generally con-
sidered that the season was behind the average. Twenty-five
different kinds of insects were reported as doing damage.
The damage done by the tent caterpillar in May showed more
plainly, while the potato beetle, brown-tail and gypsy moths,
squash bugs, striped cucumber beetles, cabbage worms, cran-
berry fireworms and others were plentiful. Indian corn was
reported as from one to two weeks late, owing to cool, dry
weather, which not only restrained farmers from planting
but retarded germination. Grasslands did not get enough
rain in June to offset, in spite of the warm sunshine, the
effects of the cool, cloudy weather of May. The early potato
crop was said to be just showing above the ground in a good
many places. The vines were growing well, however. The
yield of early market-garden crops was below normal, but
prices ruled high. The supply of dairy cows had shown a
decrease of 6.8 per cent, over that of one year ago. Milk,
cream and butter production had not decreased in proportion
to the cow supply decline. Cream production had, in fact,
increased in a few counties. Wholesale milk prices were re-
ported as ranging from 20 to 51 cents per can of 8I/2 quarts.
Retail prices for milk had shown an advance of 1 to 2 cents
per quart in a number of places within the past year. Pas-
tures were in much better condition than for the last three
or four years, but still far from normal. Rain was badly
needed for such upland pastures as are not supplied with
springs. The berry crop prospect exceeded that for tree
fruits. Blackberries in particular offered promise of a full
crop. The apple outlook was discouraging, owing to tent
caterpillar and frost damage. Frosts occurred June 7 to 10
in all counties excepting Essex, Norfolk, Dukes and ISFan-
tucket, temperatures ranging from 22° E. to 38° F. Grass,
corn and nearly all vegetables were damaged in Berkshire

Hi BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

and Franklin counties. Strawberries, beans, tomatoes and
vines suffered.

July was warmer than usual, with precipitation from 40 to
50 per cent below normal. The mean temperature of the
month ranged from 2° F. to 3° F. above the July normal.
The droughty conditions of June continued through July, but
with less intensity. The prevalence of fair weather, with an
abundance of sunshine, was very favorable for harvesting and
housing grain and grasses. The most prevalent insect of the
month was the Colorado beetle, while the elm-leaf beetle,
squash bug, gypsy moth, cutworm, tent caterpillar, brown-tail
moth and others were reported as doing damage in various
parts of the State. The condition of corn had dropped off
3.6 points since June 27, owing to the drought and to poor
germination of late-planted fields. It seemed evident that,
especially on sandy soils, the crop would come to maturity
before reaching its full growth. The bulk of the hay crop
had been harvested in excellent condition, owing to the lack
of showers. The potato crop prospect was far from encour-
aging, since drought had hindered the even sprouting of the
tubers and general development. Market-garden crops were
much below normal in condition, and root crops were grow-
ing slowly. Prices were normal or higher in all counties save
Bristol and Plymouth. Considerable apprehension was felt
that the continuance of the drought would seriously affect
still further fruits not harvested. Apples offered the poorest
prospect. Pasturage condition had slumped 18.2 points dur-
ing the previous month, although its condition was probably
better than for the past three years, because of the fine start
early in the spring. Forage crops and small grains were
much below normal. In 61 towns an estimated total of 733
acres of apple orchards had been set in 1912 and 1913.

August was slightly warmer and much drier than the aver-
age. The rainfall of the month was from 30 to 40 per cent
below normal. Rain fell on an average of nine days. The
month as a whole was unusually pleasant. At the close there
was much need in all sections of a general rain. ^lany fields
of corn, particularly on the lighter soils, showed the effects of
the drought in shorter stalks and smaller ears. Furthermore,

No. 4.] MASSACHUSETTS CROPS. liii

the ears were not tipping well and the kernels were not filling-
out normally. Grass on water-retentive soils in a state of
high fertility was reported as producing a fair second crop,
but it looked as though rowcn, in general, would fall far below
normal. The drought prevailing in most sections throughout
the month, while most unfavorable to the growth of blight and
rot, did not allow normal development of potatoes. The crop
prospect estimate for apples, peaches, quinces and grapes
continued to decline, while that for pears and plums had in-
creased several points each since July 26. Pastures in most
sections had practically ceased to furnish feed for stock, and
feeding at the barn was reported by several correspondents.
Late celery w-as planted in a dry soil, and, except where irri-
gated, had a dry soil in which to grow. Drought cut all
garden truck and made germination of late-sown crops diffi-
cult. The tobacco acreage was reported as larger than usual.
The acreage of shade-grown tobacco, however, had decreased
on account of the light demand for last year's crop. Harvest-
ing had commenced at the time of making returns, but only
a small percentage was being primed.

The weather of September was near the seasonal average,
the temperature and rainfall departing but little from Sep-
tember normals. There was a rainy spell with moderate rain-
fall from the 18th to the 22d, inclusive, but during the rest
of the month the precipitation was the result of local showers.
The month as a whole was slightly cooler. The monthly
temperatures over the State ranged from 14° F. to 1° F.
below the normal. There was the average amount of sun-
shine. The corn crop was much benefited by rains occurring
late in August and early in September, and, in spite of heavy
frost, the yield estimate of the entire crop showed an advance
of a point over the condition estimate of August 25. Grass
responded more than any other crop to September rains, but
the injury done the roots by the recent and preceding sum-
mers' droughts was too great to admit of any great progress
of the rowen crop to a normal. Pastures were helped by the
rains more than was rowen. The weather was favorable to
the germination of fall-sown forage crops. The onion crop
was reported as far below that of last year, which was normal

liv BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc. No. 4.

or slightly above. Thrips had greatly injured the crop and
drought had reduced the size of the onions. The quality was
such as to insure a well-cured product. The crop of late
potatoes was slightly larger than anticipated on August 25,
but much smaller than that of 1912. The quality was excel-
lent with remarkable freedom from rot. Among late market-
garden crops, beets, parsnips and carrots offered the best
prospects. Pears were the largest fruit crop harvested during
the month. Grass, cabbage, turnips, corn, fall feed and pota-
toes were most benefited by rain. Frosts occurred between
the 9th and 16th, inclusive, throughout the five western
counties. Locally, frosts occurred from the 1st to the 18th,
with one in Hampshire on the 23d. Those on the 14th, 15th
and 16th were severe and widespread, being reported from
every county. For the State, the greatest damage, in order
given, was done to corn, tomatoes, squash, beans, potatoes,
millet and melons. Tobacco was reported as being 79 per
cent of a normal crop, and prices offered were .7 per cent
above normal.

The general opinion of correspondents was that prices were
slightly higher than in 1912. Plymouth was the only county
to show a decrease in prices over the previous year, and here
the price level was reported as only II/2 per cent off. Taking
the State as a whole, general agricultural prices advanced a
trifle less than 5 per cent.

PUBLIC WINTER MEETING

Board of Agriculture

SPKINGFIELD

December 2, 3 and 4, 1913.

PUBLIC WINTER MEETING OF THE BOARD,

AT SPRINGFIELD.

The annual public winter meeting of the Board for lec-
tures and discussions, was held at the municipal building,
Springfield, on Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday, Dec.
2, 3 and 4, 1913. The co-operation of four other agricul-
tural organizations, the Hampden County Improvement
League, the Massachusetts Dairymen's Association, the Mas-
sachusetts Milk Insi^ectors' Association and the NTew Eng-
land Alfalfa Growers' Association, helped to make the
meeting an unusually successful one, both in point of num-
bers and enthusiasm.

The meeting was called to order at 10.25 a.m. by Wilfrid
Wheeler, Esq., secretary of the Board. Secretary Wheeler
introduced Hon. John A. Denison, mayor of Springfield,
who delivered the address of welcome.

ADDEESS OF WELCOME, BY HONT. JOHN" A.
DEN'ISO^^, MAYOE OF SPRINGFIELD.

I want you to believe that we are glad to have you here.
Springfield feels the compliment of your coming to this city,
and Springfield wants to do for you everything that she can
to make this meeting an entire success and a very pleasant
occasion for all of you. We are glad to have you here for
more reasons than one. Springfield had two problems : one
of them is transportation and the other one is food. Trans-
portation is on the way to a solution, I think; our bridge
problem and our railway problem are being solved satis-
factorily, but the food problem is a long way from being
solved, and its solution means much to the success or the
failure of this citv. We are crowing here, 2:entlemen : we

4 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

have got a fiTture ahead of us, but if we are going to come in
to the entire fulfillment of our destiny, we need you, we
need the State Board of Agriculture, we need that most
excellent college at Amherst, and we need such organizations
as the Hampden County Improvement League, which is doing
a wonderful work.

Springfield is located in a valley, and in whichever way
you may look, to the west or to the east, your eyes rise. I
think our destiny lies in the hills, " whence cometh our
help." You are very welcome.

Secretary Wheeler. Li the absence of Mr. Bursley I
have asked Mr. Abner Towne of Williamstown to respond
to the mayor's welcome.

RESPONSE FOR THE BOARD, BY MR. TOWXE.

Ladies and Gentlemen : I see there are not very many
ladies, but there are enough to hold the balance of power.
I don't know Avhy they should put it on to me in this case,
a buckwheat farmer from Berkshire Coimty, to come here
and speak to these men of experience, but I am going to do
the best I can.

In answer to Mayor Denison I want to tell him that he
does not have to worry a great deal about the food supply of
this place. Although I have never been in Springfield be-
fore, I have known something of Springfield through the
" Xew England Llomestead," and otherwise. These farms,
gentlemen, that have been neglected on the hillsides are going
to be better tilled ; that is one thing that will bring more food
to Springfield. Also, there is a spirit of co-operation through
all the country now that is bringing the people closer to-
gether. They are going to work hand in hand, and where
one lags another is going to help out; and so I think you
needn't worry a great deal about the food snpply.

As to the matter of transportation, well, there will always
be a lot of fellows, you know, who want to get their hands
into the pockets of the public and get all they can for trans-
porting people and merchandise and food products. The

No. 4.] RESPONSE FOR THE BOARD. 5

milkmen, too, may get a monopoly of the milk business ; but
I think we will work those things all out.

I am glad to be here with you, gentlemen. It is a beauti-
ful day for a meeting, and I am glad to see here so many
people, and especially the members of the State Board of
Agriculture. I trust that we shall be better acquainted with
each other when we get through, and that our deliberations
will tend to make for us a better country and better homes,
and to make us better Christian men and women.

Secretary Wheeler here read an invitation from the Spring-
field Board of Trade to a reception on December 3, and
then called upon Mr. P. M. Harwood of the Dairy Bureau
for an announcement- of the prizes awarded in the clean
milk contest in the western part of th§ State.

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

ANNOUNCEMENT OF DAIRY PRIZES.

MR. P. M. HARWOOD, GENERAL AGENT, DAIRY BUREAU, STATE BOARD OP

AGRICULTURE.

Two or three years ago the former secretary of the Board
of Agriculture made a suggestion that something be done in
the way of encouraging the dairy farmer, and after two or
three years of effort a bill was passed by the Legislature
which empowered the Board of Agriculture to expend a sum
not exceeding $5,000 per year for three years, for the en-
couragement of dairying. Now, any one who knows anything
about the dairy business knows that it is a very intricate
business; that there are many ramifications; and that it is
practically impossible to entirely perfect the dairy business
or to do any one thing that will bring about a millennium
in the production of clean milk.

The Legislature was asked for $25,000, and only $5,000
was appropriated, and with that meager sum, — for it is a
very meager sum when you come to distribute it among so
many milk producers, — with that meager sum you can ex-
pect to do but a few things at a time. Now, don't expect too
much. What the Dairy Bureau of the Board of Agriculture
has done in this matter is simply this : a step has been taken
whereby it is hoped to awaken a real interest, a real enthusi-
asm, in the production of clean milk and in the keeping of
flies away from milk products. To that end prizes have been
offered. For convenience the State was divided into two sec-
tions. The eastern section consists of the territory lying east
of the line between Middlesex and Worcester counties, and
that west of this line is called the western section.

Tn September the contest was on in the eastern section,
and the first prize was won by Mr. E. B. Hutchins of
Stoughton, a man of modest means, who had lost his barn

No. 4.] DAIRY PRIZES. 7

by fire and had to use a shed to milk in. Last March this
man won as first prize for clean milk at Amherst a bull calf,
which in turn won a first prize at the recent Brockton Fair,
and the same man won first prize for clean milk at Brockton,
under the bacteria test, — a first prize of $100. He is a man
who is dependent upon his labor, upon his farm, for a living.

Now, when this bill was before the Legislature the com-
mittee said, " There is no use in offering these prizes. The
fancy farmers will get them all." I said, " You never made
a greater mistake than that in your lives, gentlemen. We
will have this thing fixed so that such people can't enter, but,"
I said, " if they do, you needn't worry. Clean milk is not
necessarily milk produced in a $40,000 or $50,000 barn."
]Srow, the winner of the first prize in the eastern section
proved that.

In the western section the first prize goes to Peter Ivron-
vall, of East Longmeadow, a Swede who is earning his living
and is also a comparatively poor man. I want to tell you
something about this Swedish farmer who has come here
and is earning his living among you. He has a wife, as I
suppose most of the contestants have. The wife's share is a
notable thing about all these contests ; as, for instance, when
Mr. J. F. Adams won first prize for the best farming oper-
ations in Massachusetts, his wife was right there at his
shoulder, helping him out. Mr. Adams did his part and Mrs.
Adams did hers, and together they took a $400 prize. Peter
Kronvall's wife did the milking, and she milked in an open-
top pail. I don't recommend the open-top pail for the use
of any man; but a woman, on account of the way she sits
and holds the pail for milking, can't use anything but an
open-top pail. A woman's method, as you have no doubt
noticed, is to hold the pail out from under the cow.

The entire list of prize winners is as follows : —

List of Peizes.
The following premiums were awarded for the best samples
of hand-drawn, unstrained mixed milk of five cows. There
were 114 contestants: —

8 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

First prize, $100, Peter Kronvall, East Longmeadow.
Second prize, $95, Joseph S. Hillman, Hardwiek.
Tliird prize, $90, Rufus H. Randall, Bolton.
Fourth prize, $85, Willard M. Cooper, Agawam.
Fifth prize, $80, Clarence B. BroAvn, Brimfield.
Sixth prize, $75, Sylvester Sj)ellman, East Longmeadow.
Seventh jDrize, $70, William H. Morey, Cummington.
Eighth prize, $65, Miss M. Anna Cleveland, Hardwiek.
Ninth prize, $60, Oscar C. Pomeroy, Longmeadow.
Tenth prize, $55, Marchant M. Martin, Southborough.
Eleventh prize, $50, Joseph C. White, West Springfield.
Twelfth prize, $45, Charles J. Nelson, Agawam.
Thirteenth prize, $40. Hermon W. King, East Longmeadow.
Fourteenth prize, $35, F. J. Pomeroy & Son, Agawam.
Fifteenth prize, $30, Dana S. Moore, West Springfield.
Sixteenth prize, $25, John B. Walker, Orange.
Seventeenth jDrize, $20, James Lawton, East Longmeadow.
Eighteenth prize, $15, Leander W. Newton, Southborough.
Nineteenth prize, $10, Hany S. Ashley. East Longmeadow.
Twentieth prize, $5, William Reimers, Monson.

I want to speak of the second prize winner in the eastern
section. Mr. Webb has his milking done in an S^/o-quart can.
He told our agent that he calls any man a fool that would
use a milk pail at all. He says a man can learn in three
days to milk into an Syo-qnsirt can. It took him about three
days to learn it, and our agent reports that he did it very
handily. The next day after this prize was announced in
the papers in i!^eedham, or within a few days, anyway,
Mr. Webb, who won the second prize, received 50 more
applications for milk than he could fill. He had been selling
milk at 9 cents a quart, and he has now put the price up to
10. Doesn't that kind of thing help a man ? He says he
doesn't care about the money value of the prize ; that is only
incidental, to what he is going to get out of his dairy because
he won the prize.

I want to add also in regard to Peter Kronvall that he
did absolutely nothing, — of course they can't all say this, —
but he did absolutely nothing but what he does every day,
except that in this instance the wife did the milking, which
is done usually by herself and son.

It should be said in relation to Miss Holmes, one of the

No. 4.] DAIRY PRIZES. 9

winners, that she is a woman of unusual ability; she has
taken a correspondence course at the Agricultural College,
and she has advanced very rapidly in agricultural knowledge
and evinced more intelligence and good judgment and care
in the protection of her premises from flies than any other
person who entered the contest.

I would be very glad to go on further if I had time, but
I judge from the hint given me by your secretary that I must
say no more at present. Perhaps later an opportunity will
be given me to read a paper on this fly contest, which I shall
be very glad to do, because I think it is a matter which
ought to be thoroughly understood.

However, if you will pardon me, Mr. Secretary, there is
just one more thing I want to say and that is that if a person
didn't win a prize in this contest he must not be discouraged.
Be game. The reason you didn't win a prize was not be-
cause you produced dirty milk, but only because some one
else did just a little better. When this thing comes up again,
come back, every one of you. Come back determined to be
the prize winner. The chances are almost 100 to 1 that some
of you who lost this time will be prize winners next year.

Secretary Wheeler. It is a diflicult thing to realize what
has been done in the State of Massachusetts in regard to the
raising of poultry, and to that end we thought it was neces-
sary to have some one speak on the subject at this meeting,
and I think we couldn't have secured a better man than
Professor Graham of the college to come and tell us some-
thing about this important subject. It gives me great pleas-
ure to introduce to you Prof. J. C. Graham, of the Amherst
Agricultural College, who will speak on " Feeds and Feed-
ing."

10 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

POULTRY FEEDS AND THEIR METHODS OF FEEDING.

BY PROF. J. C. GRAHAM OF THE MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL

COLLEGE.

It is impossible to discuss intelligently the subjects of feeds
and feeding, from both a practical and scientific point of
view, without thoroughly understanding a number of im-
portant terms now in quite common use. We can hardly
pick up a poultry journal or a book on this subject without
coming in contact with such terms as protein, carbohydrates,
fats, nutritive ratio, balanced ration, etc. As there may be
some present who are not familiar with these terms, they will
be defined in order that the discussions which follow may
be fully understood.

Proteins are made up of the nitrogenous portions of feeds.
They are the body builders, used in making the lean meat,
eggs, hair, nerves, tendons, etc.

Carbohydrates are the starches and sugars particularly.
These are used for energy and heat. A hen may eat a large
amount of carbohydrates in twenty-four hours and yet at
the end of the time, if she were killed and her flesh analyzed,
we would find not more than one per cent of carbohydrates
in her body, although her food has been composed largely
of these materials. It shows how completely these are
changed into other things.

Fats are the oily portions of food ; they are also used in
the body for heat and energy. The important thing about
them is that they are worth for that purpose two and one-
fourth times as much as the same weight of carbohydrates.
That is, one pound of fats will produce as much heat and
energy as two and one-fourth pounds of carbohydrates.

A balanced ration is one in which the amounts of protein,
carbohydrates, fats and ash are in such proportions that

No. 4.]

FEEDS AND FEEDING.

11

when it is eaten by the hen there will be no waste of any
one of these components.

Food principles, or food compounds, include protein, car-
bohydrates and fats.

Cecum

~.>l--.,.A1oufk

QJlet

Slomach or
VrO'fcnlriculuS

-Giz-^nrci

"Panoreas
-Duodenum

J^ntesfliie

Digestive Organs of a Hen

The nutritive ratio is the ratio between the amount of
digestible crude protein and the carbohydrates and fats in
any given feed. It is found by multiplying the amount of
digestible fats by 21/4, adding it to the digestible carbo-
hydrates and dividing the sum by the amount of digestible
protein.

12 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

We should also have some knowledge of the digestive ap-
paratus of the hen if we wish to thoroughly understand her
needs. This plate represents the digestive organs extending
from the head to the vent. They were removed from the hen
a few weeks ago, placed in the position that we see them here
and drawQ. This plate does not show the relative position
of the organs in the body, but it does represent their relative
size. What is known as the gullet extends from the mouth
to the crop, which is a reservoir for holding the food until
it is softened more or less by the secretions of the mouth and
of the crop itself. The crop is not the true stomach of the
fowl, as many suppose. The true stomach is an enlargement
of what might be termed the continuation of the gullet from
the crop to the gizzard. Another term for it is the proven-
triculus. On opening it we find that its walls are quite thick
and muscular, and lined with gastric glands similar to those
in the lining of the human stomach. The gizzard is an ir-
regularly shaped organ, the largest in the body, and has
thick muscular walls of a very fine grain and of a bluish,
dark red color. Partially enfolding the gizzard we find the
liver, composed of two very large lobes. Attached to it is the
gall bladder, where the bile is stored. ISFear it also is the
spleen, an organ whose use we do not thoroughly understand,
although some scientists believe it has some relation to diges-
tion, as it is not found in the same condition just before and
after meals.

The pancreas is the long, flat, pinkish organ lying close
to the upper end of the intestines, or what is termed the
duodenum. This secretes pancreatic juice. The intestines
extend from the gizzard to the anus, about six or seven inches
from which we find two blind sacks, called the ceca. They
are sometimes spoken of as the " blind guts," and correspond
to the appendix in man, but are double in the fowl. In
diagnosing black head in turkeys, or coccidiosis as it is known
. in fowls, we find the ceca greatly enlarged, and many times
their lining is eaten off, or they may be filled with a hard,
cheesy substance. These organs seem to be the habitat for
many intestinal worms, and if one is making a diaguosis for
coccidiosis, or worms, he would naturally examine the ceca

No. 4.] FEEDS AND FEEDING. 13

first. The part of the intestines extending from the ceca
to the anus is called the rectum. The enlargement of the
intestine just forward of the vent is called the cloaca. It is
a reservoir where the f^ces gather before being expelled from
the body. The urinal duct opening into this reservoir is a
very important factor in studying the digestibility of feeds
in poultry. The fact that the urine and the faeces mix before
being expelled makes it very difficult to study the digestion
of protein, particularly because in the faeces we find the un-
digested portions of the feed and in the urine the nitrogenous
materials that come from the broken-down cells of the body.
As these mix before being expelled, it is very hard to deter-
mine how much of the nitrogen comes from the indigestible
portions of the feed and how much from the urine. The en-
tire length of the digestive apparatus. of the hen is about five
feet, varying somewhat in different individuals. Some think
that there is a relation between its length and egg production,
but more data will be needed to verify this theory.

The process of digestion is somewhat as follows : the food
is swallowed by the hen and remains in the crop for a time
to be softened. It then passes into the stomach, where it is
mixed with gastric juice which acts upon certain portions of
the food. From here it passes into the gizzard, where it is
ground and thoroughly mixed with the gastric juice already
mentioned. It then leaves the gizzard by way of the intes-
tines, where it is mixed with bile from the liver and pan-
creatic juice from the pancreas. These are very powerful
digestive juices, and most of the food is accordingly digested
in the duodenum, or the first twelve to eighteen inches of
the intestines ; but there is also an intestinal juice secreted
by the lining of the intestines that acts upon the undigested
portions of the food and completes digestion. The digestive
apparatus of the goose or the duck differs from that of the
hen in that there is no crop. The feed they eat remains in
the gullet, which becomes more or less distended, until it
passes through the stomach to the gizzard. This difference
is probably due to the early habits of the birds. The geese
and ducks, being water fowl, were able to eat food almost
continually, whereas the original hen found it necessary to

14

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

store up her food on account of her wandering habits. A
thorough understanding of this subject will help us in the
consideration of much of the data that will follow.

In our original studies of feeds and food principles, very
little attention was paid to the value of the ash, or the mineral
portion of feeds. It was thought that if we fed the right
proportions of protein, carbohydrates and fats we were meet-
ing all the requirements of the animal. However, more
recent investigations and experiences have shown that many
times animals do not do well because the food lacks mineral
matter. Certain animals have been fed on ash-free food, and
it was found that within a few days a decided change took
place; the animal became weak, was unable to eat sufficient
food, and if the experiment was continued for a few weeks
it died.

In studying the needs of various classes of animals, natur-
ally the milk of the mother formed the basis for investigation.

Table 1. — Showing the Importance of Ash, Protein and P«-Or, in the
Feed for Growing Stock.

Days.

Lime.

P2O5

Ash.

Protein.

Sugar.

Woman, ....

180

.03

.05

2

1.5

6.8

Mare

60

.12

.13

.4

1.8

6.8

Cow

47

.16

.20

.7

3.4

4.7

Ewe

15

.25

.29

.8

6.7

4.2

Sow

14

.25

.31

.8

7.2

4.5

Rabbit

6

.89

.99

2.5

15.5

2.0

The foregoing is a very interesting chart on the analysis
of milk of various animals. The first column gives the name
of the mother and the second, the number of days after birth
required for the young to double its weight. For example,
the baby usually doubles its weight in one hundred and
eighty days, the colt in sixty days, the calf in forty-seven
days, and so on until we reach the rabbit, which doubles its
weight in about six days. The third column gives the amount
of lime in the milk of the mother. Notice that the amount
of lime in the milk of these animals is inversely, proportioned

No. 4.] FEEDS AND FEEDING. 15

to the number of days required by the young to double their
weight. The amount of lime in human milk, for instance, is
one-thirtieth of that in the rabbit's milk ; while the time
required for the baby to double its weight is just thirty times
greater than that for the rabbit.

Note that there are about equal amounts of lime and phos-
phoric acid in the milk of each, plenty of this material being
provided.

In the next column we note the amount of protein in the
milk of these various animals. We find the relative propor-
tions are about the same as that of ash. The last column
shows the amount of sugar in the milk. This is in inverse
ratio to that of ash and protein, i.e.^ we find more sugar in
human milk and in the mare's milk than we do in that of
the rabbit or sow. About the only way we can explain this
difference is the fact that the rapid-growing animals, or those
that double their weight in a very few days, need a large
amount of ash for the framework and also a large amount of
protein for building the tissues, whereas the sugar is needed
principally for heat and energy, and is not so essential to
the growth of the quick-growing animal as the other two,
because protein, in case of necessity, can also be used for heat
and energy.

As the chick doubles its weight in about twelve days under
normal gi-owth, it would come somewhere between the young
rabbit and the pig. It therefore needs a large amount of ash
and protein in its food.

It may seem to many unnecessary to dwell so long upon a
matter of this kind, but there are hundreds of people who
give their little chicks nothing but bread and cracked grain,
or foods containing no more ash than these. The following
chart illustrates the comparative ability of poultry and rumi-
nants to digest some of our common grains : —

16

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. rPiib. Doc.

Table 2. — Digestibility of Feeds, — Comparison of Hen with
' Ruminants.

Protein.

Nitrogen Free
Extract.

Fats.

Name of Feed.

Hen.

Rumi-
nant.

Hen.

Rumi-
nant.

Hen.

Rumi-
nant.

Bean, ....
Beef scrap, ....
Barley, ....

Corn,

Oats

Wheat, ....

71.7
92.6
77.0
81.5
71.3
75.0

77

70

76
77
74

46.0

85.0
91.3
90.0
87.0

71

92
93
77
93

37.0
95.0
67.8
88.0
87.8
53.0

63

89
86
89
71

Very little experimental work has been done with poultry
on this subject, not because it is not important, but because of
the physiological difficulty already mentioned, arising from
the fact that the fseces and urine unite in the cloaca before
being voided, which makes it very hard, indeed, to use poultry
for digestion studies with satisfactory results. However,
there are a few men who have attempted work along this line,
and we think with considerable success. Among these are
Dr. Woods of the Maine station, who obtained the results
above shown. He used capons because of their inactive habits,
and caught the faeces in a rubber bag attached to them with
a sort of harness. His work shows that fowls are able to
digest protein almost as well as cows can. ISTote how well they
handle beef scrap and corn, but do only fairly well with oats,
barley and wheat, and very poorly with bran.

Table 3. — Digestibility of Feeds, — Comparison of Hen with

Ruminants.

Name of

Protein.

Nitrogen Free
Extract.

Fats.

Fiber.

Feed.

Rumi-
nant.

Hen.

Rumi-
nant.

Hen.

Rumi-
nant.

Hen.

Rumi-
nant.

Hen.

Peas,

Buckwheat, .
Wheat, .
Barley, .

83
75
74

85

90.3
59.4
56.9
79.2

94
76
93

86

91.6
87.0
93.3
89.1

55
100
71

87

83.7
89.2
55.2
68.3

64
94

50

13.74

2.02

29.95

No. 4.

FEEDS AND FEEDING.

17

Here is another table giving data which have been taken
from a European experiment. It shows that the hen can
digest peas better than ruminants can. If this is reliable,
there is no reason why cracked peas and pea meal should not
form a part of the ration for fowls. ISTote also that they
cannot digest the protein in our common grains as well as
that contained in beef scrap, as shown in the preceding table.

The data given on the digestion of fiber afford very good
evidence that the hen cannot digest this material as well as
our other farm animals can. It is found, for instance, that
the ruminants digest 94 per cent of the fiber in buckwheat,
and the hen only about 2 per cent. Also the fiber in peas is
hard for her to digest, notwithstanding the fact that she
digests the other ingredients in them very well indeed.

Table 4. — Digestibility of Fiber. — Comparison of Hen with Rumi-
nants and Horse.

Fiber.

Name of Feed.

Hen.

Ruminant.

Horse.

Rye, .

2.4

-

31

Oats, .

.5

31

35

Barley,

.2

50

-

This is a chart comparing the digestion of fiber by the
hen with that of ruminants and the horse. The data here are
very similar to those given in regard to buckwheat and peas.
Only about .5 of 1 per cent of the fiber in oats is digested
by the hen, whereas from 30 to 35 per cent of it is digested
by the horse and ruminants. And barley, another grain
similar to oats, being covered with an indigestible husk, is
very hard for hens to digest also. Only .2 of 1 per cent of
the fiber is digested by the hen, while 50 per cent is digested
by ruminants.

It appears from these various studies that, while the hen
can handle carbohydrates in our common grains very well,
the proteins and fats in them are digested only fairly well ;
and that while she can digest the protein in our animal
products very well indeed, she is unable to digest very much

18

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

fiber. Therefore, in feeding, we should be careful not to over-
load our mashes, or rations, with so much of this fiber-laden
material that the hen's digestive powers will be overtaxed.

Table 5. — Amount of Droppings voided relative to Time of feeding

Wet Mash.

Number
of Days'
Droppings.

MoBNiNG Mash.

Evening Mash.

Dates.

Number
of Hen

Nights.

Weight of
Droppings
(Pounds).

Number
of Hen
Nights.

Weight of
Droppings
(Pounds).

March 3

March 5, . . . .
March 7, . . . .

March 10

March 21

1
2
2
1

1

22
44
44
22
22

3.00
5.25
5.25
2.50
2.50

21

42
42
21
19

6.00
11.00
10.50
6.25
4.50

The data of this chart were taken from bulletin 122 of
our own station, published a number of years ago but now
out of print. This is the result of an experiment carried on
by Dr. Brooks, and its object was to determine the difference
in weight of droppings voided by hens fed at night on a
wet mash and on a whole grain ration. The first column
shows the dates ; the second, the number of days' droppings
gathered ; the third, the number of hens on the roost, or, as
the chart puts it, the number of hen nights ; i.e., on March 5
the droppings were left for two days, so the number of hens
were doubled to give the number of hen nights. In the
fourth column we find the weight of the droppings. Columns
5 and 6 contain data similar to those of 3 and 4, except
that the hens in those pens were fed a wet mash in the evening,
whereas the data in columns 3 and 4 are from pens containing
hens fed mash in the morning and whole grains at night. It
is seen that the weight of the droppings from birds fed wet
mash in the morning is only about one-half of that from
hens fed wet mash at night. This, it seems to me, is quite
conclusive evidence that our ground grains, or mashes, are
more quickly digested than the whole grains. This fact has
considerable bearing upon the proportion of scratch feeds
and mash to be fed to hens we wish to force. A forcing

No. 4.] FEEDS AND FEEDING. 19

ration should consist of at least half ground grains by weight.
If we want to make our ration still more forcing we should
cause our hens to eat a still greater proportion of the ground
grains.

The following chart shows the value of skim milk as a
food, and its data were supplied by an experiment carried
on at the Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station a few
years ago. A sow weighing 23 pounds was placed in a pen
in the month of May, where she could get nothing to eat
-except what was given her. She was fed wholly on skim
milk for one year, at the end of which time she weighed
about 406 pounds, and produced 10 pigs, the total weight of
which at birth was 23 pounds. The sow and pigs were con-
tinued on the same ration, and when the latter were six weeks
old they averaged 18.6 pounds apiece'. We know of no ex-
periment that has ever been carried on that shows more con-
clusively the value of skim milk as a food. It should be
used for poultry when obtainable at 25 to 30 cents per
hundred pounds. Better results will follow if it is soured
before feeding, as the increased amount of lactic acid aids
digestion.

Table 6. — • Value of Skim MWk as a Food for Animals.

Pounds.

Weight at beginning of experiment, 23.0

Weight one year later, 406.0

Weight of 10 pigs produced, 23.0

Average weight of pigs at six weeks of age, . . . .18.6

. Concentrated Feeds.
Just as concentrates have enabled the dairyman to develop
the modern cow, so they have enabled us to develop the hen
into the modern egg machine. Were we to feed poultry as it
was done forty or fifty years ago, we would not get any more
eggs than were produced then. At that time, on many farms,
hens were not expected to lay except during the spring and
early summer. The reason they laid in the spring so well
was because of the green feed, worms, bugs, etc., that they
were able to pick up. But concentrates, such as meat meal,
gluten feed, oil meal, etc., have enabled us to feed the hen

20

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

on rich protein foods throughout the year, and consequently
we have the 200-egg hen.

In the great corn-growing section of the country the prin-
cipal grain fed to poultry has naturally been corn, and be-
cause the use of corn as the entire ration for hens during the
winter months resulted in a low egg production, it came into
disrepute as a poultry feed, in spite of its actual good quali-
ties. This caused both the Geneva Station, New York, and
our own station to conduct a series of experiments on the
value of corn for poultry, with the result of showing that
properly used it is a most excellent feed.

Table 7. — Feeding Values of Various Foodstuffs compared with Corn.

Name op Feed.

Heat and

Energy

(Per Cent).

Value.

Price.

Corn meal,
Oats (ground), .

Wheat

Wheat middlings (flour), .
Wheat middlings (standard),
Wheat bran.
Linseed meal, .
Hominy meal, .
Gluten meal.
Corn silage,

100
83
92
98
67
57
94

105
91
12

$1 75
1 45
1 61
1 71
1 17

99
1 64
1 82
1 59

21

$1 75

1 85

2 00
1 65
1 55
1 45
1 75
1 65
1 70

This chart gives data worked out in part by Dr. J. B.
Lindsey, of the Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion. The second column gives the heat and energy value
of the various feeds or grains named in column 1, with corn
meal taken as a standard ; not, however, including the value
of the protein in the grains for body building. Oats, it ap-
pears, are worth only 83 per cent and wheat 92 per cent
as much as corn in producing heat and energy. Flour mid-
dlings as a heat producer almost equals com, but standard
middlings, which sell at only 10 cents per hundred less, are
worth only about two-thirds as much as corn meal, yet many
times during the year we pay more for standard middlings

No. 4.] FEEDS AND FEEDING. 21

thau for corn meal. Wheat bran, we find, is worth a little
more than half as much as corn meal in producing heat and
energy, yet we pay a great deal more for it at most seasons of
the year. Hominy meal, which can be bought on the market
most of the time, is, as a heat and energy producer, worth
more than corn meal for feeding. The third column shows
the actual value of these various feeds as compared with
corn, and the last column shows the price paid for them this
fall, about the middle of October. At that time we were pay-
ing $1.75 per hundred for corn meal and $1.85 per hundred
for ground oats, yet the value of corn meal was 30 cents a
hundred more than that of oats. We also paid $2 per hun-
dred for wheat, but its actual feeding value compared with
corn, as far as heat and energy are concerned, was 14 cents a
hundred less. In the case of wheat iniddlings we find the
value greater than the price paid by about 6 cents. Standard
middlings and bran, according to these data, are worth very
much less than we pay for them. Linseed meal was worth
$1.75 per hundred at that time, and its heat and energy value
was $1.64, but this particular feed contains a great deal of
protein, the excess value of which, added to the $1.64, would
make this a very economical feed.

The feed, giving the best returns for our money, as shown
by the table, is hominy meal, which could have been bought
at that time for $1.65 per hundred, and its actual feeding
value, compared with corn at $1.75, is $1.82. N^otwith-
standing the high price of corn at the present time, we should
use it liberally in our ration, both in the mash and in the
scratch feed. We also found in our digestion tables that corn
was digested very well indeed by hens. Taking these two
things into consideration, it is the very best grain we have for
poultry. We should feed sparingly of standard middlings
and wheat bran, although we use bran not so much for its
food value as to lighten up the ration, and keep the food
from packing in the crop.

22

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Table 8. — Rations for Heavy Laying Hens. — Digestible Nutrients
needed per Day for Each 100 Pounds Live Weight.

Dry

Matter
(Pounds).

Ash
(Pounds).

Protein
(Pounds).

Carbo-
hydrates
(Pounds).

Fats
(Pounds).

Fuel
Value
(Calo-
ries).

Nutri-
tive
Ratio.

Hens, 5 to 8 pounds,
Hens, 3 to 5 pounds,

3.30
5.50

.20
.30

.65
1.00

2.25
3.75

.20
.35

6,240
10,300

1:4.2
1:4.6

This is one of the most interesting and valuable tables that
has ever been worked out on the subject of poultry feeding.
It is well known among experienced and well-informed poul-
trymen that a balanced ration for hens should have a nutri-
tive ratio of about 1 to 41/0. Just how that was worked out
may be interesting to many. Dr. H. J. Wheeler, of the
Geneva Experiment Station, performed an experiment to
determine this along with some other facts, and secured these
data.

l^ote that he worked with birds varying in size. Two pens
contained hens weighing from 5 to 8 pounds, and two, hens
weighing from 3 to 5 pounds. This table shows the amount
of food each lot consumed per day for each 100 pounds of
live weight. The experiment ran for a number of months,
and what we have here is the average. The ratio between the
amount of food consumed per day by the hens weighing from
5 to 8 pounds, as compared with those weighing from 3 to
5 pounds, is about the same for each of the food principles.
One interesting fact brought out is that the small hens con-
sumed nearly twice as much per 100 pounds of live weight as
the larger hens. This is due undoubtedly to the larger num-
ber of eggs laid by the small hens, weight for weight, as
there were perhaps 24 or 25 hens in the one pen and 15
or 16 in the other.

Another interesting fact is the ratio between the amount of
ash and protein in the food consumed, which is about 1 to 3.
This is doubly interesting because there is one particular
mash on the market to-day that contains nearly twice as
much ash as protein. It seems to me that poultrymen should
think twice before they buy a mash that is loaded up so
heavily with mineral matter.

No. 4.]

FEEDS AND FEEDING.

23

But the main point in regard to these data is that the
conclusion here reached, that the nutritive ratio of a balanced
ration for a hen is about 1 to 41/^, forms the basis for com-
pounding- our rations at the present time.

On account of many letters received asking information
regarding the value of sprouted oats as a poultry food, we
concluded to make an analysis of whole oats and of sprouted
oats, to see whether there was a loss or gain through sprout-
ing. A sample of whole oats was taken, and another sample
from the same lot was sprouted in the usual way. When
the sprouts were II/2 inches long a sample was analyzed and
compared with the analysis of the original sample. The
comparison is shown in this chart.

Table 9. • — Analysis of Whole Oats and'Sprouted Oats (Per Cent).

Name op Ingredient.

Whole Oats.

Sprouted Oats.

Protein,

Albuminoids,

Amides,

Fat, ....

Nitrogen free extract,

Fiber,

Ash

Soluble sugars (dextrose).

15.05

15.24

13.81

12.22

1.24

3.02

8.80

8.91

62.50

60.49

10.36

12.31

3.29

3.05

1.33

5.78

It can be seen that the sprouting of these oats made very
little difference in their nutritive value. There was a slight
decrease in the amount of ash and a very perceptible increase
in the amount of soluble sugars, i.e., some of the starch in
the oats was changed to sugar in the form of dextrose. That
sprouted oats are very palatable is a well-known fact among
poultrymen, and the changing of some of the starch to sugar
no doubt accounts for this. We conclude, therefore, that the
sprouting of oats does not decrease their actual nutritive
value, and that we gain censiderable in palatability and also
in having a green food.^

» Mr. Philip H. Smith, of the Massachasetts Agricultural Experiment Station, performed
the chemical analysis.

24

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

There has been upon the market for the last few years a
certain grit known as Hen-e-ta, for which great claims have
been made by the company putting it out. In one of their
circulars a statement was made that the eggs from hens fed
Hen-e-ta contain twice as much phosphoric acid as ordinary
eggs, and, therefore, hatch better. We decided to feed a lot
of hens on oyster shell and another lot on Hen-e-ta, in order
to test this claim by analyzing the eggs. Two pens of White
Leghorns were selected and fed for about six weeks, one on
oyster shell and the other on Hen-e-ta. In other respects
their feed was the same. At the end of the period six eggs
were selected from each pen and analyzed, with the follow-

ing results : —

Table 10. — Analysis of Eggs.

Peb Cent of Phosphoric
Acid (P2O5).

Oyster-shell

Hen-e-ta

Eggs.

Egg shells, .
Whites of eggs,
Yolks of eggs.

.33

.27
2.81

It would appear from this analysis that the whites of the
eggs from the oyster-shell pen contained slightly more phos-
phoric acid than those from the Hen-e-ta pen, whereas the
yolks of the eggs from the Hen-e-ta pen contained slightly
more phosphoric acid than those from the oyster-shell pen.
This slight apparent difference evidently lies within the
radius of experimental error, so our conclusion naturally is
that the feeding of Hen-e-ta rather than oyster shell makes
no difference in the amount of phosphoric acid in the eggs.^

It would be much more convenient for the average poultry-
man were we to compound our rations on the basis of meas-
ure rather than of weight, because many poultry keepers
either do not buy a large quantity pf feed at a time, or, even
though they do, they may not mix it all at the same time;

* Mr. H. D. Haskins, of the Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station, performed the
chemical analysis.

No. 4.

FEEDS AND FEEDING.

25

many of them have no scales suitable for weighing grain, and
are, therefore, obliged to measure out the different ingredi-
ents, and guess at the amounts corresponding to the weights
desired. Especially is this true of the smaller poultry keep-
ers. The reasons, however, why we base the amounts upon
weight rather than measure in compounding rations are that
all feeds, as a rule, are bought by weight, and also that
measuring cannot be done accurately enough for scientific
work. The following table is intended to aid those who find
it convenient to compound their feeds by measure : —

Table 11. — Equivalents of Weights and Measures.

Name op Feed.

Quart. Pound

Pound. Quart.

Alfalfa meal,
Corn, whole,
Corn meal, .
Gluten feed.
Linseed meal,
Oats, whole,
Oats, ground.
Wheat, .
Wheat bran, .
Wheat middlings,

1.0
1.7
1.5
1.3
1.1
1.0

.7
1.9

.5
1.2

1.0
.6
.7
.8
.9

1.0

1.4
.5

2.0

This chart, showing the equivalents of weights and meas-
ures of our most common poultry feeds, was prepared by Dr.
Lindsey, with the exception of a very few items. The second
column, giving the equivalents of 1 pound in terms of quarts,
is the column that is of especial interest to the poultrymen
who wish to do their mixing by measure. It, of course, makes
no difference whether you use a quart measure, a peck meas-
ure, a bushel measure or a box, providing you use the same
in measuring all of the ingredients. The table shows that if
you wish, for example, to make a mixture containing equal
parts by weight of corn meal, gluten feed, ground oats, wheat
bran and wheat middlings, you will take about % quart of
corn meal, % quart or a little more of gluten feed, nearly
11/^ quarts of ground oats, 2 quarts of wheat bran and %

26

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

quart or a little more of wheat middlings, in order to get
the proper proportions by weight. In the same way one can
make various mixtures by using the proper measure for each,
and yet have the result based on weights.

Table 12.- — Chemical Components of Poultry, Eggs and Corn (Per Cent).

Water.

Ash.

Protein.

Fat.

Carbo-
hydrates.

Composition of the hen,

55.8

3.8

21.6

17.0

-

Composition of the egg,

65.7

12.2

11.4

8.9

-

A very fat fowl

41.6

3.7

19.4

33.9

-

Composition of corn,

10.6

1.5

10.3

5.0

66.0

This chart shows the composition of an average hen, of
the egg, of a very fat fowl and of corn. We see that corn
fed alone — and the same is true of most of our other grains,
generally speaking — is far from giving a balanced ration,
but is a very one-sided feed. The hen, for instance, con-
tains 3.8 per cent ash and the egg 12.2 per cent, whereas
corn contains only 1.5 per cent ash. Again, the hen con-
tains 21 per cent protein and the egg 11.4 per cent; the
fat fowl 19.4 per cent and corn only 10.3 per cent.

The same is true of fats, as is seen when we compare the
carbohydrates in corn with the fat in the hen and the egg.

The ratio of protein to carbohydrates in corn is about 1
to 9 in round numbers, so that if the hen which, under good
laying condition, uses 41^ pounds of carbohydrates and fats
to every pound of protein, is fed corn alone, she will be
obliged to eat 9 pounds of carbohydrates and fats, or twice
the amount she ought to consume in order to get a pound
of protein. On the other hand, if we feed her too much
protein in proportion to carbohydrates and fats she will be
obliged to eat more protein than necessary. Whenever the
hen must eat more of any one of the food principles than
she really needs there not only is a waste of feed, but an
extra strain is brought upon the digestive system to handle
this excessive amount of food. We should see to it, there-
fore, that our hens have as nearly a balanced ration as pos-

No. 4.]

FEEDS AND FEEDING.

27

sible, if we wish to be economical and keep the hen in the
best condition.

A mixture of equal parts by weight of corn, wheat and
oats has a nutritive ratio of about 1 to 8i/>. In order, there-
fore, to provide a balanced ration, we must feed something
in addition to these grains that has a much larger percentage
of protein. We have, therefore, adopted what we term the
mash, a mixture of ground grains and by-products. By feed-
ing such a mash, with a nutritive ratio of 1 to 2.3 to 1 to 3.6,
together with about an equal amount of scratch feed, we
place before the hen materials from which she can balance
her own ration.

Table 13. — • Poultry Mashes.

Mash 1.

Mash 2.

Mash 3.

200 pounds wheat bran.

100 pounds wheat middlings.

100 pounds corn meal.

100 pounds alfalfa (ground).

50 pounds beef scrap.

50 pounds linseed meal.

50 pounds gluten meal.

100 pounds wheat bran.

100 pounds wheat middlings.

100 pounds corn meal.

100 pounds fine ground oats.

100 pounds alfalfa (ground).

100 pounds beef scrap.

100 pounds wheat bran.
100 pounds wheat middlings.
100 pounds corn meal.
100 pounds ground oats.
100 pounds gluten feed.
100 pounds linseed meal.
100 pounds beef scrap.

We have in the above chart three different formulae for
poultry mashes, with some difference in their nutritive ratios,
but all three well adapted to be fed with mixed grains. The
last, or No. 3, is the richest in protein, its nutritive ratio
being about 1 to 2.5.

Table

14. — Scratch Feed Mixtures.

First.

Second.

Third.

200 pounds cracked corn.
100 pounds wheat.

300 pounds cracked corn.
200 pounds wheat.

200 povinds cracked corn.
100 pounds wheat.
100 pounds oats.

If you have barley or buckwheat, you can add 50 pounds
of either, or 50 pounds of both, to any one of the above grain
mixtures. The exact composition of a scratch feed should
depend entirely upon the relative cost of the grains and the
ease with which they can be obtained. As already noted,

28 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

however, corn is the cheapest grain for poultry, and should
form about one-half the scratch feed in any case.

Our method of feeding layers at the college is as follows:
the dry mash is kept before the hens all the time. From
3.30 to 5 P.M., depending upon the time of the year, they are
given scratch feed in the litter, about 50 per cent more than
they will eat at once, so that they will have some left to work
on in the morning while the attendants are watering and
doing some of the other chores about the plant. In the morn-
ing, from 6 to 9, as the other work permits, they are fed
more of the scratch feed ; and this is all the feeding that is
done under the dry-mash system. But since, as a rule, we
wish to force our layers to the highest possible egg produc-
tion, we also feed a wet mash once a day, about 2 p.m.,
which is a convenient time because it works in very well
with the other duties of the attendant. The same formula
is used for the wet mash as for the dry, but when we have
no mangels, beets or cabbages we use cut alfalfa in the mash,
making it compose about one-third of the bulk. Green or
succulent food is given every day or every other day, in the
form- of cabbages, beets, mangels, turnips or carrots, which,
as a rule, are split open and laid on the floor or in a trough
for the hens to pick, though vegetables like carrots are usually
run through a feed cutter and cut fine. Grit, oyster shell
and water are kept before the hens constantly. Potassium
permanganate, enough to give a good red color, is placed
in the drinking water, especially in the fall, when the weather
is very changeable and the hens and pullets are apt to take
cold. It is a disinfectant, not a medicine, and a teaspoon
level full is sufficient for 12 or 13 gallons of water.

The question is often asked how much to feed a flock of
hens, 10, 20, 25, and so on. Those who have had experience
know that this question cannot be answered definitely, as
there are a large number of factors that govern the amount.
The principal ones are as follows: the size of the hen; the
activity of the hen ; the number of eggs laid ; ability to digest
food ; size of the eggs ; kind of house ; kind of treatment.

If any one will send us these data, we can answer the ques-
tion fairly well, but without them it is impossible.

No. 4.] FEEDS AND FEEDING. 29

We know that hens eat about 50 per cent more in April,
when thej are laying heavily than in November, when they
are moulting. In a general way, 10 hens will need on the
average about 1^ quarts of grain and 11/4 quarts of the
ordinary mash per day, or about 4 ounces of feed per hen.
Results obtained by the New Jersey Experiment Station con-
form very closely with this estimate, and Dr. Wheeler in his
experimental work with hens, already referred to, came to
about the same conclusion.

Table 15. — Amount of Food consumed, Average per Hen per Year.

Pounds.

Grain and mash, 90.0

Oyster shell, 4.0

Dry cracked bone, 2.4

Grit, « .... 2.0

Charcoal, 2.4

Clover, 10.0

This chart shows the amount of food annually consumed
per hen at the Maine station, and the data were based on the
average consumption of 100 hens for a year. It appears that
each hen consumed about 100 pounds of grain, mash and hay,
or just about 4 ounces per day, — a showing which should be
of value in determining the amount of feed required daily
for a given flock of hens.

What I have said above refers to feeding layers. In feed-
ing breeders I would not use the same methods by any
means. As previously stated, the main object in feeding lay-
ers is to get the highest number of eggs possible for the
amount of grain fed, so they should be pushed to the limit.
On the other hand, we are feeding breeders for an entirely
different object. We want to get from them not merely eggs
to be used as human food, but eggs containing strong, vigor-
ous germs that will hatch well, and not only live but grow
rapidly to maturity. We therefore must feed especially for
vigor. The breeders should be separated in the fall from the
layers, kept by themselves, and fed on dry mash and whole
and cracked grains, given in deep litter. We do not want
them to lay too many eggs in the fall and early winter be-

30

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

cause we believe this saps their vitality to a certain extent
before the breeding season is on. If they are eating too much
mash or laying too many eggs it is well to close the mash
hopper during the forenoon and leave it open only afternoons.
This will cause them to work harder for the feed, and keep
them in much better condition for the breeding season. They
should not be fed an excessive amount of animal food, as it
has been found to be detrimental to the hatching ability of
the eggs and to the growth of the chicks. The best kind of
animal food for breeders is skim milk or buttermilk, which
can be fed in large quantities without injuring them in any
way.

Table 16. — ■ Data showing Effect of Various Animal Feeds upon Per-
centage of Eggs hatched.

^

bD

•V

.-;

T3

-0

a

w

1

a

Animal Food used.

3

o

a

i

3

13

a
a)

g

Q

1

O

Si

S

a

3

6

1

s

>>

o

a

1
O

3

<u

■so

d
O

4J

o

o

i

^

u

<

H

H

o

^

O

1

Buttermilk,

720

233

1,453

$1S 16

2,040

10.68

55.0

1.61

2

10 per cent beef scrap in
dry mash.

840

337

34

19 85

1,670

14.28

50.5

2.51

3

Beef scrap in hopper,

900

216

1411

22 21

1,664

15.84

33.0

4.00

4

No animal food,

900

224

-

17 99

1,496

12.69

59.5

1.76

5

Green cut bone.

900

196

1271

21 37

1,654

15.48

40.5

3.18

This chart shows the results of an experiment carried on
at Guelph, Can., by Prof. W. R. Graham, head of the poultry
department at that station. The best results were obtained,
on the whole, from feeding skim milk, and the poorest results
from feeding green cut bone and beef scrap in a separate
hopper. This experiment covered a period from October to
March, and all of the eggs laid by each pen, which contained
23 hens, were incubated.

From this and data from other experiment stations it is
evident that in feeding breeders we should not feed too much
animal food, unless in the form of milk ; and not push them

No. 4.] FEEDS AND FEEDING. 31

for high egg production during the fall and early winter, but
give them plenty of exercise, free range if possible, and all
the green food they want.

Feeding the broody hen is something that is sadly neg-
lected by a great many poultrymen. I have been surprised
to find that there are some who starve them for a number of
days in order to break them up. This seems cruel to me, and
also an expensive way of doing it. The main object of the
poultryraan is to bring the broody hen to laying again in the
shortest possible time, therefore she should be fed on very
rich feeds, and even tempted in every way to eat. So treated,
most broody hens will begin to lay again in from ten to fif-
teen days. A stimulating mash should be given to these
hens, if to no others.

In feeding poultry, the main thing after all is not the feed,
the hens or the house, but it is the man with the feed pail.
Hens may be overfed or underfed; they may be fed the
wrong thing at the right time, or the right thing at the wrong
time. The imjiortant factor in this work is judgment, and
this can be used only by those who have had experience and
know chickens thoroughly. I have seen men walk through
their houses, feed their hens and never look at them. I
once accompanied a man of this type through his house, and
when we reached the other end asked what was the trouble
with the hens in a particular pen, having noticed they had
roup. The feeder replied that he had not noticed anything
wrong, except that the hens in that pen were not laying as
many eggs as the others. These men are automatic feeders,
and feed as a matter of routine. We do not believe that a
man can be successful with poultry who cares for them in
this way. He should watch the hens eat as he throws out the
grain, see if they are hungry, stir up the litter to see if they
have eaten all he has given them previously, etc. One man
has put it very nicely by saying, " When you go out to feed
your poultry, take one pail of feed and two pails of judg-
ment."

32

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Prices of Feeds and Poultky Products in Yeaks 1898

AND 1913.
In periods of high cost of living, we are apt to think only
of the prices of articles that we buy for food, and give no
thought to the value of the raw material entering into those
articles. For instance, we hear people speak of the high price
of eggs, that the prices asked are beyond all reason, as they
can remember a few years back when eggs cost only half as
much as they do now. They naturally think that either the
producer or the middleman is filling his pockets at the ex-
pense of the consumer.

Table 17. — Relative Rise in Price of Feeds and Poultry Products,

1898 to 1913.

Price of Feeds.

Wholesale Phice per Ton.

Feeds.

Corn meal, .

Gluten feed.

Wheat middlings (flour).

Wheat bran,

$32 50
30 00
32 00
25 50

Price of Poultry Products.

Wholesale Price (Cents).

November,

November,
1913.

Eggs, .
Dressed poultry.

26-28
13-14

59-60
20-22

From this chart, showing a comparison between the price
of feeds and poultry products for the years 1898 and 1913,
we find that in 1898 com meal was selling at $17 per ton
and at present is $32.50; gluten feed, $17 and $30, respec-
tively; wheat middlings, $17 and $32, and wheat bran, $16
and $25.50. The prices for 1898 were taken from a bulletin

No. 4.] FEEDS AND FEEDING. 33

published that year at our agricultural college, and the 1913
prices were obtained from our local dealers on ton lots. It
is evident from these figures that the prices have almost
doubled in the last fifteen years.

In regard to the prices of eggs and dressed poultry, we
found the following quoted in " Farm Poultry " for the
month of November, 1898 : —

Eggs (fresh), 26 to 28 cents per dozen.

Dressed poultry, 13 and 14 cents per pound.

For the year 1913 the following prices were obtained
at the Boston markets, on the eighteenth day of last No-
vember : —

Eggs (fresh), 59 to 60 cents per dozen.

Poultry, 20 to 22 cents per pound.

From this it is seen that eggs have practically doubled in
price in the last fifteen years, but that dressed poultry
has not.

This comparison, on the whole, is not a very fair one,
because we are taking the price of eggs when they are the
highest of any period of the year, and poultry prices when
they are the lowest, because at this time the market is flooded
with all kinds of roasters, including hens, chickens, cocks,
etc. This surplus is dumped upon the market for whatever
it will bring.

Chickens in the Corn Field.
In husking and weighing the corn taken from one row
across our patch at the college poultry plant this season, we
found that the yield was 58 bushels per acre. We considered
this an excellent showing, because corn was on the same
ground last year, and the only fertilizer we used was about
$1 worth of potash per acre. Poultry ran on the ground both
last year and this. Furthermore, part of the land was cul-
tivated only once during the season and the remainder only
twice. Not a weed was to be found in the corn field at any
time. The chicks were quite large when the corn was

34 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

planted, and they were allowed to run on the land while it
was coming up, but did not injure it at all, although some
of them were about two months old at that time. There is
no better place for raising chicks than in a corn field, as it
not only furnishes feed for them but also shade, and the
ground being cultivated, continually furnishes worms and
bugs. The leaves of the corn act as a sieve and catch a great
many bugs and insects from the air. These fall to the ground
and are eaten. Moreover, the standing corn acts as a good
wind break in the fall and fodder can be used for litter.

Any one who has land suitable for com should by all
means try to raise some in connection with the growing of
young stock.

There has been considerable discussion as to the amount
of poultry and eggs produced in this State annually, and
also the amount consumed here. It is impossible to get at
anything absolutely definite on the subject, but data secured
by Dr. Brigham, author of " Progressive Poultry Culture,"
show that annually there are produced in Massachusetts
about five million dollars' worth, while about twenty to thirty
million dollars' worth are consumed. These data were se-
cured several years ago, so at the present time we no doubt
produce six million dollars' worth at least. An estimate of
last year's consimiption of poultry and eggs in Massachusetts,
based upon the methods used in determining the amounts
consumed in Xew York City, would give us about forty-seven
million dollars' worth. Whether it is twenty-five, thirty or
forty-seven million dollars' worth does not matter particu-
larly, as the difference between production and consumption
is great enough at any rate to assure us that the poultry busi-
ness in Massachusetts is not overdone.

Secretary Wheelee. We hope that if anybody wants to
ask Professor Graham any questions they will feel like doing
so at this time. We would like to have a free discussion on
the subject of raising poultry.

Question. I would like to ask Professor Graham which
feed at this season of the year produces the greatest number
of eggs?

No. 4.] FEEDS AND FEEDING. 35

Plans of Poultry House dt the Agricultural College

OotK

window

window 7

_7'6;

Zl

"Front y\ev/

-0 0-

Rear view — iKowinq vetvti lator»

Cross section
o^ Tiovelty
5 1 d I no

T •?:

side view

Nest plari

36 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Professor Graham. Any one of the mashes that we threw
on the screen, and two parts of cracked corn and one of wheat
for scratch feed, fed in the way I mentioned, and plenty of
green feed, will give you good results. Besides keeping a
dry mash in the hopper, feed them a wet mash once a day, —
all they will eat.

Mr. TowNE. I would like to ask what kinds of grain you
use for the dry mash, and in what proportions ?

Professor Graham. It is composed of 100 poimds of each
of the following : wheat bran, flour middlings, gromid oats,
corn meal, gluten feed, beef scrap and linseed meal.

Mr. J. H. Wheeler. What time of day would you feed
the wet mash ?

Professor Graham. We feed the wet mash about 2 o'clock
in the afternoon, because it is convenient for the men to do
it at that time. The exact hour of feeding is not an impor-
tant factor. In general, I should say it should be fed at the
period of the day that will fit in with the other work on the
farm. The hour at which it is fed will determine the amount
given at that particular time. As a general statement, the
later it is fed the more you can give. If the hens will fill
up on it early in the day the amount of exercise taken will
be decreased, and whether breeders or layers, we want to
induce as much exercise as possible. If the wet mash is
given in the morning feed about half what they will eat;
if at noon, a little more ; and at night all they will eat.

Mr. Laporte. What do you think about feeding beet
pulp ?

Professor GRAiiAT^r. It has just about the same feeding
value as green beets, and you can feed it in the same quan-
tities. We soak it first and feed it in a trough. A good
many people mix up a mash with such material as beet pul]:),
cooked vegetables, etc., but in some way, for some reason, I
never liked to do it ; it never looked good to me — never
looked as though I would like to eat it myself. (Laughter.)

Probably it is a notion of mine, but I would feed it in a
trough. You con get the shredded beet pulp, which is very
fine indeed. I think that is the better to buy ; it soaks up

No. 4.] FEEDS AND FEEDING. 37

more quickly. I would soak it overnight or for a few hours
before feeding.

Mr. R. C. GooDALE. What is your advice as to feeding
wet mash, — whether warm or cold, with warm or cold
water ?

Professor Geaham. The feeding of hot mashes is an old-
fashioned idea. I began that way, but experiments have been
performed at different stations which show conclusively that
it doesn't make any difference whether you make them with
hot or cold water. You probably know that the cooking of
feed is being done away with entirely. Scientists have dem-
onstrated to us beyond doubt that cooking binds up the pro-
tein molecules more tightly than in the raw feed. You try
to fatten a cockerel on cooked feed ^nd you will find you
can't do it very well. Professor Graham of Guelph, Can.,
who has done a good deal of that work, because they furnish
dressed poultry for the English market, has tried feeding
cooked feed, but it has never been satisfactory. It gets the
digestive apparatus of the bird out of order. Pouring boil-
ing water into the pail of feed, enough of it to mix with the
mash, wouldn't cook it but just warm it. The old-fashioned
way was to make a sloppy mash, but now we put in just
enough water to make what we call a crumbly mash.

Mr. Haven. In view of the tables, why do you use so
much wheat, even, as one-third ?

Professor Geaham. We do it simply to get variety. In all
probability they would get along very well on corn alone.
Other grains should be fed simply for variety.

Mr. Have:^. I know, but why can't you feed wheat and
oats once a week ? Wouldn't that cheapen your ration ?

Professor Geakam. Yes, sir.

Mr. Haven. And wouldn't that give an equal amount of
variety ? If they have com and wheat together every day
in the same proportion they don't really get variety.

Professor Geaham. Looking at it that way, it is true ; but
I like to give what grains I feed quite regularly because of
the habits of hens. They get into a habit of eating certain
food and thev like it. I have had hens that wouldn't look

38 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

at corn, and others that wouldn't look at oats, barley or wheat.
They thought they were weed seeds, I guess, until they
learned to eat them, so that I would rather make my scratch
feed of a variety of grains and feed regTilarly.

Mr. J. H. Wheelee. How about the use of buckwheat,
where it is cheap enough ?

Professor Geaham. It costs too much money for what
there is in it.

Mr. Wheeler. If you raise it yourself, and haven't a
market for it, what then ?

Professor Graham. I would rather raise the corn. Of
course, I would feed it if I raised it, but I wouldn't go to
work and raise either buckwheat or wheat.

Mr. Wheeler. In the part of Massachusetts where I
come from we can't raise that kind of corn but once in ten
years.

Professor Graham. Then I would raise the buckwheat.

Question. I would like to ask the professor whether he
considers there is anything in the color of the corn that affects
the color of the feather. In breeding white fowl, does white
corn or yellow corn affect the color of the feather ?

Professor Graham. Well, I do not believe it will. I want
to try that out to my own satisfaction some time in feeding,
but I do not believe it will do it. I will tell what it does,
though. It colors the flesh underneath, gives it a very orange
color, which might reflect somewhat upon the feathers, but
I do not believe yellow corn would influence the pig-ment in
the feathers themselves.

QuESTioisr. Well, there is a considerable amount of fat in
the quill of the feather.

Professor Graham. Yes, down beneath in the quill and
about the quill of the feather.

Mr. Parsons. Is milk, or buttermilk, better for the mash
than water ?

Professor Graham. Yes, sir.

Mr. Laporte. Which food contains the largest amount of
ash?

Professor Graham. You mean of our grains? Oats and
barley. There is very little difference in com, wheat and

No. 4.] FEEDS AND FEEDING. 39

rye, but you will find more ash in oats and barley on accoimt
of the fibrous husks.

Mr. Worth. I would like to ask why you have changed
the composition of your dry mash from a year ago last June.
I was there and took your formula and liked it very much,
but I see you have changed it somewhat.

Professor Graham. I can't give any reason for doing
that.

]\Ir. Worth. But it is a fact, though, is it not ?

Professor Graham. Well it is and it isn't. I simply
made another mash, leaving out the ground alfalfa and com-
pounding it in such a way that I could use 100 pounds of
linseed meal and gluten meal. Any one of these three mashes
I gave you will give good results; they are all good. By
leaving out alfalfa meal we can feed our green material in
another form if we want to. We have on hand at the present
time a great deal of alfalfa hay.

Mr. W^ORTH. Then you consider the mash you formerly
used as good as the one you are now using ?

Professor Graham. It is as good, in a way, but not quite
so concentrated. There is no need of alfalfa in the mash if
the birds are on range or are given it in another form. The
third mash, the last one we compounded, has a greater per
cent of protein in it, but I do not think that one would find
any great difference in feeding them.

Mr. Worth. It seemed to me in feeding it that the pro-
portion of ground alfalfa was large.

Professor Graham. Yes, it was, I think, one-sixth.

Mr. Worth. I do not know that it was, but it appeared so
to me.

Professor Graham. Yes, it is one-sixth, but that is not
very great when you consider that it is winter feed, and they
don't get very much fibrous material outside of that except
what they get in their beets and mangels.

Mr. Haven. Do you give your breeding stock any broader
ration, any wider ration, in this form ?

Professor Graham. Yes. The breeders get very little dry
mash at this time and are being fed very largely, therefore,
on a grain diet, — cracked com and wheat and some oats.

40 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Mr. IIaven. Do you give your cockerels any different
ration ?

Professor Geaham. Those we are keeping for breeding
purposes we feed in the same way, about as we do the breed-
ing hens. Those we are fattening, of course, we give a very
fattening ration.

Mr. G. B. Pakks. Did you ever feed cotton seed ?

Professor Graham. We do not feed cotton seed because
we don't know just how much we can feed. Another thing,
cotton seed is rather fibrous compared with some of the other
concentrates, and the fact that it will kill pigs if fed to them
in quantities leads us to believe that we had better not feed
very much to hens, because the digestive apparatus of the
hens is very much more like that of the pig than that of the
cow or the steer.

Mr. A. A. Wakkiner. I would like to ask a question in
regard to fattening chickens and making growth. I want
to find the best feed for getting large, nice, fat roasting
chickens.

Professor Graham. Yes, You have reference to growing
them particularly rather than to finishing them, have you
not?

Mr. A. A. Warriner. Finishing them off, fattening them
and getting them in good condition.

Professor Graham. In fattening there are three factors
to consider; first, we want to select chickens that grew to
maturity in good health and that will take on fat readily
(it is a- well-known fact among market poultrymen that there
are certain ones that cannot be fattened) ; second, we must
have the right kind of feed ; and third, the proper method of
giving it. The best ration for finishing is one part by weight
of each of the following: corn meal, flour middlings, finely
ground oats, and bran, mixed with some sour milk or butter-
milk. If you haven't sour milk or buttermilk, put in about
10 per cent beef scrap and use water. It should be mixed
to a creamy consistency, so that the birds will get a great
deal of the milk. This can be fed twice a day in a trough,
and a little cracked corn also can be given every day, if they
will eat it.

No. 4.] FEEDS AND FEEDING. 41

Mr. Wentwoktpi. I would like to ask if, in feeding sour
milk, or in mixing feeds with sour milk, you ever have trouble
from its being too laxative ?

Professor Graham. I have never had any trouble of that
kind. I think you will find that it has the opposite effect.
If you feed sweet milk you won't get the results always that
you will when you feed it sour. The reason we advocate
sour milk is because of the effect that the lactic acid has
upon the digestive tract, both of chickens and of man. There
is nothing better for us than sour milk. You probably know
that Metschnikoff, the bacteriologist, one of the greatest
scientists that ever lived, noticed that the people in the Bal-
kan' Mountains and vicinity lived to an advanced age, and
kept healthy and vigorous ; he found also that they were mak-
ing a drink of sour milk that contained much more lactic
acid than we can get here in ours. They had a particular
kind of bacteria that produced about three times as much
acidity in the milk as our common lactic acid germs do, and
he said it was on that account that those people lived to such
a great age.

Mr. Worth. Would we get any better results by separat-
ing the curd from the whey ?

Professor Graham. I don't think so. We want the whey
because the acid is in it and there is very little in the curd.
If you could separate them completely, the acid would all
be in the whey.

Evening Session.

The chairman for the evening session was Mr. George E.
Taylor of Shelburne Falls, who introduced Professor Sears
of Amherst to speak upon " The !N'ew Orchard."

42 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

THE NEW ORCHARD.

PROF. P. C. SEARS OF THE MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

Doubtless many in the audience are familiar with the
Bay Road Fruit Farm, which is " The New Orchard " re-
ferred to in the title on our program, but it may be worth
while for the benefit of those who are not, to state that it is
an orchard at Amherst which was started in 1908 by Pro-
fessor Waugh and myself, and which now comprises about
125 acres.

It is not my purpose to discuss all the problems that have
come up in the development of this orchard, but rather to
select a few of the more important, and those which are likely
to be of more general interest.

First, a few words in regard to the character of the planta-
tions which have been set. Many fruit growers consider
that one line of fruit is sufficient, such as apples or peaches,
and some even go so far as to say that if one is growing
apples, a single variety, or two at the outside, will give the
most profitable returns. As a general proposition this is
probably true. It reduces the number of questions about
which the owner must have expert knowledge, and allows
him to concentrate on a few lines ; and every one will agree
that the profits from many orchards have been reduced owing
to the multiplication of varieties. But it has seemed to us
that there was another and very important side to the ques-
tion, and that is the better distribution of the labor required
where one plants several varieties of any fruit and several
different kinds of fruit. For example, if a man ties up to
the Baldwin apple, which all will agree is the most profit-
able single variety of any fruit, he has three or four seasons
of the year during which he is rushed with work. These

No. 4.] THE NEW ORCHARD. 43

are the seasons of pruning, spraying, picking and cultivation
(if he cultivates). During the balance of the year he has
practically nothing to do in his orchard. On the other hand,
if he enlarges his list of varieties, and still more if he in-
cludes several classes of fruits in his plantings, his season
for labor is very decidedly extended. In the matter of pick-
ing, for example, instead of having it all come in two weeks,
the last of September and the first of October, his picking
season extends from the last of July to the middle of October,
which is a very decided advantage. Another point which
has influenced us in increasing our list of varieties somewhat,
and in planting other fruits than the apple, is that this en-
ables one to hold his customers better. One customer may
want Sutton, another Wagoner and another Palmer Green-
ing. For the grower who is catering to a personal market,
the ability to offer a choice of varieties is certainly worth
considering.

Looking at the subject in this way, w^hile we have made
apples our leading fruit, we have also set peaches, pears,
plums and quinces, and we expect to add grapes and cher-
ries. Our list of important varieties in apples is, in the
order of ripening: Yellow Transparent, Red Astrachan,
Oldenburg, Wealthy, Mcintosh, Hubbardston, Sutton, Pal-
mer Greening, Wagener, Rhode Island Greening and
Baldwin. Of course we have set many more trees of some
of these than of others. Probably five-sixths of the plant-
ings are made up of Baldwin, Mcintosh, Wagener, Rhode
Island Greening and Palmer Greening.

In peaches we have set : Greensborough, Carman, Cham-
pion, Belle of Georgia and Elberta. This gives a good suc-
cession, though not a perfect one. There are breaks in the
line which we want to fill in ; and we especially need a variety
that is later than Elberta.

A question which we have found it very difficult to settle
is what crops to grow among the young trees during the first
few years of the orchard. To be satisfactory a crop must
first of all leave the trees in at least as good condition as they
would have been without it, and second, it must be profitable
to the owner. This is a difficult combination to get ; at least,

44 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

we have found it so. To be a benefit to the orchard the crop
must require good cultivation, and must not spread out so as
to shade the trees or rob them of food; and it is very desir-
able, also, that it should make its greatest grovs^th at a dif-
ferent period from the trees. In order to be profitable it
must be a crop which the owner can use to advantage on the
farm or which he can sell for cash. As we keep no stock,
other than our teams, there is little that we can use except
hay and corn, and of course hay cannot be grown in an
orchard. We have not considered it advisable to go into
truck crops, and we are therefore restricted to general crops
that can be sold for cash. Those which we have found most
satisfactory under our conditions are : beans, soy beans, corn,
potatoes, cabbage, squash, strawberries. Even strawberries
we find objectionable in any but very young orchards because
they prevent cross-cultivation, and still more because they
require to be kept in the land two years. It is impossible to
keep the young trees in as good condition where the land can-
not be given a thorough preparation in the spring.

Another question which has caused us no end of difficulty,
and which we have not yet solved to our entire satisfaction,
is the old, perennial question of cover crops. Many people
think this question was settled years ago. As a matter of
fact, it never was settled, and probably never will be except
as each man settles it for himself, and that temporarily. The
most important offices of a cover crop are the following,
arranged roughly in the order of their importance : —

1. To add humus to the soil.

2. To prevent washing of the soil.

3. To check the growth of the tree.

4. To add nitrogen to the soil.

In addition to this, if the crop is to be used on an orchard
of any size, and if the owner is not a millionaire, the seed
must be reasonably cheap.

It might seem like a relatively simple matter to grow a
good crop of some plant in the soil in the early autumn which
shall accomplish all of the things mentioned above, and not
be very costly, but in our case, at least, it has not proved so.
Our soil is relatively light, which probably makes it more

' ' ■•' >> 'J

li-^, ■:' \^

■'■- -' .• ^^■•

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f

No. 4.] THE NEW ORCHARD. 45

difficult to grow good crops, and it was badly run out when
we began, which undoubtedly complicates matters. At the
present time the following are our most promising crops:
buckAvheat, barley, dwarf Essex rape, turnips, soy beans and
rye. The great advantage of buckwheat is that it will grow
almost anywhere and that it leaves the soil in fine condition.
Also that it tends to reseed itself from year to year, so that
one saves on the bill for seed. This is a very important
point, and I believe that by changing our methods a little
we can get cover crops that will almost always reseed them-
selves. The change in methods would be principally in the
direction of shortening the season of cultivation, so that not
all of the seed will have sprouted before it comes time to
" lay by " the orchard. Another practice we have found
helpful in getting a good growth of cover crop is to apply a
little fertilizer when the cover crop is sov^ai. In fact, we
are even contemplating changing the time for applying our
orchard fertilizers from early spring to the date at which
the cover crop is sown, for of course in the long run the trees
get the plant food which is taken up temporarily by the
cover crop.

A point in favor of turnips and dwarf Essex rape is the
low cost of seed. Two pounds will sow an acre, and the
former costs about 35 cents a pound, while the latter can be
had for about 8 cents. Where one is sowing a large acreage
this low cost of seed looks very attractive. A further ad-
vantage of turnips is that under anything like favorable cir-
cumstances a good many of them will grow large enough to
be marketable. One can then go through the patch and pull
out enough to more than pay for the cost of the crop, and
still have a good stand to act as a cover.

It might be of interest to say just a word about some of
the orchard implements that we are using, because in the
handling of an orchard our success depends to a great extent
on what sort of tools we have to work with. While we have
a great many different implements, the three which we use
most are the " light-draft orchard harrow," the " California
orchard plow " and the " orchard cultivator." The first men-
tioned is a light form of spring-tooth harrow, mounted on

46 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

wheels, and it comes nearer to doing all the work in the
orchard in one day than anything else I have ever seen. Our
teams have done as much as 20 acres in a day with this har-
row. The California orchard plow consists of a gang of four
discs at the end of a long beam, and its strong point is that
one can get close up to the trees with the plow and still keep
the team well away. We have found it better than any other
plow we have yet tried. The " orchard cultivator " is an
implement with rigid teeth, and is especially useful where
there is hard work to be performed ; that is, where the soil
is heavy and the weeds are bad. Under such conditions the
light-draft harrow will not work satisfactorily.

A practice which has become a regular thing in our or-
chards is thinning the fruit. I believe that it is hard to
overestimate the value of this operation. It not only gets
rid of the poor, defective specimens that would be of little
or no value at picking time, and so relieves the owner of the
necessity of deciding what to do with them, but it also re-
lieves the tree of the strain of developing these fruits to ma-
turity, and consequently makes annual crops more probable.

Many people are deterred from thinning by the idea that
it is an endless and costly job. Our advice to such people
would be to try it. We have had our thinning done prin-
cipally by boys about fifteen years of age, and we find it costs
us about 40 cents per tree to thin the fruit on full-sized bear-
ing apple trees, and about 2 cents to thin a peach tree that
will bear two to three baskets. With the apples our prac-
tice is to go over the tree twice, the first time about the 10th
of July and the second time a month later. The first time
our orders are to thin so that no spur will have two apples.
Defective fruits are also removed. The second time we look
especially for defective fruits, but also thin out where the
fruit looks thick. I do not believe any other practice, with
the exception of spraying, is more important if one wishes
to grow the best fruit.

I cannot let this opportunity pass without mentioning the
record of a small Baldwin orchard that was on the land when
we bought it. The trees are probably thirty-five years old,
and were so poor that it was seriously suggested that they

No. 4.] THE NEW ORCHARD. 47

should be cut. down and a " real orchard " set in their place.
But instead of this they were pruned and fertilized and
sprayed, with the result that the third year they bore 200
barrels of apples and the fifth year 175 barrels, for which
we were offered $1 more per barrel than the market price,
on account of the quality of the fruit. There are hundreds
of old orchards in the State that would do as well if they
were given the same treatment.

We start in the spring with pruning and dormant spray-
ing, and this is followed by spraying our apples for codling
moth. If we had only peaches we should omit this spraying.
Then later on we spray our peaches with self-boiled lime-
sulphur, at a time when there is little to do in the apple
orchard. Then all of our lower lands are seeded down to
hay, a crop that lends itself admirably to the profitable dis-
tribution of labor, because haying comes in just as we are
through spraying and is out of the way just in time to begin
picking the earliest peaches.

Now a few words in closing about marketing our fruit.
We have worked principally to develop a family trade in
fruits, and personally I believe that this is by far the most
valuable kind of trade. I had rather sell a man five barrels
of apples at $4 a barrel than two boxes at $2.50. On the
other hand, we must not overlook the fact that the less fruit
one sells a customer at one time the more that customer is
willing to pay. At two apples for 5 cents (a very reasonable
price where one is buying a few apples to eat) a barrel of
apples (estimated at 350 apples) will sell for $8.75. In
fact, I believe that if growers could persuade their grocery-
man to handle the fruit on a commission, some form of small
basket or carton would be very profitable. This plan not
only gives the advantage of better prices to the grower, but
it gives him a certain control over the price, which is very
desirable.

Mr. Taylok. Where would you prune a two-year-old
tree ?

Professor Seaes. I wouldn't prune it at all until next
spring.

48 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Mr. Taylok. But in the spring where would you take the
top off?

Professor Seaes. Way down in here somewhere (indi-
cating).

Mr. Taylor. Doesn't the nitrogenous quality of Winter
Vetch somewhat overbalance the cost of it ?

Professor Sears. Yes, it would. That is a point I
thought of but haven't emphasized. Yes.

Question. What do you do with the fruit you thin out ?

Professor Sears. We haven't done anything. Even the
second thinning is so early that it has no value ; the fruit at
the second thinning is still so small and immature that I
don't think it will bother you. I think you will find the
greatest difficulty is to get your men to thin it enough. The
tree looks fearful when you get through; the gi'ound is cov-
ered with fruit, and it doesn't seem that there is any left
on the tree, but when you come around to picking time I
think you will wish you had thinned more. I think that is
the experience of every one who has thinned, that he couldn't
get his men to thin enough; but if you can get the boys to
realize that they are your trees and realize what the purpose
is, and you can get them to carry out instructions until
there is only one fruit left on the spur, you will be surprised
at the result.

Mr. Taylor. I was very much interested, when I went
over your orchard, in seeing the development of fruit spurs
on what we call the water sprouts in the center of the tree.

Professor Sears. In the old trees ?

Mr. Taylor. Yes. It was something new to me.

Professor Sears. The chairman calls attention to the fact
that we have been able to develop fruit spurs on a lot of the
water sprouts. That has been rather good, I think. Com-
monly we wouldn't have satisfactory development of fruit
spurs, and so we took the water sprouts, and undertook to
develop paying wood, or fruit spurs, on those, and we have
been reasonably successful, I think.

Mr. Taylor. How long do you run those fruit spurs?
Do you leave the stubs more than two years ?

Professor Sears. The idea is simply this: if you have

No. 4.] THE NEW ORCHARD. 49

an old tree where the small branches have been cleaned off
so that it isn't paying, so that you are getting no return
from that section of the tree, the only way you can get it
back is by developing the water sprouts and developing fruit
spurs on the sides of those, and after those come up go right
down to perhaps within two or three inches and make them
throw outside shoots, and the tree will start bearing, and if
we find that it isn't doing as well as it should, we cut them
out.

Mr. Gleason. I would like to ask the professor what fer-
tilizer he uses on these orchards.

Professor Sears. I might say that we very strongly be-
lieve in the practice of fertilizing orchards, and those of you
who have kept track of the recent discussions on fertilization
know that the results in the different stations have been very
varied. They have run all the way from the Pennsylvania
station, which has shown very marked advantages from
fertilization, to the work at Geneva, IST. Y., where they
concluded that they didn't find any virtue in it, and not
only that, but they didn't get the money back that it cost
to put the fertilizer on. There is one other experiment
that ought to be recorded, and that is at Amherst, where
we have planted primarily to test the advantage of dif^
ferent forms of fertilization by potash. I won't enter into
that question now, but, incidentally, in the center of that
orchard was a block that didn't receive any fertilizer, and
the result has been that that block which didn't receive
any at all has been way behind the other blocks. ISTo matter
what fertilizer has been put on, those others have been way
ahead. To my mind, that, and the Pennsylvania station ex-
periment, are proof enough that under most circumstances
fertilization is a good thing, and that has been the way in
which we have handled our orchard. We have not only put
on nitrogen for our young trees to start off with, but we
have gone on the assumption that it was a good thing and
would encourage them in coming into bearing. We have
furnished also potash and phosphoric acid for our young
trees. We have used nitrate of soda, a couple of ounces,
perhaps, to each tree, and acid phosphate and high-grade

50 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

sulphate of potash, making them up at the rate of 5 pounds
of phosphoric acid and 3 pounds of potash. On the old
orchard that we renovated we have used each year 500
pounds of basic slag and 300 pounds of potash, and on all
our orchards we have used a good quantity of fertilizer,
almost always in these forms that I have mentioned; that
is, we used basic slag, as a rule, on the old orchards that
were cultivated, and always high-grade sulphate of potash;
and for our young trees we usually used acid phosphate or
phosphoric acid; and then we have used lime as I have sug-
gested, more on crops than on the orchards. I think that is
very important for the trees, particularly on land that has
been seeded down.

Mr. Tayloe. How much lime do you use ?

Professor Sears.. We have been putting on a ton per
acre. I know that Mr. Haslett at the station said that some
persons said it would require 5 tons per acre, but I wouldn't
advise putting on that quantity. Put on a ton per acre to
start with.

Mr. William Hanson. Did you ever see a man cutting
a Mcintosh tree ? I set out an orchard two years ago with
Mcintosh fillers, and I had a man tell me this summer that
he never had the heart to cut his out. I am going to set out
another orchard next spring, and he advises me to put them
in blocks and not use the Mcintosh for fillers, because I
would never have the heart to cut them out.

Professor Seaes. Well, that is coming right back at me,
certainly. I have never seen a man cutting out Mcintosh,
but I have seen men cut out Wagener and Wealthy, and if I
had the heart to cut out Wagener I think I would have the
heart to cut out Mcintosh. I quite appreciate the difficulty,
and I am quite certain that perhaps the rank and file won't
have the grit to cut them out. My idea is that if we find
we haven't the grit to do it, we can have the hired man cut
them out while we are gone. [Laughter.]

Question. I would like to ask what percentage of wood
you would cut out on an old orchard when renovating it ?

Professor Sears. That is a question that it is impossible

f "^

Heading back a four-year-old apple tree.

No. 4.] THE NEW ORCHARD. 51

to answer. It would go, I should say, all the way from 90
per cent down to perhaps 4 or 5, depending on the condition
of the tree. In our work in renovating we started in and cut
out dead wood, and if you have a particular tree in mind,
you will know how much will be left on the tree when you
get through with it. My boys have been working for the
last three weeks on renovating old trees, and they were in-
structed to cut out the dead wood. I was talking it over with
the class to-day, and we agreed that the cutting ran all the
way from 16 up to 50 per cent dead wood, so you see there
is considerable variation according to the tree itself. Then,
after you have got the dead wood out, the question comes up
what else to do; but after you have cut out, say, 60 per
cent, that is about the time you quitj there isn't much of
anything left. But in an ordinary tree of the type I have
seen renovated, I should think it would run somewhere
around 25 per cent. Of course, it is impossible to say with-
out knowing what the tree looks like.

Mr. Bkennan. I would like to ask the professor if I
understood him correctly when he said they were considering
fertilizing cover crops ? Is that fertilizing coming at a time
when it will introduce a growth of new wood ?

Professor Seaks. I am glad you raised that point. We
don't at that time put on any great amount of nitrogen to
start with, but the cover crop will use up most of the nitro-
gen. Then, you would not get very close to the tree with the
fertilizer. If you wanted to get it satisfactorily you would
keep away from the tree with the. fertilizer. We have tried
it to a limited extent, but the dressing of nitrogen, or what-
ever we were using, would be relatively light.

Mr. HansoiS-. I would like to ask what kind of fertilizers
will give color to apples.

Professor Sears. Why, I don't know. I doubt if any
one knows. The men here in this audience are better quali-
fied to discuss that than I am, but the latest evidence I have
heard seems to be rather against the view that any fertilizer
actually gives color. You can destroy it by the use of too
much nitrogen, but evidence seems to be lacking to abso-

52 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

lutelj prove that you can increase it, unless possibly by the
use of potash.

Mr. George Packard. On the question of filler trees, I
would like to ask why peach trees couldn't be used, wbich
live but a few years naturally, anyway, instead of apple
trees, which are valuable. I think it is almost a crime to
kill a Wealthy tree.

Professor Sears, Yes, peach trees will die in several
years, and if it will ease your conscience any, that might be
better for you, Mr. Packard. Still, I don't think it is any
more of a crime to cut out a Mcintosh tree than it is to go
into that Mcintosh tree and then cut whatever limbs are
necessary. The two stand right together. I know a man
feels a little worse about cutting out a tree than he would
about cutting out some limbs.

To answer the other question about peach fillers, that is
a legitimate practice, and a good many people do it. We
have done it ourselves, but I have two objections to it, and
I think they are legitimate objections. The first is that you
quite frequently come to a point where you want to handle
the soil differently for the peaches than for the apples, par-
ticularly in the matter of the fertilizers which contain con-
siderable nitrogen. Here is a good illustration which comes
to my mind now. The college has a block of apples, inter-
planted with peaches, trees about eighteen years old. In
1906, I think it was, the peaches were much damaged by a
hard winter ; and after a severe pruning in the spring it was
desired to push the peaches along, and so they were given a
good application of nitrate of soda, which the peaches
wanted, and some of the trees are still in good shape in the
orchard now. The apples, however, which include Mcin-
tosh and Wealthy and Baldwins and various standard sorts,
were just coming into bearing nicely, and they didn't want
any nitrogen ; it was just what they didn't want. Well, the
result was that they started off to a big wood growth, and
have been trying to get over that ever since. That was six
years ago, and they are just getting sobered down where
they would have been if it hadn't been for that nitrate of
soda. So I think that it is an objection ; that you frequently

No. 4.] THE NEW ORCHARD. 53

come to a point where you want to treat the soil differently
for peaches and for apples.

Another objection is one also frequently noted, that you
want to spray with different material or at different times,
and you have got to go back and forth from one tree to the
other, and if you simply make up your mind to do it at
different times, it means you have got to go over the orchard
twice, which adds to the expense. Those are my reasons for
not liking it, but I have seen it overcome in a number of
cases and have put in peaches, but I don't think it is the
best practice, and I entirely agree with the gentleman who
said it is best to put a tree in and when you get through
with it cut it out.

Mr. Irwin. Don't you consider the Mcintosh better than
the Baldwin to-day, for money ?

Professor Seaks. Well, I don't know. Yes, to a limited
extent I consider it better, but I am a great friend of the
old Baldwin, myself. It is an apple to tie up to week after
week and night after night. The Baldwin is as good as
anything you get.

Mr. Irwin. But it doesn't bring the price.

Professor Sears. 'No, I know it doesn't bring the price.
I don't want to say anything against the Mcintosh, because
I think it is a fine apple.

Mr. Packard. I would like to ask this as to fertilizers.
If the peach-tree fertilizer harms the apple trees next to
them, why couldn't the application of fertilizer be made lo-
cally? Some years ago I set out an orchard with peach
trees in between, and in due course the peach trees died.
The apple trees came right along as well as could be ex-
pected of any apple trees, and I lost nothing by it.

Professor Sears. The difficulty is that the roots don't
stay where they belong; the peach-tree roots go right among
the apple roots, and the apple-tree roots go right among the
peach-tree roots, and if you have these trees 20 feet apart,
at the age when the fertilizer would be applied, undoubtedly
the apple roots would be trying to occupy all the soil, and
so would the peach roots, so that when you put any fertilizer
on it would be on both of them at the same time.

54 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Second Day.
The Wednesday morning session was called to order by
Secretary Wheeler at 10.40 a.m. Mr. Herbert G. Worth of
IvTantucket was introduced as chairman of the morning ses-
sion. Mr. Worth called upon Professor Warren of the New
York State College of Agriculture, Ithaca, IN". Y., for the
leading address of the session.

I

No. 4.1 FACTORS IN SUCCESSFUL FARMING. 55

THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTORS IN SUCCESSFUL
FARMING.

G. F. WARREN, PROFESSOR OF FARM MANAGEMENT, CORNELL UNIVERSITY.

During the past six years we have been securing from
farmers in 'New York State records of their capital and busi-
ness receipts and expenses, in order to find out how much
farmers are making, and why some are making more than
others. During this time we have obtained records of 2,917
farms.

From seven years' study of this question we have de-
termined the relative importance of different factors on
profits.

Labor Income defined.

In order to understand this discussion it will be necessary
to know what is meant by labor income. By this we mean
the amount of money that the farmer has made in addition to
interest on his capital. It corresponds to a hired man's
wages when the hired man receives a house and some farm
products.

Table 1 shows the averages for Tompkins county.^ The
average capital on these farms was $5,527. This includes
land, buildings, stock, machinery, tools, feed and seed on
April 1 and cash to run the farm. The average receipts for
the year were $1,146. Any unsold products or increase in
animals is counted as a receipt. The average expenses were
$389. This includes all business or farm expenses. It

» Por a fuller discussion of methods of work and other conclusions, see Bulletin 295 of the
Cornell Experiment Station. The purpose of this work is not to compare farming with city
work, but to study the relation of various factors to profits in farming. The hired man and
the farmer get many farm products from the farm. These and very many other factors
must be considered in order to compare farming with city work. Labor income is an excel-
lent means of measuring the success of a farmer, as it is directly comparable with hired man's
wages when the man gets a house and farm products.

56 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

does not include any personal expenses, but includes the
value of board furnished to hired help. The difference be-
tween the receipts and expenses averaged $757.

Table 1. — Averages. Tompkins County.

Number of farms, 615

Average capital, $5,527

Average receipts, . . . . 1,146

Average business expenses, 389

Receipts less expenses, 757

Interest at 5 per cent, 276

Income from unpaid labor, 481

Value of unpaid labor except owner's, 58

Labor income, 423

This $757 was earned by the farmer's money and the
work of the family. Money can readily be loaned on farm
mortgages at 5 per cent. Hence, only $481 can be said to
have been earned by the labor of the farmer and his family.
The unpaid farm labor by members of the family would
have cost about $58 if it had been hired. The farmer really
earned as his wages $423. This we call his labor income.
Hired men in this region get about $360, house rent and
some farm products. If a farmer's labor income is less than
this he might as well lend his money and hire out.

About one-third of the farmers in Tompkins County are
making less than hired men's wages; one-third are making
wages ; and one-third make more than wages.

Table 2 shows the same results for Livingston County.
The region is a very prosperous one and gives an average
labor income of $584.

Table 2. — Averages, Livingston County.

Number of farms, 574

Average capital, $10,548

Average receipts, 2,172

Average business expenses, 980

Receipts less expenses, 1,192

Interest at 5 per cent, 527

Income from unpaid labor, ....... 665

Value of unpaid labor except owner's, 81

Labor income, . . 584

No. 4.] FACTORS IN SUCCESSFUL FARMING. 57

Most Important Factors affecting Profits.

The four most important factors affecting profits have
been found to be size of business, crop yields, production per
cow or other animals, and diversity of the business. So
strikingly do these four factors stand out that if we know
them we can guess the labor income with approximate ac-
curacy in about 95 per cent of the cases. Only in a few
cases do practical farmers make other mistakes of so serious
a nature as to prevent them from getting a good labor income
when these four factors are favorable.

Farms not balanced. — Farmers are like other people, —
they have hobbies. There is practically no relationship be-
tween good cows and good crops, or between size of the farm
and production of crops or cows. 'We find that the farmers
who have the best cows average very little above their neigh-
bors in crop yields. That the crops are good gives no indi-
cation of whether the cows are good or bad. On the average,
there is practically no relation either between the size of
the farm and quality of the crops or cows. As a result we
have all kinds of combinations of the factors of profits.
There are very few farms that rank well in each of the four
respects.

Size of Business. — There are many ways in which the
size of the business may be measured. Farms may be com-
pared on number of days of work done, number of men kept,
amount of capital invested, number of cows or other animals
kept, number of work animals, number of acres of land, or
acres of crops grown. So long as we are dealing with fairly
uniform conditions each of these comparisons will give about
the same results as an average of large numbers; but when
a particular farm is considered it may be placed in a dif-
ferent class when the method of sorting is changed.

Relation of Capital to Profits. — Tables 3, 4, 5 and 6
show the relation of capital to profits. The farmers in
either of these counties who do not have a capital of at least
$5,000 are not doing as well as hired men. In Tompkins

58

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Table 3. — Relation of Capital to Profits on 615 Farms operated by
Owners, Tompkins County, N. Y.

Capital.

Average

Labor
Income.

82,000 or less,
$2,001 to $4,000,
$4,001 to $6,000,
$6,001 to $8,000,
$8,001 to $10,000,

$10,001 to $15,000,

Over $15,000,

$192
240
399
530
639
870

1,164

County over one-third of the farmers had less than $4,000
capital, but not one of these made a labor income of $1,000.
About two-fifths of the men with $10,000 capital made over
$1,000 labor income,
show the same results.

The figures for all the other regions

Table 4.

— Comparison

of Profits

on

Same 615 Farms.

Per Cent of

Capital.

Number of
Farmers.

the Farmers

making Labor

Incomes of

Over $1,000.

$2,000 or le'ss.

36

_

$2,001 to $4,000,

200

-

$4,001 to $6,000,

183

8

$6,001 to $8,000,

94

14

$8,001 to $10,000,

45

22

$10,001 to $15,000,

44

32

Over $15,000,

13

46

Table 5. — Relation of Capital to Labor Income on 578 Farms, North-
ern Livingston County, N. Y.

Capital.

Number
of Farms.

A^'era^e

Labor
Income.

$5,000 or less,
$5,001 to $7,500,
$7,501 to $10,000,
$10,001 to $15,000,
$15,001 to $20,000,
$20,001 to $30,000,
Over $30,000,

$291

407

480

769

1,001

1,062

1,691

No. 4.] FACTORS IN SUCCESSFUL FARMING.

59

Table 6. — Comparison of Profits on Same 578 Farms.

Capital.

Per Cent of the

Farmers making

Labor Incomes

of Over $1,000.

15.000 or less, .

15.001 to S7,500,
$7,501 to $10,000,

$10,001 to $15,000,
$15,001 to $20,000,
$20,001 to $30,000,
Over $30,000,

7
11
16
33
46
51
50

Relation of Amount of Labor employed to Profits. — If
we measure size of business by number of men, or total
value of labor directed, we find the same comparisons. Those
farmers who do not direct at least one man besides them-
selves do not, on the average, earn much more than farm
wages. Table 7 gives such a comparison for Tompkins
County, ]^. Y. The total value of labor directed includes
the farmer's labor, estimated at $326 for the year, this be-
ing the average price that farmers estimated it would cost
to hire the labor done. If the total labor directed does not
equal about $650 to $700, the farm does not employ one
hired man for full time besides the farmer.

Table 7. — Relation of Labor to Profits.

Value of Total Labor.

Labor Income.

$347,
426,
557,
730,
960,

1,307,

$288
332
432
534
721

1,194

Relation of Size of Farm to Profits. — A better measure
of size of business is the acreage farmed, or better still, the

60

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

acreage of crops grown. Tables 8 and 9 give such compari-
sons for general farming where hay, grain, potatoes, cab-
bage and apples are the usual crops, and where a consider-
able proportion of the farmers keep dairy cows.

Table 8, — Relation of Size of Farm to Profits, 586 Farms, Tomp-
kins County, N. Y.

Acres.

Ntimber
of Farms.

Average

Size
(Acres).

Average
Tillable

Area
(Acre.s).

Labor
Income.

30 or less,

31 to 50. .
51 to 100, .

101 to 150, .
151 to 200, .
Over 200, .

30
108
214
143
57
34

21
49
83
124
177
261

18
38
60
88
117
160

$168
254
373
436
635
946

Average,

-

103

-

$415

Table 9. — Relation of Size of Farm to Profits, 578 Farms, Livingston

County, N. Y.

Acres Farmfd.

Number
of Farms.

Average

Size
t. Acres).

Tillable

Area
(Acres).

Labor
Income.

30 or less,

31 to 50,
51 to 100,

101 to 150.
151 to 200,
Over 200,

17
35
147
178
89
112

20
43
79
127
175
305

17
37
61
104
142
241

$54

295
437
593
934
1,082

In these regions the average farmer with less than 50
acres would make more money if he sold his farm, lent his
money and hired out as a farm laborer, or better yet, be-
came a tenant on a larger farm; or in many cases he might
better go in debt for a large farm and own it.

Comparatively few farmers with less than 100 acres made
very good profits. Of the 551 farmers who farmed 100 acres
or less, only 6 made labor incomes of $1,500. But of 292
farmers who farmed over 150 acres, 60 made over $1,500.

No. 4.] FACTORS IN SUCCESSFUL FARMING.

61

Relation of Acres of Crops to Profits. — A still better
way of measuring size is to compare the area of crops
growTi. This includes all harvested crops, but does not in-
clude pasture. Table 10 gives such a comparison.

Tablb 10. — Relation of Acres of Crops to Labor Income.

Acres op Chops.

Average

Acres
of Crops.

Number
of Farms.

Labor
Income.

20 or less,

21 to 40,
41 to 60,
61 to 80,
81 to 100,

101 to 140,
Over 140,

14

31
51
69
90
118
193

18
55
95

115
96

112

J24
257
400
481
642
937
1,261

Most of the economies in production are dependent on
the area of crops grown. Five horses are enough to raise
100 to 150 acres of general farm crops when the crops con-
sist of a good combination of grain, hay and potatoes, apples
or cabbage. If the crops are of the above kinds there should
be at least 20 acres per horse, but if they are hay and grain
there should be at least 30 acres per horse. In the eastern
States the cost of horse labor per acre is more than the in-
terest on the value of the land. While five horses can raise
125 acres of crops it is difficult to raise 50 acres of crops with
two horses. Farm machinery is built on the two, three and
four-horse basis. Evidently if one has less than 80 acres of
crops he must either go without good machinery or must keep
too many horses. There is no other solution of the problem
for him.

Machinery, horses and labor cannot be used efficiently with
less than 80 to 100 acres of crops ; and 200 acres is still bet-
ter. The various reasons for this have been published else-
where. For this discussion it is sufficient to see that size
of business is very important and that crop acres is one of
the. best measures of size.

62

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

The time spent in growing even an average crop in reason-
ably large areas pays the highest wages of any farm work.
If a farmer has a large area of crops, it not only indicates a
good-sized business, but indicates that the farmer is doing
a large amount of work that pays well.

Crop Yields.
Increased yield per acre is important, but not nearly so
important as is usually assumed. Table 11 shows the rela-
tion of yield to labor income, when 100 per cent represents
the average yield of the region.

Table 11. — Relation of Crop Yields to Labor Income, 574 Farms.

Percentage Yield.

Average
Percentage.

Number
of Farms.

Labor
Income.

75 or less,

76 to 85,
86 to 95,
96 to 105,

106 to 115,
116 to 125,
Over 125,

67

81
90
101
110
120
138

58
60
102
116
103
66
69

$165
219
663
570
878
951

1,090

An increased yield per acre makes the business larger,
and if not carried too far is a good thing. After one secures
yields of perhaps a fifth better than the neighbors on the
same soil he must be careful that his cost per bushel for the
increased crop is not more than the increase is worth. If
the neighbors on the same soil get II/2 tons of hay per acre
it may pay to grow 2 tons. If, under these conditions, one
wishes 3 tons, it can usually be grown at less cost per ton
on two acres than on one acre. This is the reason why the
acres of crops have more influence on ftrofits than does the
yield per acre.

Production per Cow.

All dairy products are produced on a very close margin
of profit. It is very easy to feed cows so as to lose all that
one has made by raising crops. Table 12 shows the rela-
tion of receipts per cow to profits. Those farmers who get

No. 4.1 FACTORS IN SUCCESSFUL FARMING.

63

over $75 per cow are the only ones who are making good
labor incomes. In this case $75 per cow indicates about
6,000 pounds of milk.

Table 12. — Relation of Receipts per Cow to Profits, Tompkins

County, N. Y.

Recfipts per Cow.

$30 or less

$31 to $50

$51 to $75,

$76 to $100

Over $100

It will be seen that while farmers who get average crops
are often doing very well, it takes much better than average
cows to pay.

Diversity of Industry.

If a farmer raises nothing but crops he usually wastes
considerable material that could be used to a profit to feed
animals. If he raises animals only he spends all his time on
the farm enterprise that is least likely to pay good wages.
He does not get so much for his manure because a heavy ap-
plication on one acre does not usually bring as good returns
per ton as if spread on two acres. Il^or is he so likely to
keep horses and men fully employed. To care for a dozen
cows is about half work for a man. One man can do this
and raise the cows' feed and cash crops to sell besides. Table
13 shows such a comparison. The farmers who combine
cash crops and stock make more than those who go to either
extreme of specialization.

Table 13. — Diversified Farming related to Profits on Farms selling
Wholesale Market Milk, Livingston County, N. F.

Per Cent of Receipts from Crops.

Number
of Farms.

Average
Area.

Labor
Income.

15 or less,

16 to 30,
31 to 50,

209
218
264

$769
1,210
1,225

64

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Table 14 sbows that crop yields are less important than
size of farm or production per cow. The combination of
good cows and a large farm gives a better chance than good
crops and good cows.

Table 14. • — Comparative Importance of Size, Crop Yields and Pro-
diiction per Cow, Jefferson County.

All farms (670)

97 farms (best crops, 132 per cent),
97 farms (best cows, 884+),
97 farms (largest, 224+ acres),
23 farms (best crops and cows), .
11 farms (best cows and size).

Per Cent
making Over
81,000 Labor

Income.

As has been previously stated, there seems to be little re-
lation between any of these factors. If a farmer is good in
one respect it does not tell anything about the other points.

Balanced Farms.

Evidently a farmer who is as good as the average in every
particular is very far from an average man. He is a very
unusual man. In Jefferson County, out of 670 farmers,
only 32 were as good as the average in each of the four
respects. The average labor income of this region was $609,
but the farmers who were as good as the average in size (143
acres or more), crop yields, receipts per cow ($59 or more)
and in diversity (20 per cent or more from crops) made an
average of $1,491, and only 6 of them failed to make as
much as $1,000.

As a standard for dairy farms, we may take the average
of all farmers in three regions who sold market milk and
who made labor incomes of $2,000 or more. Table 15 gives
these averages.

xXo. 4.] FACTORS IN SUCCESSFUL FARMING. 65

Table 15. — ■ J verages for 23 Farms selling Wholesale Market Milk
{Three Couniies).

Acres, 257

Crop acres, 154

Crop index, 119

Receipts per cow (32 cows), $98

Milk sold (pounds), 6,470

Per cent of receipts from crops, 34

Labor income, $2,658

Our records give similar comparisons for other types of
farming. But tlie principles of size and production hold on
the truck farms and crop farms as well as 'on dairy farms.

Individual Farms.
It is evident that we can give a very close estimate of
labor income if we know the above four factors. The fol-
lowing examples are from Jefferson County : —

Farm, 1.
Crop acres, 29; very poor.
Crop index, 208; excellent.
Receipts per cow (11 cows), $116; excellent.
Per cent of receipts from crops, 21; excellent.
Labor income, $980.

This is the best record for so small an area. It represents
the top notch in the " little farm well tilled." Splendid
crops, splendid cows, even on the small area, crops to sell,
and all work done by the farmer himself with two months
of hired labor. Such a farmer as this should be able to
make $3,000 labor income if he rented land on which to
grow 100 acres more of crops, doubled his number of cows,
and kept two men by the year. With this system he would
not have to work so hard.

Farm 2.

Crop acres, 21; very poor.

Crop index (hay, 3.3 tons; silage, 13 tons), 211; excellent.

Receipts per cow (8 cows), $90; excellent.

Per cent of f-eceipts from crops, 22; excellent.

Hired labor, $250 ; poor for the size.

Labor income, $380.

66 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

This farmer kept poorer cows and hired one man, although
he had so little work: to do. For these reasons he made less
than the owner of farm 1.

Farm 3.
Crop acres, 133; good.

Crop index (hay, 1.1 tons; oats, 25 bushels), 75; poor.
Receipts per cow (20 cows). $95; excellent.
Per cent of receipts from crops, 16; fair.
Labor income, $1,661.

This farmer gets crops only three-fourths as good as his
neighbors, but with the large area he should make a good
profit from growing them. He sells part, and what he feeds
to cows he makes a second profit on because he gets such
good returns per cow.

We should expect him to do very well indeed. His crops
are only one-third as good as farms 1 and 2, but the larger
area more than makes up. If the soil is as good as his
neighbors he might readily bring his labor income to $2,000
by raising better crops.

Farm 4.

Crop acres, 110; excellent.

Crop index, 142; excellent.

Receipts per cow, $96; excellent.

Per cent of receipts from crops, 19 ; excellent.

Labor income, $2,239.

This farm is excellent in every particular. We should
expect it to make at least $2,000, as it does. About the
only difference from farm 3 is in crop yield.

Farm 5.
Crop acres, 109 ; excellent.
Crop index, 120 ; excellent.
Receipts per cow (32 cows), $56; poor.
Per cent of receipts from crops, 4; poor.
Labor income, minus $113.

This farmer made very good profit on his crops of which
he had a good acreage. But he fed these drops to cows that
did not pay their feed bill. If he had excellent cows his

No. 4.] FACTORS IN SUCCESSFUL FARMING. 67

labor income would be $1,500, but as it is he did not even
make interest on his capital. He paid for the privilege of
working.

Farm 6.

Crop acres, 259; excellent.

Crop index, 134; excellent.

Eeceipts per cow (33 cows), $74; good.

Per cent of receipts from crops, 53; excellent.

Labor income, $3,270.

This is the highest labor income made bj any farmer who
sold milk at wholesale. With his unusually large area of
good crops he could easily raise his labor income to $4,000
by keeping better cows.

After one has studied large numbers of records it becomes
possible to tell whether the labor income is poor, good, fair
or excellent by knowing these few figures. This is the final
proof that these are the most important factors of profits;
and it applies to other types of farming equally well. In
about 5 cases out of 100 some other factor affects the re-
sults so decidedly as to make the guess wrong. But on most
farms a good-sized area of crops and good yields have so
strong an influence as to overshadow other factors, and al-
most insure good returns if the crops are sold or are fed to
animals that bring good returns.

There are some city men in the audience. I may say that
all this discussion is from results by practical farmers. City
men are most likely to fail from putting too much money in
buildings and keeping too many men, and from doing too
many fancy things that are called scientific farming, but
that are really " folly farming," Experienced farmers do
not often make serious mistakes in these things.

A Farmer's Catechism.

Each farmer will do well to compare his farm with suc-
cessful farms, to see where it is weak and whether it can be
improved, by asking himself these questions : —

Have I 80 to 200 acres of crops? If not, can I buy or
rent more land ?

68 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

x\re my crop yields 10 to 20 per cent better than my
neighbors' who have the same soil ? If not, will it not pay
to improve them ?

Are my cows at least 50 per cent better than my neigh-
bors' ? If not, how much am I losing on them per year ?
Had I best stop keeping cows, or get better ones ?

Am I getting at least 20 per cent of my receipts from the
sale of cash crops ? If not, could I make more by raising
cash crops ?

Am I getting at least 20 per cent of my money from animal
products ? If not, am I making good use of low-grade farm
products, and am I and my horses kept well employed most
of the year ?

Question. Is that $11,000 you showed on the slide the
actual capital, the equity?

Professor Waeren. 'No, it is the total capital, the value
of the investment. The average mortgage, deducted from
this, gives you what the farmer owns. The average is some-
thing like $2,000 ; still, it doesn't make a different figure.
Suppose the farmer is in debt for all his capital, he would
pay this interest ; if he was in debt for none of it, he pays
it to himself, you see.

Question. (Following slide showing increased output
per man, but not increased output per horse.) Isn't that due
to improved machinery ?

Professor Waeeen. An improved driver and improved
machinery, yes, but here is the thing: a lot of men here
probably remember when you never cultivated anything with
more than one horse, and now a lot of you use a two-horse
cultivator and do almost twice as much per man. A good
many can remember v/hen you always plowed using two
horses, and then you commenced to plow with three, and
some with four, and the further west >you get the more you
find. The result is more crops raised per man, but the horse
isn't doing any more. Even with four horses and one driver
you won't get any more work than if you had two men
driving two horses apiece, but the man is doing more. You
find the same thing all the way through ; take, for instance.

No. 4.] FACTORS IN SUCCESSFUL FARMING. 69

the mowing machine. I know of a farm of which I happen
to have photographs of three generations of mowing mar
chines, — a 4-foot, 5-foot and an 8-fbot, — and the 8-foot
draws easier than any of the others, tires the horses less,
also, because the 4-foot machine was built when the horses
had to draw a mowing machine that went northeast when
you went northwest. That is economy, — a straight im-
provement in machinery. So, all the way through farmers
are getting to use more horsepower; and a horse, properly
directed, is equal to ten men.

Question. Are you willing to admit that on a good many
farms it would require three horses to plow what two would
do on another farm ?

Professor Warren. Certainly, certainly; but per man it
holds just the same. If the driver is driving two on that
farm, or three, and somebody else is driving one, he will
plow more acresl per man, but not any more per horse, ordi-
narily.

Question. Can you compare the records of one man keep-
ing 20 cows and selling cream, and another keeping 20 cows
and selling milk?

Professor Warren. I had those slides, but I left them in
the hotel because I didn't want to mix this subject up. Mar-
ket milk pays considerably better than any other dairy
product. You have the same cost for dairying with market
milk that you do with the other.

Question. At what rate per quart ?

Professor Warren. At the rate we get in New York
State in any county, and in Massachusetts it will be more
emphatic, because you don't get for your butter proportion-
ately more than you do for your milk. I am more in favor
of market milk in this State than with us, because you make
more on your milk than you do on your butter. You don't
get any more than they do in Illinois for butter, unless you
retail it.

Mr. R, H. Race. I would like to know what is the prac-
tical application of this morning's address. Are we going to
stay on the farm, or hire out for $60 a month ?

Professor Warren. You are not going to S'et into the $60

70 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

class, but unless you are going to make more than $60 you
had better not stay on the farm, because you are worth more
than that in the world. The practical application is to have
enough acres so that you are going to get enough crops to
keep your horses busy. JSTow, one-half of the farmers in
America rent all their land ; that is one way. Another way
is, suppose you own some land and not enough, you can rent
some of your neighbor; and one-fifth of the farmers in
America do that. Another way: there are just lots of
farmers, good farmers, who would be benefited, particularly
if they are young men, if they would dare to go in debt and
buy some land near them. Still another way is not to buy at
first the land for farming, but to be a tenant long enough
until you get money ahead. Be a hired man until you get
money enough to buy a lame horse or two or three, and don't
change too soon from a hired man to an owner. Be a tenant
until you have got money enough to buy two or three acres
of some man, and then you can buy that and rent some more ;
and you can do that little trick of throwing the hay over
onto yours without taking the manure back, and that is
usually done. [Laughter.] It isn't necessary to have all
the money in the United States to get into farming that way.
The man who has $2,000 can be a tenant on a big farm and
do a big business and beat the men with a little patch all
to pieces. Another way is, if you have got good enough land,
to make the business pay on the same acreage by going into
trucking; but don't all raise truck. There is enough pro-
duced in Massachusetts now to supply most of the people,
and you know what happens to truck crop prices when you
get too much. Don't do it unless you have got good land.

l^ow, about the cows. You have got to buy them because
you don't raise them much in this State. You caii't afford
to feed 4-cent milk to calves unless you are fairly sure you
will some day get the money back. You can raise some cows,
but be critical ; don't raise a calf merely because it is a
heifer. Raise only the very cream of them.

Now, as to crops, you don't need to get a double crop
yield. If you get 25 per cent better than your neighbor,
you are going to do pretty well.

Xo. 4.] FACTORS IN SUCCESSFUL FARMING. 71

Those are the practical applications, it seems to me, and
if 3'ou give me those figures, those four factors I spoke
about, I can tell you, practically, how much money you will
make, and perhaps tell you where the weak point is. Now,
there isn't much satisfaction in going out and making that
$2 a month on a farm just because some newspaper has said
it is a good thing to get back to the land and hear the robins
sing. There is no pleasure in hearing a robin sing when
you are getting only $2 a month and your wages.

Mr. PoTTEE. I don't quite understand what the method
is of making comparisons between large and small farms.
For instance, do you go along a road and pick out a good
large farm and then go along and pick out a small one ?
It doesn't seem to me that you get a fair comparison be-
tween the large and the small.

Professor Waeren. We take absolutely every farm in a
section, and that is the only fair comparison. That is a
question which we have to answer daily. We take abso-
lutely every farm, good and bad, big and little, and have
made the figures from all of them.

Mr. Potter. That is what I didn't understand. I
thought you said 600 farms.

Professor Waeren. Well, those are all within that re-
gion ; those are all the farms operated by their owners. I
didn't put the tenant farmers in that slide, because I didn't
want to confuse you. We find, of course, great variations.
But what is the limit ? Why, to move up a step better, you
don't need a million acres. A farm of 200 acres, with 100
in crops, or 300 acres with 150 acres in crops, is a good
farm ; but when you get down to less than 80 acres of crops
you have got to figure some to find a fair profit.

Mr. Wilder. Did you find those figures all prepared, or
did you have to do some preliminary work in getting them ?

Professor Warren. We get them by asking the farmer
all his sales. It takes about a quarter of a day to get them
on each farm, on the average, and I feel that we get them
with a great degree of accuracy because of the way in which
we ask. If we ask a farmer what his receipts are, he doesn't
know, but if we say, " How much did you get for your

72 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

milk ? " lie is probably able to tell ; then we check it up by
going to the creamery and seeing if his method is accurate.
If we ask him for his total expenses, he doesn't always know,
but if I say, " How much did you spend for horseshoeing ? "
his wife will be right around there to jog his memory, you
bet, and you will get pretty close to it. We say, " How much
was your threshing bill ? " and we get that, because he knows
he had so many oats, and so forth, and he gives us the yield
and we know there is so much oats, and at so much a bushel,
and we get the threshing bill in that way, and so we can
check it right straight along, and check up all the points,
because we know most of these things. Then we have the cost
accounts on a good many farms which help us. Then you can
ask him his yield in hay and you can judge by the barn
capacity whether he overestimated it or not. Then, you
see, these conclusions are very sweeping. When a man gets
$3 and another $3 and another $3, right straight through,
and one fellow overestimates a couple of dollars on his horse-
shoeing bill, you see it doesn't make any great difference in
the end.

Mr. Race, Now, the speaker discourages buying a farm
and starting in with a small field, but a man hasn't any
courage to work for a home on a hired farm. The farm
should have a home value. Then he hasn't said anything
about the boys who leave home, the best of them, who leave
their fathers on the farms that aren't good enough for them
to do farming on. I was talking with a big milk dealer in
Port Chester, a suburb of ISTew York, the other day, and he
said he owned a farm in Egremont on which he had 30 cows,
and he says to me, " I have sold the milk from those cows
and I have got the money to show; it was $4,000 last season."
He hired a man, a boss farmer. He doesn't do any work on
his farm, but the boss farmer is working it, doing work for
another man. He says to me, " I have got too big a farm.
I have 130 acres and we have got to come to a smaller farm."
I^ow, that is true ; we have got to come to the smaller farm
to get the boys that have gone away to come back to the
farm. The boys want to go to the city where they get the
salaries. We only produce 7 per cent more in this county

No. 4.] FACTORS IN SUCCESSFUL FARMING. 73

than we consume all told ; that is what the State Board of
Agriculture put out, and we are getting down pretty close.
If we should have a famine we should have to go to Russia
to get something to eat. A fellow goes to the city and gets
$60 or $70 a month, pays $30 for house rent, and all things,
and where is his money ? The cashier of a bank in Great
Barrington said the other day something which I want to re-
peat to you. I said to him, " Who are your depositors in
your bank ? Who are the most reliable ? Where does the
most money come from that you can depend on ? He says,
" The farmers." " How about the business men ? " And
he says, '' They overdraw their accounts every month."

Professor Waeken. Perhaps we had better turn it around
the other way, about boys leaving the farm. We have
studied this thing, and it isn't all hot air, as it is in the
papers. We went to every farmhouse and ^aid, " How many
children have you ? " We asked them, " What is each child
doing ? " We got the occupation of the daughters, .the hus-
bands, the sons, found what they were doing, and found that
82 per cent of the sons were staying on the larger farms of
200 acres and over. I don't remember the exact percentage
on the small farms, but it was about 29 per cent. The sons
will not stay on the small farms where there is nothing for
them to do.

Itr. Race. Then a man had better buy a farm right
side of his and put the boy on it.

Professor WARREisr. That is business. [Laughter and
applause.] Suppose you have got 8 cows and 15 acres of
hay and a little corn silage and a little oats and have got
four sons and, of course, you aren't dead yet yourself —

Mr. Race. Then I would have four farms right around
there and work them between the four sons.

Professor Waere?^. And that is business, too ; and then"
you get your 200 acres. [Applause.] The little farm busi-
ness is a question of whether you are going to starve to death
or not. The crop yield per acre on the large farm is as
good, or better, than on the small. Furthermore, on the
small farm the horse eats up about all it earns, and there is
nothing much left. The 200-acre farms are contributing

74 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

much more per acre for human food as a surplus to sell
than the small ones. If a horse cuts 5 acres of hay, he eats
the whole thing up, pretty nearly, but when a horse is farm-
ing 30 acres of crops, perhaps 10 or 15 of that will be hay, —
and it runs more than that in !N^ew England, — and then
he doesn't eat it all. The yield per acre is better on the
larger farms, or just as good, and since there are fewer
horses per acre, they don't eat it all up, and the larger also
contributes more to human food. JSTow, if you want to get
to the bottom end of nowhere, just take, for example, Rus-
sia, or go further, to China, and see what they are doing
there. Professor Gilmore, who has worked over there, says
their greatest problem is the lack of men. They can't build
railroads because every man has to work on the farm to
keep himself. Each gets his little bit of a farm, and man-
ages to scratch out a bare living for himself; he doesn't
have anything to sell to feed the fellows who build the rail-
roads. 'You have got to have a smaller and smaller per-
centage of our population on the soil, or civilization stops.
With 100 per cent farmers we have no civilization ; and the
smaller the percentage of farmers, the higher the civilization.
In America one man raises food enough to feed five families,
while in China three men raise only enough to feed four
families, and so they haven't men enough to build their rail-
roads. They have got to open up Manchuria and get some
farms bigj enough so that one man will raise enough to feed
two or three, and until they can release men from those little
truck patches they won't be building any railroads.

Oh, I had forgotten. There was that other question of
Mr. Race's in regard to home value. The figures I am giving
you are what the farmer gets for his labor. If he does not
have any other source of income than the farm he must get
a reasonable wage before he can have much of a home value
there. The farmers who don't get more than $2 a day for
wages, besides interest on their capital, are not living in a
home that is very valuable, and the sons aren't impressed
with the desirability of that sort of home. We have got to
have a reasonable income, and your little farm doesn't give
it. I showed you one of 11 acres, but that is a muck patch.

No. 4.] FACTORS IN SUCCESSFUL FARMING. 75

You can't get such results up on the granite hillside with
11 acres. I believe, though, that the little farm is going to
do great things for the citj worker; not the millionaire who
has a big place, but the small worker in the factory. I
believe we are going to get the factories out into the smaller
towns, where the employees can live near the town and have
truck patches; where they can earn a part of their support,
and raise children and crops while at work in the factories.
I believe most thoroughly in every city worker, who can,
living on a farm. That is the home question. He has
another source of income, and he doesn't have to sell anything
from his farm. It makes a good place where he can bring
up his children. But of course that isn't farming. Farming
is taking land and out of that land creating enough money
income so that you can educate your children, and so that you
can have reading matter in your home, and music in your
home if you want it. That takes a reasonable wage, and I
have shown you this morning the four most important factors
in making that reasonable wage. Farming is not a bad busi-
ness; it is a good business if you like it and if you have
got the thing organized on a reasonable basis.

!Now, I have not tried to compare farming with city occu-
pations. I have compared farming with farming to show-
how to make one farm pay as well as the next pays, whether
either is good, bad or indifferent; that isn't the subject this
morning. When you try to compare farming with city wages
you have got a pretty complicated problem, which we have
no time to discuss this morning.

Mr. Worth. ]^ow, before any questions are asked, Mr.
P. M. Harwood would like to make a statement while the
o'entlemen are all here.

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

"PROTECTION FROM FLIES" CONTEST.

MR. P. M. HARWOOD.

Yesterday I promised that if I could I would obtain from
the office and read to you what we had written in relation
to the " protection from flies " contest. Perhaps I ought
to say, for the benefit of those who were not here yesterday,
that the State of Massachusetts has offered sums of money
not to exceed $5,000 per year for three consecutive years
for the encouragement of dairying. Only one-fifth of what
was asked for was granted us. We have aimed at two points :
one, to encourage clean milk, — the production of clean
milk in the pails before it is strained ; therefore prizes were
offered totaling $2,100 for milk which appeared to be the
cleanest. We have also awarded prizes for dairies protected
from flies. Now, if we can induce dairymen to be more
cleanly in their methods of milking, keeping the dirt out
and keeping the flies out, we think we have accomplished a
good deal, and we think that a better way than penalizing
people for not doing what they should do is to encourage
them by giving prizes for doing better. IsTothing has ap-
pealed to me since I came to this meeting as have the words
of many of the unsuccessful contestants (114 being the total
number, only 20 of whom could be successful), who have
told me that they will try again if they have an opportunity ;
they say that they have learned more in this contest about
the production of clean milk than they ever knew before in
all their experience of years in dairying. This is en-
couraging.

I want to say just a word about taking advantage of the
psychological moment. Mr. Kenneth E. Webb, winner of
the second prize in the eastern section, was here yesterday

No. 4.] "PROTECTION FROM FLIES" CONTEST. 77

and told our agent that he was receiving $100 more per
month for his milk than he received before he won the prize.
Immediately after the announcement of his winning that
prize in a local paper he received 50 more applications than
he could supply, and had to announce that he could take no
more new customers. He has raised the price 1 cent per
quart. Now, the lesson to be derived is that there may be
like opportunity for all winners in this contest, and there
are consumers who are ready and anxious to pay a fair price
for clean milk, people who don't stop at 10, 12 or 15 cents a
quart if they can be assured of clean milk such as these cot-
tons show. Here is an opportunity for winners in these
contests to get something out of it that is worth far more
than the prizes ; this, too, in addition to the educational fea-
ture which I have already mentioned.

In regard to the fly contest, we didn't have a large number
of entries. We wish there had been more. These entries,
like the others, were confined to practical dairymen. There
were some very interesting entries. One farm which was
visited during this contest appeared to be one of the best
managed in Massachusetts, from the financial standpoint. It
didn't fit in this contest because of the rules of scoring, but
it exhibited the best " old-fashioned common sense " manage-
ment on the part of its owner that I have seen in a long time.
The principal products are cabbage, apples and potatoes.
Milk is made, but merely to get manure to grow crops and to
keep up and improve the fertility of the farm. That being
the object, there isn't a particle of manure wasted. Three
times a week, when the men go out to work after breakfast,
one of them hitches up the teams while the others go into the
barn cellar and throw some dry loam over the manure pile.
The horse manure is treated in the same way except that
it is also worked over by hogs.

There is little breeding of flies about the premises. Noth-
ing appeared to be done in the way of trapping or screening
to protect from flies, — perhaps it wasn't needed. The barn
cellar containing 100 loads of manure was so well cared for
and so well ventilated that nothing disagreeable is brought
to one's attention. Here is a man who when he bought that

78 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

farm went into debt for every dollar of its cost and worked
out of debt by well-managed farm operations. I hope some
day we will have money enough so that we can award prizes
for the best managed dairy farms.

In this contest, the following score card was used : —

Points.

1. Means adopted to prevent fly breeding, including the treat-

ment and disposal of manure, refuse, etc., . . . .25

2. Thoroughness of screening, shading, etc., . . . .15

3. Best methods of trapping, spraying, etc., . . . .10

4. General effectiveness of the whole scheme 50

Total, 100

This method of scoring, placing special emphasis upon the
prevention of fly breeding, was adopted because it was be-
lieved that such prevention is of primary importance. If no
flies are bred there are none to screen or trap, and much
annoyance and expense is avoided.

Extract prom Report of Judge, Mr. E. H. Forbush.

The first prize, of $100, is awarded to Miss Helen Holmes, Kings-
ton, Mass., on a score of 95 points. The methods of fly prevention
adopted by her are as follows : —

Her stable is a modern one, with cement floors and gutters. It is
washed down with a hose in summer and swept out and sprinkled
with gTound plaster in winter. The cement troughs in which the
feeding is done are flushed out after each feeding. The walls and
ceilings are painted twice each year with cold water paint. The
manure is removed twice daily and placed in a pit. The horse
manure particularly is treated daily with acid phosphate and kainite
in equal i^arts, approximately two pounds per horse, to prevent fly
breeding. In the cow stable cheese-cloth screens are placed in the
windows on the north side. On the south side there are shutters left
open at the top to allow the flies to escape. Thei"e are gxeen cambric
shades in the horse stable, so arranged that they flap outward to
allow flies to escape. Miss Holmes says that her horses are never
disturbed by flies in the stable. " Humane Fly Killer " and fly poison
are sprinkled on floors and used in dishes in the windows. Fly
papers are put uj? in the milk room. Home-made fly traps of the
Hodge pattern are used in the barn. Cream cheese and molasses
have proved to be the best baits in the traps. Cows are sprayed
before being turned out to pasture and when they come into the barn

No. 4.] "PROTECTION FROM FLIES" CONTEST. 79

at night. Only four flies were found in the milk room, which was
open at the time it was inspected. The cow stable was very neat
and contained but ten Hies.* Garbage cans about the premises were
kept closed and treated with lime when washed. The privy con-
tained a vault tiglitly closed.

The second prize, of $90, is awarded to Mr. C. Herbert Poore,
Bradford, on a score of 93 points. His is a modern stable, and both
stable and milk room are carefully screened. There is a shed for the
manure where wagon or manure spreader is kept, and the manure is
hauled out and spread twice daily. A heavy curtain hangs in front
of the manure shed to darken it, and a large fly trap is placed on
top of the shed, so that the flies which come in quieldy seek the
opening above and go into the trap. This method and the frequent
carting out of manure is intended to prevent the breeding of flies.
Everything is properly whitewashed, and many sheets of fly paper
are used in the milk room. Milk is bottled by machine and nine flies
only were seen in the milk room and ih the ice box, where it was so
cold they were practically quiescent and harmless. The wash room
was not darkened. There was no privy, there being a water-closet in
the house.

The third prize, of $80, is awarded to Mr. L. W. Newton, South-
borough, on a score of 91 points. His stable is a lean-to to the barn,
with cement floors and well whitewashed. Horses are kei3t near by,
but with a closed door between the horse stable and the cow stable.
The cows are sprayed with " Cow Ease." The fly killer is used to
kill flies daily. All windows are perfectly screened, and the stable
is tight enough to exclude flies. Fewer flies were seen in this stable
than in any other. The manure is thrown into the barn cellar and
horse manure is covered with cow manure. The cows are brushed
off daily as they come through the door. Twenty sheets of fly paper
are laid in the windows. Only three flies were found in the milk
room. The stable is small and but few cows are kept, but all are
exceedingly well cared for. Water-closet in the house.

The fourth prize, of $70, is awarded to Mr. Henry Ferguson,
Westborough, on a score of 88 points. His is an old Avooden barn
with a large cellar. Manure is thrown into the cellar, which is dark
and cool. The stable is Avhitewashed and well screened. There are
small cellar windows around the cellar, but those directly over the
manure are screened, and flies did not seem to come in through the
others. There were few flies in the stable and none at all in the milk
room, which was screened and somewhat shaded. Two visits were
made to this place and no flies were seen in the milk room although
there were flies outside. The cows were sprayed daily with a disin-
fectant manufactured locally. The same disinfectant was sprinkled
around the floor of the milk room and may have driven the flies out.

80 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

The stable and milk room were screened. Chloride of lime and ashes
were used in the privy.

The fifth prize, of $60, is awarded " to Mr. Agostino Visocehi,
North Sudbury, on a score of 80 points. Here was found a good,
clean, well-constructed stable, with cement floors built ou plans of
his own. Leather strings were attached to the top of the door frame
for the purpose of brushing the flies oif the cows' backs as they
entered the stable. There were but few flies in the stable. The
windows were fully screened everywhere. Twenty-three fly papers,
twenty-eight small fly traps and ten large ones were distributed about
the stable. He keeps forty-three cows. The milk room was well
screened and clean and also well supplied with fly traps. There
were less than a dozen flies in the milk room. The horses are kept
in a separate stable. The manure is not treated, but a pit is being
made to receive it. No one had taken more pains to exclude flies
than this Italian farmer, but he has not yet prevented fly breeding.

The sixth j)rize, of $50, is awarded to Mr. Jose Pontes, Swansea,
on the score of 76 points. He has a wooden barn or cattle stable,
which was found well cleaned, and sprayed with lime and salt fre-
quently. The cows are sprayed daily with cattle oil. Manure is
stored in the barn cellar altogether. No signs of fly breeding. The
heap was frequently sprayed with lime ^ and salt and covered with a
mixture of cotton and wool waste from neighboring miUs, Spray
was made by taking lime and water and putting in a considerable
quantity of salt, which was used with a spraying machine as white-
wash. No fly traps were used. The milk room was screened. There
were but few flies in the stable and none in the milk room.

The scores of the other contestants were 69, 66, 62, 60, 54, 52, 49,
36, 25 and 15.

It appears from the above report that fly breeding may be
to a considerable extent prevented by properly caring for
horse manure and the contents of privies,^ in which a large
per cent of the flies appearing about farm buildings are bred,
by either hauling away each day or applying daily a mixture
of acid phosphate and kainite, or covering with dry earth, and
also by thoroughly caring for whatever garbage and other ad-
vantageous places for breeding there may be about the prem-
ises. A proper system of shading, that is, darkening rooms
when not in use, as well as proper screening, go a long way
towards keeping flies out of the stable and milk room. The

1 Lime is not advocated in this connection because, in contact with manure, it liberates
ammonia, thus causing economic loss.

2 Privy vaults should be tight and fly proof.

No. 4.] "PROTECTION FROM FLIES" CONTEST. 81

judicious use of % paper, traps, sprays, etc., aids materially
in reducing the number of flies after they have appeared.
The greatest effort, however, should be made to prevent fly
breeding, and this should be done by using such means as are
effectual, and at the same time do not injure the fertilizing
properties of the manure.

We believe there is yet much to be learned in regard to
the means of preventing fly breeding, and it is hoped that
this contest and others that may follow will be useful in
developing still better methods and devices.

E'ature has apparently provided flies as the natural accom-
paniment of certain more or less disagreeable and unsanitary
conditions. Remove these conditions and the necessity for
flies no longer remains.

Mr. Worth. We will now adjourn until 2 o'clock, when
there will be a lecture in this hall by Mr. F. E. Duffy of
West Hartford, Conn., on " Breeding and Feeding Dairy
Cattle."

Afternoon Session.

The afternoon session was called to order at 2.15 by Sec-
retary Wheeler, who introduced as chairman for the after-
noon, Mr. B. W. Potter of Worcester.

Mr. Potter briefly referred to the morning's debate as
follows : —

ADDRESS OF MR. BURTON W. POTTER.

We had a good lesson this morning, and it seems to me that
the essence of Professor Warren's contention is not the su-
periority of the large farm over the small farm, but the supe-
riority of diversified farming over specialized farming.
That was the lesson that forced itself upon me the most. I
am a dairyman and I have long wondered what was the rea-
son that my profits are so small, but I am beginning to think
that it is because I don't raise enough other crops. I don't
consider myself entirely responsible for that, because pro-
fessors and experts for twenty-five or thirty years past have
come to these meetings and told us that we were to specialize

82 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

more in our work. Tliey said if we were going to raise
peaches, we must not raise apples ; and if we were going into
dairying, we must do dairying and nothing else. We have
followed that for a good long while, and now we are beginning
to find out that perhaps we are on the wrong track, after
all, and maybe would do better to go back and raise more
diversified products. In farming, everything depends upon
management. The first time I ever heard Dean Cook speak
was on this same subject at Lowell, and he said everything
depended tremendously on management; that even witch-
grass on a farm, if it was rightly managed, was a valuable
asset ; and I say, if that is so, then my farm is more valuable
than I ever thought it was. [Laughter.] He also said in
that address that the chief product of the dairy cow was the
manure ; her milk was to buy fodder.

Now, we are going to have this afternoon an address from
Mr. Duffy of Connecticut, and I suspect that perhaps he is
a trust magnate, because last night I heard him say at the
dairyman's meeting that he sold his cream for 96 cents a
quart. Now, I think I myself am doing pretty well, and
my conscience troubles me some, because I have been selling
mine for 60 cents a quart. If a man can sell it at 96 cents,
he surely must have some pull somewhere. [Laughter.]
We have in law what we call the " Corporation Sole," and
I imagine that Mr. Duffy, perhaps, is a dairy farmer sole,
because I don't believe many people in Massachusetts or
Connecticut can realize 96 cents a quart on their cream. If
he can tell us how to do it, he has mastered the selling end
which we would all like to know something about. Without
detaining you further I will introduce Mr. F. E. Duffy of
West Hartford, Conn., who will speak on " Breeding and
Feeding Dairv Cattle."

No. 4.] BREEDING, ETC., DAIRY CATTLE. 83

BREEDING AND FEEDING DAIRY CATTLE.

MR. F. E. DUFFY, WEST HARTFORD^, CONN.

May the day soon come when no man who does not love
the dairy cow shall feed or breed her. I use the word " love "
advisedly. The good breeder to my mind is the one who
joys to minister to her wants, delights in her presence
during his waking hours, goes to his rest to dream of a more
perfect dairy type of his breed yet to be, and if he is a pray-
ing man, the prayer of his heart will be that the dairy cow
which he breeds may more nearly approximate perfection.

I say that every breeder of dairy cattle should love his
particular breed and should recognize it as his life work to
perfect the type or ideal of that breed. May his love be as
great and his discretion greater than that of an old Scotch-
man whom I once knew, who was never profane unless the
transcendent qualities of his well loved " Ayrshire coos "
were called in question. He declared that when a man in
Scotland rented land, if he was wise in agriculture he would
buy a " bunch " of " Ayrshire coos," and if he breeds them
" well for a ten year " he could pay for his farm ; and if
he keeps the increase " well for five year more " he could buy
his neighbor's farm; and if he learned his business and
" tended his coos well until he was fifty year old " he could
buy every farm that joined him.

How much of this description was born of the Scotchman's
enthusiasm I must leave you to judge. But this I know, that
on a beautiful May day in the 90's I was present at a sale
of his dairy cattle, and the best breeders of Ayrshires in the
country had traveled many a weary mile to this farm in
the back country at Hemmingford, Quebec. The farm was
six miles from a railroad, and yet this herd was sold to these

84 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

breeders for three times the amount that Mr. Clellan was
able to get for his farm. I have cited this instance, and I
might cite numberless like ones, as a proof of a position that
I am about to take that is not eagerly assented to in 'New
England. It is this : that breeding registered dairy cattle of
any of the four dairy breeds is the most profitable kind of
dairying for 90 per cent of the people engaged in the dairy
industry in jSFew England. I except the men who make mar-
ket milk and who live in close proximity to our cities., But
I am inclined to the opinion that even they might be in-
cluded and the truth of the proposition still be verified. In
attempting to substantiate this statement I shall try to
cover the whole scope of my subject. Whether I will or
no I must invite the young men of the rural communities
to engage in breeding and feeding the dairy cow.

Is it worth while ? Is there anything in this constant bab-
bling about back to the land and keeping the young people
on the farm ? Something, perhaps ; but its importance has
been greatly exaggerated. There are enough agricultural
products, and especially dairy products, produced already
to meet every reasonable demand. In the beginning this
country was populated practically by farmers alone, but as
inventions have aided the farmer he has been able to dis-
pense with much manual labor, until to-day 60 per cent of
the population dwell in the cities and only 40 per cent on
the farm. As inventions continue to multiply, and they
certainly will, less and less people proportionally will be re-
quired on the farm.

This is as it should be. What needs to be remedied is
extortionate transportation charges and the excessive costs
of distribution. The city papers should teach their readers
that the agricultural industry is the only industry in this
country that is on a strictly competitive basis. Farming is
the only industry in the country that welcomes every comer
to its ranks, the city editor included, and furnishes them
with all the instruction at its comm^and to compete with us
and to help lower the cost of our products. If the "back
to the land " propaganda could be carried out it would bring
about another agricultural depression in prices and another

No. 4.] BREEDING, ETC., DAIRY CATTLE. 85

exodus of country people to the cities ; and so on ad infinitum.
I do not believe we are in any great danger of such a
repetition of history. American lands are nearly developed,
and the population of our cities will continue to increase
much faster than the farming population. Furthermore,
whether or no agriculture is to become a profession, it is
rapidly being divided into distinct branches, and each branch
to be carried on effectively requires a high degree of intelli-
gence and skill. As the years go by the intelligence and
training given by the schools and the skill obtained by prac-
tice will receive greater and greater rewards.

Herein is your opportunity, young man. You will be
paid according to the intelligence, training and skill you
acquire in breeding and feeding dairy cattle, and if you
possess these attributes in a high degree your reward will
compare favorably to that to be had in any other industry.

But you say : What about the teachings of our " modern "
agricultural papers, that are so glibly reciting that success
can be insured by using a few well-meant recipes of how to
conduct a farm according to the rules of scientific agricul-
ture as laid down in their columns ? I have this to say about
their teachings, that they are mostly prepared by newspaper
reporters out of a job. Their reports of profits of men who
merely take up agriculture as a pastime are truly wonderful.
These reports and their wonderful figures bring to mind the
dictum of Carroll D. Wright : " While figures will not lie,
liars will figure." Kor is this type of agricultural paper
the only agency that is deceiving the people in this respect.
This country is spending large sums of money collecting
statistics that remind one of D'Israeli's savino; that " There
are lies, damn lies, and statistics." We have also officials in
this country who from these figures draw equally unusual
conclusions. A very distinguished official recently "demon-
strated " by such figures that in the course of the advance
in prices in this country the farmer had reaped a reward
out of all proportion to that of the man engaged in anv
other industry. To prove his statement he cited the profits
of raising corn. He stated that the value of an acre of corn,
including forage, was $16, and proved by his figures that 25

86 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

per cent of tliis was net profit, leaving $12 as the expense
of raising the crop. jSTow it is a fact that an acre of corn
of the weights given by him depletes the soil of $12 worth
of fertility.

I have taken so much of j^our time to correct the common
error of to-day in many quarters in underestimating the im-
portance, and the possible profits, of the breeding of dairy
cattle. The breeding of registered dairy cattle, if done skill-
fully and intelligently, is the most profitable kind of dairy
husbandry. It is a business requiring skill and intelligence
of that order that is possessed by the ]^ew England farm boy
who has learned how to do well every task on one of these
little four or five cow hill farms. I avouM have him possess
a good common school education in addition to his farm edu-
cation, and besides that all the higher education he can get,
providing it can be done in a reasonable time and does not
estrange him from the cow and her care. Every breeder
should read the agTicultural papers, especially the dairy-
press, and without fail he must study the breed paper of
his dairy breed. He should get in as close touch as possible
with the agricultural college in his State. The best dairy
man that I have ever known received his inspiration for
work from a six weeks' course in dairying. He should be a
member of the Dairymen's Association of his State, also of
the Jersey, Holstein, Guernsey or Ayrshire associations.

I would recommend VanPelt's " Cow Demonstration "
for a handbook, and Davenport's " Principles of Breeding "
for a textbook, on breeding. He should also spend an hour
each day reading the best English authors on breeding dairy
cattle. He must possess skill in judging the dairy cow, and
to get it should see and study every great dairy cow of his
breed within one hundred miles of his home. He must know
his score card and be able to see the fault or merit of each
particular organ. That such a life work is a delightful one
all may admit; but what about the fellow who says it won't
pay ? It is paying on tens of thousands of dairy farms in
America to-day.

It pays even if only the increased value of the dairy
product is considered. In my own experience in breeding in

No. 4.] BREEDING, ETC., DAIRY CATTLE. 87

eight years I was enabled to increase the dairy product of
my herd SdVs per cent, and to increase the price of that
product as well. One breeder in Connecticut has sold $10,-
000 worth of stock during the last year from a farm of 150
acres. ISTow, my boy,- if you go at this business right and
select a good woman as your partner (using the greatest pre-
caution in her selection, for you will never make a more im-
portant one), you may be assured of a just return for your
labor. The New England dairymen who are raising regis-
tered cattle as a part of their dairy enterprise are the only
dairymen in New England that are receiving the profit that
they should from their business.

If a young man and his wise counsellor are about to make
their first investment in registered dairy stock, how shall it
be done ? If the education that 1 have outlined has been
neglected, then they are poorly equipped for this task. The
prime requisite in a breeding herd is a good bull ; and great
bulls are sons of great mothers. So the buyer must know
the mother, and if possible the grand dams; and much care
should be given in studying these matrons. Skill in select-
ing good dairy cows can be acquired by any New England
boy of a good common school education who will put his
best energies into the work. Selection of the bull is the
greatest factor in building up the dairy herd; but the judg-
ing of the dam of the bull must precede the examination of
the bull himself.

The best method of studying the dairy cow is to study the
cow herself. Get a thorough understanding of the score
card ; get a course in an agricultural college if possible ; get
all the help you can from dairy papers, bulletins and books
on breeding ; but with all your getting, get a thorough knowl-
edge of that particular cow. Study a good cow at every op-
portunity, and if the opportunity does not present itself
often enough, make opportunities by visiting the best herds
in the country. This must be field work. Any discussion
of the subject can only be suggestive.

This afternoon we will briefly touch upon five points : the
indications of constitution, of capacity, of nervous tempera-
ment, of blood circulation and of ability to produce. Con-

88 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

stitution is indicated by the large open nostril, large wind-
pipe, deptb from the top of the shoulder to the floor of the
chest, and breadth of chest. These indications must be pos-
sessed by the cows close up in our bull's pedigree if he is to
be the progenitor of a great herd of dairy animals. The
mother of our bull, and the grandmothers as well, must have
capacity to digest large quantities of food without destroy-
ing their future usefulness. It is not enough to know that
these cows have done a good year's work, but that they are
able to repeat the performance for a period of years. She
should have a large mouth, and, what is of equal importance,
width, depth and strength of jaw. She should have a long,
broad, deep barrel, though length is not of as great im-
portance as breadth and depth. She should have broad, flat,
well-sprung ribs; but more important than these is that
indefinable thing that judges call quality; and here, the eye
failing, the judge of the dairy cow must determine by the
feel of the texture of the hide and hair whether the cow has
strength and efiiciency to properly digest her food.

The cow must have a strong nervous temperament also
if she is to digest her food well and secrete the milk neces-
sary to make her a profitable animal. The large, bright,
prominent, placid eye, and the intelligent expression indi-
cate this type of nervous temperament. The spinal processes
should be open and free from fat, not large but sharp and
clean cut. The hips and ribs should also be free from fat,
sharp and well defined. This matter of nervous temperament
must not be slighted. Sit around and watch her for a half
an hour if you are thinking of buying her. See that she is
ever at her work and is not easily disturbed.

The mammary veins and milk wells are the best indica-
tions of a strong circulation. The veins should be long,
large and as tortuous as may be. If they enter the abdomen
through many milk wells so much the better. The milk
wells should be large and clean cut. Study well also the
udder and its attachment. Insist on the large, broad, spheri-
cal udder running way to the front and attached high in
the rear and level on the bottom. Avoid the pendant and
tilted udders. The thigh must be thin and incurving, to

No. 4.] BREEDING, ETC., DAIRY CATTLE. 89

give room for that breadth of udder so necessary to secure
the requisite size. You should see the cow milked to make
sure that the udder is entirely free from hard fatty tissue,
and that the quality and texture is all that is to be desired.
In brief, the udder should be uniform and symmetrica],
spherical, and the quarters smoothly joined, with four easily
milked teats of good size. Do not forget to demand the size,
and remember that the udder cannot be attached too high in
the rear, have too great breadth, or run too far to the front.
If the mother of the bull possesses all these qualities in a
marked degree she should be a comely matron ; and if she has
grace and beauty she is worthy to be the mother of our bull.
Possibly we might excuse the grand dams if they were only
fairly good in some of these points, but any marked weak-
ness in any one of them should be sufficient to cause us to
reject the bull himself and look further for our dairy sire.

The pedigree of the bull being satisfactory, what shall we
demand of the animal himself? He should possess the re-
finement and form of the dairy cow as far as is consistent
with a strong masculinity, but do not let us confuse ugliness
or beefiness with masculinity. He should have all the indi-
cations of constitution, capacity, strong nervous tempera-
ment, well-marked mammary veins and milk wells, with as
large and well-placed rudimentaries as it is possible to get.
He should possess majesty, beauty, power and be every inch
a king. I have not mentioned the sire and grandsires, be-
cause I should be inclined to greater leniency in judging
them than in judging the cows. But I should require of
them the same general type sought for in my dairy sire.

Having selected my herd bull, I would next look for the
females to mate with him. I would, if possible, select two or
more registered cows or heifers, animals possessing constitu-
tion, capacity, nervous temperament, and the indications of
circulation and ability even if heifers, for these qualities are
stamped on the calf if possessed in a strong degree. And
above all things see to it that your heifers or cows are sired
by. a great bull, as the daughters of a sire inherit his excel-
lencies or defects with almost unfailing accuracy. If my
capital were limited (and the breeders on small farms whom

90 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

I am most interested in will have a small capital to commence
on) I would secure ten, twenty or thirty good grades of big
capacity and ability, with all the other points of excellence
that grades can be found to possess. I would keep ten or
twenty cows, and so on, increasing by tens, as these are the
numbers that one or two or more men can economically care
for. Having selected or retained a herd of cattle (for many
times it is much better to retain grades of known profitable
production rather than to risk the hazards of purchase) it
is now necessary to consider from a broader standpoint how
to establish a registered herd of the best quality.

We must remember that a great producing animal is the
product of the three factors of wise selection, good environ-
ment and skillful feeding. It is folly to attempt to breed a
great herd of cattle without a good cow home to put them in.
Sunlight and pure air are as free as the gTace of God, and
they are necessary to the uplift of the bovine family. The
laws of Connecticut, and I doubt not of Massachusetts, are
stringent in requiring the access of light and also as to pro-
viding good ventilation, but in Connecticut the laws to secure
ventilation are not so well worked out. But if our herd is to
be healthy and productive our stable must be well ventilated
and free from odors. The King system of ventilation is best.
It is simple, cheap and can be put into any stable. Muslin
ventilation comes next. Every stable should be as well
lighted as the living room of the family.

The old farm stable can be made comfortable and sanitary,
but if we have skillfully selected our herd it will pay for a
better one as the years pass. The good dairy cow should be
well fed from the day she is born until she has finished her
life work. I leave the calf with the cow for five days, until
the mother's milk is fit for use. I then give 1 quart of milk,
diluted with 1 pint of water, three times daily for five more
days, and then feed 2 quarts of milk so diluted morning and
evening for three weeks ; and during the next week skim
milk is substituted for the whole milk. For the first three
or four feeds I sweeten the milk with 2 tablespoonfuls of
granulated sugar, so that the calf may more readily learn to
drink. The calf should be given grain and hay as soon as it

No. 4.] BREEDING, ETC., DAIRY CATTLE. 91

will take them, and should have all it will take of these
until it is a year old. The hay should he rowen or early
cut fine hay, preferably clover, or alfalfa after the calf is
six months old. For the next six months the heifer should
consume a large quantity of good hay and 4 pounds of grain
per day, if not on excellent pasture. There are many ex-
cellent mixtures of grain. We are using a mixture of corn-
meal and bran, each one part, and dry grains, two parts, for
feeding our young stock.

If bred to freshen, at two years of age, the heifer should
have an increase of grain after she is eighteen months old.
I gradually increase the grain from 4 to 8 pounds up to ten
days before calving. If there is any sign of caked udder or
fever I give a pound of Epsom salts three or four days before
calving. I use the same treatment^ for cows about to calve.

Remember that the heifer carrying her first calf should
have all the feed she needs, and of a highly nitrogenous
nature. For this reason I would use silage only once a day,
but would prefer beet pulp or roots. The hay should be
clover or alfalfa if obtainable, but if not, early cut, fine hay
should be fed a growing heifer, calf or dairy cow. The
quality of a dairyman or breeder may be very accurately
rated by the quality of the hay that he feeds.

Hay for a dairy herd should be stored by July 10, and
preferably by July 4. Hay stored later should only be used
to feed horses or oxen. I hesitate to discuss the feeding of
the milch cow, as in our State, at least, there seems to be
such a wide belief in a few simple glib rules that do work
fairly well, and if taken at their true value would really
be of considerable aid in feeding. A cow in my opinion can
no more be fed by rule than can a man. The balanced ration,
the number of pounds of grain to the number of pounds of
milk, when, and how to feed, all are matters that admit of
such variations as the skillful feeder only can apply. I
shall offer no dairy rations, but I shall say that the feeder
who cannot prepare a balanced ration at a moment's notice
is ill fitted for his work, and furthermore the feeder who
will not change the composition of the ration as the cow
indicates the need of a change, by putting on flesh or losing

92 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

flesh, has not acquired that skill in feeding that might be
his for a reasonable effort. In a word, learn all the rules
of feeding you may, but always test them out on the cow.
If the evidence given by the cow contradicts the rule, be-
lieve the cow, every time. The skilled eye and hand of the
successful breeder and feeder is the thing to be sought, with
sufficient knowledge of the nutrients as an aid in the selec-
tion of feeds. One point on which all skillful feeders will
agree is that the value in feeding of a good quality of coarse
forage cannot be overestimated. Grain cannot take the place
of early cut, well cured alfalfa, clover, or rowen hay, and
the quality and curing of silage is of almost as much im-
portance; while roots, especially beets, tone up the digestive
organs to do their most effective work.

My experience is that the narrow ration is the more ef-
ficient, but an easily digested carbohydrate is added fre-
quently, and if good results are obtained it is retained for a
few weeks and then withdrawn and the consequences watched.
During extreme cold weather a quart of hominy or cornmeal
can be added to advantage and then dropped when the
weather moderates. The hair and hide of the cow are the
first index of overfeeding. The skillful feeder notes his cow
and prevents a breakdown. Henry, on " Feeds and Feed-
ing," should be the feeder's textbook, and he should read
the best dairy papers.

If our young breeder will care for his registered bull and
females, study their needs and retain their increase, adding
to them another heifer or two as he is able; will study and
reflect on their care, and, as Josh Billings has said, emulate
the merits of a postage stamp in sticking to one thing, he will
live to bless the day that he began to breed registered dairy
cattle.

Mr. F. A. Judith. I would like to ask if a dairyman can
afford to pay $27 a ton for alfalfa when he can buy fair
mixed hay for $20.

Mr. Duffy. Well, that depends on what you call fair
mixed hay. Was it cut by the 20th of June ?

Mr. Judith. Yes. Our hay is cut in good season ; that

No. 4.] BREEDING, ETC., DAIRY CATTLE. 93

is, it is cut along the latter part of June, perhaps the middle
to the latter part. It consists of clover, timothy and red top.

Mr. Duffy. "Well, now, that of course would depend alto-
gether on the quality of the hay, and I wouldn't want to
say offhand I wouldn't buy it, but I actually believe from
my experience to-day that if I had some corking good cows
I could afford to buy the alfalfa. I still believe that I have
stood in my own light when I would not buy beet pulp and
sell timothy. I had one of the best fields of clover two years
ago I ever raised, and for some unknown reason it was filled
with alsike, but I have taken it out and am feeding alfalfa,
and I know I am doing the right thing and I am getting
big returns. I wouldn't dare to feed that hay.

Now, about ten days after we got through haying at my
farm, a friend of mine invited me down to Storrs. It was
around the 25th of July; we went from Hartford in an-
automobile to Storrs, and I was perfectly astounded to see
the dairymen along the road putting in hay to feed their
dairy cattle. Why, they couldn't expect to succeed. They
have no right to succeed and don't succeed.

Now, people say dairying doesn't pay, and they are trying
to find out what is the reason. Well, there are men who are
making dairying pay, even at the prices for market milk in
Boston and Hartford; men are making money producing
milk of that kind ; but there are also others who are not.
The men who are making the money are the men who are
working along the right line, in that and eveiy special line
of agriculture. In Connecticut they are making money, but
they know how to do the thing and do it right, and the fellow
who is kicking and says he can't make it pay has got to think
it over and change his method.

Mr. Lee. I would like to ask about beet pulp. Do you
shorten your grain ration ? Do you feed the pulp wet ?

Mr. Duffy. Feed it wet, and do not shorten the grain
ration very much.

Mr. Lee. It is rather expensive, but mighty good.

Mr. Duffy. When you get $400 or $500 worth of milk
by feeding it, what do you care ? If you can increase your
yield, what difference does it make ?

94 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Mr. Lee. That is true.

Mr. Duffy. I don't believe that makes any difference so
long as you can increase the product for the average cow
from 15 to 25 per cent, if you have got the right kind of cow.

Question. How much beet pulp do you feed in a day ?

Mr. Duffy. ]^ot over 5 or 6 pounds, and when you begin
to feed silage, not over 3 or 4.

Professor Beooks. Mr. Chairman, I want to emphasize,
if I may, what the speaker has said concerning the importance
of good, fine, mixed hay, like clover. Many of you have been
on the grounds of the Agricultural College in Amherst. We
have about 30 acres, which is really part of our campus. We
do not like to break it up on account of its proximity to the
college buildings, so it has been kept permanently in grass,
without being plowed, for about thirty years. It is top
• dressed with fertilizer and does admirably. The prevailing
species are Kentucky blue grass, white clover, red clover,
fescue and some orchard grass, no doubt a little timothy.
That land produces usually about 2 tons of hay to the acre.
We mean to cut it every year before Commencement, which
is about the 20th of June. In successful seasons, favorable
seasons, that is, with well-distributed and sufficient rains,
the white clover is sometimes at the level of my knees. I
have never seen so tall and so luxuriant white clover else-
where.

!N'ow, we have had a good deal of experience in feeding
this hay to dairy cows, in comparison with other hays, not
excepting alfalfa, and Mr. Forestall, whom many of you
know, and who is a good judge of dairy cows and a good
feeder, told me that whenever he changed from alfalfa to
the hay from these old mowings, he noted an increase in the
milk; and Dr. Ramsey, whom many of you know by reputa-
tion, has told me more than once that he would get about
3 pints of milk per cow more when feeding this hay than
when feeding an ordinary mixture of timothy, red top and
clover. I don't wish anything that I say to influence any
of you against growing alfalfa. It is a splendid crop, which
we ought to grow wherever we can, but we should not forget
that our own familiar grasses and white clover and alsike

No. 4.] BREEDING, ETC., DAIRY CATTLE. 95

clover will give us a splendid hay which will compare very
favorably with the very best of alfalfa. [Applause.]

Question. I would like to ask Professor Brooks what
fertilizer he puts on this land.

Professor Bkooks. A mixture of basic slag and sulphate
of potash, about 500 pounds to the acre of the slag meal and
150 of high-grade sulphate of potash. On some parts of
the mowing, in place of the high-grade sulphate, we have used
low-grade sulphate on the top, 300 pounds to the acre; and
in other parts, in addition to the slag meal and potash, we
are using nitrate of soda in varying quantities, from 150
pounds to the acre, on some portions, to 250 pounds on others.
With slag and potash in the quantities which I have indi-
cated, and adding about 150 pounds of the nitrate of soda,
we get a splendid crop with a large proportion of clover.

Evening Session.
The evening session was called to order by Secretary
Wheeler at 7.15 p.m., and he introduced as the chairman of
the evening, Mr. John Bursley. Mr. Bursley, after a brief
reference to the long and effective services of ex-Secretary
J. Lewis Ellsworth to the agricultural interests of the State,
called upon ex-Secretary Ellsworth for an address on " Rural
Credit and Co-operation in Europe."

96 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

EUEAL CREDIT, BANKING AND AGRICULTURi^L
CO-OPERATION IN EUROPE.

J. LEWIS ELLSWORTH.

The commission to whicli 1 was a delegate was a national
commission directed to study tiie systems of rural credit and
agricultural co-operation existing in Europe.

It consisted of 78 members; 7 were appointed by the
President, 65 were appointed by the Governors of different
States and by a few interested organizations, and 6 repre-
sented Canada. The delegation from Massachusetts con-
sisted of Pres. Kenyon L. Butterfield of the Agi'icultural
College, appointed by President Wilson, and Mrs. Charlotte
B. Ware and myself, appointed by Governor Foss. The
Southern Commercial Congress initiated this movement for
an organized study of the systems of co-operation and rural
credit in European countries, recognizing the need of such
facilities in this country if our agriculture is to prosper.
European countries were long since forced to face these prob-
lems and have made great strides in this direction. To them,
then, the American commission turned to ascertain how their
methods and organizations could be made to assist in develop-
ing a more profitable agriculture and better country life con-
ditions here in the United States. We here in America are
apt to think of the inhabitants of the European countries as
rather decadent, both physically and mentally. This we
found to be far from the fact, as everywhere the Italians,
Germans or Danes, as the case might be, were splendid men,
strong and intelligent, making a very evident success of
agriculture and utilizing every bit of land that could be made
available. Not only were they profiting by their systems of
co-operation and rural credit, but they seemed to have a

No. 4.] RURAL CREDIT, ETC., IN EUROPE. 97

thorough knowledge of the general principles and the details
of growing their crops and breeding their horses, cattle,
sheep and hogs.

While in every country and at every stop, the commission
gathered much of interest and much valuable information,
the time at my disposal forbids even a hurried discussion of
conditions in all of these different countries. I shall, then,
simply endeavor to explain the two systems of rural credit
which seem most successful and most applicable to our con-
ditions, — the systems now operative in Germany, — and
then give you an insight into the methods and results of busi-
ness co-operation among the farmers of Germany, Denmark
and Holland, with a brief reference to conditions in Austria-
Hungary and France, in which five countries, and especially
in the first three, both the systems of co-operative credit and
co-operative business seemed to have been more fully de-
veloped than elsewhere.

Rural Credit.

The rural credit systems of Germany have to do with two
distinct and necessary forms of credit, — the short-term or
personal loan, and the long-term, which is usually the land-
mortgage loan. In regard to the personal or short-term loan
we found two distinct systems in Germany, — one serving
the urban districts, the other operative in rural territory.
These are the Schultze-Delitsche system, which usually oper-
ates in cities and towns and is not strictly a local institution,
and the Raiffeisen system, which confines its activities to
local rural districts. Our interest centers in the latter type,
and I shall therefore not attempt to describe the former, but
shall confine my observations to the Raiffeisen loan associa-
tions.

Raiffeisen Loan Associations.

Their founder, Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen, was born
of very poor parents in 1818. Although his education was
very meager he developed a deep interest in his fellow coun-
trymen which prompted him to make an effort to relieve
them from oppression by usurers and " loan sharks," and

98 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

evolve a scheme whereby they might secure funds at a reason-
able rate of interest. The result of his efforts was the estab-
lishment of the so-called " Raiffeisen banks," which have
since proved such a blessing to the lower classes in Germany.
Before his death these banks had become very numerous.
The memory of '' Father Raiffeisen," as he is known among
the German people, is one of their choicest possessions.

Briefly, the principles upon which the Raiffeisen banks
are founded are as follows : —

(a) Unlimited liability of all members as security.

(h) Permanent reserve fund as additional security.

(c) Limitation of area, insuring personal acquaintance
of all members, and none may belong to more than one society
at one time.

(d) Loans are made only for productive or provident pur-
poses and only to members ; investigation made first as to
the purpose and then as to the actual use of the loan ; maxi-
mum time of loan five years.

(e) Facilities for repayment by installments; borrower
also at liberty to cancel full debt by payment at any time.

(/) Absence of profit seeking, dividends being limited to
rate of interest paid by borrower, if any are declared.

(('/) Office holders, with single exception of secretary or
" accountant," not remunerated for services.

(h) The aim is to improve not only the material but the
moral condition of their members.

The capital is originally raised upon shares which are
sold to members, the average cost of these shares being in the
vicinity of $25. Regardless of the number of shares held
each member has but one vote. 'No loans are made to others
than members, and as a rule they are not made for more than
four years, never for more than five. They are payable, not
in a lump sum at a certain specified date, which often comes
so hard on the borrower, but may be paid in installments.
In every case the length of the term for the repayment of
loans is fixed in advance, and this term and the amount of
installments are proportioned to the object of the loan and
the ability of the borrower to repay. These banks receive
deposits both from members and outsiders, although confin-

No. 4.] RURAL CREDIT, ETC., IN EUROPE. 99

ing all loans to members. The interest on loans ranges from
•ii/i to 5 per cent. Satisfactorily indorsed notes or collaterals
are accepted as security. All othccrs and trustees are chosen
by the members and serve for four years. The " account-
ant," or cashier, receives about V\ o of 1 per cent on all trans-
actions. The societies reserve the right of recalling loans
upon one to three months' notice, but this is very seldom done.

These Raiffeisen banks have succeeded in reducing the
rates of interest for farmers from 6, 7 and 8 per cent down to
4 and 5 per cent. Again, funds are always available, while
previous to the organization of these banks there was often
great difficulty in securing loans under any conditions what-
soever. These societies are not permitted to speculate in
any way. They are built upon a foundation of Christianity
and loyalty, but at their meetings discussions of both denomi-
national or political subjects are forbidden.

The founder of these local Raiffeisen societies, realizing
from the beginning the need of combination in order to pro-
vide centers for equalization of funds by a non-profit seeking
organization, finally solved this problem by the establishment
of central banks in each province. The local banks adjust
the finances of their members, and the central banks adjust
the finances of the local societies in the same manner. The
German Agricultural Central Loan Bank in turn balances
the supply and demand among the provincial central banks,
obtains credit and makes necessary investments for them.

This central bank has twelve branches in different parts
of the country. While the local societies are in no way
under government supervision, the central bank is subject
to inspection by a representative of the government, as the
State has made an appropriation in its aid upon which 3
per cent interest is paid to the State. ISTeither the inspector
nor the government can close the bank, but in case of mis-
management the appropriation can be withdrawn. The
original intention was to have other co-operative undertak-
ings carried on by the local Raiffeisen societies, but experi-
ence has proved that this is impracticable, and has shown
the advisability of independent organizations for these opera-
tions. These we will consider later.

100 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

T'he Landschaften, or Land-mortgage Loan Associations.

Of the various land-mortgage, or long-term, credit systems
operative in Germany we shall discuss but one, known as the
Landschaften and found largely in northern Germany, for
it seems to me that it is this system, or some modification of
it, which wnll eventually be found applicable to conditions in
this country. It is a system which will appeal to any one
w^ho has ever had experience with a mortgage on the farm,
for it eliminates entirely some disagreeable features which
characterizes the negotiation of farm mortgages here.

To begin with, we at times have great difficulty in securing
a purchaser for a farm mortgage unless the interest rate is
high. This is due to several reasons : Such mortgages are
not a liquid investment ; the purchaser must ascertain the
soundness of the title ; he must determine the sufficiency of
the security offered ; he must see that interest and principal
are collected ; and he must see that the property involved
does not deteriorate to such an extent that the security is
endangered ; and he must also see that taxes are paid. Then,
too, the requirement of repayment in a lump sum, and the
limited time for which mortgages are allowed to run, are
very serious hindrances. These two factors in many in-
stances force the mortgagor to either secure a renewal at a
still higher rate of interest or else to contract a new mortgage.
It is just these features which the mortgage-credit associa-
tions have been organized to eliminate, and this they have
done, the so-called " Landschaften " especially.

To begin with, the farmer seeking a mortgage has no direct
personal relations with the person who furnishes the money.
He goes to the Landschaft and makes known his wants. The
first step taken is to secure an impartial valuation of his
property. This is made by three different parties: first, by
two or three of the members of the Landschaft who live in
his vicinity; second, by an independent valuer, such as the
professor of agriculture in the nearest university ; and third,
by the officials of the Landschaft. The lowest of the three
valuations is then taken as a basis for the loan, which, as a
further precaution, is limited to only tAvo-thirds of the lowest

No. 4.] RURAL CREDIT, ETC., IN EUROPE. 101

valuation. The borrower does not receive this amount in
actual cash, but is given bonds to the specified amount of
which he himself then disposes. He may sell them through
his own banker, or the banking department connected with
the Landschaft will sell them for him in the open market.
The one who buys these bonds, and is really the mortgagee,
has as security not only this individual mortgage but the pool
of all mortgages in the hands of the Landschaft, and, in addi-
tion, the reserve fund which the organization is constantly
building up. The law provides that the money of widows
and orphans may be invested only in government bonds or in
Laudschaften bonds, the security and stability of which is
thus recognized, and is due largely to the fact that the gov-
ernment has supervision over the organizations, each of
which represents one political district.

Borrower and lender, then, do not come into any direct
personal contact. The lender secures the interest on his in-
vestment, not from the borrower, but from the Landschaft.
This is payable on the 1st of April and is usually 3^2 per
cent. If at any time he desires to make other use of his prin-
cipal he cannot " foreclose," neither can he collect from the
Landschaft. He simply sells his bonds in the open market.

Now as to the borrower. The day before the Landschaft
has to pay the interest on its bonds it collects the interest
from its members who are carrying mortgages. The rate of
interest collected is 4 per cent ; the l/^ per cent difference be-
tween this and what the lender receives is used to meet run-
ning expenses first, and then to build up a surplus or reserve
fund.

Each year the borrower pays also a fixed sum which goes
toward the reduction of the principal, until at the end,
usually, of either forty-five or fifty-four years the mortgage
is amortized or " cancelled." The payments in excess of
the running expenses and what goes into the reserve fund are
used to buy up the bonds, so that when the mortgage be-
comes amortized the entire bond issue upon it has been
bought up. If, however, the borrower fails to pay the in-
terest, his land may be sold in the open market, and owing
to the low valuation which has been placed upon it, a larger

102 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

aiiiount than the bond issue must invariably be realized. The
Landschaft is reimbursed for the bonds issued and the bal-
ance goes back to the borrower. In this way the organization
and the bondholders are protected, and then, too, there is
also the surplus to fall back upon.

All officers and directors of Landschaften are appointed by
the King, and the books and accounts are inspected and
audited every month by law officers. There is, in addition,
a special deputy appointed by the King to control the con-
duct of the Landschaft. Every possible precaution against
mismanagement is thus taken, and here lies the secret of
their success. It seems to me that this system, or some
variation of it, combining availability of funds, low and at
stable rates of interest, freedom from danger of foreclosure
and gradual amortization, could be and should be worked
out and put into practice as a solution to the problem of long-
term credit here in America. The system itself is sound,
and its success in this country would depend very largely
upon the reliability and capacity of its officers.

Business Co-operatiox.

The subject of co-operative rural credits is very closely
allied to that of business co-operation among farmers, as it re-
quires credit to finance the co-operative societies. We have
already made some progress in co-operative buying and sell-
ing in this country. The citrus fruit growers of the west,
the apple producers of Oregon and Washington, and the
dairymen of the northwest are among our foremost examples,
not to mention the cranberry growers of Cape Cod. The full-
est development, however, has as yet been reached onl}^ in
foreign countries.

The co-operative societies in Germany comprise supply
societies, dairying associations, corn-selling and granary as-
sociations, cattle-selling societies, egg-selling societies, elec-
tricity societies, machine societies and several minor kinds.

The supply societies deal mainly in fertilizers and feed-
ing stuffs. One, two or three parishes are usually included
in the jurisdiction of a single society, the area being gov-

No. 4.] RURAL CREDIT, ETC., IN EUROPE. 103

erned by its ability to furnish enough members to secure the
advantages of purchasing in bulk. Central organizations,
representing all local societies in a province or State, are
organized to make the buying power still greater and thus
reduce costs still further.

There are thi*ee principal types of co-operative dairies, —
those in which the cream is separated and butter made, but
the milk and buttermilk is returned to the producers ; those
which sell new milk or utilize the new milk for making but-
ter and cheese and use the by-products as food for pigs ; and
those known as cream depots which only separate the cream,
which is then sent to a central dairy or to the towns. A milk
supply from at least 300 to 400 cows must be guaranteed be-
fore definite steps toward organizing a society are taken.
Members must deliver to the central station all milk not
needed for use on the farm or in the home. Payment is
usually based on the fat content. Central organizations
have been formed to some extent.

The co-operative grain-selling societies aim to secure for
the producer improved facilities for drying, cleaning and
grading seeds; to, regulate prices by reservation of supply;
to enable the farmers to secure credit with corn in the ware-
house as security; to lessen or eliminate payments to mid-
dlemen ; and to reduce transportation charges.

The cattle-selling associations aim at the elimination of
superfluous charges in getting cattle to the market; but
although attempts have been made in Germany to establish
co-operative slaughterhouses similar to those in Denmark
they have as yet been unsuccessful. The majority of the
societies sell on commission, and all animals are insured
against damage in transit and against partial or total loss
at the hands of the inspectors. Many societies maintain
their own system of insurance.

The co-operative egg-selling societies, in addition to the
grading and handling of eggs, seek to promote the poultry
industry by advising their members as to breeding and feed-
ing, turning their attention to better methods of housing, and
selling them desirable birds at very low prices.

104 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

During recent years there has been a very rapid growth of
co-operative societies for providing their members with elec-
tric light and power. , There are at present about 700 of these
societies. A scarcity of farm labor and the introduction of
different kinds of electrical farm machinery have been fac-
tors in a rapid increase in the number of these societies dur-
ing the past few years. The low cost of maintenance of
such machines ; the absence of expense when they are not in
use ; the ease and quickness of their operation ; the possibility
of one man's operating several machines at the same time ;
their freedom from fire risk, and their cleanliness, all favor
the use of electricity as a farm power. Its use has also
been found to be relatively very economical. These societies
are of three types, — those producing and distributing power,
those owning their installation but securing their electricity
from other sources, and those composed of groups of con-
sumers who guarantee the purchase of certain amounts of
power and thus obtain reduced rates.

Other societies in operation are vine-growers societies,
beet-sugar factories, breeding societies and land purchase
and settlement societies. ,

An industry in Germany which assumes at least a par-
tially co-operative form is the distilling of denatured alcohol.
The distilleries are scattered through the country, about
4,000 in all, with a central selling depot in Berlin. The in-
dustry is based upon the utilization of the potato crop, nearly
80 per cent of all German alcohol being produced from this
tuber, whereby the crop is made a paying one. By concen-
trating 900 bushels into the original weight of 100 bushels,
and in this transformation using only the starch and return-
ing the balance of the product to the farm to be fed to stock
and returned again to the land, an exceedingly profitable
industry was created.

All of the regulation German co-operative societies are
composed of at least seven persons banded together for the
furtherance of common business ends. These must take
shares and make themselves jointly and severally liable,
either to a fixed amount per share or to the full extent of
their property. The larger numl.)er of societies have organ-

No. 4.] RURAL CREDIT, ETC., IN EUROPE. 105

ized central banks or trading stations for provinces or States,
and have further strengthened their status by creating central
banks or stations operating over Prussia or Germany.

Business Co-operation in Austria-Hungary.

In Austria-Hungary the co-operative movement began little
over sixty years ago, but became important v^^ith the founding
of the Budapest Central Co-operative Creamery, upon the
incentive of the Minister of Agriculture, in 1883. The 1912
report shows a membership of 140 farmers holding 648
shares. When organized the value of shares v^^as 800 kronen,
or $160 each. The association owns a large plant which we
visited. The milk comes in from the surrounding country in
large cans, and is weighed and turned into the large pasteur-
izing tank. Then follows the bottling for market. Sweet
milk, baby milk and " sour milk " are sold. Some of the
milk is separated, part of the cream being sold and butter
made from the remainder. All milk is delivered to retail
shops, most of which deal in milk or milk products exclu-
sively, selling from pushcarts as well as directly from the
store. Seven hundred men and women are employed to
handle the output of this association, which amounted, in the
month of April. 1913, to 1,909,600 liters (2,055,360 quarts)
of milk. The farmers are paid according to the fat content
of the milk, which ranged from 3.24 to 3.8 per cent, averag-
ing about 3.6 per cent.

I have described the city co-operative milk plant. The
Minister of Agriculture has the following to say in regard to
the co-operative village dairy associations : —

Endeavors to form Village Dairy Co-operative associations were,
for a long time, unsuccessful, as our people were not inclined to
take up with strange movements, nor did they think it worth while
to combine for the sale of their output. It was very difficult to con-
vince small fanners that it would pay to establish an association
which needed some thousands of crowns initial capital. The Min-
ister, however, finally succeeded in persuading the inhabitants of
Maria-Kemend County to form an association. Hardly half of the
farmers entered, but as the business became established, every owner
of a business, every owner of a cow, to the last man, eventually

106 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

joined. The output of milk beyond domestic requirements, to the
extent of 1,300 to 1,400 liters daily, was delivered to the association.
Butter and curds (cheese) are made by machinery', and the milk
itself brings in a clear 12 heller (2y2 cents) per liter. In this man-
ner the members cleared 3,500 kronen ($700) during the year for
milk, which previously was either consumed in the house or wasted.
This opened a new source of income, produced gTeater benefit year
by year, and quickly became a potent factor in the enrichment of
the village farmers.

In co-operative distribution Hungary is far advanced.
There are two distinct types of societies formed known as
the " organized,'' that is, under the jurisdiction of some
central organization, and the " unorganized." The central
society which controls the former supplies them with goods
and working capital, and attends to the wholesale purchase
of supplies. They deal mainly in household necessities, pro-
visions, seed, commercial fertilizers, machines, tools, etc.
The unorganized societies are independent individual insti-
tutions and may be divided into two classes, — those dealing
in household requisites and provisions and those dealing in
all kinds of agricultural supplies.

I had the pleasure of visiting the central supply house of
the former type of organization in Budapest. The main
building is filled with all kinds of merchandise, practically
everything imaginable to eat, drink or wear, also farming
machinery and implements, seed, fertilizers, etc.

The establishment included mills for grinding grain, salt,
sugar and paint, apparatus for roasting coifee, and a box
and cordage factory. An immense force of help is employed.
In 1898 there were only 16 affiliated societies, while now the
organization has so demonstrated its value that there are
1,195.

In Austria we found co-operative milk plants similar to
those in Budapest and other parts of Hungary. Vienna,
the capital, claims the largest co-operative dairy plant in
existence. The milk is distributed to the sale depots in 102
wagons, which also transport the milk to the central plant as
it arrives at the railway stations from the farms. The em-
ployees at the plant number 660, and 212 horses are kept.

No. 4.] RURAL CREDIT, ETC., IN EUROPE. 107

Including the persons who deliver the milk the number of em-
ployees would be about 1,200. The branch depots have
about 210 push carts for delivering the milk. This immense
proposition began its career in 1881 with 33 members, which
in 1911-12 had increased to 631. The milk at the railroad
station is valued at 4i/'o cents per quart. Upon its arrival
at the plant it is strained and pasteurized. A specialty is
made of baby milk, prepared by special methods. Fresh
milk is sold in sealed glass bottles, of which from 80,000 to
90,000 are filled every night. This is said to be the largest
bottling plant in the world.

Business Co-opebation in Denmark.

Of all the countries visited Denmark showed the most
marked development of the different types of business co-
operation. The Danes were leaders in the organization of
co-operative business. Formerly a corn-producing country,
with Germany as its principal market, Denmark in 1879 sud-
denly found that market cut off by an edict issued by the
German Kaiser barring admission to this product. The
Danes then turned their attention to cattle raising and later
to pig raising and poultry growing. Then came the necessity
of disposing of their new products, first the butter, then the
bacon and later the eggs. Co-operation seemed the open door,
and they were not long in taking advantage of it. The piece-
meal adoption of co-operation, first for one purpose and then
for another, resulted in a division of the different projects,
into dairy societies, supply purchasing societies, bacon curing
societies, etc., so that one man may belong to nine or ten
different societies, each performing a separate function.

The co-operative dairy societies compel their members to
feed only certain things, to cool their milk to a specified
temperature immediately and hold it at that temperature,
and to obey such similar regulations as will insure a uniform
high-grade product. Each member, however, is glad to be
obliged by the society to do these things, which result in
larger sales, a sure market and better prices. These societies
have meant great progress for the small dairy farmer. The

108 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

following partial description of the " Dairy Sanderum," at
Odense, taken from a circular given us upon our visit to that
dairy, gives an idea of this type of co-operative organiza-
tion : —

Began to work on the 1st of May, 1910. Was established by the
farmers of seven villages in the neighborhood of Odense, with 130
members and a total of 1,000 cows. Milk delivered in a year by its
members is 2,750,000 kilograms (quarts). Besides, the dairy buys
1,000,000 kilograms from 50 farms, with 370 cows. The funds were
raised by a loan for which all members are liable jointly and sep-
arately. This loan is to be amortized in a series of years. The
transport of the milk from the producers to the dairy is carried
on by the dairy itself, and takes place once a day at least. From
the milk deliveries 30 per cent is returned to the providers and
15 per cent is used to make cheese of. The rest is sold in town as
butter, cream, baby milk, sweet milk and skimmed milk. Accounts
for the milk are settled every week, according to the butter quota-
tion and the contents of fat found by testing every day. Ten per
cent is retained to be i:»aid out at the end of the year as overplus.

The dairy owns 23 wagons for transporting milk from the
farmers and to its shops and customers. It also owns 12
horses for use in town delivery, but hires horses for bringing
in the milk. The dairy has 20 stores in Odense selling only
its products.

In this same town of Odense we visited a co-operative
slaughterhouse representing about 7.000 farmers. The es-
stablishment itself is valued at 2,000,000 kroner ($536,000).
The weekly killings amount to 2,200 hogs and 500 cattle,
while the production per week averages 1,000 strips of bacon,
10 tons of lard, 10 tons of sausage and 10 tons of tinned
ffoods. This is onlv one of manv such organizations in Den-
mark, and is a sample of the co-operative societies which
have resulted from the loss of the German market for corn
and the consequent necessity of catering to the English trade.
This trade demanded a different type of hog from the long-
legged Danish breed, and white Yorkshire boars were se-
cured and crossed with the Danish breed, a cross which pro-
duced an ideal type for the market, weighing about 180
pounds and giving a uniform, standard product. Private

No. 4.] RURAL CREDIT, ETC., IN EUROPE. 109

concerns with large capital were at first heavy competitors,
but their uneven output failed to successfully compete with
the uniform product of the co-operative organizations.

Egg production forms a very important part of the Danish
farmer's source of income. To increase the returns in this
branch of agriculture, co-operative egg export societies have
been formed. The most important of these is called the
'* Dansk-Andels Aegeksport.'' This was organized in 1895,
and a fifth of all the eggs now exported from Denmark
now pass through its hands. It embraces 550 affiliated
branches with a total membership of 40,000 poultry keepers.
Each branch has its local depot and appoints a collector who
is paid a small commission on eggs collected. The eggs are
purchased by weight, which induces the farmer to keep
improved breeds and strains. There are stringent rules to
insure that all eggs collected have been laid since the previous
collection, and a penalty of a fine or expulsion is inflicted
for violations. All eggs are branded with the trade-mark of
the society and also the reference number of the branch
society and the registered number of the member who sup-
plied them. In this way it is possible to trace any defective
egg from the breakfast table right back to the producer;
and it is needless to say that very few poor eggs are found.
The local depots forward the eggs to central packing stations
situated in towns having convenient communication with
English ports. The eggs are sorted into five different grades
and packed in wool, 1,440 eggs in each box. There is the
least possible delay between producer and consumer. This
method insures the consumer a reliable article at a reasonable
price ; it guarantees the producer a maximum price as well,
by the elimination of middlemen. The price paid the farmer
is set by the society. At the end of each year the net profits
are divided among the members in proportion to the value
of the eggs received from each.

These are only some of the many forms of business co-
operation in Denmark, Mention only can be made of the
live-stock societies, one of which is the cow-testing associa-
tion in aid of which the government appropriated 120,000
kroner (about $32,000) ; horse-breeding associations, pig-

no BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

rearing societies, sheep-breeding societies, and societies for
the insurance of live stock against loss from fire, storm and
hail.

Business Co-opeeatiqx in Holland.

The sturdy Holland folk are indeed models of cleanliness.
The stories we read of cow stables so clean that one could
eat his meals in them are not exaggerated. The country is
truly one large " spotless town." Marvellous progress has
been made in co-operation in Holland, the government hav-
ing propagated its principles with excellent results. Four
forms of constitution have been drawn up, and prospective
associations must adopt one of these as a basis of future
operations.

Rural credit associations of the Raiffeisen type have made
a remarkable growth. Co-operative purchasing societies for
fertilizers and feeds are federated, but each branch does its
own buying. Co-operative selling societies have mostly been
organized for vegetables and fruit, and make use of the
English market very largely. The dairy co-operative so-
cieties have been most highly perfected. These are federated
into an " All-jSTetherlands Federation." The government
early saw the advantage of State control of testing, and now
does it all, placing at the service of the farmers skilled test-
ers, who act also in the capacity of general advisers. The
product which stands the test is branded with the sign of
quality, " Kederlandsch Botercontrole," which is recognized
as a guarantee in all markets. A form of society originally
established in Switzerland and later in Denmark and Hol-
land for recording milk yields, especially those obtained by
breeding for production, has shown excellent results. In
1897 the average yield was 812 gallons; in 1904, 1,019 gal-
lons. Since that time it has declined, but it still stands at
898 gallons of 3.5 per cent Initter fat.

Holland has about 400 co-operative horse insurance socie-
ties, insuring about 40,000 animals, and 50 to 60 goat and
sheep insurance societies, covering some 6,000 animals.

No. 4.] RURAL CREDIT, ETC., IN EUROPE. Ill

FkEXCH Co-OPERATIOiS'.

While the commission was in Paris, M. Albert Viger, who
has several times been Minister of Agriculture, gave an ad-
dress. He stated that there are 10,000 co-operative associa-
tions in France with a membership of 65,000. These
societies purchase feeds, fertilizers, seeds and agricultural
tools, and sell dairv and other products of the farmers.

Co-operative societies conduct mutual insurance against
loss by fire, crop damage by hail, cattle loss from disease, and
life insurance. These insurance societies are for farmers
only and have a membership of 80,000. Individually these
societies would be weak, but they are federated into one large
and powerful association. This central organization main-
tains a legal department where any question of law is looked
up, legal papers drawn or examined and legal advice given
to members. As many as 10,000 letters are received and
answered every year. The organization of this work was a
difficult matter and required a deal of hard labor by M.
Viger and his coworkers, for strong opposition, especially
from insurance companies, was encountered. Their sign is
two hands clasped and their motto, " One for all and all
for one."

Much more might be said and written in regard to the
wonderful trip of the commission and its opportunity for
observing conditions and methods in the several countries
visited. I feel, however, that I have given you to-night
enough to at least set you thinking, and I trust that I have
made clear some of the methods and practices which have
prc>ved so successful across the water. I feel that co-opera-
tion is the keynote of future progress and universal success
in agriculture in this country. We shall do well to get out
from under the framework of individualism upon which we
have so long depended for shelter from competitive products,
and upon the solid foundation of agriculture erect a frame-
work of co-operation which will, beyond a question, be suffi-
cient to sustain any burden of competition which it may be
called upon to suj^port.

112 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

I would suggest that the milk producers in the several dif-
ferent sections of the New England States build co-operative
creameries convenient to the largest supply, expending only
the amount of money really necessary to build and equip such
plants, so that the farmers can stand ready to demand a
living price for their milk; and if the buyers do not agree
to the proposed price, the milk can be converted into butter
and the skimmed milk returned to the farmers under the
same method that is pursued in Denmark.

The interest on the money invested to carry out this scheme
would be very small, and should be considered as belonging
in the same class of expenditures as insurance.

Mr. George McKerrow, Wis., informs me that an organ-
ization of farmers in Woodstock, 111., has carried out this
plan successfully, and increased the price received by the
producer for milk 10 cents per 100 pounds.

One other suggestion to help solve the milk question on
the lines above recommended is that the Boston Chamber of
Commerce, through its committee on agriculture, help
finance a co-operative milk-selling plant in Boston. With
such a plant in operation the producers would receive more
for their product, while the price to consumers would not be
increased. Indeed, I firmly believe that under co-operative
methods the price to the consumer would be lowered. So let
us strive for co-operative organization here in Massachusetts,
to the end that our farming may be made more prosperous
and our life upon the farm may be still more worth the
living.

Mr. Tayloe. I would like to ask Mr. Ellsworth what
prices they get for milk in Germany.

Mr. Ellsworth. The farmer gets from 2^/4 to 21/2 cents
a quart, and in some parts they get as high as 4 cents.

Mr. Myrick. I would like to make one point very briefly
and very vigorously to the farmers of Massachusetts, and that
is that the basis of co-operative success in Europe or in this
country is going to be financial co-operation, banking co-
operation, credit co-operation. Now, we have had in Massa-
chusetts since 1909 a credit union law. It is one of the best

No. 4.] RURAL CREDIT, ETC., IN EUROPE. 113

laws; it embraces tlie best results of European experience
in co-operative credit societies. We should have these co-
operative credit societies formed under that law in every
school district and township in Massachusetts. Though the
law is here, it has not been agitated ; it has not been con-
sidered bv the farmers' organizations, and yet, it is a most
excellent law. It was enacted in the State of Texas last year,
and it came very near being enacted over in Xew York.
That law should be supplemented by carrying out the Land-
scliaft idea in the form of a land-mortgage bank, under the
auspices and with the co-operation of the State, and a bill,
or a standard measure, for that purpose has been drawn, and
I have copies of it here for any one who is interested. This
bill for a State land-mortgage bank should go through the
Legislature of this State this next year, and Massachusetts
should lead the way not only in the local co-operating bank-
ing under the law of 1909, but also in the land-mortgage
bank.

Just one word further: of course, the price of money
varies with supply and demand, but under a proper system
of land-mortgage banking the current rate of interest,
whether high or low, now paid, or ordinarily paid for mort-
gage money, will be sufficient not only to pay the interest, but
also to pay the expenses and gradually pay off the principal.

Mr. WiLDEE. Right in that connection, why should we
let this thing end in talk ? This meeting is now an opera-
tive organization of the State of Massachusetts. It seems
to me that this matter might be met right here this evening,
or perhaps better to-morrow forenoon. We may, however,
not have as good a meeting to-morrow morning as we have
to-night, and it seems to me it might be a wise thing to choose
a committee now to put this scheme in motion and report at
our next meeting. We may talk about these things and we
may listen to all these fine addresses, but what are we going
to gain by it unless we co-operate and make a start of the
thing ?

Mr. BcESLEY. The Chair awaits any motion.

Mr. Mykick, Mr. Chairman, I make the motion that the
president and secretary appoint a committee of seven on co-

114 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

operative banking, for short terms and long terms, in the
State of Massachusetts, this committee to have power to pre-
sent a plan or method to the Legislature for whatever legis-
lation may be necessary. As the gentleman has said, let us
do something rather than spend so much time talking.

Mr. Wilder. I take great pleasure in seconding that
motion.

Mr. BuRSLEY. The motion is made and seconded.

Vote taken; motion passed.

Mr. Wilder. I don't want to take more than a minute,
but Brother Morse has suggested that it might come before
our next Governor. If it does, I would only urge that you
put Mr. Morse on that committee, as he is a mighty good
friend of Mr. Walsh's.

Mr. BuRSLEY. We will heed the suggestion. Unless
there is something further the meeting stands adjourned
until to-morrow morning.

Third Day.

The third day's meeting was called to order at 10.35
A.M. by Secretary Wheeler, and the chairman, Mr. Bursley,
announced that there were two or three matters of business
left over from yesterday that the secretary wished to bring
before the meeting before the lecture.

Secretary Wheeler. Last night the meeting voted to ap-
point a committee of seven to consider the question of rural
credit and its relation to the law in Massachusetts, and per-
haps to bring in a recommendation for a law in Massachu-
setts. I didn't discuss the matter last night because it was
getting late, but I will say now that there is already a com-
mittee at work on this very subject. The Governor appointed
three members from Massachusetts, one taken from the
Grange, one from the Board of Agriculture, and one from the
State College, to confer with the members of the commission
that went from ISTew England to Europe to study this very
question, and that commission has appointed three members
from all ISTew England to consider the question of laws re-
lating to rural credits. The members of that committee are
Dr. Cance of the college, Mr. Chapman and myself. We

No. 4.] RURAL CREDIT, ETC., IN EUROPE. 115

have had one meeting already, and are going to hold a meet-
ing of delegates from the New England States the last Tues-
day and Wednesday in December, to confer on this subject
of rural credits, and the possibility of introducing laws to
the several New England States relative to rural credit banks
and such other things now being done in Europe that might
be advisable here. I think it would be well to change the
vote that we passed last night, to make it read three instead
of seven. I think that the delegates who are to meet in the
latter part of December would very much like to have three
members appointed by the Board of Agriculture — they
needn't necessarily be members of the Board of Agriculture,
but three members appointed by the Board — to confer with
that committee, in order to get the whole question under dis-
cussion. I therefore move to reconsider the vote of the meet-
ing last night.

Mr. Wilder. As I do not see Mr. Myrick here, it gives
me great pleasure, as the seconder of that motion, to second
this motion.

Mr. BuRSLEY. It is moved and seconded that the vote of
last night, whereby it was voted to name seven men to confer
in this matter, be reconsidered.

Question voted on; vote passed.

Secretary Wheeler. I move now that a committee of
three be appointed by the Chair to confer with this commit-
tee, which is known as the New England Committee of the
American Commission, at their meeting at the end of De-
cember.

Motion seconded; vote passed.

Mr. BuRSLEY. The Chair will name Messrs. J. Lewis
Ellsworth of Worcester, Mr. E. W. Rane, the State Forester,
and Mr. George F. Morse of the State Board of Agriculture
as those three.

Ladies and Gentlemen: It gives me great pleasure to in-
troduce at this hour as the presiding officer at this session,
Mr. J. Lewis Ellsworth, ex-secretary of the Massachusetts
State Board of Agriculture. [Applause.]

Secretary Wheeler. Just before Mr. Ellsworth takes the
chair I want to make the announcement that the New Eng-

116 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

land Alfalfa Growers' Association will meet directly after
this meeting, and we would like to have everybody interested
in the association, or all growers of alfalfa, stay with us and
join the association, if they wish, after this meeting.

ADDRESS OF MR. J. LEWIS ELLSWORTH.

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen : It is perhaps a
little unexpected to be called upon to preside at this meeting,
as it is customary and usual that that pleasant duty be per-
formed by some member of the Board. Possibly my asso-
ciation with them for so long, both as a member, which covers
seventeen or eighteen years, and as secretary for ten years,
has caused them to forget the rule or to overlook it, — be-
cause of my having been in continuous service for so long.
I thank you for it, Mr. Chairman and gentlemen.

I won't take much of your time, because we have a lec-
turer here who is to talk to you upon the subject of alfalfa.
I firmly believe that alfalfa is going to be the coming crop
in Massachusetts and ISTew England, and is going to be the
salvation of our dairy farmers. I believe in it so thoroughly
that I am glad so many clubs are being formed to encourage
it. We all know that it is a difficult crop to raise in some
ways, unless you know all the whys and wherefores and will
carry out the methods correctly ; and certainly the person who
raises alfalfa successfully is going to be a better farmer.

It is a pleasure to introduce to you Mr. Joseph Wing of
Woodland Farm, Mechanicsburg, O., who will speak to you
on " Alfalfa Growing."

No. 4.] ALFALFA GROWING IN MASSACHUSETTS. 117

ALFALFA GROWING IN MASSACHUSETTS.

JOSEPH E. WING OP MECHANICSBURG, 0.

Coming yesterday by day train through New York and
then through western Massachusetts, I gazed out of the car
windows with deep interest. I longed to know well the old
land of my fathers. The little farms fascinated me. I
longed to know whether it is well with them, whether or no
there is prosperity there, and hope and good outlook. And
as I came along, I mentally rebuilt many of the farms that
I saw. I drained the marshy places. I took out the dividing-
fences and made the fields larger. I limed the fields, and
covered some of them with alfalfa.

It was deeply borne in upon me that there is need for an
alfalfa crusade in this old land, for from Rochester to Spring-
field I did not see one field that I was sure was set to
alfalfa. Xor did I see one field that could not grow it,
when conditions are made right. There is no crop that has
greater possibilities for the New England farmer. It is a
hardy plant. Frosts do not much damage it. You may not
be well situated for corn growdng, but you are well situated
for gi'owing alfalfa. You are not too far north, for they
are gi'owing it by thousands of acres in the Saskatchewan
where the thermometer goes often to 50° below zero. They
have learned that alfalfa does not winterkill there when they
leave uncut the last gi-owth. That is a lesson that Massachu-
setts farmers need to learn, perhaps, — to leave a strong
growth to hold the snows of winter and to protect the crowns
of the plant. On Woodland farm, our home in Ohio, we let
the alfalfa go into winter always with a growth of a foot or
more, and since we learned to do that we have had no winter-
killing.

118 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Doubtless you have before heard the praises of alfalfa sung
and now you ask, '^ Is it a pr^icticable crop for the Massa-
chusetts farmer ? Can I grow it ? I live on the sandy river
bottoms, can I grow it there ? I live on the clay hills, can
I grow it there also ? "

To this I reply, " Yes, alfalfa will grow profitably on
every farm in Massachusetts. There are no exceptions, so
long as the drainage can be made good. Let us consider the
requirements of the alfalfa plant. It makes its growth
mainly by the aid of the bacteria that inhabit its roots.
These bacteria live upon the air that is in the soil. They
have the power to take nitrogen from the air, digest it, and
make available the nitrogen for feeding the plants. The
lesson is plain. Alfalfa must not be in a waterlogged soil.
There must be air in the soil as well as moisture. Drainage,
then, is the first requisite of an alfalfa field.

Lime is the second requisite. All the natural alfalfa-
growing regions of the world have soils strongly impregnated
with limestone. Idaho alfalfa fields have about 4 per cent
of limestone in them. Colorado soils have at least as much.

IvTebraska soils have from IVo to 4 per cent of carbonate
of lime. In Onondaga County, 'N. Y., where alfalfa gi*ows
so easily and so well, the soil is rich in lime; the rocks
underlying the region are of limestone. Successful alfalfa
growing is a mere matter of the chemistry of the soil, — that
and the attention to a few easily learned likings of the
plant.

When it comes to liming soils for alfalfa growing, one
needs to forget most of what he has read of the functions of
lime in the soil, because alfalfa uses lime in a different man-
ner and for a different purpose from most other plants. The
lime is for the bacteria, to enable them to gather the nitrogen
from the air. Just how this is done we do not know, but
this is sure : with abundant lime in the soil we find abundant
and active nitrifying alfalfa bacteria, while without the
lime we find few bacteria and these inactive. Markedly
healthy alfalfa is always found to be on soils filled with lime-
stone. To the alfalfa plant limestone in the soil is far more
important and essential than manure.

No. 4.] ALFALFA GROWING IN MASSACHUSETTS. 119

Given drainage, a soil filled with air, then limestone, what
comes next in the order of essentials to alfalfa culture ? Next
I put manure turned down deep under the soil. Once an
alfalfa field is established, I never afterward put stable
manure on it, but keep it going with chemicals instead ; but
I like well to turn under a good coat of manure when I es-
tablish a field. The manure does much more than feed the
plant, it promotes bacterial life in the soil as well. Where
a soil has much manure and much limestone as well, one will
find his biggest, healthiest alfalfa; and if he will dig down
in the soil he will find immense numbers of nodules contain-
ing the nitrifying bacteria. As alfalfa needs to be estab-
lished only once in five or more years, one can afford to give
it a lot of manure when he lays it down.

Next in order of importance I put phosphorus and potash.
Alfalfa draws heavily on the soil for these mineral elements.
I like to use basic slag for this purpose. Five hundred
pounds to the acre seems with me to do as well at the outset as
more, but as it is a fairly cheap substance, and does not leach
away from the soil, one can just as well apply 1,000 pounds
to the acre, and it will be all the better for it. For the
potash, one can use either muriate or sulphate, whichever is
the cheaper, and at rates of from 200 pounds per acre up,
depending upon the soil. Soils derived from granite rocks,
and good heavy clays, ought not to need much potash. Sandy
soils and peaty soils will need more. It is an element that
does not leach away ; once applied, it is yours until the plants
get it, that is, except on very sandy soils. On these, no
doubt, frequent small applications will prove better than
occasional large ones.

Inoculation comes next in order. I like to take soil from
a good alfalfa field and sow it directly in front of a harrow
at the rate of about 400 pounds to the acre, or more if it is
readily available. That gives efiicient inoculation, or one
can use the commercial cultures on the seed. I think that
these cultures are now generally successful. They cost more
than does the method of soil inoculation; that is their only
fault I think. Or one can use both soil and seed inoculation,
and that is the best way of all. The better the inoculation

120 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

the more rapid will be the growth of the young alfalfa; the
sooner it will get above the weeds. Inoculation is never
needed twice on the same land, for when alfalfa has once
grown on it successfully it will remain inoculated for a very
long time, if not forever.

Making the Seed Bed.

I like to plow deep for alfalfa, but to plow some time be-
fore seeding if I can ; then work the land down firm and
make the surface level. We use the plank drag for this.
With the seed-bed level one can cover the seed accurately
and not too deep. Half an inch is the proper depth of
seeding; an inch may do no harm, but deeper than that will
usually kill the seed.

We like to sow with an alfalfa drill, for then we can better
regulate the rate of seeding and also the depth. The drill
makes the seed go further also. Ten pounds of alfalfa seed
drilled in to a proper depth in a good seed bed will give a
very thick stand, and fifteen pounds sown broadcast will
give enough. If the seed bed is poor, however, you must use
more seed.

The time of sowing does not much matter, though I prefer
to sow early in order to get a strong plant before winter
comes. As soon as hard freezing is over in the spring one can
sow, say, by April 15. If frosts come after the alfalfa has
come up, all the better ; they will kill some of the weeds and
will not be likely to kill the alfalfa. Alfalfa may also be
sown in May or June, July or even early in August. It will
do well sown at any season, but better I think in New Eng-
land if sown in early April or late July.

As to the nurse or cover crop, there are two kinds that are
permissible and, I think, only two ; and only in early spring-
should any nurse crop be sown. Beardless spring barley is
the best, sown at the rate of 1 bushel to the acre, no more.
It will make a good cutting of hay and the hay is of good
quality. Oats shade the alfalfa too heavily and are an in-
jury to it. In midsummer sow no nurse crop at all. The
alfalfa then needs all the soil and all the moisture for its own
uses.

-No. 4.] ALFALFA GROWING IN MASSACHUSETTS. 121

The other permissible nurse crop is winter wheat, sown at
the rate of a bnshel to the acre at the same time that the
alfalfa is sown in April. The effect is to discourage weeds
and grass. The wheat cuts a small crop of hay of good
quality and dies at midsummer, leaving the land clean for
the alfalfa.

Each year on Woodland Farm we sow alfalfa in all three
ways : alone, with barley and with wheat. We are not able
to say which is the best, as all give us good stands; but the
barley gives us the profit of a crop of hay, and then nearly as
good a stand of alfalfa as when it is sown with wheat or
alone. I advise the Massachusetts farmer to test the thing
on his own land by sowing strips in each way and observing
the result.

Having the alfalfa sown, and covered lightly by drawing
a plank drag over it, or by some other method that will not
cover it too deep, we may be certain that it will grow vigor-
ously. The next thing is to know when to cut it. Not know-
ing this has cost many alfalfa growers dear. Barley or
wheat is to be cut for hay, but we do not pay attention to
these plants in deciding when to cut the alfalfa ; instead we
observe the little alfalfa plants with care to see when there
start, down by the surface of the ground, little new shoots
or buds. When these shoots start we cut the alfalfa, to-
gether with its nurse crop. We never cut sooner. That is
the rule for cutting alfalfa during all its life, to cut it when
the little shoots have appeared and not to cut it earlier; for
it is ruin to alfalfa to cut it before these shoots appear. Why
this is, no one knows, but take my word for it, it brings ruin ;
and perhaps more alfalfa fields in Massachusetts have been
made unprofitable in this manner than in any other. Do not
pay attention to bloom, or lack of bloom, as an index of when
to cut, but be governed by the state of the basal shoots or buds
entirely, and this throughout all the life of the plant.

Now, that is all, except one important thing: keep out of
the alfalfa field except when you go in to make hay. Espe-
cially in winter do not allow any one to trespass in it. Let
it alone. And remember when you are harvesting your 5
tons of hay per acre that alfalfa draws heavily on the soil

122 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

for phosphorus and potash, and feed the alfalfa meadow
every year. Onr standard topdressing in Ohio is of acid
phosphate or basic slag 500 pounds, and of muriate of potash
100 pounds per acre. Thus fed it keeps in strong growth
for five to ten years at least. When June grass runs into
the alfalfa, take a spring-tooth harrow and dig it out. Go
over the land in two directions and tear out the last root of
the grass. Bucher & Gibbs, Canton, O., make a special al-
falfa spring-tooth harrow that will take out any sort of grass
and leave the alfalfa unharmed. This is best done just after
taking off a crop of hay, immediately after the hay is raked.
The harrowing will not harm the alfalfa; will do it good,
in fact.

Now let's go back to the lime question, seeing that it is the
key to alfalfa growing in Massachusetts. I like to use the
unburned ground limestone. It is the cheapest and best
source of lime for the soil, if one is so situated that he can
get it. Happily, a beginning has been made in limestone
grinding in your State. There cannot be a farm in Massa-
chusetts that does not need a full carload of limestone. Buy
it in bulk and get it in car lots at the low price, then use it
liberally. I prefer to use as much as 8 tons to the acre of
raw ground limestone or marble dust. Of course there are
cases where this would be too costly, and less must be used
at the start. Then additional lime can be applied later and
worked in with the spring-tooth harrow. Of burned lime I
would use from 2 tons up to the acre. There are localities
where burned lime is the cheaper source of calcium. Ground
limestone has, however, the better effect on alfalfa.

As to the probable profits. Any acre of land in Massa-
chusetts that is tillable and drained can profitably be set to
alfalfa. The cost for lime, fertilizers, manure, seed and
labor may be as much as $50, or even more. The cost of
lime and manure are the determining factors. The first
year one gets two cuttings, supposing he sows in April. The
first cutting is of barley hay, say 1^/2 tons to the acre. Later
he gets a cutting of pure alfalfa hay, of about 1 ton to the
acre. Xext year he gets three cuttings, one of about 2 tons,
one of iy2 tons, one of 1 ton, or from 4 to 414 tons per acre.

No. 4.] ALFALFA GROWING IN MASSACHUSETTS. 123

There is no expense of seeding or preparing the land after
the first year. One merely feeds back the chemicals that the
alfalfa has withdrawn from the land and harvests with joy
and great profit his crop. It is the surest crop there is ex-
cept the pasture grass and the forest trees. There is no need
whatever of failure in establishing alfalfa in Massachusetts.
In recent years I have helped establish alfalfa on farms from
Texas to Vermont, without a single failure. Why, just be-
low New York, in northern New Jersey, at Plainsboro, is
the Walker-Gordon farm with 475 acres of alfalfa, all re-
cently established and all successful. From that farm they
sell nearly $1,000 worth of milk each day, and it comes in
large part from their own soil, through the channels of the
alfalfa roots. That farm is not on especially favorable soil.
Mr. Jeffers, the manager, is simply an alfalfa enthusiast, and
manures, drains, limes, inoculates and sows the alfalfa with
never a fear of failure. He buys an old, " worn out " farm
and pulls out the old fence rows, cleans it up, manures and
limes it, and sets the whole farm at once to alfalfa.

Gentlemen, last spring I came home to Woodland Farm
from a long journey and found on the farm 100 acres of
alfalfa that seemed to me especially beautiful and fine. I
longed for men to come and see it, and so we announced that
we would give a picnic on Woodland Farm, an Alfalfa Day
picnic. The Governor came, Dean Price of our Agricul-
tural College came, many notable men came; and to our be-
wildered joy there came also 3,500 men and women from our
own State of Ohio and adjoining States.

It was one of the happiest days of my life. We tramped
through the fields together and then assembled on the lawn,
where lectures were given and information imparted how
successfully to grow alfalfa. In a little booklet we have put
pictures of this great gathering of farmers, and given quite
careful instructions how to grow alfalfa. If you will send
us your names we will be glad to send the -booklet.

Question. I had a soil which is a light loam, with sand
underneath, and I put on 2 tons of burnt lime on one-eighth

124 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

of an acre, ten years ago; and at that place the alfalfa has
clone better than anywhere else.

Mr, Wing. That makes about 16 tons to the acre, and
simply illustrates the fact that alfalfa is a plant that is crazy
for lime.

Mr. WiLDEE. What about witch grass ?

Mr. Wing. That is a terrible thing, especially in 'New
England, isn't it ? We find that two years of very thorough
cultivation of corn will entirely eradicate it, but we culti-
vated that corn a little more and deeper than we ought to
have for the good of the corn. We used two horses and cul-
tivated with a sharp, narrow shovel that goes down deep and
takes out the grass, and absolutely destroyed it in two years.
We do not sow the alfalfa in land until the witch grass has
been thoroughly cleaned out.

Mr. Olmstead. I find that if you wait until the alfalfa
blossoms, you will get a pretty hard first cutting for good
feeding.

Mr. Wing. Well, sometimes alfalfa will get a little bit
harder the first cutting than you like, but even if it should,
you must not cut before the shoots come. ]^ow, I will tell
you a little story. Down in Georgia I started some alfalfa
for a gentleman. It got finer and finer. I got some gTound
limestone and put it on that poor, red clay soil, and made
it grow marvelously, so that he got from some of the acres
5 tons to the acre, and it was a wonderful sight. Then he
got a man down from the north, a mighty intelligent man,
who came down to manage the alfalfa farm. This man knew
cows wonderfully well, but he did not know alfalfa at all.
The first time he cut the alfalfa he cut it two weeks too late.
^Naturally, it was very woody and the cows didn't like it.
Then, he said, " I will remedy that," and he cut the new
cutting ten days too soon. The cows liked that, but the al-
falfa didn't like it, however; and after he had cut it once
more ten days too soon, I never saw such a wreck as that field
was. The next growth was yellow and red, and the weeds
were over the top of it, and the alfalfa looked as though it
was going to die; and he had 150 acres in that condition.

Prof. H. J. Wheelee. I wish von would sav what vou

No. 4.] ALFALFA GROWING IN MASSACHUSETTS. 125

would do if a very severe attack of leaf blight struck your
alfalfa, — whether you would cut it or leave it.

Mr. Wing. Dr. Wheeler, I would never cut it, even with
leaf blight, until the shoots appeared. By the way, the leaf
blight, in my experience, comes very little if a man has his
soil chemically right and if he hasn't been trespassing on it
in some way. I found some places where the fishermen had
made a path through the alfalfa, as they went down to fish,
and the leaf blight followed along where they went, and
where the teams turn around in the alfalfa, where the corn
fields join onto it, it also appears ; but in the 100 acres we
have in alfalfa at Woodland Farm we have no blight except
in spots like these. But even if I did have it, I would not
cut the alfalfa until the little shoots come. I might feel
awfully sorry, but I wouldn't cut.

Professor Wheelek. In the case of long protracted
drought, with, say, three weeks of no rain, it becomes woody
and the leaves drop.

Mr. Wing. I believe even then, even with the long
drought and the leaves dropping off, I would wait for the
little shoots. I would be afraid to cut before they appear.

Mr. Palmerton. Why do you recommend muriate of
potash instead of sulphate ?

Mr. Wing. Because it is cheaper with us, that's all. T
should think one would do almost as well as the other, would
it not. Professor Wheeler ?

Professor Wheelee. I think the muriate has the ad-
vantage of being the more soluble, and if you put in enough
lime you will be ahead of the game by using the muriate
instead of the sulphate.

Secretary Wheeler. I would like to ask what kind of
seed you use ?

Mr. Wing. That is very important in New England. In
New England I would not use the imported seed, because you
are likely to get the Turkestan, which is not very productive
under your conditions ; and may even get something worse,
such as that from Algeria, which will not stand the winter
here ; and you might get various kinds of weeds. I would
rather get the seed for here from Montana, the Dakotas or

126 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

ISTebraska, for that will be hardy, or else the Grim, which is
a Minnesota strain which has been grown a long time.

Professor Wiieelek. Won't you speak about curing and
the danger of spontaneous combustion?

Mr. Wing. Oh, yes. Well, the little leaves have in them
nearly all of the fat and the protein, actually more than is
in wheat bran or middlings. ISTow, what would you think
of having one of your hired men go out and cover an acre
with middlings or wheat bran ? You would say, " Heavens !
What a waste," and yet there are men who do what amounts
to the same thing with their alfalfa. The lesson is to rake
it before the leaves drop off, while they are still tough enough
to hang on. You can't tell when that will be, but I was
going to say I would begin mowing in the afternoon and
make the hay the next afternoon, but I am not sure about
that. I would let it lie there long enough, then rake it in
small windrows. Our rakers have these instructions, to
make the windrows small, and then make the shocks not
wide and spread all over the ground, but narrow and tall, and
when they are put up in that way the stems have a drooping
tendency and a big rain can fall and hardly damage it, and
it may stay in the shocks a day or two. But you must not
leave it there very long, because the young alfalfa is going
to come right up and will be bleached under the shock. So,
if the next day is good and hot, about 10 or 11 o'clock come
out and open it about four or five forkfuls, and then it may
be turned over and be dry enough to be ready for the barn.

Dr. Wheeler spoke about spontaneous combustion. A great
many barns are burned from putting in alfalfa hay that
wasn't dry enough. Get it as dry as you can, — not bone dry,
but it should never be wet enough for moisture to be wrung
out of it; that is our test. That should be the very outside
limit ; and get it as much dryer than that as you can. I have
seen it go into a barn holding 120 tons, and come out with-
out much damage. It has come out yellow or brown, but
never had damage from mold. However, in a barn where
you only put a few loads you must get it dry or you will have
some mold.

No. 4.] ALFALFA GROWING IN MASSACHUSETTS. 127

That is all I know about curing, except the various ways
of putting it up on frames. It is a good plan, of course, to
have covers to put over it. I have had a hay cap made of
sheeting about 42 inches square. Mr. Jeffreys, in his big
alfalfa farm in New Jersey, has them, and he has a wire
like a woman's hat pin that he sticks in each corner to hold
it on the shock.

Mr. Palmeeton. I would like to ask something further
about lime; you spoke of using ground limestone as prefer-
able, perhaps, to burned lime. Did I understand you cor-
rectly ?

Mr. Wing. I think it makes bigger alfalfa.

Mr. Palmekton. Now, in New England here we are
offered a ground marble which is as insoluble as sharks'
teeth.

Mr. Wing. Ground marble dust ?

Mr. Palmerton. Well, I should say granulated marble,
and I want to know whether that is preferable to hydrated
lime or burned lime, — so-called air-slacked lime, — or
whether a good carbonate of lime, shell marl or something of
that sort would be all right.

Mr. Wing. It is all a question of price. Will you please
tell me what the marble dust is costing you?

Mr. Palmerton. Down here in this section, about $4
or $5 a ton.

Mr. Wing. That is too much. I believe there is a place
somewhere in western Massachusetts where they grind it and
put it on the car for $1.50 or $1.25 a ton. They put it on
the car for $1.25 in carloads, and if there is one farm in
New England that couldn't use a carload of limestone, I
don't know where it is. You ought to buy it in carload lots.
That price of $5 a ton for ground marble dust is entirely too
high. I would rather use burned lime than the marble dust
at that price. But I don't know that it makes a great dif-
ference what form you use, if you remember that the un-
burned only has about half as much calcium as the burned.
Marl has good results if it has enough calcium.

Mr. F. H. Ray. I bought lime last year for $4.75, and

128 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

dry marl for $0, We pay $3.50 for lime at the quarry, and
pay $1.75 to get it out. We can buy marl for $6 a ton, and
burned limestone I think costs us $7.

Mr. Wing. Burned limestone would be cheaper than the
marl at that rate. Now, I think you need a cheaper source ;
you need lots of places that are grinding it. Oyster shell
ground makes a good source.

Mr. Ray. I think it costs about $5 a ton delivered, in
carload lots.

Mr. Wing. We have worked up a cheaper source of sup-
ply in the west, for some reason, than you have here. We
do something that is rather a joke on the lime grinders. We
buy screenings from the limestone quarries that tliey mean
to sell to the concrete workers. We bviy it for 75 cents a
yard, and a yard is 2,800 pounds, and by putting it on in
larger quantities we get fine results. Some of you might be
so situated that you could get it.

Mr. Ray. We can buy ground lime ash for about $7
a ton.

Mr. Wing. Some lime and some potash in that. How-
ever, that is pretty expensive, too.

Mr. W. L. Mitchell. I believe that many of yon are
not aware of the compulsory by-product of the lime from our
kilns and the lime burners, which I accidentally ran across
some years ago, and which is usually sold and delivered
under $7. In fact, we have a good quality of lime ash, of
which the supply is limited, but it costs not over $3, usually
a little less than that, carrying a little wood ash, with from
50 to 75 cents or $1 per ton of plant food value, often, and
from 45 to 50 cents worth of lime.

Mr. Wing. Very good.

Mr. Mitchell. Then we have a lot of stacked lime, a
by-product of the kiln, stacked sometimes higher than this
room, which is partly recarbonated and still takes a long
time to airslack through the stack, getting a little combined
moisture, which doesn't seem to show much more than the
hydrated, but costs about the same. That siii)ply is going
to be open. If you can get it on the basis of freight at $1.50,
for $4.50 per ton in hulk, with that plant food in it, it seems

No. 4.] ALFALFA GROWING IN MASSACHUSETTS. 129

to me something important that has been overlooked. In
New York State they have tried to get it and have offered
more money, but I have felt an interest in New England,
and New England has had her share so far.

Mr. Palmerton. Might I ask for the best people to deal
with ?

Mr. MiTCfiELL. There are several kilns near Pittsiield
not owned by the lime trust.

Mr. Palmeeton. The rate from there to here is some-
thing like $2.25 a ton.

Mr. Mitchell. It is 5^^ cents, and going east, only $1.50
a ton, clear into Boston for $1.40 a ton, on the Boston &
Albany road. The other roads have not given us suitable
lime rates, the Boston & Maine in particular.

Mr. Wing. The railroad people, a great many of them,
are interested in agriculture and they have the farmers in
mind, and it seems to me that if they are properly inter-
viewed they might learn to give you the right sort of lime
rate. In Illinois and several other western States the roads
haul it for ly^ cent a ton a mile, and that is the rate you
ought to have here.

Secretary Wheeler. I would like to ask what is the
relative advantage between inoculating with some of the
bacterial preparations or cultures and with soil. Do you not
think that using soil, taking it from one farm or one center
to another and sowing it, is likely to introduce very danger-
ous weeds which wouldn't be introduced by using the
culture ?

Mr. AVixG. There is something in that. Cultures cost
$2 an acre, and that is my first objection. I believe they
are now fairly efficient, and if you have used the am.ount of
manure that you really ought to have, you will get inocula-
tion with the culture, I am sure. However, we have never
been particularly afraid of weeds in alfalfa. I believe you
have more permanent ones in Massachusetts than we have.

Mr. Mayo. This is an introduced weed (indicatino- a
plant).

^fr. WijStg. There may be something in that which miaht
frighten me more than I have been frightened.

130 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P.D.No.4.

Professor BiiooKS. The plant which has been held up by
the speaker, which somewhat resembles the wild strawberry,
is what we call cinquefoil, or, in English, five fingers. There
are several species of that, and this one is the most common.
The gentleman who brought it here in talking with me said
that he thought it had killed the alfalfa. I told him that
while he might be right, I thought it was probable it was
more a symptom than a cause; that it indicated an acid con-
dition of the soil, and that was the reason the alfalfa died.
ISTow, while I am on my feet — and I will say I hope there
is a representative of the 'New York, I^ew Haven & Hartford
Railroad present — I might say that while it is fashionable
to say a great deal against the ISTew Haven road in these days,
I haj^pen to know that its management has taken up this
matter of furnishing the farmers cheaper lime. I believe,
indeed, that I brought the matter to their attention among
the first. They are establishing a plant in western Connecti-
cut for grinding limestone, and they propose to sell it at the
lowest possible rate, and will give reduced freight rates to
any points reached by their lines. I am not able to say just
what the rates will be, but I know that that is their plan.

Mr. Wing. That is splendid.

Mr. Mayo. I would like to know if you think it is pos-
sible by hybridization to get an alfalfa plant which is more
drought resistant, a more vigorous grower and one that would
have more growth of foliage.

Mr. Wing. Well, Professor Hanson is working on the
hybridization of alfalfa, and we will wait for him and see
what comes out of it.

Mr. F. E. Peck. I would like to ask how you get the
lime deep enough. Do you plow it in ?

Mr. Wing. We like to apply half of it before plowing
and the other half afterward. Then the half that is put in
before plowing is turned under, and the next half is mixed
with the disc harrow.

Mr. Peck. Do you apply it again after the crop is es-
tablished ?

Mr. Wing. Yes, we have done that, too, with fine results.

Adjournment, followed by meeting of the New England
Alfalfa Growers' Association.

SUMMER FIELD MEETING

STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE

BARNSTABLE.

July 31 and Aug. 1, 1913.

SUMMER FIELD MEETING.

The summer field meeting of the Board was held at
Barnstable, July 31 and August 1, in connection with the
State Grange. There was a splendid attendance; the day
was fine, and a few exhibits of f^irm tools and machinery
served to attract the people considerably. The International
Harvester Company made an especially interesting demon-
stration of tractor plowing, and the Ames Implement and
Seed Company also made an exhibit of farm machinery.
The following speakers presented subjects of interest to Cape
Cod : Prof. J. C. Graham on poultry and Dr. H. J. Franklin
on cranberries.

The morning session was conducted by the Board, and the
afternoon session by the Grange. Many of the Board mem-
bers visited several of the cranberry bogs in the vicinity,
which are unusual sights to those living in the western part of
the State.

BULLETINS

Massachusetts Board of Agriculture

PUBLISHED IN

Massachusetts Crop Reports, 1913. ^

i

PEACH GROWING IN WESTERN MASSACHUSETTS.^

ADDRESS CY L. W. TUCK OP WILBRAHAM, AT THE NINETEENTH ANNUAL
MEETING OF THE MASSACHUSETTS FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

Establishing an Orchard.

Location. — First choose the site of the orchard. This should be
a place of good elevation with good air and water drainage, which
sometimes is hard to find and purchase; The land should be cleared
of all trees and rocks. This can be accomplished best, and with least
expense, by using dynamite. An orchard can be raised if the
stumps and rocks are not all cleared away, but in the end the cost
of clearing is saved in broken tools, loss of time and unpleasantness
while sjjraying and cultivating. It is a pleasure to work in an
orchard that has been well cleared, while one in which the* stumps
and rocks have been left is constantly trjdng one's patience. We
want to carry on our business so that the work in the orchard
will be a pleasure; and it is a pleasure to work in a good orchard.
If the land contains any wet places they should be tile drained. The
tile should be placed 3I/2 feet deep, so that the roots of the trees
will not displace them; also, so as to drain the soil deep enough
to give the roots plenty of room. The land should be thoroughly
plowed. This is a slow, tedious job on rough land. It is best to
plow the land in the fall, for then it will be finer and in better
shape than if left until spring. If, however, one is unable to plow
until spring, and it be a dry spring, harrow every morning what
was plowed the day before. In this way the land holds the moisture.

Selecting the Trees. — Next comes the problem of selecting the
trees. This should also be done the previous fall in order to obtain
the desired varieties and grades of trees. In selecting varieties it
is best to choose such as will ripen in succession, so as to hold the
market and distribute the labor over as long a period as possible.
A good succession covering the period from about August 1 to
September 15 is as follows: Greensboro, Waddell, Carman, Hiley,
Belle of Georgia and Elberta. Chairs Choice comes later than the
Elberta, but has been nearly a failure here. Don't plant it. A few

' Crop Report for June, 1913.

138 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

years ago it would have been very desirable to get something later
than the Elberta, but now so many peaches are put into cold storage
and held until after the bulk of the crop is marketed that later ones
do not bring as high prices as formerly. A No. 1, 4 to 5 foot year-
ling tree is a good grade for orchard planting.

Setting out the Trees. — If one is ready to plant the trees within
a few days after they are received they may be left in the box. The
box should be put into a shed or barn cellar and covered over with
hay or straw to keep the trees from drying out. If not ready to
plant the trees at once, open the box, loosen the bundles and cut the
body of the tree off for about 20 inches above the bud, cutting off
all limbs. Cut off the broken parts of the roots, also, and dig out
the borers. The trees should then be placed in a trench deep enough
so that they will be covered above where, they are budded, taking
pains to sift the dirt in around all the roots. Do not allow the
roots to dry out. If possible the trench where the trees are to be
placed should be in the lot where they are to be planted, as they
are much handier and time is saved in carting. When it comes to
setting out, it is well to have a barrel of water on a stone boat in the
lot to wet the roots in. As to distance apart, the writer plants
apple trees 32 by 40 feet, and plants two peach trees between one
way, and one the other way, making the trees about 16 by 13 feet.
This, no doubt, is too close for some localities, but here where the
life of the peach tree is so short it is far enough apart. Dig the
hole deep enough so there can be 2 or 3 inches of good top soil
jDlaced in the bottom. Then set the tree in the hole so that the place
where it is budded will be a little below the level of the ground;
sift the good soil in around and over the roots and tread firmly.
Care shoiild be taken not to injure the roots while treading. Put
about a pound of bone or other good fertilizer into the hole and mix
thoroughly with the soil. Next, fill the hole nearly full, leaving a
little hollow with the tree in the center, so that when it rains the
water will have a tendency to settle around the tree instead of run-
ning away from it.

Cultivation. — Cultivate and hoe the trees as you would care for
a field of corn until the last of July or first of Augtist. Sow oats
and turnips or some other cover crop, such as vetch or clover, if
you can gi-ow it. If the land is steep, so that it is liable to wash,
plow furrows along the side of the hill, beginning near the top
and turning the furrow down hill to catch the water. Plow furrow
so there will be fall enough to carry the water off. Plow similar
furrows along the side of the hill as often as is necessary to take
care of the water. These furrows should be plowed deep and
cleaned out with a shovel; then scatter a little fertilizer in and
on the furrow and sow oats rather thick and rake in. The oats will

No. 4.] PEACH GROWING. 139

help keep the furrow from washing. When the trees get so large it
is impossible in some places to plow the furrows along the side of
the hill all the way, plow them so as to catch the water, and if need
be plow straight down the hill to carry the water off. It is much
better to have a few deep gullies washed that can be filled up with
stone than to have a lot of the top soil washed off, as would prob-
ably be the case if the water was allowed to run down over the
surface of the hill.

Trim the little trees in August, forming the head. Trim a peach
tree just opposite to what you would if you were raising a tree
for a saw log. A tree with from five to seven branches at the
crotch will not be nearly so apt to split down as one with only
two or three branches. If the tree is so shaped as to make it im-
possible to form a good head, tie up one of the best branches so it
will grow up straight. Later, cut off all the rest of the tree and
form the head out of that branch. Late in the fall, just before it
freezes up, bank the trees with dirt IQ or 12 inches high. Be care-
ful to pack the dirt firmly. If pieces of turf are thrown uj^ loosely
mice are apt to get in and nest and gnaw the trees. This banking
not only protects the tree from mice but it keeps the water from
running or standing around it. Then, again, if it is an unusually
severe winter and kills the tender tree back, it will not usually kill
it below the top of the mound. That leaves plenty of live wood
between the bud and the top of the mound from which new limbs
will start, and a new head can be formed from one of these.

The writer used to raise a crop of corn or potatoes in the orchard
the first year and gives clean cultivation to all the land eveiy year
after until the last of July or first of August. Experience has
taught that it is mighty hard in this locality to raise a cover crop,
after the trees are three or four years old, that will add much humus
to the soil. So now I am trying to raise some legximes the first few
years to store up humus for the orchard later.

Pruning. — The second spring cut off one-half or two-thirds
of the last year's growth. Along in August or the first of September
thin out the branches where they are too thick. From this time
until time of fruiting do not allow the branches to become too thick,
for it is fruit that we are after. If the head is thick the fruit may
set, but it will drop. After the trees come into bearing they need
very little trimming, except to cut off broken limbs and cut out the
dead wood, with a little thinning of the head occasionally.

Order of Season's Work.
Along in February we begin to trim the old trees, leaving the
young ones until the last, as they are more apt to be killed back,
and the longer we can leave them the plainer they show where they

140 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

are killed. We pick vxp the brush on a wooden shod sled without
any pole in it. This brings the load near the ground and takes
very little room in turning. Just as soon as it does not freeze much
during the night we begin to spray with lime-sulfur. In other
words, we leave it just as long as possible and still get through
before the leaves get started too much. We then i^lant what trees
we have bought. This should be completed in April, but in favor-
able seasons if the work is not finished before the 10th or 12th. of
May the trees will grow all right. Make it a point, however, to get
the trees planted just as early as possible.

Next comes the fertilizing of the older orchards and the harrow-
ing. This may or may not be the first harrowing. Just as soon as
the ground is dry enough we start the hairow, working one way one
week and crossways the next. Let neither haying nor hoeing interfere
with the harrowing, but keep at it every week from early spring
until the last of July or first of August. When the fertilizing is
done we dig the borers and hoe the young trees. In August and
the first part of Sei^tember we trim the young trees.

If we are blessed with a crop we begin to harvest it toward the
last of July. Before harvesting begins Ave go through the orchard
every five or six rows tying back the limbs and raking out the
stone to make a road so as to get through with a one-horse wagon.
This wagon should be so rigged as to carry 40 or 50 baskets. Two
men can draw a great many more peaches in a day on a wagon of
this kind than on one that will carry 15 or so. At this time of all
times we want the work to count. The peaches are picked and set
beside these roads. Later, the men go through and pick up the
baskets and draw them to the packing shed, which is located in the
orchard. Plan to keep all the woi'k as near together as possible ; then
it is easier to look after, and if it is necessary to change part of
the help from one kind of work to another, there is not so much lost
time. For instance, if the packing shed is right in the orchard, and
one wishes to load a wagon of 200 or 300 or more baskets in a
hurry, he can call a gang of pickers and in a very few minutes the
load is ready to go.

The peaches are picked by sight, not by touch, for the latter way
takes too much time. Divide the pickers into gangs and put a fore-
man in charge of each gang. The size of the gangs depends upon
the kind of men that make them up. If they are men of experi-
ence who will work anyway, then the foreman can take charge of
7 or 8, and pick himself. If, however, they are inexperienced
pickers and are men who are in the habit of working under a boss,
don't give the foreman more than 6 or 7, and tell him not to pick
a peach himself. Don't try to economize by giving the foreman
too many men ; better hire another foreman. Being near our market
we let the fruit ripen on the trees ; therefore some of it gets the best

No. 4.] PEACH GROWING. 141

of us and drops. The first thing every morning the men go through
the orchard and pick up what have fallen. In this way they do
not destroy them while working, and they are ready for the day's
retail trade and the peddlers.

By going through the orchard in the winter and picking the
dried or rotten- peaches, and burning or burying them, and by
going through the Greensboro just before they begin to gtit ripe
and picking the rotten peaches, we have had very little trouble with
peaches rotting on the trees. Let us go back for a few minutes to
the trimming of the tree. We have made it a spreading tree, to
allow the sun to get at the fruit to give it high color. Therefore,
in order to save many of the trees from destruction, we are obliged
to bolt many bad crotches and wire from one limb across to the
opposite one. This can well be done by using about No. 108 screw
eyes which are screwed into the wood. Wire across with about No.
12 wire. Many limbs can also be saved when carrying a heavy load
by tying one limb to another with soft, strong string. Care should
be taken when tying trees in this way not to tie too short, but to
aUow the limbs to bend Avell over before the string supports them.
If they are tied too short it makes the bend in the limb too sharp,
and it will break just above the string. After the crop is har-
vested these strings should be cut off to prevent them from injuring
the trees. The fertilizer should be bought in the late fall or winter,
so that it can be drawn during the slack season, and be on hand
when needed. It is well to have a little nitrate of soda on hand;
then if the trees are making a slow growth, and the fruit begins to
drop too much, put on some, or if a tree here or there does not
look quite thrifty doctor it with a little nitrogen. Do not put on
too much at a time, but put it on two or three times if necessary.

After the peaches are unloaded at the sorting shed they are
sorted by women. We insist that the fruit be handled with care both
by pickers and sorters. One woman has charge over the other
sorters. This woman also has charge of the retail trade. The
peaches are sorted so that most of them are No. I's or No. 2's.
However, the very ripe ones and the specked ones are sorted out,
also the very large ones, which are marked " extras." Make the
peaches the same grade all through the basket. Toward the top^
place the red side of the peach up and round the basket. A basket
finished off this way is pleasing to the eye. After the peaches are
sorted they are loaded on the wagon or wagons, according to the
number of baskets on hand. One three-horse wagon carries 336
baskets. This wagon was built specially for hauling peaches. In
the nish season it makes two trips a day, or rather in twenty-four
hours, to Spring-field wholesale houses, a distance of about 10 miles.
It starts about 1 o'clock a.m., and returns about 9 or 10 o'clock.
The wagon is again loaded and another team goes with it. returmng

142 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

in the evening or night, according to the traveling. This time the
wagon is loaded by lantern light, ready to start in the morning.

Now we have gotten the peaches to the wholesale houses, where
they are sold on commission. Eight here I want to say a word
about the wholesale men. We read so much in the farm jDapers
about the wholesale men, as if they were our enemies, trying to rob
us, and so little about the help they are to us. How could we
handle our crops without them? I consider the wholesale men my
friends and helpers. If I did not have confidence in them I should
want to go out of the fruit business to-day. I believe that there are
just as upright, honest men in the wholesale business as there are
in any other, raising peaches not excepted. Furnish them with the
best of produce and they will be anxious for your patronage, and
get the best prices that they can for you. Let us hope that occa-
sionally, at least, the farm papers may have a word of praise for
the wholesale men.

At harvesting time a man has a gi'eat deal to look after, and is
very busy. The better his system the easier and better he can take
care of his business. Having put a woman in charge of the sorters
he can go into the sorting shed and look around. If he sees that
the baskets are not full enough, or are too full, or that the sorting
is not done right, he does not have to hunt up the one that made the
mistake, but simply call the attention of the woman in charge to
the error. She looks after it. If a customer comes and wishes to
buy a few baskets of peaches he can just say, " The lady will wait
on you." He can then go into the orchard and look around. If
he finds that a tree has been skipped, that the peaches are being
picked too green, or not close enough, or are being too roughly
handled, or, again, if he wants a gang of men to go somewhere else
to work, he simply has to tell the foreman, who looks out for the
rest. In this way a man can handle an enormous amount of work.
While men who have large gangs of men working all the year round
have a system, we who have a large gang of men for only a few
weeks are apt to handle them in a slipshod way.

Baskets. — Buy your baskets early, that is, just as soon as the
winter is far enough advanced so that you are reasonably sure of a
crop, so as to get the hauling out of the Avay and have the baskets
on hand. Then, too, they are generally a little cheaper at this time
than at harvest time. While harvesting keep close watch of your
stock of baskets and the amount of peaches to be picked. If you
see that you are going to run short order more just as soon as pos-
sible, for sometimes it is diflfieult to get baskets at this season. If
you have not baskets enough to hold the crop, and cannot get them,
then you must let the peaches rot on Ihe ground, and you have had
the expense, labor and anxiety all for nothing. Better carry over
1,000 baskets than be 100 short.

No. 4.] PEACH GROWING. 143

Deer Damage. — In some fields the trees, especially a^Dple trees,
are badly damaged by deer. The writer built a fence around an
11-acre field, using woven wire 55 inches high at the bottom, and
put two barbed wires about a foot apart on top, making the fence
about QYj, feet high, putting the posts a rod apart at a cost of 82
cents a rod, put up. One of our good assessors told one of the men,
" We can assess him more for that field next year for putting that
fence around it." That is the way we fruit men have to take it.
The State protects the deer. We try to protect our trees from the
deer, and the assessor comes along and gives us a whack for doing
it.

Pheasants. — In our own locality it looks as though we were
going to have, or rather already have a pest much worse than the
deer and harder to fence, — the pheasant. In the spring of 1911
there were many buds eaten in the writer's orchard. He was satis-
fied in his own mind that it was pheasant's work, for they were
often seen in the orchard, but never cai>ght budding. However, one
of m\ neighbors saw one budding in his orchard a few days ago.
These birds are getting to be very numerous in this section. Twenty-
two were seen in an open field a few weeks ago.

The writer has an orchard where there was about 550 peach trees
set ten years ago; this spring there are less than 200 left. In an-
otlaer orchard of about 750 peach trees set seven years ago, this
sirring there are 360 left. Yellows are to blame for nearly all of
these trees being pulled out. The best stump puller that ever came
into this section is a four-horse team, combined weight about 6,000
pounds.

144 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

CO-OPERATION.'

BY C. R. WHITE, PRESIDENT XEW YORK STATE VEGETABLE GROWERS'
ASSOCIATION, IONIA, N. Y.

Some Suggestions toward solving One of the Most Vital
Problems of the Present-day Farmer.

At the present time, when there is so much discussion regarding
co-operation, and when there is such an apparent need for a gi-eat
advance along that line, as relief from labor stringency, and complex
methods of distribution of the necessities of life, it is evident to all
who have studied the question of co-operation from the practical
standpoint that the greatest need of the time is to educate the public
to a thorough understanding of what real co-operation is, and to
impress upon the Avould-be co-operator the fact that to co-operate
is more than to become a sort of half-hearted member of some as-
sociation, with no real obligation on his part; and it is further im-
portant that a warning should be given so that the public may not
become the victim of smooth-tongued promoters or over-zealous en-
thusiasts, who see gi'eat oppoi'tunities in co-operation, but who have
not become familiar with the human equation involved, which can
be worked out only by education of the individual co-operators, and
is, therefore, a rather slow and tedious undertaking.

Viewing the possible ways in which co-operation can be of benefit,
especially to the farmer, without relation to the diflfieulties of putting
them into operation, the field is so vast and the apparent benefits
so great that it is indeed disheartening when he realizes how slow
must be the growth which will eventually plant thoroughly well-
organized associations throughout our country, having a membership
whose loyalty to their association will be second only to their loyalty
to country.

Co-operative insurance has long since ceased to be but an experi-
ment. Millions upon millions of dollars of fire insurance is carried
throughout the country by such companies. Rates have been ma-
terially reduced, and adjustments are made upon merit and justice
instead of by avaricious and technical methods.

The co-operative creamery in thousands of eases has been of great-

> Crop Report for July, 1913.

No. 4.] CO-OPERATION. 145

est benefit, and when intelligently organized and conducted has almost
invariably been successful ; and right here let me mention a possible
combination which can be carried on to great advantage with the
ereamei'y plant, where the same management, same steam plant and
many other factors beside would work very auspiciously together.
This combination is the co-operative bakery and the co-operative
laundiy. Why should not the overworked counti'y housewives, where
the help question is so hard of solution, be relieved by up-to-date
bakery and laundry methods which are enjoyed in the cities? There
ai'e thousands of plants of this kind in operation in Europe where
such co-operation is enjoyed.

Co-operative marketing is of the greatest importance if the " high
cost of living," the now ever-present cry of the city consumer, is to
cease. And yet at the same time there are many instances where
the products of the farm waste in the field. Great savings can be
made by co-operation in the purchase of supplies, and this can be
worked to the greatest advantage in connection with the selling as-
sociation, the same plants answering for both. By the combination
of the two the association will be enabled to hire a competent man-
ager, upon which so largely depends the success of all our efforts at
co-operation.

Many States have enacted laws with the object in view of aiding
co-operative efforts. In New York State a law for the incorporation
of co-operative associations winch is especially adapted to such
organizations was enacted. Another act .passed by the same Legisla-
ture authorized the Commissioner of AgTieulture to appoint a
superintendent of co-operation, whose duty is to assist in organi-
zation work. Such appointment was made, and the work is being
earned forward in conjunction with the farm bureau. The New
York State Grange Co-operative Committee are drafting plans of
organization, and an organizer is to be appointed whose duty will
be to assist local granges in organizing for co-operative work. Very
many elaborate plans are being presented for bringing the producer
and the consumer into closer relation, some of which have a gi'eat
deal of merit. However, a word of warning should be given, for
these schemes offer great opportunity for shi-ewd promoters to get
rich at the expense of the would-be co-operators. In other cases,
where there is no backing by those experienced in handling farm
produce, so many difficulties are sure to arise with which the un-
initiated will not be able to cope that their failure is certain. The
old adage, " Great oaks from little acorns grow," I believe to be a
safe guide for the supporters of co-operation. Many small, well-
organized associations, where the membership is in close touch with
their organization and with each other, from which they can learn
true co-operation, hold a close sympathetic relation with the in-
dividual members which is impossible with a large institution whose

146 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

membership is widely scattered. But some one will say no small
organization can stand the expense of doing business along lines
which will bring greatest success. Very well. A large central
organization can be formed, and in many cases has been formed,
from the small organizations, each small organization becoming a
stockholder in the central organization and each sending a delegate
to the stockholders' meetings. This gives a strong central body
made up of picked men from the many smaller bodies. Because of
the large volume of business, such organizations are enabled to get
tlie very best exjDcrts to handle it, and further, it is always sought
by the very best houses. Their strength commands the respect of
the transportation companies. It enables them to have representa-
tives in the field both at the receiving point and at the point of
delivery, thus assuring the proper handling of the business.

From the foregoing it is easy to see the latent possibilities of
co-operation. Some of our weak-kneed brothers will say it is vision-
ary. But this is not so. I have not mentioned a single thing which
is not represented by a living, working, successful institution, ranging
from the small co-operative store to the mammoth Rochdale system
of England, — which grew from an organization of nine weavers
to its present huge proportions; and the eminently successful credit
associations of Europe, — which assist the farmers to finance the
farms and the institutions connected directly therewith; and in
America the great citrus and deciduous fruit associations of the west.

"We Americans are strong individualists and it is hard for us
to give up that indi\idual independence which is so diametrically
opposed to co-operation; but necessity is the father of many great
advances, and it is gradually crowding us to the advance line. As
it forced European countries to co-operate in order to feed the
vast population from a small territory, as it forced the great fruit
interests of the west to seek relief through a community of actions,
so it will steadily but surely drive us all to an understanding of
the great benefits which are to be derived from co-operative efforts.
To be sure, as has been the case in the past when co-operation has
become an accomplished fact, the road will be strewn with the
wreckage of failure, but so is it also strewn with wreckage in all
commercial undertakings, and because of the failures it behooves
us and enables us to take advantage of the past, and so organize that
the pitfalls which have caused disasters before shall be avoided.

When shall the work of organization be commenced? The answer
is simple: when the condition exists in marketing, purchasing, in
dairy work or fruit growing, or in any other line of effort which can
be materially improved by the combined effort of the citizens of
the community. How shall the work of organization be carried out?
The organizers should first make themselves familiar with the
particular line of co-operative work which it is proposed to accom-

No. 4.] CO-OPERATION. 147

plish. It is essential that every member join with a correct under-
standing of what is expected of him and of what he has the right
to expect in return from the association. The initial work of organi-
zation is so important that it is hardly possible to lay too much stress
upon it. Lay your foundation well. Be careful that there is a
perfect understanding of conditions, requirements and probable re-
sults. Be careful of your membership. It is not difficult, when get-
ting subscribers, to keep out those very objectionable classes who
never agree, who always want to take advantage, are habitual
fault finders, or are dishonest; and, further, under no circumstances
allow any one to become a member whose natural interests are not
in accord with the purposes of the organization or who has interests
which might be antagonistic. No one who is seeking position for
himself should be allowed to become a member; if he is worthy,
hire him, but do not allow him a voice in the membership. It is
not necessary to have a large number to stai't with. A well-selected,
loyal membership, which will work tqgether with a determination
to succeed, is the most desirable, even though small. All organiza-
tions should be incorporated. The sale of stock should be primarily
for the purpose of obtaining members, although sufficient capital
must be raised to carry on the business. Stock should not be sold
with the view of an investment; therefore, the dividends on stock
should be limited to a very nominal rate. All stock should be re-
deemable by the association at par, and a provision to that effect
sliould be printed on the certificate and become a by-law of the
organization. This provision should be operative when stock is
offered for transfer, thus guarding against the possibility of the
stock being bought up for the purpose of control. Dividends other
than the nominal dividends paid on the stock should be paid to the
co-operators in proportion to the volume of business done by them
with the association. Do not be stingy in hiring a manager, for
while the cost may seem large it will pay in the long run to have a
competent man.

When the association is finally ready to do business there are some
rules which should be followed explicitly. Absolutely no favors
should be shown ; ti*eat every one alike, rich or poor, black or white ;
otherwise sore spots are sure to be made which are hard to heal.
The strictest honesty should be exacted from all; a contract should
be made with the members of the association which should define
clearly and concisely what each party is to do for the other, upon
what terms the transactions between the association and the indi-
vidual are to be carried out, the amount of business to be transacted
as near as possible and a forfeiture for breach of contract. In
handling the transactions between members all contracts should be
made the same as if no relation existed between them in the way
of membership, and such contracts should be carefully drawn so

148 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

as not to conflict with the anti-trnst laws or with the decisions of
the courts in relation to the restraint of trade. These contracts are
very essential in order that the management may know what to
expect, and after expenses have been incurred for the handling
of the business of a member he should either produce the business
so the profits will reimburse the association, or be compelled to
make such reimbursement personally unless conditions which are
beyond his control shall arise to prevent. It is extremely important
that nothing shall be entered into in the way of a contract which
can in any way be construed as seeking to restrain trade.

Many institi;tions have failed because they have anticipated their
profits, paying upon estimates which proved to be too large and
thereby exhausting the treasury. The most successful co-operative
institutions do business with their members upon the market prices
the same as they would with non-members, and, in fact, often
transact business for non-members. At stated intervals, or when
the business of a certain kind is closed up, the net benefits to
which the members are entitled are declared as a dividend in pro-
portion to the amount of business transacted with the individual
members. This system has many advantages which will become
apparent but which space will not permit of explanation here.

In handling of produce a system of pooling and insurance should
be inaugurated so that the possible loss which is sure to come and
is expected by all business houses will be distributed over the entire
business, thus making what might be a heavy loss to the individual
member practically nothing when borne by the entire membership
thus co-operating to stand losses as well as to make profits.

In marketing produce I cannot too strongly urge the introduction
of the packing-house system, each taking his product to the pack-
ing house or packing houses, which should be conveniently located
and provided with proper facilities, and where trained, impartial
packers pack every one's products to standard grades. High stand-
ard of quality should always be established and should be main-
tained at all times as to quality of product as well as to pack.
Trade-mark brands should be used, so that the -goods may become
recognized in the market. A reputation is the most valuable asset
ill trade.

In conclusion, let me urge upon all co-operators to study well
the methods used by the successful co-operative institutions, to be
extremely careful in the introduction of innovations, for what may
seem to be sure of success when viewed from the standpoint of our
every-day competitive trade may fail absolutely when applied to
co-operative work.

No. 4.] DIVERSIFIED FARM ACCOUXTIXG. 149

DIVERSIFIED FARM ACCOUNTING.'

BV L. A. SLOMAX OF AMESBURY, MASS.

Preface,

It isn't knowledge we lack, it is application.

Keeping accounts doesn't take time, it saves time, which is
money. But keeping accounts without proper system means more
books, more writing and unnecessary ^figures, and yet doesn't give
clearly the showing made by each department.

It takes but a few seconds to make an entrj^ now; disputes can't
arise if it is done. It is a matter of habit only, soon becomes
automatic, and keeps customers satisfied, which is the cheapest
advertising.

Knowledge of losses avails you nothing without prompt applica-
tion of the remedies. To judge the efficiency of the remedy you
must have figures to show the results in different methods of
handling each department.

Neatly printed billheads and letterheads, on good quality paper,
are an incentive to make out bills and correspond. Your person-
ality is conveyed by the quality of your stationery and neatness of
the heading.

If you can't answer inquiries the day received, acknowledge them,
stating when you will give the desired information.

Bills and statements should be sent out regularly, whether due
or not.

Working capital means money on hand and in the bank. Confine
your business to the working capital at your disposal.

Fix a credit limit at below one-half your working capital and
keep the total owed you by all customers within that amount. So
sure as you trust out an amount in excess of your ready money,
percentage of profit will decrease. Failures often occur from just
this reason.

Anticipate large future payments by installments set aside
regularly from the time they were contracted.

Note the difference between elapsed time and actual time necessary

I Crop Report for August, 1913.

150 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

to do a certain piece of work. It is loss in dollars and cents. Farm
labor can be and should be accomplished on schedule time.

Don't expect your help to beat the sun two hours in the morning
and still be in the middle of their afternoon's work when it sets.
Allow them regiilar, reasonable hours; proper, airy quarters; good,
wholesome food and plenty of it; and fair wages to boot. Overlook
any one of these and the others go for naught. You can't obtain
and keep good help without them all.

Skilled help turns out most work with least fatigue.

The most successful men never hurry. They plan ahead.

Chores aren't boys' work. Scientific balanced ration feeding
means cheaper and full capacity production, materially reducing
costs.

Results depend no more on what you are doing than on the things
you are not doing, or doing wrong.

The kind of farming and breed of stock you like best will pay
you the largest profits. It is not necessary to practice the kind
followed by the majority.

You don't have to go to Aroostook to raise potatoes, or west to
raise beef or mutton. Proper crop rotation will produce the potatoes,
and soil cropping the pastures will increase your milk, beef and mut-
ton production.

New England farmers have the advantage of markets near by.

Statistics prove the trend of travel from the west and Canada to
be towards and not from New England. Look well to your methods
and opportunities as you are now located.

Convince yourself by proper accounting methods where your mis-
takes were; take a new lease on life and the Old Farm and you'll
be surprised at the opportunities so long overlooked because they
were near by.

In no other trade in this country to-day has the student the ad-
vantages of the farmer. Knowledge is yoiars for the asking, either
of the department at Washington or state colleges and boards of
agriculture.

It is vitally necessary that you have your name put on the mailing
list. Address Division of Publications, Department of Agi-ieulture,
Washington, D. C. You then receive each month a list of pamphlets
published, most of which are free, from which to select those applj'^-
ing to your needs. Write for it to-day.

Any man, however successful, who doesn't keep records and take
account of stock frequently, can be shown where he is losing money.
He may shoAv a large yearly profit, but in some department, were
records kept, a loss would be shown that was greatly reducing his
legitimate profit.

No. 4.] DIVERSIFIED FARM ACCOUNTING. 151

Well-kept accounts showing knowledge of details of your busi-
ness constitute one of the strongest arguments you can present to
the banker when in need of more capital.

Small Farm Accounts.

Principles only can be discussed with intelligence as individual
needs require different methods even for the same kind of business.

Enlist the assistance of the young folks. It will increase their in-
terest. Interest generates ambition which spells success.

Weigh your milk. Count your eggs. Milk weights and egg yields
kept on weekly or monthly sheets may eliminate unnecessary entries.

Avoid details. Let the accounting system grow with your business.

Necessary to use : a multi-column journal and card index, or in-
dexed bill-board file.

Credit columns or pages are right-hand; debits left-hand.

The many columns of the journal serve the purpose of different
books in keeping tlie business of departments separate, at the same
time showing practically the profits or losses of any department at
a glance. Debit column shows pay-outs, credit column, receipts.

Cards or bills in your file may be used exactly as a page in a
ledger and accounts opened for departments the same as for cus-
tomers. Columns most frequently used should be nearest the name
columns, except that column to post from should come first of all.

Column footings are carried forward from page to page, and
those of the credit side added together should always equal those
of the debit side.

Accounts thus kept, by a double-entry system, provide for a
check on errors and proof of cash.

Prove your cash daily by comparing the count of the money Avith
the difference between footings of the cash columns.

It is preferable that your cash columns include check account at
the bank, though you may have separate columns for it if desired.

All entries must first be made in the journal.

Every time you credit or charge anybody or anything you must
charge or credit somebody or something to balance.

A person's capital or assets consists of their possessions, real and
personal, cash on hand and in the bank, plus what is owed them, less
what they owe.

Profit or loss for an exact period is the difference between the net
assets at the start and close of the period.

Departments of which the credit side is larger than the debit side
make the amount of profit shown by the difference.

Those where the debit side is the larger lose the difference.

Sales for a given period consist of the money received plus what

152 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

is owed you (bills, not accounts), less what was owed you at the
start.

Purchases: the cash paid out plus what you owe (bills, not ac-
counts), less what you owed at the start.

Bills due or payable are memorandum transactions that have not
before appeared in the journal, and are put in in a lump sum to
balance up, and then reversed and taken out to start the next period.

Accounts due or payable have already been entered, and the
balances will appear on your resource and liability sheet or trial
balance when books are closed and balanced.

Cash, file, inventory, entry and profit and loss columns are neces-
sary in the journal. Also date and narrow column for checking post-
ings.

Others are optional, as poultry, pigs, sheep, produce, fruit, gi'ain,
tillage, expense, labor, household, stable, improvements and whatever
others you need.

Bills receivable taken into consideration when you start your
books should consist only of good, live customers you are sure will
pay; slightly doubtful ones may be carried in a suspense account.
Poor ones should not enter your books at all, though a record may
be kept for reference.

Labor should be charged with your time, the time of the hands
and their board.

Labor may be credited regularly and departments charged in
proportion as time was spent. This provides a way of keeping the
time charged up though the hands are paid irregularly.

Charge yourself regularly with a certain amount of money. Keep
it in a separate pocket from your business money. This does not
intend to cover household expenses, but saves charging up small
amounts spent for personal use.

Household may be charged with fuel, cash paid out for groceries,
and products exchanged for supplies or consumed.

Simplest way is to charge up time, seeds, fertilizer, manure, etc.,
used on house garden instead of produce as used.

Household should be credited with board for the hands and such
labor as is performed in caring for poultry, milk or butter.

It is not at all superfluous to keep track of the meals consumed

at your table. When tlie cost is computed at the end of the year

your small bank account may be the result of too much entertaining.

Live as you like and entertain as much as you wish, but know just

what you can afford.

No. 4.] DIVERSIFIED FARM ACCOUNTING. 153

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No. 4.] DIVERSIFIED FARM ACCOUNTING. 155

Silage, hay and other roughage may be credited to tillage and
charged to fodder account at market prices, less manurial value if
to be fed.

Fodder account may be credited and stock charged as fed.

Stock should be credited with manure. Government pamphlet
for values.

Manure account may be credited and charged where used.

Cement manure pits pay 50 per cent dividends. In other words,
extra value in two years' manure pays for cost of construction.

Stable may be credited and other departments charged with work
done.

Stock to be fattened may be handled as follows: credit daiiy
and charge live stock; credit sheep, charge mutton, etc., weighing if
possible at time of transfer and charging feed and care to new
department to ascertain cost of fattening.

Date and customers' name columns may appear on either right
or left page of journal as debits or credits permit of space.

Improvements should be kept track of in order to give a clearer
idea of the selling value as well as to show where the profits go.

Expenses should be charged regularly with such amounts for taxes,
insurance and interest (on money invested, even if no mortgage) as
will anticipate them in full when due.

If you can't show profits besides wages for yourself and interest
on the money invested, poor crops and accidental loss of stock may
wipe out your living expenses even.

Charge expense regularly with depreciation in such amounts as
will cover average expectation of life of the stock, usefulness of
equipment and repairs of the buildings. You have thus set aside
before drawing profits a fund out of which stock and implements
may be replaced and repairs made. It is like putting money in
the bank.

Should you wish to draw profits from the business it is well to open
a surplus account and a percentage of each period's profits may be
charged to it. This provides you with a steady drawing account
when bad crops and losses cut profits, even when losing.

Keep your personal drawings and expenses within earnings.

Whether or not you have a dollar in the bank, if instructions are
followed as outlined, it is in the business and you haven't become
your own worst customer. You don't allow the hands overdrafts.

File columns are to provide a close watch on total amount of
money owed you at any time. Check over customers' accounts
occasionally and see that total amount agi-ees with difference be-
tween footings of journal file columns.

Customers' charge entries may be made thus: credit amount of
sale in proper department column of journal, write customer's name

156 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

in name column, enter date (once for each day), and charge file
column with amount of sale.

Head a bill for the customer (if a new one), post amount and
put " F '-' in narrow column on debit side of journal. This shows you
where to find account.

When payment is made on account, credit file column, enter cus-
tomer's name and charge cash column. Post amount to bill and
put " F " in narrow column on credit side, showing that credit has
been given.

If payment is for full amount, bill may be destroyed or removed
to dead index and returned to the live one when account is opened
again.

Do not remove bills from file, except when paid in full, without
leaving a memorandum thereon, though they may not be lost, as
difference between file column footings is equal to total of all bills
on file.

In Order to verify, close and balance Books.

List up the bills you owe (not accounts), enter lump through entry
column credit side of journal, and post to resource and liabilities
card. On debit side of journal charge subdivisions of this amount to
departments as they owe.

Post difference of file column footings to resource and liabilities
card.

Take an inventory of things susceptible to market fluctuations in
value.

Inventory values should be purchase prices and not selling prices,
else you are anticipating your profits and affecting next period's
showing.

Post through entry column debit side to resource and liabilities
card, and on credit side through department columns as they belong.

Expenses should be picked over and apportioned as they belong.

Credit inventory column and charge department columns with
original inventory at start. Transfer differences in department
column footings to profit and loss columns.

Post inventory, profit and loss column footings and cash and bank
balance to resource and liabilities card.

All column footings new having been taken into consideration,
your resource and liabilities card is now a complete statement show-
ing condition of your business, and footings should balance. If not,
look for errors in transferring amounts. If divisible by 9, without
remainder, they are most likely transpositions of figures, such as
posting 27 for 72, 35 for 53, or dollars for cents of same number.

Xo. 4.] DIVERSIFIED FARM ACCOUNTING. 157

To RE-OPEN A Set of Books.

Return balances of cash, bank, file, and profit and loss to their
proper columns in the journal.

Reverse the bills paj^able and inventory (taken at the close of the
period) entries.

These reverse entries are necessary in order to keep payments of
this period's cash for department bills owed last month from affect-
ing last or next period's showing.

They enable j'ou to show exact business and profits without re-
gard to whether j^ou owe or are owed more or less than at the
start.

Note that inventory column leaves your department columns show-
ing only receipts and expenditures, or, practically, your profits or
losses at any stage of the period without necessitating balancing
your books except for verification.

Entry columns are pro'vnded that you may Avatch more closely
the amount o.wed you by all customers (by the file columns) than
if department entries were made through these columns.

Profit and loss columns are provided that you may not have to
open accounts for each department.

Resource and liabilities card takes place of cards for all.

The principles being explained the application rests with you
according to your requirements.

Summing up the principles you will probably note that many
things enter into the cost of production that you may not have
considered before. Does your selling price allow margin enough
to cover them?

Price is easily obtained. It's quality that is hard to get.

Watch your quality and demand the price. The higher the quality
the more trouble you will have in keeping up Avith your orders.

Time spent on accounts will pay you more money than any
department of your farm. Only a few minutes a day are necessary.
Let them go and you have to wait for your memory. A memory
that you think is infallible may cause you most loss, both in money
and trade.

A customer lost isn't replaced by a new one gained. The lost one
has reasons which do not make good advertising copy.

You may keep accounts on the barn door and be successful, but
keep them you must or your stable may eat up the profit made by
the much-despised hens.

158 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Large Farm Accounts.

Necessary to use: multi-column journal, small ledger and indexed
bill-board file.

The accounts kept in the ledger on diversified farming are gen-
erally as follows : —

Capital. Produce.

Personal. Pasturage.

Bill account. Taxes.

Inventory account. Insurance.

Profit and loss. Dairy.

Stable. Sheep.

Utensils. Pigs.

Implements. Poultry.

Household. Improvements.

Fodder. Depreciations.

Tillage. Manure.

Grain. Wood lot.

Labor. Land and buildings.

Instructions for small farm accounts apply except as noted below.

All entries must first be made in the journal.

Inventory, entry and profit and loss columns in journal are
unnecessary and are covered by the ledger account columns.

File and file columns are now used only for short-time customers
and customers with small accounts, larger and long-winded accounts
being carried in the ledger.

Unnecessary to have columns on both sides for some departments,
only on the side where you have frequent entries, entries on the
other side being made through the ledger account columns to the
department account in the ledger.

Entries made in the ledger account columns should be immediately
posted to their account in the ledger. When posted put the ledger
page in the narrow column for reference.

You may have milk, cream and butter columns in the journal
and all go to the credit of dairy in the ledger.

You may have department accounts in the ledger without any
journal columns for them if entries are infrequent.

Do not post from any columns except ledger accounts' columns to
the ledger, and from none but file columns to the file, except at
closing.

You will have no resource and liability account in the ledger, as
it is subdivided into accounts for each department.

Closing and reopening entries are made through ledger accounts'
columns to accounts in the ledger.

No. 4.] DIVERSIFIED FARM ACCOUNTING. 159

Closing and Balancing Books.

Take inventory. Subdivide expenses.

Take preliminary trial balance (consisting of credit balances in
one column and debit balances in the other). This must take into
consideration the footings of your journal columns, except ledger
accounts' columns, as well as the ledger accounts. Footings of these
columns should be equal.

Take into account biUs payable and receivable.

Post footings of journal columns, except ledger accounts' columns,
to the accounts in the ledger.

Make entries (through the journal) of balances of department
accounts to profit and loss account.

Final trial balance will now prove your books and show your
true standing.

Reopening Entkies.

Bring file and cash accounts back to Ihe journal.

Reverse inventory and bills payable and receivable entries.

Explanatory Entries. — Say land and buildings are worth $1,000 ;
cash on hand and in bank, $550.76; bills receivable, $83.60; bills
payable, $38.70 ; utensils and implements, $278.90. Inventory shows :
cows, $75; hens, $200; pigs, $35; sheep, $80; and produce, $40.

Make entries as shown on accompanying pages. Capital account
now shows your assets.

It is now necessary to reverse the bills payable entry so that when
you pay out money in this period, for bills contracted in the previous
one, your dej^artments will have a credit to offset the charge against
them of cash paid out for the last period's business.

Bills receivable entry is reversed that departments may have a
charge against them to offset money received this period that was
due to last jDeriod's business.

Individual stock or pen records should be kept in order to keep
the departments up to their fullest capacity for business.

Entries in the usual course of business may be made as follows : —

George Jones buj-s a can of cream, $8; you bring back from him
3 cans of skim milk for the pigs, value, 25 cents. Stable is credited
50 cents for hauling the cream. You exchange a case of eggs, $6,
for 4 bags of gi-ain worth $6.25, and pay 25 cents cash to the miller.
Charles Murphy pays $10 he owed for a pig sold pre^dously to
starting your accounts.

These explanations, by the changing of column or department
headings, are of use for any and all kinds of business. They are
not given with the intention of making you a bookkeeper. Stick to
your last (as the cobbler says), call in clerical assistance. It will
pay big.

160 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

It is very necessary, however, that you understand the principles
of accounts if not the methods. You can't expect employees to do
your thinking. If they were capable of it they wouldn't be em-
ployees long.

Make sure that everything that enters into the cost of i)roduction
is taken into consideration. This must be personal knowledge.

Be unhampered by tradition. If you can't make a department ])ay
after trying different methods drop it in favor of another.

No. 4.] FARM ICE HOUSES. 161

FARM ICE HOUSES.'

BY B. S. PICKETT, M.S., PROFESSOR OF POMOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF
ILLINOIS, UEBANA, ILL.

Massachusetts farmers in general are so familiar with the advan-
tages in the use of ice on the farm during the summer that it is
almost supei'fluous to call their attention again to these advantages.
The use of ice for the cooling and preservation of milk, cream and
butter has, however, been so long considered the principal object of
ice-storage on the farm that it may not be out of place to call atten-
tion to some of the other advantages of having a supply of this
cheapest of nature's refrigerating agents on hand.

"The use of ice for the cooling of small fruits, including straw-
berries, raspberries, gooseberries and currants, has scarcely become,
as yet, a general practice, other than as a means of holding them for
a day or so for home consumption. Experiments in California, On-
tario and in Australia have, however, indicated a great advantage in
the precooling of many kinds of fruit as a means of improving their
carrying capacity, and there is little doubt that the use of ice for
the immediate cooling of fruits as they come from the plantations
will come more and more into general use, particularly in a State
like Massachusetts, where small-fruit culture must become of ever
greater and greater importance in the fruit-growing industries of
the State. A few of the larger producers of orchard fruits may also
find it advantageous to use ice for the precooling, or even for the
storage, of large quantities of fruit during the packing season, though
the New England climate at this time of the year is, on the whole,
rather favorable for the preservation of the orchard fruits untU such
time as they can be placed in regular city cold storage.

A convenient supply of ice on the farm pro\'ides also a good
means of preserving butter, eggs and meats during the hot weather.
It enables the farmer to market his perishable products at more con-
venient times, and sometimes enables him to avoid overstocked mar-
kets. It is a boon in case of sickness, and it is hardly necessaiy to
say that it is almost an essential to the housewife in good house-
keeping.

1 Crop Report for September, 1913.

162

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

The numerous streams, ponds and lakes of Massachusetts provide,
with the help of the winter climate, a sufficient supply of ice for
summer refrigeration on the farm at little more than the cost of the
labor in harvesting the ice crop. With this readily available supply,
and an appreciation of the advantages of storing sufficient for the
summer's needs, the principal question in the minds of Massachu-
setts farmers will be in what manner to store the ice rather than
whether or not storage is desirable. This article will, therefore, deal
more directly with the types of storage houses than with theoretical
considerations of the value of the ice during the summer season.

The earliest form of ice-storage in use was the cave or pit. His-
torical records show that both the Persians and the Romans made

Trap Door

SurFace Drain

Fig. 1. — Ice pit.

use of ice brought from mountain caves to cool their beverages dur-
ing the summer, and the practice of storing in such places has con-
tinued to the present time. Caves and pits have the advantage of
protection from the direct rays of the sun, and of a comparatively
steady temperature throughout the entire season. They have, how-
ever, the very serious disadvantages of poor drainage, inaccessibility
and inconvenience in storing, removing or sometimes in both storing
and removing, the ice. Fig. 1 illustrates a comparatively modern
type of ice pit, showing how it is provided with artificial drainage
and with insulation, with a roof as an additional protection against
the loss of ice.

Of comparatively recent introduction, but of almost equal primi-
tiveness in construction, is the use of the ice stack. This method of
storing ice is extremely simple and may be explained in a few words.

No. 4.]

FARM ICE HOUSES.

163

In a shaded place on a gentle northern slope a rough floor of rails,
rough boards or logs is laid as nearly flat as the materials used will
permit. These floor materials should be laid parallel with the slope
so that the sjiaees and irregularities between them will provide
drainage down the slope. Over these rough boards should be placed
8 inches of sawdust or mill shavings, or 12 inches of wild hay. The
ice is then stacked up as squarely as the blocks will permit, and to a
height about equal to the rectangular dimensions of the pile if the
quantity to be stored is small, or to as great a height as can con-
veniently be handled in case the quantity is very large. The nearer
cubical the whole pile, up to a convenient height for handling, the
less the loss from melting will be. The whole pile must then be cov-
ered with sawdust, shavings or wild hay, and the top protected by a
cover which will turn the rain. Usually there is a sufficient supply
of used lumber about a farm for this purpose, but a canvas cover
can be used if desired. Fig. 2 shows one method of covering an ice

Fig. 2. — Ice stack. A, capboards held together by wire and staples;
B, side boards standing on end and leaning against ice stack; C, wild
hay; D, rough flooring; E, surface drain.

stack. Among the disadvantages in the use of the ice stack are the
great waste in ice which must accompany the poor character of the
insulation, and the difficulty of getting sufficient material to cover
the entire stack. This latter difficulty is sometimes met by planting
posts the height of the pile at its four corners at a distance of 8 to 10
inches from the corners of the stack, nailing on a few rough boards
and confining the insulating material to the space between the boards
and the ice. When this practice is followed, however, it will be
seen that one is approaching the true building, or ice house, and it is
practically a foregone conclusion that it would be much cheaper and
more satisfactory in the long run to build a permanent rather than a
temporary structure for the purpose. The ice stack is also likely to
be inconvenient in location. A satisfactory place for it may not be
available near the buildings. It is unsightly in appearance, and if

164 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

located at some distance from the house and barns it wUl not give
the service desired. The ice stack is, however, of value as a means
of supplementing an inadequate home supply during the early part
of the season. This is particularly likely to be true on large daii-y
farms where the ice house is not of sufficient capacity to carry a full
summer supply. Under these conditions an ice stack built near the
pond where the ice is gathered, or at some place convenient to the
barns, may have its place of usefulness.

The third type of farm ice-storage may be termed the makeshift
ice house. It consists in the appropriation, for the purpose of stor-
ing ice, of one end of the woodshed, a box stall in the stable, a corner
in a leanto shed, the tool house or an abandoned chicken house.
Occasionally such a makeshift ice-storage may be satisfactory and
hold as much ice as is needed. The probabilities are, however, that
it will not permit of adequate insulation, and that it will not carry
sufficient ice to supply the farm needs through the summer. Not
being constructed for the immediate purpose of storing ice it will not
be adequately drained or ventilated, and if located in a consi^ieuous
part of the farmyard it may prove to be a very unsightly part of
the farm equipment. If ice is stored in a makeshift house care must
be taken to see that there is no danger from fire as a result of spon-
taneous combustion in the insulating material.

Of storage houses there are many sizes, forms and methods of
construction. The essentials of an ice house are : first, capacity large
enough for its purpose; second, good insulation so as to prevent
rapid loss of the ice through melting; third, drainage to carry away
the water from the bottom of the pile of ice, as it melts; fourth,
ventilation at the top of the ice pile; fifth, convenience of location;
sixth, an appearance that does not detract from the general attrac-
tiveness of the farm buildings ; seventh, reasonable cost.

The size of the ice house must be calculated in cubic feet of capac-
ity, allowing 45 to 50 cubic feet of space for each ton of ice to be
stored. A house 12 feet square and 11 feet high will hold approxi-
mately 25 tons of ice, — sufficient to supply a moderate-sized farm
where the consumption of ice for milk cooling is not exceptionally
large, — allowing space for the insulating material.

The most effective insulating materials available are dead air,
wood and paper. Brick, stone, earth and concrete are fair con-
ductors of heat, and are therefore not desirable for insulating pur-
poses, though brick, stone and concrete may in some cases be desir-
able as outside walls, either for the sake of their sujierior lasting
qualities or because they may correspond to the materials used in
other buildings on tlie farm in question. Since wood is the only
material available for construction among those named as desirable
for insulation, it is recommended as the most generally satisfactory

No. 4.] FARM ICE HOUSES. 165

material for the construction of ice houses. Dead-air spaces may be
formed by an extremely careful construction of walls, but this would
be entirely impractical in a farm ice house, and if dead air is to be
used as an insulating material it must be obtained by the use of
sawdust and shavings, both of which materials are fairly available
to Massachusetts farmers. When tightly packed between the ice
and the walls of the storage house, shavings and sawdust enmesh in
their crevices large quantities of air which is practically immovable
in character, or dead, as storage-house constructors speak of it. Con-
siderable air is also contained in the pores of the sawdust and shav-
ings, and it is this immovable air, even more than the material itself,
which makes of sawdust and shavings good insulating materials.
Hay is less desirable than sawdust or shavings because the air en-
meshed in it is not so finely divided, and may circulate to some
extent. It takes a larger quantity of hay, and hence more space
between the ice and the walls of the building, to give the same amount
of protection with this material as with shavings or sawdust. For
the most perfect result from the use of hay, sawdust and shavings
the material must be dry, as any of these materials when wet are
fairly good conductors of heat. For the best result at least 8 inches
of well-packed sawdust or shavings should be used between the ice
and the walls, and the top of the ice should be covered to a depth of
10 inches. If hay is used at least 12 inches should be allowed be-
tween the ice and the walls, and 14 or 15 inches on the surface of
the ice.

Drainage is necessary because the water from the melting ice is a
good conductor of heat, and if it accumulates in the bottom of the
ice house and stands up about the lower tiers of ice it will cause a
rapid loss. It will, moreover, soon soak the insulating material and
thus permit rapid conduction of heat directly from the walls to the
main stack of ice. It is also unsanitary, and will cause a rapid
rotting of the timbers in the ice house.

Drainage is secured by the selection of a well-drained site, or by
placing a tile beneath the ice house. Where the house must be con-
structed on a soil which does not drain well naturally, an excavation
should be made the size of the house and 12 inches in depth. In the
center of this excavation should be placed a row of tile leading to a
satisfactory outlet, and the entire excavation filled in covering the
tile with coarse gravel or cinders.

Ventilation should be arranged for over the top of the ice stack.
Where the building is completely closed, the air above the ice beneath
the roof becomes highly heated and causes a rapid loss by direct
radiation of heat to the ice. Reliance for insulation is placed on the
sawdust, shavings or hay which immediately covers the ice, rather
than upon the main body of air above this insulated covering. By

166

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

placing a ventilator in the ridge of the roof, and leaving a 6-inch
opening below the plates all around the side of the building, a suflB-
cient circulation of air will be secured.

The farm ice house should be located convenient to the buildings
and in as inconspicuous a spot as can be selected. It is a common
practice to locate the ice house close to the milk room for the sake
of convenience in handling the ice. Occasionally the ice house is
located near the pond where the ice is obtained, but unless this is
immediately accessible to the buildings the farmer will fail to make

Fig. 3. — Well-built farm ice house plan. A, sidiag placed vertically;
B, inside layer of boards placed horizontally; C, sills and plates
made of two 2 by 4's spiked together; D, sawdust; E, 2 by 4 studs
on 24 inch centers; F, posts about 7 by 7, 3 feet in ground and 11
feet above ground; G, opening for ice full height of house, and closed
by boards placed in groove, constructed as shown in drawing; H,
battens.

as much use out of the stored ice as he would if it were located
within convenient reach.

The appearance of the ice house must be left to the judgment of
the constructor. Nothing more can be said than to indicate that it
should be in keeping with the other buildings on the farm. The ice
house is for an extremely utilitarian purpose, and ornate ornamenta-
tion on a structure of this kind is uncalled for and usually entirely
out of place.

Ice houses that will carry ice satisfactorily through the summer
may be buUt at very small cost. The framework may well consist

No. 4.]

FARM ICE HOUSES.

167

of rougbhewn posts gathered from the farmer's wood lot. No floor
is necessary. A double ribband of 2 by 4's securely spiked to the
posts v?ill provide both plates and sills. The studding should con-
sist of 2 by 4's on 24-inch centers. The walls may be built of a
single layer of rough boards nailed to the outside of the studding, or,
if a better construction is desired, with better appearance, building

XJ^

Fig. 4. — Well-built farm ice house. Elevation: A, plates; B,
6-inch open space between weather boarding and plates; C,
weather boarding; D, posts (shown in dotted lines); E, studs;
F, opening for ice; G, sills; H, gravel for drainage; I, tile.

paper may be used over this first layer of boards, and a second
layer of boards, planed on one side and matched for size, may be
nailed vertically over the first layer, this second layer to be battened
with 114-ineh battens, breaking all the joints. The latter type of
construction, while much neater and more lasting, is but little more
effective in the preservation of the ice, provided sufficient insulation
is used between the walls and the ice itself, the outer wall being
essentially only a protection against the wind and weather. The
roof is essential to keep out the rain, and as a protection against the
direct rays of the sun, and must be the best constructed part of the

168 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

building. It may be of shingles, sheet metal or some ready pre-
pared roofing, all of which materials are thoroughly satisfactory
with the exception of those which are black. An ice-house roof
should preferably be light in color in order to reflect the rays of
the sun.

An ice house, holding 30 to 50 tons of ice, of solid construction,
properly drained, and neat in appearance will cost from $50, where
the farmer supplies considerable of his own material and labor, to
$125, where all the materials are purchased and labor hired for the
construction of the house.

No. 4.]

FARM WATER SUPPLIES.

1G9

FARM WATER SUPPLIES.

BY S. P. GATES.

The question of the development of adequate and dependable
water supplies for farms, situated beyond the limits of municipal
supplies in Massachusetts, is yearly becoming a more serious prob-
lem. Until recent years most farms in the Bay State have depended
for their water supply upon one or more dug wells or springs which,
according to local traditions, " have neVer been known to go dry."
Many farms are dependent entirely upon such sources for their water
supply to-day. It is conceded that many of these old wells and
springs which thrive only when moisture is abundant and the rain-
fall plenty, " never did go dry," prior to a decade ago. In those
years a few hogsheads of water a day, obtained oftentimes under
difficulty, sufficed for all requirements.

To-day the progressive farmer is seeldng to obtain the advantage
of certain luxuries on the farm, common to city homes, and the water
consumption for domestic purposes alone has increased to a surpris-
ing extent. Beyond this, and of special vital importance from an
agricultural standpoint, the problem of an abundant water supply
for irrigating purposes is frequently a most perplexing and serious
one. This is due to the fact that the demands upon these surface
supplies are greatest in seasons of the year when, because of climatic
conditions, the least amount of water is available. Surface springs
and dug wells are supplied by the immediate rainfall, and, such
being the ease, the shortage of water from these supplies can be
more readily understood after studying the official reports bearing
upon the rainfall in Massachusetts, as prepared by the State Board
of Health.

Tliese observations were taken upon the Sudbury Kiver water-
shed, and show the average rainfall for periods of five years since
1890.

Inches.

1890 to 1894, . . .

46.56

1895 to 1899,

46.72

1900 to 1904,

48.16

1905 to 1909,

41.81

1910 to 1911,

37.01

170 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

The comparatively light rainfall of recent years, the evaporation
during the hot dry months of summer, and the increased consump-
tion all figure prominently in the shortage of water from surface
sources in the farming district.

The problems involved in the development of water supplies that
can be depended upon during all seasons of the year have already
been successfully worked out for many large farms and private
estates in Massachusetts by those equipped by study and experience
to prescribe the best method after examining the conditions.

The development of water supplies from underground sources, or
deep down in the bed rock, while long regarded as a mystery has
proven to be the solution of the problem.

The water which falls upon the earth in the form of rain is dis-
posed of in three distinct way?, — one portion suffers evaporation,
a second portion runs over the surface and escapes into brooks and
streams, while a third portion sinks into the ground. This third
portion usually pursues a subterranean course, and during its jour-
ney frequently collects into well-defined channels and lakes. A
careful study of the surface contours and geological conditions is
necessary in locating these underground collecting basins. This must
be done in order to determine the natural water courses in relation
to the surrounding country and the position and inclination of the
underlying bed rock, and to locate the deposits of sand and gravel
without which no gi-eat amount of water can be obtained. In some
places hereabouts, where surface indications might lead us to believe a
good supply of water exists, none can be found. This is due to the fact
that the stratum below the surface is very fine, hard-packed sand,
or hardpan, which is practically imjDervious to water. Whenever in

low land the formation is coarse
sand or gravel, inexhaustible water
supplies can be developed by the
driven well method.

Such wells are put down by hand
and penetrate the gravel to a point
where the best results are to be had.
They were first driven in this region
in about 1870. At the beginning
they were merely pipes driven into
the ground at random, and results
were very uncertain. Locations are
Flowing Wells at stoughton, Mass.. selected uow with reference to the

35 feet deep.

drainage area and the overlying
earth deposits. These wells average from 35 to 40 feet in depth in
Massachusetts, and will often yield from 40 to 50 gallons of water
per minute. There are a great many systems of driven we>ls in

No. 4.]

FARM WATER SUPPLIES.

171

the State to-day furnishing large supplies of excellent water for
cities and towns, farms, institutions and industrial plants. Most
of these systems consist of a number of 2V2-inch wells connected
to suction pipes of ample size to take care of the volume of water
to be handled. They are connected in a way to produce the least
possible friction, and the water from the main suction i^asses through
a sand and air separator, thence to the pumping engine.

The most notable of the driven-well systems in Massachusetts is
the municipal water supply plant at Lowell, where 5,500,000 gallons
of water per day are pumped from wells of this tj^pe. In many

Flowi

;u Kingston, Mass., 40 feet deep.

farming districts of the State it is possible to obtain abundant and
permanent water supplies by this method.

The glacial deposits which overlie the bed rock throughout the
State are variable in character. Wherever this deposit is clay or
hardpan the driven well system is impracticable, but there is the
deep drilled well to resort to. In sinking these wells an outer casing
is driven down by steam power until rock is encountered. Upon
striking the bed rock a hole of approximately the same diameter as
the casing is drilled into it for several feet, and then gradually
tapered down to . the proper diameter to receive a smaller casing.
This inner pipe constitutes the permanent well casing, and is firmly
driven into the tapered hole, effectively shutting out the earth forma-
tion above the ledge. From this point the drilling is confined en-
tirely to the bed rock. This bed rock in Massachusetts, like the
glacial deposits, is variable in character, but is for the most part
seamy, and these seams or fissures are water-bearing. In drilling.

172

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

the seams are cut, and the water when released flows upward into
the well and is ready to be pumped. The yield from wells of this
type cannot be predetermined, but such wells are rarely failures.
Data taken from the records of the pioneer artesian well company in
the State, indicate the average depth of these wells to be from 250
to 300 feet, and the average yield from 50 to 60 gallons of water
per minute. These deep wells furnish most satisfactory supplies,
as the water is usually in a high stale of purity and can be de-
pended upon at all times, inasmuch as it has access to the wells at
depths where it is not affected by surface conditions.

Unlike hand driven Avells, surface conditions do not show the
depth and dip of water-bearing seams in the bed rock, and they
cannot be determined until the work is in progress and the seams
opened up in drilling. Consequently wells of this type, in most

Electric Pumping Outfit.

cases, may be located at any convenient point in relation to the
building to be supplied, thereby eliminating long lines of piping.

Progressive well drillers, as a rule, keep accurate records of the
formations passed through, and the depths where water is found.
Accordingly, where work of a similar nature is contemplated, the
best way to determine the probable depth and yield of a deep well
is to consult the records of firms having had experience in the gen-
eral location of the proposed work.

The modern drilled well, when properly constructed, is immune
from the evils common to dug wells and other surface supplies.
The method of connecting the well casing to the bed rock, from
which point the well is cased all the way to the pump, prevents con-
tamination from surface drainage and insures against the entrance
of insects and reptiles.

There are various methods and so-called " systems " in vogue to-
day for pumping, storing and distributing the water obtained by
the methods as described above. Named in the probable order of

No. 4.] FARM WATER SUPPLIES. .173

their importance and popularity, the list of pumps is as follows : the
electric pump; the gasolene engine driven pump; the steam driven
pump; the hot air engine driven pump; and the windmill. For
storing and distributing, the pressure tank, the gravity reservoir
of concrete, and the gravity tank of wood or steel, on a skeleton
tower of wood or steel, about cover the field.

Where electricity is available, the electric pump is probably the
best solution of the pumping problem, as with this power the eon-
trolling switch may be located in the house or barn, where it will be
accessible at all times, irrespective of the location of the pump.
This is of considerable importance during the inclement weather of
the winter season, and, coupled with the simplicity and safety of
operation, which is such that a child or woman properly instructed
may with impunity be appointed engineer, makes the electric pump
the most desirable. Another feature which recommends the electric
pump is the automatic control to which it readUy lends itself, the
pump automatically, and without ma«ual assistance, starting and
stopping as a high and low water level or a high and low pressure
is obtained in the storage tank.

The advent of the automobile and the motor boat has gone far
to popularize the gasolene engine as a motive power to drive the
farm pump, having overcome the fear which many farmers had for
gasolene, as well as creating, practically overnight, an abundant
crop of gasolene engine repair shops, no town now being too small
or isolated to support at least one dealer or mechanic capable of
repairing any of the current makes of gasolene engines. The gaso-
lene engine driven pump is compact and self-contained, and may
be quickly started by a competent operator. It is highly efficient,
and in general gives good satisfaction, being less desirable than the
electric pump only in the fact that it requires considerable physical
strength on the part of the operator, and cannot readily be auto-
matically controlled. This is at times a hardship, especially during
the winter season, if the location of the engine is at a considerable
distance from the dwelling house.

The steam driven pump is too well known to require discussion,
but is rapidly losing caste as a farm pump, owing to the cost of
coal and of its transportation, or the necessity of constantly re-
plenishing the fire, if wood is used as fuel. The amount of time
required on the part of the operator tends to further discourage the
present-day farmer in the use of this type of power. Also, in many
cases, the electric or gasolene engine driven pump may be installed
in a building already erected on the farm, whereas the use of the
steam pump usually means the construction of an entirely new
building.

The hot air engine driven pump is probably the simplest and
safest engine driven pump on the market at the present day, but

174 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P.D.No.4.

owing to its rather limited capacity, together with the element of
time required on the part of the operator, causes its value as a
farm pump to be rather questionable. This pump, however, is
almost ideal for purely domestic use in a country house or summer
cottage, where the use of water is comparatively limited and elec-
tricity is not available.

The windmill of our grandfathers' time needs no description. It
has been a good and faithful servant, but the march of progress
along the pathway of farm efficiency has discarded it together with
many other implements and methods more or less primitive. Its
chief sins are, or more properly speaking were, the inevitable yearly
repairs due to the exposure to the elements; the hardship of climb-
ing the tower to lubricate the mechanism at the top; the noise and
unsightliness ; and last and most important of all, the fact that the
operation of the pump depended entirely upon the action of the
wind.

For storing and distributing the water about the farm the pressure
tank is without a rival. This type of tank is usually buried just
outside the house or barn cellar, with one end of the tank protruding
through the wall into the interior, thus providing an accessible and
frost-proof location for all controlling valves. In larger installa-
tions a special pit is constructed around the head of tank or tanks.
It is, of course, desirable about the farm, for agricultural as well
as live-stock purposes, to preserve an even temperature of water the
year round. This the pressure tank does to perfection, the water
being drawn from the tank at practically the same temperature at
which it leaves the well, irrespective of the season. Also a much
larger measure of fire protection, as Avell as a better pressure for
sprinkling and spraying, is obtained from the pressure tank than
would ordinarily be obtained from a gravity system.

The gravity reservoir of concrete is possible only where the
ground elevations are suitable, and the cost of construction, together
with the cost of i)iping, should be carefully considered before this
method is decided upon. The wooden tank on a skeleton tower of
steel or wood is probably the cheapest and most common of gravity
systems. The points to be considered in connection with this system
are the limited pressure obtainable, the unsightliness and the diffi-
culty of adequately and economically frost-proofing the tank and
piping.

In conclusion, it should be said that the water-supply problem on
the farm is one worthj'^ of considerable thought from an engineering
standpoint, and it is Avell for the farmer who contemplates such
improvements to consult with the engineers of a reputable house
engaged in the business before making up his mind as to the system
best adapted to his needs.

ESSAYS.

(Especially prepared for the Sixty-first Annual Report.)

CANTALOUPE GROWING IN MASSACHUSETTS.

J. M. S. LEACH, SUNDERLAND, MASS.

Probably the melon does not strictly belong in New
England, but in a hotter, more equable climate, with a
longer season. Of necessity, therefore, we raise it under
many difficulties, and seldom with a perfect degree of suc-
cess.

But the fruit, when successfully ^ grown, is so delicious in
flavor, and so universally popular, that the effort to produce
it. even under circumstances not entirely favorable, seems
well worth while.

The wandering Israelites complained that they could not
forget the melons of Egypt, and if they were good ones, it
is hardly to be wondered at.

There are many influences that go into the making of a
crop of melons, many of them beyond the control of the
■grower. This bulletin is an effort to deal with those condi-
tions that he can govern.

Soil.
A light loam is generally preferred. Melons do best if
they are planted on land which has been in clover or alfalfa
sod the previous year, as the nitrogen of the decaying roots
and stubble is very beneficial to the melons. There is no
question that this one thing often makes the difference be-
tween a record crop and a poor one. Good crops, however,
are grown' on old land.

Early Melons.
To escape the early frosts of fall is only a secondary reason
for growing melons early in this latitude. The primary
reasons are that the earliest of the melon crop is sold with
less competition, so that sales are easier and prices better;
and that marketing is well advanced before the dog-days,

178 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

with their rains and "muggy" heat, set the ground to steam-
ing, and in consequence the vines to bhghting.

To get an early start one should get the seed in the ground
as early as the late frosts will permit, and as soon as the
ground is warm enough for germination. Some prefer to
gain time by starting the plants under glass. This is at best
a dehcate operation and requires patience and study.

Many of the great melon growers of the Arkansas valley
start them in cold-frames with success, and claim a hardier
plant is grown than in a hotbed; but the writer, in several
years' trial, has always encountered some difficult}^ in get-
ting a good stand in cold-frames. Perhaps there is too much
cloudy weather in our early spring for the beds to warm up
sufficiently.

A hotbed, though more expensive, overcomes the difficulty,
and if well handled insures a good germination and continu-
ous growth. Such a hotbed requires 1}^ or 2 feet of horse
manure in the bottom, which should be put in, leveled and
trodden enough to make a level floor for the receptacles in
which the seeds are sown. Plant boxes or inverted turf
may be used for these. We use some of both. With boxes,
finely composted manure may be mixed with rich loam for
filling. The manure may be screened through an inch-mesh
screen made of old telephone wire. If preferred, manure
may be put in the bottom of the boxes, pressed down, and
the loam put on top. If the loam is sterilized with steam,
the weed seeds will be killed, so that the necessity of weed-
ing the beds may be obviated. The "damping oft'" fungus
will also be destroyed, and the growth of the plants be
greatly promoted by sterilizing. Success can, however, be
attained without it. The boxes may be bought in the flat,
and tacked together as used. These should be filled level
full.

If turf is used, it is preferable to select in the fall the
place where it is to be cut, spreading on a coat of stable
manure to enrich it. The sod may be cut into 5 or 6 inch
squares, about 5 inches thick, and laid soil up, on the
manure of the hotbed. After all is ready the glass should
be put in place for two or three days, to allow the bed to

Xo. 4.] CANTALOUPE GROWING. 179

warm up, after which it is ready for the seed, provided that
the soil has reached a uniform temperature of about 80".
The hotbed needs to be under the care of some one who
will not forget it.

So long as the beds are kept moist, and until plants begin
to come up, temperature running up to 120° will do no
harm. When the plants are up, 100° is all right for the first
ten days; after that a lower temperature will do.

These, of course, are daytime temperatures. Some loss
of heat will cause them to go down more or less at night,
perhaps to around 80°. Ventilation must never be forgotten.
The need of it increases with the growth of the plants
as it is necessary that they be well " hardened off " before
transplanting, and also because all the plants in the bed may
be destroyed by neglecting ventilation for even an hour
on a hot, bright day.

The growth of the plants may of course be promoted by
light applications of hen manure and acid phosphate, but
care should be used to see that the bed gets air after this
application, since escaping ammonia may do injury. Or
the plants may be watered with a nitrate of soda solution.

Plants should be thinned to one or two in a box in order
to get a stocky plant. The proper time to transplant is
when the little vines have four leaves. Transplanting may
be left until there are six leaves, but should never be done
earlier than the four-leaf stage. Just before transplanting
time the plants must be gradually hardened by leaving off
the glass.

In setting, the bed is thoroughly wet down, after which
the boxes or turfs are loaded on a wagon and taken to the
field. They are placed in the furrow and the soil drawn
around them with a hoe. In case boxes are used they are
cut away as the cube of wet earth is placed in the ground.
If the plants are hoed at once and frequently, watering is
seldom necessary.

Field Planting.
Two things should be fixed in the mind with this system
of planting. Since the early start of the crop is important,
the soil should be put into the finest possible tilth for the

180 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

seed, because such condition not only insures their early
germination, but makes the plant food more available.
Depth of planting should be determined somewhat by the
condition of the soil, a light, dry soil and dry weather re-
quiring deeper planting. If planted too deep they are slow
in coming, and reach the surface in weakened condition; if
too shallow, the seed will dry up. Perhaps 13^ inches is a
fair depth for average conditions. Seed should be used liber-
ally to allow for losses from insects.

Hills are generally placed 6 by 6 or 6 by 4 feet. Thin to
two plants when cutworms and bugs are gone. Some seed
in drills with a seed sower, thinning later to single plants
1 or 2 feet apart. Before the plants come up the soil some-
times gets baked on the surface of the hill, and needs to be
loosened by the fingers, or by passing a garden rake Hghtly
over it with a lifting motion.

The critical period in the entire life of the melon plant is
the first fortnight after it comes up. It is the start of the
race, and everything depends on the plant getting away
without a handicap, for a cantaloupe vine never recovers
from a setback.

To understand the importance of care at this stage it
is necessary to notice the structure of the plant. Pull one
up and you will see that you have the two-seed leaves with
a tuft between where the true leaves are waiting to come
out, while below the surface there is nothing but the stem
tapering into one long, stringy root running straight down
into the ground. Now keep this state of the plant in mind
while you notice that for days all the plants in the hill seem
at a standstill. What are they waiting for? Simply for
their mouths! Pull up another plant now and you will see
roots putting out laterally on all sides of the taproot. These
are the feeders, and as they push out into your finely pre-
pared soil on every hand watch the plants spring forward
into life and growth; the first true leaf unfolds in a day.
The vine is off with a rapid growth that must never be
checked for a moment till its work is done.

But here is the important point. At this stage the plant
needs a nurse. Nothing in these first few days must be al-
lowed to trouble it, — neither the striped beetle that would

No. 4.] CANTALOUPE GROWING. 181

sting its stem and sap its leaves, nor the wind that would
wrench and twist its deUcate stem, nor the heat and drought
that would burn the soil and make it too dry for the infant
feed roots to take their first taste of food and drink, and to
reach out into the surrounding soil for the nourishment for
which the tiny plant above ground is waiting.

Hoeing at this time will do more good than at any other
in the life of the plants. It mulches them and protects
their scant roots. The drawing of the soil up around the
plants braces them against destructive winds, while working
about the hills tends to scare away the striped beetle, which
is very timid. The hoe must be used with great care, how-
ever, on account of the shallowness of the roots.

Fertilizing.

Barnyard manure seems to offer the best and safest means
of feeding the melon plant. Variation in opinion as to the
method of application is wide. Manuring in the hill is the
most common practice, and under irrigation or elsewhere
where there is plenty of water it is the most economical
way. But if one's crop must suffer each summer from
drought, that effect will undoubtedly be aggravated by a
lot of coarse manure in the hill. This is especially clear
when we recall that chemically all decaying is burning, dif-
fering only from the burning of fire in its slower action.
Thus you create a little drought of your own under each
hill, a wholly unnecessary provision in recent years in
Massachusetts.

This drying-out process is augmented by the fact that the
thick pad of manure tends to retard capillary movement of
water from below. Therefore, if the manuring in the hill
plan is to be followed, the manure should be thoroughly
mixed with the soil. Considering our dry summers, the
writer prefers scattering the manure along a furrow and
working it into the soil with a spiked-toothed cultivator set
as narrow as possible. We sometimes do this in the fall.
Broadcasting the manure is certainly as good a way as any
except that it takes so much manure.

It may be well to add that most of those who have ex-
perimented carefully recommend manuring in the hill; but

182 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

we in the east must remember that the experiments were
generally tried with irrigated vines, which is quite a differ-
ent matter. The common fear that the vine will not get
the full benefit of manure unless it is placed immediately
at the hill is wrong. Get hold of a mature cantaloupe vine
and work the main roots carefully out of the soil. You will
find them longer than the vines. The writer has frequently
dissected a root out of the ground between 4 and 5 feet
long, without getting to the end of it. These feed roots
reach everywhere, and on account of their length the melon
vine can go farther than most plants in search of food. Lo-
cating the roots in this way will teach another lesson, which
is that they are not far below the surface, and the cultivator
must be set accordingly.

With chemical fertilizers experiments show interesting va-
riations. Among the large growers in the irrigated sections
of the west the use of such fertilizers in the hill has been
attended with serious hazard, while under New England
conditions the plan has often succeeded. But it must be
thoroughly mixed with the soil or it is liable to burn the
tender plants so that they seem to go back into the ground,
or even fail to come up at all, the strong chemicals destroy-
ing the sprouting seed. A good way is to make a shallow
furrow and scatter the fertilizer with a McWhorter sower,
and then scratch it in with a light cultivator or some such
tool.

The writer has used a mixture analyzing nitrogen 5 per
cent, phosphoric acid 7 per cent, and potash 9 per cent,
generally hand-mixed, as follows: —

Sulphate potash (high grade),

Nitrate soda,

Sulphate ammonia,

High-grade tankage (9 to 10 per cent nitrogen and 4 to 6 per

cent phosphoric acid),

Acid phosphate (16 per cent),

Pounds.

360
150
100

oSO
810

Total, 2,000

From 800 to 1,000 pounds of this mixture per acre should
be applied.

No. 4.] CANTALOUPE GROWING. 183

Cultivation.

The importance of this subject is greatly underestimated.
The grower who hoes his melons primarily to kill the weeds
is a crude workman. The object should be to keep the soil
stirred for a mulch, to keep fresh soil up around the plants,
and to keep the soil fine to make its elements more available
as food for the plants. The hand hoeing is very important.
The dry, baked soil should first be drawn away from the
plants, preferably by hand, and fresh, fine dirt drawn up
around them with the hoe. The whole purpose of cultiva-
tion is, like fertilizing, to promote a continuous growth.
As has been said, all cultivation should be shallow after
growth is well started.

Enemies. >
Cutworms, Bugs and Blight.

Especially following turf or a cover crop, unless it is
plowed in the fall, cutworms are generally abundant and
very destructive. In a small patch they may be dug out
in the morning; on a larger scale they may be poisoned hy
a mixture of Paris green, molasses and bran, a teaspoonful
dropped near the hill in the afternoon. When planting, the
cutworms should be remembered and seed used rather abun-
dantly.

The striped bugs trouble but a few days generally, but
that at a critical time, when the plants are tender and young
and must be protected. Land plaster or gypsum dusted
over the hills will drive them away, so will ashes or dust; or
a mixture may be made of these and a few drops of turpen-
tine added. A hill is occasionally found infested with lice.
This should be burned on sight, or else buried and the top
of the soil under the hill scraped off and covered also. Save
the ladybugs, as they feed on the lice.

Bhght is to the melon vine what cholera is to the hog, —
the one great enemy. It has, in its various forms, several
different scientific names, perhaps unimportant here. The
blight has practically driven melon growing out of New
England. The scientists have given their best endeavor to
the problem, and sometime they will solve it, if it can be

184 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

solved. Meantime prevention must be studied, and the
first step is to advance the crop as far as possible before the
sultry weather of the dog-days. Insects are suspected of
spreading the disease, and so should be ehminated. A
steady, continuous growth should be maintained for the
sake of the physical vigor of the plants. To frequent culti-
vation might be added a light application of nitrate of soda
as the vine approaches maturity, the object being to drive
the plant into the dangerous August weather with the thrift-
iest possible growth.

There are strains of melons called rust resistant. Their
rust-resistant qualities vary under different conditions of
climate and weather. On the whole, they represent an ad-
vance, but the time has not come to depend on them greatly
in the east.

Spraying.

Some good results in cucumber growing have been achieved
by spraying. With melons the success has not been as gen-
eral; some report good, and some very indifferent, results.
Variation in results is probably explained by the fact that
sometimes the disease present is one susceptible to the ef-
fects of spraying and sometimes not, the bacterial wilt not
generally yielding to such treatment as readil}" as downy
mildew or anthracnose, if at all. Undoubtedly, also, the
violence and rapidity of the attack vary and have their
influence on the measure of success in spraying.

Under the usual circumstances melons should never fol-
low melons in successive years. A rotation of three years,
at least, is generally advisable, although one prominent
grower states that he has raised melons eighteen years on
the same field by sowing with rye after picking and plowing
in the rye in the spring. He states that the eighteenth
crop was better than the first.

Spraying must not be put off until nearly time for the
blight to appear, but should be begun as a preventive
measure as soon as the plants are well above the ground,
and continued once in ten days or so till the fruit is safe
or the vines past hope. Use Bordeaux. This will stain the
fruit more or less, but that is not important.

No. 4.] CANTALOUPE GROWING. 185

One point in respect to spraying the writer has never seen
mentioned in print, namely, its tendency to very slightly
reduce the yield in the first of the season. The increase,
however, in the latter part more than compensates for this
early loss. The reason is that the covering of Bordeaux
shades the leaf which requires sunlight, though this same
effect seems to benefit potatoes, whose growth appears to
be promoted by the shading.

Bees.

The writer considers a swarm or two of bees in the vicinity
of the melon piece an advantage in pollenizing the blossoms.
They tend to help the vines to make a larger setting of
fruit, and to a more perfect condition of the melons.

Varieties.

This is a subject upon which much advice is offered, but
its value is doubtful. No one can tell the prospective grower
the variety that is best for him. The writer, living in the
Connecticut valley, recommended certain tried varieties to
a farmer in eastern Massachusetts, who proceeded to make
a complete failure with them, but he went further and made
just as complete a success with those that had not done well
with us.

A person buying a very nice Rocky Ford cantaloupe will
plant the seed because he reasons that like produces like,
forgetting that the conditions have as much as the seed to
do with the outcome. "That Rocky Ford melon was good,
wasn't it?" "Yes." "Then why can't I grow one just Hke
it?" "You can — in Colorado." Seed that produced a fine
melon in the dry atmosphere and constant sunshine of a
Colorado summer will often mold and develop deficient
flavor in our more humid air. There will be exceptional
cases, but that simply means that the grower happened to
strike something that fitted his special conditions.

One great lesson that the eastern grower needs to learn is
that the seed should be acclimated. Why is it that certain
growers have won a great reputation for their product?
They have adapted a melon to their soil.

186 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Under Connecticut valley conditions the Emerald Gem is
an extra early and very refined melon as to flavor, but it
is not a good shipper or keeper. We raise it to supply trade
till something else is ready. Next in this region may come
the Extra Early Osage, or, if the market cares for them,
some of the Gem type of melons, like Burrell's Gem. These
are all yellow-fleshed melons. Green varieties may be se-
lected if preferred. The beginner should try more than one
kind and stick to it, and develop by selection a strain of
his own perfectly adapted, if possible, to his conditions.

Hybridizing.

Just how far this subject is a legitimate subject of study
and experiment to the average grower is a question. The
process is interesting and occasionally profitable, but it
draws on the most valuable asset the farmer has, — his own
personal specialized attention. Sometimes a grower finds
himself in possession of a variety that seems adapted to his
locality and market, but lacks some one necessary quality
which it may be worth while to try to supply by a cross
with a melon that possesses it. Random crossing produces
99 inferior varieties to 1 valuable one.

In our own work our difficulty at first was to find a vari-
ety that combined flavor with standing-up quality in the
market; and to this we sought to add a degree of hardihood
that would carry the plant through to fall in healthy condi-
tion. In the former we feel satisfied with results. In the
latter we have been only partially successful.

A peculiarity of certain vines, like the cucumber, is that
they bear their stamens and pistils on different flowers.
This is true of some varieties of cantaloupes, but not of
others. Many melon vines produce perfect flowers, having
many staminate blossoms in addition.

If it is desired to obtain something definite and known
in a cross, the closed petals or corolla and stamens should
be cut away from the flower just before the bloom opens,
after which the flower may be covered again for a day. A
small paper bag will do for this. At the end of this time
it is in about the right condition to receive the pollen, which

Xo. 4.] CANTALOUPE GROWING. 187

may be rubbed off on the pistil by touching it with the
anthers of a freshly opened bloom. It should then be
covered again for a few days.

In all such efforts the foundation melon should be selected
for its flavor, and other quaUties bred upon that founda-
tion. In attaining the ends sought uniformity of size should
always be considered. No plan of selling that sends to
market various sizes jumbled together will ever give general
satisfaction.

Picking Melons.

Roughly speaking, most cantaloupes start to loosen from
the vine at the stem when ripening. Sometimes this is first
detected by a drop or two of juice that oozes from the junc-
tion of the fruit and stem. Again the bottom of the canta-
loupe, being on the ground, generally looks greenish white
while the melon is unripe, but takes on a creamy tint ap-
proaching yellow, when ripe.

There is also, generally, a slight change in color discernible
under the netting, the deep, dark green changing to an olive
green. A little experience as a picker will soon obviate the
necessity of any rules. A glance will tell one the stage of
the fruit.

Marketing.

This is a weak spot in present-day agriculture. There
are certain principles to consider and they classify them-
selves under two heads, — honesty and efficiency.

Honesty on the part of a melon grower is even more es-
sential than with growers of other farm products, because
the quality of the fruit does not appear until it is opened.
The responsibility of seeing that his customers get good
melons, therefore, rests wholly on the grower. The tempta-
tion is constant to let melons slip by the sorter that look
passable, but contain nothing but disappointment to the
buyer. This is both a foolish and unprofitable policy. The
grower's name should go with the goods, and his name
should mean quality. The goods should be so graded in
respect to size as to facilitate selling, making pricing con-
venient. Three sizes are generally made, — Pony, Stand-
ard and Jumbo.

188 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Goods should be marketed, as far as possible, to the
same customers year after year, in order that the latter
may learn to know and have confidence in the goods. When
such custom has been established the grower should make it
his business to take care of the buyer, and see that his needs
are supplied regularly. The establishing of such mutual
confidence and dependence is of equal importance to both
parties.

The great but much neglected secret of marketing is to
always recognize one's obligation to the buyer, to give him
goods uniformly graded and priced, of absolutely dependable
using quality, and to assume the obligation of seeing that
his needs are always suppHed.

The temptation to deUver unripe fruit and specimens of
questionable quality, because prices are high and demand
good, will never appeal for a moment to the grower who
thinks; for he will realize that he is not merely selling goods,
but building a market. There is only one place where in-
ferior stock should be marketed, and that is the hog pas-
ture.

That we have obstacles to melon growing in Massachusetts
there can be no doubt; but half the failures would be
successes if the grower made a study of the plant, its eccen-
tricities and its needs.

No. 4.] CURRANTS. 189

CURRANTS.

BY PROF. U. P. HEDRICK, HORTICULTURIST OF THE NEW YORK STATE
EXPERIMENT STATION, GENEVA, N. Y.

Currants ripen at a time of the year when other fruits are
scarce, and therefore play an important part in fruit growing,
both for home use and for the markets. Moreover, their
sprightliness of flavor and healthfiilness commend them for
the home garden, while the fact that they can be picked and
sold before fully ripe, and therefore bear shipment well and
with but little waste, commends them for market purposes.
The currant is a northern plant and refuses to grow in any
but a cold climate. It stands well the lowest temperature
reached in the United States, but is quickly injured by hot
summer suns. In selecting a location for this fruit, then,
even in northern latitudes, a cool, northern exposure is de-
sirable. For small plantations the shade of trees or of build-
ings can often be utilized, w^hile in commercial plantings
high land may be made to offset low latitude.

Soils.
The currant will bear fruit in almost any soil, but to
produce profitable crops it should be planted in a cool, moist
soil. Clay loams, or even a stiff loam, if well drained, meet
well the soil requirement of the currant. The plant is a rank
grower, and whatever the soil, it must be rich. Moreover,
the roots do not extend far, and the food must therefore be
close at hand. Stable manure is a most acceptable fertiHzer,
but should be applied the season previous to the setting
of the plants, or in old plantations the apphcation should be
made in the fall or winter. Many currant growers maintain
that muriate or sulphate of potash used at the rate of from

190 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

100 to 200 pounds per acre increases productiveness and adds
quality to the fruit. Probably, however, the fertilizer re-
quirements of the plant are best determined by individual
experiments with potash, phosphoric acid and nitrogen.

Propagation.

Since the currant is easily propagated, growers of this
fruit can often raise their own plants advantageously, the
process being as follows: as soon as the leaves fall in the
autumn make hardwood cuttings varying in length from 6
to 10 inches. In dry climates and in hght soils the longer
length is preferable, while in moist and rich soils the shorter
length will suffice. The cuttings may be put in the ground
as soon as made or, and perhaps better, they should be tied
in bundles and buried butt end up in moist sand until spring.
When the planting season arrives, which should be as early
as possible in the spring, the cuttings are set from 4 to 6
inches apart rather deeply in the soil, leaving one or two
buds above the surface with the earth pressed firmly about
the butts. If fall planting is preferred the cuttings are
thought to root rather more quickly and better if packed in
damp moss for a week or two before planting. Fall set
cuttings must always be mulched during the winter. The
cuttings will start in almost any soil, but do somewhat better
in a rich, moist one. The following fall these cuttings should
be set in nursery rows, the plants being 8 to 10 inches apart,
and the rows 3 feet. Here they should be left one or two
years and kept cultivated.

Planting.
Either one or two year old plants may be used in starting
a plantation, but, all things considered, the two-year-old
plants are the better. The commonest distance apart is
6 by 4 feet, though the tendency is to give greater distance
in the row, which permits cultivation both ways. Since the
plants form a comparatively permanent plantation the land
should be well drained, and in the best possible tilth at
setting time. The transplanting is quickly and cheaply done
by marking both ways and plowing a deep furrow one way

No. 4.] CURRANTS. 191

and then setting the plants at the intersection of furrow and
mark. In all but very cold climates the planting can best
be done in the fall, and if severity of climate makes it neces-
sary to set in the spring the work should be done as early as
possible. There are no difficulties about transplanting, but
the usual precautions of trimming roots and tops and of
firming the earth should be observed.

Cultural Treatment.

The currant fruits early and the plant makes its growth
early; therefore, it is urgent that the cultivation be early,
thorough and frequent to conserve moisture and set free
plant food. All of the varieties of the currant are shallow
rooted, and the cultivation must of necessity be shallow to
prevent injury to the roots and for that reason plowing is
impossible. In growing the currant for home use it is often
convenient to mulch with straw or coarse stable manure in
place of cultivating. In commercial plantations such mulch-
ing can seldom be made to give as good results as careful
cultivation. In midsummer cultivation should cease and a
cover crop be planted. Probably the best cover crop is
one of clover or vetch in combination with oats or barley,
to be sown in late July or early August; 12 or 15 pounds of
clover seed to the acre and 20 or 25 pounds of vetch, sown
with a half bushel of oats or barley, give proper proportions
of seed.

Pruning.

Left to themselves currant plants rapidly become thickets,
to prevent which there must be yearly pruning, which
consists for the most part in removing old canes and thinning
out new ones. In the pruning encourage an upright growth
or the bush form with several stems rather than a straggly
habit with but few stems. From four to eight stems are
desirable, depending upon soil and variety. Aim to keep a
continuous supply of vigorous shoots coming on. In well-
pruned plantations no wood over three years old should be
found. In pruning keep in mind that the best fruit is borne
at the base of the one-year-old shoots, and on one-year-old
spurs on two and three-year-old wood. Vigorous shoots

192 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

may occasionally be headed in, particularly if the plants be
young, but heading in ought not to be often necessary.
The plantation should be removed or renewed as soon as
vigor wanes, which is usually at ten or twelve years, de-
pending upon variety, soil and treatment.

Harvesting.
There are several essentials to harvesting currants for
market purposes. Chief of these are that the fruit must be
dry when picked, not too ripe but hard and firm, and that
the clusters be intact. So picked the fruit stands ship-
ment well even to distant markets, but if the items named
be overlooked the product often quickly spoils even in send-
ing to near-by markets. Of course the nearer the market the
riper the fruit may be allowed to become. Fruit for jelly
should not be fully ripe. For home use picking can be de-
layed until the fruit is quite ripe, and may often be kept
on the plants until midsummer if the bushes be protected
from birds by covering with netting. Currants are commonly
marketed in quart baskets or in grape baskets. In the
former case they are shipped in crates holding 16 or 32
quarts. The 8-pound grape basket is now preferred in
many markets, and is the more convenient way of shipping,
both for the producer and the buyer.

Profits.
Profits vary greatly, but year in and year out this fruit
gives very good returns, though in many cases the market
must be developed or vigorously sought for. While many
plantations do not yield more than 50 bushels to the acre,
crops of from 100 to 250 bushels per acre under good culture
are not uncommon. Unfortunately, the price fluctuates
rather more than for most other fruits, and the small local
markets are usually supphed from home gardens. Canning
and jelly factories use this fruit in large quantities, and
commercial growers ought to know before planting that they
have an outlet for the sale of a part of their crop for canning
or jelly. A fair average of the price paid for currants at the
factory would be 5 cents a pound.

No. 4.] CURRANTS. 193

Pests.

The currant suffers from several pests of whicli the currant
worm, familiar to all, is most troublesome. This worm is to
be found throughout the eastern part of the United States
in all plantations, and must be combated if a profitable crop
is to be grown. Happily, it is easily poisoned with any of
the arsenical sprays or, if it has been permitted to continue
its depredations until near fruiting time, powdered hellebore
at the rate of a teaspoonful to a gallon of water is an effec-
tive remedy. The currant borer is also a serious pest in
many parts of the east. With a little experience invested
canes can easily be told, and the pest can be controlled by
cutting out and destroying such canes in early spring.
The San Jose scale also attacks the cilrrant, and may be given
the same treatment as on other fruits. One of the oil sprays
is better than hme and sulphur on currant bushes, as the scale
sometimes gets on the branches below the ground, and so a
spray is needed which will spread. In eastern Massachusetts
the bushes must be watched for the eggs and nests of the
brown-tail and gypsy moths. Both of these can be detected
and destroyed in winter. These are the only pests requiring
constant looking after, though several fungi infect the plants
more or less in different localities and may need treatment
with fungicides. Commercial plantations should be sprayed
with fungicide and an arsenical as soon as the fruit begins to
swell, and again with a fungicide immediately after the fruit
has been picked.

Varieties.

The following list should be considered in selecting varieties
for either home or market purposes. It includes the standard
kinds and several new sorts which are well worth trying.

The Cherry is a standard sort, with large but short clusters
produced in great abundance.

Diploma is comparatively new, but to be commended be-
cause of its vigorous, upright habit of growth and large,
light red, semi-transparent berries.

Fay succeeds remarkably well in some locations, but fails
in others. Its sprawling habit of growth is a defect.

194 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Perfection is a comparatively new kind much above the
average in flavor; vigorous, productive and of good habit of
growth.

Red Cross is Hked by some because of the mild flavor of its
fruit and its lateness.

Red Dutch, an old sort with small fruit, is still prized by
some.

Ruby is a mild-flavored variety very suitable for home use.

Wilder is one of the best late varieties; the bush is very
vigorous, the fruit large and the season long.

All of the above are red currants. In some markets there
is a demand for white sorts which are usually milder in
flavor. Of the white varieties White Imperial is the most
desirable because of its mild and very pleasant flavor. White
Grape, however, produces larger and more attractive fruit
than White Imperial.

Black currants belong to a different species than the red
and white sorts, but thrive under essentially the same
culture, demanding only a little more room. The fruit to
those unaccustomed to it is not pleasant in either odor or
flavor, but it is much esteemed by those who have learned
its use, both as a dessert fruit and because of medicinal
qualities. The strong musky flavor disappears in part if the
currants be scalded for a few minutes in boiling water and
then cooked in fresh water. Champion and Prince of Wales
are by far the best of the several black currants.

No. 4.] PRUNING THE GRAPE. 195

PRUNING THE GRAPE.

PROF. U. P. HEDRICKr

Why prime grapes 'i Grapes are pruned to prevent over-
bearing, to increase the size of bunch and berry, to maintain
the vigor of the vines, and to keep them within proper
bounds. A glance at the reasons for pruning shows that the
operation has to do with the modification of the vigor and
the fruitfuhiess of the plant, which is pruning proper, and
with training, which aims to keep the vines in manageable
size and shape. A man can care for his vines better if he
keeps clearly in mind these quite distinct objects of pruning.

Whatever the method of pruning and training chosen, and
as we shall see there are many, the gi'ower must take in
account the relationship of the wood to fruit-bearing.
Grapes are produced on the base of the shoots of the same
year, which in their turn spring from the canes of the pre-
ceding year. This important fact must be emphasized by
an illustration. The average yield of a Concord grapevine
is about 15 pounds ; it requires from forty to sixty clusters
of grapes to produce this quantity of fruit. As a shoot bears
from two to three clusters, twenty to thirty buds must be
left on the previous year's growth to furnish the required
number of clusters. Therefore two, three or more canes are
selected and are variously distributed on one or two main
stems in accordance with the system of pruning. Good
pruning, then, means removing all wood except canes or
spurs sufficient to furnish the shoots necessary to produce
the desired number of clusters of grapes.

196 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Terms defined.
Before going further we must define several terms. The
trunh is the body of the vine when two or more years old.
An arm is a branch from the trunk, two or more years old.
A cane is a one-year-old branch of the arm or trunk. A s'pur
is a very short but annually lengthening arm from which
cane renewals are made. A slioot is the growing, leafy
branch of the current season.

Systems of Pruning.

Grape growers designate distinct methods of pruning as
" systems," of which there are a score or more, only a few
of which need be described in this article. Before taking
up the several systems it must be said that pruning to main-
tain vigor and promote fruitfulness is more essential than
training in any particular way, though there necessarily
exists a close relationship between pruning and training.
Usually, it is true, a vineyard should be pruned and trained
in accordance with one of the named systems, but very often
lack of vigor in the vine will not permit the pruning neces-
sary to train all vines in the vineyard in the desired way.
Thus, in pruning and training the operator must be able to
exercise good judgment. The vineyardist must decide how
much pruning each individual vine in his vineyard is to
receive, and according to what system his whole vineyard
can be trained to the best advantage. When the vines are
vigorous the system of training is largely optional with the
grower, but if they lack vigor one is often forced to adopt
a system which he might not otherwise choose. For ex-
ample, strong-growing varieties, like Concord and Niagara,
do best trained with the shoots drooping ; whereas weak-grow-
ing sorts, as Delaware, are usually best trained with shoots
upright.

Drooping System.

We come now to the discussion of the several systems, and
may as well take up first those in which the shoots are
allowed to droop and hang free, the drooping systems, which

sinjcle-stcni Kniffen system.

'rwo-stcni Kniffen svsteni.

No. 4.] PRUNING THE GRAPE. 197

have the advantage of being more economical, as no summer
tjiug is necessary. A man named Kniffen was the orig-
inator of this method of training grapes, and his name is
perpetuated in all of its many modifications now to be
described.

Single-stem, Four-cane Knijfen System.
In this method of training, a single trunk is carried to
the top wire of the trellis. This can be done in most vine-
yards the second or third year after setting. The top wire
is at an average height of 51.4 f^^^t above the ground, the
lower wire 2 feet lower. Four canes are taken from side
spurs on the trunk and laid to right and left on each wire.
The upper canes should be longer than the lower ones, as
the vines are most vigorous at the extremity of the stem.
The trunk is permanently tied to each wire. Pruning, then,
consists of cutting out all but four of the canes that have
developed from the canes of previous years, selecting the
most vigorous and those that are closest to the main trunk,
cutting them back to five or six buds and again tying up.
Probably this is, the country over, the most generally used
method of training grapes, its simplicity commending it in
particular to the novice.

Two-stem, Four-cane Knijfen System.
This system is very similar to the one just described, the
difference being that two permanent trunks are brought up
from the ground, one to the lower wire and the other to the
top wire, with two canes taken off from each. In using
the two-stem method the canes taken off from each trunk
may have the same number of buds, the two trunks being
considered as distinct vines. This system is supposed to
be particularly well adapted to strong-gi'owing varieties on
fertile soils.

Y-stem Knijfen System.

The Y-stem differs from the two-stem in that instead of
the two stems being brought up from the ground, a branch
is taken from the main stem a little below the lower wire
from whence it is carried to the top wire and tied. The

198 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

number of canes laid down and the subsequent treatment
are the same as in the other systems so far described. This
method, too, is used when vines are vigorous and the soil
rich.

Umbrella Knijfen System.
In the umbrella Kniffen system two canes are used in-
stead of four, each having from eight to twenty buds. The
canes are taken from spurs on the trunk at the top wire.
They are then tied to right and left for a distance along
the upper wire after which they are bent down to the lower
wire and secured. The clusters of grapes are supposed to
be better protected from heat and sunscald by the umbrella
method of training, and the method is used, therefore, in
warm climates and with tender varieties in cold climates.

One-wire Knijfen System.
The one-wire Kniffen is a modification of the umbrella
method, but differs in that the trellis has but one wire about
4 feet above the ground. The trnnk is fastened to the wire
and two canes of from ten to twelve buds are taken off and
laid to right and left of the stem. The cheapness of the
trellis commends this system to some growers.

Upright Systems.
The upright systems are those in which two or more canes
or arms are carried horizontally along the wires or obliquely
across them, and the shoots as they develop are tied to wires
above. Several upright systems, each with distinctive merits,
are in vogue with grape growers.

The High Renewal System.
In this system the trellis is made with tAvo or more, usu-
ally three, wires. The lower wire is placed from 18 to 30
inches above the ground, while the second and third wires
are 20 inches apart. The trunk of the vine is carried to
the first wire, and two canes each with from six to ten buds
are taken off to right and left a little below the wire. The
shoots that grow from the buds on these canes are tied to

High-renewal system. Pruned l)Ht not stripped.

Iligli -renewal system. Pruned and strippeil.

No. 4.] PRUNING THE GKAPE. 199

the second wire and then to the third, as growth permits.
Near the base of the canes, but upon older wood at the head
of the stem, short spurs carrying two or three buds are main-
tained from which shoots develop to furnish the fruiting
canes of the following year. In this method the amount of
old wood retained is reduced to a minimum, but the labor
of tying is greatly increased. Large quantity and high
quality of fruit commend the method.

Simr Renewal; Horizontal-arm Spur System.
The trellis for this system is practically the same as for
the high renewal. Two canes are laid down to right and
left, as in the high renewal, but in this system these canes
become permanent arms and do service for several years.
The shoots that develop from budfe on these canes the cur-
rent year are cut back to two buds. Two shoots are allowed
to go from each of these spurs and are tied to the upper
wires. In the fall the cane developed from the upper bud
of the spur is cut away and the other canes cut to two buds
as before. At the beginning of the next season we have, as
in the previous year, two shoots springing from a spur on
these permanent arms. The spurs lengthen rapidly and
become crooked, making it necessary to cut them away every
few years and to grow others from shoots that arise on the
arms. The spurs are developed from 5 to 20 inches apart.
Formerly a favorite method of training, the " spur renewal "
is now passing from practice.

Spur Renewal; Chautauqua System.
This system is a modification of the one just described
much used in the great Chautauqua Belt in western New
York. Permanent arms are used to support the shoots
which, as they grow, are tied to the two or three wire trellis.
The shoots may be tied obliquely or perpendicularly. If two
wires are used they are placed about 34 inches apart; if
three, about 20 inches apart. The canes for tying up the
following year either develop directly from the old wood
or arise from spurs on the arms, or from the best buds of
the past season's canes. The old arms should be renewed at

200 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

frequent intervals. Possibly the Concord and Niagara,
under average conditions, are best trained either in this way
or in the four-cane Kniffen system.

Arboks and Bowers.
But little skill is needed to train grapes as coverings for
arbors and bowers. The permanent trunks are carried to the
top or center of the arbor. From these trunks canes are
laid out from year to year at intervals of about 24 inches,
a feat possible only by leaving spurs for renewal. The vines
should stand from 6 to 10 feet apart, and the canes are cut
at half the distance between the vines, meeting in the middle
of the dividing space. Shoots springing from these canes
cover the arbor. The object in this sort of training is to
secure shade, and it is not to be expected that fine grapes
can be so grown, but if the vines are severely cut back from
year to year, grapes of very fair quality and in considerable
quantity may be produced.

Pruning I^eglected Vines.
Many times it becomes desirable "to prune neglected vines.
Occasionally one finds a vineyard several years old that has
never been pruned. In either case such vines can seldom
be made over advantageously. If they are healthy and vigor-
ous the best thing to do is to grow a new vine from a cane
taken out from the root. The old trunk in such a case is
allowed to remain until the new one is strong enough to be
tied to the wires. To encourage the production of a new
cane from the roots, and to induce vigorous gi'owth in the
new trunk, the old vine should be heavily cut back. If the
new cane is exceptionally strong it can be tied to the wires
at the end of the first season. More often it should be cut
back in the winter to about three buds, from one of which
the permanent trunk can be grown the second season. The
new trunk is tied as if it were a young vine. Suckers are
bound to arise under such treatment, and these should be
removed frequently.

Umlirell.'i Kniffen system.

( 'li;iiit;iiii|u;i system.

No. 4.] PRUNING THE GRAPE. 201

Time to prune.

Grapes may be pruned from the dropping of the leaves
in the fall to the swelling of the buds in the spring. Prun-
ing after sap begins to flow is devitalizing. It is seldom
advisable to prune when vines are frozen, as the brittle canes
are easily broken during handling.

Summer pruning is far less practiced now than formerly,
with a tendency to do less and less of it. It is used to re-
move surplus shoots and in heading back canes to keep them
within limits. Very often shoots grow from weak buds on
the fruiting canes to the detriment of the fruit-bearing
shoots. These weaklings should be rubbed off. So, too,
shoots often break from arms, spurs or even the trunk where
they are not wanted. These should be removed. Secondary
shoots sometimes appear on fruiting shoots, especially in the
axils of the latter; these should be rubbed off. Here, for
the most part, summer pruning should end.

Tying.
Tying the canes and shoots to the trellis is a task requir-
ing quickness, skill and good judgment. Canes are tied be-
fore buds swell in the spring, and the shoots must be tied
during the summer. The materials used in tying are vari-
ous, such as raffia, wool twine, wire, willow, carpet rags,
green rye straw, corn husks and bass wood bark. The canes
should be tied to the windward side of the wire, and this
tie is now almost always made with a IsTo. 18 gauge, an-
nealed wire about 4 inches in length. The tie is a double
loop about wire and cane made by the workman standing
on the opposite side of the wire from the cane. The wire
should be soft, but even then the work must be done with
mittens or gloves. The cane is bound snugly to the trellis
that there may be no chafing. Shoots are best tied with
raffia or wool twine, the tie being made very loosely to permit
growth in the diameter of the shoot.

202 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Odds and Ends of Pkuning.
Grapes are best pruned with small, light, specially made
pruning shears. Usually the canes are allowed to remain
tied to the wires or stakes until the pruning is done, though
in the Kniffen systems the strings may be cut. The work
of pruning is best done by a skilled man who only makes
the cuts or " blocks out." After the vineyard is " blocked
out " the wires must be stripped. Stripping is usually done
by unskilled labor. The prunings are hauled from the vine-
yard by a horse attached to any one of several devices, prob-
ably the best of which is a pole a little smaller than the
pole used to bind a load of hay. A horse is hitched to the
pole by means of a rope drawn through a hole about 4 feet
from the large end of the pole. The small end is held in
the hand as the butt is pulled along the ground. After the
first vines are caught, the rest of the brush clings to the
wood until a load is secured. Stripping and hauling must
be done before the buds swell in the spring, otherwise many
young buds will be broken off by pruned vines.

The Teellis.
Posts for the trellis are best made of chestnut or locust.
They should be from 6 to 8 feet in length, reserving the
heaviest for end posts. One post to every three vines is suffi-
cient. The end posts are driven to a depth of from 22 to
23 inches and braced by a 2 by 4 or 4 by 4, notched to fit
the post half-way from the gTound to the top and standing
obliquely to the ground where it is held by a 4 by 4 stake.
Posts other than those at the end can if properly sharpened
be driven into holes made with a crowbar. The best wire
for the trellis is ]!^o. 9 or !N"o. 10, the number and height
of Vv'ires depending upon the vigor of the vines and the sys-
tem of training. The wire is best secured to the end post
by winding it once around the post and then around itself
several times. Ordinary fence staples suffice to hold the
wires on the posts, enough space being left in the staple to
permit loosening and tightening.

No. 4.1 NUT CULTURE FOR MASSACHUSETTS. 203

NUT CULTURE FOR MASSACHUSETTS.

MR, WILLIAM C. DEMING.

It is within the range of sane belief that, had the nut tree
been as easy of propagation as the apple or peach, the hills
of New England would now hold as many orchards of nut
trees as of the other fruits. The best specimens of our native
nuts would have been selected, grafted and sold by nursery-
men. Foreign nuts would have been introduced, and accli-
mated varieties of the Persian and other walnuts, almonds
and filberts developed.

At first thought it seems strange that this has not already
been done, but a little reflection will disclose the reasons.
To hundreds of men has occurred the idea of growing nuts.
The natural thing would be to plant the nuts themselves,
choosing fine types and planting the best. The results were
always disappointing. Filberts grew well but died off about
the time they were beginning to bear. Almonds either died
from the effects of climate, or did not bear, or what they
bore was of little value. The shagbark, butternut and black
walnut grew slowly because never given cultivation or fer-
tilization, rarely bore before they were fifteen years old,
often not until they were twenty-five, some bore little or
nothing, and of those that did bear freely the nuts were
almost always inferior to the planted nuts. The same re-
marks apply to the pecan, except that in the north few trees,
raised as they almost all were from Texas or Louisiana nuts,
could stand the climate, and those that did either bore no
nuts, or those they bore did not fill or were too small to be
of any value. The " English " walnut has been often
planted, and while a few trees have survived and are the

204 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

source of our gi'eat expectations for this nut, most of them
did not live or, if they did, either did not bear at all or bore
an inferior nut after long years of waiting.

The chestnut alone has been developed to a large degree,
due chiefly to the comparative ease of propagation, and was
our only nut certainty, until the blight came and put a halt
to progress in this direction.

Of course it occurred to some to try to bud or graft from
choice native trees on native seedlings. But this was almost
invariably a failure, as great refinement of technique is nec-
essary for success in propagating most of the nut trees. The
chestnut, almond and filbert are easier of propagation, but
these have all been interfered with by the causes mentioned.

For these and for other reasons it has been slow work
reaching the point which we believe we now have reached,
where we can make rapid progress in nut growing, due
chiefly to our acquirement of the art of budding and grafting
all the nut trees.

!N^ot all the problems are yet solved, but we thinlc that we
can see the way to solve them, though we have not yet ad-
vanced so far that we can advise commercial planting. We
are still in the experimental stage, and except for a number
of chestnut orchards, mostly in ISTew Jersey and Pennsyl-
vania, and an orchard of about 225 seedling walnut trees
in northern 'New York, there are no bearing, commercial
orchards of nut trees in the north.

The success of the pecan in the south, and of the almond
and walnut on the Pacific coast, the gi'owing number of
persons able to live in the country, or to have country places,
and the consequent increasing interest in the accompaniments
of country life, together with the activities of an enlarging
group of individuals and societies, farseeing enough to fore-
tell the future great impoi*tanee of nuts, — all have contrib-
uted to cause an interest in nut growing that is spreading
rapidly.

With our growing population and the increasing restric-
tion of our gi'oat cattle ranges, the consequent diminishing
meat supply and increase in its cost active minds are look-
ing elsewhere for our supply of the important, muscle-

No. 4.] NUT CULTURE FOR IMASSACHUSETTS. 205

building, energy-yielding, expensive protein element of our
food.

This will be supplied chiefly from such sources as cheese,
dried fish, the legiunes, the hen and nuts. We shall grow
nut trees, not too close together, between them beans and
alfalfa, keep some chickens and a cow, and be forever in-
dependent of the butcher, even if we do have to send to the
grocer for an occasional codfish for our Sunday morning
fish cakes. We can predict the day when it will be possible
to send to the grocer's, not the butcher's, for a nut chop or
steak. Thus the distasteful associations, and possible dan-
gers, of butcher's meat may be easily done away with if we
choose.

The following table shows how nuts rank, in comparison
with some other articles of diet, as suppliers of protein, fat
and starch.

Food Value of Nuts, and of Other Foods for Comparison.

Nuts.

Sugar,

Fuel Value

Protein.

Fat.

Starch,
etc.

per Pound
(Calories).

Almond

21.4

54.4

13 8

2,895

Beechnut, .

21.8

49.9

18.0

2,740

Brazil nut, .

17.4

65.0

5.7

3,120

Butternut, .

27.9

61.2

3.4

3,370

Chestnut, dry.

10.7

7.8

70.1

1,840

Cocoanut, .

6.6

56.2

13.7

2,805

Filbert,

16.5

64.0

11.7

3,100

Hickory nut,

15 4

67.4

11.4

3,345

Peanut,

29.8

43.5

14.7

2,610

Pecan,

12.1

70.7

8.5

3,300

Pine nut,

33.9

48.2

6.5

2,710

Pistachio, .

22.6

54.5

15.6

3,250

Walnut,

18.2

60.7

13.7

3,075

Other Foods.

Beef steak

19 8

13.6

950

Cheese, Cheddar,

27.7

36.8

4.1

2,145

Eggs, boiled

12 4

10.7

-

680

Wheat flour, ....

11.4

10

74.8

1,650

Beans, dried, ....

22 5

1.8

55 2

1,605

Potatoes, .....

2.2

.1

18.0

385

Apples

.4

5

13.0

290

Raiains,

2.6

3 3

73.6

1,605

From this table it may be seen tJiat butternuts contain
about 28 per cent of protein, or the same as Cheddar cheese,
and a third more than beefsteak. Pecans contain over TO

206

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

per cent of fat, or twice as much as the cheese and more than
five times that of the beefsteak and nearly seven times as
much as eggs. Chestnuts contain 70 per cent of starch, or
nearly as much as high-grade wheat flour and four times

Diagram and values shoiwlnq imporVations
of nuls into the United States during tlie past
fifteen ijcars.
Aueraqe annual increase ^952,203.

J096 ^2,497,J60.
Jd99 ^,103,973.

1900 3,4^8^,637.

1901 3, 756, J 36.

1902 4,213,776.

1903 5, 033, 726.

1904 5,473,307

1905 6, J54, 314.

1906 r. 223. 607

1907 9,315,371
1903 9,563,742.

1909 3, 664, 253.

1910 13.246.742.

1911 14,493,413.

1912 15,323,003.

Reproduced by permission from the " Pecan Rerievv." i

as much as potatoes. One can see that something more can
bo made of nuts than a relish or a dessert.

The importance of nuts as food is further shown by the
importation of nuts and nut products into the United States,
and the rapid increase in the value of the importations.

No. 4.] NUT CULTURE FOR MASSACHUSETTS. 207

Further evidence of the importance of nut growing may
be found in the extent of their cultivation and use in
Europe and other continents. The walnut trees on many
farms in southern France determine its rental value and
form a chief source of income to the tenant. In parts of
France, Italy and other countries chestnuts furnish flour
for bread for man, and chestnuts and acorns furnish forage
for animals. Prof. J. Russell Smith relates that when he
stopped at the house of the mayor of a little town in Corsica
the mayor went to a bin and brought out a measure of chest-
nuts to feed the horse.

In Mediterranean countries the almond is an important
crop for home use and export.

In our own country the walnut, almond and filbert on
the Pacific coast are becoming industries of national value.
In 1912 they produced 3,000 tons of almonds and 11,250
tons of walnuts.

In the south the development of the pecan, and of the
pecan industry, is one of the wonders of horticulture.
Barely twelve years ago the propagation of the pecan was
practically unknown, and seedling trees the sole dependence.
'Now thousands of acres are occupied with tens of thou-
sands of trees, grafted or budded from selected wild trees.
These wonderful pecans, that hardly any of us northerners
have ever seen, so different from the grocery store pecan,
and that fetch up to 50 cents or more a pound in the home
markets of the south, are not artificial hybrids, the result
of man's scientific work, but nature's own product which has
been merely propagated and perpetuated by the art of man.
The same process is awaited by the native nuts of the north.
The walnut growers of the Pacific coast and the pecan
gi'owers of the south have shown us the way.

The entire success of nut growing depends on the art of
propagation. To get trees bearing true to type, and as early
as the apple, we must set grafted or budded trees, just as
with the apple. ISTo one should think of setting an orchard of
seedling nuts any more than an orchard of seedling apples
or peaches. Of course the development of new varieties
must come from raising seedling trees by planting nuts.

208 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

One in many of these seedling trees will be notably superior.
On this account the growing of seedlings from hybrid or
selected nuts must be practiced by those who have the oppor-
tunity, but the perpetuation of superior nuts, secured in this
way, or found in nature, cannot be accomplished by plant-
ing nuts, but only by a sexual propagation. Consequently,
the man who wants to grow good nuts, and only good imts,
must either plant budded and grafted trees or graft and
bud his own seedlings.

Success in grafting and budding the walnuts and hickories
can be attained only by expert knowledge, hired or labo-
riously acquired. The other nuts are mostly fairly easy of
propagation by the usual methods.

Government and other bulletins may be had that teach by
word and diagram the methods of propagation. But an
easier and surer way to learn is to practice under the eye
of an expert.

Beginning with nut culture should not be delayed, how-
ever, until one has learned the art of propagation. ISTuts
should be planted, and budded or grafted trees, to be ob-
tained now from special nut nurserymen, should be set,
and the methods of propagation may be practiced and
learned while the nuts are growing to furnish stocks and the
costly trees to furnish scions.

Top working native walnuts and hickories to improved
varieties is a promising, though hardly demonstrated, possi-
bility.

It is the habit of the walnuts and hickories to send a tap-
root down until it reaches permanent water. A tree that,
from any cause, is prevented from doing this will not attain
its perfect development nor reach the allotted span of its
existence. To get the most perfect development of such a
tree Mr. J. C. Cooper suggests, as an illustration, that an
old well be filled with rubbish and good soil and the tree
planted over that.

ISTurserymen's instructions for setting and after care
should be carefully followed. The first two or three years
are critical times with these taprooted trees, rudely torn

No. 4.] NUT CULTURE FOR MASSACHUSETTS. 209

from their half-accomplished purpose of fighting their way
through the hard earth to permanent water. They must be
visited almost daily at critical periods, and treated with all
the refinements of horticulture that can be mastered, but
above all given plenty of deeply placed water when droughts
are upon them and winter protection until well established.

Soil and climate requirements are not fully known. Com-
ments about these will be made under the individual nuts,
and in the course of the general remarks.

Planting nut trees about the house and barns may be
recommended, as such locations are usually fertile, bushes and
weeds would not be present, daily observation would be
more likely, and most nut trees are desirable for shade and
ornament.

Fence corner planting is not to be recommended, since the
trees generally have to compete with native and adapted
weeds, bushes or trees, and they are out of sight and mind.

Roadside planting has had advocates, but is usually un-
desirable, as it would be for fruit trees in general, on
account of the reasons given above and because of the depre-
dations of man and his straying animals. Some day, when
the whole country is a garden, and the government the gar-
dener as in some foreign countries, such planting may be
advantageous.

For the man whose nut-growing tastes are scientific the
creation of new kinds of nuts by cross fertilizing offers a
field unexcelled in horticulture. The walnuts cross so freely
with one another, as also do the hickories, and even some
hickories with walnuts, that the possibilities seem endless.
Results have already been attained in breeding fine chest-
nuts, immune to blight, by crossing the American chinkapin
and the Japanese chestnut. This work ought to be much
more extensively taken up by experiment stations and pri-
vate individuals.

The literature in this country on nut gi-owing is fairly
comprehensive, except that the only systematic works on the
subject are not up to date. Every one interested, however,
should read " The Xut Culturist," by Andrew S. Fuller, the

210 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Orange Jiidcl Company, ]^ew York, 1906, for its informa-
tion, the charm of its style and the enthusiasm of the author.

" ISTut Culture in the United States," United States De-
partment of Agriculture, 1896, should also be read, but is
out of print and scarce.

The government publishes separate bulletins on the pecan,
walnut and other nuts, their food value, diseases, etc., and
most of the States where the pecan and walnut are grown
have issued bulletins on these nuts. Most of these, and other
nut literature, are listed in a circular of the I^orthern ISTut
Growers Association, sent free on application to the secre-
tary, and the annual reports of this association contain
papers and discussions on different phases of nut growing.

Cax Nuts be gkown ix Xew Englats^d?

Of course every one knows that a great quantity of nuts
is already gro\\ai in 'New England, but every one also knows
that most of them grow where nature planted them. What
we want to know is whether we can grow nuts that will be
greatly superior to the wild nuts, — the ordinary run, —
and whether we can grow them in quantity for our own use
or for commercial purposes.

The answer will come under the following two heads: —

1. The Developmeni of Our Native Nuts.
The pecan in the south shows us what can be done. It
is just as possible with our own native nuts. Far off in
the fields and forests there is many an old nut tree that bears
a nut worth growing; there must be some that are better
than most of us have ever seen. Year by year these ai*e
passing away and, with our diminishing forests, they are
not being replaced by nature. We now know how to propa-
gate nut trees. It is therefore the duty of every one who
cares anything about such things to make known to some
authority any tree whose nuts he thinks sufficiently valuable
that it may be propagated. If it is any incentive to such
an act, it is safe to promise that the nut, if worthy of per-
])etuation, will be given the name of the ]-)erson who first
makes it known. There are as vet not a half dozen northern

No. 4.] NUT CULTURE FOR MASSACHUSETTS. 211

nuts, excluding the chestnut, that are being commercially
propagated. Practically, there is but a single nut, the Hales
hickory, and that is sold in very limited numbers.

2. The Introduotion of Alien Nuts.

This part of the subject had best be taken up under the
head of the individual varieties.

Let us consider first, and for the sake of completeness,
those nuts about which there is the least to say.

The Pistachio. — This is being tried by experimenters.
The following remarks about the almond will apply, in a
general way, to this nut. At present we know too little about
it to say more.

The Almond. — The finer varieties of this valuable nut
are being grown very profitably oh the Pacific slope. It
appears to be well demonstrated that the so-called soft-shelled
almonds are either too tender in wood to stand our climate,
or they bloom so early in spring that they are caught by late
frosts. It seems also to be a fact that the hard-shelled
almond is quite hardy and bears fruit even in New England.
It has been asserted that the fruit of the hard-shelled almond
is not valuable, while others say it is as good as the soft-
shelled, the only difference being in the shells. Bulletin
No. 26, Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture, 1902, page 7 says, " The most valuable
almonds of commerce are those grown in southeasteni Spain.
They are hard-shelled varieties. . . ."

It would seem as though the almond ought to grow
wherever the peach will, being of that family, or that it
could be trained to do so. There appear to be no records
of attempts to breed hardy varieties, and this apparently
offers a good field for experiment. Large numbers of seed-
lings should be grown from seeds of choice varieties, brought
from their northern limits, perhaps from Oregon or Wash-
ington in this country, or from Europe. Variation in the
resulting seedlings should give us, in time, the wished-for
adapted varieties.

Good authorities consider the almond worth growing for
its beautiful flowers alone.

212 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

The Pine Nuts. — In many parts of the world the edible
seeds of various sjDecies of pine are more or less used for
food. They sometimes come on the market as Pinolas or
Pinon nuts. In the Andes mountains is a pine that bears
very large nuts or seeds. Many of the edible seeded pines
are hardy and offer a good field for experiment.

Tlie Beech. — Experts believe that this splendid tree is
worthy of trial and experiment as a nut-producing tree. The
nut is familiar to us all. If one could be found that was
of some size it would be of value. In many localities the
nuts do not fill. It should be grown on rocky hillsides and
other places unfit for cultivation, to furnish mast for the fat-
tening of hogs.

The Oak. — As a mast producer the oak probably ranks
before the beech. There are varieties bearing nuts sweet
enough to be edible by man. It seems as if a way should
be found of utilizing, in this country as in foreign coun-
tries, the very abundant fruit of this great, hardy and long-
lived tree. It is very suitable for reforesting rocky slopes
to furnish mast for swine, and for its timber. ]\Iore atten-
tion should be given to growing the beech, oak and chestnut
as forage producers for feeding animals. J. Russell Smith
says, " Approximately nine-tenths of the proceeds of Amer-
ican agriculture go to nourish the quadruped, and man eats
the remaining one-tenth."

The Chestnut. — This is the great tragedy of nut grow-
ing. The chestnut is culturally the highest developed of our
native nuts. A number of men have crossed our native
chestnuts and various foreign ones and produced varieties
of ample size and excellent quality, bearing young and
abundantly. Commercial orchards have been established in
a number of places, and many smaller ones for home use,
and many of these were bearing profitably. The chestnut
industry appeared to be on an established basis, but a few
years ago the chestnut blight appeared and has upset the
equilibrium of the situation. The disease is now found
from Maine to the Carolinas, and even on the Pacific coast.
Where it first began it has killed every tree. It seems to be
gradually doing the same wherever it is present. It is true

No. 4.] NUT CULTURE FOR MASSACHUSETTS. 213

that ill some of the older cultivated commercial orchards
the claims of the owners, that they can keep the blight under
control by constant watchfulness and inspection of the trees
with control measures, seem to be borne out. But it looks
as if our native trees were doomed.

A bright ray of hope for the cultivation of chestnuts has
been shed by the experiments of Dr. Van Fleet of the
United States Department of Agriculture. It is now ac-
cepted that the chestnut blight was imported from the Orient
where it is found endemic. The Oriental chestnuts have
more or less immunity. So has our native chinkapin. Dr.
Van Fleet has crossed the chinkapin with the Japanese
chestnut and got resulting hybrids combining the size of the
Japanese and the high quality of th^ chinkapin, at the same
time securing great, perhaps complete, immunity from the
blight. Moreover, these chestnuts bear very young and an-
nually, some bearing in less than two years from the seed,
and some of them several pounds of nuts in their third year.
These nuts are not yet available for distribution, but per-
sons who are interested should consult the " Journal of
Heredity " for January, 1914, where Dr. Van Fleet de-
scribes his experiments and results with illustrations. This
number also contains two illustrated articles on the chestnut
blight.

Recommendations for the chestnut in 'New England at
present are to try them in very limited numbers, giving
them good care to promote vigorous growth, and watching
them to discover the earliest evidences of the blight, which
should be treated as the pear blight would be. Unless they
can be given this careful attention it would be better not
to set them at all.

There are no immune varieties of the American chestnut.
Among the best of those we have are the Rochester, Boone
and Paragon, which may be bought of several reliable nur-
serymen. The Japanese varieties are generally coarse and
not of good quality, though there are said to be superior
ones. The Japanese chestnuts grow rapidly, bear young and
are beautiful, and useful as screens or in masses.

Many cases of severe illness, and several deaths, have been

214 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

attributed to eating chestnuts from blighted trees, and until
official veriticatiou or refutation of such assertion is ob-
tained it would be better to abstain from eating chestnuts
from trees affected by the blight, and even from those grow-
ing in regions where the blight is present, even though the
particular tree may show no evidences of it.

The Filbert. — No native hazel large enough to be worth
propagating has been brought to notice. This is a pity be-
cause the native hazel is practically immune to a blight that
attacks the large imported filbert and destroys it before
profitable crops are born. On the Pacific coast, however,
the disease seems not to be present, and the nut is success-
fully gTown. Spraying with Bordeaux mixture might keep
the blight under control, but what we must work for is a
good filbert that is immune, by selection from native types
or crosses with the foreign filbert. Such experiments are
under way, and when the desired result is obtained a prom-
ising field of nut culture Avill be opened, for the filbert is
very hardy, of rapid growth and early maturity, productive,
easy of cultivation and adapted to many soils and climates.

It is the nut from which to get quick results, to tide over
the period of waiting for other nut trees to mature. As
fillers between such other trees the filbert ought also to be
valuable.

Conquering the filbert blight is one of the most important
problems of nut gTowing.

The Iliclcories. — Of this family of about sixteen mem-
bers, all native only on the North American continent, the
first in importance, at the present time, is the pecan. Its
great development in the south has been spoken of, but it
has also a future in the north.

It gTOws as a native in southern Indiana and the neigh-
boring States, where immense trees are found in large groves
<tf pure stand, and some of the nuts are almost the equal
of the southern pecan in size, and equal, if not superior, in
quality. The pecans of this locality have received the gen-
eral name of " the Indiana pecan." The best of them are
being commercially propagated and can be bought in quan-
tity. How far north of its native habitat it can be moved.

Xo. 4.] NUT CULTURE FOR MASSACHUSETTS. 215

and coutiniie to fruit profitably, is unknown. Even the
southern i^eean tree may be perfectly hardy in the north.
There is one at Hartford, Conn., that is 9 feet 3 inches in
circumference, and others in New England, but none, so
far as I know, that bears an edible nut. This may be some-
times because of imperfect pollination, but is due more
probably to insufficient length of growing season. State-
ments by nurserymen as to the bearing possibilities of any
pecan north of New Jersey and Long Island are purely
fanciful. One cannot say what they will do, for none are
known to be fruiting.

But there is every reason to believe that pecans of the
Indiana type will be found to fruit successfully much far-
ther north than their native range, ^nd their trial is recom-
mended.

The Shaghark Hickory. — The shagbark is the pecan of
the north, waiting its turn for the development its southern
brother has had.

As it appears in the market it is as variable as the grocery
store pecan; some small, thick-shelled, difficult to extract
from the shell, or of inferior quality ; while now and then
is found one that has the opposite characteristics. At its
best it is nearly the equal of the pecan in quality. Some
prefer it.

There is nothing now to prevent the selection of the best
of our native shagbarks, their propagation, dissemination and
growing in orchard form. The ordinary run of native shag-
barks retails at 15 to 20 cents a pound. If there are 60
pounds in a bushel the value of a barrel of ordinary
" hickory nuts " is of easy computation. Even now selected
shagbarks rival the high-priced pecans.

When we have determined the best shagbai'ks to grow,
which we have not yet done, we can send scions to expert
proj'yagators. or we may get them to come and top work our
native seedlings, or any variety of hickory, to the shagbark
or the pecan of our choice. Or we may leai-n to do this our-
selves.

The tree is perfectly acclimated over most of the noi'th-
east, and will grow in many places where only forest trees

216 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

can find a foothold. It needs only to be well cared for until
established, and given room for development, and it will
take care of itself. It is said to do best where there is lime
in the soil, which, of course, may be added.

The Walnut. — We must be on the lookout for types of
the black walnut and butternut that are worth growing.
Both these are native and hardy, the butternut flourishing
further north than the other, and if such nuts can be found
they will fill a valuable place. Their propagation is sutfi-
ciently simple, as all the walnuts can be grafted or budded
interchanffeablv.

The Japanese heartnut has striking characteristics that
make it valuable for the north. It is very hardy and grows
with extreme rapidity under favorable circumstances, mak-
ing a very handsome tree and bearing early a heart-shaped
nut of good quality that cracks easily from the shell. This
nut is worthy of extended trial, but one should have a guar-
antee from the nurseryman that it is not the Siebold walnut,
a very similar tree, but one that bears a very inferior nut.

The Persian Walnut ('' English " or Circassian Walnut,
Madeira Nut). — The so-called "English" walnut is at-
tracting more popular attention as a nut for northern grow-
ing than any other at the present moment. One reason for
this is that, while it is not a native nut, here and there a
tree is growing and bearing well in almost every State in
the Union. Some of the best of these are being propagated
and can be bought in quantity, but very probably there are
better ones that have never been brought to the attention of
nut growers. All such trees should be made known and
studied, for it is certain that the nut is going to be one of
the most valuable for northern propagation, and some day a
great food and revenue producer.

Recommendations.

These depend on the tastes and wishes of the man who
wants to grow the nuts. If they are strictly scientific, with
time and money to back them, let him experiment with the
less known kinds, such as the almond, pistache and pine
nuts ; let him raise great quantities of seedlings, dii'card the

No. 4.] NUT CULTURE FOR ]\IASSACHUSETTS. 217

unworthy majority and test out the minority; let him help
in the search for valuable types of native nuts, and labor to
simplify and perfect the art of propagation; let him breed
chestnuts and lilberts that will resist the blights ; and let him
experiment with the hybridizing of nuts and all its wonder-
ful possibilities.

If he only wants a few trees for home use, and to satisfy
a variegated horticultural taste, let him set one or two trees
of as many different varieties as his preferences and oppor-
tunities allow, much as he would so many fruit trees, only
being sure to give them extra good care, especially for the
first few years.

If he wishes to grow nuts to make money, the time is not
yet come when the planting of orchards on a commercial
scale can be recommended. If he were willing to risk it,
however, particularly if his location or climate were espe-
cially favorable, orchards of carefully selected varieties of the
Persian walnut, properly managed, would be almost certain
to be profitable, and orchards of the Indiana pecan would be
a bright possibility.

Far outside the native range of the chestnut, in a favorable
locality, to be determined only by trial, a chestnut orchard
might prove very profitable. The promising new immune
hybrid chestnut may entirely change the face of the chestnut-
growing industry.

The advantages and desirability of nut culture might be
summed up as follows : —

Advances in the art of propagation, and other factors, have
now made available nut trees that will bear early and true
to type, like our apples and peaches. The uncertain seedling
is no longer our sole dependence.

The products of nut culture are clean and free from dis-
ease germs, unless contaminated by unsanitary handling after
cracking. The careful person will have his nuts cracked
and the meats picked out at home, or cooked before
eaten.

They can be kept and used as needed and do not require
refrigeration like meat, and the chance of ptomaine poison-
ing, if possible, is very remote.

218 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

They are palatable and varied in flavor and capable of
being prepared as food in many different styles.

They are of high food value, as already shown, and in cost
they compete on at least equal terms Avith other sources of
food.

After the trees are once established, but not imtil then,
no great amount of care is necessary, so far as experience
goes ; harvesting can be done by a child, cold storage is not
needed, the product is not soon perishable and market gluts
will not be likely.

The life of many nut trees, when properly grown, is very
long, much longer than that of the other fruit trees, in most
instances.

Even a few nut trees about the house will supply the fam-
ily, help to solve the problem of the high cost of food, and
provide some income. From 21 pecan trees, seven to twenty
years old, on his own home lot, Mr. J. B. Wight of Cairo,
Ga., in 1911 sold the nuts for $500. The Lindsay pecan tree
at twenty-three years of age bore 638 pounds of nuts.

There is no more peace and satisfaction giving occupation
than that of horticulture, and no more fascinating branch of
horticulture than nut growing.

No. 4.] HOW TO BUY FERTILIZERS. 219

HOW TO BUY FERTILIZERS.

MR. R. E- ANNIN, JR.

All plants require ten elements for their growth. These
are carbon, hydrogen, ox^^gen, nitrogen, iron, snlphnr, cal-
cium, magnesium, phosphorus and potassium. The first
four are gases, and three of them — carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen — are secured by the plant from the air and water
without the necessity of any aid from man. Of the six
elements which come from the soil, iron, sulphur and mag-
nesium are usually present in sufficient quantities and avail-
able forms in practically all soils. Continuous cropping,
however, has brought most soils in Massachusetts to the point
where nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are not present in
large enough available quantities to produce maximum crops.
They may be called the essential fertilizing elements. Cal-
cium (lime) is rarely needed as a fertilizing element, but is
often needed as a soil amendment ; that is, to sweeten sour
soils and make heavy soils more friable. It may, therefore,
be called an occasional fertilizing element.

In buying commercial fertilizers, therefore, farmers are
buying nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in highly con-
centrated form. A few things that commercial fertilizers
can and cannot do should be kept clearly in mind.

1. Some of them, such as dried blood and cottonseed meal,
do add some organic matter (humus) to the soil, but only a
small part of what is needed.

2. They will not correct poor drainage conditions.

3. They will not overcome bad results due to poor seed,
improper planting or careless methods.

4. They may have a slight good or bad effect on the
physical condition of the soil, according to how they are
compounded.

220 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

5. The best brands of commercial fertilizers are quickly
available to plants, and so the food contained in them is
mostly used the year of its application. The potash and
l^hosphoric acid which they contain will be available to future
crops if more is applied than is used the first season. From
an economic standpoint fully enough should be used each
season to produce the crop sought.

Barnyard manure and commercial fertilizers are often
compared, to the disadvantage of the latter. This compari-
son would be more intelligent if it was kept in mind, that
barnyard manure not only adds the three fertilizing elements
to the soil, but is also the most useful of soil amendments in
that it (1) adds large quantities of humus, (2) contains in-
numerable beneficial bacteria, and (3) opens up clay soils
and makes leachy soils more compact and retentive of
moisture and plant food.

A large part of the plant food contained in solid manure
is very slowly available, and so the effect of a heavy applica-
tion may still be seen for some years. This means a long
delay in securing returns on the full investment.

In comparing fertilizer and manure it should also be noted
that many farmers expect 200 or 300 pounds of a cheap
ready-mixed fertilizer, costing, perhaps, $1.50 a hundred, to
show as good results as 20 two-horse loads of manure, worth
at least $1 a load.

The question of buying fertilizers, therefore, resolves itself
into securing at the least cost the most pounds of the three
elements, and in getting them in the best proportions and
combinations to supply the plant as required. It is im-
portant to avoid using a large excess at any one time, and to
have the fertilizer compounded so as to prevent its loss by
leaching. To do this intelligently the following facts must
be known : ( 1 ) the amounts and availability of the three fer-
tilizing ingredients contained in the various goods offered for
sale, (2) the value of these ingredients, and (3) the char-
acter of the soil and of the crop to be grown.

The fertilizer laws now on the statute books in most States
require that all fertilizers be sold on a guaranteed analysis,
and that this analysis shall be printed on the bag or con-

No. 4.] HOW TO BUY FERTILIZERS. 221

taiiier. The only figures that need be printed to comply with
this law in some States are the percentage of total nitrogen,
available phosphoric acid, insoluble phosphoric acid, and of
total potash, but Rhode Island requires soluble phosphoric
acid. The fertilizer bag sometimes has printed on it, or on
the tags attached, a number of figures which might at first
seem to be unnecessary, such as the equivalent of nitrogen
in ammonia; but in some States this is required by law,
so in order to meet all State requirements both are often
given. The equivalent of potash in sulphate of potash is
necessary to show the fact, in case it is not all from muriate.
These figures may be misleading to some persons not thor-
oughly acquainted with fertilizer lore, and it would be a step
in the direction of intelligent understanding of these matters
if the fertilizer laws could all be tnade uniform as concerns
these requirements.

The figures on the bag are on a percentage basis. For ex-
ample, a fertilizer w'ith 2 per cent nitrogen, 5 per cent phos-
phoric acid and 6 per cent potash, would contain in 1 ton,
40 pounds of nitrogen, 100 pounds of phosphoric acid and
120 pounds of potash.

While it is unnecessary for a farmer to carry in his head
the exact analyses of the fertilizing materials, as these are
published annually in the fertilizer bulletin of the Massa-
chusetts Agricultural Experiment Station, it is desirable
that he should have a working knowledge of the make-up
of the principal raw materials, which are as follows : —

Xitrate of soda contains about 15.5 per cent nitrogen.
Sulphate of ammonia contains about 20.5 per cent nitrogen.
Acid phosphate contains about 12-16 per cent available phosphonc
acid.

Basic slag contains about 12-18 per cent total phosphoric acid.
Muriate of potash contains about 50 per cent potash.
High-grade suli^hate of potash contains 48-49 per cent jiotash.

In order to find the money value of fertilizers another
essential factor must be brought into use, namely, the value
per pound of the several fertilizing ingredients.

This information is published annually by the directors

222 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

of the experiment stations of the eastern States, and is re-
produced here in abbreviated form : —

Cents
per Pound.

Nitrogen in nitrates 16.5

Nitrogen in ammonia salts, ....... 16.5

Organic nitrogen, 22.5

Phosphoric acid, soluble in water, 4.5

Phosphoric acid, insoluble, 2.0

Potash in sulphate of potash, 5.0

Potash in muriate of potash, 4.0

With these two sets of figures of the analysis and trade
values at hand it will be simple to compute the trade value
of any fertilizer. An example will make this clear. Take
the mixed fertilizer mentioned previously in this article, a
2-5-6 brand, and let it be assumed that four-fifths of the
phosphoric acid is soluble in water, and one-fifth insoluble,
and that all the potash is in the form of muriate of potash.
It must be recognized that two fertilizers having the same
trade value may still vary in their crop-producing power,
dependent upon the materials used in compounding them.
The value of this brand would be computed as follows : —

1 per cent nitrogen (org-anic) equals 20 jjounds per ton,

at 22.5 cents equals $4.50

1 per cent nitrogen (nitrate) equals 20 pounds per ton,

at 16.5 cents equals 3.30

4 per cent phosphoric acid equals 80 jiounds per ton, at

4.5 cents equals 3.60

1 per cent phosphoric acid equals 20 pounds per ton, at

2 cents equals .40

6 i^er cent potash equals 120 pounds per ton, at 4 cents

equals 4.80

$16.60

This particular material should cost $10.60 per ton at
retail in the large market centers, such as New Yoi'k or
Boston; and to this, of course, must be added the cost of
new bags and freight to the buyer's station.

^N^itrate of soda analyzing 15.65 per cent nitrogen would

No. 4.] HOW TO BUY FERTILIZERS. 223

contain 15.65 x 20 = 313 pounds of nitrogen, and should
be worth $51.04 per ton.

If this simple method of figuring fertilizer values were
universally used farmers would often find that they were
paying too much for their fertilizing ingredients when
bought in some of the mixed goods having a low analysis.
These '' cheap " brands are the most expensive to buy. A
ton of 2-8-2 fertilizer costs just as much to mix, ship,
handle and to bag as a 4-8-10, but its value will be barely
half as much. It must be evident that freight is being paid
in the former case on a large amount of unnecessary material
on account of the lower analysis of some of the ingredients
used in their manufacture. High-grade ready-mixed goods,
on the contrary, are often as economical for the farmer as
unmixed chemicals.

Finally, in buying fertilizers, buying the raw materials
and mixing them at home Avill sometimes be found to be eco-
nomical. A shovel, a sand screen and a tight floor are the
only essentials ; provided, of course, that certain of the chem-
icals are reground just before using them. Care must be
taken, however, not to mix the materials just as they are
needed, as otherwise many of them are sure to become hard
and difficult to handle.

The bags in which original shipments of nitrate of soda,
sulphate of ammonia, and potash salts are made are particu-
larly likely to be torn because of the hardening of the con-
tents. In such cases more or less material is wasted. Some
of it is also absorbed and held in the bags in which it is
shipped. These losses, and the necessity of cash payment
for chemicals, must be considered in comparison with the
good drillable condition of ready-mixed goods even after long
storage, the shipment in sound new bags, the extension of
reasonable credit, and the fact that the ammonia is less sub-
ject to loss by leaching than when wholly from nitrate of
soda, as it frequently is in home-mixed goods.

224 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

HONEYBEES AS POLLINIZERS.-A VALUABLE
ADJUNCT TO THE HORTICULTURIST.

MRS. SUSAN M. HOWARD.

Treating the subject as a fruit grower as well as a bee-
keeper enables the writer to appreciate the inestimable value
of the honeybee as a pollinizer of certain grains, small fruits,
vegetables and tree fruits. The discussion is attempted in
plain terms without resorting to confusing botanical techni-
calities. The writer will feel amply repaid if the article is
stimulative of even a minor inquiry into the w^ays of bee
nature.

To-day the honeybee is more and more considered an in-
valuable ally of the farmer. The orchardist and small fruit
grower consider their colonies as a part of their equipment,
and their use as much a factor in the success of horticulture
as is cultivation, application of fertilizers, the growing of
cover crops, pruning, spraying and the like. To the farmer,
especially if he be a fruit grower, a honey crop may be re-
garded as secondary, or as a by-product, while to the bee-
keeper it is the primary product. Thus while the ultimate
aims of the horticulturist and beekeeper may be different,
yet they are interdependent.

While the orchardist may profit by the visits of bees from
near-by apiaries, or from a wild colony in a tree, roof or
chimney, yet the uncertainty of their service is so great that
the forehanded fruit grower provides a sufficient number of
colonies at hand and among his trees. In this connection it
may be said that it is not absolutely necessary to place the
colonies actually in the orchard, yet they should be not far
distant. Uurthermore, the location of the bees should not
prevent satisfactory cultivation.

No. 4.] HONEYBEES AS POLLINIZERS. 225

As a factor of the importance of bees near by an orchard,
it mav be cited that the distance at which bees gather pollen
is limited, seldom exceeding one-half mile, which emphasizes
the desirability of bees at close range. On the other hand,
bees will forage for honey at a greater distance, up to about
3 miles from the hive. Nevertheless, they prefer frequent
and short trips. Thus if a radius of 3 miles be allowed, —
that is, a diameter of 6 miles, — the area of the circle would
be 28 square miles, or 18,080 acres, a part of which territory
would be imperfectly worked. It should be remembered that
bees foraging for honey frequently serve as the bearers of
pollen in cross-poUinization, as well as bees foraging for
pollen alone. It is this search of the bees for their food which
prompts their inestimable service to the fruit grower. The
means and mechanism of their operation, though mechanical
yet intricate, is referred to below. Being mechanical, it
might be accomplished by man at great expense and with
exceeding labor, but this is generally recognized as imprac-
ticable from the commercial standpoint. Bee labor is far
cheaper than human labor.

This expensive process of hand pollination is exceptional
and only one case is reported. In this instance the process
was resorted to by a cucumber grower to whom the sting of
the honeybee was seriously poisonous. The process, however,
is exceedingly old, and according to Herodotus is known to
have been practiced five centuries before the Christian era.
Much the same method is to-day reported as that used by this
cucumber grower who has resorted to hand pollination, and
w^ho employs the tip end of a stiff feather by which he trans-
fers the pollen of one flower to the sensitive pistil of another.
In contrast to this laborious method, the far more common
practice of the growlers of cucumbers under glass is to utilize
a colony or more of honeybees in their greenhouses. Thou-
sands of colonies of bees are thus used in the hothouses
around Boston and in Massachusetts. Unfortunately, too,
many or most of these are sacrificed, as the growers make
little or no effort to save the colonies which have served them
so faithfully in the tropical climate of the greenhouse, —
conditions adverse to their well-being.

226 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

The Relatiox of the Hoisteybee in the Tkansfee of

Pollen.

It is far from the purpose of this paper to enter the vast
and intricate field of hybridization, involving the problems
of plant selection, improvement and the production of new
varieties. I^either can the details of the life history of the
honeybee be given in detail, which is as unlimited and won-
derful a field as are the intricacies of the plant world, yet it
is desirable to make clear the relation and service of the
honeybee to the setting of our common fruits and vegetables.

It should be remembered that in most plants the setting
of the fruit involves a sexual process. In plants, in contrast
to animals, the same individual may bear both sexes or the
sexes may be apart in different individual flowers. More
in detail these may be grouped under three headings : —

1. Both Sexes in One Flower. — Some plants produce per-
fect or bisexual flowers, that is, those in which both the male
and the female organs of the flower, the stamen (male) and
the pistil (female), are complete within the flower. As an
example, Parson's Beauty strawberry may be cited.

2. The Sexes separated in Individual Flowers. — Other
plants bear flowers which are individually staminate (male)
and pistillate (female). Yet both sexes appear on the same
plant, as, for instance, in the squash, melon and cucumber.

3. The Sexes separated in Individual Flowers ivhich are
home on Different Plants. — As a further modification of
the second class, there are also plants which produce only
staminate (male) blossoms throughout the entire plant, and
are spoken of as male trees or plants. Others produce pis-
tillate (female) blossoms throughout the entire plant, and
are spoken of as female plants. Examples of these are
found in the willows and poplar. The Sample strawberry is
pistillate (female).

It at once becomes apparent in recognizing that most of
our fruits and vegetables involve a sexual process or the union
of the pollen and germ of the egg, that there must be some
means of union, especially in the second and third classes of
flowers, where the two sexes are respectively separated either

No. 4.] HONEYBEES AS POLLINIZERS. 227

in individual flowers or in individual flowers on separate
plants. From practical experience, moreover, it is generally
conceded that the honeybee is the most important of the many
agents in this service. Other insects render their service as
■well, but their service cannot be depended upon. Their num-
bers are uncertain and fluctuating. They may be absent at
the very time when they are most needed, as, for instance,
at the height of apple bloom. Thus it is claimed that the
honeybee is first and foremost the most important, and that
it should be provided and conserved by the farmer.

Since there are differences in pollen, however, it might be
contended by some that the wind is active in transferring the
pollen from tree to tree or blossom to blossom. To be sure,
some pollen is lighter than others and easier carried by the
wind, but in the provisions of nature, pollen which is light
and transferable on the breezes is designed so to be carried,
and trees which bear it are usually wind pollinated, those
which are actually independent of insects. The pines fur-
nish an example. Observations are not infrequent where the
air has been seen filled with millions of pollen granules drift-
ing with the wind. But among the fruits and vegetables the
pollen is usually more heavy and inclined to be sticky or
viscous, as is the case with the pear. This heavy pollen, in
order to be transported, is dependent upon the service of some
insect, usually the honeybee, and is capable of being carried
by the wind to a very slight, if any, extent. In the case of
apples, too, experiments have been conducted which tend to
prove that little or no pollen in the apple orchard drifts on
the wind.

This service of the honeybee, alluded to in transferring
pollen, may be regarded as performed unconsciously or un-
intentionally while seeking for nectar or pollen in the
flowers. In procuring the nectar, for instance, which flowers
dependent upon the services of insects usually produce in
abundance, there is a secretion in the nectary or honey-cup
at the base of the flower. The bee, for illustration, dusts off
particles of pollen which become entangled in her hair.
Then the bee in quest of more nectar flies to another blos-
som and in the course of her search for nectar therein leaves

228 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

some of the pollen grains on the female organ of the blos-
som (pistil). Thus, almost mechanically and accidentally,
the function of the bee has been performed in this vital
operation. Finally, the pollen lodged on the sensitive pistil
germinates much as does seed, and sends forth or projects
a slender gTowth or thread which gTadually finds its way
down through the pistil and reaches the true female element
or ovule which is virtually the embryonic seed. Here, there
is a fusion of the male and female elements which, when
it occurs, perfects the process known as fertilization, where-
from results a perfect seed.

Many plants are sterile to their own pollen and require
pollen from another source. Furthermore, self-fertilization
is thought to tend to weaken the offspring, and in contrast
crossing or cross fertilization is thought to result in greater
strength and productivity. Moreover, flowers are generally
constructed to favor cross fertilization and to prevent per-
petual self-pollination.

From the standpoint of the plant, the results of crossing
become ap]5arent especially in the second generation. Thus
the Baldwin apple blossom may be fertilized by pollen from
a Porter apple. The resulting apple will develop as a Bald-
win, yet one or more of its seed when planted may produce
a variety, differing in many respects from its parent. Thus
the bees may serve to make new crosses and to increase
varieties.

There is also another feature, namely, the apple requires
five independent fertilizations for complete results. The
lack of even one of these may impair its vigor and change
its appearance, resulting in an imperfect development or mal-
formed fruit. Incomplete fertilization also explains the
dropping of apples, and suggests that the more complete serv-
ice of bees might avoid this consequent loss.

Some light may be thrown on the dependence of flowers
on bees by a few concrete exam])les. An experiment was
conducted in which 100 clover blossoms were covered with
netting in order to exclude bees, with the result that not a
single seed was produced. Similarly 100 blo^^soms exposed

No. 4.] HONEYBEES AS POLLINIZERS. 229

to the visits of bees produced, in contrast, 2,720 seeds, show-
ing conclusively the need of bees in seed setting in clover.

With the apple, 2,586 blossoms were covered and the en-
trance of bees prevented, with the result that only three
apples matured.

It is not uncommon to observe from 4 to 6 bees eagerly at
work gathering honey and pollen in a single squash blossom.
The writer has noted 8 bees simultaneously in a squash blos-
som; within an hour 28 bees were counted flying from the
same blossom.

The number of flowers a bee will visit may vary according
to the amount of nectar being jDroduced. A bee can visit ten
to fifteen flowers a minute, yet she will remain longer on a
flower if the nectar is flowing freely. In that case, she would
secure her load without visiting as many flowers.

In attracting bees to a flower, there are several stimulative
factors, namely, the nectar and pollen, color and odor. The
multiplicity of trees in full bloom increases the attraction.
Xevertheless, hisii color or extreme fragrance do not alwavs
induce the bees to visit, for the lilac and heliotrope are
neglected, while some of the less conspicuous flowers prove
enticing.

Besides the nectar in the flower, bees are in search of pollen
as a food. This is a highly nutritious substance, supplying
nitrogen and phosphorus, — two needed elements in animal
economy. To be sure, this pollen is provided vastly to the
excess of the actual needs of bees, but its seeming over-
production may be explained on the ground of an effort on
the part of the plant to insure pollination.

It has been claimed that the honeybee sucks juices from
fruits. Although bees are observed commonly on fruits, yet
it is certain that the bee does not puncture a sound fruit as
has been, supposed. When fruits are worked by bees, an
opening has previously been made by some bird or wasp or
by decay. Thus the bees take up the work begun by another
or afforded them through some other agency. Many orchard-
ists have mentioned this to the writer who at the same time
eive due credit to the bee for the good she accomplished. It

230 ' BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

has also been the writer's privilege to dispel this idea through
experimentation and by references to high authorities who
refute the charge against the bee. It should be borne in mind
that the jaws of the bee are smooth and rounding and quite
unfit to make an opening in a sound fruit. On the other
hand, the jaws of the wasp are perfectly equipped for
puncturing and opening fruit. In order to substantiate that
bees are unable to puncture sound fruit, the writer has sus-
pended a sound but over-ripe peach and pear in front of the
entrance to a colony. These nevertheless remained un-
touched, even during a scarcity of nectar in the fields.

The Inteekelation of Speaying and Beekeeping.

"While the value of the honeybee as an agent in the dis-
tribution of pollen has been emphasized, it would be remiss
to fail to mention correct spraying practices. To spray any
plant while in flower, more especially fruit trees while in
bloom, offers baneful results. It is the old story of killing the
goose which lays the golden ^%^,. Many colonies -are either
damaged or lost at the time of spraying, through poison de-
posited in the nectar cups of the flowers. If the loss is not
apparent at the time, a colony may be so crippled as to pre-
clude its successful wintering. It is now conceded by high
authorities that spraying in fruit bloom is injurious not alone
to the bee but to the flower. Any solution strong enough to
kill the codling moth larvoe may be harmful to the delicate
reproductive organs of the flower. In erroneously spraying
during fruit bloom the supposed aim has been to kill the
codling moth. The eggs are usually laid on the foliage of
the young shoots. The larva? hatch and travel ultimately to
the young fruit. There they either burrow through the side
of the fruit or usually through the calyx end into the core.
Since these larvae of the codling moth are not hatched and
present in the blossoms, it is a faulty method to try to kill
them by sprays during the blooming period, especially since
the spray may injure the setting of the fruit. Moreover,
this poison may effectually be distributed over the foliage and
into the calyx cups at any time within ten days after two-

No. 4.] HONEYBEES AS POLLINIZERS. 231

thirds of the petals have dropped. It should be borne in
mind that it is the eating of the poison and not the contact
with it which kills the codling moth.

Some States have enacted laws prohibiting spraying dur-
ing fruit bloom, and have imposed penalties for their viola-
tion. To the intelligent fruit grower no such prohibition
should be needed, as reason and judgment would dictate other-
wise. Beekeepers and fruit growers all should strive in every-
way possible to spread this information concerning the time
and kind of spray, and the reasons and seasons for spraying.

While it may be quite impossible to regulate and restrain
individuals, yet it may be suggested that contract sprayers
should be licensed in order to control or make certain that
their methods conform to existing laws and customs. To the
beekeepers it is a pitiable sight tg see struggling, half-par-
alyzed worker-bees staggering about the hive entrance and
crawling up the grass blades unable to enter the hive. This
is a violent shock to the colony.

Horticulturists, fruit growers and beekeepers must unite
for mutual benefits to prevent the uncalled-for sacrifice of the
honeybee. Similarly, every means that ingenuity can devise
to improve the breed and management of bees should be
adopted. Every possible provision should be made for hous-
ing, feeding and manipulating, especially before and after
the fruit and garden bloom.

More hees and better hees, more trees and better trees!
This will insure increased production of both fruits and
honey.

The planting of linden or basswood trees, beloved by bees,
is especially to be recommended for shade along the street
and the highway, or as an ornamental tree in parks and on
estates for forest plantations. It is of quick growth, sym-
metrical, with smooth bark. The wood is highly valued for
lumber. It produces honey of exceptional quality and in
abundance, which comes at a time of scarcity of nectar in
most sections. The recommendation of the planting of this
tree is inspired by a desire to increase its prevalence, thereby
promoting beekeeping. Any advantage which it offers to the
bee rebounds to the mutual good of the horticulturist, fruit

232 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P.D.No.4.

grower and beekeeper. To one who has heard the incessant
hum and medley of song of the honeybee flitting among the
blossoms of the linden tree on a July day no description by
pen or spoken word is adequate.

As a final word, the testimony of farmers in the vicinity
of the writer's apiary is convincing even to the most skeptical
as to the value of bees. This testimony has always been
favorable and given without solicitation. There was but one
answer to a physician who inquired the reason for the
abundance of fruits in the orchards and occasional fruit trees
in the vicinity of the writer's apiary, while in more remote
sections of the town there was a noticeable scarcity of fruit.
The favored district profited by the faithful work of the
writer's honevbees.

TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT

State Nursery Inspector.

Presented to the Board and Accepted,
January 14, 1914.

TWELFTH ANNUAL EEPORT OF THE STATE
NURSERY INSPECTOR.

To the State Board of Agriculture.

I have the honor to submit herewith the twelfth annual
report of the State Nursery Inspector.

Inspection work during the year 1913 has proceeded along
the usual lines. Inspection of growing nursery stock has
shown that the various insect pests and diseases liable to
occur have been kept well under control by the nurserymen,
and the inspector has served mainly to locate these troubles
in places where they were not known to exist in the nurseries.
All such places were immediately treated under the direction
of the inspectors, and the trouble, whatever it might be, was
removed, or in cases where this was impossible the stock
affected was destroyed or withdrawn from sale for treatment
later. In general, the nurseries were in as good or better con-
dition than in previous years, and the general standard has
shown a decided improvement.

No case of the chestnut bark disease has been discovered on
nursery stock. In fact, there are very few chestnut trees in
our nurseries, and call for them is so small that it is not
probable any large increase in their number will soon occur.

The white pine blister rust situation is more serious.
This is a very dangerous disease, attacking all of the five-
leaved pines, and so far as the inspector can learn no tree
which it has once attacked recovers. It first appears as a
local thickening of the bark, and may remain in this condi-
tion for several years. Sooner or later, however, it breaks
through the bark and develops spores or seeds which are
scattered by the wind. If any of these fall on currant or
gooseberry bushes they develop in the plant, forming orange
specks on the under side of the leaves. From these, newly
formed spores spread to other currant or gooseberry plants
and start other cases of the disease there. Later in the sea-

236 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

son the growth on these leaves changes in its form, and the
spores now produced will grow in anv five-leaved pines to
which thej may be carried by the wind.

This disease is a very dangerous one, and if it should be-
come established in this State any attempts at reforestation
with white pines might as well be given up. Recognizing
this, and knowing that the disease was actually being brought
into Massachusetts on white pines imported from Europe,
an order was issued prohibiting the importation of trees liable
to the disease after June 1, 1912. A similar prohibiting order
applying to the entire United States was issued by the Federal
Horticultural Board Sept. 16, 1912, and as a result of these
actions there is no longer any danger of new cases of the dis-
ease reaching the United States while these orders are in
effect.

The danger from diseased pines imported before June,
1912, remains, however, and during the past year it has been
attempted to examine all the pines imported into Massachu-
setts since 1905. It has been very difiicult to learn of all such
imports, but many have been found, and in some cases the
disease has been found on the trees.

In this work it should be remembered that the disease
though present does not show on the tree, sometimes, for sev-
eral years, working entirely inside. This must mean exami-
nation of all suspected plants at least once a year for a num-
ber of years. The best time for this is during May and June,
as then the spores, if any are to develop on the ontside that
season, will be in evidence. Later in the year an inspection
of the currants should show the disease if diseased pines are
in the vicinity. During the past year these inspections have
been carried out as far as time and funds would permit, and
the result has been to locate the blister rust in quite a num-
ber of places where it was not hitherto kno^\^l to be present.
To extend our knowledge of the distribution of this danger-
ous disease, and to eradicate it as rapidly as possible, either
by the destruction of the infested pines or currants, as the
case may be, are the next steps, and it is planned to continue
work on these lines the coming season.

Massachusetts ranks fourth among the LTnitcd States as
regards the amount of nursery stock imported, and the ex-

No. 4.] STATE NURSERY INSPECTOR. 237

amination of this stock forms a large part of the work of the
inspectors. During the year 1913 more than 716 shipments
iiicliuliiig about 4,270 cases of stock, have been inspected, and
numerous insects and diseases not now present in the United
States have been discovered and destroyed. To any one who
stops to think that the gypsy moth, brown-tail moth, San Jose
scale and many of our most serious pests are not natives of
this country, and that there are still many other dangerous
insects which have not yet reached this country, the impor-
tance of the examination of imported nursery stock at once
becomes manifest.

To a less degree, perhaps, it is important to examine nur-
sery stock sent to Massachusetts from other States. It is not
often that cases occur where new pests are found on such
stock, but it is certain that without such a supervision stock
of inferior quality and unduly infested Avould be sent in, thus
reducing its value to the purchaser, and in many cases, at
least, without his even being aware that the stock was not
what it should be.

The quarantine of nearly all of Massachusetts because of
the presence of the gypsy and bro%vii-tail moths, by the
Federal Horticultural Board last year, was considered in my
last annual report. Since that time the quarantine has
caused considerable inconvenience, but has not prevented
doing business with other States. With the small number of
inspectors available on State service, the examination of each
shipment of stock for the gypsy and brown-tail moths, as it
was sent out, was manifestly impossible, and to meet the diffi-
culty, men trained in this kind of work were loaned by Mr.
D. M. Rogers, superintendent in charge of the government
w^ork in this line, for the purpose. These men were prac-
tically acting as State officials enforcing United States re-
quirements, and this somewhat peculiar arrangement was
only undertaken at the wishes of the nurser^^nen, who ex-
pressed the desire that all inspection should be centered under
one head rather than under two. The situation was far from
satisfactory, however, and finally, on the 1st of November,
1913, the State inspection service withdrew from any connec-
tion with the quarantine work required by the United States,
believing that the difficult period of transition from the old

238 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P.D.No.4

to the new conditions was at an end. Thus far matters have
seemed to work as well under this new division of duties as
before, and it is certain that the real responsibility for any
blunders or oversight can now be placed wherever it may
belong.

As before, the State has been divided into two districts,
the western one being under the personal supervision of the
inspector himself, while all details in the eastern district have
been in charge of Mr. W. S. Regan, 136 State House, Boston.
Entire supervision of all general policies and management
has, however, been retained by the inspector, and all im-
portant details have also been determined by him. Mr.
Regan's work has been most efficient and satisfactory, but as
he has found it necessary to withdraw from the work for a
time, a leave of absence has been granted him, and Mr. R. H.
Allen has been appointed to temporarily take charge of the
eastern district.

The active interest of the secretary of the Board in the in-
spection service should be mentioned here, as without his
kindly assistance the work would have been far more diffi-
cult to carry out, and much of its efficiency- has been due t.o
his co-operation.

Financial Statemeint.

Appropriation, $15,000 00

Compensation of inspectors, .... $6,776 53
Traveling and necessary expenses, . . . 6,187 75
Expenses of inspectors whose salary is paid

by the United States, 3,067 76

Supplies (postage, printing, etc.), ■ • • 212 26

Clerical services, 330 34

Salary of chief inspector, .... 500 00

15,074 64

Overdraft, $74 64

Respectfully submitted,

H. T. FERNALD,

State Nursery Inspector.

SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT

State Ornithologist.

Synopsis presented to the Board and Accepted,
January 15, 1914.

SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE
ORNITHOLOGIST.

Educational and Legislative Work.

During the year 1913 somewhat less than the usual num-
ber of free illustrated lectures on the utility of birds and the
means of increasing their numbers were given, owing to a
pressure of other educational work ; but the audiences at these
lectures have averaged much larger than at those given in
1912. The demand for lectures by the State Ornithologist
increases year by year. These talks have been the means of
interesting very many people in the protection of birds, have
induced citizens to put up thousands of nesting boxes for birds
within the past t^n years, and have encouraged greater num-
bers of people to feed and protect birds.

A revision and enlargement of the State publication, " Use-
ful Birds and their Protection," which was undertaken late
in 1912, was completed and printed in 1913 in a fourth edi-
tion revised. The scientific names as published in the first
edition in 1907 have been brought down nearly to the date
of publication. An appendix regarding European methods
of attracting birds, and the planting of fruiting trees, shrubs
and vines for birds has been added, and the index has been
much amplified.

Many newspaper articles have been written during the year
which have been published not only in the Massachusetts
press, but in other papers of New England and New York.
Such articles asking people to feed the birds in winter, and
giving directions therefor, and others explaining how useful
birds may be protected about the home, have thus been given
very wide circulation. Great numbers of letters inquiring
about these methods have been answered fully, and many
visits of instruction have been made to the homes of people
engaged in carrying out plans for protecting birds.

242 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

A series of experiments in destroying rats was carried on
during the summer, with the intention of publishing a bulle-
tin on the subject in the autumn. At that time, however,
rats were found to have invaded several game preserves in
the State, becoming the most serious menace to the rearing
of birds on game farms. As this is a new industry, which is
likely to become an important one in the near future, it was
determined to study the conditions on some of the preserves
and watch experiments there. This delayed the publication
of the bulletin until another year, but it probably will be
printed before this report reaches the public.

Federal Peotection" of Migeatoey Bieds.

The attempts that have been made to secure uniform leg-
islation for the protection of migratory birds in the various
States of the Union have shown the futility of such efforts,
and have proved that federal protection alone is feasible.

The educational and legislative campaign entered into by
the State Ornithologist in 1907, in the hope of securing fed-
eral protection of migratory birds, was brought to a climax
in 1913 by the co-operative efforts of the N'ational Associa-
tion of Audubon Societies and other associations, and was at
last successful.

Hon. George Shiras, 3d, first introduced in Congress a
bill for the protection of migratory game birds in 1904:.
Since then several similar bills have been introduced, but all
have been " smothered " in the committees to which they have
been referred for consideration. In 1912 both Senator
George P. McLean of Connecticut and Congressman John W.
Weeks of Massachusetts introduced bills, similar in charac-
ter, drawn to include the protection of migratory insectivorous
birds as well as game birds, and for the first time these bills
received serious consideration by Congress. In 1911 Rev.
J. B. McLean, brother of Senator McLean, opened a corre-
spondence with me inquiring for information about the
usefulness of insectivorous birds. The information was fur-
nished, and on April 26, 1912, Senator McLean presented
to the Senate a report from the committee on forest reserva-
tions and the protection of game, embodying much of this

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE ORNITHOLOGIST. 243

material. The matter, however, was not carried further by
Congress that year, but when the next Congress convened,
early in January, 1913, an attempt to create public sentiment
in favor of this bill was made by the National Association of
Audubon Societies of New York, the New York Zoological
Society and the American Game Protective and Propagation
Association. This latter association, then recently organized,
began waging a vigorous and well-directed campaign indi-
rectly through its membership, and directly in Congress by
its president, Mr. John J. Burnham, and its vice-president,
Mr. William H. Haskell. Their efforts, together with those
of the game commissioners of the country and a great number
of protective associations, Audubon societies, granges and in-
terested individuals, notably Mi^. Henry Ford of Detroit,
Mich., turned the tide in favor of the bill. A hearing was
given before the Senate committee to those desirous of being
heard on January 14, and on January 23 the bill was passed
by the Senate. As the session was short the officers of the
American Game Protective and Propagation Association im-
mediately planned a vigorous campaign in the House. In-
fluence was brought to bear from nearly every part of the
United States, but many other important matters were
pressing for action, and it seemed impossible to bring the bill
to a vote. As it carried an appropriation of $10,000 it was
finally added to the agricultural appropriation bill and
passed with the bill in the last days of the session.

This is the most far-reaching and effective law that has
ever been passed for the protection of migratory birds. It
gives the United States Department of Agriculture the power
to regulate the open and closed seasons for migratory game
and insectivorous birds throughout the United States, the reg-
ulations to go into effect when signed by the President. A
series of regulations, and a comprehensive plan for their en-
forcement, were worked out by a committee from the
Biological Survey, United States Department of Agriculture,
composed of Dr. T. S. Palmer, Prof. Wells W. Cook and Dr.
A. K. Fisher. An advisory committee was appointed, also,
to confer with these gentlemen, including ornithologists and
game protectors in many parts of the United States, of which

244 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

the State Ornithologist of Massachusetts was a member.
Hearings on the question of adopting the proposed regulations
were held at convenient points by Dr. Palmer with members
of the advisory committee, and finally on Oct. 1, 1913, the
regulations, with some minor changes, were approved and
signed by the President and now have the effect of law. They
do not affect local, non-migratory birds of any State. In
view of the fact that many of the shore birds and some of the
waterfowl have diminished to a point where they are approach-
ing extinction, special protection was extended to certain
species throughout the year, and to others at least three-
quarters of the year. Spring shooting was forbidden every-
where. Arrangements were made to protect migratory game
birds at all times everywhere between sunset and sunrise ; to
protect waterfowl at all times along at least three of the great
navigable rivers of the country ; to make the shooting season
approximately equal in length in different parts of the coun-
try, and to limit it to a maximum of three to three and
one-half months. Most migratory insectivorous birds are
protected uniformly at all times in all States. Protection for
five years is provided in some States for birds like the wood
duck, which already have such a close season under the laws
of those States, and a similar close season has been declared
on all the smaller shore birds throughout the United States.
More than fifty different open seasons for migratory birds
had been provided formerly under State statutes which were
still in force in 1912. This had anything but a beneficial
effect on the abundance of game. Now under the federal law
the country has been divided into two zones as nearly equal
in size as possible, one to include the States in which many
migratory game birds breed or would breed if given spring
protection, and the other the States in which comparatively
few breed, but in which many winter. In no case does the
zone boundary cross a State line. In Massachusetts the fed-
eral laws make little change except to prohibit night shooting,
but in many other States, particularly in the south, where
many of our birds winter, much additional protection is af-
forded to the birds and game.

Thus the work in the New England States to secure uni-

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE ORNITHOLOGIST. 245

form laws for our migratory birds has been extended through-
out the country by co-operation with the many forces now at
work for bird protection.

Following the passage of the act, the Senate of the United
States passed a resolution, authorizing treaties with other na-
tions on the subject of bird protection, and international nego-
tiations with this end in view are now under way, and may
eventually result in similar protection to migratory birds in
all American countries. All that has been accomplished,
however, is a mere beginning. In many parts of the United
States public sentiment must be educated to support the
government in protecting the birds. State laws must be made
uniform with federal regulations. Larger appropriations for
enforcement of the federal regulatipns must be secured. A
tremendous amount of work remains to be done before effec-
tive protection of migratory birds can be considered a fully
accomplished fact throughout the land.

A Blow at the Plumage Teade.

While the friends of the birds were still engaged in edu-
cational work to secure the passage of the McLean-Weeks
bill for the protection of migratory birds, Mr. Henry Oldys
of Washington, a well-known lecturer on birds, and president
of the Audubon Society of the District of Columbia, began
maturing a plan to stop the sale of the plumage of wild birds
in the United States.

On Dec. 28, 1912, the idea first came to him, and he imme-
diately wrote me a letter explaining the plan and asking my
co-operation, following this with letters to Mr. William
Brewster, president of the Massachusetts Audubon Society,
Mr. T. Gilbert Pearson, secretary of the I^ational Association
of Audubon Societies, Dr. William T. Hornaday, director of
the Xew York Zoological Park, and other prominent ornithol-
ogists and bird protectors. On January 3 he wrote that his
plan had the approval of Mr. Henry Henshaw and Dr. T. S.
Palmer, chief and assistant chief of the Biological Survey,
and that it looked feasible. It was proposed to destroy the
American trade in the plumage of wild birds by securing the
insertion of a clause in tlie new tariff bill prohibiting the im-

246 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

portation of such plumage. Mr. Oldys pointed out that the
slaughter of birds for millinery purposes was then greater
than at any time in the history of the world ; that the United
States was one of the chief markets for such plumage if not
the largest ; that the State laws aimed against the traffic were
proving ineffective ; and that many species of birds in Amer-
ican and other countries were being rapidly exterminated
by the trade. Australia already had adopted a similar plan
to check the slaughter, in the belief that no other remedy
would be so effectual. A little later, while in Washington
to press the passage of the McLean-Weeks bill, I accom-
panied Mr. T. Gilbert Pearson in interviewing congressmen
with a view of obtaining a hearing for this cause before the
ways and means committee. This request was not granted
at once, but later, when many members of the Audubon so-
cieties from many States joined in the request to the ways
and means committee, an appointment was made for a hear-
ing, and on Jan. 30, 1913, three different amendments to
schedule ]^ of the tariff bill were presented before the com-
mittee by Dr. William T. Hornaday for the ISTew York
Zoological Society, Mr. T. Gilbert Pearson for the National
Association of Audubon Societies and Dr. G. W. Field for
the Commissioners on Fisheries and Game of Massachusetts.
The proviso of the K'ew York Zoological Society was
finally reported by the committee. It reads as follows : —

Provided, that the importation of aigrettes, egret plumes, or
" osprey " plumes, and the feathers, quills, heads, wings, tails, skins
or parts of skins, of wild birds, either raw or manufactured, and
not for scientific or educational purposes, is hereby prohibited, but
this provision shall not apply to the feathers or plumes of ostriches,
or to the feathers of domestic fowls of any kind.

This was incorporated in the tariff bill when the bill was
reported on April 6, and passed with the bill by the House
of Representatives on May 8. In the meantime the feather
importers had been stirring up the millinery trade to oppose
the measure, and seeing that they could not defeat it in the
national House of Representatives they turned their atten-
tion to the Senate.

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE ORNITHOLOGIST. 247

They employed eminent counsel to go to Washington, cir-
cularized the millinery trade widely, and made such an able
and effective camiDaign against the plumage proviso in the
Senate that when the subcommittee of the Senate ways and
means committee heard the case on May 21 it was plain that
the members had become prejudiced against the proviso and
were in favor of an amendment presented by the friends of
the importers, which would practically nullify the measure
and allow the importation of all wild birds' feathers except,
perhaps, those of egrets, the prohibition of w^hich many of
the importers were willing to concede if they could continue
to import all others.

Now was begun in earnest an educational campaign in
behalf of tlie birds. Personal letters, circulars, newspaper
and magazine articles were sent "out by hundreds and thou-
sands showing the necessity of this legislation. Dr. William
T. Hornaday, director of the New York Zoological Society,
struck sledge-hammer blows through the press of the coun-
try. ]\Ir. Pearson exerted a tremendous influence through
the Audubon societies of the country. Meantime Mr. Oldys,
the father of the movement, lectured in many States and
wrote articles for the press. It w^as shown that if the amend-
ment prevailed, American birds' skins would be shipped as
before to London and Paris, their feathers dyed and " manu-
factured," and shipped back here to be sold ; that American
migratory birds of the LTnited States would be killed in
Canada, Mexico, the Antilles and Central and South Amer-
ica, and their feathers sold in our markets. Every argument
possible was brought to bear on members of the finance com-
mittee, but on June 17 the importers won their fight in that
committee which then reported a nullifying amendment, and
on July 11 the amendment was sent to the Senate with the
approval of the democratic caucus.

Again at this juncture the Hon. George P. McLean of
Connecticut, who was now looked upon as the Senate leader
in the war for bird protection because of his magnificent
fight for the McLean-Weeks bill, came to the rescue and
helped to organize a defence of the original proviso. It was
arranged to have Mr. T. Gilbert Pearson of the Audubon

248 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Society, Mr. William H. Haskell of the American Game
Protective and Propagation Society, and Mr. Marshall Mc-
Lean of the Camp Fire Club go to Washington. I went to
New York and arranged with Dr. Hornaday to send Dr.
William R. Lord of Massachusetts to Washington, where his
valuable services did much to save the proviso from final de-
feat. On July 21 Senator McLean offered an amendment
providing for the adoption pf the proviso as it came from
the House.

On August 16 he made an able and convincing speech on
his amendment, and the measure was recommitted to the
finance committee on the motion of Senator Simmons, its
chairman. On September 1, however, this committee prac-
tically reaffirmed its former position, and on September 2
its recommendation was indorsed by the democratic caucus
after a long debate, although a majority of the Senate was
believed to be against it and for the original proviso. This
was the last victory of the importers, however, for Senators
Lane and Chamberlain of Oregon refused to abide by the
decision of the caucus and, other senators being strongly
with them, this stand of Messrs. Lane and Chamberlain
saved the day. The caucus reconsidered its vote and adopted
the House proviso, which was passed with the tariff bill by
the Senate on September 9. ]^o change was made by the
conference committee, but in another part of the bill the im-
portation of artificial feather flies for angling was permitted.
The bill was passed by the House on September 30 and
signed by the President October 3. Thus the contest for
federal protection of birds in 1913 was at last successful.
It had greater and more favorable results than any former
bird legislation in the history of the world. It set an ex-
ample which will bring about tHe adoption of similar meas-
ures in other countries. It is impossible to compute the
number of persons who individually or through organiza-
tions aided in this campaign. The number of volunteer
workers must have been enormous.

Massachusetts contributed her share. Among other or-
ganizations the Massachusetts State Grange, Patrons of Hus-
bandry did excellent work through its master, Charles M.

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE ORNITHOLOGIST. 249

Gardner, and its committee for the protection of birds, which,
through its zealous secretary, Mrs. E. O. Marshall, exerted
gri-at influence not only in Massachusetts but in other States.

Pkogeess in attracting and protecting Birds.

The interest in birds continues to grow and spread. In
most Massachusetts towns there are people now who take
pains to attract and protect them. Many people during the
past year have put up nesting boxes made on the von
Berlepsch plan in imitation of woodpecker homes. These
have not been so uniformly successful as was expected, pos-
sibly because those who placed them did not always choose
the right situations; because the size of the entrance holes
was not always right for the birds that came to occupy them ;
or because our American birds do not take so kindly to this
pattern of nesting box as European birds do. As far as can
be learned no one in Massachusetts has had so much success
as attended the experiments of Mr. William H. Browning on
Long Island, where, as noted in a former report, about 200
boxes were put up and most of them occupied. Undoubtedly,
however, a large proportion of the birds which nested in his
boxes were starlings, with some sparrows, both European
birds. ISTo box with an entrance hole smaller than II4
inches in diameter is very likely to be used by any American
bird except the wren. Chickadees have been known to enter
a box with an entrance l^/s inches in diameter, but they seem
to prefer the larger opening.

Woodpeckers are said to use these nesting boxes in Ger-
many. The only woodpeckers that I have known to take
them in this country are the flicker and the red-headed wood-
pecker ; but these have nested also in rectangular boxes when
ground cork or sawdust has been supplied to keep the eggs
from rolling about. The forestry department of Brookline,
Mass., learning that the woodpeckers were destroying the
imported leopard moth, purchased and placed in the trees
a number of nesting boxes in the hope of attracting these
birds. The " Boston Globe " of April 19, 1913, says that
two boxes have been occupied by them but no details can be
learned.

250 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Mr. Robert W. Day of Springfield is setting out a great
number of young pines in Hampden, Mass. He has had much
trouble with the pine weevil (Pissodes strohi), which de-
stroys the pine top and causes a crook in the trunk injuring
or ruining the timber. He is now putting up nesting boxes
for the birds, and is putting out suet and other food for them
in winter to attract them to his pines, in the hope that they
will destroy the weevils.

Mr. L. B. Sherman of Marshfield, Mass., has a cranberry
bog which he has surrounded with bird houses, and numbers
of birds are breeding in them. The bird houses have two
tenements, and he claims that sometimes both are occupied.
Mr. O. C. Bourne, Deputy Fish and Game Commissioner,
says that he visited Mr. Sherman's place and believes that
many of the birds in the surrounding country gather about
that bog. It will be interesting to note what effect the birds
will have on the destructive insect enemies of the cranberry
plant.

People who have succeeded in destroying or driving out
the English sparrow have had greater success in attracting
and protecting birds than others. Mr. Sewall A. Faunce of
Boston deprecates the decrease of English sparrows, and
writes, " Just why you have condemned our best pest de-
stroyer is a mystery to me, and I am certain it is leading to
their extermination. Few are left with us now, and we are
driven to substitute insecticides, which damage the plant even
if they kill the worms. Sparrows are harmless and eat the
worm. One of my neighbors has just waked up to the situa-
tion and corroborates the statement that sparrows pursue and
destroy the brown-tail moths besides caring for our wood-
bines, rose bushes, fruits and trees." It is now quite gen-
erally admitted that this sparrow destroys a great variety of
insect pests. Its objectionable habits are too well known to
recapitulate them here. Xo doubt some local decrease in
English sparrows may be accounted for by a disease sup-
posed to be a species of coccidiosis, which attacks a large
proportion of the sparrows in some localities and is in some
cases fatal. Dr. John C. Phillips writes from Wenham that
many English sparrows died there during the summer of

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE ORNITHOLOGIST. 251

1912. The organism of the disease was identified by Dr.
Tvzzer of the Harvard Medical School. This disease mani-
fests itself in a white diarrhcea which when introduced among
poultry destroys turkeys and young chickens. It is, no doubt,
distributed widely among poultry yards by the sparrow.

Mr. J. F. Melius of Wellesley, whose success in attracting
birds was mentioned in my last report, has been unable to
secure purple martins, but has lured to his place an addi-
tional pair of tree swallows each year for three years, which
have nested on his premises. Many bluebirds have been
reared in the bird houses. He plants sunflowers for the
nuthatches, chickadees and goldfinches, and has counted as
many as 70 goldfinches about the place at once, j^otwith-
standing the general scarcity of birds in 1012 he had more
birds than ever before, including *a scarlet tanager which is
the first that has come to his place. He attributes much of
his success in attracting native birds to his efforts in destroy-
ing English sparrows. He killed 54 sparrows in 1909, 180
in 1910, 86 in 1911 and 95" in 1912, or 415 in four years.
By ISTovember, 1913, he had killed 94 more, mostly with a
22-caliber rifle. He made a trap cage similar to that illus-
trated in my annual report for 1911, and lent it to a friend
who caught several hundred sparrows in it. He has planted
a weeping Russian mulberry and other plants to attract the
birds. On 'Nov. 9, 1913, he writes, " The nuthatches have
been coming to my feed boxes all summer, using the sun-
flower seed that I keep in it all the time ; and the bath, which
is only 13 by 15 inches, has been used by birds all summer."
He counted, one afternoon, 35 field sparrows and " ground
sparrows " that were washing at the bath, a few at a time, and
16 bluebirds, all of which were in sight and were using the
bath from time to time. Goldfinches and rose-breasted gros-
beaks also have used the bath or the feed box in which he
keeps sunflower seed, hemp seed and millet. He puts out
cracker crumbs every day for the native sparrows, and they
come regularly to get them, sometimes eating two or three
crackers a day. As many as 75 have been seen at one time.

He finds that the cat is now the greatest enemy of the birds.
In some houses in his neighborhood two cats are kept, in

252 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

others three, in one seven and he counted seventeen in a
cellar of a house near the woods. There was a wing of a
freshly killed flicker on the floor at the time, — all that was
left of the bird.

Mr. Clayton E. Stone of Lunenburg makes his own nest-
ing boxes out of hollow limbs. A few were made from an
old wooden pump. He has very few English sparrows, and
has been very successful, having had 30 nesting boxes in
place on his farm in 1912, more than 20 of which were
occupied. The number was not quite so large in 1913.

Mrs. E. O. Marshall of New Salem has a feeding table
for birds. She finds that hemp seeds are very attractive to
purple finches and that the chipping sparrows prefer Jap-
anese millet seeds. Many birds are fond of cheese curds.
Pine grosbeaks like hemp seed and frozen apples or pieces of
unfrozen apple. A brush heap near the food table, pur-
posely built, gives the birds cover to which to retreat in case
of danger, and they go to the food more confidently. They
also fly to the brush heap to dry after a bath. In a paper
read before the American Ornithologists' LTnion at its last
congress in ]^ew York City, Mrs. Marshall gave some inter-
esting observations in regard to utilizing birds to protect the
nests of other birds. In the early spring of 1910 her cat was
confined and other cats driven away, while waste crimibs,
suet crumbs, doughnut crumbs, millet and hemp seed were
supplied about twice a week on stones, in the pasture, at tbe
birds' table near the house and on the window shelf. The
robins did not eat suet tied to trees or from the boxes against
the trees, but some of them picked np the crumbs of suet
from the ground. Some 30 blue jays were fed (with some
misgiving) all winter. They came for food even to the
windowsills, and the problem then presented was how to pro-
tect the nests of the small birds against the jays, which re-
mained in the neighborhood during the summer. A large
number of robins, finding conditions favorable, nested on the
place, while on a neighboring estate, where three dogs and
three cats were kept, practically no birds nested. The robins
on the Marshall place were so numerous that they were able
to protect not only their own nests but those of other small

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE ORNITHOLOGIST. 253

birds against the jays. Red squirrels which had been abun-
dant were shot. Crows were somewhat numerous and de-
structive, but by placing cotton strings and other nesting
material upon some branches two kingbirds were induced to
nest, and they drove away the crows thereby protecting not
only their own nest but those of the smaller birds in the
vicinity. There were 21 robins' nests in the summer of 1911
and 40 nests of other birds, where in 1910 there had been
only one robin's nest and very few of other species. The
latest robins' eggs were hatched in August, 1913, after the
young kingbirds were out of the nest. It was decided then
to add scarecrows to the defences of the robins' nest, as it
was in a conspicuous position, and to change the scarecrows
often, in the hope that this would puzzle and alarm the crows.
First a glass jar was hung on a sti^k near the nest and bottles
were placed about on the grass. Next, newspapers were
spread out on the grass with stones on each corner. Later,
white strings were stretched about the tree, and later still
white cloths were tied to the twigs to wave in the wind. The
young birds were brought off successfully.

There seems to be some reason to believe that if meat and
suet is furnished for blue jays in spring and summer as well
as in winter they are not so likely to attack eggs and young of
other birds. The experiment is well worth trying.

Miss Mabel E. Stevens of St. Johnsbury, Vt., writes that
she feeds large numbers of birds daily, and is never troubled
by insects in her garden " because it is the birds' home.','
Miss Heloise Meyer writes from Lenox that she has not yet
sprayed her trees and hopes not to be obliged to, because the
suet she has put out during the winter has brought so many
woodpeckers that the trees are in very good condition.

Mr. W. M. Hoxsie writes from Canonchet, R. L, Jan-
uary 28, that he has 38 nests of eaves swallows, and that
birds have increased in numbers in all his bird houses. There
are 15 nests of barn swallows, 13 nests of robins, about 40
nests of tree swallows and a long list down to three pairs of
house wrens. Very many other correspondents are engaged
in similar work, but not all are so successful.

254 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Towx Bird Waedens.
The Legislature of 1913 passed a law (chapter 296) per-
mitting towns and cities to appoint and pay bird wardens.
Lender the statute a bird warden is expected to protect and
increase the number of insectivorous birds as far as possible,
and to assist citizens in their efforts in the same direction.
The act was passed so late in the season that it could not be
taken advantage of at the town meetings, but the town of
Dover, Mass., at an adjourned town meeting, appointed Mr.
William F. DeMerritt as town bird warden for the year.
The selectmen of Dover have issued the following statement
to citizens : —

The town of Dover has the first town bird warden in the United
States, Mr. William F. DeMerritt. His business is to j^roteet and
rear our wild birds after the manner of large and successful experi-
ments in Germany, and later in England, and thus in this natural
way stop the ravages of insects and make unnecessary the hopeless
fight in which Dover has spent thousands, and the State and nation
millions, of dollars.

In order to make the experiment a successful one every citizen
of our town must co-operate with the warden. You can help in the
following ways : —

First. — By giving permission to the warden to post your land
against gunners, trappers and snarers.

Second. — By telephoning to the warden, Dover 7-4, when you see
or hear gianners in your vicinity, and by writing if you know of
any trapping or snaring or of any offence against the game or bird
laws.

Third. — You can inform the warden of tlie presence of red squir-
rels anywhere in town. These are among the greatest enemies of
the birds. Do not try to disjDOse of them yourself unless you are
an expert with a gun. The warden should be notified of the pres-
ence of crows in nesting time. They destroy large number's of
nestlings.

Fourth. — You should inform the warden of any stray, wild, un-
owned or unfed cats in your vicinity. Cats, like red squirrels, ai'e
among the most destructive enemies of birds we have, especially
about our homes. Therefore —

Fifth. — You should trj' and get on with as few cats as possible.
And in bird-nesting time, from April 20 to July 1, keep the family
eat caged fx-om 5 p.m. to 7 a.m. the following morning. Then feed
abundantly — some meat is desirable — before letting out for the
day.

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE ORNITHOLOGIST. 255

Sixth. — With the family cat thus restrained you can invite birds
to nest and live on your premises and about your home by using the
methods about which the bird warden will be glad to inform you.
He will direct the form and location of bird houses, feeding tables
and so on, and will furnish the houses at cost, if any are desired.

The people of the town of Meriden, N. H., have turned their
whole town into a " bird sanctuary," doing voluntarily and success-
fully something of what we are going to do here.

Let us make the movement in Dover an enthusiastic and united
one, and furnish for the whole country an example to be followed.

Too much must not be expected the first or second years, but ex-
periments made by Mr. Lord in our own town and by Mr. E. H.
Forbush, our State Ornithologist, show that in a short time the
number of birds around our homes can be greatly increased, and
insect pests as gi-eatly decreased.

The bird warden is engaged in' making nesting boxes and
in trying the most approved methods for protecting and at-
tracting birds and giving this information to citizens. He
has been appointed a Deputy Fish and Game Commissioner,
and so has authority to warn or arrest violators of the law.
It is hoped that other towns and other States will profit by
this example.

The Starlixg.

In the report of the State Ornithologist for 1912 it was
predicted that the European starling would be found sparsely
distributed over the greater part of the Commonwealth be-
fore the end of the year 1913. This prediction has been
verified. Mr. Harold W. Copeland records the first starling
in Bridgewater, Plymouth County, Mass., on Jan. 6, 1913.
Later, five more were seen.^ On January 24 Miss Cather-
ine E. Buckley of the Burroughs iN'ature Club wrote asking
if it was probable that a bird seen by one of the members at
Eumford, Me., could have been a starling, as it answered
the description of that bird.

On March 17 Rev. Robert F. Cheney wrote that he had
seen at least three starlings in Southborough, Worcester
County, Mass. On April 9 Mr. Wm. P. Wharton of Groton,
Middlesex County, wrote that a pair of starlings which had
established themselves at his home had ousted a pair of blue-

« See also "Bird Lore," March-April, 1913, p. 114.

256 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

birds from a nesting box and started there a nest of their
own. On May 8, 1913, Miss Inez A. Perry wrote from
Sudbury, Middlesex County, that a pair of starlings there
had young in a hollow branch of an apple tree.

These are a few of the more definite data in regard to the
spread of the starling in Massachusetts and beyond. During
the spring and summer many people from various parts of
the State have inquired about birds which from the descrip-
tions given could have been none other than the starling.
While these inquiries cannot be set down as definite records,
they indicate that the bird is sparsely distributed over a large
part of the State, and has already extended its lines to parts
of Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine. It has become
well established already in Rhode Island, in the Connecticut
valley, both in Massachusetts and Connecticut, and over the
greater part of Connecticut.

In the late fall and in December starlings were reported
to be flocking about church steeples and in marshes, particu-
larly about the Cambridge marshes. Mr. Edward H. Ather-
ton informs me that Mr. Horace W. Wright has counted 73
birds in one flock there.

Now that this unbidden guest has invaded the greater
part of the State and has come to stay, it remains to be de-
cided what attitude the people of the Commonwealth are to
take toward it.

There is much conflicting testimony regarding the starling
in its native land, and while it is generally considered a bene-
ficial bird it often commits great havoc, particularly on the
fruit crops. Interference with native birds and destruction
of grain and fruit by the starling have led to the removal of
protection from it in New York, Connecticut and Vermont.
Complaints from fruit growers will probably lead to such
action by the General Court of Massachusetts in 1914, but
so far as the insect food of the starling is concerned it is a
beneficial bird. In fields where its numerous flocks alight
to feed, entomologists assert that the pupaj of certain butter-
flies, formerly common, have disappeared.

The bird has the reputation of feeding on some destruc-
tive tree caterpillars, but if in this country it attacks the

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE ORNITHOLOGIST. 257

hairy species, such as the tent, the brown-tail or the gypsy
caterpillar, this habit has not yet come under my observation.
It is recorded, however, that in an invasion of the spruce
moth (Liparis nonacliaa), which occurred in Bavaria dur-
ing the years 1889-91, great flights of starlings collected
and fed on its caterpillars which are hairy but not so dis-
agreeably so as are those of the gypsy moth. In one locality
alone the number of starlings feeding on the caterpillars
was estimated at 10,000. At that time the attraction of
starlings to such centers became so great that gardeners felt
their absence seriously in different parts of the country.^

Mrs. H. J. Bradley of Chelsea writes that the starling is
the only remedy for the brown-tail moth. She states that
she was brought up on an English farm on the estate of the
Duke of Rutland. The starling, she says, is noted there for
its insect-eating propensities, destroying all kinds of slugs,
caterpillars, moths, etc. She asserts that the farmers there
look upon the starling as a blessing; that she has seen trees
swarming with caterpillars cleared of every one by these
birds, and that on the Duke of Bradford's estates there are
all kinds of fruit trees, and the starlings do not interfere
with the ripening of the fruit, but during the vacation sea-
son, when the fruit is ripe, boys are hired to make a noise
with great clappers to frighten the birds away. In other
words, care is taken to keep both the birds and the fruit.
Time will show whether the starling is to be of any service
here in ridding the country of the gypsy and brown-tail
moths. If it will undertake that office it will soon have many
friends, and much may be forgiven it.

Atteacting the Purple Martin.
Any great increase in the number of starlings may make
it difficult for the martins to re-establish themselves, as many
starlings remain through the winter and are likely to take
the martin houses before the martins themselves come in the
spring. Those who have attempted to bring back the martins
in Massachusetts have had trouble enough already with one

' Fiirst Hermann, " Protection of Woodlands." English edition translated by John Nisbet,
1893, p. 126.

258 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

foreign enemy, the house sparrow, commonly known as the
English sparrow, which has driven the martins away from
many boxes put up for their accommodation. Bluebirds and
tree swallows also have been known to drive martins from
nesting boxes, but the starling will be able to evict all three.
Success with martins will depend on establishing them
within a very few years before the starlings become generally
numerous. Thus far the attempts to colonize martins in
Massachusetts have not met with much success, but some
people who have been well located for this purpose and
who have persevered have succeeded.

Mr. Edward L. Parker of Concord, Mass., who reported
6 martins in a Jacobs' martin box in 1912, believes that the
number increased to 8 or more before the end of the season.
It is interesting to note that on April 6, 1913, on a bleak
day, with the wind northeast, with the sun shining only at
times, a single male purple martin came to the bird house
about midday. In the afternoon the wind changed to the
northwest and blew hard. There was a snow squall and it
was much colder. The bird remained all day and probably
stayed in the house that night. On April 7 there was a
bleak north wind, with the mercury at about 32° at 8 a.m.;
the ground was covered with snow and it was snowing
briskly. The male martin was seen flying in the storm.
There were heavy snow squalls during the day, but the sun
shone at times. In the afternoon it snowed hard for about
twenty minutes, the mercury dropped to 32° and stood at
28° at night. On Tuesday, April 8, no martin was seen up
to 7.45 A.M., but two minutes later one was seen to come out
of the martin house and two were seen about 6.30 p.]\r.
These martins disappeared and were not seen again. Late
in the summer, after the birds had left the house, one dead
adult martin was found inside. 'No more were seen until
April 13 when two appeared. The number increased until
May, when at one time at least 40 martins were in the house.
Another house was put up and a dozen or more birds re-
mained and nested. The martins all left before the 5th of
August with their young.

Mr. John H. Sage of Portland, Conn., who put up a
Jacobs' bird house for martins in 1910, saw the first martin

Exterior view of one of tliL> cement nest l)Oxeis w hicli ;u-e set into tlie \v:ills of tlie
castle at Seebacli. (I'lioto by William I*. Wharton.)

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE ORNITHOLOGIST. 259

of the season at his box April 25, 1913, and a pair began
building on the 29th. For the two previous seasons they
had been coming to the box, but had shown no disposition to
nest. On the 28th of May he wrote that he had 8 martins in
the box, and the new arrivals commenced to build immedi-
ately. Also those that came early apparently had young.
Early in July there were young in the nests, and on July 24
some of the young had left. There are now flourishing col-
onies of martins in Concord, Hyde Park and Taunton, Mass.,
and there are said to be some in several other towns. It may
be well to repeat what has been said in reports of the previous
years, that success in securing martins depends largely upon
having the rooms in the martin houses of the right shape
and size, and in having an entrance large enough. It has
been generally understood that martins require unventilated
rooms, but Mr. Joseph H. Dodson of Chicago, who has ex-
perimented with martin houses and has the attic rooms ar-
ranged so that the birds can go in at one side and out at the
other, says that the birds invariably build in the two attic
rooms first. This ventilation allows the air to pass through
the upper part of the house, but he states that all the rooms
in his houses are ventilated. During recent hot summers
many birds have died in unventilated houses, and ventilated
nesting boxes for birds of all kinds have given better results
than those unventilated. N'ew martin boxes put up early in
the season in localities where no martins have nested should
be kept closed until May, when the young martins or " new
settlers " have come. This will give them at least an equal
chance with the sparrows. "No sparrows should be allowed
to nest in the same bird house with the martins, for when
both species nest together the sparrows will sooner or later
drive out the martins.

Recent European Experiments in protecting Birds.
Mr. William P. Wharton of Groton, who traveled in
Europe during the summer of 1913, paid a visit to the estate
of the Baron von Berlepsch, at Seebach in Thuringia. This
estate is now used as a bird-protection experiment station by
the government, and Mr. Wharton had an opportunity to
observe some of the recent experiments made there under the

260

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

hole
en-
trance .

1

<^^~^l

7

l-.\

1

Baron's supervision. Mr. Wharton's observations are sum-
marized below from a letter written while he was abroad : —
Nest boxes have been inserted in the stone walls of the
castle in the form of stone blocks in about 100 places. These
A are made in two parts, thus (see cut).

The block " A " can be withdrawn at
any time to inspect the interior. These
nesting sites are very largely occupied
by starlings.

In the top stories of the castle, where
the walls are of one thickness of boards, Baron von Berlepsch
has cut entrance holes in the walls, and hung his regular
boxes inside, with a slanting slab sawed off
the front (see cut). These he believes are
more readily occupied than when hung out-
side the building, and are easy to inspect. An
iron strip is nailed across the top of the open-
ing made by the saw cut, with a notch cut in
the middle of its lower side, into which a nail,
driven in the wall, fits, so thfit the box hangs
on this nail and can be quickly removed and
replaced. The Baron plans to have such boxes made with
window glass set in the back opposite the nest, so that he
may study the feeding of the young birds in the dark. He
has a theory that they display some sort of phosphorescence
to guide the parents.

Many nesting boxes in the park had cement tops fitting
into the top of the bored-out limb (see cut).

The " shelter woods " plantations of differ-
ent ages are divided into three kinds: those
in the park, primarily for beauty (generally
under considerable shade) ; those in small
patches of woods, primarily for the protection
of the woods ; and those primarily for the pro-
tection of birds.

1. The undergrowth in the park is largely
modeled on the regular shelter wood, and the thorn (Cra-
tcegus oxycantha) the Baron considers the best thorn for

i ^

u 4

V -J

rrunt'd nest platfonn on thorn bush at Sochach. The birds often nest on such
whorls resulting from this i)riming. (I'hoto by WilHaui 1'. Wharton.)

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE ORNITHOLOGIST. 261

pruning purposes. Horse-chestnuts {^sculus hippocasta-
nwn) and privet (Ligustrum) are pruned to make nesting
sites at various heights; many bushes are tied together for
this purpose, and many of both kinds hold nests of this year.

2. Plantations under considerable shade naturally showed
considerably less growth than those in the open, and perhaps
less nests. In heavy shade the privet, horse-chestnut, and to
some extent the yew {Taxus baccator), do well as "stock
bushes."

3. Plantations primarily for the birds were perhaps the
most interesting. These were of various ages and stages of
development. The branch platforms for holding nests were
developed to a high degree, and very many were used by
birds. In the first pruning for this « purpose the cut is made
just above the ring where the growth began, a year or two
years before cutting. This causes the shrub or tree to throw
out many shoots in different directions in about the same
plane. Thereafter these " whorls " are cut annually from a
point perhaps one-half an inch to one inch beyond the point
of the beginning of the growth of the previous year, for the
purpose not only of further enlarging the platform, but also
of keeping the leaf screen close about the nest from year to
year. It is the best plan at the end of the season to throw
down all nests in the whorls as well as from the boxes.

Almost all the older plantations are connected with each
other and with the parks by some kind of a hedge or row of
trees. The plantation last set, however, lies in the midst of
extensive grain fields probably 300 yards from any wood.
This is to some extent experimental, to test the willingness
of the birds to use such an isolated spot.

The " hedge of firs " (in this case Picea excelsa) is topped
every five or six years. Herr Schwabe, who is directly in
charge of this work, gives it as his opinion that it would be
better to cut the leading tips only each year in August, which
would then tend to form side eyes for the following year's
growth, thus keeping the trees low with less heavy cutting
than is now practiced.

The rows of poplars pruned in the manner described in

262 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Hiesemann's book ^ showed many nests, averaging fully one
to every tree and probably more. These are pruned every
six years hach to the trunk. In the ease of the lindens
(Tilia parvifolia) the pruning is done a foot or more away
from the main trunk, and some excellent nest platforms
formed. There is no undergrowth among these rows of trees,
which border a brook.

The Hainich Wood (about 6 miles distant) is the place
where birds prevented the defoliation of surrounding forests
by insects in 1905 from spreading into that of Baron von
Berlepsch. This is composed in the main of pure spruce
and almost pure beech stands. Among the beeches the nest
boxes are plentifully distributed, but at least 30 paces apart.
They are said to be practically all occupied by birds, prob-
ably the majority by titmice. In the spruce woods the boxes
are located only at small openings, as most of the forest is
in dense shade. At these points an experiment is being con-
ducted with four boxes, one being an earthenware one, the
rest regular von Berlepsch boxes; one with a 32 millimeter
opening (Box A), another, Box B, with a 46 millimeter
opening, and a third being built exactly like Box B in every
respect except that the hole is the same size as that in
Box A (32 millimeters). So far the indications are that the
last is much preferred by the smaller tits to the others. The
earthenware box is considered of no value. Probably it is
too good a conductor of heat.

There is a small orchard of old apple trees, entirely uncul-
tivated, about the forester's house at the Hainich Wood. On
these trees there are many nesting boxes, often two on each
tree (of different sizes), and these, Herr Schwabe says, are
frequently both occupied the same year by different species
of birds.

The show spot on the estate is a thorn hedge along the
edge of a small wood, every bush of which has been pruned
for nesting purposes. Mr. Wharton examined about 300
feet of this hedge and counted 31 nests in that portion.

The above, condensed from Mr. Wharton's notes, if used

> Martin Hiesemann, " How to attract and protect Wild Birds." English edition, trans-
lated by Emma S. Buchheim, 1912.

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE ORNITHOLOGIST. 263

in connection with the book/ gives an excellent idea of some
of the successful methods used by the famous ornithologist,
Baron von Berlepsch.

Birds and Insect Pests.
Mr. E. A. Frye, v^^riting from San Jose, Cal., March 17,
1913, says that on a visit to the place where he was bom, in
southern Xew England, and where he lived for twenty-five
years, he was so much impressed by the comparative absence
of robins and other birds that he wrote on his return to
California to the secretary of the National Association of
Audubon Societies to inquire whether this was a recognized
condition, and if so what reason was to be assigned for it.

A scarcity of robins and other birds in New England was
noticed particularly in the summer of 1912, and it was pre-
dicted then that an increase of insect pests would occur the
following year. In 1913 forest tent caterpillars appeared in
very unusual numbers in many localities. The tent cater-
pillar was tremendously prevalent over the greater part of
Massachusetts, and the loss to the apple crop of the State,
where farmers neglected to care for their trees undoubtedly
amounted to several hundred thousand dollars. Reports of
an increase of insect pests came from the south also. The
cotton boll weevil was working east into Georgia, and the
wireworms were spreading terrible havoc through South
Carolina. Boll worms were more destructive than at any
time in the memory of the oldest inhabitant, and the late
com crop was riddled. The south has been sorely stricken
not only by insect pests but by various fungous diseases con-
veyed from place to place largely by insects. The pine bark
beetle, which ruined a large part of the pines in Virginia
and West Virginia in 1894, has been moving down the
Appalachians until Georgia and South Carolina pines are
dying by thousands. The onward march of the beetle has
been checked in some places by the yellow-bellied sapsucker,
which is generally regarded as a destructive bird.

' Martin Hiesemann, " How to attract and protect Wild Birds." English edition, trans-
lated by Emma S.Buchheim, 1912.

264 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Much complaint comes from New England farmers re-
garding depredations by blackbirds upon corn, and a great
deal of damage has been done, particularly in Massachusetts
and Connecticut, on places where sweet corn is grown for
seed. Many farmers are seeking to destroy these birds. The
shotgun and poison have been resorted to, and last year the
Connecticut Legislature passed a statute allowing the killing
of blackbirds when engaged in destroying corn. It would be
wiser to protect both birds and corn. The Goshen, Ind.,
" News-Times " states that Charles Briner, well known in
Elkhart County, says, " Spare the blackbirds." During the
fall of 1912 he noticed swarms of blackbirds in his cornfield,
and took special pains to see whether they were destroying
the com or " bud worms." Invariably they killed the latter
by hundreds. He watched them carefully and saw them ex-
tract the worms. In the southern States the bud worm, or
boll worm, is one of the greatest pests on growing corn.
These com pests are gradually working north, and Mr. Briner
says that every farmer should guard every natural friend to
his growing crops. A farmer in Concord, Mass., put out
poisoned grain for blackbirds in the fall of 1913, and ap-
parently many grackles or crow blackbirds were destroyed
in this way. On July 4, 1913, Mr. Wilfrid Wheeler, Secre-
tary of the State Board of Agriculture, who lives in Concord,
noticed that grackles apparently were eating the cherries from
his trees. He shot one that flew out from the cherry tree and
examined its stomach. He found it packed with the remains
of the tent caterpillar moth; also there were three grass-
hoppers, three or four small caterpillars, possibly cutworms,
and no cherries.

Mrs. Mary R. Stanley of North Attleborough reports that
a male bluebird which was feeding its young in a bird house
on her place appeared to be li\dng entirely on the elm-leaf
beetles, but did not take them to his young. This beetle is
one of the greatest pests of the elm in Massachusetts and has
destroyed many fine trees.

Rev. William R. Lord of Dover, Mass., states that the
authorities there have been cutting wild cherry trees because
they harbor tent caterpillars. Mr. Lord declined to have the

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE ORNITHOLOGIST. 265

trees on his estate cut, and the caterpillars did very little
harm there because he had made his place attractive to native
birds. In the fall of 1913, however, many tent caterpillar
moths deposited their eggs on his trees, but in late November,
when he examined the trees, he found that birds, presumably
chickadees, had removed nearly all the egg clusters.

Mr. B. A. x\ruold, who summers at Northeast Harbor, Me.,
writes that in that vicinity and in many places in Maine the
spruce worm ^ has become quite abundant, so much so that
people are beginning to fear the destruction of the spruce.
Warblers and titmice feed voraciously on these insects, but
Mr. Arnold says that the red squirrels, which are becoming
abundant in the Maine woods, protect the moths by destroy-
ing the eggs and young of the warblers and other small birds
which feed on insects. For example, he states that his cot-
tage is situated on a point extending into the sea and con-
nected to the mainland by a somewhat narrow neck. The
point is covered with spruce trees, and the worms and moths
were quite abundant on the point in June. Knowing that
the squirrels destroyed the warblers' eggs and young he had
the squirrels killed off, and several families of young warblers
were reared in a short time and the spruce trees were cleared
of worms and moths. At almost any time of the day one
could look out and see the little warblers flying from limb to
limb in search of their food. In confirmation of his belief he
states that there are several small islands in the Georgian
Bay, Lake Huron, on which warblers nest very abundantly.
These islands are very small and squirrels do not find food
enough to live there. On one island of hardly an acre there
are apparently from six to ten pairs of warblers nesting,
whereas on the mainland, only a few hundred feet away,
where the vegetation and nesting conditions are practically
identical, it is hard to find any.

The Killing of Birds by Immigraxts.
Recently it has been reported that some immigrants make
a practice of taking young birds from their nests for food.
Evidence of this has at last been obtained. Mr. Wilbur

I The larvae of several species of Tortricid moths are destructive to the spruces at times.

266 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Smith, chief game warden of Fairfield County, Conn., has
convicted an Italian of killing and eating unfledged young
robins. The man was seen frying young birds over a fire
near his shack. They were fried without removing the heads
or legs. Mr. Smith was shown by the Italian himself the
nest from which the birds were taken and four little heaps
of feathers where they were plucked. No one knows how
many nests of young birds are despoiled in this way. The
birds are left in the nest until they are almost ready to fly
and then taken and eaten, as squabs are eaten by the epicure.

Recent Notes about the Enemies of Bikds.
Mr. G. K. Noble visited the Nantucket bird reservation
on Muskeget Island during the summer of 1913, to examine
nesting colonies of sea birds there. He found there, as he
believed, about 45,000 birds, including common, roseate and
arctic terns and the laughing gull. In the " Warbler " of
Sept. 1, 1913, he tells of the danger which menaces the birds.
" Thoughtless owners," he says, " have abandoned their cats
upon this island." Gruesome sights were soon brought to
his attention. Many of the birds had been killed while sit-
ting on their eggs and their bodies still partly concealed their
decaying eggs. Dead mother birds, their bodies partly eaten,
appeared at every step. He says that on the extreme west-
erly part of the island the gulls and terns have been extermi-
nated, and evidence of their futile attempts at nesting may
be seen in the white feathers and bleached bones visible on
all sides. As the young hatch out they also become the vic-
tims of the ruthless cat. It was a common sight to see dur-
ing* one short walk across the island at least 50 young, dead
or dying, with their heads cruelly lacerated and their wings
crushed and bleeding. It seems that the cats kill young
birds simply for the sport of it. Mr. G. E. Coffin, the war-
den, is an expert shot, and is on the lookout for the cats, but
the scanty vegetation on the island offers the hunter little
protection and gives the cats all that they need. The warden
killed three cats in ten days, but Mr. Noble says that at
least five times as many of these semi-wild cats are still left

Device to keep-cats away. A thorny Dorothy
Perkins rose trained to grow up the jiole.
(From " Our Dumb Animals.")

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE ORNITHOLOGIST. 267

on the island. If these eats be not exterminated they prob-
ably will increase and exterminate the birds, as that has
been the result wherever cats have been liberated upon sea
islands.

To PROTECT BiBDS AGAINST CaTS.

The Dundee (Scotland) " Advertiser " states that cats
are terrible poachers and destroy numerous young birds, and
the French ISTational Society of Acclimatization has taken
up this cause of the destruction of game and birds, and has
tried to find a remedy for it. The society now informs us in
its Bulletin, says the Advertiser, that in order to keep the
cats away from a bird's nest we have only to place a cloth
or rag saturated with " animal empyreumatic oil " in the
bush or on the trunk of the tree" where the nest is situated.
Cats have an invincible repulsion for the smell of this oil.
One correspondent having caught a mouse in a trap rubbed it
over with empyreumatic oil and then let it go in the presence
of his cat. The cat took no notice of the mouse. Whether
the odor had been caught by the other mice in the house, or
whether the cat kept a disagreeable reminder of the experi-
ence, he absolutely gave up chasing the mice which swarmed
in the house. This method may be worth a trial in Massa-
chusetts.

Mr. J. W. Barber gives the following suggestions in re-
gard to protecting bird houses against eats : —

Get from any pipe dealer a flange, say 6 inches long, the size
adopted for the standard; have it bored for three or four holes and
screw to the bottom of the bird house. Set an iron pipe (galvanized
preferred) in the ground far enough away from any trees to pre-
vent a squirrel from jumping from the tree to the top of the bird
house, and screw the flange on the end of the threaded pipe. If
the pipe is of a different diameter from the bore of the flange a
" bushing " can always be obtained to make the sizes the same.

To employ the ordinary wooden rod for the standard on which
to set the bird houses, it is simply necessary to tack at a convenient
height, above where any person can reach, a row of fishhooks com-
pletely surrounding the pole, or, if assurance is wanted " doubly
sure," two rows, each row opposite to the other, but very near one
to the other.

268 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P.D.No.4.

This is the plan adopted by the Indians and others in the great
Canadian prairies for the " caches," covering the cache for protec-
tion from the birds, and the row of fishhooks with the barbs point-
ing downward naUed to the isolated tree used for the cache. Of
this Ernest Thompson-Seton speaks in his "Arctic Prairies" (I
think that is the name), so neither he nor I can claim any invention
in this plan.

The plate which faces Page 266 was reproduced in " Our
Dumb Animals." It was taken from a photograph Tdj Mr.
Ralph Waldo Trine, made in his garden at Croton-on-Hudson,
'New York. He had maintained bird houses for some time
and it was a serious problem to keep the cats away from the
birds. Mr. Trine therefore resorted to the plan of growing
a Dorothy Perkins rose bush about the pole. When the bush
was well grown, the thorns kept cats from climbing the post,
and added to the attractiveness of the bird house as the rose
bush concealed the bare unsightly pole. Bird houses on poles
are preferred by many birds to those on trees.

l^OTEWOETHY FLIGHTS OF BiKDS.

The greatest flight of egrets on record in Massachusetts
occurred in 1911; but the niunber summering here in 1913
must have been nearly as large, and they were distributed
over a much larger area. Many reports of the presence of
white herons, cranes and storks were received from people
unacquainted with birds, but authentic records were received
from Berkshire, Hampshire, Worcester, Plymouth and Dukes
Counties. These birds probably were all egrets, and must
have wandered north after the breeding season.

A flight of Holboell's Grebes came in during the cold
weather in February. These birds were picked up on the
snow and ice from western Connecticut, through central
Massachusetts to Middlesex County. Probably they were
driven out by the ice from the lakes of central ^ew York,
and failed in their attempt to reach the sea.

A small flight of evening Grosbeaks was noticed in central
Massachusetts in January, and another in eastern Massa-
chusetts the latter part of December.

FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT

State Inspector of Apiaries.

Presented to the Board and Accepted,
January 15, 1914.

FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR OF
APIARIES.

To the Honorable State Board of Agriculture.

I respectfully present the fourth annual report of the State
Inspector of Apiaries for the fiscal year 1913.

The active season in the apiary during 1913 revealed
several features peculiar to that yfear. The long-protracted
drought materially handicapped successful operations, even
under normal conditions. Throughout the country it was
the general experience that the honey crop was considerably
lessened, probably by the lack of sufficient moisture to enable
proper growth of nectariferous plants. This was especially
true east of the Mississippi River. In Massachusetts some
fair crops were obtained locally, but it cannot be said that the
season was in any way favorable to honey production. This
fact increased the difficulty of successful building-up and
maintenance of colonies, and made them more liable to the
ravages of disease. More care and attention are due colonies
under treatment during adverse climatic conditions ; those
who fail to give proper attention and necessary nutriment
experience difficulties.

The protracted fall has revealed that the bees consumed-
early a considerable portion of their winter stores, which
may result in unsuccessful wintering or starvation during
the current winter of 1913-14.

Summarily, conditions throughout the State have shown
improvement. Several local outbreaks of infection were dis-
covered, and it is thought surrounded or checked. The older
and known infected districts have been closely guarded. It
is noticeable, too, in those districts where disease was once
bad, that the present percentage of reinfection is apparently

272 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

slight, and in a locality where a few years ago practically all
the colonies were found infected, to-day this infection has
been reduced or held in check until but a small percentage
of colonies are now found diseased. Furthermore, thrifty
beekeepers have learned to rid themselves of disease as soon
as it makes its appearance in their yards. Experience shows,
moreover, that reinfection may often be attributed to careless
or thoughtless methods.

Diseases of the Year. — It is becoming more and more
pronounced that American foul brood is being materially les-
sened or decreased throughout the State. But 32 apiaries
showed infection with this disease, 27 of which were satis-
factorily treated before the season closed.

European foul brood has a country-wide reputation for
treacherousness and persistence. It seems to be sporadic,
fluctuating and difficult to diagnose in its early stages. For
years it has been recognized as a disease which spreads with
great rapidity, and one which is difficult to combat or sup-
press. On the other hand, its ravages are perhaps less fatal
than those of American foul brood, especially where intelli-
gent methods are employed. The inspectors throughout
eastern United States found European foul brood particu-
larly plentiful during the year 1913. Moreover, it seems
especially virile and active. The peculiar weather condi-
tions doubtless had their influence. There were found in
Massachusetts 214 apiaries infected with this disorder, of
which 169 were released, having complied with the inspec-
tors' instructions prior to the close of the season.

Sacbrood, which was formerly known as the so-called
" pickled brood," was found in 23 apiaries. This disease,
while it reduces the efficiency of the colonies in which it is
present, is not thought to be serious, and usually rectifies
itself, especially with the introduction of a new queen. It is,
however, a specific infection, being activated by a so-called
" filterable virus."

The office has received a considerable number of samples
of brood and comb for diagnosis, which reveals the active in-
terest of the beekeepers in checking infection which they
have thought occurred in their yards.

No. 4.] INSPECTOR OF APIARIES. 273

The service has been facilitated by means of the "■ clean-
up " card, reported the previous year. By means of this the
beekeeper whose yard has been quarantined, or one who had
been directed to clean np his yard from the standpoint of
sanitation, communicated to the office by means of this card
the fact that he had fulfilled the instructions left by the
inspector. Upon receipt of the signed report, in the cases of
quarantine, the quarantine was raised. It has been found
necessary to limit with considerable discretion the time al-
lowed for fulfilling instructions. Delays in reporting have
been followed up from the office. In this way the office is
kept in constant touch with the situations throughout the
State. It has been found advisable to introduce an addi-
tional feature upon this report card ,in order to overcome cer-
tain slight objections heretofore experienced. The principle
and purpose of the card will not be altered, merely its ef-
ficiency improved. Its efficiency is indicated by the ready
response from approximately 350 beekeepers who signed and
returned their reports in 1913.

There has been the usual reduction of beekeepers through-
out the State, 229 having been removed from the file. This
reduction includes those who have moved out of the State,
died or for other reasons have ceased to keep bees. Many,
however, have been recorded as new beekeepers, or added to
the records. Besides these, a considerable number of names
have been added as " prospective " beekeepers. Thus there
has been an increase of 50 to 100 apiaries recorded.

Among the approximately 1,300 apiaries under observa-
tion during the season there were recorded by the inspectors
losses to the extent of 753 colonies during the winter of
1912-13. This is approximately 17 per cent of the num-
ber of colonies (4,347) put into winter quarters. It will be
observed that 17 per cent is a material reduction in the
winter loss as compared with that for the winter of 1911-12,
when the records showed approximately a 40 per cent loss.
In some instances entire apiaries were found to have suc-
cumbed in that year.

274 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

MiscEi,LANEous Work.

Correspondence. — The usual correspondence, with an es-
timated increase, has been handled. The inspector finds
difficulty in this phase of the work from the fact that it is
impossible to be in the field and to properly attend to corre-
spondence simultaneously. Occasionally it has been neces-
sary to obtain additional assistance as heretofore.

Publications. — The annual report of the Inspector of
Apiaries for the year 1912 is Bulletin Ko. G of the " Apiary
Inspection " series.

Resignations. — Mr. John Shaughnessy of Stockbridge
was appointed Deputy Inspector of Apiaries on Jan. 28,
1913, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Deputy
Inspector Wm. H. Thatcher of N'orth Adams in 1912. On
Aug. 7, 1913, Deputy Inspector Irving W. Davis resigned.
It was found impractical to appoint a successor during the
current season.

Attendance at Meetings. — Besides presiding at the
convention of the National Beekeepers' Association at Cin-
cinnati, Feb. 12 and 13, 1913, where the inspector was
elected president of that association, the writer has attended
numerous conventions and meetings of beekeepers throughout
Massachusetts and neighboring States. As usual, there have
been numerous field and demonstrational meetings, as well
as lectures given under the auspices of the inspection service
of the State Board of Agriculture. The newly organized
State Beekeepers' Association of Massachusetts is being de-
veloped and promoted as rapidly as circumstances and oppor-
tunities permit.

Emergency Meeting. — A most successful emergency field
meeting under the apiary inspection service was held Satur-
day, July 19, 1913, at 9.30 a.m., at the Grammar School,
Chester Station, Mass. The meeting was called because of
an outbreak of European foul brood in that locality. From
hurried examinations in adjacent towns, the infection had
been determined as local and not widespread. It was there-
fore immediately desirable to check the progress of the dis-
ease. Furthermore, at that season it was quite possible to

No. 4.] INSPECTOR OF APIARIES. 275

treat and save much of the infected stock. A program of
lectures and demonstrations was carried out bj Deputy In-
spector John Shaughnessy and Inspector Gates. The meet-
ing was hurriedly and widely announced by means of a
special bulletin and through the courtesy of the press. It
resulted in a representative attendance from all adjacent
towns. The program included general features concerning
the manipulation of apiaries, the procuring and shipping of
bees in their relation to the transmission of disease, the na-
ture of the brood diseases of bees, and the materials and
method of treating these diseases. The subjects were fully
discussed and demonstrated with materials, and living bees
procured for the convention.

Immediately following the convention Deputy Inspector
Shaughnessy carefully canvassed the territory and found the
limits of the infection. It was concluded that the outbreak
had been caused by the introduction of bees from another in-
fected district. The results of the meeting, however, were
especially marked, in that apiaries up and down the valley
had been thoroughly cleaned and renovated even previous to
the inspector's visit. Some beekeepers who were not in at-
tendance at the meeting gained full particulars through ac-
quaintances. This type of field meeting and demonstrational
work is proving more and more successful.

" Soft Candy " Feed. — One of the features of the season
has been the development of, and the wide expression of
satisfaction in, a " soft candy " which is being found to be a
most satisfactory food for bees. This candy was originally
promoted and developed by Mr. O. F. Fuller, a prominent
beekeeper of Blackstone, Mass. The office has been obliged
to repeatedly furnish information concerning this candy by
correspondence, and Mr. Fuller reports seasonal inquiries in
large numbers. A full description of the candy, with direc-
tions for its manufacture, will be found in Appendix I. to
this report. This appendix has also been published sep-
arately, and is now available for free distribution.

Information collected during the year concerning the inter-
relation of spraying and beekeeping, and the digest of spray-
ing laws will be found in Appendix II.

276

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

The publication of tbe proceedings of tbe convention men-
tioned in tbe previous annual report bas been delayed because
of insufficient time and opjDortuiiity to edit and prepare tbe
manuscripts.

Financial Statement, Nov. 30, 1913.
Services of inspectors, ....
Travel and necessary expenses of inspectors.

Postage,

Printing and office supplies,
Stenographic service, ....
Telephone and sundries, ....

$1,117 50

685

86

13

16

54 57

100

00

28

91

$2,000 00

Respectfully submitted,

BURTON N. GATES,

State Inspector of Apiaries.

No. 4.] INSPECTOrx OF APIARIES. 277

Appendix I.

SOFT CANDY FOR BEES.

The So-called " Fijllee Candy " for Queen Cages,
Teansportation of Combless Colonies, Stimula-
tive AND General Feeding.

The well-informed beekeeper has learned that it is unwise
and hazardous to feed under any circumstances honey in any
form, even though it be from his own apiary. There have
been many sad and general infeQtions with bee diseases by
such unguarded feeding. Thus it has become almost an
axiom, " Feed no honey." Consequently, substitutes have
necessarily been adopted and among these are sugar syrups
of various dilutions and compositions ; " hard candy," which
is virtually a taffy ; and recently, the so-called " Fuller
candy," which is a soft fondant, not dissimilar to the fondant
of chocolate creams.

For several years Mr. Fuller of Blackstone, Mass., as well
as others, has been experimenting with this modified English
candy, which should not harden beyond usefulness. Bee-
keepers of Massachusetts and elsewhere about the country
have found it advantageous to use this as a substitute for
honey or syrup. So numerous are the inquiries and satis-
factory the results, that it seems desirable to prepare infor-
mation in printed form^.

The soft candy has numerous advantages and possibilities.
It is foimd to be a most satisfactory stimulative feed ; a food
for bees in transit, either full colonies on combs, in combless
packages, or for queens in mailing cages. It is also found
satisfactory and advantageous as winter stores. Colonies have
been observed to leave natural stores for the candy. This
has occurred in colonies out of doors or in the cellar during
winter, as well as with colonies which are flying. Some of
the advantages of the candy are the ease with which it is

278 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

handled or supplied ; the fact that it may be made up in
quantities and stored until needed for use; its failure to
excite robbing; the ability to provision colonies with known
amounts or weights ; and its freedom from bee disease infec-
tion. It is furthermore found to be economical, there being
no waste by evaporation or spilling, as is the case with liquid
feeds. It is proving exceedingly practical in all feeding pur-
poses and methods.

The candy may be made in any degree of hardness or soft-
ness, according to the preference of the individual or the
needs of the season. As is inferred above, it may be made
and stored for months and even years if properly handled.
It may be molded in pulp, or wooden pie-plates, shallow tins
or specially constructed feeders (see Figs. 1 and 2), "divi-
sion-board feeders," overhead or super feeders, or boards may
be nailed to the side of a frame and the candy poured and
molded within the frame, allowing this to be hung in the hive
adjacent to the cluster. With the candy may be mixed pollen
substitutes, but these are as yet in the experimental stage,
and their efficiency or satisfactoriness is uncertain.

The latest formula or recipe for the cream, or soft candy,
fondant, which is practically a confectioner's recipe, is as
follows : —

12 jDOunds granulated sugar.
iy2 pounds liquid glucose.^

l^A quarts water (equals 40 ounces, which equals 5 cupfuls).
1/4 teaspoonful (about) cream of tartar, added when the tempera-
ture reaches about 230' F. or 110° C.
Boil to 238° F. or 114.4° C.

The measurements should be accurate.

A wooden paddle whittled about a foot long, with a 2-inch
blade, is found to be superior to a spoon in stirring or beat-
ing the candy.

A confectioner's thermometer is an advantage. Those ex-
perienced in making maple sugar may dispense with the
thermometer, although more accurate results are obtained by
using it.

• Granular or crystal glucose may be used, mixing it with the usual amount of water. It
may be desirable to modify the amount of glucose.

FIG. 1. — These are the usual and fonvenieiit types of candy box or feeder. The right-
Itanil one is phiced as it would appear on the t'op of the frames. Notice that one end
is slightly elevated. To its left is a box of candy, which is darker, being made with
" Coffee A " sugar; the glass side of this faces out, as also in the upper Ijox. The box
at the extreme left shows the surface of white candy, made with granulated sugar;
it also shows the projection which tilts the box. Upon it is a pie plate tilled with tlie
candy, wliich may l>c inverted ui)on the frames. (Author's illustration.)

Fig. 2. — Molds in the form of di\ isioii-l)oard fccck'rs (left-hand mold liUcd with candy;
right hand, empty). The lower frames are the standard Langstroth dimensions; tlie
upper are Kenton nuclei frames. The central Ijox shows the position of a feeder
on top of the frames. (Author's illustration.)

No. 4.] INSPECTOR OF APIARIES. 279

As soou as the sugar has begun to dissolve, ijrior to boil-
ing, the spoon or paddle used in stirring should be removed
from the kettle. The candy should not he stirred ivhile cooJc-
ing; to do it will cause a coarse grain. Remove from the
stove and cool to 125°-130° F. (or 51.6°-54.4° C), when
the specified boiling point has been reached. While cooling,
in order to equalize the temperature, the mass may be
stirred ; or preferably, when cooled to the specified degree,
it should be stirred until it commences to grain. Mr. Ful-
ler's directions are to stir vigorously until the mass appears
in color and consistency like boiled starch or paste. At once
pour into molds or feeders and cool.

Fine-grain Fondant for Queen Cages. — Another way to
cool the candy is to prepare a marble slab 2 or 3 feet square
with bars of square iron, making a form. The candy may
be poured upon the marble, and with broad putty knives,
similar to those used by paper hangers, the mass may be
beaten or worked upon the marble. Experience teaches that
this, which is virtually a confectioner's method, produces a
finer grain and usually a whiter fondant than when stirred
in the kettle. This is the process in preparing candy for
use in queen mailing cages, or the transportation of bees.
By it, a firmer consistency is usually obtained.

As a warning or explanation it may be said that the higher
the temperature at which the candy is boiled the harder it
will become; consequently, by varying the boiling point at
which the candy is removed from the stove, the hardness or
softness of the product may be governed. Furthermore, as
is the experience of confection makers, candy should be
boiled to one or two degrees higher on cloudy or humid days
than on a clear, dry day. By means of a thermometer and
a little experience, these features are readily learned.

Storing the Candy. — The fondant is best stored in
earthen crocks, either as a mass or in the feeders. These
preserve the normal moisture. Over the mass should be
placed a sheet of paraffin paper upon which is a moist cloth
or towel. The crock should be covered. Queen-cage candy
should always be kept in this way in order to preserve its

280 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

consistency. Similarly, candy molded in feeders may be
stored in large crocks or tins.

Remal'ing the Candy. — If at any time tbe candy hardens
from any cause, either in making, storage or in use, it may
be softened by the aiDplication of a few drops of water.
Furthermore, it may be removed from the molds and re-
cooked to the desired consistency. To recook, add a small
amount of water and boil as before.

Fig. 3. — When the bees of a strong colony eat up the candy almost entirely, they not infreiiuently
build combs, and have been known even to rear brood, in the box. This shows (upper part of the
picture, in corners) the remaininff candy ui)on which the bees were still at work, also having attached
combs to the glass. Some beekeepers have removed such a box of combs and brood, starting there-
from a new colony. In order to get the correct relation of the picture, hold it directly above your
liead. The comlts will then appear ]it'nrlul(>u» from the glass, and in their correct position, as if lifted
off from the tops of the frames.

No. 4.] INSPECTOR OF APIARIES. 281

Appendix II.

AN INQUIRY INTO THE SPRAYING LAWS OF NORTH
AMERICA IN THEIR RELATION TO BEEKEEPING
INTERESTS.

The beekeepers of Massaclmsetts have become agitated
over the alleged losses of colonies which have been attrib-
uted to spray poison. It has been complained that in certain
localities, especially where intensive spraying is the practice,
there has been an indiscriminate and possibly injudicious
use of si)rays. Some have complained, also, of carelessness
on the part of spray men, wherein it has been alleged that
trees in full bloom — not only the fruit trees but, for in-
stance, the lindens — have been deluged with arsenical
poisons. The writer has followed up certain alleged losses
and has seen apiaries which were depleted. The devastation
was apparently not due to any bee disease which is recog-
nized to-day. Furthermore, the alleged damages from sprays
have followed directly the application of spray poisons in
the vicinity.

Poisoning from insecticides may affect the colony in two
ways. It may immediately kill oft' the old bees without
apparently affecting the brood, or it may deplete the colony
of a portion of its field bees so that recovery by fall is usu-
.ally but partial. Thus there is ultimate damage, wherein the
colony fails to recuperate for winter. Furthennore, any de-
pleted colony is seriously handicapped in honey production,
and is rendered more susceptible to infectious brood dis-
eases.

As a result of these reports and from the urgency of the
situation, a preliminary inquiry has been made into provi-
sions afforded in other States for the protection of bees
against insecticidal poisoning. Each State in the Union, as
well as the Canadian Provinces and the insular possessions.

282 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

have been addressed for information concerning the legisla-
tion which governs the spraying of trees, especially fruit
trees in bloom, or any information or legislation jDertaining
to spraying in relation to beekeeping. Twenty-eight Prov-
inces, possessions and States have replied. Of these, 23
report that they have no legislation pertaining to spraying
so as to protect bees from injury. A few States and Prov-
inces, however, have laws. Those reporting are as fol-
lows : —

The Province of Ontario enacted in 1892 a clause pro-
hibiting the spraying of fruit bloom. A quotation from their
law is as follows : " No person in spraying or sprinkling fruit
trees during the period within which such trees are in full
bloom shall use or cause to be used any mixture containing
Paris green or any other poisonous substance injurious to
bees."

Colorado also in its bee inspection law has a clause (sec-
tion 11): "It shall be unlawful to spray fruit trees while
in bloom with any poisonous spray which is injurious to
bees in their egg, larval or adult stages."

A very significant paragraph is contained in a letter of
Mr. C. K. j\Iacey, State Horticultural Inspector of Idaho.
He says, under date of Sept. 22, 1913: " So far as we have
information, I would say that there has been practically
no loss of bees in this State from spraying, and if there
is such a loss in your State it is probably due to the fact
that sjDraying is done soon after the blossoms open. Our
spraying is not done until they have reached the stage where
the petals are falling and the bees have about ceased to work
on them, except in an occasional instance where a few trees
in an orchard bloom unusually late."

Michigan, in 1905 (section 12), "... Provided also that
no such spraying shall be clone while said fruit trees or vines
are in blossom, except in case of canker worm."

jSTew York State has a provision (No. 1757): "Spraying
Fruit Trees with Poison. — Any person who shall spray
with, or apply in any way, poison or any poisonous substance
to fruit trees while same are in blossom, is guilty of a mis-

No. 4.] INSPECTOR OF APIARIES. 283

demeanor, piiuishable by a fine of not less than ten dollars
nor more than fifty dollars for each offence; provided, how-
eve >% that nothing in this section " shall interfere with the
experimental work at the Ithaca and Geneva stations.

Vermont (in section 5841) provides: "Spraying Fruit
Trees. — A person who sprays f niit trees when in blossom
with a solution containing less than three pounds of un-
slacked lime to fifty gallons of the solution shall be fined not
more than forty dollars nor less than ten dollars."

Besides the above enumeration there are two States which
have attempted legislation. These are Connecticut and Wis-
consin.

With respect to the conditions in Connecticut, it has been
reported that a bill was presented in the last session of the
Legislature, but the committee's report was unfavorable. At
present, however, there is no legislation on the Connecticut
statute book. It was also stated that most farmers under-
stand that it is not necessary to spray until the blossoms have
fallen, when of course the danger of killing the bees is past.
A few instances of earlier spraying, however, have been re-
ported, and some bees were killed.

Concerning Wisconsin, it is learned that in Eebruary,
1911, a bill was introduced in the assembly, but its wording
would have utterly prohibited the spraying of fruit trees at
any time after the first year in which they blossomed. This
bill of course could not pass.

From the numerous communications in regard to this in-
quiry which were received, many being from State entomol-
ogists, there is a general feeling that the education of the
horticulturist is of first importance. It is recogTiized that to
spray while a fruit tree is in bloom is undesirable for several
reasons. Spraying for the codling moth at this time is un-
necessary because the eggs have rarely been laid and the
larvae are usually unhatched. A later spray, when at least
two-thirds of the petals have fallen, will be quite as efficient.
Furthermore, it is being more and more recognized that to
spray the open blossom is likely to injure the sexual organs
of the flower and result in preventing the set of fruit. There

284 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P.D.No.4.

is almost a countrj-wide consensus that judicious spraying
may effectually be done after at least two-thirds of the petals
have fallen ; then there will be little danger of injuring bees.
The entomologists particularly urge the dissemination of such
information.

So far as the reports have been received, this is the status
of the spraying problem versus beekeeping. It is presented
as a preliminary report for future guidance.

TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT

I

OF THE

i

DAIRY BUREAU |

i

OF THE I

Massachusetts Board of Ageiculture,

REQUIRED UNDER i

1

1

Chapter 89, Section 12, Revised Laws. i

Presented to the Board and Accepted,
January 15, 1914.

Dairy Bukeau — 1913.

CHARLES M. GARDNER, Westfield, Chairman.
GEORGE W. TRULL, Tewksbury, P. 0. Lowell, R. F. D.
OMER E. BRADWAY, Monson, Mass.

Secretary.
J. LEWIS ELLSWORTH, Executive Officer and Secretary of the

State Board of Agriculture to May 1, 191S.
WILFRID WHEELER, Executive Officer and Secretary of the

State Board of Agriculture from May 1, 1913.

General Agent.

P. M. HARWOOD.

Address, Room 136, State House, Boston.

REPORT OF THE DAIRY BUREAU.

The work of the Bureau for the year 1913 has been aug-
mented by additional duties attendant upon the carrying
out of the resolve of the Legislature for the encouragement
of practical dairying. By vote of the Board of Agriculture
this work was given over to its Dairy Bureau. The resolve
reads as follows: —

Chapter 96, Acts op 1913.

Resolve to provide for the Encouragement of Dairying and
THE Production of Milk and Dairy Products of Superior
Quality.
Resolved, That the state board of agriculture is hereby authorized
to provide for the encouragement of practical dairymen in the produc-
tion of milk and dairy products of superior quality and cleanliness, by
offering prizes for the best kept stables, the lowest bacteria counts and
best quaUty of milk, or otherwise, as the board may determine; by
demonstrations illustrating the best methods of dairying; by agents
who shall instruct the citizens of the commonwealth in matters of
stable construction and management and dairy methods in general;
by the distribution of literature giving information in regard to the best
methods of dairying and especially in regard to the production of clean
milk; or in such other manner as the board may deem best for the
encouragement of dairying and the production of clean milk. For
travelling, incidental, administrative and office expenses necessarily
incurred in carrying out the purposes of this resolve the said board
may expend a sum not exceeding five thousand dollars amiually for
three years, beginning with the year nineteen hundred and thirteen,
and if any part of the said five thousand dollars remains unexpended
at the close of any one year, the balance may be expended in the fol-
lowing year. [Approved May 26, 1913.

This work — encouragement of practical dairying — opens
up a field of great interest. During recent years, in milk-
shipping sections of the State, many farmers have either

290 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

curtailed their business, given up milk production/ sold their
farms or changed their system of farming. The farms when
sold have usually gone into the hands of city people for
country homes or for so-called fancy farming. Poles and
other immigrants have not purchased dairy farms to any
extent, preferring the onion and tobacco farms of the Con-
necticut valley or truck farms adjacent to large cities.

We are of the opinion that the great hope for the future
of Massachusetts dairying lies in the production of clean,
wholesome milk for near-by markets for a price higher than
that paid for railroad market milk from northern New
York, northern New England and Canada, which cannot be
safely sold without pasteurization. Whatever may be done
in the way of inspection and supervision in the future, long-
hauled milk sold in large cities will continue to be pas-
teurized, — or treated in some equal or superior manner, —
in order that the public health may be safeguarded and the
milk contractors and dealers protected. We believe that
inspection of dairies, while necessary and important, is fre-
quently overestimated in the public mind, and that the real
good that comes from these inspections is the simple re-
moval of unsound animals and of unsanitary conditions
without frills, fads and unnecessary requirements. Dairy
inspection is not a guarantee of cleanliness. The best way
in which clean milk can be secured from dairies three hundred
and sixty-five days in the year is to pay for it on the basis
of cleanliness and freedom from contamination.

With the limited sum of S5,000 per annum at our dis-
posal, we cannot do all that we would like. In fact, we can
only make a beginning in a few ways. W'e believe that by
encouragement and incidental instruction, habits of dairy-
men, however good, can be improved. In carrying out this
idea we have during the year offered prizes aggregating
$3,000, $2,550 of which was for clean milk, and $450 for the
protection of dairies from flies. For convenience, the State
was divided into two sections, — eastern and western. In
the eastern section there were 37 entries. These dairies

1 In 1890 there were assessed in Massachusetts 200,658 cows; m 1906, 181,816; in 1912,
161,608; and in 1913, 151,276. This shows a decrease, from 1890 to 1913, of 49,382; from 1906
to 1913, of 30,540; and from 1912 to 1913, of 10,332.

No. 4.] REPORT OF THE DAIRY BUREAU. 291

were examined in the month of September. Answers to per-
tinent questions were obtained, photographs of premises
taken, and samples of milk run through absorbent cotton,
and the cottons examined later for sediment. The prizes
were awarded September 30 and were made public at the
Brockton Fair. In the western section there were 114 en-
tries. These dairies were examined in the month of October
and the prizes awarded later. The names of the winners
were announced at the State Board of Agriculture meeting
at Springfield, December 1. In the contest for dairies best
protected from flies there were 18 entries. These dairies
were examined early in October, and the announcement of
the prizes was made at the Springfield meeting. So far as
we know, these were the first prizes ever offered along these
lines, but the results have exceeded our most sanguine ex-
pectations. The successful contestants have cheerfully
signed the following expression of determination : —

Consideration of the generosity of the Commonwealth in offering
liberal prizes for the production of clean milk, together with my own
interest in the matter, leads me to express my determination to con-
tinue the means adopted in this contest, and to add thereto from time
to time such improvements as appear practical, to the end that the
present high standing of Massachusetts milk may be maintained and
its quality improved.

Many contestants have voluntarily stated that they learned
more about the production of clean milk in this contest
than they ever knew before.

For details in the protection from flies contest, reference
is made to Circular No. 10 of the series now being pub-
lished by the State Board of Agriculture. Further details
in regard to the clean milk contest will be found in Circular
No. 13 of the same series.

It is hoped that during the coming year even more far-
reaching results may be realized from plans already in
contemplation.

The Bureau takes this opportunity to express its appre-
ciation and thanks for the services of Prof. Samuel C.
Prescott of the ]Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
and Mr. E. H. Forbush of the State Board of Agriculture,

292 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

as judges who acted without pay in the clean milk and
protection from flies contests, respectively; also to milk in-
spectors S. C. Downs and J. A. Gamble of Springfield, G. L.
Berg of Worcester, Fred E. Marsh of Ware, Clifford W.
Shippee of Gardner, and others who did much to awaken local
interest, besides furnishing valuable assistance in the clean
milk contest; also to Mr. Fred F. Walker, Commis-
sioner of Animal Industry, and the inspectors of animals
throughout the Commonwealth, for valuable assistance in
obtaining information relating to the dairymen in Massa-
chusetts.

The police work of the Board for 1913 has resulted in
149 cases in court and 146 convictions. Seven of these
cases were for violation of the milk laws, 54 for the viola-
tion of the renovated butter law and 88 for the violation
of the oleomargarine laws.

In the educational work, 17 lectures have been given by
the general agent. These lectures have explained the food
value of milk, advocated its increased consumption and more
economical distribution, and that its price be based upon
quality and cleanliness. We believe these to be among the
basic essentials in bringing to dairymen a more prosperous
condition, and to consumers greater security in their milk
supply. Most of the creameries, and many dairy plants
in the State, have been visited during the year, and special
exhibits of the work of the Bureau were made at Brockton
and Springfield.

Bulletins on "Dairying in Denmark," edited by P. M.
Harwood, "Cost of Milk Production," by Prof. Fred Ras-
mussen, "What it Costs to produce Milk in New England,"
by P. M. Harwood, with extracts from special articles by
Mr. Elmer D. Howe, Prof. John M. Trueman, Prof. Fred
Rasmussen, and Dr. Joseph B. Lindsey, have been pub-
lished, and statistics relating to milk producers and breeders
of pure-bred dairy stock have been gathered.

Early in the year the general agent was appointed by the
Governor, together with Dr. Mark W. Richardson of the State
Board of Health and Gen. Charles W. Wood of Worcester,
to attend a milk conference in New York. This conference

No. 4.] REPORT OF THE DAIRY BUREAU. 293

voted that the mahi control of the milk business should
remain in the hands of the agricultural departments of the
several States represented, and the milk inspection divided
between agricultural and health authorities. Later in the
year the general agent was appointed by the governor to
attend a conference of the United States department and
State departments for bringing about more uniform laws
and regulations in the control of dairy and food supplies.

Milk Consumption.
It is gratifying to know that the consumption of milk in
Greater Boston is gradually increasing from the low ebb
reached in 1911. The figures of the Massachusetts Board
of Railroad Commissioners show the receipts of railroad milk
to be 107,306,849 quarts. (See table on page 300.)

Condensed Milk.
The Chamber of Commerce gives receipts of condensed
milk, including evaporated cream in Boston for 1913, as
3,484 barrels and 321,883 cases, as against 2,304 barrels and
321,946 cases in 1912. This indicates but slight increase in
the consumption of these products during the year. (See
table on page 300.)

Milk Inspectors.
The number of milk inspectors in the State has been in-
creased during the year, and their high reputation for effi-
ciency maintained. Our thanks are due to many for their
kindly co-operation and assistance at all times. A list
of these inspectors will be found on pages 305-307.

Oleomargarine.
The number of retail oleomargarine licenses in force in
the State November, 1912, was 846, while in 1913 it was
884, showing an increase of 38 oleomargarine licenses in
Boston. As reported by the Chamber of Commerce in 1912,
it was 140,040 packages, while in 1913 it was 127,994, show-
ing a decrease of 12,046. Oleomargarine produced in the

294 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

United States in 1912 was 128,601,053 pounds, while in
1913 it was 145,227,872, showing an increase of 16,626,829.
This increase in the manufacture of oleomargarine, and its
apparent increased consumption in the United States, is
undoubtedly due to the high cost of living, but the decrease
in number of packages of oleomargarine wholesaled in
Boston, together with the but slight increase in number of
Massachusetts licenses, indicates that the majority of people
in this State still prefer to use genuine butter. (For further
details, see tables on page 297.)

Renovated Butter.
In 1912 there were 46,387,398 pounds of renovated butter
produced in the United States, while in 1913 there were
38,354,762, showing a decrease of 8,032,636 pounds in twelve
months, which indicates a decline of these goods in public
favor. (See table on page 298.)

Butter.
The annual statement of the Boston Chamber of Com-
merce shows an increase in the consumption of butter,
Boston output, during 1913 of 1,312,224 pounds, which is
a fairly normal increase. The average wholesale price of
31.7 cents for the year, against 31.2 cents for 1912, has had
no apparent effect upon the butter consumption. (Details
will be found on pages 298 and 299.)

Personnel of the Bureau.
The personnel of the Bureau is as follows: Charles M.
Gardner of Westfield, chairman, George W. Trull of Tewks-
bury and Omer E. Brad way of Monson. The executive
force, agents and analysts, etc., are as follows: executive
officer and secretary, Wilfrid Wheeler; ^ general agent,
P. M. Harwood; analysts, B. F. Davenport, M.D., Boston,
and F. W. Farrell, Emerson Laboratory, Springfield; agent,
A. W. Lombard; and five others have been temporarily
employed.

I Since May 1, 1913.

No. 4.] REPORT OF THE DAIRY BUREAU.

295

SmcviART OF Police Work.

Total number of inspections, ^8,161

Number of inspections where no samples were taken, . . 4,609
Number of samples of butter, oleomargarine and condensed

milk, all purchased, 3,458

Number of samples of milk and cream, 94

Cases entered in court, 149

Addresses by general agent and others, 18

Cases prosecuted during the twelve months ending Nov. 30,
1913, by months and courts, with law violated, and results,
are as follows : —

Court.

Month.

Nunf-
ber.

Law violated.

Con-
\'icted.

Dis-
charged.

Lynn Police,

Maiden, First Eastern Mid-
dlesex District.

Gloucester, Eastern Esses
District.

Worcester, Central District,

New Bedford, Third Bristol

District.
Holyoke Police, .

Lawrence Police,

East Brookfield,_ Western

Worcester District.
Salem, First Essex District,

Lynn Police,

Worcester, Central District,

Webster, First Southern

Worcester District.
Boston Municipal,

Haverhill, Northern Esses
Di.strict.

Athol, First Northern
Worcester District.

Gardner, First Northern
Worcester District.

Boston Municipal, Charles-
town District.

Springfield Police,

Boston Municipal, Brighton

District.
Lowell Police,

Salem, First Essex District,

Worcester, Central District,

Worcester, Central District,

December, .

4

December, .

2

December, .

2

December, .

4

January,

38

January,

3

February, .

16

March,

2

March,

2

March,

6

March,

7

March,

4

April, .

2

April, .

16

April, .

4

April, .

7

April, .

1

April, .

3

May, .

2

May, .

7

May, .

2

May, .

2

June, .

1

4 renovated butter,
2 oleomargarine, .

2 oleomargarine, .

4 oleomargarine, .

18 renovated butter,
20 oleomargarine.

3 oleomargarine,

6 renovated butter,
10 oleomargarine.

2 renovated butter,

2 oleomargarine, .

2 renovated butter,
4 oleomargarine.

1 renovated butter,
6 oleomargarine.

4 renovated butter,

2 oleomargarine, .

8 renovated butter,

8 oleomarg.arine.

4 oleomargarine, .

3 renovated butter,
4 oleomargarine.

1 oleomargarine, .

3 oleomargarine, .

2 renovated butter,

7 oleomargarine, .
2 renovated butter,
2 cream, '.

1 cream,

1 There were 79 extra samples taken during the year, therefore this number is less than the
sum of the next three items.

296

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Court.

Month.

Num-
ber.

Law violated.

Con-
victed.

Dis-
charged.

Haverhill, Northern Essex

District.
Lawrence Police,

Quincy, East Norfolk Dis-
trict.
Chelsea Police, .

July, .
November, ,
November, .
November, .

2
4
2
2

2 cream,

2 milk, 2 oleomar-
garine.
2 renovated butter,

2 oleomargarine, .

2
4
2
2

-

Note. — The Bureau is indebted to the milk inspectors of Massachusetts for assistance
which has resulted in court cases.

The charges in the several cases entered in court for the
year ending Nov. 30, 1913, have been as follows: —

Selling renovated butter in unmarked packages, .... 54

Selling oleomargarine without being registered, .... 3

Selling oleomargarine in unmarked ^ packages, .... 11
Furnishing oleomargarine in restaurants, etc., without notice to

guests, 73

Selling milk below standard, 2

Selling cream below standard, 5

Selling oleomargarine without sign in store, 1

149

The following table shows the inspections without samples,
and the number of samples taken during the past eleven
years : —

Years.

Inspections
without
Samples.

1903-12 (inclusive),
1913

Total for eleven years,

Average,

51,682
4,609

56,291
5,117

Samples.

14,575
3,552

18,127
1.647

1 In these cases oleomargarine was sold when butter was asked for, but the charge was made
in this way for convenience.

No. 4.] REPORT OF THE DAIRY BUREAU.

297

Tables rel.a.ting to Oleomargarine.
The number of United States oleomargarine licenses in
force in Massachusetts in November, 1912 and 1913, is as
follows : —

1912. 1913.

Wholesale licenses in Boston, 18 19

Wholesale licenses in other cities, 9 12

Totals, 27 31

Retail hcenses in Boston, 124 121

Retail licenses in other cities and towns, .... 722 763

Totals, 846 884

The following figures, taken from the annual report of the
United States Commissioner of Internal Revenue for 1913,
show the production, withdrawn tax paid, and withdraw^n
for export of the two classes of oleomargarine, as defined
by act of ]May 9, 1902, covering the period of eleven years,
since it went into effect on July 1, 1902: —

Oleomargarine (Pounds).

Product taxed at Rate of
10 Cents per Pound.

Product taxed at Rate of
}4 Cent per Pound.

Year.

Produced.

With-
drawn Tax
paid.

With-
drawn for
Export.

Produced.

With-
drawn Tax
paid.

With-
drawn for
Export.

1903, .

5,710,407

2,312,493

3,334,969

67,573.689

66,785,796

151,693

1904, .

3,785,670

1,297,068

2,504,940

46,413,972

46,397,984

123,425

1905, .

5,560,304

3,121,640

2,405,763

46,427,032

46,223,691

137,670

1906, .

4,888,986

2,503,095

2,422,320

50,545,914

50,536,466

78,750

1907, .

7,758,529

5,009,094

2,695,276

63,608,246

63,303,016

129,350

1908, .

7,452,800

4,982,029

2,522,188

74,072,800

73,916,869

109,480

1909, .

5,710,301

3,275,968

2,403,742

86,572,514

86,221,310

112,953

1910, .

6,176,991

3,416,286

2,767,195

135,685,289

135,159,429

97,575

1911, .

5,830,995

2,764,971

3,054,344

115,331,800

115,448,006

91,750

1912. .

6,235,639

3,174,331

3,044,122

122,365,414

121,945,038

106,160

1913,.

6,520,436

4,090,658

2,417,973

138,707,426

138,242,848

59,686

Totals

65,631,058

35,947,633

29,572,832

947,304,096

944,180,453

1,198,497

298

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Renovated Butter.
The following figures, from the same source as the pre-
ceding table, show the production and withdrawn tax paid
of renovated butter, 1902-13: —

Renovated Butter {Pounds).

Year.

Production.

Withdrawn Tax
paid.

1903,
1904,
1905,
1906,
1907,
1908,
1909,
1910,
1911,
1912.
1913,

Totals,

54,658,790
54,171,183
60,029,421
53,549,900
62,965,613
50,479,489
47,345,361
47,433,575
39,292,591
46,387,398
38,354,762

554,668,083

54,223,234
54,204,478
60,171,504
53,361,088
63,078,504
50,411,446
47,402,382
47,378,446
39,352,445
40,413,895
38,285,114

554,282,536

Butter.
The following table shows the average quotation for the
best fresh creamery butter, in a strictly wholesale way, in
the Boston market for the last ten years, as compiled by
the Boston Chamber of Commerce: —

Month.

1913.

Cents.

1912.

Cents.

1911.

Cents.

1910.

Cents.

1909.

Cents.

1908.

Cents.

1907.

Cents.

1906.

Cents.

1905.

Cents.

1904.

Cents.

January, .

33.9

36.9

28.8

33.5

30.9

29.7

30.4

25.2

28.0

22.7

February, .

34.9

32.5

26.9

30.5

30.0

32.1

31.7

25.2

31.6

24.6

March,

36.4

32.1

24.2

32.0

29.1

30.2

30.2

25.5

28.0

24.1

April,

34.5

32.7

21.7

31.5

27.9

28.4

32.2

22.2

29.1

21.6

May, .

28.7

30.4

22.8

29.0

26.6

24.1

31.4

19.9

23.9

19.9

June,

28.2

27.9

24.2

28.2

26.4

24.5

24.3

20.2

20.7

18.4

No. 4.] REPORT OF THE DAIRY BUREAU.

299

Month.

1913.

Cents.

1912.

Cents.

1911.

Cents.

1910.

Cents.

1909.

Cents.

1908.

Cents.

1907.

Cents.

1906.

Cents.

190S.

Cents.

1904.

Cents.

July. .

27.5

28.1

26.0

28.6

27.2

23.6

25.9

21.0

20.6

18.3

August,

28.2

27.1

27.2

29.6

28.2

24.5

26.0

23.8

21.6

19.1

September,

31.3

29.1

27.7

29.6

31.3

25.3

29.2

25.6

21.2

20.8

October, .

31.2

31.0

30.4

29.4

31.7

27.5

29.9

26.9

22.1

21.5

November,

31.9

32.9

32.5

30.2

31.4

29.5

27.1

27.6

23.0

24.1

December,

33.8

34.0

35.0

30.0

32.9

31.0

27.5

30.7

23.9

25.7

Averages, .

31.7

31.2

27.3

30.2

29.5

27.5

28.8

24.48

24.47

21.73

The Chamber of Commerce figures regarding the butter
business in Boston for 1912 and 1913 are as follows: —

1913.

1912.

Pounds.

Pounds.

8,340,102

6,612,966

2,314,428

3,282,660

2,870,790

3,256,729

3,365,435

3,565,555

4,433,969

3,905,002

8,659,092

7,003,321

12,938,572

12,225,290

12,323,011

13.030,718

8,333,419

8,346,787

6,096,706

6,051,810

4,241,941

4,961,020

2,876,134

3,717,156

3,251,088

2,263,182

80,044.687

78,222,196

200

24,005

80,044,487

78,198,181

8,874,204

8,340,102

71,170,283

69,858,059

Carried over in storage.
Receipts for January, .

February

March

April,

May,

June

July

August,

September

October,

November, . . . .
December,

Total supply.
Exports for year, deduct, .

Net supply, ....
Storage stock December 27, deduct.

Consumption for year, .

300

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc,

Receipts of Condensed Milk.
The Chamber of Commerce figures regarding the receipts of
condensed milk at Boston for 1912 and 1913 are as follows: —

1913.

1913.

1912.

1912.

Barrels.

Cases. 1

Barrels.

Cases. 1

January

147

19,621

318

34,212

February,

167

24,862

174

32,066

March,

260

30,670

193

16,247

April, .

170

22,193

375

20,614

May, .

96

21,946

107

23.578

June, .

320

38,300

187

27,080

July, .

269

39,502

217

37,387

August,

137

22,902

146

44,461

September,

254

28,693

76

14,838

October,

1,328

25,895

262

22,240

November,

130

17,694

27

27,144

December,

206

29,605

222

22.079

Totals,

3,484

321,883

2,304

321,946

' Includes evaporated cream.

Milk.

Milk brought into Boston by Different Railroads, Dec. 1, 1912, to Nov.
SO, 1913, as reported by the Railroad Commissioners (Quarts).

D.VTE.

Boston &
Albany.

Boston &
Maine.

New York,
New Haven
& Hartford.

Total.

December,

January,
February,
March, .
April, .
May,
June, .
July, .
August,
September,
October,
November,
Totals,

1912.

1913.

651,882

429,311
380,481
444,513
442,251
500,943
465,740
451,915
436,862
490,677
550,381
586,978
5,831,934

6,916,685

7,179,151
6,693,732
7,377,392
7,438,618
7.732,448
7,520,704
7,430.444
6,820,345
6,151,288
5,913,873
5,578,902
82,753,582

1,422,419

,437,881
,439,468
,546,405
,475,735
,748,368
,662,461
,725,201
612,586
550,894
594,625
505,290

18,721,333

8,990,986

9,046,343
8,513,681
9,368.310
9.356,604
9,981,759
9.648,905
9,607,560
8,869.793
8.192.859
8,058.879
7,671,170
107,306,849

No. 4.] REPORT OF THE DAIRY BUREAU.

301

Comparative List of Number of Cows assessed in Massachusetts, May 1,
1906, April 1, 1912, and May 1, 1913.

1913.

Decrease.

Increase.

Counties.

1906.

1912.

190«-13.

1912-13.

1906-13.

1912-13.

Barnstable, .

2,448

2,305

2,251

197

54

-

-

Berkshire,

17,404

16,463

15,317

2,087

1,146

-

-

Bristol, .

13,702

13,552

12,803

899

749

-

-

Dukes, .

656

583

5SS

68

-

-

5

Essex, .

17,131

14,529

13,456

3,675

1,073

-

-

Franklin,

12,715

11,941

10,986

1,729

955

-

-

Hampden,

12,096

10,501

9,486

2,610

1,018

-

-

Hampshire,

14,383

12,261

11,467

2,916

794

-

-

Middlesex,

29,503

25,932

24,060

5,448

1,018

-

-

Nantucket,

378

419

453

-

-

75

34

Norfolk,

11,200

10,095

9,766

1,434

329

-

-

Plymouth,

8,465

7,765

7,613

852

152

-

-

Suffolk,

1,186

1,015

1,138

48

-

-

123

Worcester,

40,544

34,244

31,892

8,652

2,352

-

-

Totals,

181,816

161,608

151,276

30,615

10,494

75

162

List of Massachusetts Farms snaking Milk of Superior Quality and
Cleanliness and selling their Product higher than the Regular Mar-
ket Price.

Ap-

proxi-

Location, Farm.

Owner and Manager.

mate
Num-
ber of
Cows.

Where marketed.

Agawam, Reilly Farm,

J. J. Reilly, owner and
manager.

17

Springfield. '

Agawam, Colonial Farm, .

H. E. Bodurtha, owner
and manager.

12

Springfield.

Agawam, Elm Shade Dairy,

S. S. & E. F. Bodurtha,
owners and managers.

25

Springfield.

Amherst

H. M. Thompson, owner
and manager.

25

Holyoke.

Amherst, Grofif & Simmons'

GroiT & Simmons, owners

34

Amherst.

farm.

and managers.

Andover, Arden Farm,

Wm. M. Wood, owner, J.

552

Andover, Lawrence,

M. Putnam, superin-

Woburn and Bos-

tendent, Austin C.

ton.

Huggins, manager of

creamery.

Andover, Shattuck Farms,

F. Shattuck, owner and
manager.

50

Lawrence.

1 Several outr-of-State farms also furnish milk of this class in Springfield.
' Twenty-five cows in Andover and 30 in New Hampshire.

302

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

List of Massachusetts Farms making Milk of Superior Quality and
Cleanliness and selling their Product higher than the Regular Mar-
ket Price — Continued.

Ap-

proxi-

Location, Farm.

Owner and Manager.

mate
Num-
ber of
Cows.

Where marketed.

Auburn, Wellswood Farm,

Geo. 0. Keep, owner and
manager.

30

Worcester.

Barnstable, Bay Farm,

H. C. Everett, owner and
manager.

-

Barnstable.

Barre, Highland View Farm, .

D. A. Howe, owner, W.
E. Howe, manager.

25

Worcester.

Bolton, Rocky Dundee Farm, .

R. H. Randall, lessee and

20

Clinton.

Boston, Walker-Gordon Farm,

manager.
Walker-Gordon Laboratory

100

Boston and vicinity.

1106 Boylston Street.

Company, owner, John
Nichols, manager.

Brimfield, Clarence B. Brown's

Clarence B. Brown, owner

22

West Warren.

Farm.

and manager.

Brockton, Montello Station,

Fred F. Field, owner.

70

Brockton.

Dutchland Farm.

Earl D. Upton, manager.

Chilmark, West Tisbury, P. 0.

J. F. Adams, owner.

17

Vineyard Haven and

Oakview Farm.

Edgartown.

Dighton, Rock Farm,

J. W. Earle, owner, Ralph
Earle, manager.

15

Fall River. »

Dorchester, Codman Farm,

Watson B. Fearing, owner
and manager.

58

Boston.

East Lynn, ....

J. D. Coombs, lessee and

3

East Lynn.

Fairhaven, Dana Farm, .

manager.
Eliza N. and Edith Dana,

52

Fairhaven, Marion

owners and managers.

and Mattapoisett
(in summer).

Framingham, Millwood Farm, .

Mrs. E. F. Bowditch,

178

Boston and Welles-

owner, J. P. Bowditch,

ley.

manager, F. E. Barrett,

superintendent.

Framingham.WaverneyFarm, .

Reginald W. Bird, owner,
A. E. White, manager.

50

Boston.

Franklin, Ray Farm,

E. K. Ray, estate owner.

100

Boston, by Elm

Joseph G. Ray, trustee

Farm Company.

and manager.

Gloucester, Howard P. Lane's

Howard P. Lane, owner

50

Gloucester.

farm.

and manager.

Gloucester, H. Wallace Lane's

H. Wallace Lane, owner

30

Gloucester.

farm.

and manager.

Gloucester, Peter Hadstrom's

Peter Hadstrom, owner

5

Gloucester.

farm.

and manager.

Granby, C. W. Ball's farm.

C. W. Ball, owner and man-

29

Holyoke.

Greenfield, Wayside Farm,

ager.
Frank H. Reed, owner, Mr.
Purrington, manager.

25

Greenfield.

Hamilton, Miles River Farm, .

Maxwell Norman, owner
and manager, C. E.
Johnson, superintend-
ent.

140

Boston.

Hardwick, Mixter Farm, .

Mary A. Mixter, owner.
Dr. Samuel J. Mutter,
manager, S. R. Parker,
superintendent.

165

Boston.

Haverhill (Bradford District),

J. B. Sawyer, owner and

-

Haverhill.

J. B. Sawyer's farm.

manager.

Haverhill (Bradford District),

C. Herbert Poor, owner

20

Haverhill. 2

Cedar Crest Farm.

and manager.

Haverhill, North Broadway

E. A. Emerson, owner and

35

Haverhill.

Milk Farm.

manager.

Haverhill (P. 0. East Haver-

Fred Kimball, owner.

35

Haverhill.

hill), Fred Kimball's Farm.

Leonard Kimball, man-
ager.

' Several Rhode Island farms also furnish milk of this class in Fall River.
2 Two New Hampshire dairymen, Geo. B. Freeman and Herbert N. Sawyer, also eell
milk of this class in Haverhill.

No. 4.] REPORT OF THE DAIRY BUREAU.

303

List of Massachusetts Farms making Milk of Superior Quality and
Cleanliness and selling their Product higher than the Regular Mar-
ket Price — Continued.

LorATioN, Farm.

Owner and Manager.

Ap*-
proxi-
mate
Num-
ber of
Cows.

Where marketed.

Hclyoke, Whiting Farm,

W. F. Whiting, owner, John
F. Richardson, manager.

20

Hclyoke.

Kineston, Miss Helen Holmes'

Miss Helen Holmes, owner

20

Kingston.

Farm.

and manager.

Lee, John Goodrich's Farm,

John Goodrich, owner and
manager.

40

Lee.

Longmeadow, Hillbrow Farm, .

H. M. Burt, owner and
manager.

20

Springfield.

Lowell, Hood Farm, .

C. L Hood, owner, J. E.
Dodge, manager.

120

Lowell.

Ludlow, E. E. Chapman's Farm,

Edward E. Chapman,

22

Ludlow and Indian

owner and manager.

Orchard.

Lunenburg, Sunnyside Farm, .

Geo. M. Proctor,, owner,
Fred A. Miller, manager.

48

Fitchburg.

Marlborough, Fairview Farm, .

Elmer D. Howe & Son,
owners and managers.

10

Marlborough.

Medford, Mystic Valley Farm,

John J. Mulkevin, owner

16

Medford.

75 Arlineton Street.

and manager.

Medford, Hillside Farm, 20 Cow

Alberton Harris, owner

10

Medford.

Street.

and manager.

Methuen, Bragdon Farms,

E. L. Bragdon, owner and
manager.

30

Lawrence.

Methuen, Cox Farms,

Louis Cox, owner, L.
Coburn, manager.

31

Lawrence.

Methuen, Howe Farm,

E. D. Taylor, owner and
manager.

50

Lawrence.

Methuen, Spring Valley Farms,

Fred Miller, owner and
manager.

50

Lawrence.

Methuen, S. W. WUliams' farm.

S. W. Williams, owner and
manager.

30

Lawrence.

Millis, Lowland Farm,

E. F. Richardson, owner
and manager.

25

Boston.

Milton, Highland Farm, .

Patriquin & Newton,
lessees, George Patri-
quin, manager.

65

Milton.

Needham, K. E. Webb's Farm,

Keneth C. Webb, owner
and manager.

31

Needham.

Newton, Waban Post Office,

Wm. B. McMullin, owner

17

Needham and New-

W. B. McMullin's Farm.

and manager.

ton.

Norfolk, Meadowside Farm,

T. D. Cook & Co., owners
and managers.

35

Boston.

North Amherst, The Elms,

R. D. Dickinson, owner
and manager.

30

Amherst.

North Falmouth, Manuel G.

Manuel G. White, owner

6

North Falmouth.

White's Farm.

and manager.

North Grafton, Bonnybrook

Everett N. Kearney,

73

Worcester.

Farm.

owner and manager.

Northampton, W. J. LaFleur's

W. J. LaFleur, owner and

11

Northampton.

farm.

manager.

Oak Bluffs, Woodsedge Farm, .

F. W. Chase, owner and
manager.

20

Oak Bluffs.

Paxton, E. G. Richard's farm, .

E. G. Richards, owner and

40

Worcester, by C.

manager.

Brigham & Co.

Paxton, Echo Farm,

W. J. Woods, owner, Jo-

40

Worcester, by C.

seph Graham, manager.

Brigham & Co.

Peabody, Maplehill Farm,

-

-

Boston, by H. P.
Hood & Sons. '

Pittsfield, E. W. Page's farm, .

E. W. Page, owner and
manager.

8

Pittsfield.

Pittsfield, Mr. Bardwell's farm,

Mr. Bardwell, owner and

manager.

H

Pittsfield.

Pittsfield, Abby Lodge, .

A. W. Cooley, owner, Mr.
Carlson, manager.

35

Boston.

Saugus, Oaklandvale Farm,

Frank P. Bennett, owner
and manager.

112

Lynn.

1 H. P. Hood & Sons also distribute this class of milk from 10 farms in New Hampshire.

304

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

List of Massachusetts Farms making Milk of Superior Quality and
Cleanliness and selling their Product higher than the Regular Mar-
ket Price — Concluded.

Ap-

proxi-

Location, Farm.

Owner and Manager.

mate
Num-
ber of
Cows.

Where marketed.

South Lincoln, South Lincoln

South Lincoln Dairy Com-

250

Boston, Cambridge

Dairy Company.

pany, owners, W. A.
Blodgett, manager.

and Brookline.

South Natick, Carver Hill

Carver Hill Farms Inc.,

75

Boston, Wellesley,

Farm.

Austin Potter.

Natick, Needham
and Dover.

Sherborn,

H. N. Brown, owner and
manager.

50

Boston.

Sherborn

J. M. Merriam, owner and

40

Boston.

Sterling, Twin Oaks Farm (P.

manager.
Rodney Monk, owner and

75

Milk, Boston; cream,

O. Pratt's Junction).

manager.

Worcester.

Stoughton, Tobey Farm, .

E. B. Hutchins, owner and
manager.

15

Brockton.

Taunton, Geo. Sopor's farm, .

George Soper, owner and
manager.

30

Taunton.

Westwood, Fox Hill Farm,

Joshua Crane, owner, L.
W. Jackman, manager.

100

Boston.

West Newton and Barre, Wau-

Geo. H. Ellis, owner, P. F.

400

Boston, Brookline

winet Farm.

Staples and R. M.
Hardy, managers.

and Newton.

Warren, Maple Farm,

J. R. Blair, owner, R. A.

27

Boston, by C. Brig-

Siddens, manager.

ham Company.

Worcester, Pleasant View Farm,

Warren C. Jewett, owner
and manager.

40

Worcester.

Worcester,

Lewis J. Kendall, owner
and manager.

40

Worcester.

Worcester, Intervale Farm,

J. Lewis Ellsworth, owner
and manager.

14

Worcester.

Worcester, Village Farm, .

H. B. Prentice, owner and
manager.

30

Worcester.

Note. — Deerfoot Farm Dairy, office 9 Bosworth Place, Boston, with milk depots at both
Southborough and Northborough, sells milk of superior quality and cleanliness at a price
above that of ordinary market milk, and handles the product of 129 dairy farms, averaging
about 10 cows each, located in Southborough, Northborough, Westborough and HoUiston.
Most of these farms, therefore, at some time during the year come properly within the
requirements of this list. The method of payment of this milk is explained in the following
extract from a letter from the proprietor, Mr. Robert M. Burnett: 'The milk from all our
farms is tested once or twice a week on delivery at the dairy, samples being taken by
Professor Prescott's agent. When the milk is found to contain below 25,000 bacteria per
cubic centimeter, and cows, feed, water and stable conditions are reported by Dr. J. W.
Robinson as healthful and satisfactory, and the average test is not lower than 4^2 per cent
butter fat, the price paid is 50 cents per can at the Deerfoot Dairy for the full yield all the
year around. For any milk passing the above conditions, of good quality, testing below
4H per cent butter fat, we pay 45 cents per can for such proportion as we can bottle. For
the balance of the milk not bottled, and for the milk from farms not meeting the condi-
tions required for bottled milk, we pay the price agreed upon between the Milk Producers
Association and the Contractors Union. For the month of December, 1912, this compact
was with 129 farms averaging about 10 cows to the farm."

The foregoing list is necessarily incomplete and subject to
continual change. Additional names, eligible to this list, are
earnestly solicited.

No. 4.] REPORT OF THE DAIRY BUREAU.

305

List of Massachusetts Dairy Fanns making Certified Milk.

Ap-

proxi-

Name, Location.

Owner and Manager.

mate
Num-
ber of
Cows.

Certified by —

Where
marketed.

Cedar Hill Farm, Wal-

Miss Cornelia War-

215

Cambridge Medi-

Waltham, Cam-

tham.

ren, owner, Chas.
Cahill, manager.

cal Commission.

bridge, Boston.

Cedar Crest Farm, Wal-

John C. Runkle,

90

Cambridge Medi-

North Shore,

tham.

owner, Louis W.
Dean, manager.

cal Commission.

Cambridge,
Boston.

Cherrv Hill Farm, Bev-

H. P. Hood & Sons,

80

Medical Milk

Boston, North

erly.

owners, O. H.

Commission of

Shore, Law-

Perrin, manager.

Boston.

rence.

A. D. Davis, farm.

A. D. Davis, owner

60

- -

A little in Great

Sheffield.

and manager.

Barrington.
Mostly out-
side of State.

Ledyard Farm, Ando-

J. A. & W. H. Gould,

50

Maiden Medical

Maiden.

ver.

Commission.

Massachusetts Agricul-

Massachusetts Agri-

65

Medical Milk

Boston.

tural College Farm,

cultural College

Commission of

Amherst.

Farm, J. A. Foord.

>

Boston.

Oaks Farm, Cohasset,

C. W. Barron, owner,
W. E. Stilwell, man-
ager.

50

Medical Milk
Commission of
Cohasset.

Cohasset.

Prospect Hill Farm,

J. A. & W.H.Gould,

175

Medical Milk

Boston, Brook-

Esses.

Commission of
Boston.

line, Jamaica
Plain, North
Shore.

Seven Gates Farm,

W. L. Webb, owner,

20-25

Medical Milk

Marthas Vine-

North Tisbury.

0. L.Curtis, man-
ager.

Commission of
We.-5t Tisbury,
Inc.

yard.

W. C. White's farm,

Walter C. White, .

28

New Bedford

New Bedford.

Acushnet.

Medical Com-
mission.

List of Local Milk L\spectors.

Milk Insipectors for
Beverly,
Boston,
Brockton,
Cambridge,
Chelsea,
Chicopee,
Everett,
Fall River,
Fitchburg,
Gloucester,
Haverhill,
Holyoke,
Lawrence,
Lowell, .
L^^ln,
Maiden,
Marlborough,
Medford,

Massachusetts Cities, 19 IS.

. Henry E. Dodge, 2d.

. Prof. James 0. Jordan.

. George E. Boiling.

. Dr. W. A. Noonan.

. Dr. W. S. Walkiey.

. C. J. O'Brien.

. E. Clarence Colby.

. Henry Boisseau.

. John F. Bresnahan.

. Dr. George E. Watson.

. Dr. Homer L. Cornier.

. Daniel P. Hartnett.

. Dr. J. H. Tobin.

. Melvin F. Master.

. George A. Flanagan.

. J. A. Sandford.

. Jolm J. Cassid5^

. Winslow Jovce.

306 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Melrose, Caleb W. Clark, M.D.

New Bedford, Herbert B. Hamilton, D.V.S.

Newburyport, Dr. R. D. Hamilton.

Newton, Arthur Hudson.

North Adams, Henry A. Tower. ]

Northampton, George R. Turner. !

Pittsfield, Eugene L. Hannon. [

Quincy, Edward J. Murphy. j

Salem, John J. McGrath. '

Somerville, Herbert E. Bowman. ;

Springfield, Stephen C. Downs. ■

Taunton, Lewis I. Tucker. j

Waltham, Arthur E. Stone, M.D. i

Woburn, Edward P. Kelly, M.D. ;

Worcester, Gustaf L. Berg. \

Milk Inspectors for Massachusetts Towns, 1913.

Adams, Dr. A. G. Potter. i

Amesbury, E. S. Worthen.

Andover, Franklin H. Stacey. \

Arlington, Dr. L. L. Pierce. \

Attleborough, Caleb E. Parmenter. ;

Barnstable, George T. Mecarta.

Belmont, Thomas F. Harris. ;

Brookline, Frederick H. Osgood. "j

Canton, R. N. Hoyt. ]

Clinton, Gilman L. Chase. |

Cohasset, Dr. D. W. Gilbert, D.V.S. ;

Concord, Joseph Dee, Jr. '

Dedham, Edward Knobel. ]

Easthampton, George L. McEvoy. .

Fairhaven, Bertha F. Carl Frommel, M.D. ;

Framingham, R. N. Hoyt. j

Gardner, Clifford W. Shippee. ^

Greenfield, George P. Moore. ;

Hudson, Dr. A. L. Cundall. ^

Lancaster, George E. Howe.

Leominster, William H. Dodge. j

Ludlow, A. L. Bennett, D.V.S. \

Marblehead, Andrew W. Stone. !

Middleborough, T. F. Conway. 1

Millbury, Arthur A. Brown. ^

Milton, W. C. Tucker. j

Monson, Dr. E. W. Capen. iJ

Needham, R. N. Hoyt. ;

North Attleborough, .... Hugh Gaw, V.S.

Palmer, Edward P. Brown. li

Peabody, H. S. Pomeroy, M.D. |

No. 4.] REPORT OF THE DAIRY BUREAU.

307

Plainville,

Reading,

Revere, .

Salisbury,

Southbridge,

South Framingham,

South Hadley Falls,

Spencer,

Stoneham,

Swampscott,

Wakefield,

Ware, .

Watertown,

Wellesley,

Westborough,

Westfield,

Weston,

West Springfield,

Williamstown,

Winchendon,

Winchester, .

Winthrop,

John C. Eiden,
C. H. Playden, M.D.
Joseph E. Lamb.
John H. Pike.
Albert R. Brown.
Dr. J. H. McCann.
George F. Boudreau.
James A. Spencer.
George H. Allen.
Herbert D. Smith.
Harry A. Simmonds.
Fred E. Marsh.
Luther W. Simmonds.
R. N. Hoyt.
Charles H. Reed.
William H. Porter.
R, N. Hoyt.
Norman T. Smith.
G. S. Jordan, V.S.
Dr. G. W. Stanbridge.
Morris Dineen.
Smith A. Mowray.

Creameries, Milk Depots,

Co-operative Creameries.

ETC.

NtlMBER AND LOCATION.

Name.

Superintendent or Manager.

1.

Ashfield,

Ashfield Creamery, .

William Hunter, manager.

2.

Belchertown,

Belchertown Creamery, .

M. G. Ward, president.

3.

Cummington,

Cummington Creamery, .

D. C. Morey, superintend-
ent.

E. B. Clapp, treasurer.

4.

Eaethampton,

Hampton Creamery,

5.

Egremont (P.
Barrington).
Monterey,

0.

Great

Egremont Creamery,

E. G. Tyrell, manager.

6.

Berkshire Hills Creamery,

F. A. Campbell, treaaurer.

7.

Northfield, .

Northfield Creamery,

C. C. Stearns, treasurer.

8.

Shelburne,

Shelburne Creamery,

Ira Barnard, manager.

9.

Westfield,

Wyben Springs Creamery,

C. H. Kelso, manager.

Proprietary Creameries.

Number and Location.

Name.

Owner or Manager.

1. Amherst,

2. Amherst,

3. Brimfield,

4. Heath

5. Hinsdale,

Amherst Creamery Company, .
Fort River Creamery,

Crystal Brook Creamery,
Cold Spring Creamery,
Hinsdale Creamery, .

R. W. Pease, manager.

Clarence M. Wood, manager
(estate of E. A. King,
owner).

F. N. Lawrence, proprietor.

I. W. Stetson & Son.

Walter C. Solomon, pro-
prietor.

308

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Educational.

Location.

Name.

Manager.

Amherst, ....

Dairy Industry Course, Massa-
chusetts Agricultural College.

W. P. B. Lockwood, profes-
sor in charge.

Principal Milk-distributing Depots.

Name.

Location.

Manager.

Acton Farms Milk Com-
pany.

Alden Brothers Company,
Oak Grove Farm, Waume-
sit Farm.

Anderson Brothers, .

Boston Condensed Milk

Company.
Brigham, C., Company,

Brigham, C, Company,

Deerfoot Farms Dairy,

Elm Farm Milk Company,
Hood, H. P., & Sons,

Learned, G. S. (Fitchburg

Creamery).
Newhall, J. A., .

Perry, A. D

Prentice, H. H., & Co.

(Berkshire Creamery).
Somers Creamery Company,

Springfield Creamery,

Tait Brothers,

Wachusett Creamery,

Whiting, D., & Sons,

Somerv'ille, Windsor Street, .

Boston office, 1171 Tremont Street,
depot, 24-28 Duncan Street.

Worcester, Eckman Street, .

Boston, 484 Rutherford Avenue, .

Cambridge, 158 Massachusetts Ave-
nue.
Worcester, 9 Howard Street, .

Boston office, 9 Bosworth Street,
depots at Northborough and
Southborough.

Boston, Wales Place,

Boston, 494 Rutherford Avenue;
branches, 24 Anson Street, Forest
Hills, 886 Broadway, Chelsea.

Lynn, 193 Alley Street, .

Maiden, 425 Main Street,
Watertown, 479 Pleasant Street, .
Lawrence, 629 Common Street,
Fitchburg, 26 Gushing Street,
Newburyport, 32 Munroe Street, .
Worcester, Kansas Street,
Pittsfield, Crane Avenue,
Springfield, 178 Dwight Street, .
Springfield, Main Street,
Springfield, 37 Vinton Street,
Worcester, 6 Lincoln Street, .
Boston, 570 Rutherford Avenue, .

Arthur B. Parker, treas-
urer.

Charles L. Alden, presi-
dent, John Alden,
treasurer.

Anderson Bros.

W. A. Graustein.
John K. Whiting.
C. Brigham Company.
S. H. Howes.

James H. Knapp, treas-
urer.
Charles H. Hood.

G. S. Learned.

J. A. Newhall.

A. D. Perry.

H. H. Prentice.

W. M. Cushman.

F. B. Allen, proprietor.

Tait Brothers, proprie-
tors.

E. H. Thayer & Co.,
proprietors.

George Whiting.

Milk Laboratory.

Walker-Gordon Laboratory,

Boston, 793 Boylston Street,

George W. Franklin.

Receiving Depot for Milk, for Shipments to New York City.

Willow Brook Dairy Com-
pany.

Sheffield,

Frank Percy.

No. 4.] RErORT OF THE DAIRY BUREAU.

309

Encouragement of Dairying Expenses, August to

November.

Printing,

Agents: compensation,

Agents: expenses,

Judges: expenses,

Photography,

Supplies,

Total expenses, .
Prizes,

Total expenditures.

S51 18

183 85

426 29

24 45

55 80

93 74

$834 81
3,000 00

13.834 81

Regular Bureau Expenses.
The following is a classified statement of the expenses
for the year ending Nov. 30, 1913: —

Bureau: compensation and traveling expenses, . . . $496 36

Agents: compensation, 3,010 62

Agents: traveling expenses and samples purchased, . . 2,612 63

General agent: traveling and necessary expenses, . . 263 33

Analysts: analyses, tests, court attendance, . . . 929 50

Printing and supplies, 511 06

Educational, 176 50

Total, SS,000 00

P. M. HARWOOD,

General Agent.

Accepted and adopted as the report of the Dairy Bureau.

CHARLES M. GARDNER.
GEORGE W. TRULL.
O. E. BRADWAY.

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT

State Forester.

The town of Winchendon forest Are auto truck. Has carried ten men and
necessary equipment. It is also used as an auxiliary liose truck for house flres.
By an ingenious arrangement the hose-reel and box containing hand extin-
guishers are quickly interchangeable, and hence the truck serves a double pur-
pose. Cost of truck, S1,0(K).

\

lour year plantatiun of Scolcli piuL-, plantL-d \>y the Muntock Comiiany of
Winchendon. The wliole farm was purchased for the value of its wood growtli,
and the run-out fields, as here shown, have been planted. This farm is located
in Ashburnham. A good example of what the Winchendon manufacturers are
doing They also plant cut-over lands in the same way.

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE FORESTER.

Introduction.

With this report the office of State Forester completes the
first decade of its existence. It is a pleasure at this time not
only to report upon the activities and accomplishments of the
year just closing, but to also call brief attention to our ten
years of sturdy growth and our increasing usefulness to this
grand old Bay State, whose natural resources we are striving
to protect and augment. The people of INIassachusetts are
second to none in public sentiment, and now that forestry is
definitely recognized as of fundamental importance to both our
economic and aesthetic development, in what direction, may I
ask, should our efforts toward usefulness tend during the next
ten years?

Let us all have a hand in this most promising and captivat-
ing w^ork, and I am sure that future decades as they roll by will
each point to the earnest beginning of this generation.

If our interest in the work maintains its steady growth
throughout the State, the next ten years will accomplish far
more than most people realize, and hence even we, ourselves,
may live to enjoy some of the first fruits of our labors.

It is proverbial that we Americans are rather deliberate and
desire to get our bearings before we really set ourselves to a
task, but once satisfied we are right, then we break all precedent
in our ability to accomplish results. What Germany, Austria,
France, Denmark, Belgium and other countries have taken
centuries to learn, we can quickly adopt and put into practice.
To allow 1,000,000 acres of depleted and waste lands to lie idle
in a live and progressive State like ^Massachusetts, where the
markets are the best in the world, is accounted for only by
the fact that forest products, like all other natural resources,

314 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

have been cheap in the immediate past, it being necessary only
to harvest the crop. From now on we shall find it necessary
to plant and grow the crop to secure us a harvest.

Besides the 1,000,000 acres of so-called waste land capable
of reforestation, it is estimated that there are 2,000,000 more
in forests of varying conditions, one-half of which, it is safe to
say, comprises sprout or scrub growth of little financial value,
while the remainder is in merchantable condition.

This office has made sufficient study of the growth of white
pine alone to show that, at present prices even, we might in the
future, under modern forestry practices, cut lumber annually
that would yield millions of dollars to this Commonwealth.

Most of our people think that Massachusetts is so depleted
and cut over from a forestry standpoint that we are in a very
humiliating position, and they are right; and yet our scattered
remnants of forests continue to supply trees enough to keep
300 sawmills, mostly of the portable type, busily engaged every
day throughout the year in some section of the State. The
lumber produced in the State to-day, therefore, is a very great
asset, probably approximately 500,000,000 feet, board measure,
and representing an annual investment of $15,000,000 and a
net profit of from $2,500,000 to $7,500,000 to our people.

It is estimated that we grow only 5 per cent of the forest
products used in the State. Massachusetts is a busy and
bustling manufacturing center, and her demands for lumber
and other forest products are no small matter. A bulletin —
the first of its kind to be published in this country — has been
issued by the State Forester and contains a list of our various
wood-using industries, their location throughout the State, the
kinds of forest products used, the finished product and other
very interesting information. At the present time we are draw-
ing on Washington and Oregon at almost prohibitive prices for
our better soft woods, and from the Carolinas and Tennessee
for our hard woods; but may we pause to ask where shall our
mill owners turn next, once these virgin sources are depleted.
Surely, we must feather our nest now while we can depend
upon the outside supply, so that when this begins to ebb we
may be able to turn to our own home-grown products.

It costs $20 or more a thousand to ship lumber from the

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE FORESTER. 315

Pacific Coast to us, and we can plant, grow, harvest and make
a profit right here at home for this expenditure.

As State Forester, I desire to see our people enthused on
such a broad and comprehensive scale in reforestation and the
practice of modern forestry methods as to make this old Bay
State a veritable forest park from the tip of Cape Ann to the
town of Mount Washington, and from the summit of Greylock
Mountain to Provincetown and our islands in the sea. Let
the slogan, "Boost forestry!" prevail everywhere.

Our lumbermen without exception are everywhere practicing
more economic methods, especially upon the properties owned
by them; boards of trade and merchant associations are rec-
ognizing the importance of better forestry as a great future
asset to their respective sections, while clubs and other organiza-
tions are surely no less interested. '

The Massachusetts State Forestry Association, which has a
permanent paid secretary who gives his whole time to the work
of the association, has found more real interest in forests and
trees on the part of our people generally throughout the past
year than has been shown heretofore. The membership alone,
which is entirely voluntary, is indicative of the present interest,
having increased from 1,800 to 3,200. The membership was
only 800 three years ago. It is needless to point out that this
association has been and is of valued assistance to the State
Forester; in fact, it was this organization that labored so dili-
gently for forestry in the decades before this office was created.

The State Board of Agriculture, backed by its strong con-
stituency of agricultural societies, which represent the rural
industries of most of our stalwart farming sections, is also show-
ing splendid interest in forestry.

The INIassachusetts State Grange, our own order of Patrons
of Husbandry, which is recognized in every rural community
in Massachusetts as life-giving and comprising a social center,
has been of great help to this department as a medium for
getting into personal touch with landowners interested in our
work. It was the enthusiastic support of the State Grange, I
am frank to say, that aided as much as any one factor in the
enactment of our present and most efficient forest fire permit
law.

316 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

The Federation of Woman's Clubs, it is needless to point out,
has ever been in the front rank in promoting better forestry.

So I might continue to elaborate upon the good will and
assistance of organizations and associations which are aiding
the State Forester in his work; but suffice it to say that we
appreciate their co-operation and trust in its continuance. We
feel sure of this continued co-operation, since our cause is so
worthy and so dear to the hearts of all of us.

Activities of the Department.

The work that was so fully outlined in the introduction of
last year's report I refrain from again reviewing here. While
we thought our activities were many and effective at that time
we are frank to confess that during the past twelve months the
work has increased, both in new directions and in the enlarge-
ment of old methods. The number of observation or look-out
stations for forest fires was increased from 18 to 21, and the
State Fire Warden's work strengthened in every way. The
inspection of railroad locomotives has been conducted for the
first time by our own men, which co-operation has resulted in
far better service, in improved spark arresters and ash pans.

The chestnut blight work was greatly augmented by our
being able, through the continued co-operation with the United
States Department of Agriculture, to secure the services of Mr.
Roy G. Pierce, a graduate in forestry who had been in the
employ of the Pennsylvania Chestnut Bhght Commission until
that work was discontinued. Mr. Pierce has entered heartily
into the State Forester's plans, and it is believed that our activ-
ities have been recognized in every section where the chestnut
grows. A report on " Chestnut Blight " published elsewhere
will be of interest.

The activities in the moth work have been fully as encourag-
ing as any phase of the State Forester's undertakings. Not-
withstanding the fact that we are spending $115,000 less than
we were two years ago, the work has gone on with equal
efficiency. We have studied carefully the conditions of each
city and town, and our efforts, due to more experience on the
part of both State and local officials, have resulted in far greater
efficiency and economy.

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE FORESTER. 317

The introduction of sylvicultural methods and better forestry
practices has made the outlook in moth suppression more en-
couraging than at any previous time. Step by step, each year
seems to give us a new vantage point in the moth work, and
while it is conceded by all experts that our problem is now one
of suppression and not extermination, we in this State are pre-
pared to handle the problem in the most rational and economic
way. The moth work in our cities and towns is resolving itself
down to a definite business undertaking in which each is lessen-
ing its expenditures in proportion to the thoroughness with
which the work is done each year. Towns and cities alive
and active are beginning already to look with relatively little
concern on the problem, especially throughout their residential
sections. Woodlands are also being properly managed by this
department as regards the gypsy and brown-tail moths, and
with a greater degree of success than ever.

During the stripping stage of the gypsy moth this year we
notified all the division superintendents to list all forest prop-
erties within their respective territories thus affected, and to
report the names of the owners, the location of the tracts and
the number of acres stripped. Upon receipt of these data a
notice was sent each landowner in which the services of a
trained forester were offered, at no expense, to meet the said
owner and advise him, on the ground, as to the best methods
of management to pursue. The only condition on the part of
the owner was that he sign and return the request and plan to
carry out the meeting. This work is the continuation of that
alluded to under the heading, "Better Forestry the Solution of
the Moth Problem," in last year's report.

The scheme has worked out marvelously, and over 300
requests have been received for examinations and advice, and
they are still coming in. Mr. Paul Kneeland, who succeeded
Mr. H. F. Gould, the latter resigning to go into private forestry
work, has organized and carried out this work with the aid of
INIr. Smith and certain of the division superintendents, until
at the present time he has examined 10,000 acres. Already
forestry operations have resulted in actually carrying out the
work on 1,000 acres. At the present time, organized opera-
tions in improvement cuttings are being practiced in 12 different

318 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

places. The results of this work, together with more detailed
information as to cost, etc., will be given elsewhere in this
report.

The parasite work has already begun to show very good
results, as must be evidenced by all casual observers. Partic-
ularly is this true in the case of the imported calosoma beetle,
which, in both the adult or beetle and the larval stages, was
extremely numerous this past year. In neglected woodlands,
where the moths were bad, the writer is of the opinion that the
calosoma destroyed at least one-tenth of the motlas present.
Other parasites are reported upon elsewhere by Dr. L. O. Howard,
United States Entomologist, who has co-operated with us.

Of the mechanical methods of suppression, spraying with
arsenate of lead is still one of the great factors in our hands for
ameliorating conditions. Several more towns have added high-
power spraying machines during the year.

Approximately 750 tons of arsenate of lead were used
throughout the season. The Metropolitan Water and Sewerage
Board purchased an auto truck sprayer the past season, which
makes the third now in use.

The plans for enlarging the output from our nurseries,
through utilizing the labor of some of our State penal institu-
tions, are very promising indeed. Three acres of transplant
stock were set out on land turned over to the State Forester
for this purpose on the land of the State Farm at Bridgewater
this fall, and Captain Blackstone, the superintendent of the
institution, has promised us enough more land to make 10 acres
in all by next spring.

The Foxborough State Hospital is also preparing a plot for
a nursery on a very conspicuous site along the State high-
way at Norfolk, and it is believed this institution, through its
being able to co-operate in aiding the State in the work of
reforestation, can render splendid service to the State. Dr.
Neff, the superintendent, and the board of trustees are all
very enthusiastic over the undertaking. The State Forester's
nursery at Amherst is as great a success as ever, and our total
capacity is estimated at about 7,000,000 seedlings and trans-
plants at the present time. We have donated several hundred
thousand to various State institutions, as the nursery report will
show. This is printed elsewhere in the report.

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE FORESTER. 319

The last General Court created, and Governor Foss ap-
pointed, a commission on the taxation of waste and forest lands.
This commission has been arduously at work holding hearings
throughout the State and making a study of the subject during
the summer and fall. These deliberations will be incorporated
into a bill to be submitted to the incoming Legislature for its
approval. I am sure we will all welcome a more wholesome
and definitely regulated system of taxation, to encourage the
practice of modern forestry in the State.

Our present method of leaving slash after lumbering opera-
tions continues to be one of our greatest menaces, and results
in constant loss and damages to forest property owners. In
talking with some of our best lumbermen it is generally agreed
that if we were to require that the slash be disposed of, it
would do more for future forestry possibilities in the State than
any other one thing. Our really great forest-fire losses are
inevitably caused, not by the average fire that is found in the
woods, but from the fact that these fires occasionally reach
large bodies of slash where they get the momentum that be-
comes uncontrollable. The time is bound to come when this
slash menace must be regulated. Why not give it due con-
sideration at the present time?

It is believed that the time is ripe for the State to enlarge
upon its forest policy to the extent of establishing State forests.
The work under our reforestation act has been a pronounced
success and very useful as a beginning, but we need a much
more pretentious undertaking to do justice to the needs of the
State. Massachusetts surely can afford as extensive a policy
as many other States are practicing. With our present outlook
in utilizing the State institutions for growing our small trees
cheaply, we could reforest and manage large tracts of present
worthless or waste lands in a practical and economic way. I
would respectfully urge the incoming Legislature to give this
subject due consideration.

Organization.

It has been my purpose to have the organization of the State
Forester's department composed of loyal, wide awake, enthusi-
astic, experienced men.

A clear-cut organization, in which each official not only has

320 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

a definite field of usefulness but is alert and full of enthusiastic
interest, is absolutely necessary to success at our present stage
of forestry development. We now have a corps of men familiar
with tree and forest conditions throughout the State. The
various divisions of the department are in charge of trained
men; foresters for the most part, but a few so-called practical
men, have been developed, there being no trained foresters of
experience and efficiency available. The State policy is to
utilize the whole organization in the bettering of our forestry
conditions, and while each employee has his definite routine of
duty to perform, he at the same time intuitively assists in the
control of all forest depredations, such as fires, insects and
diseases. While our men are not all experts in entomology or
mycology, nevertheless they are familiar with the fundamentals
in these sciences, and expert enough to observe new and extraor-
dinary conditions. Where experts are needed they are delegated
to direct the task, but they in turn utilize the State Forester's
general organization as auxiliary in the work.

The splendid organization of forest wardens and moth super-
intendents, one in each town and city, forms an army of public-
spirited men who become more efiicient each year, and therefore
of greater value to the community. There are 353 forest
wardens, with over 1,000 deputies, and 282 moth superintend-
ents throughout the State.

There were a few changes in the staft' of assistants the past
year, as is inevitable each year.

Mr. H. F. Gould, who had been an assistant for several years
in forestry management, resigned to engage in forestry work as
general manager of the Franklin Forestry Company. It was
with reluctance that we parted with his services, as his work
was certainly appreciated and of a high order. Mr. Gould had
been placed in charge of the work of forestry management as
applied to moth control, and he very kindly remained with us
several weeks after the term of his resignation, in order that
his successor, Mr. Paul D. Kneeland, could get the work
sufficiently in hand. This was highly appreciated by the State
Forester.

Mr. Paul D. Kneeland, who succeeded Mr. Gould, is a grad-
uate of the Harvard Forestry School, and has had experience
in the United States Forest Service in the west, and has been

No. 4.]

REPORT OF STATE FORESTER.

321

in the employ of Fisher, Bryant & Olmstead of Boston, fores-
ters.

Miss Charlotte Jacobs, who was the State Forester's only
assistant and stenographer when he first came to his present
position in the State, resigned last spring after seven years'
faithful service. Her regularity, thoroughness and enthusiastic
interest in the work of the department are missed.

The office of inspector in the moth work has been discon-
tinued, this going into effect on August 1 last. The office of
local moth superintendent has so increased in efficiency that it
was found unnecessary to incur this extra expense longer.

The remainder of the organization remains practically intact,
the work being shifted more or less to suit our greatest needs.

The organization at present is as follows : —

F. W. Rane, B.Agr., M.S.,
H. O. Cook, M.F., .

M. C. HUTCHINS,

George A. Smith,
R. S. Langdell,
Paul D. Kneeland, M.F.,
W. D. Clark, M.F., .
Rot G. Pierce, M.F.,
Frank L. Haynes, B.F.,
John Murdoch, Jr., M.F.,
Charles O. Bailey, .
Elizabeth Hubbard,
Elizabeth T. Harraghy,
JosEPHA L. Gallagher,
Frank Garbarino,

General Staff.

. State Forester.

. Assistant Forester.

. State Fire Warden.

. Assistant, moth work.

. Assistant, reforestation.

. Assistant moth work.

. Assistant, Massachusetts Agricultural College,

. Assistant, chestnut blight work.

. Assistant, forestry management.

. Assistant, moth work.

. Secretary.

. Bookkeeper.

. Stenographer.

. Clerk.

. OfBce boj'.

Staff, Forest Fire Prevention.

F. W. Rane,
Maxwell C. Hutchins,
Miner E. Fenn,
James E. Moloy,
Oscar L. Noyes,
J. J. Shepherd, .
John P. Crowe,
Albert R. Ordway, .

State Forester.
State Fire Warden.
Assistant.

Locomotive inspector.
District Forest Warden No.
District Forest Warden No.
District Forest Warden No.
District Forest Warden No.

Observers and Observation Stations.
District 1 : —
Wm. Bray,
M. L. Carpenter,
Henry Fay,
J. Frank Hammond, .
Elliot C. Harrington,
Caplis McCormick, .

Bald Pate Hill, Georgetown.
Moose Hill, Sharon.
Hart Hill, Wakefield.
Robbins Hill, Chelmsford.
Blue Hill, Milton.
Morse Hill, Essex.

322

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

[Pub. Doc.

District 2: —
Calvin Benson,
Fbank L. Buckingham,
Walteb L. Eames,
S. Matthews,
Gushing O. Thomas, .

Shoot Flying Hill, Barnstable.

Reservoir Hill, Plymouth.

Richmond Hill, Dighton.

Middleborough.

Bonney Hill, North Hanson.

District 3: —
A. M. Bennett,
W. J. Halloran,
F. H. Lombard, .
James Maley, .
Harold McKinstby,
George W. Shebman,

Lincoln Mountain, Pelham.
Fay Mountain, Westborough.
Grace Mountain, Warwick.
Wachusett Mountain, Princeton.
Little Muggett Hill, Charlton.
Steerage Rock Mountain, Brimfield.

District 4-' —
Claude E. G. Cain, .
James S. Rose, ,
Geo. C. Milleb,
Nelson C. Woodward,

Tower Mountain, Savoy.
Becket Mountain, Becket.
Mount Tom, Easthampton.
Massaemet Mountain, Shelburne.

Staff, Moth Work.

F. W. Rane, . . . State Forester.

Geobge a. Smith, . . Assistant.

Paul D. Kneeland, Assistant, forestry moth work.
John Murdoch, Jr., Assistant, forestry moth work.
Francis V. Learoyd, in charge of supply store.
Frederick P. Halpin and Claude E. Towle, Mechanics.
John F. Lanergan, Assistant at supply store.
John W. Enwright, District 1, 299 Fellsway, Medford.
Saul Phillips, District 2, Box 266, Beverly.
John J. Fitzgerald, District 3, 50 Howard Street, Haverhill.
William A. Hatch, District 4, Lakeside Ave., Marlborough.
Harry B. Ramsey, District 5, 27 Duxbury Road, AVorcester.
Clarence W. Parkhurst, District 6, Box 472, Medfield.
Walter F. Holmes, District 7, ISl Allen Street, E. Braintree.
John A. Farley, District 8, Plymouth, R. F. D.

Co-OPERATivE Scientific Staff.

L. O. Howard, Ph.D.,

Theobald Smith, Ph.B., M.D.,
Roland Thaxter, Ph.D., .

W. M. Wheeler, Ph.D.,

Chief, Bureau of Entomology, United States
Department of Agriculture, Washington,
D. C, parasites and predaceous insects.

Professor of Comparative Pathology, Harvard
University, diseases of insects.

Professor of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard
University, fungous diseases affecting in-
sects.

Professor of Entomology, Harvard University,
experimental entomologist.

No. 4.]

REPORT OF STATE FORESTER.

323

List of Forest Wardens and Local Moth Superintendents.

[Alphabetically by towns and cities.]

Telephone
Number.

Forest Warden.

Town or City.

Local Moth
Superintendent.

Div.
No.

57-W, Rockland, .

Arthur B. Reed,

Abington, .

C. F. Shaw, .

8

10-4, .

W. H. Kingsley,

Acton, .

J. O'Neil, .

5

2003-M.

Henry F. Taber,

Acushnet, .

A. P. R. Gilmore,

9

2-0, Kippers,

John Clancy, .

Adams,

John Clancy,

6

3165-11,

E. M. Hitchcock, .

Agawam,

-

-

151-32. Great Bar-

TJngton.
274-.M,

J. H. Wilcox, State Line,
James E. Feltham, .

Alford,
Amesbury, .

A. L. Stover,

3

174-Y,

A. F. Bardwell,

Amherst,

W. H. Smith,

6

212, .

John H. Baker,

Andover,

J. H. Playdon, .

4

35 or 206, .

Walter H. Pierce,

Arlington, .

W. H. Bradley, .

1

2-12

J. T. Withington, .

Ashburnham,

Chas. H. Pratt, .

5

S014, .

Wm. S. Green,

Ashby,

Fred C. Allen,

5

4-12, .

Chas. A. Hall,

Ashfield,

-

-

479-W,

Horace H. Piper,

Ashland,

M. Geoghan,

7

48-J or 72-4,

Frank P. Hall,

Athol,

W. S. Penniman, .

6

34-4, .

Hiram R. Packard,

Attleborough, .

W. E. S. Smith, .

7

5-17, .

J. F. Searle, .

Auburn,

J. F. Searle. .

6

3259-M,

J. W. McCarty,

Avon, .

W. W. Beals,

8

96-4 or 47-4,

Chas. E. Perrin,

Ayer, .

D. C. Smith,

5

144-2, .

Henry C. Bacon, Hyannis,

Barnstable,

H. W. Bodfish, .

9

S3-4, .

A. E. Traver, .

Barre, .

G. R. Simonds, .

6

11-4, .

P. B. McCormick, .

Becket,

-

-

No telephone.

Chas. E. Williams, .

Bedford,

W. A. Cutler,

1

10, . . .

Jas. A. Peeso, .

Belchertown,

E. C. Howard,

6

8157-22, Milford,

L. Francis Thayer, .

Bellingham,

H. A: Whitney, .

7

409-W,

John F. Leonard,

Belmont,

C. H. Houlahan, .

1

1367-M.
14-6, .

G. H. Babbitt, Taunton,

R. F. D.
Walter Cole, .

Berkley,
Berlin,

J. M. Alexander, .
E. C. Ross, .

7
5

2-13, .

Edson W. Hale.

Bernardston,

Edwin B. Hale, .

6

319-2, .

Robert H. Grant, .

Beverly,

J. B. Brown,

2

22-2, .

E. N. Bartlett,

Billerica,

W. H. O'Brien, .

4

875-L-l, Woon-

socket.
12-2,

Thomas Reilly,
I. E. Whitney,

Blackstone,
Blandford, .

A. J. Gibbons,

6

9-14, .

E. Eliot Hurlbut, .

Bolton,

C. E. Mace,

5

-

-

Boston,

D. H. Sullivan, .

1

No telephone,

Emory A. Ellis, Bourne-
dale.
H. J. Livermore,

Bourne,
Boxborougb,

Edward D. Nick-

erson,
C. E. Sherry.

9
5

324

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

[Pub. Doc.

List of Forest Wardens and Local Moth Superintendents — Con.

Telephone
Number.

Forest Warden.

Town or City.

Local Moth
Superintendent.

Div.

No.

42-21, George-
town.
4-4, .

Harry L. Cole, George-
town, R. F. D.

John N. Flagg,

Boxford,
Boylston,

C. Perley, .
R. B. Smith,

3
6

No telephone,
No telephone.

Jas. M. Cutting, South

Braintree.
T. B. Tubman,

Braintree, .
Brewster, .

Clarence R. Bes-

tick.
Russell D. Eaton,

8
9

8-6, . .

Edwin S. Rhoades, .

Bridgewater,

A. W. MacFarland,

8

14-3, .

Geo. E. Hitchcock, .

Brimfield, .

G. E. Hitchcock, .

6

1041 or 2020,

Harry L. Marston, .

Brockton, .

E. P. Neafsey,

8

101-13,

Elbert L. Bemia,

Brookfield,

J. H. Conant,

6

376, .

Geo. H. Johnson, .

Brookline, .

Ernest B. Dane, .

1

Lampson & Good-

now Mfg. Co.
2-2, .

Wm. Sauer, Shelburne

Falls.
W. W. Skelton,

Buckland, .
Burlington,

W. W. Skelton. .

1

51-4, .

Robert C. Hughes, .

Canton,

A. Hemenway,

8

-

-

Cambridge,

J. F. Donnelly, .

1

76-5, Concord, .

Geo. G. Wilkins,

Carlisle,

G. G. Wilkins, .

1

16-2, .

Herbert F. Atwood,

Carver, .

H. F. Atwood,

9

10, . . .

Edwin C. Vincent, .

Charlemont,

-

-

32-22, .

Chas. S. McKinstry,

Charlton, .

J. D. Fellows,

6

28-3, .

1597-4, Lowell, .

Geo. W. Ryder, West

Chatham.
Arnold C. Perham, .

Chatham, .
Chelmsford,

Meroyn R. Martin,
M. A. Bean, .

9
4

-

-

Chelsea,

J. A. O'Brien,

1

167-3, .

Chas. D. Cummings,

Cheshire, .

-

-

33-2, .

Myron E. Turner, .

Chester,

-

-

8004, . . .

Chas. A. Bisbee, Bisbees,

Chesterfield,

-

-

149-11 or 149-W, .

John E. Pomphret, .

Chicopee, .

Z. Pilland, .

6

No telephone.

Ernest C. Mayhew,

Chilmark, .

A. S. Tilton,

9

No telephone,
551-M,

Danforth Blanchard,
North Adams, R. F. D.
Patrick H. Kelley,

Clarksburg,
Clinton,

Geo. Tisdale,
John B. Connery,

6
5

177-3 or 260,

Wm. J. Brennock, .

Cohasset,

Wm. H. Mc Arthur,

8

13-12. .
75-3, .

J. D. Gilchrest, Griswold-

ville.
Frank W. Holden, .

Colrain,
Concord,

H. P. Richardson,

5

5-3, .

Edgar Jones, .

Conway,

-

-

8001, .

Thos. A. Gabb,

Cummington,

-

-

57-11, .

S. L. Caesar, .

Dalton,

-

-

No telephone,
295-VV,

Thos. L. Thayer, North

Dana.
Michael H. Barry, .

Dana, .
Danvers,

T. L. Thayer,
T. E. Tinsley,

6
2

14-3, West port, .
35-R. .

Ezekiel W. Reed, North

Dartmouth.
H. J. Harrigan,

Dartmouth,
Dedham,

E. M. Munson,
J. T. Kennedy,

9
7

273-14, Greenfield,

Wm. L. Harris,

Deerfield, .

-

-

No. 4.]

REPORT OF STATE FORESTER.

325

List of Forest Wardens and Local Moth Superintendents — Con.

Telephone
Number.

Forest Warden.

Town or City.

Local Moth
Superintendent.

No telephone,

29-3, .

11-4, .

373-3, .

3353-2,

152-2, Webster, .

5-11, Tyngsbor-
ough.

146-5, .
8-5, .
24-3, .
2-11, .
76,

241-2, .
165-25,
2-11, .
No telephone,
23-5, .

675-R or 675-W,

822-W,

136-2, .

745 or 148- J,

Hoosac Tunnel

pay station.
15-5 or 76-3,

352-4 South Fram-

ingham.
66-12, .

3-12, .

191-M,

31-4, .

4-15, Bernardston,

547-5, .

lS-4, .

No telephone,

8000, .

55-4, .

4-12, .

Alpheus P. Baker, .

Ralph Earle, .

Wm. L. Church,

John Breagy, .

Frank H. Gunther,

F. A. Putnam,

Archie W. Swallow,

Eden W. Soule,

Richard H. Copeland,

Box 115, Elmwood.
Asher Markham,

Adin L. Gill, .

J. M. Dineen,

Frederick Hanlon, North

Easton.
Manuel S. Roberts,

Frank W. Bradford, Great

Barrington.
Herbert A. Coolbeth,

Chas. H. Holmes, Far-
ley.
Otis O. Story, .

Wm. P. Shaw, .

Wm. Stevenson,

H. H. Lawrence, Tea-
ticket.
W. W. Colton, .

H. B. Brown, Drury,

Ernest A. White,

B. P. Winch, .

Edward S. Cook, .

Andrew Hathaway, As-

sonet.
Geo. S. Hodgman, .

Leander B. Smalley, Me-

nemsha.
Clinton J. Eaton,

Lewis C. Munn, Turners
Falls.
Sydney F. Haskell,

John S. Mollison, Wil-
liamsburg.
Rodney E. Bennett,

Sumner F. Leonard,

C. N. Rust, .
Harry A. Root,

Dennis,

Dighton,

Douglas,

Dover, .

Dracut,

Dudley,

Dunstable,

Duxbury,

E. Bridgewater, .

E. Longmeadow,

Eastham,

Easthampton, .

Easton,

Edgartown,

Egremont, .

Enfield,

Erving,

Essex, .

Everett,

Fairhaven, .

Fall Eiver, .

Falmouth, .

Fitchburg, .

Florida,

Foxborough,

Framingham,

Franklin,

Freetown, .

Gardner,

Gay Head, .

Georgetown,

Gill, .

Gloucester,

Goshen,

Gosnold,

Grafton,

Granby,

Granville, .

H. H. Sears,
D. F. Lane,

F. J. Libby, .

H. L. McKenzie, .

T. F. Carrick,

Frank W. Bate-
man.
W. H. Savill,

H. A. Fish, .

Frank H. Taylor,

N. P. Clark,

R. W. Melendy, .
John P. Fuller, .

C. H. Moore,
Chas. H. Holmes,
O. O. Story, .
J. Davidson,

G. W. King, .
Wm. Stevenson, .
W. B. Bos worth, .
W. W. Colton,

F. S. PJchardson,
N. I. Bowditch,
J. W. Stobbart,

G. M. Nichols,
T. W. Danforth,
J. W. Belain,
C. J. Eaton, .
A. Tuttle, .
H. J. Worth,

C. K. Despeau,
Chas. N. Rust,

326

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

[Pub. Doc.

List of Forest Wardens and Local Moth Superintendents — Con.

Telephone
Number.

Forest Warden.

Town or City.

Local Moth
Superintendent.

5-W, .
439-J, .
33-24 Enfield,

2939-X,
651-33,
5-21, .
128-2, .

17-F-2,

8175-12,

8012-6 Bryaut-
ville.

46-3, .
Central,
6-3, .
4-2 or 4-1,
12-13, .
5-18, .
21305,

No telephone,
42-4, .
5-21, .
1-2, .
2295-W,
283-12,
Central,
6-13, .
207-M,
248-W,

T' -
261-2, .
218-J, .

717-5, Pittsfield,
362, .

Daniel W. Flynn, .

J. W. Bragg, .

Wm. H. Walker, Green-
wich Village.
Chas. M. Raddin, .

Sidney E. Johnson,

Edward P. West,

Albion D. Estes,

Fred Berry, Essex, R.

F. D.
Edward P. Lyons, .

Chas. F. Tucker, .

Chas. E. Damon, North

Hanover.
Albert L. Dame, South

Hanson.
Henry J. Breen,

Benj. J. Priest,

John Condon, .

John M. Strong, West

Hatfield.
John B. Gordon,

Melvin H. White, Charle-

mont.
S. G. Benson, .

Geo. Gushing, .

Louis B. Brague,

Walter E. Hooker, .

Winfred H. Stearns, Jef-
ferson.

Oliver L. Howlett, South-
bridge, R. F. D.

W. A. Collins, .

C. J. Healey, .

Walter F. Durgin, .

R. I. Frail,

E. A. Young, .

Wm. L. Wolcott,

Smith F. Sturges, Aller-

ton.
John J. Kirby,

Pindar F. Bussell, .

Arthur B. Holmes, .

Nathan F. Washburn,

Arthur W. Blood, .

King D. Keeler,

Dennis E. Carey,

Gt. Barrington,

Greenfield,

Greenwich,

Groton,

Groveland,

Hadley,

Halifax,

Hamilton,

Hampden,

Hancock,

Hanover,

Hanson,

Hardwick,

Harvard,

Harwich,

Hatfield,

Haverhill,

Hawley,

Heath,

Hinsham,

Hinsdale,

Holbrook,

Holden,

Holland,

Holliston,

Holyoke,

Hopedale,

Hopkinton,

Hubbardston,

Hudson,

Hull, .

Huntington,

Ipswich,

Kingston, .

Lakeville, .

Lancaster, .

Lanesborough,

Lawrence, .

T. J. Kearin,
J. W. Bragg, .

E. A. Sawtelle,
J. F. Bateman,
R. B. Larive,
Edw. P. West,

F. D. Lyons,
E. G. Brewer,

L. Russell, .
A. L. Dame,
P. J. Humphrey, .
G. C. Maynard, .
Arthur F. Gaboon,
Seth W. Kingsley,
M. J. Fitzgerald, .

T. L. Murphy. .

F. T. White,
W. H. Stearns,
A. F. Blodgett, .
Herbert E. Jones,

W. F. Durgin,
W. A. MacMillan,

E. A. Young,

F. P. Hosmer,
J. Knowles, .

J. A. Morey,
R. F. Randall,
N. F. Washburn,
L. R. Griswold,

I. B. Kelly, .

No. 4.]

REPORT OF STATE FORESTER.

327

List of Forest Wardens and Local Moth Superintendents — Con.

Telephone

Number.

Forest Warden.

Town or City.

Local Moth
Superintendent.

Div.

No.

65-3, .

Jas. VV. Bossidy,

Lee,

-

-

37-5. .

B. H. Fog well.

Leicester, .

J. H. Woodhead, .

6

135, .

0. R. Hutchinson, .

Lenox, .

T. Francis Mackey,

6

546 or 28. .

Fred A. Russell,

Leominster,

D. E. Bassett,

5

9-44, Cooleyville,
468, .

0. C. Marvel, North Lev-

erett.
Azor P. Howe,

Leverett,
Lexington, .

H. W. Field,
A. P. Howe, .

6
1

284-11,

Jacob Sauter, .

Leyden,

Wm. A. Campbell,

6

45-W, .

J. J. Kelliher,

Lincoln,

J. J. Kelliher,

5

17-4, .

A. E. Hopkins,

Littleton, .

A. E. Hopkins,

5

1233-2,

0. C. Pomeroy,

Longmeadow,

-

-

201-12,

E. F. Saunders,

Lowell,

J. H. Gordon,

4

17-13, .

Edward E. Chapman,

Ludlow)

-

-

20, . . .

Ja3. S. Gilchrest,

Lunenburg,

James S. Gilchrest,

5

1174, .

Herbert C. Bayrd, .

Lynn, .

G. H. MePhetres, .

2

6-3. Lynnfield
Center.

Tho3. E. Cox, Wakefield,
R. F. D.

R. W. Noyes, .

Lynnfield, .
Maiden,

L. H. Twiss,
W. B. Gould,

1

1

319-W.

Peter A. Sheahan, .

Manchester,

R. I. Crocker,

2

1-3 or 1-2, .

Herbert E. King,

Mansfield, .

Marvin J. Hills, .

7

226-W,

Wm. H. Stevens, .

Marblehead,

W. H. Stevens, .

2

117-2, .

Geo. B. Nye, .

Marion,

J. Allenack,

9

416 or 151-M,

E. C. Minehan,

Marlborough,

M. E. Lyons,

5

43-3, .

Wm. G. Ford, .

Marshfield, .

P. R. Livermore, .

9

19-11, Cotuit,

Jo3. A. Peters, .

Mashpee,

W. F. Hammond, .

9

52-4, .

Chas. W. Ellis,

Mattapoisett,

Thos. C. Tinkham,

9

138-3, .

Geo. H. Gutteridge,

Maynard, .

A. Coughlin,

5

106-4, .

Waldo E. Kingsbury,

Medfield, .

G. L. L. Allen, .

7

SSIor 138, .

Chas. E. Bacon,

Medford, .

W. J. Gannon,

1

No telephone.

A. Le Barron Treen, West
Medway.

Medway,
Melrose,

F. Hager,

J. J. McCullough,

7

1

156-6, .

Frank M. Aldrich, .

Mendon,

F. M. Aldrich, .

6

21-3, .

Edgar P. Sargent, .

Merrimac, .

C. R. Ford,

3

229, .

Herbert Nichols,

Methuen, .

A. H. Wagland, .

4

36 or 5,

Chester E. Weston, .

Middleborough,

A. D. Nelson,

9

8003-2,

No telephone,

Tho3. H. Fleming, Ban-
croft.
Oscar H. Sheldon, .

Middlefield,
Middleton, .

B. T. McGlauflin,

3

65-3, .

Elbert M. Crockett,

Milford,

P. F. Fitzgerald, .

6

-

Harry L. Snelling, .

Millbury, .

E. F. Roach,

6

6-2. .

Chas. LaCroix,

Millis, .

E. W. Stafford, .

7

328

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

[Pub. Doc.

List of Fokest Wardens and Local Moth Superintendents — Con.

Telephone
Number.

Forest Warden.

Town or City.

Local Moth
Superintendent.

Div.
No.

322, .

Nathaniel T. Kidder,

Milton,

N. T. Kidder,

8

No telephone,

S. R. Tower, .

Monroe,

-

-

12-22, .

0. E. Bradway,

Honson,

Robert S. Fay, .

6

278-15, Greenfield,

Fred T. Lyman,

Montague, .

Dennis F. Shea, .

6

164-4, .

D. C. Tryon, .

Monterey, .

-

-

3-24, Russell,

Andrew J. Hall,

Montgomery,

-

-

17-21 Copoke,
N. Y.

G. W. Patterson,

Mt. Washington,

-

-

-

Nahant,

T. Roland, .

2

-

Richard A. Brooks,

Nantucket, .

C. C. Macy. .

9

31 or 244-2, .

Bernard E. Darling,

Natick,

H. S. Hunnewell,

7

195-1, .

Howard H. Upham,

Needham, .

E. E. Riley, .

7

No telephone.

Chas. S. Baker,

New AsMord,

-

-

2280 or 353, .

Edward F. Dahill, .

New Bedford, .

C. F. Lawton,

9

6-4, .. .

Frank A. Morse,

New Braintree, .

E. L. Havens,

6

13-6, Sheffield, .

E. M. Stanton, Mill River,

N. Marlborough,

-

-

Pay Station,

Rawson King, .

New Salem,

R. King,

6

173-5, Newbury-

port.
380, .

Wm. P. Bailey,
Chas. P. Kelley,

Newbury, .
Newburyport, .

Percy Oliver,
C. P. Kelly, .

3
3

30, N. S., .
41-5, .

W. B. Randlett, Newton

Center.
Jas. T. Buckley,

Newton,
Norfolk,

C. I. Buckman, .
James T. Buckley,

1

7

205-W or 265,

H. J. Montgomery, .

North Adams, .

Franklin B. Locke,

6

821-W,

Geo. A. Rea, .

North Andover, .

Fred W. Phelan, .

4

17-2, .

Chas. F. Gehrung, .

N. Attleborough,

F. P. Toner,

7

26-14, .

Geo. 0. Rollins,

N. Brookfield, .

S. D. Colburn, .

6

33-3, .

Henry Upton, .

North Reading,

G. E. Eaton,

1

165, .

F. E. Chase, .

Northampton, .

Christopher Clarke,

6

14-5, .

T. P. Haskell, .

Northborough, .

T. P. Haskell, .

6

71-5, .

W. E. Burnap, Whitins-

ville.
Fred W. Doane,

Northbridge,

A. F. Whitin,

6

2-3, .

Northfield, .

F. W. Doane,

6

29-11, .

Geo. H. Storer,

Norton,

G. H. Storer,

7

11-4, .

John Whalen, .

Nor well,

J. H. Sparrell, .

8

55-4, .

Frank W. Talbot, .

Norwood, .

Ebin F. Gray,

7

119-4, .

Frank W. Chase, .

Oak Blufis,

P. P. Hurley,

9

17-5, .

Chas. H. Trowbridge, .

Oakham,

C. H. Trowbridge,

6

67-13, .

Frank M. Jennison,

Orange,

F. M. Jennison, .

6

-

James Boland,

Orleans,

A. Smith,

9

15, . . .

Durand A. Witter, .

Otis, .

-

-

9-5, .

Clin D. Vickers,

Oxford,

C. G. Lamed,

6

No. 4.]

REPORT OF STATE FORESTER.

329

List of Forest Wardens and Local Moth Superintendents — Con.

Telephone
Number.

Forest Warden.

Town or City.

Local Moth
Superintendent.

Div.
No.

53-12 or 53-3,

lS-3, .
242-4, .

7-23, Bryantville
54-3 or 12-5,

13-2, .

176-6, Athol,

149 or 964. .

33-22, .

283-J, North At

tleborough.
88-W or 197-W,

11-14, .

19-4, Highland,

13-4, .

17, Special, .

601 or 1,

35-4, Randolph,

1284-R,

51S-W,

11-12, .

8-2, .

No telephone,

55-4, .

27-3, .

21-6, Charlemont

3-15, .

279-2, Athol.

13-3, .

202-14, Winsted,

Conn.
52-14, Sagamore, .

115,

3-3,

James Summers,

Fred L. Durgin,

M. V. McCarthy, .

Myron N. Allen,

Jos. J. Shepherd,

Geo. G. Tarbell, East Pep

perell.
Walter H. Pike,

Geo. P. Marsh,

Wm. Cowlbeck, Athol, R

F. D.
Wm. C. Shepard,

Albert F. Dyer.

R. P. Rhodes, .

Herbert Morissey, .

Thos. W. Blanchard,

A. W. Doubleday. Green-
wich Village.
Fred W. Bryant,

Albert W. Fuller, .

A. L. Litchfield,

R. F. Forrest, .

John V. Festing,

H. E. Mclntire,

Benj. F. Monroe, Attle-
borough, R. F. D.

T. B. Salmon, .

Daniel E. Hartley, Mat-

tapoisett, R. F. D.
John H. Burke,

A. J. McFarland, .

Merritt A. Peck, Zoar,

Daniel O'Brien,

L. G. Forbes, .

S. S. Shurtleff,
Henry Converse,

Chas. I. Dow, .

Lyman H. Clark, New

Boston.
John F. Carlton,

Chas. L. Davis,

Herbert H. Fitzroy,

Palmer,

Paxton,

Peabody,

Pelham,

Pembroke,

Pepperell,

Peru, .

Petersham,

Phillipston,

Pittsfield,

Plainfield,

Plainville,

Plymouth,

Plympton,

Prescott,

Princeton,

Provincetown,

Quincy,

Randolph,

Raynham,

Reading,

Rehoboth,

Revere,

Richmond,

Rochester,

Rockland,

Rockport,

Rowe, .

Rowley,

Royalston,

Russell.

Rutland,

Salem, .

Salisbury,

Sandisfield,

Sandwich,

Saugus,

Savoy, .

C. H. Keith,
F. L. Durgin,
J. F. Callahan, .

J. J. MacFarlan, .
J. Tune,

David Broderick,
W. H. Cowlbeck, .

Ralph Snell,
A. A. Raymond,
D. Bricknell,
C. M. Pierce,

F. A. Skinner,
J. M. Burch,
A. J. Stew-art,
Chas. Cole, .

G. M. Leach,
H. M. Donegan,
S. W. Robinson,
G. P. Babson,

Edw. F. Handy,
F. H. Shaw, .
F. A. Babcock,

L. R. Bishop,

A. H. Brown,

H. E. Wheeler,
Warren P. Hale,
H. C. Rich, .

B. F. Dennison,
T. E. Berrett,

330

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

[Pub. Doc.

List of Forest Wardens and Local Moth Superintendents — Con.

Telephone
Number.

Forest Warden.

Town or City.

Local Moth
Superintendent.

Div.
No.

98-2, .

399-L-5, Paw

tucket.
121-2, .

24-2, .

130-2, .

11-4, Natick,

16-21, .

48-:3, .

2-21, .

471-W, Holyoke, .

153-2, .

13, Marlborough,

11, . . .

8-2, .

77-4, .

20, Indian Or-
chard.
5-12, .

Post Office, .

207-R or 127-M, .

121-3 or 8120,

134-J, Hudson, .

6-21, .

5-5, .

46, . . .

49-16, Millbury, .

3806 or 82, .

468-W,

320 or 1-3, .

23-3, .

12-2, .

161-4 or 102-3, .

No telephone.

Central,

11-2 or 37-2,

Henry T. Cole,

John L. Baker, Attlebor-

ough, R. F. D.
A. Alden Carpenter,

Arthur H. Tuttle, .

Chas. S. Dole, Shelburne

Falls.
Milo F. Campbell, .

A. A. Adams, .

Edward A. Logan, .

Fred Aldrich, .

Wm. F. Griffiths, Swan-
sea, R. F. D.

Louis H. Lamb, South

Hadley Falls.
Dana Rowland,

Harry Burnett,

Aimee Langevin,

Benj. M. Hastings, .

A. F. Howlett,

T. J. Clifford, Indian

Orchard.
Joel T. Wilder,

Geo. Schneyer, Glendale,

Louis F. Bruce,

James Curley, .

W. H. Parker, Gleason-

dale.
Chas. M. Clark, Fiskdale,

S. W. Hall, South Sud-
bury.
A. C. Warner, .

R. H. Richardson,

Geo. P. Cahoon,

Thos. L. Mason,

Fred A. Leonard,

A. R. Paine, Baldwins-

ville.
Harris M. Briggs,

Elmer C. Chadwick, Vine-
yard Haven.
Clayton H. Deming,

Chas. W. Floyd,

F. J. Piper,

Walter F. Rich,

Otis L. Wright,

Scituate,

Seekonk,

Sharon,

Sheffield,

Shelburne,

Sherbom,

Shirley,

Shrewsbury,

Shutesbury,

Somerset,

Somerville, .

South Hadley,

Southampton,

Southborough,

Southbridge,

Southwick,

Spencer,

Springfield,

Sterling,

Stockbridge,

Stoneham, .

Stoughton,

Stow, .

Sturbridge, .

Sudbury,

Sunderland,

Sutton,

Swampscott,

Swansea,

Taunton,

Templeton,

Tewksbury,

Tisbury,

Tolland,

Topsfield,

Townsend,

Truro, .

Tyngsborough,

P. S. Brown,

C. W. Thompson, .

J. J. Geissler,

J. P. t)owse,
A. A. Adams,
C. R. Webb,
E. Colfax Johnson
C. Riley,
A. B. Pritchard,
Wm. McLeod,
C. S. Olds, .
H. Burnett, .
A. Langevin,

G. Ramer,

W. F. Gale, .

J. H. Kilburn,

Brown Caldwell,

G. M. Jefts, .

W. P. Kennedy,

G. A. Patterson,

C. M. Clark,

W. E. Baldwin,

Richard Graves,

Ransom H. Rich'

ardson.
E. P. Mudge,

A. E. Arnold,

L. W. Hodgkins,

J. B. Wheeler,

H. M. Briggs,

H. W. McLellan,

C. W. Floyd,
G. E. King, .
J. H. Atwood,
C. J. Allgrove,

No. 4.]

REPORT OF STATE FORESTER.

331

List of Forest Wardens and Local Moth Superintendents — Con.

Telephone
Number.

Forest Warden.

Town or City.

Local Moth
Superintendent.

Div.

No.

1-2, Lee, .

H. E. Moore, .

Tyringham,

-

-

7-2, .

E. M. Baker, Upton Cen-
ter.
Lewis F. Raw3on, .

Upton,

G. H. Evans,

6

51-5, .

Uzbridge,

Willard Holbrook,

6

455-M or 58,

Wm. E. Cade, .

Wakefield,

W. W. Whittredge,

1

No telephone,

Warren W. Eager,

Wales, .

M. C. Royce,

G

43-11. .

J. J. Hennessy,

Walpole,

P. R. Allen, .

7

6, . . .

Geo. L. Johnson,

Waltham,

W. M. Ryan,

1

5-13, .

Louia A. Charbonneau, .

Ware, .

F. Zeissig, .

6

45-23, .
46-6, .

Delbert C. Keyes, South

Wareham.
Jos. D. Vigneaux, West

Wareham,
Warren,

J. J. Walsh, .
A. A. Warriner,

9
6

73-3, Orange,

Warren.
Chas. A. Williams, .

Warwick,

Chas. E. Stone, .

6

12-4, .

Lester Heath, .

Washington,

-

-

116, Newton
North.

John C. Ford, .
William Stearns,

Watertown,
Wayland, .

J. C. Ford, .
D. J. Graham,

1

5

113-4, .

Timothy Toomey, .

Webster,

C. Klebart, .

6

172-W.

Wm. W. Diehl, Wellesley

Hills.
John Holbrook,

Wellesley,

F. M. Abbott,

7

-

Wellfleet,

E. S. Jacobs,

9

74-41, Orange,
74-2, .

Harry J. McCoy, Wendell

Depot.
Jacob D. Barnes,

Wendell,
Wenham,

G. E. Mills, .
J. D. Barnes,

G
2

3-21, .

Fred E. Clark,

West Boylston, .

C. H. Baldwin, .

6

76S, Brockton, .

W. P. Laughton,

W. Bridgewater,

0. Belmore, .

8

37-13, .

J. H. Webb, .

W. Brookfield, .

J. H. Webb. •.

6

5-6, .

Louis H. Flook,

W. Newbury,

Frank D. Bailey, .

3

2067-1,

Dana S. Moore,

W. Springfield, .

Geo. W. Hayden, .

6

-

Geo. B. Latour,

W. Stockbridge, .

-

-

203-23,

Wm. J. Rotch,

West Tisbury,

H. W. Athearn, .

9

75-3, .

Thos. H. Treadway,

Westborough,

Geo. Hayden,

6

lU-Y,

T. H. Mahoney,

Westfield, .

-

-

-

Harry L. Nesmith,

Westford, .

H. L. Nesmith, .

4

148-14,
29-4, .

C. A. Bartlett, Northamp-
ton, Stage.
W. H. Waterhouse, .

Westhampton, .
Westminster,

G. A. Sargent,

6

1392-M,

Benj. R. Parker, .

Weston,

E. P. Ripley,

5

No telephone.

Herbert A. Sanford,

Westport, .

H. A. Sanford, .

9

-

Elmer E. Smith, Islington,

Westwood, .

C. H. Southerland,

7

154-W,

Edgar S. Wright, .

Weymouth,

C. L. Merritt,

8

69-2, South Deer-
field.
104-14,

James A. Wood,
C. A. Randall,

Whately,
Whitman, .

C. A. Randall, .

8

1-4, .. .

Henry I. Edson,

Wilbraham,

F. B. Metcalf,

6

332

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

[Pub. Doc.

List of Forest Wardens and Local Moth Superintendents — Con.

Telephone
Number.

Forest Warden.

Town or City.

Local Moth
Superintendent.

Div.

No.

46-2, .
34-14, .
34-4, .
29,

123-2, .
201-12, Dalton,

110, .
7112, Park, .
10-22, .

53-33, .

J. Edward Pierpont,
William Davies,
Howard M. Horton,
Arlon D. Bailey,
David H. DeCourcy,
Amos Ferry,

Frank E. Tracy,
Arthur V. Parker, .
Chas. Kilbourn,
Geo. H. E. Mayshaw,
Jos. W. Hamblin,

Williamsburg,

Williamstown,

Wilmington,

Winchendon,

Winchester,

Windsor,

Winthrop,

Wobum,

Worcester,

Worthington,

Wrentham, .

Yarmouth,

Wm. Davies,
O. McGrane,
G. W. Drury,

S. S. Symmes,

W. A. Whittemore,
J. H. Kelley,
H. J. Neale, .

W. Gilmore, .
C. R. Bassett,

Winchendon showing much Interest in Forestry.
One of the first towns in the State to co-operate with this
department was the town of Winchendon. Practical undertak-
ings were begun by some of the farsighted and stable business
men of the town, and these have been splendid object lessons.
The late Mr. John Folsom, who had been the official in charge
of the town trees for years, spent his last days in interesting
his townsmen in reforestation and in practicing modern forestry.
Winchendon village is a beautiful New England hamlet nestling
in a valley of the town, which borders the New Hampshire line,
and at an elevation of over 1,000 feet. The chief industries of
the town are those requiring quantities of forest products,
particularly white pine. Winchendon is noted for its produc-
tions of wooden pails, tubs, toys, ice-cream freezers and a
variety of manufactured wooden products. The numerous fac-
tories here established are dependent for their future raw^ ma-
terial upon the forests. The country about Winchendon is
ideally adapted for forestry, and offers an exceptional opportu-
nity to demonstrate how valuable an asset modern forestry can
be made to a Massachusetts or New England town. In a
natural forest country, like that found in rural sections of this
State, there are great possibilities for our people to gain a

A view from the lookout station on Robliins Hill, Chelmsford, lookinj.
Boston. Note the amount of forest country.

toward

A forest nursery in the town of N'eustadt, Ger. Were some of our rural towns to
stjirt such an entenirise in connection with the ollice of forest warden, tree
warden and moth superintendent, it could be made a valuable auxiliary toward
establishinjj: town forests.

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE FORESTER. 333

splendid and permanent livelihood, were we to develop similar
industries for using and manufacturing home-grown forest prod-
ucts, as Winchendon is doing. This type of environment also
builds up and engenders a healthful and happy people.

The moth scourge is just beginning to make some inroads
in Winchendon, but it is believed that it will never amount to
an\i;hing here, as the town immediately purchased up-to-date
equipment, and will not allow the moths to trespass. At a
recent meeting at which the State Forester gave an illustrated
talk, showing slides comparing conditions in Massachusetts
with the Black Forest of Germany, he emphasized how the
town of Winchendon might be made the Black Forest tow^n of
New England, and the idea seemed to meet the general ap-
proval of both officials and citizens.

The town set out 10 acres to white pine last year as a start
toward a municipal forest, and plans are already made for
setting a much larger area next spring, and the acquisition of
more territory. The Murdock Company, the Brown Brothers,
the Converse Company and various individuals have already
set out several hundred acres in this and adjoining towns. The
Brown Brothers have about 1,000,000 two-year-old seedlings in
their nursery at the present time, and Mr. Elisha Whitney, the
president of the ]Murdock Company, has purchased for next
spring's delivery a very large consignment. The accompanying
photograph (see frontispiece) was taken by the writer of one
of the ^Nlurdock Company's four-year Scotch pine plantations
in the town of Ashburnham.

The true forestry spirit is to be found in Winchendon, and
it is hoped that other rural towns may emulate this example.
See, also, the Winchendon forest fire auto truck, a photograph
of which is to be found in this report.

Forestry Practices as a Key to Moth Control.

This year for the first time an organized attempt has been
made to apply forestry to the moth problem. Work along
this line has been done for several years, notably on the North
Shore, but the immediate purpose of most of the thinnings
made was to facilitate spraying and creosoting rather than to

334 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

eradicate the favorable moth food. This year a special depart-
ment was inaugurated to carry on this work under a trained
forester.

The various means of controlling the moths may be classified
under three heads, — direct entomological methods, indirect
entomological methods and forestry methods. The direct ento-
mological methods seek the destruction of the moths in 'one of
their various forms by human agency, as in spraying or creosot-
ing. The indirect methods seek the propagation of parasites
or disease which will destroy the moths. The forestry methods
seek the encouragement of tree growth which is unfavorable to
the moths.

It has been found, from our own and from European observa-
tions and experiments, that although it will eat practically all
kinds of vegetation, the gypsy moth thrives only on a limited
number of species of trees. These trees, which are the oaks
(especially the white oak), willow, fruit and cherry trees, and
probably the gray birch, may be called "non-resistant" trees.
Unless a large proportion of their food consists of the leaves of
these "non-resistant" trees, under ordinary conditions the
moths will soon pass on to a more favorable feeding ground or
die. Therefore forestry methods, rather than attempting to
destroy the moths themselves, would destroy their food. If we
grow forests of resistant species, as conifers, maple, chestnut,
ash, etc., the moths will cease to be destructive.

To shade trees and to ornamental or park woodland, where
hardly a tree can be spared, these forestry methods do not
apply very extensively, but in wild woodland spraying is too
expensive and other methods are costly or inefficient, and we
must rely on parasites, disease and resistant forest conditions
if we are to control the moths. This is the way they are con-
trolled in Europe, where they have existed from time imme-
morial, and this is the way we must eventually control them
in this country. It is a vast work, the changing the forest con-
ditions of this State, but if we can change the poor oak forests
into pine forests, for which most of the land is naturally suited,
the gypsy moth will turn out a blessing in disguise.

The white oak seems a doomed tree in the moth-infested
region. Weakened by moth attacks, the "agrilus," or chestnut

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE FORESTER. 335

borer, finds an easy entrance and soon kills it. The other oaks
seem a little more resistant to both the moths and the borer,
but except in very favorable soil it would not seem advisable
to attempt to grow them unless they can be well taken care of
by spraying. If oak is grown it should be kept in pure stands,
for if grown in mixture, as with pine, both the oak and pine
will be attacked. One owner of a very fine stand, consisting
mostly of large white oaks, desired very much to save them.
They were badly infested, and he spent large sums of money
in spraying and creosoting them for several years. On account
of the height of the trees, and the difficulty in always getting
them sprayed thoroughly, they were eaten enough so that the
borers found entrance, and this year it has been necessary for
him to cut them all off after a large part of the stand had died.
This shows the difficulty in saving white oak.

The primary purpose of moth thinnings is to remove from
a stand non-resistant trees, and to leave and encourage the
growth and reproduction of the resistant species. The second-
ary purposes are to aid in taking care of the stand by other
and more direct methods of moth control; to increase the
aesthetic value of the stand; to decrease the fire danger; to
salvage the dead and dying trees; and increase the growth and
health of the remaining trees by giving them more light and
room. A moth thinning will not be eSicient in checking the
moths without the aid of spraying, unless practically all the
non-resistant trees are removed and kept out. In a stand of
pure oak, for instance, it will be necessary to cut clear and
replant with resistant trees. In a stand which is 50 per cent
or more resistant, and the rest oak, the removal of all the oaks
would still leave the ground fairly well shaded, and no replant-
ing or spraying would be necessary. Owners should realize
that it is foolish, year after year, to creosote and spray a grove
of trees which is mostly resistant, when if they would only cut
out the non-resistant trees and brush no other care would be
necessary. This thing has been observed in a number of cases
and persisted in, even after emphatic advice to the contrary.
An interesting case was noted in Cohasset this year. There
was a small area of large mixed hard woods surrounded by a
growth of similar character. About half the trees were oak

336 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

and about half were of resistant species, as ash, hickory and
maple. The moth infestation was very heavy, and when the
area was examined in the early spring there were several hun-
dred gypsy moth egg clusters on each tree. The owner did
not want to spray, and he was advised to cut down all the oaks
and await results. He did this, leaving only a very few oaks.
He neither painted nor sprayed, nor did any of the surrounding
owners. In July, when the moth eating was about completed,
the area was again examined. The results surprised even the
one who had advised this treatment. Whereas in the surround-
ing area there was almost a complete defoliation of all species,
on the thinned tract practically all the leaves were intact, with
the exception of those on the oaks that were not cut out. Of
course this case may be exceptional, yet we believe it reveals
the possibilities of resistant thinnings.

In the many areas of woodland where, on account of the
large proportion of oak and the aesthetic value of the woods, a
totally resistant thinning is impractical, moth thinnings are of
great value as an aid to spraying. In fact, it is almost im-
possible to spray woodland effectively unless a certain amount
of thinning has been done. The thinning makes the work more
effective and lessens the cost from 25 to 60 per cent. In one
area that a year ago was sprayed, unthinned, at a cost of
nearly $10 per acre, and even then was partly defoliated, this
year, after thinning and brush-cutting, was sprayed at a cost
of a little more than $4 per acre, and practically no stripping
occurred. The cost of thinning, including cutting and burning
the brush, was about $5 per acre, deducting the value of the
wood cut. From this it is evident that in one year this thin-
ning was a paying proposition to the owner. In thinning that
is to be followed by spraying, and wherein the element of looks
enters considerably, it is necessary to do much more cutting
and disposing of brush than in straight, resistant thinnings.
The care of the brush is one of the large factors of expense in
this work. In purely resistant thinnings it is only necessary
to cut the non-resistant brush, as scrub oak, witch-hazel and
gray birch.

A good method of handling a stand that has a very high
percentage of oak growth is to make a heavy thinning, cutting

A neglected and badly nioth-infesled woodland. The growth here is not large
enough to pay lor thinning, and contains (luantities of dead trees, which condi-
tion is one of the worst to deal with. About all that can be done is to cut it
clean and replant. There are many acres of this type and they are most dis-
couraging propositions to tlie owners. Starvation methods may be practiced
under favorable circumstances.

A woodland tbinnin.ic to assist in controlling tlie g\ psy inuib. 'I'lii; favorite
food trees are removed. The wliite pine is encouraged. A process of build-
ing over the forest. A thinned forest like this can Ije sprayed and looked after
at far less expense. The lorest products removed pay for the treatment. One
hundred acr,?s on the Weld estate, Dedham.

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE FORESTER. 337

all white oaks if possible, and to follow this with uiiderplanting
of pine. Within ten years or so the rest of the oaks can be
removed and a pine stand will result. This is not practicable,
however, unless the area can be sprayed if necessary in the
meantime. -In many places examined there was considerable
natural pine reproduction, and a thinning would aid very much
in bringing it along. In other places, where the woodland is
desired for landscape effect, as along roads or bordering fields,
and where the growth is largely non-resistant, and spraying
impractical over the whole area, then a strip can be left along
the edge, but a clean cutting made in the interior followed by
natural resistant reproduction, if possible, or planting. The
outside strip can be cared for, and the interior will eventually
sustain a moth-resistant growth, while the effect will not be
injured.

Although we have not had sufficient experience as yet in this
thinning work to show many results or make absolute conclu-
sions, there are a few opinions which we have arrived at and
which may be of interest to owners of infested woodland. They
are as follows: —

1. IMoth thinnings are constructive. The owner who uses
direct methods of moth control must expect to keep them up
year after year without any sure relief. By growing a resistant
forest he is making the moth problem solve itself.

2. Moth thinnings are advantageous to the owners of park
or ornamental woodland or land awaiting development. The
main factor in land of this type is that the wooded character of
the area be maintained and at the least possible expense.
Thinnings will improve the general condition and attractiveness
of the area and will make it much easier and cheaper to take
care of in the future.

3. Moth thinnings are advantageous to the owners of wood-
land which is chiefly valuable for the wood it produces, pro-
vided the growth is of merchantable size. Woodland of this
type cannot be annually sprayed because it is not worth it.
If the owner leaves it alone, eventually most of the non-resist-
ant trees, and many of the resistant species, will be killed and
the stand greatly depreciate in value. A thinning of the non-
resistant trees in woodland of fair to good quality will pay for

338 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

itself at least, and will leave a more valuable stand than if it
had been left alone. It is also easier to cut live trees than dead
ones.

4. Moth thinnings are advantageous to the owners of poor
or sprout growth, where there is a considerable proportion of
young pine present. The wood will not pay for the work, but
the development of pine will. If left alone, especially where
the growth is gray birch mixed with pine, the moths will prac-
tically destroy the whole value of the growth, which if properly
conserved would prove to be considerable.

5. Moth thinnings are cheaper and more effective if under-
taken before the moth infestation becomes serious than if made
afterwards.

Considerable cost data have been collected from the thinning
operations carried out under the direction of this department,
but not enough to give any certain figures as yet. The main
factors in the cost are the efficiency of the labor, the size and
thickness of the growth, the severity of the thinning, the
amount and method of brush-cutting and disposal, and the
utilization and market of the product. In general terms it
may be said that a thinning which will yield 7 or 8 cords to
the acre will pay for itself, allowing for the burning of the slash-
ing, provided that there is not an unusual amount of brush to
be cut, and that ordinary labor and market conditions prevail.
The cost mounts rapidly if large quantities of brush are to be
cut. The cheapest way of doing work is by the cord, under
good supervision, or an experienced crew working by the day
may do as well. The profits may be considerable if there are
many ties, poles or piles to be cut.

Work accomplished this Year.
Since this work was organized a gratifying amount of interest
has been shown in thinning work. The work carried on has
not been primarily experimental in character, but rather educa-
tional and practical. The United States Bureau of Entomology,
in connection with the Forest Service, is now carrying on ex-
periments in moth thinnings under Mr. Clement, from which
we anticipate some very practical data.

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE FORESTER. 339

On account of the obvious necessity of getting this work
started as rapidly as possible, we did not await the usual course
of events and have the owners come in to us for advice and
assistance, but rather went out after the owners and proffered
our services. ^Yith the aid of the district and local moth super-
intendents a list was made of the owners of the infested wood-
land of the State, and to each owner was sent a letter offering
our advice and help, and enclosing a blank to be signed if an
examination of the property was desired. Over 2,000 such
letters were sent out, and about 340 have returned the signed
examination application to date. Up to December 1 we have
been able to make 174 of these examinations, covering an area
of about 9,628 acres. About 25 owners up to the present time
have started this work, either under « our supervision or with
our assistance, and by these operations about 1,000 acres will
have been put into condition. This does not include the
thinnings done by the local or district moth superintendents,
which will cover a large aggregate area.

In many towns all the roadsides and considerable private
property have been thinned out by the local men, and in the
town of Dover and on the North Shore considerable work has
been done under special funds.

The aid offered to owners of infested woodland, outside of
free advice, has been the marking of trees, the marketing of
the wood, the furnishing of labor, and the actual supervision
and management of the thinnings. In several cases we have
found contractors who would cut the wood under our specifica-
tions and inspection and pay the owner for it. We have now
three trained crews who will do the work under our direction
for any owner who desires them, and will pay the actual cost.
We have in other places furnished woodchoppers who cut by
the cord under the supervision of a trained foreman. We
expect to start out several new crews shortly.

A list of the areas cut or being cut under our direction and
supervision follows: —

340

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

[Pub. Doc.

Town.

Owner.

Area (Acres).

Dover, .

Millis, .

Dedham,

Dedham,

West wood,

Norwood,

Dedham,

West Barnstable,

Nor well.

North Andover,

Cohasset,

Dedham,

Geo. D. Hall, .
A. H. Wheeler, .
Stephen M. Weld,
Mrs. J. C. Fairchild,
C. J. Lennon,
Edw. Cunningham,
Karlstein estate,
Howard Marston,
Nathan Gushing heirs.
Miss G. A. French,
Mrs. Sarah Wheelwright,
Mrs. Harriet Rodman,

27
12
70
6
3
20
83
60
15
45
20

Cost. — In the above list seven of the operations will have
been carried on at no loss or a small profit, and all but two at
a net cost not greatly exceeding $5 an acre. The other two
contained so much brush that the cost was larger, but the
owners felt well repaid.

Some cost data from the operation on Karlstein estate in
Dedham follow. This operation is not quite finished at this
writing, so the data are not absolutely complete. The Avork
was done by a crew paid from $2 to $2.25 per day, under an
experienced foreman. The men live in a camp provided on
the estate. The conditions on the estate were as follows: the
growth was mostly a medium hardwood stand, with about 75
per cent oak and about 35 per cent white oak, and wdth con-
siderable pine reproduction in places. The moth infestation
was severe, although as yet not more than 10 per cent of the
trees had been killed. The brush was not very heavy, but a fair
amount had to be cut. The estate was being held for develop-
ment, and the purpose of the thinning was to put it into shape
so that a wooded condition could be maintained at the least
possible expense. The general rule of the cutting was to cut
practically all white oaks, all dead and inferior trees, and as
many of all species of the other oaks as possible; to cut all
brush necessary, to split and pile the wood in 4-foot lengths;
to burn the brush and slashing, and to encourage the growth
of the pine as much as possible.

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mixed growth of liaril ;ind soft wood that is sure to lie destroyed by the
gypsy moth unless the owner spends hirge sums of money in spraying and treat-
ing. The only practical forestry solution is to immediately cut out the hai'd
woods and give the whole area over to the white pine. In an infested stand like
this the pines are killeil outright in a year or two; therefore, owners having
similar woodlands should give them early attention. The piue in clear stands
by itself is perfectly resistant to the inoths.

A severe thinning, to lie followed by undcrplaiuing witli wliitr iiine. The prod-
uct, which was largely white oak, sold for enough to meet the e.\[)ense. Gypsy
moth suppression work on the Karlstein property at Dedham. This property
was strip])ed the past season.

No. 4.]

REPORT OF STATE FORESTER.

341

Cost Data of Operation on Karlstein Estate.
Cutting and piling, based on 82.5 acres; burning, based on 47.5 acres.
Total cut: 559 cords of wood, 90 ties, 6,000 feet of pine. In working
data this is called the equivalent of 565 cords.

Per Cord.

Per Acre.

Total.

Wood and brush cutting,'
Brush piling, .
Brush burning,
Other expense,^
Supervision, < .
Total,

SI 07
15
25
04
15

$13 48

1 00

1 SO

25

1 01

$1,112 05

83 00
148 10'

21 00

84 00

$2 56

$17 55

$1,448 15 2

1 Includes stacking wood. Brush cutting is estimated at about 8 per cent.
- Estimated.

' Includes saw filing, scaling wood, etc.

* Includes time spent by foreman in directing men and marking trees, when he was not actu-
ally engaged in productive work.

Other items of expense which are not included are the cost
of a camp for the men and of tools which will not greatly
exceed $25 in this case.

In conclusion v,e would say that this department is anxious
to get in touch with all the owners of infested woodland in
the State, to give them advice and all the help possible in
solving the woodland problem. This work cannot be carried
on without the help of the owners, who are the parties most
vitally affected.

Forest Mapping.

This summer a beginning was made in work we have long
desired to attempt, namely, the making of an estimate of the
acreage of forest of different types and sizes; and, in conjunc-
tion with this, work out a forest map on which is shown, so far
as practicable, what the land is producing.

It is possible to hire, in the summer, forest school students
who are cheap and efficient men for this purpose. The work
was carried out under the direction of Mr. Harold Fay, one of
the assistant foresters in the office, who had the assistance of
four forestry students, picked men from as many forestry
schools.

As it was not possible, with the means at hand, to cover the

342 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

entire State in one season, it was decided to attempt the work
county by county, and this year Worcester County was chosen.
This county has been covered, with the exception of a few
towns.

The method of field work was an adaptation of a large-scale
timber cruising system, which we felt gave a maximum amount
of information for a minimum cost. Each man worked one
town at a time alone, running lines one-half mile apart, by com-
pass and pace, from one boundary to the other. Record was
kept of the length of each type, and type boundaries were
sketched, so far as practicable, in an especially arranged note
book checked off in scale with the large maps, to which the data
were easily transferred. These maps, the scale of which is 976
feet to 1 inch, are enlargements from the United States top-
ographical sheets, and we hope will be the basis for permanent
forest maps of each town in the State.

By means of symbols the rough proportion of different species
of trees growing on the ground traversed is shown, and by
numbers, their approximate size. A rough estimate of the per-
centage of stocking was made. The number of white pine per
acre was estimated, to enable a more accurate estimate of this,
the most valuable timber, and especially to give an idea of the
acreage where the occurrence of scattered white pine gives a
chance for converting inferior hardwood forests into pine, by
so handling as to secure more pine reproduction. Areas of
exceptional hazard for forest fires were located by symbols on
the maps, as were wood lots infected in different degrees by
the chestnut bark disease.

From this work we feel we shall have a very reliable estimate
of the acreage of different types of forests of different age
classes for the county as a whole, and a fairly reliable estimate
so far as the unit towns are concerned. The completeness and
accuracy of the maps depend largely upon whether the towns
have much or little open land, and uniform or frequently chang-
ing forest types.

So far as we know no other State has begun to collect data
which will allow so accurate an estimate of its present stand of
timber, and of what is likely to be produced during future
periods.

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE FORESTER. 343

In addition to the maps, which also furnish the basis for
acreage and timber estimates, a forest report was made for each
town, giving a general account of the forest conditions, lumber-
ing and woodworking industries, prevailing prices of timber and
of unproductive land, the names of some of the principal land-
owners, forest-fire conditions, and the extent of the chestnut
bark disease.

The plan is to keep these maps and reports on file at the
office, so that forest data will be available for reference when-
ever a private individual or the department contemplates for-
estry work in any town.

As a sample we reproduce herewith the map of Bolton, which
town was worked by Mr. J. R. Simmons, together with his
forest report on the town, and a summary of the acreage esti-
mates compiled from the map.

In forest description of tracts shown on the map, the letters
and symbols at the left represent "type;" these are followed
by "size-class" figures, then the number of white pine trees
per acre (a line drawn above the figures indicates when they
are suppressed white pine reproduction). Following the white
pine figures comes the estimated percentage of stocking, and
last, symbols representing fire hazard, chestnut bark disease,
etc., if there chance to be any.

Symbols showing occupation of the soil are arranged in the
order of prominence of the type or species. Softwoods when
equalling 10 per cent or more of the stand, and hardwoods
when equalling 20 per cent or more, are shown if not more than
three symbols representing occupation of the soil are used in all.

For key to symbols on the map, see the first two columns
of acreage estimate table.

344

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Forest Survey Acreage Estimates, Town of Bolton, ^Iass.,
November, 1913.

Size Class, ....

4,4-3

3-4,3

3-2,2-3

2,2-1

1-2,1

Ttpe
Symbol.

Approximate Age, based on
White Pine and Chestnut
(Years), ....

1-12

13-25

26-40

41-60

61 plus

Totals
(Acres).

Species.

A,

White pine, ....

20

424

166

347

14

971

T,

White pine and gray birch, .

100

188

-

-

-

288

B,

Jlixed hardwood and white

-

161

50

28

44

283

A. . .

pine.
Mixed softwood, .

-

11

2

9

-

22

c, .

Chestnut,

-

128

527

383

55

1,093

D and E C,

Chestnut with oaks.

424

887

255

2b0

-

1,796

3,

Gray birch, .

44

112

-

-

-

156

E,

Oaks, .

150

419

155

153

-

877

F,

Mixed hardwood, '

-

185

-

2

-

187

M. .

Red maple, .

88

244

-

-

-

332

G,

Maple swamp,

-

424

164

-

-

588

I.

Pitch pine, .

-

101

33

-

-

134

Total Woodland A

HE A,

826

3,284

1,352

1,152

113

6,7272

Acres.

Total woodland area, 6.727

X — Agricultural, 4,373

O — Open pasture 902

K — Brushy pasture 211

V — Useless swamp, 94

Water ... 30

5,610'

Total area of town, 12,337*

(^— Chestnut blight.

V — Fire hazard, 572'

P — Drainable swamp 94

Scattered pine untyped, 1,143

Suppressed pine, reproduction, 1,154

Total acreage with white pine present 3,861«

' In this table species growing in mixture have been proportioned and recorded in their own
column as though of pure growth.
2 55 per cent of town area.
' 45 per cent of town area.

* Total acreage of town was figured from map on page 345.
' 5 per cent of town area.
' 31 per cent of town area; 57 per cent of woodland area.

No. 4.]

REPORT OF STATE FORESTER.

345

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346 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Forest Report of Town op Bolton.

Bolton, Mass., November, 1913.

Bolton lies along the eastern border of Worcester County just north-
east from the city of Clinton. The Boston & Maine Railroad cuts it at
the southeastern and southwestern corners, and its best markets, outside
of Clinton and Hudson, are Worcester, 15 miles, and Boston, 30 miles,
distant. The chief industries are dairy and fruit farming. The town is
essentially a farming community, there being but three small villages.
The lack of trolley lines is compensated by good roads leading from the
town to its markets.

Topography.

The topography is irregular with hills and valleys. The general trend
is north and south, with the ridges frequently broken by brooks and gul-
lies. Highest hills are 600 feet.

Soils.
I.ight sandy soil, generally fertile and fairly deep, having gravel, and
some clay subsoil. Black soil in the swamps and on some farms where
draining has been done. South of Bolton village, on the west side of the
Berlin road, are about 75 acres of moist land, difficult of drainage but
bearing good hay. Some parts of the maple swamp on the opposite side
of the road could be cleared and drained for agriculture. On the hills the
soil is good, quite free from rocks, and raises apples and peaches.

Woodland.

Proportion of wooded to cleared land one-third to two-thirds, ^ accord-
ing to the report of the assessors to the commission on taxation of waste
and forest lands. The general appearance of the country would make
this estimate seem too low for forest land. A considerable amount of
good high land has been recently cleared of birch and sprouts for fruit
growing.

General condition of forest, good, especially in the pine, oak and hard-
wood types. There is a good layer of humus. Principal species are pine,
chestnut and oak, in clear and mixed stands; ash and hickory are common
in the mixture, and as roadside trees. Suppressed pine is common in the
chestnut and oak types.

Lumber and Woodworking Industries.
Saw Mills.
1. Century Mill, W. J. Webber, proprietor, Bolton, Mass., cuts chest-
nut and pine; 150 M during the last two years, mostly for box boards
which are sent to Hudson, Mass. Stumpage, SIO to S14 per M. Box

' See figures in table compiled from map.

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE FORESTER. 347

boards, F. 0. B., Hudson, §22. This is the only lumber mill in Bolton,
and it is idle most of the time.

2. E. M. Walcott, Bolton Village, Mass., cuts about 200 cords of wood
per year.

Land Owners.

The largest holdings are considerably under 200 acres, and very little
land is for sale. Owners of over 60 acres are checked in the accompany-
ing assessors' list.

Waste Land.

Not extensive in area. Confined to (a) a few acres along the Lancaster
boundary, in swamp, burned oak and hard pine land; (6) a strip of old
pasture in the northeast about three-quarters of a mile wide, some of
which is brushy; and (c) a very small burned area along the Hudson
boundary. Average price of waste land ^5 per acre.

The only person reported as having waste land for sale is Mr. Blanchard,
of Blanchard & Gould; he is said to own two lots of 50 acres each, ad-
joining.

Fires and Fire Damage.

No recent fires reported, though some slash areas exist, offering con-
siderable risk, located (a) along Bolton and Lancaster boundary, north
of Bolton station on cut-over lands and sprout growth; and (6) some
portions of the ridge southwest from Vaughn Hill in the northwest.

A small burn occurred three to five years ago near the Hudson road in
the eastern corner of the town, and southeast from Long Hill, and entered
some distance into a large chestnut and maple wood lot. The whole burn
covered about 50 acres of sprout.

Chestnut Dark Disease.
The chestnut bhght occurs in all parts of the town, the worst being in
the western and northern portions. A very large area of chestnut north
of the ^^lllage appears, as yet, to be in fair condition, with probably not
more than one infected tree to the acre. Some of the wood lot owners
interviewed have made a practice of cutting for cordwood blighted trees
onh^, and expressed the opinion that this scheme would probably become
popular among owners of timber in Bolton.

Reforestation Work.
The reforestation act passed in 190S makes provision for any-
one owning waste land suitable for replanting to deed it over
to the State, wuth the provision that the owner, his heirs or
assignees may redeem it at any time within ten years by pay-
ing the actual cost of planting. This cost varies from S7 to $10
per acre, according to the size of the tract, accessibility and

348 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

age of stock used. There is also a section of the act which
enables us to buy land at not over $5 an acre, and not over
SO acres in one tract in any one year.

Under this act some 4,489 acres have been acquired, as the
following list shows. Of these, about 1,000 acres are owned by
the State outright with no redemption clause, the land having
been bought at a price of from S2.50 to $5 per acre. Where
land has been bought, it is the policy of the office to purchase
adjoining land the following year in order that individual lots
may be more readily handled. We have advocated the removal
of the 80-acre limit, as the average cost of planting is much less
on large lots, and it is also often cheaper to acquire a large lot
than a number of small ones.

These tracts will increase much in demonstration value in
the next few years, as it takes a plantation from five to ten
years to reach a height where it will attract attention. Even
now some of the older plantations set in 1909 have created an
interest in forest planting.

This law seems to be meeting with the aims of those who
first advocated it, as throughout the State there are many land-
owners who would not sell their land outright or would not set
it out themselves, but who are willing to have the work done
by the State Forester. It is safe to say that not over 200
acres of the 5,000 and over would be restocked to-day had it
not been for this act enabling the owners to turn their land
over to the State to be planted.

This year we have planted 782 acres of land, while the work
of filling in and replanting lots where loss was due to the last
few years' drought has been pushed with vigor. During the
winter months a number of old lots were cleared of brush which
had grown up and was interfering with the trees set.

Forest Nursery.

This fall, on land of the State Farm at Bridgewater, which
was prepared for a nursery, we transplanted over 500,000 two-
year old seedlings, consisting of white pine, Scotch pine and
white ash.

The work was done by inmates of the farm under direction
of a foreman employed by this office. By using the farm labor

A splendid stand of large white pine with a relatively small mixture of hard-
woods on the fine Rodman estate in Dedham. The pine tops show the ravages
of the gypsy moth. A number of the large pines are past redemption. This
whole estate is Ijeirig thinned out at the present time. The hardwoods are Ijeing
taken out, together with the dead pines. Had the hardwood been removed early
all of the pines could have been saved.

No. 4.]

REPORT OF STATE FORESTER.

349

in the nursery we shall be able to do much more transplanting
than formerly. The State Farm officials, Superintendent Black-
stone and Mr. Hunt, have aided us in every way possible, and
another spring will have additional land cleared, so that we
shall have about 10 acres in the nursery, and be able to do a
large amount of spring transplanting, and also raise not only
enough transplanted stock to do our entire planting work, but
enough to supply other State institutions with these transplants
instead of seedlings.

In our nursery at Amherst we have about 7,000,000 trees,
about 1,500,000 of which are three and four year transplants
suitable for our spring planting.

This year we supplied the Metropolitan Park Commission
with 300,000 two-year white pine seedlings, the Metropolitan
Water Board with 250,000 two-year white pine seedlings and
150,000 three-year Norway spruce seedlings, and a number of
the commissions with smaller amounts, — a total of 734,000
supplied for use on State land, outside of land planted under
the reforestation act, by this department.

State Plantations, 1913.

Town.

Acres.

Type of Land.

Variety planted.

Gardner,

87

Cut and burned over.

White pine, Norway spruce.

Rutland,

55

Cut-over land, .

White pine.

Leverett,

24

Cut and burned over.

White pine.

Leverett,

66

Cut and burned over.

White pine, Norway spruce.

Shelburne, .

42}^

Cut and burned over,

White pine, Norway spruce.

Nantucket, .

83

Sandy plain.

White and Scotch pine.

Westminster,

80

Cut-over pasture,

White pine, Norway spruce.

Spencer,

80

Cut-over pasture,

White pine, etc.

Spencer,

80

Cut-over pasture.

White pine, etc.

Lancaster,

32K

Cut-over light land, .

White pine.

Tauntop,

64

Cut-over sprout land.

White pine.

Boxford,

lOH

Run-out mowing.

White pine and red pine.

Freetown,

9

Cut-over land, .

White pine.

Boxford,

2i}4

Cut-over land, .

White pine.

North Andover,

44

Cut-over land.

White pine.

Total, .

782

350

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Amherst Nursery, 1913.

Variety.

Age (Years).

Number of
Trees.

White pine seedlings, .
White pine seedlings, .
Red pine seedlings,
Norway spruce seedlings, .
European larch seedlings,
White ash seedlings.
White pine transplants.
White pine transplants.
Red pine transplants, .
Norway spruce transplants.
Total

3,000,000

2,000,000

200,000

216,000

66,000

70,000

1,091,000

344,000

21,000

18,000

7,026,000

HoPKiNTON Nursery, 1913.

White pine transplants

White pine transplants

Norway spruce transplants,

5
3
3

25,000
40,000
30,000

Total

95,000

Bridgewater Nursery, 1913.

White pine transplants,
Scotch pine transplants,
White ash transplants.
Total, .

400,000
53,300
50,250

503,550

Planting done under the Advice of this Office. ^

Name.

Location.

Variety.

Number
of Trees.

Metropolitan Park Commission,
Metropolitan Water Board,
Metropolitan Water Board,

Wachusett Reservation Commis-
sion.

Bristol County School of Agricul-
ture.

Norfolk State Hospital, .

Blue Hill Reservation,
Wachusett System, .
Sudbury System,
Princeton, .
Segreganset,
Norfolk, .

White pine,

White pine,

Norway spruce.

White pine,

White pine.

White pine, hemlock,
arbor vita;.

300,000
250,000
150,000

20,000
2,000

12,000

734,000

* Trees furnished by State Forester (Amherst Nursery).

No. 4.]

REPORT OF STATE FORESTER.

551

Each year a resume of the season's work has been published,
but some may be interested in having a complete summary of
the work done under the reforestation act; therefore we have
included in this report the following tables classifying the lots
by counties and towns. The number of the lot is a part of our
record system, and roughly indicates the order in which they
were taken over. Where this number appears in heavy type
it indicates that the lot was purchased outright by the State,
the clause in the deed giving the owner the right to redeem the
lot at the end of ten years being omitted. All other lots are
subject to the privilege of redemption.

Summary of Lots taken under Reforestation Act.

«

Lots.

Acres.

Purchased outright without privilege of redemption, .

Purchased with privilege of redemption,

Deeded without cost and with redemption privilege, .
Deeded without cost and without redemption privilege, .

20

20

66

2

849

914

2,690

36

Complete List of Lots taken under the Reforestation Act

(by Counties).

Lot
No.

Town.

Acres.

Year
planted.

Lot
No.

Town.

Acres.

Year
planted.

Barnstable County.

Middlesex County
— Con.

55

Dennis, .

20

1912

36

Shirley, .

18

1910

61

Harwich,

15

1911

59

Shirley, .

19M

1911

18

Sandwich,

14

1909

104

Groton, .

13

-

19

Sandwich,

10

1911

105

Groton, .

4M

-

31

Sandwich,

20

-

34

Sandwich,

52

1910

Hampshire County.

54

Wellfleet,

6H

1912

30

Belchertown, .

10

1910

62

Yarmouth,

21

1911

23

Pelham, .

16

1909

106

Barnstable,

17

-

24

Pelham, .

6

1909

109

Barnstable,

32

-

Nantucket County.

Middlesex County.

84

Nantucket,

83

1913

49

Carlisle, .

40

1910

50

Hopkinton, .

28

1912

Norfolk County.

51

Hopkinton, .

80

1912

74

Dover, .

131^

1912

352

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

[Pub. Doc.

Lot

No.

Town.

Acres.

Year
planted.

Lot
No.

Town.

1
Acres.

Year
planted.

Plymouth County.

Worcester County
— Con.

10

Carver, .

5

1909

12

Spencer, .

23

1909

78

Duxbury,

38^

1912

13

Spencer, .

5J/2

1909

48

Kingston,

14

1910

43

Spencer, .

14

1910

60

Kingston,

140

1911

90

Spencer, .

80

1913

70

Norwell, .

10

1912

91

Spencer, .

40

-

92

Spencer, .

80

1913

Worcester County.

6

Templeton, .

107

1909

8

Ashburnham,

10

1909

26

Templeton, .

60

1909

9

Ashburnham,

66

1909

37

Templeton, .

50

1912

38

Ashburnham,

53 Ji

1911

1

Westminster, .

40

1909

39

Ashburnham,

94

1911

2

Westminster, .

40

1909

40

Ashburnham,

14

1911

14

Westminster, .

92H

1909

66

Ashburnham,

63

1911

15

Westminster, .

36

1909

71

Ashburnham,

m

1912

16

Westminster, .

39

1909

72

Ashburnham,

19

1912

87

Westminster, .

80

1913

73

Barre,

38

1912

88

Westminster, .

80

-

45

Brookfield,

37

1910

89

Westminster, .

7

-

47

Brookfield, .

70

1910

100

Westminster, .

80

-

57

Fitchburg,

27

1911

107

Gardner,

16

-

79

Gardner,

87

1913

27

Gardner,

93

1909

Essex County.

44

Holden, .

50

1910

7

Andover,

40

1909

3

Hubbardston,

40

1909

99

Andover,

44

1913

4

Hubbardston,

14

1909

96

Boxford, .

lOJ^

1913

17

Hubbardston,

54

1909

98

Bosford, .

2iH

1913

21

Hubbardston,

40

1909

25

Rowley, .

Wi

1909

22

Hubbardston,

10

1909

Bristol County.

42

Hubbardston,

108

1910

69

Attleborough,

24

1911

52

Hubbardston,

40

1911

97

Freetown,

9

1913

53

Hubbardston,

34

1911

94

Taunton,

04

1913

63

Lancaster,

74

1911

66

Lancaster,

8H

1911

Frayiklin County.

93

Lancaster,

32JI

1913

67

Buckland,

100

1911

75

Oakham,

80

1912

69

Buckland,

11

1911

20

Paxton, .

55

1909

101

Buckland,

75

-

58

Paxton, .

45

1911

32

Colrain, .

52

1910

80

Rutland,

55

1913

33

Colrain, .

169

1910

11

Spencer, .

35

1909

41

Colrain, .

80

1912

No. 4.]

KEPOllT OF STATE FORESTER.

353

Lot

No.

Town.

Acres.

Year
planted.

Lot

No.

Town.

Acres.

Year
planted.

Franklin County
— Con.

Franklin County
— Con.

28

Colrain, .

80

1910

95

Warwick,

27

1913

29

Colrain, .

80

1910

102

Warwick,

30

-

64

Greenfield,

4

1911

103

Warwick,

29

-

65

Heath, .

41

-

lOS

Buckland,

10

-

81

Leverett,

24

1913

Berkshire County.

82

Leverett,

66

1913

76

Becket, .

10

1912

5

Jlontague,

26

1909

35

Peru,

68

1910

83

Shelburne,

42H

1913

77

Peru,

12

1912

Forest ]\Ianagement Work.
The established policy of making examinations of woodland
property, either public or private, and of giving advice in con-
nection with the proper management of the same has been
continued. A list of these examinations follows: —

Examinations.

Owner.

Location of Property.

Area (Acres).

Irving Smith, .
Worcester Park Board,
Concord Golf Club, .
John GifFord, .
F. F. Baldwin, .
Jas. Richardson,
Fred'k Bailey, .
W. E. Barton, .
L. T. Reed,
Miss F. Rogers,
Miss F. Rogers,
Miss F. Rogers,
Miss Julia Steere,
Miss Julia Steere,
Mr. Alfred Mellor,
J. Baldwin,
Ira Hersey,

Ashburnham, .
Worcester,
Concord, .
Sutton,
Hopkinton,
North Leominster,
Chelmsford,
Foxborough,
Cummington, .
Cummington, .
Cummington, .
Cummington, .
Cummington, .
Cummington, .
Cummington, .
Marion,
Foxborough,

2,500
200
85
150
300
34
24
60
60
40
60
20
20
15
175
50
75

354

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

[Pub. Doc.

Owner.

Location of Property.

Area (Acres).

Miss E. Ferguson,

Mrs. B. V. How,

Park Board,

Canaan Line Company,

A. Harlow,

E. Drake, .

Park Board,

W. T. Porter, .

Mr. E. Pettingill,

Farm and trade school.

Fish and Game Commission,

M. Farnsworth,

Taunton State Hospital,

E. P. Ripley,

D. Hough,

Lakeville Sanatorium,
Mister Farm, .
Edith S. Price, .
State Sanatorium,
R. C. Robbins,
Robbins Estate,
W. G. Vinal,
L. C. Wason,
Watcha Club,
G. E. Watson,
Mr. Way, .
Mrs. F. E. White,
Water Board,
Moses Williams,

E. H. Alderman,
Geo. Baker,
W. C. Brown,
A. B. Cutler,
C. B. Cooley,
C. S. Dana,
C. H. Dana,
Ramage Paper Company,

Total, ....

Cummington, .
Dracut,
Walpole, .
North Marlborough
Cummington, .
Sharon,
Lynn,
Dover,

Cummington, .
Thompson Island,
Wilbraham,
Shirley, .
Taunton, .
Weston, .
Vineyard Haven,
Middleborough,
Hardwick,
Topsfield,
North Reading,
Hamilton,
Tyringham,
Marshfield,
Canton, .
Marthas Vineyard,
North Leverett,
South Sudbury,
North Brookfield,
Winchendon, .
North Falmouth,
Chester, .
Concord, .
Concord Junction,
Dedham, .
Granville,
Weston,
Buzzards Bay,
Monroe Bridge,

20

205
20

400

60

5

2,600

50

200
15
50
1
50
8
40
75
30
25

123
3

500
20
25

500

200
20
13

150
75
50
30
50
90
25
12
30

612
10,250

No. 4.]

REPORT OF STATE FORESTER.

355

The above list contains 54 examinations covering an area of
10,250 acres, expense, paid by landowners, $30.33.

The number of examinations made this year is six less than
given in the last report. The area examined is, however, in-
creased by 4,502 acres. Many examinations in the eastern part
of the State that formerly came under this department have
been turned over to the moth end of the work, so that both in
number and area the work has shown a large increase during
the past year. Examinations in chestnut woodlands affected
with the bark disease have also been classified separately, and
this too would tend to lower the number handled by this de-
partment.

Surveys.

The following is a list of the lots taken over for reforestation
and for which surveys have been made. Maps in triplicate
for these lots are on file at this office.

Surveys for Plantations.

OWNEB.

Town.

Area (Acres).

E. P. Churchill,

F. D. Lewis,
Mary F. Pierce,
F. B. Lewis,

Geo. Davis,
State lot, .
H. Fiske, .
H. Fiske, .
E. Smith, .

E. Smith, .

F. H. Webster, .
A. P. Webster, .
H. S. Hodgman,
H. C. Harrington,
H. C. Harrington,
Calvin Benson,
F. H. Rhea,

Total, .

Freetown, .
Groton, .
Freetown, .
Groton,
Shelburne,
Manchester,
Buckland,
Buckland,
Barnstable,
Barnstable,
Warwick, .
Warwick, .
Montague,
Westminster, .
Gardner, .
West Barnstable,
Bosford, .

9

4
70
13
42

7

75
10

7

17
31
2S
26
80
16
32
10

477

The total surveyed area for which maps have been made and
are on file is 2,380 acres.

356 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Working Plans.

Besides the above surveys there have been made four others,
and the necessary data collected with which to produce work-
ing plans. These working plans will be completed during the
present winter. It is not necessary to work these plans out in
colors, as has been done at times in the past, for it is thought
that a plan of one color, inked in, will answer the purpose as
well and also save both time and expense.

The properties for which brief working plans have been made
are owned and located as follows : —

Acres.

Mr. S. Mellor, Cummington, 175

Mr. W. A. Barton, FoxlDorough, 60

Mr. L. T. Reed, Cummington, 60

Mr. W. T. Porter, Dover, 50

There will also be brought together, as soon as time will per-
mit, sufficient data Vv'ith which to make up a working plan for
the Lynn Woods. It is encouraging to state that this well-
known tract of woods, which in the past has been more or less
neglected, may and probably will in the near future receive
some of the attention so much needed to place the woods in a
proper condition. That the Lynn Woods at the present time
are in poor shape is evident to the most casual observer. Insect
enemies and fires have raised such havoc in them that much
of their former value and beauty have been lost. With the
exception of a small percentage that has been thinned and
sprayed, nearly the entire area is badly in need of immediate
attention. Thousands of cords of wood should be removed as
soon as possible, especially a large number of such trees as are
particularly susceptible to future stripping by moths. Dead
and dying wood and much scrub growth should be removed,
thereby materially decreasing the fire danger.

It is confidently hoped that the city will place at the disposal
of its Lynn Woods commission and water board a sufficient
yearly appropriation to permit of the carrying on the needed
work along forestry lines which will insure the proper perpetua-
tion of the tree growth.

The needed line of procedure for carrying out such a piece
of woods-work has been set forth in two reports from this office
and submitted to the chairman of the Lynn Woods commission.

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE FORESTER. 357

Thinnings.

Six thinning operations along strict forestry lines have been
undertaken the past few months, two of which are about com-
pleted. One of these, the W. T. Porter lot in Dover, Mass.,
containing 50 acres, was stocked with a stand of such nature as
to make very careful work necessary in order not to injure
much of the young growth. A large part of the area was
heavily stocked with white and pitch pine of all ages up to
eighty to ninety years, also pasture birch, large red and white
oak, mapl^, ash, chestnut, etc., all growing in a very mixed
manner. Since much of the area was badly moth-infested,
nearly all of the white oaks were removed. Also all pitch
pine and pasture birch were removed from the tract. All told,
several thousand feet of white pine, pitch pine and oak were
felled, besides about 200 cords of wood.

The logs brought the following prices on the lot: white
pine, $10, pitch pine, $8 and oak, $15 per thousand. The cord-
wood when sold should bring about $3.50 per cord on the lot.
Regardless of the fact that operations were necessarily expen-
sive on account of the badly mixed nature of the growth, it is
thought that on the larger part of the tract expenditure and
returns will be about even.

Mellor Lot.
Operations of a thinning nature have been started recently
on the 175-acre tract of Mr. Alfred Mellor, in Cummington,
but will not be completed for some time. The area is stocked
with a heavy growth of mixed hardwoods and conifers of good
size. There is much to do on this piece of woodland property
to place it in the condition desired by the owner. In certain
places where trees have been cut and logged by the old methods
there are, as is usually the case, quantities of slash left as a
breeder for forest fires. Much of this will be cleaned up and
burned this winter. The trees on the property are of such size
that much of the work to be done in the future should be
carried on at a profit to the owner, whose intention it is to do
about one-tenth of the work each year. This is probably the
first piece of woodland thinning ever carried on in Cummington.
It is hoped others will follow Mr. Mellor's lead.

358 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

The Barton Lot.
A thinning operation is now being carried on in Foxborough
on the 60-acre tract of Mr. W. A. Barton, the tract constituting
the woodland surrounding Sunset Lake. This is an operation
consisting of the thinning out of about 150 cords of wood in a
heavily stocked medium growth of mixed hardwoods and pine.
It is thought the cost to the owner will be slight. All of the
cordwood has already been sold on the lot.

Taunton Hospital Lot.

The tree growth covering about 50 acres at the Taunton
State Hospital has been partly marked for thinnings, and a
crew of men are at present engaged in removing the marked
trees. This piece of woods is moth-infested and contains a
large number of slowly dying trees of good size. It is the in-
tention of Mr. Goss, the superintendent, to gradually under-
plant the entire thinned area. The small trees needed are to
be furnished from the State nursery.

Markings will be completed in the near future over the entire
tract, and it is hoped the choppers will have the marked trees
cut, slash burned and the area ready for underplanting by the
spring of 1914. The choppers are men employed by the in-
stitutioi;, and all wood cut is used there.

Reed Lot.

The W. A. Reed property of 60 acres in Cummington, con-
taining a good growth of mixed hardwoods and conifers of
various ages, has been marked for heavy thinnings, and the
marked trees are to be removed if possible this winter. The
cutting and hauling of the logs, of which there will be several
thousand feet, will be done by a local contractor. The major
part of the lumber will be used by the owner.

A certain portion of the area is open land, and suitable for
planting. It is the owner's intention to have this area stocked
gradually from year to year, and to carry on all work done
under advice from this office.

No. 4.] REPOrxT OF STATE FORESTER. 359

Greenfield Lot.
The Greenfield Women's Club purchased a tract of land
known as Temple Woods on a steep, rocky ledge east of the
town for the purpose of preserving the timber thereon, as it is
in a region used by the people of Greenfield as a park. The
growth is of considerable size and age, and is made up of pine,
oak, chestnut, hemlock and hickory. Owing to the thin and
rocky soil, and also, in part, to a fire that had been through a
portion of the tract some years ago, many of the trees were
dead or in poor condition. It was thought best to cut this
over-mature growth and thus thin the woods. The chopping
was done by our own men, the hauling was let out to a
farmer, and the lumber was sold in the log to a mill man in
Greenfield. About four acres of open land were planted with
young pines, and all slash and brush left after logging were
piled and burned. About 50,000 feet of lumber and 35 cords
of wood were cut. Owing to the rough and precipitous nature
of the land, and the lack of snow during the logging season, the
expense of the work was heavy, but the returns about bal-
anced the outlay.

Thinnings on Mountain Tracts.

It is hoped that this year permission can be obtained from
the owners of the woodland property, upon which some of the
State observation stations are located, to allow a forester from
this office to make certain markings of the trees thereon,
with the object in view of having the observation men make
cuttings during such time as they may have when weather is
not suitable for observation work. Such operations would of
course be carried on slowly, but much good could be accom-
plished in time at practically no expense.

There should be many owners desiring to have their wood-
lands thinned this coming year. The good accomplished by
proper thinnings is very apparent. Fire danger is very ma-
terially reduced, while the woods are much more accessible.
If infested with moths this danger is lessened, the trees left are
in better growing condition, a better stand is assured, and,
generally, thinned woods lose little of their value from an
aesthetic point of view.

360

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

[Pub. Doc.

Maps.

There were completed during the past year 24 maps for the
use of the State Fire Warden and his observers. Nearly every
outlook station in the State was fitted out with a new table
map and alidade for use in locating forest fires. These maps
consist of the United States government topographical sheets
placed together, upon which the town boundary lines were
laid out. We are indebted to the Harbor and Land Commis-
sion for the use of the town boundary lines obtained by the
commission from comparatively recent surveys.

A large line map was also made for use in fire work, and
also several maps for the moth department. There is still a
good amount of map work to be done as soon as time will
permit.

A recent feature in connection with the survey work carried
on by this department is the marking of all corners on State
lots with a 3-foot section of steel pipe. These pipes and stones
make corners that cannot be eliminated or injured by fire, and
should last at least fifteen to twenty years. It is very essential
that lot corners be so marked that any future trouble may be
eliminated. It has been impossible to place these steel corners on
any except recently surveyed lots on account of lack of time, but
as fast as possible this year the re-marking will be attended to.

A summary of some of the work accomplished by the forest
management branch of the department in the past few years is
as follows: —

Examinations.

Number.

Area
(Acres).

Examinations.

Number.

Area
(Acres).

1904

1905

1906

1907

1908

14
36

47
37

65

2,000
6,545
9,357
8,713
15,842

1909

1910

1911

1912

1913

60
49
66
58
54

15,862
6,495
9,694
5,748

10,250

Chestnut Bark Disease.
We have been very solicitous in* this State as to the effect
of this malady upon our chestnut trees during the past few
years. The bulletins published by the State Forester have

,v*H'- .•:-'^^'^3^?s:^^;^--

^'•w,^^.?
^j^

A mixed mature staud at Norwell, showing wliitc oaks on the riglit over one
hundred years old and white pine trees on the left about fifty years of ajie. This
lot is being operated on account of the gypsy moth infestation. The white pine
is worth ten times the oak; further, the pine is resistant in clear stands. This
explains why white pine is popular in reforestation.

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE FORESTER. 301

served to give the information necessary to identify the disease,
and as far as we know, what to do for it.

Early last spring I took a trip to Pennsylvania and Wash-
ington, D. C, to ascertain the latest information regarding the
chestnut bark disease. The State of Pennsylvania has had a
special State commission and a large appropriation for this
work. The Bureau of Plant Industry of the United States
Department of Agriculture has also had an appropriation of
$S0,000 a year from Congress, and has had experts in the field.
This latter appropriation was made possible through the special
interest taken by our Massachusetts senators, Messrs. Crane
and Lodge. This trip resulted in my learning the latest meth-
ods in Pennsylvania, and in securing an appropriation of $3,000
from the Bureau of Plant Industry as the government's con-
tribution to the State in attempting some co-operative work.

This season's work was immediately inaugurated, and free
assistance and advice were offered to any one in the State
having chestnut growth. Mr. Murdoch, one of my assistants
who had had previous experience in the work, was put into the
field and later we secured the services of Mr. Roy G. Pierce,
who has been in our employ since early in July. Mr. Pierce
is a graduate of the University of Michigan School of Forestry,
and later was connected with the United States Forest Service.
Previous to coming to Massachusetts he was employed for a
year by the Pennsylvania Blight Commission, coming to us,
therefore, well recommended.

Discovery in Massachusetts.
The chestnut blight was not found in Massachusetts until
1909, at which time 4 cases were authentically reported. The
evidence found later indicates its presence as early as 1905 or
1906. In the summer of 1911, as reported in our bulletin, it
was found in 72 towns. Since that time the blight has been
found in at least 200 towns and cities in the State, and it is
very probable that it is now in every town and city where
chestnut grows to any extent.

Examinations for Blight.
Up to July, 1911, the work consisted mainly of examination
of woodlands for individual owners, and of general scouting to

362 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

ascertain the prevalence of the disease throughout the State.
In 1911, 6 of these special examinations were made for the
blight. This was increased to 28 in 1912, on 2,291 acres.
During the past year the examinations have been increased by
174 on approximately 8,000 acres of land.

Educational Work.

Since Mr. Pierce's connection with the work we have been
able to broaden out along several lines. The educational fea-
ture has been emphasized as being a very necessary part in the
problem of bringing before our people the methods of handling
chestnut woodlands affected by the bark disease.

The State Grange field meetings were attended at Waban,
Billerica, Springfield, Greenwich Village, Berkshire Park, Col-
rain, Athol and Leominster. At each of these summer meet-
ings specimens of the chestnut blight fungus were exhibited,
and the manner of spread, the symptoms of the disease and its
importance were shown to all those who were interested. The
State Forester's bulletin on the "Chestnut Bark Disease" was
generally distributed at these meetings.

Three of the largest fairs of the State representing the eastern,
middle and western sections were attended, namely, at Brock-
ton, Worcester and Great Barrington. At Brockton and
Worcester, through the courtesy of the extension department
of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, ample table and
wall space was secured for an excellent exhibit of logs from
blight-killed chestnut trees, also specimens of bark from thin
and thick barked trees, showing the characteristic appearance
of the blight canker or blister on the former and the reddish
brown pustules of the fungus in the cracks of the latter. Photo-
graphs, bulletins and charts were also displayed. Hundreds of
wood-lot owners stopped for advice and to ask questions regard-
ing the blight. Mr. Pierce gave a paper before the Massachu-
setts Tree Wardens' and Foresters' Association in Boston on
August 22. Addresses were also given before the granges or
local organizations at Montgomery, Blandford, Granville,
Palmer and Brimfield, and before two classes at the Framing-
ham Normal School.

Numerous press notices have appeared in the papers regard-

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE FORESTER. 363

ing the chestnut blight work in the State. Without this help
from the press the people could not have been reached in the
way they have been. The results of this educational work
have been encouraging.

During the season this department has begun some effective
forest-mapping work, as noted elsewhere in this report, and
this offered an exceptional opportunity to systematically deter-
mine the chestnut-blight conditions. A brief description of the
infestations as found in the following towns may prove of
interest: —

Auburn. — The chestnut blight has not made much headway
in Auburn as yet. A number of isolated cases were found, but
nothing threatening great damage at present.

Blackstone. — The per cent of timber land covered with
chestnut comprises at least one-half of the total, and probably
two-thirds has some chestnut on it. The bark disease, although
present in nearly all extensive stands of chestnut, seldom ex-
ceeds one affected tree per acre. West of the Mendon Road,
near the Mendon-Blackstone line and in the extreme north-
western corner of the town, are large tracts with 5 or more
infections per acre, these being the worst cases of the disease
in the town.

Douglas. — Chestnut bark disease scattered. Only individ-
ual trees attacked throughout the town. More prevalent in
northern half, and usually among smaller growth. Chiefly
noticeable around East Douglas.

Dudley. — In the timber along the western part of the town
the chestnut bark disease occurs, but not very widely dis-
tributed. In young sprout stands, of which there are large
areas, it is practically everywhere. There is very little evidence
of its presence in the larger chestnut area in the eastern part of
the town.

Grafton. — Chestnut constitutes practically 70 per cent of
the woods. Blight infections in stands 10 inches and over in
diameter will not average more than 2 or 3 to the acre. Some
of the stands are entirely free from it. In young sprout areas
the disease is spread much more, in most cases about 10 to 15
young trees to the acre being infected. Some 200 acres of
young sprout land, north of Goddard Pond, between the rail-

364 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

road and the road to the north, is pretty generally infected.
The disease is found throughout the entire town, but is far
more prevalent on the younger trees.

Northbridge. — The chestnut blight has badly infected young
chestnut sprout lands, much of which occurs in this town.
Almost every plot of young chestnut contains infected trees.
In the western part of the town, in the woods of larger trees,
the blight is not very prevalent. It occurs scatteringly in
practically all chestnut woods in the eastern part of the town.

Sutton. — The chestnut blight occurs practically everywhere
in the young sprout lands. The older trees as yet do not show
the effects. In one place, situated about midway up the eastern
boundary of the town it has killed every tree, and at present
is spreading fast in all directions.

This chestnut bark disease work the State Forester has
organized for purposes of economic effectiveness, as follows:
The assistant in immediate charge, who is an expert, is given a
definite policy to carry out. The expert, Air. Pierce in this
case, is then authorized to enlist the assistance of the regular
staff of this organization as a large auxiliary body of men to
report their observations as they travel about the State. This
necessitates the acquaintance of the men with the disease.
Co-operation in this way increases the amount of good the
department may do; also broadens and develops our employees
for greater usefulness.

Besides the assistants and division men, forest wardens, moth
superintendents and patrolmen are all included.

Recommendations.

Studies made throughout the State show that the younger
thin-barked chestnut sprouts have become affected by the chest-
nut bark disease to a much higher per cent than older stands
of thick-barked trees; that is, while the younger trees are often
infected from 25 to 100 per cent, the older trees near by would
show infection from only 1 to 10 per cent.

While it is possible by removal of blight cankers and diseased
limbs on valuable lawn and park trees, or on grafted nut trees,
to prolong the life of chestnut trees affected by the bark dis-
ease, yet this sort of treatment is not applicable to forest trees.
Wherever the chestnut blight has affected the trees in the forest.

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE FORESTER. 365

the only treatment possible to check the disease is the prompt
removal of the infected trees. This is specially advised where
the diseased trees are large enough to produce valuable prod-
ucts, as poles, ties, posts and cordwood.

The removal of all near-by sources of infection will render the
timber less liable to be infected in the future, since the blight
seems to spread faster from local centers to near-by trees than
to trees at a distance.

Better forest practice is needed in combating this disease.
The general practice has been to clean-cut the chestnut and
oak stands in southern New England without intermediate
thinnings. This has often been wasteful. The trees which
make up the dominant growth in forty or fifty year old stands
have had to fight for light, food and moisture at the expense
of the weaker trees. Proper thinnings would tend to reduce
the fierce competition, give an intermediate yield, as well as
cut down the time at which the trees would reach a merchant-
able size. The experiments of European foresters have shown
that the rotation of the timber crop can "be shortened by judi-
cious thinnings from 10 to 20 per cent.

Since it seems that the smaller chestnut trees in Massachu-
setts are liable to be infected by the chestnut bark fungus to
a greater extent than larger trees, it may be concluded that
the faster the small trees can be made to grow, the quicker
will they become more resistant to the disease. The rate of
diameter growth may be very materially increased by proper
thinnings.

As heretofore, this department stands ready to advise any
owners of chestnut growth, as to its present and future manage-
ment, at no expense. It is more satisfactory to both parties
where the owner goes over the woodlands personally with the
expert. For examinations, make application to this oSice.

Report of the State Fire Warden.
Mr. F. W. Rane, State Forester.

Sir: — In compliance with your request, and in accord with the pro-
visions of chapter 722, section 2, Acts of 1911, I beg to submit the follow-
ing report of the work accomplished by this branch of the department
this year: —

The same division of the State has been continued again this year as
follows: District No. 1, Essex, Middlesex and Norfolk counties; District

366 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

No. 2, Barnstable, Bristol and Plymouth counties; District No. 3, Worces-
ter County and west to the Connecticut River; District No. 4, Berkshire
County and east to the Cormecticut River. Each district is under the
supervision of a district forest warden. Two changes have been made
in the personnel of the district forest wardens. Mr. James E. INIoloy,
who has had supervision of District No. 1, was made inspector of loco-
motives, being succeeded .by Mr. Oscar L. Noyes. Mr. Albert R. Ordway
has been appointed district warden of the 4th district to succeed Mr.
Frank L. Haynes, who has been promoted to the position of assistant
forester, assisting in the forest management work.

The district forest wardens have full supervision of the work in their
districts, being in charge of the several observation stations, as well as
constructing telephone lines, erecting steel towers, map-making, visiting
each town and consulting with the selectmen and town forest wardens
and deputies relative to the need of additional equipment for handling
fires, and perfecting better forest fire-fighting organizations. This may
seem a very easy matter, but when we take into consideration that we
have 354 towns and cities, and that the matter of purchasing equipment
must be brought before the citizens at their annual or special town meet-
ings, it means an immense amount of work.

In the work of perfecting town forest fire-fighting organizations we
have been handicapped owing to the appointment of 354 town and city
forest wardens being made by the selectmen of as many towns, this de-
partment simply having the approval of them. The result is that we
still have inefficient men in some towns, — men who are not interested in
the preservation of the forests and who know little, if anything, about
handling forest fires. This should be remedied by these appointments
being made by this department, thus making the department responsible
for the results. We should then have efficient men in every town.

We have had in operation this year 21 observation stations reporting
to the town forest wardens 3,238 fires.

District No. 1. — In addition to the four observation towers already
established in this district we have erected and equipped two 40-foot
steel towers. One of these is located in the town of Essex on Morse Hill,
which covers all of Cape Ann, as well as all the valuable timber land
along the North Shore. We are deeply indebted to Col. Wm. D. Sohier,
chairman of the North Shore summer residents committee, for his liberal
contribution of $900 toward the tower and 7 acres of land which were
acquired and donated to the Commonwealth. This tower was completed
April 24 and used throughout the season. The second tower was built
on Hart Hill in the town of Wakefield, this hill being a part of the city
reservation and making an ideal location for a tower. The town of Wake-
field contributed $350 toward this tower.

It is very important that a tower be placed on Nobscot Hill in the town
of Framingham during the coming year, in order to assist several towns
that are now receiving no protection. These unprotected towns will

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE FORESTER. 367

contribute liberally toward such a tower, wliich will complete the obser-
vation sj'stem in District No. 1.

District No. 2. — Two new 40-foot towers have been established in this
district, one at North Hanson and one at Bournedale. The North Han-
son tower is located on Bonney Hill and commands an excellent view.
The towns of Duxbury, Hanson, Hanover, Halifax, Pembroke, Plymp-
ton, Marshfield and "Whitman contributed $725 toward the purchase of
this tower. The Bournedale tower, located near the Bourne and Plymouth
line, covers a large tract of valuable forest land, as well as many acres of
burned-over areas in the to'UTis of Bourne and Sandwich. The towns of
Bourne and Wareham contributed $450 toward the erection of this tower.
This burned area should be reforested, and with the protection derived
from this tower and the hearty co-operation of the citizens of these to^vns,
there should be very little danger of any such fire as experienced there
this year.

Three other stations should be established in this district in order to
completely cover it, located at Falmouth) Harwich and Fall River. The
officials of these towns have expressed a desire to contribute very liber-
ally if towers are located there. It is expected that the citizens of Barn-
stable and Yarmouth will purchase a new steel tower to replace the old
wooden one now in use at Shoot Flying Hill. Owing to the unsafe con-
dition of the old tower during heavy winds that prevail in that locahty,
and to the many visitors who frequent this tower, it is extremely neces-
sary that a new tower be erected. The citizens of Middleborough, Lake-
ville and Carver are contemplating the estabhshment of a tower on Bar-
dons Hill in Middleborough, which will cover these towns as well as other
surrounding towns. We have used the town hall at Middleborough this
year, but have not been able to obtain nearly as good results as would
have been obtained from Bardons Hill. With these extra towers we
shall be able to protect all the forest area in this district.

District No. 3. — Two temporary stations have been added in this dis-
trict this year, — one on Uttle Muggett Hill in Charlton, which was used
two months during the spring, and one on Lincoln Mountain, in Pelham.
An old wooden tower was repaired and used at this latter station through-
out the season. Several influential citizens of Amherst and surrounding
towms have signified their desire to contribute hberally toward installing
a steel tower at this point. It is necessary that the northern and southern
portions of this district be better protected by the addition of at least
two more stations, but as no co-operative agreement is in operation
between this State and the States of New Hampshire and Connecticut,
it is not advisable to erect such towers until some satisfactory agreement
can be reached relative to the proportionate charge for maintenance to
be paid by the above States.

District No. 4- : — Owing to the discontinuance of the use of Greylock
Mountain as an observation station, it has been necessary to build a
temporary tower in the trees on Tower Mountain in Savoy, which was

368 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

used a portion of the season. It is necessary that three new stations be
established in this district along the boundary lines of Vermont, New
York and Connecticut, but the same consideration arises as to the future
maintenance as in District No. 3. It is hoped that some definite agree-
ment may be reached at once with the federal department and with
adjoining States which will permit the estabhshing of these stations,
thereby completing our observation system.

Owing to the large number of people visiting our observation stations
it has been found advisable, from an educational standpoint, to provide
better means for reaching the observation rooms, so that they may be
made accessible to women and elderly people. With this point in vieW;
and with the generous contributions made by the different towns, we
have equipped all our towers purchased this year with spiral or fire-escape
stairs, with two landings before reaching the top. From the reports re-
ceived from our observers it is surprising to note that we have had nearly
3,000 people visit our towers this season, representing nearly every State
in the Union and many of the foreign countries.

Forest Fire Equipment.

Under an act of the Legislature passed in the spring of 1910, appropri-
ating S5,000 annually for forest fire protection, towns with a valuation
of SI, 500,000 or less are entitled to 50 per cent reimbursement on all
forest fire-fighting equipment they desire to purchase not exceeding $500,
no town being allowed an amount exceeding $250. All forest fire equip-
ment purchased under this act is approved by this department and placed
under the supervision of the town forest warden, subject to inspection at
all times by the State Fire Warden or the district forest wardens.

We have at the present time 156 towns coming within the provisions
of this act, and during the four years it has been in operation 108 towns
have taken advantage of it. This year 53 towns have exhausted the
appropriation. Until this year it has been extremely difficult to impress
upon the citizens of the central and western parts of the State the impor-
tance of providing their towns with proper equipment, but of this year's
appropriation, over $3,000 was expended in Districts Nos. 3 and 4. The
style of equipment desired varies in the different parts of the State.
Throughout the eastern part fire extinguishers work to exceptionally good
advantage in checking any ordinary fire, but in the western hilly country
it is extremely difficult to convince the public that they can be used to
good advantage at such fires, many preferring the old method of using
shovels and dirt. These towns expend very little money for equipment of
any nature; consequently, out of 56 towns west of the Connecticut River
that are entitled to reimbursement but IS have taken advantage of the
act.

There are at the present time 19S towns whose valuation exceeds
$1,500,000, and that are, therefore, not entitled to reimbursement. Sev-

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE FORESTER. 369

eral of these towns have purchased equipment this year, thereby better
protecting themselves from the ravages of the fire evil. In 1910, when
the reimbursement law was enacted, there were 178 towns coming under
the act. During the past four years the valuation of 22 of them has in-
creased so that it now exceeds $1,500,000, and they are no longer entitled
to reimbursement. Owing to no special effort being made by this depart-
ment along this line until the past two years, it seems but fair that the
law be amended, making the valuation limit $1,750,000, thereby allowing
these 22 towns to take advantage of the act. The following tables on
pages 375 to 377, show, first, an itemized statement of the equipment pur-
chased since the enactment of the law and the amount received by each
town from the Commonwealth during that period; second, a list of the
towns having purchased equipment this year and the amount of reim-
bursement received by them. This department holds receipts from the
town forest wardens for all equipment purchased under the act.

Railkoad FiRfiS.

The railroad fire situation is gradually improving, but owing to the
fact that there are over 2,000 locomotives, and over 2,500 miles of right
of way within this State, it is very evident that a vast amount of work
must be done to eliminate railroad fires. In addition to the above we
have the many miles of slash accumulation adjoining the right of way
where owners seem indifferent, preferring in many instances to allow the
burning of it by sparks from locomotives, whereby they may get a fair
revenue in the form of damage claims, rather than to dispose of it them-
selves and thereby eliminate the danger of fires during severe drought.

Through the courtesy of the Board of Railroad Commissioners and the
consent of the railroad officials this department has been able to maintain
a system of locomotive inspections, one inspector being detailed on this
line of work and vested with authority to inspect the spark arresters and
ash pans of locomotives in operation throughout the State. In addition
to this, the New York Conservation Commission has inspected all loco-
motives running into New York State, thus improving the condition of
locomotives used in the western part of Massachusetts. Our records
show that 1,105 locomotives were inspected, of which 26 per cent of the
Boston & Albany locomotives, 23 per cent of the Boston & Maine loco-
motives, and 49 per cent of the New York, New Haven & Hartford loco-
motives were defective. A large percentage of the defective locomotives
were found in the early part of the season. As the season advanced, and
extra men were assigned to repairing the defects and installing new screens
where necessary, inspections showed a very decided improvement, very
few defective locomotives being found. As this inspection work is most
important, it is necessary that at least one more inspector be employed
this coming season.

Mr. E. A. Ryder, who has charge of the fire prevention department of

370 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

the Boston & Maine Railroad, is certainly deserving of a great deal of
credit for his excellent record in reducing the fire claims of that road in
the past two years. From a loss of $200,000 in 1911 to one of less than
$50,000 this year is certainly very commendable, especially so when we
take into consideration the continuous drought that was experienced in
this State this year, producing a condition for fires almost unprecedented.
In order that still better results may be obtained, this road is equipping
all locomotives running over the Central Massachusetts division with the
Mudge-Slater spark arrester, a device which has been used with great
success on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad in the west and on the
Maine Central Railroad in the east. They are also to maintain a patrol
service along dangerous sections, patrolmen being provided with gasoline
speeder cars which will accommodate two men and the necessary equip-
ment for their use.

The results accomplished by the New York, New Haven & Hartford
Railroad have not been as satisfactory as was desired. Little attention
was paid to defective spark arresters until the matter was called to the
attention of the vice-president of the road, showing the vast amount of
money expended by the road for settling fire claims and extinguishing
fires, and that little or nothing was being done to remedy the cause of
these fires. Orders were at once issued requiring that special attention
be paid to all spark arresters and ash pans, and inspections made late in
the season showed a very decided improvement.

Our railroad fire reports show that we have had 913 railroad fires, as
follows: Central Vermont, 65; Boston & Albany, 151; Boston & Maine,
232; New York, New Haven & Hartford, 465; burning over an area of
16,620 acres, with a cost to extinguish of $8,930 and a damage of $64,222.

Owing to the large number of fires throughout the Cape country, the
greater per cent of which were caused by locomotives, the Public Service
Commission was petitioned, under date of August 19, as follows: —

To the Public Service Commission:

Respectfully represents F. William Rane, as he is State Forester, that in that
part of the Commonwealth comprising Barnstable County there have been for
many years past a very large number of fires set in the grass lands and woodlands
by sparks from locomotives operated by the New York, New Haven & Hartford
Railroad Company; that many of these fires have burned over large areas of wood-
lands and destroyed large quantities of wood, both cut wood and standing wood,
and fires spreading from these fires in the woodlands have burned and destroyed
dwellings and other buildings; that many complaints from private citizens residing
in the different villages and towns in said county have been made to him, as State
Forester, all calling attention to the large number of fires that have been set by
sparks from locomotives; that your petitioner has repeatedly called the attention
of the officials of said railroad to the above conditions, and said officials have, by
the installation of spark arresters on the locomotives, and by clearing up and burn-
ing the grass within the locations, sought to prevent the escape of sparks from the
locomotives and the starting of fires, but the number of fires has increased rather
than decreased; that a careful investigation has been made and the following appear
to be the conditions throughout the entire county, from Buzzards Bay to Prov-

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE FORESTER. 371

incetown, from Buzzards Bay to Woods Hole, from Yarmouth to Hyannis, and
from Harwich to Chatham, to wit: there is only a single track on the main line
and the above branches, with sidings at the different stations; that the roadbed
over its entire length is of very uneven and varying grades; that there are operated
daily a large number of trains, both freight and passenger; that because of said
different grades, and because of there being but a single track, there is necessity
of making the sch^ules so that the trains may meet and pass at the meeting points;
that the locomotives of necessity in many instances have to be run at forced draft,
and therefore many sparks are emitted from them and many fires are thereby set;
that during the past summer months a very large number of fires have occurred,
and reports and complaints are being daily received by the State Forester of the
numerous fires that are being set, both within and adjoining the railroad location,
by sparks from the locomotives, which fires spread over the adjoining lands of
private owners; that in consequence of these many fires many of the communities
are in comparative fear of fires and of the damage resulting from them ; that while
the number of fires has been very great during the immediate past two months,
owing probably to the unusual dryness of vegetation, yet during all the year, when
conditions are normal, an unusually large number of fires are set in this county by
sparks from locomotives; that the railroad company has made an effort to reduce
the number of fires by clearing up its right of w^y and by equipping engines with
spark arresters, but the dryness of the vegetation and the unevenness of the road-
bed, requiring heavy firing of the locomotives at many parts of the system in this
county, has resulted in causing a large number of fires to be set (for example, it is
reported from the village of Barnstable that in a distance of less than 2 miles 11
fires were started on Saturday, August 16; an actual count of burned places within
and just outside the railroad location, between the railroad stations at West Barn-
stable and Barnstable, a distance of 4 miles, shows that a total number of 70 fires
have already been set during the present summer, and a casual observation while
riding on the train shows that a very large number of fires have been set within
and adjoining the railroad location throughout the whole length of the line in said
county) ; that your petitioner, in his capacity as State Forester, acting under the
authority of acts of the different Legislatures, has been for several years estab-
lishing nurseries and plantations in different parts of the Commonwealth for the
growing of trees, and has set out in various parts of Barnstable County plantations
of trees, all of which is being done both to create a new growth of trees and also
to encourage among private individuals the further growth of timber growing
within the Commonwealth and in that county; that in consequence of the many
fires which have been set by sparks from locomotives and from other causes, the
nurseries and plantations of trees have been seriously menaced ; that further intro-
duction has been retarded and private individuals have hesitated to engage in
forestry work; that a careful investigation of the conditions has convinced j'our
petitioner that the only remedy for preventing the setting of the large number of
fires is by a change of means of operating the engines of the New York, New
Haven & Hartford Railroad Company from the present coal-burning fuel engines
to either the electrification of that part of the New York, New Haven & Hartford
Railroad system which it operates in Barnstable County, or by equipping the
present engines, now equipped to burn coal only, with such devices as will allow
the burning of oil; that the electrification of that part of the line of said railroad,
while it would permanently prevent a recurrence of the present conditions, yet
seems to be impracticable at the present time because of the cost of installing such
a system; that the use of oil-burning engines in other parts of the United States,
where railroad locations run through forest and woodlands, has shown that the
use of such oil-burning engines has resulted in practically an entire stopping of
fires.

Wherefore, your petitioner respectfully prays that your honorable board may
determine that only engines equipped with oil-burning devices shall be operated

372 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

by said railroad company in Barnstable County, and will make an order requiring
said railroad company to forthwith so equip its engines for use in said county with
oil-burning devices, and operate only such engines in said county.

In response to the above petition the following order was issued: —

It is

Ordered, That a copy of this petition be sent to the New York, New Haven &
Hartford Railroad Company with the request that it make report as to the feasi-
bility of substituting oil for coal, particularly in the Cape district; also as to the
comparative cost of the two methods of supplying fuel for the engines, including
also consideration of economics by reason of saving in damage claims for forest
fires set.

It is further

Ordered, That the petition stand for public hearing on Sept. 22, 1913, at 10.30
o'clock in the forenoon, to be duly advertised.

Attest:

(Signed) Allan Brooks,

Assistant Secretary.

The State Forester's department was represented at this hearing by
Deputy Attorney-General Henry M. Hutchings, acting attorney for this
department. Nearly 100 residents and property owners residing in Barn-
stable County were in attendance, including the Hon. Thos. C. Thatcher,
who made the trip from Washington especially to be heard on this matter,
Wm. C. Adams, representing the Fish and Game Commission, Chas. C.
Craig, representing boards of trade of Falmouth and Cape Cod, delegates
from many granges, and members of the boards of selectmen of every
town in Barnstable County. A whole day was devoted to the discussion,
at the conclusion of which the chairman of the Public Service Commission
stated publicly that it had been proven to the satisfaction of the commis-
sion that the forest-fire situation along the railroad was critical. At the
conclusion of the hearing a statement was filed with the railroad requiring
certain information relative to the present operating expenses of the road
within Barnstable County. Upon receipt of this information a second
hearing is to be called at which expert testimony will be introduced show-
ing the approximate cost of burning oil as compared with the present
expense of operation.

Rural Mail Carriers.
The results obtained from the co-operation with the 300 rural mail
carriers within the State were not as satisfactory as we had expected,
this being undoubtedly due to the fact that this department is not in
direct touch with the carriers, all instructions from this ofTice being sub-
mitted to the postmasters. During the last of the season we deviated
somewhat from this plan and requested our district wardens to personally
call on the carriers, whenever an opportunity presented itself, and interest
them in this line of work. These interviews have already shown results,
and I feel that when we are able to get in touch with all the carriers greatly
improved results will be shown. Our reports from the postmasters show

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE FORESTER. 373

that 144 fires were reported by the carriers during the year. This number
would undoubtedly have been very materially increased if reports had
been received direct from the carriers.

Federal Co-operation.

The Weeks bill passed in 1910, providing for the purchase of portions
of the White Mountain and Appalachian Mountain regions, also provides
for the protection against fires of watersheds of navigable streams in the
United States. The co-operative work in this State is confined to the
watersheds of the Nashua, Chicopee, Miller, Thames, Blackstone, Hud-
son, Connecticut and Deerfield rivers, and an allotment of $3,000 was
made by the federal department for carrying on the work within these
watersheds. This fund was used for the payment of observers in the
various observation towers throughout the central and western parts of
the State. This appropriation has made it possible to better protect the
above watersheds than would have been possible under our limited State
appropriation.

Danger from Slash.

The greatest fire evil this department has to contend with is the slash
problem. It is impossible even to give an estimate of the number of the
thousands of acres of slash there are left upon the ground throughout
the State at the present time, but some idea may be reached when we
take into consideration that there are 297 portable sawmills in operation,
and in only 12 instances has there been any disposition made of the slash.
We also have over 300 miles of power line, a large percentage of which
runs through forest lands. These lines are cut, in most instances, 150 feet
wide, and in nearly every case the slash is piled against the adjoining
forest area. These power lines would make excellent fire lines, provided
they were cleaned and the brush disposed of.

Then we have the many miles of highway where not only do we have
the accumulation of slash on property adjoining the highway, but the
land within the road limits is not cleaned in many instances. If this were
cleaned the many fires starting from automobile parties and others care-
lessly throwing lighted matches, cigars and cigarettes along the roadside
would be lessened very materially. The time is certainly at hand when
legislation should be enacted that will improve the slash conditions
throughout the State and put a stop to the enormous damage from fires
from this cause.

Boy Scouts.

The following communication from Scout Commissioner Ormond E.
Loomis of the Greater Boston District gives a very good idea of the inter-
est shown by the Boy Scout organization in the prevention of forest fires.

Mr. M. C. HuTCHiNS, State Fire Warden, 6 Beacon Street, Boston, Mass.

Dear Sir: — Complying with your request that ■we submit a report showing
to what extent the Boy Scouts in Massachusetts have benefited the State by

374 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

checking or stopping forest or brush fires, I am glad to send you herewnth the very-
meager information given me. This is accurate for Greater Boston alone, as our
office has supervision only over scouts in the towns of Greater Boston, that is,
those in towns within a 10-mile radius of the State House.

Scouts in this territory have discovered and reported many small brush fires in
sections of our State reserve and in large wooded estates in the vicinity of Boston,
especially in Milton, Quincy and Braintree districts and the Waltham, Medford,
Lexington and Wakefield districts. Through your State officials and fire wardens
in the various outlying districts you have doubtless already heard of the work
done near Falmouth, Gardner and Fitchburg, and that done out in the Berkshire
Hills. Of these I have only the general newspaper reports.

Special groups of scouts in smaller towns have patrolled dangerous sections
near railroad tracks during the extra dry season of the summer. They were prob-
ably instrumental in locating several small fires that might have been seriously
damaging, but it is difficult to say accurately just how much value their services
were. Numerous instances have come to my attention in which boys have stopped
grass fires, but in most cases these were considered by them so unimportant that
no special reports were made.

It is my belief that much more has been done during the year in the way of
prevention than by actual work in stopping fires already started. The bulletins
furnished by you to our scout officials have done more than any other one thing to
instruct them as to what the law in Massachusetts, regarding the lighting of fires,
is, and to indicate to them what they should do whenever they observe a fire. The
information contained in the pamphlet has been freely disseminated so that scouts
also are now fairly well informed as to what they should and should not do when
traveling afield. Perhaps it is safe to assume that their knowledge and caution
has had a good influence on others who might have committed offences and upon
those who, because of lassitude or indifference, were slow to inform the State
authorities that offences were being committed.

In the interests of further safety and instruction I should like very much to
have a new supply of pamphlets to distribute to those who have become scout
masters since your first distribution of the information bulletins.

Appreciating your kindly interest in the work of the scouts and your desire to
educate them in their duties as future citizens of the Commonwealth, I am

Sincerely yours,

Ormond E. Loomis,
Scout Commissioner.

No. 4.]

REPORT OF STATE FORESTER.

375

In\t:ntort of Equipment purchased under the Reimbursement Act.

Town.

i

i
6

E

o

.a

'5

a

■•s

W

i
s

2
1

■5

i
s

3

i

Pi

IS

1

03

S
g

01
Q
0

Reim-
burse-
ment.

Acushnet,

1

10

16

-

-

-

4

1

-

-

-

11

S143 22

Ashburnham,

-

-

8

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

25 00

Ashby, .

-

-

12

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

34 50

Ashfield.

-

-

33

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

99 00

Ashland,

-

6

10

-

-

-

12

6

-

6

12

-

77 31

Auburn,

-

-

83

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

249 00

Avon, .

-

10

-

-

-

-

12

-

-

-

-

-

9 90

Becket, .

-

4

6

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

12

-

28 25

Bedford,

1

14

24

-

-

-

-

• -

-

-

-

12

249 67

Belchertown,

-

-

39

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

171 62

Bellingham, .

-

16

20

-

-

-

6

-

-

8

-

1'

113 17

Berkley,

-

-

24

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

144 00

Berlin, .

2

10

38

-

-

1

12

-

3

12

-

F

241 45

Blandford, .

-

1

16

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

59 80

Bolton, .

-

14

12

-

-

-

6

-

-

6

-

-

58 40

Boxborough,

1

-

30

-

-

2

-

-

3

4

-

11

180 46

Boxford,

-

-

16

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

45 60

Boylston,

-

-

24

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

76 20

Brim field.

-

10

30

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

99 75

Burlington, .

-

-

20

-

-

-

-

-

~

-

-

-

100 00

Carlisle,

2

15

18

-

2

-

6

-

1

6

-

u

247 72

Charlton,

-

-

68

-

-

-

40

-

-

60

-

-

221 37

Chatham,

2

15

10

-

2

3

4

-

3

5

-

V

152 98

Chesterfield, .

-

-

25

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

75 00

Dana, .

-

-

6

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

18 75

Dighton,

2

8

18

-

1

-

-

-

2

2

-

11

108 67

Douglas,

-

25

50

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

175 00

Dunatable, .

2

25

10

-

1

-

4

-

3

6

6

11

106 14

East Longmeadow,

2

-

18

-

2

-

12

-

-

4

-

1'

149 71

Erving, .

-

-

25

30

-

-

-

-

-

18

-

-

86 52

Freetown,

-

24

20

-

-

-

-

2

-

72

-

-

166 58

Georgetown, .

-

20

36

-

-

-

-

-

6

12

-

-

134 83

Gill, .

-

5

20

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

65 00

Goshen,

-

-

25

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

121 73

• One-horse.

« Two-horse.

376

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Inventory of Equipment purchased under the Reimbursement

Act — Continued.

Town.

<

a
O

2

1
'5

a

s

a

3

1

a

a

Ph

i

"3
>
o

S

s

a

O

Reim-
burse-
ment.

Granby,

-

-

12

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

$39 00

Granville,

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

21

130 00

Greenwich, .

-

-

18

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

60 45

Groveland, .

-

6

12

-

-

-

-

-

3

12

-

-

51 05

Hadley,

-

-

15

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

75 00

Halifax,

-

12

64

-

-

-

12

-

-

18

-

-

241 91

Hanson,

-

6

24

-

6

-

6

-

-

5

-

18

250 GO

Harvard,

2

7

14

-

2

3

-

-

3

12

-

12

201 52

Holbrook,

-

12

10

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

69 00

Hubbardston,

-

-

52

-

-

-

18

-

-

4

-

-

175 75

Leverett,

2

20

16

8

2

4

-

2

4

8

-

21

160 17

Lunenburg, .

2

12

10

-

2

3

4

-

3

5

-

11

149 28

Lynnfield,

-

10

20

-

-

-

-

10

-

-

-

21

246 25

Masbpee,

-

-

22

-

-

-

-

-

-

12

-

-

74 SO

Mendon,

-

-

15

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

90 00

Merrimac,

-

-

15

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

75 00

Middleton,

-

-

16

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

49 50

Millis, .

-

-

8

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1"

242 00

New Braintree,

-

-

25

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

18 15

New Salem, .

-

55

20

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

100 50

Newbury,

-

-

6

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

18 15

Norfolk,

-

-

18

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

99 00

North Reading, .

-

-

24

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

11

248 43

Northborough,

-

-

25

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

102 37

Nor well,

-

~

32

-

-

-

12

-

-

-

-

11

243 87

Oakham,

-

12

24

-

1

1

2

-

3

3

-

11

190 85

Otis,

-

-

10

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

60 00

Paston,

3

-

28

12

-

-

-

-

-

6

-

-

105 87

Pelham,

-

-

19

-

-

-

-

1

-

-

-

-

76 62

Pembroke,

-

-

31

-

-

-

60

-

-

-

-

P

250 00

Petersham,

2

10

22

-

-

3

4

-

3

5

-

1»

202 55

PhilHpston,

-

6

14

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

48 65

Plainville,

2

10

10

-

2

3

4

-

3

5

12

1>

183 50

» One-horse.

2 Two-horse.

' Motor truck.

No. 4.]

REPORT OF STATE FORESTER.

377

Inventory of Equipment purchased under the Reimbursement
Act — Continued.

Town.

<

6

3

1

ai

a

J

s

3

i

a

i

>

a

pq
2

a
1

Reim-
burse-
ment.

Plympton, .

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

12

-

-

-

$20 93

Prescott,

-

-

10

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

48 16

Princeton,

-

32

80

-

-

~

-

-

-

-

-

-

249 20

Raynham,

3

46

30

-

6

-

12

-

9

15

-

3>

222 23

Rehoboth,

-

10

48

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

11

250 00

Richmond,

-

15

25

-

-

-

4

-

-

-

-

86 20

Rochester,

-

24

60

-

-

-

-

-

-

30

-

-

205 37

Royalston,

3

10

22

30

2

2

1^

-

-

42

-

1'

145 10

Russell,

-

7

39

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

n

220 25

Rutland,

-

12

18

-

-

-

6

-

-

-

p

250 00

Salisbury,

3

-

9

-

6

-

24

-

-

6

-

-

36 87

Sandwich,

22

12

36

-

-

2

-

-

-

24

-

11

245 60

Shelburne,

-

-

50

-

-

-

-

-

12

6

-

11

186 87

Shirley,

-

48

36

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

139 50

Shutesbury,

-

16

25

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

87 50

South wick,

-

12

20

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

11

82 00

Sterling,

-

-

25

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

18

12

241 12

Stow, .

-

-

42

-

-

-

-

-

-

18

-

-

131 31

Sturbridge,

-

11

35

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

116 45

Sudbury,

-

-

40

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

250 00

Sutton, .

-

50

50

24

-

-

-

-

32

24

-

-

188 46

Tewksbury,

2

-

24

-

2

-

-

-

-

30

-

11

174 00

Townsend,

-

-

46

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

250 00

Tyngsboroug!

1.

-

120

20

-

-

-

-

30

12

24

-

-

189 SO

Tyringham,

2

10

10

-

2

1

10

.-

2

3

-

1'

112 30

Upton, .

-

-

30

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

12

11

235 28

Wales, .

2

10

40

-

2

2

-

-

-

-

-

11

236 77

Warwick,

-

6

10

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

11

154 35

Washington,

-

-

4

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

20 GO

Wendell,

-

-

8

-

-

-

-

-

-

12

-

-

35 07

West Boylston, .

-

-

107

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

250 00

West Bridgewater,

-

-

20

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

11

200 12

West Brookfield, .

-

12

37

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

121 75

1 One-horse.

* Two-horse.

' Motor truck.

378

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

[Pub. Doc.

Inventory of Equipment purchased under the Reimbursement
Act — Concluded.

Q

.a

m

S

Reim-

Town.

a

a

A

a

S

a

1

to

1

3

J

<D

>
O

PQ

a
o

burse-
ment.

o

U

W

w

H^

S

(1.

Ol

«

CQ

IS

:s

Weathampton,

-

-

16

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

$48 00

Westminster,

-

52

48

24

-

-

24

-

-

24

-

-

242 22

West Newbury, .

-

10

6

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

33 75

Wilbraham, .

-

27

32

-

-

-

23

-

12

6

-

-

118 38

Wilmington, .

-

12

40

-

1

-

-

18

-

34

-

-

187 38

Windsor,

-

-

30

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

150 00

Worthington,

2

15

10

-

-

3

-

-

-

5

-

1>

86 01

Wrentham, .

-

12

12

-

4

-

-

-

-

-

-

P

210 10

Totals, .

69

1,001

2,711

128

50

33

355

82

122

619

72

45

S14,884 61

1 One-horse.

Towns receiving Fire-equipment Reimbursement during Year 1913.

Ashburnham $25 00

Paxton $105 87

Ashfield, .

99 00

Pembroke,

46 25

Ashland, .

34 04

Plainville,

5 00

Auburn, .

39 00

Plympton,

20 93

Becket,

28 25

Richmond,

30 00

Belchertown,

100 00

Rochester,

205 37

Bellingham,

45 95

Royalston,

24 50

Boxborough,

90 46

Russell,

220 25

Burlington,

100 00

Salisbury,

38 87

Carlisle, .

54 00

Shelburne,

182 50

Chesterfield,

75 00

Southwick,

82 00

Dana,

18 75

Sterling, .

9 37

Douglas, .

175 00

Townsend,

250 00

Dunstable,

106 14

Tyringham,

112 30

East Longmeadow,

149 71

Upton,

106 75

Freetown,

94 86

Warwick, .

154 35

Georgetown,

36 00

Washington,

20 00

Goshen, .

121 73

West Boylston,

250 00

Granby, .

39 00

West Brookfield

121 75

Granville,

130 00

Westhampton,

48 00

Halifax, .
Hubbardston, .

36 00
175 75

Worthington,

86 01

Leverett, .

160 17

Total,

$5,012 48

Lynnfield,
Mashpee, .

160 00
40 25

Unexpended balance.

5 45

Mendon, .

90 00

$5,017 93

MiUis,

242 00

New Salem,

100 50

Appropriation, . . . $5,000 00

Norfolk, .
North Reading,

99 00
114 00

Credit by town of Wilbraham, . 17 93

Oakham, .

52 85

$5,017 93

Otis,

60 00

No. 4.]

REPORT OF STATE FORESTER.

379

Comparative Damages by Forest Fires for the Past Five Years.

Year.

Number
of Fires.

Acreage
burned.

Cost
to extin-
guish.

Damage.

Average
Acreage
per Fire.

Average
Damage
per Fire.

1909,
1910,
1911,
1912,
1913,

1,496
1,385
2,536
1,851
2,688

35,083
42,221
99,693
22,072
53,826

$23,475
47,093
20,219
35,456

$189,482

205,383

537,749

80,834

178,357

23.45
30.46
39.31
11.92
20.02

$126 66

148 29

226 24

43 67

66 35

Forest Fires of 1913.

Months.

1912.
December, .

1913.
Januarj-,

February, .

March,

April, ....

May, ....

June, ....

July

August,

September,

October,

November, .

Acres.

Damage.

Cost to
extinguish.

Number.

731

43

62

1,351

8,385

21,325

5,092

14,113

2,025

388

83

228

$281

15

57

2,896

14,525

93,345

25,894

35,050

5,586

390

34

284

$354
44

lis

1,133
5,686
9,878
2,835
9,915
4,684

501
84

224

53,826

$178,357

$35,456

93

21

38
317
580
684
255
345
250

38
9

58

2,688

Comparative Causes of Forest Fires for the Past Three Years.

Causes.

1911.

Num-
ber.

Unknown, .....

Railroad,

Burning brush, ....
Smokers, hunters, berry pickers,

Steam sawmills

Children

Miscellaneous

Totals,

1,128
685
135
158
3
118
309

2,536

Per
Cent.

44.5
27.0
5.3
6.2
.1
4.7
12.2

100.0

1912.

Num-
ber.

649
640

93

223

8

79
159

1,851

Per
Cent.

35.1
34.6
5.0
12.0
A
4.3
8.6

100.0

1913.

Num-
ber.

650
913
148
386
6
109
476

2,688

Per

Cent.

24.2
34.0

5.5

14.3

.2

4.1
17.7

100.0

380

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

[Pub. Doc.

Precipitation in Inches for the Years 1911, 1912 and 1913, with
December of Previous Year.

Months.

1911.

1912.

1913.

Normal.

December,

3.24

2.59

5.73

3.74

January,

3.07

3.87

3.21

4.12

February, .

3.20

2.24

3.77

3.97

March,

3.27

5.26

5.32

4.34

April, .

2.86

4.05

4.73

3.46

May, .

.89

4.03

2.85

3.37

June, .

4.76

.53

3.20

3.07

July, .

4.55

4.16

2.00

3.65

August,

6.70

3.85

3.30

3.70

September,

3.36

1.71

2.77

4.36

October,

3.01

1.52

7.62

4.13

November, .

5.71

3.45

2.70

3.96

Totals, .

44.62

37.26

47.20

45.87

In addition to our town forest wardens we have 1,740 deputy wardens,
1,205 of whom have telephone connection with our observation towers.
We desire to have at least 6 deputies in each town located in different
places throughout the forest area.

The permit law, which has been in operation for the past three years,
has given general satisfaction. There are still a few towns that have
not accepted the act which we hope will take advantage of it at their next
town meeting. Nearly 17,000 permits have been issued, with no serious
fires resulting from them. The comparative table on page 41 shows
acreage burned, cost to extinguish and damage caused. While this table
shows an increase in damage, it also shows that we have had 837 more
fires than last year and 156 more than in 1911, when our loss was $537,749.

Early in the season 12,000 cloth and cardboard notices, calling at-
tention to the fire losses in previous years and quoting extracts from the
forest-fire law, were posted conspicuously in every town in the State.
In spite of this we have had 19 prosecutions, 14 of which resulted in
convictions for violations of the forest law.

Exceptionally good results have been accomplished by our observa-
tion stations this year. With a drouth lasting nearly eight weeks through-
out eastern Massachusetts, including the dry and sandy Cape country,
and with a record of over 3,000 fires reported by the observers, our records
show only 6 serious fires which were allowed to burn some days with-
out extinguishment. A careful investigation of these 6 fires has revealed
in each case the presence of one or more of three common causes, namely,
inefficiency in the town forest fire organization, lack of proper forest fire

No. 4.] RErORT OF STATE FORESTER. 381

fighting equipment, and indifference on the part of the general public
until such time as the fire assumed sufficient proportions to threaten
their villages and homes. I do not wish to give the impression that this
is the state of affairs in every town, but I must admit that it has been
found to be the condition in several instances where serious fires have
occurred, and until these conditions can be remedied, or this department
vested with authority, equipment and funds so that we may be in a po-
sition to assume full responsibiUty, just so long shall we have serious
fires and unnecessary damages. It is of the greatest importance that
some system be adopted whereby this department can be of assistance to
the various towns in handUng their more dangerous fires. We should
be suppUed mth at least two motor trucks equipped with modern forest
fire apparatus and capable of carrying from 10 to 15 men trained in forest-
fire work. These trucks should be placed under the supervision of the
district forest wardens and located, one in the Cape country and one
in the central part of the State. Nearly every serious fire has been practi-
cally extinguished the first day, but for various reasons was allowed to
start anew the second day and was beyond control before night. It is
on such occasions as these that we need men trained in this line of work
with sufficient equipment to handle large fires, together with some method
of quick transportation to enable them to get to the fire promptly. With
automobile trucks located as above we would be able to reach any fire
throughout the eastern part of the State within two or three hours.
Respectfully submitted,

M. C. HUTCHINS,

State Fire Warden.

Gypsy and Brown-tail Moth Work.
The conditions of this work were discussed quite fully in
last year's report by the writer. One year's time has not very
materially changed them, generally speaking; nevertheless, I
am frank to say that this work has never been more thoroughly
comprehensive and better prosecuted than at the present time.
Our organization is smaller, the men are giving greater study
to the problems and more real work of a permanent nature is
being done. The State Forester has constantly endeavored to
impress the importance of making the moth work practical and
self-supporting wherever and whenever possible. The local
moth superintendents in our cities and towns are yearly ac-
quitting themselves as men in whom confidence and public
trust may be placed. When this work was first placed under
my charge the constant yearly changes in the personnel of the
local superintendents, due to various causes, resulted in much

382 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

of the adverse criticism so common at that time. It has not
been a pleasant duty to be compelled to differ with town
authorities now and then, but it is fair to say that these differ-
ences are in these later days amicably adjusted, as there is a
better and more wholesome understanding of the aims and pur-
poses of the work.

It was due to the confidence in and ability of the local moth
superintendents in our various cities and towns that it was
possible to dispense with the office of inspector in this depart-
ment during the present year. A few years ago it was necessary
to have a force of 54 men in the general supervision of the
moth work; this same work is now carried on by 15 men.
Better equipment and modern transportation facilities, together
with experienced superintendents already alluded to, have made
this possible.

Fifty more high-power sprayers were purchased by cities,
towns and private parties last spring. These, together with
the equipment already on hand, have increased our efficiency
very much. As has been emphasized heretofore it is necessary
to have tools to work with to get work done. Occasionally a
town finds it easier to contract its work out rather than go to
the expense of equipment of its own, but invariably it pays out
more and gets less done. A local superintendent who has a
power sprayer feels it incumbent upon him to properly care
for the public trees, while invariably citizens apply to him to
have their private estates sprayed. This private work pays for
itself and indirectly is of equal benefit to the town or city,
besides giving employment to labor for a longer period, which
guarantees a better quality.

It is estimated that full}' 500 tons of arsenate of lead were
used during the season.

At stripping time each of the division men made a careful
survey of the forest lands thus infested, and submitted a list
to the office, — the number of acres stripped, their location,
together with the owner's address. Later printed notices
were sent to each of the property holders offering advice. This
information has resulted in splendid co-operation, and much
practical work is now under way.

The division men are endeavoring to get some real object-

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE FORESTER. 383

lessons established in their respective territories which, once
accomplished, will serve an excellent purpose by way of in-
struction.

The parasites and the two diseases used in suppression work
are certainly pleasing factors and give great encouragement.
(See Dr. L. O. Howard's report on parasites and their work
which is printed elsewhere.) The diseases are thoroughly
established and are extremely effective.

The United States government is concentrating its energies
on holding the spread, and therefore this perplexing problem is
in good hands. A belt across the State, three towns' wide, has
been taken over by them, and every precaution is being exer-
cised to hold the ground from further advance. This depart-
ment is increasing its work in the towns next to those the
government is caring for. Most of these towns have relatively
low valuations and are largely wooded, and hence are unable
to cope with the situation alone. Our strategic points now are
to maintain our present ground and, through better methods
and the assistance of diseases, parasites and forestry practices,
eventually to hold them under subjection. It is no time, how-
ever, for us to lessen our earnestness. The government. State
and town forces are all working harmoniously together, and it
is believed each year will show improved conditions.

Private Property Work and the Moth Superintendent.

The effective work accomplished by local moth superintend-
ents last year on private property which is self-supporting has
continued in increasing interest and public approval. The ideal
town is one with a hustling, broad-minded moth superintendent,
who is given full charge of the care of the trees and in whom
everybody has confidence. Such an official should be employed
by the year and his whole time given to the work. If the
oflBce of tree warden were an appointive one, the combination
of the two positions would be ideal; here is one of our present
difficulties, but in time this problem will settle itself. The
position of city forester solves the question for the cities.

The moth superintendent, through the opportunities offered
on private property, can plan his work accordingly and enlarge
his usefulness to the town. The more private work there is

384 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

the greater the opportunity to employ labor and hence to
secure an active force of permanent men.

It does not follow that just because the moth work is fixed
by law, a man selected to take charge of it cannot engage in
other equally beneficial undertakings to improve and care for
the trees and shrubs of his town. There is no reason why a
superintendent should not do other work on private property,
such as pruning and spraying for other insects, provided the
work is self-supporting. The amount of private work is yearly
increasing in our towns and cities, and this is indicative of
better results generally and an activity that savors of better
conditions in the future.

The Tent Caterpillar.

One of our native insect pests which is the cause of great
annoyance and damage to the farmers of Massachusetts is the
common apple tree tent caterpillar.

Nearly every year it is found in more or less abundance in
various sections of the State, and the past two seasons have
witnessed serious outbreaks of the insect. Its favorite food is
the wild cherry, which is found growing along roadsides and
stone walls which serve as breeding places for it. The tent
caterpillar is easily recognized, owing to its habit of building a
conspicuous nest in the fork of a limb which provides a shelter
for it during stormy weather.

From these tent-like homes the caterpillars emerge during
pleasant days and feed on the foliage of the tree. The adult
of this insect is a reddish-brown moth with light-gray mark-
ings. It is flying about from the middle to the latter part of
the summer, and the female moth deposits her eggs in a com-
pact, dark-colored mass, usually entirely encircling a twig of
the tree. In this stage of its life-history it remains during the
winter, the eggs hatching the following spring. As soon as
hatched the little hairy caterpillars begin feeding on the buds.
At this time they begin the construction of the tent or nest in
a near-by fork. As the foliage develops, the caterpillars feed
on it, growing all the time. The caterpillar attains maturity
about the 1st of July. Fully grown, the caterpillar is nearly
2 inches long. The general color of its body is black with a

A nt'j:lected orcliani iu tho country. Orcliardr. of this tj'pe are a menace to the
surrounding country. They arc non-productive and act only as Ijreeding; places
for depredations of all kinds. They should be properly cared for or destroyed.
This orchard not ouly was infested with tent caterpillar, as shown, but abounded
with a mixture of insects and diseases. Mandator}- legislation is the onh- effec
tive reniedv.

A neglected city orcliard. Real estate has gone up in value and tliis property is
being held as a waiting investment. These trees are neglected, and constitute
a menace to the surrounding country. The land for house lots would be just
as valuable without them, and why not give them away for the wood. Enough
obnoxious insects are bred here to destroy shade, fruit and forest trees all about
it. This should not be allowed.

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE FORESTER. 385

white stripe running the entire length of its back, and on each
side may be seen a row of blue spots. Soon after reaching
maturity the caterpillars leave the tree, and finding suitable
shelter, transform to the pupa stage. There is but one genera-
tion of this insect a year.

The tent caterpillar is not difficult to control, and may be
easily suppressed by spraying the trees with arsenate of lead,
using 4 or 5 pounds to 50 gallons of water. Other methods are
employed to destroy the caterpillars, such as burning them
with a torch when they have collected on the nest during cool
or cloudy weather. Care should be exercised in the use of a
burning torch, however, as the tree may be seriously injured
by burning the branches.

Another insect found in Massachusetts closely related to the
apple tree tent caterpillar is the forest tent caterpillar. This
caterpillar may be distinguished from the ordinary tent cater-
pillar described above by the fact that it has a pale blue head,
and instead of the white stripe which marks the other species
its back shows a row of white diamond-shaped spots. Its life-
history is very similar to that of the common tent caterpillar,
although it does "not build a nest of any kind. As its name
indicates, this insect is essentially a forest pest, although it
attacks both shade and orchard trees.

Fortunately, it is held in check by natural enemies in the
form of parasites and diseases, but if serious outbreaks occur
the insect may be controlled by spraying with arsenate of lead,
as in the case of other leaf-eating insects.

Benefits to come from Birds.
The conservation of bird life is a worthy problem, and our
ornithologists and naturalists generally are rightfully solicitous
for their propagation and protection. Occasionally a person
gets it into his mind that this department disregards bird
life in our operations. Nothing could be a greater mistake.
When the eflFect of arsenical spraying and bird life was aired
in the press a few years since, the State Forester took the mat-
ter up with Mr. Forbush, the State Ornithologist, and some
definite co-operative experiments were carried on in which
Mr. Forbush exonerated the spraying.

386 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

During the past two years splendid interest has been man-
ifested in preserving bird Kfe here in IMassachusetts. Already
town bird wardens have been appointed in a few towns. Bird
sanctuaries, feeding grounds, covers for protection, houses, etc.,
are all receiving attention. This department is in perfect ac-
cord with all of this work, and further observation and recogni-
tion of assisting bird life will be given more consideration the
coming season than ever. An interesting paper was presented
by INIr. Wm. P. Wharton, before the Massachusetts Forestry
Association at the annual meeting, which pointed out some
observations he made abroad during the past summer. Some
experiments along the suggestions made by Mr. Wharton may
be put into operation here the coming year. There is every
reason to believe that much good can be accomplished through
enlisting the forest wardens and the local moth superintendents
more actively in this work. These men are already town
officials, and will gladly assist in every way.

Another season I shall hope to go into this whole matter more
in detail. It is not a question simply of the effect of bird life
upon the moth problem alone that the department of the State
Forester is interested in, but one which affects all forest and
shade-tree pests.

Work on State Highways.

This department assisted the State Highway Commission
to the extent of looking after the spraying of the highways
throughout the moth-infested section of the State. The spray-
ing for the elm-leaf beetle was included in this work. Where
we are able to use a traveling sprayer the work accomplished
is satisfactory, but it is necessary to arrange with towns to do
the work in many cases with varying results, since the town
equipments for doing the work are widely different. With such
a mileage of State roads it would seem an economical expendi-
ture were the State prepared to do this work through the use
of modern auto truck sprayers. Besides being very effective
during the spraying season they could be used for planting
work, removing brush, etc., at other seasons of the year.

Work was done in the following cities and towns on the State
highways, and paid for by the Highway Commission: —

No. 4.]

REPORT OF STATE FORESTER.

387

State Highway Bills, 1913.

Acton,

. $41

25

Grafton,

. $15 75

109

76

28 10

Amesburj-, .

. 13

59

Groton,

. 24 08

15

75

15 70

Andover,

. 31

50

Groveland, .

. 25 74

48

51

22 87

Ashburnham,

. 39

50

Hamilton,

. 38 70

Ashby,

. 49

13

7 75

Ashland,

. 19

50

Haverhill,

. 82 71

45

82

70 82

Attleborough,

. 16

50

Harvard,

22 92

43

12

21 90

Barnstable, .

. 10

00

Hingham,

. 27 60

395

00

46 50

Barre, .

. 19

00

Holbrook,

. 10 50

Bedford,

. 35

19

Holli^on,

. 10 00

32

10

Hudson,

. 34 87

Bellingham, .

. 13

10

7 76

Beverly,

. 115

03

Ipswich,

. 19 50

39

45

28 50

Billerica,

. 29

00

Lakeville,

3 50

30

00

42 77

Boxborough,

. 59

00

Lancaster, .

. 37 20

63

75

14 98

Brewster,

. 30

00

Leominster, .

7 81

Bridgewater,

. 31

40

Lexington, .

. 94 50

Burlington, .

. 126

50

16 32

34

00

3 69

67

70

22 95

Chelmsford, .

. 43

13

Lincoln,

. 14 63

55

30

47 00

Cohasset,

. 20

40

Littleton,

. 17 00

13

28

57 78

Concord,

. 51

11

Lowell,

. 17 85

46

78

23 19

99

13

Lunenburg, .

. 30 24

Dennis, ' .

6

00

11 85

Dighton,

. 93

77

Marlborough,

. 144 20

Dover,

. 30

94

96 91

Dracut,

. 42

00

Marshfield, .

. 28 50

21

32

Melrose,

9 60

Duxbury,

. 16

00

22 20

Falmouth, .

. 70

55

Merrimac, .

. IS 96

Fitchburg, .

. 51

95

10 69

25

44

Methuen,

. 38 25

Foxborough,

8

00

48 43

87

00

Middleborough,

. 29 03

Framingham,

. 78

25

Millbury,

6 15

29

92

4 47

Franklin,

. 18

50

Milton, . . .

1 98

26

50

Natick,

. 13 22

6

50

34 85

388

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

State Highwat Bills, 1913 — Concluded.

Needham,

. $30 65

27 53

9 96

Newbury,

. 51 64

23 71

Newburyport,

. 22 95

13 64

North Andover,

. 92 40

56 25

North Attleborough,

. 64 05

North Reading,

. 14 00

23 75

Northborough,

. 101 50

26 60

Norton,

. 11 00

32 75

Norwood,

5 50

62 10

Pepperell,

. 37 50

27 25

Quincy,

. 10 00

Reading,

. 63 00

92 00

Rockland,

. 20 00

68 75

Rowley,

. 49 80

53 32

Salisbury,

. 43 19

41 65

Sandwich,

. 21 00

Scituate,

. 55 20

79 70

Shrewsbury,

. 26 10

Somerset,

. 110 37

Southborough,

. 29 75

29 40

Sterling,

. 65 08

22 00

Stoneham, .

. 33 70

82 74

Sudbury,

. 162 40

92 80

Sutton,

8 00

Swampscott,

5 00

Swansea,
Taunton,

Templeton, .
Tewksbury, .

Townsend, .

Tyngsborough,

Wayland,

Wellfleet,
Wenham,

West Boylston,
West Bridgewater,

West Newbury,

Westborough,

Westford,

Westminster,
Weston,

Westwood, .
Weymouth, .

Wilmington,

Winchester, .

Woburn,

Worcester,

Credit by balance,
Total appropriation.

n27 75

5 40

30 39

7 50
43 60
61 58

162 37
47 00
64 80
41 50
93 25
50 75

47 98
30 00
56 25

38 50

39 38
9 00
4 68

54 22

43 66
21 00

8 70
56 00
64 00

7 50
58 50

44 50
16 50
30 00
95 81
24 95
50 17
50 80

48 15
27 00
61 50
13 19
91 98

. 15 68

$7,930 06
. 369 94

$8,300 00

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE FORESTER. 389

Parasite Work.

Report of Dr. L. 0. Howard, Chief of the Bureau of Entomology,
Washington, D. C.

United States Department of Agriculture,
Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C, Dec. 20, 1913.

Prof. F. W. Rane, State Forester, Boston, Mass.

Dear Professor Rane : — la accordance with your request, I take
pleasure in submitting a brief report upon what has happened to the
imported parasites of the gypsy moth and the brown-tail moth during
the year.

Yours very truly,

L. 0. Howard,
Chief of Bureau.

The work on parasites and predatory enemies of the gypsy moth and
brown-tail moth has continued along the same Unes as during the previous
year, except that no attempt has been made to import additional parasites
this season. The material imported from Europe last year has been
colonized, and an effort has been made to determine the extent to which
the species secured have established themselves in the field.

Owing to the fact that one of the imported egg-parasites of the gypsy
moth, Anastatus bifasciatus, breeds very slowly, extensive collections
were made during the last winter of parasitized gypsy moth egg-clusters
from colonies that were planted in previous years. From this material
it has been possible to Uberate 1,500,000 parasites of this species, and these
have been placed in 1,500 colonies in sections where the insect had not
become established. Eight hundred colonies were planted in towns
along the western border of infestation, and the balance was liberated
in a number of towns in the northern part of Massachusetts. During
November of this year collections were made in New Hampshire, in
the colonies of Anastatus that were planted a year ago, and examination
showed that these plantings were practically all successful, although
the spread has been slow. From these collections about 100,000 parasitized
eggs were secured and will be used for colonization in New Hampshire
next spring.

Investigations have shown that another egg-parasite of the gypsy moth,
namely Schedius kuvanae, has become perfectly established in several
colonies where it had previously been planted. During the past year
there has been a decided increase in the abundance of this parasite, and
in some cases it has spread nearly a mile and a half from the Umits of its
last year's spread.

The parasites attacking the caterpillars of the gypsy moth have been
found more abundantly than during the previous year. Compsilura

390 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

concinnata, a species of Tachinid fly, was very abundant during the
summer of 1912, especially in the territory which was longest infested
by the gypsy moth, and continued to spread during the past summer.
It has not been so abundant in the oldest infested territories as in some
of the outlying colonies. Collections of more than 1,100 gypsy moth
caterpillars made in 4 towns in central Massachusetts show a parasitism
by this species of over 40 per cent, while similar collections in the central
infested area have indicated an average parasitism of about 5 per cent.
It is probable that the decrease in parasitism in the old infested area,
as far as this species is concerned, is due to the fact that gypsy moth
caterpillars are not nearly as abundant as they were during the pre\'ious
year, and also because of the enormous numbers of the American tent
and forest tent caterpillars which were present in this region and which
are also attacked by this parasite.

Limnerium disparidis and Apaiiteles species were received from Europe
for the first time in 1911, and were planted in several badly infested
gypsy moth colonies. Both species were recovered during the summer
of 1912, which indicated that it is possible for the insects to withstand
our cold winters. In the case of the latter species, as high as 7 per cent
of parasitism of gypsy moth larvse was found. The present summer the
Limnerium was recovered from a single locahty where the species was
liberated in 1911. Although it has evidently become estabhshed, it
has not thus far shown marked ability to increase in the gypsy moth
infested area in New England.

Another species of Apanteles, namely, A. lacteicolor, an important para-
site of the brown-tail moth caterpillars, has been recovered in large num-
bers, and has been found to attack gypsy moth caterpillars in widely
separated regions. This species seems to be multiplying more rapidly
than any of the other Hymenopterous parasites of the gypsy moth. In
order to colonize this species over as wide an area as possible, an arrange-
ment was made with the State Entomologist in New Hampshire, and
the superintendent of moth work in Maine, to liberate as many colonies
as possible along the outskirts of the area infested by the brown-tail
moth in those States. Small collections of gypsy moth larvse were made
at Melrose, and in some cases 10 per cent of the larvse were killed by
this species. In several locahties in New Hampshire the past summer
the cocoons of this parasite were very abundant, and several hundred
were easily collected for experimental work. They were taken, for the
most part, on the foliage of trees, and attached to dead caterpillars.

The Calosoma beetle (Calosoma sycophanta) has been observ^ed in large
numbers in towns where bad colonies of the gypsy moth were present. It
has not been possible to obtain definite records of the amount of benefit
derived from this species, or of its abundance, except in cases where trees
were burlapped, a§ these bands furnish favorable hiding places for the
caterpillars and are favorite locations for the beetles and larvse to obtain
food. In such cases, where caterpillars were abundant, 20 or more of

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE FORESTER. 391

the Calosoma larvte have frequently been found under a single burlap
band on an average-sized tree. As they feed upon the pupae as well as
upon the caterpillars, the amount of benefit derived is very great, although
it is difficult to figure the percentage of larvae killed.

From collections made during the winter of 1912-13 it was determined
that Mo7iodontomerus acreus has spread over practically the entire terri-
tory now known to be infested by the brown-tail moth. It was not found
in as large numbers as during the previous year. Pteromalus egregius
has been found widely scattered over the area infested by the brown-tail
moth, and its numbers are slowly increasing, judging from the records
that have been secured from sample collections.

There is thus no doubt that a number of the imported species are thor-
oughly established, and that they are increasing each year, and, further,
that many hundreds of thousands of caterpillars were killed by them
during the past summer.

The Wilt Disease or ''Flacherie."
The experimental work with this disease has been carried on
almost w^holly during the past season under the direction of
Dr. W. M. Wheeler of the Bussey Institution of Harvard
University and Dr. L. 0. How-ard, division of entomology,
United States Department of Agriculture. The results of this
work will be reported on later. The disease itself is found
spread generally throughout the moth-infested territory, and
is proving a great factor in the control of the gypsy moth. It
is to be hoped that through the studies by experts discoveries
may be made w^hereby this disease can be even further made
use of in the work of suppression.

The Fungous Disease of the Brown-tail Moth.
The work of propagating and disseminating this disease was
undertaken and carried out under the usual co-operation with
Harvard University. The work of the previous season having
been so successful it was thought we could not help getting
results from our ripened experience. We had plenty of cater-
pillars to work with, but, unfortunately, try as we might, the
spores could not be secured to produce the results wanted.
The cool season, we believe, had most to do wuth it. Later
on in the year, however, a number of places were found where
the wilt disease occurred in nature and was extremely effective.
We are not discouraged, however, and hope to regain our

392

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

[Pub. Doc.

ground in producing the disease on a large scale for general
distribution the coming spring. One thing is perfectly sure
and that is, this disease is extremely effective in destroying
the brown-tail moth larv'ae.

XoRTH Shore Work.

The usual co-operative work on the Xorth Shore between the
summer residents committees, the towns and the State Fores-
ter's department, has been carried on again the past season.

If those who are in touch with this work should be consulted,
it is believed that the universal verdict would be that the season
has been a most successful one. Through his continued splen-
did co-operation, this department feels especially indebted to
Col. Wm. D. Sohier for making it possible to demonstrate what
can be accomphshed under favorable en\Tronment. The Xorth
Shore work is beginning to radiate its effect elsewhere.

The following is a reproduction of the financial statement of
the summer residents committees' report that relates to the
moth and forestrv work : —

Details of the

Cost of

THE

Work from

July to July.

Spra>-ing 3,610 acres,

. $19,973 43

Cutting and buminc 407 acres.

6,919 33

Creosoting 2.571 acres,

4,040 57

Tanfrlefootina,

35 57

Leopard moth work,

192 11

Spra}"ing for aphida.

20 21

Road repairing, 7,92.5 square feet

92 80

Tool repairing.

851 69

Repairs on shop.

343 00

Repairs on engines.

1,019 07

E.Tperimental work,

12 00

$33,499 78

Average Cost of Work.

Spraj-ing per acre, .

$5 53

Cutting and burning per acre,

17 00

Creoaoting per acre,

1 41

A view of some of tbe^old trunks
of elms which hare died froai
neg'leci in spraying. From a
business standpoint ibe$e tives
could have betn sprayeil yearly
for the interest ui>on the cost of
removing them Estates losing'
lara« tnees lite these also in-
variably srreatly depnjciate in
value. It is, therefore, goo«l
business for mnnicipafities and
individDals to spray and care
for their tnees.

m^ ill' PI

>

^■pkt'* r^--

«»'^ »- "^'Ljc"

■ "Jj

A deviduous lorest at Concorxi entireiy uetoiiated by tiie forest tent caterpiiiar.
This photogrsph was taken by the State Forester on July S, This insect, it
is pr\?dicted. will Vv very destriK^tive the coming spring. Spraying with arsenate
of lead, as for moths, will contrvl it.

No. 4.]

REPORT OF STATE FORESTER.

393

Lectures and Addresses.

The State Forester has been called upon for a large number
of engagements throughout the year. As much of this work
has been done as time would permit. Mr. C. O. Bailey and
Mr. H. 0. Cook have assisted in this work. Mr. R. G. Pierce,
the expert on the chestnut bark disease, has in addition to
those listed made quite a campaign throughout the State where
the chestnut is indigenous.

Now that the Massachusetts Agricultural College has a de-
partment of forestry, the lectures heretofore given by the State
Forester have not been necessary, and the past season the
lectures were confined to the subject of State forest policy.

The following organizations were addressed during the year: —

Brewster Village Improvement Society.

Essex County Pomona Grange.

Russell State Grange Field Meeting.

Middlefield Highland Agricultural So-
ciety.

Acton State Grange Field Meeting.

Concord Men's Club.

Cohasset Men's Club.

Stoughton Board of Trade. .

Wareham Men's Club.

Hale Club, Boston.

Fitchburg Forestry Association.

Paxton Grange.

West Brookfield Field Meeting, State
Grange.

Fall River Chamber of Commerce.

Watertown Men's Club.

Bristol County Fair.

Holden Farmers' and Mechanics' Asso-
ciation.

University of Syracuse, Syracuse, N. Y.

Men's Club, Newton Center.

Paper Makers' Association, Boston.

Town of Dover, Town Hall.

Quinquebog Historical Society, South-
bridge.

Hyde Park Village Improvement Asso-
ciation.

Borough Pomona Grange, Berlin.

New Bedford Forestry Association.

New Bedford High School.

Pomona Grange at Medfield.

Massachusetts Agricultural College.

Association of Tree Wardens and For-
esters, Amherst.

Rural Club.

Amesbury Village Improvement Asso-
ciation.

Wellesley Village Improvement Asso-
ciation.

East Freetown Grange.

Men's Club of Congregational Church,
Arlington.

Milton Woman's Club.

Bridgeport Club, Conn.

Smith College.

East Bridgewater Men's Club.

Public Meeting, town of Hubbardston.

Springfield Forestry Association.

Leominster Forestry Association

Twentieth Century Club.

Jamaica Plain Men's Club.

Business Men's Association and Natural
History Club, Plymouth.

State Grange Field Day, Colrain.

Royalston Improvement Association.

State Grange Field Day, Springfield.

State Grange Field Day, Orange.

Massachusetts Tree Wardens' and For-
esters' Association, Boston.

Massachusetts State Firemen's Associa-
tion.

Nantucket Civic League.

Fire Prevention Association, Philadel-
phia.

Public meeting. City Hall, Dedham.

Society for the Promotion of Agricul-
tural Science.

Massachusetts State Grange.

Hyannis Woman's Club.

State Normal School, Hyannis.

Avon Club. Winchendon.

394 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Field Meetings of the State Grange,
The field meetings of the State Grange that have been held
during the summer months for the past two years in various
parts of the State have been exceptionally interesting, and
without doubt have served to stimulate the interest of our
farmers in all the movements that have been inaugurated in
the interest of rural progress.

While the discussions at these meetings covered many fields
of public endeavor, it was gratifying to note the deep interest
that was manifested in the talks given on forestry by State
Forester F. W. Rane and Sec. C. 0. Bailey, who were speakers
at several of these meetings.

The Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science con-
vened at Washington, D. C., November 11, and the Massa-
chusetts State Forester delivered the following paper before
said society : —

What Massachusetts has accomplished for Science in her Fight

AGAINST THE GyPSY AND BrOWN-TAIL MoTHS,

The pages of universal history may be scanned in vain for a record of
a war between nations which has not resulted in new inventions or dis-
coveries that have served to advance civihzation, — discoveries that were
made possible by the exigencies of the times. This progressive knowledge
has become the bulwark of the development and stability of the nations
of the earth. In her war against the gypsy and bro'^vTi-tail moths, the
experience of Massachusetts has not been at variance with past history.
• Throughout the long and costly struggle to save our forest and shade
trees from being completely destroyed by these voracious insects, inven-
tive iriinds, as in other wars, have been studiouslj^ engaged in developing
better and more destructive methods of warfare, from which a permanent
addition to science has resulted.

The Commonwealth of Massachusetts has placed all science in its debt
by the interesting and successful experiments which it has carried on in
the importing and breeding of parasites and other natural enemies which
prey on the gypsy moth and the brown- tail moth. This work was inaugu-
rated on a large scale in co-operation with the United States Department
of Entomology in 1905, shortly after the Commonwealth had for the
second time undertaken to suppress these two insects. The work has
been attended with a large measure of success, and during its prosecu-
tion various interesting scientific discoveries have been made in regard
to these insects and their life-history, and also in regard to the life-history
of their various parasites and related insects.

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE FORESTER. 395

The importation of the Calosoma beetle {Calosoma sycophanta) from
Europe to destroy the gypsy moth has resulted in much practical and
interesting data in regard to the beetle and its habits. It is a pronoimced
success.

The construction and equipment of the laboratory where the work has
been carried on has attracted the attention of the scientists all over the
world, and in the year 1907 several eminent scientists from this country,
Europe, Africa and Australia visited the parasitic laboratory, which was
then at Saugus, Mass. None of these men could suggest improvements
in the methods used, but they all found many to admire and some to
copy in their owti countries where similar hues of investigation were
being inaugurated.

Much experimenting has been carried on, also, with the fungous disease
of the brown-tail moth and with the so-called wilt disease, or "flacherie,"
which attacks and destroys the gypsy moth to a large extent.

The development of spraying machines and insecticides makes one of
the most striking and important chapters in the history of the moth-
suppression campaign. The necessity for an insecticide possessing supe-
rior adhesive quahties, at the same time containing sufficient poisonous
properties to destroy the caterpillars, was early recognized. Spraying
with common arsenical poisons, such as Paris green, London purple, etc.,
had been in use for many years, but with indifferent success. When it
became evident that these insecticides were not accomplishing the work
desired, an effort was made to discover a more effective poison, and much
time and labor were spent in this undertaking. Some of the best chemists
obtainable were employed by the State and put on this experimental
work, which resulted in the production of arsenate of lead.

This work was carried on in the year 1893. Since then the use of this
material has increased by leaps and bounds, until at the present time the
manufacturers of this article are shipping it to all parts of the world.
Thus to Massachusetts moth work the agricultural world owes an ever-
lasting debt of gratitude for her persistent and successful endeavors along
this line. The results of the untiring efforts of the Massachusetts Forestry
Department in developing improved spraying machines, hose couplings,
nozzles and other apparatus of this nature have completely revolution-
ized this industry, and present a record of accomplishment in this line
never before equalled.

By improved machinery in spraying we are now able to spray wood-
lands at about $6 an acre, while formerly the expense was S40 or more.
The work, as well, is far more thoroughly done. While this improved
spraying machinery is highly appreciated in the moth-infested country of
New England at present, it will take time for others to recognize its
merits, until the use of similar machines is demanded elsewhere. When
the elm-leaf beetle and similar insects and diseases begin affecting tall
trees elsewhere, which is inevitable in the future, then I am confident
the results of our Massachusetts inventions will be appreciated. Already

396 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

the cities of Washington, Baltimore and Albany are using these high-
power tree sprayers and others are bound to follow.

By being able to throw a stream over the tallest of our shade trees
from the ground, and hence eliminating the cost of climbing, not only is
the great expense of labor overcome, but a whole street can be sprayed
during the same length of time formerly required for the treatment of
but a few trees. Our latest device is to substitute auto trucks for horses
in our highway, shade-tree, park and city work which is proving very
satisfactory. The same power that drives the auto also does the spraying.

With our present spraying equipment of all kinds in Massachusetts
alone, I believe we use in a single season nearly 1,000 tons of arsenate of
lead. The State Forester's contract for lead the past year was 500 tons.

One would hardly expect that such a pest as the gypsy moth would
be an aid to the introduction of forestry methods in the treatment of our
woodlands. Rather, one would expect it to be the reverse, but such is
not the case.

When the office for the suppression of the gypsy moth and that of the
State Forester were united in 1908, the writer strongly advocated that
forest thinnings and improvement cuttings would be of great assistance
in combating the depredations of this pest. He argued that not only
would the woodlands be in a better physiological condition for having
the weakened and suppressed trees removed, and hence better able to
stand the stripping of the caterpillars, but in addition the operations of
hand suppression and spraying could be more cheaply performed because
the superfluous trees would be taken out. Such cuttings thereafter as
were made directly by the department were supervised by trained for-
esters, and at the same time he urged municipalities and private owners
to do as much of this work as possible and to make use of his assistants.

Within the past year or two scientific facts have come to light which
vastly add to the importance of modern forestry practice as a control to
the gypsy moth. Mr. Burgess, an entomologist of the United States
Bureau of Entomology, who was doing co-operative work with the Massa-
chusetts State Forester, in studying the feeding habits of the gypsy moth
in the laboratory and the field, found that this insect is by no means the
omnivorous feeder that it is commonly supposed to be; that although it
does eat the leaves of a large variety of trees, it actually thrives best on
only a few, and that if deprived of this favorite food entirely, soon suc-
cumbs to parasitic enemies.

These experiments of Mr. Burgess were supplemented by some observa-
tions of Mr. Fiske, another co-operating government entomologist, made
in Europe. Mr. Fiske returned to this country last year convinced that,
the chief reason for the comparative harmlessness of this insect in that
continent is due to the better silvicultural condition of the European
forests. This silvicultural condition has been brought about by centuries
of forestry practice. In addition, as already observed in Massachusetts
with white pine, its freedom from the pest in clear stands proved also

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE FORESTER. 397

true of all coniferous growth abroad, especially in German}^, because the
conifers are all highly resistant trees. The writer, after a study of these
conditions in Europe in the summer of 1912, returned with even greater
conviction that forestry management can be made a great factor in moth
control. Under proper conditions we too should have a much larger per-
centage of coniferous growth, but unscientific lumbering and forest fires
have conspired to reduce it to a minimum.

These discoveries have molded beautifully into the Massachusetts
State Forester's methods of management, and offer a wide field for for-
estry development. Our woodlands should be thinned and the favorable
trees, notably the oaks and birches, removed. Where there is little chance
of resistant species taking the place of those cut out, artificial reforesta-
tion must be resorted to. Such operations must in time result in the re-
moval of a large share of our scrubby oak woodlands and their replace-
ment by fine plantations of conifers; clear stands of resistant deciduous
species are also practical undertakings. So important has this subject ap-
peared to the United States Bureau of Entomology that they have in-
duced the United States Forest Service, during the past year, to co-oper-
ate in experiments to test the value of forestry work in moth suppression.
The Massachusetts State Forester has increased his staff by the addition
of two professional foresters to the moth division of his department, and
they are carrying on a regular campaign urging woodland owners in moth-
infested sections to put their lands under proper forestry management.
Several gangs are now at work under direction, making improvement
cuttings.

If forestry work is an aid in the control of the moth, conversely the
gypsy moth is of assistance in the development of forestry practice, al-
though at first sight it would seem to be a death-blow to this development.
I can safely say that as a result of our moth depredations thousands of
acres of our woodlands are being put under scientific management which
otherwise would never have had such care for some time to come.

In conclusion, therefore, while the expenditure of vast sums of money
has been necessary to combat the moth ravages in one of the most noted
insect warfares ever undertaken by a single State, nevertheless, such an
expenditure has been fully warranted by the results; and to Massachusetts
must be attributed the courage of attempting and prosecuting a work
recognized the world over as a most plausible and worthy undertaking.
The many beneficial accomplishments which have been the outgrowi;h of
this work have contributed largely to the enrichment of both science and
industry, thus making Massachusetts again a world benefactor.

The following is an abstract of an address delivered by State
Forester F. W. Rane before the Convention of the Massachu-
setts State Firemen's Association at New Bedford, Sept. 24,
1913: —

398 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Importance of controlling Forest Fires in Massachusetts.

Mr. President and Gentlemen of the State Firemen's Association:
— I first desire to give you the assurance of my grateful appreciation of
the invitation which enables me to be present at this time, privileged to
participate in the deliberations of your association.

I believe that it is fast becoming an acknowledged fact that no question
is of greater importance in its relation to the future prosperity of our
Commonwealth than the development of forestry. The development of
forestry in Massachusetts is an effort to apply a policy of foresight in
handling what may be termed one of our greatest natural resources. In
other words, it is a part of the great conservation movement, the impor-
tance of which is acknowledged by all thinking people.

But, gentlemen, forestry, like all other great undertakings, has to
encounter obstacles and overcome them before the fullest measure of
success can be attained.

In speaking to your organization at this time I shall endeavor to con-
fine my remarks to that branch of the forestry service which, in my
opinion, most directly appeals to you, namely, forest fires.

Fires injure forestry and forests in this State in several ways, which
may be classified under two general divisions, — direct and indirect
damage.

We all recognize the injury when commercial woodlands are burned
over and the trees are killed outright, or are so injured that they will die
in time. In the more thickly settled portions of our Commonwealth our
woodland has a worth in excess of its value as timber or cord wood, —
an aesthetic value, so to speak, — and in such cases fires cause a damage
which cannot be reduced to terms of money. In any case, it is difficult to
express the damage caused by fires in terms of money, but in those com-
paratively few cases in which it can be done, the average yearly loss is
more than $200,000, and I feel safe in saying that this sum represents
only a fraction of the real danger.

A direct injury, which is caused by fire and which is not considered by
the ordinary layman, is the destruction of young growth. From this
young growth our future forests must come, and if these immature stands
are destroyed, future values are wiped out at the same time. If a plan-
tation of young trees which has been artificially set out is destroyed,
we are quick to recognize the loss, but a reproduction which has
come up naturally is just as valuable, provided it gives indications of
making a stand of trees as large and as salable as the artificial planta-
tion. Young stands are not to be judged by their present condition, but
by their future possibilities.

Constant fires exhaust the soil, consuming as they do the humus or

dead-leaf matter which is the material from which nature manufactures

our loamy soils. By the destruction of this same humus the waste-stor-

' age possibilities of the soil are taken away and drought and floods become

more frequent.

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE FORESTER. 399

These direct injuries, as great as they are, I believe are exceeded by the
indirect.

Fires, or rather the fear of them, are our greatest obstacle to the practice
of forestry in this State, and on the practice of forestry depends the con-
tinued existence of our lumber industrj'. Approach an owner of wood-
land and urge on him a certain forestry operation, and what will be his
reply? "Oh, yes, what you say is true enough, but how am I to know
that my woodlands will not burn up next year?"

Our lumber industry is more important than people realize. Our annual
cut amounts to nearly 500,000,000 feet. For this lumber there is paid
to the landowner $2,500,000, and there is paid out in labor to harvest
this crop at least $1,000,000 more. These figures deal only with conver-
sion of the trees into rough lumber, and have nothing to do with the further
conversion of this lumber into boxes, furniture and the thousand and one
articles into which our raw lumber is made. Unless we can induce our
land owners to take up the proper management of our forests, this im-
portant industry is sure to be wiped out, and there is nothing which will
give more encouragement to the proper management of our woodlands
than the reasonable protection of them from fire. To this end we have
labored hard to build up an effective forest fire protective system, and I
desire to take this opportunity to express to you my appreciation of the
splendid support that has been given by this association to Mr. Hutchins,
the State Fire Warden, and his four district men who have been in direct
charge of this work.

It may be of interest to some of you to know just what our forest-fire
organization consists of. The State Fire Warden, who has supervision of
the work, is assisted by four district fire wardens who are supplied with
runabout automobiles. These men are charged with the supervision of
the observation stations within their district, and are also continually
patrolling the towns comprising their district, instructing the forest war-
dens and their deputies relative to their duties, assisting in extinguishing
fires, visiting the selectmen and impressing upon them the importance of
better equipping their towns with equipment for handling forest fires, and
towns with a valuation of $1,500,000 or under, the advisability of taking
advantage of the reimbursement act, whereby the State will reimburse
such towns one-half for forest-fire equipment that they may purchase,
the State's share not to exceed $250, and to be approved by the forestry
department.

We also have an inspector who devotes his entire time to inspecting
locomotives and portable saw mills. Several hundred locomotives have
been inspected, and the reports show that while thej^ were all equipped
with spark arresters, as required by law, in many cases these devices
were so thorouglily out of repair as to make them absolutely useless. We
have also at the present time 23 observation stations established in the
Commonwealth, 4 new steel towers having been built this year as follows:
Manchester, Wakefield, North Hanson and Bournedale, temporary towers

400 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE, [Pub. Doc.

being built at Savoy and Pelham. These towers are all equipped with
maps, field glasses and telephone which connects with over 1,800 forest
wardens and deputies, the observers in charge being local men in nearly
every instance, who are thoroughly famiUar with the surrounding terri-
tory.

WTiile we have had nearly 3,000 fires reported from these stations to
the different wardens, we have had very few serious fires, notably, the
Freetown, Bourne, Yarmouth and Shutesbury fires which were allowed
to burn for days. These fires were practically extinguished the first day,
but were left at night without sufficient help to control, only to start up
the second day, unnecessary back fires being set that were soon beyond
control.

One matter which I deem of vital importance, and to which I desire to
call your attention, is the necessity of a law which will provide for a rea-
sonable disposition of the slash or brush which is now left on the ground
following wood and lumber operations. I might state here that the two
or three serious fires which I have referred to would have been impossible
had it not been for the fact that where they occurred hundreds of acres of
this slash had been left, so extinguishment was made almost an impossi-
bihty. For several years I have recommended in my annual report to
the Legislature the imperative need of a law which would obviate this
condition, but no action has yet been taken. The incoming Legislature
will again be asked to consider the same subject, and I desire to say here
that your organization can render no more valuable service to the State
Forestry Department than by sending representatives before the pro-
per committees of the Legislature to urge the passage of the bill.

The Fifth National Conservation Congress.
The conservation of our natural resources and their proper
use constitutes a problem of gigantic proportions upon the wise
solving of which depends very largely the abiding prosperity
of the nation. Of such vital importance was it considered by
Theodore Roosevelt, that in May, 1908, he called together in
convention the Governors of all the States of the Union to con-
sider the question of how best to bring about a reform of the
present wasteful methods of production and utilization of our
natural resources, such as minerals, timber, water power, soils,
in fact, all the natural wealth with which we as a nation are so
richly endowed, to the end that their benefits may be shared
equally among all the people, and that there may be trans-
mitted a practically undiminished capital to the generations to
come. As a result of that conference there was organized the
National Conservation Congress, and the conservation senti-

A view ot si>r;iyt'(l ;iihI uusprayed trees on tlie North Shore. The moderu high
power solid stream sprayer has revolutionized the work of spraying woodlands.
One thorough spraying has held the foliage against very adverse conditions,
as shown at the left.

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE FORESTER. 401

ment was crystalized into a nation-wide movement. Chief
among the objects for which the National Conservation Con-
gress was created, as annunciated in its declaration of prin-
ciples, is to "afford an agency through which the people of the
country may frame policies and principles affecting the con-
servation and utilization of their resources, to be put into effect
by their representatives in State and federal governments."
This year's congress convened at Washington, D. C, on No-
vember 17, and its sessions lasted through four days. The
official delegates appointed by the Governor to represent Massa-
chusetts at this congress were State Forester F. W. Rane and
Sec. C. O. Bailey. Its discussions were devoted largely to
forest conservation because of the national importance of the
subject in its many phases. Practically all the leading foresters
of the United States were in attendance, and the discussions
on the various branches of forestry were of great value to those
who were privileged to hear them.

New Legislation.
The following bills relating to forestry were enacted at the
last session of the General Court and were intended to advance
the forestry interests of the Commonwealth: —

Forest Taxation.
Reference was made in the last annual report of the adop-
tion by the voters of the State of an amendment to the Con-
stitution relative to the taxation of wild or forest lands. This
action was taken at the election in 1912, following which the
Legislature of 1913 passed the following resolve: —

Acts of 1913, Chapter 131.

Resolve to provide for the Appointment of a Commission to investi-
gate AND report upon THE TAXATION OF WiLD OR FOREST LaNDS.

Resolved, That the governor, with the advice and consent of the council,
shall, within thirty days after the passage of this resolve, appoint a commis-
sion of five persons, citizens of the commonwealth, to be known as the
commission on the taxation of wild or forest lands. Said commission shall
investigate the effect of the present laws relating to the taxation of wild or
forest lands in this commonwealth, and the laws and systems of taxation
of such lands in operation in other states and countries, shall correspond

402 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

so far as may be advisable with authorities in this commonwealth and in
other states and countries in regard to said matters, and shall draft an act
providing such methods of taxation of wild or forest lands as will develop
and conserve the forest resources of the commonwealth. The said commis-
sion shall also investigate the present policy of the commonwealth with
regard to the acquisition and management of wild or forest lands and report
what further legislation, if any, is necessary. The report shall also con-
tain a compilation of statistics and other information obtained by the com-
mission and shall be made on or before the first Wednesday in January,
nineteen hundred and fourteen. Of the said commissioners, one member
shall be the tax commissioner and one member shall be the state forester.
The members of the commission shall serve without compensation, but
may incur such expenses in the performance of their duties, not exceeding
the amount of five thousand dollars, as may be authorized by the governor
and council. The commission shall be provided with suitable quarters in
the state house or elsewhere. [Approved June 16, 1913.

Acting under the authority given him by this resolve, the
Governor appointed, as members of this commission, the State
Tax Commissioner, W. D. T. Trefry, the State Forester, F. W.
Rane, as required by the resolve, Mr. Harold Parker, ex-chair-
man of the Massachusetts Highway Commission, Prof. C. J.
Bullock, professor of economics at Harvard University and
Mr. Charles H. Preston of Danvers. The commission promptly
organized with Tax Commissioner Trefry as chairman, and
immediately entered upon its duties. Public hearings were ad-
vertised and held in the following places: October 31, at the
State House; November 5, at Greenfield; November 6, at
Springfield; November 7, at Pittsfield; November 14, at Worces-
ter; November 21, at the State House; November 28, at Mid-
dleborough.

Nearly all of these hearings were largely attended, and the
commission acquired very much valuable information and data
bearing upon the problem given it to solve.

Moth Superintendent and Forest ]J'arden Appointments changed.
The importance of beginning moth suppression operations as
early as possible in each year wath a thoroughly organized force
of men in every city and town where such work is necessary,
also to allow for sufficient time to instruct forest wardens with
regard to the prevention and extinguishment of forest fires be-

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE FORESTER. 403

fore the dry and dangerous periods occur, were the reasons for
changing the time of making the appointment of local moth
superintendent and forest warden from March or April to
January.

Acts of 1913, Chapter 6.

An Act relative to the Time of Appointment of Local Superin-
tendents FOR THE Suppression of Gypsy and Brown Tail Moths

AND relative TO THE APPOINTMENT OF FOREST WARDENS.

Be it enacted, etc., as folloivs:

Section 1. Section sixteen of chapter thirty-two of the Revised Laws,
as amended by section one of chapter four hundred and seventy-five of the
acts of the year nineteen hundred and seven, is hereby further amended
by striking out the words "March or April", in the third hne, and insert-
ing in place thereof the word : — January, — so as to read as follows : —
Section 16. The mayor and aldermen in cities and the selectmen in towns
shall annually, in January, appoint a forest warden, and they shall forth-
with give notice of such appointment to the state forester. The appoint-
ment of a forest warden shall not take effect unless approved by the state
forester, and when so approved notice of the appointment shall be given
by the mayor and aldermen or by the selectmen to the person so appointed
and approved. Whoever having been duly appointed fails within seven
days after the receipt of such notice to file with the city or towm clerk his
acceptance or refusal of the office shall, unless excused by the mayor and
aldermen or by the selectmen, forfeit ten dollars. Nothing in this act or
in any other act shall be construed to prevent the offices of tree warden,
selectman, chief of fire department and forest warden from being held by
the same person.

Section 2. Section four of chapter three hundred and eighty-one of
the acts of the year nineteen hundred and five, as amended by section two
of chapter two hundred and sixty-eight of the acts of the year nineteen
hundred and six, and by section one of chapter five hundred and twenty-one
of the acts of the year nineteen hundred and seven, and by chapter one
hundred and fifty of the acts of the year nineteen hundred and ten, is
hereb}^ further amended by striking out the words "March or April", in
the third line, and inserting in place thereof the word : — January, — so as
to read as follows: — Section 1^. The mayor and aldermen in cities and
the selectmen in towns shall annually in the month of January appoint a
local superintendent for the suppression of gypsy and bro^Ti tail moths.
Said superintendents shall, under the advice and general direction of the
state forester, destroy the eggs, caterpillars, pupse and nests of the gypsy
and brown tail moths within their limits, except in parks and other prop-
erty under the control of the commonwealth, and except in private prop-
erty, save as otherwise provided herein. The appointment of a local
superintendent shall not take effect unless approved by the state forester,
and when so approved, notice of the appointment shall be given by the

404 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

mayor and aldermen or the selectmen to the person so appointed. When
any city or town shall have expended within its hmits city or town funds
to an amount in excess of five thousand dollars in any one fiscal year, in
suppressing gypsy or brown tail moths, the commonwealth shall reimburse
such city or town to the extent of fifty per cent of such excess above said
five thousand dollars.

Section 3. This act shall take effect on the first day of January, nine-
teen hundred and fourteen. [Approved May 2, 1913.

Furnishing Arsenate of Lead at Cost. '
As a further aid to property owners in the suppression of
gypsy and brown-tail moths, a bill was passed by the General
Court, giving authority to local superintendents in such towns
as are receiving aid from the State to furnish arsenate of lead to
property owners at a price not to exceed the cost to the State.
The act reads as follows: —

An Act to authorize Local Moth Superintendents to furnish
Arsenate of Lead to Real Estate Owners.

Be it enacted, etc., as follows:

Section 1. For the purpose of assisting in the extermination of
gypsy and brown tail moths, the local moth superintendent in any city
or town now receiving aid from the commonwealth, in suppressing the
said insect pests is hereby authorized to furnish, at the cost thereof,
arsenate of lead to any owner of real estate situated within the limits of
such city or town. Material purchased under the provisions hereof shall
be used only for the suppression of gypsy and brown tail moths and only
upon land of the purchaser.

Section 2. The amounts due for material furnished under the provi-
sions of section one shall be charged by the local moth superintendent to
the owners of private estates and shall be collected in the same manner
as the amounts assessed for private work, and shall be a lien on said es-
tates in the same manner as the assessments for private work. The
amount thus charged shall be deducted from the total amount expended
in each city or town in the suppression of the gypsy and brown tail moths
in the same manner as the amounts charged for private work, as provided
for in sections six and seven of chapter three hundred and eighty-one of
the acts of the year nineteen hundred and five and its several amendments.
[Approved May 7, 1913.

Public Domain.
Taking cognizance of the great possibilities which lie in for-
estry as a means of adding to the wealth and prosperity of the
State, the Massachusetts Forestry Association has devoted much

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE FORESTER. 405

of its energy during the past year to organizing branch associa-
tions in various cities and towns of the Commonwealth, with the
hope that an aroused local interest would result in the establish-
ment of municipal forests in conformity to the public domain
act as amended last year through the efforts of that association.
The act as amended follows: —

AcT3 OF 1913, Chapter 564.
An Act relative to Public Domain.
Be it enacted, etc., as follows:

Section 1. Section twenty- three of chapter twenty-eight of the Re-
vised Laws is hereby amended by striking out the word "a", before the
word "town", in the second line, and inserting in place thereof the words:

— an annual, — by inserting after the word "therefor", in the eighth line,
the words : — but the indebtedness so incurred shall be Umited to an
amount not exceeding one half of one per cent of the last preceding assessed
valuation of the city or town, — and by striking out the words "common-
wealth for the benefit of the", in the eleventh line, so as to read as follows:

— Section 23. A town, by a vote of two thirds of the legal voters present
and voting at an annual town meeting, or a city in which the city council
consists of two branches, by a vote of two thirds of the members of each
branch, and a city in which there is a single legislative board, by a vote of
two thirds of the members thereof, present and voting thereon, may take
or purchase land within their Umits, which shall be a pubUc domain, and
may appropriate money and accept gifts of money and land therefor; but
the indebtedness so incurred shall be limited to an amount not exceeding
one half of one per cent of the last preceding assessed valuation of the
city or town. Such pubUc domain shall be devoted to the culture of forest
trees, or to the preservation of the water supply of such city or town and
the title thereto shall vest in the city or town in which it lies.

Section 2. Said chapter twenty-eight is hereby further amended by
striking out section twenty-five and inserting in place thereof the following:

— Section 25. The city or town forester in each city or town, with one or
more keepers appointed by him, shall have the management and charge
of all such public domain in that city or town, and within such public
domain shall have the powers of constables and police ofiicers in towns.
But a town by a vote of two thirds of the legal voters present and voting
at an annual towna meeting, or a city in which the city council consists of
two branches, by a vote of two thirds of the members of each branch, and
a city in which there is a single legislative board, by a vote of two thirds of
the members thereof present and voting thereon, may place all such pubUc
domain within its Umits under the general supervision and control of the
state forester, who shall thereupon, upon notification thereof, make regu-
lations for the care and use of such pubUc domain and for the planting and
cultivating of trees therein, and the city or town forester in such case and

406 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

his keepers, under the supervision and direction of the state forester, shall
be charged with the duty of enforcing all such regulations and of perform-
ing such labor therein as may be necessary for the care and maintenance
thereof; and within such pubhc domain shall have the powers of con-
stables and police officers in towns.

Section 3. Said chapter twenty-eight is hereby further amended by
striking out section twenty-six and inserting in place thereof the follow-
ing : — Section 26. Any such city or town may lease any building on a
public domain, and shall apply all sums derived from rents or from the
sale of the products of any such domain, so far as may be necessary,
to the management thereof.

Section 4. Said chapter twenty-eight is hereby further amended by
striking out section twenty-seven and inserting in place thereof the follow-
ing:— Section 27. Any city or town in which such pubhc domain is
situated may erect thereon any building for public instruction or recrea-
tion : 'provided, that if such public domain has been placed under the super-
vision and control of the state forester, under the provisions of this act, no
such building shall be erected unless Ms approval shall first be obtained.

Section 5. Said chapter twenty-eight is hereby further amended by
striking out section twenty-nine and inserting in place thereof the follow-
ing : — Section 29. For the purpose of defraying the expenses incurred
under the provisions of the six preceding sections any city or town may
issue from time to time, and to an amount not exceeding the sum actually
expended for the taking or purchase of lands for such pubhc domain, bonds
or notes. Such bonds or notes shall be denominated on the face thereof.
City or Town of , Public Domain Loan, Act of 1913;

shall be payable by such annual payments, beginning not more than one
year after the date thereof, as will extinguish each loan within thirty years
from its date; and the amount of such annual payment of any loan in any
year shall not be less than the amount of the principal of said loan payable
in any subsequent year. Each authorized issue of bonds or notes shall
constitute a separate loan. The bonds or notes shall bear interest at a
rate not exceeding four and one half per cent per annum, paj'able semi-
annually; and shall be signed by the treasurer and countersigned by the
mayor of the city or, in the case of a town, shall be signed by the treasurer
and countersigned by the selectmen. The city, by its mayor and treasurer,
and the town, by its selectmen and treasurer, may sell such bonds or
notes at public or private sale, upon such terms and conditions as they
may deem proper, but the bonds or notes shall not be sold for less than
their par value; and the proceeds shall be used only for the purposes
herein specified.

Section 6. The city or town shall at the time of authorizing said loan
or loans provide for the payment thereof in accordance with the foregoing
provisions of this act; and when a vote to that effect has been passed by
the city council, or at any annual town meeting, a sum which will be suf-
ficient to pay the interest as it accrues on the bonds or notes issued as afore-
said by the city or town, and to make such payments on the principal as

The main street at Nantucket. We think of the island of Nantucket as lacking in
tree growth. It is largely a question of soil ami wind protection. It is be-
lieved that with wind breaks of the hardier growing species, and by taking
advantage of natural shelters, niucli of the island could be gradually reforested.

Spraying tall trees in the Taunton public square with the solid stream high-
power sprayer, which was brought out originally by this dei)artment. Most of
the principal towns and cities where the gypsy and brown-tail moths i)revail
have these power sprayers.

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE FORESTER. 407

may be required under the provisions of this act, shall, without further
vote, be assessed by the assessors of the city or town annually thereafter,
in the same manner in which other taxes are assessed, until the debt in-
curred by said loan or loans is extinguished.

Section 7. This act shall take effect upon its passage. [Approved
Apnl 26, 1913.

Financial Statements.
General Forestry.
In accordance with section 6, chapter 409 of the Acts of 1904,
as amended by section 1, chapter 473, Acts of 1907, the follow-
ing statement is given of the forestry expenditure for the year
ending Nov. 30, 1913: —

State Forester's Expenses.
Appropriation for 1913, $20,000 00

Expenditures : —

Salaries of assistants, $7,631 69

Travehng expenses, 3,246 84

Stationery and postage, etc., .... 708 13

Printing, 723 72

Maps, 198 15

Equipment, 246 87

Sundries, 285 30

Nursery account: —

Payroll, * . . . . 5,231 10

Travel, 59 61

Equipment, 700 68

Teaming, express and freight, .... 715 39

Telephone, water, gasoline, djmamite, etc., . 252 25

19,999 73

Balance returned to treasury, $0 27

Purchase and Planting of Forest Lands.

Appropriation for 1913, $10,000 00

Expenditures : —

Pay roll, $6,604 35

Travel, 480 04

Tools and equipment, 324 54

Express and teaming, 288 78

Land, 2,138 75

Stationery and postage, 141 03

Sundries, 22 35

9,999 84

Balance returned to treasury, $0 16

408

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

[Pub. Doc.

Prevention of Forest Fires.

Appropriation for 1913, S20,000 00

Receipts : —

Spofford estate, 200 00

Protest on Spofford check, 1 35

Wm. D. Sohier, ....... 400 00

Town of Wakefield, 350 00

Town of Halifax, 50 00

Town of Plympton, 75 00

Town of Hanson, 100 00

Town of Duxbury, 100 00

Town of Whitman, 75 00

Town of Hanover, 100 00

Town of Marshfield, 50 00

Town of Bourne, 300 00

Town of Wareham, . • 150 00

Town of Sterling, 18 75

Town of Dunstable, 11 81

Town of Ashland, 11 50

Wm. D. Sohier, agent, 500 00

Town of Upton, 12 50

New England Telephone and Telegraph Com-
pany, 23

,., S22,506 14

Expenditures: —

Salaries, * . $11,301 60

Travel, 4,262 42

Printing, 538 32

Stationery and postage, 256 38

Equipment, 2,568 69

Construction, 1,877 62

Telephone, 1,275 90

Express, 59 51

Sundries, 365 52

22,505 96

Balance returned to treasury, $0 18

Reimbursement for fire-fighting apparatus to towns.

),012 48

Suppression of Gypsy and Brown-tail Moths.
The balance shown on the general appropriation for the
suppression of the gypsy and brown-tail moths, as carried at
the end of the fiscal year, will be all practically expended in
reimbursements to towns and cities for the work of the year
ending Nov. 30, 1913.

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE FORESTER. 409

General Appropriation.
Balance on hand Nov. 30, 1912, . . . $103,174 00
Less reimbursement due for 1912, . . , 61,016 06

Balance for 1913 work, .... $42,157 94

Receipts: —

Appropriation for 1913 (made in 1912), . . 75,000 00

Town of Easton, 270 33

Town of West Bridgewater, .... 234 44

City of Lowell, 22 14

Town of Andover, 194 23

Town of Hingham, 157 48

City of Medford, 411 85

Town of Lexington, 154 53

Town of Arlington, 1,117 83

Town of Stoneham, \ 106 21

Town of Westwood, 600 00

Town of Milton, 800 00

Appropriation for 1913, 125,000 00

Town of Milton, 854 75

Town of Westwood, 345 58

Town of Walpole, 600 00

Town of Wakefield, 959 48

For old truck sold, 85 00

Appropriation for 1914, 75,000 00

For motor cycles sold, 425 00

Town of Winchester, 985 38

Adams Express Company, 15

City of Quincy, 1,225 11

Special North Shore Fund, .... 7,644 06

Purchase and planting of forest lands, . . 6 58 •

State Forester's expenses, 34 15

Prevention of forest fires, 4 15

Dover gypsy moth fund, 204 95

Howe & French (paid m error), ... 20 25

To^Ti of Holliston, . . . . . . 15 00

Town of MiUis, ....... 12 00

Town of Natick, 48 15

Town of Hopkinton, 683 86

$335,380 58

Amount carried forward, $335,380 58

410

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Amount broiight forward, $335,380 58

Office expenses: —
Salaries of clerks, .
Rent of oflBces,
Stationery and postage
Printing,

Expert's services, .
Office and laboratory supplies,
Forester's supplies.
Educational work.
Sundries, .

Field expenses: —
Wages of employees,
Traveling expenses.
Tools and supplies.
Special work.
Rent of supply store.
Supply store equipment.
Sundries, including teaming.
Reimbursement towns and cities,

$2,741 59

2,139 98

919 72

840 09

125 00

278 18

66 67

40 91

864 81

28,688 83

8,300 83

120,463 68

14,700 00

749 60

87 45

754 33

32,060 21

213,822 48
$121,558 10

Balance on hand Nov. 30, 1913, ....
Reimbursement paid December, 1913, and January, 1914,
for the year 1913, 48,471 60

Receipts: Special North Shore Fund.

Balance from 1912,

South End Improvement Association of Rock-
port,

F. W. Rane, State Forester, ....

Town of Rockport,

Whitcomb Carter Company refund, .

F. W. Rane, State Forester, ....

W. D. Sohier, agent, ......

Town of Manchester,

F. W. Rane, State Forester, ....

W. D. Sohier, agent,

City of Beverly,

J. D. Barnes, for sprayer sold, ....

State Forester's expenses,

Pump and engine sold,

Transfer from appropriation for suppression of
gypsy and brown-tail moths, ....

Wm. D. Sohier, for property owners.

$3,682 05

500 00

500 00

500 00

60

1,200 00

1,200 00

5,000 00

10,000 00

10,000 00

5,000 00

300 00

153 06

85 00

1,306 30

2,427 66

$41,854 67

Amount carried forward, $41,854 67

No. 4.]

REPORT OF STATE FORESTER.

411

Amou7it brought forward, $41,854 67

Expenditures: —
Wages of employees, .
Traveling expenses,

Rent,

Supplies, ....
Sundries, including teaming, etc
Storehouse equipment,
Stationery and postage,
Oflfice supplies.

$18,944 98

1,016 96

310 00

9,670 63

1,873 09

37 65

1 35

25

31,859 91

Balance on hand Nov. 30, 1913,

),999 76

The following is a list of towns and cities, with amount of
supplies for moth work furnished for the year ending Nov. 30,
1913: —

Acton, 1

$2,148 73

Easton,

$12 50

Andover, .

911 31

Essex,

85 56

Arlington, *

2,330 99

Fitchburg,

1 87

Ashburnham,

209 75

Georgetown,

454 95

Ashby,

174 17

Gloucester,

213 83

Ashland, • .

1,564 72

Greenfield,

2 01

Avon,

47 SO

Groton,

535 07

Ayer, i

1,804 80

Groveland,

193 26

Bedford, > .

3,057 36

Halifax, .

12 91

Berkley, .

43 80

Hamilton,

843 01

Berlin,

237 52

Hanover, .

374 92

Billerica, .

603 61

Hahson, .

57 32

Bolton, .

337 96

Harvard, .

532 23

Boxborough,

584 29

Haverhill,

24

Boxford, .

429 81

Hingham, '

2,711 66

Boylston, .

118 28

Holden, .

8 40

Braintree, ^

2,355 76

Hopkinton,

89 23

Bridgewater, '

1,684 75

Hudson, .

301 86

Burlington, >

2,020 54

Ipswich, .

779 22

Canton,

772 83

Kingston, .

361 94

Carlisle,

460 29

Lexington, '

2,461 24

Carver,

246 92

Lincoln, > .

3,727 66

Chelmsford,

638 82

Littleton, i

1,964 62

Cohasset, .

2,447 58

Lunenburg, '

1,855 53

Concord, .

672 17

Lynnfield, .

626 92

Danvers, .

614 28

Marlborough, .

854 12

Dedham, ^

3,410 81

Marshfield,

798 24

Dover,

3 20

Mashpee, .

286 74

Dracut,

320 54

Maynard, *

1,542 04

Dunstable,

140 24

Medfield, .

2 00

Duxbury, .

269 08

Medford, .

1,040 94

> Received sprayers from the State, agreeing to pay one-half the cost.

412

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

[Pub. Doc.

Merrimac,

Methuea, .

Middleborough,

Middleton,

Milton, 1

Natick,

Newbury,

Newton,

Norfolk,

North Andover,

North Reading,

Northborough, *

Norwell, .

Pembroke,

Pepperell, .

Plympton,

Princeton,

Quincy,

Raynham,

Reading, .

Rochester,

Rowley, .

Royalston,

Salisbury, .

Sandwich,

Saugus,

Scituate, ' .

Sherborn, .

Shirley,

Dover gypsy moth fund.

Forestry department, .

Forest fire prevention, .

Thinning work equipment,

Special North Shore Fund,

Pine Banks,

Reforestation,

Traveling pump,

Traveling sprayer, (1),

Traveling sprayer, (2),

Traveling sprayer, (3),

Traveling sprayer, (4),

Traveling sprayer, (5),

Traveling sprayer, (6),

Traveling sprayer, (7),

Traveling sprayer, (8) ,

Traveling sprayer, (9),

Truck,

United States Department of Agriculture,

Repairs on automobiles,

$215 10

Shrewsbury,

907 65

Southborough, i

681 09

Sterling, .

301 09

Stoneham,

4,302 76

Stow,

87 80

Sudbury, .

581 79

Templeton,

9,849 28

Tewksbury,

111 58

Topsfield, .

538 20

Townsend,

1,344 45

Tyngsborough, *

1,492 33

Waltham, .

1,021 27

Wayland, .

63 60

Wakefield,

422 93

Wellesley,

134 08

Wenham, i

1 80

West Bridgewater

1,146 64

West Newbury,

61 23

Westborough, ' .

1,464 88

Westford, .

29 35

Westminster,

246 50

Weston, 1 .

3 90

Weymouth, *

304 22

Wilmington, '

139 99

Winchendon,

763 79

Wilbraham,

4,511 70

Woburn, .

333 55

313 83

$38 81

1,459 70

336 75

688 48

403 49

455 90

1 69

598 20

194 85

286 69

2,228 41

1,779 26

766 15

829 68

3 50

1,589 19

277 02

318 45

1,850 17

1,046 41

102 56

3,700 90

2,360 53

2,586 52

179 17

39

1,418 76

$110,273 76

111

20

48

63

16 99

78

19

7,644 06

173

25

6

58

14

63

18

50

393

14

572

41

196

51

182

09

75

00

476

48

612

27

72

50

4 37

3

72

402

67

$121,376 95

» Received sprayers from the State, agreeing to pay one-half the cost.

No. 4.]

REPORT OF STATE FORESTER.

413

Financial Summary of Moth Work by Towns.

The following table shows the reimbursement paid to cities and
towns for the year 1912, the total net expenditure, the required
expenditure before receiving reimbursement from the State,
the amount received for work on private property returned to
this office, and the amount of reimbursement paid for 1913,
and also the required expenditure for 1914. Towns marked
with an asterisk received supplies from this office.

1912.
Re-
imburse-
ment.

1913.

1914.

Cities and Towns.

Required
Expendi-
ture.

Total Net
Expendi-
ture.

Private
Work.

Re-
imburse-
ment.

Required
Expendi-
ture.

Abington,

-

$1,361 05

-'

-

-

$1,403 51

Acton,

1997 85*

970 13

$2,120 13

$320 44

$550 00*

975 90

Acushnet,

-

402 86

-

-

-

439 31

Amesbury,

-

2,615 03

1,809 64

1.045 60

-

2,626 67

Andover, .

-•

2,883 11

2,855 09

1.523 99

_•

3,234 59

Arlington,

-•

5,000 00

4,985 65

1,546 98

^«

5,000 00

Ashburnham,

104 75'

488 17

919 20

445 19

431 03*

500 72

Ashby, .

233 48*

239 32

506 52

69 50

271 97*

248 18

Ashland, .

243 78*

585 00

570 61

270 96

_•

600 12

Athol, .

-

2,216 99

-

-

-

2,342 62

Attleborough,

-

5,000 00

-

-

-

5,000 00

Auburn, .

-

554 00

-

-

-

634 80

Avon,

122 02'

414 70

589 90

62 30

175 20*

431 88

Ayer,

-

922 45

1,410 09

67 35

-•

927 85

Barnstable,

-

3,175 20

-

-

-

3,370 26

Barre,

-

1,001 02

-

-

-

1,053 58

Bedford, .

2,296 80*

657 80

2,661 43

1.781 28

1,393 63*

716 31

Bellingham,

-

383 65

-

-

-

382 26

Belmont, .

-

3,015 78

2,070 04

-

-

3,297 49

Berkley, .

97 22*

165 77

234 05

57 40

68 28*

208 21

Berlin, .

1,009 27*

243 10

1.018 89

367 27

775 79*

249 31

Beverly, .

-

5,000 00

4.661 05

-

-

5,000 00

Billerica, .

854 89*

1,132 00

1.207 41

728 81

75 41*

1,385 80

Blacks tone.

-

948 29

-

-

-

968 97

Bolton, .

872 76*

258 98

1.033 93

227 27

774 95*

271 59

Boston, .

20,000 00

5.000 00

49,332 73

15,025 52

9.849 89

5,000 00

414

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

[Pub. Doc.

1913.

1912

1914.

Cities and Towns.

Re-
imburse-
ment.

Required
Expendi-
ture.

Total Net
Expendi-
ture.

Private
Work.

Re-
imburse-
ment.

Required
Expendi-
ture.

Bourne, ....

-

$2,881 49

-

-

-

$3,057 72

Boxborough,

$1,321 99'

116 41

$1,464 91

$239 28

$1,348 50*

117 39

Boxford, .

2,052 20*

610 32

2,015 65

400 92

1,405 33*

614 49

Boylston,

-•

207 40

734 53

310 67

527 13*

212 02

Braintree,

-

3,163 39

3,927 33

995 56

_•

3,495 80

Brewster,

-

354 44

-

-

-

325 23

Bridgewater,

-

1,447 26

2,139 56

211 69

92 30*

1,543 15

Brockton,

-

5,000 00

-

-

-

5,000 00

Brookfield,

-

541 40

-

-

-

545 63

Brookline,

-

5,000 00

-

-

5,000 00

Burlington,

1,496 58*

310 18

1,947 98

205 05

1,037 80*

316 41

Cambridge,

-

5,000 00

-

-

-

5,000 00

Canton, .

686 36*

2,133 36

3,600 86

1,591 25

800 00*

2,543 23

Carlisle, .

2,792 25*

191 37

2,741 29

364 03

2,549 92*

199 17

Carver,

489 82*

770 99

1,394 70

591 11

623 71*

790 28

Charlton,

-

522 40

-

-

-

518 93

Chelmsford,

500 71*

1,753 60

1,828 15

1,009 28

74 55*

1,785 87

Chelsea, .

-

5,000 00

-

-

-

5,000 00

Clinton, .

-

3,632 43

2,469 94

-

-

3,661 51

Cohasset,

1,011 89*

3,802 02

4,578 72

2,600 54

131 85*

4,417 09

Concord, .

1,105 28*

3,372 27

3,998 89

1,825 72

366 87*

3,520 46

Dan vers, .

1,297 13»

2,792 62

3,952 56

1,614 47

805 10*

3,016 55

Dartmouth,

-

1,841 43

-

-

-

2,007 73

Dedham,

-

5,000 00

6,090 84

2,578 71

_•

5,000 00

Dennis, .

-

530 67

-

-

-

545 11

Dighton, .

-

527 86

-

-

548 88

Douglas, .

-

551 50

-

-

526 50

Dover,

-

2,515 57

2,638 12

916 67

97 40*

3,079 54

Dracut, .

297 32*

1,013 87

1,585 99

1,159 04

576 66*

1,008 01

Dudley, .

-

794 74

-

-

-

825 65

Dunstable,

796 71*

170 36

904 14

335 33

733 78*

171 65

Duxbury,

257 70*

1.268 83

1,578 55

824 24

309 72*

1,764 16

East Bridgewat

er,

56 54*

903 05

578 87

257 55

-

945 66

Easton, .

-•

2,408 14

-

-

_•

2,792 83

Essex,

603 31

496 97

1,095 75

402 50

598 78*

501 86

Everett, .

-

5,000 00

1,014 19

-

-

5,000 00

Fall River,

-

5,000 00

-

-

-

5,000 00

No. 4.]

REPORT OF STATE FORESTER.

415

1912.

Re-
imburse-
ment.

1913.

1914.

Cities and Towns.

Required
Expendi-
ture.

Total Net
Expendi-
ture.

Private
Work.

Re-
imburse-
ment.

Required
Expendi-
ture.

Fairhaven,

-

$1,554 84

-

-

-

$1,631 10

Falmouth,

-

4,718 70

-

-

-

4,341 80

Fitchburg,

-•

5,000 00

-

-

_•

5,000 00

Fosborough, .

-

1,033 04

-

-

-

1.059 05

Framingham, .

-

5,000 00

$4,067 73

-

-

5.000 00

Franklin,

-

1,773 40

-

-

-

1,880 97

Freetown,

-

397 86

-

-

-

407 73

Gardner, .

-

4,005 63

-

-

-

4,195 02

Georgetown, .

$1,458 48*

498 01

1,595 64

$734 60

$1,097 63*

509 37

Gloucester,

1,623 07*

5,000 00

6,872 77

1,971 97

829 48*

5,000 00

Grafton, .

-

1,168 22

727 22

250 00

-

1,219 66

Great Harrington,

-

2,536 84

-

-

-

2,749 12

Greenfield,

-

4,324 33

-

-

-•

4,597 02

Groton, .

76 95*

1,645 19

1.692 70

379 45

47 51*

1,735 29

Groveland,

920 33*

4S6 64

1,155 93

292 72

669 29*

492 33

Halifax, .

438 40*

260 10

781 79

471 81

521 69*

262 17

Hamilton,

1,035 53'

1,874 57

2,668 86

881 90

400 00*

2,080 78

Hanover, .

857 97*

638 09

1,370 22

1,169 59

732 13*

784 20

Hanson, .

916 36*

551 32

1,111 05

189 68

559 73*

580 61

Harvard, .

5.33 78*

680 53

1.560 37

938 29

879 84*

702 06

Harwich, .

-

595 06

-

-

-

627 67

Haverhill,

-

5,000 00

4,009 55

1.998 35

_•

5,000 00

Hingham,

-•

3,116 37

3.752 18

3,260 55

_•

3,281 43

Holbrook,

-

639 20

-

-

-

661 97

Holden, .

-

712 78

929 92

428 16

217 14*

725 84

Holliaton,

-

787 43

-

-

-

807 10

Hopedale,

-

2,365 45

-

-

-

2,388 25

Hopkinton,

-•

702 60

1,289 72

440 00

587 12*

727 08

Hubbardston, .

_»

307 48

457 81

156 13

150 33

315 47

Hudson, .

249 65*

1,618 63

1.818 20

648 83

199 57*

1,659 29

Hull,

-

1 3,039 23

-

-

-

3,258 48

Ipswich, .

24 40*

2,295 12

2.703 75

1,325 40

408 63*

2,196 02

Kingston,

224 05*

660 18

2,001 61

440 73

1,341 43*

671 96

Lakeville,

-

426 08

-

-

-

464 75

Lancaster.

_•

2,140 57

-

-

-

2,744 58

Lawrence,

-

5,000 00

1,912 30

-

-

5.000 00

Leicester,

-

972 41

-

-

-

1.002 99

416

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

1912.

Re-
imburse-
ment.

1913.

1914.

Cities and Towns.

Required
Expendi-
ture.

Total Net
Expendi-
ture.

Private
Work.

Re-
imburse-
ment.

Required
Expendi-
ture.

Lenox, ....

-•

$3,133 87

-

-

-

$3,585 22

Leominster,

-

5,000 00

-

-

-

5,000 00

Lexington,

S2,548 47*

3,242 41

$6,624 66

$1,669 33

$1,723 83*

3,425 04

Lincoln, .

448 27»

1,615 75

2,136 55

2,064 92

_•

1,751 04

Littleton,

876 73*

467 68

1,380 54

99 50

312 86*

477 62

Lowell, .

_•

5,000 00

3,165 04

3,752 97

-

5,000 00

Lunenburg,

866 44*

534 53

1,623 79

936 84

489 26*

557 11

Lynn,

-*

5,000 00

2,532 69

-

-

5,000 00

Lynnfield,

1.189 29*

479 72

2,461 49

514 53

1,981 77*

507 20

Maiden, .

-

5,000 00

-

-

-

5,000 00

Manchester,

-

5,000 00

-

-

-

5,000 00

Mansfield,

-

1,672 18

-

-

-

1,768 66

Marblehead, .

-

4.079 57

1,633 00

1,547 63

-

3,764 06

Marion, .

-

2,065 46

-

-

-

2,066 85

Marlborough, .

_»

4,278 62

4,834 20

2,787 64

141 49*

4,289 75

Marshfield,

442 17*

1,064 55

1,723 55

1,188 26

659 00*

1,129 52

Mashpee, .

750 73*

97 38

1,426 96

110 80

1,328 06*

100 03

Mattapoisett, .

-

798 62

-

-

-

740 39

Maynard,

-

1,632 04

2,152 75

313 72

_•

1,637 82

Medfield, .

-

676 33

-

-

_•

726 81

Medford, .

_•

5,000 00

3,910 42

2,202 71

_•

5,000 00

Medway, .

-

686 51

-

-

-

688 73

Melrose, .

-

5,000 00

-

-

-

5,000 00

Mendon, .

-

275 44

-

-

-

277 51

Merrimac,

1,037 27*

535 89

1,312 69

333 96

776 80*

513 78

Methuen, .

373 57*

3,194 64

3,621 26

2,552 70

159 77*

3,360 68

Middleborough

693 12*

1,939 92

2,709 92

945 03

770 00*

1,993 88

Middleton,

1,289 32*

354 60

1,403 53

324 40

1,048 93*

364 61

Milford, .

-

3,954 62

-

-

-

4,029 46

Millbury, .

-

1,193 41

-

-

-

1,186 66

Millie,

-

539 09

147 93

-

-

547 23

Milton, .

-

5,000 00

4,520 46

9.875 27

_»

5,000 00

Nahant, .

-

3,673 72

-

-

-

3,627 12

Natick, .

•-•

3,479 07

3,070 81

1,658 54

_•

3,536 28

Needham,

-

2,926 47

_i

-

-

3,110 46

New Bedford,

-

5,000 00

-

-

-

5,000 00

New Braintree

-

161 38

-

-

-

169 27

' This town has not yet filed complete account.

No. 4.]

REPORT OF STATE FORESTER.

417

1912.

Re-
imburse-
ment.

1913.

1914.

Cities and Towns.

Required
Expendi-
ture.

Total Net
Expendi-
ture.

Private
Work.

Re-
imburse-
ment.

Required
Expendi-
ture.'

New Salem,

-

$148 72

-

-

-

$157 03

Newbury,

$1,137 70*

627 06

$1,997 17

$687 61

$1,370 11*

604 09

Newburyport,

-

5,000 00

-

-

-

5,000 00

Newton, .

2,644 37*

5.000 00

25.032 88

16,942 86

2,000 00*

5.000 00

Norfolk, .

236 44*

418 44

549 15

298 20

130 71*

479 03

North Andover,

364 58»

2,211 81

2,309 91

1.025 51

98 10*

2,229 00

North Attleborough,

-

3.665 74

-

-

-

3.828 41

North Brookfield,

-

753 92

-

-

-

765 03

North Reading,

1,928 94*

354 10

2,632 48

780 52

2,278 38*

367 70

Nortbborough,

789 91*

566 66

1.245 03

383 68

78 37*

738 19

Northbridge, .

-

2.086 30

-^

-

-

2,210 49

Norton, .

-

601 74

-'

-

-

675 10

Norwell, .

403 35*

446 38

1,035 11

1,470 39

588 73*

462 94

Norwood,

-

5,000 00

-

-

-

5,000 00

Oakham, .

-

152 32

-

-

-

151 92

Orange, .

-

1,652 94

-

-

-

1,622 09

Orleans, .

-

765 33

-

-

-

1,478 52

Oxford, .

-

820 58

-

-

-

825 79

Palmer, .

-

1,934 07

-

-

-

2,115 60

Paxton, .

_*

153 36

-

-

-

158 87

Peabody, .

1,685 79

5,000 00

-

-

-

5,000 00

Pembroke,

1,366 09*

390 54

1,846 51

353 76

1,455 97*

434 81

Pepperell,

480 70*

907 45

1,912 19

484 90

1.004 74*

926 75

Petersham,

-

442 07

-

-

-

444 69

Phillipston,

_•

114 78

-

-

-

116 14

Plainville,

-

342 66

-

-

-

414 68

Plymouth,

-

4,886 83

-

-

-

5,000 00

Plympton,

1,500 53*

166 36

1.670 26

204 83

1,503 90*

174 25

Princeton,

.*

568 21

-

-

_•

596 48

Province town.

-

915 41

-

-

-

944 17

Quincy, .

_•

5,000 00

5,662 91

1,130 40

-•

5,000 00

Randolph,

-

1,092 40

-

-

_

1,129 50

Raynham,

452 11*

354 45

317 03

214 54

_•

365 10

Reading, .

423 33*

2.618 75

3,151 64

1.997 70

133 33*

2,788 71

Rehoboth,

-

385 80

-

-

-

411 04

Revere,

-

5,000 00

-

-

-

5,000 00

Rochester,

-

379 92

-

-

_•

383 62

418

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

1912.

Re-
imburse-
ment.

1913.

1914.

Cities and Towns.

Required
Expendi-
ture.

Total Net
Expendi-
ture.

Private
Work.

Re-
imburse-
ment.

Required
Expendi-
ture.

Rockland,

-

$1,931 05

-

-

-

$2,091 52

Rockport,

$446 56*

1,512 99

$1,826 71

$1,192 91

$313 72

1,563 59

Rowley, .

698 07*

968 80

1,188 87

229 34

220 07*

919 07

Royalaton,

_•

278 44

95 36

61 58

_»

288 25

Rutland, .

-

312 59

-

-

-

342 78

Salem,

-

5,000 00

-

_

-

5,000 00

Salisbury,

1,265 29*

535 99

1,434 90

304 00

898 91*

571 86

Sandwich,

157 79*

473 83

769 64

115 00

295 81*

520 32

Saugus, .

2,956 42*

2,537 20

4,976 05

2,466 83

1,798 32*

2,670 32

Scituate, .

4,046 37*

2,052 80

6,297 85

1,600 00

3,045 05*

2,218 48

Seekonk, .

-

635 77

-

-

-

659 45

Sharon, .

-

1,287 25

-

-

-

1,487 41

Sherborn,

299 13

644 53

792 41

1,203 44

147 88*

892 70

Shirley,

_•

501 98

542 81

79 80

40 83*

505 28

Shrewsbury,

_•

960 50

-

-

_•

1,001 17

Somerset, .

-

632 85

-

-

-

659 68

Somerville,

-

5,000 00

662 99

1,709 09

-

5,000 00

Southborough,

682 26*

822 60

1.323 52

987 04

_•

856 04

Spencer, .

-

1.459 18

-

-

-

1,408 47

Springfield,

-

5,000 00

-

-

-

5.000 00

Sterling, .

_♦

493 86

490 28

245 19

_•

499 84

Stockbridge,

-

1,813 78

-

-

-

1,703 57

Stoneham,

_•

2,104 35

2,057 23

1,478 32

_•

2,140 83

Stoughton,

_•

1,557 35

-

-

-

1,610 80

Stow,

918 38*

424 82

1,204 67

410 25

779 85*

448 54

Sturbridge,

-

407 65

-

-

-

372 80

Sudbury, .

880 62*

544 28

1,722 49

220 83

1,178 21*

558 91

Sutton,

-

618 05

-

-

-

611 92

Swampscott,

-

4.955 16

4,455 68

-

-

5,000-00

Swansea, .

-

662 11

-

-

-

706 68

Taunton, .

-

6,000 00

-

-

-

5,000 00

Templeton,

-

729 96

-

-

_•

734 77

Tewksbury,

594 76*

605 54

1,405 52

687 29

799 98*

645 83

Topsfield,

637 05*

1,243 95

1,581 50

730 56

337 55*

1,427 43

Townsend,

387 20*

538 96

1,620 65

447 88

1,081 69*

546 91

Truro,

-

157 91

-

-

-

163 22

Tyngsborough,

823 98*

262 14

1,599 63

907 78

737 49*

269 96

No. 4.]

REPORT OF STATE FORESTER.

419

1912

1913.

1914.

Cities and Towns.

' Re-"
imburse-
ment.

_.

Required
Expendi-
ture.

Total Net
Expendi-
ture.

Private
Work.

Re-
imburse-
ment.

Required
Expendi-
ture.

Upton

-

! $474 22

-

-

-

$504 47

Uxbridge,

-

1,413 00

-

-

-

1,503 98

WakeSeld,

1 _•

4,372 26

$1,129 86

$2,562 65

.•

4,602 40

Walpole, .

_•

2,573 82

-

-

-

2.762 19

Waltham,

$238 80*

5,000 00

7,297 71

5,875 19

$259 23*

5,000 00

Wareham,

-

2,212 11

-

-

-

2,218 48

Warren, .

-

' 840 79

-

-

-

979 44

Warwick, .

1

1 -

165 89

-

-

-

182 51

Watertown,

-

5,000 00

-

-

-

5,000 00

Wayland, .

710 93*

1,270 83

1,514 16

1.205 00

243 33*

1,214 60

Webster, .

-

3,482 36

-

-

-

2.851 88

Welleeley.

370 11

5,000 00

4,624 98

1.351 45

_•

5,000 00

Wellfleet, .

-

407 46

-

-

-

352 84

Wenham,

987 04*

1,051 16

1,384 69

610 81

_*

1,064 16

West Boylston,

-

378 CO

-

-

-

380 42

West Bridge water,

_»

613 84

1,181 69

378 82

567 85*

621 62

West Newbury,

1,019 34*

423 04

1,375 24

385 85

952 20*

436 80

Westborough, .

_•

1,293 07

1,488 64

107 75

_*

1,309 46

Westford,

j 1,429 95*

859 24

1,842 79

537 00

983 55*

882 21

Westminster,

130 47*

377 73

987 82

197 03

610 09*

396 36

Weston, .

615 46*

3,359 89

5,963 61

3,600 00

982 80*

3,248 27

Westport,

-

883 26

-

-

-

912 68

Westwood,

_♦

1,641 04

-

-

-

1,640 03

Weymouth,

8 99

1

3,982 86

4,290 61

1,987 02

_*

4,587 23

Whitman,

2,215 37

-

-

-

2,229 69

Wilbraham,

-

471 26

-

-

_•

489 82

Wilmington,

2,052 16*

683 73

2,970 17

894 72

1,686 44*

726 89

Winchendon,

-

1,683 77

1,831 59

204 11

147 82*

1,720 71

Winchester,

_•

5,000 00

3,746 79

-

-

5,000 00

Winthrop,

-

6,000 00

-

-

-

5,000 00

Woburn, .

3,025 92

4,660 11

9,550 55

2,069 28

4,628 61*

4,828 12

Worcester,

-

6,000 00

-

-

-

6,000 00

Wrentham,

-

660 48

-

-

-

587 68

Yarmouth,

-

989 19

-

-

-

1,020 00

420 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P.D.No.4.

Summary of Recommendations of the State Forester.

1. That a more pretentious plan for acquisition and manage-
ment of lands for use as State forests be given due consideration.

2. That legislation be enacted regulating the present slash
dangers. Our great losses from forest fires are largely traceable
to our indifference in leaving slash where it can be reached by fire.

3. That the appropriation for gypsy and brown-tail moths
for the coming year be as follows: $125,000 for the remainder of
this year and $75,000 for use until the Legislature of 1915 may
take action.

4. That the present method of taxing forest land be so
altered as to encourage rather than discourage the practice of
forestry in this Commonwealth.

Respectfully submitted,

F. W. RANE,

State Forester.

FINANCIAL RETURNS

AND

Analysis of Premiums and Gratuities

OF THE

INCORPORATED SOCIETIES,

WITH

MEMBERSHIP AND INSTITUTES,
For the Year 1913.

422

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

[Pub. Doc.

Financial Returns of the Incorporated

>>.•.-:

held
Capi-
R. L.
! and

1

iginall
Contr
. L. 12-
d3.)

s

^ y"^

SOCIETIES.

o.

1

3

o

1

1
1

mount
raised
bution.

Sects. 1

mount
investe
tal Sto^
124, Se
12.)

1
1

1

^

<

<

H-

tf

'Z

1

Amesbury and Salisbury (Agricul-

tural and Horticultural),

1881

$1,002 32

I $8,221 69

$8,221 69

$7,716 69

-

2

Barnstable County,

1844

1,740 00

2 11,648 20

12,046 99

9,000 00

-

3

Blackstone Valley, ....

1884

3,000 00

i 9,546 65

9,546 65

8,700 00

-

4

Deerfield Valley, . « . .

1871

4,094 01

1 9,750 00

10,098 21

9,500 00

-

5

Eastern Hampden, ....

1856

3,000 00

1 19,850 00

20,301 68

19,550 00

-

6

Essex,

1818

4,527 20

6 5,gi2 17

5,812 17

-

8S5,150 00

7

Franklin County, ....

1850

1,000 00

' 17,355 29

17,355 29

16,025 00

-

8

Hampshire,

1814

3,255 26

1 5,825 00

5,986 56

5,775 00

-

9

Hampshire, Franklin and Hampden,

1818

8,141 29

129,110 00

29,731 06

28,610 00

-

10

Highland,

1859

3,262 00

13,120 00

3,309 69

3,000 00

-

11

Hillside,

1883

3,113 32

8 5,718 64

5,718 64

5,250 00

-

12

Hingham (Agricultural and Horti-

cultural),

1867

17,406 15

8 4,231 99

4,231 99

2,500 00

-

13

Hoosac Valley

1860

2,006 00

9 15,000 00

15,252 87

15,000 00

-

14

Housatonic,

1848

6,335 33

' 29,670 33

29,670 33

24,849 37

-

15

Lenox Horticultural,

1910

2,103 33

w 2,672 41

3,070 41

-

-

16

Marshfield (Agricultural and Horti-

cultural), . . • .

1867

3,755 33

8 16,750 00

18,749 39

14,000 00

-

17

Martha's Vineyard, ....

1859

4,552 17

114,607 55

4,690 65

2,750 00

80 00

18

Massachusetts Horticultural, .

1829

525 00

"841,175 10

847,418 18

518,564 63

-

19

Massachusetts Society for Promoting

Agriculture, ^

1792

-

-

-

-

-

20

Middlesex North

1855

3,000 00

15 6,878 34

6,878 34

-

3,504 80

21

Middlesex South

1854

3,000 00

115,200 00

' 15,37138

15,000 00

-

22

Nantucket

1856

3,500 00

i 3,366 95

3,366 95

3,200 00

-

23

Oxford,

1888

4,400 00

8 11,718 08

11,718 08

11,000 00

-

24

Plymouth County, . . ...

1819

800 00

10 2,15144

2,151 44

-

-

25

Quannapowitt, . . .

1909

1,000 00

134,150 00

34,199 09

33,800 00

-

26

Spencer (Farmers' and Mechanics'

Association), . . . .

1888

4,034 00

1 10,350 00

10.358 24

9,400 00

-

27

Union (Agricultural and Horticul-

tural),

1867

4,447 23

1 9,000 00

9,276 63

8,000 00

-

28

West Taunton, ....

1913

100 29

1° 1,060 73

1,060 73

-

-

29

Weymouth (Agricultural and Indus-

trial)

1891

10,270 00

1 15,450 00

15,700 55

15,000 00

-

30

Worcester,

1818

7,730 00

3 103,587 82

103,587 82

85,000 00

-

31

1890

2,296 23

1 12,491 30

12,780 04

11,534 00

-

32

Worcester North (Agricultural and

Driving Association),

1913

3,602 63

9 23,848 44

25,171 74

23,848 44

-

33

Worcester Northwest (Agricultural

and Mechanical Association),

1867

3,400 00

8 13,312 65

13,312 65

13,000 00

-

34

Worcester South, ....

1855

3,127 40

8 22,19143

22,191 43

20,850 00

-

35

Worcester County West, .

1851

3,175 00

110,500 00

10,573 67

10,000 00

-

$130,70149

$1,305,322 20

$1,308,911 23

$942,323 13

$8,734 80

1 Invested in real estate, crockery, tables, etc.

2 Invested in real estate, trust funds, crockery, tables, etc.

• Trust funds.

* Invested in real estate and bank funds.

' Invested in stocks, mortgage, bank funds, crockery, tables, etc.

• Mortgage.

' Invested in real estate, stocks, bank funds, crockery, tables, etc.

* Invested in real estate, bank funds, crockerj', tables, etc.

No. 4.

RETURNS OF SOCIETIES.

423

Societies for

THE Year ending Dec. 31, 1913.

-3

i

3

a

3

T3

C3

m

3

a
o

E^

■d

f3

■6

.i

3

s

IH

i

n

«

33

a

^

•a

bH

o»

a

a
a

a

3

i

0)

c3

K

a
o

2

3

a

'■V

a

13

■33

s

c3

Is

^
^

1
O

2§

-2

3

Is

3
0

m

CQ

O

«

O

H

PU

o

S

H

$505 00

$1,765 99

$1,765 99

$3,083 65

1

-

' $2,078 20

570 00

-

$398 79

3,566 15

$141 15

$25 00

3,400 00

12,037 24

2

-

846 65

-

-

-

2,500 00

-

-

2,500 00

4,105 90

3

_

250 00

$124 85

223 36

500 00

-

-

500 00

2,954 45

4

_

-

300 00

211 50

240 18

7,390 51

-

315 45

7,075 06

7,126 06

5

$90 00

372 17

200 00

-

-

2,000 00

-

-

2,000 00

13,732 95

6

1,000 00

80 29

250 00

-

-

1,850 00

-

300 00

1,550 00

9,098 12

7

_

_

50 00

-

16156

2,250 00

-

-

2,250 00

3,566 50

8

-

_

500 00

-

62106

3,600 00

-

-

3,600 00

12,549 54

9

_

-

120 00

-

189 69

-

-

-

-

1,745 73

10

-

103 64

365 00

-

-

300 00

-

300 00

-

2,539 62

11

_

83199

900 00

_

_

_

'

_

_

912 88

12

-

-

-

-

252 87

9,532 23

-

532 23

9,000 00

7,443 96

13

500 00

1,000 00

425 00

-

2,895 96

50 00

-

50 00

-

15,644 77

14

-

2.272 41

400 00

-

398 00

-

-

-

-

1,492 24

15

_

20 50

700 00

_

1,999 39

2,510 90

10 90

_

2,500 00

10,672 67

16

-

1,577 55

200 00

4 00

7910

60 00

-

60 00

-

1,438 72

17

268,000 00

-

"54,610 47

-

6,243 08

-

-

-

23,000 14

18

-

3,373 54

-

-

-

-

-

:

1,178 02

19
20

_

-

200 00

-

17138

12,650 00

-

-

12,650 00

8,316 83

21

-

166 95

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1,693 66

22

_

-

632 60

-

85 48

3,080 00

-

-

3,080 00

4,648 94

23

_

2,151 44

39 00

-

-

-

-

-

606 58

24

-

-

350 00

-

49 09

15,684 32

-

2,684 32

13,000 00

5,917 82

25

-

-

950 00

-

8 24

3,100 98

-

1,300 98

1,800 00

2,003 94

26

_

_

1,000 00

_

276 63

932 00

32 00

_

900 00

2,888 42

27

-

715 73

345 00

-

115 73

-

-

-

-

1,606 95

28

_

_

450 00

_

250 55

4,358 77

_

258 77

4,100 00

4,635 75

29

-

11,286 81

1,938 36

-

5,362 65

1,196 43

-

1,196 43

-

43,808 23

30

-

-

957 30

-

288 74

-

-

-

-

11,501 81

31

-

-

-

1,000 00

323 30

20,000 00

-

-

20,000 00

30,383.59

32

_

12 65

300 00

_

_

4,969 00

23 50

52 75

4,892 75

11,349 53

33

-

-

1,100 00

-

24143

1,085 00

300 00

85 00

700 00

7,934 68

34

-

-

500 00

-

73 67

421 15

66 00

355 15

-

4,833 83

35

$269,59000

$26,890 52

$69,107 73

«1,340 35

$20,949 93

$105,35343

$573 55

J7,516 08

$97,263 80

$276,453 72

' Invested in real estate.

"• Invested in bank funds, crockery, tables, etc.
u Invested in real estate, notes, bank funds, crockery, tables, etc.
12 Invested in real estate, library, stocks, bonds, crockery, tables, etc.
1' Includes library valued at $45,110.47.

1* Represented on the Board by special enactment, and makes no returns,
16 Invested in notes and bank funds.

424

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

[Pub. Doc.

Financial Returns of the Incorpor-\ted Societies

1^

1

s

£

»;

SOCIETIES.

a

6

^

o

4^1

t^ 03

«G o

d

<D

rt

'a

St3

a;

'i

>>

^

p d

?, <^

^

d

o

o

S «s

S =s

.?

o

d

C3

«

d

d

^

0

W

o

1

Amesbury and Salisbury (Agricul-

tural and Horticultural),

$846 45

_

-

$1150

$30 65

_

$1,357 05

2

Barnstable County,

834 60

$36 00

-

15 00

40 00

$826 80

5,940 75

3

Blackstone Valley, ....

800 85

_

-

28 00

50 45

119 00

1,543 10

4

Deerfield Valley, ....

848 05

_

_

35 00

_

202 50

1,457 10

5

Eastern Hampden, ....

875 50

-

-

83 00

-

776 00

3,753 55

6

Essex,

864 25

8 07

-

6 00

6 00

112 25

1,491 91

7

Franklin County, ....

822 75

_

$45 00

-

-

395 00

4,461 85

8

Hampshire,

999 00

_

-

62 50

274 61

402 50

797 55

9

Hampshire, Franklin and Hamp-

den,

914 00

-

-

60 00

-

480 00

6,874 85

10

Highland,

849 10

-

-

29 00

125

58 40

246 20

11

Hillside,

905 85

134

_

82 00

_

58 00

633 67

12

Hingham (Agricultural and Horti-

cultural)

608 30

29 78

-

-

23 80

-

-

13

Hoosac Valley, ....

574 60

_

-

10 00

5 00

439 00

4,189 31

14

Housatonic,

91100

30 20

25 00

324 00

-

1,452 62

5,805 95

15 Lenox Horticultural,

735 29

88 20

_

7 00

290 00

_

.371 75

16

Marshfield (Agricultural and Horti-

cultural),

864 30

50 20

-

105 00

65 50

1,295 00

6,005 50

17

Martha's Vineyard,

800 00

69 43

-

4 00

94

-

240 30

18

Massachusetts Horticultural, .

1,000 00

-

12,345 00

932 00

27 90

-

2,567 60

19

Massachusetts Society for Promot-

ing Agriculture, ■• .

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

20

Middlesex North, ....

840 15

286 87

-

5100

-

-

_

21

Middlesex South, . . .' .

1,000 00

-

-

5 00

1,146 17

582 06

1,1.32 90

22

Nantucket,

798 50

-

-

37 00

2 40

99 00

605 75

23

Oxford,

857 50

-

-

2100

-

582 45

1,357 35

24

Plymouth County, ....

434 61

95 82

-

-

26 15

-

-

25

Quannapowitt, ....

800 00

-

-

23 00

150 00

-

3,245 50

26

Spencer (Farmers' and Mechanics'

Association), ....

744 26

-

-

18 00

30 75

57 70

813 75

27

Union (Agricultural and Horticul-

tural),

846 73

-

-

36 00

28 00

210 50

86100

28

West Taunton, ....

—

-

-

750 00

139 25

277 79

29

Weymouth (Agricultural and In-

dustrial),

638 95

-

-

20 00

24 35

309 75

2,478 00

30

Worcester, .....

892 50

565 66

-

115 00

443 00

3,279 78

21,144 45

31

Worcester East, ....

937 75

-

-

43 00

2,100 00

18 91

4,541 65

32

Worcester North (Agricultural and

Driving Association), .

749 34

-

250 00

416 90

-

3,870 75

33

Worcester Northwest (Agricultural

and Mechanical Association),

868 00

-

-

15 00

5 00

88100

5,01700

34

Worcester South, ....

862 75

-

-

43 00

-

550 30

4,008 00

35

Worcester County West, .

882 25

-

-

-

-

65 30

2,660 50

$27,20718

$1,26157

$12,41500

$3,22100

$5,32807

$13,25382

$99,75238

1 Includes $9,600 received from sale of fair grounds.

- Includes $9,600 expended to cancel mortgage on fair grounds.

' Includes money expended for medals.

No. 4.]

RETURNS OF SOCIETIES.

425

FOR THE Year ending Dec. 31, 1913 — Concluded.

5

X

8

h

.s

t

i

a

S

t

1 ^

O

09

'3

■5
3

a

'S

•o c

c

%.

c

Gj

d o

s

o

•3
s

§1

a
^ .

S

1

a

t4

v.

a

.a

6

w

i.i

11

1

.a
O

S

§

o

£5

s«

e3

(3

—

a

o

<

H

^

z

o

fe

•<

$433 65

$404 35

$3,133 15

$1,031 80

$306 13

$611 69

$10 18

$87 98

$1,085 37

1

SI, 735 40

1,137 00

1,47169

11,638 45

1,134 70

622 19

5,909 41

18 00

192 00

3,762 15

2

1,116 00

16100

287 50

3,644 62

842 80

360 78

1,954 57

-

155 00

33147

3

127 50

250 50

33 80

2,816 34

1,633 85

215 04

747 03

5 50

30 00

184 92

4

604 15

954 21

79 65

6,962 65

2,920 32

435 56

2,854 79

-

272 30

479 68

5

-

389 47

1 10,855 00

2 13,433 65

1,078 95

180 71

459 55

-

58137

1,533 07

6

704 55

762 00

1,906 97

9,429 94

2,884 60

1,394 54

4,014 59

7 00

66 65

1,062,56

7

6115

159 00

810 19

3,355 99

95125

253 57

833 90

-

120 00

1,197 27

8

1,204 95

2,356 16

859 58

11,936 48

3,256 86

1,244 38

4,223 31

20 00

270 00

2,921 93

9

-

64 01

497 77

1,556 04

932 35

-

391 44

-

7 25

225 00

10

52 00

220 50

586 26

2,732 84

1,264 35

218 48

1,239 07

6 75

4 19

-

11

_

_

25100

1,170 09

750 55

SI 62

337 92

_

_

_

12

510 25

.503 60

1,212 20

7,191 09

687 45

_

6,278 64

-

225 00

-

13

2,384 25

2.897 75

1,814 00

14,824 97

6,437 25

762 06

-

37 28

1,050 00

6,538 38

14

-

-

-

1,592 12

1,016 25

-

575 87

-

-

-

15

660 00

72140

905 77

10,580 66

1,188 69

1,499 89

7,304 68

45 00

100 00

442 40

16

-

207 50

116.55

1,719 45

864 38

279 07

330 00

-

-

246 00

17

-

6,127 64

-

27,723 10

3 6,870 19

4,148 29

16,704 62

-

-

-

18

-

-

-

1,155 82

860 05

-

230 60

65 17

-

-

19
20

34 00

347 50

4,069 20

8,145 45

1,880 95

1,583 87

1,162 52

-

722 47

2,795 64

21

36 75

55 38

58 88

1,227 28

846 00

48 59

93 24

19 25

2 00

218 20

22

359 00

44150

1,030 14

4,663 56

2,277 55

60 00

1,120 00

7 00

134 00

1,065 01

23

-

-

50 00

61103

506 55

-

104 48

-

-

-

24

448 00

272 01

979 31

5,917 82

1,364 81

709 95

3,793 06

-

50 00

-

25

84 70

163 50

9128

1.995 70

1,127 53

-

-

4 00

-

864 17

26

44 75

255 49

605 95

2,604 41

1,376 63

246 71

800 48

99 89

45 00

35 70

27

-

-

439 91

546 22

215 85

-

127 01

-

-

203 36

28

216 00

574 65

374 05

5,307 93

1,021 05

647 10

2,855 03

_

175 00

609 75

29

5,182 40

6,555 96

5,629 48

38,851 81

10,447 81

4,669 52

22,290 62

25 00

50 00

1,368 86

30

1,199 38

95180

1,709 32

11,213 07

2,878 05

823 00

5,683 11

13 75

-

1,815 16

31

-

639 26

« 24,296 95

30,060 29

1,224 25

13,449 89

75 44

7015

416 58

14,823 98

32

90100

649 75

3,012 78

10.481 63

1,831 93

_

8,336 70

313 00

_

33

899 00

685 25

886 38

8,352 48

2,787 94

700 24

1,844 52

10 00

35 00

2,974 78

34

316 70

262 65

646 43

4,760 16

1,651 10

775 84

2,331 47

175

-

-

35

$18,881 88

$29,200 00

$65,772 14

$271.33629

$68,044 64

$35,717 02

$105,619 36

$465 67 $5,104 79

$46,78181

* Represented on the Board by special enactment, and makes no returns.
' Includes loan of $20,000 secured by mortgage on real estate.

426

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

[Pub. Doc.

Analysis of General Premiums and Gratuities offered,

ENDING Dec. 31, 1913;

SOCIETIES.

(3 OS

C3 6

3 E tn

O 4> 35

o ©^

•3 73

aE

3 3 .

^ OS

Amesbury and Salisbury (Agricultural and Horticul-
tural),

Barnstable County,

Blackstone Valley,

Deerfield Valley, ........

Eastern Hampden, .......

Essex, ..........

Franklin County

Hampshire,

Hampshire, Franklin and Hampden, . . . .

Highland,

Hillside,

Hingham (Agricultural and Horticultural), .

Hoosac Valley,

Housatonic, .........

Lenox Horticultural, ......

Marshfield (Agricultural and Horticultural),

Martha's Vineyard, .......

Massachusetts Horticultural, . .

Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture, i

Middlesex North,

Middlesex South

Nantucket, .........

Oxford, ..........

Plymouth County,

Quannapowitt, ........

Spencer (Farmers' and Mechanics' Association), .

Union (Agricultural and Horticultural),

West Taunton,

Weymouth (Agricultural and Industrial),

Worcester, .........

Worcester East, ........

Worcester North (Agricultural and Driving Associa-
tion)

Worcester Northwest (Agricultural and Mechanical As-
sociation)

Worcester South,

Worcester County West,

$1,799 10
1,824 50
1,593 70
1,301 50
1,779 25
1,786 50
2,799 70
1,755 75
2,485 00
885 75
1,232 00
1,279 75
2,506 25
3,083 25
1,186 00
1,314 00
941 35
8,845 00

878 00
2,174 45
1,129 25
1,524 20

511 50
1,310 50
1,215 00
1,360 65

217 50
1,570 00
9,527 75
3,643 35

1,645 85

2,568 00
1,864 35
1,885 30

$905 05

1.127 35
768 45
973 00

1,073 65

903 75
1,586 30

741 00
1,712 00

716 65
1,002 30

675 05

659 95
2,560 50

910 00
1,000 88

802 23
6,560 00

662 80

1.128 45
810 50
981 95
457 20

1,000 11
731 28
784 74
202 35
810 25
6,381 00
2,625 30

1,080 65

1,648 18
1,250 79
1,010 95

$71,424 00

$46,244 61

$905 05
986 20
718 GO
973 00

1,043 82
902 00

1,586 30
741 00

1,712 00
716 65

1,002 30
675 05
505 95

2,560 50
910 00

1,000 88
802 23

6.560 00

662 80

1,128 45

810 50

981 95

440 05

1,000 11

731 28

771 63

202 35

810 25

6,381 GO

2,625 30

1,080 65

1,625 68

1,100 00

944 95

$45,597 88

^ Represented on the Board by special enactment, and makes no returns.

No. 4.]

RETURNS OF SOCIETIES.

427

AWARDED AND PAID, AND INSTITUTES HELD, IN THE YeAR

ALSO Membership.

under
3, etc.

o o

St3

1^

3 m

3 g

11

-a S

O o

11

^T3 ■

Sf=^2

11

& OS
03 o

o

C3 O o

1°^

0 a

9'2

^^

a^^
o ®

*5 -tf

3-T3M

0-d-a

^s^

fl-0T3

3 a

3 S

^ &■"

°T3-0

== 55-w

=^ °5 !3

°t3t3

3 <^ !3

Iw

13 g|i,

O » <D

COB
« 3 0!

O » o

O (B 03

a 0 a

f^ 3 cS

ft © 03

gWO

<

<

<

<

<

<

<

<

$1,223 00

$472 50

$472 50

1

$64 00

-

_

969 00

497 75

397 00

$93 00

-

-

2

47 00

$44 00

$44 00

1,262 50

541 00

500 50

-

-

-

3

186 00

186 00

186 00

922 00

614 75

614 75

-

-

-

4

291 00

180 00

177 25

1,026 00

527 75

515 95

_

_

5

76 00

34 00

34 00

834 00

389 75

388 50

176 00

-

_

6

51 00

51 00

51 00

2,070 00

997 25

997 25

_

_

_

7

46 00

36 00

36 00

1,455 00

537 00

537 00

_

_

-

8

196 00

195 00

195 00

1,764 00

1,164 50

1,164 50

-

_

_

9

_

-

_

634 00

544 50

544 50

29 00

$17 00

$17 00

10

23 00

23 00

23 00

867 00

681 50

681 50

52 00

52 00

52 00

11

118 75

31 00

31 00

-

_

-

203 50

66 00

66 00

12

-

-

-

1,849 00

366 50

212 50

-

-

_

13

-

-

-

1,635 00

1,378 00

1,378 00

272 00

252 00

252 00

14

50 00

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

15

100 00

-

_

682 50

538 99

538 99

67 50

_

_

16

17 00

-

-

606 00

397 75

397 75

-

-

-

17
18

-

-

-

380 00

279 25

279 25

-

-

-

19
20

107 00

61 00

61 00

1,460 50

820 00

820 00

2 _

-

-

21

74 00

60 00

60 00

604 75

493 50

493 50

104 00

13 00

13 00

22

60 00

29 00

29 00

1,165 50

757 50

757 50

-

-

-

23

20 00

24 00

24 00

180 50

182 75

182 75

-

-

-

24

36 00

36 00

36 00

490 00

272 86

272 86

_

_

-

25

134 00

58 00

58 00

762 00

480 25

480 25

_

_

_

26

110 00

106 00

106 00

934 50

457 25

451 25

_

_

_

27

_

_

_

65 25

57 00

57 00

_

_

_

28

_

_

_

1.136 25

608 15

608 15

-

_

-

29

-

-

-

8,363 00

5,442 50

5,442 50

-

-

-

30

53 00

53 00

53 00

2,130 00

1,422 75

1,422 75

-

-

-

31

-

-

-

1,275 50

865 75

865 75

-

-

-

32

_

_

_

1,767 00

1,037 50

1,028 00

_

_

_

33

259 00

172 00

172 00

1,211 00

766 75

615 75

-

-

-

34

108 00

74 00

74 00

1,466 00

721 75

655 75

-

-

-

35

$2,225 75

$1,453 00

$1,450 25

$41,190 75

$24,315 00

$23,774 20

$997 00

$400 00

$400 00

* Silver and bronze cups offered for experimental crops.

428

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

[Pub. Doc.

Analysis of General Premiums and Gratuities offered,

ENDING Dec. 31, 1913;

S>T3
•B O

3Ph

T3"~

'B

3 (S

SOCIETIES.

1 o d
-d ©

* is

03 (13 3

*' 2

P

OOd

^^J

0 d

o<«

« fpH

.».5 q;

.^ o

3 aj >,

*=-d d

3 cS !-
O « 03

dT3T3

qKO

o-O.g

d "^5
HdQ

2 03-3

<

<

<

<

<

<

1

Amesbury and Salisbury (Agricultural

and Horticultural), ....

$284 10

$182 55

$182 55

$3 25

$3 25

$3 25

2

Barnstable County, ....

489 25

363 30

344 25

11 00

5 00

5 00

3

Blackstone Valley, ....

130 45

101 45

100 00

10 00

5 00

5 00

4

Deerfield Valley,

83 50

68 60

68 60

12 00

6 00

6 00

5

Eastern Hampden, ....

270 25

229 50

217 22

32 00

20 00

19 50

6

Essex,

380 25

249 00

249 00

14 00

7 00

7 00

7

Franklin County, ....

318 95

243 75

243 75

22 00

9 00

9 00

8

Hampshire,

173 50

120 75

120 75

6 00

1 50

1 50

9

Hampshire, Franklin and Hampden, .

302 00

214 00

214 00

36 00

16 00

16 00

10

Highland,

79 20

49 70

49 70

5 00

5 00

5 00

11

Hillside,

118 00

103 00

103 00

6 00

3 00

3 00

12

Hingham (Agricultural and Horticul-

tiu-al),

799 25

425 80

425 80

3 50

2 00

2 00

13

Hoosac Valley,

137 50

79 75

79 75

18 00

6 00

6 00

14

Housatonic,

372 75

313 50

313 50

38 00

38 00

38 00

15

Lenox Horticultural, ....

1,136 00

910 00

910 00

-

-

-

16

Marshfield (Agricultural and Horticul-

tural),

241 00

243 40

238 60

13 00

3 50

3 50

17

Martha's Vineyard, ....

107 00

147 65

147 65

10 00

8 75

8 75

18

Massachusetts Horticultural,

8,845 00

6,560 00

6,560 00

-

-

-

19

Massachusetts Society for Promoting

Agriculture,!

-

-

-

-

-

-

20

Middlesex North, ....

303 40

260 05

260 05

-

-

-

21

Middlesex South,

431 75

123 25

123 25

-

-

—

22

Nantucket,

211 00

95 50

95 50

16 00

-

-

23

Oxford,

125 25

82 75

82 75

12 00

3 00

3 00

24

Plymouth County, ....

144 50

118 70

109 20

-

-

-

25

Quannapowitt, . . .

147 00

124 75

124 75

-

-

-

26

Spencer (Farmers' and Mechanics' As-

sociation), _ .

179 75

106 50

106 50

10 00

10 00

10 00

27

Union (Agricultural and Horticul-

tural),

160 00

102 04

102 04

13 25

5 75

5 75

28

West Taunton

131 50

122 30

122 30

75

-

-

29

Weymouth (Agricultural and Indus-

trial)

222 25

95 85

95 85

5 50

-

-

30

Worcester,

766 50

603 50

603 50

22 00

7 00

7 00

31

Worcester East,

1,031 25

900 25

900 25

16 00

3 00

3 00

32

Worcester North (Agricultural and

Driving Association),

252 25

189 25

189 25

-

-

-

33

Worcester Northwest (Agricultural

and Mechanical Association), .

392 00

307 00

301 00

11 00

7 00

7 00

34

Worcester South,

182 50

133 39

133 39

20 00

17 00

17 00

35

Worcester County West,

168 00

110 65

110 65

14 00

7 00

7 00

$19,116 85

$14,081 43

$14,028 35

$380 25

$198 75

$198 25

i Represented on the Board by special enactment, and makes no returns.

No. 4.]

RETURNS OF SOCIETIES.

429

AWARDED AND PAID, AND INSTITUTES HELD, IN THE YeAR

ALSO Membership — Continued.

Is

2-«l

o u n t awarded
der Head of
mestic Manufac-
•es.

a-0 2

nt offered under
d of Agricultural
ilements.

u n t awarded
er Head of Agri-
tural Imple-

:tS.

0) o3

CO S

-go

C 1_ o

3„M

3 g|
•O g

=5^9

3 c3 9

3 03 a

o-a— c

3 c9 ft

3 «■-

0"^ °

3 C3*—

O ® c3

6WS

SSp5

Q a a

£.1,1-1

6§SS

IkS

O aj5

s^o

c Sxi
gK2

■<

<

<

<

<

<

<

<

<

$152 75

$143 75

$143 75

$90 00

$70 00

$70 00

1

198 25

261 30

239 95

-

-

-

-

_

2

113 75

56 50

48 50

-

-

-

30 00

20 00

20 00

3

93 00

92 65

92 65

-

-

-

_

4

97 00

81 40

78 90

-

-

-

45 00

30 00

30 00

5

113 25

54 00

53 50

$28 00

$5 00

$5 00

165 00

165 00

165 00

6

91 75

98 55

98 55

-

-

-

150 00

155 00

155 00

7

75 25

45 75

45 75

-

-

-

_

8

163 00

107 50

107 50

-

-

-

25 00

15 00

15 00

9

138 55

100 45

100 45

-

-

- '

_

10

166 00

139 80

139 80

-

-

-

-

-

-

11

145 75

146 25

146 25

_

_

_

_

12

495 75

207 70

207 70

6 00

-

_

_

_

_

13

690 50

554 00

554 00

-

-

-

75 00

25 00

25 00

14

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

15

210 00

215 80

211 65

_

_

_

_

•

16

156 75

203 48

203 48

-

-

-

-

-

-

17

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

18

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

19

94 60

83 50

83 50

-

-

-

100 00

40 00

40 00

20

85 20

64 20

64 20

-

-

-

90 00

60 00

60 00

21

119 50

148 50

148 50

-

-

_

_

22

111 45

69 70

69 70

-

-

-

50 00

40 00

40 00

23

116 50

91 75

84 10

-

-

-

50 00

40 00

40 00

24

100 00

83 00

83 00

-

-

-

512 50

472 50

472 50

25

104 25

51 53

51 53

25 00

25 00

25 00

-

-

-

26

142 90

113 70

106 59

_

_

_

_

27

20 00

23 05

23 05

-

-

-

-

-

-

28

206 00

106 25

106 25

_

_

_

_

29

126 25

103 00

103 00

-

-

_

250 00

225 00

225 00

30

403 10

236 30

236 30

10 00

10 00

10 00

-

31

48 10

25 65

25 65

-

-

-

70 00

-

-

32

178 00

76 68

69 68

_

_

_

220 00

220 00

220 00

33

127 35

96 65

96 65

-

-

-

65 00

65 00

65 00

34

119 30

87 55

87 55

10 00

10 00

10 00

-

35

$5,203 80

$3,969 89

$3,911 63

$79 00

$50 00

$50 00

$1,987 50

$1,642 50

$1,642 50

430

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

[Pub. Doc.

Analysis of Genekal Premiums and Gratuities offered,

ENDING Dec. 31, 1913;

SOCIETIES.

Amesbury and Salisbury (Agricultural
and Horticultural), ....

Barnstable County, .....

Blackstone Valley, .....

Deerfield Valley

Eastern Hampden

Essex,

Franklin County

Hampshire, ......

Hampshire, Franklin and Hampden,

Highland,

Hillside

Hingham (Agricultural and Horticul-
tural),

Hoosac Valley

Housatonic,

Lenox Horticultural, ....

Marshfield (Agricultural and Horticul-
tural),

Martha's Vineyard,

Massachusetts Horticultural,

Massachusetts Society for Promoting
Agriculture,' ......

Middlesex North,

Middlesex South,

Nantucket, ......

Oxford,

Plymouth County,

Quannapowitt, . . . _ .

Spencer (Farmers' and Mechanics' As-
sociation),

Union (Agricultural and Horticultural), .

West Taunton, .....

Weymouth (Agricultural and Industrial),

Worcester,

Worcester East, . _ .

Worcester North (Agricultural and Driv-
ing Association)

Worcester Northwest (Agricultural and
Mechanical Association),

Worcester South, .....

Worcester County West, ....

■73X1-

£0

OS

<

$46 00

5 00
18 00

96 00

9 00

25 00

los

OS

M

?33 00

5 00

31 00

4 00

44 60

11 00

$243 60 $128 60 $128 60

:2o

OS J3

$33 00

5 00

31 GO

4 00

44 60

11 00

Sag

$772 50

80 00

202 50

765 00

395 00

402 50

480 00

28 00

28 00

439 00
1,360 00

1,200 00

215 00

13 00

544 00

420 00

15 00
168 00

260 00
1,832 00
1,195 00

881 10

510 00

61 00

$1,882 50

587 25

530 00

1,680 00

1,080 00
852 00

1,350 00
70 00
62 00

1 1,790 00
3,550 00

1,970 00

550 00

130 00

1,190 00

1,394 19

275 00
510 00

760 00
3,891 56
2,000 00

2,140 00

1,515 00

566 25

$12,266 60 $30,325 75 $3,843 86

s

a
an
"a

$470 52

891 91

3 75

6 00

85 00

35 00

55 00

35 65

44 60

546 75

25 50

359 92
803 24
25 00

202 29

178 73
75 00

' Includes $90 paid in premiums for trotters and pacers.

2 Estimated.

• Represented on the Board by special enactment, and makes no returns.

No. 4.]

RETURNS OF SOCIETIES.

431

AWAHDED AND PAID, AND INSTITUTES HELD, IN THE YeAB

ALSO Membership — Concluded.

mount paid for
Other Attractions.

umber of Persons
receiving Premiums.

umber of Persons
receiving Gratuities.

• -- a> m

21 1

o *

ill

mount paid to
Parties outside the

State.

1
3S

d

XI

a

0

9

h

O O

3(B

8

d

c
•2 .

h

<

^

Z

z

<

'Z

"Z

H

Z

<

$307 50

332

13

$67 75

201

33

234

6

33

1

705 00

198

140

14

-

200

163

363

5

71

2

83 24

162

15

10

_

280

238

518

2

64

3

250

19

23 15

972

262

1,234

3

133

4

1,145 60

199

_

26

15 00

296

174

470

1

60

5

50 00

253

17

23

-

732

17

749

7

123

6

765 00

263

56

14

16 00

1,400

100

1,500

4

90

7

123 00

89

13

12

-

440

187

627

2

103

8

2,154 87

481

_

33

-

697

265

962

3

138

9

199

_

21

-

24r

133

374

3

49

10

-

603

-

15

-

938

54

992

2

85

11

115

180

4

_

340

134

474

3

178

12

886 00

193

2

4

28 00

377

15

392

2

38

13

1,399 66

816

25

13

390 75

1,860

85

1,945

7

114

14

52

-

5

-

126

18

144

3

101

15

1,029 00

2 175

8 150

29

2 75

498

296

794

6

69

16

35 00

90

127

6

-

64

74

138

3

39

17

j 264

177

82

592 00

698

145

843

9

141

18

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

19

_

174

19

16

_

541

227

768

10

197

20

332 00

127

4

30

_

4-

i -

500

3

108

21

. 217

38

1

-

217

428

645

4

65

22

653 55

150

12

_

331

261

592

3

41

23

257

39

12

-

610

512

1,122

3

116

24

• 252 50

204

21

-

33

-

33

2

238

25

100 00

174

_

17

_

419

414

833

3

38

26

161

64

20

125 00

683

870

1,553

3

187

27

_

; 125

42

7

-

44

11

55

-

-

28

450 00

388

11

18

-

482

10

492

3

63

29

4,818 05

302

6

58

898 75

1,584

252

1,836

6

83

30

1,815 16

366

-

38

-

120

100

220

4

71

31

1,137 44

238

70

14

30 00

38

-

38

6

154

32

_

246

_

29

_

458

240

698

4

92

33

1.169 35

101

48

15

30 00

800

697

1,497

4

30

34

978 00

178

-

26

50 00

340

70

410

6

102

35

$20,389 92

8,142

1,243

677

$2,269 15

16,160

6,485

24,045

135

3,214

* Not reported.

' Paid out for "Better Babies' Health Contest"; gold, silver and bronze medals contributed.

432

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

[Pub. Doc.

Analysis of Premiums offered, awarded and

SOCIETIES.

ta

s a

Vb

Amesbury and Salisbury (Agricultural and Horticul-
tural),

Barnstable County,

Blackstone Valley,

Deerfield Valley,

Eastern Hampden,

Essex, .........

Franklin County,

Hampshire, ........

Hampshire, Franklin and Hampden, ...

Highland,

Hillside,

Hingham (Agricultural and Horticultural), .

Hoosac Valley, .......

Housatonic, ........

Lenox Horticultural, ......

Marshfield (Agricultural and Horticultural),

Martha's Vineyard, ......

Massachusetts Horticultural, . .

Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture, *

Middlesex North, .

Middlesex South, .

Nantucket,

Oxford, .

Plymouth County,

Quannapowitt,

Spencer (Farmers' and Mechanics' Association), .

Union (Agricultural and Horticultural),

West Taunton, .......

Weymouth (Agricultural and Industrial), .

Worcester, ........

Worcester East,

Worcester North (Agricultural and Driving Associa
tion), .........

Worcester Northwest (Agricultural and Mechanica
Association)

Worcester South,

Worcester County West,

$320 00
373 25
139 20
181 50
351 15
512 75
304 50
423 60
358 00

234 30

235 00
191 75
325 25
313 50
177 75
244 00
274 50
249 00

239 00
321 95
215 75
186 10
117 00
200 00
194 75
338 15
21 25
263 90
234 00
455 75

183 95

292 00
151 00
231 05

$126 75
148 50
74 35
124 85

196 50
176 95
203 75
210 25
225 00
145 70
172 05

57 50
181 50
216 75
106 25
163 15

64 20
265 25

197 25
200 00

35 50

105 60

66 50

112 20

81 25

95 00

13 50

210 80

175 25

252 75

98 35

207 25
76 85
139 90

$126 75
148 50
74 35
124 85

196 50
176 95
203 75
210 25
225 00
145 70
172 05

57 50
181 50
216 75
106 25
161 90

64 20
265 25

197 25
200 00

35 50

105 60

66 50

112 20

81 25

95 00

13 50

210 80

175 25

252 75

98 35

206 25
76 10
139 90

$8,854 60

$4,927 20

$4,924 20

I Represented on the Board by special enactment, and makes no returns.

No. 4.]

RETURNS OF SOCIETIES.

•433

PAID TO Children and Youths in the Year ending Dec. 31, 1913.

fed

"OS

■So

Is

11

a o «

11

11

3 m"

*'H

3 m

t.T!_

==a

a-a .

^-r^

3-a^

■ve

^ 2

a

c« e«"3

t3 OO

4) C

353

C8r£

•B s .
ft ■^

&T3 a

^ 03 K

J'2

*o

■" t. -

_^"o

ui ^

^o|

.°oa

KS

^o a

CT3

a » 2
s-s a
oc S

S 3&H

o-a

«^ ^4

d-OOT

^feO

a-a-S

11

3 s»
c «

O ® «

gM&4

gS53
gKO

2 H a

£ 3 =«

<!

<

<

<

<

<

•<

<

<

$87 75

$47 75

$47 75

$69 00

1

$24 00

-

-

99 00

29 50

29 50

40 00

$30 00

$30 00

2

9 00

$8 00

$8 00

-

-

-

-

-

_

3

-

-

-

30 25

25 75

25 75

_

_

_

4

-

-

_

143 50

55 00

55 00

_

_

_

5

74 00

18 00

18 00

85 00

21 25

21 25

32 00

_

_

6

-

-

-

87 50

74 25

74 25

_

_

_

7

141 00

60 00

60 00

99 50

78 00

78 00

32 00

_

_

8

_

-

-

133 50

63 00

63 00

_

_

9

-

-

_

47 00

39 75

39 75

_

_

_

10

15 00

13 00

13 00

95 00

86 50

^86 50

_

_

_

11

19 00

14 00

14 00

-

-

_

36 00

_

_

12

52 00

52 00

52 00

17 00

10 25

10 25

_

_

_

13

40 00

34 00

34 00

99 50

73 50

73 50

42 00

12 00

12 00

14

90 00

72 00

72 00

-

-

-

_

_

15

-

-

_

25 00

19 10

19 10

_

_

_

16

30 00

-

-

32 50

14 25

14 25

42 00

10 00

10 00

17
18

-

:

:

48 50

46 50

46 50

-

-

-

19
20

-

-

-

55 50

45 00

45 00

53 50

37 50

37 50

21

30 00

-

-

62 25

21 25

21 25

_

_

22

12 00

12 00

12 00

75 75

44 00

44 00

_

_

_

23

6 00

3 00

3 00

15 00

17 75

17 75

6 00

3 00

3 00

24

-

-

-

S-

8 00

8 00

_

25

24 00

6 00

6 00

48 50

8 25

8 25

_

_

_

26

-

-

-

83 50

21 00

21 00

_

_

_

27

-

-

-

-

-

-

5 00

_

_

28

-

-

-

80 00

65 25

65 25

-

_

_

29

-

-

_

136 00

123 00

123 00

_

_

_

30

24 00

13 00

13 00

80 50

51 00

51 00

-

-

-

31

-

-

-

12 00

-

-

-

-

-

32

42 00

35 00

35 00

70 00

57 75

57 50

^

_

33

12 00

10 00

10 00

51 25

30 00

30 00

_

_

_

34

12 00

6 00

6 00

59 00

37 50

37 50

-

-

-

35

$656 00

$356 00

$356 00

$1,959 75

$1,214 10

$1,213 85

$357 50

$92 50

$92 50

2 Not reported.

434

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

[Pub. Doc.

Analysis of Premiums offered, awarded and paid to Children

SOCIETIES.

Sfa £

o o c

3 0! ti
S a> c8

Iwo

o ® ®

S3 ^

§aSS

o c

3 s! >:

O « c!

Amesbury and Salisbury (Agricultural and Horticul-
tural),

Barnstable County,

Blackstone Valley,

Deerfield Valley, ........

Eastern Hampden, .......

Essex,

Franklin County,

Hampshire,

Hampshire, Franklin and Hampden, ....

Highland,

Hillside,

Hingham (Agricultural and Horticultural),

Hoosac Valley

Housatonic, .........

Lenox Horticultural

Marshfield (Agricultural and Horticultural),

Martha's Vineyard,

Massachusetts Horticultural, . .

Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture, '

Middlesex North,

Middlesex South,

Nantucket,

Oxford,

Plymouth County,

Quannapowitt, . . . . .

Spencer (Farmers' and Mechanics' Association), .

Union (Agricultural and Horticultural),

West Taunton, . .

Weymouth (Agricultural and Industrial),

Worcester,

Worcester East, •

Worcester North (Agricultural and Driving Associa-
tion), ■

Worcester Northwest (Agricultural and Mechanical
Association), ........

Worcester South,

Worcester County West,

$81 25
102 75

53 00
48 75

114 75

108 25
83 75

102 10
118 25
65 25
35 00
38 00
118 25

54 50
51 50

129 50

75 50

249 00

133 25
111 75

63 75
45 75
40 00

2 _

64 00
142 75

12 50
85 00
91 00
124 75

90 90

71 00
45 25

109 75

$38 00

36 75
34 25
34 10
96 20
65 95
62 25
54 50
99 00

37 35
27 15
27 00
80 75
42 25
26 25
82 90
33 20

265 25

110 75
49 00

7 00
22 50
12 00
78 20
42 50
41 65
10 25
72 45
45 25
104 50

60 95

29 75

30 00
65 40

S38 00

36 75
34 25
34 10
96 20
55 95
62 25
54 50
99 00

37 35
27 15
27 00

80 75
42 25
26 25

81 65
33 20

265 25

110 75
49 00
7 00
22 50
12 00
78 20
42 50
41 65
10 25
72 45
45 25

104 50

60 95

29 50
29 85
65 40

$2,860 75

$1,915 25

$1,913 60

• Represented on the Board by special enactment, and makes no returns.

No. 4.]

KETURNS OF SOCIETIES.

435

AND Youths in the Year ending Dec. 31, 1913 — Concluded.

0 03

-So

ki o

"Ob
a s

V 3

PI

SScu

eg c9 o
S o 3

C fl^

3q

o " S

lacs

> « <4
0 ki m

s 6

■a 3

=■•51
111

gas

|o1

S t. I"

*<:

■<

<

<

<

<

<

■<

<

$73 00

$41 00

$41 00

$9 00

1

-

-

-

107 50

52 25

52 25

_

_

_

2

-

-

-

77 20

32 10

32 10

_

_

_

3

-

-

-

10 50

8 25

8 25

92 00

$56 75

$56 75

4

-

-

-

68 90

33 30

33 30

24 00

12 00

12 00

5

-

-

-

213 50

81 75

81 75

_

6

-

-

-

133 25

67 25

67 25

_

_

_

7

-

-

-

49 00

17 75

17 75

_

_

_

S

-

-

-

106 25

63 00

63 00

_

_

_

9

$5 00

$3 50

$3 50

100 05

48 85

48 85

17 00

16 25

16 25

10

1 00

90

90

53 00

44 50

44 50

_

U

-

-

-

18 75

16 50

^ 16 50

80 00

_

_

12

-

-

138 00

38 50

38 50

_

_

13

-

-

-

77 50

55 00

55 00

_

_

_

14

-

-

-

36 25

8 00

8 00

_

_

_

15

-

-

-

89 50

61 15

61 15

_

_

_

16

-

-

-

94 50

6 75

6 75

-

-

-

17

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

18

—

—

—

—

_

_

_

_

_

19

_

-

-

24 00

19 50

19 50

15 00

20 50

20 50

20

-

-

-

101 20

68 50

68 50

_

21

-

-

-

59 75

7 25

7 25

_

_

_

22

-

-

-

39 10

13 60

13 60

13 50

13 50

13 50

23

-

-

-

50 00

30 75

30 75

-

_

24

-

-

-

2 _

26 00

26 00

-

_

_

25

-

-

-

58 25

24 50

24 50

_

_

_

26

13 25

3 50

3 50

98 65

28 85

28 85

_

_

_

27

-

-

-

3 75

3 25

3 25

_

_

_

28

-

-

-

98 90

73 10

73 10

_

_

_

29

-

-

-

7 00

7 00

7 00

_

_

_

30

-

-

-

226 50

84 25

84 25

-

-

-

31

-

-

-

81 05

37 40

37 40

-

-

-

32

_

_

_

76 00

34 75

34 25

75 00

50 00

50 00

33

-

-

-

42 50

6 25

6 25

-

_

_

34

-

-

-

50 30

31 00

31 00

-

-

-

35

119 25

$7 90

$7 90

$2,463 60

$1,171 85

$1,171 35

$325 50

$169 00

$169 00

2 Not reported.

DIRECTORY

Agricultural and Similar Organizations

OF MAS8A(JHUSETTS.

1914.

State Boakd of Agriculture, 1914.

Members ex Officio.

His Excellency DAVID I. WALSH.

His Honor EDWARD P. BARRY.
Hon. FRANK J. DONAHUE, Secretary of the Commonwealth.
KENYON L. BUTTERFIELD, President MassachuseUs Agricultural College.
FRED F. WALIvER, Commissioner of .4ntmoZ Industry.
F. WILLIAM RANE, B. Agr., M.S., State Forester.
WILFRID WHEELER, Secretary of the Board.

Members appointed by the Oovemor and Council.

FR.\NK P. NEWKIRK of Easthampton,

HENRY M. HOWARD of Newton (P. O. West Newton),

CHARLES M. GARDNER of Westfield,

Term expires
. 1914
. 1915
. 1916

Members chosen by the Incorporated Societies.

Amesbury and Salisbury {Ayricul-

A. WILLIS BARTLETT of SalL^^bury,
JOHN BURSLEY of Barnstable (P. O. West

Barnstable), .....
JACOB A. WILLIAMS of Northbridge,
DAVID T. BARNARD of Shelburne, .
O. E. BRADWAY of Monson, .
FREDERICK A. RUSSELL of Methuen,
GEORGE E. TAYLOR, Jr., of Shelburne,
F. E. FARRAR of Amherst,
RUFUS M. SMITH of Hadley. .

tural and Horticultural),
Barnstable County,

Blackstone Valley,

Deerfield Valley, ....

Eastern Hampden,

Essex, .....

Franklin County,

Hampshire, ....

Hampshire, Franklin and Hampden,

Highland JOHN T. BRYAN of Middlefield (P. O. Che;

ter, R. F. D.)

Hillside HAROLD S. PACKARD of Plainfield,

Hingham {Agricultural and Horli-

. U. S. BATES of Hingham,
. ABNER TOWNE of WiUiamstown,
. R. H. RACE of Egremont,
. ALFRED H. WINGETT of Lenox,
WALTER H. FAUNCE of Kingston,
JAMES F. ADAMS of West Tisbury,
EDWARD B. WILDER of Boston (P. O
Dorchester) ,

cultural), ....

Hoosac Valley, ....
Housatonic, ....

Lenox Horticultural,
Marshfield {Agricultural and Hort'l),
Martha's Vineyard,
Massachusetts Horticultural, .

Massachusetts Society for Promoting
Agriculture, ....
Middlesex North,

. N. I. BOWDITCH of Framingham,
. GEORGE W. TRULL of Tewksbury (P. O
Lowell, R. F. D.), .
Middlesex South, . . . JOHN J. ERWIN of Wayland,

Nantucket HERBERT G. WORTH of Nantucket

Oxford WALTER A. LOVETT of Oxford,

Plymouth County, . . . ERNEST LEACH of Bridgewater,
Quannapowitt CALVERT H. PLAYDON, D.V.S., of Read-
ing,

Spencer {Farmers' and Mechs.'Ass'n), EDWARD WARREN of Leicester,
Union {Agricultural and Hort'l), . HENRY K. HERRICK of Blandford,

West Taunton CHARLES I. KING of Taunton,

Weymouth {Agricultural and Ind'l), THERON L. TIRRELL of Weymouth (P. O

South Weymouth),

Worcester, EDWARD A. WATERS of West Boylston,

Worcester East GEORGE F. MORSE of Lancaster (P. O

South Lancaster), ....
Worcester North {Agricultural and

Driving Association),
Worcester Northwest {Agricultural

and Mechanical),
Worcester South, ....
Worcester County West, .

L. E. FLETCHER of Fitchburg,

ALBERT ELLSWORTH of Athol,
WILLIAM E. PATRICK of Warren,
JAMES A. RICE of Barre

191.5

1916
1915
1917
1915
1917
1916
1916
1915

1917
1917

1916
1915
1915
1917
1915
1916

1915

1915

1917
1917
1915
1916
1917

1916
1916
1916
1917

1915
1917

191.-,

1915

1916
1916
1917

440

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

ORGANIZATION OF THE BOARD.

President, .
First Vice-President,
Second Vice-President,
Secretary, .

OFFICERS.

. His Excellency DAVID I. WALSH, ex officio.
. JOHN BURSLEY of Barnstable.
. FREDERICK A. RUSSELL of Methuen.
. WILFRID WHEELER of Concord.
Office, Room 136, State House, Boston.

COMMITTEES.

Executive Committee.

Messrs. John Bursley of Barnstable.
O. E. Bradway of Monson.
George F. Morse of Lancaster.
William E. Patrick of Warren.
Charles M. Gardner of Westfield.
Frederick A. Russell of Methuen.
Henry M. Howard of Newton.
Walter A. Lovett of Oxford.
George E. Taylor, Jr., of Shel-
burne.

Committee on Agricultural
Societies.

Messrs. O. E. Bradway of Monson.
Albert Ellsworth of Athol.
Theeon L. Tirrell of Wey-
mouth.
Jacob A. Williams of Northbridge.
Herbert G. Worth of Nantucket.

Committee on Domestic Animals,
Poultry and Dairy Products.

Messrs. William E. Patrick of Warren.

Herbert G. Worth of Nantucket.
Abner Towne of Williamstown.
RuFus M. Smith of Hadley.
Henry K. Herrick of Blandford.

Committee on the Massachusetts Agri-
cultural College and the Massachu-
setts Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion.

Messrs. John Bursley of West Barnstable.
Frank P. Newkirk of Easthamp-

ton.
William E. Patrick of Warren.
John J. Erwin of Wayland.
R. Henry Race of Egremont.

Committee on Orcharding and Fruit
Growing.

Messrs. Frederick A. Russell of Me-
thuen.
Alfred H. Wingett of Lenox.
R. H. Race of Egremont.
Edward Warren of Leicester.
Edward B. Wilder of Dorchester.

Committee on Grasses and Forage
Crops.

Messrs. George E. Taylor, Jr., of Shel-
burne.
U. S. Bates of Hingham.
N. I. Bowditch of Framingham.
Calvert H. Playdon of Reading.
Harold S. Packard of Plainfield.

Committee on Markets and Trans-
portation.

Messrs. Ch.\^rles M. Gardner of Westfield.
F. E. Farrar of Amherst.
L. E. Fletcher of Fitchburg.
A. Willis Bartlett of Salisbury.
C. I. King of Taunton.
David T. Barnard of Shelburne.

Committee on Farm Tools and
Machinery.

ISIessrs. Walter A. Lovett of Oxford.

Jacob A. Williams of North-
bridge.

James A. Rice of Barre.

Ernest Leach of Bridgewater.

Edward A. Waters of West Boyb-
ton.

Xo. 4.]

AGRICULTURAL DIRECTORY.

441

Committee on Institutes and Public
Meetings.

Messrs. George F. Morse of Lancaster.

James F. Adams of West Tisbury.

Kenton L. Bctterfield of Am-
herst.

George W. Trull of Tewksbury.

George E. Taylor, Jr., of Shel-
bume.

Committee on Irrigation and
Drainage.
Messrs. Henry M. Howard of Newton.
John T. Bryan of Middlefield.
John J. Erwin of Way land.
F. E. Farrar of Amherst.
Walter H. Faunce of Kingston.

The Secretary is a member, ex officio, of the above committees.

DAIRY BUREAU.

Messrs. Charles M. Gardner of Westfield, 1914; O. E. Br.\.dway of Monson, 1915;
George W. Trull of Tewksbury, 1916.

Executive Officer, ....... Wilfrid Wheeler of Concord

General Agent, . . . . . . .P. M. Harwood of Barre.

Office, Room 1.3G, State House.

STATE NURSERY INSPECTOR.

Henry T. Fernald, Ph.D., of Amherst.

STATE ORNITHOLOGIST.

Edward Howe Forbush of Westborough.

STATE INSPECTOR OF APIARIES.

Burton N. Gates, Ph.D., of Amherst.

Chemist, .
ErUomologist,
Botanist, .
Pomologist,
Veterinarian,
Engineer, .
Agricultural Club Work,

SPECIALISTS.

Dr. J. B. Lindsey", .
Prof. C. H. Fernald,
Dr. George E. Stone,
Prof. F. C. Sears, .
Prof. James B. Paige,
William Wheeler,
Prof. William R. Hart,

Amherst.
Amherst.
Amherst.
Amherst.
Amherst.
Concord.
Amherst.

442 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

Location, Amherst, Hampshire County.

The Corporation.

Members of the Corporation. Term

expires
Charles E. Ward of Buckland, . . . . . . . . . 1914

Elmer D. Howe of Marlborough, ......... 1914

Nathaniel I. Bowditch of Framingham, ....... 1915

William Wheeler of Concord, ......... 1915

Arthur G. Pollard of Lowell, ......... 1916

Charles A. Gleason of New Braintree, ........ 1916

Frank Gerrett of Greenfield, ......... 1917

Harold L. Frost of Arlington, . . . . . . . . .1917

Charles H. Preston of Danveis, ......... 1918

Frank A. Hosmer of Amherst, ......... 1918

Davis R. Dewey of Cambridge, ......... 1919

George P. O'Donnell of Northampton, ....... 1919

William H. Bowker of Concord, ......... 1920

George H. Ellis of West Newton, 1920

Members ex Officio.

His Excellency Governor David I. Walsh.

President of the Corporation.

Kenyon L. Botterfield, LL.D., ...... President of the College.

David Snedden, ........ Commissioner of Education.

Wilfrid Wheeler, .... Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture.

Officers of the Corporation.

His Excellency Governor David I. Walsh of Boston, .... President.

Charles A. Gleason of New Braintree, ...... Vice-President.

Wilfrid Wheeler of Concord, ........ Secretary.

Fred C. Kenney of Amherst, ........ Treasurer.

Charles A. Gleason of New Braintree, ....... Auditor.

Examining Committee of Overseers from the State Board op Agriculture.
Messrs. Bursley, Newkirk, Patrick, Erwin and Race.

Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station.

William P. Brooks, Ph.D., .
Joseph B. Lindsey, Ph.D.,
Frank A. Waugh, M.Sc,
George E. Stone, Ph.D.,
Henry T. Fehnald, Ph.D.,
James B. Paige, B.Sc, D.V.S.,
John E. Ostrander, A.M., C.E.,

Director.
Vice-Director.
Horticulturist.
Botanist and Vegetable Pathologist.
Entomologist.
Veterinarian.
Meteorologist.

No. 4.]

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449

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BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

MASSACHUSETTS PATKO.XS OF HUSBANDRY.

Officers of the St.\te Grange, 1914.

Master,

Overseer,

Lecturer,

Steward,

Assistant Steward,

Chaplain,

Treasurer,

Secretary,

Gate Keeper,

Ceres, .

Pomona,

Flora, .

Lady Assistant Sto

E. E. Chapman of Ludlow.
Leslie R. Smith of Hadley.
, Mrs. George S. Ladd of Sturbridge.
E. H. Gilbert of Stoughton (P. O. address. North Easton).
Henry N. Jenks of Cheshire (P. O. address, Adams, R. F. D).
Rev. A. H. Wheelock of Marlborough.
Hon. F. A. Harrington of Worcester.
William N. Howard of Easton (P. O. address. North Easton).
Samuel T. Brightman of Westport (P. O. address, Central Village).
Mrs. Sarah H. Holland of Millis.
Mrs. Evelyn M. Adams of West Tisbury.
Mrs. Laura M. Sargent of Amesbury.
ward, . Mrs. ^Margaret A. Sarre, 537 Merrimack St., Lowell.

Executive Committee.
George S. Ladd, ........... Sturbridge.

Carlton D. Richardson, ......... West Brookfield.

Warren C. Jewett, ........... Worcester.

General Deputies.

N. B. Douglas,
E. D. Howe, .
W. C. Jewett,
G. S. Ladd, .
C. D. Richardson,
C. M. Gardner,

Sherborn.

Marlborough.

Worcester.

Sturbridge.

West Brookfield.

Westfield.

William T. Herriok,

Organizing Deputy.

Westborough.

Joseph W. Baldwin,
Walter H. Sawyer. .
Hermon W. King, .
El bridge Noyes,

Pomona Deputies.

North Easton.

Winchendon.

East Longmeadow.

Newbury.

SUBOBDIN

George W. Sherman,
Charles R. Damon,
Ward A. Harlow,
Edwin B. Hale,
John Bursley,
Moses U. Gaskill, .
Horace E. Wallis, .
Charles G. Preston,
Dr. M. H Williams.
Fred E. Alden,

ate Deputies.

Brimfield.

Williamsburg.

Cummington.

Bernardston.

B.irnstable (P. O. address, West Barnstable).

Mendon.

Waltham.

Danvers (P. O. address, Hathorne).

. Sunderland.

Easton (P. O address. South Easton).

No. 4.]

AGRICULTURAL DIRECTORY.

451

Norman L. Peavey,
Dr. A. W. Gorham,
Peter I. Adams,
George A. Witherell,
Harry D. Towne, .
George L. Averill, .
Elliott M. Clemence,
Everett W. Stone, .
Harold J. Greenwood,
George C. Donaldson,
Frank T. Marston,
Raymond J. Gregory,
John J. Glynn,
John H. Noble,
Walter H Brown,
Harold A. Goff,
John R. Comley,
Clifford R. Ripley,
Lester R. Haywaru,

Subordinate Deputies — Con.

Dracut.

Hanson (P. O. address. North Hanson).

. Stockbridge.

Orange.

Montague (P. O. address, Miller's Falls).

Andover.

Southbridge.

Auburn.

193 May St., Worcester.

Hamilton (P. (). address. South Hamilton).

20 Fairmount St., Melrose.

Princeton.

Dalton.

Pittsfield.

. Peabody (P. O. address. West Peabody) .

Rehoboth (P. O. address, Attleborough, R. F. D.).

Bedford.

Blandford.
North Reading (P. O. address. South Middleton).

Special Deputies.

William N. Howard,
John P. Ranger,
Charles A. Wright,
Charles H. Shaylor,
Evan F. Richardson,

Easton,

North Brookfield.

Billerica.

Lee.

. Millis.

Co

mmittee on Birds.

Raymond J. Gregory, Chairman,
George C. Donaldson,
Clayton E. Stone, .
Mrs. E. O. Marshall,
Mrs. Ida Farr Miller,
Mrs. Florence L. Butler,

Princeton.

Hamilton.
Lunenburg.
New Salem.

Wakefield.
Charlemont.

Trustees of Educational Fund.
Evan F. Richardson, Chairman,
Mrs. George S. Ladd, Secretary,
James C. Poor, Treasurer
John H. Noble,
Edward E. Chapman,

. MUlis.

. Sturbridge.

North Andover.

Pittsfield.

Ludlow.

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INDEX.

Agricultural associations, miscellaneous, officers,
Agricultural College, Massachusetts, concerning,

trustees,
Agricultural organizations, directory,
societies, concerning,

financial returns,
institutes, attendance,
sessions, .
membership,
officers, . .

premiums and gratuities,
Agriculture, State Board of, annual report, public'ation of,
appropriations,
bulletins,
changes in.
Dairy Bureau,
institutes,

legislative plans for 1914,
members,
office work,
organization, .
publications, .
secretary, report of,
specialists,

summer field meeting,
winter meeting, public,
Advantage of farm in raising chicks, .

Alfalfa growing in Massachusetts, essay on, by Joseph E. ^^ ing,
Alfalfa, drainage a requisite for,
estimated profits from, .
extent grown in Massachusetts,
food requirements of,
inoculation a requisite for,
lime a requisite for,
nurse crops for,
preparation of seed bed for, .
Annin, R. E., Jr., essay by, on how to buy fertilizers.
Apiaries, State Inspector of, report, fourth annual, by Burton N. Gates
Apiary inspecflon, concerning, .

financial statement,
Apples, varieties at Bay Road Fruit Farm (see "The New Orchard),
Ash, importance of, to hen, ....

Balanced ration for hens, . . . . .

Beekeepers, societies, officers, ....
Beekeeping and spraying, interrelation of, .
Bees, diseases, prevalent (see also Apiary Inspection),

soft candy feed for, .....

as pollinizers, . . . . •

PAGE

■448 •

xxiii

442

4.37

xxi

421

431

4.31

4.31 *

443

421

xlvi

xlvi

xliv

xxi

xxxvii

xxiv

xlviii

439

xxii

439

xliv

vii

441

131

1

33

117

118

122

xviii

119

119

lis

121
120
219
271
XX v
276
43
14

10

447
?30, 281
272
277
224

472

INDEX.

Birds and insect pests, .....

European experiment.* in protecting, .

killing of, by immigrants,

migratory, federal protection of,

noteworthy flights of, ... .

not injured by arsenical spraying,

progress in attracting and protecting,

protection of, against cats.
Bird wardens, .......

Bolton, map of town of, .
Boy scouts, forest fire.s, relationship, .
Boys' and girls' agricultural work.
Breeding and feeding dairy cattle, essay on, by F. E. Duffj-,
registered cattle, opportunity for, in New England,
Brown-tail moth, suppression of, . . .

Bulletins, crop report, .....

of Massachusetts agriculture.
Butter, consumption of, .

renovated, production of, in United States,
tables, ......

Cantaloupe growing in Massachusetts, essay on, by J. M. S. Leach
Cantaloupes, advantages of bees to, .

cultivation of, .

enemies of, .

experiments in hybridizing,

fertilizers for,

good varieties of, for Massachusetts

methods of field planting,

methods of marketing, .

niethod.s of .securing early, . ■

methods of spraying,

soil for, ....

time to pick.
Carbohydrates, .....

Cattle, beef, possibilities of raising, in Massachusetts,
Certified milk, farms making.
Chestnut blight, discovery of, in Massachusetts,
Chickens in cornfield, ....

Clover and alfalfa compared.
Condensed milk, concerning.
Conservation Congress, Fifth National,
Co-operation, essay on, by C. R. White,
desirability of, .
in Austria Hungary,
in business among farmers, .
Denmark,
France, ....

Holland,
Corn Show, ......

Cover crops, objects of, .
Cows assessed in Massachusetts,
Creameries, list of, .
Credit, rural, systems of, in Germany,
Crop conditions in 1913, summary of,
reports, bulletins in,

INDEX.

473

HU in 1913,

Massachusetts

Crop reports, .....
Crops of 191.3, review of, .
Crops, acres of, relation to labor income.
Currants, essay on, by Prof. U. P. Hedrick

cultivation of, .

clcsiral)le varieties of,

estimated profits from,

harvesting of,

insects injurious to,

methods of planting,

propagation of, .

pruning of,

soils for. .

Dairj- bull, desirable points of, .
Dairy Bureau, annual report of,

financial statement,

membership of, .

police work of, .

work of.
Dairy cow, points to look for in.
Dairying, condition of business in Massachusetts,

encouragement of, by Dairy Bure
Dair\men's Show,
Dairy prizes, announcement of.
Deer, in relation to farm lands,
Deming, W. C, essay by, on nut culture for
Digestion, process of, in hen.
Digestive organs of a hen,
Directory of agricultural, organizations,
Diversified farm accounting, essay on, by L. A. Sloman
Dry mash, ........

Duffy, F. E., lecture by, on breeding and feeding dairy cattle

Eggs, comparative prices of, .... .

analysis of, ...... .

Electricity and agriculture, .....

Ellsworth, J. Lewis, lecture by, on rural credit, banking and
co-operation in Europe, .....

E.xtracts from trespass laws, .....

Fairs, report of, by secretary, .....
Farm accounting, diversified, essay on, by L. A. Sloman,
accounts, balance sheet for, ....

for large farms, ....

small, ......

Farm ice houses, essay on, by Prof. B. S. Pickett,
Farm products of Massachusetts, value of, in 1909,
Farm profits, important factors affecting, .
Farm water supplies, essay on, by S. P. Gates, .
Farmers' and Mechanics' Clubs and Associations, officers,
Farmers' Institutes, ......

Farms, balanced, importance of, ....

in Massachusetts, making milk of superior quality,
in Tompkins and Livingston counties, results from.
Fats,

PAGE

xlv

X

CI
1S9
191
19.3
192
192
19.3
191
190
191
189

89
285
309
286
295
xxxvii

87
xvi
289
xxix
6
xxix
203

13

12, 13

437

149

27

83

32

24

xxxiv

?ultural

9G
xli

xxxviii
149
153
158
151
IGl
xiii

57

1(19

445

xxiv

04
301

05

10

474

INDEX.

Feeding poultry, necessity for good judgment in,
Feeds, concentrated, ......

digestibility of, comparison of hens with ruminants,
value of, compared with corn,
Fernald, H. T., report, twelfth annual, of State Nursery Inspector, by.
Fertilizer and farm manures compared,
method of figuring values of.
Fertilizers, how to buy, essay on, by R. E. Annin, Jr.,

raw materials, analyses of,
Fertilizing apple orchards, discussion of.
Fiber, digestibility of, comparison of hen with ruminants,
Fire Warden, State, report of, by M. C. Hutchins,
"Flacherie," or wilt disease, ....

Food, consumption per hen per year,
for plants, elements of, .
principles, ......

Forbush, E. H., report, sixth annual, of State Ornithologist, by.
Forester, State, concerning, ....

department, organization, .

financial statement, .

lectures and addresses,

recommendations,

report, tenth annual, by F. W. Rane,

staff, co-operative, scientific,

forest fires of 1913, .

moth %vork, ....

Forest fire districts, ......

equipment, .....

equipment purchased for, list of, by towns,
fires, railroads, caused by,
land, survej'ing, .....

nurserj^ ......

slash, danger from, ....

taxation, ......

mapping, ......

thinning as key to moth control,
wardens, list of, .... .

Fruit Show, New England,

Gates, B. N., report, fourth annual, of State Inspector of Apiaries, by,
Gates, S. P., essay by, on farm water supplies,

Graham, J. C, lecture by, on poultry feeds and methods of feeding.
Grange, State officers,

Pomona, officers,
subordinate, officers.
Grapes, construction of trellis for.
Grape pruning, arbors and bowers,

drooping system,

high renewal system,

one wire Kniffen system,

single stem, four cane Kniffen system

spur renewal, Chautauqua system,

horizontal arm spur system

systems of, ... .

two stem, four cane Kniffen system,

INDEX.

475

Grape pruning, tying the -v-inos in,

umbrella Kniffen system,

upright systems,

Y stem Kniffen system,

Gypsy moth, suppression (see also Forester, State),

Harwood, P. M., annovmcement of dairy prizes by,

report on "Protection from Flies," contest, by,
report, twenty-third annual, of Dairy Bureau, by
Hatchability of eggs, as influenced by animal feeds.
Hay crops, methods of impro\ing, ....

Hedrick, U. P., essay by, on the culture of the currant,

on pruning the grape, .
Heifer, feed for, .......

"Heneta" grit, value compared with oyster shell.
Highways, spraying on, ......

Honeybee, relation of, in transfer of pollen.

Honeybees as pollinizers, essay on, by Mrs. Susan M. Howard,

Horticultural societies, officers, ... . . « .

House, poultrj', at Massachusetts Agricultural College, plans of,
Howard, Mrs. Susan M., essay by, on honeybees as pollinizers.
How to buy fertilizers, essay on, by R. E. Annin, Jr., .

Ice, stored in pits, ....

stacks,
Ice house, cost of, .

details of construction of, .

houses, drainage, a requisite for, .

ventilation, a requisite for,

Insect pests, outbreaks of, in 1913,

Inspector, apiarj^ ....

nurserj', ....

Institutes, farmers', ....

Labor income, defined,

Landschaften, .....

Leach, J. M. S., essay by, on cantaloupe growing

Legislation of 1913, milk, .

relating to agriculture,
Loan associations, land mortgage or landschaften
Raiffeisen,

Manure, barnj'ard and fertilizer compared,

Mash, dry, .....

Massachusetts Agricultural College, needs of. (See Agricultural Col

lege, Massachusetts.)
Massachusetts agriculture, need of, booklet on,
Measures of feeds compared with weights,
Milk, certified, farms making, list of,

analysis of, of various animals,

skim, value as a food for animals,

condensed, receipts of,

consumption of, in Greater Boston,

inspectors, list of, .

receipts in Boston, .

sour, as food for hens.

P.^GE

201
198
198
197
381

6

76

285

30

xviii

189

195

91

24

386

227

224

445

35

224

219

162
163
168
167
165
165

xxxi
269
233

xxiv

55
100
177
xxi

XX

100
97

220
.27

xliii

25

305

14

19

293

293

305

300

41

476

INDEX.

Milk, legislation, ......

superior, list of farms making, .
Most important factors in successful farming, essay on, by
Warren, .......

Moth, disease, fungus, .....

parasite work, .....

forestry, practices as key to control of,

superintendents, local, list of, .

work, financial summary' by towns, .

on private property, ....

State highways, .....

staff, .......

gJ-Tsy and brown-tail, fight against by Massachusetts

infested districts, quarantine of.

New England Fruit Show, ....

Nursery inspection, concerning,

financial statement,
inspector, report, twelfth annual, by
Nut culture for Massachusetts, essay on, by William C
Nutrients, digestible, needed per day for hens,
Nutritive ratio.
Nuts, food value of, ...

importation into United States,

introduction of alien,

native, development of, .

Oats, analysis of, whole and sprouted,
Oleomargarine, production of,

tables relating to,
Ornithologist, State, report, sixth annual, by E. H. For
concerning,
educational work of.
Parasites, for gypsy and brown-tail moths.
Patrons of husbandry, directory (see also Grange),
Peaches, varieties at Bay Road Fruit Farm,
Peach growing in western Massachusetts, essay on, by
orchard, cultivation of, .

danger of pheasants to,

deer damage to,

location for, ....

order of season's work,

pruning of, ... .

selection of varieties for,

setting of, ....

Pickett, B. S., essay by, on farm ice houses.
Pine blister rust, ......

Plant food, elements of, cost per pound.
Plumage trade, blow at, .....

Posters, cloth, giving extracts from laws,
Poultry associations, officers, ....

Poultry, eggs and corn, chemically compared.
Poultry feeds and methods of feeding, essay on, by Prof
Poultry, outlook for business, ....

Poultry premium bounty, distriliution of, .

Prices of feeds and poultry products in 1S9JS and 1913

Prof.

G. F.

H. T. Fernald,
Deming,

bush

L. W

John

Rice,

C". Graham,

ired,

INDEX.

477

"Protection from Flics" contest, by P. M. Harwood,

report of judge,
Proteins, .......

Pruning the grape, essay on, by Prof. U. P. Hedrick,
Public winter meeting, .....

Purple martin, methods of attracting.
Premiums and gratuities, analysis,

Raiffeisen loan associations, ....
Rainfall, average, in Massachusetts, .
Rane, F. W., report, tenth annual, of State Forester, by
Ration for laying hens, .....
Recommendations for legislation, by secrctarj-.
Reforestation work, by State Forester,
Reforestation, work of town of Winchendon,
Response to address of welcome, by Abner Towne,
Rice, L. W., essay by, on peach growing in western Massachusetts
Roads in relation to farming, ....
Rural credit, banking and agricultural co-operation in Europe, c.-
by J. Lewis Ellsworth, .

Scratch feed for chickens, ....

Sears, F. C, lecture by, on the new orchard,

Secretary of Board of Agriculture, report of,

Seed, importance of good, ....

Sheep, possibilities of, in Massachusetts,

Size of farms, relation of, to profits, .

Sloman, L. A., essay by, on diversified farm accounting.

Societies, agricultural. (See Agricultural Societies.)

Soft candy feed for bees, essay on, by Dr. Burton N. Gates,

Spraying and beekeeping, interrelation of, .

Spraying laws in relation to beekeeping,

Spraj-ing, on State highways, ....

Starling, appearance in Massachusetts,

State Apiarj' Inspector. (See Apiaries, State Inspector of.)

State Forester. (.See Forester, State.)

State Nursery Inspector. (See Nursery Inspector, State.)

State Ornithologist. (See Ornithologist, State.)

Statistics of poultry products con.sumed in Massachusetts,

Summer field meeting of State Board of Agriculture,

Tent caterpillar, .......

The New Orchard, essay on, by Prof. F. C. Sears,
Thinning apples, necessity for, . . . . •

Trespass laws, extracts from the, . . . •

"Useful Birds and their Protection," fourth edition of.

Ventilation, King system, ....•■•■

Von Berlepsch nesting boxes for birds, ..•••■

A\'arren, G. F., lecture by, on the most important factors in successful
farming, ......-••••

Wasted agricultural resources of Massachusetts, . ■ ■ •

Water supplied by electric pumps, ..•••••

supplied by gasoline engine pump, ..••■•

PAGE

76

7S

10

195

4

257

421

97

169

313

22

xlviii

347

333

6

137

xxxii

96

28
42
vii
xlii
xix
60
149

277
230
281
386
256

34
131

384
42
46
xli

241

90
257

55

xxxvii

173

173

478

INDEX.

Water supplied by hot-air engine pump,

supplied by steam pump,

supplied by windmill,
Wet lands, drainage of, .
Wheeler, Wilfrid, report, sixty-first annual, of secretary

culture, by, .....
White, C. R., essay by, on co-operation,
White jjine blister rust.
Wilt disease or "flacherie,"
Wing, Joseph, lecture by, on alfalfa grow

of Board of Agri

PAGE

17.3
17.3
174

XV

vii
144
235
391
117