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O(TH ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
State Horticultural Society
OF MISSOURI
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MEETINGS AT
Harrisonville, June 5,6, 7, and Trenton, December 4, 5,6 ,1894.
L. A. GoopMaN, Secretary,
WESTPORT, MO.
JEFFERSON CITY, MO.:
TRIBUNE PRINTING COMPANY, STATE PRINTERS AND BINDERS.
1895.
Missouri State Horticultural Society.
To his Excellency, WILLIAM J. STONE, Governor:
This report of our society work, of meetings held, of the moneys expended, and of the local
societies and counties reporting for the year 1894, is respectfully submitted.
L. A. GOODMAN, Secretary,
Westport, Mo.
City OF JEFFERSON, January 10, 1895.
To the Commissioners of Public Printing:
I require for the use of my office 3500 copies of Missouri Horticultural Report—2000 bound in
cloth and 1500 in paper—which I desire printed as per accompanying sample.
Respectfully,
L. A. GOODMAN, Secretary, ~ |
Approved: 3 Westport, Mo.
A. A. LESUEUR, Secretary of State.
J. M. SEIBERT, State Auditor.
LON V. STEPHENS, State Treasurer.
LIB RA Ry
NEY oo a
iXE ¥ \ C i K
Officers for the Year 1895. GARDEN
IRTP KERTCONG «fc ajvicicieee |< oven sels cowsla aiveid\siee ela oi Malate aigielde wlcisjsee ec. ely e's North Kansas City
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Tea. GOODMAN. Secretary.....r0.0:cs00cssccecce OBE CBOSS OATIC ACE LIICOD AAG OGLOEEOACE SOOO. Westport
A, NELSON, Treasurer..... PED LEOCMOC HOOD oer OTIC ner eer ceo BU hate aero stale vareldriveree Lebanon
List of Honorary Members.
eae Sue Ae NEN STOO EVE erates cate Sevalcl ov (arava wleis’ aig bie eve 'e ae Casino oyedstmcie 7 are dajerw ayee avshe s]mswiola 5) > feiaus 5's Jefferson City
ALM: MLR TEED BAIR one usie, leiacele bis aidiseiece tae Sates widicla MebaiviGeiciasme. swivmelnela aise Kirkwood, Mo.
ET OAM OPER LIAS WAIT ci norse cere rniiare hates sicls, oo) cicie\ erate io wlercua (ois avemaiencde!siniateteie o's ere inichalye bade. te atamtelsiee’sialeies Napa, Cal.
EU BLIND Ne 5 ce sewievels wear eves Se Mein iiareiete eee Ne ee aise ce MONE i res Avatars OtaeiaN® aim share South Haven, Mich.
MV LORD ERIE DT 5 8 ccc cvec/dcine essteis sje 00ie Pa tinn stiecne a ned tale onesies 1 auleis ele wales wtesietieiaa.s Kirkwood, Mo.
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MAMUEL MILLER. ......cce0008 SECU DOCO CE ae JOR ee OAT cidlats Coa aNials oon sscra Saenger Bluffton, Mo.
EIN AIERR ODA IOG HERR gi sc. cialtanic.s oicieie. to der are vis tie ares darela Pon iere ale eelticna cele aie spells sbieate sass star Neosho, Mo.
ME SESEP IORI ORR OLNSEOELIN cc 0 c. sveve ie oc, a1a'scinsdicveje 2h ve te. Wlevw/elovelsivlslelele.areleatan Cals claro win ase' aes diaiaterei Acie ae St. Louis, Mo.
Be ALO WEAN 3 « o)ctss's visyea'et snc 604.0 slene eave tess eae Aaa a alavelelee c(eionios alee Washington, D.C.
List of Life Members.
ites Ws, Old MOMDER oe cc cece onto oe sa umeslslasen cms TARGA COP Open cnGUre HCOOH: Fox Creek, Mo.
em AMALIE LO IMIOIIW CL oy ofaict save w sieiche aciets Sajeih oie ocialcin’elele insaleie a aivieia Cloeeaiehte Waem ele ela Kansas City, Mo.
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PPAR OCTIMUAIN:. pa '0/c'07 ciclsre duinlers Sesame (en cinta atcha atevsl tte as ayato tet aigh claro oi sb hovel otesd ciate tal oe Westport, Mo.
MINUTE GALE choo are a.c ao Gin ia salons cioiein a ofan oltre ate ciate iste se niclaloacaativers = mina aie’s, ieiniateve,s Sinie/eiw leans we Fulton, Mo.
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SUE CEGWIAND See's 2 ties a:0.0100 oi0: oe ulars elpipcigisie cid ties ore acae eeleee ieee cee .. Evans building, St. Louis, Mo.
UDG Wi. Hi WILKERSON .....:.c0000 Bid ucaishare.e-e ie /ale.svenie samen peneeireveras ere wieies DPR CR OEE Altenburg, Mo.
Standing Committees.
4
}
Orchards.
—
J. A. Durxrs, Weston; Henry Speer, Batler; H. W. JENKINS, Boonyille.
Vineyards.
H, Jancrer, Neosho; Jacozp RommgEt, Morrison; C. TruBNER, Lexington.
Small Fruits .
G. W. Horxins, Springfield; J. N. Mentrre, Oregon; Henry SCHNELL, Glasgow.
Stone Fruits.
S. W. Giveert, Thayer; Z. T. Russeiu, Carthage; H. D. McKay, Olden.
Vegetables.
Prof. J. C. Wurrren, Columbia; C. M. WittiAms, Marceline; A. J. Davis, Jefferson City~
Flowers . {
E. H. Micuet, 8t. Louis; Mrs. G. E. Dugan, Sedalia; C. I. Roparps, Butler.
Ornamentals .
F. A. Hurparp, Carthage; F. McCoun, St. Joseph; R E Bar.ey, Fulton.
Entomology.
Miss M. E. Murtretpt, Kirkwood; J. L. SNoparass, West Plains; G. F. LuckwarptT, Oregon-
‘Botany.
B. B. Busu, Independence; Prof. G. C. Broapunap, Columbia; J. KirncHGraBer, Springfield.
Nomenclature. -
W.G. Gano, Parkville; E. L. Pottarp, Olden; A. Amprosr, Nevada.
New Fruits.
J.B. Wp, Sarcoxie; A H. Girxeson, Warrensburg; J. F. Wiicox, St. Joseph.
Ornithology . ,
Prof, L. T. Krr«, S2dalia; C. W. Murrrerpr, Kirkwood; C. Howarp, Willow Springs. i: Az
Injurious Fungi.
Prof. B T. Gattoway, Washington, D. C.; Prof. W Treieass, St. Louis.
Packtng and Marketing Fruits.
C.C Bett, Boonville; E. T. Hotuister, St. Louis; C. Toorp, Weston.
Transportation.
J.M. Ricz, Sarcoxie; C. C. Bet, Boonville; L. A. GoopMANn, Westport.
Incorporation and Reorganization
Of the Horticultural Society by an act of the General Assembly in 1893.
The following law was passed by the Legislature, incorporating
the State Horticultural Society. The Executive Committee met soon
after the passage of this act and accepted its provisions, and at the
semi-annual meeting of the Society at Columbia, June 6-7-8, 1893, the
act was adopted as part of the constitution of the Society.
| MEMBERSHIP.
Under the new constitution the law requires the payment of $1
per year for membership fee. We hope that we shall have a good long
list of members under our new plan for business. The plan under
which we have been working, of giving each local society the privi-
lege of paying their fee into their local society, thus making them a
member of the State Society, cannot now avail. Each person must
become a member of the State Society and keep up his membership
each year. We should like to see a good number of life members also.
L. A. GOODMAN, Secretary.
ACT OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY.
The Missouri State Horticultural Society is hereby instituted and created a body cor-
porate, to be named and styled as above, and shall have perpetual succession, power to
Sue and be sued, complain and defend in all courts, and to make and use a common seal and
alter the same at pleasure.
The Missouri State Horticultural Soclety shall be composed of such persons as take an
interest in the advancement of horticulture in this State, who shall apply for membership
and pay into the Society treasury the sum of one dollar per year, or ten dollars for a life
membership, the basis for organization to be the Missouri State Horticultural Society, as
now known and existing, and whose expenses have been borne and annual reports paid for
by appropriations from the State treasury. The business of the Society, so far as it relates
to transactions with the State, shall be conducted by an executive board, to be composed of
the President, Vice-President, Second Vice-President, Secretary and Treasurer, who shall
be elected by ballot at an annual meeting of the Society; the Governor of the State shall be
ex officio a Member of the Board—all other business of the Society to be conducted as its by-
laws may direct. All appropriations made by the State for the aid of the Society shall be
expended by means of requisitions to be made by order of the Board on the State Auditor,
signed by the President and Secretary and attested with the seal; and the Treasurer shall
annually publish a detailed statement of the expenditures of the Board, covering all moneys
received by it. The Public Printer shall annually, under the direction of the Board, print
such number of reports of the proceedings of the Board, Society and auxiliary societies as
may in the judgment of the State Printing commission be justified by the appropriation
made for that purpose by the General Assembly, such annual report not to contain more
than four hundred pages. The Secretary of the Society shall receive a salary of eight hun-
dred dollars per annum as full compensation for his services; all other officers shall serve
without compensation, except that they may receive their actual expenses in attending
meetings of the Board.
8 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY.
COUNTY SOCIETIES—Continued.
Pettis County Horticultural Society—
G. B. Lamm, Pres’t, Sedalia.
L. T. Kirk, Sec’y, LaMonte.
Polk County Horticultural Society—
G. W. Williams, Pres’t, Humansville.
J. L. Strader, Sec’y, Humansyille.
Phelps County Horticultural Society—
Robert Merriwether, Pres’t, Rolla.
W. W. Southgate, Sec’y, Rolla.
St. Francois County Horticultural Society—
W. F. Hoey, Pres’t, Farmington.
T. B. Chandler, Sec’y, Farmington.
Tri-county Horticultural Society—
J. H. Holloway, Pres’t, Richland.
S. Kellar, Sec’y, Richland.
Ripley County Horticultural Society—
J. G. Hancock, Pres’t, Doniphan.
S. Kellar, Sec’y, Richland.
Some of our Horticultural Societies have failed to keep up their organization and work during
South Missouri Horticultural Society—
H. D. McKay, Pres’t, Olden.
J. T. Snodgrass, Sec’y, West Plains.
Saline county Horticultural Society—
J.T. Stewart, Pres’t, Blackburn.
Thos. Adams, Sec’y, Marshall.
Vernon County Horticultural Society—
A. Ambrose, Pres’t, Nevada
, Sec’y, Nevada.
Missouri Valley Horticultural Society—
J.C. Evans, Pres’t, Harlem, Mo.
A. Chandler, Sec’y, Argentine, Kas.
Webster Connty Horticultural Society—
» Pres’t, Marshfield.
W.L. Long, Sec’y, Marshfield.
the past year, but I still have kept them enrolled in the list.
L. A. GOODMAN, Secretary.
~
S LEMME RM EET .N.G;
The Missouri State Horticultural Society held its semi-annual
meeting in Harrisonville, Mo., June 5, 6, 7, 1894.
TUESDAY, June 5—8 p. m.
Society met according to announcement, in the beautiful city of
Harrisonville, with a much greater attendance than was expected. The
meeting attested the fact that all horticuiturists are much in earnest,
in spite of the discouragements that are surrounding us at the present
time.
At no meeting of our Society was more enthusiasm shown ora
greater interest taken by the people of the surrounding country. The
large opera-house was filled full at every night meeting, and during the
day-time a very large number of the people from the surrounding
country and city were present and interested in the papers and dis-
cussions.
A cily so well situated as is Harrisonville, a city surrounded with
such beautiful and rich country, with so many grand farms and beauti-
ful homes, with so many: prosperous farmers, located as it is in a grand
fruit district, on the head waters of Grand river, a city with railroads
reaching in every direction, does not do itself justice or use the ad-
vantages placed at her doors, when she fails to plant large and exten- |
sive fruit-farms, orchards and small fruits.
No city,of our State presents greater inducements or offers greater
advantages to the fruit-grower than does this same little city of Har-
risonville, and her people can do her no greater service than can be
done by planting a number of small fruit-farms and give employment
to hundreds of the young people in berry season, nor can the people
enter into any enterprise that will pay them better. SEC’Y.
The following committees were appointed :
Fruits—Henry Speer, C. C. Bell, F. Holsmyer.
Flowers—W. H. Holloway, Mrs. L. A. Goodman, Mrs. Blakely, Mrs. Hall.
Finance—S. W. Gilbert, C. Hartzell, J. J. Blakely.
Obituary—N. F. Murray, A. Nelson, S. Blanchard.
Final Resolutions—C. C. Bell, A. Chandler, Judge Sloan.
10 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
A Few Notes by Judge Miller.
The semi-annual meeting of the State Horticultural Society was
held at Harrisonville, Cass county, June (5th-7th. When one goes to
these meetings, and finds loyal subjects all around him, with kindly
greetings, with every one of whom he would like to stop and chat, it
almost precludes the possibility of much note-taking; and yet I did my
level best to take in the meeting and all that was said and done.
In the first place, the Society met with a right royal reception, and
had the largest attendance for years. Harrisonville isja beautiful little
city, and the people are of the live, enterprising kind. The hall was.
well fitted up, and was all right, with the single exception that it was
not large enough to hold the people who came to see and hear. The
musie furnished was excellent, and the members in attendance were
treated to a delightful ride and afforded a fine view of the surrounding
eountry; carriages were furnished for an eight or ten-mile ride, which
displayed to the participants a handsome and attractive country with
land the equal to any, and superior to much that is highly spoken of.
The crops look well and the cultivation clean. I noticee particularly
the fine horses and equipages, which serve to tell of the character of
the community and its ability to sustain life.
The show of fruits was a very good one, considering the past and
present failures of the crops. Of apples there were in all 78 samples
shown, and these all in good condition—some of them two years old,
exhibited by Conrad Hartzell, of St. Joseph, Mo. Four boxes of straw-
berries, of the Gandy variety, and eight boxes of cherries, were shown
by Mr. Gilbert, of Thayer, Mo. Of raspberries, currants and goose-
berries, a few of each. :
One basket of tomatoes from Mr. Kinney, of New Franklin, Mo.,
out of his glass house, that were fine.
A number of fine boquets, two large ones, extra fine, from Mr.
Kelloge’s farm, Pleasant Hill. Quite a number of rare flowering plants
by the citizens.
Several bunches of wheat by our Treasurer Nelson, of Lebanon,
who showed in them the effects of salt on this plant.
SUMMER MEETING. i?
State Horticultural Society.
¢
The following report, made by Mr. C. E. Allen for the Harrison-
ville papers, gives such a concise view of the meeting that I here in-
troduce it. SEC’Y.
The Missouri State Horticultural Society had its semi-annual
meeting in Harrisonville, Mo., June 5, 6 and 7, beginning at 8 p. m. the
5th and adjourning at noon the 7th. The present officers of the So-
ciety are: J. C. Evans, President, Kansas City; N. F. Murray, Vice-
President, Elm Grove; Samuel L. Miller, Second Vice-President, Bluff-
ton; L. A. Goodman, Secretary, Westport; A. Nelson, Treasurer,
Lebanon.
The Society was organized in 1859, and there are now 47 counties.
that have branch organizations. There were 43 regular delegates in
attendance, besides a great many others interested in the work.
The meeting was called to order «t 8 p. m., June 5, by the Presi-
dent, and after a selection of music, prayer was offered by Rev. Barnes,
followed by another selection of music. Dr. Abraham, of Harrison-
ville, then welcomed the Society to our city most cordially, which was
responded to by Vice-President Murray in an instructive talk on horti-
culture and the work of the Society, and praising Harrisonville and
surrounding country, ending with a beautiful and fitting poem.
The next number of music was then rendered, and the audience
was favored with a paper on “ Flowers in the Home,” by Mrs. Dixie
Deane, which was quite unique and instructive; the main teaching of
which was, if you raise flowers, don’t raise flower-destroyers in the
shape of “poultry, pigs and puppy dogs.”
The Secretary then made his semi-annual report, treating of fruits,
berries, spraying, etc., and praised Cass county, Harrisonville and vi-
cinity as a fine fruit country.
The Treasurer then read his report, showing receipts of $1205.35,
and balance on hand of $352.82.
The committees for the session were then appointed. After the
next number of music the Society adjourned for the evening.
WEDNESDAY, June 6—9 a. m.
Mr. Gaiennie, of the St. Louis Exposition Company, addressed the
meeting. Hesaid they had $1,000,000 invested in the Exposition build-
ing and machinery and it cost $2000 per day to run it; their average
receipts were $116,000 per year for the last ten years; they had the
best musical talent obtainable; after Gilmore, they had engaged Sou-
sa’s band, the very best that can be found. He cordially invited the
12 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Society to make an exhibit, and promised to do all he could to make
them coméortable and furnish a hall free for exhibits. Counties can
make separate exhibits. The President’s reply was, that he could leave
the rest to the Horticultural Society.
The Secretary said we have some photos of the exhibit made by
usin St. Louis in 1888. There were 38 counties represented, and it
was one of the most pleasant and satisfactory exhibits we ever made; »
we were all treated so agreeably and pleasantly by the Commissioners
there, and never failed to receive a hearty response for every request
made. There were over 500 barrels of apples there, and 3800 plates
of frait in our exhibit. I am sure that Exposition brought many more
to the State than any exposition we ever made, and [I am willing, and
I know the Society is, to make a good and grand display this fall. I
am sure we will reach the people we want to reach by it.
THE STRAWBERRY.
Papers and speeches were given by Mr. Gilbert, of Thayer, Judge
Miller, of Bluffton, Mr. Hopkins, of Springfield, and others, and the
subject was then thrown open for general discussion. There were over
50 varieties named and commented on, and among the standard and
favorites were Crescent, Greenville, Parker Earle, Beder Wood, Shus-
ter Gem, Captain Jack, Cumberland and Sharpless.
Mr. Gilbert reported his work, 1? acres of berries, 510 crates; net
returns from that and other smaller patches, $1001.88. He has very
rocky soil, plants in matted rows and some in hills. Feeds vines with
dried blood from Armour Packing Co., at $21 perton. Aboutaspoon-
ful to a vine two or three times a year. i
Mr. Bremer of Southeast Missouri said good, well-rooted runners
of the previous year are the best for starting a new bed, and spring is
the best time for planting as well as preparing the soil.
Continuous war with the weeds was necessary, and if you take the |
trouble to cut the runners you will be surprised at the size and beauty
of the berries. He had raised seven berries that filled a quart box.
Mr. Hopkins said he cultivated his perries every week during a
drouth and had fine berries; Bubach No.5 was the king of berries for —
his locality, and Capt. Jack was the best of fertilizers for them. If
transplanted in the summer, it should be not less than a week after the
crop is gathered. If a new bed is made in the spring, the President
said he cut the roots off to three inches; Mr. Gilbert said it did no hy )
harm to leave them on, as he had some trimmed ones to die this spring. —
The different fertilizers were then discussed—dried blood, bone
dust, ashes, cinders, salt and various articles. One man had salted
\
SUMMER MEETING. 13
ground so it looked like snow, and the next year had raised wheat 8 or
10 inches higher than on ground alongside of it, and he had two
‘bunches of wheat to show for it, science to the contrary, that salt is
not a fertilizer. Barn-yard manure and red clover were also men-
tioned, the former being too full of obnoxious seeds, and the latter too
slow of accumulation. The President favored dried blood, and the
Vice-President wood ashes. It was suggested that some land was
already too rich, and that every one experiment on his own land and
report results at next meeting in the winter. Mr. Robinett suggested
that he had furnished cans to town people to get their ashes, and had
cleaned up all tne back alleys in his town to get them, so the horticul-
turists were a good thing to have around a town. The President men-
tioned phosphate of bone, made of ground bone and muriatie acid.
He did not think salt was a fertilizer, but some land might need salt.
while other did not.
The question of early and late blooming was discussed, but none
had paid particular attention to that. The Crescent was mentioned as
a long bloomer; like the Maiden’s Blush apple, the blossoms never all
got caught in one frost. It takes a strawberry from 23 to 30 days to
tipen from blooming time. Berries to be shipped long distances should
be picked by the stem and not handled at all; evening is the best time
to pick them, when they are perfectly dry. Plow deep and cultivate
shallow.
WEDNESDAY, Jane 5—2 p. m.
BREEDING STRAWBERRIES
Was discussed by Prof. Keffer of the Columbia Experiment ‘station.
He said it was on the same principle as breeding animals. The best
plants should be selected before blooming, and then the bloom covered
away from any possible chance of flying pollen, and after fertilization
by the proper berries, the seed should be again planted and kept from
other berries, and in five or ten years you will have a pedigreed plant.
He has his first seedlings up now on the way to a high pedigree.
RASPBERRIES AND BLACKBERRIES.
’ G. P. Turner of Meadville—First get strong healthy plants ; guard
against disease. Fall planting is best for blackberries and red rasp-
berries, and spring for black raspberries. Do not set too deep, and
mulch well to protect from winter. I find more money in growing the
plants to sell than the berries, in blackberries. The diseases of the
berries were discussed, authracnose in the raspberries and red rust in
the blackberries ; some thought it was for want of fertilization, others
14 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
thought it was nature’s way of getting rid of briers, and some that it
was in the plants, and they should be cut up and healthy ones pro-
cured. Spraying was also advocated asacure. In regard to trim-
ming, it was suggested to keep them under three feet high. You must
prune according to your land’s strength and the condition of the stalks.
SPRAYING.
The Secretary gave an exhaustive treatise on the subject, and ad-
vocated three sprayings a year of fruit-trees—one’ before any sign of
life in the spring and one after the bloom falls, and 12 days after that.
‘The first time with the Bourdeaux mixture, then add two ounces Paris
-green per 100 gal. for the other two sprayings, aud look out that your
Paris green is not too strong.
The Cannon liquid mixture is also good. One gallon will make
100 gallons: it costs $1.50 per gallon. Bourdeaux mixture is made by
using 4 lbs. of vitriol and an equal quantity of lime to 50 gallons of
water, according to the strength you wish it. Three to 5 lbs. seems to
do the work. London purple is also recommended, 1 lb. to 200 gallons
of water. It took 7 bris. to spray an orchard of 60 trees with Bour-
deaux mixture, 2 lbs. strength, and cost 48 cents per bri.
WEDNESDAY, June 5—8 p. m.
After music by Maj. Holsinger, a paper was then read on “The
New School of Horticulture,” which was followed by music. Paper by
Mrs. D. K. Hall, ‘The Memorial Trees of Washington, D. C.,” which was
very interesting to all.
Paper on the “Progress of Horticulture,” by Miss Longnecker, |
read by Mrs. Goodman (the best half of the Secretary). Beginning
with the father of us all, Adam, she came down to today, and exalted
horticulture, also showing some of the difficulties, and urged all the
work to be faithful; if it was not all sunshine, it was elevating for the
family and made pure and beautiful homes in our land.
A paper was then read from Edwin Walters of Kansas City, on
“Horticulture and Geology,” which treated of chemistry, physics and
geology, discussing the chemical and geological formation of lands
and best for orchards, selecting locations, etc. The porous land is
best for orchards.
Paper on “The Press and Horticulture” by Mr. Blake of the Rural
World. He pronounced them twin sisters.
SUMMER MEETING. 15
THURSDAY, June 7—9 a. m.
THE APPLE.
Papers by Mr. Durkes, of Platte county, and Mr. Homer Reed, of
Kansas City, followed by general discussion. The following points
were made by the different speakers :
Plow your land before planting ; any land that will raise good
corn will grow trees. Select good, thrifty trees two years old, no rule
as to age of trees ; wrap the trees well to protect from sun, worms and
rabbits. Some cut back the top, others do not ; some paid no atten-
tion to the roots and others no aitention to the tops; one man sug-
gested to give him the roots and you take the tops and see who has
apples first. The reply was, the apples didn’t grow on the roots.
Keep your orchard planted in corn three or four years; then
keep a row or two of corn on the outside for three or four years more
as wind-break and bug-feeder. Cultivate around the body of the tree
when the soil first gets soft in the spring, and you can plow the rest
Jater and harrow all together. The ground should be plowed and har-
rowed at least twice a year; some thought a cultivator would do as
well, and keep the ground fine and level; dust is nature’s mulch.
Spray two or three times a year. Examine the trees every year
in June and September for borers ; a knife and a wire are the best
ammunition for them. Never allow any stock in the orchard, unless it
is hogs or chickens.
Much pruning was discouraged, as it made more wood and no
fruit. Trim out the cross-branches and let nature do the rest.
A report was made of Johnson and Lafayette counties on fruit.
The whole root system was pronounced a humbug.
Mr. G. A. Dodd, of Sedalia, is a Ben Davis man. Not much hope
for trees stung by locusts ; best to plant a new orchard.
Judge Miller says he can move a tree from four inches to four feet
«through, if he has the proper lifting apparatus, and guarantee it to live.
The subject of varieties was then taken up. The trees in an
orchard must be mixed, as all of one kind will not fertilize as well as a
variety of kinds. Get kinds that bloom about the same time. The
Ben Davis, Roman Beauty and Jonathan were recommended—two-
thirds Ben Davis and one-third of the others in 40 acres ; distance of
planting, 25 feet. The Secretary suggested that our trees might be
_ improved by the selection of fine fruit to get seed from, instead of
planting the “cider-mill seed,” as a good many nurserymen did, which
come from the poorest, knottiest specimens in the orchard.
16 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,
Mr. Weaver, of Warrensbarg, explained the ‘‘new process” cider
mill. The apples are grated so that every juice cell is broken, and they
are pressed by hydraulic pressure of 60 to 100 tons, getting one to two
more gallons out of a bushel. The machine is too expensive for indi-
vidual use. The Secretary recommended the compressed air sprayer as.
costing only $25 or $30, while the others cost from $75 to $80. If you
want to make the tree grow, prune in spring; if to bear, prune in June.
GRAPES.
This subject was discussed by the President, Mr. Chandler of Kan-
sas, and others. Train grapes on trellis; have the trellis 8 feet apart
and the vines 8 feet apart; two wires on posts a rod apart; first wire
24 feet high and the other 18 inches above that. Cut away all the old
wood you can and save 3 canes of new wood, 30 buds each, and trim
fan shaped; don’t trim much in sammer; pluck back to within 2 or 3
leaves of the last bunch of grapes; trim the vines in November or De-
cember, to 3 canes as above. It don’t pay to rush grape-vines for
fruit; should not bear until 3 or 4 years old. Dort take off laterals.
the first year, as they help form root for future use; cultivate between
rows shallow; never cultivate beyond the 4th of July; after that time
scalp the weeds.
It being after the noon hour and the audience uneasy, the meeting
was closed rather abruptly, and adjourned for the session on account
of so many having to leave in the afternoon on the different trains.
The Vice-President, Mr. Murray, made a farewell address, and ex-
pressed his pleasure at the cordial welcome of the citizens of Harri-
sonville and the beautiful drive, good music, etc. He advised the
immediate commencement of fruit culture in the neighborhood of Har-
risonville on a large scale, and expressed surprise that there was so
little of it done here. The committee on resolutions reported the fol-
lowing:
Resolved, That we return thanks to the good people of Harrisonville for the interest
they have taken inthe meeting, and the ladies for the beautiful flowers that adorn the
platform, and the musicians (naming them) for the sweet music they furnished ; and the
railroads for the rates|given, and the Schell house for the reduced rates given us, and the
local press for their kind words of encouragement for the cause, and to the citizens for the
pleasant carriage drive ; and we shallever thank them, and shallremember with much
pleasure Harrisonville and her good people. CHAS. C. BELL, chairman.
Pres. Evans—I have to say in parting, we hope at some time in
the future to come back, and after the advice of our Vice-President
find a new Harrisonville and a new Cass county.
The selection “Slumber song,” a cornet solo rendered by Frank
Clements, composed by M. Theo. Frain, and sang at this place during
the Presbyterian concert here last April by Mrs. Mayo- Rhodes, received
an enthusiastic ovation.
SUMMER MEETING. ply
The following report, made by one of our most enthusiastic fruit
growers, of Platte county, J. J. Blakley, was printed in the “ Land-
mark,” of Platte City, and gives sucha sort of general view of the
fruit interests that I deem it very proper to use it in this connection.
SEC’Y.
Horticulture—What Missouri Is Doing.
Editor ‘*Landmark:” ;
Perhaps it may interest some of your readers to tell of our trip to
Harrisonville, attending the semi-annual meeting of the Missouri State
Horticultural Society. Mrs. Blakley and myself left Platte City on
Tuesday morning at 4a. m., arriving at our destination at 12:20 p.m.
And here it may not be out of place to give a short history of this
noted organization: The Missouri State Horticultural Society was
organized 35 years ago by a body of men who were greatly interested
in the improvement of our fruits and flowers, and in the advancement
of all that pertains to horticulture. This organization has been main-
tained for over a generation; notwithstanding the many discourage-
ments of extreme heat, cold, drouth, excessive rain and insect foes,
the Society has held its regular meetings without exception, in differ-
ent portions of the State, every year since its organization.
That its influence for good has been wide-spread, I need only
point to the fact that the sales of fruit have increased from compara-
tively nothing to $10,000,000 in the year 1891—1892 and 1893 not be-
ing nearly so much.
Many noted men have been officers of this Society, such as Nor-
man J. Colman, oar first Commissioner of Agriculture; Maj. Ragan of
Independence, Mo., now deceased; George Hussman, now of Napa,
Cal., who is recognized all over the world as one of the best authori-
ties on the “grape”—his work on that subject being accepted without
question by all horticulturists; Judge Samuel Miller, of Montgomery
county, known to all readers of Colman’s Rural World as one of the
best writers on horticulture, and is standard authority as its hortical-
tural editor—besides being a contributor to many other magazines
and papers of kindred nature, and many others too numerous to men-
tion.
This Society has been maintained by the contributions of its mem-
bers and whatever aid the Legislature has given it, until 1893, when - the
Legislature instituted and created the Missouri State Horticultural
Society a body corporate, with power to sue and be sued, complain
and defend in all courts, etc., and dingehed that it shduld pe ComRanert
H—2 Fi as
’
18 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
of such persons as take an interest in the advancement of horticulture
in this State, who shall apply for membership, and pay into the Society
treasury the sum of $1 per year, or $10 for life membership. The
officers of the Society at present are as follows:
President—Hon. J. C. Evans of Clay county, a man whom many
of you know familiarly as “Bud Evans,” high in authority on horti-
culture, and universally respected and loved by all who know him.
Vice-President—Hon. N. F. Murray, member of the 37th General
Assembly from Holt county, an educated gentleman, whose birth-place
is Virginia, but who can say more hearty good words for his adopted
State, “Grand Old Missouri,” than any one I have ever heard talk; a
practical horticulturist and an enthusiast in his calling.
Second Vice-President—Judge Samuel Miller, mentioned above—
whom to know is to admire and respect. A Pennsylvanian by birth,
but a resident of Missouri for many years.
Secretary—Hon. L. A. Goodman, of Westport, Mo. A Michigander
by birth, an educated, practical horticulturist, a ready debater, and an
indefatigable worker for the success of the Society and horticulture in
general; devotes all his time to the work of the Society, and to him is
due a great share of its honors.
Treasurer—A. Nelson, of Laclede county, a very practical man, an
investigator and experimenter in the secrets of the soils, improved
methods of cultivation, originator of new fruits, vegetables, and im-
provement of the old by cross-breeding—a pleasant, companionable
gentleman, with whom it is a pleasure to converse. Such is a brief
mention of the officers of the Society.
To the Missouri State Horticultural Society the people of this
State are indebted for the highest honors and awards at the World’s
Fair at New Orleans, also for the many magnificent displays of fruit at
the several St. Louis expositions, and for the finest exhibit of fruit at
the Chicago fair (California alone excepted), and to my mind Missouri
excelled California’s diplay, because of its great sameness, while Mis-
souri had an endless variety. The St. Louis Exposition Company sent
a representative to Harrisonville and placed the entire horticultural
exhibit in the hands of the Missouri State Horticultural Society to
manage as they see fit, with the very choicest space in the building
alloted to them for their use for the fall of 1894; which the Society
accepted, and visitors to St. Louis this fall may expect something fine
in that department.
Well, we were met at the depot at Harrisonville by Secretary
Goodman, and in company with President Evans and wife, Major Hol-
singer of Rosedale, Kansas, Vice-President Murray and wife, and other
iN
7 . 6
SUMMER MEETING. 19
members whom I did not know, we were driven to the hotel Schnell,
and after partaking of dinner, met at the opera-house, where we found
@ fine collection of apples that were exhibited at Chicago fair, and
again exhibited at the winter meeting at Fulton last December, and
kept in cold storage until shipped to Harrisonville. They were in good
condition, the large beautiful specimens of such as Ben Davis, Ingram,
York Imperial, Yellow Newtown Pippin, Huntsman Favorite and many
others being very tempting to usall. Boxes of fine strawberries, black
raspberries, currants, gooseberries, cherries, were arranged upon tables
adjoining the apple display, and were very fine indeed. A large collec-
tion of cut flowers and plants was arranged with rare taste upon the
stage by the ladies of the city, and were contributed from private gar-
dens; also fine floral designs by the home florist; also some fine bas-
kets exhibited by Mr. Kellogg, a florist from Pleasant Hill, 12 miles
away—the whole exhibit being the admiration of all who were fortu-
nate enougn to see it.
The afternoon was very pleasantly spent in renewing old acquaint-
ances, and making new ones, until at 8 p. m. the first session was held,
with a fine attendance of members and not less than 200 visitors. A
welcome address by Dr. Abraham of the city, response by Vice-Presi-
dent Murray, and prayer by the Methodist minister of the city, and
music by a most excellent brass band of Harrisonville, with the read-
ing and discussion of the subjects of the program, interspersed with
music on the piano by Mrs. Allen, accompanied with violin by Mr.
Allen, and on the cornet by Mr. Clements, made the sweetest music I
ever heard. This constituted the evening session.
Time will not permit nor your space allow a minute description of
each session. Suffice it to say that there were held three sessions each
day and night, with a constant attendance of 300 to 400 persons.
I do not know that I have ever seen a more intelligent, refined and
elegantly dressed and hospitable people than the citizens of Harrison-
ville and Cass county. Every one seemed glad to meet you, and all
visitors were invited to private homes during their stay, if they pre-
ferred to go.
On Wednesday evening, at 4 p. m., we were treated to an elegant
drive in the country four or five miles, and across two miles to another
road, and back to the city on a different road. It required 13 to 15
carriages and surreys to hold all that desired to go— the carriages,
surreys and teams being very nice —a credit toa much larger city.
Representatives of the Harrisonville Democrat were present, and ex-
tended many courtesies to the members. There were reporters from
aany other papers present, among whom was Mr. A. J. Blake, of Col-
20 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
man’s Rural World, in which paper will be published at length the pro-
ceedings of the meeting. A very enjoyable feature of these meetings.
was the music. One evening, a chorus of female voices; the next eve-
ning, a chorus of male voices, interspersed with solos on the cornet,
accompanied by the piano and violin. By special request Mr. Clements
rendered the beautiful Scotch air “ Annie Laurie,” on the cornet,
accompanied by Mrs. Allen on the piano, which brought down the
house. Every one was delighted with it.
Prominent among the members of the Society present, whom L
knew, was Mr. W. R. Keller, who has probably handled as much fruit.
as any man in Missouri— commencing buying strawberries in car lots.
in February, in Texas and other southern states, and as the season
advances, following the berries north until the season closes, and so
with all the other fruits—having handled apples from Maine to Cali-.
fornia. He is well posted on the business end of fruit-growing
Another Platte countian, Maj. J. C. Anderson, now of Independ-
ence, Jackson county, attended the meeting, having large interests in
Howell county, Mo. Heis putting out 75 acres in grapes, and was.
there to learn all he could about the business.
Judge Samuel Miller of Montgomery county, who bas almost an
experiment station of his own, tests all new fruits, has probably over
100 varieties of strawberries for trial, and is undisputed authori ty on
such matters. Heis now 74 years of age and in good health, and as
active as many much younger men.
Conrad Hartzell of Buchanan county, the inventor of a plan to
keep apples, has kept apples in fair condition as long as four years.
Also the inventor of a plow, as he says, to move the earth and culti-
vate the lower farm—plow 16 inches deep, with a 16-inch furrow slice,
with three mules or horses. :
I could go on and mention many more prominent persons that
were present, who have from 5 to 100 acres in fruit, but space forbids.
I write this to show our people that we are behind the times in the
fruit business. We have one of the best counties in Northwest Mis-
souri, and Northwest Missouri, the Platte purchase in particular, has.
the best land in the world. We know it, and yet not many strangers
know where Platte county is. I have never yet seen a display of our
products at either St. Louis, Kansas City or St. Joseph fairs. You
will see displays of a dozen Kansas counties at our Kansas City fair,
which advertises them and is worth thousands of dollars to them. We
should make county displays at St. Louis, Kansas City and St. Joseph,
and our citizens should contribute the funds necessary to carry it out.
It would pay for the county court to help liberally in this matter.
SUMMER MEETING. 21
Being well repaid for our trip, we arrived at Beverly at 10:30 p. m.,
where, owing to the failure of the delivery of a telegram, we spent a
most enjoyable (may be) night without fire, with a corrugated steel-
armed, cross-barred bench for a bed. To fally and completely enjoy a
trip, you should never fail to telegraph from Kansas City for a team to
meet you at 10 o’clock at night. You will then have an opportunity to
round up your trip just right.
JESSE J. BLAKLEY.
Welcome Address—Dr. I. M. Abraham.
Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen:
When, as citizens of Harrisonville and Cass county, we were
informed through the public press that the semi-annual meeting of the
State Horticultural Society would assemble in the city, we were glad.
While we would welcome to our city and to the grand old agricul-
tural county of Cass any convention of our feilow-citizens, it is par-
ticularly gratifying to us to have the privilege to entertain a society
composed largely of the representative men of this great common-
wealth. Why I should have been selected to perform so pleasant a
duty I donot know, but now, inthe nama and by the authority of the
good people of Harrisonville and Cass county, I welcome you, ladies
and gentlemen, to our homes and hospitalities. Diversified industries.
are the basis of state and national wealth and prosperity, and we wel-
come you gladly, because we recognize you «as laborers, and as we
believe pioneer laborers, in an industry that is already second only to
the State’s agricultural productions asa source of pleasurable sub-
gtantiality and of revenue.
We hope no one will take alarm when we say that men are usually
influenced in their business life largely through selfish motives. The
farmer, the manufacturer, the merchant, the laborer, as well as those
who crowd the ranks of the professions, arevery largely influenced in
their eager desire for success through motives of selfishness; and
this is right. Selfishness unrestrained is a monster of iniquity and op-
pression, but properly restrained it is the lever that moves the world’s
industries.
But while you, ladies and gentlemen, are sufficiently selfish in the
prosecution of your work to look to and labor for a money reward, itis
your province peculiarly to contribute to the gratification of man’s
zesthetic tastes. The world’s industries are pushed forward largely, as
we have intimated, looking only to the grosser—the money reward. It
22 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
is yours to cultivate the virtues, the graces and the finer feelings of
our natures ; to contribute not only to our physical wants and necessi-
ties, but to lay an embargo upon every fruit that your patient toil has
brought to such marvelous perfection, and scatter it broadcast to sat-
isfy the tastes of an exacting civilization.
Ladies and Gentlemen:
Your Society, from a small beginning, has, under your wise con-
duct, grown until it is recognized today as one of the prime factors
which are to be instrumental in having Missouri to, in the near future,
assume the position to which her possibilities entitle her, as the Empire
State of the American Union. The world has heard of her iron, lead,
zine, coal, stone, timber, and her wonderful agricultural possibilities ;
but it is left to you, gentlemen, to show to the world that Missouri is
the greatest fruit State on the continent, California by no means ex-
cepted. Then, ladies and gentlemen, whether you are here from our
sister State of Kansas, whether you come to us with the rich soil of
the “Platte purchase” clinging to your sandals, whether your garments
carry the aroma of the smoke of the wonderful young city at the
mouth of the Kaw, or whether you hail from the classic shades of the
Ozarks, we welcome you. If, when your labors shall have ended here,
and you return to your homes and to your people, you can do so, feel-
ing that we have inany way made your stay with us pleasant, we will
be glad ; andif, in the prosecution of your work in the future, you can
look back to your meeting here with kindly remembrances, that know-
ledge, could we feel its impulse, would make us feel that we had been
mutually benefited and blessed by this short acquaintanceship.
Flowers in the Home.
Mrs. Edgar Dean, Harrisonville.
Am I interested in floriculture and lawn decoration? Why, of
couse I am, and I ean tell you the most successful way to fail in this
branch of horticulture, for out of a woman’s own experience can she
speak the truth.
First, be sure you have a yard full of chickens, of all ages and
sizes, and all of the most surprising energy and zeal in upturning the
soil around your most treasured plants. When you are sure of this
first element of failure, make up your mind that around a sunny bay-
window is just the place for a rose border; that you have a most
charmingly shady nook for ferns, a half shaded one for pansies, and
down in front is a nice place for a bed of foliage plants.
SUMMER MEETING. 23
When your mind is made up on these points, it will not take long,
if you have tact, to convince “the dearest man in the world” that he
needs out-door exercise, and needs it to the extent of several dozen
wheel-barrow loads of garden soil, leaf-mold and earth from the stable
yard. He will not object nor complain of tired back or aching shoul-
ders. Ob, vo. The wily man looks into the future, and sees the’
crumbling of all your plans, the end of all your rose-colored hopes»
and smiling calmly to himself, he awaits the time that is surely coming
when his “I thought as much” will repay him for all this labor.
Now your beds are ready, and you, in the meantime, have seen in
the magazines glowing advertisements of plants whose species must
have come down direct from Hden, unharmed by the “thorns also and
thistles,” which Adam was told should forever curse the ground, and
unchanged by the flight of 6000 years. So perfect are they, so gor-
geous, that you think of their beauty by day, and your dreams at night
are filled with their loveliness and fragrance. All this splendor is
offered you fora mere song. Sixteen or twenty superb plants for a
dollar. Your housewifely economy and American gullibility get the
better of your common-sense.
Of course, you know you can get nice plants at your own green-
house, but then, you have seen them, and they do not compare with
those wonders of the floral catalogues. So you send several dollars
to these generous advertisers, and when you have waited till you have
almost forgotten you ever made the order, and your beds, once so soft
and loamy, are all packed down, except in spots where the aforesaid
chickens have scattered the loose dirt for yards around over vour sod,
you get, through the mail, a package slightly larger than a match-box,
containing your sixty, eighty or one hundred magnificent plants.
With a sold-out feeling you open the box, and by the aid of a
microscope you might discover faint signs of life in some of the dry-
looking sticks. Hope revivesa little; your determination is undaunted ;
you put out these sorry specimens of plant-life and shade them from
the sun, which this time of waiting has brought round to its June in-
tensity of heat. You go to bed that night thinking that flower-garden-
ing is not without its discouragements after all.
The next week or two you spend in coaxing and anxiously watch-
ing, till you are rewarded by the appearance of one, two, three, or
perhaps a half-dozen tiny green leaves. Now it is that your chickens
begin their part of the work by carefully picking off every leaf, though
the yard is full of other verdure from which a thousand leaves would
not be missed.
24 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Another week brings signs of other leaves, and up come your
hopes again; but the kings and queens of the barnyard are seized
with a desire for an earth-bath, and out come your rose-bushes, root
and branch. You chase away the “Goths,” only to make room for
the “ vandals,” for you relax your vigil an hour to attend some other
duty, and, returning, you find that the young dog (age anywhere from
six weeks to three months) has gone mole-hunting in your pansy-bed,
and then laid himself down amid the coolness of your ferns to medi-
tate upon the ruin he has wrought.
If, perchance, one or two plants surmount all these obstacles
(which is not probable) and put forth an effort to bloom, the baby
nips that effort in the bud, and you turn your attention exclusively to
potted plants, firmly convinced that the lawn is not your field of labor.
Now, the moral of my “tale of woe” may be summed up in three
“dont’s:”
First—Don’t be deceived by high-sounding advertisements.
Second—Don’t send away for what you can buy at home.
Third—If you mean to have a flower-garden, don’t set your heart
on poultry, pigs or puppies; for I think Owen Meredith had just tried
all together when he sang—
**The man who seeks one thing in life, and but one,
May hope to achieve it before life be done;
But he who seeks all things, wherever he goes,
Only reaps from the hopes which around him he sows,
A harvest of barren regrets.’’
SECRETARY’S REPORT.
L. A. GoopMan.
Another six months of cold and heat, rain and shine, snow and
hail, drouth and floods, frost aud sunshine, light and darkness, has
passed, and we are still working away ir our old road in and out, mak-
ing a well-beaten road instead of the old ruts we used to make by fol-
lowing directly in one another’s track. There never was a time when
fruit-growers were working on independent lines more than now;
every one seems to be studying out something new, or rather watching
nature and finding out somethiog newin their several departments.
It is this continual experimenting, persistent testing, the results
of which we everywhere see in our State, that is causing people to look
to our fruit men for information in this regard.
The result of the warm winter and the cold blizzard of January
25th and the still later one of March 25th, and last ofall, May 18th, you
all know. The fruit-trees never went into winter quarters better than
they did last fall, and the hope of the fruit man was bright, and as the
future seemed bright, the nurseryman also felt the impulse, anda
bright market seemed to open for his surplus stock.
The peach crop was all killed on the first mentioned day, January
25th, and other fruits injured more or less. We seemed to recover
from this blow and adapt ourselves io the circumstances, just as all
Americans do in such cases, when two months later the rest of our
hopes seem to have had a severe shock, and for a time we were fear-
ful that all the rest of the fruit was gone. But after recovery from the
scare and damage done, we find that there will be plenty of fruit of
many kinds.
The apple, which is the great fruit for our State, will be a very fair
crop indeed, taking the State as a whole. While there are many young
orchards of 7 or 8 or 9 years that have not the crop that we would
like to see them have, or that they could well have, yet we find the
older ones holding, in many places, all that they should have. In fact,
26 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
if on the first of June you find that the apples can be seen scattered
over the trees here and there, you may be sure of a faircrop. They
make very little showing now, but they will at ripening time. The
cherry crop will be a fair one also in the central and northern parts of
the State, as also the plam; while both of them will be rather searce
in the southern part of the State.
The strawberry crop, although light, yet prices have ruled rather
low, and the prospect for an advance in prices not very bright. The
great surplus of berries thrown on the market from Texas, Tenn., Ga.
and Ark., put prices so low that they will hardly recover in time to
help our fruit-growers; especially is this true in the larger cities.
The raspberry crop will be only a half-crop, and it is very likely
that prices will be better maintained ; for they are not grown to such
great extent in the South as is the strawberry.
The blackberry will bea very good one indeed, and we may expect.
low prices for them.
The grapes never did look better or promise more than now.
Everywhere we find the vines healthy and fall of promise.
While in many cases the failure will work quite a hardship upon
the fruit-grower, yet in this time of depression, the man that has a
great variety of fruitsin bearing is in much better condition than many
a thousand others all over the land. While we may expect discourage-
ment, yet we know that results will come if we follow our business
intelligently.
In and about your little city are very many choice locations for
this prefitable business. Here you have the peculiar soil just suited
for the production of the best fruits in quantity and quality also.
These light timber lands are most peculiarly adapted to fruit-growing.
These hills and ridges are just the home for fruits, and all the fruits
can be grown to perfection, except that the peach buds are liable to
be winter-killed.
The peculiar location of Harrisonville upon the head waters of
the Grand river, the altitude of the same, the peculiar growth of tim-
ber, all go to show tbat the lands here are rich in tree growth, and will
produce profitably. Then the railroads diverging from your city cannot.
be found in another city of its size in the State, and give openings for
the reaching of markets in all directions, both the larger cities and the
smaller towns about the State. It will pay you people here to take
hold of this in earnest, and make it a means of bringing in much
money into your community.
SUMMER MEETING. 27
County societies have been increasing in number since last we
met, and interest seems to be awakened in very many new localities.
Shannon county, Madison county, Miller county and St. Francois
county have all taken hold of the fruit business, and are letting people
know what they have in the way of fruit lands, developing their own
lands and studying how best to grow the fruits and care for them. All
these county workers accomplish much more than any of them think ;
their influence spreads and grows as their knowledge increases. It is
the old story of 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, ete., and the results are often not seen
until many years after. The social gathering of these meetings, the
discussions of all tronbles, trials, successes and failures, cannot but be
of help to every one in their line of work.
After our return from the work of packing up at Chicago the
exhibit there shown for six months, and its shipment to the St. Louis
Exposition, I received a number of letters from the general manager,
Mr. Frank Gaiennie, asking me to take charge of the exhibit there for
the show next fall. After a number of letters back and fortb, I told
him that I would accept if the Executive Committee of this Society
would sanction an exhibit this fall, and the Society would lend its.
influence and assistance and the Exposition would bear the expense of
the display. In answer, I received the following letters:
ST. LOUIS, Feb. 22, 1894.
Mr. L. A. GOODMAN, Secretary Horticultural Society, Westport, Mo.:
Dear Sir—I wlsh now to say I will accept your kind offer of co-operation, and willnow
state what my object is: that is, to have most of the fruit in the jars replaced, and to {have
an exhibit of this year’s fruit similar to the one at the Chicago fair, showing the fruits on
plates. Iwill be glad to have your jadvice in regard to |how I shall|proceed, which I pro-
pose to place under your direction.
Please write me fully, and oblige, Yours truly,
FRANK GAIENNIE,
General Manager.
St. Louis, Mo., March 5, 1894.
Mr. L. A. GOODMAN, Jefferson City, Mo.:
Yours of March 3 to hand and noted. Can I depend upon you to assist mein doing
whatever is necessary? I will arrange whatever is necessary to procure the necessary fruit
and etc.,so as to make a creditable display. I will soon begin to put the whole business in
shape. Awaiting your favorable reply, Yours truly,
FRANK GAIENNIE,
General Manager.
I then wrote to every member of the Executive Committee, and
they expressed themselves in favor of the Society taking hold of this.
matter and making a grand display of fruits in St. Louis at its Expo-
sition this next fall.
28 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY.
OREGON, MO., March 7, 1894,
Friend GOODMAN :
Your favor tohand. In reply will say 1am in favor of holding on to our Chicago ex-
hibit, and you have my vote in the matter to do with it as you think best.
Yours truly, N. FF. MURRAY.
I record my vote also. L. A. GOODMAN,
LAKE CHARLES, LA., March 17, 1894.
Yours referring to the Exposition at St. Louis received just now. You have my vote
in the matter, and as I am going home soon will do allI can toward the matter.
Yours truly, S. MILLER.
LEBANON, MO , March 8, 1894.
Friend GOODMAN :
Tam with you on the Fruit exhibit and also keeping hold of the World’s Fair exhibit.
Yes, Tam with you on the Fruit exhibit, asl am looking for an apple crop this year
Truly yours, A. NELSON.
I then wrote Mr. Gaieunie the result of the vote in the matter, and
the fact that he could depend upon the assistance of the Horticultural
Society.
St. Louis, Mo., March 12, 1894.
Mr’ L. A. GOODMAN, Westport, Mo.:
Dear Sir—Yours of the 9th, with the very gratifying intelligence that you have
received the acquiescence of the Committee of the State Horticultural Society, and you will
do what you can to make the exhibit a success, tohand. Ishall proceed to put the exhibit
in shape, and as soon as it is done, shall be glad to have you come down and look over same
and see what condition it is in; and upon consultation will arrange for the exhibit.
K Yours truly,
FRANK GAIENNIE,
General Manager.
When our program was ready Isent Mr. Gaiennie one of them, and
received the following in response, which I answered, “that we should
be glad to hear something definite, and should be pleased to have him
or a representative present at our meeting. They would be welcome.”
ST. Louis, May 12, 1894.
L. A. GOODMAN, Westport, Mo.:
Dear Sir—I have received under cover a notice of the semi-annual meeting of the State
Horticultural Soclety, at Harrisonville Mo.,on June5,6and7. I am pleased to note the
fact, besides being very much interested as a citizen of Missouri, in the proper encourage-
ment and promotion of the horticultural interest of the State of Missouri, and the great
benefit that will be derived by giving that interest proper publication, as we expect to do
when we will have the exhibit this year, as you know, at our Exposition. I hope the meet-
ing will be successful. I wish to ask youina friendly way, whether you do not believe it
will be a good thing for a representative of the Exposition to be present. I ask you frankly,
and will be very glad to do anything I can to make it a success in any way which you may
suggest. Yours truly,
FRANK GAITENNIE,
General Manager.
ST. LOvuIS, May 17, 1894.
L. A. GOODMAN, Westport, Mo :
Dear Sir—Yours of the 15th to hand and noted. I shall do my very best to be present
at the meeting. We shall endeavor to reproduce in our Sculpture hall, which you will re-
member is the place in which you had your exhibit before, the shelving and decorations
had in Chicago. The center of the Hall will be dedicated to the Agricultural exhibit that |
was also in Chicago. The Sculpture hall is 60ft. by 80ft.; of course there are openings and
windows which will have to be deducted. We can give you other places at the head of the
steps for the overflow, or any additional space you may require. I am now engaged in
—— ee
SUMMER MEETING. 29
assorting the ‘exhibit, and will soon begin to putitup. Ishall endeavor to bring with me
a plat of the hall. Weshall be glad to place in cold storage anything that will be consigned
to us for that exhibit. I shall undertake to do everything in my power to make the exhibit
worthy of the horticultural interest of the State of Missouri.
Hope to see you in Harrisonville, when I can better explain,
Yours truly,
FRANK GAIENNIE,
General Manager.
As you will see, therefore, we will take charge for this Society of
the exhibit to be made in St. Louis, and from the prospects of the fruit
crop now before us, we can have a display that will be worthy of our
State and Society.
My plan would be much the same as that of 1888, where each
county made its display distinct, and thus got credit for all done, and
the State took credit for it all. By this plan every county will get.
credit for everything sent from that county, and it will appear in its
display. The rooms offered by the Exposition are the. most beautiful
rooms in the building, and we can make a very fine show there. Other
side rooms will be supplied if more room is needed.
It would be well, as I suggested to Mr. Gaiennie, that we arrange
with some cold storage company in St. Louis to care for our earlier
fruits, and thus have a complete fruit display. I think that we can
arrange with the express companies to carry fruit at half rates at least
for this show, and that willbe much helptous. Plans willbe concluded
by the Executive Committee, or at least furthered, at this meeting, in
consultation with Mr. Gaiennie, which the Society will no doubt ap-
prove.
*
Spraying is such an important matter in our work now, and one in
which there is so much uncertainty, that it is an appropriate subject
to take up at any time. There can be no question but that, if the
proper spray is used, in the proper season, of the proper strength, and
applied in the proper manner and in the proper way, that good results
will follow. Another thing is true, and that is that this spraying must
be done each and every year, with just as much care and regularity as
is the cultivation and care of the orchard itself. As well may we
expect that one plowing of an old neglected orchard would be a pana-
cea for our orchards, as to expect that one spraying would accomplish
the results we so much wish. Those who have tested it most and
longest say that the best results begin to show only after two or three,
or even four, years’ systematic spraying—just as the orchardist says
that the best results come from three or four years of thorough calti-
30 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY.
vation. The sprayer must be one of the most important machines to
be used in orchards, vineyards and small fruit plantations that fruit-
growers can have, and is becoming as important a factor in fruit-grow-
ing as the plow, cultivator, hoe or knife.
But many an improvement is yet to be made in our spraying
apparatas before we reach the desired end we wish for. All the
sprayers take too much work to pump them, and the force is too vari-
able to cause a steady spray at all times.
For large orchards a power machine is needed; but none of them
work to the satisfaction of the orchardist, and the same may be said
of the hand-sprayers.
Mr. Wm. Byers, of the Olden Fruit Company, has put on an im-
provement that seems to me the most important one that has yet ap-
peared or been suggested by any person. It can be used with a power
pump or hand-pump on a wagon platform.
He uses for the air-chamber of the pump the large hot-water
tanks that are used in the kitchen stoves to give hot water to the
house where water-works are established. He pumps the water direct
into the bottom of these tanks, and the large air-chamber of these
tanks creates a powerful pressure that will last for four or five min-
utes after the pump stops working.
These tanks are about four feet high and a foot in diameter, and
made very strong, capable of sustaining a pressure of 300 lbs. Any
of the ordinary spray-pumps will give a pressure of 100 lbs. to 1201bs.
and will sustain that for some minutes after the pump stops working.
The spray-pipe goes to very near the bottom of the tank and
passes out of the top, where two hose and nozzles are attached, giving
two good strong sprays. An extra hose runs to the barrel to keep the
liquid agitated.
The same plan is used when the power pump is used. A sprocket
wheel is fastened on the hind wheel of the wagon and an endless chain ©
attached to a-rotary pump, and power enough is given so that when
the wagon stops the spray continues for some time.
The cost of such a power pump and tank, all complete, need not
be more than $25 or $30, instead of $75 or $80, as do all the power
machines now in use.
The Worlild’s Fair matters have all been settled up, and the Com-
‘mission have paid to the Society all moneys expended for the display
made there. Money had been advanced all along through the year by
— = *,
SUMMER MEETING. on
the Society to pay for fruit, express and expenses in coliecting of fruit,
which has all now been repaid to the Society.
But the amount of money paid by our President, Mr. Evans, has
never been returned to him. No doubt it will be paid, but this put-
ting aside an honest debt is not the fair way of treating our President.
As you all know, the medals taken at Chicago show nothing of
‘value or of instruction. There is no such thing as merit in them.
Every display worthy gets the same medal or diploma, no matter if the
exhibit was 1000 plates or 10,000 plates.
The work of the Society and the Secretary is more or less that of
a teacher or aninstructor. Some things [ can answer, others I can-
not. The insect questions are referred to Miss Murtfeldt unless I am
very sure of the matter.
It would astonish you to know of the questions that are con-
tinuously pouring in upon us. The work and experience of the last
20 years give us, in most instances, the correct information, but when
some persons demand just the best way to plant trees or vines, to
prune them, the surest locations, the exact time of cultivation ; the cor-
rect dates for each of the sprayings to be done, the exact mixture to
use and just how soon results will show; the best location in the State
for a fruit farm; the cost of land, the cost of planting, just how soon
the fruits will pay; just how many bushels, quarts or lbs. of fruit you
can expect each year, just how much they will bring, how much per
cent the orchard or vineyard will pay on the investment; where the
best markets are; whoare the honest commission men; where they can
get good land near the railroad, how they can homestead the same;
where they can buy a farm for $1000 or $3000, and how much the farm
will pay, so that they can at once move their family to it without ex-
pense of atrip; how best to begin when they know nothing about it,
and can they succeed if they undertake it; if I will go with them and
help locate and plant the farm; if there is such a thing as failure in the
fruit business; are there not new and better methods of growing fruits
so that more money can be made on the same? if it is true that apple
orchards in North Missouri will pay $200 per acre; if berries do pay
1000 per acre; where are the geological formations of such and such
a character? give me the composition of the soils of South Missouri,
of the Missouri river bluffs, of North Missouri—and then you will begin
to understand some of the questions we are expected to answer.
32 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
If the State would give us $10,000 per year, a geologist, entomol-
ogist, pathologist, botanist, chemist and half dozen fruit-growers, we
could not answer the questions.
This much we are proud to say, that the work of the State Society
has brought to the attention of other states the great desirability of
Missouri as a bome for those who want a better climate, good soil,
plenty of timber, abundance of water, rain in due season, and the best
of fruits in their season.
Hundreds of home-seekers are flocking to the State because of
efforts made by the Society during the last ten years.
The desirabie cheap lands of Missouri cannot be found elsewhere
in all the United States, and, after this long, people are just beginning
to find it out, and are now occupying them.
Many a letter have I written answering the questions of how,
when and where to plant; how, when and what to prune; when to
spray and to cultivate. In answering these letters, sometimes two or
three pages are necessary, and many hours’ time are devoted to the
work.
I have visited a number of our local societies, and found them
all strong factors in the development of the fruit interests of the
State.
The work is one of growth and development, and each year finds
more and more the necessity of a system of direct information to all
our fruit men and women. Your help, your experience, is to be the
basis of all this work, and the Society to be the means of dissemi-
nating this information.
Our State report is a valuable one, and one that will be called for
more than ever. Our edition of 3500 will not be enough to supply the
demand, and I suggest to our local societies to be carefal in the distri-
bution, that they all go where they are of use.
The picture of the oldest fruit-grower in the State—one who has
done much to spread information—will be gladly welcomed by many
who have never seen the kindly face of Samuel Miller.
The three pictures of the display at Chicago will give only a
partial idea of the fruits there shown or the amount of work it caused,
and yet, to those who have not seen, it will be an intimation.
Already the call has been a large one for copies, and I have just
begun to scatter them. . |
The Printing Commission have kindly reprinted the report of 1882
and 1873, of which there were only a few copies in existence. I can
SUMMER MEETING. 33
now supply them to those who have a file, or nearly a file of the re-
ports. So few have been printed that it will not be possible to scatter
them otherwise. A few complete sets of them are known in the State,
and they are very valuable indeed. I am having calls for sets of our
reports from many of the experimental stations, but am unable to
supply them.
The further work of the Society it is not necessary for me to out-
line or worry your patience with. It is one of growth and success
wherever we may be; one of instruction and influence wherever we
may meet; one of. enthusiasm and direction to all who are willing to
learn. .
We meet you, friends and workers, in this beautiful city, sur-
rounded as it is by as grand a country as can be found in the world; a
city whose four railroads lead to all parts of the State; a country
especially adapted to the growth of fruits, if you wiil but use what na-
ture has given you; a country which will blossom like the rose, and
fruit in abundance, if you will but use the material placed at your dis-
posal. I look to see thousands of acres of berries and other fruits in
bearing about your city, giving employment to hundreds of people,
and bringing money into your pockets in abundance. To that end we
hope to work with you in opening up this mine of wealth in this and
all other parts of the State.
TREASURER’S REPORT.
A. NELSON.
.
1893. "RECEIPTS.
12 Mee sericea Balance ON WANG. 20 cactie ov seins pin toaplaeinid s alvrbie'9'e e eivnia eletele aia i<e pate $6 23
Dec. 28. .....;| Amount from State Treasurer®. <.vr. se «nu vio ure eee oe cielo ote orate 379 23
1894.
MCH MU. .5- Amount from State LTLEAsurer : 2. = oii. cele nisin’ oso alten a) fucts sissies aie are 414 17
May 2.3.5 5 So Sard a he I sei ldiaaia 5 lotta: open SRE Ue toy oe 387 95
® $1187 58
61
Balance'on hand. .. 02sec os fence hehe tore ne eelee acenelaien re ates | aan $1125 65
1894. DISBURSEMENTS
PAB. 272. BYRPLOSS / rss 2 aoe a eetetos tree ho talard Do MEME ole Shnie'd ain coe ais loll, Wrordi she (ate arena $5 80
Osborne & Pitrat, printing... -o2.50.... Begileretd tet ers biseary 2 tee Renee 2 80
Secretary’s salary forvanwanrye V5. .tlects setisei Acetone es pee eee 66 66
Warrant NMos25lsct: gaia te. thrakeredathietadtes .» slaid's 35 bie b sae EOE 75 26
OAD e203 i552 L. A. GOOAMAD PIN STEUTC WV OT Ks ora. iv io fatale. « «istajetorayelnrete eels eae 20 00
Jan. 16...... die trip to Lebanon and Tevurn’, Ge... escne peer 16 55
SIs Aine cies Bie oie ‘* Sedalia SE a ve Shar acereis isjacnto gst od 7 40
eel asllctes skis cy 3 Er CLk se CLEVE Ry MO, okiols onc he ieee eee 12 55
WALrant: NO. 2525 8. F eee ek A aie SOROS NG oF are tt sare nn te $1 65
Feb. 24...... Sophia Booth, PJOm Dilley c. «ee. -cies eee) Sete ted epee ceils ea 25 68
Salary of Secretary for February 66 66
Feb. 28...... Ps Os. DU so Sale Asse bee in do he Bc ee SUR ee AS SE cin eet eee 11 42
WarrantcNOs, 2535.5. <slis sitters sfelbiead aos ats eieuat ys etelols reeiee te ee ett 103 76
MCh Os. 5. is Dr. Paul Schweitzer—
UP TOSS' pee he tee ss sinis atecian Poatnes Mele wisi saves scare cele es ane > Pel ee ete 25
IPP DOW TMNT cio aca a a iaroisinlnle® stepetolevaietot= eieleeteuorsletvidve Matele vis als hele sea 6 35
PRIN G INNO te eect cie sae os ear lete oat wie lattes eset ates ote rom sip eee ona aces) SONGD)
WATTATIEIN OG: 54 res Penh eae olele wc cbc ae ale Bale eieinse blethe na el eletele | ae 16 60
MiG E26. < 255% L, A. Goodman—
Trip to Jere, CltyrAma rrenmans a. ee ck ale ainisee core eee 8 55
Two weeksiat Jett .City OD EPO iiss i ivis < Seis «icici ae olmisto eietcletele Jj 50
1 SO Be 0) 1 Re Ue ae I he Fatt 8 A ete a A eM BRR Snr von ooo. 17 34
WDLESS I: ss wha cei eke ok noha es tysip nim iate nie lptetelotarele ale. sla(a'e @antapetatets tetas 2 95
SEATIOMCT VY eater ncaa nian Acie nd ak Acpiaenen ee Wats Shee be rene 3 68
Salary for Secretary for March acaloa winieeidiods = bina, seis bet eee 66 66)
Warrant NO: 25b iis ciecc wate wae oh ocie letae taictele clete notre tacslela tele teats ater an 116 68
10 h ay. ae Hudson & Kimberly Publishing Co.—
Nour half-tone: Cuts reise tl tose: cde «ee eee cer eae e Rene 45 50
Seven letter-heads and plate... 36 00
Fourteen half-tone impressions 22 00
Warrant INO & 256 sic sacs Dab tiec ace ote ayeeiele clalele ohble Bhoteteweiete totes ate riers ater 105 50
ADE! 265.2 xz MTripito Jefl. City: ANG) TELUTI. qi. /o ic cc « «sie ape 0 sie) ctnrsioiels(e += 5 oh peraist3 es 12 5A
Trip to Springfield and TeturMe 2. sce ese cee e occ dee sens PRAIA SOO 12 80
Tripito Holden Ang TEtWUM, ose asree alaestanae ds aia ley wots > siaeslealoeitee 4 60)
PE ODS. oo ok cee cadet ck anes wien te cetomiers orewminleracs ap leeyo ks trae neta 28 25
WAI ATIE NOs) 2015 oi s:arc oc iajo win dle airs era's wre rta niente /olelnistei pile © sie 5 five oo:a1ata| eevee 58 20
SUMMER MEETING. 35
TREASURER’S REPORT—Continnued.
April 26..... IDR-g BRST eA Lea. cade came Brn te COP: CBR ODT et GRaOntl: SaR OC AORE rier totes 30
Pt Lee TODOTE! ft ie cee soe. sleis te wae bleide oP aks so ete een $4 50
Maa Ots OCLC EAL Vail GFE AEM oc k ccvebicic creme aot slapaie sneie tebere aiaes diaiers ake 66 66
\ifeiigufelial mie (Oe wa\s Mocha ie Moe AR CES CInA AAaH Gbthen Intranets SACOCO Dat ect pleco aaah ae $71 46
apa Me bse Ree EEL EMULIT ET MIME AINE OO a5, 5 aie. of join 401d) f= + 2:0) e%mjel eloteie cieieucia's sleieivia wales oe Relete 3 50
ee 20 a) Sees ee Pees aoe Seem Presi yon orice ae iG > 8 40
Wi AIT INGpp ea Mec ceytacee « epicis ce ae piens store bs eertearefetejelaha uo'e weve a 6 btu [ae cies © 11 90
SMV Mi iaas.« <7. A. Nelson (money paid out for World’s Fair) .................... 11 50
RU ERTTISEA TS LAPIN GD pe OU cleus Srartce. Neate eye ni chatane (oC re ojala areata em avatars <ialere a’nlcval|(orete tiareece 11 50
1112) Ga! 7 eae EERO TORU tae eke s cea isteke tls eats oie C siete s cothase: Rableleyacsicie le ameter a ce: 8 10 50
HERP LESS Rees oie nec eae no es aes ea naes abies betes esis nee dt iow ed waar 3 26
Trip itonwWestyelains AMG) RECUL o ciclo) osc .0 0; x sjelSinis a0: erstololeseiedieke tes’ 6 00
WX LOSS OL LEDOLES EV OI ce) Cllr OLGV cree ceils cc ciseiclve cs vic wcivic veitionee s 10 20
WV LNT PD EE NO my DO Lice elas e106 5.2 core tote tet ets Abarat svar ola Wiehe ev Siope' es & Weus,iacatore) sopnia vin’ |lsheteeci ketal 29 96
" May 27..... L. A. Goodman (trip to Harrisonville and return)............... 3 60
Salary Of SeCretary. LOM WAY, er! ciais aie fr eys.ayeinie ojos 0-2 old ohetecele'viaie @ aisleluyore late 66 66
AVUERETAUTEE ANCOR OOD ates cleterale acetees op ee SASe ercarelsractey soe lstoby ol epNalel toes oe sae lelearaiee 70 26
EYP 28 Sor 3.213 Hudson & Kimberly Pub. Co., 1500 8-page circulars............. 13 70
se ad de DOU ES O ACANAS so uiee fens ccarctors 6 25
Be aS ee ZHUD “SINS 5 ce cates hain e oe tecies cee 5 00
ee re $s 100 impressions (S. Miller....... 2 00
AMUSE ED THIN >, AOS rot -P Aesovcinis hahaa dne vise orake( ee ests, demstoe aie. 5 = Glow w/clarerete ime Rete 26 95
May 28...... Ge EE ClO) MEINERS. 24 P2150) cs teens elt yes 55 08
DWV EPP RIN N Oe OL ae 22a < che fae eperoratoneectess i meven eG Win ae aD hella a ag, Sapo TSS oval a avoreatae 55 08
June 115... MEXspPrESS ws CORN AVEUCK. o.fet. set cease Oe rts deter ana babeaesd 3 05
CONG SHOT EE) a ets aie re onli Ne aie sascle les as Pole ave ore"otevalete avetore 1 50
Salary, Of SCCUCLAGY LOM sUMG, sat oa Aetna senie er ste see crete sn ierolate tele acclclerene 66 66
, WiATeHR NORAON Sha ot riieiw oA oe eae ee el, ee ae 71 21
iit ee & ie a. GLIMiSha Wii (OxpLeSS ELOME ed Cle MOPEVs) cre ce> ciclec terseielevia leis, efoiste 74 43
WAP ATVE IN Gc 2OG screed aoc ste lagn oe oe cine tie alslo. oak lereeiate Miao altececets sceteteral Nata tates 74 43
te Ss... Premiums at Harrisonville ....... Pe ea cS ES A A ot AE Mia 27 35
Balance, duc. Hucdsomr & MImperly.. As sacdsocol aa meeek hao ck diene Scale 17 50
Vina iab IND. (0). 97 Rance aaereT enc nap amo Rar cere hBAgaTe Aoeedoreae near boctede= 44 85
Serene || WAG NCISOH" CPL 2 Oey os cess <cis 0% c.b.c,n tapes Sevinraieie. 0.072 (cote revs al ais Setets lafegejo’s:dun's ofedale 3 15
GPMEsDietz* (WOEIGS TAIT) fesse aap aae oe since atiaaoe eee 30 00
N. F. Murray (expenses at June meeting) Hal fe eae rain cee ee 18 00
L, A. Goodman Ep ree TES Bah ho Cag SEAS Fog AER ead cee 12 00
WSO re nel OF W268 9s JL. Pech bis ss - i onciek Sect ft eens ba dans cee hal] ME 63 75
&
June 1.3.) C. Evans (expenses at June meeting) pb erwASSs shrestesh tt <tajat 10 00
ee MITTOresrr Meher Sco e Oem RR LOG! eh oe ack c ls aidletye ee ees oleate 5 00
A. Nelson ce sc Be sna ha ciiauciatwteriharhal a clea ae 17 85
EGGS pa POL sy DAASH ClG. f.vhc certec cwelA Moos ces ben sclee peniscceene sas 3 80
WAEVATIE NO 260 Redness nai tok tase euicl faneneee seater oe oe awete's temeelane sore 36 65
Velie Aras c cet beech pn Ree Cpt ecr Bone? aoe Seen Cte Sane So eer PCa scr, 1,125 65
HARRISONVILLE, June 6, 1894,
We, the Committee on Finance, have examined the Treasurer’s report, and find the
same correct as reported by him. S. W. GILBERT,
JESSE E. BLAKLEY,
CONRAD HARTZELL.
36 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
WEDNESDAY, June 6—9 a. m.
Meeting called to order by the President, and the Secretary read a
letter from Wild Bros., who sent some trees from cool storage for the
Society to plant and test.
The Secretary asked Mr. D. A. Robnett to take charge of them
and see to their distribution to parties who would take care of them
and report at our winter meeting.
i : SARCOXIE, MO , June 4, 1894.
L. A. GOODMAN, Secretary M.S.H.S.:
Dear Sir—Enclosed find $1.00 membership fee. We also today express prepaid one
bundle of trees taken from stock in our storage building; this stock tender to the members
of the Society with request that they give ita trial, and hope that members will /report to
the Society at its next meeting as to results, etc.
If possible one of our firm will attend the meeting. With best wishes for the success.
of the meeting, we are Yours truly, JAMES B. WILD & BROS.
The foilowing parties were given trees :
SEUPINTO MNT TI as scateteiotcre atsinrsiovehers ) ajereleioes Bluffton W...B) SCrue esta: cist ee ete Harrisonville
She A CHIN GTC OOS aeRp apo UE cot cog as tr Thayer JB “DUTANGN, <sshee acne «peer Prairie City
PACMINIS ES OMG, octerenin' sieseisiclelele, sles ss lalolpicto.s ele Lebanon MP Whalen is. starsat etene eee Holden
iis 115d 0q7elle loa anera ae soho odode Harrisonville JC RIVED) Selves s+ crete mererelate N. Kansas City
sid Fae Ciel hea caheac Sao Asean Platte City D. A. Robnett.....:..:4:. 2s. Columbia.
The Strawberry.
Much has been said and written about the cultivation and market-
ing of this fruit, and still we have a great study before us, in new meth-
ods, new varieties, new soils to develop ete. The question of “ How
best to grow them 2” is an important one, and as yet I am not satisfied
with my system. For four yeais I have been cultivating in the matted
row—setting the plants in checks three by four feet, and cultivating
both ways until plants begin to form runners lively, and then train the
runners to fill the three-foot space. It has been almost an endless task
to keep the plants from getting too thick in the row and thereby caus-
ing many small berries. This spring I have set five acres in matted
rows and ten acres in hill culture, putting the plants about two and
one-half feet apart each way. I shall endeaver to keep all runners off
of the plants and produce some of the largest berries ever grown in
; ;
South Missouri, in 1895. The ground where I am growing berriesis —
very rocky—in fact, most of it is completely covered with flint rocks 5;
so that mulching is not necessary. I prefer a southeast slope, either
near the top of the hill or right on top, so that the early morning’s sun
will dry the pateh off early in the morning.
SUMMER MEETING. oY |
In setting plants I mark both ways very deep with a bull-tongue
plow, and use common masons’ trowels for lifting enough loose earth
to allow the roots to be placed in position to spread out fan-shaped,
throwing two or three inches of dirt over the roots and then tramping
the dirt solid. This year I am using a little dried blood as a fertilizer,
dropping a spoonful over each plant, where the setter has tramped the
earth firmly over the roots. Then a man follows with a hoe and levels
up the rows. The Crescent has been the “Ben Davis” of strawber-
Ties, but she is having a hard time keeping up with Greenville and
Shuster’s Gem, as well as Parker Earle and Warfield. In 1893 the
Speece and Comet led them all. They were fine this year, but not
thebest. If I were to confine myself to eight varieties, they would be
Speece, Comet, Crescent, Shuster’s Gem, Greenville, Parker Earle,
Warfield and Capt. Jack. I have never paid any attention to berries,
especially for table, always considering that berries that were large and
showy would be acceptable on almost any table during the month of
May. I cannot pass varieties without mentioning the Gandy. Itisa
shy bearer, but what berries we get are very nice and firm, and if the
weather is favorable they will keep a week after picking. All of above
named varieties seem to be perfectly hardy, with the exception of
Parker Earle and Capt. Jack. They rust some, but this can be easily
controlled by the intelligent use of the Bordeaux mixture.
The Parker Earle and Gandy bloom a few days later than most
other varieties, and for this reason I am setting them in solid blocks,
and am using Comet, Captain Jack and a few Jessie as fertilizers for
the imperfect flowering varieties.
We had a severe drouth Jast year, but there was not a single leaf
that came under my observation that ever wilted down on my own
place, but on some neighboring fields, where the ground had only been
prepared in a slip-shod way and the plants only half cultivated, all
varieties seemed to suffer, so that I have about made up my mind that
drouth will not hurt the plants if they have propercare. On neglected
beds Crescent, Warfield and Captain Jack stood the drouth as well or
better than any others.
I use the Planet Junior cultivator and a double hoe manufactured
by the Ulrich Mfg. Co., Rock Falls, Ils. In rocky ground a man will
do two or three times as much work as with an ordinary hoe.
I have done a little mulching each year, but so far I have been
unable to see any benefit whatever, yet I intend to continue it in a
small way for another year or two.
Too much care and watchfulness cannot be exercised over the
pickers. If picking for long-distance shipments, the berry should not
38 " STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
be handled at all. Learn the pickers to pick by the stem and lay each
berry into the box, one by one, as they are picked, and not touch the
berries after placing them in the box. This is important, if you would
have your berries arrive at destination in good condition. If pickers.
are allowed to handle the berries, they are very apt to break the gloss,.
and then they sour very quickly.
Until this year I have always been under the impression that:
strawberries should have plenty of fresh air circulating in and among
them in order to stand transportation well. A few crates have been
shipped where I have placed several layers of green leaves over the
berries, taking particular pains to have the leaves extra thick between
the verries of the top tier of boxes and the cover, so as to shut out.
all air possible. All that have been packed in this way have arrived
in perfect condition.
In marketing my fruit, I still hold to the plan of selling direct to
dealers, in medium-sized towns, avoiding the larger cities, where berries.
are shipped in car lots to commission men. I find that small towns are
not often glutted, and that by frequent quotations my customers can
tell whether they can afford to buy at my prices.
I find a constant and growing demand for better and larger berries.
The time has come when the slip-shod methods of growing the berries.
must of necessity be unprofitable. It is size and color with firmness.
that the merchant wants, without much regard to flavor. If we have the
flavor, so much the better. A new customer of mine in Des Moines,,
Iowa, was thunder-struck when shown a sample lot of my fruit. and
wanted to know “ where on earth such berries as those grew ?” and at
once telegraphed for 15 crates.
While there is some money in growing strawberries, yet the real
enjoyment of pleasing my customers is one of the grandest things in
the business.
One of the unpleasant features of the business drops in when we
have a customer only a short distance away who tries to play “ com-
mission merchant ;” says berries arrived in bad condition, half rotten,
and all this kind of talk, when the same kind of berries, picked at the
same time and handled in the same manner, were shipped 350 or 400°
miles farther and arrived in perfect condition. I believe the berry-
growers should publish yearly a list of all customers who act in bad
faith, so that all could be forewarned of the unscrupulous dealers..
This list would save thousands of dollars to our growers annually.
In regard to new varieties, I only have two really new — the
Greenville and Shuster’s Gem ; either of which, I believe, this season
produced as many or more bushels to the acre as Crescent, and I con-
SUMMER MEETING. 39
sider it a valuableacquisition. The Greenville is a little later, but they
are both so promising that I set every plant that I had of both varie-
ties.
Parker Harle produced a wonderfal crop, but it should have very
rich ground and cultivated on the hill system and sprayed to keep off
rust in order to give best results. I believe that there is no perfect
flavoring kind that wiil excel it in productiveness.
I do not want to close this paper without urging, yes, insisting,
that all who grow the strawberry shall give better cultivation and
make their ground richer. Not one acrein a thousand produces one-
half what they are capable of doing. When we know that one acre
well cared for will make us more money than 25 acres of neglected
patches, let us be more thorough. Grow fewer acres, or spend our
money more liberally in their care.
The present season has been one of the hardest ones on straw-
berry growers that South Missouri has ever experienced. Cold, damp
and cloudy weather will not give best results.
The following is a brief report of my berries this year: First ripe
berry April 27; number crates from 1} acres land, 510; number crates
from old, neglected bed, 484; number crates sold, 545; number given
,away, 132; net returns for the crop, $1001.88. The crop was cut short
by digging plants for the new field before berries were all gathered,
but still the showing is very satisfactory.
S. W. GILBERT,
Thayer, Mo.
Strawberries in Southeast Missouri.
We consider well-rooted runners of the previous season the best
plants for starting a strawberry bed. This fruit delights in rich, moist
soil; if drained, so much better ; a sandy loam well enriched would be
the most suitable if watered during drouths, which not many like to do.
Strawberries in Southeast Missouri ripen only in May, and in about
80 days are gone; hence we cannot compete with the Southern states,
who begin to market their fruit in February, and soon after the chief
markets are glutted therewith; hence the raising of this delicious fruit
is limited to local surroundings and family use. Along the rows of
fruit-trees seems to be the best place, because partially shaded and
moist ; here the manure and fertilizers accomplish a double purpose.
Spring is the best time for planting in well-prepared soil. A continu-
ous war against weeds is the only way to avoid failure, unless well
mulched between matted rows; and if we take the trouble to cut off
40 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
runners, we’ll be surprised at the finer appearance and quality of the
fruit, in its larger size and double quantity. All known varieties seem
to do well here, and to get over the period of drouth tolerably. No
use to name them; however, Captain Jack, Gl. Putnam and Sharpless
seem to prove the most prolific and profitable ; no better berries can
be raised here for size, quality and market thau Captain Jack. The
Sharpless is often so large as to produce berries of extraordinary size.
I have seen seven berries fill a quart box.
The only drawback of this attractive berry is in its uneven ripen-
ing and uneven form; some are conical, others flat or conglomerate,
and while the upper part is colored the lower part is green, so that
birds can pick before we do.
I notice in bulletin No. 22, Missouri Experiment station, a good
many valuable seedlings; when these are disseminated in various parts
of our great State, we may chance to find something better adapted to
every soil. A. A. BLUMER,
Fredericktown.
Report on Small Fruits. .
The growing of small fruits in the last two years has been attended
with many difficulties. For three successive falls we have had long _
and protracted drouths, which in a majority of cases have seriously in-
jured small fruits of all kinds.
STRAWBERRIES.
In this section of country, all old beds that had but little cultiva-
tion, and were not mulched, have produced a very poor crop, and the
quality of the poorest kind. Beds that were well cultivated and
mulched have made a good crop of fine berries.
I cultivated my plants nearly every week as long as the drouth
lasted. Mulched the Ist of December, and I am having a good crop
of as fine berries as ever grew.
So far as growing strawberries is concerned, I do not fear the
drouth, unless it should be worse than has yet appeared.
Varieties—The Bubach No. 5 is the king of berries in this locality.
The vine is the nearest to perfection of anything I have ever grown
iu 20 years’ experience in the business. The fruit is large and showy,
and I obtained $1 per crate more in the Springfield market than Cres-
cents and other small varieties were bringing.
SUMMER MEETING. 41
Were it not for fertilizing purposes, I should never plant anything
else. The Capt. Jack is the best fertilizer I have ever used for the
Bubach. The Beder Wood with me is a failure, the vines rusting
worse than anything I ever had.
The Robinson, « new berry originated in Kansas, I have fruited
this year, and I am inclined to believe it will be a valuable acquisition
as a late berry.
The Princess, Greenville and a host of other new berries are not
coming up to expectations. The introduction of so many new varieties,
not one in a hundred of which is any better, or as good, as the old
ones, I consider a curse to the berry businees.
RASPBERRIES.
The majority of raspberry patches are awful sick. The anthracnose,
the drouth and sudden cold spells during the winter have about fin-
ished up the old patches. Iam going to have a fair crop because I
have been setting some most every year, while the most of growers
are depending on these old patches, and as a consequence are left in
the soup.
I find that raspberries in this locality are not profitable after the
fourth year, and the best plan is to keep setting. ‘There will not be
enough raspberries grown around Springfield to supply the home
market.
Varieties—The Hopkins stands away ahead of anything else; in
fact, most everything else is being cut down.
BLACKBERRIES.
The Snyder and Taylor were but little injurec by the freeze, and
are loaded with fruit. All other varieties were badly damaged, and
will have but little fruit. The old Kittatinny has rusted so bad in the
last two years that most everyone is digging them up. I believe that
grand old variety will gu this time, never to return. The blackberry
¢erop will hardly supply the home demand. G. W. HOPKINS.
Fruits in Central Missouri.
L. A. GOODMAN, Secretary:
Strawberries promised about three-fourths of a crop, but the dry
weather of the past two weeks has cut this about one-half, so we will
not have quite a half crop even if it should rain in the coming 24
hours. Bubach was damaged the most of any variety by the freeze of
March 25 and 26, showing only about 50% blossom.
42 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Parker Earle done nobly this season, one of the finest, firmest and
most productive, and with sufficient rain, would have outstripped all
in yield. Beder Wood still holds first place as best early berry, and
Gandy best late. Michel’s Early was the earliest. We picked first ripe
ones of it May 4, just a month ago today, but it is not productive
enough, and too small.
Van Deman bloomed nicely, but perfected only a very few berries.
These, however, were fine in appearance and quality; of medium size.
If it does no better another year it will be discarded. One year is no
criterion to go by, though.
This spring we did not plant any of Shuster’s Gem, as it did not.
show up well the year before; while this year it was among the very
finest, coming in right after the Beder Wood. Loveit’s Early we had
treated the same, and find it is entitled toa place. While it is not as
early as the name would indicate, it is a good berry.
Leader does not seem to stand the winter; comes out feeble in
spring; lowa Beauty same. These two must do better.
Capt. Jack was up to the mark, but Cumberland will have to go—
not productive enough. We have a seedling of it, resembling the
parent in every respect, and seems to be more productive; another
Season will tell, perhaps. Jessie is up to the average. Swindle is a
good late one of the Glendale type, firm and large, inclined to rust.
Greenville is a fine, showy, large, but rather soft; healthy plant, very
productive. Crawford’s No. 51, or Belle, I think, has come to stay; |
excellent quality, large and productive; the longest in shape of any we
have. Haverland and Windsor Chief keep up their record for large
size and productiveness. These two we cannot do without. Shuck-
less—a few berries ripened on spring-set plants show it to be a berry
of good gnality; firm, robust grower, and the berry parts freely from
the shuck, or calyx; resembles the Mt. Vernon, and probably a seed-
ling of it. The latter, when fully ripe, parts freely from the shuck also.
The Bisel, from Illinois, shows up well on spring-set plants; so far
ahead of Warfield No. 2. Several other new ones are on trial, all
showing up well on spring-set plants. On these we hope to be able to
give notes another year.
All plantings of small fruit look well up to date, but if it does not
rain in seven to ten days much damage willresult. Raspberries, 40 to
50 per cent; blackberries, 60 to 75; gooseberries, 25; currants, 40 ;
grapes, 100. Strawberries being our main crop, you will pardon us |
for taking up so much space with it. HENBY SCHNELL.
Glasgow, June 4, 1894.
SUMMER MEETING. 43.
L. A. GOODMAN. Westport, Mo.:
Dear Sir and Friend—I should like to receive specifications for a picking-shed that will
be the most convenient for handling the berries from 15 acres of ground, and if you will
submit my wants to some of the prominent berry-growers and ask for plans for such a shed,
I will give $5 to any one who will send mea plan that I think will be better than one that I
could construct myself.
I expect to be at the meeting next week, and will have a few cherries and raspberres.
My strawberries are played out. Yours truly,
S. W. GILBERT.
Strawberries in 1894 at Biluffion, Mo.
Before going into a description of the different varieties and their
behavior, I will give an account of the mode of culture of them.
In the spring of 1893 I received from friends for trie], and bought,
quite a number of new ones. Of some I had ten, some six, and of one
twenty-four; of the latter only one variety, the Timbrell. These were
planted side by side in rows of six plants each; were put in ordinary
good soil, that might produce 80 bushels of corn to the acre. They
were all treated alike, the ground kept cleanand well cultivated. Ow-
ing to the drouth, it was necessary to carry a great quantity of water
to keep them alive and growing. They were allowed to make a certain
number of plants, when the runners were detached from the parent
plants, and about the first of September the young plants were dug up
and carefully set in beds, a few inches apart each way, 80 as to become
well established and to give the parent plants a chance to recuperate.
In the latter part of September and up to the middle of October,
these young plants were set out in rows joining the original setting, in
ground well prepared. These, too, had to be watered well, several
times before cold weather setin. When the ground became frozen I
gave the plants a very slight covering with fine grass, and on top of
this laid long straight weeds that grow in side places, to keep the fine
stuff from blowing off. The past spring when they commenced to
grow, the long weeds were taken off and laid Jengthwise in the middle
between the rows, the fine stuff loosened up. In a week or two after-
ward the fine covering was also taken off clean and placed on the
other weeds. When dry these strips of weeds were burned, the whole
patch given a good hoeing, and then left until they were in fall bloom.
Then they got a fine bed of soft dry grass to keep the fruit clean, and
at the same time the promise of a splendid crop of fruit was grand.
Now comes the question which, I fear, will be difficult to answer
correctly; I, at least, won’t pretend to do it.
Was it the repeated cold rains during their blooming for a certain
period, or the late frosts, or both of them? One thing is certain, that
44 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY.
the crop with a few exceptions, in variety, not produced one-fifth the
amount of fruit that we had a right to expect from its appearance
earlier in the season. As these had all equal chances, the affair is
worth considering, and will show the utility of having a number of
varieties, for I am satisfied that the difference in the time of blooming
at times makes the main difference in the crop.
Had I not expected a full crop I would have noted down their time
of blooming, nor would this be of much use, for sometimes the wet
weather would hit some varieties in their most critical stage, and at
another time, another. One thing I notice particularly: in some varie
ties the young plants bore better than the old stools, showing that the
young ones had taxed the old ones; while with others the young ones
bore very little and the o'd ones a fair crop. Then again, some varie-
ties that there were plants left over in the little beds and set out this
spring bear better than their fellows set in the fall. This convinces
me that it is because they bloomed later. Taking all in all, I have come
to the conclusion that we have still to learn. My intention now is to
let all my new-set plants make a few runners and then stop them, ex-
cept where plants will be needed to set out next season, or to sell.
Without alphabetical order or time of ripening, I will begin at one end
and name as well as describe, as I go along the line.
1. Riehl’s No. 6—A large, handsome, excellent berry, and produc-
tive.
Friend Riehl recently wrote me that he had about given up grow-
ing strawberries to sell the fruit; but that this variety did so well last
season that he has planted two acres. I wish I had two acres of it.
2. ‘Michel’s Early—This I got for Greenville, and am greatly dis-
appointed in not having that variety. A big mistake in the sender.
Michel I had almost discarded.
3. Crawford’s L. D—This he sent out in 1893, giving only two
plants to each applicant, with restrictions to only allow each plant to
make ten runners, and only 100 for each the second year; as also not
to sell or give away.
I run the 29 plants, and set them out last fall. Itis a beaatiful and
unique one. Large, very productive, good quality and a healthy plant.
It is a long, conical berry, moderately firm.
4, Lovett, called Lovett’s Early, but is not early, yet is a valuable
one.
Farosworth—Excellent quality, of fair size and healthy plant.
Beder Wood—This is one-of the berries that cau be depended
upon, and any one without it is not in the swim, as the phrase goes. —
5.
6. Evergreen—A very large, fine berry; plants stand drouth well. —
a
SUMMER MEETING. 45.
But a few days behind Michel, lasts long, good size, quality good, an
abundant bearer, and will pass through a drouth that will kill most va-
rieties ; healthy foliage and makes plenty of plants.
8. Columbian—This is among the earliest; a very large one, of
excellent quality, firm and healthy plant.
9. Beau—This is a Californian that promises well.
10. Seedling cf Ladies’ Pine—Extra quality, but too small for even
home use.
11. Tucker—A large, handsome, excellent one.
12. Sucker State, Jr.—A quite large, good and handsome one,
with extra fine foliage.
13. Timbrell—Here we have a berry that we have long looked
for. For size, quality, beauty, productiveness, firmness and health and
vigor, we have no other strawberry its equal.
14. Parker Harle—Like the Timbrell, it is faultless, except it don’t
make plants enough. Runs all to fruit. For size, beauty and produc-
tiveness and nice picking, nothing I ever saw excelled it; quality first
rate.
These two last would be my berries if confined to but two varie-
ties, but could not leave out Beder Wood on account of its earliness,,
Timbrell and Parker Earle both being late ones.
Our friend Munson deserves great praise for producing this one,
and hit it well when conferring upon it a name so worthy. If my whole
patch were like these two, my pocket-book would expand just about
ten times as wide as it will with the crop I have.
The Timbrell may not bear more nor larger fruit than Bubach No.
5, but it is so superior in quality that we can do without the latter. I
consider Timbrell and Parker Karle, like King David’s head general,
Saul, a head and shoulders above their fellows.
15. Belle—This is an immense berry of fair quality, but its foliage
is defective this season with mes
16. Richimond—A large, handsome, promising one.
17. Thompson’s 64—Another one that will make its mark.
18. Thompson’s 394 is also one that will be heard of ere long.
19. Edith—This is the largest strawberry on my place this year.
Moderately productive, rather soft, quality fair, well worth having for
its great size. Cir. 73 in. by 44.
20. Princess—This falls but little behind Timbrell and Earle in
my estimation. It is a grand one in every respect, and I shall plant it
freely.
21. Swindle—This is no swindle with me, but a very valuable late
one. Good size, firm, quality medium.
46 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
22. Golden Defiance —This I thought was lost, but have it in all
its glory; one of the handsomest and best in the lot.
23. Harry—A large, handsome, good berry, and will, no doubt,
make its mark.
24. Splendid—This tells for itself; in every way a desirable one.
25. Philip’s Seedling—This one pleases me greatly; two years’
trial proves it to be valuable.
26. Mrs. Cleveland—As usual, a superb, large berry, and well
worth growing.
27. Chas. Downing—A standard of excellence, and productive on
plants the second year.
28. Capt. Jack—An old stand-by, and with the proper eare a
match for most of the new ones.
29. James Vick—Did splendidly, the few plants I have.
30. Cumberland—Hard to bear where grown in stools.
31. Bubach No. 5—One of the best market strawberries.
32. Tennessee Prolific—Among the most promising of all the
new ones.
33. Robinson—A berry that has a number of good qualities.
34. Vooris—This pleases me greatly, as it is in every way a
promising one.
35. Leader—Plants hard to keep alive with me.
36. Hart’s Minnesota— Why this oneis let go out, I cannot under-
stand, as it is surely one of the best of the old ones.
37. Jessie—Does not bear worth having, with me.
38. Van Deman—Is also too unproductive.
39. Stayman’s No. 1—This I once lost, but have it now, and will
not let it go again; very valuable.
40. Triomphe de Gand—This noble old one I thought was out of
existence, but got it truethis spring. The only foreign one that I deem
worth growing. Itis A No.1.
41. Robison—Promises well, have but few plants to: test.
42. Columbus—tThis was fired over before the mulch was cleaned
off, and nearly ruined. The fine plants escaping did not disappoint
me; consider it valuable; quality of the best, large size and one of the
best shippers.
43. Gen. Putnam—This shared the same fate of Columbus, and
failed to show the grand crop that I had reason to expect from past
experience.
This fire occurred in my absence.
44, Gandy—This splendid, excellent one does not bear enough ;
while it is not as late as some others, equally as good and large, that
SUMMER MEETING. 47
bear well. Varieties obtained this spring, all of which show traits of
excellence that will be worth nursing, Cyclone, Rio, Bisc, Equinox,
Ivanhoe, Marshall (not fruited), Windsor Chief did well again.
45. Last, but not least, is Regina. This stood the same drouth of
1893 about the best, and is the latest of all with me; large, productive,
quality good and healthy ; foliage very handsome.
46. Shuckless—This is not bearing this season. I regret very
much that the Greenville sent me was not true,as I was anxious to
testit. If any wonder why I have not exhibited my berries here, the
reason is because they are all too near past to make any show of any
one variety; and unless I can show a fruit properly, I don’t want to
sbow it at all. SAM’L MILLER.
DISCUSSION.
President Evans—Select three or four or five leading varieties
and plant for your main crop.
Major Holsinger—How do you plant strawberries after fruiting ?
I have never been able to make a success of it.
Mr. Gilbert—After crop is gathered, plants immediately and finds
that they do well. Has had good success in so doing. He cuts back
the foliage but does not trim the roots; likes all the root he can get
and but little top. For market, uses four or five varieties—Schuster’s
Gem, Greenville, Parker Earle and Captain Jack.
Mr. Evans—Trim the roots when taken up in the spring, but do
not do so after fruiting.
Mr. Gilbert also objects to cutting off the roots at all.
Mr. Miller uses old tin cans with the bottoms melted off, and
trains the runners to root in them when filled with earth. You then
have them in the very best of condition for transplanting.
Mr. Speer emphasizes the after-cultivation; thinks this the next
most important point. In setting the plants, he takes a spadeful of
dirt with each plant, and plants with the greatest care; even then he
sometimes fails to secure a good stand this time of the year. Wishes
to know the proper fertilizer for strawberries. Manure is too full of
weed seeds.
Mr. Gilbert uses 600 pounds of dried blood, from Armour’s pack-
ing-house, per acre; sprinkles it over the plants through a cheese-
cloth; can buy it now for $21 per ton.
Major Holsinger uses salt as a fertilizer, and with good results.
Has investigated the dried blood as a fertilizer, but never had any
great success with it; but has seen the patches of Mr. Hopkins at
Kansas City, and they showed wonderful results. Likes the manure
48 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
from Kansas City stables, where they use prairie hay for feed; but he
thinks we may overdo the use of stable manure, and thus get too much
top and not enough fruit growth. Dried blood is the most powerfal
fertilizer we have, and is within the reach of all, at $21 per ton.
Mr. Gilbert says he was asked to give the result of the use of
dried blood by the Armours, but replied that he was not ready to re-
port yet; thinks it is certainly worthy of farther trial. He puts a
spoonful around each plant after planting out, and sees marked effect.
Mr. Murray has made his land entirely too rich with manure, and
gets all leaf growth; thinks the remarks of Maj, Holsinger should be
remembered. Has never used commercial fertilizers, but has used
wood ashes, and thinks they are the best for fruit-trees. Wood ashes
are worth $8 per ton for our fruits. At our lime-kilns wood ashes and
lime can be had very cheaply, and they are very valuable, but we mast
not forget that best of all manures—red clover.
Mr. Goodman is satisfied that we are stepping the right road to
perfect a healthy growth of plants, trees and fruits. Science should
find out about these questions and give the cesults to the farmers and
fruit-growers.
The time is coming when you can buy jast the fertilizer you want
for special applications cheaper than you can haul the manure.
‘If this fertilizer is made correctly, the plant can lay hoid of it at
once and appropriate it to its use immediately. Thus, when this mat-
ter is brought down to a correct basis, you can give the plant food for
leaf growth, or for the development of fruit buds, or for the perfec-
tion of the fruit itself, as the case may be.
Dried blood should be applied sparingly for fear of waste of mate-
rial. The plant appropriates this manure at once, and it may be over-
done; 400 to 600 lbs. per acre will give wonderful results on our straw-
berry beds.
Ashes and lime from the lime-kilns, ground bone and salt, are all
good for fruits; notwithstanding the fact that science says salt is not a
fertilizer, it makes a wonderful difference in the results.
Mr. Robnett has a lot of large galvanized iron cans, which he
puts at the houses in Columbia for the people to put ashes in, and then
hauls the ashes to his orchards.
President Evans uses phosphate, ground bone, dried blood and ~
wood ashes, and finds them cheaper than hauling marure.
Mr. Nelson—Used 16 tons of salt on 52 acres of ground, and
never had such results before in his life. Thinks it the cheapest and
best fertilizer we can use ona piece of poor clay land; broke it up
and sowed the salt on it until it was covered. Have samples of wheat —
SUMMER MEETING. 49
grown on the same land adjoining, and some on the salted land, and
any one can see the great difference. Four bushels per acre is enough.
Dr. Porter had agreed with him to make some experiments in this
line also, and we would have the results next winter. I think the salt
makes properties of the soil available for plant food.
Mr. Holloway—Sold a mana bill of pear trees, and he set them
out on gravelly loam, using salt very freely. He has never had pear
blight. .
Mr. Hartzell advises fine soil as our best mulch, and salt as the
best fertilizer.
Mr. Turner—The question of early and late blooming of the straw-
_ berry is a question of crop {or no crop some seasons like the present.
Can we have a good berry that blooms late?
Mr. Murray could not give dates of blooming of strawberries, but
thought the point made by Mr. Turner a good one, and one we'should
look after in securing new varieties.
Mr. Miller—Parker Earle and Timbrell are late bloomers, and are
_ among his very best berries.
Mr. Gilbert—Parker Earle and Gandy are his latest bloomers.
Miche!’s Early is no good.
Mr. Murray has retarded blooming of some varieties by mulching ;
thinks we should all take notes of time of blooming of our fruits.
Mr. Speer thinks Mr. Murray is on the right track. Crescent is
one of first to bloom and also one of the latest, so that we nearly
always have some Crescent. Late bloomers are what we want in all our
fruits, like the Geniting apple. The Lady Rusk stood the frost best of
anything.
Mr. Miller finds that it takes from 23 to 30 days for strawberries to
ripen.
Mr. Whalen is the only friend of Cloud Seedling. It does well
with him. Stayman’s No. 1 is looking well, is firm, and will stand rain
for three days at picking time.
Mr. Hartzell wants to know what Mr. Gilbert means by plowing
four feet deep, and what Mr. Blake means by intensive farming ?
Mr. Gilbert—I do not mean that I plow four feet deep, but just
as near thai as possible. Mr. Hartzell has a plow that I tried, but could
not use it on account of the rock in our soil, but if I could use it I
_ would not take a lot for it. I think it the best plow made.
Mr. Blake—Intensive farming! ‘That, practically, means that,
_ farming thoroughly 20 acres of corn, the man gets just as many bush-
_ els as the one who farms 80 acres poorly; and in horticultural lines the
H—4
50 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
same is true. I saw yesterday a lady who raised 300 chickens in a
plum-yard, and had a fine prospect for a good crop of plums. A per-
son needs to be nearly a specialist to succeed; at any rate he must
give special attention to what he undertakes.
Mr. Evans says that he learned from one gentleman that he got
more berries and more money off of 9 acres of strawberries than his
neighbors did off of 75 acres.
Mr. Durand—The word intensely has not been explained satisfac-
torily.
Mr. Blake—Plow deep; cultivate shallow.
WEDNESDAY, June 6—2 p. m.
Meeting called to order by the President.
Prof. Chas. A. Keffer was called upon for a paper on “ Breeding
the Strawberry.” (Not at hand.)
The Strawberry in Southwest Missouri
Is grown mostly by the matted-row system. They are set in the spring
in rows about four feet apart. Any soil that will grow good corn or
potatoes will produce good crops of strawberries, and any location
will do, but one that is higher than that surrounding it is best on ac-
count of immunity from frosts. The planting should be done early in
spring, on land that has been plowed and harrowed until itis thoroughly
pulverized, and on which, if not already fertile, old thoroughly rotted
manure has been spread. Plant from one to three feet apart, accord-
ing to the variety, in rows four feet apart, by any one of the many
methods used that appears to be the best suited to the land, the amount
to be planted and other surrounding circumstances ; but whichever
method is used, the plants, when set, should be ina perfectly straight
line and the rows of uniform width. |
Cultivation should be commenced early and be done thoroughly ~
and often by some shallow-going tool like a spring-tooth or Planet Jr. |
cultivator. It is important that it be done often, as it is much easier
and better to cultivate three times before the weeds get a start than
once afterward. Each time they are cultivated they should also be
carefully gone over with a hoe; but if they were set perfectly straight
in the rows, the cultivator can be run right up to them and very little
will be left to be done with the hoe.
As soon as runners form they should be trained along the row soas
to fill it up as soon as possible to about one foot in width, after which
SUMMER MEETING. 51
they should be destroyed and not allowed to set any more plants. This
plan, for Southwest Missouri, is preferable to the one often recom-
mended, of keeping the runners cut off until late in the season and
then to set plants, in this, that the early set plants have more time to
develop and to form fruit buds than the late set ones, and in case of
dronuth, by this plan one may get: good rows when by the later plan he
would fail. And again, it is much easier to pull off a few runners in
the fall where they have become too thick, than it is to fill up a gap
where they are too often thin or entirely missing.
Of varieties for market and the table, the Warfield appears to be
in the lead. It is large, firm and of good quality and color, and is very
productive.
For a late variety there is nothing better than the Gandy. It is
very large and showy, and always sells at the highest market price.
‘The quality is good, the plant strong and healthy. The only fault one
can well find with it is that it is less productive than some others. The
Cumberland is one of the best for quality, and if carefully and properly
grown, one of the most profitable. The Jessie and Seth Boyden are
both good varieties of fine quality, and the latter one of the showiest
of berries.
My choice for shipping berries is Warfield and Capi. Jack, although
from one year’s experience I am inclined to think the Robinson from
Kansas will be better than Capt. Jack. It is of good quality, and I
believe the firmest berry Ihave. The Crescent I only name in order
to condemn. If all who raise berries for market would destroy it
utterly from their places and never set ‘another plant of it, I believe
they would be greatly benefited by the transaction. After the first few
pickings it is only fit to demoralize markets,and no amount of care
and selection will enable the grower to get it to market in good order
any distance from home, or to hold it long at home. The sooner we
quit it the better.
All varieties of the strawberry appear to be unaffected by the cold
of winter while they are in a dormant state, especially if furnished
with a light covering of sume kind to shade them from the direct rays
of the sun while they are frozen. After growth begins in the spring,
they are sometimes hurt by the cold, the Michel’s Harly, the Jessie and
the Sharpless appearing to be more subject to injury from this cause
than others. The best variety I have ever seen tried to resist drouth
while maturing its crop is the Capt. Jack. One year it was the only
q variety I had that was worth picking, the others being wilted and
worthless, while it was apparently but little injured. —
52 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
A light mulching over the rows should be given during the winter,
and a heavy one between them in the spring. It can all be put on in
the fall, allowing it to cover the rows just sufficient to partly hide them
from view. Oare should betaken to get mulch that is free from weed
seeds if possible. I have had a great deal of trouble from mulching
with livery stable manure containing timothy and clover seed, also with
wheat straw containing cheat and wild barley (Hordeum pratense L.),
which is the worst thing in strawberries I ever had to contend with.
I wish that threshing machines were so constructed as to put the clean
straw in a pile by itself, and the chaff, screenings, etc., in another pile.
It would be a great relief to the strawberry growers who are com-
pelled to use straw for this purpose. Berries should be picked when
ripe ( colored )—not before—very carefully, with a half inch of stem to
them; should be packed in clean, new boxes and crates, and handled |
as carefully as one would eggs. Of the new varieties tested by me
this year, those making the best showing are Barton’s Eclipse No. 51,
Robinson, Parker Harle and Timbrell.
Z. T. RussELL, Carthage, Mo.
The Raspberry and Blackberry.
To make a success in raspberry or blackberry culture, among the
first important considerations is the selection of strong, healthy plants ;
and one should be willing to pay a double price, if necessary, to get
such plants. In buying plants the utmost caution should be used to
guard against the importation of disease. Some treat this matter very
lightly, thinking, perhaps, that if disease should make its appearance
it can be squirted out of existence on short notice with a spray pump.
[ believe this view of it is altogether wrong. Whatever virtue there
may bein any of the different spraying mixtures, as preventives of
disease, I have very little faith in any of them as curatives. The dis-
tance for planting has been spoken of so often that I will pass that by
at this time. A few points on planting, which may be of importance,
might be considered. I prefer fall planting for blackberries and red
raspberries, and have had good success with black raspberries planted
at that time; but, as a rule, I would plant them in the spring. Plants
set in the fall will need mulching, to prevent too frequent freezing and
thawing.
Two or three inches of strawy horse-manure, free from weed or
grass seeds, is just the thing for this purpose. Four or five inches of
clean straw will also make a good mulch. Fall planted trees or plants
SUMMER MEETING. 53
always start early and make a better growth than spring planted—a
fact hard to get the general planter to act upon, owing to the failure
many have had by doing the work io a careless manner and omitting
the important part of winter protection.
In planting the black raspberry, which is one of the best paying
of all small fruit crops, if the plants are kept healthy, the plant must
not be set too deep, or the bud or germ will decay before it can get
out. Especially will this be the case if the weather is cold and wet,
and unfavorable to growth. I would not plant the bud more than
three inches deep. On the other hand, there is danger of too shallow
planting. If the weather is dry and windy, the plants may dry out if
too near the surface.
As I have intimated, the black raspberry has been the most paying
crop for me of all the small fruits. It is more certain in bearing than
the strawberry, and the demand for it is much better, as it is used
much more for canning. With me, the black raspberry has paid much
better than the blackberry, with the same attention. The latter, espe-
cially the Snyder, usually sets an abundance of fruit, but it ripens at a
time when the weather is likely to be dry, and with its heavy crop of
fruit, is sure to be affected by it.
‘The young plants of the black raspberry are often quite a source
of revenue. They are easily made by burying or tipping, as we say,
the end of the growing cane,in September. These young tips are
ready for planting in two months after burying or tipping them. This
tipping process takes somewhat from the vitality of the fruiting-plant,
and to over-balance this, strong soil and high culture are needed, and
the plants should be pruned closely after the young tips are dug. The
young tips or plants sell for from $10 to $12 per thousand, which will
pay about as well as the fruit, allowing 8 to 10 tips to the fruiting-plant,
and an average of one quart of berries to the plant, at 10 cents per
quart.
With the blackberry I would not advise this double working. If
young plants are wanted they should be grown from root cuttings or
transplanted suckers, and all suckers among the bearing plants should
be treated as weeds. There is more money for me in growing the
plants rather than the fruit of the blackberry.
: The demand among farmers for Snyder blackberry plants is enor-
mous. With the methods of cultivation in general use among farmers,
I do not know of anything they could plant that would be of as little
benefit to them. Many seem to think that because the wild blackberry
_ flourishes on our river bottoms without any care being bestowed upon
it, that the tame berry will flourish equally as well if planted in nooks
54 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY.
and corners of the farm and allowed to take care of itself. My experi-
ence has taught me differently. Of newer varieties of raspberries L
have tried the Kansas and Lovett, but have not tested either suffi-
ciently to speak positively. The Kansas is a very healthy plant and a
strong grower. I have bought a great many plants from the same
party at Lawrence, Kansas, who furnished me the Kansas, and they
have always been fine thrifty plants and free from disease. I speak of
this because I believe there are very few places where plants can be
obtained free from disease of some kind or another.
G. P. TURNER, Meadville, Mo.
ed
Report on Small Fruits.
State Horticultural Society, Harrisonville—Greeting :
As one of your Committee on Small Fruits, I regret to report that
at present the outlook for Northwest Missouri is rather gloomy. Nearly
everything in the fruit line has come up with a black eye. In my ex-
perience of 30 years in the berry business here, the past two and the |
present seasons have been our worst failures. The climatic extremes.
and irregularities have been unparalleled; consequently the straw- —
berry, ‘gooseberry and currant crop is a complete failure, while the
raspberry and blackberry is rapidly drying up and will mature but
little fruit without rain. The plum and grape crop is of all, the most.
hopeful. Another season among the small fruits convinces me more
thoroughly, that to succeed we must keep planting the strawberry and:
raspberry, and thereby keep a good supply of young healthy wood and
plants. Old plantations seldom pay except in insect pests and germs
of disease. While the season is too unfavorable to fairly judge the
merits or demerits of many new kinds of berries now on trial, I am
led, by the good behavior of Timbrell, Barton’s Eclipse, Robinson, Van
Deman, Dayton and Leader strawberries to think well of them. Van
Deman is very productive; fruit medium to large and as good a ship-
per as Wilson and ripens very early; for an early blooming staminate
kind it is just the thing. The Robinson blooms later and is not so liable
to be destroyed by late frosts; and I think will prove to. be one of the
very best late-blooming strawberries. Barton’s Eclipse is not only -
one of the greatest plant producers, but yields a wonderful crop or 4
large berries, ripening quite early. I shall plant it extensively.
Princess Photo, and others have utterly failed, but must have ©
another trial.
SUMMER MEETING. 5D
Fay currant is a shy bearer here. North Star is the finest grower
of all, and what fruit it held was fine. Crandal is a failure except in
wood. Green Plum gooseberry, brought from Erfurt, Germany, has
fruited here five years, this being its first off year. The plant isa
strong grower, perfectly hardy and very productive, and has never
shown any sign of mildew. Fruit of largest size and in quality superb.
After carefully investigating its history I have secured the control of
the entire stock, but will not sell any piants until fully tested on my
own grounds. I have good reason for believing it to be the most val-
uable gooseberry in the list. Red Jacket gooseberry is a fine grower;
has not fruited for me as yet.
Kansas and Progress raspberries with same treatment show more
good healthy wood and well-developed fruit than any other kinds on
my place. Muskingum, very similar to Shaffer, fruit quite sour. Our
annual rain-fall seems to be decreasing; from this fact, combined with
many other hindrances, the raspberry can no longer be grown here
with profit.
Minnewaski blackberry proves alittle tender for this climate, other-
.wise an excellent kind. The merits of the Wallace blackberry have
been overlooked; it has given me full crops of fine large berries for the
last ten years, showing no weakness or disease. Eldorado and Ohmer
have made fair growth, but have not fruited here yet.
Hoping that reports from other sections will be more favorable,
and that you may have an interesting and pleasant meeting there, and
that I may be able to be with you at the winter meeting, I am
Yours fraternally,
J. N. MENIFEE, Oregon, Mo.
c
About Spraying.
: CANTON, LEwIs Co., Mo., May 14, 1894.
Mr. L. A. GOODMAN:
Dear Sir—I enclose herewith some twigs of raspberry; quite a
per cent of my garden is affected; the others, not affected, grow quite
vigorously, and are very full of bloom; it is on rich bottom land; I have
not done anything for them yet, but will spray this evening with Bor-
deaux and London purple, as I have made upa batch for my vineyard.
I have some 500 grape-vines ; I have sprayed twice already with Bor-
deaux, and will spray right along; I am spraying about two-thirds, leav-
ing certain rows unsprayed; I sprayed last year; had nice grapes, but
could see no difference between rows sprayed and unsprayed.
56 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
This is becoming quite a fruit and vegetable-growing place, on ac-
count of large canning establishment commenced last year. I have put
out quite a variety of fruit this spring, and want to keep up with the
best methods of culture. I will not be able to attend the semi-annual
meeting at Harrisonville—too far off.
Query 1. Oan I dissolve Paris green (for spraying ) by using con-
centrated lye?
2. Will London purple dissolve well enough in water ?
3. I have the “ Boss ” nozzle—what is the best one?
These queries and a “ diagnosis ” of the diseased raspberry twigs
may be referred to the meeting.
Wishing you a successful meeting, I am
Yours truly,
G. W. WATERS.
Answers by L. A.Goodman: The disease is anthracnose. Rem-
edy: Spray with Bordeaux mixture. The blackberry rust should be
treated the same.
1. No; you cannot dissolve Paris green in lye.
2. London purple is held in suspension, not entirely dissolved.
3. “The Boss,” “* Nixon,” “ Vermorel,” “ Cyclone,” are all good.
DISCUSSION.
Mr. Speer—On account of the anthracnose I have failed of late -
years, and given up the growing of the raspberry. I should like some
information as to how to fight it successfully without too much expense.
It has been gaining headway for the last few years, until it has pees
ruined all the plantations near us.
Mr. Chandler—Has grown the raspberry successively for the last
seven years, and finds it one of the best paying crops he can grow.
Likes Hopkins best.
The blackberry is free from rust on his place. Snyder is his best.
Taylor is his next. Erie winter-kills. We have cleared up wild land
for our berries and they have done well.
Raspberry is rather more profitable than blackberry.
Maj. Holsinger—Mr. Chandler is an example of what may be done
in horticulture. He took a very poor, worn-out farm, hilly and rough,
and has made more of a success than any of us.
Snyder is the only berry that is free from rust; thinks we must
select varieties that will withstand these diseases, and then we will
not have to fight them so much.
Prof. Keffer—Does not think where soil is richest that the anthrac-
nose is worst; does not agree with Maj. Holsinger that we cannot
fight the disease successfuly; thinks that it can be prevented.
SUMMER MEETING. 57
A member says that he finds the blackberry roots affected, and
thinks it comes from the soil and not the air.
Mr. Murray—Souhegan was some years ago superseded by Hop-
kins, which was larger and better. Kansas is now becoming the leader
and superseding Hopkins. Snyder and Taylor are the best of the
blackberry kind. Erie not so good. Taylor is good and prolongs the
season. .
Raspberries bring more money than blackberries, but they both
pay about alike. I cut my raspberries back twice, at 2 to 3 feet high.
Mr. Gilbert—Cuts back at 2 feet, and grows only Hopkins; thinks
it is the best.
Mr. Chandler —Hears the Kansas spoken of very highly, but has
no knowledge about it himself.
Mr. Gilbert—Sprayed some of his raspberries with Bordeaux mix-
ture, and does not find as much disease as elsewhere.
Mr. Turner—Has sprayed all his young vines this year, but finds
all the old plantings so affected that he has grubbed out all the Hop-
kins. I believe that the subject of spraying will be thoroughly under-
stood and practically applied in a few years.
Secretary Goodman here took up the subject of spraying and ex-
plained it in detail.
There can be no question but that this subject of spraying is one
of the most important that can come before the fruit-grower at present.
For allit has been used for the last ten years, more or less, yet the
fact remains that we do not know it all by any means; but from the
experiments carried on we can assert that it is to be a very important
element in the success of the fruit-grower in the future.
It is a fact that the spray-pump must be one of the tools of the
horticulturist, just as much as the plow, harrow or hoe.
We may be sure also that we are not to reach success through a
single year’s work, a single spraying.
This matter will have to be carried on just as systematically and
just as thoroughly as is the cultivation of our orchards.
Spraying must be done every year, if there be a crop of fruit or
no. Those who have experimented most and have been most success-
fal in results are those who have followed it systematically and sprayed
every year for three cr four years. In fact, one of the best fruit-
growers in Western N. Y. states that he had no very satisfactory re-
sults until the third year of thorough spraying. The great trouble
with this work is the length of time it takes to do it and the cost.
We want therefore better spray-pumps, those that will work more
58 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
easily, spray more rapidly, cost less, and a mixture that will mix and
cost less money, and a power-pump that will cost no more than $25 or
$30.
The most perfect sprayer is the one I referred to in my Secre-
tary’s report, read last evening, where any person can arrange one
with the large air-chamber there mentioned, and the sprocket-wheel
attached to the hind wheel of a wagon, thus giving a power-pump, the
best in the world, for a cost of $30.
What we now want is some mixture that will dissolve Paris.
green, and then we can begin to see the end. The best mixture in
my experience, and from the facts gathered from others’ experience, is
the Bordeaux mixture—four pounds lime, four pounds blue vitriol, two
ounces Paris green, 50 gallons water. For peaches and plums, use
only one ounce of Paris green.
Mr. Murray has had some experience in spraying for a number of
years. Has found the results very satisfactory. Does not have nearly
sO many wormy apples as his neighbors; besides, they are freer from
scab, and he gets 10 cents per bushel more than they do.
Major Holsinger says that the codling moth has had no apples to
breed in for the last few years, but they have bred in the red-haw,
crab-apple, and we need not think that we will be free from them this
year because of the failure of our apple crop.
WEDNESDAY, June 6—8 p. m.
The Harrisonville brass band gave a number of beautiful selec-
tions at the opera-house door during the gathering of the Society for
its evening session.
After calling the meeting to order by the President, the local talent
gave a number of fine selections, both of vocal and instrumental music,
which helped to enliven the evening program very materially.
The house was crowded to its utmost capacity, fully 500 persons.
being present. The Society was very much gratified to see the inter-
est taken by the people of the city and country.
Ethics of Horticulture.
Miss Longnecker, Rosedale, Kas.
The first authentic history of our race refers in the beginning to
“aman who dressed and kept a garden.
Adam was a horticulturist by divine order. Infinite wisdom was
exercised in the choice of an occupation for this man, the highest of
God’s creatures.
a S
See ee
SUMMER MEETING. 59:
The poetry of this conclusion might be banished by asserting that
the number of vocations at that time must necessarily have been some-
what limited; that Adam could not have been an express agent, a com-
mission merchant or arailroad president. But we shall not take that
view of the case, for had it been better that Adam should work in any
other way, could not the power that called a universe into existence
have created for him a field of labor which should have fulfilled every
requirement of his nature?
Horticulture, we conclude, was chosen as the best pursuit for
primitive man, and though we have departed from many ancient cus-
toms and discarded many early ideas, the dignity of horticulture has
never diminished. Today it ranks higher than ever before. The pro-
gress it has made in every way justifies it to be classed, as we hope it
soon will be, among the learned professions.
* Trace the evolution of the peach, that most delicious of fruits.
From a bitter almond, we find descended all the varieties with which
we are acquainted.
The state of perfection to which the apple has been brought is not
less remarkable. Compare the apple of the present with a crab of
some inferior quality, and the difference may be readily discerned.
We see in our flowers as plainly as in our fruits the fairy touch of
science.
The contrast between the sweet-brier by the way-side and a Gen-
eral or La France rose illustrates the difference between nature alone,
and nature combined with art.
While in reality horticulture has always borne an important part
in the affairs of men, the term has recently been given a broader mean-
ing than was formerly attached to it, and now includes all the sciences
and arts relating to orchard, vineyard and garden, a8 well as all pur-
suits bearing upon the adornment and improvement of home, parks.
and highways.
The horticulturist, too, is a member of society much more import-
ant than he was half a century ago.
His education now is broad and liberal, and as competition grows.
closer, the realm of horticulture is divided. Specialists are everywhere
in demand. Botanists, chemists, entomologists and ornithologists are
finding a place where their services are necessary.
The experiment station is a branch of this industry, which offers
an opportunity to the scientist as well as to the practical horticulturist.
The best modes of protection, propagation, prevention and cure
of disease, and methods of dealing with destructive insects, areamong
the subjects that claim attention from these men.
60 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
A single discovery is sometimes of such value that the time and
mouey required for making these tests is considered a wise expendi-
ture, and not a gift bestowed upon a useless enterprise, as it would
have been regarded a half century ago.
The sons and daughters of horticulturists should be taught te
regard their fathers’ occupation as one in which industry is rewarded,
talent developed and virtue nurtured. The prospect of realizing vast
fortunes in a few years may not allure many boys and girls to the study
of horticulture, but probable exemption from starvation should deter
some from leaving it.
True, life is not all sunshine, even to the horticulturist. A casual
observer might conclude that, the results of labor being the criterion,
his country brother must certainly be supremely blest. He forgets the
early rising, the toil of noon-day, and the night’s rest disturbed by
fears of drouths, frosts, tempests, floods and rains. ~
But remembering these,is there in all the catalogue of employ-
ments, another which combines so mach good with go little evil?
It is a fact oft repeated that a majority of our greatest men and ;
women were reared in country homes. This does not imply that .
every country boy and girl will eventually become famous. Farming
and fame are not indissolubly united.
But the probability of reaching maturity with a sound body, clear
brain and good morals is greater in the case of a child reared in the
country tban in that of a city child.
The country child is seldom idle. This alone precludes many evils
and trains him to habits of industry. Leisure moments are usually
spent at home, hence the temptation to cloud the brain with cigarette
smoke or destroy soul and body in the wine-cup is removed. There
are fewer associates, and they may be more carefully chosen than they
could possibly be in the city. Winter evenings, and the rainy days
which do come occasionally, even in our own State, offer opportunities
for reading and study. Entertainments seldom occupy the evenings,
so the family that desires it may have some time almost every day,
which may be spent in a way which strengthens the ties that bind to
home and to one another.
Coutact with nature exerts a healthy influence. However, exam-
ples of persons who, “ having eyes see not, and having ears hear not,”
are common.
Why look upon the universe as nothing but an institution for
money-making. Niagara would awaken in such souls no thought save
an estimate of the number of factories that might be propelled by its
po wer.
SUMMER MEETING. 61
To one trained to observe closely, all nature reveals the divinity
that created and controls all.
Those whose circumstances place them where a large portion of
their time is spent in the fields should know how to acquire the infor-
_mation that is freely offered, to appreciate the beautiful in their sur-
roundings, and to apply the lessons in their daily lives.
The flower, complete in every part, blooming in its proper season,
the fruit in its perfection, should speak of Him who said, “Consider
the lilies.”
It should be said of every one of these as of Whittier’s “Barefoot
Boy,” in his relation to nature,
Hiand in hand with her he walks,
Heart to heart with her he talks.
Love for beauty and truth in no way detracts from but adds much
to the ability to successfully conduct any business.
Each person owes to himself and to his fellow-men certain duties.
growing out of his natural or acquired capacities, and his position and
prospects.
Whatever conduces to the fulfillment of these dutiesis an advan-
tage, and horticulture, intelligently pursued, has, we believe, a potent.
influence in that direction.
It is true that we cannot all be horticulturists, but we can all do
something to encourage the advancement and growth of a profession
which so potently affects us.
Let us then give our hearty support to the horticuiturist, and
our best efforts to promotion of an industry that does so much to make
home beautifal and attractive, and the inmates of the home pure, true
and noble citizens.
Historic Memorial Trees.
Read by Mrs. D. K. Hall, Harrisonville.
WASHINGTON, May 14.—Just at this particular season the city of
Washington is a perfect paradise of living greenery. Trees of the
rarest and loveliest sort in America, and in the most boundless and
prodigal profusion, flank all the stately streets and avenues and adorn
all the public parks and squares of the capital. There are nearly
eighty thousand of such trees here—more than in any other city in the
world. They include more than eight hundred distinct varieties and
species, and under the ideal system and conditions that obtain here,
they grow with a degree of luxuriance and exuberance seen nowhere
else.
62 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
It is not surprising that among all these noble trees there should
be a goodly number having historic and patriotic associations. There
are indeed many such—some intimately identified with the lives and
personalities of great men in Washington now dead and gone, and
others connected with the names of statesmen still living. Most con-
spicuous and oldest among these historic memorial trees is one planted
by George Washington just a hundred years ago this spring. Jt oceu-
pies a commanding position opposite the Senate portico, in the east
park of the Capitol, scarcely a stone’s throw from the marble steps. It
is a superb specimen of the American elm, of gigantic proportions.
Its gnarled trunk is covered with clinging ivy, and the whole growth,
wonderfully symmetrical and well balanced, measures fully 100 feet in
height. Near it until 1¢78, when the Capitol grounds were cut down
and improved in their present shape, stood its twin, planted by Wash-
ington at the same time and closely resembling it in appearance, but it
was cut down to make way for improvements.
Almost as prominent as the original George Washington elm at the
‘Senate side of the Capitol is another elm of less size, near the House
entrance to the south, known as the “ Cameron tree,” in honor of the
late Simon Cameron, Secretary of War under Lincoln, for many years
United States Senator from Pennsylvania, and father of the present
Senator, J. Donald Cameron. While a member of the Senate Commit-
tee on Public Buildings and Grounds, in 1878, Senator Simon Cameron
intervened powerfully in its behalf, and prevented its destruction in
the regrading process by effectively repeating in the ears of the grading
commission the familiar line, “ Woodman, spare that tree.” It had
sheltered him from the sun on many a hot summer afternoon when he
lived across the street on New Jersey avenue; and, although it ob-
structed the principal path leading to the House of Representatives,
near the southern terrace, it was and has been permitted to live on ac-
count of the sentiment he entertained for it. The ground about it has
been trimmed down and stone flagging built around it, so that it derives
scant nourishment from the soil that is left; but still it survives and
forms a striking and beautiful object of interest to visitors approach- —
ing the House entrance from B street.
Out near the Soldiers’ home, on the Robinson estate, is an ancient
locust tree that was particularly affected by Daniel Webster, when he
was a national figure in Washington. The friends whom he visited on
the place had a little platform built into the lower crotch of the tree
for his especial ease and comfort, and in that shady retreat the great
New England statesman used to spend bours at a time on summer
‘days, reading and meditating on affairs of public policy.
SUMMER MEETING. 63
The “ Thaddeus Stevens tree,” a magnificent example of the per-
fection to which the oriental sycamore, or plane tree, can be brought,
forms the central arboreal attraction of Lincoln park on Capitel hill.
It stands just east of the bronze statue of Lincoln unshackling the
slave. The tree was planted by Stevens in 1862 down in the Botanic
garden, but its roots being threatened with decay by the continued
overflow of the “ Tiber,” in 1870, before that tributary of the Potomac
was filled up as at present, it was removed bodily to Lincoln park, 15
blocks distant, where it now thrives with wonderful vitality. Its top-
most branch is full 90 feet in the air, while its lower branches sweep
the ground. Without doubt itis the grandest of all the grand syca-
mores at the national capital.
On the south side of the White house grounds, on the lawn close
to the executive green-houses, are two beautiful little fir trees, planted
by Benjamin Harrison in the spring of 1892, while President. One of
them is only four feet high as yet, but it is growing famously, and the
other, six feet high, is doing well and giving promise of the handsome
appearance it will present when fully matured.
But in the National Botanic garden, that famous wonderland of
beautiful trees and shrubs, is to be seen the greatest collection of his-
toric memorial trees extantin this country. At the east end of the
garden, near the young Washington elm, planted by Senator Beck of
Kentucky, is a great overcup oak, set out in 1861 by Senator John J.
Crittenden, the famous peace orator of Kentucky during the rebellion,
Not far from it are two little cedars of Lebanon, planted from the
seed—one in 1889, by Senator Hoar of Massachusetts, and the other
in 1890 by his friend, ex-Senator Evarts of New York. Hard byis a
good-sized Kentucky oak, planted some 10 or 12 years ago by Con-
gressman and Governor Proctor Knott of ihe Blue Grass State.
Near the center of the garden, and just south of the conservatory,
tower two rare cypresses transplanted from Broad street, Philadelphia,
in 1866, by Edwin Forrest, the actor, and John W. Forney, the influen-
tial Washington and Philadelphia journalist. A few paces to the west
of these is the “Albert Pike iree,” an odd-shaped growth known as
the Masonic Cassia, planted in 1882 by the late General Albert Pike
while occupying the position of chief of the Scottish order, the high-
est rank of Masons. Between this and the main walk is a shapely
linden, planted by the late Senator Zebulon Vance, of North Carolina,
just about a year ago; and close by this are two cedars planted re-
spectively by the late Senator Lot Morrill, of Maine, and Senator
Justin S. Morrill, of Vermont.
64 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Turning eastward again, standing close behind Superintendent —
Smith’s cottage, or “keep,” is the ‘Frank Blair tree,” a hackberry
planted 25 years ago from a cutting brought from Kentucky by the
elder Blair, the father of General Frank P. Blair, of Missouri. Super-
intendent Smith calls it the “necessity tree,” from the fact that the
birds in the garden never go near it to eat the berries or seeds until
cold weather comes and no better food ean be had.
A stone’s throw from the “ Albert Pike tree,” and close by the
western end of the conservatory, is a young sapling, christened by
Captain Smith as the “Confucius-Dana-Cammings tree,’”’ seven feet.
high. It is a Chinese oak, and has a unique history, considering its
youth. It was planted last spring by Congressman Amos J. Cummings,
of New York, from a stem presented to Superintendent Smith by
Charles A. Dana, editor of the New York “Sun,” who had caused it.
to be raised by his talented gardener, William Faulkner, at his country
place on Long Island, from an acorn picked from the grave of Confu-
cius, in China, and forwarded by afriend while traveling in the Flowery
kingdom. Itis doing remarkably well under the tender care it re-
ceives, and its long name is not likely to retard its growth.
Farther down, toward the western end of the garden, is the
“ Holman tree,” a beautiful Chinese fir, planted in the spring of 1862
by the “ great objector,” or “ watch-dog of the treasury,” who is still
in active harness in Congress. It is now 25 feet tall, and hundreds of
cuttings have been taken from it to ship elsewhere for the dissemina-
tion of the species in other parts of the country where it has not been
introduced. In the vicinity of this is the ‘Tim Campbell tree,” a
small leaved elm from Siberia, planted two years back by the genial .
Congressman from the Hast side of New York city; and near it is the
“ Garland tree,” a zelkova, planted five years ago by A. H. Garland,
President Clevelana’s first Attorney-General.
Over on the west side also is the “Blackburn tree,” a gracefal, big-
leaved magnolia, set out by the Kentucky Senator in 1879. Not far
from it is the “Bayard tree,” a red-leaved British oak, planted by the
present American minister to the court of Saint James seven years.
ago, while he was serving as Secretary of State.
Near the west gate of the garden is the “Sherman tree,” a whole-
some buckeye, planted by the senior Senator from Ohio in the spring
of 1891. It bears a tag on its stem to indicate its species. A dozen
paces off is the “Frye tree,” a curiously variegated “freak” maple from
the Scottish highlands, planted two years ago by the Maine Senator in
presence of Superintendent Smith, who happens to be of Scottish
blood, and who stood by watching the operation in silent rapture and
admiration.—San Francisco Express.
SUMMER MEETING. 65
Horticultural Geology,
Edwin Walters, Kansas City, Mo.
Inside of certain limits, the application of the principles of chem-
istry to agricalture and horticulture gives satisfactory results. Not-
withstanding the sneering at “book farming,” applied chemistry has
worked a gradual change in the methods employed by the orchardist,
the florist andthe farmer. Yet it must beadmitted that failures some-
times occur when, apparently, the most scientific methods have been
employed. For instance, chemistry may determine that a certain soil
is adapted to a particular crop, but experience may demonstrate that
the adaptation is at best but partial. Such a demonstration is a great
disappointment to the one who desires to walk in the light of science.
Every failure of this kind affords the croaker and old fogy another
weapon with which to fight “ book farming.”
The young physician starts in the pursuit of his noble profession
with the full determination to perfect himself, as near as possible, in
the healing art. If he is guided by the experience of others, the
chances are he will attain a high place in the profession. But let us
suppose he is ambitious to “treat the sick on scientific principles.”
He may make a correct diagnosis of a given case. Let us suppose it
is albuminuria. The patient is rapidly declining from a waste of phos-
phates. Science indicates phosphates as the treatment. Phosphoric
acid is given and the waste is increased in proportion to the amount of
the drug that is administered. The remedy is not assimilated. Herein
lies the great difficulty. Soitis in the employment of methods in
agriculture aud horticulture. A fertilizer may be applied to supply a
known deficiency in the soil, and failure may result. This failure may
be caused by the use of more than growing plants can assimilate. The
quantity being in excess, the very element in the fertilizer that the soil
requires may become a poison—a bane—to the growing crop, rather —
than a food and stimulant. The quantity is too great for proper assimi-
lation. The quantity in its maximum and minimum must be determined
by actual experiment. Temperature and humidity of the atmosphere,
together with the amount of moisture in the soil and its other physi-
cal conditions, enter as important factors, and must be as closely con-
sidered as is its chemical composition.
H—d
66 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Chemical analysis may determine that all the necessary elements
are present in a given soil, and yet its cultivation may yield very unsat-
isfactory results. Why? Because one or more of these elements may
be in such a form as to make assimilation difficult or impossible.
In making a chemical analysis of a soil or fertilizer, solubility in
cold water and susceptibility to the influence of oxygen are the princi-
pal points for determination. To show the necessity of such a determi-
nation, take an example: The leaves of the fruit-trees in a given
orchard are small and the wood growth is slow. A careful diagnosis
of the case may determine a deficiency of carbon in the soil, and, con-
sequently, in the surrounding atmosphere. Now, charcoal is almost
pure carbon; yet no one would think of using charcoal as a fertilizer.
Why? Because charcoal is insoluble in water and will not yield to the
influence of oxygen. In other words, oxygen will not convert it into
a soluble form. But carbonate of lime in the form of common porous
limestone, or hydrate of lime in the form of slaked lime, when it makes
its combinations in nature’s laboratory, will, by gradual decomposition,
throw off a sufficiency of carbon in the form of carbonic acid gas to
afford proper food for the leaves of fruit-trees. When we remember
that such a large per centum of tree-fiber is carbon, and that carbon is
not assimilated in plant growth only when it is in the form of gas, and,
farther, that gas comes from decomposition which is brought about by
water, mainly through the oxygen it contains, the importance of water
in contact with carbon in a soluble form will appear.
The great solvent in nature is water. The oxygen in water attacks ©
and decomposes most organic and many inorganic substances, and
converts them into oxides and other forms that are highly soluble. In © ;
these torms, if required by growing plants, they are easily assimilated.
This line of illustration is intended to demonstrate that the physi-
eal conditions of a given soil are of as much importance in determining
its adaptability to a given fruit or other crop product as are its chemi-
cal conditions. This leads us into the domain of geology, although
chemistry and physics must continue to bear us company.
These three branches are so correlated that it is not necessary to
separate them in this discussion.
The one great desideratum in soils is porosity. When water and
air can percolate and penetrate to great depths, the other conditions
being favorable, fruit-trees will flourish. Ifa soilis porous, water will
more surely and rapidly oxidize and decompose its elements of fertility.
Then these elements are in proper form for plant foods.
Besides gradually decomposing the fertile elements in a porous
soil, water will carry down, to a greai depth, much organic matter in
SUMMER MEETING. P 67
solution that has been obtained from surface debris and humus, to feed
the roots of growing plants. This is particularly beneficial to trees
and plants that send their roots deep into the soil. When trees obtain
their root food near the surface, as is well known, they are easily in-
fluenced by protracted dry weather.
A geological survey will determine the physical conditions of a
given soil. Such a survey, unless unusual conditions are present, can
be made by afiy intelligent person. A few simple directions will assist
in making a survey of this kind. ,
In the selection of a site for an orchard, remember the following:
1. Avoid a soil that contains a great quantity of organic matter.
Such soils cause great wood growth, but produce a small quantity of
fruit, and that is usually of inferior quality. Trees grown on such
soils are more tender and liable to injury from frosts or extremely cold
weather.
2. Avoid a subsoil of shale, soap-stone or any material that is
impervious to water. “ Hard-pan” and “gumbo” are very objec-
tionable. .
3. While sandy soils are porous, and are easily penetrated by
water, they are usually objectionable. (a) They radiate more heat
than do limestone soils. This causes premature blossoming or expan-
sion of the fruit buds, and consequently liability to injury from frosts.
(b) Insects thrive best and do more damage on sandy soils. (¢) While
the radiation of heat is much Sreater in the daytime, the consequent
evaporation of moisture causes the nights to be much cooler. These
extremes of temperature are unfavorable to the growth of perfect
fruit. Sandy soils are sometimes admirably adapted to the growth of
peaches and grapes. But a location should be selected on the east or
northeast slope of a hill. Such a location might not be open to all of
the above objections.
4, Avoid ashy soils. (a) They are deficient in iron—a necessary
requisite for finely flavored and highly colored frait. (b) They gener-
ally contain an excess of potassium or other soluble salts left from the
evaporation of water. This is especially trae where the sub-drainage
is not good.
5. Select soils that are porous down to bed-rock, No solid bed-
rock should lie nearer the surface than ten feet. If, however, the bed-
rock is full of crevices and interstices, or is of such a porous nature
that water can easily penetrate it, perhaps much less depths of loose
soil above it will do.
6. Soils above limestone that contains caves and subterranean
streams are adapted to the growth of fruit.
~
4
68 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY.
7. At short intervals, over all that portion of Missouri north of
an irregular line described by the south bluffs of the Missouri river, are
large deposits of loess or bluff formation. These deposits were made
in the Quaternary period, soon after the Glacial epoch. When these
soils were forming, the elephant and rhinoceros roamed over the hills
of Missouri in herds as vast as did the deer fifty years ago. This loess
soil is admirably adapted to the growth of all kinds of fruit common
to our State, with the possible exception of the peach. To localize
farther: The chert, so-called flint and limestone of southern, south_
central and southwestern Missouri, afford subsoils admirably to the
growth of fruit. As so much was said of these localities in my paper
of December 2, 1890, it is unnecessary to occupy further time on this
part of the subject here, The opinion is still held that no portion of
the United States excels these particular localities. But in some por-
tions of these localities there is a bed-rock of magnesian limestone.
It does not afford a suitable subsoil for fruit-trees. Avoid it.
In portions of the State, where neither loess nor caye limestone is
found, the best subsoil is deep beds of clay—the more porous the bet-
ter. This observation is especially applicable to the counties of Cass,
Bates, Vernon, Henry, Johnson, northern St. Clair, southwestern Lafay-
ette and southern Jackson.
Loess is seldom found in these localities, and the “flint” and cave
limestone is also absent.
The fertility of limestones is caused by their origin. All lime-
stones are of animal origin. The atoms that compose them have all
been, one or more times, constituent parts of some animal. If lime-
stones are not too highly erystalized, water easily decomposes them,
and converts them into suitable plant foods.
Where springs abound, the dip of bed-rock can be determined by
their location. If the springs of a given neighborhood are all on the
northern and western sides of the hills, the dip is to the. northwest.
If on the east sides, the dip is east.
North of the Missouri river, in oar state, are large Glacial deposits.
They consist of granite boulders—sometimes called “lost rocks” or
“niggerheads’—smaller gravel and sand. The sand is red, yellow or
white. It is entirely different from the sands of the creek and river
beds. Where these Glacial deposits are overlaid by loess or other
suitable soils, they afford splendid locations for orchards.
Inasmuch as loess has been referred to so often, the Secretary is
asked to submit a sample for the inspection of the members of the
Society who are not familiar with it. ;
SUMMER MEETING. 69
In making a geological survey, it is impracticable to make sound-
ings for bed rock over an entire proposed site. This determination can
be made by a series of levelings. Choose some point on the outcrop
of the bed-rock. Sometimes bed-rock is obscured by surface debris.
If so, it can be located by shallow trenches cut along the slopes at
tight-angles to the trend of the hills. By bed-rock is here meant any
material that is wholly or partly impervious to water. Let us suppose
the place of beginning is outside of or near the southwest corner of
@ proposed site. We assume an elevation of, say, 1000 feet above sea-
level. We level in a northerly direction, say, 1200 feet. Here we find
the bed-rock to be 15 feet lower than at the place of beginning. The
elevation of bed-rock is here, then, 985 feet. We turn east and cross
a low hill, or swell. Just over the brow we find bed-rock to be 10 feet
higher than at the last point of its cropping. Here its elevation is
995 feet. We pass along the brow of the hill, or swell, and find the
bed-rock near the southeast corner of the site to be 25 feet higher
than at the last mentioned point—the southeast corner. The eleva-
tion of bed-rock at the northeast corner is, then, 1020 feet. Now, it
will be seen from this that the bed-rock dips most rapidly to the north-
west. At the southeast corner it is 35 feet higher tban at the north-
west, 20 feet higher than the southwest, and 25 feet higher than the
mortheast corner. Assuming the parallelogram described by the sur-
vey to be about 1000 feet from north to south and 1500 feet from east
to west, or to contain about 35 acres, the diagonal or hypothenuse
would be about 1800 feet. The dip, then, in going 1800 feet from the
southeast corner toward the northwest, is 35 feet, or about 2 per
centum. In going toward the west, the dip is 20 feet in 1000, or 2
per centum. In going toward the north, it is 25 feet in 1000,
or 23 percentum. In going from the place of beginning, southwest
corner, toward the north, the dip is 15 feet in 1000, or 14 per centum.
Now let us make a leveling from the southeast toward the north-
west. At 500 feet, the surface has an elevation of 1030. Now going in
this direction, the dip is 2 per centum; 2 per cent of 500 is 10. Ten
feet must be subtracted from 1020 feet for the elevation of bed-rock at
this point. It is, then, 1010 feet. If the surface, as calculated above,
has an elevation of 1030 feet and the bed-rock at the same point has an
elevation of 1010 feet, the bed-rock lies 20 feet beneath the surface, or
the difference of 1030 and 1010 feet.
' It would be entirely too tedious to give more extended calcula-
tions. But remember to subtract the per centage of dip if guing in
the direction of dip, and to add the per centage if going toward a
- point at which the bed-rock is higher. This subtraction or addition
70 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
gives the elevation of bed-rock. Add the difference in levels of the
bed-rock and surface points. This gives surface elevations. The dif-
ference between the surface elevation and that of bed-rock at any given
point is the depth of the soil from surface to bed-rock. In this manner
the depth of soil may be determined in any locality. Where there are
no croppings of bed-rock, dig or sound for it near the four corners, and
proceed with the levelings as though it were present. For instance,
assume 800 feet for the elevation of the surface of a proposed site at
the surface near its northeast corner. A sounding or pit develops bed-
rock at a depth of 5 feet. The elevation of bed-rock is, then, at this
point, 795 feet. So all the way around. Subtract the depths at each
point from the surface elevations at the same points. The differences.
will be the elevations of bed-rock for each point.
Uniess the survey should develop the fact that the bed-rock de-
scribes a trough or an upward fold—“hog-back”—the bed-rock must be
regarded as a plane more or less inclined. After making the levelings
and measurements, draw a diagram of the site and designate the differ-
ent angles by the letters A BC, ete. At the angles, and at as many
other points as practicable, designate the elevations thus: B. 920, S.
928; B. 930,8. 941, ete. B. will stand for bed-rock and S. for surface.
The difference between B.and S. at any given pointisthe thickness
of soil at that point. By constructing a diagram and addressing the
eye, the system of dips, elevations, etc., can be more readily compre- |
hended. ,
Much has herein been said of levelings, and inasmuch as a level is.
a convenient and usefal instrument for the farmer and orchardist, a
description of the method of making one is given. I invented ita _
few months ago. Until Iam granted a patent anda gold medal by
special act of Congress, all Missourians and their visiting friends are
hereby permitted to manufacture, use and sell them without let or
hindrance.
Get a piece of hard-wood lath, say six feet long, two inches wide
and one inch thick. Stand it on end and mark a point about as high as
your eyes. At this point, insert a metal spindle, say one-eighth or one-
quarter of an inch in diameter and about two inches long. Get a piece
of board and saw out a triangle in a V shape. Inthe center of the top
of the V, bore a hole near the edge and in the exact center of the
described top line. This hole should bea little larger than the diameter
of the spindle. In the bottom of the V, or at apex of the described —
triangle, insert one end of a piece of large wire, and bend the outer,
lower end into a loop. Now oil the spindle and pass it through the
hole in the triangle or V. To the loop at the apex of the V, attacha —
SUMMER MEETING. Te
plumb-bob or any metal weight. Slightly sharpen the lower end of the
upright or lath so it can be stuck into the ground. This is the level,
and will cost, in material, from 5 to 50 cents.
Before attempting to level with it, it must be adjusted. Stick the
sharpened end in the ground and sight along the top of the triangle to
a@ point on a line with it: 7. e., with the top. This point should be frown
50 to 100 feet distant. Mark the point. Now lift the triangle off of
the spindle and change sides, thus bringing the opposite side next to
you. Do not let the staff or upright be moved. Now sight along the
top again. If the same poipt is in the line of sight as at first, the in-
strument is inadjustment. Should the last sight indicate a point below
the mark, bend the lower end of the loop that suspends the weight
toward you; if above the mark, from you. The error will thus be
corrected. If, after several changings or turnings of the triangle, the
same point is indicated as being in line with the top of the triangle, the
level is adjusted and “ready for business.”
In using the level, remember to not move the staff until you have
taken both a back sight and a front sight. You start with a back
sight. Do not attempt to sight more than 200 feet with this level. ’
Take a barn batten and make you a level-rod. Let your rodman set
the rod at a point, say A. Let us assume that the elevation of A is
700 feet. Set the level and back-sight at the rod. The reading on the
rod is, say, 4 feet 3 inches. Do not move the level. Let the rodman
pass around you and set up at the point B. You walk around to the
other side of the level and read the rod. Suppose the reading is 7
feet 10 inches. The difference between these readings, 3 feet 7 inches,
is the difference in elevation of the points A and B. Now, the higher
the reading on the rod, the lower the point. As the reading at B was
3 feet 7 inches higher than at A, B is that much lower than is A.
Three feet 7 inches substracted from 700 feet leave 696 feet 5 inches.
This then is the elevation of B. As you proceed, write in your field-
notes the location, manner of designation and elegation of each point.
Let your rodman hold his point, not moving the bottom of the rod,
while you walk around him to any convenient point and set the level
again. Take your reading as a back-sight. Suppose it is 2 feet 5
inches. Nowthe rodman sets up at a third point,C. Without moving
the instrument, you read the rod, and the reading is, say 8 feet. The
difference between B and C is, then, 5 feet 7 inches. The last reading
was the higher. Then C is 5 feet 7 inches lower than is B. The ele-
vation of C is, then, 690 feet 10 inches. So proceed.
©
72 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Remember to adjust the level each time you take it out for use.
If your leveling-rod is divided into feet and tenths, instead of feet and
inches, the calculations will be much easier made.
Remember, if you cannot stick the staff into the ground on aec-
count of rock or frost, to not move it between the times of the two
readings.
In conclusion, let me say that I regret my absence from the State
during so many interesting meetings of the Society.
If time will permit, I hope in the future to present the Society
with a monograph covering the whole subject of the application of the
principles of geology to horticulture and all other kindred pursuits.
Herbaceous Piants and Shrubs.
There is a wide difference in the number of plants classed as
hardy and the number which are so in reality. Experience is the only
test by which the fact of their hardiness can be ascertained. It is de-
termined in our climate, not by the degree of cold they can endure
unimpaired, but whether they can withstand the alternate freezing and
thawing of the late winter and early spring. This is the crucial test
of herbaceous—plants, soft-wooded varieties, such as hollyhocks and
Canterbury bells, frequently succumbing to the damp cold of early
spring. !
To the woman who has neither time nor inclination for gardening,
hardy plants are a boon. Planted in congenial situations, they require
but little attention, and are ever ready to supply the place of the more
pretentious bedders; whether we grow the latter or not, a share of
attention should be bestowed on herbaceous plants—Iris, Peonias and
others making the garden gay before the bedders have begun to bloom,
and by a proper selection of varieties, having a continuation of bloom
until the last fall Asters are cut down by the frost.
They should always, as near as possible, be planted where they
will be undisturbed, and the ground kept free from grass; they will
need but little attention beyond a top-dressing in the fall of the year.
The best effect is attained when allowed to form large clumps, and, if |
possible, given shrubs or low-growing trees for a background. Do
not spoil your lawn by dotting it over with plants or shrubs; group
them where they will show to best advantage—dark foliage against
light, and vice versa.
SUMMER MEETING. 73
A noticeable feature in the flower gardens of the Pacific coast, so
far as my observations extended, was the entire absence of herbaceous
plants. They teil me they do not succeed there. Probably they re-
‘quire the rest our winter gives them. Their place there is supplied by
Callas, Amaryllis and others/of kindred nature, which are rested by
drying off, although never entirely dried down. This process would
probably not agree with herbabeous plants.
The “ whys” and “ wherefores” of these things will often bring to
mind the title to the eld song, ‘‘O, won’t you tell me why, Robin?” and
in that country Robin almost invariably answered that he didn’t know
the reason why. So, while we covet the Magnolias and Marechal
Niel roses, they longingly look back to the Peonias of their youth.
In shrubs we have a great variety to which our climate seems con-
genial. Spireas in variety, of which Van Honuter stands pre-eminent.
Deutzias, from the Pride of Rochester to the delicate Gracilis, Snow-
balls, Exochordia, Lilacs, Flowering Almonds, pink and white Weigelias
{although the white cannot be recommended for hardiness), Altheas,
white, purple and variegated.
The finest early blooming sbrub I have ever seen is Forsythia
Fortunis. It grows to a height of eight or ten feet, and as much in
width. The long pendant branches in early spring are a mass of golden
yellow flowers, entirely covering the plant.
We have an abundance of shrubs of every hue excepting red.
Cydonia Japonica is perfectly hardy, but slow in growth and uncertain ©
in blooming. Where shall we find a better ?
Roses we have in plenty, but to give satisfactory results must be
taken care of. They should be divided occasionally and given a good
dressing of chips, dirt or manure fora winter mulch; plant them in
groups of contrasting colors; the dark will look richer and the whites
purer for the comparison.
Do not, excepting to cut out dead wood, prune yourroses. Nature
proportions the tops to the roots,and to cut off the head already
formed and ripened and force the roots to produce an entire new head,
is drawing on them for more than they can supply without exhausting
and shortening the life of the shrub.
Nature has given every plant its own appropriate form, that which
accords best with its foliage and bloom. Inan apple-tree we prune for
fruit; in a grape-vine, to keep it within bounds, that the fruit may be
more conveniently reached; but in ornaments we want the variety of
form which nature has bestowed on the plant. We laugh at ever- .
greens chipped into grotesque forms, and then we take our pruning
knife and cut our roses back all alike. Allow them to grow in their
74 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
own natural proportions, and see the variety of forms—the white moss
reaching above your head; Madame Plantier’s long slender branches
weighted down with their wealth of snowy bloom ; Salet, with its wide-
spread head of lovely, mossy pink buds; Mabel Morrison, shooting up
in a straight pillar. These, as well as every other rose or shrub, have
all their own individuality. Pruning to some extent weakens the
hardiness of shrubs. [ once cut in an Exochordia; the following winter
the portion so trimmed died—the only case of winter-killing I have ever
noticed init. This spring I notice all the dead wood in roses; is that.
cut back last year; occasionally the tips of the canes are killed, but.
nature in that case has healed the injury, and no raw cuts are exposed
to the weather. We have our weeping willows and birehes in their
own natural forms; why not our roses?
Mrs. J. A. DUBKES, Weston, Mo.
THURSDAY, June 7—9 a. m.
The President called the meeting to order, and the Secretary read
the following letters :
TRENTON, Mo., June 11, 1894.
L. A. GOODMAN, Westport, Mo.:
Dear Sir—I have been urged frequently this season by some com-
mission men of Kansas City, to grow strawberries for that market.
They claim that it would be profitable, from the fact that our crop
ripens after their local crop is gone.
Now I have never studied the Kansas City ‘markets, so I would
like to have your opinion in regard to it. Our crop ripens here from
the Ist to the 20th of June on an average; this year is a little earlier.
Also, what do you know about the St. Joseph market,?
Our strawberries this year were very unsatisfactory, yet consider-
ing the frost of the 18th of May, and the drouth which has prevailed
all season, they did fairly well. Late varieties like Gandy, Glendale,
Mt. Vernon and Robinson, were entirely killed by the frost. Warfield,
Crescent, Capt. Jack and Windsor Chief were our most productive
sorts. Bubach also produced abundantly of fine large fruits. But.
taking everything into consideration, the Min. Chief is the best berry
we can grow here. What kind would you fertilize it with? I use
Glendale and Miner, but neither are productive enough. |
Will you please give me a list including some of the newer varie-
ties which are the most productive, the largest, the best flavored, the
brightest colored and the firmest to grow fora home market; also
for shipping.
=a" Es
SUMMER MEETING. 75.
I wanted to attend the summer meeting, but it came right in the
midst of our berry-picking and I conld not leave. Hope you had a
good meeting. .
The invitation I sent you to hold the next meeting at Trenton is.
still in force. Our little city will be glad to welcome the Society.
Thanks for a copy of last year’s report.
Yours respectfully,
B. A. BARNES.
BikcH TREE, June 2, 1894.
Mr. L. A. GooDMAN, Westport, Mo. :
Dear Sir— The locusts, instead of confining themselves to the
small limbs of our young trees as anticipated, commence as near as a.
foot from the ground and split the bark of the body of the tree to the
extreme top and out on all the limbs, and the leaves are now dying.
Evidently, the trees are ruined; but can’t we cut off the injured wood,
and, starting with the root that is left us, form a new tree?
My trees (apple and peach) were one and two years old, planted
one year ago this spring. I have seen some good sized trees eaten off
by cattle, and when cut back within a foot of the ground in the spring
would make a growth of four and five feet. My orchard contains
5000 trees, and if I can havea good orchard by cutting back, I will
consider that I only lose one year. If, however, this treatment would
not result in getting a good stand, I had better pull them all up and
start in again. I would like your counsel on this, and if you conclude
it will be safe to cut back, what would be the proper time? It seems.
to me I could cut them as soon as the locusts quit, and then I would
have this summer’s growth. Kindly adieu.
Yours truly,
E. I. MEEKER.
The auswers to this letter were various. The Secretary advised
cutting off at the ground at once, not waiting for the locusts to dis-
appear. If they are cut off at once, a {good growth may be secured
this year and a good orchard will result. It wiil at least pay to test
the matter, for the trees will not be worthmuch if badly stung.
Others expressed the opinion that it would be best to dig them all
up and start new.
ALTENBURG, MO., May 30, 1894.
Hon. N. F. MURRAY:
Dear Sir—I will ship you by express package containing two
roots of trees died this spring. These trees have been planted six
years, are what are known as a whole root from State nursery, and
growing on well-drained clay soil. Trees were cultivated first four or
76 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
five years, and for last two have been grown with clover. Clover cut
and remained on the land, This orchard is near the Missouri; a por-
tion of itis creek bottom. This has not suffered so much as the hill-
side, which inclines to the east. Allis good soil; have lost about 100
trees since planting this block of 1000 trees, all Ben Davis and Wine-
sap. All my neighbors complain of the same trouble. Was told yes-
terday by a friend that he planted out 100 trees a few years ago and
only about 40 had lived; all died from the root. In a great many
instances a portion of the root, most generally one or two small ones
near the surface of the ground, is green and with no sign of aphis, and
the tree blown over, by winds, or of its own weight. Have made
many inquiries as to the cause of this trouble, and read from all the
works I could secure, but have found no one giving a positive cause.
Farmers have attributed it to the borers, grub-worms, and others to
the growing of clover on the land.
I am now plowing up my land, after cutting clover and mulching
younger trees, and planting the land to late potatoes. I want a change.
I notice that when one tree dies others generally follow near by, the
following season. Would like you to examine roots sent you; present
to some of your best posted members, and if possible name to me the
cause and also the remedy.
Send Mr. Nelson my check for $10 for life membership in the So-
ciety. You will please have my name enrolled. I will attend the fall
meeting, and hope it will be held in the great apple belt of the Ozarks.
Your friend,
W. R. WILKINSON.
The discussion of this matter that Judge Wilkinson refers to
showed that the damage was wide-spread. The prevailing opinion
seemed to be that it was a root blight, and no remedy was known.
The whole matter was taken up and diseussed in all its bearings.
The piece-root, whole-root, seedlings, fungus growth, bacteria, top-
grafting, spraying, manuring, soils, locations, were all discussed until
the time limit was called, and no conclusion reached.
BOONVILLE, Mo., June 1, 1894.
L. A. GOODMAN, Sec’y State Horticultural Society:
Dear Sir—As one of your committee on “ Orchards,” I send you
this following brief report as to their condition in Central Missouri—
Cooper county. I have had but little opportunity to observe the con-
dition of orchards outside my own, which is only three years old, but
think, generally speaking, trees of all kinds are making an unusually —
good growth; the foliage is larger and looks more healthy than for
a=
SUMMER MEETING. 1
several years past. Yet some old apple-trees are showing twig-blight.
The fruit crop is very light—nearly another failure—is the condition
that confronts the fruit-grower, making the fourth season in succession
of total or partial failure of the apple-crop, the geniting alone giving
promise of a full crop. It is said “ everything comes to him who
waits.” But people are-growing weary of waiting so long for fruit,
and the mutterings of discontent are heard, and when confidence and
faith are gone, as a result we fully expect to see orchards neglected
and run down. But the successful orchardist of the future will be the
one who, while others grumble and neglect, will be found making
every effort possible to improve, so that when nature smiles again he
will be ready to receive the blessing which he he has so long waited
for.
Grapes, raspberries and blackberries give promise of a full crop;
vines and canes in good, healthy condition; strawberry crop cut short
by drouth.
Hoping you may have a successful meeting, I am yours truly,
H. W. JENKINS.
The Apple.
J. H.G. Jenkins, Boonville.
Regarding the apple as our principal fruit, I have given some at-
tention to its care and cultivation. I accept the commonly received
opinion that an elevated position, with northern or northeastern slope,
is the best location for an apple orchard.
I would prefer a good clay subsoil, slightly rolling, or with proper
facilities for drainage. I owned a small orchard, similarly situated,
that never failed to bear during the 13 years I occupied that little
home in Cole county. Nearly all the leading varieties of summer, fall
and winter apples were represented in that orchard, and all fruited
well. Even peaches never failed there.
Where [ now live, though high, the inclination is to the south
rather than nortb, with more timber on north side, and fruit is some-
times killed by late frosts. Early Margaret has proved a more thrifty
tree and better bearer than Early Harvest or Red June. Maiden’s
Blush has proved the hardiest and best early fall apple, having with-
stood the late freeze this season. Ben Davis is certainly one of the
thriftiest trees, and less injured by insects than most varieties; but the
fruit was mostly killed here last spring, while some sorts were not hurt
by the late freeze. Ben Maupin, though the buds were completely
frozen, bloomed abundantly, and is fruiting well. Jonathan budded
78 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
and bloomed the second time, and retained its fruit. Willow Twig set
fruit, which grew to the size of a plum, and mostly dropped off.
Ben Davis, Clayton, Huntsman, Jonathan, Grimes’ Golden and
Willow Twig are all good, but I have an apple bought under the name
of Park’s Keeper that outbears any of them so far; and though the
fruit is not quite so showy, it is of fair size and good quality, similar
to Geniting.
Trees should be set at least 25 feet apart for permanent orchard.
Ground should be well broken and harrowed, then laid off the proper
distance ; holes dug sufficiently wide to admit the entire roots without
bending—a little mound having been made of good soil in bottom of
holes over which roots should be spread, holes well filled and packed
with good dirt.
Cultivate well first five years, growing low crops or even corn
between rows, after which sow to clover and turn in your pigs; throw
some ashes or lime about your trees, frequently spading them in; wash
often ‘with soap-suds; look well after borers ‘and other pests; don’t
be afraid to prune when and wherever needed, and don’t neglect the
duty so often enjoined, of spraying to save the fruit.
Notwithstanding present failure, orcharding will pay, and a failure
of apples ought not to discourage us more than a failure in other
erops, when we contemplate that one good crop of apples will bring
more ready cash to the producer than any cereal crop that can be
grown on the same number of acres within 8 or 10 years.
Give the care and attention to apple culture that is always given
to corn, and you will be abundantly rewarded; and although you
must wait a few years for results, you can grow other producis while
cultivating young trees, and fatten nearly as many pigs on the clover
after they come into bearing as you could on grain produced on the
same ground. Yes, there is a grand ‘fature for Missouri in this in-
dustry, for there are hundreds of acres here well adapted to fruit-
growing; people in this locality are rapidly taking hold of the business,
and I doubt not that the $10,000,000 realized on apples in 1890 will be
more than doubled a few years hence.
————a
Report on Small Fruits.
HoupEy, Mo., June 5, 1894.
Hon. i. A; Goopman, Secretary of State Horticultural Society: .
Report of all fruits up to the present time is as follows in John-
son and Lafayette counties, sketched by my own observation and
extra committees, and I hope this is not reported by a fraud, either by
SUMMER MEETING. 79
mistake or an error of the heart,as has been for the past three or
four years. I aim to be well-posted, and keep my tongue still until
called on for advice. Apple crop for Johnson county at the following
places, viz., Holden, Warrensburg, Hazel Hill, Knob Noster, Pittsville,
Kingsville, Quick City and Columbus, an average of 50 per cent for
the entire county, if the weather is favorable for the next three months.
Peaches are a total failure. Pears—a few places only; they were all
killed by their blooming in March and cold afterward. Plums, about
60 per cent cf foreign varieties, and Wild Goose about 20 per cent.
Apricots, not worth mentioning. Quinces—a few near Warrensburg
and Knob Noster.
Small fruits: Grapes will average 90 per cent, strawberries about
35 per cent; blackberries will be 90 per cent, if not too dry weather in
June; raspberries near 90 per cent, if weather was favorable; goose-
berries—early varieties all killed, late varieties very good; currants—
none to speak of favorable. Up to date, we need rain; very dry here.
Lafayette County.
Apple crop for this county is more favorable. Bordering on Mis-
souririver and at Lexington, Mo., will average 80 per cent, and at May-
view the same; Odessa, Wellington, Napoleon, Dover, Corder, Black-
burn and Higginsville, about 60 per cent. Peaches, afew in special
localities. Pears, a few varieties (late) on Missouri bluffs. Plums
about 75 per cent in localities adapted for plum, and mostly foreign
varieties ; gooseberries, very good at Lexington, Wellington, Dover
and Napoleon; currants not worth mentioning.
SMALL FROUITS.
Grapes of this county very near 100 per cent. Strawberries, all
depends on locality ; Lexington and surrounding country and Mayview
will average 50 per cent.
Blackberries near 100 per cent; raspberries, a few localities 80
per cent, and others only 40 per cent.
Gooseberries about 75 per cent; currants on Missouri bluff about
‘60 per cent.
ORCHARDS.
Lafayette county is better adapted to fruit-growing than Johnson
county, and why? All sub-strata of clay lands bordering on Missouri
river, containing more sandstone inlaid with croppings of soapstone by
80 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
nature and carboniferous limestone, are the very best lands for apple,
and you might say all fruits. (I did say a year or so ago at Odessa,
I was denied free speech), I would never say where the best fruit lands
were in these two couuties; but a change has been wrought. I will
designate where the belts for fruit lie. There are three fruit belts com-
mencing in Lafayette and Jackson counties, running parallel with each
other, and a vacuum between those belts of four to ten miles, varying
in different places, not for fruit. The middle belt line commences at
Lexington, six miles iu width for eight miles, and lessens down to four
miles in width by Knob Noster, to five miles in width till it strikes the
Ozark mountain ranges of the greatest fruit belt incentral-western
United States, ‘known as Southwest Missouri, comprising about 25-
counties.
Another belt commences in Jackson county, near Independence,
Mo., winding by two subdivisions, one on the bluff, down as far as Na-
poleon, thence east, or rather southeast, lapping on with the Sni creek
region, connecting with Grain Valley and Oak Grove of Jackson county,
following Sni creek country, crossing and recrossing Blackwater coun-
try as far down as Columbus, in Jackson county, there joining the
original belt of Lexington and Warrensburg, by way of Hazel Hill, 11
miles northwest of Warrensburg. There are some spots of fruit belts
of land near Holden, and isolated vacancies in other portions of these
two counties.
We are trying to organize a society in Johnson county, but the
people have been so used to pork, hay, cattle, and wheat at 25 cents a.
bushel, hence their minds have been in and run in the same channels.
as the days of old Missouri; but the all-absorbing topic is, and in the
name of the great and lamented Henry W. Grady: Why not a new
South, new North, new East and new West, and a new Missouri?
Yours very truly,
G. L. TURTON.
Report on Orchards.
To the officers and members of the Missouri State Horticultural So-
ciety :
Your Committee on Orchards submit the following report:
Orcharding in this portion of the State has been a very poor busi-
ness for the past two years, and we have had a great many things to
discourage us; but there is considerable orchard being planted every
year, though not as much as in some other portions of the State.
RRA? 33h co” <f
SUMMER MEETING. 81
A great many of the old orchards are dying out from age and
neglect, and it seems to be a question with their owners whether it
- will pay to replant. With scab, blight and all the other fungus diseases
on the increase, the codling moth, curculio, etc., multiplying, add to this
the peculiar climatic influences which have prevailed in the past two
years, and it has been very trying indeed. No wonder the weak
brother is ready to throw up the sponge and say it don’t pay.
But we still have faith that it will pay; but we must make an in-
telligent selection of soil on which to plant, an equally intelligent se-
lection of varieties suited to our location, markets, ete., and then
cultivate thoroughly and keep at it. Fertilize when necessary, and
spray for fungus diseases and noxious insects, and do it thoroughly,
and success will attend our efforts.
‘ Our orchards are in better condition at present than they have
been in the past two years, with less scab than usual. Fire-blight has
appeared in some orchards and is doing some damage, but it has sel-
dom proved serious. The crop indications for the present year are
not very flattering. Peach, a complete failure; pears nearly so; plum
and cherry very light, and the apple only a partial crop in this portion
of the State. But if we have a good home supply of fine apples, which
the present condition promises, we should be contented.
Respectfully submitted.
HENRY SPEER, Butler, Mo.
Report on Orchards.
The orchards in this part of the State were in the best condition
desirable for a very fall crop of fruit, until the freeze of last Easter.
The damage was, however, confined mostly to early blooming varieties
and localities.
Grasshoppers were very numerous last August in parts of Platte
and Buchanan counties—eating the leaves entirely from the trees and
barking the twigs, so that whole orchards appeared as dead. No fruit
could be expected on trees in that condition. We find, however, that
many so far recovered that considerable fruit has set upon them.
Young orchards of very thrifty growth have not made the showing of
fruit their condition would lead one to expect. The cause, as is well
' known, is too much wood growth for the present.
ms From all the information we can gather, we think will have over
half, perhaps two-thirds of a crop of apples. Varieties we notice to be
H—6
A
82 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
full are Ben Davis, Willow Twig, Colvert, W. W. Pearmain, Early Har-
vest, Pryor’s Red, Keswick, Rambo and Rawles Janet; average in full-
ness, Jonathan, Winesap, Baldwin, Romanite, Astrachan and Pickard.
The pear suffered more than the apple in last spring’s freeze.
Many varieties just on the point of blooming were totally destroyed ;
others, seeming to be all right, and showing a full and, to all appear-
ances, a healthy bloom, have blasted and are dropping. With me the
Bartlett is the latest to bloom, and has come out the best. Varieties
fullest of fruit are Bartlett, Seckel, Flemish Beauty, Rostiezer and Buf-
fam.
Quinces were all frozen. Peaches killed in January. Plums and
cherries have come out fairly and will give us a moderate yield.
Our hopes and wishes for a good fruit crop have been partly filled,
but we must rest here and await the coming of another year to ask—
What shall the harvest be?
In the meantime, let us not be idle. Let the endeavor of every
fruit-grower be clean and thorough culture. In this I firmly believe
we have a better antidote to insect foes than so much labor expended
in spraying; not that I have no faith in the latter—far from it. We
must use every means we can to rid us of these pests, and where one
remedy fails, try another.
Fruit this year with us is very perfect; never saw it more so.
Respectfully, J. A. DURKES.
Care of an Orchard.
By domer Reed, Kansas City.
It is generally agreed that the hill lands are the best lands for an
orchard—better than black prairie soil; and I will assume that the or-
chard is planted on the hill-lands, near the river, or on such lands as
are generally selected for orchards in Southern Missouri. I will as-
sume, then, that the orchard is planted on hill-lands, sufficiently smooth
for easy cultivation. The lines where the trees are planted should be
deeply plowed, and with a subsoil plow, if possible, for a width of at
least four feet either side of the tree-row. The under, or subsoil, of
our hills is a tough, water-tight clayish formation, and the breaking of
this subsoil allows the roots to find the depth necessary to withstand
the harmful influence of the certain drouths of Augast and Septem-
ber.
The trees should be thrifty two-year-old trees and not pruned nor
cut back, unless pruning be required to preserve the center stalk or 24
SUMMER MEETING. 83
Jeader, so that the tree will not fork. The only reason for this prun-
ing is to keep the trees from splitting down in heavy winds. Trees
less than two years old are too low if the ground is put in corn, which
is recommended ; and if older than two years, the growth is slow and
feeble on account of the great shock which the tree sustains in trans-
planting. If planted on level land, the tree should not be set deeper
than in the nursery row; if planted on sloping ground, the tree should
De set from two to four inches deeper, as the soil during the first six
or eight years of culture will otherwise gradually wear away and leave
Dare roots. As soon as the trees are planted they should be wrapped
with either woven wire cloth, heavily painted with iron-clad paint,
which costs about four cents for each tree, and which will last from
three to five years, or should be covered with a wooden covering pre-
pared by the St. Louis Basket and Woodenware Company, which costs
about one cent for each tree, or with corn-stalks about two and one-
half feet in length. The object of covering the tree is:
First, to prevent sun-scald; second, to keep the borer-fly from de-
positing its eggs in the tree; third, to keep off rabbits; and fourth, to
protect the trees from the whiffle-trees during cultivation. I am satis-
fied that the success of an orchard depends as much upon the protec-
tion of trees to the height of 30 inches by some such method asis here
recommended as upon all other attention.
As to the cultivation, I am satisfied that for at least five years the
best crop to plant is corn. The cultivation of corn ends when the
cultivation of trees should end. The corn should be planted beyond
the extreme outer edges of the orchard, so that no trees are left be-
yond the corn limits. The preference for corn is:
First—Because it is not an exhaustive crop, and if fed on the farm
and the manure is returned to the soil, the soil is in no degree impov-
erished.
Second—lIt affords the necessary protection to the trees from in-
sects, the insects resting upon and eating the corn instead of the trees.
This was especially noticeable last year, when young orchards were
sorely attacked by grasshoppers. I planted 700 trees last spring and
lost scarcely a tree that was in the corn, but lost nearly all the trees
that were beyond the limits of the corn, or which were planted to low
crops, like potatoes.
Third—Corn shades the body of the tree and prevents sun-seald.
Fourth—It shades the land and protects it against August and
September drouths, which sometimes dry out the land to a depth
which endangers the vitality of the trees.
84 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Fifth—It acts as a wind-break, and so protects the trees and the
land from the parching southwest wind which occasionally visits us im
August and September. The corn should be left standing until the
middle of September or later; in facet, in several years’ experience in
growing fruit-trees, which have been put in various crops, I believe
that it is advantageous to keep one or two rows of corn, at least one
way, planted in the trees until they are 10 or 12 years old, on account
of the protection it gives the trees by attracting insects, and warding
off the evil effects of the sun and wind. After trees are 3 or 4 years
old, I am aware that different theories are advanced as to the proper
treatment. One party advocates clean cultivation ; another alternate
crops of clover, and occasional plowing; a third, putting in clover and
pasturing to hogs.
A recent bulletin, No. 19, of the West Virginia Expertteta sta-
tion, Morgantown, West Virginia, is devoted to the subject of weeds.
as fertilizers, and gives the analysis of about 50 common weeds, begin-
ning with the poke-weed and including the common thistle, bitter dock,
fox-tail grass, burdock, ox-eye daisy, rag-weed, red-top, sheep-sorrel,
Canada thistle, golden-rod, elders and many others. The manurial
valve per ton of poke-weed, when dry, is estimated at $21.00; of thistle
$11.00, timothy, $9.00, of rag-weed, $7.00. This is at eastern prices.
It was also stated that if these weeds were turned under at regular
intervals, their value would be as great or greater still. It is a well-
known fact in the West that the growth of weeds is larger and much
more general than in the East, on account of the great strength of the
land; and after reading this report on the value of weeds as fertilizers,
the conclusion was irresistible that it would pay much better to plow
under crops of weeds as soon as they reached the height of six or
eight inches, and repeat the process until the middle of August, than
it would be to sow clover, and after one or two years plow under for
the sake of enriching the land ; in other words, the cost of the clover
seed and the seeding it down would probably be much in excess of
the difference in the value between clover and weeds as a fertilizer.
There is no doubt that an orchard should be plowed and harrowed
once or twice every year, and bearing in mind the manurial value of
weeds, it would seem that it is better to plow and harrow your orchard
in the spring, and then as soon as the weeds have reached the height
of six or eight inches, turn them under, and then repeat the process”
until the middle of August, and after that time allow the weeds to go
to seed for the purpose of seeding the land again with weeds, to be
again plowed under in the same manner the following year, than it.
would be to put it in clover. As this is theory and not practice, it
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SUMMER MEETING. 85
is offered with a good deal of hesitation ; but when the land is put in
clover it cannot be plowed every year, and unless the land is plowed
every year the tree growth is retarded. Many also advocate plowing
in the spring and seeding or planting the cow-pea. It is considered
that the legumes have a high value as fertilizers. Even when clover is
sown, the question of expense in sowing and cultivation comes in, and
then the question again arises as to whether the weeds, which nature
has furnished to procure nitrogen and phosphoric acid from the air
- without other cost than plowing and harrowing, are not more valuable
and a cheaper source of fertilization than any seeding down of other
crops. Ifthe ground is too rich, so that the wood growth is excessive,
there is no doubt that seeding down with clover for one or two years
of the time would be the proper treatment, and turning in the hogs,
when they would eat the defective apples as they fall from the trees;
but for our ordinary hill-land, which is not too rich, I am satisfied,
then, if weeds are plowed at intervals, when they have reached the
height of six or eight inches, we will obtain all the nitrogen and
phosphoric acid needed to be added to the land. If potashis needed,
wood-ashes are the cheapest form in which it can be obtained, and
cannot be too freely supplied to orchard land.
As to the pruning of trees, I doubt if any pruning is necessary,
except to cut out the cross-branehes to let light through to the body of
the tree, to give higher color to the fruit, and also to keep the tree
from becoming forked, and in consequence free from liability to split
down by winds. Trees should be examined in June and September
for borers, and while one may talk of tree-washes, I am satisfied that
a careful inspection of each tree with a wire and jack-knife is the
only proper protection against borers. There seems to be the unani-
mous opinion amongst all experimenters that the spraying of the fruit
while the apples are about the size of peas, and while the flower end
of the apple is still pointing upward, with arsenical solution, is the best
protection against codlin moth; and almost any form of disease of the
leaf is successfully treated by spraying two or three times each sum-
mer with Bordeaux mixture. Beyond these two forms of spraying
there seems to be no further attention required to apple trees. In
summarizing, I would say:
First—Subsoil plowing before planting.
Second—No pruning of trees except to obviate forkedness.
Third—Planting of thrifty two-year-old trees.
Fourth—Keeping in corn for five years, diminishing the number of
rows to three or four between the trees as the trees increase in size.
86 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Fifth—A row or two of corn in the trees and around the outer
margin of the orchard, even to the age of ten or twelve years.
Sixth—Proper protection of the body with wire cloth, or with
wooden covering, or with corn-stalks, to the height of thirty inches,
from the time they are planted till they are two years old.
Seventh—No matter what crop is grown, the ground must be —
plowed and barrowed at least once each year, for the first five years.
Highth—Spraying the leaves of the trees with Bordeaux mixture
for any leaf diseases.
Ninth—The spraying of the young apples when about the size of
peas with arsenical solution two, three or four times (depending largely
on whether rains allow the solution to dry on the young fruit or not),
to prevent codlin moth.
Tenth—The examination of the trees, at least for five years, in
June and September for the borer, every one to be cut out with a jack-
knife or wire. ;
Eleventh—Never to allow any stock in an orchard, unless it be
chickens or hogs.
It having been decided to adjourn at the noon hour because so
many wished to leave onthe 3 p.m.train, the discussion on the apple
was shortened, and the grape was taken up.
Grapes.
By S. Blanchard, Oregon.
This important subject has been assigned me, and I will now pro-
ceed to give youa few thoughts on this fruit, that should be increased
in this country until every one that is the owner of Jand should have:
at least a few vines to supply the wants at least of his own family.
The ground should be well prepared, although there are few fruits
that will endure neglect so well as the grape and blackberry, and give
you fair returns in fruit as will these; but your most successful way
with all fruits to prepare with the ground, and then give good culture,
and it will be found that the grape under this treatment will respond
most liberally in results of splendid fruit.
After your land has been thus prepared, mark off your rows from
7 to 10 feet apart, depending somewhat upon the price of land and
other considerations, and then put your plants from 5 to 6 feet apart
in the row.
For the first year after planting it will not be necessary to have
stakes or trestles for them, as it will be no injury to have the vines om
the ground, except some little inconvenience in their cultivation. -
SUMMER MEETING. 87
The plants when set should be cut back to their buds, as this will
enable them to throw out these strong vines to be used upon your
trellis when put up.
The writer for years past has had three arms to each vine. One
is to be brought up straight, and one on each side of this thrown out
at an angle of nearly 45 degrees.
The posts for the wires should not be placed directly over the
plant, but a little to one side, as this will allow the vine somewhat to lie
or rest on the wire, and not be supported thereto by the strings by
which they are secured to the wires.
As soon as the vines have reached the first wire their ends should
be pinched off, as this will enable them to throw out laterals all along
the vines, which should be cut back to two buds.
It is the opinion of the writer that there is no necessity for your
vines to go two or three years before they produce fruit, for if the
grapery is properly cultivated they will grow with sufficient vigor to
do this, and yet not injure the vitality of the vine.
The second year the vines can reach the second wire and be
fastened thereto.
The aim of the vineyardist in trimming is to secure short, stiff
spurs all along the vine for fruit-bearing, and not have all of the fruit
at the top wire, where the foliage may be so thick and dense that if
you have any fruit you will find it next to impossible to secure bunches
of grapes without breaking them to pieces.
The vines should not only be pruned in the spring to two buds, but
if your vines are vigorous they should be summer pruned from one to
three times, depending somewhat upon their growth, and also upon
the season. If the weather gives plenty of rain, it will induce a rapid
grow-h of vine and require more pruning than when the seasons are
dry and hot, for if you prune too heavily your grapes will be exposed
too much to the influence of the burning sun, and they will turn of a
reddish color and will never properly ripen.
In ali this fruit business from beginning to end, a good stock of
wisdom and observation will be found to be of vast importance in
giving and securing success.
We are all much inclined to go from one extreme to another,
Some claim an apple tree requires no pruning, and some do this in
regard to the grape.
This paper has too long detained this audience, and it will be left
in the hands of those with more extended experience.
88 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
CANTON, Mo., May 21, 1894.
Hon. L. A. GOODMAN :
My Dear Sir—Your answers to queries received. Thanks. I
will trouble you again.
I enclose leaves of grape. Those brown spots I think the start of
brown rot; I find quite a lot of it on the unsprayed vines; found only
two leaves affected on the sprayed ones, one of which I send you. It
is somewhat crimped, but the foliage as a rule on the entire vineyard is
fine and healthy-looking. Quite a vigorous growth of vine for thus
early. Iam pinching back some of the vines; is it too soon? I have
some 2-lb. paper sacks to bag a lot. The practice here is to put the
bags on as soon as the bloom is fully shed off. In a few instances
when the bags were removed it was evident that the grapes had dried
up without making any growth at all, but as a rule the bags were a per-
fect success. If you have anything late on the subject, I would like
to know.
Thanking you for past favors, and wishing you abundant success
in promoting horticulture in our grand State, I am
Yours truly,
G. W. WATERS.
P.S.—We have had three days of severe wind ; the foliage of
trees has been considerably bruised and some of the vines blown from
the trellis. A slight frost Saturday morning showed on tomatoes, ete.
and slightly on cornin some spots.
NEosHO, Mo., May 30, 1894.
Very dry and exceptionally warm weather up to about January 20.
Then a soaking rain, followed by more warm weather, and about Janu-
ary 25 a Dakota blizzard, sending the mercury down to 27° below zero
(lower than ever before observed here). This was the kind of “Italian
climate” we enjoyed here last winter.
A close examination of vineyards soon after the blizzard showed.
great damage done to all varieties of grape-vines generally known and
cultivated.
Elvira and Delaware, kept healthy by thorough spraying last sum-
mer, caine out best, having live buds enough to make one-half crop.
Concord—Nearly all main buds killed, but side-buds enough left
to yield about one-third crop.
Norton—Perhaps one-tenth of a full crop.
Ives—No live eyes, though wood looked green; Perkins, likewise.
Rogers, Niagara, Triumph and other vinifera hybrids, all eyes dead and
wood injured; likewise all American crosses containing Herbemont
blood.
SUMMER MEETING. 89
All above-named varieties (except Elvira and Delaware) I cut off
at the ground, preferring to grow vines of young and healthy wood.
Unfortunately, these young shoots were again killed by white
frost, May 20, on all but the highest situations.
The only vines that stood last winter without injury, and still
promise a full crop, are selections from the best native Lincecumii, or
Post Oak varieties (Nos. 43, 13, etc.), and especially crosses between
these and the steel-clad native Vitis Rupestris. Of the latter, Nos.
72 and 70 are the best. They not only resist winter cold, but also late
frosts, far better than any other grape-vine.
The bearing vines of No. 70 (now named T. V. Munson) today
promise more grapes than all other cultivated vines in this county
taken together, HERMANN JAEGER.
Treatment for Mildew and Rot.
By Hermann Jaeger, Neosho, Mo.
Black rot and “ Peronospora,” or downy mildew, have been the
two most formidable foes of American grape-vines. The ravages of
these microscopic mushrooms discouraged and disheartened nearly all
our grape-growers. The few men that kept their vineyards came to
the conclusion that profit from grape-growing could not be expected,
except, perhaps, very few varieties, resist rot and mildew better than
most others.
Nothing, therefore, could have pleased us better than the fact, es-
tablished after three years’ experimenting with copper remedies, under
the direction of our National Department of Agriculture—the fact, I
say, that not only mildew (as had already been proved in France), but
likewise the still more fatal pest of black rot, are under our control,
and can both be entirely prevented by correct spraying with Bordeaux
mixture or other copper solutions. This was in 1890. Our experience
in 1891 fully verified this claim. The season of 1892, with an extremely
wet spring and early summer, proved that by spraying we can succeed
in most unfavorable years, not only with Norton, Ives and Perkins, but
with Rogers’ hybrids, Delaware, Triumph and the long list of varieties
that even in fair seasons used to be a mere source of disappointment.
Last summer it required from five to eight sprayings to keep our
vines free from rot and mildew, while three to five applications are
quite sufficient in ordinary seasons. A neighbor of ours who post-
poned his spraying, because the incessant rains would be sure to wash
off the solution, made almost as complete a failure as another neighvor
90 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
who argued spraying was useless until dry weather had set in, because
“the rain would wash away all rot and mildew frum the fruit.” Just
such mistakes as these are to biame for all failures in spraying grape-
vines, for wherever fruit and foliage are covered with a copper solu-
tion, the germination of the spores or seeds of the fungi causing rot
and mildew is impossible. But just as impossible it is for any spray to
be of the least benefit, if applied after this germination has taken
place. When by naked eye we can discover the least trace of mildew
or rot, it proves that we should have commenced spraying at least ten
days before. The way to prepare and apply the sprays is fully and
ably described in the bulletins published and distributed freely by our
National Department of Agriculture.
Bordeaux mixture and ammoniacal solution of carbonate of copper
are now almost exclusively used. For the last two years I have treated
about eight acres of vines with one and eight acres with the other
solution, and both with equally good success. I use a Eureka knap-
sack sprayer with Vermorel nozzle. In various parts of my vineyards.
I dig holes to collect rain-water, and at these holes fill the knapsack,,
adding the needed proportion of ammonia solution or concentrated
Bordeaux mixture. Thus, water-carrying is reduced toa minimum. A
Bordeaux mixture of 14 lbs. bluestone to 22 gallons of water is just.
as effective as the stronger solution formerly used. This summer I
allowed the Bordeaux mixture to settle, using only the clear liquid for
spraying. This avoids clogging of the nozzle, makes spraying easier
and keeps the fruit clean, without impairing the effectiveness of the
spray. To the sediment, water may be added again, and the biuish
whitewash used for sprinkling strawberries, melons, potatoes, toma-
toes, ete.
Finally, I claim one more benefit for spraying: it greatly improves.
the hardiness of our vines. Ability to resist low temperature mostly
depends on the perfect ripening of the wood. The fruit, canes and
buds can only ripen while the foliage is sound. Well-sprayed vines
keep their leaves perfect till killed by a hard frost, and thus reach the
highest possible degree of hardiness.
On the 19th of last January the thermometer at the United States.
fish hatchery at Neosho fell to 22° below zero. This was sufficient to
kill nearly all the fruit-buds on unsprayed Norton or Cynthiana vines,.
while all those that had been well sprayed the summer before brought.
a fine crop. I mention the Norton becanse it is, perhaps, less affected
by mildew than any other vine. Varieties subject to mildew show still
more clearly the benefit of spraying. European hybrids like Triumph,
Campbell, Brilliant, Goethe, Carman, and many others, produced fine
SUMMER MEETING. Of
crops after standing last winter unprotected. Still moreagreeably was
I surprised to get grapes from my numbers 50 and 56, two varieties
produced about 15 years ago by crossing the delicious, but very tender
Herbemont, with one of our Jarge wild summer grapes , Vitis dsti-
valis, type Lincecumii), usually called Post Oak grapes in Texas.
Nos. 50 and 56 are fine grapes, and our latest varieties, but proved
too tender to be valuable, and therefore, were never propagated. Now
I consider them about as promising as apy grapes we have. You, Mr.
President, have tasted them, and I dare say that in quality aud appear-
ance they closely resemble the varieties Prof. T. V. Munson has origin-
ated by similar crosses.
Among that splendid list of twenty-nine new grapes, by far the
finest collection ever offered in America, now being introduced by T.
V. Munson of Denison Tex., eight of the most exquisite varieties are
crosses of Herbemont on wild Post Oak or summer grapes of Texas
and Southwest Missouri. Mr. Munson, with his characteristic con-
scientiousness, recommends these for the South only. Iam glad to be
able to state that four of them were tried here and have stood 22° be-
low zero as well as Nos. 50 and 56. It seems safe, therefore, to con-
clude that with good spraying these Southern grapes will prove hardy
enough for tbe latitude of Central Missouri. Mr. Munson’s other
grand acquisitions will succeed far north of Missouri. His “America,’”
for example, is a seedling of Jaeger’s No. 70, containing the blood of
our large native summer grape crossed with Vitis Rupestris, and con-
sequently surpasses in hardiness any American vine heretofore culti-
vated. Mr. Munson’s great work insures an immense improvement in
the quality of our grapes, and spraying with copper solutions has made
their yield so much more certain, that we can confidently look forward
to a great revival of American viticulture.
The Grape.
W.'F. Hoy, Farmington, Mo.:
Why it was that I among so many have been selected by our
worthy Secretary to prepare a paper on grapes, one of the most deli-
cious of fruits among all the fruits, I know not, as I am just a begin-
ner in the frait business, and scarcely had any experience in fruit-rais-
ing yet, although have raised some for the last three years, and am
experimenting some also, which all fruit-raisers must do to learn the
business. I see where I have made mistakes since I have started in
the business. But I must get to my subject. I have only half an acre
92 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
in grapes; have mostly the Concord, Warden, Moore’s Early and Pock-
lington. Have 12 other varieties; but I find of what varieties I have
that the three former are the best grapes for main crop, with the excep-
tion of one that I have. Itis a grape that has been with our parents
and grand-parents for some 40 or 50 years, and it is one of the best
and also hardiest grapes that I have seen; it has no name that I know
of, and has been so far rot-proof with me since I have had it fruiting in
this State. As to planting and treatment, I have my grapes planted
eight by eight feet, and find that I have them rather closely planted:
Have not sprayed them yet so far, but bave been sacking them, and
have had good success with it so far.
I have experimented with several different fertilizers, and find un-
leached ashes a very good fertilizer for grapes, and have also used
bone meal with good results, and I have found lime one of the very
best of fertilizers for grapes, and in fact for any fruit you may wish to
use iton. I burn my own lime; have experimented in burning the
lime till I have good success in burning it. A man can burn it for
from seven to eight cents per bushel. I build a stack with wood and
lime-stone till I have it the size I wish to have it, and then [ cover it
with ground about one foot thick, but a small place at the bottom to
set the stack on fire, and leave a smal! opening in the top for draft till
I have it well started with fire, and then I close up entirely, and keep
closed to keep the heat in. I expect to burn this winter enough to
lime all my fruit land, or all that I have set to fruit. I claim that lime
is a great benefit to all fruits, and especially the grape does very fine
with lime as a feeder.
Well, this is my first attempt in writing for our State Society,
and have not had much experience yet in the fruit line, and have quite
often expected to meet with you, but could not. I came to this State,
and made quite a large debt when I bought, but have had good luck,
and expect after this year I can attend the meetings. So please ex-
ecuse me for the small effort I have made.
AN INVITATION.
FARMINGTON, Mo., May 26, 1894.
‘To the State Horticultural Society :
We, the St. Francois County Horticultural Society, gi¥e you a cor-
dial invitation to hold your next annual meeting with us in Farmington,
in December, and that this County Society will do all in its power to
make it pleasant while here with us.
W.F. Hoy, Secretary,
St. Francois County Horticultural Society.
>)
~~
SUMMER MEETING. 93.
Report of Committee on Obituary.
ASHER M. GOSLIN, M. D.—Dr. Asher Goslin was born in Clermont county, Ohio, February
24, 1830.
Died at Oregon, Holt county, Missouri, March 27, 1894, aged 64 years.
Funeral services from the family residence, Thursday, March 29, 1894, at 3 o’clock p. m.
Dr. Goslin was in the highest sense a public man. His hospitality
and love of company was proverbial. He was public-spirited. He
was interested in all that tended to the growth and development, not
only of his town and State, but the whole country—not alone its ma-
terial prosperity, but art and science. He noted with the deepest in-
terest the rapid strides which science had made in the past one hun-
dred years. A busy man in his profession, and yet never so absorbed
therein that he did not have time to give to the educational institutions,
to the cultivation of flowers, to the study of horticuliure and other
interests that would build up and beautify the town in which he lived.
It is such a man as that, we as a people have lost in the death of
Dr. Asher Goslin.
The following is taken from the Oregon papers:
The deceased was born in Clermont county, Ohio, February 24, 1830. His father was
a native of Virginia, while his mother, whose maiden name was Anna Cox, was a native of:
New Jersey. The boyhood days of the deceased were spent on the farmat his birth-place,,
and he received his education at Antioch college, of Yellow Springs. Ohio.
He began the study of medicine under Dr. D. H. Bradley of Felicity, Ohio, in 1856, and
took his first course of lectures at the Ohio Medical college of Cincinnati, Ohio, during the
winter of 1858-9. In October, 1859, he moved to Carmi, Illinois, and practiced at that point
until September, 1861, when he enlisted in Company H, Forty-eighth Illinois infantry, being
elected captain of the company the following April, and while on the battle-field of Shiloh,
he was promoted regimental surgeon, serving in that capacity until October, 1864. The last
year of his service he was in charge of the Fifteenth Army Corps Field hospital. In Octo-
ber, 1864, the Doctor re-enlisted, and was promoted to acting staff surgeon of the United
Statesarmy. At the time of re-enlistment he was presented with a case of surgical instru-
ments by his old regiment. He was mustered out of the army in May, 1865. He was mus-
tered out as a loving father, a devoted husband, as the highest type of the honorable, pro-
gressive citizen, March 27, 1894. He took part in the great battles of Fort Henry, Fort
Donelson, Shiloh, siege of Corinth, siege of Vicksburg, Jackson, Miss., Missionary Ridge,
the Atlanta campaign, and through with Sherman to the sea, and through the Carolinas to
Washington, where he took part in the grand review.
At the close of the war, our deceased friend and companion settled in Olney, Illinois,
and resumed his practice. At this place he remained until June, 1869, when he located in
this city, and where he passed over to the other side. His sympathetic nature, heroic devo-
tion, kind manner and cheerfulness made him a welcome visitor to the sick room. He was
an enthusiast, not only asa physician, but in educational matters, and while president of
the Oregon Normal School Board, and as professor of physiology in the school, he did much
toward placing our school in the front rank of the educational institutions of Northwest
Missouri. Asa tribute to his memory and for the work done by him in the cause of educa-
tion, the school closed during the funeral services, and the 400 children were permitted to
take a last look at one of nature’s noblemen.
94 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
ACTION OF THE HOLT COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Whereas, the unexpected death of Dr. Asher Goslin has created a vacancy in our
membership, it seems flit that we should recognize his worth to this community and to soci-
-ety by an official acknowledgment of the many good points in his character. We unhesi-
tatingly make this statement :
1. That to his enterprise we are indebted for the high position Holt county has at-
tained for the excellence of her products. 2. To his efforts we are indebted for the suc-
cessful introduction of celery and many varieties of fruits 38. His cheerfulness and love of
humor gave a pleasant aspect to allof our meetings, 4. He was ever ready to promote
any movement that seemed to offer something,for the general good. 5. He was willing to
*‘live and let live,’’ and lent a helping hand to struggling horticulturists, who without aid
could not have succeeded. 6. He is now removed from among us by a power to which all
must bow sooner or later, and to Him we commend our associate, believing that, though
his brainis now inactive, there wasin him, as in all others, an immortal part that will
bloom in futurity. N. F. MURRAY,
A. NELSON,
Committee.
Your committee have also to mention the death of Gotlich Seges-
seman, who was born in Switzerland, February 2, 1827, and was edu-
cated in one of the universities of Germany ; immigrated to this country
in 1866, and settled near Amazonia, Andrew county, Missouri, where
he died, April 27, 1894, at the age of 67 years.
The deceased was one of nature’s noblemen; a philanthropist of
the purest type; a true Christian; a loving, devoted husband and
father; a kind neighbor and public-spirited gentleman ; an earnest and
-enthusiastic horticulturist from the love of the good and the beautiful.
Be it resolved, that in the removal by death of our faithful and beloved Gotlich Seges-
seman from his earthly labors to that better home above, where all is peace, rest and love, ©
we have lost one of our most faithful and worthy members.
N. F. MURRAY,
A. NELSON, i Committee.
AMAZONIA, Mo., May 26 1894.
L. A. GOODMAN :
Dear Sir—Your report was received yesterday, which, from what
little I have seen of it,is a “ good one.”
As father, G. Segessemann, died on the 27th of April, I will take
-@ membership in your society next fall, as I think he paid his fees for
this year.
G. Segesseman was born February 2, 1827, in Wattenroyl, Canton
Berne, Switzerland. His father died when he was only about 7 years
old. He attended school, then entered college, preparatory to teach-
‘ing school. After teaching school several years he learned telegraphy ;
was operator and depot agent till the fall of 1866, when he left the old
-country for the United States; but on the trip across the ocean cholera
broke out, by which he lost his wife and two boys, leaving him only
one child (myself). Coming to Amazonia, Mo., in December, he bought
SUMMER MEETING. 95
a farm the next spring, 1867, where he has resided ever since, follow-
jug farming and fruit-growing.
Experiment work in fruits and vegetables was his greatest pleas-
ure, buying and trying many of the new varieties offered; he also tried
his hand at raising seedlings of different varieties of fruit, in which he
had some success, having raised a seedling grape of the Elvira, which
is very promising.
He leaves a widow (having married again October 9, 1867) and 8
children. May he rest in peace. Yours respectfully,
Otto SEGESSEMANN.
Reports on Fruits and Flowers.
FLOWERS.
BpoOmViEencChlore. Pleasant Hill,.3 large DASKEtS. © ..565.... cece nce en yee sesisceeacocdoetacceaenr $7 00
SEL RUE V EEOC SE oh SPLICE US cia fetatate aheteteiays a, telehe Sleee Gate eo elase sche laraiave lo tere eS b oe leiolee o BUISE ERI cies oe sO ae 1 50
PASO COME TION Sit; we FLEVTAG I OCIULEE co. cxe.c a ciaqets vis oie apeievsvote cheteioi sola harp la a haarzen we era, winston la avahe oyaial el ohece oe STaTENE 1 00
PReBEEP ONE. TPE DASK OG ere- «tits a cee oc tdinacls clap oe Wan tae ok Mals artaisreibon a se caia we Dk sige ae at ehteene ere 3 00
One specimen Sultana, one Leopard plant, deserve special mention,
while all the plants on the stage made avery pleasing display.
W. H. HoLLoway,
Chairman Committee.
FRUITS.
To the officers and members of the Mo. State Hort. Society:
Your Committee on Fruits submit the following report. We have
made the following awards:
Strawberries—
Remi GiINOTESONIGAIG Yer. ss de csthe eee See oe ee eS Te OO On TE ged ne ee $1 00
ACE NERS COE IOTING AT OY. esc leyele Seles clove! Wats ote mia ince ia ice iaieea @ UE Weltralsig: oaiterctde Bate e it ae dele islerel eters 1 00
Raspberries—
S. W. Gilbert, on Hopkins.......... CORO AE AE RAS, SELES mye ter Lt 1 00
doo MUMEN AN OG eyo 3 8 Wd Bil Ren ia Ae eet Rae eo nS a oe Oe Rr ee ae aR Re gr Ree er oe See 1 00
Currants—
om EnV DTS FLO aL ULE CL tae acis-c gtateraie srersrssoreferaTatat erat Pee ciaistore sl oaitrd Riese aioe Soya een eee een 1 00
MAIO SCHSLE MTEC GTADC! errs cs crenta Mee Me chs eta folete rliatclon & Snchdlans ania Eten ana Neen ae 1 00
Cherry—
RPmnV Viet CP URI Te bear EN TNS SIME ONDE Oye ra rapchexes-teeotsvel ar eiata e's area, crete eters a ofermcvonr ae: cveelste archetors ior clviclogs, forse toeretereree 1 00
LP SE ONS h egos 2] OISCIEY BO Gb gop 0? Rae Bene BE com hed ane Ae OMOnCOACErt Goon eC O RE OCoP TMAH an Gan oe Same 1 00
Harvey Hughes, Early Morello—a good new Seedling .............. cece cece cece nsec eeees 1 00
PeNeeG LEAN YON TGs BAN Vs PRL GENET stotatcia, sie nucleic her stece ara cherokee. GVA: Sta alatarls 6 fel ap Sl evel havela cian mers Oia 1 00
AOHANGICE MSSeMmKIrs tay en) costa ctite ecio ects Te atee cee ae Oe Sten che tilobiciole. soho tctos waren 1 00
PAO ate COME HOM 2, seri aaten eo ieersates oft aateiai iene Doe sie a Ie eee alo at Patek ators Strate iorkah oars 1 00
Noble Kinney, a fine basket of tomatoes, grown in hot-house........ .......-.-+.2+00 1 00
Mr. Conrad Hartzell has a collection of apples, one and two years
old, consisting of Willow Twig, Ben Davis, Winesap, Jonathan, Genit-
ing, Red Romanite and Minkler, to which we award $3. These apples
are in a good state of preservation.
96 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY.
The State Society has a fine collection of apples on the tables,
which were exhibited in Chicago, then placed in cold storage; taken
out and shown at the winter meeting at Fulton, and returned to storage.
Many of them are now in a perfect state of preservation, and will again
be returned to storage to be shown with this year’s crop.
This fine collection speaks louder than any words we can say in
favor of cold storage for the preservation of the apple. We find a
collection of green branches of apples from N. F. Murray, showing a
fine crop prospect and good condition; also by the same, Wild Goose
and Pottawatomie plum; also by A. Taylor, canes of a new seedling
raspberry and Tyler, showing a fine prospect of fruit.
We also find a fine store of wheat, exhibited by A. Nelson, consist-
ing of 23 stalks, with well-developed heads; also samples of wheat
five feet high, grown on land which had been salted, while wheat in
the same field, on same kind of soil, without salt, was scant four feet.
This certainly shows the beneficial effects of salt on some soils.
We also find on exhibition, by Mr. A. Weaver, a very fine model
of a hydraulic cider press, which appears to have merit.
J. F, Hildebrand, on a box of very nice gooseberries and box New
Richmond cherries came in after reports were made; we recommend
a premium of 50 cents each; also box Gandy strawberries, to J.
Clark, 50 cents. Respectfuly submitted.
HENRY SPEER,
F, HOLSINGER,
C. C. BELL,
Committee.
St. Louis, Mo., June 4, 1894.
Mr. L. A. GOODMAN, Westport, Mo.:
My Dear Sir—I am sorry that my business must detain me from your n-eeting.
I have just noticed that Iam chairman of Committee on Flowers, and send a report
herewith. y
I would be glad to have the Society determine to meet in St. Louis next year. Would
do allin my power to make you comfortable.
Yours truly,
E. H. MICHEL.
REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON FLOWERS.
The Committee on Flowers has had no meeting, as it is impracti-
; cable to get its members together, except at the meeting of the Society..
Ornamental flowers this year have suffered as much as any vege-
tation, and the fruit men know very well what early thaws and late
frosts have done for them.
Roses which had started into foliage before Easter froze to the
ground during the severe spell at that time. Hardy shrubs, especially
the early flowering sorts, were most severely checked. Tender bed-
ding plants, even when planted as late as the middle of May, suffered
SUMMER MEETING. 97
severely through the cold spells since then; and now to crown all, in
our section the ground has been dyy as in midsummer for a fortnight,
and no good prospects for rain to relieve us.
It is pleasing to note that with the increasing tendency among the
masses to own their own homes, there is also a proportionate advance
in the taste and time employed in the embellishing of these homes with
flowers. Every one should have a little spot devoted to the cultiva-
tion of flowers. Their care will be a pastime and consequent source of
pleasure.
We would recommend with regard to your prize offered for flowers
that the money be divided into two parts, one-half for plants and one-
half for cut flowers, and definite prizes offered for definite items. For
instance, we could offer:
For best display of cut flowers shown in vases—
Ist prem. $5, 2nd prem. $2.40.
For best display of pot plants—
Ist prem. $5, 2nd prem $2.50.
To the best of my knowledge, nothing has been referred to this
committee for action. Respectfally,
E. H. MIcHEL, Chairman.
Summer Flowering Bulbs.
By Miss Lizzie Espenlaub, Rosedale, Kas.
On finding my name on our program to respond to the subject
under consideration, I really wondered what I should say, and when I
have finished our friends will wonder what I have said.
It will hardly be expected at this time, when there are so many able
publications and books, treating the subject by some of the most
learned men and women of this age, who have devoted a great deal of
time, even as some of those present have done, that anything new or
original can be produced by one who knows so little of flower culture.
What, therefore, can be expected, can hardly be more than thoughts
and views of others commingled with some things we have observed m
our flower gardens.
The cultivation of the beautiful should be the desire of every one.
One poet has said of flowers:
You are prophets sent to a heedless world,
The skeptic heart to teach.
And ’tis well to read your souls aright,
And mark the creed you teach.
I could never pass you heedless by,
For mine is the old belief,
That midst your sweets and midst your bloom,
There’s a soul in every leaf.
H—7
98 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Flowers are sent to the world; they are not confined to one part
of the earth, as we are not contined éo one part of the earth, as we will
see in studying the summer flowering bulb, but the whole earth has
its complement of blossom and fragrance.
As time and lack of knowledge would not permit us to even name
all, we look at some of the most common yet popular of the flowers.
The name Lily is symbol of all that is fairest, sweetest and best in
the world. It is admired, not only on account of its beauty, but we
are told by the highest teacher, to “consider the lilies how they grow.”
It drinks in heaven’s sweetness in light, air, dew and rain, and unfolds
its own loveliness in quietness and peace. It grows from within its
own life, pushing out, until its beauty is most charming. So we from
it are taught to grow, having within us the divine life to be developed
in our character and spirit.
The number of varieties is almost without end, from every part
of the temperate and tropical world, and of every color of the rain-
bow, excepting green, perhaps. There are fully 150 varieties of lilies
under cultivation, the best varieties coming from Kurope, India, Japan
and America.
The earliest cultivation is described in 1597, yet we may believe
that it was known many years previous to this, for
**Solomon, with gorgeous robes, we’re told, could not compare
With the Lily of the Valley, with their modest dress so fair.’’
The White lily has been long cultivated in gardens, and mach sung
by poets. It has large, erect, pure-white flowers, as much prized for
their fragrance as for their beauty.
The Tiger lily, a native of China, yet some very fine species are
found growing in marshes in the United States; has a stem 6 to 8 feet
high and reflexed orange flowers, spotted with black.
Before the main entrance of the Horticultural hall at the World’s
fair an artificial lily pond attracted those who found an interest in
aquatic plants. There were water lilies of various colors on exhibi-
tion, while on either of the walks large beds of red and yellow Cannas
enlivened the view.
Their culture is very simple, and with little care failure is almost
impossible. Bulbs should be planted in fail, if possible, or in spring
as soon as frost is out of ground; the earlier the better.
The Gladiolus is one of the most showy and attractive of the sum-
mer flowering bulbs. There are about 90 species described, and are —
found in Africa, Southern and Central Europe, and in Persia, while one
species is found apparently wild in England.
/
it
SUMMER MERTING. 99
Some species have been cultivated for a long period in our flower
gardens, and both introduced and modern varieties from them are pop-
ular and ornamental, and have become a general favorite. By cultiva-
tion the varieties have greatly multiplied in number and improved in
size and quality, as well as marvelously varied in color.
French florists, a few years since, introduced novel varieties, but
now the English florists are superseding them. The stately habits and
rich glowing colors of the modern Gladiolus render them exceedingly
valuable as a decorative plant during the summer months; they are
very desirable and useful for room decorations, for the blossom lasts
fresh for several days, and the undeveloped buds open in succession,
if stalks are kept in water. It may be planted any time from May to
middle of July,and will bloom the same season; plant where there will
be plenty of sunshine, and place bulbs from six to eight inches apart
and from two to four inches deep, according to size of bulb. They
thrive well in almost any soil.
The Tuberose is a native of Mexico, and one of the most beautiful
and fragrant of the summer bloomers. It sends up a stem about 3 feet
high; it has a flower about one and one-half inches long, with a long
tube and a six-parted limb. The flowers are waxy white and cream,
and very sweet-scented. Itis successfully grown in the United States.
It requires warmth at all times and is fond of light. To grow, start
bulbs in March or April indoors, and as soon as the ground becomes
warm plant outside, or plant bulbs in open ground as soon as the frost
is thoroughly out of the ground.
The Dahlia is also a native of Mexico and has for many years been
a favorite late summer and autumn bloomer. It is of various colors,
and is in its glory when everything else has faded or is fading, for it _
surrenders only to King Frost. Itis well to start them indoors by the
first of April, and then plant out as soon as the frost has passed. The
soil should be rich, as the Dahlia is a strong feeder and rank grower.
The Dahlia and all tall growers should be fastened to stalks, or
support of some kind which will prevent their blowing down by strong
winds.
The Cannas are plants of various shades of green, purple and
bronze, and produce wonderful tropical effects. They are among the
grandest of bedding plants now seen. Some are especially noted for
their foliage, while some special ones are noted for their great beauty
and size of flowers, as well as handsome foliage.
The Calladium is a large, showy foliage flower, with immense
flower.
100 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
There are a number of climbers, of which we will only speak of
the Madeira. Itis a rapid-growing, graceful vine, with smooth dark
leaves and fragrant white flower, and will grow in almost any situation.
Lastly, we will speak of the Oxalis. It fills the place that none of
the other flowering bulbs do, inasmuch as it isa trailer. Plant in
May and it will bloom in profusion during the summer months.
Our closing thought in regard to flowers is, whether they come
from seed—very small sometimes—or whether they come from a balb,
they sweeten the air, rejoice the eye and link us with nature and inno-
cence. They are all beauty; they have no vanity, but live purely to do
good. Let us then study their habits and structure, for whoso vareth
for the flowers will much more care for Him who bestoweth them.
Some Reminiscences.
U. P. Bennett, Kansas City (read at Mo. Horticultural Society meeting).
On my incidentally remarking recently that today’s meeting woulé
occur on the anniversary of my birthday, the request was made that I
give a short talk on that topic. The friend making the request could
not have given the subject the second thought, as that would likely
have intimated the risk of opening the talking valve, which might in-
voice too many of the events of the past.
Some birthday anniversaries are frequently celebrated with more
or less ceremony—with songs of joy, respect and thankfulness; but
as I don’t believe there are enough achievements of importance in my
career to repay you for many minutes’ attention, I shall be brief.
According to the family record, I was born in Jefferson county,
Virginia, on the 19th day of May, 1814, which makes me twice forty
today. I have heard my parents say that I was so sickly, delicate a
child for some years they feared they would not be able to raise me.
The family moved to Ohio in 1816; settled in the woods in Muskingum
county; cleared out a farm, where I remained until I was 17 years of
age, when I left the parental roof to learn the printing business, which
I followed for 25 years, in Zanesville, Ohio. Moved with my parents.
to St. Louis in 1860, where we resided during the war; came to this
county in 1865. I came through on the first passenger train over the
Missouri Pacific that made the trip from St. Louis to Kaneas City,
about the last of July of that year. When I left St. Louis in the
morning I expeeted to have to stage it from Pleasant Hill to Inde-
pendence, but the track-layers met during the day, and several of the
passengers were put off between 12 and 1 o’clock that night ona plank ?
SUMMER MEETING. 101
at the side of the road a short distance west from where the “ dummy ”
bridge now crosses the Missouri Pacific road.
In the spring of 1866 I had planted out a moderate amount of
fruit-trees and plants of different varieties, and for 15 years continued
to grow strawberries, raspberries, plums, cherries, grapes, peaches,
pears, apples, etc., on the bluffs of the Missouri river, a mile and a half
north of the court-house, in Independence. I now look back over
those years as among the most pleasant, and in some respects as the
most profitable ones of my days of toil; as the out-door exercise had
much to do, I doubt it not, in restoring my health, which had been im-
paired while in the newspaper business.
Several of the friends with whom I took pleasure in comparing
notes and experience in fruit culture in this part of the West, met in
Independence December 18, 1868, and organized the Jackson County
Horticultural Society by the adoption of certain by-laws, and electing
Alexander Proctor, President; Z. S. Ragan, Vice-President; U. P.
Bennett, Secretary; Dr. John Bryant, Jr., Treasurer, and the Board of
Directors composed of Henry Parker, W. E. McBride, Jas. A. Blair,
Abram Renick and EK. M. MeGee. For some years we continued to
meet during suitable weather at the homes of the members, where the
exercises were both pleasant and beneficial to those attending them.
The meeting at Lee’s Summit, in August, 1873, was said at that time
to be the largest meeting of the kind ever held in the county.
At the Kansas City Exposition, September, 1873, the premium of
$150 for the largest and best display of horticultural products was
awarded the Jackson County Horticultural Society. And with part
of the same fruit Maj. Ragan and I attended the Kansas State Fair, at
Topeka, latter part of the same month, where we took about all the
premiums we entered for, including that offered for the greatest and
best display of fruit by any county—$150.
Daring 1870 the Missouri Valley Grape-Growers’ Association was
organized. Two of its meetings were held at Leavenworth and one at
St. Joseph. In September, 1872, at the meeting held during the Kan-
gas City Exposition, this grape-growers’ association was merged into
the Missouri Valley Horticultural Society.
Some time after the county society was organized at Independ-
ence, another horticultural society was formed at Kansas City, with a
name that spreads out over more country than the State lines include
—Missouri Valley—the meetings of which became so attractive that
many of us became members of both organizations. And after min-
gling together for some years in a kind of courting, sweet heart style,
the two societies were wedded on the 29th day of May, 1875, Maj.
102 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Ragan and J. C. Evans acting as bride and groom; and now we can
point to the past 19 years in proof that the union has been more last-
ing and agreeable than some of those the courts have been called on
to dissolve. The meetings of these years have added largely to the
sum of our practical, useful knowledge; at the same time they have
tended to develop and strengthen the better impulses of the human
heart in the promotion of lasting friendship.
Thirty-four years ago today I was introduced, under peculiar cir-
cumstances, to three aged persons. The B. & O. R. R. was then
making an effort to increase its business in the west, and having faith
in printers’ ink, arranged for a large excursion of newspaper men
from tbe west, northwest and southwest over the road to Baltimore,
Washington, Mt. Vernon, ete. About 9 o’clock in the morning, 10 or
12 cars left Wheeling, Va., loaded with editors and their wives, re-
porters and their lady friends; and about 100 miles out the train
halted, and we were invited to take a look at one of the curiosities to
be seen along the road. In a few moments a large crowd gathered
around an old log-cabin on the bank of a small stream. The manager
of the excursion mounted the porch, on which were seated three old
persons, of whom he gave us a little of their history, on introducing
them. They had been in this country only a few years when the revo-
lutionary war began, and not being willing to take up arms against
their mother country, they fled over the mountains into the wilderness,
as they supposed, so far away that they would not be found. “This
old man—-John Church —” said the conductor, “is 115 years old; this.
old woman is his wife, now 109 years old, and this young lady by their
side—Miss Nancy—is their daughter, and has on her cheeks this morn-
ing the flush of youth, the red bloom of 84 Mays.” Everyone had to
shake hands with them. The peculiarity that attracted my attention
was the hardness of their skin, or flesh—more like sole-leather than
anything else I could compare it with.
The man who can look back over the last 40 or 50 years, and will
take time to think and contrast the present with what he then saw,
surely ought to be thankful that he is living in this day of grace.
Great events often have small beginnings. Prof. Morse’s ideas. |
about the telegraph were spoken of as indicating a mind not sound,
ratker as that of a crank; but when the line was completed between
Washington and Baltimore, the first dispatch sent over the line by ©
Miss Paulding, at the suggestion of her mother, gave credit to the
right source. It was: “Behold what the Lord hath wrought!” Now :
the taiking wires of the electric telegraph have spread over all coun-
tries, and as far as I know, equal the number of stars of the heavens.
e
SUMMER MEETING. 103
These birth-day occasions do not pass with me now as they did 50
or 60 years ago—then often unobserved—but partake now more of the
character of review, or self-examination day—and are counted like I
read the figures on the telegraph poles from the car window on the
train homeward bound. About the only difference is that I can bea
little more certain of the hour of ‘reaching home than I can be of the
time I shall arrive at the end of my journey on earth. I have never
met with but one person who was born on the same day I was; that
one was the wife of Jacob Vernon, who was a citizen for several years
of Independence. We used to celebrate the day together at our homes,
alternately, until the Vernon family removed to California, where Mrs.
Vernon died a year or 80 ago.
I close my talk by quoting two lines, written by a friend, twelve
year older than I am, who recently died in Ohio:
«<The flowers of spring will soon pass away,
While the fruits of the spirit will never decay.’’
REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON FINAL RESOLUTIONS.
Resolved, That the Missouri State Horticultural Society return thanks—
To the good people of Harrisonville for the interest manifested in our meeting.
To the ladies who furnished these beautiful flowers which ornament this platform.
To Prof. T. E. Clements, Mr. and Mrs. C. E. Allen, Mr. and Mrs. E. T. Lock, Mrs. A
S. Deacon, Miss Ida Brown, Miss Mildred Smith, Miss Flora Forer, Mr.C. Fisher, and Mr. R.
Brocan, for the sweet songs and music furnished.
To the Missouri Pacific, the M. kK. & T.and the F.S &G. railroads for reduced rates
given to our members.
To the proprietor of the Schell house for special reduced rates given to our members.
To the local press for their efforts and kind words of encouragement for the cause and
work of horticulture.
To the citizens for the pleasant drive, and we shall ever, with much pleasure, remem-
ber Harrisonville and her good people.
CHAS. C. BELL,
C. W. GLOVER,
A. CHANDLER,
Committee.
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tN LER MER TING AT TRENTON
THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING
Fleld at Trenton, Mo., Dec. 4, 5 and 6, 1894.
This winter meeting was one of the most successful meetings the
Society bas ever held.
There were in attendance over 100 delegates from all parts of the
State, and also representatives from several other states, among them
the President of the Michigan Horticultural Society, the President of
the Illinois Horticultural Society and the Treasurer of the Kanes
Horticultural Society.
The meeting was one of earnestness and instruction, as well as one
of good feeling and fellowship. A very fine and extensive display of
apples were on the table, something over 500 plates, and made a very
complete exhibition.
The members had there a good opportunity to compare varieties,
and test the quality of the apples from different parts of the State.
About $100 in premiums were given on the usual plan of premiums
for all according to points of merit. :
The papers and discussions were practical and to the point, and
every one went home thinking that the lessons learned were of much
value to him in his work.
A combined report from one or two papers will be submitted.
L. A. GOODMAN.
Missouri State Horticultural Society.
The 37th annual meeting of the Missouri State Horticultural So-
ciety, at Trenton, December 4-6, was a very successful and profitable
one. Delegates were present from all parts of the State, and a num-
ber from Michigan, Ilinois, lowa and Kansas. The subjects taken up
were practical subjects of every-day use, and they were discussed very
profitably. Of course, the orchard question was the most important
of all. The failure of some of the orchards by root blight seemed to
be a serious matter with some, and the question as to the cause was
not answered.
108 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE WEST.
Western horticulture seems, from the papers and discussions, to
demand good, hardy, thrifty trees, free from any disease, insects or
fungus; trees two years old «re preferable. Heads must be low, not
over two feet high, and some advocate a foot, with a good center shoot
foraleader. Very little pruning is to be done, either before or after
planting in orchard. This western country demands more wood on the
trees than the eastern, and also calts for protection from the hot sun
of summer on the bodies in order to make healthy trees. Trees thus
grown will begin to pay their owners in six years, and pay them well.
Best of cultivation is called for on all hands, and the orchardist
that follows out this plan will be the successful one. Feeding and not
cropping an orchard is another step in the right direction for the pro-
duction of good fruit. All the best orchardists are now cultivating
their orchards well without any crop on the land, and we will soon see
an improvement in them.
Spraying against fungoid growth and insect enemies is another
matter that all are agreed upon must be done. Just how and when,
and what and how, are not fully settled yet, but we are looking ahead
anxiously. Good and honest packing is another point that was empha-
sized strongly, to make a successful orchardist.
A SELECTION OF APPLES.
Varieties varied in different localities, but the following list covers
all parts of the State: Ben Davis, Gano, York, Imperial, Clayton,
Minkler, Jonathan, Grimes, Rome Beauty, White Pippin, Willow Twig,
for commercial orchards.
Small fruits were discussed, as usual, and, as usual, different soils
and climates give different varieties. The standard varieties, however,
seem to hold their own generally. Strawberries by irrigation was
prominently brought out in a very practical way, showing that thus
giving plenty of water resulted in three times the crop of berries over
those not irrigated.
A SELECTION OF GRAPES.
The vineyard, planting, pruning, covering and varieties were dis-
cussed, and the following varieties seemed to have the majority in their
favor: Champion, Moore’s Early, Worden, Concord, Niagara, Goethe.
PLUMS AND PEARS.
The plum and pear and peach each came in for its share of time
and discussion. The native plum seems to be the only sure thing; the
WINTER MEETING. 109
Kieffer pear holds its own well here in the West, and the peach needs
to be bred up to a hardier standard before many parts of the State
can be sure of a crop.
As to insects, the best way to fight them seems to be settled down
to spraying.
The Society and its work are prospering grandly, and thousands.
are becoming interested in fruit-growing in the State on the cheap new
lands to be had everywhere.
L. A. GOODMAN.
State Horticultural Society.
Colman’s Rura! World.
The thirty-seventh annual meeting of this Society was held in the:
city of Trenton, the county seat of Grundy county, in Northwestern
Missouri, last week, and was well attended by as brainy a lot of men
engaged in one or more branches of horticultural industry as could
well be gotten together in any state in the Union. President J.C.
Evans, Secretary L. A. Goodman, Vice-President N. F. Murray and
Treasurer A. Nelson were present and in their places, and regret was.
expressed that the venerable Second Vice-President, Judge Samuel
Miller, was not there. Each of these gentlemen were unanimously re-
elected to the same position for the ensuing year. Under the experi-
enced chairmanship of Major Evans, the business of the meeting pro-
ceeded with remarkable smoothness, and so far as it was possible, the
program was followed to the letter. A few of the essayists were
not present, but in a majority of cases they had forwarded their papers.
to the Secretary, and were read by him to the meeting. Regret was
expressed by many that Mrs. Dugan, “May Myrtle” of the “ Rural
World,” was unable to attend on account of illness and the length of
the journey.
Mr. R. Morrill of Benton Harbor, Mich., president of the Michigan
Horticultural Society, was present, as were also T. E. Goodrich of
Cobden, Ill.,and S.J. Baldwin of Seneca, Kas., all active workers in
the horticultural field. Each took an active interest in the proceed-
ings, and freely engaged in discussing the many points raised by the
papers and in the debates.
Many of the older members of the Society were also present with
valuable papers, and by their extensive experience and diversified
knowledge gave both dignity and character to the proceedings. Of
these were Hon. N. F. Murray, Z. T. Russell, G. F. Espenlaub, A. Nel-
son, Stephen Blanchard, A. H. Gilkeson, C. C. Bell, Levi Chubbuck,.
S. W. Gilbert and Major Holsinger. These, with President Evans and
110 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Secretary Goodman, formed quite a galaxy of experienced horticul-
turists; it will be seen that the material for a most profitable meeting,
interesting addresses and spicy debates was first-class in every respect.
Many of the delegates had their wives with them to add zest and pic-
turesqueness to the gathering, as Messrs. Goodman, Nelson, Bell, Mur-
ray, Patterson, Gilbert and Woods; but to still further add charm to
the occasion, the ladies of Trenton attended regularly, especially the
evening sessions, and brought their beaus with them.
The show of fruit was most excellent, there being fully 500 plates
of the choicest apples on exhibition for competition, and sure are we
that but few states in the Union could make a more diversified display
or of as good specimens this year. The show both of pot and cut
flowers was fine if not extensive, and showed to considerable advan-
tage on the front of the platform, at the feet of the presiding officer
and secretary.
Prof. J.C. Whitten, of the Department of Horticulture of the State
University, was the only representative of that institution present, but
he exhibited a rare familiarity with the details of his profession, and
added very materially to the character of the debates, particularly in
answering knotty points which the scientist only has knowledge of, as
arule. His life history of the codling moth, given off-hand in answer
to a question, was complete; and his plan of green-houses for experi-
mental work with his class merited and received hearty commendation.
It is not our purpose here to even refer to the numerous addresses
and the discussions which followed them, because they will be pub-
lished in the proper department of this paper from week to week as
we can find room for them, until our readers have been able to read
them all. There were two, however, which for their length and —
exhaustive character merit special mention. That on the history of
the apple, by Carpenter, was especially commended as one of the most
thorough expositions of the genesis and the life history of that “king
of fruits” ever presented to the public. It gave evidence of great
research and a thorough knowleege of the authorities on its history,
from the first planting in the Garden of Eden, through the historic
ages, as noted and mentioned by ancient writers, down to our own
times; and will go on record as one of the most exhaustive treatises
on record. :
That on the chrysanthemum, by A. K. Kirkland, read by 8. W. Gil-
bert, was another of like character and exhaustiveness ; not only giving a
history of this now popular flower, but as well its mode of production
_and reproduction and the best known methods of cultivation, so as to
produce the best effects.
WINTER MEETING. TER
Many other papers were worthy of special mention, the annual
report of the Secretary in particular, a very carefully prepared report,
and evidently the production of one of the wost earnest and zealous
officers known to current horticaltural industry; but, as we have said,
these will all be published and the readers will have an opportunity of
judging for themselves.
PRESENTATION TO MR. GOODMAN.
Probably one of the most interesting events in the history of the
Society, and one of the most pleasing, was the presentation of a solid
silver tea service to Secretary Goodman on Wednesday evening, which
was a great surprise to all present except the few members and friends
who were parties to the effort, and to Mr. Goodman in particular. Just
as the Chairman was about to open the evening session Mr. A. Nelson,
Treasurer of the Society, stepped to the front and asked permission
to occupy the attention of the Society for a few moments with a mat-
ter not on the program. He then read the following address:
Mr. GoopDMAN: We meet tonight in this beautiful hall, in this enterprising inland
city of Trenton, under most favorable auspices, surrounded by fruits and flowers and hosts
of friends, yours and ours; but you are still more fortunate in that many of the ‘‘Old
Guard, ”? who have labored so long and so earnestly with you, in both adversity and pros-
perity, are with us tonight, their ranks unbroken, and each, as ever, ready to respond to
the call of duty. This is peculiarly gratifying to me tonight, because of what I am about
tosay anddo. Weknow youas a man of few words, active in every good word and work,
of untiring industry in the discharge of your duties, and inspired with a zeal that knows no,
such word as fail, because your whole soul and mind and willare thrown into the service
where duty calls.
Every prominent horticulturist in our State, in the United States, and many in for-
eign countries, know of your zeal, your untiring energy and your unbounded enterprise in
this, your chosen field of labor; and in discharging the very pleasant duty delegated to me
by your friends and admirers, I would tell you how highly they esteem your work, and how
long they have watched the patient, earnest way in which you have discharged your duties
as Secretary of the Missouri State Horticultural Society; but language fails mein the effort
to do you justice.
We have seen the work done by you at New Orleans, at the World’s fair, at the two St.
Louis expositions and many other places where the eyes of the world were upon you, and
through you this grand State of Missouri, just blossoming into the full vigor of developed
energy as not only the leading fruit state, but leads in all points any state in the Union; we
have met you twice a year at these state meetings, have read your letters to the press, and
your excellent annual reports forlo! these many years, and are fully conversant with the
unstinted loyalty, the whole-hearted enthusiasm, with which you have discharged your
duties, and vastly more than duty called for.
And now, Mr. Secretary, that you may know that we appreciate all this at its true
value, a few of your friends desire to tell you so here and now, in open meeting, and
before the world, that whilst yet,in the prime of your manhood you may realize how
warmly we esteem you, how greatly we admire you and how much we thank you for your
great work, a work of faith and a labor of love. To further emphasize the esteem in which
we hold you, I have the honor to present you with this beautiful service of silver, not by
any means as value received, but simply as a token of our affection for you and our appre-
ciation of your services. It is our most earnest hope that you may long live to enjoy, in
unstinted measure, and without friction or alloy, the purest and choicest of earth’s bless-
ings; and that when in the fullness of years you are gathered to your fathers, it may be
yours through eternity to pluck of the fruit of the tree of life in the city of God.
112 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY.
Mr. Goodman was, for a few moments, overcome by his emotions,
and * America ” was beautifully and very appropriately rendered by a
quartette of male and female voices. He then very feelingly replied,
telling of the history of the Society, its progressive work, its exhaust-
ive efforts to serve the State and the horticulturists thereof, and how
far all this had his most hearty sympathy, and had had during the many
years of his service as Secretary of the Society. No synopsis of his
reply could possibly do him justice, and our only regret is that it was
not caught verbatim by a short-hand reporter and placed on record. It
was a gem—exhibiting character, earnestness and unbounded interest.
in the well-being and welfare of the Society, and its influence upon the
commercial prosperity of the State.
The service was of seven pieces, the salver bearing the inscription,
“ Presented to L. A. Goodman, by his friends of the Missouri State
Horticultural Society, December 5th, 1894,” and was one of the most
beautiful designs ever seen in the State.
At the close of Mr. Goodman’s address he was warmly congratu-
lated by Mr. Goodrich of Illinois, Mr. Morrill of Michigan, Mr. Hol-
singer of Kansas, and most of the leading men of the State present ;
and the ladies, of whom there were scores present, were invited to come
to the platform to view more closely the beautiful service.
Horticultural Society.
From the Trenton papers.
Notwithstanding the fact that the Horticultural Society of Mis-
gouri has been in existence for 37 years, the people of Trehton and
Grundy county know but little of the workings of the organization ;.
but they now havean excellent opportunity to become better acquainted
with it, and we predict they will find that it is of much greater im-
portance and involves many more matters of interest than they ever
supposed.
In choosing Trenton as the place of its 37th annual meeting, the
Society paid a compliment to the city and county, in that they con-
sidered Grundy county a fruit-growing section of sufficient importance
to warrant a little missionary work being done within its borders; and
it is more than likely that when this State meeting adjourns, Grundy
will have a strong and enthusiastic county organization of fruit-growers.
The first session of the State meeting will be called to order at
Library hall, at 7:30 this evening. All sessions will be open and every
one is welcome to attend them. From the appearance of the gentlemen
WINTER MEETING. irs
who are coming in to take part in the discussion and other proceedings,
we judge that any one at allinterested in the advancemeni of fruit and
flower culture will hear something that will be of interest and benefit.
The ladies of the city and county are especially invited.
Mr. L. A. Goodman, of Westport, Mo., Secretary of the State Society,
arrived yesterday, and is busily engaged in arranging the displays of
fruits and flowers. He isacultured gentleman, and has held his present
position for 12 years. He is regarded as authority on all questions
appertaining to fruit and vine culture. ;
Mr. Goodman informs us that he expects about 120 delegates at
the meeting, besides many members of the State Society who are not
delegates. He will have at least 500 plates of apples on exhibition in
the art-room of the building, embracing about 100 varieties. These
specimens come from Oregon, Howell, Holt, Buchanan, Carroll, Jack-
son, Olay, Pettis, Lafayette and Cass counties, and several Grundy
county growers have brought in exhibits. f
There will also be fine collections of chrysanthemums from St.
Joseph, Kansas City and Thayer. The collection of A. K. Kirkland,
of Thayer, is the only one that has yet arrived. The others will be in
this evening.
Already about 50 delegates have arrived and others will come this
evening, and a full representation will be present tomorrow. The
meeting will continue until Thursday night.
The first session of the State Horticultural Society meeting was
called to order by President J. C. Evans, of North Kansas City, at
Library hall, at 7:45 last evening.
The meeting opened with the singing of a sacred quartette from
Beethoven by the Arion quartette, composed this year of C. N. Mason,
Geo. T. McGrath, J. A. Gilluly and E. L. Mason.
Following the song Rev. J. W. Crawford invoked the Divine bless-
ing upon the meeting and its deliberations. Miss Bessie Stevens
rendered a beautiful solo, “ The Holy City,” by Stephens, in a faultless
manner.
Mayor Murphy was then introduced, and in a short but neat ad-
dress welcomed the delegates to the city. He spoke of the great
advancement that the town of Trenton had made since he came to the
place, about 20 years ago, and stated that the country had kept pace
with the town, and while perhaps Grundy was a good fruit county, we
knew without doubt that it was a rich agricultural county. The speaker
said that he was not well informed on the history of the State Horti-
cultural Society, but from the fine display of the fruits and the intelli-
H—8
-
114 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
gent appearance of the men who compose the Society, he was satisfied
that the meeting would benefit both city and county, and he extended
to the delegates and members of the Society a hearty welcome.
President Evans responded briefly, acknowledging the courteous
welcome of the mayor. He referred to the fruit-growing qualities of
the State, and said he believed that every county in the State was in
the fruit belt. He was aware that many people did not even know of
the existence of the State Horticultural Society, but notwithstanding
this fact, its work had been productive of much good, and a majority
of the counties of the State had county organizations. He extended
a cordial invitation to the people of the city to attend the sessions of
the meeting.
The Arions then rendered a selection, after which Mr. Pollard, of
Cameron, read a paper prepared by Prof. Riggle, of the Perdue Uni-
versity, Indiana, who is a graduate of Shaw’s Botanical School of St.
Louis, in which school the State Horticultural Society holds a scholar-
ship.
The paper treated on the subject of grafting in all of its phases,
defining the different modes of grafting and the propagation of fruits
thereby. It also gave points on the kinds of soil best adapted for
different kinds and varieties of fruits, and contained specific directions
for the work of grafting and budding.
J. A. Gilluly then sang a solo, which was followed by a paper on
“The Experiment Station Work,” by Secretary L. A. Goodman of
Westport. ;
The paper was interesting to fruit-growers, and in course of which
the Secretary said that the Horticultural Society received but little aid
from the State Agricultural College, along the line of experimental
work. A lively discussion followed the reading of the paper, which
was participated in by Mr. Walters of Canton, President Morrow of
the Michigan State Agricultural College, Frank Holsinger of Rosedale,
Kas., and B. F. Smith of Lawrence, Kas.
President Morrow of Michigan rather defended the Missouri Col-
lege, and stated that the Horticultural Society had not taken advantage
of all the opportunities offered it by the School of Agriculture.
The meeting then adjourned to reopen at 9:30 this forenoon.
Pts a fy . ee i y .
< es Pr. Ss —_ ‘ ae
ECE ee ee ae ee
-
5 pe ey Fee ae he
WINTER MEETING. 115
WEDNESDAY, Dec. 5--MORNING SESSION.
The session was called to order promptly at 9 o’clock by Presi-
dent Evans. Prayer by Rev. J. W. Crawford.
A paper on “ Prevention of Root Blight,” by S. W. Gilbert, of
Thayer, was very interesting, and called forth considerable discussion.
Also that of “ Trees, not Shrubs, for Orchards,” by Conrad Hartzell, of
St. Joseph, elicited a very warm discussion by Dr. J. W. Greene, of
Trenton; Murray, of Holt county; Smith, of Lawrence; President
Morrill, of the Michigan University, and others. There was quite a
lively discussion of the two subjects together, in which the question
of planting, trimming, root-growing, cutting back, cultivating the
ground, were handled with considerable warmth—many of the speak-
ers taking opposite views as to the cutting back and trimming and the
need of roots, when planting, and also the benefits or disadvantage of
cultivating the ground.
Mr. Nelson, of Lebanon, then read a paper on “The Needs of the
Hour,” which included the subject of “ varieties and location,” and as
Mr. Wilcox, of St. Joseph, to whom was assigned the latter subject,
was not present, the two were discussed together. The discussion took
a wide range. Kt was shown in the first paper that there is a large
profit in an apple crop, ranging from $140 to $200 per acre. The prof-
its in the business were considered largely in this discussion.
There was great difference of opinion as to variety, influenced
somewhat by location and the experience of the grower. For profit,
three varieties of winter apples was considered better than more, al-
though in some localities the number might be extended to 10. The
Ben Davis was given the preference, by every speaker, as a merchant-
able apple. The Winesap and Willow Twig and Jonathan came in
about the order named. One speaker contended that more attention
should be given to quality, but as one speaker from Iowa said, who is
himself a dealer, the Jonathan and similar varieties are splendid apples
to buy, but not profitable to raise.
Quite a discussion arose over the origin of the Ben Davis—some
contending that it was first found in an old Indian orchard in Platte
county, while others contended that it originated in Howard county.
There was also a lively discussion on the question of whether the root
of the tree supports the leaves, or the leaves the root.
There is no lack of interest in all the discussions.
}
116 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY.
NOTES.
There are men in attendance trom Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, Michi-
gan and Illinois. Some of them, as well as many Missouri delegates,
are fine talkers.
Quite a large amount of fruit came in last night, and was opened
out this morning.
The exhibition of apples is very fine, including nearly all winter
varieties, and apples one, two and three years old.
WEDNESDAY, Dec. 5—AFTERNOON SESSION.
Meeting called to order by the President. A great portion of the
time was given to the discussion of “Spraying during 1894,” led by
A. H. Gilkeson, of Warrensburg. There was a very great variety of
opinion on the subject of whetber there was any real benefit. Some
were very positive that it absolutely did no good, while others were
equally as positive that they had received great benefit. It was argued
by nearly all that it was a proper subject for investigation and experi-
ment at the Experiment station, Columbia. The discussion included
apples, pears, peaches, plums and cherries. The question of how to
propagate and raise a hardy peach was also given considerable time.
A paper was read by S. Blanchard, of Oregon, and discussed by many
others. Two points were urged as necessary to secure a hardy peach,
by way of late bloom and harder wood. Secretary Goodman was of
the opinion that a harder wood was necessary to success. The plum .
was also given considerable attention.
EVENING SESSION.
The exercises opened last evening with a pleasing incident that
was not down on the bills. After the male quartette had sung a selec-
tion, Mr. A. Nelson, of Lebanon, a venerable member of the State So-
ciety, stepped forward and in a neat address, in which he spoke of the
“old guard” of the Society, who had worked for its advancement in the
face of many obstacles for years, numbering among these faithful
workers the very worthy Secretary, L. A. Goodman, presented that.
gentleman, in behalf of the Society, a beautiful silver set of six pieces.
The first number on the program was a paper on the Chrysanthe-
mum, prepared by Mr. A. L. Kirkland, of Thayer, and read by Mr. Gil-
bert. It gave an interesting history of the plant, and specific directions
~ -
‘
4
WINTER MEETING. AVG
for its propagation and rearing. This paper was especially interesting
to the ladies, and there were many present.
A paper on “The History of the Apple,” by Dan. Carpenter, of
Barry, was then read by Mr. Goodman. The paper was interesting
but too long. The conclusion to be drawn from it is that the early
history of the apple is enveloped in great obscurity ; many writers hold
that itis a refined growth of the wildcrab. Itis spoken of as far back
as 600 B. C.
“The Orchard Question of the Northwest,” a very interesting
paper, by N. F. Murray, of Oregon, Mo., followed. It referred to the
great non-fruit-producing territory lying adjacent to and northwest of
Missouri, which territory it was Missouri’s province to supply with
fruit, providing horticultural pursuits are given the proper recognition
in this State.
A trio, sung by Mrs. DeBolt, Mrs Connor. and Mrs. Shrieve, closed
the evening’s program.
THURSDAY—MORNING SESSION.
Two interesting papers that were left over from yesterday’s pro-
gram, “The Vineyard,” by H.. Severs, of Jennings, and “Grapes for
Money,” by G. F. Exspenlaub, of Rosedale, Kansas, were read this
morning. The papers were followed by lively and interesting discus-
sions.
The annual business meeting of the Society followed, which in-
cluded reports from other societies, giving much information on horti-
cultural work in other states; reports of the Secretary and Treasurer
and committee reports. The Secretary’s report was very full and
comprehensive, andis very likely to be published in full. From the
reports of committees, we publish the report of the Committee on
Resolutions in full.
The election of officers was not reached until this p. m.
Be he sg ee ae ae |
Ee Teg PC ER Bass
. | ae : ) 7% ; ee i eee + cos in ENP -
. . ¥: ' *
— 2%.
pe Ee x: ‘ STATE HORTICULTURAL scorn, achey
» W. A. George, Olden. D. M. Hulen, Hallsburg.
Z. T. Russell, Carthage. Cc. C. Green, Chillicothe.
. L. A. Goodman, Westport. Prof. J. C. Whitten, Columbia.
J.C. Evans, Harlem, D. A. Robinett, Columbia.
; F. Espenlaub, Rosedale, Kas. T. BE. Goodrich, Cobden, Il.
Mrs. L. A. Goodman, Westport. C. CO. Bell, Boonville.
Mrs. Nelson, Lebanon. Mrs. C. C. Bell, Boonville.
- A, Nelson, Lebanon. S.J. Baldwin, Seneca, Kas.
M. Butterfleld, Lee’s Summit. Ralph Smith, Laclede.
C. Hartzell, St. Joseph. HE. J. Baxter, Nauvoo, Ill.
S. W. Gilbert, Thayer. B. A. Barnes, Trenton.
S. Fell, Marshall. Geo. Pollard, Cameron.
as R. E. Bailey, Fulton. Levi Chubbuck, Kidder.
R. R. Boucher, Cairo. Geo. J. Dodd, Sedalia.
Arthur Patterson, Kirksville. Geo. Longman, St. Louis.
Mrs. Patterson, Kirksville. H. E. Lilly, Chillicothe.
4 R. J. Bagby, New Haven. A.L. Zimmerman, Wetherby,
a C. J. Dray, Linneus. J. Sibbett, Trenton.
J.B. Christy, Browning. J. B. Gass, Trenton.
R. Morrill, Benton Harbor, Mich. J. A. Kennedy, Ravanna.
GoW. Waters, Canton. R. V. Young, Trenton.
E. L. Mason, Trenton. Minnie Bell, Boonville.
| John C. Bender. St. Joseph. L. V. Woods, Laredo.
% H. I. Kelsey, St. Joseph. Mrs. L. V. Woods, Laredo.
W.W. Knoop, Cameron. R. D. Pollard, Cameron.
C. T, Zimmerman, Cameron. E. L. Pollard, Olden. e
N.F. Murray, Oregon. Joseph Gamble, Brookfield.
Mrs. N. F. Murray, Oregon. -C. M. Dennis, Hamilton.
‘Stephen Blanchard, Oregon. J.T. Scott, Powersville.
<A, H. Gilkeson, Warrensburg. ' H.R. Wayman, Alvord.
-_- J.P. Canada, Bogard.
.
Ae -
WINTER MEETING. 119
SECRETARY’S REPORT OF PROCEEDINGS.
DECEMBER 4, 1894—7:30 p. m.
The first session of the Missouri State Horticultural Society was
opened with music by the Trenton male quartette.
Prayer was offered by Rev. J. W. Crawford.
Solo by Miss Bettie Stevens.
ADDRESS OF WELCOME BY HON. T. A. MURPHY.
It affords me pleasure to welcome you to our city. I may name
some of the things we have in our city to show you. We havea
library, the finest in the West, one of the best public schools in Mis-
souri, and we have a fine country around. Twenty years ago Trenton
had 150 people, and was one of the worst-looking places to be seen
anywhere. We have increased to 7000, The great Rock Island route
has built us up rapidly. Weare very proud of our county. It is true
the State of Missouri is yet in its infancy, though the fifth in the Union
in wealth and population.
The influence of such a society as this is just what we need to
bring our State to the front. The display of fruit in the other room
shows that. Our soil and climate are suited to the production of all
kinds of fruits, but many of us don’t know how to cultivate them. I
did not come here to make a speech, but I want to say to delegates,
we give you a hearty welcome. I hope you will be profited, and I
believe our people will be benefited. Again, I give you a hearty
welcome.
RESPONSE BY PRESIDENT EVANS.
I thank you for this most hearty welcome. As one has well said,
this is a new country, and as yet undeveloped. A man who traveled
over California remarked that everywhere he went he was told that he
was in the fruit belt. “Redding was the buckle, and the buckle was
gold.” I am looking for the buckle. It is a fact that only a very small
per cent of the people of Missouri know there is such a society as
this; yet their work has been felt in every county in the State. There
are 114 counties in the State, and most of them have local societies.
We hope to live long enough to go over the whole State. I, like your |
120 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
mayor, was never known to make a speech, but I hope you will take
an interest in this meeting and do it all the good you can. We havea
large program, and it will take all the time. I again thank you for the
welcome by the mayor.
Vocal music—Arion quartette.
Presidenc—tThe first paperis by Homer Riggle, a student of Shaw’s
School of Botany, sent there by the Missouri State Horticultural
Society, graduated and gone to the Perdue University of Greencastle,
Indiana. Mr. Goodman will read the paper.
The Propagation of Orchard Trees.
By Homer Riggle, firat graduate of Shaw’s School of Botany.
The natural method of propagation of fruit-trees is by seeds. With
most of our cultivated fruits, however, the seedlings are very variable,
as many varieties as there are seedlings being produced. Experience
has proven that by far the greater part of these seedling varieties will
be inferior to the improved varieties generally in cultivation. Thus it
is seldom that a new variety of real merit is introduced. Generally
speaking, seedlings are grown only for stocks upon which to bud or
graft superior sorts.
As seedlings do not reproduce the qualities of the parents, we can
perpetuate a definite variety only by using a portion of the tree itself.
This must be effected by means of cuttings, layers, suckers, grafts or
buds. By far the greater part of our fruit-trees are propagated by
building or grafting. These methods are only artificial means of supply-
ing roots to a detached portion of a valuable tree, or, conversely, of
supplying a valuable top to the root of an inferior tree.
METHODS OF GRAFTING.
There are numerous methods of grafting practiced in fruit-culture.
The principal ones are the cleft graft, and the whip-and-tongue graft.
Cleft grafting is practiced in the spring, about the first of April, and
continued through the year. The branches are sawed off about 18 or
20 inches from the body of the tree, and the end of the stock cut
smooth with a sharp knife. It is then split down about two or three
inches, and a wedge placed in the center of the stick, until the cions
are prepared ‘and pressed into place, when the wedge is removed.
When inserting the cions, their inner bark should match with that of
the stock. After the cions are inserted, the top and both sides of the
si at Seda
WINTER MEETING. 121
stock should be covered with grafting wax, a good formula for which
is four pounds of white rosin, one pound of bees-wax and one pint of
linseed oil.
WHIP-AND-TONGUE GRAFTING.
Whip-and-tongue grafting is done at any time during the winter.
The root is cut off with a sloping cut just below the crown, and the
end of the cion is cut with a similar slope to match it. A small tongue
is cut in the middle of the slope of the root and inserted behind a sim-
ilar tongue cut in the cion. The cambium layer of both the root and
cion should be made to match, a8 near as possible. The graft is now
bound with string that has been dipped in grafting wax, composed of
four pounds of white rosin,,one pound of bees-wax, and one pint of lin-
seed oil. After the grafts are made, they should be packed in boxes of
sawdust or sand, slightly moistened, and planted in the nursery rows
at the first favorable moment in the spring.
It is probably better to use only a portion of the root. If the
whole root is used, the top or graft will not be in proportion to the
root, and, as a result, the root will either become unhealthy and form
brown spots, or it will send up a lot of suckers from the crown, below
the graft.
BUDDING.
Budding consists of taking a bud, with a portion of the bark at-
tached, from a shoot of the current year’s growth of one tree, and
inserting it under the bark of another tree. The proper time to bud is
when the sap is flowing so freely that the bark is easily separated from
the wood, and when the buds are perfectly developed. Take the shoot
with the buds you wish to use, insert the knife above the bud, and cut
it out with a shield-shaped piece of bark attached ; then make a T-shaped
eut in the bark of the stock, turn back the edges of the bark, slip the
bud into place and tie it firmly.
Cuttings should be taken in the fall, as soon as the wood is ma-
tured, and through the winter months when the wood is not frozen. If
they are not planted out in the fall, they should be prepared early in
the winter, buried outside in a pit, and planted very early in the spring.
If planted late, the warm weather comes on before they have found
roots sufficient to support the young leaves.
MOUND-LAYERING.
The Doucin, Paradise and Quince stocks, when raised in large
quantities, are propagated by mound-layering. The plants to be
propagated from should be planted in a deep, rich soil, and cut back
122 ; STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
to within six inches of the collar. During the next season the buds
below the cut will produce strong shoots. The following spring the
earth is drawn up around the plant, and the shoots covered about
three inches. All the shoots will produce roots during that season,
and should be separated from the parent plant in the fall.
Suckers are shoots sent up from the roots. They are observed
most frequently around trees that have had their roots wounded.
The wounds induce the formation of buds, and these buds send
up shoots. Suckers are sometimes used for stocks, but they should
never be used where seedlings can be obtained, as they are very apt
to produce suckers.
SEEDLINGS OR FREE-STOCKS.
The apple is multiplied by grafting onto the young seedlings, or
freestock, and by either budding or grafting onto the Freneh Doucin
and Paradise. Seedlings or free-stocks are produced from seed taken
from the pomace of the cider mill. The seed should be washed out
clean and dried, mixed with moist sand and put in boxes and kept in a
cool, dry place until wanted for planting. The best time to sow the
seed is in the fall, as soon as they are cleaned, if the ground is in good
condition. If not, it should be deferred until spring. If sownin the
spring it should be done as soon as the ground is ready. They should
be sown in drills about three feet apart and covered about two inches.
deep with fine earth.
STANDARD APPLE-TREES.
Standard apple-trees are usually grafted on one-year-old apple
seedlings, grown from imported seed, in the manner described above. —
Whijp-and-tongue grafting is the method usually practiced. It is prob-
ably cheaper to buy the stocks from men who make a specialty of
growing them for sale. Good one-year-old stocks are worth about $6
- per 1000. You can procure almost any kind of stocks from H. C.
Graves & Son, Lee’s Summit, Mo., and Taylor & Son, Topeka, Kas., as.
they grow and import both.
THE BEST STOCKS.
The best stocks to use for dwarfing apple-trees are the French
Doucin and Paradise. They are propagated by mound-layering. Dwarf
apple-trees are very desirable in the gardens of the rich, where a great
many varieties are wanted, and in small gardens where space is limited.
' The stocks are set in the nursery rows, and there budded or grafted —
with the varieties wanted.
WINTER MEETING. 123
All new varieties of the pear must, of course, be obtained by sow-
ing the seed. The established varieties are multiplied by budding and
grafting. What are known as standards are budded or grafted onto
one-year-old French pear seedlings. The dwarfs are worked on the
Algiers quince. Pearsuckers are sometimes used, but the seedlings
are preferable. To grow healthy seedlings for stocks, care should be
taken to collect the seed from plump, full fruit, and only from the most
healthy, vigorous trees. The seeds are treated the same as apple
seeds.
The plants are set about one foot apart in the nursery rows, and
the rows should be about three feet apart. About the first of August
the bark will separate easily from the wood, and the stocks may then
be budded with the varieties wanted. All buds should, of course, be
taken from young, healthy trees. For dwarfing the pear the Algiers
quince is the best stock yet known. Itis propagated by mound-lay-
ering, in the same manner as the Doucin and Paradise. When one
year old they are set in the nursery rows and treated the same as pear
seedlings.
PROPAGATING PEACHES.
The peach is propagated by budding the standard varieties onto
the stocks of the seedling peach. The plum seedling is sometimes
used on a stiff, heavy soil where the peach does not succeed. Many
nurserymen grow the stocks by sowing the pits thickly in rows about
three feet apart and about three inches deep. These stocks are budded
near the ground the first summer from the pits.
Some nurscrymen place the seed in stratified heaps of seed and
sand in the fall, and allow them to remain through the winter to burst
their hulls. As the hulls burst the kernels are planted in the nursery
rows. The budding is usually done in August. In selecting the seed,
great care should be taken to collect only from the most healthy trees.
The seed should also be taken from the fruit of the seedling trees, as
it is more certain to germinate, is more hardy, and the trees live
longer.
The apricot and nectarine are worked in the same way and upon
the same stocks as the peach.
THE CHERRY.
The cherry is propagated by budding onto the Mazzard and Maha-
leb stocks. The Mazzard is used to obtain the standard orchard trees, —
and the Mahaleb for the dwarfs. The stocks are produced from seed.
The fruit should be left on the tree until it is thoroughly ripe. It is
then picked, the pulp washed off, then dried and mixed with moist sand,
°
124 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY.
and put in boxes and kept in a cool, dry place, until wanted for plant-
ing. If the soil is a light and porous one, the seed should be sown in
the fall, as recommended for apple and pear seeds. If the soil is a stiff
and heavy one, they should not be planted until spring. If the seed-
lings are thinned out so as to give each plant plenty of room, and given
clean culture, they may be taken up at the end of the first season’s
growth and prepared for planting in the nursery rows the following
spring. The budding is usually done about the first of August. If
some of the buds fail, the stocks may be grafted at the crown. If
grafted, it should be done very early and waxed well.
THE PLUM.
The plum is multiplied by grafting or budding onto the seedling
plum stocks, and the peach seedling. The principal plum stocks used
are the Myrobalan and the Sloe (Prunis Spinoisa). The Sloe is used
for dwarfs. The sand cherry (Prunis Pumila!) is being used as a stock
for dwarfing the plum. A bulletin upou this subject has recently been
published from the Iowa Experiment station.
Some varieties of American and Japan plums are budded on the
peach seedling, such as the Wild Goose, Wolf and others of that class,
and Botan and Abundance of the Japan plums. The plum stocks are A
produced by seeds, treated in the same way as recommended for cher-
ries. They may also be propagated by layering. The varieties worked
on the plum stocks are usually grafted, and those grown on the
peach are budded. In the past few years considerable interest has
been taken in crossing Japanese plums with our American stock. The
results of this work have been quite fully published from the Cornell
Experiment station.
THE QUINCE.
The quince may be multiplied by seeds, cuttings and layers. The
best and surest method is by layering in the same manner as recom-
mended for the Doucin and Paradise.
The seeds to be planted should be carefully selected from the best
varieties, and should not be allowed to get dry before planted. If not
planted in the fall, it should be preserved in a moist sand and planted
about three inches deep in the seed-bed in the spring.
The cuttings should be taken in the antumn as soon as the ieee 4
fall. They should be about 12 or 15 inches long. They should be tied —
in bundles, and buried tops down in a pit out of doors, and the surface
of the ground covered about three or four inches with straw or some
other light material during the winter. In the spring the covering
WINTER MEETING. 125
should be removed gradually, and butts, being near the surface, will
form a callus for the emission of roots, while the buds remain dormant.
The spring is the best time to graft, except the root-grafting. The
method most commonly used is the cleft-grafting. Splice-grafting is
used on small stocks. The best wood for cions is that of the preced-
ing year’s growth, taken from near the center of the tree.
Budding may be done most of the growing season. The best
place to insert is near a bud, or where a bud has become a branch.
Flowers in the Home.
By May Myrtle (Mrs. G. E. Dugan, Sedalia ).
Flowers in the home are like love in the heart, far too beautiful to
be scorned or neglected. No home is perfect without flowers; no
heart perfect without the indwelling spirit of affection. ©
The meanest little house becomes a sacred spot, environed by
plant life. A vine over the windows of a shanty glorifies it and makes
it an object of interest.
When we pass a place rich in floral beauty, we at once become
interested ; we wonder who lives there and picture the family, always
clothing them in forms of loveliness, and imagining them very refined
and noble in character, sweet and kind in disposition.
I wonld rather have plants in my rooms than to wear elegant
clothing and do without the plants. They seem so akin to the human
world I often fancy that they know who loves them, and are not nearly
so capricious toward those who are fond of them as they are toward
persons who do not care much for them.
My friends call my success with flowers “luck;” I call it by a far
more dignified title; to me it means love. A woman friend said to me
the other day: ‘“ Why do youcultivate so many plants? nobody really
appreciates them; of course they are nice and cheerful, but such a lot
of bother. I would get rid of them, except a few of the extra choice
ones.”
I looked at my treasures and fancied they had heard her cruel re-
marks, and I said harshly, “ I appreciate them, and I love to take care
of them; my room would seem barren as the desert sands without
them,” and the next day there were five great, fragrant roses wafting
their sweet breath out to me from one bush, and the carnations came
out gloriously, so that I could pick great boquets of them for many
days. I think they did their very utmost to reward my care and keep
my confidence.
126 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY.
Deep down in my heart is a well of contempt for persons who
don’t like flowers, and it isn’t always the ones who gush over them the
most who love them best. They who truly care for flowers will eulti-
vate them.
It is so easy to have a few plants always in dainty condition, if
persons are willing to take just a little trouble. Carnations and roses,
with a big box of sweet alyssum, and another of smilax, will give
splendid results for a small amount of care. Of course there must be
sunshine, or there will be no blossoms, at least none worth mentioning :
but palms and ferns will grow without sunshine, and so will the rubber
plant and some of the begonias.
I saw in St. Louis, in the home of a friend, who had but little sun-
shine, and no light to Spare in many of her rooms, a rubber plant fully
five feet tall, branching beautifully, with its great shining leaves gleam-
ing with joy. It was happy, and did not need the sunsbine.
Geraniums grow anywhere with half a chance, and bloom grandly
if you are not too good to them. They are like some people I have
known. If you give them too rich food, or too much space, they want
the earth; they grow quite bigoted and self-consequential, refuse
utterly to blossom and lift up their great cabbage-like foliage for ad-
miration. One may safely snub a geranium considerably, but it will
never do to treat arose other than with consideration. Roses will re-
sent neglect quicker than will any other flower I am acquainted with. —
Yes, it pays to be very kind to the roses. When I go into my little
glass room and see the immense trusses of geraniums, I smile at them,
and tell them they are “very nice,” but I keep my rose as far from them
as possible. Yet they do not seem to noticeit. 1 would not be with-
out them, especially ‘‘White Wings,” and “Souvenir de Mirande.”
Nothing can take the place of the delicate pink of the one, nor the pure
white of the other. I do not wear geraniums, however beautiful they.
look. I cannot bear their odor. Palms are very dignified and sub-
stantial. They belong to large rooms and high ceilings, and do not —
look at home anywhere else. They are not aristocrats, either, for
they will thrive in the meanest kind of rooms, but they do not appear
well in them.
Ferns are pretty anywhere, but must not have too much sun, nor ~
too strong and continuous a light. They need days of darkness and
rest. They are of rather a melancholy nature and thrive best in half
shade.
I get much pleasure from cultivating the Parlor ivy, Kenilworth
ivy and the Wandering Jew. Beautiful effects can be produced with
WINTER MEETING. 127
these plants. The Othonia, Saxifraga, Dracena, are all easy of cultiva-
tion and can be combined daintily.
A Dracena, with a hanging drapery in same pot of the green and
white stripe-leaf Tradescantia, is lovely.
Asparagus plumosus nanus is a fine plant, easily cared for. I
have an asparagus tenismus draping a pier-glass; every one admires
it greatly.
A fine old gentleman recently visited us who has a beautiful villa
in New York, on the St. Lawrence river, and he made us very happy
by his intense appreciation of our flowers. He almost rhapsodized
over the decorative plants in the drawing-rooms, and was quite par-
ticular to take the names of my palms, asparagus, and one large be-
gonia, the “ Diadima,” and he said to me, “ Mrs. D , you have an
ideal home, and your flowers glorify it ; this place would be appreciated
on the St. Lawrence;” which was the highest praise he could bestow.
A refined young man, who was born and raised in a wealthy and
highly-cultivated St. Louis family, said of my plants: ‘They make
your home seem so home-like, and are, I think, the best possible things
for house decoration; your drawing-rooms are beautiful now; with-
out the flowers, they might appear common-place.”
The original cost of the plants in these rooms was not more than
six dollars; care and culture has done the rest.
. This theme is one that I love and enjoy writing on, but I must not
forget that time is limited and space precious, therefore will close this
essay by saying:
If I should ever think the shining streets of gold
Led not somewhere away to blooming gardens sweet,
I’d ask that in this world I might remain, and hold
Fast to my heart its flowers, nor walk the golden street.
The Work of the Experiment Station.
L. A. Goodman, Secretary, Westport, Mo.
When, a number of years ago, the United States government ap- |
propriated $15,000 per year for the use of our Agricultural College,
- for experiment purposes exclusively, we all expected to see such steps
taken and such plans laid for experiment work that would be of great
practical value to every fruit-grower, nurseryman, florist and gardener
in the land. We had aright to expect a certain amount of this fand
to be set apart for the benefit of the horticulturists of our State. We
had aright to expect $1000 for the green-house work, $1000 for the
garden and lawn, $1000 for the orchards and vineyards, and $1000 at
least for general expenses.
128 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
In the beginning we expected a series of experiments would have
been instituted that wonld prove something, or at least give the horti-
culturist some information on this, one of the most important matters
that can come before a people, “the profitable growing of fruits.” We
could not expect the results from all these experiments that should
have been instituted, but we certainly had a right to believe that
some results could be shown ere now, and other experiments on the
way toa solution. Had we not a right to at least believe that the
Station would test most of our varieties of small fruits, and report to
us those that were valuable and those that were not? Why should
we not have had a series of trials of our small fruits in different parts
of the State ?
But what have we from our Station that one of our fruit-growers
‘can say has proven to him the success or failure of a certain fruit, plant
or vine, other than information obtained from brother fruit-growers ;
and this given out by word of mouth, by our horticultural papers, or
by the State Horticultural Society ? It occurs to most of us fruit-
growers that the best information we have had, the most valuable ex-
periments, the most positive statements, the soundest foundation, the
most correct methods, the best educator, has been the State Horticul-
tural Soviety and its 12 reports put out during the last 12 years, giv-
ing the results of experience and observation by hundreds of different
fruit-growers in different parts of our State. Wherein has been the
trouble then in our Experiment station? Let us look into this closely
and see where the trouble lies, and then, perhaps, we can outline a
plan that will give success. But such a plan, after being outlined,
must be under the control of a board and must be adhered to consci-
entiously and exactly.
1. The first trouble, then, was in not laying down any plan to be
followed. 2. The second trouble was in not setting apart a specified —
amount for the Horticultural department. 3. The third trouble was
that the man put in charge at first, Prof. Taft, was not given time to
put any plan into operation nor to carry it out.. 4. The fourth was
the same trouble in the case of Prof. Clark. 5. Prof. Keffer ditto. 6.
Prof. Whitten, in all probability, will follow the same path. 7. The
next trouble was that none of these men came to the State with very
much experience in fruit-growing here in our western country. When
you realize that this State is of so much importance and its fruit in-
terests so extensive that we shouid have had a man of the widest ex- —
perience and a most practical fruit-grower, you see the force of the
statement—not that a man inexperienced cannot do the work, but that
WINTER MEETING. 129
he certainly cannot do it with these everlasting changes that have
been going on in the Horticultural department.
How shall we begin, then, to remedy these evils that have de-
stroyed or entirely nullifed everything that has been done at the Ex-
periment station? First, by selecting a good man; second, by giving
him money to work with; and, third, by keeping him.
While the State Society was never invited to give its advice in the
selection of any man who has occupied the position of horticulturist
at the Experiment station, yet it has stood nobly by every man that has
been sent to Columbia, and has striven to work with him in unison in
all things. This every one of them will admit, and every member of
this Society will corroborate. It has only had the best interests of the
fruit-grower in mind, and was ever ready to work with any one whom
the Curators should select.
Let us take up, then, the points mentioned in their order and dis-
cuss them fully and fairly. It is understood that in the discussion of
these points we shall say nothing that shail be a reflection upon any of
the professors who have held these positions, but only to throw the
responsibility of this whole matter where it belongs—upon the Board
of Curators. In criticising their work and their lack of results, we
criticise those who made it impossible for the professors to do other
than what they did.
First, then, no plan for work for any series of years or any defi-
nite time. Who is responsible for this if not the Board of Curators
and the Director of the Station? Each professor, as he came to his
position, finding no plan laid out for him, must necessarily formulate
something for himself, and of course his thought must be to take up
such work as would bring results the most quickly. While this should
be done, the other should not have been left undone.
. Those experiments should be undertaken from which results can
be obtained as quickly as possible, so that they may be used at once;
but a series of experiments should have been started that it may take
10, 20 or 40 years to complete the experiments and deduce results.
Well, what are some of the most important and most weighty mat-
ters for us to take up, or that we would like to have solved? I un-
hesitatingly answer that without question. The propagation of a hardy
race of fruits, the knowing how to breed our fruits as we breed our
horses, the fact of knowing how to feed them as we feed our hogs,
and the care and attention that we should give them as we care for
our children, are to my mind the great questions to be solved by the
_ fruit-grower or the Experiment station—for the fruit-grower above all
H— JY
130 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
others, for along series of experiments, lasting many years perhaps.
3utletus have these facts at our command, and then 1 answer-you, we
will bave stepped upon the right plane for sure success in the future
in helping make horticulture a science.
Why, let me ask, have we 80 much discussion of the short-lived
trees all over the West? Can it be whole-root or piece-root, budded
or grafted, cuttings or layers? Verily I believe not; but we must seek
the cause in some other direction.
In planting our corn, we select not only the best kernels, but the
best ears, from the best and most prolific stalks, and we do this year
after year, always selecting for a particular type, until we reach our
ideal; then we keep up to this idealin every respect, and we have a
standard variety of corn that is of very great value to our farmers, and
this variety is fixed in its characteristics.
How about the wheat that we saw? Will not carefal selection
and special caltivation and particular harvesting, year after year, give
us a variety that is far better than the seed we began with? So of our
other grains and grasses; we can select and feed for improvement, or
we can neglect and starve until we shall see failure.
If then so much ean be accomplished by selection and cultivation,
how much more can we improve by breeding, crossing, hybridizing, in
connection with careful selection and careful cultivation. If there is
any one field open for experiment greater than another, here is that
field opened up before us and inviting us to enter it. Shall we do it?
Let us look into the green-house and the florist’s work-shop. There
you will find special study of a plant, its godd qualities, its defects,
where it can be improved, aud you will find the florist crossing and re-
crossing, feeding and hybridizing, and cultivating, nursing and caring
for his spectal seedlings, until, behold, he has reached his ideal and
accomplished his end. I shall but point to the development of the
Rose and the Chrysanthemum for you to get the idea I wish to convey.
But when you come to examine closely, this is just the beginning
of the idea I wish to convey to you as to our experiments. The fail-
ure in the florist’s plan is in not working to establish a law of crossing
‘ and hybridizing and breeding more than to get results from his experi-
ments in this direction.
I want, therefore, to go further into this deep and anexplored field
in the mysteries of nature. The breeder of the horse, the cattle or
the hog, knows that certain crosses and certain families and certain
strains will produce certain results; but the breeder of fruits has no
certain law to be guided by, and he cannot tell what the results will be
until the fruits have come into bearing; and this is just the point I
WINTER MEETING. 131
want to have experimented upon. Failure in the result may just as
surely help to establish the law as a success, just so we know the
ground on which we stand to deduce these results. It does seem to
me thai we can take the best established families of varieties of our
fruits and cross them with certain other families of varieties, and cer-
tainly after a time succeed in establishing a line that we can depend
upon. For instance, take the Spitzenberg family of apples or the.
Romanite family or the Rambo family or the Bellflower, or, later, the
newer families like the Ben Davis family, of which we now have a
number of varieties, and cross them with each other in distinet families
of varieties, or different varieties of the same families, like the York
on the Minkler, or the Ben Davis on the Gano, or the Spitzenberg
family, like the Jonathan, upon the Newtown Pippin family, like the
White Pippin, or, for instance, a cross of the Janet family, the Ingram,
upon the Lady Sweet or the Bailey Sweet, or, in fact, a hundred other
distinct crosses we might name.
Take for instance the Smock family of peaches and cross with the
Old Mixon family in a hundred different ways. From the hardy variety
resulting, cross another and avother until we establish a hardy race of
peaches. Coming down to the other fruits, the like can be attempted
and some results be obtained much more quickly.
Let us see if we have nothing in this line that can ve seen in the
chance seedlings and the newer varieties that come to us every year.
You have often heard that such a berry has Sharpless blood init ; such
a raspberry has the old Doolittle flavor; such a cherry has some of the
old Early Richmond color and size in it; such a pear has the musk of
the Bartlett ; such a peach is surely the Old Mixon improved or the
Smock a little sweetened ; such'an apple resembles the Newtown Pippin
or the Nonsuch or the Winesap—so much so that we can distinetly
trace the resemblance. Such a grape has some of the Concord, or
Delaware or Catawba blood in it, or another has the foxiness or the
muskiness of another, and so on.
Now I submit to you in all candor, if such thing can become so
distinct a characteristic that we can recognize it in chance seedlings,
why can we not reproduce these characteristics much more distinet
and perfect by using such crosses with intelligent judgment. The.
breeder of corn in a few years can get his ideal, by selection often, but
more surely by good crosses. The breeder of wheat can in a series of
years get what he wants in his seed, stalk, growth, time of ripening,
hardiness, and in fact every end he wishes toacconiplish. Is there any
reason, let me ask, why the fruit-grower should be the only one who
' A.
; \ rey
132 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY.
should not seek to improve his fruits by breeding them, as well as
selection.
Let us pass to another phase of this most interesting subject. We
hear continually about us the indiscriminate discussion of whole-root,
piece-root, seedlings, cuttings, buddings, grafting, layering, and in fact.
all the other plans of growing fruits, plants, trees ete.
First, then, we always take it for granted that seedlings are more
hardy than other fruits, do we not? If so, then how many genera-
tions would it take to make the peach perfectly hardy? If seedlings
are more hardy, why then are not our later varieties of fruits, apples,
peaches, pears, cherries, grapes etc. more hardy than our older varie-
ties? Are they notall seedlings? Is this statement true? If not true,
then can it be made true that we can produce more hardy varieties by
crossing and breeding and selection? I am sure that this can be done ;
and we certainly want our Station to take up this work with intelligence
and earnestness and perseverance, for one year orten years or fifty
years if it should take that long to establish the law.
Let us see fora moment where our seedlings come from. The
apple seed, for instance, is saved from the poorest, most immature,
smallest wormy apples that can be found in our orchard. If there is
any tree that is dying, or diseased, or the apples too small and poor to
sell, they are sent to the cider mill, and the seed saved from such fruit
as this is used for propagation. Is it any wonder that our orchards
are beginning to decay at the root so early in life? Can we expect the
best trees from suchabeginning? Add to this, then, if you please, the
indiscriminate collecting of the cions from all kinds, sorts and con-
ditions of the tree; have we not another source of the diseases in our
orchards? In fact, two things are important to the life of the tree—first, —
a sound and healthy root, and second, sound, thrifty cions from
healthy trees. How shall we obtain them? By using the best seed
from only perfect, hardy, healthy fruits; plant them and test them for
three or four years before you graft them; let them stand the rigors —
of the winter and the tests of the summer sun, and use only those that
stand the test. Then graft such trees with cions that come from only
healthy trees, and if we do not have an improvement in the life of —
our trees, then there is no advantage in selection, or crossing, or pro-
pagation. Again, if we make selections from these seedlings, and thus
propagate generation after generation for the hardiest and best, is
there avy one so foolish as to think we will see no improvement?
Then if we can add to this judicious breeding or crossing of these
fruits before the seed is selected, we cannot but be sure of an improve-
ment in the hardiness, productiveness and quality of our fruits, espe-
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WINTER MEETING. 133
cially if we continue this line of breeding generation after generation.
Can we not establish this law and know what we will get?
How can we get a perfect cross of our fruits? Why of course we
must take certain blooms of certain varieties and cover them so that
the pollen can be saved, not mixed with other blooms of the same tree
even. Then let us take a small pair of scissors and clip the buds open
before they bloom, so that we may cut off the stamens, and the fruit
will not be fertilized witb its own pollen. We must then gather the
pollen from the variety we wish to cross with, and dust it upon the
pistil of the bloom we are to fertilize, and then cover it closeiy, so
that no other pollen can reach it.
This is a very particular and careful process, and it surely requires
a skilled hand to accomplish it.
But I think that I must not follow this further, for fear of not
being able to close up our meeting tonight. One other important
matter in the line of experiment that I think every person in the Soci-
ety would seem glad to hail with joy: ‘The establishment of SUB-STA-
TIONS, at least four of them in the different parts of the State, to carry
on these experiments and report to the central station at Columbia.
One in the southwest, southeast, northwest and northeast would fill
our quota of what we want done in the way of testing new fruits. This
testing is one of not a little expense to every experimenter; and if we
could have these sub stations as part of our Experiment station, so
that everything new could be at once tested, it would be the saving of
thousands of dollars to our fruit men all over the State, and be of un-
told value to every grower.
The matter of spraying and its results stillis an unsettled ques-
tion, and we wanta careful and exact series of experiments begun and
carried out for a series of years in a business-like way. This the Station
should not fail to do.
We want our Paris green and London purple tested, so we may
know how strong it may be and just how to use it.
We want our fertilizers analyzed, and the results given us in shape
that we can use them; know how and what to feed our plants for
growth and for fruit.
We want to know if certain fertilizers will give quality to our
fruits, or quantity.
We want to know if other fertilizers will produce growth of fruit-
buds or growth of wood.
We would like to know if we can feed the strawberry so that the
fruit will be firmer than it otherwise would if not so fed.
134 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
These lines of work once taken up, we wonld find such broad
fields opening up that there would be no end of the work to do, or the
results we would want to obtain.
We want tests made in our green-honse of the different plants,
varieties, qualities of the plants under different treatments. We want
the out-door work so treated in a practical manner that it will be of
some use to men in the business of horticulture.
We would like to know if it will pay to spray, and if so, what for ?
fungus, diseases or insects; bow often? at what time? what strength
of material to use, the cheapest mixture and the best plan of mixture ?
the best pump and the best nozzle to use.
We want to know our best berries on different soils and locations.
We want to know the best temperature for keeping fruits and the best.
time for gathering them.
We would like to see a model orchard, vineyard, small-fruit planta-
tion and garden carried on at Columbia, so that each year we could
have some results from it. We want to have every new variety tested
as soon as it is out, and the facts scattered far and wide. We want to
see some of our native fruits and nuts improved and improved until
we have a good persimmon, a better pawpaw, a choice and seedless haw,
a fine, large hazel-nut, a perfect hickory-nut, a soft-shelled walnut; in
fact, we want a lot of practical experiments carried on that will be of
value to every fruit-grower of the land. These besides those for
scientific purposes, which have been mentioned.
The Experiment station should also begin a series of experiments.
in fungus diseases, insect breeding, cross-fertilizing, hybridizing, feed-
ing and doctoring plants. How can they take up this matter without.
a laboratory and green-house to experiment in? To carry on experi-
ments correctly the entire plant and its surroundings must be under the
perfect control of the experimenter or the results will not be correct,
nor will they help to establish the law unless the experiment is exact.
Why should not the Experiment station have at least as good a
green-house as our common gardens have? It seems to us that the
equipment of our Station is far, very far, from what the interests.
demand.
Let us have a good horticultural work-shop where we can be sure
of what is done, and where a man can begin experiments and carry
them out, so that his results will be sure and certain. Let him have
sufficient apparatus so that he can protect the work he may undertake >
out of doors and carry it to a successful conclusion.
The second point at issue is, that there should be a certain fund
set apart for the use of the Horticultural department every year. How
WINTER MEETING. 135
can it be possible for the best man inthe world to plan and carry out
a series of experiments, unless he knows how much money he is to
have to use for his work? What encouragement can there be for a
man to experiment, if he does not know what money he is to have for
use? If there is one thing we should keepin mind at all times, it is
this *thought. Demand of the Board of Gurators $4000 per year for
the use of the Horticultural department.
The three of four points at issue are, that when they get a man
for the position, let them see that he is just the man, and then keep
him, keep him, keep him, so that he can grow into it, and his experi-
ments can be earried out, even if it should take a life-time.
Mr. Whitten, the man in the position now, will find the Society
his right-hand man and his firmest friend, and if the Board will sup-
port only one-half as earnestly and faithfully as this Society does, he
need only to march on to success. Then we will not have people
writing us from all parts of the State, from Columbia and Washington,
and the college also, asking what the Station has done for the Society
and the horticulturists of the State.
I suppose it is not in accord with the views of the Columbia peo-
ple or with the University people, to criticise the management of the
Agricultural College or Experiment station. But it is certainly and
surely in accord with the views of a very great portion of the agricul-
turists and horticulturists of the State to do so.
The utter disregard of the best interests of the producing class in
the work of both Station and College has helped to build up a very
strong feeling for separation from the University.
If there is one thing that needs to be put into practical use there
in Columbia, it is that the control of the experiments to be carried on
there be put into the hands of the State Board of Agriculture. Sup-
pose, for instance, that this work had been with this Society, and that
$4000 per year had been put into their hands to use for this purpose:
do you think fora moment that no better results would have been
shown than we now see? Where is the bulletin that should be issued
each three months, and where are the results from the experiments, or
where are the experiments themseives? Better by far put the whole
matter under the control of the State Board of Agriculture. Do the
Board of Curators fully understand the wants and aims and ends to be
accomplished? If they do, then they cannot but see the entire failure
of the Station in giving us any results of value for these many years.
A change, a turning upside down or inside out, a revolution, needs to
be instituted, and that at once, in the Station and its management.
136 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
But lest I weary you, I must close this outlining of work to any
greater extent. Enough, I am sure, I have said, to open the way fora
series of experiments, which, if judiciously followed, and’ a plan laid
out so that if one man drops out another can go on with it to its com-
pletion. If this address, this night, will have opened the way for the
accomplishment of these great facts successfully, or if it has opened
up a new line of thought to any of you that you would like to see fol-
lowed, I shall have accomplished my purpose; and unless these ends
are kept in view, and this work is carried on successfully and with some
sort of plan, then the whole Experiment station is a failure, and the
sooner the Station and the College are separated from the University,
the better it will be for the College and Station, and all concerned.
J. C, Evans—This paper opens up a vast field for discussion. I
want to say a few words. Itis not generally known by the people of
the State of Missouri that the government of the United States gives
the State some $40,000 a year for the work of the Agricultural College
and the Experiment station. This much money is absorbed every
year, and what have we done? We have not a college that is worth
the name. Mr. Waters is here; he is familiar with this work, and can
cover the ground.
Col. Waters—This question is too big to discuss now. Iam not
disposed to lay the censure so much upon the Board of Curators and
the professors in charge as upon the organic laws. The Board of
Curators, the President of the University, the Dean of the Agriculta-
ral College and the Director of the Station shift the responsibility
about from one to the other. Nobody knows why anybody else failed
to accomplish the work to be done. I think the management should
be changed. Itis certainly doing us no good whatever as now con- —
ducted. Who is to blame and who is to censure I don’t know.
As a stock-raiser, I have watched for results from the College and
Stationin vain. I amalso with the horticulturists of this country. They
have not taken up the breeding of fruits as they should have done.
Suppose we should pay no more attention to the breeding of stock
than has been paid to fruit. Our stock would go down in a few years ~
to the veriest scrubs. The American people and the people of Mis-
souri are being waked up to this question. I dare say they are wak-
ing up to the importance of this subject.
Mr. Smithe said recently to the Trans-Mississippi convention at
St. Louis: “The American people can sleep longer and remain in
ignorance of their true condition, and awaken quicker, than any other
people upon earth.”
WINTER MEETING. 137
L. A. Goodman—Let us have suggestions for the work of the
Experiment station.
Mr. Morrill of Michigan—I am surprised to hear that your Hatch
station has not done aaything of value to the fruit-growers of the State.
Your horticulturists, as the boy said, are making the waste places glad ;
they are doing a wonderfal work upon the Ozarks; they are making
your cheap lands valuable; they are huntiog dollars for themselves, I
admit, but they have increased the value of land in Southern Missouri
a hundred million dollars. This adds to your taxable wealth, and gives
employment to your people. Prof. Taft is worth a millian dollars to
the state of Michigan. The State of Missouri is to blame for letting
him go to Michigan. I don’t know your laws, but you must rattle the
dry bones at your Agricultural college. I-don’t know what is the mat-
ter, but there is something wrong.
Mr. Holsinger of Kansas—I think we have done better in Kansas,
but these schools of agriculture and horticulture have a bhum-drum
way of doing things. I believe I could plant more trees or vines in a
day than the whole college.
B. F. Smith, of Kansas—I came to Kansas about 15 years ago,
and have been running a station of my own. Anyone did not seem to
know what kinds of fruits would succeed there. Among other things,
they said I should mulch strawberries in the summer time. I did not
believe that would do.
I think it is now time for us to have some benefit from the Sta-
- tions. I have been spending money for what the Station should have
done.
Mr. Morrill—In our State a man who knows something of fruit-
growing can go there and buy a piece of land, send to the Station and
get a list of the fruits that will succeed in his soil and locality; also a
similar list of vegetables. Cornell took Bailey from us; Taft is a good
substitute. I think it is much harder to breed fruit than stock.
Mr. Holsinger—I believe that great good could be done by di-
viding up the Experiment station money among different parts of the
State. Edwin Taylor is worth more to the state of Kansas than both
Agricultural college and Experiment station together.
REPORT OF SPECIAL COMMITTEE.
Your Committee appointed to consider the status of the Missouri
. Experiment station, beg leave to report:
1. Wecommend Secretary Goodman’s address read at the Tren-
_ ton meeting, as relating to Experiment station work.
+ SS) ees
Oo) ene
s
138 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
2. From all the information at hand, we think the work done by
the Station, judging by results obtained, has fallen short of expecta-
tions, and in no sense commensurate with the expenditure in its main-
tenance,
3. A thorough reformation if not reorganization is needed.
4. To the end that the work at the Station may receive an impetus,
become of a thoroughly practical character, and be under the supervi-
sion of those directly interested iv the matter, we suggest ihat the
entire management be transfered to the State Board of Agriculture
and State Horticultural Society.
G. W. WATERS, Chairman.
R. E. BAILEY,
A. NELSON.
WEDNESDAY, Dec. 5—9 a. m.
Pres. Evans—We will take up the regular program this morning.
We have delegates from [llinois, Michigan and Kansas. I hope they
will feei at home, just as if they were in their own states. If they
have anything to say, I want them to say it freely.’
The first paper this morning is, Prevention of Root Blight, by S.
W. Gilbert, Thayer, Mo.
Prevention of Root Blight.
By 8. W. Gilbert.
It is a lamentable fact that there are hundreds, yes, thousands of
apple-trees dying in many states of the Union. Why should this
be so?
Thousands of trees that now appear perfectly healthy are already
doomed to a. very short life. Go with me, if you please, and visit the
hundreds of orchards that I have been in, in the last three years, and ~
observe closely the way in which they are pruned and cultivated, and
see if we can get an object-lesson that will aid us in our work.
Here we find an orchard that has very low heads, with no pruning
at all, except just enough to keep the head in good shape, having in
view a straight center shoot to have a well-balanced tree. The next.
orchard will have the heads started low, but all small twigs cut off the ©
trunk and of all large branches for from three to four feet from the
trunk. The next one we find high heads with no pruning of small
branches, and the next one will have the high heads with all small —
« ‘ ‘
XN
a
.
\
4
WINTER MEETING. 139
twigs cut off the main limbs for a distance of three to five feet from
the trunk, leaving only a small fly-brush at the end of the limbs.
Some of them will be well cultivated, and others neglected.
The first orchard that came under our observation we will find
more live and thrifty trees 10 to 1 than inany other orchard. |
Of all the orchards that i have visited, I have yet to see the first
tree that has died from what we call root blight, after coming into
bearing age, that has had its head started very low, say six inches to a
foot from the ground, and all the smal! limbs left untouched. TI infer,
then, that if we plant only such trees that have very low heads, and
leave our knives at home and do the main part of our pruning by pinch-
ing, our trees will be more healthy and live longer thanif pruned in any
other way.
I know that this method will not meet the approval of many fruit-
growers of the State, but I firmly believe that until something better
is found to prevent the death of our trees, it will be better to have
limbs and apples lying on the ground all over the orchard on the low
limbs than to have no trees.
To be sure, the apples grown on the low limbs will be deficient in
color and flavor; but if hogs can be putin the orchard, they will eat
all the fruit on the lower limbs, and make the balauee all the better by
having a head that will protect the body of the tree and the ground
under it from the hot rays of the sun.
*
Orchard Trees and Tree Fruit.
By Conrad Hartzell, St. Joseph, Mo.
Profit in fruit-growing is the great prompter. Beauty demands
some attention—perhaps too little. Trees for value first; secondarily
for beauty. Trees for the orchard is our theme. No disparaging
word is hereby offered to the term shrub, but it should never be
accorded the place ofa tree in the orchard. A'l manner of trees bear-
ing fruit were planted in the first orchard in a selected place, “ east-
ward in Eden.” No account of shrubbery being planted there. Man’s
business there was to dress and keep the orchard. Beauty and value
were the governing propositions.
Trees for the orchard—not shrubs—claims the attention in pro-
gressive horticulture. Too great haste commonly spoils the orchard.
The desire for too many shrubs—not trees—has wonderfully misled
very many fruit-growers in Missouri and elsewhere. Misguided begin-
nings hinder all manner of enterprises, but more particularly hinder
eee
140 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
horticulture. Profitable orchard trees must be thrifty and of proper
tree shape; must have a body as well as roots and limbs. Beautifal
trees in the orchard are only such when really trees. Proper tree
shape is a perpendicular, upright, one-trunk tree, both for beauty and
profit. A tree most profitable requires a proper beginning, which
should be the leading thought of the nurseryman. Quick profits is
too often the inspiring maxim; shrubs instead of trees are used.
Root cuttings and shrub tops are so-called trees, but they can only
at best be short-lived, and shorter profit, and the misguided or-
chardist is always sufferer. If there was no other desire than profit
in growing orchards, that is best realized in growing trees in the
orchard instead of shrubs, because better fruit, and more of it, can
be grown per acre on trees than on shrubs. Trees are easier kept
clean than shrubs. Trees are naturally designed for growing the
best fruit.
Whole roots are good, but whole tops are where the best fruit
grows; therefore the whole tree is required to bring the best result.
Too much cutting has been done at the wrong time, too little attention
has been given to starting the orchard properly. Trees cannot be
grown without time and attention; there are many things to be fully
considered and industriously manipulated in producing a long-lived,
profitable and beautiful orchard. Trees can be made to live long, and
be profitable and beautiful all the while, by starting them properly in
well prepared land. Selection of locality is important, but whenever
planted, care is very necessary. Insect trouble comes mostly from
neglect, but much less trouble and loss will be found with “trees” than
with too many shrubs. “Clean,” well-shaped trees are not inviting
homes for insects, while shrubs afford the insects most comfortable
homes, winter and summer. Tree fruit, apples, pears, peaches, plums,
cherries and others, including quinces, require trees upon which to
grow, not only for beauty but for the best fruit and most of it; even
gooseberries and currants are nearest perfect when grown on tree-
shaped plants; therefore, full-grown men should grow “trees” in the
orchard; planting shrubs instead of trees is like children’s play in-
stead of man’s business. Tree planting has a very special meaning
when properly considered. To cause long life in the tree it must be
planted in the ground, not set on the hard, unprepared earth, and must
be given sufficient room. Shrubs do not require much room, therefore
they have been used by the thousand, and by many have been called
trees, because they were obtained from nurserymen, and by them
recommended to be better than trees, because many more could be
planted.
‘.
:
WINTER MEETING. 141
Too many trees, or even too many shrubs, per acre is a great mis-
take. Trees, to be profitable, must have plenty of room. Well-started
trees and properly taken care of can be kept in thrifty, profitable
bearing more than doxnble the time usually seen under ordinary treat-
ment, and during all these many years be entitled to the dignified
name of beautiful trees, and at the same time be the joy and delight,
as well as the profit, of the owner. Efforts to grow pears and quinces
on shrubs have so very often proven abortive, even more so than
apples and peaches. Good, well-developed, thrifty pear and quince
trees are easily obtainable, not by dwarfing, but by starting and pur-
suing common-sense treatment. This must be done by a plan within
the reach of any and all fruit-growers who are willing to plant and
grow trees instead of shrubs. A departure from present methods
must be fully adopted and followed. Exact distance to plant trees
apart, all kinds of trees on all kinds of land for best results, cannot be
given, nor Gan in all trees exact length of body of trees be given; but.
a well-defined, visible, straight, one-trunk, smooth, clean body, of suffi-
cient length to keep up and hold the limbs above the ground, so that
the fruit may be gathered without creeping under brushy shrabs. Cut-
back, dwarfed trees or shrubs are generally too well supplied with
limbs, and in a few years go into general decline and worthlessness, so
that they are dead-old by the time that, if they were properly shaped
and given a natural good -chance, would be just coming into good,
profitable bearing. Tall trees—high-top trees—are not desirable, but
heavy-bearing, long-lived trees are always most profitable, and in order
thereto, trees must be started right. Shaping and pruning must be
completed before trees come into heavy bearing. Very little pruning
is needed if done at the right season andintime. A man must be
willing to be governed in some measure by nature, but he should be
manly.
The inexhaustible subject of horticulture will be more easily and
thoroughly understood when its advocates cease working against na-
ture. When trees are more generally planted in preference to shrubs;
when it becomes generally known that a much less number of trees
will produce a much greater quantity and better quality of fruits than
can be done with shrubs, and dwarfed and stunted bunches of roots
and tops, and when trees 40 and 50 years old bear as good fruit as
when they first came into bearing. Nurserymen should be paid a
price for * trees” for transplanting that will fuily justify them in using
up one whole root for one “tree.” Nurserymen can afford to encour-
age growth in roots, body and limbs or tops, and very measurably stop
cutting, cut, cut, cutting. Growth is wanted for trees. Shape must be
142 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
given to trees, and they must be dressed and kept by helping nature
in her very interesting work.
The wind waving the young trees is a very great help in strength-
ening them for their greater age. The one greater mistake than all
others is that shrubs only can stand the western winds. Nurserymen,
of all others, should know that trees of proper shape stand the prai-
rie winds better, even when fruiting, thau those cut back and thrown
out of proper shape, and thereby made weak and worthless. Close
observation for many years fally enables me to speak understandingly
and without any fear of successful contradiction. Therefore, it is ex-
ceedingly important that a very necessary change from shrubs to.
“trees” for the orchards for the future in the Mississippi valley be
inaugurated before the close of the Nineteenth century.
DISCUSSION.
N. I’. Murray—I will state my experience in Holt county. We
have had this same question as to the height of trees for 25 years.
Some of the old orchards did grow and make large trees with high
heads. Some of these trees are living yet. Hence some people advo-
eate high trees. In our county the men who try to grow these high
trees are not selling any fruit. J. R. Miller has 500 trees with limbs
one to two feet above the ground. In 1890 he refused the price they
offered him and got the highest price for his fruit. This last year he
got as much as any man in the county. In another neighborhood a
man with an orchard with tops five to six feet high has never sold $25
worth of fruit. The most persistent man in growing high tops in our
county is now going back to low tops. He now says, “give us the low
tops. They are the trees that bear fruit.” I would not give a pound
of success for a ton of theory.
Mr. Hartzell—I would refer to two orchards in Platte county as
evidence for high trees. Mr. Murray grows trees. He don’t grow
shrubs. I have seen trees not higher than the weeds in same field. It
is a mistake to grow trees so low we can’t get under them. We want
the limbs high enough to walk under good. I am talking for the good
of the.fruit man. I have no trees to sell.
J. W. Green—Let us make a little calculation. The limbs of a
tree will droop two or three feet when full of fruit. If the man is six
feet high his trees must be eight or nine feet to keep the branches high
enough for him to walk under. I want to call your attention to an or-
chard here in this county. It is the best orchard and the most profit-—
able in the county. The trees are sixteen feet apart and the limbs
come clear to the ground. It bears the finest fruit I know.
WINTER MEETING. ; 143
As to this whole-root business it looked like it would make a bet-
ter tree. I had 100 whole-roots some twelve or fifteen inches long,
grafted, and took a stick, drove it into the ground and planted the
whole-root. They grew and made the nicest trees I ever saw, and that
was aboutall they ever did. My theory is that the roots were poor-
growing seedlings. When the trees were four years oid they were not
bigger than my cane. There is absolutely nothing in the whole-root
business.
The first trees I planted were 33 feet apart; the next, 30 feet
apart. I then decreased the distance to 25 feet, and again to 21 feet.
I was induced to do this closer planting by what I saw at Olden. I
think Mr. Gilbert is right, except in one thing. Hogs in the orchard
are in the wrong place. He bas some hogs down there that if they
stood on their hind legs they could pick the apples from the highest
trees.
S. W. Gilbert: I have hogs in my young orchard and have seen
no bad effects from them. I planted three-year trees in 1889. Two
years later I’ replanted with one-year trees. These are now as large
as the others.
J.C. Evans: I[t was Arkansas hogs the Doctor saw. Mr. Gilbert
lives near the line.
N. F. Murray: The majority of the trunks of my trees range
from two to three and one-half feet. In the older part of the orchard
the trees with trunks over four feet high are dead. This orchard, 23
years old with low tops, netted me $50 per acre last year. I was
about to cut it down, but I will let it stand.
I believe a little judicious pinching or pruning is the proper thing
to do. Low tops shade the ground, prevent weeds from growing under
the trees, and protect the trees from the sun. The frait is also easily
picked. I get my apples picked for four or five cents a barrel. An-
other man paid 15 cents, and contended that apples did not pay. The
distance apart ought to vary with the variety and the land. We think
25 feet is a very good distance.
Mr. Kelsey: What is the cause of the death of high-top trees ?
Mr. Murray: I think sun-scald is one of the causes. The wind
blows the trees to the northeast and exposes the trunks to the burning
sun. Great damage is done in the winter season, in February and
March, when there is no foliage upon the trees. It is occasioned by
alternate freezing by night and thawing by day, until the bark of the
tree is killed dead. You will find in almost every instance that the
damage is on the southwest side.
144 STATE HORTICULTURAL, SOOIETY.
Mr. Gilkeson: How do you cultivate such low trees?
Mr. Murray: When the trees are small, I cultivate close to them.
Later I plow up the center and cultivate with a two-horse cultivator,
harrow and hoe. Very little will grow under low-head trees. Every
argument is in favor of the low, heavy head. When the top is heavy
laden, you don’t have to go under the tree.
Mr. Holsinger: Don’t you find the ground softer under the trees ?
Mr. Murray: Yes, thatis a fact. Last year when it was so dry,
buyers from New York were afraid that the apples would not mature.
They scratched under the trees and found moisture within three inches
of the surface, and were satisfied that the fruit would come to perfec-
tion.
Mr. Goodrich, of Illinois: My specialty is the stone-fruits and
berries. I am inclined to the view that western men do not dread low
trees. There is certainly great advantage in shading the ground, and
shading the body of the trees. One striking point in favor of low
heads is protection from the sun. Low trees can be picked for one-
fourth of the cost of picking tall trees. I have some cherry-trees so
high that it does not pay to pick them atall. In Illinois there are
1,000,000 trees of one or two varieties in one locality. Where will we
get pickers when all these trees have a full crop? If we grew trees
for looks we might grow them as forest trees, but we are working for
profit, and I think the trend is toward low trees.
B. F. Smith, of Kansas: I have been a close observer in Kansas.
Some varieties need more pruning than others. Some have branches —
that drop more than others; such trees should be started higher than
those with upright branches. Some of the older orchards are now
doing no good. I think, after six or seven years of heavy bearing, a
tree is ready to be cut down.
Dr. Green —I will give you a little experience of mine this year.
Part of my orchard has been in blue-grass for 20 years. This part was.
used as a calf-pasture for this year. The apples on this part were just
as good as those on the cultiuated part. I believe we need fertilization
more than cultivation.
Mr. Smith —What this Society approves has much effect through —
the country. Mr. Holsinger has a wonderful theory about roots and
tops. Ithink the roots and top of a tree should correspond. I should
not expect a tree to grow with large top and small roots, and vice versa.
I don’t believe in ‘the blue-grass theory; it binds and makes the tree
suffer for moisture.
Mr. Holsinger—aA little fresh experience along this line: I will
explain how I happened along this line. It is entire nonsense to cut
WINTER MEETING. 145
a tree back when transplanted, to make the top balance the roots. I
have taken scions four feet long and grafted them to one-half inch of
root and had them grow right along. I have taken trees of my own
growing four years old, too large to sell, transplanted them, and in
four more years (eight years from the graft), had them bear two barrels
of apples to the tree. This is a fact.
Mr. Goodman—The Society does not indorse what any man says.
Everything said in these papers or discussions goes for what it is
worth, and every person is responsible for his own statements. Some
years ago Mr. Haseltine, of Springfield, with his 640-acre orchard, ad-
vocated no cultivation. For a few years he had wonderful success ;
he now raises nothing but cider apples. You can’t tell me that we can
grow an orchard without cultivation because in the rich, virgin soil
some one may for a few years get wonderful results in this way.
As to the large tops and small roots, that must be taken with al-
lowance, also. You can’t take a tree in June and cut all the top from
it, plant it in June and have it live. If that tree had been planted in
the spring, while dormant, it might have made a fair growth. In grow-
ing those large water-sprouts with a small piece of root, it was growing
a cutling. People grow numbers of apples from cutlings, like growing
quinces. Some varieties will do very well certain seasons.
Mr. Green—I don’t wish to go on record as favoring no cultiva-
tion. I have cultivated my orchard nicely, with the exception named.
Mr. Morcili—What we learn at home we are sure of. When I
lived in Missouri I would not have trees high. You have summer and
winter here badly mixed. There is not a particle of evidence in favor
of a high-bodied tree in any part of Missouri. In Michigan I have a
35-foot extension ladder, and then I lack 30 feet of reaching the tops
of some of my old apple trees. The trunks of some of them are two
and one-half feet thick.
Pres. T. T. Lyon is the best living authority in the United States
today. The trees he planted at the Experiment station at South Ha-
ven, Mich., have heads only 18 inches from the ground. When I asked
him if that was trunk enough for an apple-tree, he said: “If you can
give me any reason for more trunk,I will discuss the matter with
you.” My experience is in favor of low-headed trees in Michigan. In
cutting back trees for buds we find those trees do best which are cut
back most. Our tall trees break down in the crotch. We are rapidly
getting into a frame of mind that doesn’t want a long-bodied tree or a
long-limbed tree. :
H—10
146 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Mr. Hartzell: In self-defense, I will say something about the
preparation of the ground. We must prepare the ground before we
put the trees in. No one ever saw a sun-scalded tree in properly pre-
pared ground. We must emphasize the fact of planting the tree in
the ground.
Mr. Morrill: Some of you are familiar with Prof. Brunk. He has
shown by experiment that a tree pruned of its side roots when planted
will, in a few years, have a better system of roots than trees planted
with all their roots.
B. F. Smith: When an apple-tree starts down hill and the crop
becomes unprofitable, cut it down.
Next came one of the most important papers of the meeting.
—
The Lessons of the Hour.
A. Nelson, Lebanon, Mo.
Shall we, as horticulturists, profit by its teachings? The lost ap-
ple crops the past three years have had a demoralizing effect on many
of our horticulturists; but to the man who takes a philosophical view
of the losses sustained, and once stops to consider that other crops
have failed, that business men failed, that corporations, banks and
bankers failed, and when they fail, the results are much more disastrous
than the loss of one, two or even three apple crops. You may ask,
why? My answer is, that when our crops of fruit fail, it is giving
to our orchards, in many cases, a much-needed rest. You must un-
derstand, if you do not already understand, that fruit-trees need, like
men or beasts of burden, seasons of rest and time to recuperate; but
our fruit losses have come upon us wholly through climatic conditions.
A change is coming, and is near at hand, and the man or men who
have carefully cared for and watched their orchards, as they ought to
have done, will reap a golden harvest in the near future. I knowthere ~
are those who have met with serious losses. Take the grasshopper
plague of little more than a year ago, then the untimely frosts that
killed outright, in many cases, and badly damaged in others, so many
acres of orchard recently planted; then. after all, comes on the locust
plague, putting on the finishing touch to many thousands of newly-
planted orchard trees. To such who have met with these losses, I can
only say, do not be discouraged. Do not give up, for apple trees of
the finest quality can be bought at very low prices. Labor is cheap,
and there is no better time to plant than right now, for we have facts
before us that will give you courage.
at Pt ee Pe ee
a ees
WINTER MEETING. 147
During the days in St. Louis with the Missouri fruit exhibit at the
Exposition, the Secretary of our Society received numerous letters of
which the following isa part: “One fruit man with twelve acres of
orchard, eight acres planted, sold twelve hundred barrels at $1.45 per
barrel, fruit hanging on the trees, leaving the refuse apples to be used
on the farm.” Twelve hundred barrels at $1.45 makes $1740, or $145
per acre. How many acrcs of wheat, corn or oats would it take to
produce this amount of money from twelve acres of orchard land?
Another one of the correnpondents had twenty acres of orchard trees,
either ten or eleven years planted. This man sold his crop for $4000,
or $200 per acre—thus showing that a true horticulturist has no need
of being discouraged.
In different parts of our country there have been trees put out on
what is known as the “two-crop” plan: that is, the planter gives the
nurseryman two crops of apples in fifteen years simply for the pur-
chase price of the trees. While this, in many cases, may induce tree-
planting, the cost of the trees is too great, thereby proving a hindrance
to horticulturists’ interest rather than benefiting it. To illustrate
this further, I have any number of first-class trees, from 20,000 to 40,-
000, that I would gladly give out on the ‘“‘one-crop” plan, or one crop
in twelve years, giving the planter the option to pay for these at any
time within eight years, if he so wished to Go. And even one crop in
twelve years is paying many prices for the trees.
PLANTING TOO MANY VARIETIES.
After years of study upon this question of orchards and orchard-
ing, and consulting and deliberating with the leading horticulturists of
‘the State, I have come to this conclusion: That we are planting too
many varieties of apples and I want to say right now that a man con-
templating planting one thousand or more trees, if he does not give
variety and soil a careful study and post himself thoroughly, especially
on varieties, that man will be lost in the shuffle. Six varieties are
plenty; eight varieties are more than plenty; but in no case or under
any circumstances should a man wishing to plant an orchard be talked
into putting out more than ten varieties at the most.
After years of study and careful observation made at the World’s
fair in Chicago, and at two great fruit shows in St. Louis, and from
evidence gained here and there, I shall attempt at this time to name
some ten varieties that will cover the list from a commercial stand-
point, by giving a brief sketch and history of each apple as it comes
in turn (showing to you the fruit as well as the trees—making it, as it
were, an object-lesson ). Commencing first with the old stand-by, the
148 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY.
Ben Davis; second, the Gano; third, the Clayton; fourth, the York
Imperial; fifth, the Ingram; sixth, the Jonathan; seventh, the Grimes
Golden; eight, the Robinson Pippin; ninth, the Babbitt, and tenth the
Minkler; of these varieties, as you will notice, two are green or yellow,
and eight are either red or splashed with red, all good size and color,
all good keepers, good growers and ‘good for commercial purposes.
A brief sketch of each of these famous apples may not be out of place,
but rather be of interest to many of you.
The Ben Davis originated in Kentucky nearly, if not quite, 100
years ago, known there first as the Kentucky Red-Streak. Then in
after years it received the name of New York Pippin. Cions of these
famous apples were sent into Illinois and there largely propagated and
from there received its now famous name, Ben Davis, and from that
date it has been known the world over by its present name. The
origin or parentage of this apple is unknown.
The Gano, one of the most beautiful as well as promising apples,
was first found growing in Northwest Missouri on an old Indian farm.
Mr. Gano, after whom this apple was named, having his attention fre-
quently called to the beauty and excellence of the apple, took a lively
interest in its propagation; and when the Olden Fruit Company of
Howell county was organized, Mr. Gano was selected as its first super-
intendent, and from that period on began the propagation of this now
famous apple, which is now being extensively planted wherever it is
known. The old tree, if now living, is known to be over 60 years of
age. Some say of this apple that it is a sport or chance seedling of
the Ben Davis, while I claim it is the old original “Ben” himself, only
under another method of treatment, and appears somewhat better in
good company.
The Clayton, another one of the grand new apples, was first.
brought to the notice of the fruit-growers by Maj. Ragan of Indiana.
The tree is a strong, upright grower in the nursery, as well as in the
orchard, and will stand planting at least four feet closer together than
most standard varieties of apples.
The New York Imperial is another one of the newer apples—a
grand one it is in all respects. The tree is a strong, hardy grower,
not subject to blight or disease. This apple is a seedling of the Little
Red Romanite, and, like its parent,a good keeper and a good com-
mercial apple.
The Ingram should never be left out of a planting, large or small,
as Owing to its late blooming, it is always sure of a crop when nearly
every other variety fails. Its parentage is the old Jeniting on one
side; no one knows the other. The tree is a good grower, wood
WINTER MEETING. 149
tough and hardy, anda most beautiful sight to see it loaded with its
beautiful fruit, especially a year like this one when apples are nearly a
failure.
The Jonathan, one of the best in the list, is a purely dessert apple,
but must be omitted from the list unless one has favorable ground for
planting it, which I will gladly give my ideas upon should any one
want to plant. This fancy apple is a seedling from one of the best
dessert apples ever known, the old Esopus Spitzenburg. If there is
an eastern or northern man within the sound of my voice, he will bear
me out in this assertion.
The Grimes Golden is another fancy dessert apple, and by some
prized as highly as the Jonathan. The parentage of this fine apple is
unknown, but enongh of the apple is known to give it a high place
with the horticulturists of this country.
The Robinson Pippin—This fine apple, its origin and parentage
unknown, has worked its way, unaided and alone, to the front in South
and Southwest Missouri. I pronounce it among the best— equal in
all respects as to flavor and quality to the famous old Newtown Pip-
‘ pin, of the Hudson river, New York. The tree is a good, strong
grower in an orchard — not quite so handsome in the nursery as some
others, but no planter should leave it out of his list.
The Babbitt—This beautiful apple has been before the public but
a short time, yet has gained a strong foot-hold among horticulturists
wherever planted and fruited, and is now being largely planted in the
northern part of the State. Its parentage is the famous Baldwin apple
of the East. This treeis a strong, vigorous grower of a somewhat differ-
ent formation from many other varieties, as you may note by examin-
ing the tree.
The tenth and last, but not least, on the list isthe Minkler. This
noted apple is another that claims the Little Red Romanite for its pa-
rentage. This is a wonderful growing tree in the nursery as well asin
the orchard. The apples are fine for general family use, as well as
dessert, and are being extensively planted all over Southwest Missouri,
and will soon be one of the leaders. As I first stated, ten varieties
are too many to plant, as the true aim of all horticulturists should be
quality first and quantity second. And why not? The successful
stock-grower should use for his motto, “ quality, quality!” And that
single word should be carved on every gate leading to the orchards
and to nurseries, and on the doors of every breeding establishment let
the motto be “ quality.”
If my time were not limited, I would like to give you some ideas
picked up, not only at our exposition at home, but at the World’s fair
150 STATE HORTIOULTURAL SOCIETY.
as well as in other places where our fruits have been exhibited; but
briefly, I will take our present fruit exhibit at the Exposition at St.
Louis, where for 40 days our State Horticultural Society has kept on
exhibition from 1200 to 2000 plates of Missouri fruits. This fruit
which I show to you now is a specimen of said fruits, taken from the
Exposition exhibit, except two or three plates of local growth. This
exhibit at St. Louis, while it cost much care and anxiety to those who
have had it in charge (they did their work well)—I say the exhibit was.
a care, and so it was, a8 not only thousands and tens of thousands of
our own people of this State viewed it in all its grandeur, but many
more thousands from all over the United States, and some foreigners
thrown in, viewed with delight this wonderful exhibit of fruits from
grand old Missouri.
SOME WANTS OF HORTICULTORISTS.
But to the lessons of the hour; are we improving them? The
horticulturists of the State are asking that, commencing with another
year of fruitage, experiments be started and carried out in the way of
fertilizing, pollenizing and cross-breeding of our hardy fruits, seeking -
thereby an improvement upon even our very best varieties of apples,
pears, etc. We believe it is possible, and the horticulturists of the
State are waiting and watching to see if the good people of Columbia,
who are in charge of the experimental work, will not take up this line,
and by so doing lead us, the horticulturists of Missouri, out into light,
where we now are groping in the dark. Weask, why cannot the apple,
the peach, the pear and other fruits be improved upon by this line of
work of cross-fertilization until they become standard or thoroughbred,
the same as is brought about in all other lines of breeding? Why can
we not, by selections from our largest and most perfect specimens of
our hardiest fruits, and*at the same time the strongest and hardiest
trees, not start this line of work? From these results then commence
propagation from such stock, and soon there will be a let-up to the
decaying of trees at the roots, tree blights and an early decay of trees
in our orchards. Has not this early decay of trees come from the
reckless way of collecting seeds from the poorest specimens of imma-
ture fruits—imperfect peach seed from the canning factories and such
establishments, and apple seeds from the cider mills, where nothing
but the poorest of the orcbardsever go? And this is all done because
our nurserymen, as a Class, call it cheap, instead of being just as care-
ful in selecting peach and apple seed as the farmer is in the selection
of his seed of corn, wheat, etc., or the gardener of his seeds.
WINTER MEETING. 151
Why may we not expect that our Experiment station will take up
this line of work that would go through a line of years? Possibly not to
benefit you and me, but it will benefit those who will soon be called
upon to fill the places we are filling today. I believe it is possible,
Mr. Chairman and gentlemen, to breed a line of fruit that will be hardy
enough to stand such chilly winds and frosts that lost us our fruit crop
this last season, and at the same time improve in quality.
Mr. Chairman, you know that this work of experimenting is being
carried on, not only in our State, but in many other states, in a small
way by individuals. But the life of one man is too short to take up
the line of work here suggested, and as the general government has
donated very handsomely to our State many thousand dollars per year
to carry out this and other lines of experimental work, why not from
the Experiment station iet this work start and be carried out in such
a way that the people will be benefited thereby? It is not my inten-
tion or wish to follow this line further, but to bring to your minds, in as
brief way 4s possible, more important lines of work that the horticul-
turists and fruit-growers of the State feel that we want more know-
ledge upon, for, as above stated, we nor any one of usare abie to carry
these lines of work to completion; but we do ask the Station to take
it up and carry it through, that the future generations may work in the
light where we are working in the dark.
One or two more points and I will close. The fruit-growers of
Missouri would like to know of this matter of spraying, to rid our or-
chards of the different orchard pests, and would like to know abonat
the value of Paris green and other substances used for spraying. How
pure is the Paris that goes to the public? Has the Experiment Sta-
tion fixed its seal to any particular brand, so that they can tell the fruit-
growers of Missouri how many ounces of poison should be used to one
hundred gallons of water? And again, we want the managers at the
Station to tell the fruit-growers what are the cheapest and best fertili-
zers to use on their soil; hew to make them at home, or how to obtain
them and where to obtain them the cheapest—as the time is at hand
when this subject of plant food, especially food to the orchards, will
have to be taken up, and why not take it up now? I believe nowisa
goodtime. I have, no doubt, gone far enough in outlining some prom-
inent wants of the fruit-growers of Missouri, and for fear of wearying
you, I will close ; but let me tell you, fellow-horticulturists, these ques-
tions are among some of the all-important subjects the horticulturists
want answered.
152 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
DISCUSSION,
J. OC. Evans—Mr. Nelson is mistaken in regard to the origin of the
Gano apple. Old man Jacks of Platte county formerly lived in How-
ard county. In his old orchard in Howard county, you will find large
old trees of the same apple, older than any in Platte county.
Mr. Gilkeson—We have the same apple in Johnson county.
©. C. Bell—Perhaps old man Jacks was an Indian.
J.C, Bender—Itis the leaves that make the roots, and not the
roots that make the leaves of atree. It all comes from the atmos-
phere, and nothing from the land. Orchards and lands plowed most
will soonest become exhausted. Tramping will ruin any land. In
Belgium and all over Europe, they never have cattle upon the Jand.
Their trampinvg kills the land.
Mr. Dodd—I think we ought to have a law charging a man $100
license for advocating the growing of grass in orchards before a horti-
cultural Society.
Mr. Morrill—I have got something worth the trip from Michigan.
We are told that the fertility is all in the air, and that the trees draw
nothing from the soil. We have just as good orchards in Michigan
as any state, but they cost us a great deal of money to keep them fer-
tilized. If we can keep them up on air, it is the best thing I have
learned to take home with me.
Dr. Green—I think we are doing but little of the cultivation.
Harth-worms are doing the most of it. Just think of it! five tons of
earth-worms to the acre! You can grow them in blue-grass.
L. A. Goodman—You can’t grow anything in the green-house in
soil full of earth-worms. Just as soon as we find earth-worms we kill
them.
J. C. Bender—Only 5 per cent of vegetation comes from the
ground; the rest comes from the air. The fact that there are no
pores in the roots of plants ought to prove that they grow from the
air.
Mr. Morrill—Do plants get their phosphoric acid from the air?
Mr. Bender—Manure and fer eli are applied to soils to improve
their mechanical condition.
Mr. Murray—It may be very nice to listen to these fine theories,
but it is a condition that confronts us, and not atheory. Twenty-five
years ago we had too many summer and fallapples. Now we are at
the other extreme. I find that summer apples pay well. I start with
Early Harvest, continue with Red Astrachan, Maiden’s Blush, Rambo,
Ben Davis, Jonathan and Winesap. The last three are enough for —
WINTER MEETING. 153
winter. The Winesap bears well; trees 25 years of age are still bear-
ing; it is gaining in favor every year. The Willow Twig does well in
limestone soil. There are not enough Jonathan grown yet; it can be
kept all winter with proper care in picking, bandling and keeping.
Dr. Smith—I think the Winesap has poor roots; it is lacking in
foliage; when the tree is old the frnit is small. I think Mr. Nelson’s
paper is a very valuable one; I think ten varieties too many; as many
as six would not be needed. I think the Minkler would not supersede
the Gilpin in this part of the State. Would not an acre of Maiden’s
Blush pay as well as an acre of Ben Davis? I think the Grimes ex-
celient—none better—but in our part of the State it dies by the root
blight. I think a dollar a barre! for Ben Davis would pay as well as a
dollar and a half for Jonathan. Mr. Darand has had success with the
~Jonathan, and I think he is right in holding on to it. I think it is the
third rate in profile. I think Ben Davis, Willow, Winesap and Jona-
than, are our most profitable winter apples. Maiden’s Blush and Red
_Astrachan are the best early.
Mr. Murray: Early fruit has paid well for several years, even in
‘small quantities. If we grow larger quantities and ship by the car-
load, I think it will pay as well as winter fruit.
Mr. Nelson: Mr. Murray, we don’t wish to interfere with the
business of the small-fruit grower. In our part of the State we have
-almost no local market, and would have to ship our summer fruit. It
would come in competition with small fruits.
Question—How is the Clayton ?
It is one of the best in our locality. We have no old orchards ;
we don’t know how it will last.
Mr. Patterson—We have planted three-fourths Ben Davis and
one-fourth Willow Twig, Jonathan, Clayton and Yellow Transparent.
Five hundred trees of the Yellow Transparent, the earliest apple there
‘is, eight years from the graft, produced $400 worth of fruit.
Mr. Fell—The three best are Ben Davis, Janet and Winesap. Our
‘Soil is deep, heavy, black.
Mr. Gilkeson—I name Ben Davis, Jonathan and Grimes as the
‘three best.
C. C. Bell—As a dealer, I find Ben Davis still in the lead. Wine-
sap doesn’t pay, a8 a usual thing. Jonathan is best for the market,
but I don’t advise any man to plant it longer. I think the most money
is in a good winter apple.
Mr. Blanchard—I woald certainly not omit Rome Beauty.
Mr. Holsinger—I would plant, for money only, Ben Davis and
mothing else.
154 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Mr. Boucher—Ipn Randolph we are planting mostly Ben Davis,
Willow Twig and Jonathan.
Mr. Lilly—Ben Davis is mostly planted in Livingston county.
Grundy member--In this county I am planting Ben Davis, Willow
Twig and Jonathan. This fall I have Willow Twig and Ben Davis. —
The Jonathan will be set in the spring.
Mr. Baxter—In Hancock county, Illinois, nine-tenths of the apples
planted are Ben Davis. Next come Jonathan and Wythe.
Mercer county member—We plant Ben Davis, Willow and Jona-
than. Porter, Famense and Lowell pay well as fall apples. ‘
WEDNESDAY, Dec. 5—2 p. m.
The following papers were all read before discussion :
“ Hardy Peaches”—S. Blanchard.
“ Peach Growing ”—C. Howard.
“ Can We Breed a Hardy Peach ?”—Z,. T. Russell.
Hardy Peaches,
S. Blanchard, Oregon, Mo.
It seems that our ralers at times take upon themselves great.
authority to assign certain subjects to be explained or illlustrated
(without our knowledge or consent) at such meetings as those where
the best talent in the State and adjoining states is present.
This can but be a very mortifying task to all not having a good
share of egotism or self-esteem. But enough of this.
The writer commenced the fruit business 32 years ago. My expe-
rience bas been varied in that time, for at times for several years in
succession our trees would be loaded with fruit, followed, sometimes,
with as many years of failure.
In 1862 we had an early hard freeze that not only killed peach
trees, but many varieties of apples. Since then we had one winter
that killed nearly all of our trees. ;
The other failures have arisen from the effects of excessive cold
in killing the buds.
Hence we have had some good opportunities for testing the hardi-
ness of the peach.
Experience and observation have proven that the seedling trees
are not more hardy than many of the budded varieties. i
On my place the Hale’s Early and Crawford’s Late and Heath
Cling have proven the most hardy ones.
Hale’s Early has with the writer rotted badly on the trees.
WINTER MEETING. 155.
Peach-Growing.
Clarence Howard, Willow Springs, Mo.
Being only an amateur in the business, with but little experience,
I shall only attempt to present that experience briefly, in order to open
the subject for discussion.
In planting the peach I am governed by no special rule or system,
but use my own judgment. Sometimes I root-prune, and other times
I do not, unless bruises ete. occur.
My ground is marked off as deeply as possible with a double plow,
then followed by a single shovel (as I have no sub-soiler); I then dig
the hole, using pick, mattock and shovel, loosening the ground thor-
oughly for several feet around the tree with the pick, throwing in a
few shovelfuls of the best top-soil. I then set the tree and firm it
well with my feet. Before planting, the roots are thoroughly soaked
ina mulch of mud and water. If my tree isin good condition I sel-
dom lose one.
I prefer fail planting if the season is suitable, as the roots will
have no leaf burden to support until spring; the rains and freezes of
winter will firm the fine soil around the roots, and when the spring
opens they are ready and willing to supply sufficient nourishment for
the foliage without any detriment.
Last fall I had 300 yearling apples to set, but only got out 150,
and in the following spring the other 150 were set. All of these trees
were growing and doing nicely until the locusts made their appear-
ance. The locusts served all alike, and the result was: those that
were set in the fall pulled through all right, while four-fifths of those set
in the spring died from the effects. From this little experience, I
believe I can safely recommend fall planting. I would naturally infer
that this would apply to the peach as well as the apple, although the
locusts did not puncture my peaches as badly as they did the apples.
However, I believe my point is sustained. I have several other
evidences of proof, and should there be a doubter, I would advise an
experiment. I believe thorough caltivation without any other crop is
the thing for a peach orchard; yet I have never tried it. I have ex-
perimented with corn, peas, clover, oats, etc. With corn and peas the
results were good; if any difference, it’s in favor of the peas. Clover
(with trees cultivated both ways) had apparently the same results, until
the drouth, which seemed to have a telling effect. Early in the fall the
156 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
foliage had a slightly sickly appearance and began to drop prematurely. —
The wood growth was not quite so good and thrifty as those in the
corn and peas. This clover was spring-sown, and, of course, very
tender. |
Those that were in the oats without any cultivation were almost a —
complete failure. These trees were sickly and wormy, with but little
growth. I begin cultivating when I am preparing for my erop in the
spring, and quit when the crops are laid by. I use double shovels, but
I believe a pick or mattock would produce better results.
After setting I generally cut to a whip, cut frequently, leaving a
few prominent buds to shape the trees. The second and third years I
cut from one-third to one-half, always having in mind the shape of the
tree.
Now, Mr. President, as J am very much pressed for time, I hope
your Association will overlook all irregularities in these few scattering
thoughts. Having so little experience in growing peaches, and less in
telling what “I know” abont it, I felt a hesitancy in saying anything.
So I tried to worm out of it, but your worthy Secretary, cruel as he
is threw a lasso around my neck and drew me up to the slaughter.
This reminds me of a little experience I had down the road a few
years ago. I had just concluded reading “ Mulberry Sellers,” when a
man came along and easily induced me to purchase one-half interest
in a nursery establishment. Of course, the first thing was to let the. |
people know that I was there for the purpose of making things “hum.”
A card was struck off—“C. Howard, of. , has purchased one-half in-
terest in ; 21 years’ experience as a nurseryman and orchardist.”
In fact, I did not know aWild Goose plum from a black-jack. Ten days |
later a prominent attorney met me, handed me one of my ecards, and
stated that his orchards of various fruits had not been properly pruned
for three years, and that he wanted it done properly, regardless of cost, —
After making all excuses possible, to no effect, I said to myself, “He’s —
nobody but a lawyer, anyway.” So { promised to be on hand the next
day. Just imagine my surprise, on arrival, to find a class of female
botany students, from a near-by college, waiting for the “professional”
to come to get some points, as pruning was their next lesson.
I charged that fellow 50 cents each for every tree I pruned, and
still have his note drawing eight per cent.
4
¢
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WINTER MEETING. 157
Can We Breed a Hardy Peach?
Z. T. Russell, Carthage, Mo.
That man may and does have great influence over many of the
products of nature, changing them this way and that, within certain
limits, as he may desire, is a proposition that few will care to dispute.
As illustrating this may be mentioned domestic animals of all kinds,
and fruits and flowers of every kind and description. We are all
more or less familiar with the results that have been accomplished by
skillful, systematic work in the breeding of poultry and pet stock.
Old breeds have been greatly improved and entirely new ones pro-
duced. Their form, size, color and other qualities and characteristics.
have been changed or modified almost at pleasure. The sense of smell
has been greatly developed in some varieties of the dog, giving us the
almost human pointers and setters of today, while in others, like the
greyhound, speed has been developed and the sense cf smell left com-
paratively dormant. Again, see what has been done toward the im-
provement of our swine from the “hazel-splitter” of olden times to the
fine breeds of today. They have been developed in the direction of
early maturity and in their ability to take on fat, and at the same time
they have been bred to a uniformity in other respects, of form, color,
size, etc., that is perfectly wonderful.
And what has been said of the foregoing is equally true of and
applicable to sheep and cattle, some breeds being highly developed in
a certain direction, as, for instance, the production of milk, while
others are as highly developed, but in an entirely different direction,
having, for instance,a tendency to lay on flesh. And all this has been
brought about mainly by the skill of man.
Again, take the American trotter. See what a wonderful develop-
ment has been made of the ability to travel rapidly by the trotting
gait. And canit be that man can do all this and still be unable to
breed a hardier peach-tree than any we now have?
And the vegetable kingdom, too, as well as the animal, is, to a
very great extent, under the control of man. In fruits, vegetables and
flowers, what wonderful changes have been wrought, and what aston-
ishing developments made in the direction of the improvement of their
color, size, form, earliness, hardiness, beauty, quality, ete. Many in-
stances of these developments are familiar to you all. The rose, the
gladiolus, the strawberry, grape, and nearly all garden vegetables, are
familiar examples well known to all. But why go further into detail
158 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
or argument on this point. I do not think it can be denied that man
has succeeded, to some extent at least, wherever he has tried, in de-
veloping any propertiss or peculiarities possessed by a plant or an
animal. Then, when his power bas been so great and his success so
pronounced in other lines of a similar nature, why should he not breed
a hardier peach tree? I believe he can, and that if the same care,
skill and persistence is brought to bear on the breeding of a hardy |
peach that has been necessary to produce a two-minute pacer or trot-
ter, he is bound to succeed.
Again, a race of hardy people are found in the cold countries; a
race of hardy cattle are in possession of the cold lands; a race of
hardy ponies and dogs are found there, and varieties of the apple, the
blackberry and other fruits have been found or bred which can ‘endure
the cold of northern latitudes. Then why can not varieties of the
peach be produced which will do the same?
If all varieties of the peach were equally tender, then improve-
ment in the direction of hardiness might be despaired of; but we
know that they vary greatly in this respect. Then, reasoning by anal-
ogy from what has been done, all we have to do is to begin with the
hardiest we have, and from them breed new varieties, and continue
right on producing new varieties from the hardiest and best to be had.
The hardiest peach I have tried is the Early York—an excellent
variety in other respects, as well as being hardy. The Crosby is also
said to be more hardy than others. Nowa good beginning might be
made, I should think, by crossing these two varieties; and if the line
of treatment here indicated is carried out, I van not see why trees
may not be produced that will endure 10 or 15 degrees, at least, of
cold more than any now existent.
DISCUSSION.
N. F. Murray—lIt is certainly time to make a step in the direction
of a hardy peach. We must produce varieties that bloom later. We
don’t need the whole summer to grow a peach in this latitude. In 100
varieties which we planted in Holt county, Hale’s Early was the hard-
iest, because it blooms later. The Jonathan apple crop was lost insome
parts of the State because it blooms early. Two weeks later bloom-
ing would be a great point in its favor. I believe we can raise a hardier
peach, so that we can have peaches nearly every year in North Mis-
souri.
Dr. Green—I believe that if you can get a tree to bloom once it
is safe. I have noticed for the last ten years that when our trees bloom
we have a crop.
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WINTER MEBRTING. 159
J. C. Evans—Our hardiest peach tree comes from Texas. I
don’t believe you can get a tree from the north that will prove hardy
in this climate.
Mr. Baxter—I believe that Mr. Murray’s point of late blooming
is the best made here today. Late blooming varieties are the best for
apple, peach and everything.
Mr. Murray—As to peaches never being killed after coming into
bloom, the trouble is they are most liable to be killed by hard frosts
before they come into bloom. EHarly blooming varieties swell early.
Warm spells in the fall or winter swell the buds, making them liable to
be killed.
Mr. Gilkerson—The peach is sometimes killed in December, as a
result of fall swelling.
Mr. Russell—To keep the buds from swelling in warm, wet fall
weather, I believe that something spread under the tree to keep the
ground dry would be beneficial.
Mr. Fell—I think the sun shining upon the branches has a great
deal to do with the swelling of the buds. Trees upon the north side
of houses sometimes bear when others fail.
J. C. Evans—We can never raise peaches commercially with what
kinds we have now. We must have new kinds, hardier than those we
now have. All these appliances are not practicable upon a commercial
scale.
Mr. Murray—Shading the ground doesno good. There is enough
sap in the branches to start the buds, even if the ground is frozen. I
have seen trees bloom early on the north side of a hill, where the sun
could hardly touch them.
Mr. Chubbuck—In regard to breeding a hardy peach tree, Prof.
Clark has a peach orchard in Massachusetts. He has observed that
those trees which suffered from the cold have a peculiar form of blos-
som. I don’t think we can make a hardy tree by crossing two varieties.
I do think we would have to go north for such a tree.
Mr. Baxter—Hach kind is true to its characteristics wherever it
may have been grown. The Virginia seedling grape is not hardy in >
cold climates, though it is late in blooming. Ives seedling will swell
in February, and still prove hardy. So it is with the apple and pear.
Mr. Goodrich, of Illinois—We have tried artificial protection a
good deal and have been disappointed. Covering with cloth gave no
practical results. In Southern Illinois peaches are sometimes killed
when as large as the end of my finger. I was disappointed; I failed
to see that Mr. Russell tells us where we have made any advance
toward ahardy peach. My orchard of pears, cherries and peaches is
160 STATE HORTIOULTURAL SOOILHTY.
now old enough to bear a crop. They bloomed, but we lost the crop.
If we can retard the blooming it will be practical.
L. A. Goodman—There are two causes of difference in the time of
our peaches blooming. The trouble is not to find a peach-tree that is
hardy enough. We have plenty of them. We want a peach witha
hard, firm wood, that will retard the tree in blooming. One week’s
difference in the time of blooming often makes the difference between
success and failure. Some varieties ripen their wood thoroughly.
Some varieties scarcely ripen at all, We can make some difference by
cultivation. For instance, one week’s later cultivation in the fall will
sometimes start the buds enough to lose the crop in the fall, while an
orchard not cultivated at that time would stand the winter. Peaches
sometimes stand 18° below zero, and we have had peaches; but to do
this they must bein good condition.
Mr. Murray—Among the hardier kinds I would name Oldmixon
Free, Hale’s Columbia, Picket’s Late, Druid Hill and Mt. Rose. I
would like a little further discussion of varieties, cultivating and
pruning. We have men here from Michigan and Illinois who can tell
us something.
Mr. Goodrich—In Illinois we are still searching for the hardy
peach. Crosby succeeds in Massachusetts, but does not succeed in
New Jersey. Wiliit sueceed in Illinois? Do you think there is any
promise in Mr. Budd’s Russian and Mother China importations ?
Mr. Waters—There is a suggestion in a paper upon irrigation to
be presented here that bears directly upon this subject. By keeping
up a continuous growth the tendency of the sap to rise late in the
season would be shut off. The wood would ripen at the proper time.
Mr. Murray—I once had a fine crop of many varieties when the
thermometer had been 21° below zero. I had a number of trees cul-
tivated till winter. These trees were killed. Never cultivate after
the first of July. About this tying up trees, we can’t get moisture
enough. We have no trouble here in Missouri with the yellows. We
have no yellows west of the Mississippi river, though I believe the
Rural World did report yellows in Missouri last year.
Editor Longman—The government report is responsible for the
statement.
J. C. Evans—The government is often responsible for things which
are not responsible.
SPRAYING.
Mr. Gilkeson—I sprayed my apples twice. They were quite clear
of moth. Another man in my vicinity had an orchard of 1200 bushels
of apples. He sprayed well, and had hardly a moth. Another orchard
WINTER MEETING. 161
not sprayed lost about half of its fruit by rotting; nearly every one of
them had a moth.
My spraying was done in May, with London purple—one pound
to 160 gallons of water on part, and one pound to 200 gallons on part.
The first year I sprayed, I used one pound to 100 gallons of water.
The next year I used one pound to 150 gallous. This year, mostly one
pound to 200 gallons. I sprayed twice in May, about 10 days apart.
Mr. Young sprayed a second time, six days after the first spraying,
and then 10 days later sprayed a third time. His orchard, nine acres,
produced 1100 bushels of apples. Another point: I had two very
large trees in my garden; I sprayed them, but could not reach the top
of the trees. In the top of the tree they were badly affected. Where
I sprayed, the apples had no moth. Those in the top of the trees fell
first.
D. A. Robnett—My tomatoes had a black spot upon the blossom
end. They rotted before they were fit to use. I sprayed them with
Cannon’s Fruit Protector. This stopped the rot.
Mr. Holsinger—In thinking of this question it struck me that we
ought to classify it into two parts: Why do we spray? and what do
we spray for? There is no doubt whatever in my mind that spraying
is a panacea for fungi. It seems to me entirely impossible to kill the
codling moth by spraying. In the case of foliage-eating insects it is a
complete remedy; but I don’t think we have ever killed a codling moth
in this way. My orchard this year had 10,000 bushels of apples free
from moth. Mr. Espenlaub’s, sprayed, were faulty.
Mr. Murray—I have never sprayed for anything but the codling
moth. White arsenic gave good results. Lately I have used London
purple, one pound to 100 gallons of water. We will never get the full
benefit of spraying until it becomes general. Spraying every other
tree would be like killing the chinch-bugs from every other hill of corn.
The bugs would soon reinfest the hill from those around. If my neigh-
bor doesn’t spray, my orchard will suffer from the insects he has
allowed to breed upon his trees. -Results show that spraying has been
beneficial. I sprayed twice this year. I began as soon as the blos-
soms dropped, and sprayed again ten days later. If this spray is
washed off by rain it must be applied again.
Mr. Lilly—I have had only one year’s experience. In some or-
chards not sprayed I have found perfect fruit, and in some orchards
sprayed. I have found imperfect fruit. There were more failures than
successes.
nH 14
162 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Prof. Whitten—I wish to name another point. In the Botanical
garden we sprayed pear trees for the codling moth, beginning shortly
after the blossoms fell and spraying three times. I supposed we had
done with the moth for the year; but 95 per cent of the fruit was af-
fected with codling moth from the later broods. It is well known that
there are sometimes three broods ina season. The second crop will
come in and do damage, even if you have destroyed the earlier brood.
Mr. Robnett spoke of spraying for the plum aphis and also of spray:
ing cabbage. I would like to know with what results?
Mr. Robnett—Plum aphis was killed by tobacco and quassia, three
ounces of each to one gallon of water. Ina small garden of cabbage
we got rid of the worms and lice by hot water very near the boiling
point. It killed some of the edges of the outer leaves, but did no
harm. ;
Dr. Green—Three years ago I made absolute failure in spraying
apples. Out of every 50,49 had moths. I sprayed plums six times.
They nearly all bad wormsin them. The spraying business is a hum-
bug. We can’t save our fruits by spraying. That is played out. A
friend in Indiana proposes to catch them and kill them by lights and
fly-paper. In three nights he caught them all.
Mr. Morrill— We know we can clean out the codling moth. When
the calyx is open, we can kill them with poison. The second brood is
harder to manage. If all of us killed the first brood, there would be
no second. There is another apple insect, the apple maggot, which is
sometimes mistaken for the codling moth. It works be:ween the apples
where two touch.
Because one man fails, there is no reason why he may not succeed,
when we understand the nature of the trouble and work at the right
time with the proper materials. Government tests show that the live
spores of the scab remain dormant when dry. A little water starts it,
but if the water has one pound of bluestone to 50,000 pounds of water,
the spore dies. These spores are now resting in your orchard ready
for spring.
When it rains, it sticks to the apple, and makes it scabby, so that
you can’t sellit. Within a few years the big orchards will be found
spraying on such mild winter days as this. That is going to be the
final result of spraying. I think it probable that lime will not be mixed ~
with the bluestone in the future. Taft has been trying one pound to
five barrels of water. It does not injure the foliage, but kills every
spore it strikes. To say that spraying is a failure is wrong. Some
men may have failed, but spraying is a success.
WINTER MEETING. 163
Mr. Evans—I have a man to start to spraying very early in the
season, with my attention directed toward the fungi now and toward
insects later. We expect to work upon the first crop. It was the
third crop that used up the Doctor’s apples. Last spring at my home
place I did not spray. I flattered myself that I was free from codling
moth as the result of the previous year’s spraying, but ninety-five per
cent of my Geniting apples were wormy.
Mr. Baxter of Illinois—No county in the United States sprays
more than Hancock county, Illinois. Last year we used 24,000 pounds
of blue vitriol. Asa result we have saved our crop of grapes. Five
years ago we did not have enough to make jelly. This year the same
vineyard produced 3000 baskets of grapes. The old French mixture,
six pounds of vitriol and four pounds of lime to twenty-two gallons of
water, has given the best results. We slake our lime, let it cool, then
dissolve our bluestone in water; when we are ready to make our mix-
ture we put in the slaked lime and pour the bluestone upon it, with
thorough stirring. It will not settle. In spraying you must strike the
fruit. It is not sufficient to strike the foliage and the ground. We
spray before blooming and just after the fruit is set. If you don’t
begin early you had just as well save your material.
For apples we use the regular Bordeaux mixture, with one pound
of London purple to 200 gallons, immediately after the blossoms drop.
Do it thoroughly. The blue vitriol solution gives the apple a good
color. Weare satisfied that spraying is a success with us. In 1000
bushels of apples not 10 per cent were imperfect. We were offered
30 cents per bushel more for apples than was offered for the best other
apples in the neighborhood. There are over 100 individuals in Nauvoo
who have had good crops for years. There is a great deal in the ma-
chine. The best machine, on a large scale, is the Nixon, made at Day-
ton, O. The Nixon nozzle is one of the best I know of. Fora knap-
sack nozzle the Vermorel is the best. It is strong, simply constructed,
and with care will last for a lifetime.
Conrad Hartzell—The subject of spraying was up before the St.
Joe Horticultural Society. It wants the best information it can get on
the subject from this Society. We want to know when the codling
moth gets in its work. Where does it stay in the winter?
Prof. Whitten—The codling moth winters in the cocoon, which
may be found almost anywhere. It hatches in the spring about the
time the fruit-trees bloom and for a few weeks later. They lay their
eggs in the blossom end of the apple. Ina few days the little tiny
larva hatches and begins to gnaw its way right into the heart of the
fruit. It is ready to mature in three or four weeks. It then goes out
164 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
and forms a little cocoon, and in a few days comes out just asin the
spring. There are sometimes three crops ina season. The last crop
stays here in the winter; some of them are inthe apple. They hide
in the cellar, apple barrels, under the bark of the tree, and in almost
every conceivable place. It is not known whether the moth feeds or
not when in the perfect state.
The cocoon is a little more than one-half an inch in length and of
a dull gray color. It is not entirely nocturnal; it may fly in the day-
time.
J. ©. Evans—We have caught a peck of them in one day with
sweetened water, near our apple-packing shed.
Mr. Murray—Will not traps catch our friends as well as our foes?
Prof. Whitten — Just as many friends as foes. I think the cod-
ling moth exists only a few days.
I would like to have samples of injurious insects from all parts of
the State.
Mr. Neff —I bought a barrel of soured sorghum and used it for
bait. The first night I caught 500 codling moths. That season there
was not one apple in 400 that was wormy. The next year it did well.
I hung a can of the sorghum in every fourth apple-tree. Since then I
have failed. I could get no sorghum as good for the purpose as the
first barrel. As far as my 300 chickens run the apples were good ;
the plums, also, were good; so I have come to the conclusion that
the best thing I can do is to increase my flock of chickens.
Mr. Baxter —You ought to have a law to prevent spraying trees
or plants when in bloom. It will kill the bees and they are our best
friends.
Mr. Goodrich—In plum-growing we have many insects to fight.
Spraying does no good. All varieties of plums bloomed, and I sprayed
till I injured my trees, and I don’t know that I killed an insect. It is
just as easy to grow plums as corn or potatoes, if you will keep the:
curculio down.
Mr. Goodman—Does not spraying keep the insects away ?
Mr. Goodrich—I don’t think it makes any difference, though the
curculio does feed, in a measure, upon the green foliage.
Mr. Baxter—We have been successful with the peach and plum.
London purple, combined with the Bordeaux mixture, generally does
the work.
Mr. Baldwin, Kansas—Twenty-tive or thirty sprayed trees did no
good for two or three years. Lately I have used slaked lime, throw-
ing it over the foliage, and I have had perfect plums, of the Wild
Goose, Lombard, Weaver, Duane’s Purple and Washington.
WINTER MEETING. 165
Prof. Whitten—In reply to the question: I know no parasite of
the codling moth. The cabbage worm has a disease that keeps it in
check.
SPRAYING IN 94.,
D.A. Robnett, Columbia—S praying is no longer a thing to be ques-
tioned as to its possibilities. It has, in this age, become a necessity to
battle with the myriads of enemies to horticulture, and-we believe that
spraying, when scientifically done, will prove the boon for which we
seek.
With me this work has been very unsatisfactorily carried on, but
in most cases it has been the fault of the operator, not of the principle.
All spraying in our section, during the year 1894, has been done
by a few individuals and by our Experiment station.
I know nothing of the results of any individual work, save my
own.
Of the work done by our Experiment station I have some know-
ledge. I have watched this work with much interest. In my hand I
hold Bulletin No. 27, which has a full report of the four experiments
carried on by the Missouri station. I will read some extracts from
this work, but would advise all to order a copy to read in full.
I have tried hard this year to get rid of the small purple ant-cows
or plant-lice, which were on my plum trees by the millions. I failed to
destroy them or the curculio either. I sprayed with coal-oil emulsion
time after time, using in connection: with it tobacco decoction, Paris
green and Cannon’s fruit protector, all without satisfactory results.
With my tomatoes I had wonderfully good results. Until I began
spraying all my tomatoes rotted, but after using Cannon’s fruit pro-
tector on them I had perfect tomatoes.
Talso came near losing my cabbage from worms and lice; again I
resorted tospraying with the same preparation, with fine results. Some
of my cabbage I ruined by getting my solution too strong; but this is
part of our education, remembering that failures often lead to success.
The day is now upon us when every horticulturist must be up and
doing to conquer our many foes; and if spraying is our safeguard, the
sooner we learn how to spray, when to spray and what to spray intel-
ligently, the sooner success is ours.
166 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY.
WEDNESDAY, December 5—7:30 p. m.
The session was opened with music by the Arion quartette, after
which Mr, Nelson took the floor and in behalf of many members of
the Society presented Secretary Goodman with a beautiful silver serv-
ice. After a few remarks by the Secretary, Mr. Goodrich of Illinois,
Major Holsinger of Kansas and Mr. Morrill of Michigan congratulated
the Secretary upon this tribute to his efficiency.
WORTHILY BESTOWED.
A pleasing episode occurred Wednesday evening, upon which oc-
casion there was presented to Secretary L. A. Goodman a solid ster-
ling silver service, from his associates and friends in the Society... The
presentation was made by Treasurer A. Nelson, in a short address.
which was impressively delivered, and which we have been permitted
to publish and present herewith.
Secretary Goodman was taken wholly by surprise. President
Evans Officially called the meeting to order at the appointed time, and
immediately the large audience had become quiet, Treasurer Nelson
came forward on the stage and announced that he had been requested
to present a matter not anticipated in the program, and, without inti-
mating its nature, proceeded with his able address.
Just as Mr. Nelson’s address was closing, the elegant silver tea
set was borne to the front of the stage by Messrs. Bell and Robnett,
amid prolonged cheers. Secretary Goodman was taken so wholly by
surprise that he seemed confused and almost dazed; but the presenta-
tion ceremony had been planned with wonderful skill, for just at that
juncture, and without announcement, the glee club broke forth ina
spirited song. This gave Mr. Goodman time to collect his thoughts
somewhat, and gain some degree of composure, as, of course, it would
be expected that he would make a reply —which he did.
If any doubts had been entertained as to whether he was aware of
what was coming, these were dispelled as he made his response. It
was entirely extempore, and fresh from the impulses of his heart. It
may not have been logically arranged, it certainly was not a studied
production, but it was eloquent—eloquent in the fullest meaning of the ©
word. Thought clothed in beautiful verbiage may not be eloquence.
Thought combined with sentiment, clothed with suitable words lit up —
with a halo of emotion, all springing spontaneously from the human
heart—that reaches every auditor and strikes every chord in unison—
this is eloquence. Such was Secretary Goodman’s response.
WINTER MEETING. 167
Congratulatory speeches were indulged in fora time, gentlemen
from Missouri, Illinois, Kansas and Michigan participating. These
ceremonies over, the convention settled down to business with a vigor
and relish such as boys and girls exhibit when they resume their studies
after a refreshing recess.
Chrysanthemum,
AMERICAN HISTORY OF ITS PROPAGATION.
A. K. Kirkland, Thayer, Mo.
It must have been long after the landing of the Pilgrim fathers
that the Chrysanthemum reached our shores after a checkered voyage
from the far east -— probably about the year 1810 — perhaps earlier
Its early history upon our continent is lost, and it is not possible to
say who first cultivated it in the new world.
PROPAGATION.
The propagation of the Chrysanthemum by cuttings is the system
adopted in every country where it is grown. New varieties and the
single sorts are produced from seed, but propagation by cuttings is by
far the most satisfactory. Chrysanthemum cuttings root so freely, few
growers give the subject the attention it deserves. In most cases the
cuttings are taken with little regard to quality, and planted where they
will root the quickest and with the least amount of trouble. But in
order to obtain the best results, strict attention must be paid to every
detail of their calture. It is of the first importance that we commence
operations with good material. It is possible to produce flowers of
the finest quality upon plants that are propagated at any time from
December to May, but as a rule the cuttings started in Feburary and
March give the finest results. When plants are started in November
and December, there is a long dormant season through which the
young plants are compelled to pass, during which the wood becomes
hardened toa dangerous degree, and also requires two months of labor
that might be easily avoided by starting their cuttings in February, and
the work performed with greater satisfaction.
In the propagation of the Chrysanthemum, no bottom heat is re-
quired. Plants raised in bottom heat rarely produce fine flowers.
While it hastens the rooting process, the plants are always weak and
liable to receive injury, where those raised without heat would be un-
harmed. <A place where a temperature of 75° can be maintained, and
kept rather close, with the cuttings near the glass, is most suitable.
If but a limited quantity of cuttings is required, they may be inserted
168 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOGIETY.
in pots, either singly or otherwise, and placed on a firm, moist surface,
sand or ashes; but if large quantities are required, an ordinary propa-
gating bed must be resorted to, and the same process as in rooting
roses, carnations, etc., excepting the bottom heat. The cuttings should
be at least three inches long and cut just below a joint; must be taken
from a healthy, growing plant to be successful and make No. 1 plants.
When small pots are used, they should be filled with a mixture of leaf-
mold and sand, equal parts, run through a sieve. Well-drained pots
should be used, with a layer of sand on top. With a pointed stick
make a hole in the center, insert the cutting about one-half its length,
and press the soil about it firmly, taking care that the cutting is not
bruised. By this method the greatest success may be expected, and L
would recommend that all plants raised for specimens should be rooted
in this manner.
When the desired number of cuttings are potted, water thoroughly
and place them in the house or frame prepared for them. Here they
should be kept close, and sprinkled lightly, when dry, until rooted,
which will be indicated by their putting forth new leaves, when air
should be admitted on every favorable occasion, and they will also
need more water. When the pots are filled with roots, they should be
shifted to larger pots in good, rich soil.
Propagation by division is adopted chiefly by amateurs, who keep
their old plants to flower the next season, and is not to be recom-
mended except as a simple means of increasing their stock for ordinary
out-door cultivation. It is best done in March or April. The oid
plant should be lifted with a spade and divided. The old stump should
be discarded and only the young suckers used, and, when possible,
these should be taken off with roots attached. They may be planted
at once, and if the weather is cloudy and moist they will grow on with-
out further trouble. This system is especially recommended for the
south, where they grow out of doors all the year. Never let them go
more than one year without dividing. Give them rich soil and lots of
water, as the Chrysanthemum is a thirsty plant. Keep the ground
loose around the plants and mulch in very hot weather. Grafting is
done in the usual manner, but as chrysanthemum wood is of annual
duration, it must be done in the summer months. This method is not
used to increase the stock, but to increase the number of varieties on
an individual plant simply as objects of curiosity. In-arching is done
for the same purpose.
Propagation by seed, together with the process of hybridizing, is
a branch of chrysanthemum culture to which no hard and fast rule -
can be applied. Climate and condition must be studied. Probably no
WINTER MEETING. 169
two growers adopt the same plan, although there are a number of
growers in every country where the Chrysanthemum is grown who
practice the art with varying success. In China and Japan, where the
Chrysanthemum sheds its seeds freely, new varieties spring up as they
do with self-sown plants. In this country we are not so favored, as
far as I can learn, although on the sunny slopes of California the con-
dition may exist.
Chrysanthemum seeds germinate freely in from 7 to 9 days when sown
in pots or boxes, and kept in a temperature of about 60°, and if sown in
early spring plants will bloom in the fall. They do not come true from
seed; my experience has been that for every one worthy of further cul-
tivation you will throw away 1000 that are no good. This may appear
discouraging to theigrower, but the truth must be told; yet sometimes
a@ good variety will appear in a few dozen seedlings, that may make the
grower’s name famous. The foliage of seedlings is always clean and
thrifty, and no two blossoms will be exactly alike grown on different
plants. The growth of seedling plants is only necessary when improve-
ment in size or color is sought after. The principal object of the hy-
bridizer should be to improve upon the vigor and color. Size should
not be sought after at the expense of these qualities. A first-class
Chrysanthemum should be of free growth with stiff stems ; the foliage
clean and covering the branches up to the flower, while the flower
should be of good substance and of pleasing color. The colors which
are yetto be obtained area clear orange, a clear bright red and the
long sought-for blue. When a new Chrysanthemum has survived its
fifth year, it may be regarded as established, and not before, and I am
sorry that so few stand the test. Jardin des Plantes is still unsurpassed,
and has been for more than 30 years. The plants may be placed out
of doors in this section about April 15th; set the plants out about 25
or 3 feet apart, taking care that the roots are moist; about the first
week in June every plant should have its top pinched out, an opera-
tion known as stopping, only the center bud being removed; a stick
should be placed beside every plant, to which it should be loosely tied.
If it is desired to grow the plants to a single stem, all side
brazches upon the lower part of the stem should be removed as fast
as they appear; if on the other hand the bush form is desired, all the
shoots may be allowed to grow. Ina short time there will appear from
four to six shoots below the first one pinched out. These must be
stopped when from four to six inches long, and the operation continued
until the first of August, after which every shoot may be allowed to
grow without further pinching. In stopping the different shoots,
always bear in mind the future shape of the plant. Loop the different
170 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY.
shoots singly up to the main stalk, using a separate string for each
shoot, not tying all together like a sheaf of wheat. Later in the sea-
son more stalks will be necessary, as the branches will need to spread
out so the air can circulate through them, and induce their proper de-
velopment. At all times during the summer the ground around the
plants should be kept clean and well worked; water always in dry
weather. Chrysanthemum should never be allowed to suffer for want
of water.
The soil for Crysanthemum is a matter of considerable importance.
My experience has been that the best compost is obtained from an old
pasture, using the soil cut from beneath the sod. Insome places it may
be cut three inches; in others one-half inch will be deep enough to ob-
tain all the fibrous parts. The sod is just as good, provided it has
laid long enough for the grass to decay. Charcoal is of great assist-
ance in keeping the soil in the pots porous and acting as a store-house
for ammonia; manure is of the next importance, and must be applied
in one form or another. The best manure is that prepared by shaking
out all the straw and reserving little but the droppings from horses.
Cow manure is good on light soils; sheep droppings and the cleanings
of poultry-houses may also be used. Bone meal is also a powerful
stimulant. Soot-water applied is also a powerful stimulant, but must
be used with caution, and not too excessively applied, or it will do more
injury than good. Quick-lime is good to destroy worms; a handful is
all that is required. It is best applied when preparing the soil; for
heavy soils, one-third sand should be used. Liquid manure should be
given freely once a week, after the plants have recovered from the
effects of potting; plants that have been grown in the open ground alk
summer should be taken up and potted in September in this latitude,
in order that they may recover from the operation before blooming
time arrives. The training and culture of specimen plants is much
the same, only the plants are never planted in the open ground.
But time and space forbids me to go into particulars; more of this
anou. Hoping that the above lines may be of interest and assistance
to my flower-loving friends, will close.
WINTER MEETING. 171
History of the Apple.
Dan. Carpenter, Barry, Mo.
PREFACE.
The subject is the most difficult and the most barren of materials I have ever at-
tempted. If I have failed to meet the expectations of the Society, ’tis no less so with my
desires, bnt is not for lack of effort, but of means and facilities. The positive dearth of ma-
terials from which to write a correct and standard paper is surprising.
{acknowledge indebtedness to the following works:
Appleton’s Am. Encyclopedia;
New American Encyclopedia;
Encyclopedia Americana;
Encyclopedia Britannica and Supplement;
Jobnson’s, Chambers’ and Reese’s Encyclopedias;
Encyclopedia of Rel. Knowledge and Brande’s Encyclopedia;
Encyclopedic Dictionary;
Penn. Encyclopedia;
Downing and Barry;
The Holy Scriptures and comments.
Iam grateful to Prof. Green, of the Experiment station of the Minnesota State Univer-
sity, for copious extracts from Darwin and De Condole, and to C. W. Murdfeldt for suggest-
ing the correspondence. Alsoto David W. May, of Columbia, for extracts from ‘‘Dict. of
Popular Names of Economic Plants,’’ ‘‘ Henderson’s Hand-book of Plants,’’ and the ‘‘Cen-
tury Dictionary,’’ and for valuable thoughts of his own.
I would also thank Hon. D. C. Allen and Maj. Hardwick for valuable suggestions and
quotations, and Maj. Jno. Dougherty, Attorney Lawson and William Jewell college for
courtesies extended.
The work is done—good, bad or indifferent, it is probably the last, if not the best effort.
I will ever make for the Society.
A History of the Apple—Its Origin, Estimation, Uses, etc.
In all ages, by all people, in every land and clime, wherever it has
been introduced, the apple has been held in highest esteem by all
classes of society. It is pre-eminently the fruit of the temperate zone,
and cosmopolitan in its uses. Unlike all tropical fruits, it requires no
cultivation of taste to like ‘it. To the wild savage of America, the
rude barbarian of Africa, the half-civilized hordes of the jungles of
India, the blubber-eating Eskimo of Lapland, the seal-loving Aleut of
Siberia, the “heathen Chinee,” the voluptuous pilgrim to Mecca, the
civilized white elephant worshiper of Siam, the enlightened European,
the cultivated Anglo-Saxon, and the exalted descendants of the Puri-
tans, Quakers and Huguenots of our own happy land—to all alike it is
equally palatable and desirable, without previous cultivation of taste.
The king in his palace, the wealthy in his mansion, the poor man in his
cottage, the barbarian in his hut and the savage in his wigwam, all hold
it in high esteem as a food and relish it asa dessert. Thereis no place
where praise of its beauty and excellence is not heard or its glory
unsung.
172 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
THE NAME.
Our English name, apple—in Saxon, apl; Dutch, appel; German
apfel ; Danish, weble; Swedish, aeple; Irish, abhal ; Armenian, aval ;
Russian, aibloko—signifies fruit in general, especially of a round form.
In Welsh it is aval, same as Armenia, and signifies not only the apple, ~
but the plum and other,fruits. The same word in Persian—pronounced
ubhul—signifies the janiper berry. It is also applied to the pine-
apple, the love-apple (tomato), the lemon and orange. But with Eng-
lish-speaking people it is always understood to mean the fruit of the
apple-tree, Pyrus malus.
The name of our glorious fruit is not derived from either branch—
the refined or common—of the Coptic, nor from the purer and clearer
Chaldaic and Syriac, nor the God-given Hebrew, nor the classic Greek,
nor the sublime Latin, but is adopted from the dialects of the half-civil-
ized hordes of Northern Europe, who overran the Western Empire in
the Fifth century. Therefore, not to the educated and refined are we
indebted for the name of the king of all fruits, but to the unlearned
and commmon class of mankind.
In the Zend-Avesta, the Zoroastrian Scriptures, written 1200 B.
C., as in the Sanskrit, 300 B. C., the cultivated language of the Hin-
doos, “ab” or “ap,” water, and “p’hlata,” fruit, signifies watery fruit, the
same as pomum in Latin, and is applied to the apple and other watery
or juicy fruits. .
ORIGIN.
Notwithstanding it has been the world-renowned fruit from the
earliest ages (Homer speaking of it as “one of the fruit-trees culti-
vated in gardens),” its origin, as its native land, is unknown; the pro-
gressive extension of its culture is unwritten, and its improvement and
development into its present perfection is buried beneath the ruins of
the ages.
It is claimed by authors generally that ali of our fine varieties are
derived from the wild crab of Europe. Now, when and by whom the —
development was begun and continued is shrouded in the mystery of
the unwritten past. Darkness covers the whole subject as the waters
cover the great deep. No “spirit moved upon the face of the waters ”
and said, “ Let there be light.”
Downing says: “The species of crab from which all our sorts of
apples originated grows wild in most parts of Europe.” The New Am.
Ency. says: “In its wild state, it is the Austere crab.” Brande’s
Ency.: “It is the cultivated fruit of the crab-apple of our hedges,”
WINTER MEETING. 173
and the “many varieties have originated slowly from improvements of
this wild sort.” Appleton’s Am. Ency. says: “It was doubtless of
Eastern origin.” If so, it did not “originate from the crab, which
grows wild in most parts of Europe.”
On Mt. Sinai grows a species (P. sinaica) with fruit hard, gritty
and austere; while Siberia and Persia produce another , P. salicifolia)
having varrow, heavy leaves.
The apple was largely used by the Lake-dwellers of Switzerland
before they knew the uses of iron—both wild and cultivated sorts.
Theophrastus, Herodotus and other Greek authors incidentally
refer toit. Pliny the Elder, who wrote many valuable works during
the First century A. D., speaks of the “crab and wild apple, so sour
they would take the edge off of a knife,” and as “having many a foul
and shrewd curse given it onaccount of its sourness.” Yet he “names
over 20 varieties of excellent quality, remarkable for their fine flavor,’”
and that the apple was “ one of the two fruits that can be preserved in
easks;” from which it would seem but little progress has been made
in the art of keeping apples in nearly 2000 years, except where “ cold
storage ” is practicable.
Pliny the Younger, who wrote about the beginning of the Second
century A. D., speaks of 22 kinds, grown in orchards under the names
Claudians, Pompeians, etc.; also that grafting was practiced to per-
petuate the good, while the crab was small and sour.
The Dictionary of Popular Names of Economic Plants, Jno. Smith,
London, defines “ Apple as growing wild in Western Upper India, the
Caucasus Armenia and some parts of Europe. Carbonized apples
have been found in the deposit remains of the pre-historic Lake cities
(Lake dwellings) of Switzerland, evidently used for food, and were
the wild apple we term crab.” (De Condole believes their size proves
they were also of the cultivated or better sorts.)
The tree was introduced into Rome in the time of Appius Clau-
dius, 449 B. C.
The Penny Ency., a rare and valuable work, after assuming that
the crab is the fountain-head whence have been derived all our varieties,
says: “ At what period it first began to acquire its sweetness and
other qualities peculiar to itself, or by what accident the tendency to
amelioration was first given, we have no means of ascertaining.”
Must we accept these statements as to its origin as true? I am
not so disposed, and, denying, must try to show a better way by com-
mon sense (a very uncommon article ), reason and logic, as the world
of letters offers no written testimony.
174 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY.
Of its origin nothing can be known more definitely than the impli-
cation from the simple and concise statement of Holy Writ, in Gen. ii:
8,9: “The Lord planted a garden in Eden and put the maninit; *
* * and out of the ground made to grow every tree that is pleasant
to the sight and good for food.”
The Tree of Knowledge of good and evil was there, which, when
the woman saw that it was pleasant to the eye and good food, and to
be desired to make one wise, she stretched forth her hand, ‘‘and ate of
that forbidden fruit, whose mortal taste brought death into the world
and all our woe;” and “the Tree of Life in the midst of the garden,”
the apple tree (not the crab), must have been there. Was it the Tree
of Knowledge, as is generally conceded and believed? It has always
been classed among the very best of nerve and brain foods by those
of large literary attainments and hard mental labors. Horace Greeley
lived largely on fruits.
ITS HIGH ESTIMATION.
It was a valuable fruit and “good for food”—how precious, may
be learned from the divine word. In Deut. xxxii: 10, “the Lord found
him (Israel—the church) in a desert land, and in a waste, howling
wilderness ; led him about, instructed him and kept him as the Apple
of His eye.” In Ps. xvii: 8, David prays the Lord to “keep him as the
Apple of His eye.” In Prov. vii: 2, Solomon advises his son to “keep
my commandments and live my law as the apple of thine eye.” The
Prophet Zach. ii: 8, declaring God’s care over his people, speaking for
the Lord, says, “he that toucheth you toucheth the Apple of His eye.” ;
How precious and valuable the apple must be,to be compared to
the pupil of the Lord’s eye, and to human sight! Sight, more valua-
ble than gold! Of its beauty Solomon (Prov. xxv: 11) compares “a
word fitly spoken” to “ apples of gold in pictures of silver.” Again,
Solomon (Song: ii: 3), in speaking of the church, says: “ As the lily -
among thorns, so is my love among the daughters. As the apple-tree
among the trees of the wood, so is my beloved among the sons. [I sat
under his shadow with delight, and his fruit was sweet to my taste ;”
and asks to be “stayed with flagons and comforted with apples.” Again,
of the church coming up from the wilderness, leaning on her beloved:
“J raised thee up under the apple-tree, and the smell of thy nose (her —
breath ) is like apples.” The prophet Joel, i:12, weeping over the sin, —
sorrow, misery, desolation and distress of his people, as the culmina-
tion of the whole declares, ‘the vine is dried up, the fig-tree languish-
eth; the pomegranate-tree, the paim-tree and the apple-tree, and all the
trees * * are withered, because joy is withered away from the sons
3 WINTER MEETING. 175
s
of men.” These are the illustrations and comparisons of 800 and 1000
years before the Christian era.
The Rev. Richard Watson (1750) thinks “ our translators must
have surely been mistaken,” and that the words “apple” and “ apple-
tree ” in these Scriptures should have been translated citron and cit-
ron-tree; and that the citron-tree is large and noble, affording “ re-
freshing shade and exhilarating fruit ;” and that the ‘ Jews” used fruit
of this tree at yearly feasts.
Encyclopedia of Rel. Knowl. says: “It (the apple ) remains longer
in season and has more excellent varieties than all other fruits.” Nine
hundred and fifty years B. C. Homer describes the apple as one of the
precious fruits of his time. .
American Ency. describes the citron as “ belonging to the same
genus as the lime, lemon, shaddock and orange, attaining a height of
about eight feet, with long reclining branches, is fall of sharp spines, and
its fruit is kept for its fragrance in sitting-rooms; is somewhat acid,
rarely eaten raw, valued for its fragrance, and makes a delicate sweet-
meat.” The olive could not have been meant, as “it rarely exceeds 20
feet in height, its fruit quite small, is too bitter to eat, unless pickled,
and is used rather as a condiment than food.”
Beautiful as these trees are, can it be that Solomon declares his
love (or beloved) is to the other people as this shrub (citron) is to
other trees of the forest?
Solomon had gathered every tree, shrub and flower from all the
nations with whom he had commercial relations, and planted them in
the royal gardens about Jerusalem. He had satiated every desire that
wisdom, wealth and ambition could satisfy. Refreshing himself within
the shade of the apple-tree, in ecstasy he declares the breath of his
beloved is like the perfume of its glorious fruit. Unlike Alexander,
who blubbered like a spoiled brat because there were no more worlds
to conquer, but like the rollicking boy the old man found up his apple-
tree, in the joy of his heart he exclaims: “Eureka! I have found
it! Stay me with flagons of wine and comfort me with big red apples.”
Is it possible that the wise man, of whom God said none before had
equaled and none ever would excel him in wisdom, would swing his ham-
mock in the shadow of a crab-apple or citron tree eight or ten feet
high, and in ecstasy desire to be comforted with its fruit, which is unfit
for use in its raw state, and principally used in the’ yearly feasts and
sacrifices of his people.
’Tis said the apple tree never is handsome. Certainly these writers
had never seen a systematically cultivated orchard of properly trained
- apple-trees in full bloom. They had certainly never stood beside a
176 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
stately Summer Rose, clothed in living green and bespangled with its
delicious crimson fruit; or rested within the shade of a majestic
Golden Sweet, dotted all over with “golden apples ;” or many other
varieties whose spreading boughs and symmetrical heads afford refresh-
ing shade, and whose fruit would comfort the most delicate taste.
THE APPLE IN MYTHOLOGY.
Terra, the mother and then the wife of Uranus, whose offspring -
were the Titans ‘and hundred-handed giants, gave Juno, wife of Jupiter,
“oolden apples” as a wedding present. They were committed to the
guardian care of the Hesperides, daughters of Jupiter, who planted
them in their garden in Mt. Atlas.
When Hris (strife) threw the prize of beauty into the midst of
the assembled divinities, Jano, Venus and Pallas Athene (Minerva)
quarreled over it. Paris, the handsome, accomplished and valiant,
was appointed by Jupiter to make the award and settle the dispute.
He gallantly awarded the prize, “the ‘golden apple” inscribed “to the
fairest,” to Venus, the goddess of love and beauty, whose favorite
plants and fruit were the poppy, myrtle, rose and apple.
Pomona, the goddess of fruit and the garden, is represented in
ancient works of art as seated on a basket of fruits and flowers,
crowned with a wreath of ivy, myrtle and apple blossoms, with a
branch in her left hand and apples in her right.
Henderson’s Hand-book of Plants says, “ The history of the apple
shares obscurity with all the fruits, vegetables and flowers that were
in cultivation before records were kept. Consequently, speculation
must take place of facts in connection with the early history of this —
valuable fruit. The general opinion is that the origin of this imperial
fruit is the wild crab.”
THE HISTORY.
Writing the history of the apple is like searching fables, mythol-
ogy and tradition to find a correct history of the (rise, progress, de-
velopment, civilization, intelligence and culture of the nations of anti-
quity.
Originating in mythology, shrouded in mystery, colored by fable
and transmitted by tradition through ages: we are left to grope our
way in darkness, span chasms of hundreds or thousands of years by spec-
ulation and connect fancy with fact; sift wild vagaries of tradition from
hieroglyphical records and cuneiform inscriptions ; analyze the fabulous
distortions of early historians by the modern developments of arche-
ological discoveries —all, all, before a correct foundation can be laid
WINTER MEETING. 177
upon which to build truth and write the history of the ancients. How
much more difficult to obtain reliable knowledge concerning the origin
and development, the progressive extension and culture of the apple
into its present beautiful, useful, desirable and profitable condition,
concerning which so little has been written.
It is claimed by some that Persia is its native land. Possibly ;
but as Persia is in the north of what may have been the garden, or
about the same latitude as Missouri, it would seem that a few “ fig-
leaves’? would have been a very thin dress for our first parents, and
that figs prospered in a much colder climate then than now. The
Lord clothed them in skins, not as a protection against weather, but
to hide their shame.
At that early day, “scheap cloding shtores” were not established
on every street corner, cross-roads or bend in the river.
More than 400 years before the known establishment of the king-
dom of Persia, Solomon had declared he sat in the shade of the apple-
tree with delight, that its fruit was sweet, and desired to be comforted
with apples.
That it did not extend eastward is evident. The countries east of
what was probably Eden are a high, dry, sandy land, almost rainless,
with stunted trees and scarcity of vegetation extending to the great
sandy desert in the northern part of the Chinese empire, fruit being
grown with difficulty in the valleys. China, with fertile soil and great
capacity for almost every kind of food products, grows apples in pots,
and with difficulty in open field culture, and affords a fine market for
American apples, which may be had almost as fresh as in our home
markets.
Its native land, as its origin, cannot be more definitely known
than may be inferred from the Bible. It is considered indigenous in
Western Asia and many parts of Europe. ;
When the Lord had finished his work of creation, He declared it
was not only good, but very good. The apple—good, beautiful, excel-
lent—must have been there, inviting and tempting to the dear, blessed
“mother of all living,” as it has been to all of her descendants to this
joyful day. (There’s not a man, woman, boy, girl or baby today who
does not feel his elbow bend and muscles twitch as he looks at a “ big
red apple,” and desires to “ taste and see that it is good.” How is it
with the crab ?)
It is probable the apple, in edible form, was introduced into south-
ern Europe from the Euphrates, first by the Greeks ; but when and by
whom is not known, as it is barely mentioned by some of their earliest
H—12
178 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY.
writers. It is equally probable that it was also brought westward by
the Romans, who always “knew a good thing when they saw it,” and
were not slow to convert everything to their use that could advance
the interests of the empire, and promote the happiness of the people.
“They set a high price on fine varieties at a very early date in their
history.”
Yet “De Condole” tells us, “ the inhabitants of the terra-mare of
Parma, and of the palafittes of the lakes of Lombardy, Savoy and
Switzerland, made great use of apples. They always cut them length-
wise and preserved them dried for winter use.” “Two varieties were
known to the inhabitants of the lake-dwellings before they possessed
metals.” After giving a number of sizes of dried specimens, he says:
“ From all these facts, I consider the apple to have existed in Europe,
both wild and cultivated, from pre-historic times; that the tree was
indigenous in Europe, and that its cultivation began early every where.”’
Darwin thinks “that many varieties of the wild crab of England
are escaped seedlings, probably from the more hardy varieties of the
cultivated sorts.”
The lake-dwellings referred to were the homes of a pre-histori¢
‘and extinct people, built on piles in many lakes of Switzerland, Savoy
and Lombardy during the stone age. Among the ruins have been
found implements, instruments and manufactures representing a peo-
ple in all stages of civilization, from the age of stone to the dawn of
the iron age. Whatever periods in the history of the human family
these ages may mean, archeological investigations down in the mud,
marl and peat-beds of these lakes have discovered among the charred
remains of these dwellings wheat, barley, bread, burnt apples, pears,
etc., with implements of wood, horn and bone, and in later deposits
flax in every stage of manufacture, from raw material to woven cloth,
together with tools, instruments and ornaments of iron, bronze and
gold, and among these ruins evidences that these extinct people used
both the wild and cultivated apple extensively for food, and preserved
it for winter use by drying, and carbonizing by fire—a process I take
to be somewhat similar to our present mode of evaporation.
The Romans are said to have carried the apple into all their con-
quered provinces where it was not known. It is very certain they
introduced it into England, B. C. 55, when Julius Cesar invaded and
conquered the island, planted the Roman eagle and made Britannia a
Roman province. After its introduction into England the early chron-
iclers are silent as to its history, until after the establishment of Chris-
tianity.
WINTER MEETING. 179
Amid the feuds between the tribes of a barbarous and warlike
people, it was neither propagated nor cultivated to any extent until in
the Fifth century, when the banner of the cross inscribed I. N. R. I. (in
hoc signo vinces) was firmly planted, and the Christian religion perma-
nently established. Monks, and heads of other ecclesiastical bodies |
planted orchards, extended its cultivation and brought it into general
use. The Normans, under William the Conqueror, introduced many
varieties from the continent.
It has attained its highest condition and nearest perfection under
the influences of Christianity, the greatest civilizing and educational
power known to man. The refining and elevating influence of Chris-
tianity and the christianizing influence of horticulture have produced
a cultured, refined, moral and intelligent class of men and women, not
surpassed, if equaled, in any other occupation or profession, unless it
be in the gospel ministry.
The apple was brought to America in 1629, and an island in Bos-
ton harbor bearsits name. The Pilgrims planted many orchards in
their new home, and the natives, following their example, planted In-
dian orchards in many parts of New England. One large cotton
factory brands its best productions “ Indian Orchard.”
The first trees known to bear in America were on Governor’s
island, near Boston, and gave 10 apples on October 10, 1639, although
trees found near Indian villages would indicate that the aborigines had
a knowledge of the fruit before this time, supposed through French
missionaries ; but I have been unable to find anything relative to mis-
sion work by the French among the Indians of New England at this
early date.
Governor Endicott established the first nursery near Salem, Mass.,
in 1640, importing the trees. The first nurseries for raising trees were
near New York city, in New Jersey.
The New Am. Ency. tells of “fine specimens now bearing at the
remarkable age of 150 to 200 years.”
Orchards were planted in the “ Western Reserve” (N. E.Ohio) by
settlers from Connecticut as early as 1790, and on various “ French
grants” along the Ohio river by the French about the same time; also
by many other early emigrants from Virginia.
No doubt orchards were planted about St. Louis, St. Charles, Ste.
Genevieve and other points by the French long before Louisiana terri-
tory was ceded to the U.S.in 1804. Western Missouri was largely
Settled by emigrants from Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee and North
Carolina, who planted orchards, and some of those planted as early as
1822 to 1826 are still bearing “fruit pleasant to the sight and good for
180 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
food.” Among those in Clay county may be named Jos. and John
Broadhurst, Hiram Fugett, Daniel Hughes, P. A. Hardwick, Simon
Hudson, Bb. P. Parrish, Elisha Todd, John Wilson, Eleven Thatcher,
Jos. D. Gash, and many others unknown to the writer,
A new impetus was given to fruit-growers, especially the apple,
by Barry, Downing, Worden and others during the first half of this
century, and to them we are largely indebted for correct description,
identity and nomenclature, as well as for many new varieties, the best.
process of propagation, training and cultivation.
These were followed by more scientific men, whose intelligence,
perseverance and untiring energy have raised the standard of Ameri-
can apples to such perfection that they are sought for the world over,
and command the highest prices in all markets. The new American
Eney. says of it: “So superior is the fruit of our own country in
Covent Garden market, ;London, that it commands almost fabulous
prices.”
Since the white man, civilization and whisky crossed the Missouri
river, and the “star of empire wended her way westward,” the hardy
descendants of a noble ancestry have carried this noble fruit, and Win-
chester rifles, navy revolvers and train robberies, into every nook and
corner of the land of the noble red man, the disappearing buffalo, the
howling coyote and the winsome jack rabbit. Step by step they have
disputed their way with the Kansas thistle, the everlasting cactus, the
wicked rattlesnake and the cute prairie-dog, until orchards of big
apples and little apples, good apples and bad apples, dot the hills and
the valleys, the mountains and the plains, making the redwood hills of
Washington and Oregon, the oases of Idaho, Utah and Montana, the
rainless plains of New Mexico, Arizona and Colorado, and the “Great
American desert” of the old geographies, blossom as the rose—send-
ing forth a sweet perfume and delightful apples, pleasing to the sight,
good for food, greatly desired by and refreshing to all the people.
It cannot be grown successfully in the tropics, nor north of lati-
tude 65°, and is not found in Lapland. Successful and profitable apple-
growing is confined to azone little wider from north to south than the
United States, and extending from the Euphrates over Europe and to
our Pacific coast. In our own happy land it is confined to little more
than 300 miles north and south, and 1500 west from the Atlantic, the
center of this garden being in the Ozark mountains, in our own be-
loved State of Missouri, “The Land of Big Red Apples.”
ITS VALUE.
Its valne as a food product, and its importance as an article of
commerce, have been fully recognized by the establishment of a Divi-
WINTER MEETING. 181
sion of Pomology in the Department of Agriculture, sustained by large
appropriations from the Government treasury.
These are also recognized by most if not all the States, by ap-
propriations in support of horticultural societies designed to aid and
encourage the development of our fruit-growing resources, aS means
to individual, state and national wealth.
In 1870 there were more than 1,000,000 acres. planted to apples,
and the value of one year’s product was nearly $50,000,000.
These, no doubt, have been more than doubled in the last 25 years.
The general opinion is that all our fine varieties are developed (or
evolved) from the common crab. It seems to me much more proba-
ble that the crab is deteriorated from the tree that stood in the midst
of the Garden, so pleasing to the sight and so good for food and so
much to be desired “that our good kind old grand-mother, not able to
resist the temptation, stretched forth her hand, plucked, ate the fruit
and brought death into the world and all our woe.”
Man, neglected, sinks back into a state of barbarism, ignorance and
misery.
The apple-tree, neglected, rans back into a deformed, thorny, un-
sightly, crooked, brushy mass that can afford no refreshing shade, de-
lightful aroma, or comforting fruits. This view is supported by the
following extract from the Century dictionary. In its definition it
says: “It is scarcely known in its wild state, but as an escape from
cultivation its fruit becomes small, acid and harsh, and is known as the
erab.” “The cultivated crab-apple is the fruit of another species of
Pyrus.”
Because we cannot comprehend God and His wisdom, the Divine
creative power and its results, were it not better to adopt the senti-
ments of Pope’s universal prayer:
Father of all, in every age,
In every clime adored,
By saint, by savage and by sage,
Jehovah, Jove, or Lord.
Thou great first cause, least understood,
Who all my sense confined
To know but this, that thou art good,
And that myself am blind.
Yet gave me in this dark estate
To see the good from ill,
And, binding nature fast in fate,
Left free the human will,
182 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Had we not better accept the Bible statements than to believe that
such men as Van Mons, who spent his life in originating desirable va-
rieties of fruit, especially pears; Barry, Downing and Worden, the
President and members of this Society, are evolved from and must
trace their genealogy to a monkey ?
God made man upright, intelligent and responsible, but “he has
sought out many inventions ”
“ God planted a garden and made grow therein every tree that is
good for food,” and among them the apple-tree. °*
It seems to me that no man, after careful examination, can believe
himself evolved from a molecule through the monkey (and so can I),
and probably he was. But sensible people, believing in an intelligent
supreme power, prefer to believe they are descended from Adam—“ a
man made in God’s own image ;” and that God made the apple, perfect,
beautiful, glorious and excellent, when He “created all things and pro-
nounced them very good.”
While its propagation has doubtless been largely from seed, the
art of grafting was well understood more than 2000 years ago.
Paul, the great apostle to the Gentiles, tells us that the Jews being .
broken off because ‘of unbelief, the Gentiles (the wild olive) “were
grafted” on the same stock by belief, and would produce the desired
fruit.
ITS RELATION TO OTHER FRUITS.
As the sun is the center around which all the planets revolve, and
from ‘it receive their light, heat and life-sustaining power, so stands
the apple as king of fruits, the most useful and valuable, with more
life and health-sustaining properties than all others—‘“a thing of beanty
and a joy forever.”
ITS USES.
It was principally used for making cider until the middle of the
present century, and for distilling into ardent spirits (the curse of the
world and prime cause of 80 per cent of all human misery and crime)
until drying, making apple-butter and barreling for export became ob-
jects of commercial activity.
The many uses to which it may be put makes it the most valuable
and desirable of all fruits. Esteemed by all classes, produced at prices —
in reach of all conditions, and steadily growing into favor, its import-
ance in commerce is regularly increasing—the demand is in excess of
supply, limited only by the ability of the masses to satisfy their de-
sires. Entering into so many savory dishes—prepared in so many
ways—it has become a necessity in every family.
WINTER MEETING. 183
Fresh, as a table decoration and dessert; fried, roasted, baked
and stewed; in pies, puddings, dumplings, rolls and cobblers, not to
mention apple fritters and maple syrup; as preserves, jelly, jam, mar-
malade, apple-float and apple-butter. Dried in the sun, flies and bugs
in three days, cured in the evaporator in three hours, capable of being
kept fresh from year to year, it’s a most desirable appendix to the cul-
inary department of every well-regulated household.
Sweet cider through a rye-straw; hard cider tempered with a hot
poker; champagne cider to exhilarate; apple-brandy and rock-candy
for consumptives; apple-toddy for Christmas; apples boiled in new
wine for Frenchmen, and slops from the distillery for hogs. Other
uses, limited only by the inventive genins of a free, independent and
fruit-loving people.
When a Roman, at dinner, ate the entire course, from soup to des-
sert, it was expressed by the proverb, “from egg to apple” (and no
doubt Major Holsinger verified it today). Ifthis paper does not fill
the bill “from egg to apple,” it is not for want of length and effort.
CONCLUSION.
Everything should have a conclusion. ‘This paper must have one,
though long deferred.
The absence of records and want of data, the utter barrenness of
the field, with mirage instead of oases, indifference to the subject and
lack of appreciation of its importance by ancient authors and modern
horticulturists, have made history of the apple impossible. ’
There have always been two classes or species—the crab and the
wild. Both appear indigenous in Western Asia, Northern Europe and
the United States.
The crab improved has, as far as ascertainable, always produced
the improved crab-apple. The wild, no doubt deteriorated from what
was once an excellent fruit, could, by cultivation, be restored to its
original excellence. No one has yet recorded the improvement of the
crab into a fine variety. It is only “generally” conceded. Plants,
animals and men degenerate without the aid of intelligent culture.
They improve with it. The long horn cattle of Texas, the mustang of
the plains, the savage, barbarous and half-civilized tribes of men, are
but degenerate specimens of noble ancestry—degenerated from want
of proper culture and right exercise of a former intelligence. God
made everything good—good of its own kind—man in His own image
and the “ beautiful apple to subserve a noble and glorious purpose.”
The apple, in its better condition, was carried westward by the
Greeks and Romans, and was of excellent quality at very early dates
184 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
in their history. 3y the latter extended into all their provinces, Brit-
ain included, from whence it was brought to America, By the Ameri-
cans it has been highly improved, brought to the notice of all nations,
made an important article of food and commerce, and exhibited at
World’s fairs in such beauty and magnificence as to enchant and hold
spell-bound in admiration visitors from all parts of the world.
Tis done, and I close with a couplet from Lord Byron’s “ English
Bards and Scotch Reviewers: ”
**What reams of paper, what floods of ink,
Do some men spoll who never think.’’
The Orchard Question of the Northwest.
N. F. Murray, Oregon, Mo.
When our worthy Secretary assigned me the “Orchard Question
of the Northwest,” he certainly meant to be liberal and give me room
to spread. I have no fault to find with him, for this is the true broad-
gauge American idea. Give us room to spread and grow, room to
plant and grow our orchards, and if room is the one great essential to
success, we will certainly find it in the Northwest.
Northwest, and what is meant by the term? Where is the limit?
Where shall we draw the line? What idea have we of the great North-
west? Some have a vague, dreamy, indefinite notion that it is a vast
and almost boundless waste of a kind of good-for-nothing country,
much of which will never be susceptible of improvement.
* For the purpose I have in view in writing thistpaper, permit me to
draw a line to include eight of our great Northwestern states, and
make some comparisons. I shall name Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska,
South Dakota, North Dakota, Wyoming, Idaho and Montana, and we
have a territory of 697,518 square miles, with a population of only four
millions. Out of this we could carve nine states, each as large as all
of New England (and have 17,000 square miles left for a national park),
and with the same density of population as New England. Their
population would be multiplied by eight, and they would contain
32,000,000. Or we might carve 500 states out of them, each as large as
Rhode Island, and have a large remnant left. With same density of
population they would contain 184,000,000. Or we might carve ‘a
country the size of Japan nearly five times, and with same density of
population they would contain 180,000,000.
But why draw these comparisons? I answer, because it is only
by comparison that we can know howrich or how poor, how strong or
how weak, how intelligent or how ignorant, and what our opportunities
are for growth as compared with other states and other countries.
WINTER MEETING. 185
Some one may say that much of our eight Northwestern states is
very broken and mountainous; so it is, and so is two-thirds of Japan
a broken mountainous country, and her tillable lands have been worked
and worn for more than a thousand years; yet she sustains a popala-
tion of 39,000,000, and her annual export trade amounts to $21,000,000,
and in the last generation, since she came in touch with Uncle Sam
through the Perry treaty of 1853, she has made greater progress than
any European country has in the last 100 years, and now in her conflict
with the great empire of China, with 10 times her own population, she
marches on from victory to victory, and to Europe and Uncle Sam she
Says, hands off.
Now, one secret of Japan’s great victories is to be found in the
fact that she is a nation of intelligent horticulturists; they grow and
eat apples, pears, plums, peaches, apricots, pomegranates, figs, oranges,
lemons, grapes, rice and vegetables.
But what of our eight Northwestern states? I cannot now speak
of each in detail; suffice it to say that each one is within itself an
empire of no mean dimensions. As a whole, they are composed of
level and rolling prairies and valleys of inexhaustible fertility, which
are well adapted to grass, cereal and vegetable productions; of
mountain lands, much of the surface of which is covered with beautiful
forests of pine, cedar, oak and other valuable timber; and internally
they contain large and inexhaustible deposits of coal, iron, lead, zinc,
granite, marble, jasper, gold, silver and salt; their many streams and
rivers afford vast water-power, and their numerous clear and beautiful
lakes abound in fish; and in the Yellowstone National park in Wyoming
are to be found the most grand and wonderful geysers on the globe.
“But,” some one remarks, “many of the pioneer settlers of the
Northwest have become discouraged, are giving up.and deserting the
country.” Yes, we people of Missouri in the last few months have
beheld many prairie schooners wending their way from the Northwest
into grand old Missouri, the best of all states and all countries, and we
throw our gates wide open and bid them a hearty welcome.
But let us not delude ourselves with the idea that the great North-
west is to be deserted and become an unoccupied desert. Many brave
and worthy people in the early settlement of New England, one of
the fairest and now thickly settled portions of our country, once re-
coiled from the herculean task of building their homes ina new and
sparsely settled country; but other brave men and women came to fill
their places, and the work of conquering the North American wilder-
ness went on, and will continue to go on till every one of our great
northwestern states will be filled with a teeming population of indus-
186 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
trious, intelligent people, who will cause the wilderness and the solitary
places to be made glad, and the desert to become a fruitful field; who
will delve down deep into the mines and force them to yield up their
rich treasures; who will utilize the granite and marble to build stately
edifices, institutions of learning, and temples in which to worship God;
wh) wi!l build up large manufacturing centers where commerce will
ever roll her golden tide along; who, through the vim and energy of
her people and the knowledge gained by them through a rapidly ad-
vancing civilization, will utilize the powerof wind and water, and com-
bine the forces of nature to serve the highest good of man.
But what, now, of the orchard question in these northwestern
states? From their latitude and distance from large bodies of water,
and being subject to sweeping winds, extreme drouths and excessive
changes from extreme heat to extreme cold, there can be no reasonable
hope that orchards of apples, pears and peaches will ever be a success.
They may grow an abundance of certain varieties of small fruits, plums
and crab-apples, but for their supply of fine apples, pears and peaches
they are destined to be dependent on other more highly favored fruit -
growing states. ;
The south half of Iowa and southeastern Nebraska are doubtless
the most favored sections for the production of these fruits in all the
eight states spoken of; but their apples, in size and keeping qualities,
will not begin to compare with those of Missouri. Professor Budd, of
Iowa, a man of national reputation, and one who stands in the front
rank of horticulture, says of Iowa apples that “the dealers at Ames —
and adjoining towns do not care to handle them on account of their
poor keeping qualities,” and further states that even the oaks of cen-
tral Lowa are injured by the drouth. As for the Dakotas, it is impossi-
ble to get apple-trees to live there. One man I heard from planted ten
acres of box elders, and after they had grown ten feet high they were
all killed by the drouth. Seventy-five miles west from the Missouri
river, in Nebraska, apples do no good. Prof. J. Meyer, formerly of
Holt county, Missouri, but for a number of years past in charge of the
Experiment station at Lander, Wyoming, some weeks ago sent me
some fair specimens of the Wealthy and some very nice crab-apples ;
but he informs me that the Ben Davis, Janet and other choice varieties,
after growing a year or two have been killed by 45 degrees below zero.
I mention these drawbacks and disasters to the orchards of the
northwestern states, not that I wish to discourage the brave and ener-
getic people who occupy them, but rather to encourage the fruit-grow-
ers of our own great State, especially those of Northwest Missouri,
by showing that ve have in the people of those northwestern states a
WINTER MEETING. 187
good market, ready and willing to take all our fruit at remunerative
prices, and one that will continue to grow and widen as the years roll
by. And if they now, with but four millions of population, consume
the surplus products of our orchards, what will be the demand when
they reach a population of twelve, twenty-four or thirty-two million of
people? Attwelve millions, which they will certainly reach by the time
orchards plauted now will come into full bearing, the demand from a
numerical standpoint will be three times what it now is.
There is, however, another phase to the question that should not
be overlooked. Whenever and in proportion as you lower the price
of apples, you induce and increase the consumption. From the first
settlement of these northwestern states up to date, fruit (with but few
rare exceptions in local spots) has been a very expensive luxury.
Permit me to ask you, good, kind, generous farmers of Missouri,
about how many bushels of apples you would store away in your cel-
lars for your wife and children to eat during the winter months, if you
had to give from four to eight bushels of wheat in exchange for one
bushel of apples? I will ventureto say, not many ; and yet this is the
rule, and a lower price the exception, in these states. Could they ex-
change at two bushels of wheat for one of apples, the demand would
doubtless be four-fold what it now is.
In time, as the country develops, when new and competing lines
of railroads are built to the great centers of natural wealth to carry
out the rich ores of the mines and the wheat and stock from the moun-
tains, valley and plain, returning with train-loads of fruit, as they will,
instead of small, broken shipments and express packages as they now
do, these worthy people and their children may enjoy eating big red
apples from Missouri that will not cost more than two, possibly one
bushel of wheat for one of apples. When that time comes, and we
believe it surely will, then will not only Northwest Missouri, but all of
our grand old State—the fruit garden of North America—be taxed to
its utmost capacity to supply the demand. Of course, there are other
fruit-producing States aside from Missouri, also other vast regions to
be supplied with fruit, not under consideration in this paper; but no
other state of the Union as a whole is so highly favored with good,
cheap, fruit lands, soil, climate, water, and everything favorable to the
cheap production of superior fruit, and no state can possibly compare
with Missouri in location fora present and ever-growing market for
her fruit.
This year the orchards of red apples in Northwest Missouri netted
their owners from $50 to $100 per acre, and yet the same kind of land
can be bought at prices ranging from $25 to $50 per acre. Can you
188 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
not see the point? A hint tothe wise is sufficient. These choice fruit
lands will soon double in price, for what other industry will compare
with our orchards of Northwest Missouri? Where can you find or
make a safer investment, or one that will pay so large a dividend ?
Where can you find so rich a country, or one so beautiful or more
healthy? Where will you find better schools, churches and colleges ?
Where will you find the people more industrious, intelligent, thrifty,
prosperous, happy and contented than in Northwest Missouri ?
I pause for an answer; but it comes not, and I pass on. Shall we
be contented with what we have already achieved; fold our arms and
sit down to enjoy the victory already won; consume the feast prepared
and leave the fragments for those who shall come after us? No! No!
Horticulturists are not built that way. Our aim is higher than self, our
march onward and upward to newer fields and greater victories. Our
ambition is to make and leave this old world better than we found it,
that our memory may live in the hearts and affections of a grateful
people who have been benefited by our labor, rather than to have
beautiful epitaphs carved in costly monuments of cold inanimate mar-
ble. And so we live and labor; plant and grow our orchards; seek to
originate new and better varieties; seek through a practical applica-
tion of scientific methods to overcome our insect enemies, to improve
on planting, the care and cultivation of our orchards, on picking,
packing, handling and the marketing of our fruits; in short, do all in
our power, through the medium of our State and local societies and in
every other possible way, to impart the information learned by long
years of costly experience, to others, that we may encourage them to
take hold in earnest and plant more orchards and give them better
care ; that we may induce men of small capital, who are not able to
buy a farm, and our young men, who may have little or no money, but
who have a fortune in young blood and strong muscles, to secure a
piece of our choice fruit land of Northwest Missouri—if only ten
acres—go to work in good faith, remembering that you are the archi-
tects of your own fortunes, and that God helps those who make hon-
est, earnest effort.
Plant an orchard. How much? If you have only 10 or 20 acres,
plant it all in apples, mostly Ben Davis, some Jonathan and Winesap.
Grow garden truck and berries among your apple trees to live on while
you are waiting for your trees to come into bearing. Keep some pigs
and poultry ; build a house, if but a rude, cheap cottage; keep it light
with cheerfulness, and warm with the fire of love. Your wife and chil-
dren will enjoy such a home more than a rented palace, with rent over-
due and nothing to pay with. Strike out boldly, and with self-reliance
WINTER MEETING. 189
and trust in God, fight manfully the great battle of life, and you need
not, can not and will not fail.
And to you, rich men, that have an abundance—I don’t mean an
abundance of everything that is good and desirable, but those who
have such an abundance of land that it gives you an abundance of
work and trouble to look after it—you, who are land-poor, and don’t
know the comforts of a good, quiet, luxurious home, that you might
have, and are robbing yourself and your family that you don’t have it,
permit me to beg of you to cease your scramble for more land. Im-
prove what you have; if you cannot, then sell part of it and improve
the balance. Plant fruit and ornamental trees, vines and shrubs; make
home attractive and the most cheery spot on earth. Encourage your
poor neighbor to own a home, if only a few acres, rather than to pay
rent. Encourage him to engage in fruit-growing and gardening, that
he may be self-reliant and self-supporting; by so doing you will assist
in relieving society of one of its greatest burdens, make the community
in which you live better and happier, and our government stronger; for
so long as the masses of the American people live in their own com-
fortable and happy homes, with no aristocratic landlords to lord it over
and rob and oppress them, we need not fear the wild and ruthless.
waves of anarchy and communism.
Music: Trio—Mesdames DeBolt, Shreeves and Conners.
THURSDAY, Dec. 6—9 a. m.
The following papers were read, and then discussion followed:
‘* Vineyards ”—H. Seaver, Jennings, Mo.
* Grapes for Money ”—G. F. Espenlaub, Rosedale, Kas.
The Vineyard.
By H. Seaver, Jennings, Mo.
My dear friends of the Missouri State Horticultural Society: I
was a little surprised when I received from Secretary Goodman a.
request to attend the meeting of the horticulturists of Missouri, and to
read a paper upon the vineyard. But I must confess that the prospect
of meeting with the members of a society so distinguished for its zeal
and intelligence in the pursuit of horticulture was very pleasant to
me. I was also more than pleased to learn that there was sufficient
interest felt by Mr. Goodman in the vineyard to desire a paper from
me on that subject, although I felt my inability to say much that would
- be new or interesting to a society already so well informed in this and
every other branch of our favorite pursuit. The grape, with its cul-
190, STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
ture and improvement, has long had a special interest for me, and for
mavy years I have been engaged not only in growing vines of the most
popular varieties commercially, but in observing and comparing the
habits and characteristics of those which promised to be most valuable
in the various uses for which this noble fruit was given, to make glad
the heart of man.
The value of the grape and the ease with which it is propagated
are two points not yet well understood by American farmers. No fruit
is more refreshing and none more healthful. No fruit except the straw-
berry comes into bearing as soon after planting as the grape. A steep
hillside may be utilized and become the most profitable position on the
place—southern exposures being the best for the grape. Dry soil for
the grape is everywhere coneeded. Any soil not thoroughly drained
should be deeply worked. Equally as much depends on your location.
You might have the united experience of all grape-growers on earth,
and yet fail if your location is unfavorable. No one grape is suited to
all localities, neither is there any one locality which is suited to all
grapes. The Fox grapes of the North will not succeed at the South,
and the natives of the South will not succeed at the North. Then
there are many varieties that will succeed in one part of the State or
county, that will not succeed in another part. There are, however,
varieties that will succeed in the Middle and Northern states and
throughout the country generally, such as Worden, Moore’s Early,
Concord, Brighton, Delaware, Pocklington, Niagara. Outside of this
list, you should plant with caution. There are many attractive features
in Rogers’ Hybrids. Some of them are all that one could desire in —
quality, beauty and vigor. Yet they are so variable, and so easily
affected by adverse circumstances, that one would be risking consider-
able by planting them largely in a vineyard.
TESTING NEW GRAPKS. —
People should exercise common sense in buying new varieties of
grapes o1 other fruits. If one can afford the outlay, it is a pleasure to
test the new varieties as they come into the market. He is then bene-
fited by his experience. Until a variety has had a fair trial, no man
has any right to speak against it. The fact of its being new argues
nothing. All were new once.
SUMMER PRUNING.
The training of grapes exerts an important influence on the fruit
in some cases. The hot sun often dries and cracks the young fruit
until it is almost worthless. It is plain, then, that if the grape-vine
WINTER MEETING. 191
provides shade for the fruit, considerable advantage is gained. I do
most assuredly, and practice it. As the vines awaken from their winter
sleep in the spring and the buds begin to swell and burst forth, it
will be observed that two buds often appear from what seemed but
one in the dormant state. The first and simple operation in summer
pruning is to rub off one of these as superfluous. A simple touch of
the finger will do it. The weakest and generally the lowest one has to
go. If the buds from any cause start feebly, the sooner this is done
the better for those that remain. If their shoots have grown a foot or
a foot and a half long, no matter; the check to the vine will be greater
and their removal none the less demanded.
It is apt to hurt one’s feelings to destroy so many prospective
clusters of fruit, and the temptation to allow them to remain is very
strong. The remaining shoots are pinched off at one or two leaves
beyond the last cluster of fruit, and all laterals are stopped in the same
way a8 recommended for the young vines, to one leaf. This is done
before the bloom. These bearing canes and laterals, after recovering
from the check thus given, will soon recover and make a fresh start in
wood-making, and the pinching process is repeated as before, leaving
an additional leaf each time. The leaves remaining increase in size
much beyond their normal proportion, and I have a theory that astrong,
vigorous leaf of this kind is most capable of resisting the attack of
mildew, and the larger and finer the fruit will be. This pinching process
also results in full, plump and well-developed buds on the canes to be
left for next year’s fruiting.
DISHASES.
The grape, like all Other fruits, is subject to disease, especially if
its vitality be lowered by any means. Mildew and rot are most to be
feared.
Mildew is eaused mainly by too much moisture in the soil, and
is augmented by a lack of air and sunshine on the foliage. Rapid and
perfect drainage is the remedy. The rot is caused by the spores of a
fungus, which, though invisible to the naked eye, are carried by the
wind and deposited on the fruit, where they generate and grow, caus-
ing the rot. These rotten grapes lie ov the ground all winter, and
when the warm weather comes the spores are again sent out like smoke
from a paff-ball, and are deposited on green grapes, where the same
process is repeated. If the rotten grapes could be swept up and
burned in the fall, the number of spores would be greatly diminished,
especially if our neighbors do the same. This is why grapes never rot
when grown on a building under a cornice.
192 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
PROTECTING CLUSTERS WITH BAGS.
A wide board nailed over the trellis answers very well. Of late
much has been said about placing a foar-pound manilla paper bag over
each cluster of grapes when berries are about the size of No. 4 shot,
pinning the mouth close about the stem. I have practiced it mainly to
secure fine clusters with bloom undisturbed for exhibition, or for pro-
tection from birds and fowls. The expense is trifling. Many large
growers bag them by the acre. It is an experiment worth trying by
all, yet I would not advise you to bag them by the acre until you have
experimented in a small way.
MARKET GRAPES.
Notwithstanding the great progress which has been made in the
cultivation of fine grapes throughout the country, and the increase of
intelligence as to their quality by a large portion of the people, there
is still abundant room for further improvement. Fine appearance and
showy exterior usually go further in market than delicious quality.
For a list of the early grapes which do well in this county, and
which I think are worthy of more general cultivation, take those which
ripen first week in August—Champion, Moore’s Early, Telegraph,
Moore’s Diamond. Although the time of ripening varies in different
localities as compared with each other and with the seasons, the above
dates are not much out of the way for any place of similar latitude.
Grapes for Money.
G. F. Espeniaub, Rosedale, Kansas. ¢
Grape-growing for the most money must be carried on on different.
principles than for amateur purposes. Grapes can be grown on almost.
any kind of soil or location; they can be grown very successfully on —
any kind of land, no matter how thin the soil; but for money, and the
most of it, the location should be high to escape late spring frosts; it
can slope south, east or west with little or no difference, but the rows.
should run with the hillside to prevent washing, and a moderate slope
is preferable to level ground or too steep a slope, because a gentle
slope will carry off the water, which will in some cases prevent rot, and
a steep hillside is apt to wash badly, and the washing away of the soil
is the great cause of a vineyard being short-lived. Then the soil must.
be dry and warm, yet at the same time it should be rich and of good
depth; for while very good grapes can be grown on thin land, the best
WINTER MEETING. 193
lands will produce larger bunches and larger berries, thereby insuring
a heavier and more profitable crop. Distance of planting is also im-
portant; 7 to 8 feet should be the minimum distance; but 8 to 9 where
land is not too scarce wil! tell in the size of the fruit.
Winter or spring praning should be done so as not to cause over-
bearing. The third year after planting should be the first bearing year,
and two canes four feet long is enough bearing wood for the first crop,
and three good canes, four feet long, is enough for any subsequent
crop. Then summer pruning is important. By it we get our bearing
wood for the next crop just where we want it, and by it also we can
form a fine canopy uf shade, under which the clusters will acquire a
heavy bloom, which is so very desirable, especially in black grapes.
Tying up should be done before the buds start much, as the strange
eyes start first and are easily rubbed off; the tying material should be
strong so no breaking down by heavy winds or weight of fruit is pos-
sible.
Cultivation should begin as soon as tying up is done, and the
ground kept in mellow condition. During a rainy season, however,
it is best not to cultivate much, so that the water will run off rather
than to soak into the loose plowed sod, thereby preventing rot and
mildew. Then as soon as the rainy season is over, cultivate before
the ground gets too hard, and should be kept up till ripening.
VARIETIES.
But few varieties are needed for profit, and should be most of
them black. The first to ripen of the black is the Champion; it ripens
even and close together, so it can be worked off before the later and
much better Moore’s Early comes on. Next comes the Worden, the
best of black sorts in quantity and size; then comes the Concord, of
which the greater portion of the vineyard should be planted. Were
it not for eastern crops being shipped in on us and sold for less money
than we can afford to raise grapes for, we might cultivate several
varieties later than Concord. Of these I would mention, Wilder for
black and Goeth for red; also, Pocklington for white or yellow. For
money alone I would not increase the above list, neither would I plant
a single white sort for market.
H—13
194 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Planting and Care of Grapes.
Abner Taylor, Harrisonville, Mo.
Seeing that the Society have got my name down for a paper on
pruning and training the grape, I think the Society should have chosen
somebody better prepared for the important subject. I do not feel
capable of doing the subjecc justice, but if I can be of any benefit to
my fellow-man in any way, then I am under obligations to do what I
can for their benefit.
I have been working with the grape in a small way for eight years.
I have read a great deal on the management of the vine, but was not
satisfied in the different modes of pruning. It seemed to me that there
was something wrong. Then I got the State Horticultural report for
1891 and read H. Clagett’s experience in training and pruning the vine,
and, believing that he was nearer right than any that I had previously
studied, I concluded to give it a fair trial, for I was very much inter-
ested, as I am preparing to set nine acres of grapes as fast as I can
get the land prepared. So I took 10 vines the past spring to experi-
ment with, nine of them Concords and one of another variety. First I
selected from two to four good thrifty shoots of last year’s growth, cut
them off about five to six feet from the starting point on the old wood; —
then I pruned all the old wood off, outside of those that I had left
for fruiting; then took those new shoots and bent them over the sec-
ond wire and tied the end down to the bottom wire, and when the
young shoots made their appearance and the bloom buds started to
grow I pinched off the young shoot one leaf outside the last bloom
bud, and kept all buds pinched off as they appeared, until the first
of July; then I stopped the pinching. I have raised from two to four
new canes from each vine for fruiting next year, and when they
were about six feet long I pinched out the terminal bud; also
pinched off all laterals except the two last, which I let grow 18 inches
or two feet; then pinched off the ends. Again this gives me fine
thrifty canes for fruiting next year.
Now for the results of the experiment: more bunches of grapes
and four times as large as others of the same variety pruned the same
day, but under the ordinary method of pruning. I will train all my
vines on this method next year and see how the method holds out.
Now I have some questions to ask of experimental grape-growers.
Is there any better wine-grape than the Cynthiana? If so, what is it,
and where can they be bought, and at what price per 500 or 1000? I
WINTER MEETING. 195
have two of Prof. Munson’s new seedlings, the Rommel and G. W.
Campbeil. The Campbell fruited with me this year, and it is one of
the finest flavored grapes that I have ever found, and as sweet in pro-
portion to size as a red-headed girl. I also have five of John Burr’s
and Dr. J. Stayman’s new seedlings—the Matchless and Paragon by
Barr, aud the Ozirk, Waite Imperial and the White Boaauty by Dr. J.
Stayman. The White Beauty is about equal in quality to G. W.
Campbell.
DISCUSSION.
J.C. Evans —I want to ask Mr. Espenlaub one question: What
is your method of cultivation, deep or shallow ?
Mr. Espenlaub—I usually plow over my vines ; hereafter I shall
use the five-tooth cultivator only. Concord has shallow roots. Vir-
ginia seedling roots deeper.
Grapes must have shade. You want good foliage to protect the
fruit from the direct rays of the sun.
I think Goethe is the best red grape. Venango is not good, but it
brings a good price, on account of its handsome appearance. Dela-
ware isnot productive enough for profit. Champion, Moore’s Karly,
Worden and Concord make a good succession. You can’t lengthen
the season of a grape by picking early and keeping them, as you do
pears or apples.
Catawba does fairly well, but you don’t get pounds enough. Burr’s
new seedlings have not constitution enough to stand our climate. This
last spring the frost badly injured them. The Niagara has a good con-
stitution, and is a good bearer. Moore’s Diamond does not come up
to its recommendations. When I sell a basket of it the purchaser does
not come back for another.
Mr. Russell: A German in my county forces grapes to depend
upon their roots, by cutting off the roois near the surface.
Mr. Espenlaub—The Concord likes to run in the surface soil. If
planted deep it doesn’t thrive. The Virginia seedling is just the other
way ; it runs deep.
Mr. Blanchard—I have been experimenting some with grapes for
a number of years. I would plant in 6-foot rows and 6 to 8 feet in the
row. I have found the Agawam successfal, except it is sometimes
tender in the winter; the quality is most excellent. I prune in the fall,
lay it down and cover with soil; sometimes the soil-covering fails; the
buds are injured. The Niagara is pretty good. With some it isa
failure. There is no grape that exceeds the vitality of the Agawam.
It is wonderful to grow; first-rate to bear. I sellin my local market ;
average about 2 cents per pound, which pays me.
196 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY.
Mr. Espenlaub—I lay the Goethe down every fall. It is not
hardy enough to stand our winter. I justlay it on the ground and
not cover at all. I can lay down an acre ina day anda half. Yoru
must keep up a new growth from the ground every year, 80 you can
lay them down.
Dr. Green--I once planted half an acre of the Agawam. Five or
six years later I had to grub them out. I was induced to plant them
by the great success of one vine in town growing in an apple-tree, but
in the vineyard they failed. If grapes can be had for fifteen or twenty
cents a basket, what is the use growing them? It don’t pay.
Mr. Blanchard—In starting a grapery and training the vines. I
train to three stocks, one perpendicular, two others slanting, I have
fruit growing from the bottom. I conceive it a great advantage to 80
train your vine as to have fruit all over them and not all at the top.
You can soon get a sprout from the bottom by pinching back.
Mr. Morrill—Grape-growers in Michigan say there is money in the
business, and lots of it, at ten to twelve cents per basket. I under-
stand Dr. Green to say that they would not pay at fifteen to twenty
cents per basket. What do you want?
J. C. Bender—Grapes retailed in St. Joseph at fifteen cents for
basket and all. I think the time of high prices generally is over. How
many do you raise per acre ?
L. A. Goodman—We can make one hundred dollars per acre—that
is enough,
A. Nelson—Two years ago I visited New York at the grape season.
In the Lake Erie region I fell in with a gentleman who thirty years
ago had a large orchard. Now the orchard is dug up and the Jand
planted in grapes. I asked at what prices they could afford to grow
them. They claimed to put nine pounds ina basket. At twelve and
a half cents they make a good profit. At eight cents it is like growing
wheat at fifty cents per bushel. I don’t believe it is a good record to
go down that we can’t grow grapes. Let us grow grapes. I keep
planting all the time.
Mr. Baxter—I began in 1858 and have tried almost everything.
Concord, Worden, Moore’s Early and Niagara are the leading kinds.
There is more money in the Concord than any other, though it is peor
in quality. It is the grape for the money. We can ship it all over the
United States. We average twelve and a half cents per basket. Wor-
den is fine, large, better flavored by far than Concord, but is not known
in the market by its true name. Shipped as Concord it is called
“fancy,” and sells at an advance of five cents per basket. We plant
Concord eight feet by seven. I have tried them at various distances
WINTER MEETING. 197
up to fourteen feet, but consider the greater distance no advantage.
Vor Moore’s Harly seven feet by six is a good distance. It is not so
rank a grower as Concord. In preparing to plant grapes, plow deep.
Use two horses with an ordinary plow, and follow with another team
with a subsoil plow.
Don’t plant the vines in deep holes. They never do well in that
way. Give shallow culture; just keep the top of the ground stirred.
We train on the renewal system, heading 15 inches above the ground.
If the variety is tender, head low, so we can lay down the vines and
cover them with straw, with a little dirt on the straw cover. In some
sections, if the vines are bent down they will be covered sufficiently
with snow.
In July plow toward the vines to be laid down. We lay down
Goethe, Delaware, such as these. We care little for fertilizers; our
soils are ordinarily rich enough. We aim to keep the grapes shaded
by the foliage, so the sun will not strike them. If our vines grow too
vigorously we pinch. As soon as spraying becomes necessary, we must
pinch some of the free-growing varieties, so the mixture can be put on
the fruit. Those not pinched ripen earlier, and have finer bunches.
We have sometimes pinched too much. We have grapes planted 30
feet above the river and farther back on the clay hills.
REPORTS FROM COUNTY SOCIETIES.
J. C. Bender—In Buchanan, our landis of the limestone character.
Grapes this year had a large half crop. Fifteen hundred barrels of
apples were shipped from St. Joseph. Moses Townsend sold the fruit
in a 35-acre orchard to an Ohio man for $5500 in the orchard.
L, A. Goodman—What is your Society doing ?
Mr, Bender—We have started a library, to which every member
of the Society has access. We meet once a month. We have 1000
volumes in tbe library.
JASPER COUNTY.
Mr. Russell—We have monthly meetings, except in August, Sep-
tember and October, when we were too busy. A few years ago, before
the rust came, we had fine crops of strawberries.
COOPER COUNTY.
C. C. Bell—We have only fifteen active members. Financially we
are all right. We have paid over $1600 for a piece of ground on which
to build a hall. We meet three or four times a year.
198 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
LACLEDE COUNTY.
A. Nelson—We have 90 members. Ten papers of interest during
the year have been read.
Oregon county made a favorable report.
Livingston county made a good report.
Missouri Valley Society is as prosperous as usual.
B. F. Smith, Kansas—We keep our Society alive by making the
social feature prominent. We have the summer meetings at the homes
of the members. We always have dinners, summer and winter. A
great deal depends upon the secretary of the society. I can make a
good report with only three or four members in attendance.
J.C. Evans—Let us hear from Illinois and Michigan.
Mr. Dennis—-For 30 years Hancock county, Illinois, has had a
Horticultural socity, which has met at least four times every year, and
sometimes once a month. We have a program made out and sent
to our members two weeks before the time of meeting. We seldom
have a failure. Each one does the work assigned him. We have
standing committees on various subjects; they report at every meet-
ing. I believe from my experience that we have as good a local so-
ciety as it has ever been my privilege to meet with. Itis neither dead
nor sleeping.
Mr. Morrill—Onur society in Michigan meets three times a year—
in December, February and in the summer. Our plan is to make the
local societies auxiliary to the State society. They report anything of
special interest or value to the State society. Our State society has
over 500 members, and is in good working order. Our reportis a good
book of reference, and compares with that of Missouri or New Jersey.
It is sent everywhere. It discusses all of the topics of the day in
fruit-growing, and new fruits. We have the aid of one of the best
Experiment stations in the United States. Prof. Taft is always in line
with our wants. Wedo not lose time in learning of anything that may
advance our interests. President T. T. Lyon is in charge of our sub-
station at South Haven.
We have found it almost impossible to have a good meeting in a
large city. Wherever in any locality we find a young man starting in
fruit-growing, we push him into the local and the State society. We
also put the ladies to the front as far as we can. We get our revenue
from life members at $10, and annual members at $1. Our Secretary
has been poorly paid and over-worked. C. W. Garfield held the office
as long as we could keep him. E. C. Reid, our present Secretary, is
WINTER MEETING. 199
an editor with a horticultural turn. We use his paper as the semi-
official organ of the Society. Any new idea of importance gets into
his paper.
Mr. Goodrich—In Illinois we have an annual appropriation of
$4000 to support twelve stations. The purpose of these stations is to
experiment with a view of learning the best varieties of fruits, the
best methods of cultivation, spraying, etc. These twelve stations are
scatteredall overtostate. Our State society is made of three sections,
northern, central and southern. Our Secretary is over-worked and
under-paid. No secretary in the United States is well paid for his
time, care, thought and labor. We try to base our work upon actual
experience. About one-third of the counties have societies. In
Union county there are five incorporated societies for the purpose of
business. In the county soath of me they have a Grange society that
holds a Grange fair. We hope to have the pleasure of receiving a
delegate from your Society at our meeting next week.
Mr. Morrill— We want to see a delegate from this body at Lowell,
Mich., at our next meeting.
Mr. Holsinger—Kansas wants a delegate at Fort Scott next week.
The Agricultural College.
Another item of business that was not on the program was offered
on Thursday, when the Committee on Resolutions offered the following,
which, with the exception of one negative voice, was adopted unani-
mously after considerable debate :
Whereas, It is the judgment of the members of the Missouri State Horticultural So-
ciety, as wellas many of the farmers of the State, that the Missouri State University is an
institution of which any citizen should be proud; but that the State Agricultufal college
and the State Experiment station part thereof are not what they should be, nor what the
State has a right to expect of them, because of the overshadowing influence of the Univer-
sity in the use of the moneys properly belonging tothem. To such an extent is this appar-
ent, to such an extent have these funds amounting to nearly $50,000 a year been misappro-
priated, that the Agricultural college and Experiment station are almost completely
osscured, their usefulness paralyzed, and their very existence almost unknown. The
funds of the Agricultural college have been used to advance the interest of the University,
contrary to the terms of the act of Congress which gave to the State the means for the
establishment of an Agricultural college. These funds have been absorbed from year to
year to pay the professors of the University, to pay for brick and the materials for build-
ing, and not for the benefit of the College, but to advance the interests of the University
proper.
The sons of our farmers who desire an agricultural and horticultural education do not
get it in Missouri, because they fail to find the Agricultural college and are compelled to go
elsewhere to find such an institution existing by and of itself, and entirely separate from
the University.
200 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
This condition of affairs has continued for years, has been known to thousands who
have had occasion to look into them, and is growing worse rather than otherwise, and your
committee are of the opinion that the time has come when something should be done not
only to right the tremendous wrong that Is being done to one of our most important insti-
tutions of learning, but as well the growth of our State, and through them the future of
agricultural education within its borders. Missouri farmers need a thorough education as
much as those of Kansas and Michigan; and as it has by law been provided for them, and
paid for as well, we think they should not be compelled to resort to Kansas or Michigan,
Separate the’Agricultural college and the Experiment station not only from the University,
but from its influence and control, and let the Legislature provide for both according to
their needs, and they will prove a success; but so long as they are associated the lesser will
surely be controlled by and subordinated to the greater; therefore,
Resolved, by the Missouri State Horticultural Society in annual session, That the coming ses-
sion of the General Assembly, through a committee to be appointed by this Society, be
urged to take such steps as shall secure the separation as suggested, or make other pro-
vision by law that shall insure to the agriculturists of the State the full use of all the mon-
eys appropriated by the National Government for their own educational purposes and
no other.
Resolved, That the time has come when this should be done without further delay; that
the people in interest demand the change, and that the misappropriations of Agricultural
College funds to University purposes should cease.
Resolved, That the State Horticultural Society invite the co-operation of all the bodies
in the State having these interests at heart, and that they bend every energy to its accom-
plistment.
The Secretary read the following letter:
COLUMBIA, MO., November 22, 1894.
Mr. L. A. GOODMAN, Westport, Mo.:
Dear Sir—Having been a student in the College of Agriculture for some time, I haye
become convinced that neither the College of Agriculture nor the Experiment station will
be allowed to accomplish their purpose while connected with the State University; and
having learned from reports that the Horticultural Society is acquainted with the ‘‘job-
bery’’ practiced in the management here, I take the liberty of asking that the Society, at
its coming meeting, consider a memorial recommending to the State Legislature that the
College of Agriculture and the Experiment station be separated from the State University.
The students of the College of Agriculture are almost unanimously in favor of removal.
Of course the President of the University and the Curators are opposed toa separation,
because the University gets the benefit of Agricultural college and Experiment station
funds. Dr. Porter is also opposed to the change.
Hoping that you will not be offended at the liberty I take in making the suggestion, I
remain, Very respectfully yours,
T. I. MAIRS.
DISCUSSION.
J. C. Evans—I think the people of the State should know more
of the relations of the Agricultural college and the Experiment station
to the University proper. The Board of Curators have the manage-
ment of about $50,000 annually, which belongs to these two institu-
tions. This money was given by the government of the United States.
When we go to Columbia we can’t find the Agricultural college. When
you ask them at Columbia where the Agricultural college is, they will
tell you, “ yonder stands the State University.” The Agricultural col-
lege may be in the University. The Legislature of the State accepted
the land grant from Congress for the purpose of supporting a college
to teach agriculture and mechanic arts, but you can’t find the college.
If you ask, where are the students of the Agricultural college, they
can’t find them. I do believe there are 15 there now.
A
WINTER MEETING. 201
We are proud of our State University, and would do it no harm.
The State ought to support it liberally, but it ought not to take the
money appropriated by the United States government for another pur-
pose. The Board of Curators send us a man every year to make us a
nice speech, full of fair promises, yet they do nothing for us. It is in
the power of the State Legislature to do something for us.
G. W. Waters—If a young man goes to the State University and
is able and willing to fight his way through, he can get an agricultural
education. This department is overshadowed by the regular Univer-
sity. In the catalogue there are 235 students put down as belonging
to the Agricultural department, but 99 per cent of them would take it
as an insult if you asked them if they were students in the Agricul-
tural college. All that are in the Military school are classed as agri-
cultural students. No citizen of the State can stand there and see
those buildings without being proud of them. I believe the State
ought to support the University, but I don’t believe success of the
Agricultural department can be reached under the overshadowing in-
fluence of the other departments. Many a young man is weaned away
from his purpose of getting a good farm education. Many men will
not send their sons there on this account.
Prof. Whitten—Being a member of the Agricultural College
Faculty, it is embarrassing for me to speak. Iam heartily in sympathy
with the work of horticulture, and I think it is possible fer a student,
even now, to get a good agricultural education at Columbia. I have
taken occasion to visit those departments in which are taught the arts
and sciences relating to agriculture. They have men just suited to the
work. I believe the teacher of biology is one of the best in the coun-
try ; so of the other teachers; but I must admit the students are not
there. There are a few,and among them are some good strong students.
Cornell is one of the leading colleges of the country, and I believe we
have some students that would compare with those of Cornell. I
would not say anything that would detract from the work of horticul-
ture in the State, but I do say that I believe students can get compe-
tent instruction along this line at the State University at Columbia,
even as now organized.
N. F. Murray—I ask permission to say a few words. In the last
session of the Legislature I had opportunity to know something of
the working of these institutions at Columbia. I was in favor of sepa-
rating the Agricultural college and the Experiment station from the
University proper. I went on to say that they had never given any
good results, and that the moneys belonging to the College and the
Station were being used to support the other departments of the Uni-
202 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
versity. Mr. Rust, a member of the Legislature, said: “That is just
what we want—the funds of the Agricultural college to support the
University.” Iama friend of education, and a friend of the University,
and shall do all in my power to support these institutions at the next
meeting of the State Legislature, of which I ama member. I believe
that the members of this and of every local society in the State have
the same feeling. I do not wish to injure the University, but I am
looking at the needs of our great State. I think there is sufficient
reason for the separation of the Agricultural college and the Experi-
ment station from the University.
Mr. Blanchard—If the University is allowed to use the $50,000
belonging to the Agricultural college and the Experiment station with-
out law, I am in favor of a change, even if it be necessary to wipe the
Board of Curators out of existence. I am ashamed of having a col-
lege that gives no results.
Mr. Chubbuck—Those who know me know I have taken a good
deal of interest in this Agricultural College question. By virtue of
my interest in the College and being a graduate of it, I know that col-
lege is not meeting its purposes. That $50,000 comes from the United
States treasury. It is not giving value received for the money. It is.
not altogether due to the mismanagement of the college: it is partly
due to the fact that the farmers themselves have not asserted them-
selves as they should. Students can go there and get the information
they desire, though under difficulties. It is possible for that reason
that they ought to be separated. In making this statement it must be
admitted that we as farmers are not standing for ourselves seeking for
our rights. It may be that in asking for this separation we are con-
fessing weakness. I do not like to make a confession of weakness,
but I am coming to the conclusion that it is not best. to keep them
together. If the farmers of the State desire and will express that de-
sire in an adequate manner, they can have the separation by saying so.
This matter must be canvassed very carefully before it can be accom-
plished.
J. C. Evans—Mr. Chubbuck says it is possible for students to get
an agricultural education at Columbia. Suppose we admit it: is it
right to ask the general government to appropriate $50,000 a year to:
graduate one and a half students? This is the average number for ten.
years.
WINTER MEETING. 203
State Horticultural Society.
Among the papers read at the annual meeting of this Society at
Trenton, Mo., was a letter from Hon. J. M. Howell, President of the
Board of Directors of Public Schools, Dallas, Texas, an eminent and
evidently an earnest horticulturist. Knowing that the sentiments ex-
pressed in his letter are entertained very generally by those familiar
with the Missouri Society’s report the world over, we have pleasure in
giving it to our readers, even though a little after date. We would
like that all men in interest should know who have made the Society,
and, through the Society, the State, famous in the estimation of the
best citizens of the country.
THE LETTER.
L. A. Goodman, Secretary Missouri State Horticnltural Soclety: The program and
premium list for thirty-seventh annual meeting of the Missouri State Horticultural Society
has been received, for which you wiil please accept my thanks. Be assured thatIlam
always glad to receive the program and annual report of your great Horticultural So-
ciety. Texas horticulturists are proud of the record your Society has made, and the work
it is doing in the interest of general horticulture. The Missouri State Horticultural Society
is often mentioned as a model in the discussions in our Texas State Horticultural Society.
Our constitution and by-laws were taken from your report, and but few changes have been
made since Its adoption about 10 years ago.
I have often promised myself the pleasure of attending your annual meetings, but as
often been disappointed by having too much work or too little of the ‘‘free coinage of silver
16to1.’’ Yes, about the time I receive your program there are 16 chances to one thatI
have nota dollar. SoJI miss hearing the ‘‘free and unlimited coinage’’ of the horticultural
truths and beautiful sentiments expressed in your meetings.
No doubt the Missouri Horticultural Society by its work is adding annually millions of
dollars to the wealth of your State, in addition to the education it has given your people in
self-support. Your Society is teaching the people how to live, how to draw the pleasures
and comforts of life from the great ‘‘sub-treasury’’ of Nature, the soil.
I have often stated, in horticultural talks over Texas, that the State of Missouri makes
annual appropriations to the support of its Horticultural Society, and that the people of
Texas annually pay these appropriations in the immense importations of your fine fruits
and vegetables Your Legislature deserves credit for the intelligent encouragement thus
given the horticulturists of your State. Until within the past two years the people of Texas
have consoled(?) themselves with the statement that eight and 10-cent cotton would beat
apples at 50 cents per bushel; but they are now realizing that 4-cent cotton don’t buy any
great chance of apples at $1 per bushel.
Since 1870 (24 years) I have witnessed wonderful horticultural development in Texas ;
and I hope to see the day when Texas will be keeping ‘‘step’’ in the front ranks of horti-
culture with your great State, Missouri
Long may your Society continue to be a potent factor in the present cizilization.
The beautiful and comfortable homes the influence of your Society has helped to
make, will bea more enduring monument to its memory than marble shafts or bronze
statues.
On behalf of the Texas horticulturists, we give youand the members of your Society
a cordial invitation to be present at our next annual meeting of the State Horticultural So-
clety, which will be held in Bowie, Montague county, Texas.
J.M. HOWELL, Dallas, Tex.
SECRETARY'S, REPORT,
THURSDAY, December 6—2 p. m.
May be long or short, high or low, broad or narrow, fall or brief,
as occasion may offer; but whatever it is in quality or quantity, it will
not fail because of the want of material, or of interest in our work, or
of growth in horticulture, or of lack of enthusiasm.
Missouri horticulture is of steady, permanent, intelligent, earnest
growth. There is arising in our midst a * Western horticulture ” that
will spread and culture and enlighten our people more in the next few
years, than has been done during the last half century.
Our fruit men are beginning to watch and inquire into every im-
portant and unimportant factor that enters into the propagation, growth,
cultivation, protection or marketing of our fruits. We are beginning
to examine the soils where our orchards grow, to watch the fungus
diseases and insect enemies, to study the different plans of cultivation
and pruning, to correct the planting of so mavy varieties, to seek the
adaptation of different varieties to various soils, localities and climates
and to observe the markets of the country closely.
While other business may be failures, we feel glad to say that the
fruit-growers of Missovri have come out of this series of trials and |
tribulations and failures with a firmer conviction that their calling is a
safe and sure one, and although it may not make millionaires of them,
it will surely give them a safe and sure income, if not a noble compe-
tency. We feel satisfied, here in Missouri, that if we wish to enter into
the fruit business anywhere, here in Missouri we have the choicest
lands, the best locations, the most valuable markets, close and quick
communication, cheap railroad rates, the lowest lands in price, the :
highest lands in value, the richest soils, the choicest climate, the most
perfect adaptability and the brightest prospects of any of our sister
states.
Orchards of apple, peach, pear, plum and cherry, and vineyards
also, are being planted by the tens, hundreds, thousands of acres in
single orchards, and paying profitably. All over our State you will
WINTER MEETING. 205.
find the timber being cut off our lands and the virgin soil at once
planted to orchards, and we feel sure that these orchards will occupy
the same position that our orchards did 40 years ago.
A new idea seems to have taken possession of our Western men,
-and that is that the orchard should have all the fertility the land af-
fords, and that it should not be robbed by continual cropping. We
find many of our fruit-men studying intelligently the newer varieties,
watching closely the development of the fungus diseases, acquainting
themselves with the habits of the insect foes, experimenting with all
that is new, old, good, bad or indifferent. In fact, the horticulturist of
Missouri is trying to step upon a higher plane of thought or labor
than that wholly devoted to manual labor or drudgery.
You will find our large commercial orchardists paying as strict at-
tention to their business enterprise as any merchant, lawyer, mechanic
or manufacturer can possibly do to his work. He is taking it upasa
business enterprise, and is following it in a business-like way, and not
as a side issue, and the results are justifying this expenditure of time,
labor, brains and money. What the result of this systematic plan of
orchard-growing will be we can only partially comprehend now; but
we may be sure that this organized, systematic, intelligent, energetic,
enthusiastic plan of orchard and fruit-growing will result in increased
knowledge, positive results, and be the means of making our business
a true “science of horticulture,” of which it does not now deserve the
name.
Some practical results have been developed ia these last three
seasons of severe trial and failure. We have seen, even during this
year, apple-orchards that have paid their owners as high as $200 per
acre, and very many of them that have paid from $50 to $100 per acre.
You can find peach-orchards that paid last year, all the way from $60
to $300 per acre. While these higher figures are the exception and
not the rule, yet they show what can be done and what has been done
in many locations.
Why should we not expect results, and especially improvement
and increased knowledge, when we have such thinkers and workers as
Samuel Miller, Herman Jaeger, Mary E. Murtfeldt, Jacob Rommel in
Missouri, and M. G. Kern, B. T. Galloway and C. V. Riley who have got
away from Missouri. I have toadd another reason why we should ex-
pect results and a sure means of development, and that is, the work
of the Missouri State Horticultural Society and its band of workers,
who are working as a unit for the advancement of this cause all
over our State, and sending out valuable knowledge far and wide.
206 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
,
No better work has been done or can be done anywhere than that
done by the State Society during the last 12 years in unifying our peo-
ple in this cause, in developing the fruit interests of the State, and in
scattering this experience abroad over our entire land.
Another forward step we have taken, and taken it for good, and
that is the use of the fungicides and the insectcides for the preserva-
tion of our fruits from the ravages of fungus disease and insect life.
We cannot give a positive rule that will be a panacea for all troubles,
yet we feel sure we are on the right road to success, and all it now
needs is perseverance, intelligent perseverance.
Another step: The care and cultivation of our orchards is now
being followed in a very systematic and thorough way, and the orehards
are showing it in their wood and fruit growth.
Some other important, very, very important matters for us to con-
sider before we have a“science of horticulture” are Ist, to know how to
breed our trees; 2d, how to feed them; 3d, to know when they are
sick, and how to cure them; and 4th, to know how to take careof them
when they are well.
THE FRUIT DISPLAY AT THE ST. LOUIS EXPOSITION.
The success of this display is due to the fact that our county
societies took hold of the work with such vim and energy that we could
not have done otherwise. The fine display of fruits in jars that were
shown at Chicago was renovated, added to, and the liquid changed so
that the fruit in many instances was much improved in appearance. A
clear liquid seemed to make a very great addition indeed, to the beauty
of many of the specimens. A special arrangement was made of all
the fruits, so that every kind of fruit was put by itself, thus making a
greater educational feature of the display than could otherwise have
been done. Thus all the apples were on a table by themselves, all the
peaches by themselves, pears, strawberries, raspberries and vegetables,
each distinct and separate. These wereall arranged on the same tables
and fixtures that we had at Chicago, and were very attractive indeed.
Outside from this we had a room which had table room for about
200 plates of fruit. This was filled with the finest fruits that the State
of Missouri could furnish, samples of which you now see onthe tables
before you. A large quantity of fruit was sent to cold storage in St.
Louis early in the season, and this was drawn upon at the opening of
the Exposition September 5th, so that the display from the very begin-
ning was a complete one in every regard. The display of grapes,
pears, plums and apples was as perfect as one could wish to see.
WINTER MEETING. 207
I wish that I had space to refer to each one who so well made
special displays of merit, but to mention each one’s name and say what
he sent to the Exposition during the whole of that 40 days would
take too much space, and weary you also.
A list of the counties making the show and keeping it up, and of
the persons furnishing the fruit for the same, will be submitted, so far
as I have a record of them. If any names are omitted it is because
for some reason or other I have not the record of them.
COUNTIES MAKING DISPLAYS.
The following counties made exhibits, and [ have give them place
on the “Roll of Honor,” in the order of merit of their exhibit; in ex-
tent, in quality, in number, and in continuance during the whole of the
40 days and 40 nights.
Oregon, Pettis, Cass, Bates, DeKalb,
Buchanan, Jackson, Ray, Laclede, Johnson,
Howell, Clay, Gasconade, St. Louis, Platte,
Holt, Greene, Cooper, Linn, Jasper.
Carroll, Lafayette,
This for the display of fruits.
The following list of nurserymen furnished a fine lot of evergreens
for decorative purposes, which added very materially to the display, its
beauty and attractiveness:
Jos. B. Wild & Bro., Sarcoxie. Bagby & Son, New Haven.
Blair & Kaufman, Kansas City. Kelsey & Co., St. Joseph.
W.J. Weber & Son, South St. Louis. Stark Bros., Louisiana.
The following florists, of St. Louis, very kindly furnished palms,
pot-plants and cut flowers for our tables, and it assisted us very much
in the artistic arrangement :
Michel Bulb & Plant Co., St. Louis. Young & Co. Floral Co., St. Louis.
Robt. F. Tesson, Rose- grower, St. Louis.
From Oregon county the following persons furnished the fruit for
the display, wholly under the control and management and collected
by 8. W. Gilbert, Thayer:
F,. M. Simpson, J. A. Parks. J. Huddleston, Bob Trogdon,
L. W. Scott, J. Taylor, Mrs. Fiske, Dan Corbin,
Scott Smith, J.J. Sitten, S. Scott, Jesse Morris,
J. Redburn, N. B. Allen, J. E. Mosley, W.F. Bess,
J. Willard, S. Locke, H. D. Irvine, J. Hogg,
E. E. Evans, G. W. Lowe, Mrs. Milsap, J. Willard,
Mrs. C.B. Duncan, K. Huff, E. H. Farlace, R. Brower.
J. O. Sawyer, J. Collins, J. P. Woodside,
208 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
From Buchanan county I have only the following names; many of
the packages came marked Bachanan County Horticultural Society:
Kelsey & Co., Joseph Bond, D. A. Turner, J.C. Bingham,
J. W. Arthur, Henry Cox, W. M. Sweriner, J. F. Wilcox,
L. Finel, F. McCoun, Vineland Nurseries. Pat. Wood.
M. Redmond, J. H. Karnes, Gus Hunsinger,
From Howell county the packages were all marked South Mis-
souri Horticultural Society, but the collection was secured and ar-
ranged by J. T. Snodgrass, Secretary, assisted by E. L. Pollard.
From Holt county—N. F. Murray, J. N. Menifee, C. Shultz, Wm.
Brodbeck, Holt County Horticultural Society.
From Oarroll county, W.S. Crouch and Hirty & Williams made
the collection, packed and shipped it to St. Louis.
From Pettis county the collection was made entirely by Sheppard -
& Wheeler, of Lamonte.
From Clay county—J. C. Evans.
From Jackson county—M. Butterfield, L. A. Goodman.
From Greene county—G. W. Hopkins, J. Kirchgraber, J. W. Bar-
ron, D. M. Ritter.
From Lafayette county—W. P. Keith, J. A. J. Shultz.
From Cass county—G. M. Kellogg.
From Ray county—J. H. Leake.
From Gasconade county—Jacob Rommel.
From Cooper county—L. Geiger.
From Bates county—J. B. Durand and Hart Pioneer Nursery.
From Laclede county—A. Nelson.
From St. Louis county—A. Seaver, Fred. Mueller, Chas. Miller &
Son, Oscar Luins, R. Sahm.
From Linn county—J. B. Christy.
From DeKalb county—E. A. Silvester.
From Johnson county—A. H. Gilkeson.
From Platte county—T. C. Hammond.
From Jasper county—Wild Bros.
I wish to acknowledge here to this Society my indebtedness, and
the Society’s indebtedness, for the very, very valuable assistance,
during the whole term of the Exposition, of our worthy Treasurer, Mr.
A. Nelson. I really cannot see how I could have succeeded at the
opening if it had not been for his valuable assistance. The time
seemed inopportune for help from the other officers of the Society,
which we were expecting, as usual, and it seemed necessary for the
Treasurer and myself to see that it was carried on successfully. Two
weeks’ hard work early in August I spent in renovating and replacing
the jars of fruit. Another two weeks I spent just before the Exposi-
os
7
WINTER MEBTING. 209
tion opened, during the hottest part of last August, and our Treasurer
was with me for a week of the hardest work of arranging for the
opening, and during the week of opening, and he was my right-hand
man until the last plate was on the table. He made a number of trips
to St. Louis from his home, after we found that we would have to do
the work alone, and I am glad to say that the result shows that we
did not fail in any regard.
To the Exposition management, I wish to express my hearty thanks
for the very many favors, kind expressions and kind attentions during
the whole of the Exposition. No one who has never attempted to col-
lect and care for such an exhibit of fruits can begin to realize what a
burdenit is toattendto it. In noexhibitionthat I have ever attempted
to make, have matters been so pleasantly and agreeably arranged, and
every item to the minutest detail been so satisfactorily accomplished.
Our Society comes from this work with the kindest of feelings for
the Exposition, and I am sure that the Exposition feel the same toward
the Society, as shown by the following letter :
Sr. Louis, November 6, 1894.
Mr. L. A. GOODMAN, Secretary State Horticultural Society, Westport, Mo.:
Dear Sir—Yours of the 26th was handed me this morning on my return. Idon’t know
that I shall be able to go to Trenton on December 5, 6and 7, but lf I can I shall be very glad
to meet your Association again. I take this occasion to thank you for the fruit exhibit of
the State of Missouri, which was a great source of pleasure to the visitors, and I believe
was the means of bringing its fruit products, through the display, before the city of St.
Louis and visiting strangers, and I think it wasa great credit to the State of Missouri, your
Association and the city of St. Louis. Yours truly,
FRANK GAIENNIE, General Manager.
Besides all these pleasant and agreeable associations, the St. Louis
Exposition has done what no other company or association has ever
done for our Society.
Just think of it: Ist, the Exposition paid all the express on the
fruit sent to St. Louis, $150.70; 2d, the Exposition paid a man to assist
me all the time in caring for the exhibit, and he was with me from 7 a.
m. to 10:30 p. m. every day, Mr. Homer A. Nelson did his part well
and faithfully, for which I have to thank him much. 34, the Exposition
paid all my expenses during the time, and a small amount per diem;
4th, the Exposition is anxious that next fall we repeat the display on a
grander scale, and will give us every inducement to do so.
The display that we made in 1888 cost the Society over $800, while
this display, almost its equal in size, and fully its equal in quality, cost
the Society only $129.28, of which $38 was for photographie views and
$10 for framing the same.
Now as to the results of this show, I cannot begin to point them
out to you; the seed sown will spread and grow; we know not when,
H—14
210 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ry
or how, or where. Over ahalf million people have seen and many hun-
dreds have been interested in the display, and [ feel sure that it will
accomplish very much good for the State as a whole, and for the coun-
ties making the display a special good.
These displays accomplish a deal of good in many different ways,
and we can hardly tell where the influence will end, for it is like the
progression of 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, ete. First, then,it brings before the peo-
ple the advantages of the State for fruit-growing. Second, it shows
people that by our fruits they shall know us, and we want them to—
come and see. Third, it lets the world know that we are alive, wide
awake, earnest and enthusiastic in our callings, and we want just such
people to come and settle among us; and fourth, we want the reputa-
tion of our State Society for displays and earnestness in our cause to
be upheld by its works, and all to know we do not propose to be be-
hind any other State Society in the land. The following clippings from
the notices sent to the Rural World and Journal of Agriculture,. and
comments by them and others on the exhibit, will show the progress of
the work ana the way the exhibit was received by the public:
The State Horticultural Society.
Colman’s Rural World:
The thirty-seventh annual meeting of the Missourl State Horticultural Soclety will be
held at Trenton, the county seat of Grundy county, Mo., beginning Wednesday, December
5th prox., and continue three days. There has been a large crop of fruitin that part of
the State this year, and it is expected that this will stimulate the farmers and orchardists
to turn out and attend the meeting that they may tell their fellow-farmers all about it, and
as well hear the reports from other sections and the lessons of experience learned by others
who will take part in the proceedings. During the three days’ sessions much information
on timely topics will be dispensed and many things of importance come before the Society
for discussion; hence we expect a more than ordinarily profitable and instructive gather-
ing of fruit culturists of the State.
The officers of the Soclety are doing a grand work for the State at large, and if ‘‘keep-
ing everlastingly at it brings success,’’ they will assuredly compass their object and gain
their point. Let it be known that no other body of men in the State are doing more, nay,
doing as much, to make its grand possibillties known as the officers of the State Horticul-
tural Soclety, and somebody will presently come to the front and recognize it and yield to
them their meed of praise. In 1893 they putin six full months at the World’s fair, witha
display that was simply unparalleled, and that did more to advertise the State than any
other effort made there. But, in order to make that six months show, another six months’
work had to be done in preparation and in closing up and settling.
This year again they were called upon to make a show at the St. Louis exposition,
where for 40 consecutive days and nights they maintained the integrity of the State with
2000 plates of fruit, exhibiting 256 varieties of apples, 310f pears, 43 of grapes, 17 of plums, and
with the display of agricultural products brought from the World’s fair, made by all odds
the grandest representative exhibition of the products of the State ever made in it, and the
most conspicuous display in the building. Does the reader suppose that this is all done to
nojpurpose? Does any one imagine for a moment that these grand displays are without ef-
fect? By no manner of means. They testify to soll and climate, to the thrift and genius of
our people, and to successful enterprise on every hand. It will be worth good money to —
go to this meetlIng at Trenton and hear the officers tell of their work, and hear what they —
have to say as to the future. Write L. A. Goodman, Secretary, Westport, Me., for all in-
formation.
WINTER MEETING. 211
The St. Louis Fruit Show.
Taking advantage of its experlence of six years ago, the management of the St. Louis
Exposition has once more gone to the Missouri State Horticultural Society with an urgent
request that its officers undertake to make a show similar to that made by them in the
same hall in 1886, and the latter have agreed to doso. The officers of the Exposition do well
to thus fall into line with the State Society’s efforts, and to use the men adapted to the
enterprise by practical experience in the field and at various State and national shows. as
that at New Orleans, Boston, Michigan, and at the World’s Fair in Chicago. The fruit
crops this year will hardly be up to the standard, but this will not deter the officers who
have undertaken the task from gathering in from the commercial and private orchards of
the State enough apples to display 500 varieties, and to renew and replenish the same as
from day to day those on exhibition show signs of failure. The fruit exhibition at the St.
Louis Exposition this year will compare favorably with any similar show ever made by any
State in the country, and as well surpass the State show at Chicago last year.
In addition to the freshly gathered green fruits that will thus be placed upon exhibi-
tion, the Exposition wlll display the entire agricultural exhibits from Missouri made at the
World’s fair, and as well much of the fruit that was shown in glass. This, with the min-
eral and educational exhibits from the same great show, will make a display worthy of the
careful attention of every Missourian, and, indeed, of every progressive citizen of the
great West who aims to Keep pace with the times and up with the progress ofthe age. We
speak of these for the purpose of indicating what is to be done agriculturally, horticul-
turally and for the State generally by the ever aggressive men having charge of our great
and successful St. Louis Exposition, which will throw open its doors the first week in Sep-
tember and continue 40 days. There will, of course, be the usual variety of displays of
manufactures and the liberal arts, including pretty much all thatis new and novel and
worthy of the attention of progressive men, as the great art gallery, the fisheries, the ma-
chinery, Sousa’s great band of 100 instruments, and a vast array of attractive displays
worthy of the occasion, of the city, and of the attention of the immense crowds that will
pour into the building every hour of the day,
Missouri Fruit at the St. Louis Exposition.
“ditor Journal of Agriculture:
As you and your readers well know, the Missouri Horticultural Society took hold of the
fruit exhibit made in Chicago, rearranged it, changed much of it, and added ‘to it, for this
display now being made at the Exposition. Besides this, we are having, and intend to
have, one of the best fresh fruit shows we have ever made. We havea representative fruit
exhibit now onthe tables from fifteen countios of the State, and expect to have three or
four times that many before we get through. We havea fine fruit crop in the northwest
part of the State, and the specimens are perfect. Bates, Buchanan, Clay, Cass, DeKalb,
Greene, Holt, Jackson, Jasper, Lafayette, Laclede, Oregon, St. Louis, Pike and Ray coun-
ties all have a fair show, and some a grand, good one.
This display is already attracting attention because of the perfect specimens, and
‘buyers are seeking places to buy them. Now, it is well understood that we never make a
failure in such an undertaking, and so we opened up in grand shape on the opening night.
We expect the display to grow better each week until the close, and, instead of having 500
to 600 plates as we now have of fresh fruits on the table, will have that many varieties be-
fore we close.
What we want is for the fruit men to know that now is the time and place for them to
send anything they may have that willdo to show. Every shipment is put in the proper
county display, that it may get the credit for the same, and each man’s name, if known, is
placed upon every plate. We want to keep up this show for 40 days; it takes a great deal
of labor and attention, and you want to keep us supplied with applesas they ripen, in order
to secure the best results.
These fruits should be sent direct to me, care St. Louis exposition, by express, well
wrapped and packed. All charges will be paid here, the fruits placed in proper position
and proper credit given.
212 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY.
Will you, Mr. Editor, please state to your readers your opinion of the display, and
urge their attention to this important matter of advertising our State as no other State is
attempting to do. L. A. GOODMAN,
Sec. Mo. State Hort. Society, Exposition Bl’d’g, St. Louis.
Fruit at the Exposition.
Editor Rural World—I wish to let you, and through you, the friends of the Horticul-
tural Society, know of the success of our fruit show. About August1 I came to St. Louis
and unpacked all the fruit in glass jars that were exhibited at Chicago. The same fixtures.
we had at Chicago were painted up and put in first-class shape for the reception of the
fruits.
The Exposition management deserve great credit for the faithful manner in which
they have carried out their promise to ‘‘put in St. Louis the Missouri world’s fair exhibit.’’
We have, therefore, not only the space we had in Chicago, but more than double, and have
it all nicely arranged for our display. On opening night, therefore, we had not only the
Chicago exhibit, occupying more than double the space we had there, but in addition we
had over 500 plates of fresh fruit on the tables. These fruits were from many parts of the
State, and embraced all the apples from Red June and Early Harvest to the Ben Davis and
Willow Twig; from the Wild Goose to the Damson plums; from Champion and Telegraph
to the Catawba and Goethe of the grape, and from the Doyenne D’Ete to the Keiffer of the
pear. We have been delighted with the response to our call for members to send in fruit.
It was with some little misgivings that we asked so largely from our fruit men, but
they have responded nobly from fifteen counties of the State—Buchanan, Bates, Clay, Cass,
DeKalb, Greene, Holt, Jackson, Jasper, Lafayette, Laclede, Oregon, St. Louis, Pike and
Ray.
Evergreens have been donated by our nurserymen for the decoration of our tables,
and palms and pot-plants by E. H Michel and Young & Co. for the same purpose.
We have on the tables already some as fine specimens of apples and pears as you see
a month later than this, All fruits that come from any one county are kept strictly together ~
so that it will get the benefit of the display A list is kept of every man’s name and fruit, —
so that it may appear in the record, and also on the card on the table.
Send fruits direct to me, care St. Louis Exposition, during the whole forty days, in
order that our tables may grow better and better as later apples mature. People are
already opening their eyes to the beauty of our apples, and buyers are asking where they
can buy them. We depend as before on our good fruit- growers not only to keep up our dis-
play, but make it grander and more complete day by day, until we shall have fifty counties.
represented before the close of the Exposition. L A. GOODMAN,
The Missouri Fruit Show.
Journal of Agriculture.
A view of the display of Missouri fruits at the St. Louis exposition revives memories.
of the great horticultural exhibit at the World’s fair. In fact, the display of Missouri
fruits at the Exposition will be larger than it was at the World’s fair, for it includes the
1200 jars that were at Chicago, and much fruit besides. Some fine fruits of this year’s
growth have already arrived and been put in position, and before many days pass a large
number of other counties will be represented.
No enterprising fruit-grower can afford to let such an opportunity of advertising the
horticultural resources of his county pass. Select the best specimens of the various kinds.
of fruits, observe Mr. Goodman’s directions for packing, shipping, etc., and send at once.
The expense of shipping will be paid here.
Horticulture in Missouri has already attained iarge proportions, but it is yet in its
infancy. Tens of thousands of acres of cheap fruit lands are waiting for the man of energy
and determination; and the man possossing these quaiities, though poor in money, can
find in horticulture a much better and easier life than in the tread-mill grind of the over-
crowded city. Tens of thousands of people from this and other states will attend the Expo-
sition, and we hope no one will fail to see the Missouri fruit exhibit.
WINTER MEETING. 213
The Exposition.
Rural World.
This great house of entertainment is filled every week-day from early morning until
late in the evening with delighted throngs. Especially is this true of the afternoons and
evenings, and particularly of the evenings. Weruninto and over the building of an after-
noon, and always find the vast auditorium full to repletion with thousands of people from
the eountry and equal thousands from the city. The exhibits themselves are choice, ex-
quisite, complete; indeed, nothing could better illustrate the masterful march of Nine-
teenth century genius, in allthat pertains to art, mechanics and education, to the upward
and onward advantage that man has attained over the elements and all other of his sur-
roundings, including the mines of wealth below him as wellasall that is of material im-
portance around and about him. It is a great school indeed, where knowledge of the
highest order awaits those who wish it, and so profusely is it distributed that visitors fairly
absorb it through every sense.
The concert by Sousa’s great band, four times a day, is one of the most attractive
cards; the performances by the Japanese and by the trapeze artists are marvelous, and to
those who have never seen them simply incredible when narrated. That the Exposition
management entertained a proposition for the exhibition of their arts is guarantee to
everybody that in their line these performers are not only above the average but at the top
of their profession.
The fruit show grows in magnitude daily. It is the great lesson-teaching exhibit of
the Exposition to all who love the land, the farm-home and the retirement of life involved
in the cultivation of the soil. Here is exhibited the one view of the farmers’ life eve. up-
permost in the minds of those who would indulge in nature, and luxurilate in the labor of
courting her secrets and employing them for the best interestsof man. In thisdepartment
we see nature evolved in its ultimate; beautiful, healthful, delicious; sought the world
over; and when the business genius of man is brought into requisition, is made to serve his
purpose in a worldly way better than wheat or corn, tobacco or cotton, or, indeed, any
other product of the soil.
The result is that we find hundreds of farmers from every point of the compass seek-
ing homes where the finest fruits are raised, where knowledge and skill are called into re-
quisition, and where they can leave those who know no better to the production of the
. cruder forms of vegetable life.
Readers of the ‘‘Rural World,’’ for hundreds of miles around, can afford (if they can
afford it) to make a trip to the city to see what is to be seen at the Exposition, and ought to
strain a point to get here somehow.
St. Louis Post Dispatch.
In the Horticultural department this morning, all the fruit of the early summer season
was taken off exhibit, and specimens of the autumn harvests of the orchards and vineyards
were put upon the shelves. More than 100 plates of fresh fruit were set out. It consists of
apples, pears and grapes. There are no peaches. There were none raised this year in the
State. That memorable blizzard of last May which left its blighting swath of frost through
Missouri, Arkansas, Tennessee, Kentucky and Northern Alabama, came when the peach
trees were in blossom. But the display of apples is remarkably large and remarkably ex-
cellent. There are now 110 varieties on exhibition. Before the Exposition closes more than
200 varieties will have been exhibited. The various County Horticultural societies con-
nected with the State Horticultural Society are sending in consignments of frnit every day,
so that the fruit on display may be kept constantly fresh. The jars of preserved fruit are
removed to make room for the fresh fruit as fast as it arrives. Most of the apples have
come from those rich counties lying in the bottom lands along the Missouri river. The
. grapes have come principally from the regions about Herman, St. Joseph and Morrison,
where vineyards are thick and wine is made in abundance. The pears are mostly from the
orchards about St. Louis, Springfield and Kansas City.
This horticultural display is in charge of L. A. Goodman. It attracts a deal of atten-
tion, especially from the visitors from the country, and from visitors from other less fa-
vored States who contemplate locating among the fruitful, fertile farm lands of Missouri.
‘The exhibit is littte smaller than that made by the State at the World’s fair. There 15,000
plates were exhibited in all. Here, at least 10,000 plates will be exhibited. Missouri won
mineteen medals on fruit at Chicago, which was more than any other State received.
214 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY.
Horticulture at the Exposition.
The beautiful display of fruits made by the State Horticultural Soclety, as noted in
our last issue, has improved wonderfully during the week, and is dally assuming propor—
tions of greater interest and magnitude. There is a much larger number of counties rep-
resented, anda great increase in the varieties of fruits from each county. The fruits are
designated by name, and as well by the name of the county they come from This is not
only due to them for the enterprise shown in collecting and sending the fruits; but is, as
well, one of the very best advertisements that could be given of the progressive thrift of
the donors, of the character of the climate and soil forthe production of the best com-
mercial sorts, and the value of the farms for suchand similar purposes. It is not a good
year for orchard fruits, it is true, but both for quality and quantity this exhibition testifies:
to the fact that Missourl is able to hold its own with the best, and as a rule to outstrip them
when it comes to a contest for show. ,
Before the Exposition is a week older, we hope to see at least 500 varieties of apples on
the shelves, and each plate to contain specimens of exceptional quality. The fruit is now
rapidly maturing under the genial influence of warm sunny days, frequent showers, and
cool nights; and the orchardists are interesting themselves in gathering and selecting the
best samples specially for this exhibition.
If we mistake not, the State will make a step forward by the character of her fruits,
their size, color, keeping and shipping qualities, andas well for their supreme quality for
table use and culinary purposes; and it is hoped that every man owning an orchard of good
fruit will make it his business to select the best, and carefully pick and pack a barrel of
them and ship as soon as convenient by express to L. A. Goodman, care St. Louis exposi-
tion, St. Louis, Mo. Be very careful to place on the barrel your own name and address,
fully secured, that the proper credit may be given to both yourself and your county. Men
from all parts of the country, especially from the northeast, the north and the northwest,
are looking to Missouri with its genial climate, its fertile soil, adapted to every species of
agricultural energy, as the State of all others in which to buy a home and settle down to the
business of life; where they are neither frozen out in winter nor burned with the heat in
the summer; where water of the best is always found near the surface and running streams
are numerous; where we have the best transportation facilities to any part of the country,
and the best markets within reach; the largest school fund of any State in the Union, and
the best schools, and where commerce is conducted ona safe basis, and society and sociay
surroundings are all that can be desired. They seek the State where manufactures are
abundant; where coal, lead, iron and zinc are found in inexhaustible store; where there is
an abuudance of timber and an equal area of prairie land; where allthe grasses and cereals.
grow to perfection; where land is cheap and adapted to sheep, cattle, horse and swine
breeding as well as the dairy; where we generally raise full crops of everything produced
in a genial and temperate climate, and life is worth living because labor is successful. Let
us in this case show them what we can do in the way of commercial orchards.
Secretary Goodman wishes us to say that the Horticultural Society is indebted to a num-
ber of gentlemen for fine donations of evergreens for decorative purposes, and that these
lend a charm and give character and beauty to the show, a fact we fully appreciateand can
testify to. Among them are J. B. Wild & Bro., Sarcoxie; Kelsey & Co., St. Joseph; Blair &
Kaufman, Kansas City; H. J. Weber & Son, South St. Louis; Stark Bros., Louisiana, and R..
J. Bagby & Son, New Haven, all of Missouri.
Great Display of Missouri Fruits.
EDITOR RURAL WORLD: I was very much pleased with the very complimentary article
on our display of Missouri fruits at the St. Louls exposition, both in the issue of September
20th and 27th, but especially the former. Here the practical horticulturist can study the
varieties in all their moods, for the same varieties from different parts of the State fre-
quently present quite a different appearance. Asthe winter apples ripen and get their size
and color they make a much more beautiful show, and those now on our tables from repre-
sentative counties are very handsome and perfect. The late rains have added both size ~
and beauty, and the orchards are fairly bending beneath the added weight of magnificent >
fruit, especially in the western part of the State.
= ae
WINTER MEETING. 215
The list of varieties we now have on exhibition is a very long one, from the first of the
Red June to the last of the Geniting The earlier varieties are all now removed to make
room for the later, and yet there are over one hundred varieties of as fine specimens as can
be found anywhere The immense twenty-ounce Pippin, the large Alexanders, fine Fall-
water, Pound Pippin, Northern Spy, Pewaukee, R. I. Greening, Willow Twig and Ben Davis
give an inkling. Such grand specimens of Jonathan, Grimes’ Golden, Maiden’s Blush,
Mother and others have not been seen of late, nor their qualiiy surpassed, for they are
among the best that grow.
Here, too, are apples for profit as well as for quality; apples that will pay to plant by
the hundreds of acres—not perhaps such ones as the observer would select from the speci-
mens shown, but such as the experienced fruit-grower would tell you was the most profit-
able.
The extent and completeness of our exhibit of fruit can only be reallzed when you
take into account the fruits in the glass jars. Here we can show you 40 varieties of straw-
berries, 24 varieties of raspberries, 18 of blackberries, 13 of gooseberries, 16 of currants, 11
of cherries, 17 of native plums, 14 of plums, seven of apricots, four of nectarines, five of
quinces, 67 of grapes, 29 of pears, 76 of peaches, 168 of apples and 213 jars of corn, aspara-
gus, peas, beans, cucumbers, beets, turnips, melons, egg-plant, cabbage, celery, toma-
toes, peppers. Add to this the more than 600 plates of fruit on the table, and you can see
thaf Missouri here shows a tithe of what she is capable of doing in the fruit industry.
The displays by counties reflect great credit upon the indefatigable and earnest mer
who undertook the work of collection and shipping; the men who do work for loyalty’s
sake, who think of the plan and work when many of us sleep. The counties thus repre-
sented will benefit by the display, for many inquirers have closely and critically examined
the fruit and diligently sought information as to where they could get such for home use,
for local trade and for that of distant cities. The legend over the exhibit tells the story in
good part when the name of the county is displayed.
What all this means to the men of Missouri, to the State and to men of other states,
to our railroads, express companies, to trade generally, we can well understand if we but
think of the results. Some people think when I answer such questions I am too enthusias-
tic, but the facts speak for themselves. It means a higher education and increased intelli-
gence; happy homes, fruits in abundance and increased business in many ways, by the
growing of such fruits and the settlement in our midst of those who, by rare intelligence,
produce them. It means more: A busy season from June until October, and healthful em-
ployment for those engaged init; a diversity of employment adapted to theaged and young
alike, in gathering, sorting, packing, barreling, hauling to town and the like.. The cultiva-
tion of fruit lends immensely to the diversity of our crops, attracts a desirable class of peo-
ple, adds value to land, builds schools and churches, and is calculated to benefit the local
community, the county and the State.
The assistance of the railroadsand other transportation companies isa guestion of the
highest moment, and I will embrace an opportunity later on to give you my views and to
ask yours.
We are more than satisfied with the work done at the Exposition and the displays
made, and have no fears of the results to follow. To ourenthusiastic fruit-growers we ten-
der our best thanks for faithful, hard and honest work, without which our efforts would
be fruitless. The display shows what can be accomplished by a State society working in
harmony itself and co-operating with the fruit- growers of the State for the good of all.
L. A. GOODMAN,
Secretary State Horticultural Society.
A Great Fruit Display.
Editor Journal of Agriculture: ‘
Our fruit display at the Exposition has increased very much in size and quality since
my last. Some five or six more counties have sent insmall collections of fruits, but they
have been very fine and perfect specimens. The late apples are coloring very beautifully
and are making the tables look very tempting. Asone lady expressedit, ‘‘I think it isa
sin to offer such temptations to the people of acity;’’ andI answered her, ‘‘more of you
city people should have homes in the country where you might enjoy these fruits.’’
216 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ;
It is quite an interesting feature to note the great difference in the same kind of apples
grown in different parts of the State. From the southern slopes of the Ozarks, Oregon
county, to the far northwest part of the State, Holt county, quite a variation will be seen.
The difference in size, in coloring, and in many of its characteristics—such a difference
oftentimes that it is very hard to recognize the varieties.
All about the rooms you will see the names of those nurserymen who so kindly fur-
nished evergreens for decorations, and over every display you will see the county distinctly
painted on a large card. People from the different counties are glad to recognize their own
county as they are examining the fruit. Outsiders also are glad to see it so arranged, be-
cause they can then easily locate the places where the special fruit is grown,
The greatest surprise to strangers seems to be when I tell them we have no counties
in the State but what can grow good fruits, some better in one specialty, and others in an-
other. Another surprise to all who visit us is that Western and Northwestern Missouri
have a fine crop of apples, perfect and well-colored speclmens, waiting for buyers to come
and get them. The splendid display of fruits now on the tables cannot be surpassed by any
other state or country. Weare able to show this yearas fine, perfect, large and well-
colored specimens as can be found anywhere in all the United States, and we invite buyers
to come and examine for themselves and then goand buy them, We are able to show to
the home-seeker places where he can grow just such fruits as he sees on the tables in great
abundance. <All we want of him is to come and see. Come and look at our State and be
convinced. Here you will find one of the best states inthe Union; here you can make your-
selfa happy home; here you will find lands cheaper than you will ever see them again;
and here you can find all else in abundance also,
If this show of fruit, Mr. Editor, will only serve to let other people know what you
and I know about this State, we will see thousands coming here to build their happy homes.
L. A. GOODMAN,
Secretary Missouri State Horticultural Society.
Now as to the future of this work. The Exposition management
want us next year to take charge of the work and make another fruit
display that will surpass this one, both in size and quality. If we should
have a crop of peaches and a good crop of apples, as everything now
seems to indicate, we can far surpass this exhibit in completeness.
Next to the display at Chicago—and I do not knowas I should except
even that—these displays at the Exposition will do more for the State
and the Society than any other display that can be made Hundreds
and thousands saw but toadmire and appreciate the great display there
made for our State. The people of our own State are beginning to
realize that there are greater opportunities offered all about them right
here at home, than they can find in any other land. We are glad to
know also that thousands from other states are looking with favorable
eyes upon the broad acres of Missouri with a view of lovating among us.
This feeling is growing and spreading day by day, and year by year,
and the virgin lands of Missouri are becoming noted the world over as
the best fruit lands of our country.
Besides this and beyond this, we have secured many friends in
and about St. Louis who will be of much assistance to us in the future.
The impression we have made upon the Exposition management and
the friends of our Society about St. Louis, about the work we are
doing all over the State, has been a very favorable one, and they assure
us that we may ask their assistance in obtaining our next appropria-
WINTER MEETING. 217
tion. They have assured me that all we have to dois to tell them
what we need to carry on our work for the next two years, and they
will help us get it. In other words, we have added to our list of
friends the St. Louis people, and we feel sure that they are good
friends and will help us get what our cause demands.
Now, then, we can do no less than commit ourselves to the task
of doing more and better things next year than this, and we ask our
Society to stand by this work as one of the best means of “letting our
light shine.” No other state society takes the lead that we do, and no
other state society ever thinks of making such an attempt to show
fruits as we do, and I may safely say that no other society or state
gets more or better advertising than our Society is doing for our
State.
THE FUTURE WORK OF THE SOCIETY.
While it cannot be my province to lay down a fixed plan of pro-
cedure for the future, yet I may safely say that the great aim of the
Society has been, from its beginning, and especially during the last
twelve years, to get our people to think, to study, to act and to ex-
periment intelligently, to awaken in the minds of our fruit-growers a
thirst for more knowledge, and to get our people united and active in
this wonderful development which we see opening up before us. If
we fail in all else which we undertake, and only succeed in this last, I
feel sure that the influence of the Society will be felt and success will
crown her efforts. But we want to increase our influence, our teaching
ability, our means of communicating knowledge to the people; we are
desirous of getting the experience of hundreds of the fruit men of our
State, and we want our people to read and act upon it; we want the
number of our reports increased to double the number, and we want
the appropriation increased, so as to make this possible. We want the
means so that we can hold meetings once every three months, if need
be, instead of twice each year.
We want the means to hire and send a man with the State Bina
of Agriculture to every institute, and to hold institutes of our own
for the fruit-grower.
We would like to publish these proceedings at the end of each
three months, and thus have them issued as a quarterly and mailed at
once to all who wish them, and at the end of each year combine them
in book form. We believe that we could do much good this way. We
want to get statistics of the number of acres of orchards, age of each,
varieties, probable yield, number of acres in bearing and not bearing,
condition of trees, ground, weather and prospect of crop, each and
every month from January 1 to October 1, when we should have a Tre-
218 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
sume of the whole matter and a total of crop raised, cost of same, and
amount sold for. Such a series of statistics would be of untold value
to the frnit-grower, and would be the means of locating many, many
buyers in our State.
In fact, friends and members, what we want is more money to ac-
complish our ends. The work is spreading and growing until it takes
more work, more time, more reports and more effort now than it did a
few years back, and hence we must have larger clothes to grow in.
OUR REPORT.
A word for our report, dear friends, and I will close this appeal to.
your better judgment. It is being called for more and more as the
years go by, and I feel glad with you that we have thus far been able
to increase our labor and our reports and our influence during this.
last twelve years that I have tried to serve you, our State and the
Society. I confess to you today that there has been no more pleasur-
able portion of my life’s work than that I have done with you in this.
State Horticultural Society work, and I feel happy that we have been
such a unit in all of it.
As long as we thus continue working together, advising one an-
other, helping each other, pulling as one man for the interests of the
fruit-grower, for the development of the State, for the collection and
distribution of experience, for the best welfare of the State Society,
we may be sure that we will have a successful membership and suc-
cessful fruit-growers. To this end will we labor.
L. A. GOODMAN, Sec’y.
TREASURER’S REPORT.
RECEIPTS.
Juneili..| Balance cash on hand..... be Cate EGRET De BS CCIE ATA AIORIE ES RT OI CII OIG CK
He Membership, -A. NelSOM:.2%)./c2...5 cs BOSH CAR OR OTe Soe GED OEE HCO ER hh Gon cen aa
AIM SUC PUy Axe Mtoe se cue bite acenicremtcteicio e eietclers ore pithese sencha sew claatratleitierevalass mm creva.cceWsyerslchctais, sietere
Mer Pala CenrOrml: WViOLEGS, Lanies ne nia se,catte ccm dcvctetereevatele geil eealsieraie! y'cin, sleieedaleke eter eate estate
HeelevMem bership. dss Al GOOGMIIAINY. |o.0'2) tk aia sts wisteies Satin s(d elcid elssiie eordien: holes setae, steels
July 21 SiHPI RE ALE 1 a ESS EnS ROBE CERES OOO E MR SSCr ns -ntEROar oot ac aoener cobobicmne teas
PANE Ss ae OO Raed enn Saree isch otis MACS tare CEE oS CRC: Dee EOC EDR ER ee eR OEIC SULT,
Sep. 24.. Fi ee gS OOM OM Cte OSD Bc conc moe ion Oren Oar HEBHE CU OO aGr Hatt dl> sone a bis
Oct. 18%, Gr Sb Ue Wane moctiar ace sen aie BOMennem Once at hoor Sabaneta an oouCouUe tr rcoagr
BONS | OAs OL Shows. CX POSITION... Gers scmvnsneieeaea ten sled cece tae dais sate eee
Deca embership', A NGISOM. v0.) so isi tics -peccueces ¥ ciciyneies iis racasa a, siasetctereioe atte emiaea se
Rea POLES PED ED CS Ti SEOU PO sia cA oy CODCLUNTEATD % crs, oy nciw: oven cial einvatalelnie ares alevels areveYe eralaime eceinisecetetecoleperecste
* J MO1e2 SROBG. AGcodan cep pono HEC AAGhOtePorinorr ca cae Hoot CPO MOT IIe A DEC ARARED oTicncd .
1894. DISBURSEMENTS
June he Erolaht OM reports sLEOM i) ILO USOMOLGY ire eis so «oes etoiclte tail eines - $6 25
Ste cl). SE SRE IS I Or Ct el Sale} Ce me pvreicicen eer Mec ae 7 25
77 ae 2g fs se BO ane CORRS OOODEE BACB OLORe thon 2 63
IEACO UID... ticiaieiat Noe aiegetnsiele sayentaloanaeakindanetn Pade ahis cia vis aioe cealacie viahovd mae ea 30 41
July 5.. NVELETADE UNO a 21 Oi neta tare ics a Netata co aialeve tier tiara: siche Basetavetoiet cate ane feroberevedslaisveretoreietals nyo neate
June 20. | L. A. Goodman, trip LOMAATTISON GUI Oc. crciisi pratt wepele Meseneth ace palates: rats 3 50
7) SP =e WiAETCRS DUES rarcicteicie = sects naie aneitecudeteiecs © 2 65
260. re o6 Sts. LOWS sa sccevaks sade Oe nde nema se eee ee 13 50
30.. es ot SEs VOSS I Aas. etre eapate stesatarsictst reals sapete mereyesteete 5 10
July. 5% BV Via TG INO AER ar ws ctere ysuee sre cle avove cpey alate osecastoevaye ov eravaves arenafale are aisiapn eva bie ve ee hat ste
Poe eUGsSOn Mi Kimberly. Primtine, UW sro. weer doc <\esele ote -vkeles atta cere 10 75
DAREN AVY EDEN IEE EMT AILS) aye ap hoiatay ete cde letel-ial olojosien aisiansie riety els banerele Aa aveorsisteistelepe'e love et
Bix PCLess OW 1s PACKAGES LODOLUS jc, Hatss «icc.eisre severe aie wieleiulsleie © sips cc Bare oe 9 80
SALA VAOL SCCLELALY OM SULLY. criceat tteis shaun o Astelevalefersioe cites eleiete steitepe ore ole 66 66
al... WWATTATIENNG a Dio onic cisiatsc aictetarteacaix Stolp ears o alaia sate Ge craters eieyate eee orale veroetae
Aug. 1..| Tribune Printing Co., boxing, wrapping. shipping reports...... 83 15
iV WATrANE NOS Sabah tence ate a te ate iER eebain mine Me OR eed Yara aye (avn, abohane vefnyeratarmtens
PA epee ee Ere OP LOL yl On (pr RON OS Sif) won iajerctormuay ats inncceieicreinna hae na clslars aie waenata eeabacehae 10 80
6..| Trip to Pleasant Hill and hotel 3 00
10s eCEip TOUWATLenSbUuGe: A-fc02- . se 2 213? 60
Salary of Secretary for August 66 66
IVY TRATES IN Ace erates ticks eine a cretava eictees annfe eta etes a a cle eee aia oy taker topaeetae ete a area
SOp> sda Drip hOxOhillicothe .. a2 eric: ake 6e8 setae etc dee Se Reet lees eta a tee toate 4 40
HE sa REET COM. re cis c alotelane Cle dae etelolvcie er ti eae tafe Bre STECIG cle bcc ik = Mra sTa imbaxeus rat a aleve Bate Luis
AS A Rae Oe EM Mer westrd oleic caus, sistats Shasta ote here ha cist deta "e's aye Hooda eege te hie endaiel acters arent Sivasre 16 54
palary.or Secretary Tor:September 3 aia feces cs ue soeisaccigt anes oeialeeets 66 66
24. WW UTADA IN O peor aie tactic oe ahtaeu state den coeke etarorotaaciarc saad as ico coeeta ona, OH atelier
Oct. 18..| Boehl & Koenig, photographs Of GORDIDIER. oy SPs a ee sere 38 00
18.. WEA TIE WING 2 Oc Poets crocs be cess oie seions uaie's era PEE of Astos Oslo ois ora oitrainle, nin osegs reer
Dikaip heroin im rinhe te OMUASG a loOULS a2. na cease wie co ee nase sates iccion stems 11 90
Piet EOStAN CATES ANG Stam PS): xf: Raced Persea os speitic stevie as ac/setosdee eee eset 12 00
Zia ALCS; PACKIN & ANG GX DLOSS 5 ston oleate nay eblee aac Aaaleidgets delays tele 14 40
SRL OL SeCLELALY LOL (OCLODE Teo. c eae sera sino ces ajde mee aes coer 66 66
27 Rash mete hal 2s (OLS ieee Cae On Sgt Cio rpc see cee TE aan ODUM Mbercicgen comet ne
27..| Expense of of fruit show at St. Louis:
PAU SIN OS. (LOG ls AT CLUSLY Cl sore cena cco vce airnsiays eneloteete dtoayeteciaiale stot hiete reste ore 212 43
als NM ALM ARUN ODI cane kta ee eine, tater cine eas crate Rapaahe s arete A teh erable ele. sxert rien Rates ea
NOVien LaxisA. Nelson, expenses/St- Louis) exhipit. 240560 2i2chcus ae cles snaeelees 35 00
Tisai) Ries uihvo}: Ko boise eRe RAG aae en GPCR AGH Oe MATA hoot Ree at Anreee ores 15 90
re hPLC SOMME OR EULG Speke vie acca orders atte aria chalets Sie GCS ote halve eos eicie ante teehee wie te ee: 16 65
46 54
84 06.
89 36
38 00
\ »
220 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY.
TREASURER’S REPORT—Continued.
RO VEws.> PROSLOMICS DU S502 os ic ccc aes sine ice eileleiptew’ 0 diedeete a UL a vente aa teen $25 00)
Z8.<|. uason & Mimberly,, primtim ess Sl. ates tras’ nu vn a antidote spiel staleete 43 15
20.3) OSborne & Pitrat, bands, Pencils /Ste. «soc. <1cvscisce voce atelsletemeleeet 3 97
OG] EOCENE 5. ~ soins Seb ies ww gills Raiere Ge lel O tare ote GtbPe lies oa cab orci are Coane eRe en 6 55
20-3) palary of Secretary.tor NOVGMDBSL sss. cn 0ccrns ceva ses ce ce enekenee 66 66
Warrant sNO. Q80% cc stieds Ge:s cat oe Ue sh sia iepatrn cle de Sieasatele le oie eae ea $145 33
Dec. 7.. Premtums:' at Trenton MGEeObIN Sus osc ocies.clou spre emcee me slots alas Peete 95 00
7. FOStoMice:Dill, express, /OXPESMSESs CLC Tac. jretet cab oiciss clots chest ina aaemiaraiete 15 75
WaATFant..NO» QB 1 ec 5 siscick co dispense its ots otpfelavasele eyacorepiereld ie siostlate 3 atk: te Saar a 110 75
Expenses at Trenton meeting: -
his J. GC. Hivans:$12-005 Ns ce.) Mama yi S200. eens acters c/ais soo ots ermianate 32 00
fie ly. A. Goodman'$25i75, As Wwelson $56:002. 160400 vans ese eee ee : 81 75)
if R... (Baile y.'$35.50, OX PNESS Sh Bbicetere ceiete aeictoiers Wie'apetetesaie's lensing 42 35
ff Ballroad OS Pensess: - ss.yrss is os aatiere aeese oF plo mw a vlata oLo niale sia a eet 14 %
Warrant NO. 282.5 !...cc.. chert acto siGlelcte atotale prove witle ie: w.slale alela\ia elslatein seat eae 170 35
ies| Helen Con irae tO KANSAS Gib pete tees tain eee ee teen ee 6 05)
ips] MU DNESS OGC sie 1s 00.5 Sool Om kterats elem stelelefenietel ss ots) ae Be orels a sisteel abe etal tera ee 5 40)
tess DALALY OL SECretary. LOT DECEMDEL. ....c.ceeccu, Secu tle reece PAP eS! 66 66
WALTATE NO). 2830 05 ois cscs tate asere.c1d oleteis: syovacete ahem (eye alefe ocelot: wis piotereletobnys se feheteeals epee 78 11
Rok EX PLOSS Al. 20, G05 ANG, Sec Goaccks cars slob elon oe wide eleystioxepelhiohid eal = Sieimreee 5 20
28..| Freight $1.06, ink, pens, tablets $3.25...... oo id: slp eb iat ve saserecs'y/ grt Wher RTO 4 31
PB eae OSLOMCS Dill ee thnk: or so ciple steitiel cies Herero rete rciete are: aks (opel tude esate ae sya eere ae eaea rene 8 82
MWaAmrant Now 2s ie asco ctnhacain se nore rete vedi serena aa 18 33
28..| J. C. Evans, expenses to Kansas meeting.................0c1e0-0000 8 25
28..| L. A. Goodman, . ene orton nasser 8 25
28 | L. A. Goodman, expenses to Pleasant Hi. oo. es eee wie esepe s 5 3d
28..| L. A. Goodman, ce CUMPON Seif ic okie ac ae dc Gos eisethe spores 6 85}
WeaArremit iN . QB5 5 .)sc.ce ac cscs cractre ale vojsla c’taleGralacaaie tele oii ere letecore el Se ee 28 70
DOC carcino sve seal eietn aye S'a\0.e he ctor is oF aveie treacle, Be ec .e/ ebaleate otaofe a HR) ee ee $1392 22
SEANAD CO ops coopscsshe'c:ie wis ava/aye: 3 cparche;o% o's, 0 ats winyubala's a¥eyaye)staiislptaials asa lspetorcta: siete iene s\avanaie sateen 161 83
$1551 05
TRENTON, MoO., December 6, 1894.
We the Finance Committee, having examined the accounts of our Treasurer, A. Nel-
son, have found them correct, as reported. S W. GILBERT,
CuaAs. C. BELL,
N. F. MURRAY.
ELECTION OF OFFIOEBS.
All the old officers were re elected.
PLACE OF NEXT MEETING.
Applications for the next meeting were received from Moberly,
Willow Springs, Springfield and Columbia. The selection of a place
was referred to the Executive Committee, with recommendation to
seek a central, accessible location.
INVITATIONS FOR PLACES OF MEETING.
y COLUMBIA, Dec. 22, 1894.
To L. A. GOODMAN, Trenton, Mo.:
The Curators join the President in a cordial invitation for the Horticultural Society to
make the University their headquarters, with rooms, light, etc., furnished them.
(Signed) J. G. BABB, Secretary.
WILLOW SPRINGS, Nov. 30, 1894.
L. A. GOODMAN, Esq.:
We would be glad to have your next meeting held at Willow Springs. Please put us in
nomination, if you think there is any chance. I am speaking for our Association.
. Yours,
C. HOWARD, Secretary.
WINTER MEETING. 221
SPRINGFIELD, Dec. 3, 1894.
Mr. L. A. GOODMAN, Sec’y Mo. State Horticultural Society, Trenton, Mo.:
Dear Sir—The Greene County Horticultural Society, at its meeting on December 1,
passed a resolution inviting the Missour! State Horticultural Society to come to Springfield,
Mo., to hold its summer meeting, promising to secure for such meeting a suitable hall, and
to find entertainment for a large number of the members of the State Society, and reduced
rates at some good hotel for all that cannot otherwise be provided for. Hoping that the
railway facilities that we have, and that this being the home of the ‘‘big red apple,’’ will
induce you to meet here, we confidently expect your acceptance of our invitation.
(Signed) GEO. W. MILLER,
JOS. KIRCHGRABER,
S. I. HASELTINE,
Committee.
MOBERLY, NOV. 28, 1894.
To the Missouri State Horticultural Society, in session, Trenton, Mo.:
Gentlemen—We, the undersigned citizens of Moberly and Randolph county, wish to
respectfully urge upon you the desirability of holding your next spring meeting in this city.
We have a centrally located city of 12,000, with magnificent railroad facllities,andif you
should decide to hold your next meeting here, would extend you a most cordial welcome
We sincerely trust you will see fit to come. We have also first-class hotel accommodations
at reasonable rates. (Signed by 50 business men.)
THE BEST STRAWBERRY.
ST. JOSEPH, Dec. 3, 1894.
L. A. GOODMAN, Sec’y Mo. State Horticultural Society:
Dear Sir—I regret very much my inability to attend the meeting at Trenton. Isee my
name on the program for a paper on the best strawberry formarket. From my own ex-
perience and observation, there isnot a berry that grows that is more influenced by loca-
tion and soil than the strawberry; therefore shall confine myself to those for this locality.
Of all the long list of tried sorts, I unhesitatingly claim Captain Jack, Crescent Seedling,
the Charles Downing and Warfield as the only berries that have paid the producer for time
and trouble. Iam trying many new sorts, some of which I hope to get something better.
Untill find that something, I shall stick to those old reliables, Hoping you will havea
grand meeting, lam, Respectfully,
F. McCown.
Strawberries by.Irrigation,
By B. F. Smith, Lawrence, Kas.
From the first laying of the city water-pipes along the street near
one of my berry patches, I have desired an excuse to experiment with
water applied to strawberries during the ripening season. Hence the
drouth during April and May last spring presented the opportunity to
try a little irrigation scheme of my own, different from any I have ever
heard of in the West.
It was about the 10th of MayI observed that my strawberry plants
and the young crop of berries nearly ready to ripen were perishing for
want of water. I then consulted Hicks, the weather man of St. Louis,
and looked up at the clouds-for an appearance of rain; but there was
no visible prospect in the near future for any help for suffering berry
patches.
222 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Then information was sought for about the cost of pipes, hose,
etc., from a reliable pump and water fixture firm of Lawrence. They
figured quite a large bill for pipe to be laid three feet below the sur-
face of the soil; then the water company wanted me to pay them $100
for water during the berry season. I hesitated at the expense a day
or two; then I suggested the laying of the pipes on top of the ground,
as I had no use for the water during the fall or winter season. In the
meantime, the water company agreed to let me have water at the rate
of 15 cents per thousand gallons. So, getting prices down to suit me,
I laid the pipes on top of the ground, along the roadways through a
two-acre berry patch.
I used 700 feet of pipe, 400 of which was one-inch and 300 feet
three-quarter-inch, galvanized iron pipe.
At intervals of 100 feet I placed water cocks or faucets for at-
taching a three-quarter-inch hose. I had two short arms of three-
quarter-inch pipe leading off from the main pipe, each 100 feet, at the
end of which are faucets, so that with 100 feet of hose I could apply
the water to the entire berry patch.
Beginning at the first faucet, I watered all within reach of it, then
moved the hose to the second faucet, and so on, until the whole patch
was irrigated.
At the beginning of the experiment I used a nozzle in the same
manner that we water our lawns, but soon discovered that it took too
long to apply a sufficiency of water, so I dispensed with the nozzle and
let the water run out on the rows of berries from the end of the hose.
The water was then applied at the rate of about a gallon to every
20 inches, lengthwise the rows. This amount of water thoroughly
soaked the rows, but not the entire space between the rows.
It would have taken double the amount of water for the spaces,
with no addition of berries. The irrigating was all done at night-time,
beginning at 6 o’clock in the evening and quitting at 6 in the morning.
The time taken to go over the patch was about 24 hours, and the cost
to apply the water was 10 cents an hour. I used about 17,000 gallons
of water the first application and 16,000 gallons the second application.
There was an interval of one week between the two applications
of water.
‘Lhe piping and NOse! COSt 1. osc. .cr ate t= Seb igia'« ee Bieler ava-lal & folaions nd isis ntafese Ocaeate ee eee $60 00
SVR GT Fs fasta istcts § sjotejs bin cusinre nis fe aout ave-a-sa va ai Malan gat Aave Santas rei reroia fecal teNG LAL STELS Te Pista: hel ELE Sete eae 5 00
Application tothe plants .:..4. 9.0% 2005. ceeds dems Leon. as ced ae meee keeeiten one oeeeE eee 4 80
OED He ook Sok 2 bis a sveleiel oe sin aire wis.cbaregw Rag iels Bhs We obelaiclatoee c bateia cred Silee's ee Bie inane ieee ate eee $69 80
I had the water plant ready to begin work May 17. At this time
the berry patch had been picked over three times, and in my estimate
‘
WINTER MEETING. 223
of the crop of these pickings I would have gathered about 75 crates with-
out the use of water, bat with the use of water I placed on the market
225 24-quart crates of fine berries. In fact, it is safe to say that 150
erates of berries may be credited to my irrigation experiment; 150
crates of berries at $2.40 per crate, the average price of my berry crop,
gives me $360. Subtracting the cost of experiment, I have left to the
credit of the Kaw river water $290.20.
Three or four days after I got my water fixtures ready for use we
had a severe frost, and had it not come, and had I irrigated 10 days
sooner, my berry patch would have yielded between 400 and 500 crates
of berries. As an experiment, I allowed the water to run down the
Space between the rows; but I found that the water was not so evenly
distributed as it was where applied by the hose.
I would furthermore add that in my opinion this is an important
point in all kinds of irrigated crops. Otherwise the soil becomes
sodded in places, and receives no benefit.
Old experienced hands inirrigation may object to the small amount
of water used; but to this I would reply, that owing to the liberal
mulching between the rows less water was required, and longer inter-
vals between irrigation elapsed.
In twenty-four hours after I began to apply the water I observed
the increase io size of the berries, and on to the end of the berry
season they continued to grow large until the very last picking.
This small test of what moisture applied by means of irrigation to
a suffering berry patch will do, is only a small beginning of what I
have in mind to do on my forty-acre berry farm one mile distant from
Lawrence.
Should the water company tax me too heavily for laying their pipes
to this large field, I will bore some three or four wells and pump the
water out of the bowels of the earth for use in dry seasons, to insure
the crop against drouth.
Irrigation.
By G. W. Waters, Canton, Mo.
The prolonged drouths of the past two summers suggest the im-
portance of devising ways and means for securing a sufficiency of
water for our crops at the time they most need it. Judging the future
by the past, we may look for a recurrence of damaging drouths during
some period of almost every season : in fact, it rarely ever occurs that
we have just enough water at just the right time for the production of
@ Maximum crop in Missouri. In the western states and territories,
224 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
the once arid deserts are now the most productive lands on earth.
The method of raising crops by irrigation in the west was first prac-
ticed probably by the Mormons in Utah. It has extended over wide
areas. California, in L891, had something over 4,000,000 acres under
irrigation ; Colorado comes next with about 2,000,000 acres; New
Mexico next, and so on, making a total in L891 (the last statistics at
hand) of 8,026,526 acres in the once arid districts of the West under
actual cultivation, besides 10,000,000 more under ditech—a grand total
reclaimed of over 18} million acres—an acreage equal to one-half of
the cultivating land in this State.
Mr. Allen says: ‘The increase in the yield is often four-fold,
seldom less than double. If,only one acre in four could be reclaimed,
it would still bring the product of the arid districts up to the product
of the balance of the country.” This irrigation is not all accomplished
by the streams from the mountains. In Colorado there were in 1891
4500 artesian wells ; in California, 3500; in Utah, 2524. Great labor
and expense are required to secure irrigation, but in the arid districts
it was absolutely necessary in order to grow crops. We can grow
crops in Missouri without it. The questions arising in the discussion
are two: First, would irrigation, if applied to our lands, prove bene-
ficial ?- Second, can it be done here, or is it practicable? It has been
tried in an experimental way in some of the older states. In Louisiana
the director of the station reported (Bulletin 14): “The irrigated fields
yielded thirty-four tons of sugar-cane to the acre; the unirrigated,
eight. The value of the cane for sugar-making was about the same in
each case.” Corn on irrigated soils yielded 100 bushels to the acre,
and sorghum, cotton and cow-peas responded readily to irrigation.
Dr. Stubbs, the director, says: “Irrigation eliminates the great
element of chance from our farming operations, and with good drainage
makes the planter nearly independent of the freaks and idiosyncrasies
of the weather.”
So far as I know, irrigation has not been tried in Missouri except
in a limited way by gardeners. The value of irrigation is not in doubt,
provided of course the water could be applied when needed and upon —
land sufficiently drained. But it must be borne in mind that it requires
an enormous quantity of water for crop production. Warrington (Chem-
istry of the Farm) gives the amount of water contained in an acre of
fresh mown grass as over four tons. When this was dried out there
was less than one and a half of hay. Prof. Harris (Talks on Manures)
says “an acre of clover will use over 8600 pounds of water daily.”
Joel Shoemaker of Utah, in a letter recently published, gives an esti-
mate of the amount of water it takes for crops where the sole depend-
WINTER MEETING. 225
ence is upon irrigation. He says: “It is generally calculated that one
cubic foot per second of time continuous flow will furnish sufficient
water to irrigate 320 acres of land. Irrigating canals are in successful
operation with a fall of only one-sixteenth of an inch to the rod.” Let
us make some figures on the above estimate: One cubic foot per second,
448 gallonsa minute, 645,120 gallons a day; over 2000 gallons, or 50
barrels of water daily per acre (the year round). He says also, “a ten-
foot wind-mill would lift enough water 15 feet to irrigate 25 acres.”
That would mean according to his estimate 50,000 gallons a day, or
over 2000 gallons an hour for the pump to lift. Wind-mills may be
more energetic in Utah than in Missouri, but Mr. Shoemaker isn’t far
out of the way in his estimate of the amount of water actually required,
for accurate determinations have been made by several experiment
stations as to the amount of water required in crop production, differ-
ing slightly, but upon the average about as follows:
For one pound dry matter. Lbs. water. Tons per acre.
ERTL ATT rare ss eictare ne <p creole wieiain'e dye dielelo eave ele oisielerstel im ate/ais chahare nia, 2x6» 401 1494
Erpie®: 2 ale RO GRRE BBG SOOBOOMEt oe BD ORE EOE Toon Gne GR ONCOST, tig sOodoo 501 2221
SORTSIN pte thse: Bier neve ic tata e ters ereio¥es< wicks /Midiwi's\gyoqe's!afel e\elein Slarsiare Oh Sucdieetadoatan tee aiate 307 2991
‘ETO Cg Ee tae nee de ARBRE AR AM ere i Be. etait GEAR IAS, 564 3367
The above figures point out the necessity of an abundant supply
of water, for when this element is lacking growth ceases; or if the
quantity is limited, growth is retarded in like proportion. Water is
the circulating medium, the common carrier that goes like a miner into
the earth, gathers the stores of plant food, bringing them up in solu-
tion by capillary action, entering the growing roots of plants, carrying
its burdens thence to the utmost leaves of the plant, where the plant
food taken from the soil meets the plant food gathered from the air.
When these have united in that wonderful chemical laboratory of the
leaf, the chlorophyl cells, water again becomes the active distributing
agent, conveying by diffusion, it may be, the combined or digested
food to each and every part of the plant for assimilation. It carries
to the cambium layer its woody structure, to the leaf its velvety folds,
to the incipient fruit-bud the germs of future growth, and to the fruit
the materials of which are constructed the princely apple, the luscious
peach or delicious berries—each after its kind—not forgetting in each
case to take along the precious pigment that, bathed in the beneficent
sunlight, gives such varied colors and pleasing hues to our fruits.
Such are some of the offices of water in vegetable production.
The question recurs, how can we supplement the amount we get in the
natural way? The average rainfall in Missouri is about 37.6 inches.
This means about 3700 tons to the acre, which would be ample for
ap
226 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
crop production if it could be so distributed that it could be used.
Bat we all realize how unequal is the distribution during the growing
season. Ten, twenty or even fifty times as much water falls during
het
some months as others. From a report by the Weather bureau we —
learn of an extreme variation of from one-fourth of an inch in July,
1886, to 273 inches for June, 1894. These excessive rainfalls, of course,
are nearly all wasted, for the water cannot be retained in storage by
the soil for future use. In fact, it would be extremely hurtful if it
could, for our common farm crops cannot grow if the soil is saturated
to anything like its full capacity to hold moisture. Careful experiments.
having been tried, go to show that growth practically ceases if the
moisture exceeds 80 per cent of its normal capacity, 50 to 60 per cent
being the most favarable amount for best development. For illustra-
tion, our average soils will retain 40 to 60 pounds of water to the 100.
Growth, therefore, would best be promoted with a soil moisture of 25
to 35 pounds to the 100. But these amounts would be quickly reduced
by plant’growth or by evaporation, one or both, usually both, for it is
well-nigh impossible to prevent evaporation from the surface. Its
extent may, be greatly modified} however, by tillage, and almost checked
by sufficient mulching. While too much water is detrimental to crops,
too little is equally so. Hence the question of irrigation in what is
termed the humid districts presents a two-sided problem: How to
dispose of the excess and how to supply the deficiency.
To attempt to apply surface irrigation to large areas here, as is
done in the West, seems beset with so many difficulties as to almost
preclude hope in that direction. In very rare instances streams could
be diverted so as to afford water for irrigating large tracts without ex-
pensive reservoirs. In so constructing these reservoirs, we would
have to contend with rushing floods that would come, and the bursting
influences of heavy frosts. These difficulties may be overcome some
day, and probably will. But there is a method of irrigation that is
practicable and may be applied to a small or large area, as the means
may permit—to a single square rod, a single acre, or to many. It is.
what is termed |
SUB-IRRIGATION.
It consists of laying drain tiles under the surface, in such a way
that when water is applied it will soak into the soil at the most con- —
venient place for supplying the roots with moisture. It has many
points of merit: (a) It would not require nearly so much water. :
One-twentieth of the water needed for surface irrigation would do
equally as much good by this method. (b) Hardening and crusting
the surface would be avoided. (c) The necessary aeration would not
WINTER MEETING. ; 227
be suspended, as must occur for a greater or less period following sur-
face flooding. (d) “Tillage would be easier and uninterrupted. (e)
And last, but not least, the same thing used for irrigation would afford
drainage when needed. Im green-house management it is a common
practice. In fruit and vegetable garden culture it is practiced toa
limited extent. At Milan, Sullivan county, Danie] Custer has a plant
upon which he has experimented with some success. His water sup-
ply, however, this year was not adequate. He has ful) faith in the
method, and will perfect his appliances and extend the plant the com-
ing season. Many others will doubtless try the plan in a limited way.
I have no doubt that in berry culture it will in a few years prove a
valuable method.
It so often happens that after all the vicissitudes of winter-killing
and spring frosts have been passed in safety, and a crop of berries is
nearly ready for the grower to reach out and pluck them, the drouth
blights all his fair prospects. This is in a measure true of many other
garden products. There is scarcely a farm in the State but that at
some suitable place on it a pond, reservoir, spring or well could be
had at asmall cost, for the irrigation of at least a garden and small
fruit patch. It is confidently believed that trees and shrubs kept
growing, unchecked by drouth, so that they would fully mature and
ripen their wood and fruit-buds, would go into winter so matured as
to withstand the freezing more perfectly. It is a common experience
for fruit trees, especially the peach, to receive a check of growth in
August; then, when the fall rains set in, to make an abnormal growth,
or if not a growth, a swelling of the buds. ‘Trees in this condition are
more easily killed. Now, by a continuous supply of moisture during
all the summer, the growth would be uniform to completion, and the
buds supplied with such glutinous and waxy matters as are needful for
winter protection ; besides, any late rains that might occur would not
have the effect of abnormally swelling the buds, which means an undue
accumulation of water in the buds with unassimilated matter ; hence
we say the buds are made tender.
DISCUSSION.
J. M. Neff, of Bolton, Harrison county, Missouri, showed a plat of
his garden of one and a haif acres, which is so ditched as to be sub-
irrigated in dry times. He has in this garden 300 rods of ditching; the
total cost, allowing full wages for his own time, has been $108. He
claims to produce $600 worth of fruits and vegetables. Among other
things, he claimed to have gathered 400 pounds of grapes from one
seven-year-old grape-vine ; 800 pounds of watermelons from one hill of
228 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY.
four vines; 36 pounds of sweet potatoes from one hill—one-third of an
acre making 100 bushels; 300 gallons of blackberries from one-third
of an acre.
Raspberry Growing.
By J. N. Menifee, Oregon, Mo.
WHERE TO PLANT.
Good corn land will bring raspberries, but I prefer a deep, rich,
well-drained plot sloping to the north or east.
The shade of young trees is beneficial to the raspberry and black-
berry. A liberal dressing of manure will pay. Potatoes can be planted
between the rows—with raspberries.
HOW TO PLANT.
After pulverizing the ground deeply plant in rows six to seven feet
apart, putting plants three feet apart in the rows. Keep the ground
mellow and clean.
PRUNING.
Where the plants are two feet high pinch out the tops, and if you
want to increase your stock of plants, pinch off the tips of the laterals
or limbs when about one foot long, and about the first of September
cover the tips with earth. The following season the new canes or
growth should have similar treatment. Out away and burn all the old
wood or brush when fruiting is done.
Put out new plantations every three or four years. Thisis the best
remedy I have found or tried for the anthracnose, or disease so de-
structive to the raspberry. The Shaffer and Muskingum are reds, very
similar in every way, the latter a little more tart, and, if possible, more
productive. Both of them are propagated the same as the black-caps;
and require the same treatment otherwise. They are by far the most
profitable reds for this seetion. Other reds do better on clayland with
liberal dressing of well-rotted manure. Plant five feet apart each way.
Prune heavily in the spring.
Hoping that others may profit by my folly, I will say I have tested
nearly every raspberry, black, red or yellow, that has come out since
the introduction of the old Doolittle, and from my knowledge of the |
comparative value of each, my list of what to plant would be just what J
I expect to plant the coming spring, viz.: eight acres of the Kansas, one
of Progress, one of Hopkins and ‘‘ Oh Black-cap,” and one of Lovett’s
Early and Shaffer.
Hoping that you may have a pleasant and interesting meeting, I ;
am, as ever, yours fraternally,
4
WINTER MEETING. 229
The Best Blackberries.
By H. Schnell, Giasgow? Mo.
The subject being assigned to me, I will say that I am only able to
speak of my limited experience, and will say for the best all-round
blackberry, I place Snyder at the head of the list. It is extremely
hardy. I have never seen it affected with rust; has never failed in
twelve years to bring a good crop with me, and one season we picked
4700 quarts from oneacre, and I have seen reports of even much larger
yields. Inqualityits fair to good, sizemedium. It is the leading berry
for market in the middle and western states. If you want blackberries
every year and lots of them, plant the Snyder. Early Harvest is a
very early berry, ripening ten days to two weeks ahead of Snyder, very
showy, good size, productive, quality fair for family use. It lengthens
the blackberry season, and for market it catches the high prices.
While it is not entirely hardy, it has withstood 18 degrees below zero
unprotected, and produced a full crop. Itis, however, subject to rust
in some localities, generally on old plantations, but not 80 much so as
Kittatinny and Lawton.
Taylor is anu excellent late one, lasting, perhaps, one week longer
than Snyder, almost rust-proof, hardy and of the best quality ; only
fairly productive with me, but in some localities it yields abundant
crops annually. ;
These three are my favorites. There may be others equally as
good that I have not tried, but the above three are good enough. I
have Stone’s Hardy, not productive ; Erie, same; and have had an
occasional crop of Western Triumph, but not yearly, like Snyder,
Kittatinny and Lawton were; both eaten up with rust and none on
the placenow. The blackberry needs an abundance of moisture from
the time the berries are grown until the crop is ripened. Keeping
three to four inches of surface between the rows well cultivated and
loose, is very essential during dry weather. Heavy mulching with
straw or other material will often bring a large crop to maturity during
a drouth.
Where irrigation is practiced a large crop is most always assured.
With well-manured land and plenty of moisture, immense crops can be
grown and the quality unexcelled, and you all know how good a well
ripened blackberry is.
230 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Small Fruit.
By G. W. Fry, Dunlap, Mo.
The American people have a tendency to view everything brought
to their notice, both new and old, in a practical and profitable light.
This country has been overrun with “fakirs” in every line of trade.
The farmer has had trouble in raising fruit-trees on account of insects,
blight, etc. So here comes a smoothe-tongued fellow with “ Russian
borer-proof trees” at $6 per dozen. These trees would be cheap
enough if they were what is claimed for them, but they are not borer-
proof, and the same varieties can be bought of our local nurserymen
for 10 cents each. Since our common varieties of plum so often fail,
tree-agents, with fruit in glass, sell the Weaver and the Marianna, both
curculio-proof, at $6 to $12 per dozen, and cheap enough if any such
thing had ever been propagated. These trees 25 cents at home. But
the good Lord has not seen fit to favor us with trees, shrubs or flowers
that will grow and produce bloom and fruit without proper attention
from us. The list is not complete, so we have agents offering small
fruits with wonderful records of production, and if these do not catch
us they have some ever-bearing varieties that will serve us a whole sea-
son, and they sell them at a fabulous price. It is then that some vari-
eties do make a wonderful yield under favorable circumstances and
high culture in the hands of experts; but the same varieties in the
hands of the farmer or ordinary gardener are. no better than older and }
what we call common sorts. It is not our purpose to decry new trees, 4
plants or shrubs, as we are testing them each year, but we find that
nothing grown on the farm is more susceptible to climatic conditions
than small fruits.
Again,the most popular and profitable apple varieties of the Hast-
ern States are a signal failure here in North Missouri for the same
reason. To save the labor of years and waste of money, we should
plant only the varieties known to thrive in our soil and climate, the
varieties which are constantly being tested by the State Horticultural
Society. Here is where the Association can do some valuable mission-
ary work, by issuing a bulletin of tested hardy shrubs and vines.
As to the profitable part of small-fruit culture, there are three
things that must or ought to appear, and we name them in their proper -
order: health, happiness, dollars. We should for profit or other uses
plant the varieties adapted to our soil and climate. -In the proper,
intelligent culture of these plants we get our first installment of
health, and if we study their habits and development, we are ele-
vated, and our minds run on a higher plane. Here we have one ele-
~_
ee ET”
WINTER MEETING. 231k
ment of happiness that comes to us in contemplating the works of the
God of nature. When fruiting is at hand, we receive in its use the
most luscious and finely flavored product of all creation. A liberal use
of fruits produces good digestion, followed by a clean liver, a clear
brain and rosy cheeks. These combined elements produce happiness,
and happiness continued is, according to the old doctors, heaven
itself. :
The part that seems most interesting to the many is the dollars
that the business produces. Experts tell us that an acre of small fruits
properly cared for will produce 200 bushels of fruit, worth $500. These
figures cannot be obtained every year, but fruit-growers do not expect
less than $150 to $200 per acre for small fruits or garden truck, unless
we have an extreme drouth, as in the past season. No one who has
paid any attention to small-fruit culture or markets will deny that the
business is profitable from a financial stand point, as a good quality is
always in good demand at fair prices. The point we wish to emphasize
is not so much the dollars that will accrue to the small-fruit industry,
but the benefit to the masses who do not raise fruit exclusively for the
market.
A possible 60 per cent of the farming class raise no small fruits,
and enjoy none except the pickings along the fences and depressions.
Hivery one knows that a saccession of small fruits can be obtained
with little labor, that will supply the good house-wife with something
new, fresh and patable, at a time of universal dearth in vegetables,
and when the larder is at low tide. The fact is also accepted that this
succession of fruits, commencing with the strawberry, followed by rasp-
berry, dwarf, juneberry, mulberry, blackberry, plum, currant, goose-
berry, grapes, etc., carrying us to mature apples and peaches, make
to us the finest tonic and appetizer in the world.
Those who follow this line have little or no use for doctors or
quack nostrums. Those who follow the laws of nature and eat what
God has provided for us, instead of stuffing ourselves with pastry and
condiments, will have a better lease of life, higher enjoyment, and will
have served our day and generation in something useful and beneficial,
when we part the mist and step into the vestibule that Jeads to the
great beyond.
DISCUSSION.
S. W. Gilbert—I would like to ask fora little information about
the cultivation of small fruits. I wish to know how to make a straw-
berry plant bring its whole crop to perfection, and what fertilizers
must I use to make large, firm berries? Will different fertilizers make
berries hard or soft? I want size and firmness, regardless of quality,
232 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
and a plant that will perfect every berry it sets. Can we make a plant,
by feeding and watering it, perfect all its berries ?
B. F. Smith—Some varieties I have grown have matured every
bloom into a berry. I think that Capt. Jack and Miner are two that will
come as near ripening every berry as any I know. There are some
varieties that never will; Parker Earle is one of them. I applied
more water to Parker Earle than to any other kind, but it would not
ripen its berries. The last berries don’t color up. The ground was
heavily fertilized and I gave it all the water necessary. I gave it two
extra waterings. Muskingum matured every berry. Wolverton the
same. Haverland will not mature all the berries it sets. I don’t think
the gentleman will ever find anything that will make the Parker Harle
bring every berry to perfection.
S. W. Gilbert—I have counted 260 berries on one plant of Paras
Earle. I don’t believe it brings one-half of them to perfection. Can
we make it bring more of them to maturity and have them good size ?
Even 150 berries to the plant might makea gallon if they were of
large size. What can we feed the plant to make it do better? Will
firm varieties for fertilizers make soft pistillates firmer ?
L. A. Goodman—It willnot do so. It will influence the seed only.
As to feeding the plant, the first trouble is to get them well pollenized.
If well pollenized and supplied with food and water, it will mature its
fruit even to killing itself.
S. W. Gilbert—Is it sufficient to use Gandy and Capt. Jack to
fertilize Parker Earle ?
B. F. Smith—Parker Earle is a pollenizer, but it has not sufficient.
roots to carry to maturity its enormous crop.
Mr. Holsinger—Is it not a fact that the strawberry fails when the
season is too rainy at blooming time, and does well when it is dry at
that time? The last berries are always small, whatever the season.
Large berries don’t carry well. I thought I was out of the raspberry
business. I dug up my plants, thinking the anthracnose had put an
end to profit in growing them. A neighbor planted the bushes I dug
up. They made a fine growth. The anthracnose did not appear, and ~
now he has a fine prospect for the next crop. I would like to know
if a man is justified in planting eight acres of the Kansas raspberry ?
I think it ripens its crop in a very short time.
Mr. Baxter—The Parker Earle is a good fertilizer, bat something
else is required. You must have a strong, vigorous plant,in addition
to all the pollen needed, if you wish to make fine berries and large
crop. This year the late freeze in March, after the plants had begun to
grow, killed the roots and the plants had to push out new roots. We
f " . *
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: ah Pee ASO eT ey . f . a
FG Sp Le EO bP ON ee 0 ens rae eee
By ?
WINTER MEETING. 233
had a fine season at strawberry time, but the blossoms blighted. The
Beder Wood is a good fertilizer.
B. F. Smith—I find it one of the best. It blooms a little earlier
than the Captain Jack. The fruit is very fine—a little soft. We could
ship it 200 miles. The Robinson is a good pollenizer. It looks like
Crescent, same size, firmer, and extends the season a week later.
J. T. Rugssell—I think berries are firmer on moderately fertile
land than on very rich land. Ashes and ground bone make firmer ber-
ries than stable manure. Nitrogen makes berries soft, though it may
increase their size. My observation is that rain makes berries soft.
The Parker Earl is a very productive berry, but it will not mature its
crop. I don’t plant it largely. We have plenty of larger, stronger
berries that wi!l mature their fruit better than it will. Medium size,
firm berries are better for shipping than very large berries.
We have a man at Carthage who sprayed his raspberries for
anthracnose. His canesare all nice where sprayed. Where not sprayed
they were covered with it. All the other raspberries in that country
are in the same fix. He does not use Bordeaux mixture, but I can’t
give his formula. Anthracnose shows in brown spots upon the new
canes, and in the winter the canes die.
Mr. Neff—Partial shade has been a perfect remedy with me.
B. F. Smith—We have the best canes this year I have ever seen.
~The Kansas is a fine berry; it ripens its crop in two or three days;
it is soft. Progress is away ahead of Souhegan; it is earlier, and
brought four dollars per case of 24 quarts in the market. The Kansas
is a fine grower and good for home market.
Experience with Anthracnose.
By G. P. Turner, Meadville, Mo.
The true horticulturist, one who is in business not merely for the
money that is to be made out of it, is an ardent lover of nature. Any
one can admire a well-developed tree, plant or vine laden with luscious
fruit, but the hurticulturist is a close observer, and sees in nature many
things that call forth the profoundest admiration, that to the’ casual ob-
server would be passed by unnoticed. The horticulturist who isin har-
mony with his calling sees beauty not only in the delicately tinted flower
and richly painted fruit, but his soul goes in wonder and admiration as
he watches the workings of nature through all the stages of growth—
from the bursting forth of the embryonic tree from the seed, to the
mature Specimen bending with rosy fruit, to please the eye and tickle
234 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY.
the palate of man. And as he rejoices in the perfect workings of
nature, in the same degree he is made to sorrow when she is defaced
or her plans thwarted.
It is the object of this paper to point out or call attention to one
particular source of sorrow and disappointment to the horticulturist.
I refer to anthracnose. When one becomes aware that his raspberry
patch is being attacked by this insidious enemy, and that sooner or
later his early Tylers, his robust Ohios and choice Greggs must fall a
prey to it, he is filled with a combination of bewilderment, uncertainty,
sorrow and disappointment. Under the cloud though one be at this
discovery, it is not wisdom to jump at once to the conclusion that fruit
growing “don’t pay.” In all busines we must have our “ downs” as
well as “ups,” and he who frets and fumes and gives up when adversity
comes, will never enjoy prosperity in any business.
God said to man in the beginning, “ Have dominion over the fish
of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over
all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the
earth.” Surely anthracnose must be included in the things enumerated
here; for I think all who have had any experience with it will agree
with me that itleads everythinginthat line. Its approach is so stealthy
that its presence is scarcely ever detected until it has become so wide-
spread and dcep-seated as to defy all attempts at eradicating it. I have
known several patches of raspberries badly affected with anthracnose,
the presence of which the owners were in total ignorance of. Such,
also, has been the observation of Dr. Collier in the bean-fields of
New York. He says that many thousands of dollars are annually lost
to the farmers of that state by the ravages of this disease in the bean-
fields alone. J have no doubt but this disease is pretty well dissemi-
nated throughout most sections of our State, as well as most other
states.
It has been thought by some that the red raspberry was exempt
from anthracnose, but G. W. McCleur, Assistant Horticulturist of the
Illinois Experiment station, in Bulletin No. 30, claims that it, too, is
liable to attack. J think, however, that it offers more resistance than
the black. In fact, I have never seen any reds affected by it except
Shaffer’s Colossal. Perhaps it would be well to give a short history
or outline of this disease for the benefit of any who may not be ac-
quainted with it.
Anthracnose is a fungus disease, affecting the grape, the raspberry
and the bean. It attacks the berry, the leaf and the young shoots of
the grape in the shape of a hard, dry, brown spot or scab. In the
raspberry it attacks the cane with numerous light-colored scabs or
WINTER MEETING. 235
scales. I do not think the berry is attacked directly, but if the cane is
much affected the fruit is rendered worthless by either drying up
or ripening prematurely. With the bean I have had no experience.
The scabs or spots each contain a large number of spores, which are
liberated under certain climatie conditions, and are carried far and wide
by the wind and rain, aud thus the disease is propagated.
The question naturally comes up, what are we going to do about
it? Must we give up growing grapes, raspberries and beans? From
the experience of others and my own, I believe we have in the Bor-
deaux mixture a perfectly reliable remedy. I have no faith in it orany
other remedy after the disease has obtained a foothold, except in the
case of the raspberry, the canes might be cut off close to the ground
and burned, and the new growth sprayed carefully every ten days to
prevent the spores from obtaining a hold. The same treatment, I
think, will rid the grape of the disease. All the affected parts should
be cut away during the winter and burned, and the spraying should
begin before the buds swell. These frequent sprayings will raise the
cost of production considerably, but will in the end, no doubt, pay the
persevering grower, for there are only a few, comparatively, who will
have the patience and perseverance to spray systematically. Too lit-
tle care is used in buying plants. Before buying, the buyer should
make diligent inquiry as to the health of the plants, and a heavy pen-
alty should be imposed on any one who offers for sale infected plants.
DISCUSSION.
Mr. Holsinger—We have another insect which is to be feared far
more than the anthracnose—I refer to the San Jose scale, of California.
It is threatening the very existence of the fruits of California. It is
now found in several states east of the Rocky mountains. What are
“we going to do about it? While it is in its infancy we can do much to
prevent it. Itis a small scale like the oyster-shell bark louse. A
bulletin (No. 3, 2d series) ean be had from the Department of Agricul-
ture, describing it aud telling how to fight it.
8
The Society and the World’s Fair.
L. A. Goodman—The President of this Society has an account
of nearly $1000 against the World’s Fair Commission of Missouri.
The most of this money was taken from his own pocket. He has so
far been unable to get a settlement with the World’s Fair Commission.
Mr. Gentry said there were some bills they thought had been paid, and
that he thought some of the bills were too high.
236 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
President Evans—There is one reason which Mr. Goodman has
not given yet. Mr. Gentry said that the opportunity I had for adver-
tising my business was worth more than the amount of my expenses.
I asked Mr. Gentry if he paid for his advertising. He had some of his
fine hogs on exhibition at the World’s fair, yet he got $6 for every day
he spent attending the fair, or attending to the business of the Com-
mission.
When the Legislature meets we will wake somebody up. They
owe me nearly $1000. The most of this was money that I actually
paid out for collecting fruits, express, etc. They promised to
repay every dollar that I advanced to secure the best exhibit for
the State. All the others have been paid. They never paid me a
dollar. My whole six months and every dollar I spent are gone. One
of the members of the World’s Fair Commission sent a young man
to Chicago, nominally to look after the horticultural exhibit, but really
as a mere figure-head. This young man was paid $100 a month to do
nothing. He knew nothing of fruits or horticulture, and did not have
sense enough to keep his secrets. He let it out that the salary of $100
a month was to be divided with the member of the Board who got him
appointed. I objected to this young man, and finally told Mr. Gentry
that I would go home and have nothing more to do with the exhibit
unless this young man was recalled at once. He was recalled, and of
course the member of the Board who had him appointed was offended.
I think this explains why I have not been repaid the money I spent to
advance the interests of the State. If this condition of things exists
between myself and the World’s Fair Board when the Legislature
meets, we will stir them up.
A COMMITTEE REPORT.
TRENTON, MO., December 6, 1894.
We, the committee appointed to examine the Eclipse spray-pump, manufactured by
Morrill & Morey, Benton Harbor, Mich., and exhibited by R. R. Morrill, would submit the
following report: :
That in our judgment it isthe best spray-pump, all points considered, that has ever
come under our observation. A. H. GILKESON, Chairman,
S. W. GILBERT,
ARTHUR PATTERSON,
N. F. MURRAY.
COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS.
Whereas, We have heard this evening, with both astonishment and amazement, that
the President of the Missouri State Horticultural Society has still outstanding a claim
amounting to nearly a thousand dollars against the State Commission of the World’s fair,
for moneys spent out of his own pockets, authorized by the State Commissioner of the State
fair, and that after presenting his claim and pressing it more than once, he has finally been
informed by the said commissioner that he will not be paid another cent; therefore, be it
—
WINTER MEETING. 257
Resolved by the State Horticultural Society, in annual meeting assembled, That the Sec-
retary thereof be instructed to inform the President of the said Commission and the Com-
missioner thereof that we deem it high time they pay the honest debt due our President.
Thanks to the Arion quartette and others for the exquisite music supplied us during
the meeting.
That our best thanks be tendered the citizens of the city of Trenton for courtesies ex-
tended us during the meeting, and especially for the use of this beautiful hall.
To the railroads of the State who have so kindly given us rates over their respective
lines, and to the hotels of Trenton for their reduced rates also, we are under many obliga -
tions. GEO. LONGMAN, Chairman.
AN OLD APPLE-TREE.
BOONVILLE, Mo., Dec. 12, 1894.
L. A. GOODMAN, Trenton, Mo.:
Dear Sir—I send today, in care of C. C. Béll, some specimens of what I have named
**Improved Janet’’ apples, that I wish to have placed on exhibition at your meeting, and
desire to have special attention called to them, from the fact that they grew on trees 52
years old, as can be proved by the man who planted the trees, Mr. R. B. Bacon, a re-
Spected citizen of Boonville. The trees stand ina pasture field, and the past season stock
tramped around the trees and ate all the fruit they could reach Iam propagating this
apple, and find it makes a much better and stockier tree in the nursery row, and also heav-
jer foliage, than the ordinary Janet. If the Society thinks it worthy and can find a more
appropriate name than above, please haveit named. Wishing you a successful meeting,
Tam, 3 Yours respectfully,
H. W. JENKINS.
We, your committee, would report that the apple exhibited by H. W. Jenkins, Boon-
ville, Mo., is Rawles’ Ganet, to our best belief, by majority report.
Ri.) BAYLEY
G. F. ESPENLAUB.
MINORITY REPORT.
Dissenting from majority report of your committee. A. H. GILKESON.
COMMITTEEK ON FRUITS—PREMIUMS.
T. C. Hammon, plate quinces........... 50 HH; Wi. enkins, “BOOMVALe. tes wesc set 50
USCS TED TE TULA erate ctccters ctacsavayeiace cheats ogece $1 25 L. Geiger. hn EE ert $1 50
John Hudgens, new seedling............ 1 00 Conrad Hartzell, St. Joseph ............ 3 50
Er et aN GelrON Ore LOM .:.00\ 10% jes) > 100 Kelsey & Co., ES. ae. e Maieneeee oie
J.C. Evans, North Kansas City......... 350 || Z. T. Zimmerman, Cameron.,............ 3°75
Ae MAING OAMIOT OM «=. yiciecisc c's sianaielsic oe 3 75 W.G. Knoyer, © Bt UU oe ercacelers oats 50
“Swe Gl of) a Road Wes ne) Ge ern ener aoe 2 50 ft. Kirchgraber, Sprin‘eleld). <2. 22. sash: 50
Winn nbrad Deck: OTe POW fc sis. see scsi © oe 4 00 INDIE. Murray SOre gon! sa5.cuesne veces 1 75
Orne Bell. HBOODVAMES 2s. cine egies ree ne 1 00 A. H. Gilkeson, Warrensburg........... 1 50
COUNTY PREMIUMS.
LEO tog Re AAR ug ie ein es Ria a ede $9 00 CATT Oi focegt ocey atl eae eee eat ee $3 00
MOSTESSOIM, teal telat erento here ee Set Paere stale em ce 9 00 POUCISSS kis raeretis eleiate ators phaveiy ee etoile errietereeaed 3 50
BAC OSES Taro ntt COC etic oe: 3 75
238 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. P
THURSDAY, Dec. 6—7:30 p. m.
QUESTIONS.
The following letters were read and answered by the Secretary :
I wish to start a strawberry bed in the spring of about 1000 or so plants. Would it be
best to buy the 1000 plants, set themin the spring and keep runners out, or could I buy, say,
100 plants and set out in spring, let them put out enough runners to detach and set out in
the fall. Would these detached runners planted in the fall bear fruit next spring? Which
plan would be best to pursue.
What is the best early berry I could get ? What best late ones ?
Answer—Plant 1000 plants in the spring, Beder Wood, Gandy.
ALBUQUERQUE, N. M., Jan. 55,1895
L. A. GOODMAN, Westport, Mo.:
Dear Sir—Will you please tell me which is the best late dwarf pear, late standard
pear, quince and grapes to set out for commercial purposes, viz., good size, color, shippers
and keepers. Also, what do you think of the Easter Beurre dwarf pear?
By answering the above you will greatly oblige,
B. E. SAMPSON.
Answers—The best (dwarf pear) is Dachess; the best late (stand-
ard pear) is Winter Nellis; the best quince is Mo. Mammoth; the best
grapes are Worden and Concord. The Haster Beurre is one of the
best pears, but has not proven profitable here.
WILLOW BROOK, Jan. 24, 1895.
Mr. L. A. GOODMAN, Westport, Mo :
Dear Sir—I send you two of the new apple (Payton), medium size. I have thought it
was a sport of the Ben Davis, but if so, it is quite a different apple. We think it isa little
better than Ben Davis. The oniy reason I thought it might be Gano is that the old tree
might have been Gano instead of Ben Davis; but I do not know why the Gano first came out
- or was first grafted; but it is not likely to be Gano, as the original trees were planted about
30 yearsago. Ifit is only a sport of the Ben Davis, I would claim that the quality is fully as.
good, and that in every other way as good, and that in color and beauty it far excels the
Ben Davis. Please give me your opinion on it, and very much oblige,
Yours very truly,
. S. H. MURRAY.
Answer—The apple was the Gano. ;
BETHANY, MoO., December 1, 1894.
Secretary State Horticultural Association, Trenton, Mo.
Sir—I would like an expression from your Society on the following: (1) When the-
work is properly attended to, which is the best season for planting plums and currants,
spring orfall? (2) Whataged plum trees from nursery is best to plant where permanency
and uitimate yield is desired more than early fruiting? (3) Can chickens, when stocked at
100 hens to the acre, devoted to plums, be depended upon to follow up the early morning”
jarring of trees and destroy the curculio that fali, as is claimed by some?
I find, from inquiry, that in this county Blue Damson in almost all situations without
care matures fair crops almost every year; in fact, allyears that native varieties yield. I
also find a few European varieties here and there that produce a few plums each year, and
they bloom and set fruit fully almost every year; the unattended curculio apparently is all.
that is in the way of thelr maturing full crops. Ijhave noticed two varieties—a large blue
plum and a large {green plum with reddish side, where exposed to the sun. (4) Does the
foregoing warrant the assumption that the finer European and other foreign varieties prop--
erly cultivated on favored situations will produce remunerative crops? Ours is a clay soil,
underlaid with a stiff, tenacious clay sub-soil, interlined with imestone. I have selected a
northwest exposure, high up on side of ridge, with good surface and air drainage. (5) Will.
it be necessary to under- drain this soil?
Thanking in advance for any answers of benefit to a novice, Iam, gentlemen,
Yours truly, 2 J. Q. BRowN.
ny
©
%
WINTER MEETING. 239
Answer—(l) Plant in the spring; (2) two years old; (3) only as a
partial preventive ; Blue Damson is as sure as the Wild Goose; (4) no,
not surely; (5) no, the soil is drained enough.
BELTON, MO., Sept. 28, 1894.
L. A. GOODMAN, Westport, Mo.:
Dear Sir—I have been referred to you by Mr J. W. White, asa man who would give
me information as to the following trees. If you willanswer at your earliest convenience
you will place me under many obligations:
1. Are the Koonce, Garber and Keiffer as good pears as can be planted here? Do they
usually live, and about how many crops will they bear in five consecutive years?
2. Are there any better plums than the Japan varieties? How many crops will they
bring in five years if properly sprayed?
3. Is the Dyehouse a productive and salable cherry?
4. Would you plant these trees in fall or spring?
5. At what distance could Keiffer pears and Yellow Transparent apples be planted
each way by alternating one with the other? Yours truly,
C. W. McKown.
Answer—(1) The Keiffer is the most profitable; they are easily
transplanted and will bear three out of five years; (2) Japan plums are
rather uncertain, because the late frosts are liable to kill them after
they bloom ; (3) yes; (4) plant in spring; (5) sixteen and a half feet each
way. :
BETHANY, Aug. 13, 1894.
Dear Sir—Will you, at your leisure, reply to the following:
> 1. Idesire to plant five acres to plums next spring. This being a strong clay soil, un-
derlain with limestone, what variety or varieties should I select for most profitable return
when I come to market them?
Answer—Wild Goose, Miner, Weaver, Lombard, Dawson. .
2. Isit best to select early, medium and late varieties, or select a variety or varieties
all ripening at one given time?
Answer—Early, medium, late.
3. Are plums being as extensively planted in the middle west and other sections tribu-
tary to our markets as other fruits?
Answer—No, they are not.
4, With proper attention to all details in cultivation, what should be the average ©
yield of fruit per tree for each mature tree?
Answer—One to five bushels.
5. Which would you recomend as most suitable location—a smooth, gentle slope to
e
the northwest, decline sufficient to furnish good or reasonably good drainage, or rough or
ridge land excellently drained?
Answer —The first mentioned.
6. I am unacquainted with any of the Japanese or oriental varieties. How does
Abundance and Burbank compare with leading old varieties?
Answer—They are the best of Japan varieties, but somewhat
liable to be killed by late frosts.
WILLOW SPRINGS, Jan. 1, 1895.
L. A. GOODMAN, Esq.:
Dear Sir—I take the liberty of addressing you, seeking information. I havea young
orchard of 600 trees; some of them bore last season. It is planted in the valley and has
been sadly neglected, andinoldland. Iwantto try some alfalfa or Lucerne clover in the
240 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
spring for hog pasture, and the orchard Is the most feasible place I have forit. Would you
advise me sowing it ,in alfalfa? Hoping you will pardon me for the liberty I have taken, I
am, tespectfully yours,
W. E. ARMSTRONG.
Auswer—No; better plow up and cultivate in corn for a few
years; or, better still, cultivate well without any crop on the land.
HIGGINSVILLE, MO , October 15, 1894.
L. A. GOODMAN, Esq., Westport:
Dear Sir—Your card received relative to meeting at Trenton in December. I have only
a small orchard, yet if not too many questions, wouid like to have same answered, as I want
to set out more. Lamespecially interested about the wash and twig blight. Please take
charge of same, if not asking too much, and let me know where I can get the answers and
oblige, Yours, etc., HENRY D. MILLS, Jr.
Would like to know (1) what causes twig blght? (2) Is there any remedy? (3). Willit
kill the trees? (4) Does it come annually, after the trees have once hadit? (5) Should the
dead twigs be cut off?
I killed a Red Astrakhan and injured others by using a solution of about two table
spoonfuls of crude carbolic acid, one pound home-made soap and large lump of lime in a
bucketful of water; had been in habit of using same annually, but perhaps not so strong as
this time. I feel confident myself that this was the sole cause, as the tree was killed and
blackened just as far as wash went, and above was green, and the other trees not killed had
their bark injured in patches and rougher every way than where it had not been washed.
(6) Had this wash anything to say to the twig blight? (7) Many Dwarf pears are in
full bloom this 8th day of October, 1894; will it kill the trees or spoil the crop for next year?
Keiffer is the healthiest-looking pearI have. (8) What is the difference between the Botan
and Abundance plums, and how near should the latter be planted? (9) Give description of
Grimes’ Golden and Yellow Bellflower. (10) What hardy evergreen shrubs grow in Mis-
souri? (11) What hardy bulbs that will take care of themselves, suitable for a country
church-yard? (12) Whatis the best early peach for Lafayette county, that will not rot? I
have some always about 4th of July, if a peach year, but they rot before they get ripe.
H. D. MILLS, JR.
Answer—(1) Cannot tell, it depends upon the season; (2) no sure
remedy cut off the blighted portion; (3) sometimes it does, but very
seldom ; (4) usually, for two or three seasons; (6) no; (7) the crop will
probably be light; enough dormant buds may come out to give some
fruit; (8) about the same; (10) Red cedar, White pine, Norway spruce,
Austrian pine, Scotch pine, White spruce, Arbor vite. There are no
evergreen shrubs that can be depended upon; (11) Hyacinths, Talips,
Crocus, Lily of the Valley, Peonias; (12) Mt. Rose.
FAYETTEVILLE, MO., Oct. 25, 1894.
Mr. L. A. GOODMAN, Westport, Mo.:
Kind Sir—You will please inform me with regard tothe size and dimensions of an ;
apple-barrel. Give me the diameter of the head and bulge, also depth inside of the barrel.
Please tell me what a standard apple-barrel holds. I have always had the impression that
it held eleven pecks. Yours respectfully,
E. W. YOUNG.
Answer—The standard apple-barrel: Jiength of barrel 282 inches,
with chines of ? inch at the ends; diameter of heads 17} inches;
diameter of center of barrel 203 inches—this being the size used for
flour-barrels. This barrel holds fall three bushels.
SECRETARY.
WINTER MEETING. 241
MOUNTAIN VIEW, HOWELL COUNTY, MO.. Feb. 25, 1895.
Mr. L. A. GOODMAN, Sec’y Mo. Hor. Society, Westport, Mo.:
My Dear Sir—Lacking a little information, and believing that no man in Missouri is
more and better qualified to give it than yourself, is my only excuse for addressing you.
1. Inan apple orchard of nearly 5000 trees, the majority of which are looking and
doing well, I have in one block of trees a disease of the bark, making it dead, cracked and
scaly. This disease is chiefly confined to this one variety of apple-trees, the name of
which Ido not know. It hasa much finer leaf than the Ben Davis, and does not grow so
strongly. In works on apple-trees and their diseases, I do not find this trouble described.
Can you tell me what it is, and what isthe remedy? As this scaly, and in places blackened
appearance, is frequently in branches of tree,I have thought it might be well to saw top
off, just below first limbs, at an angle so water will run off the stump, and cover with graft-
ing-wax, andletit makeanewtop. Please advise.
2. This winter is the first that rabbits have troubled me, and I have six or eight trees
girdled that are two inches through. I hate to lose them and setin new ones. Willit do
well to cut off near ground and leave standing stump, and cover with wax and makea
new top ?
3. LIunderstand that at Olden last summer your people planted artichokes for hogs.
If so, do you think them a success in that line? I want to plant about three rows of them
between apple-trees and let the hogs root them out in winter. I think enough will stay in
to make a crop next season; and that far from trees, I judge they will not injure them, and
hogs rooting will plow soil up in good shape.
Did you plant them at Olden ? and do they grow and do well here ? Kindly give opinion.
4, I would like to procure copy of last report of Missouri Horticultural Society.
Please send me one, and greatly oblige.
Iam sorry to trouble you with so many questions, but as lam comparatively a new-
comer in South Missouri, and as past two years have been hard ones on fruit-growers,I feel
that one must go cautiously and look well before leaping; hence I go to best authority I
know of for advice. Iam very respectfully yours,
R. C. ANNIN.
Answer—(1) Cannot tell for certain ; I think it is a sort of blight,
perhaps. Scrape the bark off the diseased places down to the cam-
biam layer,and then wash with kerosene emulsion and blue vitriol;
wash another lot with lye, sulphur and carbolic acid ; cut off some of
them and note the results; (2) cut them off about two inches above
the ground and train up a single sprout; (3) yes, artichokes are one of
the most valuable and profitable hog-feed you can grow. It is also the
cheapest. Rich land will give 500 bushels per acre sometimes.
ATTERBURY, Mo., Feb. 25, 1895.
L. A. GOODMAN, Secretary:
Dear Sir—The parties whom I ordered the peach trees have made a complete failure.
I will either have to plant dormant buds or await another year. Give me your advice as to
planting dormant buds. Do you think it advisable to plant them, and do they have to be
planted early, before buds swell ? Yours trily,
W. R. WILLIAMSON.
Answer—Do not plant the buds unless you can give personal
attention to every one. You better plant l-year trees, and you can get
and plant the rest next year.
HOLT, CLAY County, MO., October 15, 1894.
I would like very much to hear the question taken up and debated. wha'tapple will we
plant to take the place of the Ben Davis? It isa good bearer and a good seller, but I notice
they are nearly half culls, on account of the worms, even where they were sprayed, and
the trees are the easiest to be killed by wounds of any kind I know of; in fact, one hardly
ever recovers, evenifthe borer getsinit. I think Missouri should have somethiug better
for her leading apple than the Ben Davis.
H—16
242 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
I would like very much to know something about Smith’s Clder. I have 15, 4-year-olds,
in my orchard of some 600 trees. They are on high, white-oak land, and they are the best
growers of all or any trees I have ever seen; they made over 3 feet growth all round where
but few others made more than 1 foot, and we have had the dryest season for many years.
Winesap and Lansingburg Pippin made the best growth.
I would like to ask if, from whatiyou know of the Smith’s Cider, will it pay to plant it
largely? Jonathan is the clearest of worms of any apple we have. Gilpin has paid best of
any in my old orchard. The apple crop is much better here than reports make it, and they
are bringing quite a good sum of money into the country, and they haven’t eat any corn,
either. We have got from 40 to 50 cents per bushel for apples, and I think that is a pretty
fair price, and if we had more first-class apples { think we would have got more, but there
was not enough good apples to hold the best buyers.
I think I have hit ona plan to beat the root-borers: that is, to put enough fine sand
around the trees so there will never be any crack around the trees nor any weeds and grass,
and you will have but few, ifany, borers. Any Information about Smith’s Cider apple will
be thankfully received. Hoping to be able to meet you at Trenton, I remain yours truly,
G. T. ODOR.
Answer—lIt is very doubtful about the Smith’s Cider being a prof-
itable apple for commercial use. The tree is liable to blight; the apple
is not a very good keeper, and while the quality is good, yet there is
not enough money init. The tree is not adapted to all localities like
the Ben Davis.
LETTERS.
OREGON, Oct. 17, 1894.
Tam of the opinion that what we want most of allis not more, but less varieties.
I would prefer to have the Society discuss and decide which is the best three kinds of
apples to plant, taking the whole State into consideration. At the fair at St. Louls, it
seems that 280 varieties were shown there, and the probability is, if each producer that
presented the 280 kinds was called upon to write descriptions of the apples they raised that
they could do so; but let an individual have the list, from which to select same for his own
planting, he would be staggered and so confused that he wouid be at a loss to know what to
plant.
And the same thing holds good with the strawberry, and of all the other fruits.
Tam aware that climate and soil, with other things, have their influence upon results,
but it does seem to me that the Society could not do better than to spend some portion of
its time in gathering information from all over the State, andrecommend a few varieties
that will not be likely to blast the hopes of the future planters all over this State.
Please give this subject some attention, and thus add thousands to the future planters ©
of this beautiful State, remembering that ‘‘no man liveth to himself.’’ Had I known 29
years ago what I now know, my orchard would have been worth to me five times more than
it now is or ever can be. Inan orchard of 1000 trees I must have 75 or more varieties, many
of which I have not received five bushels of apples from in all that time,
Yours truly,
STEPHEN BLANCHARD.
P. 8. Fora,commercial orchard of winter apples of 1000 trees, the wrlter would now
put out 700 of Ben Davis and the remainder in Rome Beauty and Winesaps.
ZEITONIA, MO., Nov. 27, 1894.
Mr. L. A. GOODMAN, Secretary Missouri State Horticultural Society, Westport, Mo.:
Respected Sir—Since my father’s death the surrouodings are no longer congenial to
me, and I desire to make a change ifI can find an agreeable place where honest, intelligent
laboris appreciated. Iattended the Agricultural College two years, and have made agri-
culture and horticulture a special study for several years; also, have several years’ practi-
calexperience. Would prefer to continue in the fruit business, as I have a special liking
for it.
Refer to Levi Chubbuck and Stark Bros., with whom I have some personal acquaint-
ance, and who know of our orchards here ; also, have a large mercantile and general
business experience. Donot pretend to have a monopoly on all knowledge pertaining to
WINTER MEETING. 243
agriculture and horticulture, and know that there is yet a great deal to learn, but feel con-
fident that I can render satisfactory service to any one desiring such services, where true
merit is considered.
I regret trat I cannot be with youat your meeting, as my means will not permit. Have
been longing for years to associate myself with your valuable organization, but circum-
stances has always prevented. Please readat your meeting. Any one desiring to cor-
respond can address me as above. Very respectfully,
A. F. ZEITINGER.
Editor Kansas City Journal: The Missouri State Horticultural Society is making a
magnificent display of fruits at the St. Louis exposition. This show is made in connection
with the display that Missouri made at the World’s fair; all the jars of fruits in liquid have
been examined, added to, and placed upon exhibition, making a grand show ofitself In
addition to this, the Society has taken charge of and is making a fine display of fresh fruits
from some twenty-five or more counties of the State. One very large room is filed with this
display, which has been a continuous one for forty days and forty nights.
Two hundred and fifty varieties of apples have already been shown, thirty-one of _
pears, forty-three of grapes, seventeen of plums, and many more will be added before the
exposition closes. There are on the tables now, about 2000 plates of the finest apples that
can be grown anywhere, the specimens perfect and beautifully colored. This display isa
grand one and is attracting a great deal of attention; it will bring buyers for our fruits and
settlers for our lands, and the results are already showing. It isa part of the work of the
Society to keep the advantages of our State for fruit-growing, prominently before the
people and assist them in its development when they do settle among us. All we ask of
them is to come and see to be convinced. L. A. GOODMAN,
Secretary State Horticultural Society, Exposition building, St. Louis:
SHANNON HOTEL, CASTLE CONNELL, COUNTY LIMERICK, IRELAND, Noy. 3, 1894.
L. A. GOODMAN, Esq., Secretary, etc.:
Dear Sir—I would be glad to receive the favor from you, of such pamphlets as your
Society may have for distribution for general information to non-residents, regarding
American horticultural progress, about which many tourists and residents:at this place
have been making inquiry of me.
Iam from Kansas City, Missouri, staying here this winter for the benefit of my health.
Iam, dear sir, respectfully your humble servant,
+ JOHN J. HOGAN,
Bishop of Kansas City.
COWGILL, CALDWELL COUNTY, MO.
You will meet this time under very favorable circumstances for our Society, as our
great fruit exhibition at the World’s fair at Chicago, and also at the great St. Louis fair, is
fresh in the minds of all persons who saw our nice apples and other fruits. Iam told they
were astonished at Missouri’s fine display of apples and other fruits.
The outlook is favorable for every person that will plant orchards, and take good care
of the trees after they are planted. If we donot do this, we had better not plant them; it
is only time and money wasted. Let us all keep this important fact in ourminds. The
borers and other insects must be looked after. Such plant food as may be necessary for the
life of our trees must be supplied, such as barn-yard manure, lime, ashes, etc.
Any good land that is suitable for corn will be a good place to start a young orchard.
~ Fertilizers will be required as the orchard gets older.
Our cold winters and hot summers are very hard on trees if they are not started with
low heads, which will shade the trunks of the trees from the sun’s heat in the winter and
summer. The south and southwest sides of trees are injured in the winter by so much
alternate freezing and thawing on the south side of the trees, which sometimes destroys the
sap vessels or kills the tree on the south side, which makesa good place for the flat-head
borer. I used to shade my trees on the south sidein the winter time by tying on that side a
small bunch or handful of corn fodder or long grass, flax, or anything that would answer
the purpose, and not make it so large that it would catch the wind, which would shake the
trees too much. “Iam glad to say that there is considerable interest manifested in the
planting of orchards here. A few are careful with their trees, whilst some are careless and
let the stock and borers have full sway, and after a while buy trees and try it again, while
our population is all the time increasing and willall want apples. Many years ago Horace
244 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY.
Greeley predicted or supposed that, in the course of time, St. Louis would be the greatest
city on the face of the earth, as London is at the present day. I suppose he based his con-
clusions from the great material resources that lle around St. Louis, as the Iron mountain,
coal in abundance, agricultural and horticultural and other great wealth almost without
limit; the great river that sweeps by St. Louls will keep the poison elements all swept away
to the sea. Our great Kansas City has also this advantage of a great river. From the signs
of the times now, our great State is about to awake from her slumbers and march on to her
true destiny. Yours truly,
WILLIAM MCORAY.
CHICAGO, Ill., Oct. 12, 1894.
Mr. L. A. GOODMAN, Westport, Mo.:
Dear Sir—Your card received today, and a notice of your annual meeting will appear
in the next issue of O. J. Farmer. I would suggest that the matter of carefully picking and
packing fruits for shipment be fully treated; also, the matter of uniform quality through-
out package and uniform size of package, barrel, box or crate. The great injury to the
fruit trade through careless and dishonest packing has been forcibly impressed upon me in
. my work of reporting fruit markets in Chicago. A thorough airing of this matter would
set people to thinking. Any further announcement I shall be glad to publish.
Cordially yours,
C, A. SHAMEL, Managing Editor.
SHANNON HOTEL, CASTLE CONNELL, COUNTY LIMERICK, IRELAND, Dec. 13, 1894.
L. A. GOODMAN, Esq., Secretary Missouri State Horticultural Society :
Dear Sir—-Wishing to satisfy inquiries by residents and tourists at this place, where I
am at present sojourning for my health, regarding Missouri, its climate, soil, scenery, rivers,
lakes, prairies and other such matters, I applied to the Secretary of the Horticultural
Society at St. Louis, for any pamphlets bearing on these subjects that he may have for dis-
tribution. Without delay, the State Horticultural Society annual reports for 1891, 1892, 1893
reached me. These I have placed in the Shannon hotel library, for perusal by persons stay-
ing at the hotel. Already they have elicited much praise. and admiration for the clear,
extensive and valuable information contained in them, and for the good type, paper and
binding in which they are bs ibanaet :
Please to accept my sincere thanks.
Iam, very respectfully, your humble servant,
+ JOHN J. HOGAN,
Bishop of Kansas City.
GREEN MEADOWS FRUIT FARM, TARADALE,
HAWKES Bay, NEW ZEALAND, Oct. 12, 1894.
To the Secretary Missouri State Horticultural Society:
Dear Sir—Will you kindly send me one of your pamphlets, ‘‘ Hand-book of Horticultural
Knowledge of Missouri,’’ and if there is any charges thereon, I shall gladly remit a post-
office order for amount. Iam sir, yours faithfully,
SIDNEY F. ANDERSON, Manager.
ATTERBURY, Mo., Feb. 11, 1895.
L. A. GOODMAN. Esq.:
Dear Sir—I write to ask you whether or not you would advise all these trees, both ap-
ple, pear and peach, dipped in kerosene emulsion to destroy aphis In my oldest orchard
I have considerable already, andI want to commence war on them at once; and will it
damage the trees to dip so as to cover the roots and two feet of the body ? How strong
would you advise making the emulsion ? Yours truly,
W.R. WILLIAMSON,
Answer—Yes; use the emulsion of the usual strength.
HARRISONVILLE, CASS Co., Mo., Oct. 29, 1894.
Mr. L. A. GOODMAN, Westport :
Dear Sir—I received your card, and in answer will say that I would like to havea
thorough discussion at the December meeting at Princeton of the pear, the varieties and
management of a commercial orchard of 1000 trees; also, an orchard of 600 cherry trees,
likewise a vineyard of nine acres of grapes. Those are the fruits that lam mostly interested
in, andI want all the information that I can get. I have been experimenting with the
grape this season by trying Father Clagett’s method of prunding. I took ten vines for trial,
WINTER MEETING. 245
and the result was at least four times the amout of fruit. I kept them well pruned until
the first of July; would have sent a vine to the fruit show at St. Louis, but from some cause
they commenced cracking open, but not as bad as those pruned under the old method. For
my pear orchard I expect to use principaly Kiefer, with some others to insure cross-
fertilization. Yours respectfully,
ABNER TAYLOR.
ALBANY, Mo., Dec. 3, 1894.
Mr. L. A. GoopMAN, Secretary State Horticultural Society, Trenton, Mo.:
Dear Sir—Will you kindly submit at the meeting of the Society, to beheld at Trenton
this week; for discussion, the question: Is it advisable to subsoil the ground for new
orchards, where the surface is somewhat rolling, and the soll rather thin, with clay sub-
soil? Sorry I cannot be with you. tespectfully,
C. G. COMSTOCK.
Answer—lIf too rolling, no; if not, yes.
COLUMBIA, Dec. 3, 1894.
Mr. J. C. EVANS, President Mo. State Horticultural Society, Trenton, Mo.:
Dear Sir—It is with exceeding regret that Iam compelled to say, necessity forces me
to stay away from your meeting. The illness, now of some months’ duration, of the
Director of the Experiment station, has put upon me the duty of attending to the writing
and publishing of some bulletins of importance, which must be brought out immediately.
Tam with you, however, in spirit, and as an evidence of the interest I take in the business
which brings you together, Isend youa set of photographs, donated to the Society through
Mr. Harris, whose letter is enclosed, on the results of fertilization with nitrogen. If you
will accept them in the name of the Society, and exhibit them at the meeting, and, at the
Same time, state that Mr. Harris is anxious to serve the interests of horticulturists in any
waf¥ possible, you willdome afayor. Should any member desire such a set for his local
Society, let him write to me, as I may be able to procure it. Yours very truly,
P. SCHWEITZER.
MORETON'FARM, N. Y., Nov. 19, 1894.
LL, A. GOODMAN, Esq., Sec’y Missouri State Horticultural Society:
Dear Sir—I take pleasure in presenting to your honorable Society, in behalf of the Per-
manent Nitrate Committee of London, a set of photographs illustratingjsome experiments in
fertilizing with nitrate of soda, made by Dr. Paul Wagner at the Agricultural Experiment
station, Darmstadt, Germany. Although not touching upon just the crops in which the
members of your Society are probably the most interested, nevertheless I think they may
prove of interest as illustrating the effect of a nitrate onthe growth of plants in general.
Iam, yours very respectfully,
S. M. HARRIS.
This series of photographs are,very valuable to the Society, and
we have recognized their value by appropriate letters. SEO’Y.
The Best Herbaceous Plants and Shrubs.
Prof. J. C. Whitten, Columbia.
In the Thirty-sixth annual report of this Society appeared a paper
by Prof. G. C. Broadhead, entitled “A Plea for onr Native Plants.” It
is with our natives that I wish to deal.
No one who has enjoyed a healthy boyhood or girlhood ean fail
to look back, with keen appreciation, upon the youthful jaunts to the
woods and meadows in search of early spring flowers. And, indeed,
to the older mind these little blossoms present just as glad a greeting,
246 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY.
and are just as welcome harbingers of sunny days. Even the first
note of the blue bird or twit, twit of the robin is forgotten as one
stops to pluck the first spring beauty or welcome violet.
Our season of native flowers, however, is not confined to our
spring monthsalone. While the venturesome early flower, which first
peeps out to say that winter snows are gone, is, perhaps, most eagerly
looked for, itis no more beautiful, perhaps, than flowers which succeed
each other later on until November comes with its frosts. Even with
the approach of winter, we still have visible beauties in our native
plants. There are the brightly tinted leaves of numerous shrubs and
Virginia creeper, the fluffy down of milkweed and Enslene, the heads
of sedge grass and reeds, the ripening rose hips, turning from green to
golden red and brown, and numerous fruits, like those of Smilax, grapes
and burning bush, that continue more or less throughout. the winter.
The beauty of the winter buds must not be overlooked, and should
be more often studied in selecting specimens for planting. The next
year’s catkins of the birches, alders, etc., the flower buds of flowering
dog-wood, magnolias and buckeyes, the numerous buds of flowering
currant, the velvet, scaleless buds of pawpaw, as well as those of many
other species, have a winter beauty, always conspicuous to the casual
observer, and becoming more and more attractive with carefal study.
In selecting these plants for home adornment, varieties may be chosen
which present a succession of these beauties, and keep our grounds
constantly attractive.
1 would not urge the planting of our natives to the exclusion of
improved types, which are so generally used, and yet, as supplementary
to our improved forms, they should take an important part, especially
where little attention can be given to the care and cultivation so neces-
sary to our more delicate and tender species. There are a great many
examples of the beautifying effect of improved flowers and shrubs
judiciously planted about the home. There are also a great many
homes where little attention is given to the cultivation of plants which
might be made much brighter by planting masses of our natives, and
even allowing them to grow in their wild, uncultivated manner.
Nothing looks worse than plants suffering from neglect. I think»
then, that tender sorts or exotics should be used only when they can
be given the care and favorable conditions that they require. The
plants of our fields and woods are accustomed to grow among the
grass and brambles, or under the shade of trees; and present all their
natural beauty if allowed to grow on the lawns along the hedge rows, or
under the shade of shrubbery at our homes. There is no reason why
they might not oftener be seen about the home, even though no eulti-
WINTER MEETING. 247
vation is given them. However, the fact that we find them growing,
even in rich profusion, in waste places without cultivation, should not
prevent their being given careful attention and culture. Many of them
respond quickly to good culture, and they may be greatly improved
by it.
In the Missouri Botanical garden or Shaw’s garden, of St. Louis,
may be seen a great many of our native plants. They have been taken
there from their wild state, and furnish excellent examples of what
may be done with them by intelligent culture and artistic skill in plant-
ing. The arboretum particularly abounds in the most beautiful wild-
wood flowers. One of the most attractive features of the whole
grounds is a little bog planted to wild marsh plants, including shrubs,
grasses, sedges, pitcher plants, ferns, ladies’ slippers, Irises, fly-traps,
and hundreds of species too numerous to mention. Throughout the
grounds one frequently meets our native vines and masses of these
wild flowers. Even to him whoall his life has tramped through masses
of them in our fields and woods they are of great interest, and he
wonders how he could have been acquainted with them so long and
never before half realized their beauty. To the European who has
never before seen them, they are simply gems and treasures he never
before dreamed of. They call forth all his enthusiasm, and appeal to
his feelings much as a choice orchard or rare exotic does to ours the
first time we see it.
Of the plants which I am about to mention, [ have seen nearly all
in their native habitat, and also under cultivation at the garden; so I
hope to select a list sufficient to prettily plant a home with such sorts
as may be readily transplanted and grown.
Among the most essential plants for home adornment are the
vines. Among them I will first mention the Virginia creeper (Ampe-
lopsi quinquefolia). It abounds generally in the woods, in nearly all
low grounds, and climbs both byrootlets and by tendrils. Aside from
twisting like the tendrils of the pea, its tendrils put out discs which
enable the vine to cling, even to the walls of buildinge, if artficially
supported until vigorous growth begins. All have seen it mantling the
forest trees, climbing nearly to their tops. Many a gnarled, dead oak
is converted into a thing of beauty by having its limbs thickly fringed
by this clinging vine. It succeeds in almost.any exposure, and is a fine
cover for the walls of buildings, verandas and porches, summer-houses,
etc. In autumn its leaves turn to a bright crimson, and remain so for
several weeks before falling. Its purple fruit, which it retains into the
winter, is not the least beautiful of its features,and gives it a very rich
248 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY.
appearance after the leaves have fallen. It may be propagated from
seeds or layers.
The Trumpet-creeper or Trumpet-flower ( Tecoma radicans) is very
abundant throughout the State, and is one of our most beautiful orna-
mentals, both on account of its rich, compound foliage and also its
gorgeous orange, yellow and scarlet flowers. Itclimbs by rootlets, and
one has only to see its gorgeous masses of bloom upon fences, trees,
etc., by the roadside to suggest its proper use in planting. One of the
finest masses I have ever seen covers the rocky side of a railroad em-
bankment near Pacific® Mo., making a most beautiful scene of what
would otherwise be an unsightly, barren slope. It flowers late in sum-
mer, remaining in bloom for several weeks. It may be propagated by
seeds, which the plant retains throughout the winter, in long pods,
much like those of Catalpa; by cuttings of the roots or shoots, and by
layering. The plant is often advertised in catalogues under the name
of Bignonia radicans.
The Virgin’s bower (Clematis ), of which we have several species, is
very desirable, both for covers and also for screens to hide unsightly
parts of the grounds. It is propagated by layers or cuttings, and also
by seeds, which should be gathered as soon as ripeand planted the fol-
lowing spring.
For a somewhat shaded position the Moon-seed ( Menispermum
canadense ) is a very desirable vine. It can be found growing almost
anywhere in the woods. Its large heart-shaped leaves are its chief
beauty. It may be propagated by seeds, divisions or cuttings.
Several of our wild Morning-glories are very desirable for screens,
or to train over the doors or porches. Most of them are annuals, but
one, the so-called wild potato vine or man-of-the-earth (Ipomea pan-
durata, is a perenial, growing from avery large, deeproot. It produces
very large white flowers with purple throats from early summer until
frost, and is one of our finest native vines, both from a stand-point of
rich, dense foliage and attractive flowers. It may be obtained by plant-
ing the seeds or the large, sweet potato-like roots. It is often adver-
tised by nurserymen.
Of our herbaceous plants, there are too many toenumerate. If one
has a shady location, under trees or shrubbery, a large number of early
spring.wood flowers may be grown. Among them are the little spring
beauty (Claytonia virginica), the bellworts (Uvularia), the wake rob-
ins (Trillium), the dog-tooth violets (Hrythronium), and a great many
others. Most of these may be transplanted, even at the time of
blooming, since they grow from tuber-like corms or root-stalks, which
render them less liable to injury at the root.
WINTER MEETING. 249
Among those that bloom later on are the true lilies (Lilium), and
blue flags (Iris), (both easily propagated, the former from bulbs and
the latter from cuttings or crowns ), tue evening primroses (nothera ),
the columbine (Aquilegia), the butterfly milkweed (Asclepias tuberosa ),
the violets (Viola), the Sweet William (Phlox), the larkspur (Delphi-
nium), and a host of others easily transplanted or grown from seeds.
The shrubs are more frequently grown than the herbaceous plants,
and yet I wish to mention a few worthy of more general attention. The
roses (Rosa), of which there are one or two climbing sorts, the dog-
woods (Cornus), thorns or haws (Crataegus), the wild plum ( Prunus),
the wild crab (Pyrus), the sumach (Rhus), anda host of others, may be
had by a trip to the woods in spring or autumn.
I have named but few of our desirable plants, and have selected
these because they are very easily propagated or transplanted, and be-
cause they generally thrive well, even where time cannot be given to
their cultivation. I think one reason why more of our native flower-
ing plants are not used about the home grounds is because we are not
sufficiently reminded to transplant them, except as we see them in
bloom in their native haunts, and, as everyone knows, plants are least
liable to live if planted at that time, hence it is generally regarded as
a hopeless undertaking.
Many of them, like the butterfly milkweed, withstand very severe
treatment. Two years ago, during July, when this plant was in flower,
I transplanted a large clump of it from the country roadside to the
garden. Its large fleshy roots lived nicely and sent up their stalks,
next year, to a height of two or three feet, producing a large mass of
its typical, orange-colored bloom. Plants growing from bulbs, tubers
or other fleshy underground parts may be more readily transplanted
than others; but all plants should be severely cut back if moved dur-
ing their period of active growth.
EXPERIMENT WORK.
Prof. Whitten—I have with me a plan for a green-house to facili-
tate the work of the Experiment station. I would like any criticisms
or suggestions from this Socity in regard to this plan. A green-house
is very necessary for some work of the Station. In crossing straw-
berries or other plants, we could protect them from outside influence.
We could rear noxious insects sent from all parts of the State in order
to study their habits of feeding, breeding, etc.
Mr. Morrill—I see that Prof. Whitten has an equal span roof. In
Michigan, we think the three-quarter span better. |
250 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Mr. Whitten—In Missouri, and further south, it is found that the
equal span roof, extending north and south, is best. I have studied
this plan in connection with the green-houses of St. Louis. I have
given it a great deal of thought for the last two years.
L. A. Goodman—It seems to me that if the Professor is going to
do any work, we should give him to understand that we give him our
approval and encouragement. The Board of Curators should give him
the necessary building and appliances.
Z. T. Russell—I think if we are going to move the Agricultural
College from Columbia, that it would not be advisable to incur further
expense there.
J.C. Evans—We have already received conciliatory letters from
several men at Columbia, but they came too late, as we have already
asked the State Legislature to separate the Agricultural College from
the University.
Music: Misses Mason and White.
PACKING FRUIT.
C. C. Bell—Most of you are much interested in picking and pack-
ing fruit. Most of you are in the fruit business for profit. It is very
important for us as growers to select those varieties that we can grow
and sell at a protit. As a dealer, I like the Jonathan apple. It sells
well on the market, but I would not advise a man to plant it largely
for profit. We must select varieties that will produce quality and
quantity. The time is past when anything will sell called a barrel of
apples. When I began buying and shipping apples, anything that was
a barrel of apples would sell. Now there is very great competition in :
the trade, and it requires a great deal that it did not require in time
gone by; and the time is not distant when it{will require still more. It.
is important for us to understand these conditions.
Transportation cuts a great figure in the business. LHarly berries
must be carried quickly ; you will also find ‘you must have good qual-
ity to make it pay. I would say that a more uniform system of pick-
ing and packing, and a cheaper rate of transportation, would be in
favor with the dealers.
I will confine myself chiefly to the packing of apples. I have
made many mistakes in the business, and you, fruit-growers, have made
them too. I hold that a specialty is the thing for this time and age.
There is plenty of room in that direction. There is plenty of room for
mind and hands. I do not think it will pay the farmer to ship his own
products as arule. Many of you will bear me out that it does not pay.
Many times you have made shipments that hardly paid the freight.
~ 4
WINTER MEETING. 251
The time is coming, and is at hand now, for confining ourselves to
specialties. There is room for the American apple abroad, but I have
shipped apples abroad from the State of Missouri with very bad results.
I have exported apples to England and lost money on them. Market-
ing fruit is a Dusiness in itself. I think the farmers in the long ran
will be the gainer by having their fruit shipped for them by men who
know the business. You will also find it necessary to care for your
fruit as it ripens: that is, by cold storage in September and October,
and when the time comes you can market it. All the markets were
glutted this year untill three or four weeks ago. The South was badly
overstocked this fall in September and October. At this time there is
a great demanu from that section which we can not supply. I predict
that the profitable way will be to have a cold storage system in every
fruit-growing community. We could hold apples, such as Jonathan
and Rambo, in good condition. They have largely gone to waste this
year.
As to every farmer doing his own shipping, what is the result? A
glutted market. You are often misled by the circulars of commis-
sion men from the large cities. When you get thereturns and pay the
expenses, there is little left for you. Association of shippers, as a
rule, don’t work right. Every member of the association packs his
own fruit, so there is no uniformity in the packing. There is an asso-
ciation in southern Illinois that permits its members to pick their own
fruit, and they ship in car load-lots. At the other end the commission
man would be lost as to what to do with a car-load of mixed fruit.
Suppose he had an order for a car-load of strictly fancy fruit; the car
would not fill the bill and he would have to unload the car and sell it
in small lots.
Try to pack uniformly—just as good apples in the middle of the
barrel as on the face. We have practiced too much deception in pack-
ing fruit. This is also true of small fruit. Good packing will pay in
the long run. In the last two months I have had an experience that I
had not met before. We started out with the idea that the apple crop
was a failure, and paid fair prices. They commenced going down. I
found competition with Canadian apples. I was compelled to sell Ben
Davis in the New Orleans market for $1.65 a barrel at quite a loss, for
I had paid $1.20 for them in orchard, furnished barrels and paid the
freight. Canada apples were very low; the late tariff law put them
practically upon the free list. As soon as I discovered this I had to
pay the grower less for his fruit. For fruit of good size, good quality
and good measure, there is a market for all you can produce.
252 STATE HORTIOULTURAL SOCIETY.
Ornamental Tree-growing and Planting.
By CyHarues I. Roparps, Butler.
Prepared for the meeting of the State Horticultural Society.
He who gave us the land and the showers to water it, and the
strength of arm and muscle to work, has instructed us to plant.
He who plants a tree does not plant for his own gratification or
benefit alone. Our works shall not only follow us, but our deeds of
the present will cultivate such tastes and dispositions in our children
as will create a love for usefulness and beauty. An objection to the
disposition of the American tree-planter and grower of the present
day is an inclination to too great an effort to combine usefulness with |
beauty—in other words, to place usefulness first, beauty second, in
tree-planting. Iam often asked if we cannot use a fruit tree as an or-
namental tree for shade and ornament. While we may do this and
accomplish to some extent a two-fold purpose, it is not the best thing
to do.
An apple-tree may be ornamental with its beautiful blossoms of
spring and its glorious highly-colored fruits of autumn, but its days of
beauty are comparatively short, and its dying branches and decaying
fruits of twenty years are not desirable.
The oak, the elm, the ash, the maple and trees of a long-lived class
for street and large lawns; hardy evergreens and hardy low-growing
trees for smaller enclosures.
Adapt your planting to your surroundings—always bearing in mind
the future dimensions of the trees you plant. Overcrowding mars the
effect of beauty in lawn decoration. Tree-planting is in its infancy in
the West. Not only are we opening for improvement great fields of
western territory, but by the introduction of eastern home-seekers, our
large farms are being rapidly subdivided into smaller homes. These
smaller homes will bring in their owners better cultivated tastes for
home adornment, more earnest and persevering determination to make
home attractive, and better opportunity by their less extended opera- |
tions to bestow proper care on what they plant.
It is not all of planting to plant. The care of an ornamental tree
begins with its growth. Like the care of a beloved child, its wayward
tendencies must be checked in infancy to perfect beauty and symmetry
in old age. I have on my grounds an oak that grew from an acorn, ten
years ago brought from the woods in a load of leaf-mold. very year
WINTER MEETING. 253
that tree was trimmed into a rounded form until it became in summer a
rounded ball of glossy green. Kvery-one who saw it admired its beau-
tiful form, until one day a gentleman desired to purchase it and have it
removed to his premises, even at the price of $25. Yet the whole time
bestowed on the formation of that tree did not exceed one day in ten
years. ;
I have a specimen of white cut-leaf birch about 25 feet in height,
that attracts much attention. For lawn ornament I would recommend
this beautiful decorative tree. Its culture is simple and its growth is
rapid. Yet it does not attain to very large size, and is, therefore, not
appropriate as a street line tree for shade.
The Carolina poplar is a tree that I wish to indorse asa rapid
grower, easily formed into a spreading head by proper trimming, and
of clean, smooth, straight growth of body. With reasonable attention
its upright growth will average five feet per year.
Let us remember that we live for others as well as ourselves.
Wealth should be invested to make the world better. Poverty may
lighten its burdens by building cheerful surroundings.
In ornamental tree planting and growing time, is more than money.
If your home is in the new western territories, you may border your
farm with a trifling expense for walnuts. Fifty cents for a bushel of
waluut seed planted in the fall will give a line of miles of trees. From
seeds, from cuttings, from small nursery-grown trees at a nominal cost,
with proper attention bestowed on their growth, we may help to add
great wealth to the growing West, and help to cultivate inclinations for
greater usefulness in those who shall follow us.
REPORTS OF COUNTY. SOCIEGiGas
BARRY COUNTY.
The efforts of the Barry County Horticultural Association during
1894 have not been as productive of results as was wished. That the
partial failure of apples and almost total failure of peaches had a dis-
heartening effect upon those who thought that to plant meant to reap,
there can be no doubt, and, feeling a little discouraged, thought that
an organized effort to better matters would be no better than they
could do singly. In this they were, of course, mistaken.
The meetings of the Association are held monthly at places in the
county inviting it. During the past year meetings were held at Cass-
ville, Exeter, Washburn, Seligman, Mineral Springs and Muncey Chapel.
The most noteworthy of these was. the October meeting at Cassville,
at which the annual fruit, grain and vegetable exhibit was held. This —
was the fourth and by far the most successfal exhibit ever held in the
county. The premiums awarded amounted to about $100 and covered ©
a wide range. The best of the apples that were donated for that pur-
pose were sent to the State Horticultural meeting at Trenton, where
they attracted a great deal of attention and won many premiums. =
Many valuable papers were read at the several meetings of the
Association, the most important of which I append.
G. E. Harris, Cassville.
BATES COUNTY.
BUTLER, Mo., Dee. 3, 1894.
LL. A. GOODMAN, Sec’y Mo. State Horticultural Society :
DEAR FRIEND —We of the Bates County Horticultural Society do
~ not wish to be forgotten by the State Society. An effort is being made
to reinstate our work in this county.
Our county is being peopled with a new and energetic class of
friends of horticulture.
REPORTS OF COUNTY SOCIETIES. 255
Farms are being divided into new and better improved homes,
and with these changes and improvements comes a desire for informa-
tion as to what varieties of trees to plant, how to cultivate, etc.
Requests have been received by the officers of our county society
to reorganize and re-establish our horticultural work here. This we
intend to do very soon, but we find it takes as much time and effort
to do this as it did to form a first organization.
Our recent partial failures in fruit-crops are the cause of most of
this lethargy. We know that we have the material here for good and
efficient work. We have the soil, we have a climate equal to any in
Southwest Missouri for fruit-growing, and we know from our past ex-
perience that we have as many zealous friends of horticulture as may
be found in the same area anywhere in the West.
We know that our next county report will be nearer what it ouaalih
to be, for so good a county, and we believe that by the help of many
new workers we will within a year be up to our former standard as a
horticultural society. CHARLES J. ROBARDS,
President Bates Co. Horticultural Society.
ST. FRANCOIS COUNTY.
FARMINGTON Mo., Dec. 1, 1894.
L. A. GooDMAN, Secretary State Horticultural Society :
DEAR S1r—As the State Society requested to have a report of
the local societies in the State, and as the St. Francois Horticultural
Society met today and elected their officers for the next year.
The officers that were elected are as follows: For president, R.
C. Tucker; vice-president, B. C. McDaniel; secretary, W. F. Hoy;
treasurer, Marion Carter.
We have a membership of 16, and have a good prospect for the
future, as there had expected to be a number of others join the Society
today, but the weather was so bad and rained all day, that it pre-
vented them coming into our meeting.
Yours truly,
W. F. Hoy, Secretary,
R. C. TUOKER, President.
FARMINGTON, Mo., Dec. 1, 1894.
L. A. GOODMAN, Secretary :
Dear Sir—There is but little repoft to make this year, as it was a
total failure in fruit, except raspberries, strawberries and grapes.
Strawberries were about two-thirds of a crop, raspberries about two-
thirds and blackberries half crop; too dry; grapes a full crop ; ap-
‘
256 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
ples a total failure, also peaches and pears, on account of the late
freeze ; but we live in hope for next year. Fruit is going into winter
quarters in fine shape, and peaches especially ; the bud of the peaches
is not more than half as far on as it was one year ago, and apples are
in good condition and full of buds for next year. In regard to our
Society, itis small as yet, but we expect to have a good one by next
year, as the farmers’ institute that was held here this fall made the
people think a little, and think that a Society was for the benefit of
a community. Our Society meets the first Saturday in every month.
Respectfully yours,
W. F. Hoy, Secretary,
R. C. TUCKER, President.
We here invite the State Society to hold one of its meetings for
1895 in Farmington :
Whereas, St. Francois Horticultural Society desires to have the State Society hold
one of its annual meetings of 1895 in Southeast Missouri; therefore, be it
Resolved, That the Society, at its annual meeting held December 1, 4894, respectfully
requests the State Horticultural Society to hold one of its annual meetings at Farmington,
Missouri. R. C. TUCKER, President.
B.C. MCDANIEL, Vice-President.
W. FEF. Hoy, Secretary.
BUCHANAN COUNTY.
St. JosEPH, Mo., December 3, 1894.
L. A. GooDMAN, Sec. Mo. State Hort. Soce.:
DEAR SiR—The St. Joseph Horticultural Society is composed of
some of the best and most successful fruit-growers of Buchanan and
Andrew counties. The most of them are punctual in attendance, and
take great interest in our meetings. A few who, I suppose, have gradu~
ated in horticulture, for I never see them in our meetings. We meet
on last Saturday of each month. The officers are: J. H. Karnes, Presi-
dent; D. A. Turner, Vice-President; H. D. Korp, Treasurer; J, C.
Binder, Corresponding Secretary ; F. McCoun, Secretary.
Respectfully submitted.
F. McCoun, Secretary.
OREGON COUNTY.
The Oregon County Horticultural Society is the outgrowth of the
old Moark Horticultural Society.
We found that the old Society was not doing what a number
of us thought that it should do. We disbanded the Moark Society
July 7, and elected the following officers: T. E. Taber, President; P
REPORTS OF COUNTY SOCIETIES. 257
W. Sargent, Vice-President; S. W. Gilbert, Secretary; and D. C.
Huxley, Treasurer. We have held monthly meetings since that time
with increasing interest. Our plan of holding meetings for the coming
geason is at the homes of members, in different parts of the county,
and hope to enroll a large membership during the coming season.
It is not generally known that Oregon county is making rapid
_ strides toward the top of the ladder, in the way of commercial orchards.
One farm alone planted 500 acres of apples and peaches in winter and
spring of 1893 4. Among other trees, there are 20,000 Elbertas planted
on this farm alone. Many other commerciai orchards were planted last
winter and spring, and more are on their way to be planted this spring.
We have thousands of acres of good fruit land in our county that can
be bought for from $2.50 to $10 per acre, according to location and
improvement. S. W. GILBERT.
LIVINGSTON COUNTY.
The Livingston County Horticultural Society has twenty live and
energetic members. We had a membership of over fifty at one time in
our history, but from some cause, not known to us, they became delin-
-quent and were dropped from the list of the Society, from time to time,
until now we have only twenty. The Horticultural Society, however,
has done a great deal toward developing the fruit industry in the county.
There have been many commercial orchards planted throughout the
county in the last five years that are being cared for in a manner that
is a credit to our orchardists as well as the county. Now I don’t want
you to understand me to say that all the orchards in Livingston county
are well cared for, for they are not, but you can see more rapid
strides toward horticultural development nowthan was ever before
known in the history of the county. The people seem to begin to
realize the necessity of fruit as an every day in the year diet. There
is scarcely a farm but that has an orchard for home use, composed of
apples, plums, pears, and a large per cent have the small fruits in
abundance. Small fruits for market are grown in Livingston county
quite extensively and profitably to the grower—strawberries yielding
as high as 4000 quarts per acre, selling at 10 to 124 cents per quart in
local markets.
The varieties of apple that are being most extensively planted are:
for winter—Ben Davis, Gano, Willow Twig and Jonathan. Fall—Mai-
den Blush, Weathy. Summer—Early Harvest, Red Astrachan, Yellow
Transparent. Strawberries—Jessie, Bubach No. 5, Warfield No. 2.
H—17
id, ae en
258 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ‘
Several of the newer sorts are being tested. Raspberries—Gregg, Sou-
hegan, Cuthbert. Blackberries—Snyder, Stone’? 8 Hardy, Taylor’s Pro-- |
lific, Early Harvest; the latter is a little tender, but a valuable early
variety. Spraying was not altogether satisfactory this season; in the ~
majority of cases, however, the sprayed fruit was much more perfect —
than the unsprayed, but the results were not all alike—some good, some ~
bad and some very bad. Some unsprayed fruit compared well with
the sprayed ; there is something wrong somewhere; we will spray next.
year, and hope and trust that we can make a report on spraying that |
Was a success in every way.
Our Society meets six times a year; the second Saturdays in June
and December are regular meetings ; the other four are held on dates .
best suiting the Society. ;
The names of the officers are: W. E. Lilly, President, Chillicothe ,
H. Tuder, Secretary, Dawn; J. W. Bird, Treasurer, Chillicothe.
-
GREENE COUNTY.
Our society is still progressing and interest increasing from year —
to year. Our out-door meetings commeuced in May, and we are now ©
meeting at the houses of the members with a prospect of keeping it up c
during the winter. A good warm dinner and the presence of ladies at _
our winter meetings is an innovation which is very pleasant to realize.
The ladies have taken an unusual interest in our meetings this year,
and in point of numbers they generally predominate. The society has
paid out for premiums $27, the larger part being for flowers, of which
the display has been very fine. 3
The report of Treasurer Kirchgraber shows a balance of $148.35 7
in the treasury. Our receipts this year only lack a small amount of 4
being equal to disbursements, so financially we are in good shape. Our 6 .
membership has changed but little from last year, except a large addi- <q
tion of lady members. “a
The following papers have been read before the society : one
How, when and with what shall we fertilize our orchards ?—
G. W. Hopkins. : |
Improvement of roads—W. T. Zink. ev
Pollenization—J. Kirchgraber.
What shall we grow in our orchard *_Dr. Hensley.
Ornamentation of yards—Horace Williams. a
Fungi and microbes—Miss E. J. Park. (
Germination and growth of plants—A. Parmenter. Ra
REPORTS OF COUNTY SOCIETIES. 259
Seeds—Miss Emma Lindsay.
Best time for setting berry plants—H. H. Park.
Floriculture—Mrs. Dr. Hensley.
Apples of the south—Dr. H. B. Boude.
The following officers were elected at the December meeting.
President, §.Q. Haseltine; Vice-President, H. H. Park; Secretary,
G. W. Hopkins; Treasurer, J. Kirchgraber.
Our fruit crop the past year has again been short, but from the .
present appearance of trees and vines, we indulge the hope that
next year the land of the “big red apple” will give a good account of
itself.
G. W. Hopxins, Springfield, Mo.
COLE COUNTY.
JEFFERSON CITY, Jan. 4, 1895.
L. A. GOODMAN:
At the regular meeting of our Society in November, 1894, the fol-
lowing officers were elected and standing committees appointed for
the year 1895:
President, J. W. Edwards, Jefferson City; First Vice-President,
Charles Staats, Jefferson City; Second Vice-President, J. A. Hunter,
Bass; Treasurer, Fred Buehrle, Jefferson City; Secretary, A. J. Davis,
Jefferson City.
Standing committees: Orchards—J. W. Edwards, F. M. Brown,
Joseph Railton; Stone Fruits—M. M. Dougherty, George W. Spurr, N.
BR. Wells; Small Fruits—Fred Gould, John Mires, A. J. Davis;
Flowers—Charles Purzner, Miss Helen M. Dix, Miss May Hahn; Vege-
tables—J. W. Crandall, N. R. Wells, W. W. Davis.
At our last meeting regular dates for meeting of our Society were
arranged as follows: Second Mondays in February, May, August and
November. Our Society now has a membership of 35. New members
since my last report are as follows: Mr. and Mrs. W. B. Payne, Jef-
ferson City; Walter Barker, Jefferson City. Our people are awaken-
ing, and begin to realize there is money as weil as health and pleasure
in growing fruits, and there will be quite a large acreage of frait
planted this year.
' A. J. DAvis, Secretary.
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MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.
MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 263
TWELVE SHRUBS FOR THE FARMER’S HOME.
Shrubs give more satisfaction, if wisely selected, than any other
form of vegetation. They give not only flowers, but shady nooks.
Once plauted, they do not require annual planting. The flower beds
become a burden, and as we get older we say we will cut off most of
the sorts we have grown. Buta lilac bush makes us almost no labor,
while it is sure to bewilder us withits annual beautification. Was ever
anything so fine as a lilac tree in full bloom, and full of humming birds ?
I recommend the following list of shrubs for general planting by
farmers to secure a succession of flowers:
In April there is nothing to precede the Daphne. There are two
handsome sorts. One is our native Moorewood or “ Leatherwood,” a
¢curious bush that is covered in spring with a load of light yellow flowers.
The Daphne Cneorum isa smaller shrub covered at the same time
with a sweet pink flower. The fragrance is very fine. Branches can
easily be bloomed in the house in mid-winter.
Closely following the Daphnes come the Forsythias. The older
sorts are not quite hardy in their blossom buds, especially Virinissima.
But Intermedia, a new sort, can berelied upon. It makes a large, fine
shrub, which is a mass of gold in the earliest days of May. ‘I'he effect
is fine just after snows.
I should by all means select as third in my list Prunus tritaba,a
really gorgeous large shrub or small tree, entirely hardy. The flowers
are over an inch in diameter, a rich pink in color, and as double as a
rose. It may be called the rose-flowered plum. Washington is full of
them in April, while as far north as Boston they blossom in May. The
little old friend of mothers, known as Flowering Almond, is near of kin,
but is small and not hardy. Imagine a Flowering Almond as largeas a
plum-tree and a mass of flowers, and you have Prunus tritaba.
For fourth shrub I would wish to choose Spirea prunifolia, but
other species are so fine I could not reject them. Prunifolia is so
entirely hardy and such a mass of rosette-like white flowers, that my
lawn would never get on without several plants. Van Houltei is an-
other, in some respects even more gorgeous, Spirea, and the Auria or
golden-leaved is invaluable for rich color in May and June.
Fifth must come the Japan quince, or Cydonia japonica. When
you have the different colors, scarlet, white and rose color, in a great
_ mass in fall bloom, you cannot get anything to surpass it for glorious
beauty. The flowers persist for a month, and are followed on old
264 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY.
bushes with abundance of small quinces, which in September become
a beautiful yellow. This fruit is fine for jelly, and even finer for its ~
perfume. Placed in drawers it never rots, but gives out a delicious
odor, scenting your clothes for years. I have them two years old in
my drawers. The foliage of the Japan quince is bright and glossy,
and always clean.
Sixth comes Lilacs. Of course, we place at the head the old-fash-
ioned Communis, or Common purple. Nothing can ever displace it.
But those who have not seen the new lilacs do not know how great
improvements can be made in our every-day flowers. The Persian
varieties are more slender in growth but enormously prolific in bloom.
Of dark purples, the Ludwig Spaeth is the richest. Of blues, Presi-
dent Grevy is best. Of whites, Frau Dammann is finest. This leaves
out of the count some very recent additions to the Jist that are double,
semi-double, and enormously large in truss. There are over 100 sorts
in cultivation.
Seventh, I place the bush or Tartarian Honeysuckles. These are
so freely distributed by birds which drop the seeds about that they can
be found wild in many parts of the country. There are three colors—
red, white and pink, all equally fine. There is no better ornamental
hedge plant. The flowers come the last of May, andin great profusion, —
There is a delightful sort of native to our woods, the Cerulea. The —
flowers are cream-colored and very sweet. You can indulge in these
bush Honeysuckles very freely, for they do not appear out of place
anywhere. If broken or cut, they are speedily in good shape again.
Highth, select the Japan or Chinese Snowball. It is not as rapid a
grower as the common sort, but the flowers are clean and clear white,
and they endure for a long time. The common sort is very subject to
aphide ; the Chinese, or Plicatum, is free of insects.
Ninth, you will do well to plant the Weigelas, and plant them
freely. The earliest to bloom is the variegated-leaved. This is a per-
fectly model shrub—an ideal beuty. The shadings of white and pink,
almost concealing the green, are admirable. I am inclined to place it
at the head of shrubs for beauty. But the other sorts are close rivals-
Rosea and Candida, rose-colored and white, are indispensable. The
bushes in bloom are masses of flowers. They blossom through June
and July. The erect bushes droop over with weight of flowers, and
grow more graceful with age. ;
Tenth in order come the Syringas or mock oranges. These can
be had in quite a variety now-a-days, covering June and July with their i
flowers. It is well to raise seedlings, and you will find they vary quite
a little in time of flowering; ending with the large Gordon’s Syringa.
:
/
VA Oe SET Oe ee POS a adh ee,
MISCELLANEOUS PAPEBS. 265.
There is a dwarf sort that is extremely pretty, never growing over
three feet in height. The mock oranges are all known for their sweet-
ness of perfume.
Eleventh, plant Altheas. These come into bloom in August and
run through September. They are not all hardy, and the hardiest kill
back a little when small. This is no cause of discouragement, as a
little protection for a few years will find them hardy enough when fall
grown. The show is splendid when in full bloom. The colors are red,
pink, purple, white and variegated—both single and double. The vari-
egated-leaved sort never expands.
Twelfth, the Hydrangea.
Thirteenth, Snowball. K. P. POWELL.
7 Notes From Woodbanks.
Friendly Insects.
The soil tiller has quite a number of faithful allies among the in-
sect tribe. At Woodbanks we find the average number of them, but
while their help in our fight with injurious insects is appreciated and
welcome, it can not be said that we often felt justified to rely on it
entirely, or to relax, even in a slight degree, our efforts for the pro-
tection of our crops against in-
sect pests on the strength of this
help. We try to apply our reme-
dies promptly, and without re-
gard to the assistance we may
possibly receive from our insect
friends. In mest cases these
remedies (insecticides) are fully
efficient to protect our crops,
and no thanks to our insect
allies. In fact, it might often be
better for us to forget that we
have the latter, as the expecta-
tion of outside help often tempts the soil tiller to be neglectful and
careless.
On the other hand, some of these friendly insects render us ser-
vices that, while not showing very conspicuously, yet are of great im-
portance and efficacy.
OUR INSECT HELPERS.
Possibly we may not have an inkling of the truth, that to these
services we owe a great deal of exemption from insect depredations in
some cases.
266 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
To the neglectful soil-tiller, who does not apply insecticides until
he is driven to it by the ruin already wrought on his crops, friendly
insects are indeed a blessing, and to them he frequently owes the com-
parative safety or the salvation of his crops.
At any rate, our insect friends deserve protection; but to be able
to protect them we must know them. The accompanying illustration
pictures some of the more common of our garden-helpers among
insects.
In Fig. 1 we see, somewhat reduced in size, the largest of the
species of caterpillar hunters or ground beetles. The entomologists
call it Calosoma scrutator. Beetle and larva of a somewhat smaller,
but more brilliantly colored species. The fiery ground beetle (Calo-
soma calidum) is shown in Fig. 2. These ground beetles anil their
larve well deserve their common name—“ caterpillar hunters ”—for
they destroy great numbers of caterpillar of all kinds. As they do
most of their hunting and foraging at night, when cut-worms are out
and bent on doing their mischief, they catch and destroy these trouble-
some pests of the gardener in especially large numbers. They seem
to kill as mach for the pleasure of killing as for using their victims as
food; and undoubtedly they are of far greater service to us than a
casual observer might imagine.
Lady-birds are common here as well as everywhere else. Most
numerous, and perhaps most useful, is the nine-spotted lady-bird ( Coc-
cinella 9-notata). It feeds on almost all kinds of plant lice, and its
services to the fruit-grower, as'well as to the gardener, should not be
underrated. An ordinary good observer will not fail to meet numerous
specimens on his daily rounds in the vegetable or fruit garden. An-
other common and useful species is the spotted lady-bird ( Megilla macu-
lata) pictured in Fig. 3. It is easily recognized by its large spots and
its deep red, almost carmine, color. In New Jersey I have seen some
of these lady-birds clustered together in warm days of the winteratthe —
foot of some cottonwood trees iu such numbers that they might easily
have been scooped up by quarts.
The greatest service, perhaps, that lady-birds have ever rendered
me, so faras I am aware of, is the destruction of potato beetle eggs.
Our little bug friends seem to be quite fond of these eggs. They hunt
for them on the under side of the potato leaves, and suck egg after
egg until the whole cluster is used up. In some cases, especially
while I lived in New Jersey, and in seasons when the potato beetles
appeared only in moderate numbers, I have relied on these lady-birds
and the grand lebia (Lebia grandis) shown in Fig. 4,to clear my potato
MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 267
patches from potato beetles and slugs, without finding it necessary to
use Paris green or other poisons.
The grand lebia is an interesting insect, but if you want to learn
its ways you have to watch it carefully, for it is a shy and spry little
fellow, and does not like to be observed if it can heip it. It may be
seen industriously, and apparently without aim, going from leaf to leaf
and stem to stem; but you may be sure it is always on the hunt for the
slugs of potato beetles, and as soon as it finds one it grabs and kills it
right there and then by sucking every bit of juice out of its body,
throwing the remaining skin aside, and then going for another victim.
But when a person approaches, the lebia at once looks fora place of
safety, and the chances are you will hardly get a sight of it. With
careful approach, however, or with some patience in standing motion-
less, it is not difficult to catch the lebia at its work. At Woodbanks
we have seen only occasional specimens of the lebia. In New Jersey
they were very plentiful in most seasons.
Undoubtedly lady-birds and the lebia are of much help to potato
growers who neglect to use poison promptly, and when the potato
beetles are not abundant, their insect enemies may alone be sufficient
to keep the pest in check. I, myself, have occasionally helped the
matter along by jarring or paddling the beetles and slugs from the
vines into pans, once or twice, and destroying them.
In Fig. 5 we have the most common of the blister beetles, namely
the so-called “striped” or “old-fashioned” potato beetle (Epicanta vittata
slightly reduced in size. At Woodbanks we meet the blister beetles
only now and then, and have never seen them in numbers large enough
to make us fear injury from their depredations. On the other hand,
we are sometimes seriously pestered with grasshoppers, against which
we have only imperfect means of defense. As the blister beetles, in
their larval state, are known to subsist largely on grasshopper eggs,
and thus help to mitigate the grasshopper plague materially, we look
upon blister beetles as friends only, and never try to disturb them, or
drive them away. Should they ever become as injurious to our potato
vines as they have been reported to be elsewhere, we might be induced
to fight them by driving them from row to row, and finally inte a wind-
row of straw, which is then to be set afire; but until we actually suffer
loss from these grasshopper destroyers, we shall not hurt them in the
least.
Figure six of the illustration represents one of the tiger ‘beetles
(Cicindela generosa), which, like all its relatives, is a very active and per-
sistent destroyer of all insects that it can get hold of. All tiger beetles
run rapidly and fly readily. Their head is large and their jaws long,
268 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY.
hard, skarp-pointed and powerfal, well calcalated to carry terror and
destruction into the ranks of other insects. Uafortunately, they do
not frequent cultivated fields as much as they do road-sides. Their
larve burrow into sandy soil and stay there with head even with the
surface, waiting for any unlucky creeping thing that may come along.
There are many other insect helpers, but the ones here named
have always seemed to us the most important in the garden, and we
have tried to help and protect them, as they have helped us and pro-
tected our crops.
Early Explorations in Southern Missouri.
By Mrs. Harriet E. Shepard, Springfield, Mo.
The opportunity for preserving much’ that is valuable in regard
to the region of country in which we live is fast passing away. We
are on the boundary line between the old and the new, with but few
links to connect us with many of the events of the past—events which,
in the years to come, historians may seek in vain to trace, and rela-
tionships which the future student of ethnology may find it difficult to
establish. For already mach that we should like to know about those
who have lived before us has passed into oblivion. Concerning a large
and powerful race who peopled the territory of the Ozarks, history
contains but a few meager paragraphs; and of the witnesses of many
of the most interesting periods in the struggles which have marked
the progress of civilization with us, but few remain to give personal
testimony of what has been. This is the time in which should be
gathered up all the scattered threads that may guide toa knowledge of
the past—the golden opportunity for such local research as shall
authentically fix, in history, the place of events comparatively recent,
and pave the way fora perfect knowledge, in the future, of all the
successive steps in the development of our State.
Any one who has lived for a considerable period of time in South-
ern Missouri must frequently have come in contact with the evidences
of its early occupation, and must have experienced some astonish-
ment at the scantiness of the literature relating to the subject.
The desire to search out some of the isolated sources of informa -
tion, and to put into form some record, though brief, of the proper
relation as to time and events of the men who were the first to pene-
trate the primeval solitudes of Missouri, and to give some account of
the habits and characteristics of the early settlers of our own portions
of the State, has been the incentive in selecting this subject to present
to you. If, in connection with this, I can demonstrate the forces which
rz
MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 269
have been dominant in the past, and indicate some of those which are
destined to rule in the future development of this great common-
wealth, the hour thus spent may not be altogether unprofitable.
It has been a matter of great personal interest to ascertain just
who of the celebrated European explorers of American soil came into
this region, and where they went; therefore, a hasty review of their
journeys may be pardoned, although the main facts in regard to them
are, no doubt, familiar to all.
It is quite remarkable, when one comes to think of it, that in leas
than fifty years after the discovery of the New World by Christopher
‘Columbus, this vast continent should have been traversed to such a
distance from the sea. In May, 1539, DeSoto started, with his follow-
ers, from Tampa bay, Florida, and made that wonderful march through
an unknown wilderness, overcoming all obstacles, and reaching the
Mississippi river in May, 1541, at the lower Chickasaw bluffs, in the
northeastern corner of the state of Mississippi, a few miles south of
where the city of Memphis, Tenn., now stands. It is possible that
Cabaca de Vaca, in his remarkable journey made in 1528 from Florida
to the Gulf of California, may have entered this region; but in the
absence of any authentic record to prove this, we must conclude that
DeSoto and his band of adventurers, in their vain search for gold and
silver, were the first white men to penetrate within the area that is
now included in the State of Missouri. Noblemen, cavaliers and |
priests were in his train, and it was with flying banners and great
pomp that this expedition faced the unbroken forests within whose
recesses were thought to be concealed the treasures so eagerly sought.
The romantic story of this undertaking attracts the student, although
its main features have been so often told. Bands of hostile Indians
opposed its progress; wild mountain cliffs, torrents and impenetrable
jungles called for such displays of energy and daring as this continent
had never before witnessed ;, but we can stop only to follow its course
in the region with which we now have to deal.
The narrative left of this expedition tells us that DeSoto’s route
extended north of west to the St. Francis river, the land of the Casqui
Indians ; thence east of north, to what is now the Missouri line, and
about the site of New Madrid. Here he was opposed, and fought the
Capahas Indians, and his course was then changed to a little west of
south, across the St. Francis river to Quigate, below and not far from
L’Aguille river; thence north, along Crowley’s ridge, to the Missouri
line, and on between the Black and St. Francis rivers to Coligoa, the
land of great mineral wealth, as described to him by the Indians. La-
ter explorers believe this region to be located among the granite knobs
270 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
of St. Francois county, a point so noted for its iron mountains, and the
cobalt and lead mines of La Motte. Failing to find the precious met-
als, the Spanish adventurers were led to search for the rich region
called Oayas, and from the White river they crossed the Ozark moup-
tains, spending the winter of 1541-2 on the plains beyond—the first
white men to set foot on the soil of what is now Missouri. But, failing
to discover the object of their search, they retraced their steps, follow-
ing the the Arkansas river to its mouth, where, overcome by hardship
and disease, DeSoto died, a discouraged and disappointed man, and
was buried beneath the waters of the stream that he had been the first
to discover. It is said that not more than three hundred of the large
band of men who went out with this leader survived him, and these,
deprived of their head and thrown upon their own resources, must
have scattered widely in seeking their separate fortunes in this un-
known land. There is some evidence that members of this expedition
penetrated as far as the western boundaries of the State. An ancient.
silver medal recently discovered by a negro in cleaning out a spring
near Ash Grove, in Greene county, shows every sign of having been an
amulet worn by some of the early adventurers, and bears a date of
about the time of the famous expedition.
For a hundred and thirty years this region remained a veritable
unknown land. But as early as 1673, the French began to enter this
portion of the country at about the time that the English were making
their settlements at Jamestown, and after the Spanish had already
established themselves in Florida. It was a descendant from the noble
house of the Marquettes, from the ancient city of Laon, near Paris,
whose chivalric courage and ardent devotion to the cause of religion
impelled him, at the age of 29 years, to undertake that first missionary
journey into the interior of our great continent. Since, as an ambas-°
sador of Christ, his religion would not allow him to command, Joliet,
a native of Canada, was chosen to represent the king of France, while
Marquette was simply the missionary of the expedition, in name,
although he was “its real leader, its very soul.” These two explorers,
the first who had had an unselfish end in view, and by virtue of which,
perhaps, they were so successful in winning their way among the
Indians, followed a course down Lake Michigan and into the Fox river
to the Wisconsin, whence they floated down the Mississippi, reaching
the Missouri in June, 1673. One author remarks that they passed the
site of St. Louis “ without taking the least notice of it,” and followed
down to the mouth of the Arkansas, whence they returned to Lake
Michigan. A map made by Joliet was the first one to locate the
mouth of the Missouri river.
MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 271
Hennepin and LaSalle, who followed Marquette and Joliet, were
entirely different in their aspirations and motives. With the hope of
establishing his own fortunes, as well as with the desire of shedding
luster upon the name of France, the latter pursued his explorations
until he reached the mouth of the Mississippi, in 1682, where, with
great ceremony, he took formal possession of the country in the name
of the king of France, and thus established a foundation for the claim
of France to the whole Mississippi valley. Be it said to his credit,
that he was the first explorer in this region who established permanent
colonies and opened the way for the settlement of Louisiana, Illinois
and Missouri.
The map made by Franquelin, in 1684, and called Carte de la Louisi-
ane, was the first to indicate the existence of a river afterward named
the Osage, and one of the most important tributaries to the Missouri.
This map embodied the results of LaSalle’s explorations. The name
“ Osage” first appears in 1703, in LaHontan’s maps, portions of which
are copied in Wiusor’s History of the United States, Vol. 4. It was
still the search for the precious metals that actuated all the operations
of civilized men in the region which we now inhabit. The Iberville
exploring expedition was sent out in 1699, by the Farmer General of
France, and LeSueur, in charge of a party of men from its numbers,
ascended the Mississippi river in search of a copper mine, of which
he had been told. In his journal, still preserved among the French
archives, he speaks of the salt licks of Ste. Genevieve, resorted to by
both settlers and Indians. He also refers to a lead mine on the Mera-
mec, 50 leagues west of the Mississippi, where the Indians resorted to
obtain their lead, and his statements have been verified by subsequent
explorers. This is the first mention that history makes of the existence
of lead in Missouri, which it shows to have been a mineral-producing
area for about 200 years.
The numerous wars and rivalries between the different nations of
Europe in regard to their possessions in the new world, cansed Louis
XIV, of France, to concentrate all his energies at home; but as a
resort by which he might preserve the right that France had obtained
in the New World, in September 1712, he granted, by letters patent, to
Anthony Crozat, Counsellor of State and Secretary of the Household,
the exclusive privilege of commerce and propriety of the mines and
minerals of all that region which is now included in the states of Lou-
isiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Mississippi, Tennessee and Illinois. The
first governor under Crozat was De la Motte, who arrived in this coun-
try and assumed his responsibilities in 1713. Visions of inexhaustible
supplies of gold and silver animated Crozat to spend vast sums of
‘
272 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
money with absolutely no results, and after five years, he retroceded
. to the crown all his privileges. The same month, August 1717, after
the retrocession, a new company, called “The Company of the West,”
under John Law, was invested with a new grant from the crown of
France, with still greater privileges than those assured to Crozat. You
are all familiar with the general facts of that great speculation com-
monly known as the “ Mississippi bubble.’ You remember how the
genius, the financial abilities and the influence of M. Law, together with
the prospect of fabulous gain, caused capitalists, both great and small
to flock from all quarters to enroll themselves as members of the com-_
pany and partake of the promised wealth; how the extravagant antici-
pations of this company were equaled only by the signal disappoint-
ment which soon followed upon the venture; and how many who came
to the Mississippi valley under this leader were thrown upon their own
resources, aS had been others before them.
Bui the stranded members of the companies which had been so
unsuccessfully managed by Law and Crozat did not abandon the hope
of eventually finding the precious ores, which had been the main object
of their pilgrimage to this region, and it was through a few of these
individuals that some of the most valuable discoveries of lead in our
. State were made. On the Meramec river, one of these adventurers,
Sieur de Lochon by name, in 1719, did the first lead mining of which
there is any authentic record in what is now the State of Missouri.
The tide of immigration set in motion by the schemes of these
visionary men was not checked by the failure of their hopes; miners,
mechanics, agriculturlists and workmen of all Gescriptions had made
the journey to this country, and many of them could not turn back if
they would; so, from time to time, we begin to date the permanent
settlement of Missouri and the cultivation of her soil, which promised
@ more immediate,if not so brilliant, return for their efforts than the
original object of their search.
From among these people there has been handed down to us the
name of Philip Renault, son of a noted iron founder in France, who
had been sent over as agent for the “Company of the West,” and who |
brought with him 200 miners, with necessary implements, and 500
slaves purchased in San Domingo. Renault, accompanied by La
Motte, who was an accomplished mineralogist for those days, headed
the exploring parties sent out in Illinois and Missouri, and Renault
discovered, in (about) 1724, the rich lead mines north of Potosi, which
are still called after him, and La Motte, in 1723-24, those on the St.
Francis river which bear his name. A great deal of mining was done
in this part of Missouri by these men, the lead produced supplying the
MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. -273
hunters of all the settlers in the French possessions from Canada to
New Orleans; besides which, large quantities were shipped to France,
Following these explorers were others, who are said to have come out
from the colony of Ste. Genevieve, somewhere about 1785, and who,
from their descriptions of the country, seem to have gotten as far as
Barry or McDonald counties, in the extreme southwestern corner of
the State; but they left no authentic records.
In the map accompanying the expedition made by Zebulon Pike,
in 1806, the Osage river was expiored, somewhat accurately traced,
and many of its tributaries named and imperfectly located. On it the
White and James rivers are also intelligently located.
In 1815, the United States Land Office commenced its survey of
this State, and the meridian upon which all the subdivisions of the
State were based was laid out from the mouth of the Arkansas river
north to the Missouri river. Some of the results of this survey were
probably made available by the next explorer, Schoolcraft, and enabled
him to accurately locate his route. Schoolcraft came into Southern
Missouri in 1818-19 to study the lead mines, and with a view to tracing
with more accuracy than had yet been done, the reputed course of De
Soto from Southeast to Southwest Missouri, and in Northern Arkansas.
On the Sth of November, 1818, with one friend and a pack-horse, he
started from Potosi on his journey southwestward into the wilderness.
Although most of the region through which he passed was destitute
of any landmark save nature’s own, his journal is so faithfully kept
and his deseriptions so vividly drawn that it has been a comparatively
easy matter to trace his wanderings to the White river, where he came
in contact with the scattered settlers who were some of the advance
guard of the future civilization of Southwest Missouri. In one case
it is a cave that has been so accurately described; in another a stream ;
and again, of some natural feature still in existence, that has enabled us
to follow him aimost day by day through a trackless wilderness. His
records are most interesting, from the fact that he not only describes the
topography of the country through which he passed, but his journal
contains most authentic information in regard to its resources, its
animals, the Indians, and the few white settlers whom he found on the
White river. The following is his description of this river:
The White river is one of the most beautiful and enchanting streams, and by far the
most transparent, which discharge their waters into the Mississippi. To a width and
depth which entitle it to be classed as a river of the third magnitude in western America,
it unites a current which possesses the purity of crystal, with a smooth and gentle flow,
and the most imposing, diversified and delightful scenery.
H—18
274 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY.
Objects can be clearly seen in it through the water at the greatest depths. Hvery
pebble, rock, fishor shell—even the minutest body which occupies the bottom of the stream
—!s seen with the most perfect distinctness;and the canoe, when looking under it, seemed
from the remarkable transparency of the water to be suspended inthe air. The Indians,
observing this pecullarity, called the river ‘‘Unica,’’ which is the transitive form of
**‘white.’’ The French of Loulsiana merely translated this term to ‘‘la riviere au Blanc.’’
It is, in fact, composed of tributaries which gush up in large crystal springs out of the
Ozark range of mountains, and it does not receive a discolored tributary in all its upper
«
course. The scenery of its shores is also peculiar. Most frequently the limestone, which —
has been subjected to the destructive power of the elements, is worn into pinnacles of
curlous spiral shapes. Where the rlver washes the base of these formations, a high and
precipitous wall of rock casts its shadow over the waters. On the shores opposite to such
precipices there is invariably a rich, alluvial plain, covered by a vigorous forest of trees,
clothed in all the graceful luxurlance of a summer foliage.
He describes the conntry as abounding in bear, deer, buffalo, elk,
beaver, raccoon and other animals, and notes the abundance of iron
ore, lead, zinc, manganese, marble, flint, agate, jasper, hornstone and
rock crystal, and says that caves with niter are common. Hearing
from some White river settlers of lead mines on the James, he per-
suaded these hunters to pilot him to that region. His journal, kept
during this trip, is marked by constant descriptions of features of the
country which would make famous any region more accessible than
many parts of Southwest Missouri today. The caves and springs of
marvelous size, the waters of wonderful purity, the canons and gorges
ofthe White and James rivers, their turreted and castellated bluffs,
the natural bridges and the glens filled with wild and beautiful vegeta-
tion, may be found in Schoolcraft’s journal with all the exactness and
beauty that any more modern writer could command; and the traveler
of the present time, in making the more easy journey through the same
part of our state, will wonder why its beauties are not better known,
and its adaptability for pleasure and profit more practically recognized.
Permit me to quote one more description from the now very rare record ~
of these travels, and when this hour is over, you may be interested in
looking at a recent photograph of the cave so long ago discovered :
Friday, January 1, 1819.—On leaving Findlay’s fork, we followed upa small valley,
which, in a short distance, and after a few windings, terminated suddenly in a cave opening
ona hill side, the whole width of the valley, witha stream running fromits mouth, The
first appearance of this stupendous cavern struck us with some astonishment, succeeded
by a curiosity toexplore its hidden recesses. Its width across at the mouth could not be
estimated at less than 200 feet, with a height of about 90 or 100 feet at the highest point,
descending each way, and forming, when viewed in front, a semi-circle, indented alter-
nately with'projecting and retreating rocks. It keeps this size for several hundred feet,
when a gradual diminution takes place, which continues until it is not more than 10 feet
across, where our progress was stopped by the stream of water, which occupies the whole ©
width of the passage, and the water, being dammed up below by the stalactitic incrusta-
tion deposited from it, forms a small lake in the bottom of the cave. Large masses of ©
stalagmite, and several columns of stalactite pendant from {the roof are also found; but —
the percolation of water, to whose agency the formation of these substances is generally
referred, has entirely ceased.
|
q
_
MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 175
He says, on entering this cave:
The first feeling was of beingIna large place. We seemed suddenly to behold some
secret of the great works of nature, which had been hid from the foundation of the world.
The impulse on these occasions is to shout. I called it Winoca, the Osage word for under-
ground spirit.
The cave thus vividly described is situated near the town of Ozark,
jin Christian county, and is now known as “ Smallen’s cave.”
The northwestern limit of Schoolcraft’s travels was a point on the
banks of the James river, what is now known as the Phelps mines, six
and one-half miles from the present city of Springfield. Here he spent
the month of January, 1819, in a cabin built on the bank of the river,
and in his journal a little later says:
There isnot one inhabitant on all this stream. My own cabin, erected for a tempo-
rary purpose at the mines in January last, is the only human habitation within 200 miles of
this place. These James river mines were known to the Indians and some White river
hunters for many years. The Indians have been in the habit of procuring lead for bullets
at that place by smelting the iron in a kind of furnace made by digging a pit in the ground,
and casing it with some flat stones placed so as to resemble the roof of a house inverted;
such is the richness of the ore, and the ease with which it melts. The ore has not, how-
ever, been properly explored, and it is impossible to say how extensive the veins or beds
may prove. Some zinc in the state of a sulphuret is found accompanying it.
It will be interesting to know that two of these primitive furnaces
used by the Indians and trappers of this region have recently been
discovered. One is at the Phelps mines on the James river, and its
location is without doubt exactly as Schooleraft described it. On the
sloping ground on the north bank of the river a hole had been dug
about two feet deep, having about the same width atthe top. This
was lined with flat stones in the shape of amill-hopper. Across the
narrow bottom the stones had apparently been laid crosswise, forming
a kind of a grate. The clay soil underneath these stones was baked
hard and solid, so that having removed the stones and scraped off the
loose dirt, a perfect mould of the oven was found. A few particles of
lead, slag and charcoal were found in the debris. The Indians un-
doubtly built a fire on the bank below the furnace and underneath the
grate bars, the hopper being filled with the ore. A draught was thus
readily obtained. The ore, melting, ran down through the grate-bars
into the fire, and was collected after the furnace had cooled.
This is but a single example of a large number of ancient mines
which are scattered throughout this region. It is not uncommon along
the James and White rivers to find remains of deep shafts, which tradi-
tion assigns as the work of the old Spanish miners. In some localities
whole fields are covered with the half-filled, overgrown pits left by
those indefatigable searchers for gold and silver.
Time forbids us to follow Schoolcraft on his return to the homes
of the pioneers on the White river, when he floated southward for a
276 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY. 7
hundred miles or more until he struck the St. Louis trail, which he ~
followed back to that town. It will not be ont of place to mention —
here that many of the chief highways to-day, in Southwestern Missouri,
are the old Indian trails.
In the summer of 1834, George Catlin, the artist whose collection
of Indian paintings forms the celebrated “Catlin gallery” in the Smith-
sonian institution at Washington, took an overland trip on horseback
fron Ft. Gibson, in Arkansas, through the wilderness as far north as
Kickapoo settlement, which was the beginning of the city of Spring-
field, and thence northward to the Osage river, to Boonville, on the
Missouri. His journal is beautifully written, and will well repay the
time spent in reading, although his descriptions are not so definite as
to enable us to locate the wonderful and picturesque features of the
country of which he writes; but his notes on the habits and character-
istics of the native races, together with his paintings, now preserved at
Washington, form an invaluable and almost the only record of the
Osage tribes, who were the original possessors of our soil.
The next explorer of whom we have any authentic record was
Featherstonhaugh, an English geologist, who left a journal of his “ Ex-
cursion through the Slave States,” a record of what he saw and did on
a trip from Washington to Mexico, in 1834. Sixteen years had made a
great difference in the aspect of the country, and in the character of
its inhabitants. We do not get so pleasant an impression from him as.
from Schoolcraft: first, because he is a less pleasing writer; and
second, because he looked through more critical and less sympathetic
eyes than his predecessor. Nevertheless, we gain much valuable infor-
mation from his account of places and people, as well as much accurate
scientific knowledge from his geological observations. His course was,,
in the main, about 75 miles east of the route taken by Schoolcraft, and
he passed through the old mining regions of Madison and St. Francois.
counties, following the St. Francis river for a good portion of the way,
pursuing amore or less sinuous course to the Hot springs, in Arkansas.
But the interest awakened by the brief accounts of these explorers —
must rest not so much in the fact of their presence, at some remote
time, within this area of country, as upon what they found while here,
and the contribution that their successive journeys may have made to
our knowledge of the character of the early inhabitants of our State.
The records of DeSoto’s expedition dwell principally upon the sad
struggles of his band, of their battles with savage foes, of the sickness.
and death that continually thinned their ranks, and gives little informa~ _
tion in regard to the natives of the country.
MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 217
The limits of this paper will not permit us to go into the discus-
sion as to the identity of the pre-historic tribes of the State. Certain
it is that such existed, since they have left behind them, in the system
of mounds which are scattered everywhere, especially in Southeastern
Missouri, evidences which go to prove that a vast population inhab-
ited this region long before her rivers were navigated by the first
white men. There is no richer field for the archeologist than may be
found among the mounds and terraces of the Mississippi, and those of
the Missouri and her tributaries.
To Father Marquette we owe the first knowledge of the red men
who inhabited the Ozarks. He named them the Osage Indians, al-
though they called themselves the Wa-saw-see. There were two bands,
the Great and Little Osages, whom he located on the Missouri river,
in the neighborhood of the present site of Jefferson City. It is very
unfortunate that the literature concerning this aboriginal race is so
meager, since the facts which have been handed down indicate the ex-
istence of much that is interesting in regard to them. They have
occupied the most remarkable gorges and eminences of the Ozark
highlands from the earliest times, and claimed, as original possessors,
the whole territory of the Ozarks, as well as all of this country north
of Arkansas to the Meramec. In the days of their glory they were
powerful and warlike, eager to cope with every foe, for, like the sons
of Ishmael, “ their hand was against every man, and every man’s hand
was against them.” They were manly, good-looking, stout-limbed men;
the tallest race that North America has ever produced, few individuals
having been less than six feet in height, and many of them six and a
half and seven feet, and well proportioned, though inclined to stoop a
little, as many tall people do. They were the scourge and terror of the
country, dreaded by red and white men alike, by whom they were re-
garded as little short of ogres and giants, ready to thieve and plunder
whenever opportunity permitted. Schoolcraft mentions in his journal
the fact of having had pointed out to him the spot where the Osages
had pinioned and robbed one of the most successfal trappers, whom
they found trapping their beaver on Swan creek, and adds, “I thought
it was an evidence of some restraining fear of our authorities at St.
Louis, that they had not taken the enterprising old fellow’s scalp, as
well as his beaver packs.” .
Although at the time of Catlin’s visit to them they had long been
in communication with white settlements, they studiously rejected
every civilized custom, and dressed in skins, with plenty of war paint
and feathers by way of adornment. They shaved their heads, which
operation, before they had gbtained knives and scissors from the tra-
278 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY.
ders, used to be performed with red-hot stones. It is a surprising fact
that they rejected “fire-water,” and could not be induced to drink it,
although they early came in contact with white men; but they were
notable thieves and plunderers—like the Spartans, deeming it a virtue
to rob a neighbor or a friend, provided it could be done withont de-
tection. Schoolcraft makes mention of their reputation for mental
ability, their skill in public negotiations, and their remarkable facility
in expressing thought. But no quality of body or mind has served as.
a barrier between them and the inroads of civilization. They were
brave and fearless ; they waged war incessantly, although they were
always the chief sufferers in those contests, in which, Catlin says,
“they persisted, as though actually bent on self-destruction.” From
numbers reputed to have been at least 6000 in the time of Marquette,
and over 5000 at the time of Catlin’s visit to them, they have been so
continually crowded to the wall that all that is now left of this opce
powerful tribe is a handfal of indolent and unambitious people, of.
whom each successive report from the Indian territory says, “steadily
decreasing in number.”
It is from Schooleraft’s journey in 1818 that we gain some idea of
the first homes which white men began to make for themselves in the
interior of our State. In his journey from Mine a Burton to the White
river in Arkansas, it was not until after the twentieth day that he met.
the first white man, and learned, with great elation (his provisions hayv-
ing been exhausted for two days), that he was in a few miles of a dwell-
ing. On reaching this, he found it to belong to a “fore-handed man,
for those parts, and a great hunter’’—a fact which our traveler readily
believed, on seeing the trophies of his prowess and skill hanging from
every tree in the neighborhood. The house was a substantial new log
cabin, consisting of one room, which, to its occupants, served all the
purposes of convenience and utility, while its walls were hung with
horns of deer and buffalo, rifles, shot-pouches, leather coats, dried
meats and other articles, composing the wardrobe, smoke-house and
magazine of the family. The children were clothed in buckskin gar-
ments, which were evidently renewed only when worn out. The proud
owner of this domain had several acres of ground under cultivation
and, being anxious to prove some connection with civilized society,
stated that he sometimes visited the settled portious of Lawrence
county, Arkansas, and that he lived within 100 miles of a justice of the
peace.
Up to this time the settlements of the interior had spread only ©
down the Osage river, and some of its tributaries, and were beginning
to extend up the White. Except by means of the rough Indian trails
;
MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 279
through this mountain region, it was next to impossible for travelers
to penetrate; so the rivers furnished the only great highways for the ad-
vance of man in this new land, and we see his habitations grow fewer
and fewer in number as we recede from the great water-ways, until now
and then a single home at their sources marks the limit of a rude civili-
zation—just as a single tree or stunted clump of bushes, or a narrow
line of verdure, marks the progress of vegetation along the water-
courses, from which, as years go by, spread mighty forests over the
once naked prairie. At this time it was rarely that a hunter’s cabin in
the interior broke the monotony of the explorer’s journey, and fur-
nished the means of replenishing his supplies. The pursnits of civil-
ized life but slowly replaced the habits of the wandering trappers and
hunters. Indeed, the agriculturist was not welcomed by the original
roving white men of this region; for where the white man comes to
live, the buffalo, the elk, the deer and the bear will not stay; and this
state of affairs would soon reduce the hunter to dependence upon the
planter, “the only person who has always something to eat.” Against
this, his spirit rebels.
In the following strong explanation, one of these settlers, who had
never seen a village, gave his reasons for moving on to more remote
regions: “I seed the country wasn’t a-going to be worth livin’ in, and
so I left the Gasconade caywnty and comed here, for you'll mind that
wherever the lawyers and the court-houses come, the other varmints,
b’ars and sich like, are sure to quit.” Though averse to polite society,
and preferring solitude to civilization, these people are not without
many admirable traits of character. This is Schoolcraft’s testimony :
They subsist partly by agriculture and partly by hunting. They raise corn for bread
and for feeding their horses previous to the commencement of long journeys in the woods,
but none for exportation. Gardens are unknown. Corn and wild meats, chiefly bear’s
meat, are the staple articles of food. In manners, morals, customs, dress, contempt of
labor and hospitality, the state of society is not essentially different from that which exists
among the savages. Schools, religion and learning are alike unknown. Hunting is the
principal, the most honorable and the most profitable employment. They are a hardy,
brave, independent people, rude in appearance, frank and generous, travel without bag-
gage, and can subsist anywhere in the woods, and would form the most efficient military
corps in frontier warfare which can possibly exist. Ready trained, they require no disci-
pline; inured to danger and perfect inthe use of the rifle, their system of life is, in fact,
one continued scene of camp service. Their habitations are not always permanent, having
little which is valued or loved to rivet the affections to any one spot, and nothing which is
venerated but what they can carry with them.
The Sabbath is not known by any cessation of the usualavocations of the hunter in
this region. To him all days are equally unhallowed, and the first and last days of the week
find him, alike, sunk in unconcerned sloth and stupid ignorance. He neither thinks for
himself nor reads the thoughts of others; and if he ever acknowledges his dependence upon
the Supreme Being, it must be in that silent awe produced by the furious tempest, when
the earth trembles with concussive thunders, and lightning shatters the oaks around his
cottage—that cottage which certainly never echoed the voice of human prayer. Children
are wholly ignorant of the knowledge of books, and have not learned even the rudiments of
their own tongue. Thus situated. without moral restraint, brought up in the uncontrolled
280 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
indulgence of every passion, and without a regard for religion, the state of society among
the rising generation is truly deplorable. The wives of the hunters are particularly unfor-
tunate, being exposed to inclement weather, hardships and fatigues of all kinds, living in
cabins with no floors except the damp earth, and doing, in many instances, man’s work,
It is no wonder that most of their children die in infancy, and that they themselves are
stolid, spiritless and without ambitions.
The first permanent settlement in Southwest Missouri, of which
we have any authentic record, was established soon after Schoolcraft
made his most interesting journey through this part of the State, and
was on the James river, about eight miles south of the site of the
present city of Springfield. William Pettijohn, who belonged to a
White river settlement in Arkangas, and who had been on a hunting
excursion to the James, went back to his neighbors with the news that
he had discovered a country which “flowed with milk and honey, bear’s
oil and buffalo marrow.” And so he, after having removed succes-
sively from Virginia and Ohio to the White river, and some of his
friends, who had dwelt first in North Carolina and then in Tennessee,
made one more move to the fertile banks of the James—the stream of
which Schoolcraft, in 1818, wrote: “Its waters have the purity of
crystal; it lies under a climate the most mild, salubrious and delight-
ful; and on its banks are situated a body of the most fertile and beau- ©
tiful lands which the whole valley of the Mississippi affords. The
timber on its banks is abundant, and remarkable for its size and value,
and nothing can exceed the vigor and the verdure of vegetable nature
on this beautiful and neglected stream.” All of which the tourist of
today will find exactly true.
Although the first explorations in Missouri were made by the
Spanish, we have seen that the first settlements were made by the
French many years later, and these were established mainly along the
Mississippi river, after which the Spanish again appeared, making some
small contribution to the colonization of this new territory.
When Featherstonhaugh, the English geologist, visited St. Louis
in 1854, he called attention to the strange mixture of French, Spanish
and American settlers, adding that at that very time the city was half
filled with German immigrants. His comments on the state of affairs
at that time are graphic and amusing. He says:
On reaching the main street of St. Louis, my fancy was filled with the history of the
peregrinations and adventures of Father Hennepin, La Salle and other early travelers in
these regions, and, anxious to see the descendants of the enterprising Canadians who first
discovered the shores of the Mississippi, I was grievously affilcted at the common place ap-
pearance of the shops and the want of French names over them. To have followed Pere
Hennepin so far, merely to finda street full of Reuben Doolittles and Jeremiah Cushings
painted over the doors, gave mea sensible chill; but the moment that the avaricious looks
of the numerous Yankee storekeepers and their stores well filled with European goods from
the Atlantic states met my eyes, all the romance of Canadian cottages, old French physiog-
nomies and crowds of Indians walking about, that had been flourishing in my imagination,
was completely dispelled. I saw at once that the everlasting Jonathan had struck his roots © 7
deep into the ground, and that the La Salles had given way to Doolittle & Co.
MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 281
He describes St. Louis as rather shabby in its business quarters,
although the seat of a very active trade, comprehending the American
fur trade of the far western country, and with many neat and pleasant
suburban residences. His English ideas of propriety were constantly
jostled in mingling with people of all classes, such as were to be met
with in the hotels of this bustling young city, and this caused him to
remark in strong terms upon the disadvantages of that practical equal-
ity which compelled the clean people to herd with the dirty ones. His
remarks upon the religious and social conditions of St. Lonis give us
some insight into the adjustment of the different elements which made
up the sum total of life there. Referring to social life, he says: “The
young people of the old French families still continue their reunions
on a Sunday evening, after the custom of their lively ancestors, and
have music and a family dance; but I was informed by some French
ladies that they had been cautioned to discontinue them, as this prac-
tice gave offense to the Presbyterians, and that it was not unlikely
that some mobbing would take place.”
Of religions he says: “The Roman Catholic religion as yet pre-
ponderates, but this will not last long, for the Presbyterians are run-
ning up their Ebenezers very rapidly.”
As has already been stated, this traveler made St. Louis the start-
ing point for a very interesting journey through the southeastern part
of the State. He visited Herculaneum, and the mines of Potosi and
La Motte, which latter, being an accomplished geologist, he described
in an accurate and scientific manner. The record of his travels par-
ticularly abounds in observations upon the people and their customs,
and their peculiarities lost nothing in his relation. But he was keen
and appreciative, thongh cynical, and those who travel today among
the people of our State remote from the centers of population will
more readily believe the anecdotes of Featherstonhaugh, than those
who have never visited the wilds of some of the lower counties.
It was a matter of great amazement to this traveler to find settlers
occupying the richest bottom-land on the St. Francis river so poorly
provided with the things most necessary to healthful living. Having
sat down to eat with people at whose table the dish of meat was such
an extraordinary affair that the’guest did not venture to partake, and
whose only other dish was unpalatable, the hungry and disappointed
man says:
And here it is to be observed that these people occupied 160 acres of fertile bottom-
land, had 100 bushels of Indian corn ready harvested, 200 or 300 bushels of wheat, numerous
cows with a boundless range for them on the adjacent hills and bottoms that afforded ex-
cellent grass; great numbers of barn-door fowls, wild turkeys in profusion around them,
282 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
deer to be had at an hour’s notice; and yet so indolent were they, and so ignorant of the
decencies of existence, that they would not take the least pains to prepare anything that
was nourishing, even for themselves.
But he goes on to say:
There are hard-working, enterprising men, always busy fencing, ploughing, chop-
ping timber, setting traps for the wolves, hunting the panthers that destroy their calves
and swine, and are continualiy occupied, without a moment’s relaxation. With them, the
ceremony of eating is an affair of a few moments; the great object is to fillthe stomach as.
quickly as possible with the usual food; this, from long habit, they prefer to anything else;:
and the women, having gotten into a daily routine without any motive for changing it in.
the slightest degree, and, indeed, without even suspecting that it would be agreeable to:
anybody to do so, go on preparing the same disgusting coffee, pork, bread and butter three- E
times a day, as long as they live.
Mr. Featherstonhaugh, on the occasion of his trip through Mis-
souri, had not been accustomed to the make-shifts of life ina new
country, and, when he could overcome his sense of personal discomfort.
sufficiently to see the comical side of his experiences, gave some very
amusing anecdotes illustrative of the habits of the people. Apropos
of the kind of sleeping accommodations that he frequently encoun-
tered, he relates:
Last night we had the pleasure of Mrs. Harris’ company in our bed-room, and this night,.
soon after we had retired, old Mrs. Russell, a discreet matron of at least 70, accompanied
by a sick-looking girl of, perhaps, 18, came into our room, where there were three beds,
upon one of which I was laid down, and my son upon the other. Without uttering a word,
these amiable ladies very deliberately went through the ceremony of unrobing and getting”
into the other bed. This, to be sure, was an unexpected treat. I thought my son would
never have done laughing, and certainly I never saw anything done with more noncha-
lance.
In attempting to follow the history of civilization in our own State.
from the earliest times down to the days of Schoolcraft and Feather-
stonhaugh, we have learned that the French made our earliest perma--
nent settlements along the Mississippi—the less enterprising Spaniards,
who had not followed up their first advantage, coming later to make
some little addition to the towns.
The homes of the pioneers were all rude cabins built of logs, with
the interstices filied with clay or mortar. In the North, these were.
very simple, with one room and one door. The settlers from Virginia
and the older Southern states made some addition to this primitive
style of architecture, for climatic reasons, and built the veranda both
in front and behind—the more prosperous families frequently having
two rooms joined together by a broad covered veranda the entire
width of the house, making an open hallway between the two rooms,
which served, in summer, as an eating room for the family. On the
prairies, where stone was scarce, the chimney, always built on the out-
side of the house, was made of sticks, and lined and cemented with
clay; but where stone was abandant, more substantial structures were
made. In the interior of the State, these cabins are not unfrequently
MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 283-
met with at this time, although they are fast giving way to more com-
fortable frame houses. The French built their cabins in an entirely
different manner from the American settlers ; they had also, one-
roomed houses, built of logs, but these were placed vertically, instead
of horizontally, the upright ends fastened together by cross-pieces,.
upon which the roof was placed, and with frequently a broad porch
both in front and behind, the whole being whitewashed without and
within, and this, with the little garden which, with its fruit trees, always
accompanied the French cabin, gave the home quite an air of neatness
and comfort.
There seems to be some instinctive law governing the tide of emi-
gration which has caused a tendency in the seekers of new homes to
wander, mainly, on their original parallels of latitude—a fact that is a.
striking one in the history of our whole country, and which brings into
the study of human progress a comparative element of much signifi-
cance to him who seeks after the origin of many things besides manners
and customs. The New Englanders settled, successively, Northern New
York, Ohio, Michigan, Northern Indiana and Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin
and the Dakotas, taking with them all the habits of body and mind that
had been acquired in their first homes; the Virginians and Carolinians
emigrated, successively, to Kentucky, Tenneesee and Missouri, where
they have left the indelible impress of those earlier inhabited states ;.
and in a similar way we may trace, in Missouri, the progress, from east
to west, of the roving class of hunters so graphically described by
Schoolcraft—the hardy and daring people who opened the way for
and to a degree facilitated the settlement of the country by the true
pioneers, who first made their appearance in the region of the Ozarks.
in about 1820, penetratiug this country by way of the Osage and White
rivers and their tributaries, and who brought with them elements of
progress and development for which they have heretofore received
little credit.
Once located in a region that was likely to prove a permanent.
abiding place for themselves and their children, with a country that
early demonstrated its capacity for abundantly supplying all their
physical wants, and stimulated by the new strength that every addi-
tion from the older settlements brought to them, signs of growth
along the higher lines of progress soon began to appear. The school-
house, also used for religious services, early found a place among these
people, and a desire for better things began to beautify their lives.
The new thought grew, just as the plant, once rooted in the heart of
mother earth, smiled on by sunshine and refreshed by shower, unfolds,
with certain progress, but no sign of haste, and fills the world with
284 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
promise of a harvest yet to come. As early as the ;“ twenties,” itine-
rant Baptist and Methodist preachers were,riding on their;perilous cir-
cuits, and it may be that their influence and the coming of people from
older states had something to do with the acceleration of a demand
for some educational privileges earlier than we have been accustomed
to believe in regard to this section of Missouri. Certain it is that,
while the first settlers in the interior did not carry with them the Bible
and the school, as did the Pilgrims and the Paritans to some of our
older states, schools of good standing were established at a compara-
tively early period in the more thickly settled regions. In files of the
first newspapers, published as far back as the early “ forties,” as well
as from conversation with a few remaining representatives of the
pioneers, we learn many things calculated to revise our former opinion
in regard to the development of the people who immediately preceded
us in Southern Missouri.
Is it not remarkable that, within 14 years after the settlement of
Springfield, one of the earliest towns to be commenced in the Ozark
Tegion, a private school was founded by Mr. James Stephens, who
advertised to teach Latin—including Virgil, Cicero and Sallust; Greek
through the grammar, Testament and Homer, and higher mathematics?
Mr. Stephens was a graduate of Cumberland college, Kentucky, and
seems to have been quite a scholarly mau. Two years later,a Mrs. Peck
established in Springfield a young women’s seminary, which was con-
tinued fora number of years. Later, the “Springfield Female College”
was founded by the Rev. Charles Carleton, in 1855. This was a very
successful institution, and flourished until the breaking out of the late
Civil war, which closed all such enterprises in this part of the State,
and set back all progress in the whole region of the Southwest. In
1844, the “Spring River Academy” was started in Lawrence county,
about 50 miles west of Springfield, by the Rev. James b. Logan, and was
under the care of the Cumbeiland Presbyterian church. This school,
like the Springfield academy, did good work in laying foundations for
the spread of Christian education in this region.
South of Springfield, at Ozark, in Christian county, was started the
“Ozark Academy,” a classical school of high rank, from which seme of
the prominent men from Southwest Missouri graduated. In the early
fifties the “ Newton Academy” was founded by Col. Ritchie,in Newton
county. These are a few of the old preparatory schools, which must
have had great influence in the region to which they belonged. And
these schools, it must be borne in mind, were all situated more than two
hundred miles from a railroad, and over ;250 from St. Louis, then the
center of all the growing civilization of the West.
MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 285
Such was the condition of the early settlers of that region, up to
the time when the Civil war, with its devastating power, checked all
social progress, and swept away every institution that had contributed
to the advancement of the people in this “Border state.”
What has been the record since then it is not within the scope of
this paper to relate; but we cannot turn from a topic of such vital im-
portance to all without reaching forward to scan the horizon for the
sighs by which the coming day may be forecast. What will be the
future of this commonwealth, which, for the last two decades, has been
rapidly growing in the admiration and respect of all her sister states ?
With the enumeration of her coal and iron, and lead and zine, her fertile
soil and her magnificent springs, her natural and artificial avenues of
communication and commerce, and an atmosphere that has made the
region of the Ozarks the synonym of vigor, we find all the requirements
for the development of a commanding people—such, physically, as was.
found in the Osage Indians, than whom no more perfect men have
existed on the continent.
With the addition to our native population of successive waves of
immigration from north and south, east and west, we find a mingling of
such elements of strength as must produce a unique people, broadly
American in character, and endowed with every advantage that our
new world civilization can bestow.
With an array of natural advantages possessed by no other state
in the Union, and with an impetus toward progress which is aug-
mented with every decade of history, is it too much to expect that the
light now rising shall, when its zenith is reached, shine upon the state
once known as “Poor Old Missouri” as the brightest spot in all this.
western world ?
Notrre.—The writer is particularly indebted to the rare works of Schooleraft.
and Featherstonhaugh, and to Mr. Henry Cobb’s ‘‘Notes on the History of Lead
Mining in Missouri.”
Notes and Reflections.
By Judge Miller.
The year 1894 is near its end, and it may be well to look back and
see what we have done in the horticultural line in the way of improve-
ments, successes and failures. The short fruit crop in this vicinity pre-
vented experiments in the way of spraying against insects and rust on
the fruit trees.
There were so few apples last season that we thought the codling
moth might have been deprived of a breeding place, and the fruit this
season might be sound, but it was not so. The few apples we had were
286 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
as wormy as ever, but as a hog pasture was made of one of my orchards,
1 have reason to hope for cleaner fruit next season, whether I spray or
not. Of course, my intention is to spray against insects, rust and rot.
For plums, I intend jarring the trees and catching the insects and
make good insects out of them, like Gen. Sherman said about the In-
dians: the only good ones were the dead ones. I did not do much
spraying the past season on my grapes, and had but little rot. Attri-
bute its presence somewhat to the close proximity of the M. K.’& T.
R. R., which runs within 50 yards of my vineyard, and as the ground
ascends toa height of near 100 feet, the smoke from the locomotives is
wafted up to the vineyard whenever there is a south wind.
The sulphur and gases in this smoke I am certain are a safeguard
against mildew and rot. This has been alluded to by others similarly
situated, and may be worth minding. Those who have a hillside facing
a railroad near by may be pretty safe in planting grape-vines.
In other places there were good crops of apples, where spraying
properly showed the importance of it, and should stimulate others to
practice it, so that in time we may get rid of the insects and fungoids
and raise sound apples as of yore.
Plums, I don’t believe we shall ever raise successfully, except by
having the trees in paved yards, hog or hen pastures, or by jarring the
trees and killing the cureulio. And then there should be a united
effort in a whole neighborhood, as, if one man does destroy those in
his own orchard and a neighbor breeds them, he will have the same
trouble every year.
If two or three seasons fail us in a fair crop of fruit, we should
not abandon our trees, as they will certainly change for the better
some time.
Scraping all the loose bark off the trunks of the orchard trees
will destroy hosts of insects in their winter quarters, and they will not
be here in the spring to begin their work of destruction as soon as
the warm weather comes.
This morning, December 28, gave us a fair sample of winter; mer-
cury down to three, the ground frozen hard, and now is the time to
give the strawberry beds a good covering.
Mine were covered slightly some weeks ago, simply on the rows,
but now I intend that the whole ground shall be covered, thickest
between the rows, and not onthem. Since this date last year there
have been great changes. Many who were in health and the enjoy-
ments of life have since been called home.
Many others have been disappointed in their prospects in life.
The whole country has gone through a change that is by no means
MISCELLANEOUS PAPEBS. 287
promising. Life is full of vicissitudes, and our lot is much as we make
it ourselves.
If people would be satisfied with an honest living, if the crazy
rush for wealth and honor were laid aside, the world would be better
and happier.
The farmers are complaining of low prices, the fruit-growers of
failing crops, the mechanic and other laboring classes hunting work
and finding none, the everlasting tramps running over the country,
begging a living and won’t work if they could get it, are all dampers
on our prosperity.
Taxes high, and hard to get money to pay them. What are our
boasted schools and high institutions of learning doing, and our boasted
religion and great churches accomplishing, that this state of affairs
exists?
There is something radically wrong, and he who points out some
effectual remedy to cure them will be a great benefactor.
A Nursery Orckard.
‘By Judge Samuel Miller, Bluffton, Mo.
Some seven or eight years ago, the rabbits in the winter barked
the trees in my nursery so badly that the trees were not fit to plant or
sell. The following spring I sawed them off at the ground, and allowed
two or three sprouts to grow, and the following spring removed all but
the strongest one, sawed off smoothly the old stub and cemented the
wound. Most of them healed over and made nice trees. AsI hada
fresh lot of trees coming on, there were but few of these (then four
years old) sold, but some I planted myself, and they are doing well in
the orchard. The balance were left to the mercy of the borers, grass
and weeds, with the exception of mowing the latter occasionally. For
the last three years there has not been a plow, harrow or hoe used in
the patch. No fruit for two years gave them a full chance to grow.
At one time I intended grubbing all out to make farming land of
it, but not until this fall was there any work done toward putting it in
order.
Now, December 20, for the past week I have been in there with
saw, hatchet, grub-hoe, knives, chisels and trowel. Regardless of rows
or distance, the best and largest trees are left standing, some of which
are four and five inches in diameter.
First the ground is dug away from around the base, some inches
deep; then with the trowel, cleaned around down to as deep as any
borer is likely to go.
288 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Next the knife is used, if borers are to be found, and if much in-
jured, the tree is cut down, as there are always others near enough to
do, if sound. All such as will not be needed are cut out, and such a
slaughter of borers [ never committed. I leave the trees 3 feet, 6, 8,
10 and 15 feet, as it happens, as the least of them may bear a half
bushel of apples the next season, when they will get another thinning,
and so on, as they crowd.
Now as there was no plowing done for years on this ground, the
roots of the apple-trees are all near the surface, often but an inch un-
der ground, and in proportion to the nearness of the roots to the top
of the ground are the borers less frequent; this I have alluded to be-
fore. Then there is quite a difference in varieties that the borers
attack.
Winesap and Jonathan are most injured, Ben Davis and Geniting
nearly as bad, while Yellow Belleflower and Red Romanite are seldom
attacked. At the same time the trees that were left standing gotsuch
pruning as I thought proper. Where pretty large limbs were sawed
off the wounds will be cemented with grafting wax.
This will not be a model orchard of course, but if Ido not get
some nice apples and plenty of them out of it, there will be one man
greatly disappointed, as the trees look healthy and are full of fruit
buds. There are at least fifty varietiesin it, and henceforth the ground
will be cultivated—very shallow, however, on accountof the roots be-
ing so near the surface—the borers kept out, ete. To start with
there are at least two hundred trees, and when thinned out to ordi-
nary (listances for apple-trees there may be near 100.
There are trees in it that might bear five bushels of fruit next sea-
son. This is making the best out of a bad job. Rabbits will never
spoil another nursery for me, unless they do it to the little oné now
here, for next spring I intend rooting all ont, and devote all my time
to grapes and strawberries, of the latter of which I think I have the
largest collection in the State.
The Growing of Nut Trees.
By Judge Samuel Miller, Bluftor, Mo.
As this subject has been assigned me, I will try to give it the best
of my knowledge and experience.
In the first place, I will advise those who clear land to let stand»
here and there a walnut, hickory or pecan tree, if such there be on a
their grounds. The indiscriminate slaughter of all trees on the land
is
' @
MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 289
has put out of the way many a noble tree that it will take half a century
to produce one like it.
The time will come when all kinds of nuts will be valuable on
account of their scarcity.
In my youth I knew a hickory tree in a field that $100 would not
have tempted my father to cut down; a noble chestnut tree that $500
would not have purchased. In my clearings here all the walnut trees
are left, and I have one that bears pear-shaped balls, although the nat
inside is round. It is large, full of good meat, and it will stand as long
as lown the land. Our native nuts bear only every other year, as it
takes one season to prepare the buds that produce the nuts.
It is too late in life for me to plant nuts with any hope of seeing
them bear fruit, but the younger generation should not neglect it.
They do not come into bearing as soon as other fruit trees, but they
last a lifetime of man.
In our latitude the kinds worth attention are the hickory, pecan,
chestnut and hazelnut. The latter I have tried for fifteen years here,
but never get a dozen of nuts. These are of the finer varieties, while
the wild native flourishes and bears abundantly. The squirrels and
other animals usually get the most of them.
The wild ones I[ have never transplanted, but suppose they might
do well under such cultivation (or rather no cultivation) as they get in
their wild state.
From seed I have never tried to raise them, but suppose that if
slightly covered with earth in the fall they would grow.
The hickory will grow readily if planted in the fall, and contrary to
the general opinion, will grow when four years old after beingin a box
in a drawer all that time. This I have proven.
Of the pecan I once raised 1000 seedlings and gave them to the
department at Washington to distribute. They were the largest hardy
ones I have met with. These nuts I got fresh from the tree ; had them
in a sack for several weeks, then packed them in clean sand so that
they seldom touched one another.
This box was set on the ground in an exposed Higoe to all kinds
of weather. In the spring, when the weather became warm, they com-
menced to show their germinating, and were planted in nursery rows
one inch deep and six inches apart.
They were well cultivated, and not one in ten failed to grow.
They made but small tops, only from six inches to a foot, but what
they lacked in tops they made up in root; 18 and 20 inches were by
no means rare under ground.
nH 19
290 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOCIETY.
The idea that a hickory or pecan will not grow if the tap-root is
severed is a wrong one, as they will bear it about as well as any other
tree, and it is not at all difficult to transplant them.
From observation, my impression is that it takes a pecan about
eight years to come into bearing, and a hickory somewhat longer. The
Shell-bark is the most valuable of the hickories, although in this neigh-
borhood there are some very large nuts of great value that seem to
me to be crosses between the true Shell-bark and our Jarge hard-shells,
that can be found along the Missouri river and in the creek bottoms.
The chestnut, which it was contended at one time would not grow
here, can be grown successfully, not only our natives from the Hast,
but the Europeans and the Japanese; the latter and their progeny
are the most valuable, and bear in a few years from seed or grafting.
I once raised several hundred of our natives by planting them in
the fall, similar to the way described for the pecans in the spring.
Some of those I set out in an orchard that may soon bear.
I am waiting for them to bloom so as to impregnate the blossoms
of a Paragon, that bears enormous burrs with large chests in them, but
no meat.
It will be well to have several trees in a group, so as to secure
impregnation while in bloom.
The chinquapin, a very small acorn-shaped chestnut, is very sweet,
and produces well, but never makes more than a large shrub. I have
these growing, but they have not yet borne fruit.
Walnuts grow about as freely as sound corn grains. Simply cover
in the fall an inch or two deep. These should be planted where the
‘tree is to stay, as they soon get so large that they are unwieldy and
not so sure to grow.
As to grafting this nut family, I have had such poor success with
them that any counsel on that subject would not be of benefit.
One thing I would advise to those contemplating pecan nut grow-
ing, not to get the southern varieties unless they live in 36 degrees
latitude and further south.
Stewart & Co. of Ocean Springs, Miss., are the men to get trees
from for the south, and they have issued a little work on the subject
that will be a great help to one going in the business.
LICE PE a st 4»
MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 291
Parasitic and Predaceous Insects.
In a paper by Prof. Riley, recently read before a California Farmers’
Institute, that distinguished authority expressed the opinion that the
importance to agriculture of the parasitic and predaceous insect ene-
mies of such species as injure vegetation had been somewhat over-
estimated by the earlier writers, because while in the abstract they are
essential to keep the plant-feeding species in check, and without them
these latter would be much more difficult to manage, yet in the long
run our worst insect enemies are not materially affected by them, and
the cases where the multiplication of the beneficial species can be arti-
- ficially encouraged are relatively few. There are but two methods by
which the insect friends can be utilized, because they are usually
beyond the farmer’s control. One is the intelligent protection of those
species that are indigenous, and the other the introduction of desirable
species that do not already exist here. The first method offers com-
paratively few opportunities for its exercise, although there are some,
and the instance given by Dr. Fitch is quoted in which a man com-
plained that his rose bushes were more seriously affected by aphides
than those of his neighbors, notwithstanding the fact that he had been
careful to destroy all the old parent bugs, he having mistaken the
beneficial lady-birds, which feed on the aphides, for the parent of the
pest. So ina case quoted by Mr. Howard, the army worm was taking
a field of timothy and threatening to overrun adjoining fields when the
owner observed the appearance of large swarms of the red-tailed
tachina fly, the enemy of the worm. He assumed that the fly was the
_ parent of the worm and gave up the contest in despair, letting all the
fields go, when, in fact, with the aid of the natural allies he might have
saved them. Here lack of knowledge caused the loss.
For many years well-informed gardeners in Europe have been in
the habit of collecting lady-birds and some forms of ground beetles to
turn loose on plots infested with plant-lice or cut-worms, and Prof.
Riley thinks that the characteristics of these two families should be
taught in the public schools, so that use may be made of the knowledge
by the cultivator. So, in the instance of case insects, which hibernate
in cases attached to twigs of trees, such as the Rascal leaf-crumpler
and bag worm, the proper course is to.collect the cases and not burn
them, but instead, to transport them to the center of a large, treeless
field, when such of the worms as emerge will wander about for a few
yards and then die for want of favorable conditions, while the para-
292 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
sites to which they are subject will continue to live and multiply. If
the cases were destroyed the parasites would be destroyed with them.
The second method, importing desirable species, is the more hope-
ful, because more certainly within control. Instances of successful
importations are given in the European parasites of the wheat midge,
of the plum curculio, of the oyster-shell bark louse, of the black scale
and of the Australian and New Zealand enemies of fruit pests that
have been so troublesome in California, as well as many others. Prof.
Riley calls attention to the fact that when an injurious insect has
reached the zenith of its increase, and the cultivator is driven to
taking the most strenuous measures to destroy it, this is just the time
when nature herself steps in and introduces some check which tends
to restore the balance.
Spraying is open to the disadvantage that it has but little cumu-
lative effect, but must be kept up from year to year, the application
which destroys the pest destroying its parasitic enemies as well.
Injurious insects that have been on the destructive march for a series
of years will often come to a sudden halt and complete immunity from
injury will follow. Sometimes this is the result of climatic conditions,
but more frequently it is the consequence of disease, debility and want
of proper nutrition, which are necessary corollaries of undue multi-
plication.
Prof. Riley also calls attention to a law of both insect and plant
life which will be new to many readers. It is that animals and plants
introduced from Europe and Asia into North America show a greater
power of multiplication than the indigenous species, and in a large
number of instances have taken the place of native forms which have
been unable to compete with them in the struggle for existence. On
the other hand, our species when taken to Europe are not able to hold.
their own against the forms native to that continent. The Australian
forms are still less able to hold out against those of Europe, and can- —
not, a8 a rule, maintain themselves against those of this country.
Notes on the Insects of Missouri for 1893.
By Mary E. Murtfeldt, Kirkwood, Mo. 4
Among the entomological developments of the earlier part of the ©
current year may be noted the appearance of the army worm ( Leucania — 7
unipuncta),in such nambers us to justify its appellation, in hay and —
grain fields contiguous to streams and lowlands, where it caused con-—
siderable loss. It also occurred in large numbers, together with other ‘
cut-worms, in vegetable gardens as well as on the lawns and meadows ~
MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 293
of St. Louis county, and was frequently brought or sent to me asa dep-
redator upon vegetables. So far as it came under my personal observa-
tion, however, when found in gardens, it was merely feeding upon
the grasses that had come up among the other plants. The moths
were unusually abundant during September.
During the latter part of the season there was an unusual outbreak
of our indigenous locusts (grasshoppers). The meadows, gardens,
berry beds, nurseries and young orchards were seriously ravaged by
these pests. The species most abundant were Schistocerca americana,
CEdipoda sulphurea, Gi. xanthoptera, Melanoplus bivittatus, and the om-
nipresent M. femur-rubrum. In some of the nurseries and newly set
orchards of St. Louis county not a leaf was left entire on apple, pear
and plum trees, and the tender twigs were also in many instances com-
‘pletely barked, thus destroying the season’s growth. Spraying with
Paris green was resorted to by numbers of nurserymen, and, in a meas-
ure, protected the stock from premature defoliation. So far as I can
learn, the hopper-dozer is not extensively, if at all, used in Missouri,
and, indeed, on the hilly and uneven surface of the greater part of the
State it could not be employed to much advantage.
Among orchardists there was, in the spring, great complaint of the
work of the Buffalo tree-hopper (Ceresa bubalus). Bundles of scarred
and blighted twigs were sent tome from many sections of the State,
including the Olden fruit farms, in Howell county, the most extensive
in the country, and the Flint Hill orchards, in Oregon county, both on
the southern boundary of the State; from Kansas City on the west, and
from Holt county in the extreme northwest, showing that the insect is
by no means local. A considerable proportion of these twigs showed
the cuts of several previous years, as well as the more characteristic
recent punctures. From this it would seem that the insect remains in
the neighborhood of its breeding place until the languishing branch or
tree no longer affords it sustenance. Like all haustellate species, it
can be exterminated only by such insecticides as kill by contact, suchas
kerosene emulsion, thymo-cresol, and preparations of carbolic acid;
and the use of these on the tender foliage, amid which the little spiny-
backed hoppers lurk in the early summer, is apt to have a bad effect.
From eggs placed the preceding autumn was bred in considerable num-
bers a minute egg parasite, which proved to be an undescribed species
of Cosmocoma. This little fly had destroyed the larger proportion of
the eggs sent to me, and may in time render its host innocuous. The
tree-hopper is quite common in the vicinity of St. Louis, but no con-
spicuous injury from it has come under my observation.
294 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
A leaf-hopper (Ormenis pruinosa) was remarkably abundant in
vineyards, where it was popularly mistaken for “mealy bug,” and
caused considerable blighting of leaves and twigs. An interesting para-
site, which attacks the full-grown larve and pup, enclosing them with
itself in a convex disk composed of two wica-like plates joined at the
edges, was bred from a number of the clusters and determined as an
undescribed Dryinus. This parasite is unfortunately rather rare.
The Osage-orange Pyralid (Lowostege maclurw Riley) is spreading
over the State, its work being most disastrous on young hedges, the
growth of which it seriously checks. Spraying with Paris green during
the months of June and July has been practiced to some extent in the
vicinity of St. Louis, and has been found a reliable remedy. But it is
so difficult to secure concerted effort in this direction that the increase
of the insect is not materially interrupted. Close clipping of hedges
about the Ist of August is also advisable, as at this time a majority of
the eggs and newly hatched larve of the second brood are on the
leaves, and are, by this process, removed and burned. In the course
of a few minutes’ examination of some clippings, I found many egg
masses and clusters of young larve, and noted that during the re-
mainder of the season the worms were far less numerous than they had
been the previous year when the hedge had been trimmed earlier.
Pruning about this time may therefore be relied upon as an important
preventive measure.
It is perhaps worthy of record that the large, formidable appearing
larvee of both Cithcronia regalis and Eacles imperialis were never before
so abundant in this locality as they were this autumn. They were
brought to me again and again as something very wonderful and from
appearances very dangerous. About the first of August a battered
female of imperialis was brought to me in a box, in which, in the course
of two or three days, she placed two hundred and seventy-five eggs.
These were subglobose, 4™™ in diameter, of a cream-white color, streaked
or tinged with pale brown. The larve hatched in seven days. As I
was about leaving home for several weeks the young larve were placed
upon a small sycamore tree (Platanus) and left to their fate. Upon my
return a careful examination resulted in the discovery of about a dozen
of the half-grown larve. They also disappeared, one by one, having
been, in all probability, devoured by birds.
The Horn Fly.—The past season was notable for the invasion of the
State by this cattle pest, at least for its manifestation in such numbers ~
as to prove injurious to cattle and excite alarm among stock-growers. —
The newspapers contained numerous references to it, many of them of —
a sensational character, although the reality wasin most instances quite
MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 295
bad enough. The insect was reported to me by letter from six or seven
different sections of the State, and has undoubtedly appeared, in greater
or less numbers, over the entire area. In our suburb of Kirkwood
and on the neighboring dairy farms its attacks upon the delicate and
thin-skinned Jerseys were very disastrous, certain cows showing much
greater sensitiveness to its bites thanothers. The cause of the trouble
was not immediately recognized, but as soon as the fly was identified,
the remedies suggested by the department were applied and brought
measurable relief. Our town veterinarian recommended for the cases
to which he was called an application of liquid tar, to be procured in
pint cans from druggists This was thickly spread over the shoulders,
neck and udder, and, though very disfiguring, was, all things consid-
ered, the best repellant used, as its effect extended over a period of a
week or ten days, much longer than that of kerosene emulsion or car-
bolized vaseline. It is, however, more expensive, both in money and
labor, and, therefore, not so well adapted to use on large herds of cattle
as the kerosene emulsion. — ¥
The habit of the horn fly of resting on the cattle by night as well
as by day gives the latter no respite, since, even when not biting, its
presence seems to be irritating. From my observations this year, how-
ever, I draw the hopeful conclusion that in our climate and that of
Kansas and Southern Illinois it will not be able to multiply as it does
in localities not subject to annual and protracted drouths. After dry
weather sets in the droppings were so qaickly hardened that the larve
were unable to develop, and by the first of August but few flies were
noticed upon cattle in this locality. We also found that chickens in
the stable-yard and pasture rendered good service by scratching into
and spreading the droppings and picking oat whatever larve were con-
tained therein. I have not been able to learn that much was done in
the State in the way of spreading or liming the manure, but this will
doubtless in time become one of the regular duties of our herdsmen ;
while the use of the repellant sprays and other applications, when
necessary, will serve to protect the animals, not only from the particeu-
lar insect under consideration, but from the attacks of bot-flies, Tabanids,
Stomoxys, and other biting flies from which they ordinarily suffer
exceeuingly.
The Fruit Bark-beetle—Previous to the current year there is but
one brief reference to the presence of the above-named insect, (the
Scolytus rugulosus of Ratzeburg) in Missouri. This is found on the last
page of the third volume of the “American Eatomologist,” published in
1880, where Prof. Riley mentions, after determining the insect for vari-
ous localities in the Eastern states, that he “had received the insect
296 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
some years ago from Hillsboro, Mo., attacking the peach.” Probably
it has occurred unrecognized,in many orchards since that date, where
its work was referred to that very comprehensive affection termed
“blight.” However, during the past spring several correspondents of
the “Rural World” and the St. Louis “Republic” discovered the minute
beetles emerging through the pin-hole-like orifices in the bark of twigs
and small branches of peach, plum and cherry, and specimens were sent
to me for determination and for the purpose of finding aremedy. From
Clayton, in St. Louis county, Mr. J. W. E. Bellville, one of the county
officials, sent me specimens of the insect early in May, emerging from
twigs of cherry, with the information that one or two of his trees had
already been killed by them, and that the beetles were so numerous
that he feared the destruction of his entire orchard. An examination
of the twigs revealed a large number of the beetles, and under the bark
a few full-grown larve and pupe. The beetles were engaged in boring
back into the twigs—in every case, so far as noticed, entering through
the latent buds and even through some that were unfolding.
By August the trees severely affected had lost most of their leaves,
the bark of the branches was shrunken and the twigs were breaking
off. Beetles were again found making their way back into such twigs
and branches as showed a measure of vitality. Very few larvee were
found in the portions of the trees examined, and such as were discov-
ered were ready to transform, indicating the double-broodedness of the
insect. Mr. Bellville wrote me that he thought he had protected some
of his trees by spraying at this time with Paris green. So faras I have
been able to find out by personal examination and inquiry the insect is
yet quite local in the State, and if horticulturists can be brought to
realize the danger of neglect in this case, it can no doubt be held in
check, if not entirely stamped out.
The Pear-tree Olear-wing Borer in Apple.—This insect (Wgeria pyri
Harr.) appears for the first tims, I believe, to swell the ranks of the
almost innumerable pests of the apple-tree, upon which it may prove
more injurious than it has hitherto done upon the pear.
Early in May I received from Mr. S. W. Gilbert, of the Flint Hill
fruit farms, in Oregon county, a few small lepidopterous larve taken
from the young apple-trees, with the information that “the worms eat —
the inner bark next to the hard wood, and are usually, if not always,
concealed at least one-eighth of an inch from the dead bark.” Mr.
Gilbert further says: “I find the insects especially abundant on trees
that have been ‘sun-scalded’ on the southwest side. They work at the
edges of the green bark next to the dead portion of the tree. Among
the young Missouri pippin trees last year I found a large number that ”
MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 297
had on their trunks from one to several spots of dead wood about
twice the size of a silver dollar, and in every case we find this spring
these worms working around the deadened spot.” The larvie accom-
panying the above note were about one-half inch in length by one-
tenth inch in diameter, sub-cylindrical, of a yellowish-white, color, with
a few scattered soft white hairs arising from inconspicuous piliferous
plates. Head dark brown, rather broad and short, collar covering
rather more than half of the top of the first joint. The appearance
was almost precisely that of a Tortricid, except that the jaws seemed
somewhat broader and stronger. In the course of a few days, how-
ever, the peculiar cocoons or follicles characteristic of the Algerians
were formed between pieces of bark, except in the case of two larvae,
in whose place appeared two rather large white cocoons of a parasite,
probably an Apanteles. But one of these developed, and this, to my
very great regret, escaped from the rearing jar and could not be re-
covered. On June 9 two moths emerged, both males, which upon
comparison proved to be the species above named. These were the
only examples that I was able to obtain, but several other correspond-
ents reported borers in young apple-trees whose habits seemed to
agree with those sent by Mr. Gilbert.
In all cases it was recommended to drench the trunks of the trees
with kerosene emulsion two or three times during the months of June
and July, or to apply the soft soap and soda mixture that has been so
often used to prevent the borer beetles from laying their eggs. As it
was not asserted that this A‘gerian confined its attacks to that portion
of the trunk just above ground, as is the habit of the allied peach
borer, I could not advise mounding as a preventive.
The Peach or Plum Bark-louse.—While at Carthage, in Jasper
county, last December, in attendance at the annual meeting of our
State Horticultural Society, one of the residents of the city brought
me a number of peach twigs from his orchard in the suburbs, thickly
covered with the characteristic scales of Lecanium persibe Fab., with
the information that many of his trees had become unthrifty and un-
fruitful in consequence. This was my first acquaintance with this
scale, as it has not hitherto proved sufficiently injurious to attract
much attention from peach-growers; and upon looking up such of its
literature as was at my command, I found that its complete life history
had not been published.
Early in April other infested twigs were sent to me from Jefferson
county, and, about the sam3 time, a subscriber of the “Rural World”
sent still others, over which were scattered the largest and most
brightly colored scales that had yet met my eye. They were not dark-
298 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
ened by the smut fungus which after a year or two follows the attacks
of this insect and completes the disfigurement and destruction of the
tree. The scale isa very handsome one, as scales go. The form is
hemispherical, tending to conical in the center, 2.5 to 4™™ in diameter ;
surface highly polished, though not smooth, being indented with more
or less distinct, shallow, crenulated grooves, radiating from the center
to the margin; general color black, or very dark brown, with a longi-
tudinal dorsal band of bright sealing wax, red and fine streaks of red
alternating with broader ones of paler brown to form a border. When
detached from the twig during winter or early in the spring, the under
side will be found slightly concave, and, occupying the center, is the
still quite well-defined body of the female, surrounded by a brown
jelly substance which fills the remainder of the shell, across which four,
or sometimes six, diminished white thread-like lines extending to the
edge of the scale, have the appearance of legs, and would seem to
assist in keeping the scale in place. When lifted carefully from the
posterior end, the long hair-like beak can be distinguished with a
strong lens, and is capable of being drawn out to a length of 2™™,
On May 2, my attention was called by a friend to a young Lombard
plum in his garden, which exhibited the worst case of attack yet seen—
probably the unchecked development of several seasons. The twigs
and smaller branches were absolutely incrusted on all sides with the
Coccids, presenting to other than entomological eyes a repulsive spec-
tacle. Even at this late date segregation had not taken place. By the
20th of the month, however, the eggs were fully formed and every scale
was crowded with them. The egg is broad oblong in form, 0.5™™ in
length, pale yellow in color, and in the mass quite free and granular.
Hatching began June 10 and continued for nearly a month. The young
larve was the largest species yet observed, very flat, uniformly pale
yellow, the carapace being indicated by a very thin lateral rim. The
legs were rather long and well developed. Antenne five or six-jointed»
one-half of the length of the body. By July 15 hatching was com-
pleted, and in the meantime, those first hatched, of which a part were
separated and kept on fresh twigs in the rearing jar, had nearly all be- -
come stationary on the leaves and transformed to male pupe. Twigs
brought me from the tree at this date had the foliage covered with the
young in all stages, the majority being still in a state of great activity,
resembling in general appearance and in the peculiar wavy motion
when crawling, a myriad of small Tingitids. The sexes were undis-
tinguishable. The mature larval scale is about 2™™ jn length, slightly
convex, of a translucent greenish-white color. Two converging carine
enclose a narrow flat dorsal space, from which a border, divided into
a
29
MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 299
six or seven panes, by similar, though finer, opaque, white ridges,
slopes slightly on all sides. Under the scales, which were stationary,
and which in no respect differed from those that were still moving
about over leaves and twigs, were found male pupe entirely detached»
and displaying wing pads and other members as seen in nymphe of the
higher Hemiptera.
On the 22d of July winged males appeared in the rearing jar,
the pupal period being about one week. In this stage, also, the insect
is beautiful, with filmy, iridescent wings expanding 4™" ; body rose-red,
with some dark-brown shadings about the head and tip of the abdo-
men, and an especially distinct, dark-brown, transverse thoracic band.
August 10 hundreds of winged males, fresh pupe and active larve
were still found on the leaves. The act of copulation did not come
under my eye, although the winged forms continually fluttered over
those that were crawling. The life of the male seems to be of about
a week’s duration. My observations on this insect were interrupted
by absence from home from the middle of the month until the 5th of
September, when I found that the males had disappeared, and that the
females had attached themselves to the bark of such twigs as still
retained a measure of vigor. The scales were about one half grown,
had darkened, thickened, and become centrally elevated. Asin all
scales, growth by the exudation of waxy material around the margin
was slowly progressing. At the present date (November 10) the scales
are not more than two-thirds the size that they were last year, and not
nearly so numerous, and drop easily from the twigs upon which the
black fungus has appeared. This is very likely due to the debility of
the tree, which will scarcely survive the winter.
Among the natural checks of Lecanium persicw, one true parasite
(Chiloneurus albicornis) was bred in small numbers from the mature
scalesand the active young were extensively preyed upon by Chrysopa
larve, by Camptobrochis nebulosus—a small, speckled, gray bug that I
have always found in numbers upon leaves invested with PAylloxera
ril-y’, the oak Chermes, and similar minute forms—and more especially
by the flocculent larve of a small Coccinellid about 3™™ long and nearly
as broad, black, with a red spot on each wing-cover, which has been
kindly determined for me as Hypzraspis signata. The larvie of the
latter were very numerous and active among the swarming young of
the Lecanium, but, strange to say, were not found on any other Coccid
or Aphis during the season. AsI was desirous of preserving this
Lecanium through the summer for study, no insecticides were used
upon the tree, but from experimerts made upon several twigs and
branches, there is no doubt that kerosene emulsion, thymo-cresol, and
3500 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY.
an insecticide called Cannon’s fruit protector, would all prove efficient
remedies if systematically used, especially upon the young larve,
The observations of the past season upon the insect under con-
sideration have bronght out the following peculiarities: The very late
hatching and dispersion of the young; the unusual length of active
larval life; the occurrence of both sexes upon the leaves; the fact
that the females do not fix themselves until after impreguation ; and,
under certain not well-understood conditions, a very remarkable pre-
ponderance of males.
The Linden Leaf-roller.—The only shade-tree pest of importance,
not observed in this locality previous to the past season, was the
above-named Pyralid (Pantographa limata Gr. & Rob.), This ap-
peared on both the native and European lindens ( 77/a americana and
T. europea) along the walks and on the lawns of many residents of
Kirkwood, and attracted general attention by the peculiar manner in
which it twisted the leaves. On the trees of the “Linden walk” inthe
grounds of Mr. A. S. Mermod, the insect occurred in such numbers
that almost every third leaf, of the European lindens especially, was
thus rolled, and the trees reminded one of Christmas trees covered
with candles.
The newly hatched larva begins its case by simply folding under a
bit of the edge of the leaf, severing the folded part at the end toward
the base, and feeding on the green tissue of the portion enclosed.
After the first molt it effects another roll, and by a series of stitch-
like bands of silk fastens it in place, and continues the process until
the entire leaf (of the European linden) or the apical two-thirds of
our native species is included in the coil. During the day it feeds
sparingly upon the included portions of the leaf, but at night, when it
Spins and folds, it also eats ragged holes in the adjacent leaves or
gnaws their edges. The nearly full grown larve sometimes desert the
first case and form a fresh and very perfect one shortly before leaving
the tree for pupation. Within this case the larva rests in slovenly
fashion among a lot of sticky web and scattered frass. The larva and
its case are described by Prof. Fernald in the “Canadian Entomologist”
{vol. XVI, p. 26).
In the specimens examined this summer the form was rather sub-
cylindrical than fusiform, and tapered only slightly posteriorly, and the
head and collar were more frequently brown than black. Prof. Fernald
also says: “ While jthe imago of Pantographa limata Gr. is a typical
Pyralid, the larva is 80 very much like Tortricid larve, both in struc-
ture and habits, that I unhesitatingly referred it to the Tortricidae till
it emerged.” This is true of the larve after the last molt or just
MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 30k
before changing, but the younger larve have the somewhat slimy sur-
face and other less definite characteristics which the experienced ob-
Server at once recognizes as peculiar to the leaf-feeding Pyralids,
When ready for transformation, the larva cuts a circular hole through
the side of its case and lets itself to the ground, where it forms froma
leaf a spacious, oval tent which it lines with silk, or more frequently
the leaf will be attached to the lower part of the trunk of the tree or
some other flat surface, and will then bein the form of an egg-shell
divided in half longitudinally and applied by the edges. Iu the rear-
ing cages, these large, low tents were affixed to the glass by numerous
stitch like bands of silk, and the glass was so thinly coated with web
that the larva or papa within was but slightly obscured from view.
The pupa averages 16™™ in length, is rather stout for a Pyralid, of a
shining red-brown color, sometimes tinged with olive. Pupz were first
observed on July 9, and the moths began to emerge on the 25th of the
same month, and continued coming out in the rearing cage until the
10th of August.
This species is one of the largest and handsomest in the group,
having a wing expanse of from 1 to 12 inches (25 to 35™™), and being
more lustrous and variegated in coloring than is usual among its leaf-
feeding allies.
The second (or it may have been the third) brood of the larve
appeared on the trees about the middle of September, and, singularly
enough, from one to three of them, still very small, were often found in
the large cones deserted by the preceding brood. In the rearing cages
they developed very irregularly, one or two moths appearing early in
November, while others that were, perhaps, somewhat underfed are
Btill reposing in their cases unchanged.
No parasites were bred excepta Tachinid of the genus Parexorista.
Spraying was not resorted to this year, but will be practiced should
the insect again appear in injurious numbers, as it is evident from
tests on a small scale that a very small proportion of Paris green in
water is quickly fatal to it.
Insecticides.—In the Missouri Botanical garden, when necessary to
spray fruit or other trees, the arsenites were this year in many cases
combined with the most approved fungicides, and I was assured that.
the latter were quite as effectual against vegetable parasites when
thus associated, while the lime and copper compounds seem to prevent
that scorching of the foliage which frequently attends the application
of the simple arsenites and water. A number of nurserymen and
orchardisis of my acquaintance have used the same combination when
spraying, and claim great success in it.
302 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY.
A preparation known as Cannon’s fruit protector was tested against
certain insects, especially Coccidie, with good success. In odor and
consistency, as well as in its effects, it differs but slightly from thymo-
cresol, on which I have previously reported, and I do not think that it
is in any way superior to the latter. It isin the form of a molasses like
fluid, of which 1 part to 80 or 100 parts of water are used, to be applied
as a spray or drench, as a combined insecticide and fungicide. Deli-
cate foliage was in some cases injured by it, appearing as though
greased, and after a few days shriveled and dropped, and I would not
recommend its use against caterpillars or Aphidids, but think if would
prove a good repellant on the trunks of trees against borers, and
might be advantageously applied to trees affected with bark-lice,
The Fertilization of Fruit.
By J. W. Rouse, Mexico.
To the Missouri State Horticultural Society :
Through the kind request of your worthy Vice-President, Hon. N.
F. Murray, I present you this paper on the “ Fertilization of Fruit
Bloom, and Bees and Fruit.”
I do not presume that the facts that 1am now about to present
are new or unknown to any practical fruit-grower, but in order to show
the value and aid of bees to the successful growing of fruit to the
uninformed and to the world at large, do I present these facts.
I would not make the broad assertion that there could not be any fruit
produced at all without the aid of bees, but will say that without the
aid of bees there would be in many, and even in most instances, but
little or no fruit, such as apples, peaches, pears, plums, cherries and
such like fruit ; and the bees are a great aid to the small fruits, such as
blackberries, raspberries, gooseberries, strawberries.
As is now well known, when the bloom of the fruits is out the
bees cause fertilization to take place by visiting the bloom in their
search for nectar and pollen, and by getting the pollen dust on them-
selves, they carry the dust along and distribute it on other blooms
needing it, thus causing fertilization to take place.
While the wind helps some in this matter, it does not always come
in the right direction, and frequently not at all to blow the pollen where
needed. Nature has so provided that in many blooms there is only
one sex, and in others, even when both sexes are in the same bloom,
only one comes out at a time, so that it is an absolute necessity that
many blooms have some artificial means of fertilization.
Any one may easily test the value of bees to fruit, by covering a
limb just before the bloom comes out, so as to protect the limb from
MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 303
the visit of the bees, andif carefully done, one will find very little or no
fruit to set on the limb so protected.
There are other insects that will do the same work on the bloom
as the bees do, but when the earliest bloom comes out, the bees having
come through the winter in large colonies, and most all other insects
come through the winter singly, and not having time to yet increase,
are very scarce at the time needed to fertilize the bloom; by observa-
tions it has been found that there would be twenty bees to one insect
of any other kind.
Bassford Bros., of Vaca valley, California, after growing a large
cherry orchard for commercial purposes, obtained no crop until after
they obtained bees, when their neighbors, five miles away, had no bet-
ter results than they did before obtaining the bees.
Mr. W. W. Ransom, of Boston, Mass., who has a large number of
green-houses, seven of which he devotes to the raising of cucumbers
in winter time, could not do this without the help of the bees, he hav-
ing a colony of bees in each green-house.
Peter Henderson, in the Hand Book of Plants, says in regard to
the growing of cucumbers, especially under glass, that this is accom-
plished only by artificial fertilization.
It has been observed that where bees are kept near fruit-trees that
it frequently happens that in a wet or cool time during fruit bloom
there would bea short spell when it would be favorable for the bees
to be out, and the trees near the bees would set their fruit, while the
trees located farther away, even in the same orchard, would have no
fruit.
In the matter of clovers, there have been tests made, and in one
instance where 20 heads were protected from the bees no seed set,
while 20 heads exposed to the bees had 2290 seed.
The only reason red clover has had no seed in the first crop here-
tofore has been that there were so few bumble-bees to work on the
bloom, as it is only the green bumble-bee that goes through the winter,
and as she has to produce a new lot of bees to be of much service to
the clover, and as she can only do soafter she is able to obtain nectar;
she has no young bees during the first bloom, but by the time the sec-
ond crop of clover comes on, there are large numbers of bumble-bees,
and they do the work well and thus cause the seed to set.
We now have Italian bees that often work on red clover.
We deem this sufficient to show the necessity of the bees to the
successful growing of fruit, and will not attempt nor tax your forbear-
ance to show the value and often great profits to be obtained in keep-
ing bees in obtaining honey and wax, aside from fruit-growing.
304 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Bees and Fruit.
By J. W. Rouse, Mexico, Mo.
It is sometimes charged that bees are injurious to fruit-growing—
especially to grapes.
Bees do sometimes work on grapes in a dry time, that is, when
nectar is scarce; but bees can only work on grapes after some bird or
some other insect has cut the skin, or the grape has become over ripe
and the skin has cracked or bursted.
It is sometimes charged that the bees cut through the skin of the
grape themselves, but such is not the case, as they have no cutting or
biting apparatus whereby they can cut or puncture the sound skin of
the grape. The mandibles of the honey-bee are so constructed that
while they can extract the nectar from flowers, they have no cutting
edges.
The wasps, hornets and yellow-jackets do have cutting edges like
saw-teeth on their mandibles, so that they can and do cut the skin of
the grapes, and the bees follow them up and finish the work they have
commenced, and thus often save what might go to waste.
Dadant & Son, of Hamilton, Illinois, who are large apiarists and
also grape-growers, on one occasion, when taking in their grapes,
found the bees working on the grapes very much. After removing all
the grapes under cover except one bunch for experiment, the bees
covered the bunch and worked on the grapes for several hours. It
was found in the evening, after the bees had left, that they had not
been able to cut through the skin of a single grape.
Mr. I. P. Israel, of Olivenhaim, California, who is an apiarist and
raisin-grower, says he is glad to have the bees work on the raisins so
as to get all the unsound or injured fruit removed.
In a test made by Professor McLain of the United States Experi-
ment station (see Report of 1885), with 30 different varieties of grapes,
and after making tests in every conceivable way, such as nearly stary-
ing the bees and then giving them grapes, and even after pouring both
syrup and honey over the grapes, the bees taking the syrup and honey ©
greedily, in no case case could he induce the bees to cut through
the sound skin of a single grape. As Professor McLain had no ax to
grind he made a thorough test.
In a friendly newspaper controversy with a noted writer and well-
informed gentleman of my home city, this gentleman assumed that
the bees did cut through the skin of the grape, and in my reply I
MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 305
quoted some authority in the anatomy of the honey-bee, showing their
construction, etc. In this I quoted Professor A. J. Cook of the Agri-
cultural college, Lansing, Michigan, who is the author of the best work
on bees in the United States. Professor Cook was written to to find
if I had quoted him correctly, and in his reply he stated that I had,
and afterward stated that he was willing to stake his reputation as an
entomologist that bees do not cut through the sound skin of the grape.
Now we deem this sufficient on this point, only adding this much:
Even should they be able to cut sound fruit, and as they do sometimes
work on fruit, even then we cannot afford to do without them, as we
very much need them to grow other fruits besides the grape.
In all our experience, and in our work with the State Board of
Agriculture in their institute work over the State of Missouri for the
past four years, we have never yet met a single person that could suc-
cessfully contradict us in our statement that bees donot work on
‘sound fruit.
The Strawberry—Growing and Marketing.
ByS W. Gilbert, Thayer, Oregon County, Mo.
It has been truly said that the strawberry is the first fruit to ripen,
and comes to the table when the appetite in capricious, as a welcome
- visitor. So beautiful in form, color and fragrance, it is among fruits
what the rose is to flowers. In flavor so delicious, in healthfalness so
beneficial, that invalids gain strength while its season lasts. Straw-
berries, fully ripe and freshly picked from the vines, may be eaten at
every meal, in saucers heaped high like pyramids, and nourish the most
delicate stomachs.
The charm of the strawberry does not all end in the eating of it.
No fruit is so soon produced after being planted. It affords employ-
ment that is pleasant, easy and profitable for poor men with little
land; for old men with little physical strength; for women, boys and
girls who love to till the soil and delve in Mother Earth. So certain
to grow, equally sure to sell at paying prices, it is so suited to all soils
and climates, and its culture is so soon and bountifully rewarded by
big berries, that the exercise and joy of success bring with it health
and a good conscience.
Note also the labor whichis saved to the family indoors. No lard,
tough beef or dried apple pies to be manipulated and toasted in mid-
Summer over red-hot stoves. For the strawberry comes from the
garden to the table in the most tempting and presentable shape, none
H— 20
306 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
of the new sweeter varieties requiring much, if any, sugar or any other
condiments, to fit them to grace the table of the most fastidious.
Mr. Hale of Connecticut has said: “ No man should fool himself
into telling his wife that he has no time to bother with such small
trash as berries, but will buy all the family wants. He may not be
much ofa liar, but those of us who have so often heard that old chestnut
about buying all the berries the family wants, know that man is away
off. He never did and never will buy one-tenth part as many berries
as the family will consume, if he will give them all they can wallow in
right fresh from the home garden.” ‘
The right way to do is for each and every family in all this broad
land of ours, that has a rod or more of land, to grow enough for the
whole family. Every farmer should at least grow enough for his family
and a few of his friends. This will help give the boys a longing for
the old home, and not half as many young men will care to rush to our
cities as there are at the present time. The acreage can be gradually
increased until he shall have some for market to help buy the little
necessaries for the dear ones at home.
It will surprise some of my hearers the number of quarts of ber-
ries that can be grown in our country on an acre of land. This season,
1894, I sold nearly 11,500 quarts from one and three-fourths acres, and
they netted me nearly $1000.
I am just beginning to learn the first principles of berry-growing,
and I hope to be able, by proper feeding of my plants, within the next
few years to show that it is just about as easy to get twice this amount
of fruit, and sell it for ntore than twice this sum, as itis to grow and
produce the amount that Iam now doing.
Strawberries will thrive and do well on almost any soil and on
every slope. You cannot find a rocky hill or valley in the Ozarks that
will not produce a fair crop of berries without fertilizers, if properly
cultivated. Therefore, any one who owns land in this section can have
no good reason for not growing plenty of berries. Southern exposure
will produce early berries and a northern slope will give you later
ones.
I have found tbat new land, freshly cleared and thoroughly plowed,
grubbed and harrowed well, is the best ground for berries. Do not be
afraid to plow deep. If you can get your plow four feet into the
ground, so much the better. Do your plowing in the fall and winter,
so that the ground will have time to settle a little before spring. If
you do this work well, all that will be required in the spring will be to
harrow again, mark off and set your plants.
MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 307
It is well to put all the available plant food possible on your berry
bed. I buy all the manure I ean get, pile it up in the summer to rot,
pitching it over a time or two during the summer to let the weed seed
germinate, and apply to the rows late in the fall, when the ground is
very dry or frozen. Some growers object to applying manure directly
over the crowns, but so far I have not seen any bad effects with plants
treated in this way. A clover field may be plowed under and a crop
of potatoes taken from it, and then apply your manure and plow deeply
and you will be sure to get good results. Dried blood, I believe, will
make big berries, but the cost—$42 to $45 a ton—may not meet the
approval of many of us today. The cleanings of a lime-kiln, including
the wood-ashes, are good fertilizers. Ground bone applied just before
the plants are set isa good fertilizer, although we do not need one-
tenth the fertilizers here that they do in the Hast.
If you cannot get new ground to plant your berries in, it will be
best to cultivate the ground for at least one season in some hoed crop,
and be sure and not let a single weed go to seed.
In planting, I use a bull-tongue plow to mark the rows, marking
both ways as deep as possible. Plant in tae checks, so that the
crown of the plant will be just as near even with the surface of the
ground as possible. Firm the earth over the roots by stepping di-
rectly over the plant after it has its roots covered with earth, and then
draw a little loose earth over foot-print to hold the moisture. Place
your order now for plants, so that you can get them early in the spring,
and plant as soon as the ground can be worked. This is important,
so that your beds may be already established when the dry weather
comes next July and August, as now predicted by that grand man,
Rev. Ir] Hicks, of St. Louis.
I have tried summer planting twice, but have had poor success
with it and wouid not recommend it, unless you are prepared to irri-
gate.
Never let the weeds get a start, but cultivate before they can be
geen peeping through the ground. I use the Planet Jr. cultivator, and
think it is the greatest labor-saving cultivator ever made. In very
rocky ground and when the plants are small I usually take off all but
three shovels, when rows are close together, as this will prevent throw-
ing dirt or stones on the plants. Where ground is free of rock I
would recommend the Planet Jr. with ten or twelve small teeth, re-
versible, and the pulverizer attachment. The hoe is an instrument
that cannot well be dispensed with, and should be used frequently and
thoroughly, but be careful not to hoe deep.
308 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY.
One of the most important items of strawberry-growing is the
distance the plants are apart at fruiting time. I believe that six or
eight inches by one foot, in the matted-row system, will give as good
if not better results than to have them closer. It is easier to tell how
the plants should stand than to make them stand just that way. I
think that, as a rule, berry-growers are too much afraid of spending
money enough on their plantations to obtain best results.
The present season I counted 260 berries and blossoms on a
single plant that had plenty of room to show what it would doif given
a good chance. Evenif this plant would only mature fifty good, large-
sized berries, and that they would only fill one wine-quart box, who is
there before me today that would begrudge that plant even a square
foot of ground? The best and cheapest way that I know of to get
your plants six or eight inches by one foot is to set your plants three
by five feet and cultivate both ways, and keep all blossoms and run-
ners off the plants until they are well-established, good, strong plants,
and then only let four runners form on each plant. Train the first
two runners lengthwise of the rows, so that you will have a single row
of plants one foot apart in the rows and the rows five feet apart ; then
let each plant make two more runners and train at right angles to the
row, and let each one of these runners make two plants, and keep all
the balance of the runners pulled off.
This will insure you some very large, fine plants that will bear ber-
ries in piles instead of a few little stunned berries, a8 we often see in
matted rows where the plants stand not over one inch apart. The
great mistake that I have made has been in allowing plants to mat too
closely, but I intend to thin heroically in the future, and I expect that
every cent that I spend on my patch will be doubly repaid to me in
fine, large berries that will sell at the very highest market price.
Iam trying 10 acres in hill cultare this season, but am not sure
that this will pay better than the matted rows, if properly cultivated.
Will give you a report of them after the crop next spring.
Wherever the ground is of such nature that the frost will heave
plants out in the winter, or where they are planted on gound that will
spatter the berries with dirt during the berry or picking season, they
should be mulched with clean wheat straw, prairie hay or some other
substance that will lay up loose over the plants to keep them from
heaving, or from getting gritty. Many put on a great deal more mulch
than is necessary. A very thin layer of straw, thin enough so that you
can see the plants dimly, is plenty thick enough. You will not have to
remove it in the spring, but let the plants grow right up through it.
The soil on our hill lands in Oregon county was never yet known to |
MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 309
heave a stool of clover or a strawberry plant, and I do not deem it
absolutely necessary to mulch, as the soil does not spatter enough to
make any great difference. I have mulched a small part of my plant-
ings for the last five years, and do not know that it has ever paid me,
yet [intend to mulch a little this winter. If you wish to retard the
ripening of a part of your plant, you can accomplish this by a heavy
mulch after the ground is frozen, leaving it on until rather late in the
Spring.
If your ground is not naturally under-drained, it should be well
under-drained before planting. I believe that with a proper system of
sub-irrigation we can double the yield and returns of our crop each
year for a series of years, and I intend to have my plant under perfect
control, as far a8 moisture is concerned, in the very near future, when
I hope to give some startling results.
Strawberry plants are divided into two general classes, known as
staminates ( perfect) and pistillates (imperfect). These terms are well
understood by growers generally, but beginners may need to be told
that the staminate plants are those that carry their own pollen, and are
therefore perfect flowering, while blossoms of pistillates contain no
pollen, and require the aid of a staminate variety before they will pro-
duce perfect fruit. There are one or two exceptions to this general
tule. The pollen is carried to the pistillates by the wind and insects,
hence the good results from a goodly number of bees in connection
with the strawberry. Wet, damp and cool weather at blooming time
may interfere with a proper distribution of pollen and cause a crop of
imperfect fruit, and possibly a total failure.
There are hundreds of varieties that are extensively advertised by
the different nurseries throughout the country, and the beginner may,
after looking over a dozen catalogues, be so bewildered that he will
not know what to order, for every one of them will claim some half a
dozen varieties are the best in the world to plant, and possibly no two
of the whole catalogued list will be alike. From my own experience
from varieties tested on the “ Flint hill,” 1 would recommend the fol-
lowing staminates for this section of the country: Captain Jack,
Comet, Parker Earle, and for extra late the Gandy; pistillates—Cres-
cent, Warfield, Speece, Greenville and Shuster’s Gem. The list that
has received the most votes from a large number of’ growers from all
parts of the country is Bubach, Warfield, Haverland, Lovett and
Parker Earle. Bubach, I think, is too soft for a good shipping berry,
- and the Haverland often rots at the tip end, especially if we have very
much rain during the ripening season.
310 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Perhaps the following fifteen varieties will give you something out
of the lot that will be just what you want on your particular soil, so
that after testing them all in a small way you will kaow just what to
grow commercially: Pearl, Gandy, Haverland, Saunders, Bubach,
Crescent, Greenville, Parker Earle, Warfield, Leader, Muskingum,
Lovett, Brandywine, Speece and Shuster’s Gem. For this particular
section I do not think too much praise can be given the Speece, Comet,
Greenville and Shuster’s Gem, for shipping as well as very productive
varieties.
It is said that the plant indicates by its leaf what is the shade of
color, size, shape and quality of the berry. The lighter the color of
the leaf the lighter the color of the fruit. The leaf also indicates the
size of the berry. Anirregular berry is indicated by an irregular leaf.
Leaves on the same plant will vary considerably, no two being exactly
alike, but their general form will be the same. Also the relative pro-
ductiveness of different varieties can be told by the number of serra-
tures_or saw-teeth on the leaf. The greater the number of serratures
the greater the number of berries will be produced on an individual
plant.
Circumstances must be taken into consideration whether we take
the second crop off of a plantation or not. Many think that it is
cheaper to plant a new bed than to try to renovate and cultivate for a
second crop. If you decide to grow the second crop, plow two fur-
rows on top the matted row, let lie a few days and then harrow length- —
wise and then crosswise until dirt is all worked well inte the rows. It
is important to do this work immediately after the first crop of fruit is
removed.
Picking and marketing the fruit is the business end of the whole
work. Few of us grow berries for pleasure, and to get money out of
the crop takes careful study and watchfulness. Almost any one can
grow and market berries at home, but when you are growing for a
distant market, the berries must be picked carefully by the stem and
laid into the box without handling the berry. Have your overseers
see that no picker handles more than one berry at a time, and only
handles it by the stem. If the gloss is broken the berry will soon sour
and decay. The fruit should always be put in new, clean packages,
never using a box the second time. You should pick every red berry
every day, and not allow them to get too ripe. We have had a few
days each year when we pick the patch over twice in twenty-four
hours. Round the boxes up as full as you can get them without mash-
ing when one box is set on top of another. Green leaves put on top
of the crate before nailing the cover on is a great help in shipping long ©
" MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 31LL
distances. I do not look to the large cities for a market, but hunt up
a good lively grocer in each town where I wish to ship, and treat him
so nicely and give him such nice fruit that once a customer, always a
~ customer, will be the rule and not the exception.
The commercial grower must not only work with his hands, but
must work with his brain. Not a single day in the year can pass the
successful berry-grower without his giving the business thought and
study. He must have all his plans laid and a definite line of action to
pursue long before the time comes to do the work.
The principal requisites for commercial strawberry-growing are
money, brains, spunk, gumption, perseverance, a genuine love for the
business outside of the money question, and an indomitable will that
never knows defeat, a good, stiff backbone and an honest heart.
What Plums Will it Pay to Grow?
Jacob Faith, Montevallo, Mo.
Some of our members may remember at our State meeting at
West Plains, in discussing the plum, that I said I was alarmed at hav-
ing plum-trees in my apple orchard; but now I am satisfied that plum-
trees are profitable in an apple orchard, both for fruit and insect
destroyers. I have noticed my apples that grow within 150 feet of
the plum-trees are most free from worms.
Why farmers and hog-raisers do not grow plums for their hogs I
cannot understand, when one acre of plums produces more hog-feed
than three acres of corn, and with less than one-half the labor. They
- ripen at a time when corn is scarce and when hogs need a change of
food. That plums will produce from the seed the same as the parent
tree is a mistake, for I have tested over 100 of them and not one was
like the parent tree.
About 17 years ago I planted 60 wild plum-trees; 40 of them were
budded on seedling peach-trees and 20 of them were grafted on seed-
ling peach-roots. The budded trees commenced dying at six years old
and now they are all dead. The 20 grafted trees soon grew on their
own roots, and about half of them are yet alive and healthy.
A plum-tree thus grafted will throw out sprouts, and I prefer such
sprouts to grafted or budded trees. Also with the Early Richmond
cherry the same is true. The sprouts are worth more than any buds
or grafts. It is true that a plum grafted upon peach-root will begin to
bear earlier; but the sprouts will make the longest-lived and healthiest
trees.
312 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Plum-trees get their growth in about eight years. I prefer to plant
them 12x18 feet. Trees budded or grafted on peach should have the
same treatment as peach-trees, and be planted on soil suitable for peach.
On the plum-root they will succeed on lower land. The trees do not
need much pruning, much more than the cherry, but nearly as muchas
the peach. The pruning should be done while the trees are small.
My experience in testing new varieties of plums and seedlings has
proven unprofitable. I believe more failures have been made in the
planting of plum-trees than any other tree, because the person has
not been posted on what varieties to plant, to make money out of
them, and the varieties suitable to this latitude and such variety as will
fertilize themselves.
Caddo Chief is the first to ripen, but late frosts often kill them;
they are too small for market.
"The Wild Goose ripens three weeks later and is the most profitable
of all varieties. Miner and Weaver are much like the Wild Goose
and are profitable. Crimson Beauty is about two weeks later and is
one of the best bearers I have. It is somewhat smaller than Wild
Goose, but better for preserves. Brown’s Lateisashy bearer. Golden
Beauty is one of the latest to ripen and is less subject to the attacks
of the curculio than any of them. It is a great bearer and liable to
over-bear, and is liable to crack open after a rain, like the Janet apple.
Blue Damson is ashy bearer; Marianais a failure. Abundance has not
been bearing long enough with me to speak positively, but I think it
has come ito stay.
A great many other varieties have been tested, but I have found
no value in any of them.
Experience has taught me to plant not only plum but apple alsoin
alternate rows so they will be sure to be well fertilized. I believe the
mixture of pollen is just what they need, and often rains interfere with
the spreading of the pollen and so it is a good plan to have vane
mixed so that one may help to fertilize the other.
THE CURCULIO.
I have done very little of it myself, but have watched my neigh-
bors closely ; it should be done as soon as the bloom drops.
I prefer jarring in the early morning and let the hogs eat up the
fallen fruit. They soon learn to follow me as I jar each tree and
quickly eat the plums. They destroy ten times as many insects in the
plum asin theapple. Saw off a limb to have the stub to strike against.
Where hogs and poultry are not allowed in the orchard, the plums
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MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. ole
should be picked up every day ortwo. The curculio remains in the
plum about nine days after the plum drops.
I believe no tree needs more the study of the horticulturist than
the plum, and no tree has received as little attention.
Horticulture in Missouri.
By E.S. Pollard, Olden, Mo.
Horticulture in Missouri is a topic that would require volumes»
were it thoroughly treated in all its details, and I will not attempt,
in the brief space of one short paper, to cover the field that is opened
by this subject.
I have been engaged in this department of industry but a few
years, and my opportunities for observation have been limited; but I
will give you a few thoughts, as they have impressed themselves upon
me as I have looked about to see what Missouri is doing in this line.
We are all proud of the showing that our State has made in the last
few years, and the recognized position she has taken as a fruit state.
The products of our orchards and vineyards are gaining more and
more of a reputation each year, and now we are credited with being
the third state in the Union in the production of grapes and wine, and
yet when we see car after car and even train-loads of grapes coming
into our market from other states, what does it mean ?
Apples, peaches, pears, plums, cherries and other fruits also from
other states are finding markets right here among us.
Why is this? Cannot we grow these fruits successfully ? Have
we not a soil and climate in this big State of ours, covering 65,000
square miles of territory, that will produce the fruits to as great per-
fection as any other spot on the continent? Of course we have. The
honors that our State Horticultural Society has carried off at all our
great expositions in recent years have demonstrated that our fruits can-
not be excelled. Are these same fruits not profitable? I can point to
instances where our peach orchards made us $300 per acre at four
years old; where Wild Goose plums made a half bushel on three-year-
old trees ; where a two-acre apple orchard that had beey neglected for
years, and containing a promiscuous assortment of varieties planted
mainly for family use, made its owner $400 clear money; where straw-
berries have made $400 net;per acre, and four-year-old pear trees nade
one bushel of fruit per tree; nine-year-old cherry trees produced three
cases to the tree and sold at $2.00 per case.
314 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Are these not profitable returns? And yet there are numerous
instances where the profits have been even two or three times as
great as these I have mentioned. Why isit, then, that our people do not
grow more fruit? Why not enough for home consumption, at least ?
You can travel through some parts of our State over our railways
for hundreds of miles and never see an orchard larger than is necessary
for family use, and even very few of these.
Our people do not fully realiza our resources and advantages in
this line, although our State Horticultural Society, with al! her local
and county societies, is doing a grand work in giving instruction and
pointing out profitable lines of work; yet it has a wide field for useful-
ness in this direction.
In conversation with a gentleman not long ago on the subject of
cherries, he told me that they had not failed in his part of the State
more than once in four or five years, and that he believed there was no
place in the whole country better adapted to growing cherries than
his county.
He told me of trees that had produced four and five cases of twenty-
four quarts in a season; but when I asked him why he did not plant.
forty acres, he looked at meas though he doubted somewhat my mental
equilibrium. :
What we want to learn to do is to plant that crop that is adapted
to our particular soil, climate and surrounding conditions.
Where we have these in our favor and know that we can produce
a certain crop successfully, then plant it, and plant it extensively.
Herein lies the secret of the success of the peach-growers of the
Chesapeake peninsula, the grape-growers of New York and Ohio, the
small fruit-growers of Southero Illinois and the prune and orange
growers of California.
When we of Missouri adopt and follow this plan, and plant these
different fruits on a commercial scale and in the respective parts of the
state best adapted to such crops, then will horticulture in Missouri
become famous and profitable in proportion as we combine the princi-
ples of science, business, good common sense and energy in its prose-
cution.
Many fear lest we shall overdo the business and be unable to find
markets for our products, while the fact is that it is only by the pro-
duction of a crop in large quantities that we can find a market.
It is the only means by which we can secure quick and cheap
transportation. Another advantage is that it makes us independent of | :
commission-men, which is no small consideration in itself.
MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. - 315
’ Just as soon as any particular locality gets its reputation fora
certain product, you will always have buyers to take your produce and
pay you a remunerative price for it.
Howell county, with her thousands of acres of young peach and
apple orchards, will in a few years, no doubt, enjoy the best shipping
facilities and get the best prices for her orchard-products of any county
in the State, from the very consideration I have just referred to.
Horticulture in Missouri, yet in its infancy or in its formative
period, and like the tiny plantlet, as it raises its tender stem from the
soil and unfolds its delicate leaves in succession, under the influence
of the sunshine and the gentle showers, until beneath its spreading
branches the weary travelers may rest and enjoy the lusciousness of
its falling fruit, so may Missouri’s tree of horticulture, rooted in a
fertile and productive soil, expand and develop until its sturdy
branches shall drop their refreshing fruits at the feet of the hungry
millions in all the great cities of this nation and of the world.
Purchasing Nursery Stock.
By J.C. Evans, Harlem, Mo.
Purchasing nursery stock at the present time requires more care
than it has done at any other time in the history of the country; not
thas there are any more unreliable nurserymen now, nor that there are
any more unprincipled tree peddlers than formerly, but there are
various diseases and insect enemies attacking the orchards, nurseries
and vineyards of America that were not known a few years ago. The
oyster-shell bark-louse and the San Jose scale are abroad in the land,
and are liable to be transplanted into our orchards at any time, and
once established, it is a very difficult matter to get rid of them.
It was thought fora long time that neither of these pests could
withstand the rigors of our winter climate, but instances prove plainly
the contrary. Of these pests we yet know but little, but we do know
and we are advised by scientists, that when a tree or plant is found to
be covered with either of them, that the best thing is to take it out
and burn it. Itis, I believe, generally conceded that the San Jose
scale is the more formidable of the two enemies, but it is sufficient for
us to know that either of them will sap the life out of a tree or plant,
or an entire orchard, if allowed to get a start andlet alone.
There are various remedies recommended for their destruction,
but until we have had some experience we are not prepared to say
which is best, or whether any are thoroughly reliable.
316 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY.
The crown borer is also a formidable enemy of the nursery and
orchard. The egg may have been deposited in the tree in the nursery,
and if transplanted to the orchard will be sure death to the tree if not
looked after and taken out before or soon after planting. Itis better
not to buy trees that are so affected, and it requires a very close in-
spection to detect them.
Some nurseries are, however, entirely exempt from them, while
others are very much troubled with them.
The woolly aphis is another enemy to both’nurseries and orchards,
and, while it is not so formidable as some others, it is best to avoid it.
It is often the case, especially after such a winter as we are having,
that nursery stock is found to have been seriously injured by extreme
cold. A yearling peach-tree in the nusery may have been 80 damaged
that it will die to the ground, and yet, without close inspection at plant-
ing time, might not be discovered, especially by one who is not in the
habit of handling small trees.
Some varieties of all other stone fruits as well as the peach are
thus tender and liable to the same trouble. So, with all these things
to contend with, one must deal with reliable nurserymen, or be an ex-
pert himself or suffer loss and disappointment.
In purchasing nursery stock, if one knows just what he wants and
is a judge of the article, it is best to go to the nearest reliable nursery
and make his selections. If he is nota competent judge of what he
wants, in kind and quality, then he should consult those who are and
have a proper list made out, and send his order and trust to the nur-
seryman to fill it properly.
It is best in all cases to go or send your order to the nearest re-—
liable nursery; know what you want, and take nothing else. Some
nurserymen will try to make you believe you want a long list of varie-
ties but remember it is their business to sell everything and yours to
buy what you want.
I met a neighbor lately, who has a feel of 160 acres and a family
consisting of wife and five small children. After talking with him
about the weather, the crops, and asking him about his family, know-
ing that he had not a single fruit tree or plant on his place, except a
few old Morello cherry trees in a neglected corner of the yard, and that
itis a rare thing that his wife and children ever see any fruit, I took
from my pocket two fine specimens of apples (Ben Davis), and handed
them to him, saying, “ Take them to your folks,” and said “ Good day,”
and stated to move on, when he said to me: “Say, are you in a
hurry?” Ireplied: “No, if you have anything to say, I will wait.”
MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS, > OE
He said, “you have reminded me of something I have been prom-
ising my wife fora long time, and now, with your,help, I intend to carry
lepout.”
I said, “what is it that you need my help in?” “I am going to
plant some fruit in the spring, and I want you to tell me what to plant,
where to get it and how to plant it.”
I said to him, “you might have become possessed of all that infor-
mation long ago by becoming a member of the horticultural society,
_and ‘by this time had your fruit trees and plants all in bearing, and
further, your family would have had the pleasure of attending many of
our meetings, and you would all be ina position to appreciate the
fruits of your trees and plants the more.” I further said to him, “Sir,.
for the sake of your wife and children I will give you the information,
but you do not deserve any sympathy or help from any one.”
But I started out to tell you how to buy nursery stock, and might
have done it just as well without talking about my neighbor; but we
are told to “look after the widows and orphans,” and I offer this as my
apology for the slight digression, hoping this may be the means of in-
ducing others, like my neighbor, to provide for the better health, com-
fort and pleasure of their families.
Fruit Growing.
By F. M. Brown, Jefferson City, Mo.
It is not intended in this article, as its title would seem to imply,
to discuss the methods of planting, cultivating and marketing the vari-
ous kinds of fruits, or of any particular variety, but rather to speak of
the adaptability of the soil and climate of Cole county to the success-
ful culture of fruits, and especially of the arbereous or tree fruits, the
advantages of transportation and proximity to markets, and the remu-
nerative features of the business.
The growing of small fruits in this locality has long since passed
beyond the stage of experiment, large quantities of strawberries, rasp-
berries and blackberries of the finest quality having been grown here, .
and strawberries particularly, shipped to distant markets and sold at
prices satisfactory to the growers.
While, perhaps, so much cannot be said of the various tree fruits, .
few, if any, commercial orchards having been grown in this county,
still it has been Gemonstrated that apples, pears, peaches, plums and
- cherries will yield large crops of excelent fruit, and there is every
reason to believe that if people wouid engage extensively in the grow-
318 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
ing of these and other fruits, it would bring into use much untilled and
otherwise untillable land, to their great pecuniary gain.
It seems to be agreed among orchardists that the best, as well as
the cheapest, lands for the cultivation of tree fruits are the wooded
bluffs and hills along our streams and the uplands of similar soils that
lie between them. Cole county is possessed of these in greater extent
and variety, perhaps, than any other county of the state. The Missouri
river extends along its northern boundary a distance of thirty miles,
the Osage river for a like distance along its eastern and southeastern
borders, while the Moreau flows midway between them. These streams
and their tributaries form many beautiful and fertile valleys, skirted by
‘
hills and bluffs of greater or less elevation, stretching away in many
places into extents of table-land sufficiently undulating to afford excel-
lent drainage. Whether viewed from the standpoint of the scientific
and expert orthardist, or in the light of the limited practical experi- a
ments of the past, it may safely be said that almost the whole of the
240,000 acres comprising the area of Cole county is well adapted to the
growth of all of the fruits known to this latitude. These lands may be
bought at prices ranging from $5 or less to $50 an acre, there being
many tracts of land not suited to the general tillage that would make
fine orchard sites and grow the best of fruit, that could be bought for
less than the mimimum price named.
In addition to these facts, the excellent transportation facilities
enjoyed by this county commend it in the highest degree to the fa-
vorable consideration of the commercial orchardist and fruit-grower.
As already stated, the Missouri and Osage rivers border the county on
two sides for an aggregate distance of sixty miles, both of which are
navigable during a large part of each year, furnishing cheap and easy
transportation for the products of the orchard and the farm. The Mis-
souri Pacific railroad passes through the entire width of the county from —
east to west, giving rapid transit to St. Louis and Kansas City,and thence,
to the markets of the world. The Lebanon or Southwestern branch of
the Missouri Pacific railway runs a distance of twenty-five miles south-
westerly through the county, and the Chicago & Alton and Missoari, —
Kansas Texas railroads, on the north side of the Missouri river
afford transportation directly to Chicago and points east, west and —
southwest.
{t becomes apparent, therefore, that if the cultivation of the
arboreous fruits can be made profitable anywhere, it can be made so —
here in Cole county. It cannot be doubted that it has proved remu-
nerative where intelligently engaged in under favorable conditions of
soil and climate, bringing not only good returns for labor bestowed
i
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MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 319
and upon capital invested, but in many instances affording comforta-
ble incomes to the producers.
It is not believed that the business is now overdone, or that, even
in the near future, intelligent effort will not be rewarded with reasona-
ble success, notwithstanding the millions of trees that are annually
being put, and the new and extensive areas that are being planted. It
is not probable that the price of apples will average in the future as
high as in the past, but with the problem of cheap transportation
solved in favor of the fruit-grower, we will in all likelihood not see the
day when that kind of fruit culture which is productive of the best re-
sults will not be a paying business.
Itis to be hoped that with the great advantages which this county
possesses as a fruit-growing section, there wili not be wanting those
who have both the means and the skill to engage largely in the enter-
prise of growing feuit for the market, for the advancement of not only
their own personal interests, but the promotion and enhancement of
the prosperity and wealth of the whole country. To accomplish such
satisfactory results, there must be brought to the business that enter-
prise and those methods that wouid insure success in other vocations.
Special adaptability and skill, with no small share of practical as well
as scientific information, is needed, but not in greater degree, perhaps,
than would accomplish the highest and bes tresults in other directions,
and compel saccess in these times of hard conditions and strong com-
petition in every avenue of employment. With the prices of our
cereals and live-stock depressed almost beyond the point of profitable
production, it would seem the part of wisdom, in consideration of the
adaptability of our soils and climate to the successful cultivation of
fruits, and the superior advantages which our Jocality possesses for the
cheap transportation of the products of our orchards to the markets
of the country, that we turn our attention more to fruit-growing, and
it is to be hoped that ina few years our hills and slopes may be
crowned with thrifty, prosperous and profitable orchards.
* Pollenization.”
By Joseph Kirchgraber, Springfield, Mo.
The above subject, assigned me by the Executive committee, is
rather a complicated one, but, nevertheless, the most important and
essential in nature, for without thezproper fertilization there would be
no fruits. How many tillers of the soil;know anything about this, the
320 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
most important fact in nature’s desiga for the perpetuation of species ?
In looking at nature we all can see the fruits or grains and seeds as
they are produced on the tree or plant, but few persons know why
these things come about, and how.
It is sometimes amusing to hear persons express their astonish-
ment when told of the sexes in the flowers of the strawberry or other
fruits—they never heard of such things. To the student of botany all
these facts seem very simple and plain, and in order to fally under-
stand the meaning of fertilization, we have only to examine the various.
blooms on trees and plants; the most casual observer will see there
exists a difference in the constraction or formation of the arrange-
ments of the blossoms.
What is fertilization? The reproductive function by which the
action of the pollen renders the ovule fertile. The essential organs of
the flowers, whether on fruit-trees, shrubs or plants, are the stamens
and the pistil, the latter containing the seeds or germs of young plants,
and corresponding to the female, while the former produces a powder
necessary for fecundation, and is looked upon as performing the part of
the male. The presence of both is required in order that perfect seed
may be produced. A flower may have a calyx and corolla, but it will
be imperfect if the essential organs are not present. There are a num-
ber of plants that have both the sexual organs, and are called her-
maphrodites or bi-sexual, as some of the varieties of strawberry, while
some are purely staminate, or male, and others pistillate, or female ;
and in order to obtain a crop of fruits they must be fertilized, which
operation is performed by the wind, bees or other insects. The rasp-
berry and blackberry belong to the same class of plants. Very often
one can see berries not fully developed or filled out. This is caused
by imperfect fertilization.
Fruit-trees generally have an abundance of both sexual organs,
and fertilization is performed by the wind blowing the pollen on the
pistil or female, or carried by the bees or other insects. If all climatic
conditions are favorable, then perfect fertilization takes place; should
there be much rain at blooming time, or very severe wind-storms, the
fertilization is prevented, the pollen washed away, or bees and other
insects fail to aid us. Our almost total loss of an apple crop for the
last two years was mainly due to too much rain at the time of blooming.
Some one made the remark, whether it would not be better to plant ~
the different varieties of apples in alternate rows, in order to secure
more perfect fertilization, than to plant large orchards of one variety;
but I doubt whether any good would result, as both sexes or repro-
ductive organs are abundantly provided for on the same tree. It would
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MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 321
do no good to plant Early Harvest next to Geniting, Ingram or North-
ern Spy, as there is a big difference in their blooming time, and, there-
fore, would be no benefit as to pollenization. There are some plum
trees that produce no fruit at all, unless other varieties are planted
near them, from the fact that the flowers are all staminates; there are
other instances where there is no fruit produced; in the wild grape I
noticed this condition frequently; the bloom is unisexual, where only
one of the reproductive organs exists. Some years a tree may bloom
very abundantly and not produce fruit or seeds, as in the hard maple;
I noticed one season all male bloom, and, therefore, no seed; the next
season both sexual organs were abundant, and perfect fertilization and
a large crop of seed resulted. The fertilization of the evergreens is,
effected by the wind; the pollen is very abundantly produced, and by
the slightest breeze, clouds of yellow dust fall, and are often carried
many miles. I notice in Norway spruce, the cones are only produced
on the topmost branches and the pollen on the lower; in this instance
the pollen can not fall on the pistillate, and fertilization is effected by
the agency of insects. In the firs the conditions seem reversed.
Nature is a wonderful study, and her ways for the perpetuation of
species are as varied as is the vegetable kingdom. Insects doubtless
perform an important part in the fertilization of flowers, for on exami-
nation a number of plants will be found to bear flowers manifestly
adapted for insect visitation, not to mention the Orchid family, which
Darwin observed so closely and has described so minutely. The curi-
ous genus of plants, Stapelia, is fertilized solely by the larve of a fly,
generally the common “blue-bottle.” This fly, attracted by the offen-
sive odor of the flower, lays its eggs as far as it can in the tube of the
corolla. These eggs hatching, the larve they produce come in con-
tact with the pollen granules, which adhere to them, and which they
carry to the pistil, and thus fertilize them. As a rule, flowers possess-
ing much fragrance and secreting nectar, and those of gay colors, are
more or less dependent on insect agency. The squash, pumpkin and
cucumber are fertilized by a small fly. One can see these little crea-
tures fairly roll in the pollen of the bloom, and thus become useful to
man. How-many farmers have ever examined the silks on the young
ear of corn? Every thread is a hollow tube, and represents the em-
bryo grain of corn; in other words, the silks are the reproductive
organs, or female. Now, unless the pollen from the male flower, or
tassel, comes in contact with the end of the thread-like tube, there is
no grain formed. Many more such instances could be mentioned, but
this article becomes too lengthy. Perfect fertilization is absolutely
H—21
322 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
necessary for the production of abundant crops. The pradent fruit-
grower can assist very materially the increase of his crops by the
proper selection of trees and plants, those which contain the essential
parts for perfect fertilization. The mysteries of nature are truly won-
derfal and sublime, and how little man knows about them.
Rural Home Attractions.
By Walter Barker, Jefferson City.
I wish to say before opening my mouth, that up to the present
moment I have never tried to read a manuscript in public; and, there-
fore, I hope you will ‘not view me with a critic’s eye, but pass my im-
perfections by.” For you know “it is human to err” and has been ever
since old Adam and Eve, the first fruit-growers, made the fatal mistake
of plucking and eating the forbidden fruit, for the sin of which they
were driven from the beautiful garden of Eden, and the tree of life
was guarded by a flaming sword, lest man should return, eat of its
fruit and live forever. And the history of our race in all ages of the
world records the many sins and mistakes of the very best and wisest
men in all professions of life. Then let us accept this old world as we
find it, with all its imperfections, and go to work in earnest for the ad-
vancement of mankind.
“In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat, bread,” was the dictum
of the Almighty early in man’s eareer; it still prevails, and will so long
as man inhabits the earth. This means that the bread we eat will only
be obtained by effort. True, there are some who seem only to have
to open their mouths and they are filled; but still the fact remains that
the vast majority of mankind have to put forth their best efforts
throughout their careers to get enough to eat, and sometimes that
almost fails. All efforts then to advance the race must take these
facts into consideration. Hence it is, believing as I do that mankind
is to be elevated and advanced very materially through the intellectual
development of our agricultural classes, and that a result of educa-
tion should be to strengthen us for the battle for bread, that I take the
position that the principles of agriculture and horticulture should be
made a part of our public school instruction, particularly in those at-
tended largely by farmers’ children, who are to become the future
farmers and farmers’ wives. There are over 400,000 children attending
the country schools of Missouri, very few of whom but will be obliged
to literally eat bread in the sweat of their faces, and that too in con-
MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 323
nection with agriculture. Should they not be taught those things
which will enable them to most successfully earn bread to eat. Cer-
tainly, you say; and is not that the result of educationas given? Let
us see.
Among the things usually taught in our common schools are ability
to read from the printed page, to spell, to write with a pen, to analyze,
parse and construct sentences, to name the capitals of states, the rivers
that flow into the Atlantic ocean, recite the multiplication table, and
possibly extract square root. All of these accomplishments are very
desirable and should not be neglected, and it must not be understood
for a moment that I decry the need of instruction in the subjects usually
taught in our public schools. There must be thorough instruction in
these; but before agriculturists shall become an educated class in the
technical part of their business, this work must be made a means to
that desired end, and not an end in itself, simply as that much done
toward making lawyers, ministers, doctors, etc., worthy and needful as
these professions are.
I think it is unfair that the system of instruction followed most
generally in our country schools should be such that whenever the
ambition to succeed to win wealth or fame is aroused in our country
boys and girls, it is in the direction of some calling other than that of
their parents. In the majority of cases the teachers in our country
schools are young men and women who are teaching as a means to an
end entirely distinct from their present employment, and from that of
their school parents. Particularly is this true of the male teachers.
Many. of them are embryo lawyers, doctors, etc., and naturally are
looking forward to the time when, without question, they will stand at
the top of their chosen profession. Looking as they do through glasses
ofa particular color, and in one direction, it is impossible that they
should not cause the young minds under their direction and control to
imbibe some of their views. So that, as year after year these different
special advocates bring their influence to bear on the children during
their most impressionable age, the inevitable result is the-awakening
of a strong desire in the breasts of most of the pupils to get away from
the farm home ( which too oftenis a cheerless one ) to the city, where,
the teacher tells them, fame and fortune are to be won.
It has not been many years since people who lived in cities and
towns supposed themselves to be the sole representatives of all edu-
cation, refinement, general intelligence and wit of the universe.
Individuals even thought that if they were called upon to “ shuffle
off this morial coil,” “wisdom would die with them.” They could not
realize that occasionally the rural districts nurtured men and women
324 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY.
who were in every respect the equals, and sometimes the superiors, of
anything a city could produce; and they looked with a supreme and
lofty contempt, and spoke with scornful indifference of all who lived
on farms, delved in the soil, planted orchards, and dwelt literally as.
well as figuratively ander their own sweet potato vines and cucumber
trees. While the fact in the case is that were it not for the farm homes
from which to draw fresh blood and brains in the bright boys and
girls that go from them to add luster to the so-called learned profes-
sions and commercial ranks, and make good the losses resulting from
the debilitating influences of city degeneracy would soon appear.
Another great mistake made by farmers is the neglect to provide
the family with good and useful reading matter. The compound inter-
est of happiness, general intelligence and increased usefulness of every
member of the family by reason of this is beyond price. It is the very
poorest kind of economy to starve the brain and stint the growing
curiosity of the youthful mind.
And even the newspapers used to play their part against the best.
interests of the farm homes by publishing all sorts of views and queer
practices ascribed to farmers, by which no one was so much surprised
as the farmer himself, to learn that he had entertained such views or
conducted business in such manner; and it would be hard to tell what
some of them would do to fill their colums even now if they were de-
barred from discussing the farmer and his ways and means. There is.
no subject that I know of that is more valuable to help some of them
tell what they don’t know. The world-renowned Horace Greeley once
wrote a book which he named “What I Know about Farming.” If he
had written one more and labeled it “ What I Don’t Know about.
- Farming,” it would have been the biggest book on record.
But I am glad that it is a noticeable fact that public opinion is fast
changing in favor of the farm home. I think in a few more short |
years it will actually become fashionable to be a farmer. Some of our ,
United States Senators are now calling themselves farmers. Of” 4
course they are not, but it shows in which direction public opinion is.
drifting, and not many years hence all the main traveled roads leading
to the best positions in the gift of the people will be filled with farmers
traveling toward the United States capital, and it will be wide-awake, ?
progressive, thoughtful and educated farmers who will “get there ;” none af |
other need apply. And instead of everything tending to drive or coax
the youth away from the farm home in order to satisfy his ambition to :
become a man of wealth, fame or notoriety, he will see and realize that
the farm is the stepping-stone not only to these, but to all the greatest. :
blessings and achievements of mankind.
MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 325
The world’s typical great men are those who have lived nobly and
truly while working for?others. Not he who is the most talked of by
the public or press, or by the world, but he who has done the most to
inspire in others a nobler manhood and womanhood. Not he who has
the largest bank account, but he whose bank account has done the
most helpful deeds for others. Character is more than achievement,
and he truly lives who, putting wealth of some sort into his life, brings
out of it for himself richness of character. To do and be and dare all
for humanity and the world is a noble privilege; and, beginning on the
farm, our influence may widen and deepen until the effect of our
character is felt to the ends of the earth. This is now and ever will be
the privilege of the farmer and his family, and in the evolution of
character which gives life to a great nation, our farmer boys and girls
will yet occupy the most brilliant positions in the world’s history.
Fertilization of Orchards.
By G. W. Hopkins, Springfield.
The question of fertilizers is one in which all who expect to reap
advantages from the products of the soil ought to feel a deep interest.
The time was when our land was new and soil virgin; it was not nec-
essary to give the subject of manuring our soil any thought whatever.
Nature had provided in the soil all the essential elements for the suc-
cessful growing of whatever kind of crops we might desire to produce.
But after long years of exhaustive cropping, without returning
anything to the soil, these elements have been materially reduced, and
the soil so impoverished in many cases as to no longer produce remu-
nerative crops.
All fruit-growers, farmers and tillers of the soil should have some
knowledge of the principles of chemistry (how few of us do). We
ought to be able to analyze both the soil and the plants, or trees, we
intend to grow.
If we have the analysis of our soil and know what the plant ob-
tains from the air, we can compare these with the analysis of the plant
and know with some degree of certainty what to apply to the soil.
Often certain elements are present, but are not in the proper com-
bination to be appropriated, and may be no more available than though
they were not in the soil at all. Too much of any one element of plant-
food is not only useless but often a detriment.
And now to the question: When shall we apply fertilizers to our
orchards? If the land is new, or of ordinary fertility, I don’t think it
326 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY.
necessary to apply manure at the time of setting, or, indeed, until they
come into bearing. Butif the soil is thin and impoverished, and we
expect to grow exhaustive crops, we must fertilize, or our trees will be
stunted and our crops will not pay for the caltivation.
I do not believe in a forced or hot-house growth in young trees, as
they are apt to go into winter quarters in an immature condition, and
are more apt to be killed or injured by the sudden blizzards we now —
so often have. I much prefer to have a slower and more healthy
growth. ;
I planted a small orchard last spring, consisting of apples, pears
and peaches.
The ground on which it was planted has been in cultivation for
25 years, and has never had a particle of manure applied to it. I have
Keiffer pear trees that made a new growth of 5} feet, and apples and
peaches a fine growth. But it must be understood that the ground
was thoroughly prepared, the trees well planted and well cultivated,
and this I believe is the key-note to the successful growth of young
trees.
After the trees have come into bearing, then they will need fertiliz-
ing, as they will have to perform the double function of developing
wood-growth, and perfecting the fruit. What kind of fertilizers shall
we use?
Barn-yard manure, together with wood ashes, is in my opinion the
best fertilizer you can possibly apply to an orchard.
Scientific investigation, as well as the experience of eminent men,
has demonstrated that this is about as near a perfect combination of.
plant-food as it is possible to obtain. Sometimes it may be necessary
to apply lime, but on most of our soil this is not needed.
How shall we fertilize ?
Always scatter broadcast over the entire orchard. This may be
done by the use of a manure spreader, or in the ordinary way by fork
and shovel. The plan of piling up manure around the base of the trees.
I strongly condemn. The little rootlets that absorb the plant-food
necessary to the growth of the tree and perfection of its fruit are
found away from its base, and hence do not receive the full benefit.
Aside from this, it is a harbor for mice and noxious insects.
I have now said suffieient to place this question befere you, and
hope in the discussion that may follow, many points will be brought
out on which I have not touched.
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MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 327
Orcharding for Profit.
By A. J. Davis, Jefferson City.
Orcharding for profit in Cole county or any other county depends
wholly on the man that undertakes to grow tree-fruits for profit. No
man need expect succeed in growing tree-fruits unless he gives
it his undivided attention and study; there are such countless num-
bers of insect pests, blights and various fungus diseases. all of which
have to be fought against to succeed, and one will have to study
and make himself familiar with each and every kind of enemy he has
to contend with. Varieties planted and location also come in for our
utmost care, for if varieties are chosen not adapted to our climate,
or, of poor market value, failure will result; thea pruning your trees,
or what is better, learn how to grow a tree so you will not have to
prune; and Jast, but by no means least, picking, packing and marketing
your fruit, require care and familiarity with the markets of the world.
Our county is especially adapted to growing of the apple, peach,
pears, plums and cherries, and if the right varieties are chosen and
proper care bestowed upon them after planting, fruit-growing undoubt-
edly will pay in Cole county much better than any of the ordinary farm
crops or stock.
Here is a statement from Mr. R. E. Bailey, of Callaway county. He
says, in 18801 planted a small orchard of Ben Davis apples, that has
already produced $250 worth of apples to the acre (this was in 791,
giving, 11 years from planting), an average of over $20 per acre, in -
cluding the five years of waiting; in no single year have these trees had
as good cultureasan ordinary crop of corn; three years they were not
touched at all. I believe it would be very easy to double this yield.
This (1891), these trees have made $70 per acre.
“My greatest mistake was in not planting 100 acres instead of 100
trees. My second mistake was in cultivating five-dollar oats, seven-
dollar hay and nine-dollar corn and wheat, and letting rabbits, mice and
weeds care for my orchard.”
All of our elevated ridge land is especially adapted to the growing
of the apple, peach, pear, cherry andiplum; although I do not believe
there is a section of land in Cole county where an orchard could not
be grown, and, if properly cared’for, pay much better than either wheat,
corn or oats. Trees on uplands grow slower, commence bearing
younger, and the fruit is of a finer appearance and better flavor than
when grown onourrich bottom lands. Our county is favorably located
328 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY.
for fruit-growing; the Missouri Pacific railroad passing as it does
through the northern part of the county, with a branch extending
through the county to the southwest from Jefferson City, assures us
quick and!cheap transportation for all our surplus fruits to the markets
of the great Northwest, where the climate is unfavorable to fruit
culture.
Let those who wish to engage in the fruit industry join our society
and attend our meetings, as well as those of the State Society, that we
may profit and learn by our past experience.
Care of Newly Planted Trees.
By A. J. Davis, Jefferson City.
Our worthy secretary has assigned to me the duty of preparing
a paper on this subject, and here it is. What I don’t know on this
subject would take a long paper to tell, but what little I do know can
be condensed into a very small space, as my experience, what little I
have had, has been almost exclusively confined to Cole county, and
within a distance of five miles of Jefferson ‘City. Perhaps it would
not be out of place to describe soil, lay of land and mode of trans-
planting. Soil formation is that which is usually found where the sec-
ond magnesian limestone forms the foundation, namely, mulatto soil
underlaid with a strata of clay intermixed with flint and sandstone,
with more or less iron; this in turn is underlaid with a strata of tough
clay entirely free from rock, and lying immediately on top of stratafied
rock. Lay of land slopes east, southeast and south; depth of soil
formation above stratified rocks varies from eighteen inches to four
feet. This in brief is the description of the land on which I planted
last spring 152 fruit trees.
TRANSPLANTING.
In March, 1873, that veteran horticulturist, Prof. A. A. Bloomer,
gave me my first lesson in transplanting trees, and I have followed
that plan ever since. I remove top-soil from about one yard square.
I then remove sub-soil so that the hole will be at least two feet deep,
throwing top-soil on one side of the hole and sub-soil on the other. I
then finely pulverize the top soil and shovel enough back into the cen-
ter of the hole, making a mound, so that the tree will stand about the
same depth as it grew in the nursery, or perhaps one inch deeper. I
then place a tree on top of this mound, having some one to hold the
tree in place. I take my hands and fill in among the roots finely pul-
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MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 329
verized soil, starting out and filling in between all fibrous rootlets, and
giving them a downward slant. After I have covered all the roots in
_.this way, I shovel in first the remainder of top-soil, and then finish fill-
ing the hole with sub-soil.
I never water or tramp earth around roots when transplanting; I
simply firm earth immediately around stem or body of tree with my
foot. I planted my young orchard in this way last spring with this
- exception: I did not get all of my tree holes dug two feet deep, from
the simple fact that in many places I struck solid rock at a depth of
18 inches. Trees were planted 16 feet apart each way. I cultivated
the entire orchard twice, running cultivator as near to trees as possi-
ble without injuring them, and using a steel-tooth garden rake to stir
soil where I could not get with cultivator; after cultivating the newly
set trees twice, I concluded to try the virtue of mulching on one row
of my trees. I placed mulching along entire row from east to west, to
the depth of about eight inches, and a width of about six feet, leaving
a space of about one foot square around tree which I kept plowed ; the
balance of orchard, in fact all the ground in orchard except the six-
foot strip where the mulching lay, I cultivated about five times each
month from April to August, and three times after August ; the culti-
vation was shallow, not exceeding two inches in depth. The trees that
I mulched did not grow or do as well as those that I cultivated; the
ground under the mulching became perfectly dry, while the ground
that I cultivated retained moisture the entire summer within two inches
of the surface, thus proving to my mind, at least for cur county and
soil, that oft-repeated shallow or surface cultivation is the best mulch .
one can possibly give young trees. I washed my trees every Monday
from April to June, and afterward twice a month up toand including
October, with a weak solution of alkali, and kept earth pressed firmly
around base of tree; have not been able to find a single round-headed
borer in any of my trees, and only about one dozen of flat-heads
where the beetles had deposited their eggs where the trees had been
injured. In starting the head of a young tree, I give apple from two
to three feet of body; peach from one foot to eighteen inches; this
gives one a better chance to get at the borer, which requires eternal
vigilance and continual warfare upon them to save your trees from
destruction.
330 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
¢
When Shall We Plant Small Fruit?
By H.H. Park.
There are many different opinions on the subject, but I prefer
spring planting for strawberries and raspberries, if the conditions are
favorable at that season. Still, if my ground was in readiness in the
fall, and good roots could be secured, I would improve fall setting,
rather than risk the delays which are so apt to interfere in the spring.
During our long and open autumns we usually have ample time for
thorough preparation of the soil, while in the spring frequent rains and
the usual rash of work often make thorough cultivation of the ground
impossible. The principal disadvantages against fall setting of straw-
berries seem to be a longer time to wage war against weeds, and the
danger that the frequent freezing and thawing during the winter may
injure the young plants which have had so little time to get established,.
but the latter difficulty may be prevented by mulching. In this climate,
however, there seems to be little danger of injury from this cause.
With blackberries, currants and gooseberries, I would advise fall
setting. These are less liable to be injured through the winter, and
the roots being well firmed, are ready to start early in the spring, making
larger plants the following season, thus being likely to bear more fruit
the succeeding year. If, however, it was in the spring of the year, I
should not wait until fall to set.
Where plants are wished, fall setting is preferable, especially those
varieties which are shy about sending out runners.
Do you intend raising small fruit for market? If you like the
work and are willing to give time and labor to secure best results, go
ahead and set out your plants spring or fall, as convenient; but if you
have no love for the work there is no best time in which to recom-
mend setting out a plantation of berries, for there is too much depend-
ing on faithful care and untiring energy. It was not chance which
gave our Secretary such fine strawberries this season to place on our
market. It was rather the study of the conditions needed to grow
fruit, both as to soil and varieties; and it is continued application on
a
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this line of work that brings in the cash, even when the market is.
over-stocked.
But do not delay from one season to another, to set out the familys
supply of small fruit, as well as that of larger growth. Plant out a
goodly sized strawberry patch, and numerous rows of blackberries,
raspberries, currants aud gooseberries, and take good care of them, 7 a
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MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 33L
whether you love the work or not. Do not deprive your family of
these luxuries which nature so freely lavishes on those who are willl-
ing to give thought and labor sufficient for the harvest.
Poultry and Horticulture.
M. J. Rountree, Springfield, Mo.
Until within the last few years, little or no effort was made toward
adopting such methods as would result in the improvement of farm
poultry. A few fanciers in some of the eastern states, by adopting
scientific and systematic methods, succeeded in producing some of the
best foundation stock that we have at this time. The Barred Plymouth
Rock, both single and pea-combed, and also the white, is the result of
a series of judicious crossings of the Black Java and old-fashioned
Dominique. This breed in all of its varieties has upon its own merits
fought its way to the front, and now bids fair to rival the Light
Brahma, which, up to this time, stands without a rival. The Silver-
laced Wyandotte is also a living witness of American art in the suc-
cessful application of such methods as succeed in solving the difficult
problem of judicious crossing. Butit is becoming more and more a
question as to the advisability of depending upon what are termed all-
purpose breeds for the greatest profits. The Spanish or Mediterra-
nean varieties (which, by the way, have been greatly improved by
American fanciers) are purely non-setters, and will produce more
eggs with less cost than any other variety.
The Minorea and the Hamburg are also non-sitters and are equally
good for layers, the Minorea having the merit of producing the largest
eges of all the so-called perpetual layers. But all these non-sitters re-
quire the most scrupulous care to keep them warm enough to enable
them to lay through the winter season. They are much better adapted
to a southern latitude than toa northern. It is the Asiatics in all of
their many varieties which flourish and develop into their finest forms,
and which produce the best results, in the northern latitudes. In
Canada and Manitoba the Brahmaand the Cochin areas fully developed
at eight months old as the same varieties are at twelve months old in
Southern latitudes. But the question for us to consider at this meet-
ing is, can poultry, in connection with horticulture, be made to pay?
That depends entirely upon the scientific and practical knowledge
brought to bear by the party engaged in the enterprise. Can horti-
culture alone be made profitable? The most casual observer can, in
many instances, find persons engaged in horticulture who fail signally.
332 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
The real horticulturist must bea man of indomitable courage. He
must be a man of intelligence and refined taste. He must be wellin-
formed in that line of horticulture in which he engages. He must
select his location judiciously as it relates to convenient roads to
market, and facilities for transferring manure to his grounds. His loca-
tion should be near some large city well provided with first-class rail-
road facilities. He should read the best horticultural papers, and if
he understands chemistry, geology, botany, and especially entomology,
all the better.
Now, the very same knowledge of all the scientific and practical
details of poultry lore should be understood by the man who combines
poultry-raising with horticulture. And whosoever undertakes to com-
bine the two enterprises will find that both require considerable capital
and almost indefinite work and vigilance. But if all the above con-
ditions are complied with, both may be made profitable.
Poultry raising is now divided into at least three different classifi-
¢ations or departments, viz.: poultry for broilers and grown birds for
bakers, etc.; poultry for eggs alone; and fancy poultry. The broiler
business with eggs as an incident has, when properly conducted, been
found quite profitable. Poultry for eggs alone is equally profitable, and
can be operated with less expense than any other department, from the
fact that layers eat less than any other variety. Fancy poultry is in
great measure an unknown quantity, and where it is known, it often--
times foots up out of proportion on.the debit side of the ledger. But
the reason of failure is mainly in the man or woman, and not in the
business as a profession, when properly understood and operated.
Fancy poultry-raising is a fine and exceedingly difficult art. The
man or woman who is to any appreciable extent color-blind, or deficient’
in size, form, or in discerning geometrical proportions, which means
symmetry, may succeed in raising fine specimens, but he or she will
never be able to inspect a flock of birds and select the best standard
specimens. But the most fruitful cause of failure is in the mistake so
often made of going to the wrong end of the fancy, and selecting $1
birds and 50 cent eggs to begin with as foundation stock. I understand
perfectly well how nearly impossible it is to commence at the other end
and pay all the way from $10 to $100 for single specimens, and from $5 —
to $10, and even higher, for 13 eggs. These fellows who start on $100 ©
birds ought never to think of starting at the other end. They are not.
made that way. It would prove a most dangerous experiment. It
would kill at least 90 per cent of them outright, and the remainder of
them would drop off one or two at a time, until not one of them would
be left. Take one of these cheap Johns after he has returned from a
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MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 30>
poultry show and ask him how he succeeded, and his answer will be
about as follows: If it had not been for two cuts on the hackle, one
and a half on back, one on breast, two on the flight part of the wing,
one on saddle feathers, one on tail, two on toe feathering, two on
symmetry, and four or five other cuis that he could not remember just
where, he would have carried off the highest honors.
All over our Jand we find poultry plants. Some are for broilers,.
others foreggs alone; others still for bakers and roasters, and occasion-
ally here and there establishments for the rearing of fancy poultry. It
is the fancy which furnish the foundation stock for all poultry men
who make their business profitable. And those large growers, of
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poultry for eggs and other market purposes owe an immense debt of
gratitude to those patient and painstaking fanciers who have given
their lives and unceasing energies to the development of those latent
potentialities contained in common poultry, but which, under the
scientific manipulation of intelligent experts’ has resulted in the pro-
duction of an almost endless number of grand and beautiful breeds,
all of which may be adapted to the different purposes for which they
were intended. In the horticultural world we have Warder, Thomas,
Hliot, Breckmans and Wilder, and a host of such. And correspond-
ingly in the poultry we have Felch, Babcock, Pierce, Philander
Williams, Bicket, Hews, Hitchcock, and very many others, who have
given the best days of their lives to the development of these two.
grandest industries, and we are reaping the rich golden harvests,.
which in great measure is the result of these indefatigable workers.
Combating the Codling Moth.
P. T. Greene, New Albany, Ind.
In the “Indiana Farmer” of October 27, at the bottom of the first
page, I find a short editorial on the possibilities of electricity that.
struck me forcibly, the last sentence of which was: “The water-
powers going to waste on or near every farm will yet transmit their
power over wires to every field and building, and save the farmers.
- untold labor.” Had the editor of the “ Farmer” only added, and the
orchardists millions of dollars’ worth of fruit, I should say he had mani-
fested a remarkable aptitude for prophecy. Further on I will give my
reasons for saying this.
All my life I have taken a lively interest in fruit-growing, and am
able to trace it to one little circumstance that occurred sixty years ago,
when at the age we get our most lasting impressions. We children
334 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
were sent a mile or more for some pear sprouts that we brought home
and planted out, and each one was permitted to claim his own as indi-
vidual property—a trifling circumstance that I throw in as a suggestion
to those who wish their children to become cultivators of fruit after
them. :
The fruit men of Missouri will not think it altogether irrelevant to
the subject under consideration if I narrate a little of my own experi-
ence in orcharding in this part of the country, as something of the sort
is necessary a8 a foundation for the claim I make of knowing some-
thing of the business.
In 1864 I bought 40 acres of well-worn freestone land, closely
underlaid with shale, one and a half miles from the court-house of New
Albany, and situated on the first terrace of the “Knobs,” 150 feet above
the level of the city. Situated as I was above the frost line, in close
proximity to three cities for my market, and where I could bay all the
stable manure I would want to feed my trees, I naturally felt myself in
close reach of everything that heart could wish, even before I had
planted atree. Ambitious to be able to show the finest orchard in the
country, I left nothing undone from the start, and bought the best
varieties and planted out some twenty-five acres in apples, plums and
cherries, and spared neither pains nor expense in hurrying them on to
bearing maturity, when I fondly expected to realize the fruition of all
my boyhood’s hopes.
It is hardly necessary to tell you experienced fruit men of Mis-
souri that I never realized any such thing on land such ag mine, where —
roots could go no depth for moisture to carry the trees through the
ordeal of maturing and ripening their fruit, and located where idle
sportsmen from the cities kept all the native birds killed off.
In a few years I realized the mistake I had made in the location
and quality of soil for fruit-growing, and when a good opportunity was
offered, I exchanged my fruit farm for a residence in the city and went
back to the practice of my profession, a wiser if not a better man than
when I left it.
In the eight years that followed the commencement of my trees to
bear, if my memory serves me right, I had two fairly good crops of
peaches, but not large fruit, and two partial crops of wormy ones of
no value, one good crop of plums and perhaps three or four of cher-
Ties, more or less wormy, that barely paid for the picking, the curculio
infesting my stored fruit every year. My pear-trees early fell victims
to the “ blight,” and never came to any good. I had apples of some
variety about every year, but it was a rare thing after the first crop my
trees bore, that I could find an apple in my orchard that was not bored —
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MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 335
through the core, and many of them ripening and dropping off prema-
turely, and were scarcely worth gathering and taking to market. Since
leaving my farm, my observations of different apple orchards lead me
to believe that had my land been a limestone soil with desp permeable
clay for tree roots to permeate and draw moisture from below to carry
them through a drouth, instead of a thin stratum of freestone dirt un-
derlaid with shale, where falling moisture was leached out in a few
days, leaving the trees to suffer for food and waiter at the time of their
greatest need, my apples might have, many of them, outgrown the in-
jury of the moth. Then was the first time my attention had ever been
called to the evil of the destruction of our native birds. In early times
our woods were full of robins, cat-birds, jay-birds, yellow-hammers,
wood-peckers, sapsuckers and others, all ravenous insect eaters, and
our orchards were full of them, and our homes were made happy by
their cheerful songs from early spring till late autumn, when it was as
rare to find a wormy apple as it is now to find a sound one.
These birds are the natural protectors of our orchards, and are
worthy of our greatest consideration, and I believe that the horticul-
tural societies of every state should take the matter in hand before
they are all gone, and make their importance known to their legisla-
tors, and urge them to pass laws making it a penalty of not less than
ten dollars for shooting one of these birds.
Such laws would not only put a stop to their destruction by reck-
less sportsmen, but would cause the general public to become better
acquainted with them and attach moreimportance to their work in our
our orchards. It would cause our wild birds to be treated as pets,
instead of targets for shot-guns.
Whether apples can be saved from the ravages of the moth by
spraying the trees, as it now stands, is open to debate. Some think it
does much good, while others who have tried it think it did no good at
all. For my part, I never expected much good from spraying, because I
could see no reason in it, so far as the moth is concerned. They fly
among the branches about twilight and the early part of the night to
deposit their eggs in the blossom ends af the young apples, and there
is no evidence that they are seeking to feed on anything that they may
be poisoned or driven away; and if anything was in danger of being
injured by early spraying it would be the daylight insects, such as
honey-bees and other creatures that suck at the nectar of the blossoms,
and serve to fertilize them by carrying the pollen from one to another.
Yet I believe that spraying may serve a purpose and a valuable
one, and that close observers will discover that it is not in molesting
the moth in its work, but by destroying bark and scab insects that feed
336 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
on the leaves and tendrils of the trees, and thereby sap their vigor at
the time they are putting forth their greatest effort to mature and ripen
their fruit. At this particularly delicate season with apple-trees, any-
thing that will stunt their growth or sap their vigor may cause the
slightest injury to prove abortive.
My short experience in orcharding, and what I have learned by
observation, forced me to conclade that nothing short of the destruc-
tion of the codling moth will prove effective. Our native birds went.
about it right, and if we ever expect to clear our orchards of moths.
we must fight them on the same line. No Chinese false faces can drive
them away; they have come with the intention of staying.
A few years ago J had a fine opportunity and leisure time to de-
vote to some experiments in the way of combating the moth, and I
can serve no better purpose than by relating them, and will give them
here.
In my side yard I had growing a fine New York pippin tree in
full bearing, and up to that time I do not think it had ever borne an
apple without a worm in the core. The spring when I determined to
try an experiment my tree was well set with fruit, and when about the
size of a marble, I sharpened my knife and prepared for business, de-
termined that if the moths destroyed my apples that year they would
have to do it without a calyx on my apples to lay their eggs in. I
commenced by thinning them out to about one-fifth the number, and ~
shaved off smoothly the pointed blossom ends, or calyx, of the re-
mainder as high up as I could reach, standing on the ground, and from
there up standing on a ladder. (I wish to say that I thinned my apples.
down so much to keep my tree from falling into the bad habit that I
denominate alternating, which is over-bearing one year and not blos- —
soming the next.)
I found my experiment a very tedious one, one that would become
exceedingly monotonous before a man would get over an orchard; but
I had been vexed so often by having my promising apples destroyed —
by the larve of the moth that I persevered till I was through, deter-
mined there should be a stop pnt to if.
I got that fall for my trouble just what I expected to get—as_ 4
splendid a crop of big, sound pippins as any one ever looked atr
smooth all over alike, only a little scarred at the blossom end where
the calyx ought to be, and a little too much flattened from end to end
to pass currently for New York pippins. I had a number of fruit fan-_ E
ciers to come in my yard to examine my apples and tell me the name
of them, but they could not do it, never having seen the variety be-
fore.
MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. Sal
The spring following, my tree was full again, and I tried again the
same method for saving my apples, with the same results, so far as
concerned the codling moth; but that year I found that they were
nearly all perforated with round holes entering the sides and other
parts, with the bug-dust working out, and were injured almost as badly
as they would have been by the larve of the moth. Not being an en-
tomologist, I did not learn‘the nature or habits of this boring pest, but
sometimes I could not help wondering if it was not done by the moths
themselves, which, while I had been heading them one way, had been
concocting this boring plan to get ahead of me. 2
The next spring following the blossoms on my tree were killed by
frost, and so J could not repeat the experiment ; but at about the time
I would have been clipping off the blossom ends, if the frost had not
killed them, a little incident occurred that led me on to trying another
experiment which was to the utmost satisfactory, and which contem-
plated the destruction of the moth, and I believe can be made practi-
eal for orchards of any size.
. Passing along Fourth street, Louisville, Ky., about twilight, when
there were electric are lights burning, my attention was drawn to the
hundreds of the moths whirling round and round them, attracted by
their dazzling brightness. Looking up and contemplating the scene
for a few minutes, right then and there I reso)ved that the problem of
destroying the codling moth was solved, and that nothing further was
needed than the arrangement of details. Although my tree had no
apples on it, I took it for granted that the moths were not aware of it,
and would be on hand to deposit their eggs as usual, and so next day
I prepared for my second experiment by driving a stake down close
by the tree, the upper end reaching a little above the lower limbs, and
on it nailed a piece of board on which I set a large coal-oil lamp with
cylindrical chimney, making a fairly dazzling light, and around about
the light at convenient places I hung pieces of sticky fly-paper; and
having everything in good working at twilight, I retired to wait for
results. To express the confidence I had in the success of my experi-
ment, I might say that I felt it in my bones from its conception, and
we all went out about ten o’clock to see the result, and we counted
sticking fast to the paper, twenty-three codling moths, and two others
of a large variety we call millers, and many other little nocturnal in-
sects. The second night we got five of the codlings and one miller, and
other little insects, and the third night, one codling moth and some of
the little insects, when I quit it, fully persuaded that I had cleaned them
out in the reach of my apple-tree.
H—22
S38’ STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
As my tree was blown down that summer by a storm, I had no
further opportunity to experiment, but I told of it to several fruit men,
hoping that some one would take it up where [I left off, and help de-
velop the idea into something practical. They all seemed convinced
of its efficacy, but I do not think any one ever made an effort to carry
it out, manifesting an indifference for improvement suggestive of the
old story of the man going to mill with corn in one end of his sack, and
a rock in the other, because his father did and always made a good
living.
* For trapping the moth in our orchards I would saggest here more
particularly the use of electric lights, because of what I have wit-
nessed of their dazzling and attractive powers; but it is possible that
oil lamps may be constructed to be almost as effective, and to stand
the wind and rain equally well, and if there should spring up a demand
among farmers for such lights, Iam almost sure that Yankee ingenuity
will be found equal to the emergency, and just what is wanted will be
found on sale at allof our stores throughout the country.
The argument of expensiveness for an outfit of lights will no
doubt be urged against their adoption, as it was once urged against the
use of mowers and reapers, but once that some of the most enterpris-
ing orchardists demonstrate that by their use they are guaranteed a
good sound crop of apples whenever they hit, they will soon come
into general use. Asa necessity for something of this kind, I think
allapple men will agree with me in saying, that if some means are not
devised for destroying the moth pest, the indications point to a time |
when sound apples will be things of the past in this latitude.
My purpose in this paper is only to offer ina general way the sug-
gestion of a means to clear orchards of the codling moth that looks ad-
equate and feasible to me, strengthened by my own observations and
the experiments I made on that line several years ago, and to leave the
details for putting in practice to more experienced men.
One word more and I am done. I wish to say that all my life I ~
have been an orchardist in heart if not in head, and it is with pleasure
that I lend my feeble assistance in forwarding the glorious cause; and
if the State Horticultural Society of Missouri sees any merit in this
paper, I shall feel myself amply paid for writing it.
Poe
Me
ee
MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 339
Cure for Root Aphis.
Editor Republican:
Sir—I herewith hand you an account of some experiments with bi-
sulphide of carbon, as an insecticide, more especially for the destruc-
tion of that class of vermin that work under or burrow in the ground.
My first trial of it was in May. I hada cold frame that became
infested with the flea beetle, ants, and a mouse or mice. Cabbage,
tomato and pepper plants were being destroyed rapidly. I made six
holes in the loose soil a finger deep, dropped a few drops of the bi-sul-
phide ona lock of cotton the size of a ladies’ thimble, and put one down
in each hole (not forgetting the mouse), covered the hole over with a
chip and soil on top of that. Result—no more insects or depredations
thereafter.
I have four apple-trees that are being killed by the mis-called root
borer. They are not a borer, for they gouge a channel around and
under the crown of the roots, and are usually three years in getting in
their work.
The second year of their work, if it is an “apple year,” every blos-
som sets an apple which attains about one-fourth size, and nearly every
one is carried until autumn, for ’tis rare that the codling moth will
trouble a fruit-tree that the gouge-worm (?) has pre-empted, and hung
out his unfailing sigan of foliage dwarfed in size, and the new shoots
struggling for life.
The third year the tree starts out in the spring, sluggishly. As the
season advances it appears to want water. Here and there a yellow
leaf appears, until about the middle of July (usually), the worm finishes
its orbit around the roots, and the tree is dead—dead from all foliage,
of bright yellow.
I have heard people speak of the “ fire-fang” killing their trees.
‘There is no “ fire-fang” west of the Mississippi.
Bat it is this slow- working gouge-worm that I want to carbonize.
In September [ took an old bolt about two feet in length, seven-eighths
jnches in diameter, sharpened the point and bent it in a curve a little
sharper than the fore wheel of a wagon. Starting about one foot from
the tree, I drove the bolt until I was satisfied I had hit the heart of
the roots. Withdrawing the rod, I took a water sprout, split the
small end, inserted a wad of cotton lightly saturated with bi-sulphide,
pushed the switch to the end of the hole made by the rod, and a slight
twist detached the cotton. 1 then stopped up the mouth. of the hole
340 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
with soil and left it to get in its deadly work, for no breathing vermin
can inhale its fumes and live. It is very diffasive; its fumes permeate
the soil for quite a distance. I fully believe that it will exterminate
the root aphis and the root borer(?). It is cheap, easily tested, and,
being very poisonous, should be kept in closely stopped bottles, away
from fire and light. Respectfully,
Purdy, November 12, 1894, A. C. WEYMOUTH.
The Root Aphis.
The following paper was read the 25th ult. at the meeting of the
Barry County Horticultural Association, by H. C. Fitch, of Seligman :
The aphis in the apple is something that is attracting the attention
of the fruit-grower all through the West. Itis not confined to any
particular soil or toany particular locality, but we find its effect is more
damaging to trees on thin soil where ground has not been thoroughly
cultivated than on lower, stronger ground that has had the benefit of.
the wash of higher ground, and where the ground has frequently been
stirred with cultivator or hoe through the summer. We presume the
reason is that the former has not the vitality of the soil to assist the
ravages of the disease that the latter has, which proves to my mind
that a higher state of cultivation will put more strength in the soil and
more life in the tree, which will assist it to resist the ravages of the
disease and prolong its life.
But I am satisfied that something must be done besides cultiva-
tion if we would get rid of the disease.
How does it affect trees? The effect is the same that the borer
has when a tree is girdled by it. It sooner or later dies. The differ-
ence between the ravage of the borer and the aphis is this: When a
tree is completely girdled by them, the flow of sap from the root of the
tree to the top is cut off, and the tree dies a slow death, the top remain-
ing green for several weeks, and at times matures a small crop of apples.
The aphis has the same effect to all outward appearances, and one
is liable to confound one with the other unless a close observation is.
taken at the base of the tree. In case of aphis it will be found that
the roots and base are dead, the bark black, while its top is still alive ©
trying to mature its crop.
Now the question arises, what is aphis? Where does it come
from, and what shall we do to get rid of it? We now arrive at the
most interesting point of this discussion.
en
ee
,
a -
—
MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 31il
Many opinions have been heard, many articles have been written,
many a wise head has racked its brains over this question, and yet it
remains unsettled.
The aphis is supposed to originate from a fly, which, so far as we
know, hasnoname. We sometimes see the woody substance deposited
- on the outside of trees, on the limbs, on the body of the tree, or about
knots, but more frequently about the roots. Encased in that woody
substance is a little insect hardly discernible with the naked eye, but
on applying the magnifying glass it is found to be an insect, triangular
in shape, having a proboscis something in the shape of a mosquito,
through which it sucks the sap from the root and causes decay and
death.
I have tried to exterminate it in my orchard for two years or more,
and have tried lime, ashes, soft soap and thorough cultivation, and
while I have partially succeeded, yet it is not a complete success; but
the effect of the remedy has been to start the tree to growing and
give it new life, which enables it to resist the disease while the effect
of the remedy lasts. I think the time will come, and is not far distant,
when a successful remedy will be made known.
Mr. Bill,a member of the Benton County Horticultural Associa-
tion, of Benton county, Ark., thinks he has already discovered a rem-
edy. I will give you his prescription:
1 gal. soft soap, 1 qt. lime, 1 lb. salt, 1 pt. coal oi], 1 1b. sulphur, 1
oz. carbolic acid, diluted with 6 qts. of water. To an ordinary-sized
tree apply a quart about the roots, after raking away the soil.
He does not say the aphis entirely disappeared, but that in some
cases it banished them, and in other cases the ravages were checked.
He does not say what the conditions were in either case. I shall be
interested in hearing more from that gentleman. I attended the horti-
cultural association of the state of Arkansas, held at Springdale on
the 18th, and met one gentleman who had looked over the United
States and a part of Arkansas for a remedy, and had discovered that 1
part soft soap and 5 parts turpentine applied to the roots in small
quantities was sure to kill—not the tree but the aphis.
It will not be very expensive to try, one or both of these reme-
dies on a few trees and satisfy ourselves; but one thing is certain: that
when 80 many men of ability are looking after this thing and are will-
ing to give their experience free of charge, we are not left without
hopes that some one will soon Giscover a remedy that will, beyond a
doubt, destroy Mr. Aphis.
[Since the meeting, we were talking with A. C. Weymouth of
Pardy, who has been successfully experimenting for some time past,
and promises us the result in the near future.—ED.|
342 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY.
Roads and Road Laws.
A paper read befvure the Horticultural Institute at Marceline, Mo, Jan. 29, 1895.
“Roads and Road Laws” may not seem to be a topic strictly
appropriate for the consideration of a meeting of horticulturists, but
with us, horticulturists are usually farmers, and are interested in the
improvement of the means of transportaticn and communication. I
Shall waste no time in apologies for calling your attention to this sub-
ject, or in presenting arguments and statistics to prove the profit and
necessity of good roads. What is needed is not so much to convince
the people that good roads are desirable, as it is to show how they
can be had with the means that we find available.
The building of macadamized and other expensive roads is a sub~
ject that I will leave to those who understand that department better.
In time we shall have such roads as other older and richer communi-
ties have. At present we are not in a condition to incur the expense
of their construction. We have been paying road taxes long enough
to have some permanent improvements, but uatil within a few years
no improvements have been visible. We have introduced and used
the grader to much advantage, but the road-roller and the drain-tile
are yet unknown in our country districts, and we continue to do the
work at just such times and seasons as suits our convenience, regard-
less alike of law and reason. We plow and grade when our long dry
summers have made the earth as iron, and we use the team work on
extra force required to propel the grader or the plow that ought to be
applied to the roller. And we have not yet learned. the principle that
lies at the foundation of all rational road work—that no grading should
ever be done except when the earth is moist enough to “ pack,” and
that the use of the heavy road-roller is indispensable to make a bed
that will not soften into mud as deep as it has been worked when the
first rains fall upon it. There have lately been some encouraging signs
that it is beginning to be understood, that a road-way and a water-way
are two distinct and incongruous things that cannot be combined to
advantage, and that provision must be made for carrying away the sur-
face water and keeping it out of the wagon-tracks; but the use of
drain-tile under the road-bed is still unknown and untried. And we
still hold to the idea that a road may be worked once a year and left to
the action of the water and the wear of vehicles for twelve months
without any care or oversight.
MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 343
Every one must have observed that at those times when the country
roads are at their worst, when for the greatest part of the distance they
are impassable for loaded teams, there are always some places that are
dry and firm, where the wheels have not cut into the road-bed, and the
ground does not work up into mud. It may be only the crest of the
hill where the plow has never disturbed the soil, and where the natural
inclination of the land carries away the surface water. The same con-
dition can be applied to all our roads. Grading will carry off the sur-
face water, under-draining will draw off the water in the soil, and a suit-
able kind of earth placed on the road-bed and thoroughly rolled down
while it is moist enough to pack together, will make, in the lowest, soft-
est and wettest places, a road that will be passable at all times of the
year.
It is useless to grade roads with the soft clay that composes our
subsoi}. With the first rain that falls it becomes a bed of pitch that
gathers and rolls up ov the wheels of the wagon until they become a
solid mass of putty. Where the surface soil has been plowed up and
allowed to wash away, it must be replaced at whatever expense may
be necessary, or your road is Only fit for dry weather.
It would seem that any road overseer who. has enough common
sense to plant and till a field of corn, could understand the necessity
of keeping the surface water of adjacent lands out of the road. Yet
we see roads worked with a ditch on the lowest side to catch the
water after it has crossed the road, and not so much as a furrow on
the upper side to turn the water from the fields adjoining out of the
traveled way. And we have seen roads “‘turopiked” for half a mile on
a long down, grade without a single water-bar to turn the water that
collects in the wheel tracks into the side ditch; and we have seen that
same road torn to pieces by the first shower, and every particle of the
work that had been done obliterated and wasted. And this waste and
folly will go on as long as we adhere to the present system of electing
road overseers, and of working the roads by the unjust and oppres-
sive system of poll taxes. If we ever rise to the height of the just
and equal principle that the property of the country should bear the
expense of building the roads, instead of making it a tax on labor, we
shall have made one great stride toward a permanent improvement.
A tax that is felt to be an injustice and an imposition will always be
grudgingly paid, and will be of little benefit.
Our present system might give us satisfactory results if every road
overseer was a practical road-maker who thoroughly understood the
work, and would make it his first and principal business to attend to
the duties of his office, and who at all times when repairs are needed
314 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY.
to prevent waste and damage, would be ready to attend to his work.
But we know that as at present arranged, the overseer is a man who
either has the office forced upon him, or, if he seeks it, is generally the
most unsuitable person in the district. The man who can come down
to electioneer for this office is generally not in it for the good of the
community, but for a chance to earn a dollar and a half a day at a time
when he can find nothing else to do, and to hire a boy for twenty-five
cents to drive his team and charge a man’s wages for the work.
A practical and sensible system of working the roads in counties
having township organization would be to give the township boards
whole control of everything relating to roads and bridges in each
township. They should either superintend the road work themselves,
or appoint competent men to do it, and such employes should be sub-
ject to the orders of the board and liable to removal at any time for
neglect or incompetence. The people could then look to the boards
for a thorough and systematic working of the roads of the township,
and would know where to place the responsibility for failure and mis”
management. Under the present law, the road overseer is supposed
to be elected by the voters of his district at the township election, but
as very few of the voters know the number of their district, there is
always a great deal of confusion resulting, the same person being
voted for in every district of the township. Some election boards
have assumed the right to examine every man’s ballot to see if he was
voting for the candidates in his own district—a proceeding that is
strictly forbidden by the law. But whether this way of choosing over-
seers does or does not register the will of the voters, we know that it
does not result in giving us as efficient officers as could be had by
appointment. And as the law makes every overseer supreme in his.
own district, he can neglect his duties and defy the township board for
the whole term of his official existence. The boards have assumed to
limit the expenditures of the overseers, but practically they have no
such power. They can only “audit the bills” brought in by the over-
seers, whose power to contract bills has no limit in the law. If we
are to have overseers, they should be appointed by the township di- .
rectors and subject to removal if they prove incompetent or insubor-
dinate. At present the boards have neither authority nor accounta-
bility. The public gets no report of their acts, nor of township o
receipts or expenses. They should be required to publish an annual
statement, and make reports to the county court. ,
To abolish the labor tax, and raise the money necessary to maintain
the roads by taxation, as other expenses are provided for, would be a
great improvement. One-half of the tax now nominally raised, if
i et
MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 345
judiciously expended, would give us better service than we have been
having. Men and teams coald be hired to do the work at the proper
season, and to keep them in repair at times when constant care is
needed to prevent damage. The “stitch in time” would save much of
the work now wasted in repairing damages that a little care could have
prevented, and it is safe to say that one mav accustomed to the work
and to the management of the machinery would accomplish more than
three who are compelled to work out a tax that they consider unfair
and oppressive, and who often make it a point to do as little work as
possible. The money now expended in buying an outfit of road ma-
chinery and tools for each district would allow the township to buy
and use the best and most improved machinery, which would be used
and cared for, instead of rusting and rotting-in the fence corners for
eleven months out of twelve. :
Under such a system the office of township director would be one
that would call for the best talent available, and the people, realizing
its importance, would see that men were elected who were especially
qualified for its duties, and who would give their time and attention to
the business entrusted to them.
General Orcharding in Missouri.
C. W. M. in St. Louis Republic.
When we remember that two years ago Missonri orchardists took
‘in $11,000,000 for their fruit, and that last year and the present season
there was little fruit for sale, except apples in North Missouri and small
fruits and some apples and pears in the extreme south, it is somewhat
hazardous to make recommendations for new orchards and new varie-
ties of fruits, especially apples.
Mr. C. L. Barnhart of Jefferson county, Missouri, asks the “ Farm
and Garden” to do exactly this thing. Some of the finest peaches ever
grown were raised within a mile of the county seat. Also splendid
grapes in variety, Jikewise pears. In fact, there is no fruit grown on
trees anywhere in the temperate zone which cannot be grown in Jeffer-
son county. The fact that unpropitious seasons come to all lands
ought not to hinder us from continuing to plant and cultivate fruits.
As to varieties, we can say that for planting what is called a com-
mercial orchard, we would plant only a few sorts of winter apples. If
it could be established as a fact that with us peaches would never more
be a plentiful crop, then very early and hardy sorts of apples, such as
the Duchess of Oldenburg, Alexander and Red Astrachan, would be
346 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
most desirable. These three sorts are of Russian origin, hardy, fine
colored and tart, just the fruit wanted in the spring. They will make
excellent pies when only partly ripe, and will sell readily for $1 per
bushel. Their acidity also would make them se!] dried, either by sun
or desiccation. Never set out an orchard unless you intend, year by
year, to give it as good care and as much manure as you would a corn-
field on which you calculated to raise a premium crop. There are in
Jefferson, Gasconade and St. Louis counties too many neglected, un-
profitable orchards and vineyards. Do not add to their number, but
first send a membership fee of $1 to Secretary L. A. Goodman of the
State Horticultural Society for a report—the last—and find a gold
mine, if you will heed and practice its teachings.
A Pomological Wonder.
A queer case of natural cross-fertilization is reported from Anjou,
France. A grape-vine, which grows in close proximity to a large apple-
tree of the Russet variety, has developed a full bunch of small apples.
on the stem which is usually set with grapes. There are 29 of these
queer “grape-apples” in all, and they are so thickly set upon the stem
that many of them, all in fact except those growing at the ends, are
mashed out of shape, so that they are almost as angular as corn-grains.
Each of these freaks has its “blossom end” like true apples; and, in
the fine specimens which have been examined, 11 poorly developed
apple-seeds were found. The pomologists of Europe are greatly ex-
cited over the publication of the facts relating to this queer case, as
they appeared in La Nature, and many who have never attended a
meeting of the Imperial Pomological Society, will do so this year in
order to hear the curiosity discussed. Those who have ever paid any
attention to fruit culture, and know how entirely dissimilar the blos-
soms of grape-vines and apple-trees are, will naturally doubt the gen-
uineness of this freak.
Apples in England.
The apple crop of England, never large, 1s shorter this year than
usual, and fruit of all kinds is being shipped in from all over the world.
California stepped into the breach weeks ago, and has been supplying
the market with some of its best pears, peaches and plums, and now
the states east of the Rocky mountains will take a hand with their
apples. We are informed that 25,000 barrels were shipped to England
MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 347
last week, and that preparations are being made to ship more as they
mature. This extra demand for our crop is bound to make apples high
in price and scarce.
The season for fall planting of apples will soon be at hand, and
some thought of what should be done about it will be a timely occupa-
tion for a leisure hour. The planting of an orchard is mostly a life
work, and therefore should be done with deliberation and good judg-
ment, founded on a knowledge of the adaptation of varieties to the soil
and locality, but much more to the demands of the markets.
In the future it will be much more so. The foreign demand will
be the most interesting thing to consider, for this market must grow
steadily, and it calls for only a few varities. These are mostly the red
sorts, as this color takes the fancy of the Eaglish people.
———,
Root Rot in South Missouri.
Editor Rural World: I venture to say that not less than 75 per
cent of the apple trees in South Missouri, which die within eight or
ten years of planting, are killed by the “root rot” so called. We lose
very few trees in Howell county by borers. The root rot is a serious
thing, and needs investigation to the fullest extent, and I trust that
this effort on my part will result in its being taken up and kept up till a
solution of the problem may be had that will prove satisfactory to the
most of those capable of jadging.
I have an orchard of 15,000 peach and apple trees, to which I have
been giving a great deal of attention, and this spring I have given
much time to the consideration of the root rot both in my own and in
other orchards.
There are two causes for the root rot here. One attacks the most
vigorous, often, of our trees, and we find ourselves compelled to look
in silence on the yellow leaf, which indicates tue death of the very
pride of our orchards, by this insidious enemy. It begins at the collar
of the tree. The other form of root rot is easily explainable, and is
due to ignorance or carelessness in selecting and planting the trees, as
well as the proper methods of preparing the soil.
There has been much planting on a large scale here, by people
who have very little or no experience in horticulture. Their chief
object seems to have been to get as many trees planted in as short
a time as possible. No care is used in the selection of the trees;
they are jammed into a shallow hole in shallow plowing, with the root
doubled up into a sort of ball, with the collar of the tree far too deep
348 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOIBTY.
under the ground; and then, in cultivating they have thrown the dirt
up to the trees, thus burying the roots still deeper in the ground, with
the result that the root, which is down in hard-pan, doubled up as
above stated, unable to spread out and to get food, either rots and
dies or throws out a root above the collar, which being in the culti-
vated soil makes a rapid growth, soon performing all the work of the
tree, while the roots below, deprived of their fanction, soon rot off up
to the new root, which being only on one side, is unable to support
the tree, and the first wind that comes along after the old roots have
rotted off blows it over, or the whole tree is killed by the rot extending
to the new root. This is purely the result of bad management.
But the form first spoken of is the one to be feared, as it attacks
the trees which have done the best, and which were well selected,
with good roots, well planted in soil properly prepared. It is to this
form I wish to draw particular attention. There is one grave fault in
the method of reating the trees here, which I think is greatly con-
ducive to the frequency of this kind of rot. All the orchards I have
examined here are subject to the same criticism, not excluding my own
till this year. We have been cultivating the earth up around the trees
till the collar of the tree is six inches, and in some instances a foot,
below the surface of the ground. I would advise any one here who
doubts this statement who has an orchard, to examine his trees before
he denies the statement. That this is an unnatural way to grow them,
one has but to look at the forest trees to find the proof.
In the natural growth of the forest tree you see the top roots as
they enter the ground; by covering the part of the tree above the
poiot where the root begins to show, the tree will, more than likely, be
killed; by doing this an unnatural condition is produced ; the sunlight
and air can not reach that part of the tree it did before the tree was
covered up; the old bark is, in consequence, prevented from expand-
ing and sioughing off as nature intended it should do, in preparation for
the expansion necessary to allow the new layer of wood (put on each
season ) from extending down the tree; the tree is, in short, girdled by
the binding bark. The sap below the point.girdled sours and rots the
roots, except in those cases where the root throws up a sprout below
the point girdled, and then the rot extends only to the sprout; if there
are no sprouts, then the rot soon extends to all the roots.
The fact that our orchardists have been planting the trees so deep .
in the ground is the cause of the root rot in the majority of cases
where the work has been properly done and the right kind of trees
planted.
MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 349
HOW TO PREVENT ROOT ROT.
Having selected your ground, plow as deeply as ‘possible; the
deeper the ground is stirred up the better. Then get well-rooted one
or two-year-old trees (I prefer one-year-old trees). No matter whether
the root is obtained from the crown graft or other graft of the seedling
root, so long as a good root is obtained. Dig the hole not less than
three feet wide and two feet deep, the wider and the deeper the better.
Spread out the roots well in planting, keeping the collar of the tree
even with the natural level of the ground, so that the earth can be
moved back after the young tree has gathered a good root hold. As
soon as the root gets a good hold keep the earth back so that the roots
may be seen entering the ground, as the forest trees grow. In culti-
vating your young orchard, be careful not to cut off the roots of your
trees ; wash the bark well with strong soft soap suds before the buds.
start in the spring. Keep your trees well cultivated and there will be
very little if any trouble with the root rot. I am told that in Germany
it is considered essential to the best health of the tree to scrape the
outside bark off every spring, and to keep the dirt back from the roots
as I have advised above. Some people think it necessary to run the
knife blade up and down the tree in the spring, cutting just through
the outside bark to keep it from becoming bark-bound; but in doing
this be sure not to cut through the bark to the wood.
We have in West Plains a most convincing proof of the correct-
ness of my position—that piling dirt up around trees will kill them in
many instances. A lot near the public square was filled in, and many
of the oak trees naturally growing there had the dirt piled up around
them. Five of those are now dead as aresult. I have also had many
people tell me of istances where they had seen trees killed by piling
dirt up around them, above the place where the roots naturally started
out from the tree.
WILLIAM A. GARDNER.
The foregoing was sent to me for an opinion on the subject, and I
am satisfied that his theory is correct toa great extent, and to throw
the light out, I send it to you for the “ Rural World.”
To give you an idea of my notion‘on the subject, will simply state
that in removing my house from the railroad it was placed in such a
situation that a little gully, a few rods off, had to be filled up, in which
stood two handsome sycamore trees about six inches in diameter and
thirty feet high. These trees stand admirably to shade us from the
morning sun for afew hours. But, as the gully had to be filled up
350 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY.
about four feet, and mistrusting the success of these trees under the
situation, [ planted a large Silver Band maple between them and the
house. The fatter is growing very fast, as also are the deep-set syca-
mores, now two years, and no show of decline yet.
P. S.—I forgot to mention that I am surprised to hear that people
do not know better than to plant too deep. I never lost a tree by that.
SAMUEL MILLER.
A Letter from Missouri.
Correspondence of The Courier, New York
Five years ago, while acting as a judge upon fruit at the Buffalo
Exposition, I examined 300 plates of apples from this portion of South-
western Missouri, which was the most beautiful fruit I had ever seen,
and to which I was obliged, for its great superiority, to award the first
prize. For the past week I have been walking and riding over thou-
sands of acres of this fruit land, examining its rocks and soil on its
many hill-tops and in its valleys, and I find, abundantly, the conditions
for producing the finest fruit grown in any portion of the world.
West Plains is the county seat of Howell county, a town of 3000
population, on the Kansas City, Fort Scott & Memphis railroad, 315
miles south of Kansas City. The country is broken with hills and nar-
row valleys, the hills covered with timber, white-oak, black-oak, a spe-
cies called black-jack predominating, also hickory, all of which indicate
a strong soil. The hills are covered with a very wonderful stone
deposit, rich in iron and phosphates, which disintegrates slowly and
will furnish the soil with fertility forages to come. This deposit is
lying on the surface of the soil, and in some places covers it completely
from one inch to six inches in depth, from the size of gravel to boul-
ders weighing 500 to 1000 pounds.
On tho first appearance, to a Northern man, this stone deposit
would seem objectionable, but it is the most valuable feature of this
fruit land, for the stone is not only rich in plant food, but it helps to
equalize the temperature by carrying the heat of the day into the night,
as the nights are cool here during the summer and the soil is kept
warm for the grapes and other fruits during the night by the heat
which the stones absorb during the day, and they also condense the
in the moisture atmosphere and this keeps the soil supplied with
moisture during the day periods.
Apples grow to great perfection, as also do peaches, grapes, apri-
cots, nectarines, strawberries, melons and all sub-tropical fruits.
MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 351
Fruit-trees come into bearing in a remarkably short time. An apple
orchard will produce paying crops the fifth year from bearing ; peaches
have netted $100 per acre the third year from planting, which seems
an incredibly short time to a Northern fruit-grower, who has to wait
ten to fifteen years for an apple orchard to bear a paying crop.
While visiting one of the finest fruit farms of this section, known
as “Pomona,” a farm of 300 acres all set in fruit, owned by Hon. H. D.
Mackay, I learned that last year from grape-vines set only two years he
realized a net return from two acres of $1100; and a more interesting
fact was learned: that the first growth of these vines was killed while
in bloom by an unusually cold storm in April, in which ice was formed
sufficiently to injure fruit; but a second growth pushed out on these
vines which ripened the same season, 30 pounds of perfect grapes to
each vine, and they were of only two years’ planting. This “Pomona”
farm is a model of fine work, thoroughness, perfect system in care,
pruning, etc., that is well worth going many miles to see. Col. Mackay
is the president of the South Missouri Horticultural Association, is a
lawyer by profession, but is devoting his whole time to his fruit farm,
and brings to it that system and method that a professional man
usually puts into his work.
The famous Olden fruit farm, at Olden. is a marvel in extent. con-
taining 3000 acres, 1300 of which are covered with fruit-trees ; 30,000
boxes of peaches and 12,000 crates of berries have been shipped from
this orchard, besides many car-loads of apples, in one year. There is
one solid block of * Ben Davis” apple-trees covering one hundred
acres, and the most vigorous, healthy trees in appearance, loaded with
fruit buds, with very great promise for the coming season. Col. J. CO.
Evans, the President of the Missouri State Horticultural Society, is
the leading spirit on this immense farm. He has traveled all over the
United States—California, Oregon, Texas, New York, Ohio—and after
studying this portion of Missouri, saw in ‘it the best conditions of our
country, when he set to work as the pioneer to develop the great
Olden fruit farm, and to start what will be known as one of the great-
est enterprises in the United States. Associated with him is the See-
retary of the State Horticultural Society, L. A. Goodman, who has
also done much to develop the horticultural interests of this State.
Much of the country is comparatively new, covered with wood
which is easily cleared, and it is surprising to note how in 60 or 90
days from the time a Northern settler has come in here he has from 10
to 40 acres of land cleared, broken and orchards set, where so short a
time previous the forest stood. The winter climate is superb. Agri-
culture is yet in a primitive condition. Cattle range in the woods
352 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY.
and corn-fields and hustle for their living. Hogs range in the woods by
the thousands, getting no other care. A butcher said he had paid out
over $100,000 last year for hogs that had grown up in the woods feed-
ing on acorns or mast, as they call it here, and were simply driven to
the town and sold to buyers—not a bushel of corn or an hour of time,
in most instances, having been given to the care of these hogs. With
some of the methods of good Northern farmers applied to dairying and
stock management, the most profitable farming would be realized here,
for everything can be done so much more cheaply in this fine climate
than in our six months of winter in stock-feeding. The temperature
in summer is said to be very comfortable, more so than in some of the
more northern states, the mercury seldom going above 92 to 95 for a
short time in June, with the nights cool. ‘
I have addressed fine audiences at the opera-house every evening
for a week on horticultural topics, in point of intelligence and culture
equal to any New York audiences. Ina population of 3000 there are ~
but two saloons, which speaks well for the character of the citizens,
and there is a large amonnt of business done here. On the public
square may be seen on every Saturday the traffic in every kind of pro-
duce from eggs and butter to cotton, the town filled with mule teams,
some of which have driven over 40 miles with produce. That there is
to be a wonderful development in this part of Missouri there is no
question; farms are being bought and sold every day at prices ranging
from $12 to $40 per acre, according to improvements, and values are
steadily advancing without any unnatural influences of booming.
The country is now green and beautiful, leaves and blossoms are
coming out, and while the peach crop was destroyed by a cold wave
and blizzard in February, this section is as free from troubles as any
portion of our great country. This portion of the Ozarks lies 1100
feet above sea level, which explains the very fine climate in this sec-
tion of the “Sunny South.”
GEo. T. POWELL.
PAEREEOA “Fed t Hee
EXHIBIT AT ST.LOUIS, 1894.
Og Bu
PRES): of RUBS: AND . VINES
OF
MISSOURI
RY
B, F. BusH, BOTANIST, INDEPENDENCE, Mo.
The following list of trees, shrubs and vines of Missouri has been
prepared at the request of Mr. L. A. Goodman, Secretary of the Hor-
ticultural Society of Missouri, for insertion in their 37th annual report.
The copy has been hastily written for the printer, as the report
itself was already in his hands, but it is complete as far as the number
of our species is concerned, and no especial effurt has been made to
learn the complete distribution of each species in the State, and the
only reason it is now presented is that it may serve to stimulate our
farmers and horticulturists to observe and learn more about the woody
plants about them.
As the interest for the study of our plants is awakened in the
minds of the people, so in proportion we will know what species we
have and their exact distribation throughout the State.
Stretching so far north and south as our State does, we are not
surprised that our ligneous flora isso large and greatly diversified, and
itis partly on account of its great diversity of species that nothing
more is known of it, but more on account of its great diversity of
character, which naturally divides the State into four more or less dis-
tinct areas. These areas follows: The Northeastern, the Northwest-
ern, the Southeastern and the Southwestern. Each of these areas
has a flora that is peculiar to itself—the plants of which are not found
in any of the other areas. In the Northeastern we have Populus
tremuloides, Gentiana quinquefolia, Cornus alternifolia, Anemone patens
H—23
354 STATE. HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY.
hirsutissima and others; in the Northwestern are found Astragalus loti-
florus, Yucca glauca, Meriolia serrulata, Spiesia Lamberti, Penstemon
grandiflorus, and other similar species ; in the Southeastern we find
Leitneria Floridana, ‘Fraxinus Americana profunda, Nyssa uniflora,
Trachelospermum difforme and a hundred others ; in the Southwestern,
Sapindus marginatus, Acacia filiculoides, Toxylon pomiferum, Robinia
pseudacacia and others. The first is clearly the flora of the North-
eastern United States. The next is representative of the flora of the |
plains to the west and northwest. The third is closely related to that
of the Southern states; the last partakes of the flora of the South-
west.
After a careful and comprehensive study of our woody plants, we
find ourselves confronted with a problem that has puzzled many scien-
tific men, and has never been satisfactorily settled; and that is, what
are the characteristics of our Flora, and whither is it tending? At
the first glance this may not appear very clear to many of my readers,
but the full force of the proposition will be seen when I state it thus:
what species have we in this State? From whence came they? Are
they stationary, or are they moving in any direction? If in any direc-
tion, then in what direction? If in some particular direction, then
why? At this point I find myself contronting alternates of opinion
which have been advanced by scientific men at various times, and
which may continue to be opinions for all time. On the one hand we
know this: that the elevation of the State is from the southeast to the
north and northwest; all the streams flow south and southeast; a few
nnimportant only flow west, and none north! The wind is from the
north, or some quarter of the north, in the fall and winter when all
kinds of seeds and fruits are ripe. Many seed-eating birds and ani-
imals migrate regularly from the north to the south in the fall and win- ’
ter. Does it not seem very natural for plants and seeds to follow the
declivity of the land from a high elevation toalower? How much
more easy it is for plants and seeds to drift down the streams toward
the south and southeast, than up? In the fall, when the lighter seeds
are ripe, whence can they go, except where the north wind blows
them? The migratory birds and animals eat many kinds of seeds, and
then carry them to the south, where they are deposited, and what
choice have they but to grow there?
On the other hand, we know that certain trees follow the streams
northwest beyond our limits. All the State is of alluvial character,
except a small part near the Ozark region. The prairie region was at
one time more extensive than it is now, as it is well-known that the
forests are gradually encroaching upon it. The Ozark region only a 4
TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES OF MISSOURI. 325
short time since was thinly clad with trees, and evidently was com-
pletely bare at one time.
Is it more natural that our trees have come down the rivers from a
prairie region above us, or that they are gradually ascending the streams
and moving to the northwest? Being of an alluvial formation, must
not the plants that first covered the earth, consequently have been of
a sedgy character, such as grasses and rushes ?
As our prairies are becoming smaller and more restricted every
year, are not the trees and shrubs advancing from the streams? The
‘Ozark region being thinly clad with trees at one time within the recol-
‘lection of the oldest settlers, and now being very densely covered
with forests, is it not the more probable that the trees have made their
‘way up the streams from the southeastern part of the State, and spread
out over these hills ?
My opinion is that our ligneous flora is gradually moving up the
streams to the northwest, governed by some influence that I have been
unable to account for at present; but the validity of my position must
be apparent to any one who has given the subject any considerable
study.
Evidently some climatic and other changes are taking place that
are causing the southern and eastern trees to slowly advance to the
northwest, and that our northwestern trees are slowly pushing their
way westward.
The possibilities are very many, and the probabilities many, that
the plants that now grow wild about us unnoticed, except, perhaps, by
a few, will, in time, be found useful and beneficial. How little we
know of the plums, red-haws, black-haws, raspberries, blackberries,
grapes, crab-apples, service-berries, pawpaw, persimmon and other
wild fruits! True, there are some who have spent many years of study
upon grapes, plums and the berries, but there are still many promising
wild fruits that may be developed with a little patience and cultivation,
Notes are scattered throughout the list calling attention to those
fruits which are the most promising, and I trust that the farmers and
horticulturists who read this may be stimulated to study and culti-
vate some of the most promising of their locality.
And to the end that a complete history and knowledge of our
native woody plants may be had, it is earnestly requested that teachers,
farmers and horticulturists do all they can to further this by corre-
sponding with the undersigned, and sending twigs, leaves, flowers and
fruit of every woody plant that they desire to learn the name of, and
also of those they already know, that are not credited in this list to the
county in which they live. By doing this, you will materially aid in the
356 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY.
work of studying the distribution of our woody plants. Twigs, with
or without leaves attached, should be 10 to 12 inches long, and may be
rolled in paper and transmitted through the mails at the rate of one
cent for two ounces. Flowers and leaves may be placed between stiff
paste-boards, and tied with a string; and various kinds of fruits, such
as acorns, nuts and the like, may be sent in paste-board-boxes. Do
not enclose any writing with them, but send a letter accompanying the
specimens, stating where they are from, the avundance of the plants,
and any other information that may suggest itself to you.
PINE FAMILY (CONIFER)
1. Pinus echinatus Mill.
Yellow Pine. A very valuable tree, found in the State south of a line drawm
from the mouth of Meramec river to the southwest corner of the State, and has
_ been found in Barry, Bollinger, Butler, Carter, Christian, Crawford, Dent, Doug-
las, Howell, Iron, Madison, McDonald, Oregon, Ozark, Perry, Reynolds, Ripley,
Shannon, St. Francois, Ste. Genevieve, Taney, Washington and Wayne counties.
Probably reaching its highest development in Reynolds, Shannon, Wayne, Carter
and Ripley counties. This ia Pinus mitis Michx.
2. Taxodium distichum (L.) L. C. Rich.
Bald Cypress. A large, valuable tree, confined to the lowlands of the south-
eastern part of the State, and ascending the streams that flow into the southeast.
It grows in Bollinger, Butler, Cape Girardeau, Dunklin, Mississippi, New Mad-
rid, Pemiscot, Ripley, Scott and Stoddard counties. Reaches its greatest devel-
opment in those counties adjacent to the Mississippi river, where there are vast
forests of it, and many trees that are 150 feet in height and 30 feet in girth.
3. Juniperus Virginiana L.
Red Cedar. A valuable tree, growing faturally in many counties in the State,
and probably reaching its greatest development and abundance in Bollinger, Car-
ter, Franklin, [ron, Jefferson, Madison, Shannon, St. Francois, Washington and
Wayne counties. Also occurs sparingly and is introduced in Boone, Butler, Cal-
laway, Cape Girardeau, Clark, Cole, Jackson, McDonald, Miller, Newton, Pike,
St. Louis and Webster counties. Confined for the greater part to the counties
south of the Missouri river.
LILY FAMILY (LILIACH).
4, Yucca glauca Nutt. -
Soap weed—Bear grass. Occurs only in the extreme northwestern part of the
State, on the high loess mounds in Atchison and Holt counties. The long sapona-
ceous roots are commonly dug by the country people for making soap. This is
Yucca angustifolia Pursh.
> ae eee ey 7
EE ST RN ie te Ol oe eS
TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES OF MISSOURI. 357
SMILAX FAMILY (SMILACE).
5. Smilax bonaXx Nox L.
Greenbrier. A low, thorny species found in the lowlands of the southern part
of the State, in Dunklin, Howell, Jasper, McDonald, Mississippi and Oregon coun
ties,
6. Smilax glauca Waet.
_ Sawbrier. A lowland species that is confiaed to the southeastern part of the
State, and found in Bollinger, Butler, Cape Girardeau, Dunklin, New Madrid, Ore-
gon, St. Francois, Stoddard and Wayne counties. In the cotton-raising counties
it is a vile pest and is called Sawbrier.
7. Smilax hispida Mubl.
Greenbrier—Catbrier. Common in many counties in the State, along streams
in woods, where it is quite annoying to farmers in clearing new iand. It
has been found in Atchison, Boone, Butler, Callaway, Cape Girardeau, Clark, Clay,
Dunklin, ‘Greene, ‘Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, McDonald, Newton, Oregon, ,Pike,
Ray, Shannon, St. Francois and Wayne counties.
8. Smilax pseudo-China L.
Sarsaparilla. Has been reported from Boone, Greene, Pemiscot, Pike and
Shannon counties, but it is quite probable that the Boone county and Pike county
determinations were based upon some other species of Smilax, as this is a lowland
Species, and does not occur north of the Missouri river.
9, Smilax rotundifolia L.
Horsebrier—Greenbrier. A species confined to the southern part of the State,
and has been found in Butler, Cape Girardeau, Dunklin, Jasper, McDonald, New
Madrid, St. Louis and Wayne counties. Has been reported from Atchison county,
by Broadhead, but this was evidently Smilax hispida, and also from Pike county by
Pech, but it is hardly probable that it gets so far north.
WALNUT FAMILY (JUGLANDACEA).
10. Juglans cinerea L.
White Walnut—Butiernut. Occurs principally in the eastern and southern part
of the State, never common at any place. Has been found in Adair, Audrain,
Bollinger, Butler, Cape Girardeau, Clark, Dunklin, Greene, Howard, Lafayette,
Macon, Madison, Marion, Mississippi, Newton, Pike, Ralls, Saline, Shannon,
St. Francois, St. Louis, Stoddard, Sullivan, Washington, Wayne and Wright
counties. Not of any economic value, either for its wood or its fruit.
ll. Juglans nigra L.
Black Walnut—Wainut. A very large valuable tree, occurring throughout the
State generally, but reaching its greatest development in the southwestern part of
ghe State, where trees are to be found that are three to five feet in diameter. It
is known to occur in Adair, Andrew, Atchison, Barry, Benton, Bollinger,
358 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY.
Buchanan, Butler, Cape Girardeau, Carroll, Cedar, Clark, Clay, Dade, Daviess,
Dunklin, Greene, Holt, Howard, Jackson, Jefferson, Lawrence, Linn, Madison,
McDonald, Mississippi, Newton, Oregon, Platte, Scotland, Shannon, St. Francois,
St. Louis, Stoddard, Texas, Vernon, Washington, Wayne and Wright counties.
12. Hicoria alba (L.) Britton.
Mocker-nut—Black Hickory. A large, valuable tree with ediblenuts. Found
in many counties in the State and 1eported from Adair, Butler, Cape Girardeau,
Carter, Clay, Dunklin, Greene, Howell, Jackson, Jasper, Madison, McDonald,
Oregon, Shannon, St. Francois, St. Louis, Stoddard, Texas, Wayne and Webster
counties. This is Carya tomentosa Nutt.
13. Hicoria aquatica ( Michx. f.) Britton.
Swamp Hickory. A southern swamp species that has been reported from Bute
ler county by Letterman, and will probably be found in other parts of the low-
lands of the southeastern part of the State. This is Carya aquatica Nutt.
14. MHicoria glabra ( Mill.) Britton.
Pignut Hickory. A large, valuable tree in the southeastera part of the State,
where it abounds, but the nuts are inedible. Has been found in Adair, Atchison,
Butler, Daviess, Dunklin, Madison, Pike and St. Louis counties. This and Hico-
ria minima bave been confused so much that what was observed at the localities |
north of the Missouri’river may have been the ‘latter. This is Carya porcina Nutt.
15. Hicoria laciniosa ( Michx. f.) Sargent.
Big Shell-bark. A very large, valuable tree witb the largest nuts of our hickor-
ies,which are quite excellent eating. [ts range is chiefly in the southern part of the
State, along streams in lowlands, and has been found in Atchison, Bollinger, But-
ler, Cape Girardeau, Clark, Dunklin, Jackson, Livingston, Madison, Scotland
and St. Louis counties. This is Carya sulcata Nutt.
16. Hicoria microcarpa ( Nutt.) Britton.
Small-fruited hickory. What appears to be this species is found at Allenton, St..
Louis county. This is Carya microcarpa Nutt.
17. Hicoria minima ( Marsh.) Britton.
Bitternut. A valuable tree, bearing inedible nuts, which are commonly called
pignut, but this name properly belongs to Hicoria glabra. It ocecursin many coun-
ties and is more widely distributed than pignut. It is found in Atchison, Bollin-
ger, Butler, Clark, Clay, Dunklin, Holt, Jackson. McDonald, Newton, Oregon,
Ray, Scotland, Shannon, St. Francois, St. Louis and Wayne counties. This is.
Carya amara Nutt.
18. Hicoria ovata ( Mill.) Britton.
Shell-bark Hickory— White Hickory. A very valuable tree, both for lumber an@
its excellent nuts, which are the principal hickory-nuts of the market. Widely
distributed over the whole State, except perhaps the Ozark region, where it does
not appear to occur butrarely. An idea may be had of its range in the State when —
it is known to occur in Adair, Atchison, Bollinger, Butler, Cape Girardeau, Clark,
Clay, Daviess, Dunklin, Greene, Holt, Jackson, Jefferson, Madison, McDonald,
Mississippi, Pike, Ray, Scotland, Shannon, St. Francois, St. Louis, Stoddard,
Texas, Vernon, Washington, Wayne and Wright counties. This is Carya alba.
Nutt.
TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES OF MISSOURI. 359
19. Hicoria Pecan ( Marsh.) Britton.
Pecan. A very large valuable tree, more esteemed for its excellent fruit than
any other tree in the State. The most valuable nuts are those grown ip the low-
land of the southeastern part of the State. It is found along streams in low land,
and grows in Bates, Cape Girardeau, Dunklin, Jackson, Livingston, McDonald,
Mississippi, Pike, Platte, St.Louis and Vernon counties. Thisis Carya olive-
formis Nutt.
LEITNERIA FAMILY (LEITNERIACEZ ).
20. Leitneria Floridana Chapm.
Cork-wood-cork-tree. A southern gulf coast species with remarkably light wood.
As shown by me in the fifth annual report of the Missouri Botanical garden, this
species, in common with others, works its way up the Mississippi river to the
southeastern part of the State, to where evidently an arm of the Gulf of Mexico
once extended. The wood is the lightest now known, and is used by fishermen
for floats, and other purposes which require! a light wood, whence the common
uames. It has been found in Butler and Dunklin counties.
WILLOW FAMILY (SALICACE2).
21. Populus alba L.
White poplar. Commonly planted for ornament, and spreading from the root
very much. !t has been reported as escaped in Dunklin, Greene, Jackson, Jeffer-
son and Newton counties.
22. Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam poplar. Reported from ‘Boone county, but evidently not native there.
23. Populus grandidentata Michx.
Large-toothed Aspen. Reported from Boone and Pike counties, but there must
be some mistake about this, as I do not think it occurs in the State.
24.° Populus heterophylla L.
Downy Poplar. This is the congener of the Bald Cypress, as it is fonnd only in
the lowlands of the southeastern part of the State. Not of any economic import-
ance, as it does not attain sufficient size to cut into lumber. Is found in Bollinger,
Butler, Cape Girardeau, Dunklin, Mississippi, New Madrid, Scott, Stoddard and
Wayne counties. It was also reported from Miller by Wirick, but there evidently
has been a mistake made in the determination of the tree.
25. Populus monilifera Ait.
Cottonwood. A very large valuable tree, reaching its greatest development in
the southeast part of the State where trees have been cut that were over seven feet
in diameter. This and the Sweet Gum are our two loftiest trees, specimens hav-
ing been noted that were over 175 feet in height. Occurs abundantly along the
Missouri and Mississippi rivers in low bottoms, and common along the smaller
streams. Is found in Adair, Andrew, Atchison, Barry, Bollinger, Buchanan, Cape
Girardeau, Carroll, Carter, Chariton, Clark, Clay, Daviess, Dunklizc, Scott, Jack-
son, Jasper, Jefferson, Linn, Madison, McDonald, Mississippi, New Madrid, New-
ton, Platte, Ray, Scotland, Scott, St. Louis, Stoddard, Washington, Wayne and
Wright counties.
360 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY.
26. Populus tremuloides Michx.
Trembling Aspen. A small tree of no economic value, occurring in the north-
eastern part of the State. The peculiar trembling motion of the leaves has given
rise to its popularname. Has been found in Adair, Clark and Suilivan counties;
also reported from Franklin county by Swallow, but this must have been an error
in determination.
27. Salix alba L.
White willow. Commonly planted for ornament, and reported as having escaped
in the State, by Tracy.
28. Salix alba vitellina (L.) Koch.
Osier willow. Like the last, is commonly planted, and has been observed in
Jackson, growirg along branches.
29. Salix amygdaloides Anders.
Almond willow. A large tree growing in bottoms along the Missouri and
Mississippi rivers. It has been found in Andrew, Atchison, Cape Girardeau,
Clark, Clay, Holt, Jackson, Platte, Scotland and Stoddard counties.
30. Salix Babylonica L.
Weeping willow. Commonly planted for ornament, and has escaped from culti-
vation in Jackson county.
31. Salix candida Flugge.
Hoary willow. Has been reported from Iron and Pike counties, but I have
never seen it in the State.
32. Salix cordata Muhl.
Heart-leaved willow, A smallshrubby tree along branches. Occurs in Howell,
Jackson, Shannon and St. Louis counties.
33. Salix cordata vestita Anders.
Diamond willow. A Jarger tree than the last, with very hard wood, which is
quite durable, ¢ and called Black willow by farmers, a name which properly belongs
to Salix nigra. The tree is confined to the rich alluvial bottoms along the Missouri
river, and appears quite distinct from the last. It has been found in Andrew,
Atchison, Clay, Holt, Jackson, Platte, Scotland and St. Louis counties.
34. Salix discolor Muhl.
Glaucous willow. Has been collected in Clark and Pike counties only.
35. Salix fragilis L.
| Crack willow. Reported as collected in Pike county by Pech, but this is
probably a mistake.
36. Salix humilis Marsh.
Prairie willow. A very common bushy willow on the prairies, and becoming
a small tree in Jackson county along small streams. It is found in Atchison,
Boone, Carter, Christian, Clark, Greene,’ Howell, Jackson, Lawrence, McDon-
ald, Newton, Shannon, Warren, Wayne, Webster and Wright counties. The
arborescent form was mistaken for Salix ‘petiolaris in my Flora of Jackson county, .
Missouri.
4 a7 %%
ea ee ee a Se
TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES OF MISSOURI. 361
37. Salix longifolia Muhl.
Long-leaved willow. A very common willow, and one of our most valuable
species, inasmuch as it binds the shifting sands on the banks and sand-bars of
‘the Missouri and Mississippi rivers, with its long creeping roots; on which ac-
count it is often called Sand-bar willow, and sometimes White willow, a name
properly belonging to Salix alba. \t occurs in Andrew, Atchison, Boone, Bu-
hanan, Clark, Clay, Holt, Jackson, Platte and Putnam counties.
38. Salix lucida Muhl.
Shining willow. This species is so difficult to distinguish from some forms of
Scalic nigra, that | have some doubt that this specier occurs in Jackson county, as
reported by me.
39. Salix nigra Marsh.
Black willow. The largest of our willows, often attaining the height of 125 feet,
and havirg tke greatest distribution, but its range appears to extend from the
Dorthwestern to the southeastern part of the State ; does not appear to be present
in the southwestern part of the State, being supplanted by the next tree. It has
been observed in Andrew, Atchison, Bollinger, Buchanan, Cape Girardeau, Clay,
Dunklin, Holt, Jackson, Jasper, Madison, New Madrid. Pemiscot, Pike, Platte,
Ripley, St. Francois, St. Louis, Stoddard and Wayne counties.
40. Salix nigra Wardi Bebb.
Ward’s willow. A species confined to the southwestern part of the State, and
did I not have other reasons for thinking this a good species, this difference in
range alone would cause me to suspect it. Its present known range is from the
mouth of the Kansas river south, and from Little river west, and has been found
in Bollinger, Carter, Dade, Greene, Howell, Jackson, Jasper, Lawrence, Madison,
McDonsld, Newton, Oregon, Shannon, St. Francois, Stoddard, Texas, Wayne and
Wright counties.
41. Salix sericea Marsh.
Silky willow. A species of the low lands adjoining the Mississippi river, and
has been found in Cape Girardeau, St. Louis and Washington counties.
42. Salix tristis Ait.
Dwarf gray willow. A low, bushy species, which has been reported from
Greene and Pike counties; but I have never seen it.
BIRCH FAMILY (BrruLace#).
43. Carpinus Caroliniana Walt.
Ironwood — Hornbeam — Blue beech— Water beech. A soall-sized tree, with a
smooth trunk and hard. heavy wood, having a range south and east of a line drawn
from the northeastern to the southwestern part of the State. It is found in Bol-
linger, Boone, Butler, Callaway, Cape Girardeau, Clark, Cole, Dunklin, Lincoln,
Madison, McDonald, Mississippi, Oregon, Pike, Ralls, Shannon, St. Louis, Stod-
dard and Wayne counties.
44. Ostrya Virginiana ( Mill.) Willd.
Tronwood—Hop hornbeam. A small-sized tree, with rough bark and very hard,
heavy wood, which has a range principally north and west of a line from the north-
H— 24
362 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
eastern to the southwestern part of the State. Sometimes rarely found in the
southeastern part of the State, but very common in the northwestern part. Has.
been found in Adair, Andrew, Atchison. Butler, Cape Girardeau, Clark, Daviess,
Dunklin, Greene, Jackson, Jasper, Madison, McDonald, Oregon, Pike, Randolph,
Shannon and St. Louis counties.
45. Corylus Americana Walt.
Hazelnut A well-known, widely diffused shrub in the State, commonly found
in rich soil in the vicinity of streams. Perhaps occurring ‘in every county in the
state, and at present known to grow in Adair, Atchison, Buchanan, Butier, Cape —
Girardeau, Carter, Clark, Dunklin, Greene, Jackson, Jefferson, Madison, McDon=
ald, Mississippi, Newton, Oregon, Pike, Scotland, Shannon, St. Francois, St.
Louis, Sullivan, Texas, Washington, Wayne, Webster and Wright counties.
46. Corylus rostratus Ait.
Beaked hazelnut. What appears to be this species has been found in Jackson
and Newton counties. It may be distinguished from the last species by the bur
which surrounds the nut being of one piece, while the bur of the last is in two
pieces.
47. Betula nigra L.
Red birch—Black birch. A very common tree south and east of a line drawn
from the northeastern to southwestern part of the State. Has ararge similar to
that of Blue beech and Sassafras, and grows along river courses and around ponds ~
and lakes. It is found in Adair, Audrain, Barton, Bollinger, Butler, Cape Girar-—
deau, Carroll, Carter, Cedar, Chariton, Clark, Dade, Daviess, Dunklin, Henry,
Johnson, Linn, Macon, Madison, McDonald, Newton, Pettis, Pike, Randolph,
Ripley, Scotland, Shannon, St. Francois, St. Louis, Stoddard, Vernon, Washing
ton and Wayne counties.
48. Betula populifolia Marsh.
White birch. A small tree, reported by Tracy as occurring in the State, but.
has not since been found. Probably the preceding species.
49. Betula pumila L.
Low birch. Said to have been found in Washington county by Pech, but L
have not seen it.
50. Alnus incana (L.) Willd.
Speckled alder. Said to have been found in Mississippi county by Galloway
but hus not been collected since. /
51. Alnus rugosa ( Ehrh.) Koch.
Smooth alder. A small shrub found growing along rocky branches, principally
in the southern part of the State. Occurs in Bollinger, Butler, Cedar, Cole,
Howell, [ron, Lewis, Lincoln, Madison, Marion, Pike, St. Francis, St. Louis, Stod-
dard, Washington and Wayne counties. This is Alnus serrulata Willd.
OAK FAMILY (TAGACEZ).
52. Fagus atropunicea ( Marsh.) Sudw.
Beech. This large valuable tree, whose edible nuts are so well-known, is found
only in the southeastern part of the State, generally in rich woods. It is found in B:
ss
wy
TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES OF MISSOURI. 363:
~ Butler, Cape Girardeau, Dunklin, Madison, Mississippi, Scott, Stoddard and War-
ren counties. This is Fagus ferruginea Ait.
53. Castanea dentata ( Marsh.) Sargent.
Chestnut. Said by Swallow to grow in New Madrid county, and by Blankin-
ship in Greene county, but probably the next species was what was found. This
is Castanea sativa Americana Wats. and Coult.
54. Castanea pumila Mill.
Chinquapin. A large tree occurring in the mountaineous regions of the south
part of the State, where it has been found in Barry, Cedar, Jasper, McDonald and
Newton counties. Fruit similar to that of the Chestnut, and often mistaken for it.
55. Quercus alba L.
White-oak. One of our most valuable, as well as the best known of our oaks.
Reachiag its greatest development in the southeastern part of the State, where
there are veritable giants in girth and height. Occurs throughout the State gen-
erally, but principally south of the Missouri river. It is found in Adair, Andrew,
Bollinger, Butler, Cape Girardeau, Carter, Cedar, Clark, Clay, Cole, Dunklin,
Greene, Howard, Howell, Jackson, Jefferson, Lawrence, Livingston, Madison,
McDonald, Mississippi, Newton, Oregon, Platte, Scotland, Shannon, St. Francois,
St. Louis, Stoddard, Sullivan, Texas, Vernon, Washington, Wayne, Webster and
Wright counties.
56. Quercus alba macrocarpa Engelm.
A hybrid between the white-oak and bur-oak, of which one tree has been
found in Jackson county.
57. Quercus alba Muhlenbergii B. F. Bush.
A hybrid between the white-oak and the chinquapin-oak, of which one tree:
has been found in Jackson county,
58. Quercus aquatica ( Lam.) Walt.
Water-oak. A species of the lowlands of the southeastern part of the State..
A large, valuable tree, bearing a close resemblance to the shingle-oak; is found
in Butler and Dunklin counties, and has been reported from Greene county, but.
this must be a mistake in determination.
59. Quercus coccinea Wang.
Scarlet-oak What I take to be this species has been found in Jackson and
Shannon counties. There seems to be some doubt about its occurrence in our
borders, although Sargent cites specimens as coming from the northeastern part
of the State. It has also been reported from St. Louis, but that may have been the
Texas red-oak, which is common there, and is commonly mistaken for this species.
60. Querous digitata ( Marsh.) Sudw.
Spanish oak. A large tree of the lowlands of the southeastern part of tue
State, of little economic importance. Grows in Butler, Dunklin, New Madrid,
Ripley and Wayne counties. Has been reported from Adair and Livingston
counties by Broadhead, but it is not likely this lowland species should be found
80 farnorth. Also reported from St. Louis county, but this, too, is doubtful, as
the suitable habitat for it is not there. This is Quercus falcata Michx.
364 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
61. Quercus imbricaria Michx.
Shingle oak, A very large valuable tree mostly confined to the central part of
the State, where it reaches its greatest development. In the early days much used
for making shingles, whence the common name. It is found in Adair, Bollinger,
Boone, Butler, Cape Girardeau, Carroll, Cass, Clark, Clay, Clinton, Daviess,
Dunklin, Greene, Howell, Jackson, Jefferson, Linn, Livingston, Madison, Miller,
‘Oregon, Pike, Ray, Scotland, St. Francois, St. Louis, Stoddard, Sullivan, Wash-
ington, Wayne and Webster counties.
62. Quercus imbricatiaX< coccinea Engelm.
A hybrid between the Shingle-oak and the Scarlet-oak. This has undoubtedly
been found in the State, and I question very much if one of the supposed parents
is the Scarlet-cak. Has been foundin Butler, Peitis, St. Louis and Wsshington
counties. This is Quercus Leana Nutt.
63. Quercus imbricaria x palustris Engelm.
A hybrid between the Shingle-oak and the Pine-oak ; has been found in St.
Louis county.
64. Quercus imbricaria rubra B. F. Bush.
A hybrid between the Shingle oak and the Red-oak ; bas been found in Jack-
‘80D county. ;
65. Quercus lyrata Walt.
Overcup-oak, A large valuable tree in the lowlands of the southeastern part
‘of the State, where it has been found in Butler, Cape Girardeau, Dunklin, Missis-
sippi, New Madrid, St. Louis and Wayne counties.
66. Quercus macrocarpa Michx.
Bnr-oak. One of our largest, and next to the White-oak, the most valuable of
our oaks. Distributed over the whole State, but most abundant along the Missouri
river in the bottoms. A pretty fairidea of its range in the State may be had,
when we know that it has been foundin Adair, Andrew, Atchison, Cape Girar-
deau, Cedar, Clark, Clay, Clinton, Daviess, Dunklin, Greene, Goward, Jackson,
Jasper, Lawrence, Madison, McDonald, Mississippi, New Madrid, Oregon, Pike,
Platte, Ray, Scotland, Shannon, St. Louis, Sullivan, Vernon and Wayne counties.
67. Quercus macrocarpa oliveformis (Michx. f.) A. Gray.
Dwarf bur-oak. A very much dwarfed variety of the last, with smaller oblong
acorns and densely pubescent twigs and leaves, which has been found on the sides
and tops of the peculiar loess mounds in Atchison county. A small bushy tree 8 to
18 feet in height.
68. Quercus macrocarpa x Mublenbergii B. F. Bush.
A hybrid between the Bur-oak and the Chinquapin oak, of which two trees
are found in Jackson county. P
69. Quercus macrocarpa~ piatanoides B. F. Bush.
A hybrid between the Bur-oak and the White-oak, of which quite a grove has
been found near Shefliield in Jackson county.
TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES OF MISSOURI. 365,
70. Quercus Michauxii Nutt.
Cow-oak. A lowland species of the southeastern part of the State, where it
attains a great height and corresponding girth, and is very valuable for lumber. It
oceurs in Bollinger, Butler, Cape Girardeau, Dunklin, New Madrid and Stoddard
counties.
71. ,Quercus minor (Marsh.) Sargent.
Post-oak A very valuable small-sized tree, reaching its greatest development.
in and about the Ozark region, where in some places it and the Black-jack oak are
the only oaks present. Appears to be absent or very scarce in the northwestern
part of the State, as may be seen from the following list of counties. for at present.
it is known to occur in Adair, Atchison, Barton, Bollinger, Cape Girardeau,
Carter, Cedar, Christian, Clark, Dunklin, Greene, Henry, Howard, Howell, Jack-
son, Jasper, Jefferson, Lawrence, Livingston, Madison, McDonald, Newton, Ore-
gon, Ripley, Shannon, St. Francois, St. Louis, Texas, Wayne, Webster and
Wright connties. This is Quercus stellata Wang.
72. Quercus Muhlenbergii Engelm.
Chinquapin-oak. A valuable small-sized tree wlth very hard wood and edible.
nuts. Very well known and distributed throughout the State in dry or rocky
ground, and is often called Yeilow-oak from the yellow inner wood, and Sweet-
oak from the edible acorns. It has been found in Andrew, Atchison, Bollinger,
Butler, Cape Girardeau, Carroll, Carter, Clark, Clay, Clinton, Dade, Dunklin,
Greene, Holt, Howard. Howell, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Livingston, Madison,
McDonald, New Madrid, Newton, Oregon, Pike, Platte, Ray, Shannon, St. Fran-
cois, St. Louis, Texas, Washington and Wayne counties. Broadhead reported
Quercus Prinus from Adair county, and Swallow reported it also from Mississippi
county, but the Chinquapin-oak was evidently what they had under considera-
tion.
73. Quercus nigra L.
Black jack oak. A small-sized tree of little value, reaching its greatest devel—
opment in the Ozark region, where itis in the greatest abundance. Its range is
principally, if not entirely, south of the Missouri river, as I have never seen it.
north of it. It is known to grow in Barton, Bollinger, Carter, Christian, Dunklin,
Greene, Howell, Jackson, Jefferson, Lawrence, McDonald, Newton, Oregon,
Shannon, St. Francois, St. Louis, Texas, Washington, Webster and Wright
counties. Broadhead reported it from Adair and Nodaway counties, but probably
erroneously, and Pech is said to have collected it in Pike county.
74. Quercus palustris Du Roi.
Pin-oak. A common species in low land and swampy places, having a range
south and east of a line drawn from the northeastern part of the State to the.
mouth of the Kangas river; apparently absent from the northwestern part of the.
State. itis foundin Adair, Bollinger, Butler, Cape Girardeau, Clark, Dunklin,
Greene, Howard, Howell, Jackson, Mississippi, New Madrid, Pemiscot, Pike,
Ray, Shannon, St. Louis, Stoddard, Sullivan and Wayne counties. Commonly
called Turkey-oak in the Ozark region, but this name belongs to Quercus Catesbei.
75. Quercus Phellos L.
Willow-oak. A very valuable tree of the lowlands of the southeastern part of
the State, where it is extensively manufactured into lumber and car-timber. It.
366 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY.
grows in Bollinger, Butler, Dunklin, Madison, Mississippi, New Madrid, Scott
and Stoddard counties; was reported from St. Louis by Murtfeldt, but this is
probably a mistake.
76. Quercus Phellosxrubra Hollick.
Bartram’s-oak. A hybrid between some two species of oaks, and not yet defi-
nitely settled, but according to the new check-list, between the Willow-oak and
the Red-oak. 1 collected it in Dunklin county, a region in which the Red-oak has
been shown not to oceur, and Broadhead found it in De Kalb, Shelby and Sullivan
counties, and Swallow found it in Cooper and Pettis counties—all localities
where the Willow-oak does not grow. I[t was considered a hybrid between the
Willow-oak and the Black-oak by Gray, and to this combination the Willow-oak is
an objection, a8 stated above. Engelmann considered it a hybrid between the
Willow-oak and the Scarlet-oak, and as the Scarlet-oak does not extend to the
southeastern part of the State, my Dunklin county specimens could not represent
this hybrid. ‘This is perhaps the most interesting oak hybrid we have, and has
been the subject of much discussion, and is the Quercus heterophylla Michx. f.
77. Quercus platanoides (Lam.) Sudw.
Swamp white-oak. A large, valuable tree, found mostly north of the Missouri
river. It resembles the Bur-oak in appearance of the trunk and leaves, but the
acorns are smaller and very long-peduncled ; has been found in Adair, Andrew,
Cass, Clark, Daviess, Gentry, Jackson, Madison, Saline, Scotland, Sullivan and
Worth counties. This is Quercus bicolor Willd.
78. Quercus prinoides Willd.
Prairie-oak—Dwarf Chinquapin-oak. A low bushy species of the prairie re-
gions of the State, often found loaded with fruit when only a foot or two high.
It is often a serious drawback to the farmer in the clearing of land, as it has a
habit of stooling out from the main stem for several yards around. Has been
found in Atchison, Holt, Howell, Jackson, Shannon, St. Louis and Stone counties.
79. Quercus rubra L.
Red-oak. A very large, valuable tree, distributed over the whole of the
State, except perhaps the lowlands of the southeastern part, where it is replaced
by the Texas red-oak. It reaches its greatest development and abundance along
the Missouri river in the central and western part of the State. It occurs in
Adair, Andrew, Atchison, Cedar, Clark, Clay, Clinton, Cole, Holt, Howard,
Howell, Jackson, McDonald, Newton, Oregon, Pike, Ray, Scotland, Shannon,
St. Francois, St. Louis, Wayne, Webster and Wright counties.
80. Quercus rubra runcinata A. D. C.
A variety of the Red-oak, which has been found in Miller and St. Louis
counties.
81. Quercus Texana Buckley.
Texas Red-oak. A large and valuable oak of Texas, which extends up the
Mississippi river as far north as St. Louis, and is the prevailing Red-oak of the
lowlands of the southeastern part of the State, where it often has a diameter
of tive to six feet, and a height of from 100 to 175 feet. So farasl know the range
of this species, it occurs in Butler, Dunklin, Mississippi, Ripley and St. Louis
counties. :
ene ee or
TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES OF MISSOURI. 367
32. Quercus velutina Lam.
Black-oak. A large and valuable oak, of wide distribution in the State, and
reaching its greatest development along the Missouri river in the central and west-
ern part of the State. Has been found in Adair, Andrew, Atchison, Buchanan,
Butler, Cape Girardeau, Cedar, Clark, Cole, Dunklin, Greene. Holt, Howell, Jack-
son, Jasper, Lawrence, McDonald, Newton, Oregon, Ripley, Shannon, St.
Francois, St. Louis, Sullivan, Texas, Wayne, Webster and Wright counties.
This is Quercus coccinea tinctoria A. Gray.
ELM FAMILY (ULMACE2).
$3. Ulmus alata Michx.
Wahoo elm— Winged elm. A 8mall tree in most parts of the State where it
occurs, reaching its greatest development in the lowlands of the southeastern part
of the State, where it often becomes a tree four feet in diameter and 150 feet in
height, and where it is known as Red elm, a name properly belonging to Ulmus
pubescens. Its range is chiefly souih of the Missouri river, and it does not appear
to occur west of aline drawn from Boonville. At present it is only known to
oceur in Bollinger, Butier, Callaway, Cape Girardeau, Carter, Cole, Cooper,
Dunklin, Howell, iron, Madison, McDonald, Mississippi, New Madrid, Ripley,
Shannon, St. Francois, Stoddard, Warren and Wayne counties.
$4. Ulmus Americana L.
White elm. A large, very valuable tree, both for lumber and ornamenal pur-
poses. Has a wide range throughout the State, and grows inall kinds of soil. Well-
grown trees that are fonnd in river bottoms with tall, straight trunks, are some-
times called Hickory elm and Rock elm, a name which properly belongs to Ulmus
racemosa. It is sometimes called Water elm when found in low grounds, and is
most difficult tosplit, while the form called Rock elm splits remarkably:weli. Ithas
been found in Adair, Andrew, Atchison, Buchanan, Butler, Cape Girardeau, Car-
toll, Clark, Clay, Daviess, Dunklin, Greene, Howell, Jackson, Jasper, Lawrence,
Madison, McDonald, Newton, Oregon, Pemiscot, Pike, Platte, Ray, Scotland, Shan-
non, St. Francois, St. Louis, Stoddard, Washington and Wayne counties.
85. Ulmus pubescens Walt.
Red elm—Slippery elm. A large, valuable tree, found throughout the State in all
kinds of soil. Wood reddish, tough and very durable for such purposes as fence
posts, rails, fencing,etc. Theinner bark very mucillaginous, and much used locally
and in medicine. It occura in Adair, Atchison, Buchanan, Butler, Clark, Dade,
Dunklin, Greene, Holt, Howell, Jackson, Madison, McDonald, Mississippi, Newton,
Oregon, Ripley, Scottand, Shannon, St. Francois, St. Louis, Stoddard and Wayne
counties. This is Ulmus fulva Michx.
86. Ulmus racemosa Thomas.
Cork elm, Hickory elm, Rockelm. A very valuable large elm, found along streams
in several counties in the State, and probably more common than is now known,
a8 it closely resembles the White elm, and only a critical examinatien can distin-
guish it. It may be recognized by the larger, longer buds, the corky-winged
branchlets, and the flowers being racemed instead of in umbels, and produced much
later. It is used considerably for making wagon repairs, such as axle-trees,
tongues, etc. Has been found thus far in Atchison, Bcone, Clark, Dunklin, Jack-
son and Stoddard counties.
368 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
87. Planera aquatica ( Walt.) J. F. Gmelin.
Planer-tree Asmall tree much resembling an elm, found in the swamps of
the southeastern part of the State. It has a smooth angled trunk and the wood is
soft and light. Found only in Dunklin and New Madrid counties.
88. Celtis Mississippiensis Bose.
Yellow hackberry. A small-sized tree found along the bottoms of the larger
streama, and having a smooth trunk with warty pieces scattered overit. The
wood is of a beautiful yellow color and is quite soft and very easily split. As L
understand the species it is found in Butler, Cape Girardeau, Clay, Dunklino, Jack-
son, McDonald, Mississippi, New Madrid, Shannon, St. Francois, St. Louis, Stod-
dard and Wayne counties.
89. Celtis occidentalis L.
Hackberry. A large valuable tree, reaching its greatest development along the
Missouri river in the central and western part of the State. The woed is white,
very hard and almost uncleavable, and the bark hasa peculiar hacked appearance.
It occurs in Adair, Atchison, Buchanan, Cape Girardeau, Cedar, Clark, Clay,,.
Daviess, Dunklin, Holt, Howard, Jackson, Madison, McDonald, New Madrid,
Oregon, Pike, Ray, Ripley, Scotland, Shannon, St. Francois, St. Louis, Stoddard,
Washington and Wayne counties.
90. Celtis accidentalis pumila (Pursh) A. Gray.
Low hackberry. A low shrubby species of hackberry, commonly considered as
a variety of the last, but I think it would be bet ter to place it with Celtis Mississip-
piensis. It is found along rocky river banks, mostly in the southern part of the
State. It has been fonndin Howell, McDonald, Newton, Oregon and St. Louis.
counties. There is a Celtis in the southwestern part of the State that may be a
new species, but I have been unable to get sufficient material to determine this.
MULBERRY FAMILY (MoRACEz).
91. Morus alba L.
White mulberry. Commonly planted for ornament, and formerly for feeding
silk-worms, and has become adventive, according to Tracy.
92. Morus ruora L.
Mulberry. A common, well-known, small-sized tree, which is distributed —
pretty much all over our borders, and which reaches Its greatest development in the ~
southeastern part of the State, where trees are frequently met with that are three
to four feet in diameter. It occurs in Atchison, Bollinger, Butler, Cape Gir-
ardeau, Carter, Clark, Clay, Dade, Daviess, Dunklin, Holt, Jackson, Jefferson,
Lawrence, ‘Madison, McDonald, Newton, Oregon, Pike, Platte, Ray, Ripley,
Shannon, St. Francois, St. Louis, Stoddard and Wayno counties.
93. Broussonetia papyrifera L’Her.
Paper mulberry. <A fast-growing tree, commonly planted for shade in towns
in the lowlands of the southeastern part of the State. The soil and climate are so
congenial'to its nature that it easily escapes from cultivation, and is found growing
in many places naturally. J have observed it only in Dunklin county. This tree is |
not quite hardy enough to stand the severe winter we have in Jackson county, but
\
TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES OF MISSOURI. 369
there is a tree in Robt. Tindall’s yard that has been growing there for ten years or
more. Sometimes itigets kilied down by'the frost, but in the spring it will start up
afresh, and several times it reached a height of thirty feet or more. For the south-
ern part of the State it will prove a vaiuable ornamental tree.
94. Toxylon pomiferum Raf.
Osuge orange. A shrubby tree,commonly planted for hedges in the prairie
regions of the State, and becoming adventive in many counties. Native in Jasper,
McDonald and Newton counties, where it becomes a large tree. Has been reported
as adventive in Greene, Jackson, Madison, Platte and St. Louis counties. This is
Maclura aurantiaca Nutt.
MISTLETOE FAMILY ( LORANTHACE ).
95. Phoradendron flavescens ( Pursh) Nutt.
Mistletoe. A parasitic shrabhby plant found on several species of trees in the
southeastern part of the State. Its principal host appears to be the Black gum.
I have found it in Butler, Dunklin, New Madrid, Stone and Stoddard counties.
BIRTHWORT FAMILY (ARISTOLOCHIACE 2 ).
96. Aristolochia macrophylla Lam.
Pipe-vine—Dutchman’s Pipe. Said to have been collected in Mississippi county,
but I know nothing of its occurrence in the State. This is Aristolochia Sipho L’ Her.
‘97. Aristolochia tomentosa Sims.
A tall, vigorous climber, with soft ‘spongy stems, and long six-sided pods. Is
found in Butler, Dunklin, Greene, McDonald, Shannon, St. Louis, Wayne and
Wright counties.
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY ( POLYGONACEZ).
98. Polygonella Americana (F. & M.) Small.
A iow bushy shrub, with minute leaves, and a profusion of small white flowers ;
has been collected in Dunklin’and Stoddard counties. This is Polygonella ericoides
Engelm. & Gray.
99. Brunnichia cirrhosa Banks.
A tall, vigorous climber of the lowlands of the southeastern part of the State.
Has been collected in Butler, Dunklin, Mississippi, New Madrid and Stoddard
counties.
MAGNOLIA FAMILY (MAGNOLIACE2).
100. Magnolia acuminata L.
Cucumber-tree. Has been collected in Stoddard county, by Dodson, but I have
not seen it in the State.
101. Magnolia Virginica L.
Small magnolia—Sweet bay. Credited- to the State in Torrey & Gray’s Flora,
but I have not seenit. This is Magnolia glauca L.
H— 274
,
370 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
102. Liriodendron Tulipifera L.
Tulip-tree— White poplar. A very valuable large tree of the southern part of the
State, generally on the high ridge land. Specimens 25 feet in circumference and
150 feet in height are not uncommon, and an immense amount of lumber is sawed
out of it every year under the name of White poplar. [t grows in Bollinger,
Butler, Cape Girardeau, Dunklin, Madison, Mississippi, New Madrid and
Stoddard counties. Wirick reported it from Miller county, but that must have
been a mistake. And Murtfeldt reported it from St. Louis county, but this must
evidently have been in cultivation.
CUSTARD APPLE FAMILY ( ANONACE2),
103. Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal,
Common pawpaw. A well-known tree bearing luscious fruit. This is a very
promising fruit, and with a little trouble may be improved very much. Dis- Q
tributed over the entire State, but appearing rarely in the northeastern part,
reaching its greatest development and abundance in the western part of the State
along the Missouri river, where specimens have been observed that were 20 inches
in diameter. Its range may be seen from the following list, for it is known to
grow in Andrew, Atchison, Bollinger, Butler, Cape Girardeau, Carroll, Clark,
Clay, Dade, Dunklin, Greene, Holt, Howard, Jackson, Jefferson, Madison, Mc-
Donald, Miller, Mississippi, New Madrid, Newton, Pike, Platte, Ray, Shannon,
St. Charles, St. Francois, St. Louis, Stoddard, Washington and Wayne counties.
CROWFOOT FAMILY ( RANUNCULACE),
104. Clematis Catesbyana Pursh.
A Virgin’s-bower that has been lately found in Shannon county by me.
105. Clematis crispa L.
Virgin’s-bower. A southern species which has been found in Dunklin, Missis-
sippi and Scott counties.
106. Clematis Fremonti S. Wats.
Virgin’s-bower. A very local species, and has been found only in Franklin, —
Jefferson and St. Louis counties.
107. Clematis Simsii Sweet.
Leather-flower. A trailing or climbing vine, having very peculiar flowers.
Found in Bates, Boone, Carroll, Greene, Harrison, Henry, Iron, Jackson, Livings-
ton, Pike, Shannon and St. Louis counties. This is Clematis Pitcheri Torr. & Gray.
108. Clematis Viorna L.
Leather-flower. Very similar to the last, except that the fruit is very plumose
and feathery. It is found in Butler, Cass, Christian, Greene, Jefferson, McDonald,
Oregon, Ozark, Shannon, Stone and Taney counties.
109. Clematis Virginiana L. E
Common Virgin’s-bower. A tall-climbing vine with small white flowers, and a
dense panicle of white cottony fruits. Abundant in the swamps of the southeast-_
ern part of the State, whence the common name, Nigger-wool and Nigger-wool —
swamp. It is known to grow in Atchison, Boone, Butier, Cape Girardeau, Clark,
Clay, Cole, Dunklin, Greene, Jackson, McDonald, Mississippi, New Madrid, Pike,
Scotland, Shannon, St. Frances, St. Louis and Stoddard counties.
3
—
’
TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES OF MISSOURI. 371
BARBERRY FAMILY (BERBERIDACE /).
110. Berberis Canadensis Mill.
Barberry. A low, spiny shrub found only on the tops of the high knobs in
_ Shannon county.
111. Berberis vulgaris L.
Common barberry. 1s commonly cultivated, and has been reported by Galloway
as having escaped. ;
MOONSEED FAMILY (MENISPERMACE #).
112, Menispermum Canadense L.
Moonseed. A woody green climber, with large angled leaves. ‘The long yel-
- Jow roots are commonly dug for making bitters, and the vine is called Parilla, or
Sargaparilla. Common in rich soil in woods, and has been found in Andrew,
Atchison, Butler, Cape Girardeau, Clark, Clay, Dunklin, Greene, Holt, Jackson,
Madison, McDonald, Mississippi, Oregon, Platte, Ray, Scotland, Shannon, St.
(Louis and Wayne counties.
118. Cebatha Carolina (L.) Britton.
Fish-berry. A tall, climbing woody plant found only south of the Missouri
- Yiver along river banks. Occurs in Barton, Butler, Cole, Dunklin, Greene, How-
ell, McDonald, Oregon and Shannon counties. ‘This is Cocculus Carolinus D. C.
414. Calycocarpum Lyoni (Pursh) Nutt.
Cup-seed. A very tall woody climber found along river banks in the State
south of the Missouri, Has been found in Dunklin, McDonald, Shannon and St.
Louis counties.
LAUREL FAMILY (LAURACE2)..
115. Sassafras sassafras (L.) Karst.
Sassafras. A well-known tree in many parts of the State, where it is com-
monly from 1¢C to 30 feet in height, except in the lowlands of the southeastern
part of the State, where it becomes‘a very large tree, from two to six feet in dia-
meter, and 100 to 150 feet in height. It is mostly confined to the southern part of
‘the State, and does not appear to grow west of a line down from Kirksville to Ne-
‘vada. It is found in Barry, Bollinger, Butler, Cape Girardeau, Carter, Cedar,
Christian, Dunklin, Greene, Howard, Howell, Jasper, Jefferson, Lawrence,
Madison, McDonald, Miller, Mississippi, Monroe, New Madrid, Newton, Oregon,
Pike, Randolph, Saline, Shannon, St. Francois, St. Louis, Stoddard, Texas,
‘Wayne, Webster and Wright counties. This is Sassafras officinale Nees.
116. Benzoin benzoin (L.) Coulter.
Spice-bush. A well-known shrub found along streams in many parts of the
State, mostly south of the Missouri river, and occupying the same range as the
‘Sassafras. Has been found in Barton, Butler, Cape Girardeau, Cedar, Chariton,
'
372 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY.
Dunklin, Greene, Howard, Jasper, Madison, McDonald, Mississipi, Oregon, Pike,
Shannon, Stoddard, Wayne and Wright counties. This is Lindera Benzoin Blume.
117. Benzoin melissefolinm ( Walt. ) Nees.
Spice-bush. A species similar to the last, and said to have been collected im
Greene county. This is Lindera melissaefolia Blume.
SAXIFRAGE FAMILY (SAXIFRAGACE 2.) |
118. Hydrangea arborescens L. :
Wild hydrangea. A small shrub found south of the Missouri river in the State.
It has been found in Cape Girardeau, Dunklin, Greene, McDonald, Newton, Pike,
‘Shannon, St. Charles, St. Louis, Webster and Wright counties.
119. Hydrangea radiata Walt.
Wild Hydrangea. A similar shrub to the last, with densely tomentose leaves ;.
has been said to have been found in Greene county.
120. Itea Virginica L. '
Itea. A small shrub found in the swamps of the southeastern part of the
State, in Butler, Dunklin and Pike counties.
121. Ribes aureum Pursh. re
Missouri currant. A yellow-flowered species of the west, and not known
certainly to occur in the State, but commonly credited to our territory.
122. Ribes Cynosbati L. ait.
Prickly gooseberry. Stems either smooth or prickly, and bearing prickly ber- N
ries. Has been found in Boone, Clark, Gasconade, Henry, Shannon and St.
Louis counties.
123. Ribes floridum L’Her.
Wild black currant. This has been found in’ St. Louis county only.
124. Ribes gracile Michx.
Missouri gooseberry. Common in the northern and western part of the State,
appearing to be absent from the southeastern part. Found in Adair, Andrew,
Atchison, Cape Girardeau, Clark, Clay, Daviess, Holt, Jackson, McDonald, Miller,
Pike, Platte, St. Francois, St. Louis and Webster counties. This has commonly _ c
been called Ribes rotundifolium Michx.
WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY (HAMAMELIDACE#). ai
125. Hamamelis Virginiana L.
Witch-hazel. A curious shrub found along rocky streams in the southeastern
part of the State, having the peculiarity of blooming in the fall and winter and
ripening its fruit the next year. It has been found in Bollinger, Christian, Iron,
Madison, Ozark, Shannon, Stoddard and Wayne counties.
126. Liquidambar Styraciflua L.
Sweet gum. Avery large tree in the lowlands of the southeastern part of the ~
State, where it sometimes attains a girth of 20 feet and a height of 150 feet. Is cut ,
TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES OF MISSOURI. 373
very extensively into lumber for making tobacco boxes, etc. Grows in Bollinger,
Butler, Cape Girardeau, Dunklin, Madison, Mississippi, New Madrid, Scott, Stod-
dard and Wayne counties. Also has been reported from St. Louis county, but it
‘is not probable that it gets so far north.
PLANE-TREE FAMILY (PLATANACE 2).
127. Platanus occidentalis L.
Sycamore. A very large, valuable tree found throughout our borders, and
reaching its greatest development along the Missouri river in the central and wes-
tern part of the State. Trees 20 to 25 feet in girth and 100 to 150 feet in height are
not rare, and great quantities of it are sawed into lumber for making tobacco
boxes, ete. It is found in Andrew, Atchison, Barton, Bates, Bollinger, Buchanan,
Butler, Cape Girardeau, Cedar, Clark, Clay, Dade, Daviess, Dunklin, Greene,
Holt, Howard, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Lawrence, Macon, Madison, McDonald,
Mississippi, New Madrid, Newton, Oregon, Platte, Ray, Scott, Shannon, St.
Francois, St. Louis, Stoddard, Texas, Washington, Wayne and Wright counties.
ROSE FAMILY (RosAcE#),.
128. Opulaster opulifolius ( L.) Kuntze.
Nine-bark. A well-known shrub in many places in the state, and found in
Boone, Clark, Cole, Greene, Henry, Howell, Jackson, Jasper, McDonald, Miller
Newton, Oregon, Pike, Shannon, St. Charles, St. Louis, Vernon and Wayne
counties. This is Physocarpus opulifolius Maxim.
129. Spirea corymbosa Raf.
Meadow sweet. Has been found in Putnam county. This is spirea betulefolia
corymbosa Watson.
130. Spirza salicifolia L.
Meadow sweet. Has been found in Boone, Greene and Jackson counties.
131. Spirzea tomentosa L.
Hard-hack. Has been found in Boone, Clark, Cooper and Harrison counties.
132. Pyrus angustifolia Ait.
Narrow-leaved crab-apple. A species confined to the southwestern part of the
State. Has been found In Dunklin, Missisippi, St. Louis and Washington counties.
I have never heard of it?being grown for its fruit, but_it is sometimes planted for
ornament.
133. Pyrus coronaria L.
Crab-apple. This is the common crab-apple of this State,and is much more
common than is now known;; but until we can distinguish this with certainty from
our other crab-apples, we cannot definitely outline its range. This also is not
known to have been grown for its fruit, but is often planted for ornament. At
present we know that it grows in Butler, Clark, Daviess, Dunklin,‘Greene, Jack-
son, Madison, Miller and Shannon counties.
374 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
134, Pyrus Iowensis (Wood) Bailey.
Iowa crab-apple. A very promising crab; much better than either of the pre-
ceding ones, and a distinctively western species. Has been found in Jackson,
Shannon, St. Louis and Washington counties. Much more common than these lo-
calities indicate, but apparently not distinguished from the last species. In this.
species the twigs are large and densely tomentose, as are the leaves also, and the
fruit is much larger and covered witha gummy secretion. An abundant bearer,
this promises very much to become an important addition to our cultivated fruits.
135. Pyrus Malus L.
Common apple. This, or another cultivated species, has been found growing
wild in many places in the State, but at present [am unable to say what it is.
This genus and Prunus and Vitis are perhaps the most important to horticul-
turists.
136. Pyrus Soulardi Bailey.
Soulard crab. Of all our crabs this is the most promising, and has already
been cultivated for its fruit, and proved to be of great value. Has been found
in St. Louis county, and there is a large crab found in Jackson county in the bot-
toms along the Missouri river that is said tobe as large as a Little Romanite,
and is much used for making preserves by the country people. I have been unable
to secure specimens of this crab here, but it is probable that the Soulard crab ex-
tends up the Missouri river bottoms to the western part of the State.
137. Aronia arbutifolia (L.) Ell.
Choke-berry. A low shrub, with small, berry-like fruit, which is very astrin-
gent. Has been reported from Atchison county by Broadhead, but probably erro-
neously. This is Pyrus arbutifolia |,. f. :
138. Amelanchier Botryapium (L. f.) D.C.
Service-berry. A small tree or bush bearing edible fruit, and which promises.
to become valuable in the future. It has only been reported from Greene county
as yet, but it is very probable that it is common to many other parts of the State.
All the Service-berries are susceptible of great improvement by cultivation. This.
is Amelanchier Canadensis oblongifolia 'T. & G.
139. Amelanchier Canadensis ( L.) Medic.
Service-berry. A larger tree than the last, and appearing much more common,
but probably including two or more species as here given; and until our forms are
carefully studied we cannot with certainty say what species we have, although it
is very probable that we have one or two more species than now known. Has
been reported from Atchison, Boone, Cape Girardeau, Clark, Greene, Howell, Jack- —
son, Jefferson, Livingston, Madison, McDonald, Miller, Newton, Oregon, Pike,
Ripley, Shannon, St. Charles, St. Louis, Wayne, Webster and Wright counties.
Amelanchier Canadensis alnifolia of my Jackson county list was based on a cultivated
tree, and should therefore be excluded from the list.
140. Crategus apiifolia ( Marsh.) Michx.
Red-haw. A southern species which extends up the Mississippi valley to the
southern part of the State ; has been found in Butler county. Bears inedible fruit -
TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES OF MISSOURI. 375
141, Crategus coccinea L.
Red-haw. A 8mall tree found mostly inthe southern part of the State, and
bearing inedible fruit. Is found in Cape Girardeau, Jackson, Jasper, McDonald,
Shannon and St. Louis counties.
142. Cratzgzus cordata ( Mill.) Ait.
Red-haw. A southern species with inedible fruit, wnich has been found in
Boone, Shannon and St. Louis counties.
143. Crategus Crus-galli L.
Cockspur thorn. A common thorny bush or low tree, bearing indelible fruit, very
common in the prairie regions, and in rocky ground in woods. It has been found
in Bollinger, Cape Girardeau, Dunklin, Greene, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Mc-
Donald, Miller, Newton, Oregon, Ray, Scotland, Shannon, St. Francois, St.
Louis, Texas, Washington and Wayne counties.
144, Crategus Crus-galli ovalifolia Lindl.
Cockspnr thorn. A variety of the last, which has been foundin Barry and
Jasper counties.
145. Crategus flava Ait.
Summer haw. A small tree, producing edible fruit, which has been found in
Boone and Putnam counties.
146. Crategus macracantha Lodd.
Red-haw. A small tree, but little known, and which has been found only in
St. Louis county. This is Cratewgus coccinea macracantha Dudley.
147. Crategus mollis(T. & G.) Scheele.
Red-haw. Alarge tree found mostly north of the Missouri river, in woods
and pastures, and bearing excellent edible fruit. This promises very much to be-
come a valuable addition to our cultivated fruits, as there is a great variety of
forms of the fruit, in size, color and quality. Ha3 been found in Andrew, Atchi-
gon, Boone, Buchanan, Clark, Greene, Holt, Jackson, Platte, Ray, St. Louis.
and Webster counties. This is Crategus coccinza mollis T. & G.
148. Crategus Oxyacantha L.
English Hawthorn. An introduced’species which has escapedjin Boone, Mont-
gomery and St. Louis counties.
149. Crategus punctata Jacq.
Red-haw, A tree found mostly in the southern part of the State, bearing in-
edible fruits. Has been found in Barry, Boone, Greene, Jackson, Pike, Shannon
and St. Louis counties.
150. Cratzegus spathulata Michx.
Red-haw. A large shrub or small tree of the south, and which has been found
in Boone, Miller and St. Charles counties. The fruit is inedible.
151. Crategus tomentosa L.
Red-haw—Sugar-haw. A tree common in many places in the State, and very
common in and about the Ozark region, where it bears abundantly; the fruit is
376 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY. "i
ce alled sugarhaw, the fruit being very sweet and sugary, and is ripe in October and
November. Elsewhere in tbe State the tree appears to be a shy bearer and the
fruit is not quite edible. Hes been found in Carter, Clark, Greene, Jackson,
McDonald, Miller, Oregon, Phelps, Shannon, St. Charles, St. Louis and Webster
counties.
152. Crategus unifiora Munch.
Red-haw. A small shrub one to eight feet in height, bearing inedible fruit. Has
been found in Howell, Iron and Shannon counties. This is Crategus parviflora Ait.
153. Crategus viridis L.
Red-hoaw. A southern species which comes up the Mississippi valley to the
southern part of the State, and up the Neosho river to the southwestern part.
Fruit small and inedible. Has been found in Butler, Cape Girardeau, Dunklin,
McDonald, Mississippi, St. Louis and Stoddard counties.
154. Rubus Canadensis L.
Dewberry. A very promising fruit, of which we already have several valuable
varieties in cultivation. We may have several other species when we come to
study them more closely. It has been found in Bollinger, Cape Girardeau, Carter,
Clark, Clay, Dunklin, Howell, Jackson, Jasper, Livingston, McDonald, Miller,
Ne wton, Oregon, Pike, Shannon, St. Francois, St. Louis and Stoddard counties.
155. Rubus ecuneifolius Pursh.
Sand blackberry. Has been found in Pike county, but I know nothing of its
value as a fruit, never having seen it in the State.
156. Rubus hispidus L.
Running Swamp blackberry. What appears to be this species has been in Jack-
son county. The fruit is not of any value.
157. Rubus occidentalis L.
Black raspberry. This is another valuable fruit, and also has produced many
cultivated varieties. The wild fruit is quite variable, some being quite large
and much earlier than others. Is found in Atchison, Cape Girardeau, Clark,
Jackson, Jasper, Livingston, McDonald, Miller, Newton, Pike, Scotland, Shan-
non, St. Louis and Wayne counties.
158. Rubus trivialis Michx.
Low bush blackberry. A southern species which has been found in the State
by Swallow. Fruit small and sour, and of little value.
159. Rubus villosus Ait.
Blackberry. This is the Blackberry, par excellence, and one of which there is
much promise to become a valuable species to select natural varieties from.
There is a great variation in the size, earliness and flavor of the wild berries, —
and by careful selection much may be expected from it. It has been found in
Adair, Atchison, Bollinger, Butler, Cape Girardeau, Clark, Clay, Daviess, Dunk-
lin, Howell, Jackson, Jasper, Madison, McDonald, Miller, Mississippi, New Mad-
tid, Newton, Oregon, Pike, Ray, Scotland, Shannon, St. Francois, St. Louis,
Texas, Wayne, Webster and Wright counties. ,
‘ha
TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES OF MISSOURI. 377
160. Rosa Arkansana Porter.
Prairie-rose. A very strong-growipg, profusely flowering Rose of the prairie
regions of the western part of the State. Has been found in Andrew, Atchison,
Cass, Holt, Jackson and Madison counties. The last locality may perhaps repre-
sent some other species.
161. Rosa blanda Ait.
Low Wild-rose. A low species found in rocky woods and along rocky banks.
May be more common here than is now known. It has been found in Greene
county only.
162. Rosa Carolina L.
Swamp-rose. A large robust species of the lowlands of the southeastern part
of the State, often found growing on old logs which are floating in the swamps.
Has been found in Bollinger, Boone, Butler, Cape Girardeau, Dunklin, Madison,
Miller, New Madrid, Scott, St. Louis and Stoddard counties.
163. Rosa humilis Marsh.
Wild-rose. The most common species in the State, usually found growing in
dry soil. It has been found in Cass, Clark, Holt, Jackson, Jefferson, Madison,
Pike and St. Louis counties. ;
164. Rosa rubiginosa L.
Sweet brier. Commonly cultivated, and has been found growing spontaneously
in Boone, St. Francois and Washington counties.
165. Rosa setigera Michx.
Climbing-rose. A very common, strong-growing Rose, found throughout the
State, and the only Climbing species in America. Many varieties of this are in
cultivation, and it well deserves a place among our ornamental plants. It is
known to grow in Andrew, Atchison, Barton, Buchanan, Butler, Cape Girardeau,
Cass, Clay, Dunklin, Greene, Holt, Jackson, Jasper, Lawrence, Madison, Mc-
Donald, Miller, Newton, Pike, Platte, Ray, Shannon, St. Francois, Texas and
Webster counties.
166. Rosa Woodsii Lindl.
Low Wild-rose. A low species found in the southern part of the State in rocky
ground. Occurs in Howell, Jackson, Madison, Oregon, Shannon and St. Louis
counties.
167. Prunus Americana Marsh.
Wild Yellow or Red plum. A species occurring in the eastern and southern
part of the State. There are many varieties in cultivation, and this is a very prom-
ising species to select natural varieties from, for it is immensely variable. It has
been found in Adair, Barry, Butler, Dunklin, Franklin, Greene, Howell, McDonald,
Mississippi, Montgomery, Newton, Oregon, Pike, Shannon, St. Clair, St. Fran-
cois, St. Louis, Wayne and Webster counties.
168. Prunus Americana mollis T. & Gr.
Wild plum. Perhaps better than the last for fruit, for it appears hardier, and
4 more prolific bearer. Several good varieties of it are in cultivation already, and
378 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
it will pay to look after this tree. it has been found in Jackson county only as yet,
but it is probable that it is very common in the northern part of the State.
169. Prunus angustifolia Marsh.
Chickasaw plum. A southern species, not very hardy at the north, and which
has given us several very good varieties in cultivation. It is found in Bates, Cass,
Newton, Saline and St. Charles counties. This is Prunus Chicasa Michx. ’
170. Prunus hortulana Bailey.
Wild Goose plum. The most promising and the most valuable of all our wild
plums, and the original of most of our best cuitivated varieties. A distinctively
Mississippi valley species, and doubtless the best species we have to select natural
varieties from. Is found in Atchison, Cape Girardeau, Cass, Clark, Clay, Jackson,
Jasper, Newton, St. Francois and St. Louis counties.
171. Prunus hortulana Mineri Bailey.
.
Miner plum. A variety of the last which has been found in Pike county. This
is also an interesting tree, and doubtless will prove to be of great value in cultiva-
tion.
172, Prunus Pennsylvanica L. f.
Wild Red cherry, Hasbeen cultivated some for its fruit, but does not prove to
be very promising. Itis found in Adair, Pike and St. Louis counties.
173. Prunus pumila L.
Dwarf cherry. Credited to the State in Torrey & Gray’s Flora, but I have not
seen it.
174. Prunus serotina Ebrh.
Wild Black cherry. Not of much account for its fruit, but frequently found in
cultivation for ornament. Distributed pretty much all over the State, and found
in Atchison, Barry, Barton, Bollinger, Buchanan, Butler, Carroll, Clark, Clay.
Dade, Daviess, Dunklin, Greene, Howell, Jackson, Jasper, Jeffersen, Lawrence,
Linn, Livingston, Madison, McDonald, Miller, Newton, Oregon,, Platte, Ray, ~
Scotland, Scott, Shannon, St. Francois, St. Louis, Stoddard, Wayne and Washing~
ton counties.
175. Prunus Virginiana L.
Choke cherry. A shrub or small tree in the northern part of the State ; of little
value for the fruit. Has been found in Adair, Andrew, Atchison, Buchanan,
Caldwell, Clark, Clinton, Daviess, Holt, Knox, Lewis, Linn, Livingston and Sa-
line counties.
PULSE FAMILY (LEGUMINOS2).
176. Cercis Canadensis L.
Red-bud. A small-sized tree, very pretty in cultivation, and found growing”
throughout the State in woods. Is found in Adair, Andrew, Atchison, Bollinger,
Butler, Cape Girardeau, Carter, Cass, Clark, Clay, Cole, Dade, Daviess, Dunk-
lin, Holt, Howard, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Livingston, Madison, McDonald,
Miller, Mississippi, Newton, Oregon, Pike, Platte, Ray, Shannon, St. Francois,
St. Louis, Stoddard, Wayne and Wright counties.
bid We
os
TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES OF MISSOURI. 37D
177. Gleditschia aquatica Marsh.
Water locust. A southern species, found in the lowlands of the southeastern
part of the State. Grows in Cape Girardeau, Dunklin, Howell, Jefterson, Missis--
sippi, New Madrid, St. Charles, St. Louis and Wayne counties.
178. _Gleditschia triacanthos L.
Honey locust. A large tree found throughout the State in woods. Is found in.
Adair, Andrew, Atchison, Barry, Bates, Bollinger, Buchanan, Butler, Cape Gir-
ardeau, Carroll, Cedar, Clark, Clay, Dade, Daviess, Dunklin, Greene, Holt, How-
ard, Howell, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Lawrence, Livingston, Madison, Mc-
Donald, Miller, Mississippi, New Madrid, Newton, Oregon, Pike, Platte, Ray,
Ripley, Scotland, Shannon, St. Charles, St. Francois, St. Louis, Stoddard, Texas,
Washington, Wayne and Wright counties.
179. Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) Koch.
Coffee-tree. A tall tree of some little value, but not very common at any place
in the State, and is ‘found in Andrew, Atchison, Buchanan, Cedar, Clark, Clay,.
Holt, Jackson, Jefferson, Livingston, Madison, McDonald, Miller, Pike, Platte,
Ray, Scott, St. Francoig, St. Louis and Wayne counties. This is Gymnocladus
Canadensis Lam.
180. Amorpha canescens Pursh.
Lead-piant. A small shrub found in many places, mostly in the prairie regions.
of the western part of the State, supposed to indicate lead by its presence. Found
in Atchison, Christian, Clark, Clinton, Greene, Henry, Holt, Howell, Jackson,
Jasper, Lawrence, Madison, McDonald, Newton, Pike, Shannon, St. Louis, Web-
ster and Wright counties.
181. Amorpha fruticosa L.
False indigo. A taller shrub than the last, found along rocky banks and
branches throughout the State. It has been found in Atchison, Clark, Dunklin,
Jackson, Jasper, Lawrence, Lewis, Madison, McDonald, New Madrid, Newton,
. Oregon, Pike, Shannon, St. Louis, Stoddard and Webster counties.
182. Krauhnia frutescens (L.) Greene.
Wistaria. A tall vigorous climber of the lowlands of the southeastern part of
the State. Often seen in cultivaton, and is almost as handsome as the Chinese spe-
cies. It is found in Butler, Dunklin and Mississippi counties. Also reported from
Ray county by Broadhead, but that must have been a mistake. This is Wistaria
Srutescens Poir.
183. Robinia Pseudacacia L.
Common locust. A well-known, handsome tree, commonly cultivated, and es-
caped in many places in the State. It is found native in the southwestern part of
the State—in Barry, Jasper, McDonald, Newton, Stone and Taney counties. It
has been found growing spontaneously in Andrew, Atchison, Cape Girardeau, Car--
roll, Cass, Clark, Clay, Greene, Jackson, Miller, Ray and St. Louis counties.
RUE FAMILY (RvuTAcE#£).
184. Xanthoxylum Americanum Mill.
Prickly ash. A well-known shrub found in many places in the State, but ap-
pearing to be absent from the southwestern part. Has been found in Atchison,
380 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY.
Butler, Clark, Clay, Daviess, Dunklin, Holt, Jackson, Livingston, Madison, Miller,
Pike, Ray, Scotland, Shannon, St. Charles, St. Louis and Wayne counties.
185. Ptelea trifoliata L.
Hop tree—Wafer ash. A shrub or small tree found in the State south and east
-of a line drawn from the northeast corner to the southwest. Is found in Atchison,
Butler, Carter, Clark, Greene, McDonald, Miller, Pike, Shannon, St. Francois,
St. Louis and Wayne counties.
SIMARUBA FAMILY (SIMARUBACE2 ).
186. Ailanthus glandulosa Desf.
Tree of Heaven. Formerly much planted, and as it was found to spread by the
root very badly, it has been discontinued. Reported as growing spontaneously in
Cape Girardeau, Dunklin, Greene, Howell, Jackson, McDonald, St. Louis and
Wayne counties.
CASHEW FAMILY (ANACARDIACEZ ).
187. Cotinus cotinoides ( Nutt.) Britton.
Smoke-tree. A tall shrub or small tree, very much resembling the cultivated
Rhus cotinus, which has been found in Mississippi county. Also reported from St.
Louis county by Broadhead, but that must have been the real Smoke-tree in
cultivation. This is Rhus cotinoides Nutt.
188. Rhus aromatica Ait.
Sweet sumach,—Polecat bush. A low species of Sumach found in rocky places
in woods, and in the prairie regions. Is found in Clark, Greene, Howell, Jackson,
Livingston, McDonald, Miller, Oregon, Pike, Scotland, Shannon, St. Francois,
St. Louis, Wayne and Webster counties.
189. Rhus copallina L.
Copal sumach, A well-known species of Sumach in the prairie regions, where
it often gets to be 20 feet in height, and much taller than Rhus glabra, commonly
called Black sumach. Has been found in Atchison, Barry, Barton, Bollinger,
Butler, Carter, Christian, Dade, Dunklin, Greene, Howell, Jackson, Jasper, Law-
rence, Madison, McDonald, Miller, Mississippi, Newton, Oregon, Pike, Ray,
Shannon, St. Francois, St. Louis, Stoddard, Texas, Wayne, Webster and Wright
counties.
190. Rhus glabra L.
Smooth sumach—White sumach, Another well-known shrub, found through-
Out the State, in all kinds of soil. Itis foundin Andrew, Atchison, Barry, Barton,
Bollinger, Buchanan, Butler, Cape Girardeau, Carroll, Christian, Clark, Clay,
Dade, Dunklin, Greene, Holt, Howell, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Lawrence,
Livingston,. Madison, McDonald, Miller, Mississippi, New Madrid, Newton,
Oregon, Pike, Platte, Ray, Ripley, Scotland, Scott, Shannon, St. Charles, St.
Francois, St. Louis, Stoddard, Texas, Washington, Wayne, Webster and Wright
counties.
191. Rhus hirta (L.) Sudw.
Staghorn sumach. Although credited to our region by Gray’s Manual, I have
never seen it. ‘his is Rhus typhina L.
TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES OF MISSOURI. 38k
192. Rbus radicans L.
Poison iwy— Poison oak. Too well-known to need any description, but as the
Virginian Creeper is often mistaken for this, I will say that this species has only
three leaflets, while the Virginian Creeper has five. Has been found in Adair,
Atchison, Barry, Barton, Bollinger, Buchanan, Butler, Cape Girardeau, Chariton,
Clark, Clay, Dade, Dunklin, Greene, Holt, Howell, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson,
Lawrence, Livingston, Madison, McDonald, Miller, Mississippi, New Madrid,
Oregon, Pike, Platte, Ray, Scotlaud, Shannon, St. Francois, St. Louis, Stoddard,
Texas, Wayne and Webster counties. This is Rhus toxicodendron L.
193. Rhus Vernix L.
Poison sumach—Poison elder. A very poisonous specie3, which has been re-
ported from Greene county, but probably erroneously. This is Rhus venenata D.C.
HOLLY FAMILY (AQUIFOLIACE2#Z),
194. Ilex decidua Walt.
Wild privet. A tall shrub or small tree, mostly confined to the lowlands of the
southeastern part of the State. Has been found in Bollinger, Butler, Cape
Girardeau, Dunklin, McDonald, Miller, Mississippi, New Madrid, Ripley, St.
Louis, Stoddard and Wayne counties.
195. Ilex levigata (Parsh) A. Gray.
Smooth winterberry. Has been reported from Pike county, but 1 have not.
seen it in the state.
196. Ilex opaca Ait. ‘
Holly. A beautifal small evergreen treeof the lowlands of the southeastern
part of the state. Often seen in cultivation, when it is an attractive tree. It is
found in Butler, Cape Girardeau, Dunklin, Mississippi, New Madrid and Stod-
dard counties. Also, reported from Cooper county by Swallow, but these must
have been trees that were planted there.
197. Ilex verticillata (L.) A. Gray.
Black Alder, Winterberry. A small shrub which has been found in Boone, Iron,
Mississippi and Pike counties. °
STAFF-TREE FAMILY (CELASTRACEZ ).
198. EKuonymus Americanus L.
Strawberry bush. A small shrub found in the southeastern part of the state.
The fruit resembles a strawberry when it bursts open, whence the common name.
Has been found in Boone, Butler, Dunklin, Mississippi, New Madrid and St.
Charles counties. Well worthy of a place among our ornamental plants, and
sometimes found in cultivation.
199. EKuonymus atropurpureus Jacq.
Burning bush, Waahoo. A larger sbrub than the last, and one more widely dis-
tributed over the State. Itiscommon in cultivation already, and alsois a desirable
ornamental plant for shrubberies. It is found in Adair, Atchison, Butler, Clark,
Clay, Daviess, Dunklin, Greene, Holt, Jackson, Jasper, Livingston, Madison, Mc-
Donald, Newton, Pike, Ray, Stoddard, Shannon, St. Louis and Wayne counties.
382 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
200. Euonymus obovatus Nutt.
Trailing strawberry bush. A procumbent species which has been found in Dunk-
jin and Shannon counties. This is Huonymus Americanus obovatus Torr. and Gray.
201. Celastrus scandens i.
Bitler-sweet, A beautiful ornamental vine found in many places in the state,
and bearing beautiful fruit. Very common in cultivation in shrubberies. Has
peen found in Adair, Atchison, Cass, Clark, Clay, Dunklin, Jackson, McDonald,
Miller, Newton, Oregon, Pike and St. Louis counties.
BLADDERWORT FAMILY (STAPHYLEACE 2). ;
202. Staphylea trifolia L.
Bladder nut. A rather attractive and ornamental shrub, with a profusion of
greenish-white flowers and a curious inflated pod. Is found in Adair, Andrew,
Atchison, Butler, Cass, Clark, Dunklin, Jackson, Jasper, Madison, McDonald,
Miller, Newton, Oregon, Pike, Ray, Shannon and St. Louis counties.
MAPLE FAMILY (ACERACEZ).
903. Acer Drummondii H. v A.
Texas maple. A Southern species lately ascertained to be very common to the
lowlands of the southeastern part of the State. Has been found in Cape Girardeau,
Dunklin, Misgissippi, New Madrid, Scott and Stoddard counties. f
204. Acer Negundo L.
Box-elder. A fast-growing beautiful ornamental tree, found throughout the
State along river bottoms and smaller streams. It reaches its greatest develop-
ment in the lowlands of the southeastern part of the State, where there are trees
three to four feet in diameter. It occurs in Adair, Andrew, Atchison, Bollinger,
Buchanan, Butler, Cape Girardeau, Clay, Dade, Daviess, Dunklin, Holt, Jackson, ©
Jasper, Jefferson, Livingston, McDonald, Miller, Newton, Oregon, Pike. Platte,
Ray, Scotland, Shannon, St. Louis, Stoddard, Washington and Wayne counties.
This is Negundo aceroides Moench.
é
205. Acer nigrum Michx. f. ,
Black sugar maple. A large, valuable tree, found throughout the State and
including almost all of our sugar maples. It is the characteristic sugar maple of
the western part of the state, where it occurs in large groves, almost to the ex-
clusion of the eastern species. It is found in Boone, Butler, Cape Girardeau,
Clay, Jackson, Madison, Newton, St. Louis, Washington and Wayne counties.
This is Acer saccharinum nigrum Torr. and Gray.
5
Ca ee
206. Acer Pennsylvanicum L.
county, but I have not seen it.
207. Acer rubrum L.
Red maple. A nice ornamental tree, found in the State south and eastofa _
line drawn from Louisiana to Joplin. Occurs in Bollinger, Butler, Callaway,
i
4
Striped maple. A small, slender tree, which has been reported from Iron — :
!
TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES OF MISSOURI. 383
Munklin, Howell, Madison, McDonald, Miller, Mississippi, New Madrid, Shannon,
St. Francois, St. Louis, Stoddard, Wayne and Wright counties.
208. Acer saccharinum L.
Silver maple. A very fine ornamental tree, found in many places in the state
along streams, and very common in cultivation. Populus alba, the Abele or White
Popular is often erroneously called Silver Maple. The Silver Maple occurs in
Adair. Andrew, Atchison, Barton, Butler, Chariton, Clark, Clay, Daviess, Dunk-
lin, Holt, Jackson, Jefferson, Livingston, Madison, McDonald, Mississippi, New
Medrid, Newtor, Pike, Platte. Ray, Scotland,St. Francois, St. Louis, Stoddard
and Washington counties. This is Acer dasycarpum Khrh.
209. Acer saccharum L.
Sugar maple. This is the real Sugar maple, a8 We are accustomed to see in
the east, but which is rarely found so far west as our region. Has been found in
St. Louis ccunty. This is Acer saccharinum Wang.
210. Acer saccharum barbatum (Michx.) Trelease.
Sugar maple. A fine, large, valuable tree, very common in cultivation and an
universal favorite. Michaux first recognized this distinct species, and lately it has
been brought out again, after having been neglected for ninety years. It is found
in Adair, Andrew, Bollinger, Buchanan, Callaway, Cape Girardeau, Clark.
Daviess, Dunklin, Jackson, Livingston, Madison, McDonald, Miller, Pike,
Shannon, St. Charles, St. Francois, St. Louis and Wayne counties.
HORSE-CHESTNUT FAMILY (HIPPOCASTANACE2#).
211. Aisculus arguta Buckley.
Texas buckeye. A southern species which extends as far north and east as our
region, and has been found in Cass and Jackson counties. It may be recognized
by its habit of flowering from four feet high up to a small tree.
212. Asculus glabra Willd.
Ohio Buckeye. The common buckeye of the northern and eastern part of the
State, and extending as far west as the mouth of the Kansas river, where it is
uncommon. It does not flower until much larger than the last. It is found in
Adair, Bollinger, Clark, Greene, Howard, Jackson, Miller and St. Louis counties.
213. A®sculus octandra Marsh.
Sweet buckeye. An eastern species, which has been found in St. Louis county,
but I have not seenit. This is Msculus flava Ait.
214, Asculus Pavia L.
Red buckeye. A small shrub bearing bright red flowers, and confined to the
lowlands of the southeastern part of the state. Has been found in Bollinger,
Butler, Cape Girardeau, Carter, Dunklin, Madison, Rip.ey, Stoddard and Wayne
counties.
SOAP-BERRY FAMILY (SAeInDACEz ),
215. Sapindus marginatus Willd. '
Soap-berry. <A tall, slender tree of the southwest, much resembling a sumach,
which has been found in McDonald county.
384 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
BUCKTHORN FAMILY (RHAMNACA ).
216. Berchemia scandens ( Hill) Trelease.
Supple-jack. A tall, twining, very tough and flexible shrub of the lowlands of
the southeastern part of the state. Is found in Butler, Dunklin, New Madrid,
Shannon and Stone counties. This is Berchemia volubilis D. C.
917. Rhamnus Caroliniana Walt.
Southern buckthorn. Like the last, the range of this species is to the south—
east, and it is found in Dunklin, Iron, Madison, St. Louis and Wright counties.
218. Rhamnus lanceolata Pursh.
Buckthorn. A tall shrub, found mostly in the western part of the State,
usually along rocky branches and bluffs. Occurs in Atchison, Boone, Clark,
Greene, Jackson, Jefferson, Lafayette, McDonald, Shannon and Wayne counties.
219. Ceanothus Americanus L.
New Jersey tea. A low shrub, foune in dry ground in many places in the
State. Has been found in Adair, Atchison, Clark, Greene, Howell, Jackson,
Jasper, Livingston, McDonald, Newton, Oregon, Pike, shannon, St. Louis,
Webster and Wright counties.
220. Ceanothus ovatus Desf.
Redroot. Arather taller shrub than the last, and confined to the western part.
of the State. Is found in Atchison, Cass, Scott, Jackson, McDonald and Shannon
counties. =
221. Ceanothus ovatus pubescens Torr.and Gray. Z
Redroot. A variety of the last, which has been found in Atchison and Holt
counties.
VINE FAMILY (VITACEz).
222. Vitis zestivalis Michx.
Summer grape. A fine grape, the parent of many varieties in cultivation. It
is found in Butler, Clark, Dunklin, Howard, Howell, Jackson, Jasper, Madison,
McDonald, Miller, Newton, Oregon, Pike, Ray, Shannon, St. Francois, St. Louis,
Webster and Wayne counties. 4
223. Vitis bicolor LeConte.
Summer grape. A much finer and larger grape than the iast, and one that I do
not know of having been used in cultivation. It is mostly confined to the south-
western part of the State, and has been found in Carter and McDonald counties.
This is Vitis estivalis bicolor LeConte.
224. Vitis cinerea Engelm.
Downy grape. Astrong-growing grape-vine in the rich bottoms along the Mis- a
souri and Mississippi rivers, and also some of the smaller streams. Has been
found in Cape Girardeau, Clay, Dunklin, Jackson, St. Francois and St. Louis.
counties.
TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES OF MISSOURI. 385
225. Vitis cordifolia Michx.
Frost grape, Winter grape. The largest of our grape-vines, and the widest dis-
tributed ; occurs In many places in the State along river banks. It has been found
in Atchison, Bollinger, Butler, Cape Girardeau, Dunklin, Howard, Howell, Iron,
Jackson, Jasper, Lewis, Livingston, Madison, McDonald, Miller, Newton, Ore-
gon, Pike, Ray, Shannon, St. Charles, St. Francois and St. Louis counties.
226. Vitis palmata Vahl.
Swamp grape. A smailer vine than any of the others, and found only in the
deep bottoms adjacent to the Mississippi river; occurs in Butler, Dunklin, Jeffer-
son, New Madrid, St. Charles and St. Louis counties.
227. Vitis rotundifolia Michx.
Muscadine. A high-climbiug slender grape-vine, which is confined to the low-
lands of the southeastern part of the State. Is found in Dunklin and Madison
counties. Has been reported from Maries and Montgomery counties by Broadhead,
but that evidently was a mistake.
228. Vitis rupestris Scheele.
Sand grape. A mostly procumbent species found along gravelly or sandy
branches in the southern part of the State. Occurs in Franklin, Howell, Jefferson,
McDonald, Pike and Shannon counties.
229. Vitis vulpina L.
Slough grape. A common grape-vine in the western part of the State along
the Missouri river, and other smaller streams. It is found in Andrew, Atchison,
Howard, Pike, Platte, St. Charles and St. Louis counties. This is Vitis riparia
Michx.
230. Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L). Planch.
Virginian creeper A handsome ornamental climber, often seen in cultivation,
where it is quite attractive. It has been found in Atchison, Buchanan, Butler,
Cape Girardeau, Clark, Clay, Dunklin, Greene, Howell, Jackson, Madison, Mc-
Donald, Miller, Mississippi, Newton, Oregon, Pike, Ray, Scotland, Shannon, St.
Francois, St. Louis, Wayne and Webster counties. This is Ampelopsis quinquefolia
Michx.
231. Ampelopsis arborea (L.) Rusby.
Cissus. A large, strong-growing vine, found in the State only in the southern
part. Occurs in Butler, Cape Girardeau, Jefferson, New Madrid and Pemiscot
counties. This is Cissus stans Pers.
232. Ampelopsis cordata Michx.
Cissus. A kind of false grape-vine, found mostly in the western part of the
State along streams. Occurs in Clay, Cooper, Greene, Jackson, Jasper, McDon-
ald, Miller, Newton, Oregon, Platte, Ray, Shannon and St. Louis counties. This
is Cissus Ampelopsis Pers.
H— 25
386 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
LINDEN FAMILY (TILIACE2).
233. Tilia Americana L.
Linden. A fine, large, valuable tree, found in many places throughout the
State, except, perhaps, the southwestern part, where it appears to be absent. It
is most common along the Missouri river on the bluffs. Occurs in Adair, Andrew,
Atchison, Bates. Butler, Daviess, Dunklin, Holt, Howard, Jackson, Madison,
Miller, Pike, Ray, Scotland, Shannon, St. Charles, St. Francois, St. Leute Sulli-
van and Wayne counties.
234. ‘Tilia heterophylla Vent.
White basswood. Has been collected in the State by Swallow, but I have not
seen it.
ST. JOHN’S-WORT FAMILY (HYPERICACE2).
235. Ascyrum hypericoides L.
St. Andrew’s Cross. A low shrub found only in the southern part of the State.
Is found in Butler, Carter, Dunklin, Greene, McDonald, New Madrid, Sullivan
and Wayne counties. This is Ascyrum Crux-Andree L.
236. Hypericum prolificum L.
Shrubby St. John’s-wort, A tall, shrubby species, which is only found in the
southeastern part of the State. Has been found in Butler, Carter, Clark, Howell,
Iron, Madison, Randolph, Shannon, St. Louis, Washington and Wayne counties.
237. Hypericum spherocarpum Michx.
St. John’s-wort. A low species, found in many places in the State, usually in
dry or rocky ground. is found in Barry, Barton, Boone, Butler, Cass, Clark,
Greene, Jackson, Jasper, McDonald, Newton, Pike, Shannon, St. Louis, Wash-
ington and Wayne counties.
MEZEREUM FAMILY (THYMELEACE2).
238. Direa palustris L.
Leatherwood—Moosewood. A well-known;curious shrub with brittle wood, and
very tough fibrous bark, found only in the southern part of the State along rocky
banks of streams. Occurs in Barry, Callaway, Dunklin, Iron, Madison, Ferme
Shannon, Stone, Taney, Warren and Wayne counties.
GINSENG FAMILY ( ARALIACEZ)
239. Aralia spinosa L.
Angelica-tree—Tear blanket. A tall, slender, very prickly tree, confined to the
low lands of the southeastern part of the State. Has been found in Bollinger, But-
ler, Cape Girardeau, Dunklin, Madison, Mississippi, Ripley, Stoddard and Wayne
counties. Also reported ‘from St. Lows county by Murtfeldt, but that evidently _
must have been in cultivation.
‘
er ee eae
i,
TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES OF MISSOURI. 387
DOGWOOD FAMILY (CorRNACcEz).
240. Cornus alternifolia L. f.
Alternate-leaved dogwood. A species of the northeastern states, but reaching
our borders in Clark county.
241. Cornus Amomum Mill.
Kinnikinnik. A slender, red-stemmed species of dogwood found in swampy
places, and usually called Swamp dogwood. It is found in Atchison, Buchanan,
Clark, Clay, Greene, Jackson, McDonald, Newton, Oregon, Pike, Scotland,
Shannon and Webster counties. This is Cornus sericea L.
242. Cornus asperifolia Michx.
Rough-leaved dogwood. A tall shrub found in abundance along the bottoms of
the Missouri river, especially in the western part of the State. Occurs in Andrew,
Atchison, Buchanan, Clark, Dunklin, Scott, Jackson, Jasper, Livingston, Mc-
Donald, Pike, Platte and Shannon counties.
243. Cornus candidissima Marsh.
Panicled dogwood. id A slender dogwood, found along streams throughout the
State. Has been found in Buchanan, Butler, Cape Girardeau, Clark, Clay, Dunk-
jin, Jackson, Jefferson, McDona!d, Miller, Oregon, Pike, Ray, Shannon, St. Louis
and Stoddard counties. This is Cornus paniculata L’ Her.
244. Cornus circinata L’Her.
Round-leaved dogwood. Has been reported from several places in the State,
but I have not seen it.
245. Cornus florida L,
Flowering degwood. A tall shrub or small tree, very well known, and found
principally in the southern part of the State. Does not appear to grow in the
northern or western part, and its range may be said to be fairly that of the Sassa-
fras. Itis found in Bollinger, Boone, Butler, Callaway, Cape Girardeau, Carter,
Cedar, Cole, Dunklin, Greene, Howard, Howell, Jasper, Madison, McDonald,
Miller, Mississippi, Montgomery, New Madrid, Newton, Oregon, Pemiscot,
Pettis, Pike, Saline, Scott, Shannon, St. Francois, St. Louis, Stoddard, Texas,
Wayne, Webster and Wright counties.
246. Cornus stricta Lam.
Stiff dogwood. A lowland species confined to the lowlands of the southeastern
part of the State. Has been found in Cape Girardeau, Dunklin, New Madrid and
Stoddard counties.
247. Nyssa aquatica L.
Black gum. A valuable tree found inthe southeastern part of the State. It
is found in Benton, Bollinger, Butler, Cape Girardeau, Carter, Dunklin, Howell,
Madison, Maries, McDonald, Mississippi, New Madrid, Newton, Oregon, Perry,
Shannon, St. Francois, Stoddard, Wayne and Wright counties. This is Nyssa
sylvatica Marsh,
388 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
248. Nyssa uniflora Wang.
Tupelo. A tall slender tree found in the swamps of the southeastern part of the
State. Not of any value for lumber, as it never reaches any size for cutting. It
grows in Butler, Cape Girardeau, Dunklin, Mississippi, New Madrid, Shannon
and Stoddard counties.
HEATH FAMILY (ERICACEZ2).
249. Azalea nudiflora L.
Purple azalea. A very pretty azalea, which has only been found in Madison
county. This is Rhododendron nudiflorum Torr.
250. Leucothc racemosa(lL.) A. Gray.
Leucothe. A tall shrub, which has also been found in Madison county.
251. Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi ( L.) Spreng.
Bearberry. A smooth trailing shrub, which has been reported from the State,
but I have not seen it.
252. Gaylussacia dumosa ( Andr.) Torr. & Gray.
Dwarf huckleberry. Has been reported from Newton county, but this also I
have not seen. ‘
253. Gaylussacia resinosa ( Ait.) Torr. & Gray.
Black huckleberry, Has been reported from Miller county and other places in
the State, but this too [ have not seen.
254. Vaccinium arboreum Marsh.
Farkleberry. A small tree in this State, bearing berries that ripen toward
winter, hence called Winter huckleberries. It is found in Butler, Carter, Dunk-
lin, Howell, Iron, McDonald, Newton, Perry, Stoddard and Wayne counties.
255. Vaccinium corymbosum L.
Common blueberry. A tall shrub, which has been found in Greene, [ron and
Shannon counties.
256. Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum Lam.
Dwarf blueberry. A low species, which has been found in Shannon county, and
several other places in the State.
257. Vaccinium stamineum L.
Deerberry—Buckberry. A low shrub found only in the Ozark region. Occurs.
in Carter, Howell, Iron, McDonald, Newton, Pike, Shannon and St. Francois
counties.
258. Vaccinium vacillans Kalm.
Huckleberry. This is the species which produces the abundant crops of berries.
in this State which are called Huckleberries. It only occurs in the Ozark region,
and is found in Bollinger, Boone, Callaway, Carter, Cole, denry, Howard, Howell,
Iron, Jasper, Lincoln, McDonald, Morgan, Oregon, Pike, Shannon, St. Charles,
St. Louis and Webster counties.
259. Vaccinium virgatum tenellum (Ait.) A. Gray.
Blueberry. A low species which has been found in Shannon county.
TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES OF MISSOURI. 389
SAPODILLA FAMILY (SAPOTACE2).
260. Bumelia lanuginosa (Michx.) Pers.
Buckthorn A spiny tree, 40 or 50 feet in height, found in the State south of a
line drawn from Louisiana to Nevada. Occurs in Barton, Cedar, Cole, Franklin,
Greene, Jasper, Jefferson, Madison, McDonald, Oregon, Shannon, St. Charles,
St. Louis, Warren and Wright counties.
261. Bumelia lycioides (L.) Pers.
Southern buckthorn. A southern species, which has been reported from the
southeastern part of the State. Bumelia tenax Willd., reported from Miller county,
is probably the last species.
EBONY FAMILY (EBENACE2).
262. Diospyros Virginiana L.
Persimmon. A well-known tree with luscious fruit, which is quite promising
for cultivation. The fruit is very variable in size, quality and earliness of ripen-
ing. In Dunklin county, where I observed it very closely one year, there was
some very fine fruit that was ripe and gone before frost, and other equally as fine
that did not ripen until it frosted. Others again were indifferent and did not ripen
until they were frozen. It is found throughout the state, except perhaps in the
northwestern part where it appears to be absent. It is found in Barry, Barton,
Bollinger, Butler, Cape Girardeau, Carroll, Carter, Clay, Dade, Dunklin, Greene,
Howell, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Linn, Madison, McDonald, Miller, Mississippi,
New Madrid, Newton, Pike, Ray, Shannon, St. Francois, St. Louis, Stoddard,
Wayne and Wright counties.
STORAX FAMILY (StTYRACEz).
263. Styrax Americana Lam.
Storaz. A small southern shrub, lately found in Butler, Dunklin and New
Madrid counties.
OLIVE FAMILY (OLEACEZ).
| 264. Fraxinus Americana L.
White ash. A large and valuable tree, found thoughout the State in various
kinds of soils. Reaches its greatest development in the lowlands of the south-
eastern part of the state, where there are trees three feet in diameter and 100 feet
in height. It has been found in Atchison, Butler, Clark, Dunklin, Greene, Holt,
Jackson, Lafayette, Livingston, Madison, McDonald, Miller, Mississippi, Newton,
Oregon, Pike, Ripley, Shannon, St. Francois, St. Louis and Webster counties.
265. Fraxinus Americana profunda B. F. Bush.
Swamp ash. A species of ash which grows in the swamps of the southeastern
part of the State, almost to the exclusion of the other species. In habit it is much
like the Tupelo, baving swelled butts and thick branchlets. It has been foundin
Danklin, New Madrid and Stoddard counties.
390 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
266. Fraxinus lanceolata Borck.
Green ash, A large, valuable ash, found throughout the State in bottoms
along streams. Reaches its greatest development along the overflowed bottoms of
the Missouri river in the western part of the State, where there are trees 150 feet
in height and five feet in diameter. It occurs in Atchison, Bollinger, Boone, But-
ler, Clark, Dunklin, Holt, Jackson, McDonald, Mississippi, Newton, Platte,
Ralls, Scotland, Shannon, St. Francois and Wayne counties. Hitchcock described
a variety pubescens from St, Louis county, and I had adopted the name for the downy-
leaved form of our tree; but, unfortunately, his description and observations were
based on depauperate specimens of the Blue ash, which, according to Eggert, bore
one year fertile flowers, and sterile the next. This is Fraxinus viridis Michx. f.
267. Fraxinus nigra Marsh.
Black ash. A small-sized tree with very tough wood, which has been found
in Boone, Butler, Callaway, Cedar and Greene counties. Thisis Fraxinus sambu-
cifolia Lam.
268. Fraxinus Pennsylvanica Marsh.
Red ash. A small-sized ash, which has been found in Atchison, Jackson,
Saline and St. Louis counties. This is frarinus pubescens Lam.
269. Fraxinus quadrangulata Michx. f.
Blue ash. A small tree found in the State, mostly in the eastern and southern ~
parts, and apparently absent from the western and northwestern. Has been found
in Butler, Chariton, Greene, Howard, Iron, Jefferson, McDonald, Mississippi,
Pike, Ralls, Randolph, Shannon, St. Louis and Washington counties,
270. Adelia acuminata Michx.
Adelia. A small, spiny tree, found mostly in the southeastern part of ihe
State. Occurs in Butler, Dunklin, Jefferson, New Madrid, Pike and St. Louis
counties. This is Forestieru acuminata Poir.
271. Chionanthus Virginica L.
Fringe-tree. A beautiful tree in cultivation, and which has been found in Mis-
Sissippi county.
DOGBANE FAMILY (APOCcYNACE 2).
272. Trachelospermum difforme (Walt.) A. Gray.
Trachelospermum. A high, twining plant of the Soutbern states, which has
lately been found in Dunklin county.
NIGHTSHADE FAMILY (SOLANACE 2).
273. lLycium vulgare (Ait. f.) Dunal.
Matrimony-vine. Commonly cultivated in gardens, and has escaped into waste
places in Buchanan, Greene, Jackson and St. Louis counties.
BIGNONIA FAMILY (BIGNONIACE 4).
274. Bignonia crucigera L.
Cross-vine. A tall, straight, climbing vine of the Southern states, which is
found in the lowlands of the southeastern part of the State. Occurs in Bollinger,
Butler, Cape Girardeau, Iron and St. Louis counties. This is Bignonia capreolata L.
TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES OF MISSOURI. 391
275. Tecoma radicans (L.) D. C.
Trumpet Creeper. A beautiful vine, found in the southern part of the State,
mostly along streams. It is found in Bates, Bollinger, Cape Girardeau, Christian,
Dade, Dunklin, Greene, Howard, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Johnson, Madison,
Marion, McDonald, Miller, Mississippi, New Madrid, Newton, Oregon, Pike,
Scott, Shannon, St. Charies, St. Francois, St. Louis, Stoddard and Wayne
counties.
276. Catalpa Catalpa ( L.) Karst.
Catalpa. A species much planted for ornament, and which has escaped in
Jackson and St. Louis counties. This is Catalpa bignonioides Walt.
277. Catalpa speciosa Warder.
Hardy catalpa. A large valuable tree of the lowlands of the southeastern part
. of the State, where it is found in Bollinger, Cape Girardeau, Dunklin, Madison,
Mississippi, New Madrid, Scott and Stoddard counties.
MADDER FAMILY ( RUBIACE2).
278. Cephalanthus occidentalis L.
Button bush. A small shrub, or in the swamps of the southeastern part of the
State a small tree, found all over the State in wet places and along streams. It
has been found in Adair, Andrew, Atchison, Barton, Bollinger, Buchanan, Cape
Girardeau, Carter, Cass, Chariton, Clark, Dade, Dunklin, Holt, Jackson, Jasper.
Lawrence, Livingston, Macon, McDonald, Mississippi, New Madrid, Newton,
Oregon, Pike, Scotland, Scott, Shannon, St. Francois, St. Louis, Stoddard and
Wayne counties.
279. Mitchella repens L.
Partridge-berry. A smooth creeping ever green shrub, which is found along
the sandy banks of the swamps in the southeastern part of the State. It is found
in Butler, Dunklin and New Madrid counties.
HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY (CAPRIFOLIACE 2).
280. Sambucus Canadensis L.
Common elder. A well-known shrub, which is found all over the State. Is
found in Andrew, Atchison, Barry, Bollinger, Buchanan, Butler, Cape Girardeau ,
Carroll, Clark, Clay, Dunklin, Greene, Holt, Jackson, Jefferson, Lawrence, Liv-
ingston, Madison, McDonald, Miller, Mississippi, New Madrid, Newton, Oregon,
Pike, Platte, Ray, Scott, Shannon, St. Charles, St. Francois, St. Louis, Stod-
- dard and Wayne counties.
281. Viburnum alnifolium Marsh.
Hobble-bush. A straggling shrub, which has b2en found in Marion and St
Louis counties. Viburnum opulus L., which was reported from St. Louis county
by Murtfeldt, may have been this species. This is Viburnum lantanoides Michx.
282. Viburnum dentatum L.
Arrow-wood. A tall smooth shrub, which has been found in many places in
the State. Jt occursin Adair, Andrew, Grundy, Harrison, Knox, Lincoln, Marton,
Monroe, Montgomery, Pike, Ralls, Shannon, Shelby and Worth counties.
392 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
283. Viburnum Lentago L.
Sheep-berry. A well-known shrub or small tree, found in many places in the
State, except perhaps the southeastern, where it is replaced by the next. It has
been found in Adair, Cape Girardeau, Cass, Clark, Greene, Howell, Jackson, Jas-
per, Madison, McDonald, Miller, Newton, Ray, Scotland, Shannon and St. Louis
counties.
284. Viburnum prunifolium L.
Black haw. Also a well-known tree, but not distinguished from the last spe-
cies by the country people, who call both Black haws. ‘The range of this species
is chiefly in the southern part of the State, and it abounds in the Ozark region,
where the last is but rarely found. It has been found in Butler, Carter, Cass,
Clark, DeKalb, Dunklin, Greene, Jackson. Jasper, McDonald, Miller, Newton,
Oregon, Pike, Shannon, St. Louis, Stoddard, Wayne, Webster, Worth and Wright
counties.
285. Viburnum pubescens ( Ait.) Pursh.
Downy arrow-wood. A small slender shrub, found on rocky banks along streams.
It has been found only in Clark and Shannon counties.
286. Symphoricarpus occidentalis Hook.
Wolfberry. A shrub similar to the Coral-berry, but bearing large white ber-
ries. Has been found in Atchison county.
287. Symphoricarpus symphoricarpus (L.) MacM.
Coral-berry. Indian currant. A small bushy shrub with hard, tough roots, found
all over the State, and commonly called Buck-bush by the country people. It is
found in Adair, Atchison, Barry, Barton, Bollinger, Butler, Cape Girardeau, Car-
roll, Carter, Clark, Clay, Dade, Greene, Holt, Howell, Jackson, Jasper, Jeffer-
son, Knox, Lawrence, Livingston, Madison, MeDonaid, Miller, Mississippi, New —
Madrid, Newton, Oregon, Pike, Platte, Ray, Scott, Shannon, St. Charles, St.
Francois, St. Louis, Stoddard, Wayne, Webster and Wright counties. This is
Symphoricarpus vulgaris Michx,
288. Lonicera Caprifolium L.
American Woodbine. A very pretty Honeysuckle, which is often found in the
Ozark region. Occurs in Carter, Daviess, McDonald and Shannon counties. This
is Lonicera grata Ait.
289. Lonicera dioica L.
Small Honeysuckle. Another very pretty Honeysuckle, which has been found
in Buchanan, Clark, Jackson, Pike, Ralls, Shannon and St. Louis counties. This
is Lonicera glauca Hill.
290. Lonicera hirsuta Eaton.
Hairy Honeysuckle. Has been found in Ralls county.
291. Lonicera hirsuta Eaton.
Japanese Honeysuckle. Commonly cultivated, and has run wild in Butler and
Mississippi counties.
TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES OF MISSOURI. 393
292. Lonicera sempervirens L.
Trumpet Honeysuckle. Commonly cultivated, and has escaped into copses in
Jackson county.
293. Lonicera Sallivantii A. Gray.
Sullivant’s honeysuckle. Has been reported from Cass county.
GRASS FAMILY (GRAMINEZ),
294. Arundinaria tecta (Walt.) Muhl.
Small Cane—Switch Cane A well-known woody grass, very common in the
Southeastern part of the state, and not infrequent in the Southern and South-
western. This famiiy should properly have headed this list, but was overlooked,
and so Linsertit here. The Big Cane, Arundinaria macrosperma has been reported
as occurring in the state by Swallow, but there is no evidence to show that it does
grow in the state, although it cannot be very far from our Southeastern limits.
*A number of other woody plants have been reported and credited to the
state, but there is not sufficient evidence to warrant me in including them in the
list. It may be when we come to publish a second report on our woody plants
that some of these doubtful things may be proved to actually occur within our
+imits.
INDEX TO ‘' TREES,
{The numbers refer to the numbers of the species. ]
Acer dasycarpum
Drammondii.
DIOP ING ost oa min'nios\> a.cipipi anttioere wie aoe mea
MURS UTEIUN swine winle s cists alalviots ealatere ohn wisleleisisintap ele 205
Pennsylvanicum®<s76 a6 see beets debaece ne 206
CUO NLIINS bl Sannin’ sce iueiv, rested a cite eietetotomreiale 207
BACCH SET TI) Woss dss hc acia.cie v's cleeietsisie.aimetsiars 208
ROCCHOUPINUE 2 Cocca) “neta uses teen Pees 209
SACChATINUM NIGTUM. ....0.20cerceccesece 205
SRC IARTIING, cll Gol tre hary « sievite eh aisle seteitie 209
saccharam barbatum
ABE Soe oes:
Adelia acuminata
4e3culus arguta ..... ..
SLINGS wat Pee crs tare nee on ee
MOUSER TNE TE resis care a enlaces aleinte, pynisinvwielo mime
EE on a Re CCOP TOA COC COS
Ailanthus glandulosa italerhel cbse nets ohne emonys 186
ALAER LACK diate sci re nhe clan “ecs caeleee etiam 197
smooth. Neate toh oisrdintas a dneets amapael ofeis miler a 5L
TUT Tr of ae RAR, SESE oy 50
RETITICL WT AV ED Wiis cee coats ee ata erin etme ee ciao 29
PE SIRPIARINICAN ES: soc oleic! A clans adie, =a.erer moleiste ce naires 50
BUN ORE rasta’ soc cs ime tale mow a aeilclnicla cieeeteie 51
REVEILLE re er ateatine Jatwicieupivclcame sas 51
Alternate-leaved ‘Dogwood Patna eee aeons 241
Ameltanchier alnifolia ........... natecheleie 139
OCR APLUIN 22 1D. wns paisa te siviate lente 138
Canadensis. ccc) Musa taecteeiisincmicte 139
Canadensis oblongifolia ...... .esseeeseee 138
American Woodbine... 6... 0.00200. ccccevrsses 238
Amorpha canescens.. .......... alan aoe sels 180
TYAHCOBAL oa bode acme ebeneen sentences 181
FAT PCLOPBIS ATBOTOH = Ga acree ocala cisieininiamenins 231
COTURGRG Fins oon aeinne sevetion «stealer 232
UANTUCT OIG,» 2 c.o cenlap eatery ean ¥ 21) ermal 230
Angelica-tree .........0 Re A dso Anee aca dcre 239
PASAIBEDINOGA:: soc) ccc ce ence meet s%a)e—einsias 239
Arctostaphylos [iwi-Uirsl: poo eho nce eee 251
Aristolochia macrophylla ...... ....++ sees 96
UL) ins pe RE ee 55) IE CR Te COCO 96
MOMIGN ORR, Soe 2 icc c cols alee slain mptajnin veers erpo min
AFONIS AY OULITONA <<. ov sa. yr bn emilee Sainn’s'sv\miaie
ARTO WOOO occ ice's sjc0 da ctmaine ee epe ae ev alses
Downy .
Ascyrum Cruz- ‘Ardree
HY PELicoides:. 2. .c0 cc vcscs ccd ocneen
PRE PERCE 5 AP vis sista x's nn. ae awiaios stig aos
SIMAD Spee: coe ane cee react nae
MEMGON cia e Peele Sas dcaia dein vistors siaie oe iinaerets
JETS ITLSh MESS ASS epAioe ORAEOOEECCICE OSncOCr
REN tease oie ais Soe eerie d pais wis tele wr ieyeisra lela winieiaioe
POM BINNEY oath alco ows tols.o'v cic eins viele s'oieateis nome
US ROP eae m sintote ere z onioiale o'linnios sinleyew ieee
BVUITAL EG oe Sie icc clove store c o/s vinyets cia, niejoletsiele aisle erage
ROAM T EET O LG): 205 + oe, - piticectewaiesnape cae
Aspen, Large-toothed.
ERIM QTINSUI TDS J) oo. 6, < isl ncfe'a, ea o)p ain aepiemiealcianete Fee
AT OLER NUGIHONR 0520 s\cis's 0.5 ole ns xre se me amie
PREG aac. hiee shes osc or awing ear ce sweeteners
Bald Cynrress. ..
Baleam Poplar. ..........+
SRE PLE ES tours tee ead deals ha pleielece
COMIION OE ee cc sccvesa sae aston ann
EAT LTAIM A OMB oars fia pies cnivinis Sias,sia'e amin eeleeeite
Braked Hazelnut ......ccceccescessecs
Bearberry, jas dscns sxe
Bear’s Grass
Beech li scehiiysecas
IIUG Uses esis namate
Waters. .2. fon <ceeeane
Benzoin Boenzoin .....5 «s0csssessssenenein F 5
melissefolium. ......... «sls 5 tie brane teen 117
Berberis Canadensis .........sceescsescess gue Lie
volgaris °°... 2. sites ease Tr, Bra}
Berchemia scandens ......-.... omiaeeige ownage iin
| VOUUDTAS , a ics alse + usp en Selene «orcas 216
Betula nigra... 2.00 ses so cces» seisinee eran 47
POPUIIOLS. 6. ooo ccs oo'ns abs cele Pm,
pumila. 25.55.02) tes eee sino tee oo AD
Bignonia capreolata ..... .....++++see0e seein
CPUCI SOE AC. \:6.0-4.. s.0nves\on cian < o's cages anes
Big Shell-bark .............- Pre no se ar ene eee
Bireh, Slack....03 ca. 2estelss\siee eee oscatt eee
0) rr re
4-0) A awa
WRITS.) 2 ons555
Bitter-nut .....
Bitter-sweet
Black Alder ....... sae ceemeenee
AGH © < | scicescs'cie ste acai een
STUUR OM:. 2 )o:n/s\ecis.on'niae ene ae nepal ¥
TBIRCRDCELY acc Saco seis
DOW: Bush 2: acest a oid\eie Ge Ree . 153
Running SAI, v0.0.5, eas eee sis ao ace ste aaES
Sand vkvs dense oo ostaetne wnat .... 155
Black Biren) coccenssciases Posvae caOee an 20 vane nee
GUI f.5226- wae at Linwteleeyete «pa wlevee sees
HSWe eS snase « sy5's dtealeaa cheer con esate 284
PLICKOLy 2 sageue cesta aenee tee ere cc
Huckleberry'so: ess eos vers Mer, ioscan
Jack Oak. .....ideccecsccssccnsne pee 73
Oak | secs joss sae asics «50h Ree a cual ede ees
Raspberry 226s <-e0neleeee PP a
Sugar Maple..... ensapenes widgets ance ot eon
WV AUG oe ican castor elsieteine onaroceneee Sots Seema
WillOW: 2: oi 010 0s nee nic anelsipiereeiene oP «i
Bladder-nut.
Blue Ash ....
Blueberry
COMMON. 5.57 cesserss Senseo
DWALL ioc a tuce pep cememetcs
Blue Beech 62. isis viccceces. ss ctmsepeae seamen 43
Box: BIGGE:.502 2c donee ooo nen Opler ooo PP!)
Broussonetia papyrifera .......... vats eo fatb ste
Brunnichia cirrhosa ......... 00000400 anna ae
BocCKDGLYy) 2214 s.0iecies aos snainesiereetae ern ist
Buckeye; Ono 222 Ssacee se nto <b shed ae aie Sede
FROGS Peay cle se b.ce ogee enee wa wie cc wer ee
SWVGOE . fos wren cre eniorlemis coe eee o's store eae . 218-
TOXABS i ot o1c0.ee eis a acinar enlace 251
IBucKtinOrn Jees.acesaveuaen nisi oioreteere eee "218, 260-
SOUtMENH o-- o aiace, sss anole onesie ave 217; 261
Bumelia lanuginosa...........+. «. rec. 260
MY CIOIdES: . =... Fase ccincels olvionteeeemate ik
Burning Bush. 2.0.4.0. <500500 sects deena 199
Bir Oak oy cLE ies cise ati mseoa eee
Butternut ...... Sono isieisian ee oniree coeepae
Button-bush
Calycocarpum Lyoni..
Cane, Smiall: 5.505250.
Switeh Sets ciaeneiesee Ste
Carpinus Caroliniana
Nie ale
SHRUBS AND VINES.”’
ee 3%
wok
-
a ee
a eS >
ey
’
Fa em
¢
| re
of ee ie Lode
: <
ee a? oe
yiPrees
> =
J ot
te ee
Carya alba .........60 33 = S398 coon eiateiioieiae aise 18
TIVLIAL, Wat, ciclotuie\ai.taistei eeu wwe whieib\e/< n's's'<\s.c1 17
MQUALICT . 25.2. ceccccee aiolei eee Sens Aaa sen st 13
MACH OCOYD OG « siacietu sisieie ic wiels\e|> sjaleeisise aioe =e 16
OQUGESOTMAIS oo ccee'scess SP Alees eicta wait salons 19
(LOT TT eR ASDC Ee AT OTOUTOEOOOLE Jee Aes hods 14
URECIETIDEA? Yotdom's, c Mieietate bc ee deiciaise|vlelojeie. sara aia's » 15
O EGGS LE EUN BRARANG SAOOL COL AD OCC aMIDO UENO 12
MIBMUANIER CONTAC: cicjo cee lec Sees sees ciocics ves 53
(PTE eae hietane Bancie DC BOaO nt Oa eeCuc 54
SHELDC QMETAGOMNLL™ oasccicls o's sccm aise a aise ese 53
LIT, 92, 5 Se a es 3 A ge 76
PUEITLORLES 20a) ante ardiianciein 6 sini oiae 276
MO PUGPLL ITE © oR oi )n se iroleicie v's sida nal nistesielaiais'sfe cine 276
(EI TITE RR NS i ee OS ee ce 277
EROS EG ete foloe nln cvate: arafaimicie ieleie sisicle scale «lore ain 277
PENITA CN Ete ial c tek Gne oh cuipetelan) | UMetelas Fi
Ceanothus Americanus........ Apicauo aeiasios 219
RAMMED eens yo ita ctsve.cletals\wicvate’s) faves ate aia xtelaye 220
DMAGME I TLDEBRCONS) 225,05 2as o. desis arelnenaiess 221
Cebatha Carolina ............. hae icinioler iets teat ote 118
WU eireeemES Oe Sa Us osimelele. aisismieleex'sia.ein ooie'cle 3
Pe BIAPETHSISCANICENIA.. .\o's'.5/ssis sieve eematias wle.celeete 201
MOMIS/MUSHISSIPPIENBIB. ...05...0cc00cesseeeescc cs 88
MOeCL CRT GALT. Is sta clatc's cisvwaisistwaayers cle wtelate 8y
occidentalis pumila > 3... de... «ese 90
Cephalanthus occidentalis ................-55 278
MGLCIBIOGANAGCUBIB so. osc. a's vcs ule wsie c's ace cies o> 176
DENIM NOK GY! logcclreccceus cea tcctts seen woes 175
PATE so teles aisle ciclo eleeaeiy,c Seer 173
UMUABES LACKS iL Seats Mate Selene ec hen cate 174
WMMIM CREME Pee Sao oid Baeils Sao aie sinienemtehne 172
Chestnut..... Depots aaleralaeiatersiavel eine tera Rtont eters cial Aas:
Chickasaw Plum cal aratevoiova/claiets le ctotegialeractoaia’s 169
PLEUE GG DIT ae 2s a se a ee 54
OREM R I nw ters ei aleution an 72
Chionanthus WITEINICH cosets tes cece sooo ke 271
Choke-berry ..... atta! cisterotevelote sect gel oinia stemevare oh tawie 137
MMORBSONEY Ty). oiastaca sees scices Seses seis 175
“CSC ae ws asttelimeut sagen tese 231, 232
PASI ELO SES U7 leit ate oh cistnels oh eae Heals eons 232
TOTES ey ARP SCHOO OO RODE DICE RE CTE 231
Clematis Catesbyana..............0..0000-00e 104
CRETE RS ian cist Sincaecise ete mese nt cehaeet oe 105
LOTELTT CET RU Ae OE SS Oe re ney tear g fe sae 106
Lett Or J ahalare ny Stine 'v cis la'els ta aipieperctaye ares 107
DTU ETQA Se eee eee ea ee Ss 107
BOTT Ae ees Soea eure otsinn ae oaieon tees 108
VTS STEER i ae ar ae 169
“LVTELLIT Sy? 97 (ee eR a a 165
Poocwlus Carolinus i... 6. oes bs dase ees - 113
PPR AT THON.) .fi2is «cas aiciesooaase Soa Ey ay
UNIDOS eS a ee ae SEAS 179
PBDITIONPAD DION oe os ccs sighed seasaereee ane 135
ETOCS apie cen OREO EE tore ror SEE: 111
Blueberry .....0.0:5< ia ch epake bees cere oe 255
BERELESNGONE omy ees See eae A Sy, Se ERe rey ene ee 280
PPR ee tess Lt wi ee oe 183
Pawpaw fo ercis os dct aieine senmn eine Sneminae 103
Mir ein vs BOWEL No s.ce'rs atone one 109
MSIL A CHSC oe bot 2a 8 wis cata eae teens 189
MEPMEURASET G55 3S alotee aatcod.o conta Sen eece 287
Loin 2 DVT es ee eee wSteaiees Peewee 86
RROD INO fons ge Sa ne yo. ee ee 20
ULES. RTO fa Se lee eee BEE sige lao 20
MMS AIEYNIfOlI9.. 5.60.3. c05.deedcceces aces 240
PRMPIRRERE INT ot Sao c¥aaiod eo dav, oem cee come 241
MEVIORUIOMLG cise ss clccce cea 2-0. ss,ceeneenne 242
candidiesima . JOU SAbCOCUnoG eos Ceca none 243
eircinata ....: Giaintsle 2 bie < e'eees wieon| ceeeeinee 244
PENREE N ot tise See e'e'e vie ac s'e:e,a)s10 ate RAS 245
DUS DTT OAORES AS BOOEIDDDUBOCHOLISCe sau ele 248
ENE Des SABE OESS DOOR OCDEE CODE OE Or OF 24L
LEVI. 35 (Rae ban ani eco ile 246
ROEVINB VA MELIGANAD... cov cece ess cie.c0.cocceaues 45
MBER SO Ra: cisco cnemmee chjssisineieesaanieeee
MAMMA COUNGIOES ./.cs2'0.c2e osc cocaes cocieciek 187
HAD TOS Cos a ee, SS ee 25
BURN CRE pte oS oh SiN oie aids siuis a(cin,v a'aie ole winioiels reaee 70
RPMS PRENSA ee eye i o's oa ev niciciz avs selene! Dieter 133
MUA n Roan es aiclavelala ndeljewte see eb ecee jecies 134
IRBEEOW -IGRVCM (5/505 c's ers.0 sue sobe cen saan 132
PEN EEMMUV TLL OV FO l-' c's sso olen’ s'est stean cy cae 35
ROK A OLILOILS: 75 5 'sicivip'e'e 0'0's vie'ele ote Sajaistsbree 140
SERSONII OE tA (hs tain la otte's cha'e'o aleisl ote sla eile? etm bate 141
coccinea macracantha.........-++..+--..... 146
1 Tas eR BRA A RASC B OS. IG SOOASHO 142
SEN MEE LS i ilac'cs wae were marian eel 143
MOUS = PAL OVALPON Aso. 2 occ c ccc cae secuvpeeccs 144
PRIM ANIE Mee ce eils 50%" ss sivas 6 eG Bua oh oa bees nee 145
IE
ATLA CTACANAUNGS is ciacicisieisisis eln'alele sow t's (sinisircinte 146
MINOW Sk ta HEM SOULIO Ode CODD Oa DIC SROne 147
ORY ACADENG Sachi es towels eteiccleniclenna eat 148
PATVIPLOTG....- 22 ccccccrccvtccsscasascessnece 152.
PTT HALA oo oa ein ols loos cain wie wisiely,-)azeinie,elc's mnielole 14y
PPNGHW ALTA’. . ccc cece tac cece ie vesiacee misis 150
COTHOTANSN 5) cinccwwe clon sisiciosiclamt in sis cteiein ee 151
phils) Wemmnncn ee eae 152.
Wiridis! does Bago Peet a ee 153
CORS= VINO ooo eblele' stare ole's ole alee sistnieiaps ovolotsla nie 74
COUCOMIDEI-LLER soc tann oe clams <dlanosicls stele eters 100
(Gar Ole Bs 9 Ban Sar OO IAD UE OOROOS rad Ants Io 1]4
Currant: Missouris oc). sc cceee cee arent 121
(CY PFERSs AN, cies eis ceiana cee cieme amine titee Serer 2
DecEberry firs2-s sew ce crates icine cri 50 257
GW DGER Ve Nireer ie winlerv ctetciai aint eiale'etehe fer eteleleretetetets 154-
DFAmMONG WALIOW so. veto ce aeeesiciaaleeine emt: 33.
Diospyros*Virginiana .......c. ces. coneccsmaee 262
DiTea PAIUSILIBS hon See wc stoeeo sence seer 23%
Dogwood, Alternate-leaved. ...........-.... 241
YOWGYLD En ae w'vsleisias os. <!0islolalnle s/eie eisccleuintetete 245
hee piel (att Urner anocanmccannoncode: 243
Rouge h-leaved occ ccvecie.< a= ateisivia eiciele's! oe aisere 242.
ROUnO-lGRVER Soh crocus « ace oe am cniece ete 244
BENE, Wns eee fo aoe cakits eee eae ee Gmaetes 246
Downy Arrow- wood....... slit's (bsb.5, tsabe tater ere teeter 235
GUEATIO 2 ce crtrc eee ico cele atrstn sinters lal iaieieie ts 224
1 fiy 8) C8 ee elt PRA DOC COREA UOTE OUICIC OS IOC 24
*“DNtCHMIAN? BELO oe wc mic «ore ntals sinicire(mclettereiers £6
DWaEl GIMGVERIy: Oe ccio0s<- ces ene te tee eee 256
BU OMK 28 Gen Succ sels lee Seeem eee eterts 67
HOTHY: S° eases wee e cnivles, cacinine oleate 1 73
Chinquapin OSK::. cic eee 73
Girsiy Willow See. cee fo oc aim nnisieileeeieeierere 42
WWekleberry:.s 2 hess. os esac meron neem 252
PAGEr COMMON . os kisses owen cde eco siviracelers 280"
UWS, (Oi 6 eRe RanCh AARTAEOCCOnn Oba catic SoS 86
ETOROV Yi once sn ciccerwccse scsencameeetae 86
REQ eee erotica cain clottar gaecieminite See
ROCHE Sela eiairiele c's .cisis« citeaié Aalo~ecniaie stats neta &6.
roi Fh O]it21 es ieseroeet OD Bee HRDOORORCOd bora ns 2O OT 85
WAHOGiren oe. ne a nen oe elihecenienbaattoat 83
WINTERS cree todas oss ceces ccs sce emirate si
WUT ele ec aleretviels alee tein owe folere 83
English awilGene 6220. 0ccedoc ioe A ee 148
Hnonymis AmMericanus.....-...c.ccece- sneer 19%
AMETICANUS ODOUGEUE:, <.5.0.< «010c)e\: oo nanincloe’s 200
ALTOPUTPUTCUS: ocic< woke senewcivs cccssn mane 199
CF) EES A aes ye et SP eee OSS OOROS C 200
Kaos AtrOpuniCede, 200 cc sc. cece es cena aeceee 52
SPETTUG WCU eed Sasee vo ua wan aoe cee 52
Malsetudiporst..ccscs se. Ria hata Ss ces ce eaere 1st
MATETGD EET Y/ 25/1 oe ce cies = cisscieleise eels cce1siseeriar 254-
Wish DeVry. shoe ce ccece se tele sieges os atewa sane 113
Hlowerin® DOSWOOGS 2.2 cencs ev'e lspci cin sent 245
Forestiera acuminata ............scseeseeeeees 270
HMraxinns: Ameri Gans: 2. 2. fei cece sq eee ele 264
Americana profunda..............-.e-ee- 265-
MANCEOLAGA SSS 7. aces hares em wa setiine rien cee 266-
Nag See Gye nea anette rpeTanicoee <2 267
Pennsylvanica HORSES once stam haonoGraon. 2% 268
DUD CSCENS Poe Neat coi se ritereis aia afe atolor =p eeieieas 268
QWAATANSTIATE. 7. Siocon ccs acise eee > sie nclnels 269:
SOMDUCEPOILE 6 « wiscla'e g.scir o oidieinnr ie « oleie\s «ininininia 267
DEPULER eter snne te Rania ont diaveie orelorelaisrecele| ai aiaan 266-
Cin SO— ETO ne sc tease nos iene nceoie stated
Gayluscacia dumosa
Teningsas a web oee ceca ees
Glau cons Willowieo: sees ce ecis tack isp aieccinne™
Gleditschia aquatica
GYJHCHNTNOB So ..5- aoe iatione ae vis o's viniers.s\siaiai=
Gooseberry, Missouri
IPYTCRM yi Sohn ac cmt ices cles 'celss anainieg
GLANS DOWNY Meee kee eee nae sooo ieae
Hrost acca enacts
Sant seein pone cea nae slew Sevan aici
BLOMUS Facto crecemen stele oicisisllauatee
SOMMEE Soc in ns a ceasiswiniewcaieensie(e'o :
SWAPS oo see cjerslo on Sele nate o:. siaialas evela Boral 226.
GYeGepCASliee scree Oe fencers anise wneias ES
Green Driere «sack an cect oan alesis TP frye ncte,
GEA SICK 1s wetercioe hele ee iecraciesieting ieee stem te 247
Tupelo Se htc OOS DAE COROT Case 243
Gymnocladus Canadensis............0000+-+9> 179
CHIOLEM BE Se eters cena citeiite he esea ces clareace- 179
EERO KMBUNY So ae ociat s naw ce ste nicl stetaays siete senile 89
OW coc ace ot ere ae BCE a et Nam 90
Weel aya ceenrstee veal alviatcte iste e ofexe's isha, biahe 838
Hairy Honevsuckle ..............+++ Seunaiten 299
Hamamelis Virginiana ........ ..+.-+-+-+++ 125
Ill INDEX.
PUAPOMBCK wean Cosas wAced ob ence Ribs rune eae . 181 BO@AY Siac cr ness aaeeeeew oe ds ces ane ..-209, 210
Hawthorn, English Sahn: a gath ak 2 tied toe ae 148 Bi@GK vis 0 cc2cvss00ncavnenh nee pide siaheh ODE
MA BOEN UGS coisa ot coven adie cic vtec euenaina me aeiaate 45 TOXBSI.. cases s arenes + cae rergve ob ¥daneeree
Mea iOU ccs’ woe ces rae eden coe 46 Matrimony Vine. .. ..v00cecl sub +s egkn nnn 278
Fleart-leaved WillOW........csscecceccceress 82 Meadow-Sweet.. ..... .ccs..cennenasenaneeee 125, 130
RANGROLY JOLT. hate usb wp odin aeecits dememieases 86 Men!spermum Canadense ...........-. ie nipa le
Hickory, BARC eee aoa ee 12 Miner Plum. ...)..c.acecccicc pec cee 171
MIOGROX= NUS visa y pacacas Uk cot lcci orem ser 12 Missourl Currant. ........+<scs sense Beil
IPH OMG Foe sung sous cS om ENE A NCR ene xaD l4 GOOBODERTY 2. oi vcsccv ses 0 dumemene wa valve one ee
CUTE GO gd aa ed eee PE ne eS 18 Mistletoe .......ses0.0ecsencen cls aeninienennnn 95
SIV ATIST PUTO (avant awuinawicleontince eine hae 16 Mitchella repens ....<s>.05. -«sesseuaen
ISU IMIR aia han wine Roldn siete SamParrn anes > aera 13 Moecker-nut
WWLUAEE | stat one trcin faneltaetw ons © neki means 18 | Moonseed
MALCOPIS GLDB. |. acc os vv chic co ciclere cxieiacels ioieiele kates lz Moosewood
PO PROLG A cea cn cients « catia temas 13 Moras alba
REMIND scainic cierores haieic’s asin oath pie Ueleltie wisiarataiate 14 TUDE... oo cen ccscoeees ess ei nnic amen
TAO IMIOB Bic << wieiest sis nid Gs aco eataa ee Rasa V6 Mulberry .......<0000s0.clee sje sins ele anamnnnnne
THIGYOCALDE » visi ies Mure nyo aerae cajcae nr Orineey ein 16 BADEN.) is ccramee rae oes : ert 2) 6.8 seco aaa 93
TINA TAL TING inc i/o. aiaiiaze ee iaxetes cutee Sais <a) exeaterers 17 WIG Jens coisas »u.c0'sise arene nena ae pape! |
OWBUA ey iisvoiian's a saacestelugion see Agate e ete 18 | Muscadine .-:.. (2s... 2.1.00 seem eee ste pn ad
| Bd (cy Ya eh Sees ae SR OOD SA ste yhe 19 Narrow-leaved Crab- apple 2
BID EV AW IUILON sckicc otc cc cee ccen renee ene 3L | Megundo aceroides .........=2«-s.sseceer aun
EP DOIB=DURN he.. 5. cec'sssais eae ads esicceetlnents 231 New Jersey Tea ........00ss0s.0 eee ene eee
RAUSNUIES Cnn Ponca s \ainb oie oe winee iene toot meee 196 Niné-Dark; 6. cossce snes 7
PANNE VALOIS Us cic 7s o siclave.e visiaraierara’ersteimiat taberete leks lis | Nyssa aquatica ........ sso tes setae
BAD SEHOMMPORIMN «sess is coe scot olsanc seieentecms 44 SYTVALICE,. . . «sors 0 neta ce aeaeleaeee ew
UG CEOS Se cyockciate'sle dices oa cosiees cr romeieraeire 185 WDIMOTa: sa ssc tceechee ae saee cS Seaneee
RIOTEBDTIOE sa cn cc heden'e ce ae eee eee keh 9 | Oak} Bartram’s'.......0:.c--4.eseseene aS yl
AMG EU GHOIVY) oY is conte is oe See teeeace Monet sane 258 Black). Mii ccs seceeccuccesa see sae Ohta
BBG caesarean di astecee edie eee mente 253 .
WAT bcc cenciiege tic nes oxkc pmicete <taeteels 252 Bar..
Hydrangea arborescenB.............eceeeeees 118 Dwarf
PERCU G HL cn Tivirh Gor Miiay sn bate ore ahr Cede arose ele 119
Hypericum prolificam Sipints loteine eiehete isietctoe eats 236
BRICTOCAT DUN) Le rewe nee ossivisleis/e eleereicnn 237
BUC SAMA PONTE oh oe ay idulon stench restos aeons 194
LE Ga Fo fre Ge PS ARS ae Re RN
yc ne Sie cree SE
verticillata
ee er ay
Indian Currant
Lays leg nies OE ES pe ae een ee ed
LOW, CERD“APDIGs:> .cieic)- ota tialy , sjcrsfole: is'siere ners
METS W EIST A aiel anal shcle-visieleroaidere ines atekeroare sneer
MICE Meet force: i elcin ois slechvis sia:ein es ceamidrinclaaoe re eeeie
NI PAI CAN 28 hw 5 faslnatuetaccicn soem eee
Japanese Honeysuckle
Jaglans cinerea
ARLE EY nied ees od Haro cis] weenie em niciche eteiotke
Juniperus Virginiana
PUTT ETL At Cen aeebt tele s tee temiateieetici
Krauhnia frutescens
ay
Large-toothed Aspen ........ aint iniciataletatens stata 23
Lead BG cise Sao tee ete dion aiettesmre ee 180
PSH) CPR har cae tots scenten on tiiebi caaecine 62
HB AGHO I LOW ON 105 o kcccneaicloccmaiiee ate aeor 107, 108
LUE NV ESOC hoot eee cmieimacig animation 238
Meitnexia Wloridana oo... c4nessclclccsmh doe. 20
SUSU OUINGS) 5 /-!oesis cicisisine ndaien toes eaiMeisjereiv ese eeies 250
Aca SPMLED ES terre tainlelb)s elateliatvip taisinisleraial el elelsiclorsintstete 250
ENO GHA ae fies us tou crreaiem cncii deste lsmeebeaeee 233
PI GOTe BENZOUMN «. «2-0 csiniele ted oles es bdeisiardecinlare 116
MCUIRB EPO eral. ly Weise eidainiorisieie's salen 117
L' quidambar Styracifiua a Wale ase dare ais aeiaie hist 126
Liriodendron Tulipifera ..............00000- 102
ees CVO OIMINON 2c oes caren ce victor atopeters = 183
Honey Wa eae cietarachetae lca mie elec ste tarasiere 178
Wisitions (250 OSS sec cacleatinn eats cen eows 177
Einigeicaved Willow .. .. cad:canchaseaecenen. 37
Lonicera Caprifolium
dioica
glauca
grata
hirsuta ©
VR BOMICH 2a c. ocalnicle: eyo aisteiere ole ainre Mrartete eaanalete eee 291
BOUIPOLVITENB'. . ous ats seseden 2,0 oe actace nee 292
POUUIE WATE Ss, son sie:e'e wsia crete wre siclere e acatenPnerae 293
UM ESRE CRI Psat», 12 cts sain, 2 ce aiaele Sec Suc emer 49
BSH BLACK DOMEY). ox «sc nee ase eRe ee 158
PUB CRIB OEE S.No creivale sro nee ache mote oer 90
WUE SIRGBG! woe crores kc ieee wo wee eaeeleee ;
Lyc um vulgare
Maclura aurantiaca
Magnolia, small 3
Magnolia acuminata
ee er a)
WUE De ane etaitte warden toate care teceteieaal aa
WESIDICR Gh Cotton es cae once sane edaraets
Mantes Black Sugar... ..essscscs Shs daca 205
IRB e Ache cation cemeueice © f ejcviefolaja afaravoiayeinrataietals 207
SUV ORs re ckarcecapesaeane sia esa. ole:s. ofa ene erane 208
DETIPGd sis ccinne cc ees sbneariooadeas Tae Oe eucetele 206
Spanish .
Swamp White
Water
WIC | ocscpcc cme nes oon ntaeeennnee
Swamp
Willow...
Opulaster opulifolius .........200+e0++ BP ASE. 128
Orange; OSaZC. ..<. sc - sas. ener + /osanene
Osage Orange....c..c..scceesee sane Bees pe!
Oniter’ Willow ...2.5.20-seeace" we on ede en 28
Ostrya Virginiana........... Shee 44
Overcup Oak... ... 0.20002 «1 scene ene een 65—
Panicled Dogwood .......:......e0+ a cccmene eee
Pawpaw, Common......... «.- Be eRe oe .. 103
Paper Mulberry. ....-.. _.....svaseaaad .. 98
Parthenocissus quinquefolia........ siieae hae
Partridze-perry......- 2. «sae os oa SRA . 279
Pecan...) 2. sh ccecnese (eee Se 2 mee)
Persimmon. _....-o.s.. se. eeemeeene oo eee eee
Phoradendron flavescens .......--....-+ Been!
“Pignut Hickory .20. sess eee Meese nc sit!
Pin-oak = ..Jsas 2 see nese cn eee meaenget ft
Pinus echinata .......-.--. <« ee coiok <veden pie i |
MINIS, Joio00dnin.cowelewin ei sielee a een ancien ae
Pipe-vine!.) | <..ci2> casitccsisemneeeeeene Tintoa a eee
Planera aquatics « ..... .....+=-ssneeeeene ile 2
PlanerUréey oo...
Piatanns occidentalis.
Plum, Miner.
Wild
GOOG)... scae.0 «neers
Poison [Vy i..0.006 002 2.00060 ee See
oO
ee
Sumach.
Polygonella Americana ........+--+.-+0-- eas Oe
ericoides 98
Se ee ed
Populus alba .
Dasa Mer Gic .cisce'e ental
grandidentata ............. AN 2
heteropbylla......... ...s.s<s Caen . 5c
PMO MLE TERA we a cicciclsle oC ereae miter Ssdiaie a eel ode ee
tremuloides .......... sec ate eetemer ery oe
INDEX. IV
TET TUX OG Soi eadacoucanperoapsccs HOsayATEANBANG, here. orvicincicisis'ax we c\ensie geereie oe 160
HIPS OOK. ; 2. secs caves J Rehan desies ao aesile DUS a aye esate Tomes te mt ine «ela aa 161
EUG SES ee See asierciaoc dec osenonacnan CATON BA accerk cscee ces wslets caleo ne seed 162
SOME NEG Wied stciats cretatetsteleiercl oierayate)smhals/ersiel sieisheleteta)= TULA S Si crane o's ctrere. i nica nivialS nine eyaiguen ete 1¢3
PPSTISEV OAS BD o> ai)ele «loco sisizcie sisicieraea is aloinie vsleieaisia TT Oct BAS or A soa nade Spoonvocakod set. 164
Gooseberry ...... setigera
Reet WING seve dijon cs slices W oodsii.
Pronus Americana HOGG*; Chim DIN gS ah tees cerncetactee wees eet 165
PANMETICANA MOLES (oh joc c. tem cies ieesjon er 168 TO WAMLIN ees ree aoe eee 161, 166
PUTEPSELS UL ORT SY Shtapt aisjeraraelearoisietc ic citeleienciatieleie 169 TTD a en ans GHA an AGH ere CREE hip meat e 160
SDA LEE EEE Reine arn cite OMmCctctc ee 170 RS WVLIME DD ays neretatevalecersichs, Ante. ais, crave ete ete otcioieree terete 162
Toni Prey blr EaaeeseopoorocaE cape acooc 171 WVAEC oat see we mcisa cma cmaietome WES
Wennsylvanica... 2... 2. wc ce ewes cee cerrss= 172 LO RCO y See UAC ORe aH Scar Ar 161, 166
POVUNMEU EIR S to po trates ersveinis aid cicisiatatc eiaib nieve d's, cieisteelene 173 Rongh-leaved Dogwood..............0-...-- 242
REPOURIN A Vacs tie lho crete gc cwlits g sereteiae sunmietelsle 174 Round-leaved Dogwood ..............ssseees 244
WP UC AT Ait ig cs ceteris cate esiacied aie piaeieelee.ciom 175 IRMDU Canadensis: acadscsicc cd scale a tenetetoae 154
META UNIT Boo aelshsioeewioe oasce ss eiedielacericjerelase 185 CUNPMGINUB cohol gates cleete we eae cae 155
ERI L CPA ANEA Wino Jewiatdisictass cist sloiele.e)s o's aslcie aa 249 HUB PLCs | hose canes fa conc tbe ce cen 154
yrs amenstifolia o.oo. ssc. eran ce wcnerenes 132 CCIE ALIS: creearetetslarsts oie oteleietsieielal<ie sitio 157
GTDULLFOliA .. 2... eco sere rene ree sec eneeeees 137 ORT VARLIB Ee siteln eo wisloetscicies sists chiens chet ame 15
PEP PRLEN A ne’ cAace decisis sie wie raieie = sia e/asiermarnieinis 133 VUNG SUE! Gs EE ep eee eA PICPIGMEOMGOPLA AN 0% 159
IETISLS i crcicicte crow alata sie Sn oiata thes air islets ieisrarese 134 Running Swamp blackberry................. 156
VRE REEMA riatclcfarclelsicieisincterctstere atecain'clets pa aiohay 135 SH LURS PME tae de ot wc cielo cain eie’s) creininieintsicfocrebie ame 27
770 C0 |S ean aaetaner aoeeics SOGESOENC OUR OTIO 136 Alb ss VAGEIIN As bo carscsreisie ci oelente tee ones 238
A, FERGIE, CS aera apriceastocs cuacesopeocnce 54 AMY POALOIMES: «oe arate omatitioneoe cites eee 29
UH OM ACTOCAY DA .2c.cu ccc sesciesccciel one 56 SAW LOMIGA eo o\c/-cayeeis ciasiiows ela ciesoe ceeiner 30
alba X Muhlenbergii....... Bee cogsesasane 57 EWI Co cae coop OG AOOBOUOUOPOcbecenbonadcad 31
TUNES, BACB ale sap sty CoUGCORODCACbaoSs 58 BINGEN, oc See D ORCS DUBE L BO OU OnBNCOsE Con: 32
(RUG E SOS Ben OCD BEE ACE OEOICGHODeAGer ane 77 cordata vestita 43
PONIG RINE UMN NT cai can aie Yajcicinietejaiaie le ssejoisa wai 59 CAN SSE T ees ercicle o)oiet vin 'e('sicte.a/sleinievalaloie = ore eee ee 34
PUPELECOMPUTECLOVIUL 6. olnta oho sistaipeinra eis ciaisiaiciore « 82 TYE Sana Grin.e COO USOOUAnO Ha Sor 35
RANE MU LUMA whch et e.n ciolbiv oie Siavesaie ni eaisiews aieieioie aisles 60 humilis. 26
RENTED. Coleen SiGe GDOS EN OCEBOBONOS He eCODOCS 60 longifolia : 87
WECREROTNOUTUM: tuvese veisinte sieve wade an'e\s me plaine ss 6 edits Mera wees ee Seles « dpSsdaosedac Neel cronies 38
DIMITACHTAG. [12% sere ce « Bee hatatsiciterereisiow’ 61 MIZTA oe wee cea ccclocr ene seceneceerers 39
AMOTICATIA X COCCINECA: «.\..<000000s0000080 62 nigra Wardlo soe ea ee 40
imbricaria < palustris <2... 2.06... 606.20 63 BOEIEG NS rcetiectrecrsiceca ree estee winch ise TL
PUDELICATIO X TUVIB)..< dacie cis siscscleele seis sin 64 EXISTS eee ae atone dom ono herman etocee eee 42
ARE Rep tey Ok ads oils c.ccns scram avgieia sovaarete alate 65 Sambucus Canadensis. ............00.-c0ccces 250
TERED CE Tg Oe Re eRe OOROOT SC OE AGO 66 Sand Blackberry e205) escs soesa cee aeicocee 155
mac ocarpa Oliveformis. ...........-.00e 67 SaplnGue-MAareinains, ves cie2 vonec a viece esse en 215
mac ocarpa X Muhlenbergii............. 638 Sarsaparilla
macrocarpa X platanoides............... 69 Sassafras. ...
MING FE RERLERs .\ 0.5 clevorsiareie ecieia cesclsioisteeterster urate 70 officinale...
MINOT foo)... uaisvs cisiesateroe a1 thle eroteperetetatotars vel sassafras
NP ESHLETEBGEL Le), © brayserewia's io cisterelp vinieiriam eric 72 WH DELEE oe aio ae cia isispcreaaactarocioe aa etait
TBR ys; calc isieels ca see's cweepbmeinans as 73 Scarlet Oak.. g-
[En LMDE) ball eee ee stigeencconpnopr dcacncauecb acc 74 |\ SSeYVICE=DELEY orisic salen cies so oe eonele case wee 138, 139
Phellos Be” etataf ae ete sates 5 Ob teeeeaae cite 75 SHEED-DEEL Vso fio 2c 3,\apeieinia'clalaiaieis ejsiers wiamirte sree 288
ETTENIOR Ee eRUL DLE hc ete nis cies cleie, Mpeterrostene 76 Ghell= bark HIGkKOry eo psccc cee ences nekecs ones 18
RAUHGSTIOTOGS 2) © o1s.5/s!aro1s «\s/e1e'<in sir «/a\e/ajereferietaals 77 UME LOO AK irae waimisaesierslatiiemiare malnisl oie leirierate iets 6L
EIOMM EB. ccadeiisie dice e- tes cas stern stetaietaters tele 78 Shining? WAllOWw:? oviccacivoccropactateeeaeetcee cae 33
DELTOID Sy te Ne OS OEE SSE IIS SOO Ce 72 Shrabbw St. Jonn’s-wWOrt ce... cee gece eslecicios 236
TTD. 5 Se RES tg pgnabesencecanlcccas oc 79 Silky Willow
rubra runcinata.. i) Silver Manle .
GLI The cocks} WR BAGOOOECE COOC Op CED Ase aricne 71 Slippery Elm
SUIESSSERNE DU eared Catal ones, 6c =: a,sinre aia,0/efess(aiaia i irae 8 SmslliCanes. oy i2z)d-2.0 sme jeeiorenishics aasen clas ¢
“2 TUITE OS 3 aes ASR eeeescpuscoUomUD de cnec 82 iLMEA LEI CKOLY: -5<-e ck tee tet ere anes 16
PEATE) =0 ES LRCK7..='<.7 6s /0/s.s oye seve « = nie eomerelniens 157 LONG YSUCKION eae eiselateitens eeavoeace 289
Lhd DN DO Geen oe Se eaeo Caper iGmeconsoccconn 268 Mapwolia 25 jJso oki ros caclecaeseacnetee 101
DERIMON Bite cote cicreiceeic since er aleleinc's vistawlahdacieaeie 47 Smilax HDONA-NOX. 2 ii cccenc csieeaec cs Asis tie 5
Ln cleiti tl 9) 2 See ROs ees SARE ORC oe cicoa a 176 SIAUCH oot an bee ceminciinemene ateclcas sees 6
EMIMAC TILT: oO core enc ro wicjacqinle acelaiawne pine maienie ayy ae WIS PIAS. 2 Shwe rc ck clete cline eae a ameter tf
ID ae Paeudo-China., ose sence tmenccmaee scaaoe 8
1G (9: | eee FOMMNGIIONE 5. 'o 5.2 cos sje cena aationasts
EEA NUM ES LG or el sie ley 1eic'= Wis 601+ a:s.ois exele are/eteineiseinievers BMOKE=tKEe © isco scars cnet nine sirens oases sexs
(0) el ae SMOGUHVATAOE soc. sscace cere ieee eiaaceenane.
OER eA ela tar aide alc: e/o.n e/a siu's s-sipin es Sumaehin soo Ceasers a A
Red-root Winter-berry
Rhamons Caroliniana SOBpP= DENT yao aia co.csyazisyemreweesenieieis, sicinlemarelecteats
lanceolata... SOSD- WESC. cr rer. sae stisiee lee treioerttehe seine 4
Rhodedendron nudiflorum...........ceevedeaes 249 Soulardy@rab x75 ciriieeeaccyateeiewletepioleste nie . 186
SIRE REPLY ODINE ULC) crs o,5;0i07s aix'2.3\= sos! e.e alo ate orermter 188 Southermmbackthorn 222-7 sdens seca ies o= 217, 261
copallina....... SSO ck CoRR BOa OD abo jinca ac 189 SpanishOak? oo. ucslccmenenaeeseiemen cian sate 60
EEEILORUES 3) 2 a)elicin\o) ain s1e wie \e'Ds <io)s el oinete ste reyelsinie 187 SpeckledyAlder aces aot cuiiee cies aie areal:
RPO RIT EN mt Ptelate cyaraip fae wyeicinles,0/e'a 4 atest alateyel siete 190 Spice-Dushis: < vse cess so) screen ets 116, 107
RNIB Eh aed ale eat aa (aje1 foe cloloyo a's olelataseloinlalaivetvsinta 191 Spirzea betulifolia corymbosa ...........++.++: 129
ROME RITE iad cialace vis cyeipravnta.-a)s,a/deelasyeice curser CORY TNBOBAsciicc cietuavocs suelalanipinielesis cise sisierete
Toxicodendron BEIT CITON as parc ae cisreatore tcke eeictonis oltoetchi teres
typhina ..... TOMENTOSA’ 2 2 < ctertove: aerace winle xislalerelo'yob etal wistela 131
venenata...... ¢ Staghorn Sumach .........
Wiermls 3.0% cis arose $.c)s sep nidtsyaicve c/arer ists eeie 193 St. Andrew’s Cross
EUSA TIVE NITED cole ole ale cie se cle didie' dun vlole civelee seetet 121 Staph yleatritolia. 2: a5, cae cesses seveaces sete
WORMED ALES oon) ain’ daiey his re wiaiernie stot aiactmen 122 Stiff Dogwood ........
ERCPUCURLTEN cy 2h via le-n os eih vs s00\s:ciy 3 ain e'a als, comme siete 123 Rebs we UMC AW OX friscle'sais'oipiciaselels sires! sian orale
BEMOR NU li ates s Veh s,s c: fk sioie ms 5.6/9] Amedeo 124 HME DY se cleaiomemersincisisia seam dementia eee
VOLUME ELOULIM nsf e'vis w'srels o\vle oleisinteise sae otaters 124 TONG TA MO cn erctevesieiofemns eles
Robinia Pseudacacia............ Fer POCA TOF 183 Strawberry Bush...........- Serene n waeepiare 198
Fie A CPRDROLELT cys sioio\siuielpie'sja'<'a sia’ e ce Aponbcnsodoscce bin ERRIIN Gos attaleve class MOR ee ASE ana conas® 200:
3 INDEX.
FALTIGO MAE MILG 4 4 v.vinleca cces.eis ep s' © Coach emuer ices 206
Scyrax AMericanG .......ccccverevsccessccves 263
SISAL TEDW isd cs cee cderscecnsaceh bon og ewane 6 15t
Sogar Maple...........ceseecvecesece soeee209, 210
ES “Se ae Ree Be Re See eR Rane 205
Snllivant’s ‘Honeysuckle i eare lars iee athe «oe Malan cid 293
Sumach, Black
OVAL oie. sisne'e scans oben ce unen cnn Pimms
PIB O Mi soclnny clas «camera encase seine sain cia
STEN is ier nie wits wis leinn'y WA e Wisiniweiais bikin Sie sate
Staghorn .....
SWOOU an owen ccccenssue
DOW A UasS st Bt wae ot ais, hinia've Rietainiaie ts alsa bicie wma eidinte
Summer Grape
yee ra ale a etnic ha. e acncain inh Ae ainsareoninin sye.ctstsisrae 145
PRON EIN oc. o's cc aie fs sinn\0,6\0[u'seie'wie'e SAA a ASAE 265
ERROR Yirnicts oo nie ov niece uieeicietercielsiaiciete curse sient 13
RGQHOG seins) Sac siete Cio Ryiveretriclain levels relaieininialainisis ese 162
NUE B ranch ciclwsccioneiccwiee) | samiannioters 77
BIG DEES e cinch cite cuinicis winle clsininisiviala sivisiace nveve . 101
Sweet trier......... nie Liisa cinteisis ecimce ete lieieicte 164
SURGE GLI sc ot oe ce nies osieisieie (erste Siete seeeiaemers 126
SUCP TA LT C0) OE AA Be A SAR AIG te OMOF oa orn Igs
Switch Cane ........ eininicraie’eoinieinie\ainiale’etavaintataioisiots 294
SYVCAMOLG 65 cic acnae. canner enesicene ARE EASE 127
Symphoricarpus occidentalis .... ......... +. 286
Big PUOLIGALPUG 2 cclcc cnies s(ccwisivia'siv olin itelcine 287
THIIG USS Ovo 5 ors ania sinless cial’ oie nivel telacs a eennie site 287
“Paxodium distichum ................0. Reteer ie 2
TARTS MKC D cns.crelettec ciate leesla a tant maleate See 28)
FUMIE EY TEC CANIS. «cc x's sioisisin a/o(0\erele'e,<(sie's'e alte ioreiey 275
BEXAE OMB DIC. concise hence cies Piao slelaietans eaves vie ee 203
Lees} DG Fn awiaine ni at HAS A a A les ae ays 5 Se 81
He ATOLL CHINA civielecisii oss eciciesi wice alee sisal eon
MOECOLO PHYA 4 oa cioaiele o0\sels ole ales shu wialvinie)a1e,n ola 234
SRV ION PIOMILOLMI) | vs cieclvc.e wise ciel. siniocjeiaveseieinie 94
NT OLGH POLIT lca arn)a'c sisrsinmels e's a) .ele\sisiale einer 272
CHETECT NT 1 (te LS SC ERS OOO OD DOA OR enon 272
Trailing Strawberry Bush.. ................. 200
SEH OS AEROM VOM oh ctecnieietslolcfetse ess slnis) oyu /sl0{esalalalsters 186
PUVOURDE HS AB DOI. ..cicls's)s se/eletsiclse is/sisisu wleisiae en 26
PRTTIG PEM LEGON a airs siecle ve ss cle ss nels Ptnisniein 275
PESHEY BUCO inc ccs ae ales, 0 a! aiiniey<(olelnia/ajs) payelele 292
JUTE Co en RR I SSP cis Orme Onac an cr 102
LICPEG LO Sep Romer rice B dacs, tare mails iatatwl eventos eeciots 248
NTR ee anata ced cieeewe eas cates wctem iam 248
PURSE MLADEN aia cetvicrs arco cyaiale o\ele is oie nie = eis iaeinvaiolalacs 83
BASERAESEN TIES isco seis eoiate iain aie t/alatelwinie'a aisielaial cat 84
WTA Eli seus a 6 uiereie a FP TERS Sat ann abe deer ons 85
PU DEBECTIG .), sis\orcs00.s/araroisl> (ojala win \a/enlele« afeivie\e/sints 85
MA ROMIGH Ros 5. cia, cs dc s/ateleh eet Wc aranisiaaiere nie 86
WACCINIMIN ALDOFEUM 2.5... sec cere nes oneecee 254
RPT AM EIEN ar oe sje fai 2 ete ofarereie ole sinie ole/ttore! 255
PETE YAM AICHE ch istcisls omiel tale sierericisiel cea 256
RU EVIMDIMIGREENL (ay; oo (ore eeleinte ciaterielnsiaiatacteiainie 257
PUPAE PLATTE ecrsislc nto aieie io. sfetarsralnialeve sels arsieleyeieys 258
virgatum tenellum..............c...eees. 259
Viburnum alnifolinm 281
AGMEALHIM oie s.01- clelaciaiciciee
TORINO LIER Fa aic ole. Selate Haves fialpesinls aicieip > sais
Lentago..... Mie oitiniel bie eseietoteiaialale'a/ie/n's minielels/e 283
PVM MMO UML, sc cere alreteuis cemielsisseg aisieoralers 284
PUVESCENSE <5. - 0c). s0ci0e6 aot date eae teint a 225
Wireinian Creeper’. ..- 5. <.ce opie cecsieealiss = 230
Want Hols DWE: cai cieraceanisius'w'siaitleens 104,105, 106
COMITIODE Saree cree seins no nro pr oralelacieiasteamains seh 109
BVA btH OB MLV ARIS iaictera slum’ vis winclomiaiiopeiestes SOCDECIYELE:
eee ee eee eee ee ey
COYGIPOMA. J. avec sus cutensesennnee sce BSE
PALMATA .... 0... ceensecceccees PD 9 i, o» 226
Ward’ Willow . on... civccsulsne eels ate are
Water Locust
ee ee ry
ee ee ee
Weeping Willow.
eee ee ee)
Wild Black Cherry
Black Currant........ £0 ves uboeleSeere een
Goose Plum
ee
ee er ay
LOW |. ccsccxc en sc saccn lle
eee ee
Dwarf Gray
GIsucous) -2.. <=. <6 de anes
bee eee oe
see ween
ee eee es
White.......:0.css5c+00 0s Fp ew.
Winged Elm
eee eee eee ee
SF TULCECENS 2 orto ni- aan aloes
Witch-hazel...
a itceeinal Americanum .
Yellow Hackberry. ...0:<css<crsc-erem S
Pine |... ..% «=-2.0s s sieslet\s a oe als ee sm ae
Yucca angustifolia......
er ry
c=
—— 2 27
hte 4
ae
a ne ee ee eT
eID! By oe
A
Address of welcome—Dr. Abraham ........ 21
Address of welcome—T. A. Murphy........ 119
Address, response—J. C. Evans............. 119
PMSA LES BL Ta V8 FUTURO): ofosc:s ol! Sn care/0)c) 2.0/0: die’ alee cioreve aysta’s 172
REMESEALE DEST ELED oi\'n5 7s ofs)c' ci ofese.cieie dre ule (erwin eioleie eoieialorsie 172
Apple, in mythology .......... See aalsrecte 176
PEDRO PNGB VB UTC 5.25: curate « cineie aris o'n dys erareratererstuleis 180
Agricultural College, resolutions............ 199
Agricultaral College, discussion ............ 200
PARLOR ATI b BHOW):.0jac'e's ole w/ac > scene Gtova’e vets anie 215
PMFOLG AB PLO—ETCE: 6 os. 0 ai5,2;0 cies «10 /0/a sis! 8ieis)e)osels ie 237
BEPPIOPAITEL, BiZC OF.) c:<)2). 02 n0s cision eles. cise oe 240
PAP WVO SO EBE s <a sicsivieraistela's s/d)-/sibsioy eoiduteaiddene > 241
A nursery orchard—S. Miller............. - 287
PRPC AN MM PLAN na vnciass cic asliat meselleis sees 346
FAS POMOLOZICAL WONGEF .. 2....4- 3/6. 2: ani ssieeie'e 346
A letter from Missouri—G. T. Powell....... 350
B
RRMKOLY. J: dey TEPOLIDY Micka. cclecees soe 17
SSest late strawberries: .. 46. e6s6.savecewnes 238
MSPRIRGW AYE POAT® ccclelecces ca ws cles che de dascat 238
BerryeCOUN ty BOCIOLY. 25 .s2.csice. Feces ds ots 254
SSALEMCOUNLY, SOCIOLY.2...02.6 sdclecwuecesess 254
Buchanan county society................0.00- 256
ISS EE COGS eo lee as Sec ache ae ne es a 304
Best blackberries—H. Schnell............... 229
Best strawberries—F. McCoun......... .... 221
C
MOCEIIPIBTREELLA OM CP eB ah slots cto. is aaa «ccm snot wie 6
County societies............ pis Nelo: ciararathrolretieiee o 7
Mommisttees, Standing, .........:.00.ceseccces 4
Colman’s Rural World report. .............. 109
Country display at St. Louis................. 207
County premiums at Trenton ................ 237
SEIMLORV ELIOT 2 to, scce~ a cieeilerions eee ceceaeece es. 239
MCGIGKCOUNGY BOCLOLY =... ccs acess cus cveces- ce 259
AuUre cos TOOL APHIS: 26... cess cotccccccs 339, 340
D
Discussion—
NOB ETAWDOLTICS +o... hcccwtseceeosecececcns 47
SOTMBDYBV INES ios ccctseatocks trae saree ..160, 56
Onvexperiment Work : 200 ise. sch cteccsees 136
On-orehards. ..:%% 02)... sidlizjnielsre eencccle since ts 142
PEPE ROMS <5 towed clon Score en depose 158
On growth of plants...... SOD CDODOUM ACHE arn 152
On varieties of apples ..........c0.cce-s0s 153
OM STAPPs 52h case hele vei deweniocheeco we noe 195
Onurrigation 2.52.0. ome ce peace eee 227
Onsmall troiltss,:52 <2. cte eos oses eee 23
Diseased apple-trees.?:..........2-ccseenees 241
Deathvor Dr) A Goslint .. .a-ceamebereeeeee 93
Death of G. Segesseman...............-..00. 94
Donation of photographs, S. M. Harris .... 245
E
Essays—
Flowers in the home—Mrs EdgarDean. . 22
Strawberry —S W. Gilbert........... 305, 36
Strawberry—A. A. Blumer........... .... 39
Strawberry—Z. T. Russell ..............., 50
Blackberry and raspberry—G. P. Turner. 52
Ethics in horticulture—Miss Longnecker.. 58
Historical trees—Mrs. D.K Hail........ 61
Horticultural geology-—-E Walters....... 65
Herbaceous plaots—Mrs. J. A. Durkes... 72
Care of orchards—Homer Reed............ 82
Treatment of mildew—H. Jaeger ......... 89
‘Hhe:rrape—W., M. OY? sea saeco ee tes cere 91
Summer bulbs—Lizzie Eepenlaub......... 87
Some reminiscences—U. P. Bennett ..... 100
Propagation of trees—Homer Riggle ..... 120
Flowers in the home—Mrs. G. E. Dugan. 125
Work of the Experiment station—L. A.
GOOdMANK. Ao oan casero Ore eee 127
Prevention of fruit blight—S. W. Gilbert 138
Orchard trees—Conrad Hartzell........... 139
Lessons of the hour—A_ Nelson........... 145
Peach-growing-S. Blanchard............. 154
Peach-growing—C. Howard............... 155
Hardy peaches—Z. T. Russell............. 157
The chrysanthemum—A. H. Kirkland.... 167
History of the apple—Dan Carpenter..... 171
Orchard question—N. F. Muray........... 184
Vineyards— or. Seaver ar. conn0 cence eee 189
Grapes for money—G. F. Espenlaub...... 192
Care of grapes—A. Taylor. .... .......... 194
Best herbaceous plants--J. C. Whitten ... 245
Early explorations of South Missouri—
Mrs ess Shepardes eo) sacs. at haat 268
Plums—Jacob Waithy sci occce secs cc cent cere 311
Horticulture—E. L. Pollard............... 313
Purchasing nursery stock—J. C, Evans... 315
HIXPOSLUION 5. eMac seds ce cemklete tetee eee 213
Hleotion of OMicerays: = suiseeasccscssoceeeer 220
II INDEX.
Pollenization—J Kirchgraber............ 319
Rural homes—W. Barker..............+e8. 822
Manures—G. W. Hopkins... ............- 825
Orcharding for profit—A. J. Davis ....... 827
Planting and care—A. J. Davis. ......... 828
When shall we plant?—H. H. Park....... 830
Poultry and horticulture—M J Rountree. 331
Codling moth—P. T. Green.... ........... 833
Experience with anthracnose—G.P.Turner 233
F
Fruit‘show at St. Louis, letters ............. 27
Frank Gaiennie, Jetters ........ccec.ssecerees 27
Fruit display at St. Lows. .............-0.06: 206
Fruit at Exposition. ............cseeeseeeeeee 211
Future work of the Society...........++ --.- 217
Fertilization of fruit—J. W. Rouse.......... 502
G
Great display of fruits—Colman’s Rural
WV AIBN soa isc cece sistas grrr ssseeee nese es 214
Greene county society ........--eeereeee scat LOS
H
Horticulture at the Exposition .............. 214
Honorary MeMbEeTS......--- eee ee eee eeeeeeees 3
[
Incorporation of the Society. ........--- meres ado
Irrigation—G. W. Waters .....-.eeeeeereeee 223
Irrigation—B. F. Smith ........--.seeee-ee: 221
Insect notes—Miss M E. Murtfeldt Ltcdata eae 292
Insect notes—Prof. Riley.........-.eeseeeeees 291
L
TaAfe MOMDCLS.. . 2 000000001000 sce essives sisccne cee 3
Letters—
Frank Galennie.........sccccucsesces cosie-2l, 209
Concerning fruit ShOW.......-.--.eseeeee ees 27
Ee AS ESET OH Wits salah die wiles laivinis ckain/sic(esslesejarrisiele 74
Bre LG ORIOL is aces ayaistatese = /ojeimuyelninie(esieceibioiwis[aioia 75
UN LR ai Ghto Wgpecormodcdcoosneue) Avoca. 75
Te, Wire TULTAS) coin, ore: 5 osoveiein/e'alopsn/o/dX0\1», 5 in \clamssia 76
J. . G. Jenkins -... 0 A hcraanocold ae TU
STi ELOWGLE sie base claicletere(e.e,s bts io:0iareWerejun,slaazels 203
SC BIANCMALG .. 2.00, s00 r0:0s10° te creYoroarsioterediare 242
ACE He ViGKUIN GOLD) sea nes, 5 cjaleaiss vietelnieieleter aistole 242
Kansas City Journal, Bishop J. J. Hogan. 243
Wm McCray 5 Seeks craaiaie aw as aes 243
Ed. O. Judd Farmer, rs Taylor eas ani heels 244
erie OW SLCOMBOU ay scigesap't cies. okae comics 244
C. G Comstock, Dr. Paul Schweitzer..... 245
Sh RIE ES nu ope een cere riceemarorns damnaene 245
Livingston county society........0..seeeeeees 257
M
Meeting at Harrisonville.........++..seee-00 9
Meeting at Trenton............seeeseeceeenene 107
Missouri fruit show at St. Louis Exrosition 21)
Missouri fruit SHOW. .6..006.scescccnscne Sajateiate 212
Miscellaneous papers.........ee-ee wales wiciate 260
N
Notes by Judge Miller........ aoc. Perry iy 8 oh
New apple o> bee weeesic weies\ ety wai nnn 238
Notes from Woodbanks oosseccen cual: OME 265
O
Ornamental tree growing—C. I. Robards... 252
Orcharding in Missouri’. ....... Joye essen 845
Oregon County Society.............. PPP Tye i. 256
wie
Presentation to Secretary. .......-.ceeeeeeee ah tk
Post-Dispatch report ........... Apart ate:
Places for meetings: ......<:c0s=eseeuee ene 220
Pears and plums ....5<-:.<. 2c cs sssuee eee 239°
Planting dormant peach buds ............... 241
Packing and marketing—C. C. Bell......... 250
Q
Questions and answeFs .....-.... olee'alg vin baal genre
R
Reporis—
Tuesday, June 6, 8p. WM. sc. ..5.se seen 9
EB. CG. Allott. 3 :iie.¢.5% ©. 2 eee ene 11
Of Secretary L. A. Goodman ethene 2. 26
Of Treasurer*A. Nelson <:.5:5-csaaeeenee «. 84
Wednesday, June 6,9a.M........ ide eka
On small fruits—G. W. Hopkins ......... 40:
Fruits in Central Missouri—H. Schnell... 41
Strawberries—Sam’! Miller.. .... 5 ian onan 43.
On small fruits—J. N. Menifee ........... 654
On spraying—G. W. Waters .............. 55
Wednesday, June6,2p M......... dane g
Wednesday, June6, 8p.m...... ds ieee pki si:
Thursday, June 7,9@.M ............555 seat
On small fruits—G. L. Turton ..... Bei. Pye fs 3
Of Lafayette. county. .\. 2. -s-semeere eee oot: wae
On orchards—H Speer ......... sion ais 6 of 80-
On orcharde—J A. Durkes........ ds dita 81
On grape -growing—S. Blanchard.......... 86
On grape-growing—G. W. Water sigsle hese 8&8
On grape-growing—H. Jaeger......... Reto As)
Of committee on obituary .......-. din jeeemmte 93
Of committee on fruits .......-.. odlelae'eoks OO
Of committee on flowers....-........+: dap ae
Of committee on final resolutions......... 103
Of L. A. Goodman.)<... soceseseeeeeeene és ADT,
From Trenton papers ...-........cssesssse 112
Tuesday, Dec. 4, 7:30 p.M .......-.+.6. odek LAD
Ot committee on Experiment station. .... 137
Wednesday, Dec.5,94&.M........... «jenna kate
Wednesday, Dec 5,2 p.M™........ sipahain
Wednesday, Dec. 56, 7:30 p. Mm...... veins OEE
Thursday, Dec. 6, 9 &.M.........0062-- 00 189
From county societies ..........-.... . 254, 195
From M'chigan state society ....... oe 198
From Illinois state society.......... Meer . 198
From Kansas state society...... o waste 198
Of secretary at Trenton...........+.-.+- oo. 204
Of treasurer at Trenton ............-.++- «- 219
Of committee on Pres. Evans’ account. .. 236
On spray pump exhibit ........ o's wa Tee etatae eae
Of committee on fruits. .........seeeeees Job 200
Thursday, Dec. 6, 7:30p.Mm....... o Uiceneepee
INDEX. Ill
Roads and road laws. an
Raspberry growing—J. N. Menifee Sven 228
Root rot in South Missouri—W. A. Gardner 347
Ss
Secretary’s report, June. ..... 1... 61 ceeee 25
Spraying—L. A Goodman..... .... ...---- 29
Secretary’s report, December. .............. 204
Small fruits—G. W. Fry... .......---.eeecees 230
Size of apple barrel ...... 2.2 ..0.26/.2.00- ces 240
BEE YANCOIS COUNTY: s.). 0c eve ness wean ee 255
State Horticultural society—Rural World .. 210
St. Louis fruit show ..... RUD UNEL teen iotetare since otels 211
T
Treasurer’s report, June ... ...........2+05 34
Timeifor plantingy;.f%).4 22 dencieen i cisies lier aerate 235
Pwir DISHES eset se cs Hee eee eee 240
Twelve shrabs) .i/ssg°9. aves Sete cstn acaeienee 262
The growing of nut trees )..-.0. 0.1. .veecincane 288
Treasurer’s report, December. ............. 219
Trees, shrubs and vines of Mo.—B. F. Bush 353
Work of. the: Soclety s:ucscineesciiconosenneae 31
World’s Fair bills and accounts ..........:. 235
TAI
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