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New York State Education Department
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
65th ANNUAL REPORT
IQII
In 4 volumes
VOLUME 2
APPENDIXES 2-4
11st A RY
KEW YORK
BOTA RHICAL
GARDEN.
TRANSMITTED TO THE LEGISLATURE MARCH 18, 1913
ALBANY
UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK
1913
KA
(N7T53 STATE OF NEW YORK
1913
IgI7
191g
IQI4
IQI5
1922
1918
1920
1Q2I
1923
1916
1924
Zar?
as EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
Regents of the University
With years wheu terms expire
WHITELAW Rep M.A. LL.D. D.C.L. Chancellor New York
St Crain McKetway M.A. LL.D. ViceChancellor Brooklyn
DanieEL BeacH Ph.D. LL.D. - - - ----- Watkins
Puny 1. Sexton LL.B. LL.D. -— == === Palmyra
AvsBertT VANDER VeER M.D. M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. Albany
CursTer §: orp MA. LL.D. —-=+ —= = —= New York
WitiiamM NorttincuaM M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. —- - Syracuse
EuGene A. Pattein LL.B. LL.D. —- - -— - — —- New York
Francis M. CarRPENTER — - - - ------ Mount Kisco
AsraM I. Erxus LL.B. - - - --- ----=- New York
Lucius N. Litraver B.A. - —- —- ----—-- Gloversville
ADELBERT Moot . — = = —=—=—= = =—-=- = Buffalo
Commissioner of Education
ANDREW S. Draper LL.B. LL.D.
Assistant Commissioners
Aucustus S. Downinc M.A. Pd.D. LL.D. First Assistant
CHARLES F. WHEELOCK B.S. LL.D. Second Assistant
Tuomas E. Finecan M.A. Pd.D. Third Assistant
Director of State Library
James I. Wyer, Jr, M.L.S.
Director of Science and State Museum
Joun M. Crarke Ph.D. D.Sc. LL.D.
Chiefs of Divisions
Administration, GEorGE M. Witey M.A.
Attendance, JAMES D. SULLIVAN
Educational Extension, WiLL1AM R. Eastman M.A. M.L.S.
Examinations, HARLAN H. Horner B.A.
History, JamMEs A. HoLpEn B. A.
Inspections, FRANK H. Woop M.A.
Law, FRANK B. GILBertT B.A.
Library School, FRANK K. WALTER M.A.
Public Records, THomas C. QuINN
School Libraries, SHERMAN WILLIAMS Pd.D.
Statistics, Hiram C. CASE
Visual Instruction, ALFRED W. ABRaAms Ph.B.
Vocational Schools, ARTHUR D. DEAN B.S.
STATE OF NEW YORK
No. 34
IN ASSEMBLY
MARCH 18, 1913
LIBRARY
NEW York
BOT ANIC.4 i,
65th ANNUAL REPORT — darvew,
OF THE
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
VOLUME 2
To the Legislature of the State of New York
We have the honor to submit herewith, pursuant to law, as the
65th Annual Report of the New York State Museum, the report of
the Director, including the reports of the State Geologist and State
Paleontologist, and the reports of the State Entomologist and the
State Botanist, with appendixes.
St Crain McKetway
Vice Chancellor of the University
ANDREW S. DRAPER
Commuisstoner of Education
Appendix 2
Economic geology
Museum Bulletin 161
161 Mining and Quarry Industry of New York ror1
Education Department Bulletin
Published fortnightly by the University of the State of New York
Entered as second-class matter June 24, 1908, at the Post Office at Albany, N. Y.
under the act of July 16, 1894
No. 522 INIGIBANIN 45 ING NE Inga? WopiZ
New York State Museum: cvs
Joun M. CrarkeE, Director NES
Museum Bulletin 161
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY
OF
NEW YORK STATE
REPORT OF OPERATIONS AND PRODUCTION DURING torr
BY
D. H. NEWLAND
PAGE PAGE
RAEROGIAC TOM ears cud ick eels cies ae Mineralawaterse: sss. e eee oe 2
Mineral production of New York 9° |“Natural gas’. ....2..2¢. 25220. e08 45
Geme;nterrrrs aneise s1ahane Gomera ROM PECUnOLSUIS. Gielen... au ete a 5 = Reterers 49
Clay ee tera ae ets snancions uke Sem 2M Brienne eras cisecss co eae ean eters 2
Productionomclayamatenrials: peels) \miSalims se ecmmcieric neti anenios el. 55
Manufacture of building brick.. 16 | Sand and gravel ................. 60
Other clay materials ........... 2Ow | sanGdalimenonticke ne se eee eee sere 63
IPLCHRSIATA yg re ci elon ose Sia me Te tm SLONE we mieekeyciare were a Mer xe lareore aes 63
WniGerclay ic. eteivemas sneer ie Production) OmStOlne meters. eee 65
IDM OA? Ge ou ee COS 22 Grantor een seeeaciee hase 65
TL SIGS AMR rates cyavecicis s'acsvece selene 23 AMESTOME 2 aes mae aes © ee 77
Notes on the occurrence of feld- Mable Ge tsa. scitesietks: acids 84
SpanaimNew Work... .... asc 26 SAMEUSLONE. sau a esiea oslo acne 86
(G2uRMOR Sa aodede ceo n Cte REET 30 Mapa eis cick sehemnetcrsteve meena tater e arsine go
Cxaplitewet. eemeenicie < + + 5 «nriale EN AAMC. 2, Sea NCR TERR REE gI
(Ch DEW 6% Seehoclb.o or bOI C 34 The Gouverneur talc district.... 93
IGOR OKO5 6 oe pand ooae 10 oO BEIReLS C PATS ATIC AGT ae, 3 hk a ne eR 101
Mineralepatiiteemerrcyecsi.... snes Als |mlitt GU CKOM ar pepespanveye incase.) les vache 107
wna
¥ x 44 a rc
Peat a Vee
; nie ‘a a
y “4 j CLS aoe
New York State Education Department
Science Division, June 13, 1912
Dr Augustus S. Downing
Acting Commissioner of Education
Sir: I beg to transmit to you herewith the manuscript of our
annual report on The Mining and Quarry Industry of New York
State, covering the operations and production of the year 1911, and
to recom rend this for publication as a bulletin of the State Museum.
Very respectfully
Joun M. CLarKe
Director
STATE OF NEW YORK
EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
COMMISSIONER’S ROOM
Approved for publication this 14th day of June 1912
CugualiaS Dowrving
Acting Commissioner of Education
Education Department Bulletin
Published fortnightly by the University of the State of New York
Entered as second-class matter June 24, 1908, at the Post Office at Albany, N. Y., under
the act of July 16, 1894
No. 522 ALBANY, N. Y. WGN? ti WON
New York State Museum
Joun M. Crarke, Director
Museum Bulletin 161
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY
OF
NEW YORK STATE
REPORT OF OPERATIONS AND PRODUCTION DURING 1011
BY
D. H. NEWLAND
INTRODUCTION
The mineral industries of the State shared the general dulness
and reaction which marked the prevailing course of business opera-
tions during 1911. Very few branches showed progress as
measured in terms of production figures. The period of short-lived
prosperity experienced in the preceding year left a condition of
overextension in its wake and necessarily caused a more or less
radical curtailment of activity during the past season. That the set-
back is of no serious import to the development of the industries
seems certain; in fact the current trend indicates an improvement
which if continued should soon reestablish them on the former basis.
The census of production now completed for 1911 shows that
the value of the materials taken from the mines and quarries in
(5)
6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
that year amounted to $31,573,111. As in the preceding year the
total reached $35,400,257, a decrease of a little over 10 per cent is
indicated for the industries in general.
The figures are based on some 30 different substances in crude or
first marketable forms, but can not be considered as representing
the full share which the mineral industries have in the business
activities of the State. They are serviceable, however, for stand-
ards to compare the conditions in these fundamental branches so
closely allied with many other industries of chemical, metallurgical
and manufacturing nature. It may be noted that the product of
iron by the blast furnaces situated within the State alone is nearly
equal in value to the output of crude ores and minerals on which
the above totals are based.
The iron mines are among the first to feel the effects of market
changes, and their contribution last year fell off considerably in
response to the decreased demand and lower prices. The gross
output was 1,258,873 long tons, as compared with 1,517,880 long
tons in 1910. After allowance for concentration of the low-grade
magnetic ores there’ remained for furnace use a total of 952,364
tons, which had a value of $3,184,057. The corresponding figures
for 1910 were 1,159,067 tons valued at $3,906,478. The greater
part of the product as usual came from the Adirondacks where are
some of the largest mines in the East. Altogether there were 11
companies who reported a production, 2 less than in 1910.
The clay-working industries made an output valued at $9,751,659.
This also represented a large decrease as compared with the return
for the preceding year when the value amounted to $11,518,982.
The loss was mainly in the branch that manufactures structural
materials such as brick, building tile, terra cotta, fireproofing etc.
for which the market was uniformly depressed in regard to both
demand and prices. The output of these materials was valued at
$6,473,857, against $8,067,098 in the preceding year. The number
of brick for building purposes made in 1911 was 1,078,019 thou-
sands, as compared with 1,404,345 thousands in 1910, of which the
plants in the Hudson river region contributed about three-fourths.
The value of the articles of pottery on the other hand showed a
gain and reached the highest total — $2,196,054 against $2,136,518
in 1910 —ever recorded in the State. The number of firms and
individuals engaged in the different departments of the clay-work-
ing industry last year was 189.
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII i
The lessened activity in the building trades also affected adversely
the quarry industries which reported an aggregate value of
$5,455,312 for their products, as compared with $6,193,252 1n IIo.
The total was divided acccording to various uses into building stone
$632, o85 ; monumental stone $90,468; curb and flagstone $443,036;
crushed stone $2,928,740; other uses $1,360,983. The output of
slate, millstones and limestone used in making hydraulic cement is
not included in these totals. All kinds of stone were quarried less
extensively last year, though the falling off was particularly notice-
able in granite, sandstone and marble which are used largely for
structural purposes. The production of limestone and trap showed
little change from the totals recorded in 1g1o.
For cement manufacturers the year was very unsatisfactory in
that it witnessed the lowest prices known to the trade. That the
output in the State should have been well maintained in the circum-
_ stances testified to the sound basis on which the local industry has
been established. The aggregate production amounted to 3,691,373
barrels, as compared with 3,657,015 barrels in 1910. Portland
cement constituted the main part of the total, in actual figures
3,416,400 barrels valued at $2,930,434. The natural cement mills
contributed only 274,973 barrels, with a value of $134,900. Eleven
plants in all were active, or I less than in IgIo.
The production of salt from the mines and wells of the State
amounted to 10,082,656 barrels, a little under the total of 10,270,273
barrels in 1910, but larger than that of any other year. The value
of the output was $2,191,485. Rock salt was obtained from 2 mines
in Livingston county, the other producers to the number of 28
obtaining salt from brine wells situated in Onondaga, Livingston,
Schuyler, Wyoming, Genesee and Tompkins counties.
Gypsum, a material used principally for the manufacture of
plaster of paris and wall plaster, is the basis of a large industry
which has developed practically in the last Io years. It is found in
a belt which extends from Madison county on the east to Erie
county, associated with the same rocks that yield the rock salt. The
output last year, mainly by underground mines, was 446,794 short
tons and the value of the marketed products totalled $1,092,598. In
the year 1910 the output was reported as 465,591 tons with a value
of $1,122,952.
The combined value of petroleum and natural gas, the only repre-
sentatives of the class of mineral fuels obtained in the State,
8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
amounted last year to $2,745,945, against $2,869,893 in 1910. The
decline in value was due to the smaller prices secured for petroleum,
which more than counterbalanced an increased production of natural
gas. The total quantity of oil produced was 915,314 barrels valued
at $1,198,868, as compared with 1,073,650 barrels with a value of
$1,458,194 in 1910. The gas production was 5,127,571,000 cubic
feet with a value of $1,547,077 against 4,815,643,000 cubic feet
valued at $1,411,699 in the preceding year.
Among the smaller industries in which local enterprise has a promi-
nent share may be irentioned those of talc, garnet, graphite, and
pyrite. The tale is mainly produced from a single district in St
Lawrence county, which enjoys a practical monopoly of the trade
in fibrous tale. The production last year amounted to 65,000 short
tons valued at $552,500, or about the same as in 1910. Garnet for
abrasive uses is obtained in Essex and Warren counties, and the
quantity reported for last year was 4285 short tons with a value of
$121,759. The graphite, all of it the more valuable crystalline
variety, amounted to 2,510,000 pounds valued at $137,750, a little
under the previous year’s total. Pyrite for acid manufacture was
produced to the extent of 53,453 long tons valued at $251,466.
The remaining mineral materials which had a place in the list of
products for last year were apatite, carbon dioxid, clay, diatoma-
ceous earth, emery, feldspar, marl, millstones, metallic paint, mineral
waters, slate pigment, quartz, slate, sand, sand-lime brick and zinc
ore. The collected value of these materials was $3,052,143, against
$3,579,488 in 1910.
It is worthy of record that a new industry so far as concerns New
York State came into existence during the year with the shipment
of zinc ore from St Lawrence county, where some promising
developments have been in progress.
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII
Mineral production of New York in 1910
PRODUCT
Bortlandycement ee. ie 1s
iINaturalrock cement 2.4. -nce
Bailing rick: sya. ote sateen
Pottery
@thenclay products.).4¢4 4.456
Crider ca ast the ee eee
Eme
(GT EY = Re An Be eee eee
Pee talliic Pat: jc sce ow oes ae
Ave PISMente aspera -We se ore
Mineraliiwaterse aia sieracciee) «12 oc
Sancandsoraviellass aise ria
Sana-limelbrick:..4 006 sae eee s
Rootinerslatel, 2/5...) sae:
‘Siege iaatehaqeuieenebHes noe Ga unouuss
VG Omen ey ey Accrsro-c arse ones
UNIT OF
MEASUREMENT
Shor Onss. . +.
Short tons... 2...
Shor tons...
Gallons oes
1000 cubic feet. .
Barcelseaarr eee
ons OnSemeare
Barrels cee eee
Cy eee Qe wont Oc Oech
QUANTITY
1 [Includes apatite, carbon dioxid, diatomaceous earth, marl and lead ore.
VALUE
_
818
202
o71
518
393
667
736
593
700
700
952
478
613
841
900
034
699
194
791
292
708
619
857
233
763
807
880
796
006
500
986
257
1 fe) NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Mineral production of New York in 1911
PRODUCT UNIT OF QUANTITY VALUE
MEASUREMENT
POTtUANG COMENE 5 viv sie e's ae cee eas PIALTORS cts els 3 416 400 $2 930 434
Natural rock cement........... PATVELS acca te whe ath 274 973 134 900
BOMALCSTIOO DTIC grulsikieoe se» bie a Thousands...... I 078 O19 5 443 303
SEE Werk neh x wena kis oss oes «vet eg] hep ee 2 196 054
eRe APEC COS ay orice Be n= < oa cio owe eral) Sietetrlagnineeets 2 083 405
REPIION DRE Fs aixis'Seieen tsi beee es Short tons:...... I4 193 II 982
LETS oa ae ee pen hs ie I eine oo ee Short: tons...... 769 8 810
Feldspar and quartz............ Short tons...... 21 802 75 719
RTRIMICUS er Pals tis okie siecle Kote es s Short tons...... 4 285 121 759
fC ee Se a BOUNdS tenses. 2 510 000 137 750
Eo Oe ET, See Short tons...... 446 794 I 092 598
MYMSEAVONES eter ot o's a fefead oie sote.s Saree e Long tons)... .. 952 364 3 184 057
MEISTER Tet Rye enya ate Ser ferns al i Waclg Wes pols ichgvete gs ]) Mets intel» ei Ge 13) 177,
MP CTANIGUSAAT i Wis nek eta! «sod 0185 Short tons...... 7227 68 870
IAPS PIGMOCNG dike bisG sieic'a se ys Short tons...... I 646 12 864
IVICA WALETS bas is.'v s/s:26sio!fiv we) « Gallons.) 2.1.2. 8 923 628 756 147
Ra RSIRE SEMEL hr Masts lars ietn-a) Stace kas 1000 cubic feet 5 27 57a I 547 077
(nia) Ca ee ee ane Oe aE Barrels avec... QI5 314 I 198 868
ROMULUS A Pa chitiei 4,2 x EE lor fors tee Long tons...... 53 453 251 466
RIAA Te cai fe 4,555 std cede dente = ae IBATTOIS Rites. + « 10 082 656 2 191 485
2 CED OO I i ape Ses P| (ek wo A ed li 7270367
PSEA PICU 3 aig ss esainne vines Thousands...... 15 178 g2 064
MNT IEG oc agg es Qidtin onic ton SQUARES! bs..... Il 273 52 311
PISEPATIFTTACHUITES fon) ike ce ch el ee ts sc] oe eters Nil
RIESE Eee Sires Siig. a hee tL le eee oad) ois «|. o's 2 ee eee 148 633
PRITIOBTOME if ods cia ori bat Aaa] | Pacer Rea coo. «| ya's erereee heen 3 174 161
INIARISIE Nectar ke nen etic Teel Te meta o.+ lls Lec eee 278 O4!
POPERIC RESTA DLES Sr ag: = Pgs ek ts ida | be eark tet ereNe fer, ll, vos age eee 955 063
PE SEEES Mcrae tia arave, 6 of gos ae SiGe | pie te EER] ae eee 899 414
SRAM IE bea ig ON Ae ot oie hot Ao Short:tons:..... 65 000 552 500
DUCES aT aie EE a aa EA Any eS SA Da Pea 232 832
RU SLALOM on Lye eh. ole ahe | le ts 54 ORE RR | See ctor $31 573 III
1 Includes apatite, carbon dioxid, diatomaceous earth, marl and zinc ore.
CEMENT
The cement trade in 1911 showed a continuance of the conditions
which were noted in the review for the preceding year. Prices
were on the same low level, in fact averaging somewhat less than in
1910, but as the demand remained active most manufacturers were
able to maintain operations at about the normal rate and thus to
secure the greatest economy in production. The local market for
cement has been very large owing to the unusual amount of engineer-
ing work in the way of public improvements that have been in
progress in the State,
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII Il
The steady decline in the prices that has lasted now for several
years has subjected the cement mills to a severe test of efficiency.
Some of the mills which were not advantageously situated for
econo'ric manufacture or were inadequately financed have been
forced out of business. As a consequence the number of producers
has fallen off from year to year, though this loss, so far as the port-
land cement business is concerned, has been more than made good
by enlarging the capacity of other plants and by the erection of one
or two new mills. In the natural cement branch the effect of the
adverse conditions has been very noticeable in the output which has
shrunk to a mere fraction of the former quota. The Rosendale dis-
trict of Ulster county was represented last year by a single producer.
The aggregate output of cement for the year amounted to
3,691,373 barrels, as compared with 3,657,015 barrels in 1910 and
2,610,383 barrels in 1909. The production last year has not been
exceeded since 1906. The returns showed that 11 plants were active,
or 1 less than in 1910. In 1905 there were 21 cement mills in
operation.
As shown in the accompanying table the portland cement mills
contributed a total of 3,416,400 barrels valued at $2,930,434, a slight
increase over the Ig1o figures which were 3,364,255 barrels. valued
at $2,939,818. The average value of the product was 85.8 cents a
barrel, against 87.4 cents in 1910. Seven plants were reported as
active, 1 less than in the previous year.
The output of natural cement amounted to 274,973 barrels valued
at $134,900, the greater part contributed by the single producer in
Ulster county. The total for 1910 was 292, 760 barrels with a value
of $147,202. In addition to Ulster county there was a small output
in Onondaga county by 3 companies. Erie county, formerly a large
producer, was not represented.
I2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Production of cement in New York
PORTLAND CEMENT NATURAL CEMENT
YEAR I
Barrels Value Barrels Value
MAO es gir reioats yee 87 000 $190 250 | 3 931 306 | $3 046 279
MSO Qi ernie thc fa bo ocete ece he 124 000 279 000 3 780 687 3 074 781
Rolo Weck cic: Sy eee Seo E 137 096 287 725 3 597 758 2 805 387
OQA ese caehe oe nn sso 117 275 205 231 3 446 330 I 974 463
aLS Iota 0y Cae eee Sea ERG oe 159 320 278 810 3 939 727 2 285 094
MG QO me ctor canter eis she 260 787 443 175 4 181 918 2 423 891
1 GohO 7 fee Akapes eee een a RCA el 394 398 690 179 4 259 186 2abeg 77 I
MSO Gein tettte rel ok Syston 554 358 970 126 4 157 917 2 065 658
MSOG a iiads wk eek Oe 472 386 708 579 | 4 689 167 2 813 500
RQOO Pe raciene iat secre 465 832 582 290 3 409 085 2 045 451
120) se Can eno eens 617 228 617 228 20231 I 117 066
TQOZ rs Saeko SA eet sve I 156 807 I 521 553 3 577 340 2 135 036
MQOB pemeiere peel exe So I 602 946 2 031 310 2eATT a7, I 510 529
MQOAC ae esis holes eeees eal Zhoy I 245 778 I 881 630 I 207 883
MOOS ery eine cr cok cies PI AGIG) (opr) 2 046 864 2 257 698 I 590 689
NOOO eharchih cee eee 2 423 374 2 766 488 I 691 565 134,200
QO 730) Meters seis. aris wie 2 108 450 2 214 090 I 137 279 757 730
TOSS ACh SA Clee I 988 874 I 813 622 623 588 441 136
NOOO Me ice stccees ie 2 O61 O19 I 761 297 549 364 361 605
MQMOR es ces states aero 3 3604 255 2 939 818 292 760 147 202
MQW eetrsteute tone: esse Cae 3 416 400 2 930 434 274 973 134 900
The one new producer added to the list during the year was the
Knickerbocker Portland Cement Co., which began operation in
the summer at its plant near Greenport, Columbia county. The
mill is equipped with three rotary kilns, each 10 by 175 feet, and
under full headway is expected to turn out 3000 barrels a day. The
limestone quarries are situated on Becraft mountain close by and in
proximity to those of the New York-New England Company, in an
outlier of the Coeymans and Manlius formations. The clay is
obtained locally.
CLAY
The clay-working industries rank first in the value of annual out-
put among the mineral industries of the State. Their prominence
is chiefly due to the widely. distributed deposits of common clays
suited for building brick, drain tile and materials of that class and
the very extensive local markets for such articles. As the whole
area of New York lies within the zone of Pleistocene glaciation,
residual clays are of rare occurrence and of little commercial
importance.
Most of the clays that are utilized are modified glacial deposits.
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 13
They are commonly of blue color, weathering to yellow at the sur-
face, and contain rather high percentages of iron and fluxing
ingredients. Extensive deposits occur in the Hudson and Cham-
plain valleys where they form terraces at different elevations, from
near water level to several hundred feet above, and also in some
of the large valleys in the interior of the State. These clays gen-
erally burn at a relatively low temperature to a red color.
Deposits of white-burning and refractory clays are restricted to
Long Island and Staten Island. They belong to the Cretaceous, and
occur as scattered, but in some places heavy, beds. They are
adapted for fire brick, stoneware, terra cotta and the better grades
of building brick.
The single example of any considerable accumulation of residual
kaolin that has come to notice is found near Shenandoah, Dutchess
county. The property known as Fowler’s kaolin mine has produced
small amounts of white but rather quartzose material which has
found use as stove cement. It appears to be a disintegration
product of pegmatite formed in place and by some chance has
escaped the general erosion.
The use of shale which is abundant in many of the stratified rock
formations has been of increasing importance of late years. The
principal beds are found in the Devonic, Hamilton, Portage and
Chemung groups. They are worked mainly in the western counties
for the manufacture of paving brick, tile and pressed building
brick.
PRODUCTION OF CLAY MATERIALS
Details of the production of clay materials in New York State
during the last two or three years are given in the accompanying
tables which are based on reports from practically every producer
in the several branches of the industry.
The general condition of the industry during tg11 can hardly be
described as prosperous. Building operations in most of the larger
cities were on a scale below the average of recent years and con-
sequently the market for clay structural materials showed little
activity. The Hudson river brick industry made relatively the
poorest record of any branch, owing to the fact that the yards had
to carry over a very heavy stock from the previous year; on the
other hand it benefited by a slight increase of the prices in the New
York market. The pottery trade fared better than most lines, and
the production was well maintained.
The output of clay materials of all kinds in 1911 was valued at
$9,751,659. Compared with the total for the preceding year, which
I4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
was $11,518,982, it represented a falling off of about 15 per cent.
The number of firms or individuals engaged in the clay-working
industry was 189 against 223 in 1910, and the product was dis-
tributed among 39 of the 61 counties of the State.
Production of clay materials
MATERIAL 1909 1910 IQII
(OMMmOT DmGk yee ancl ee $8 009 766 $6 563 212 | $5 310 511
Hrontib ick ir. Misia eco s Sstoes 149 330 119 859 132 7092
Vitrified paving brick........... 207 970 233) 501 307 529
Fire brick and stove lining...... 486 894 464 693 413 500
Draarbilescti. Cetera aati ee eae 268 589 254 679 202 292
DE WELIDIDE ick iera ays Mo la. aeltike 117 324 277A 138 258
Peer OO MECN, yc Meche PEA ee ow le tos 962 497 | I 062 O17 718 700
ENTE DLOOH Oe Mie cutest erie oes 166 025 | 256 820 229 627
Briclinostile: acs tieta tnt tule 54 397 | 65 190 82 217
MGSCelTaNeOUS 14.12 cate ibis anee IOI 497 134 752 20 179
PO GUELYS <9. Santee sac ine ee WiSs27 Log 2 136 518 2 196 054
MROGALS ts skate rae ee oceans $12 351 482 | $11 518 982 | $9 751 659
A comparison of the items entering into the production shows
that the main part of the decrease came from building brick, the
output of which was valued at $5,443,303 against $6,683,071 in 1910,
a decline of $1,239,768. Common brick accounted for $5,310,511
in the totals against $6,563,212 in the preceding year, and front
brick for $132,792 against $119,859. The vitrified paving brick
industry showed a slight decline with a total of $307,529 against
$333,511. Fire brick and stove lining amounted to $413,500 as com-
pared with $464,693 in the preceding year. The output of drain
tile was valued at $202,292 against $254,679, and of sewer pipe at
$138,258 against $127,731. The production of terra cotta had a
value of $718,700 against $1,062,017 in 1910; fireproofing of
$229,627 against $256,820; and building tile, inclusive of roofing
tile and floor tile, of $82,217 against $65,190. The miscellaneous
clay manufactures, including such items as flue lining, fire tile and
shapes, conduit pipes and acid-proof brick, amounted in all to
$20,179, as compared with $134,752 in 1910. The potteries of the
State reported an output valued at $2,196,054 against $2,136,518 in
the preceding year.
Among the counties which contributed largely to the year’s total
Onondaga held first place and reported an output valued at
$912,892. In the preceding year it was fourth in the list with a
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQITI 15
value of $833,892. The potteries at Syracuse were the most 1m-
portant factors in the production. Ulster county ranked second
with a reported value of $829,035, represented entirely by com-
mon building brick. Erie county maintained its position as the
third largest producer and returned a value of $755,602. Rock-
land county, which was second in 1910, moved to fourth place last
year, contributing an output valued at $747,040. The other coun-
ties that reported a value in excess of $500,000 were Dutchess
($648,151) and Orange ($565,152).
Production of clay materials by counties
COUNTY 1909 1910 IQII
PERL EIN ge chen Ac chet tan hale a Se $750 754 $641 227 $470 503
leg amiyAmepas Seven atu acts ances ce 22 601 a 9g 000
Cactaraugusnnas.powet ake ae ane a 63 887 gO 153
Gav tig apie Satya Serco hans oles: 15 400 20 675 15 724
Whaitadcttars ace sese se cle eae 118 897 129 331 166 322
Ghemunoers a. ere a ome 6I 000 a 76 169
(Columbian #4. 32 eo ee oe 472 280 454 550 284 475
IWUpCheSsSaes S12 secs ee ee: 880 707 649 862 648 I51
Be erty: Sahih nie a Gots eee rss 753 362 841 726 755 602
Greenery rare Som ary se aes es | 346 982 266 452 139 578
etiersomes ts Sex 5. <r eee ss Dies 7 997 a
Beira Seaganebsl oy.t siesicss0 1st hats aera 490 946 569 720 602 756
LLagriayedst oy 5 28 arn a Se REN ee ee 6 900 a 70 295
IMIGnITROe Mee RL Ne vais sola ofan: 278 9gI 264 421 325 849
2 PRISE) My Gee ras eee ee 136 375 III 650 105 740
TELE RE ee 225523) 22 882 25 426
OSiSTTG bei a her dan aria fergie Sod 83 500 126 907 95 605
ROU Arete Meee 8s on Ss. s & Sas oe 834 III 833 892 QI2 892
MO TG ATI OM eae srr titi cn bios 196 345 269 549 255 298
(OLA CN Pe eae Soc tuca fis ane 814 440 761 500 565 152
OUGCERSIA is ocr erties Sie aes 435 182 551 375 402 398
INEMSSCIACIA 2 hate tee oyster see nr sate 317 559 348 172 173 564
Etc imondiia fon Gale sancte oe a chile 698 99QI 633 O10 470 591
ROC an mpter cnt coscrt eeere yah etek I 488 457 I 080 117 747 O40
DATALO Aa Nae Sysco occ GEIR 335 670 388 428 393 490
BEMCNECEADY 6c So c's be le ens Gee) 322 549 505 966 486 327
ESTES AE ee ea 205 036 219 615 149 649
“Srsuaicoy lke: ea cL cee ee ea ea 68 370 IOI 560 73 750
Beret Pratt kee ae ices cele eds I 620 468 I 121 460 829 035
\iv/@Siabbaveai(oyaln 4 cecneidio U oeneea ae IO 950 3 685 10 350
WMWiesuchestetme seria bes as cas -e 438 243 371 328 297 997
Wihercountiesi>> Goa. ...56..--: 112 318 158 038 102 778
Motalmrereee Coie, 2 is $12 351 482 $11 518 982 $9 751 659
a Included under other counties.
bIn 1909, aside from counties marked (a), are included Fulton, Genesee, Montgomery, New
York, St Lawrence, Tioga, Tompkins, Warren and Wayne counties. In 1910, aside from counties
marked (a) are included Genesee, Montgomery, New York, St Lawrence, Tioga, Tompkins, War-
ren and Wayne counties. In rort, aside from counties marked (a) are included Clinton, Genesee;
Montgomery, New York, St Lawrence, Tompkins, Warren and Wayne counties.
16 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
MANUFACTURE OF BUILDING BRICK
The total number of common building brick made in New York
State last year was 1,066,982,000. This represented a large falling
off from the total reported for 1910 which amounted to
1,396,606,000, the actual decrease being 329,624,000 or 23 per cent.
The decline was attributable mainly to the dull conditions in the
building trades of the larger cities, notably of New York. The
brick yards along the Hudson river which depend almost solely
upon the New York City markets for their outlet were operated
on a much reduced scale, and their product showed a decrease of
nearly 300,000,000 for the year.
The value of the common brick was $5,310,511, or an average
of $4.98 a thousand, as compared with $6,563,212, an average of
$4.70 a thousand, in 1910. The improved showing was due to the
slightly higher prices that were obtained by the manufacturers in
the Hudson river valley. In 1909 the average price was $5.31 a
thousand. These prices represented the average received at the
yards, not inclusive of carriage or selling commissions.
In addition to the common building brick there were manufac-
tured last year 11,037,000 front brick with a value of $132,792. In
the preceding year the number of front brick made was 7,739,000
valued at $119,859. The aggregate output of brick for building
purposes was thus 1,078,019,000 valued at $5,443,303, against
1,404,345,000 valued at $6,683,071 in 1910. The manufacture of
building brick was carried on in 31 counties by a total of 153 com-
panies or individuals. In 1go0g there were 32 counties represented
in the list with a total of 172 producers. A tendency toward the
restriction of the industry to fewer plants and more tavorable
centralized localities has been in evidence for a number of years.
It is more apparent in contrasting the present situation with that
for example of 1906 when there were 213 active producers dis-
tributed over 37 counties
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 7,
Production of common building brick
1910 IQII
COUNTY
NUMBER VALUE NUMBER VALUE
INS BiaN ZS So ombae eos 74 496 000 $390 894 59 517 000 $319 503
Cattaraugus ae 612 000 5 984 I 088 000 8 109
Gayuigae ao. 2 403 000 16 075 I 813 000 Il 724
Chautauqua...... 5 058 000 2 588 4 140 000 28 406
@olumbiaeenee ae 92 700 000 454 550 57 695 000 284 475
DWitehesshas seers 147 696 000 649 862 133 229 000 648 151
ESGIOS aprons caste 51 244 000 283 207 35 975 000 2220078
(CHODM ogocucoons 30 374 000 137 452 28 779 000 139 578
effersony ss... s4- I 068 000 FOOT |= he eere eee necro ae
IDOE TOI goo oa c 312 000 2 184 425 000 2 550
IMI@IMEOE. = gals co ee 19 531 000 III 758 21 100 000 116 600
ING‘SSAUeioe 5 ae dere ee 17 000 000 107 500 15 790 000 98 445
INDIESEWE on goo cee 3 434 000 22 882 3 178 000 25 426
Oneidase ase ao. : 19 126 000 11g 082 14 434 000 93 105
Onondagare as. 4.) 19 569 000 104 534 22 000 000 132 750
Orange nnn .asee 160 500 000 761 500 121 800 000 565 152
Rensselaer........ 14 600 000 2 800 13 352 000 67 760
Richmond es. 32 355 000 134 049 23 456 000 106 823
iockland!): i: <5 00% 251 190 000 I 080 117 162 400 000 747 O40
atatogay. ....2.:: 84 639 000 387 268 81 575 000 392 427
CUO MK ae con Fane 16 360 000 98 560 II 500 000 68 750
Wistert nae. Ok. e. 263 873 000 I 121 460 178 287 000 829 035
Westchester....... 66 836 000 332 027 52 654 000 263 498
Other counties a... 21 630 000 128 882 22 795 000 138 531
otal acre I 396 606 000 | $6 563 212 | I 066 982 000 | $5 310 511
a Includes in 1910, Chemung, Clinton, Montgomery, Ontario, St Lawrence, Steuben, Tompkins,
Warren and Washington counties. In 1911 the same counties are included excepting Steuben
which reported no production.
Hudson river region. The greater part of the brick production
of the State is made in the Hudson river valley in the stretch
from Albany and Rensselaer counties southward to Rockland and
Westchester counties. The existence of extensive clay beds suit-
able for the common grades of brick, the facilities for cheap trans-
portation, and the proximity to the large market of New York City
and vicinity combine to make this section the largest brick-manu-
facturing district in the United States.
The brick clays are found in terraced deposits on either side
of the river, extending from the water level to a height of
300 feet or more in places. They are interbedded with and some-
times covered by layers of sand and gravel. Their thickness at
any locality may exceed 100 feet, though usually it is much less.
Some clay has been obtained by dredging from the bed of the
18 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
river, as at Haverstraw. The clays are usually of blue color
weathering to red or yellow at the surface, and are quite calcareous
with an average of from 3 to 6 per cent lime carbonate. In addi-
tion to their employment for common brick, they are utilized to
some extent for fireproofing and hollow blocks. Slip clay used
for glazing pottery is obtained from certain beds of the Hudson
river clays.
The common brick are manufactured by the soft mud process
and are burned in scove kilns. Machine molding has been tried
successfully on some of the clays, but most manufacturers adhere
to the old hand process.
There are more than 125 brick yards in the 9 counties along the
river, with a combined capacity under full operation of over one
and a quarter billion brick a year. So large an output is seldom
warranted, however, by the market requirements, and the average
product for recent years has ranged around one billion, reaching
a maximum of 1,230,000,000 in 1906.
During the last two seasons the demand for brick has been
below normal. At the beginning of 1910 the yards still had a
stock of about 200,000,000 on hand that remained unsold and with
the year’s manufacture the total available supply was about
1,300,000,000, of which only 950,000,000 were actually consumed
during that season. Consequently the yards carried over about
350,000,000 to 1911. With this formidable accumulation on hand,
manufacturers were naturally loath to begin operations, and the
opening of the season was delayed beyond the usual time. Many
plants reduced their working force; others remained inactive
throughout the year. In spite of this curtailment policy which
reduced the outturn below that of any previous season for a long
time, the market was not able to absorb the supply. It is estimated
that about 250,000,000 brick were on hand at the close of 1911.
As the number manufactured was approximately 800,000,000 the
consumption may be placed at 900,000,000, or about 50,000,000
less than in 1910.
Despite the unfavorable conditions of demand, prices showed
some improvement over those reported for the preceding year.
The average price received for common brick throughout the dis-
trict was $4.78 a thousand against $4.54 a thousand in 1910. This
represented the average for the salés at the yard and not the New |
York prices which ranged about $1:25 a thousand higher, an
amount equivalent to the cost of river shipment and commissions
exacted by the dealers in New York,
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQIT 19g
The production for 1911 as given in the table herewith was
807,713,000 and was contributed by 96 plants. It has been many
years since so few plants were in operation. The number in 1910
was 114. Ulster county as usual held first place in the industry ;
its contribution was 178,287,000 valued at $829,035, as compared
with 263,873,000 valued at $1,121,460 in 1910. Rockland county
was second in the list and Dutchess third, the latter displacing
Orange county which ranked third in 1910.
The Greater New York Brick Co. was organized during the year
to act as selling agents for the manufacturers.
Output of common brick in the Hudson river region in 1910
NUMBER AVERAGE
COUNTY OF OUTPUT VALUE PRICE
PLANTS PER M
Riya Meecha Meets dh.d 6 ios 12 74 496 000 $390 894 $5 24
@olumbiaree sna. vase ce 6 92 700 000 454 550 4 90
Witehesssaredecie nis steele. : 19 147 696 000 649 862 4 40
(GREENS Nie a ernicnatscs Soa e e 5 30 374 000 137 452 4 52
Orange catie cs oes eee ae 8 160 500 000 761 500 4 74
Rensselaengen anata ence aoa. 4 14 600 000 72 800 4 98
Rockilandh ans sa.no dene 28 | 251 190 000 I 080 117 4 30
JWilSterse seers plc sera 24 263 873 000 I 121 460 4 25
IWiEStCHeStet iat. 0.6 sul. eles 8 66 836 000 Be2mo27, 4 96
Mota ect atels see 114 102 265 000 | $5 000 662 $4 54
Output of common brick in the Hudson river region in 1911
NUMBER AVERAGE
COUNTY OF OUTPUT VALUE PRICE
PLANTS PER M
JNU O Ea 73 che tai euerehe er roe eee 10 59 517 000 $319 503 $5 37
@olumibia eas se teas sees 6 57 695 000 | ' 284 475 4 93
WD ibeMeSse mpc sears sas) st 15 133 229 000 648 I51 4 85
(GiRSSINE aS ce ni ce ae 5 28 779 000 139 578 4 85
Wrancen meee arse aot 6 121 800 000 565 152 4 64
INGENSSCIA Chay a aeoce ated wie oes 4 13 352 000 67 760 5 08
ivOckdamda sami nate tciac 2s 24 162 400 000 747 040 4 60
WIStermo Ae Ree hon et anh oe | 20 | 178 287 000 829 035 4 65
Westchester..:-.... 6.}. 52 654 000 256 449 4 87
TNO IRs Ae mick cucincereaenG 96 | 807 713 000 | $3 857 143 $4 78
20 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
OTHER CLAY MATERIALS
The manufacture of vitrified paving brick was carried on by
four companies in Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Erie and Steuben
counties, the same number as in 1910. The number of paving
brick made was 18,996,000 valued at $307,529 against 19,762,000
valued at $333,511 in the preceding year. The price received for
paving brick averaged $16.19 a thousand, as compared with $16.88
a thousand for 1910.
The production of fire brick and stove lining was made in Erie,
Kings, Rensselaer, Richmond, Schenectady, Washington and
Westchester counties, and was valued at $413,500 against $464,693
in the preceding year. Fire brick numbered 7,192,000 valued at
$330,659. The stove lining was valued at $82,841. There were 9
companies in operation, or 2 less than in 1910. Most of the
refractory clay used by the manufacturers was obtained from with-
out the State, though the company in Richmond county obtained
its supply locally.
The output of drain tile was distributed among g counties, with
Albany as the largest producer. The value of the output, $202,292,
showed a considerable decline from the total of $254,679 reported
in 1910. There were 16 firms engaged in the industry, 2 less than
in the preceding year.’ The production of sewer pipe, mainly from
Monroe county, reached a value of $138,258 against $127,731 in the
preceding year. It was contributed by 3 companies.
Fireproofing, including terra cotta lumber, hollow brick, and
various other kinds of hollow fireproofing, was made last year by 7
firms, distributed among Erie, Kings, Monroe, New York, Oneida,
Onondaga and Rensselaer counties. The value of the output was
$229,027 as compared with $256,820 in 1910, when 8 firms were
active. Local clays are used for its manufacture. The use of
fireproofing has grown quite rapidly and there would seem to be
opportunity for an enlarged development of the local industry.
3uilding tile, inclusive of roofing tile, vitrified floor tile and terra
cotta tile, was reported from Allegany, Erie, Kings and Monroe
counties by a total of 4 firms, 2 less than in 1910. The output
was valued at $82,217 against $65,190 in the preceding year. This
is another department of the clay-working industry which deserves
greater attention than it has received in the past.
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 2
Architectural or ornamental terra cotta declined in value from
$1,062,017 in 1910 to $718,700 last year. Its manufacture is car-
ried on by 3 firms in Queens, Richmond and Steuben counties.
The Staten Island cretaceous clays are used in part for this product.
The miscellaneous clay materials accounted for a value of
$20,179 against $134,752 in IQIO.
POTTERY
New York is deficient in clays suitable for the finer grades of
pottery such as china and porcelain ware. The clay beds of Long
Island, Staten Island and Onondaga county have supplied some
stoneware clays, and slip clay of excellent quality is obtainable at
Albany. Common earthenware clays also are abundant. There
are no kaolin deposits supplying pottery material, and the entire
requirements of the local manufacturers are met by purchases from
southern mines or by importations from abroad.
Notwithstanding the limitations of resources, the pottery industry
has shown a fairly steady growth. The output last year was valued
at $2,196,054 and was the largest that has ever been recorded. The
corresponding total for 1910 was $2,136,578 and for 1909 it was
$1,827,193. The potteries contributing to the total numbered 2r,
1 less than in the preceding year, distributed among the following
counties: Albany, Erie, Kings, Livingston, Nassau, Onondaga,
Ontario, Queens, Schenectady, Suffolk and Washington. Onon-
daga county alone reported a production valued at $774,477.
Of the various pottery products stoneware is one of the few
that has not shared in the general advance of the industry. The
production in 1911 was valued at $39,095, or less than one-half of
the output five years ago. Red earthenware consisting mainly of
flower pots, amounted in value to $32,495, about the usual average.
The white products, including china tableware, sanitary ware and
electrical supplies, have shown the largest gains; the porcelain and
semiporcelain wares were valued at $1,026,517. Most of the china
tableware was made in Syracuse and Buffalo, the electrical supplies
were made in Victor, Syracuse, Schenectady and Brooklyn; and
the sanitary wares in Brooklyn.
22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Value of production of pottery
WARE 1909 | 1910 I9II
SiOne wares sass opracii ron oe cere $41 298 $41 925 $39 095
Rediearthenware.... 4... esas seae ose 32 800 huis 32 495
Porcelain and semiporcelain!........ 999 663 I 027 249 I 048 872
Electric and sanitary supplies........ 697 573 ggI 131 I 026 517
IMINSOPITANEDUS = tom Sec Sens ode taste eee 55 859 50 500 48 075
ARGS Tah pS Ont ea hey crete Bret res cael Shia $1 827 193 | $2 136 518 | $2 196 054
1Includes china tableware ani cream-colored ware.
CRUDE CLAY
The clay obtained in a few localities is not utilized by the origi-
nal producer but is shipped to others for manufacture, some of it
going to points outside the State. This production, therefore,
is listed separately from that of clay materials. The clay most
extensively exploited for shipment is the Albany slip clay which is
found in layers within the ordinary brick clay of the Hudson
valley. It resembles the latter in appearance but has a finer grain
and a larger percentage of the alkaline constituents than the usual
run of the deposits. It has consequently a low fusibility and when
applied to clay wares as a “ slip”’ gives a rich brown glaze.
The light-colored refractory clays of Long Island and Staten
Island and various pottery clays are also shipped to some extent.
Returns were received from 6 producers in 1911 and their total
shipments of crude clay amounted to 14,193 short tons valued at
$11,982. In the preceding year the reported shipments amounted
to 6005 short tons valued at $9667. The relatively higher value
assigned to the product in 1910 is explained by the large proportion
of slip clay included in the total.
EMERY
The mining of emery has been carried on for a number of years
near Peekskill, Westchester county, one of the few places in this
country where the material is known to occur in quantity. The
industry is small, as the native emery does not find so wide a
market as the Grecian and Turkish product which can be imported
at low cost.
The Peekskill emery is a mixture of corundum, spinel and mag-
netite chiefly, though the mineral composition is rather variable.
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 23
The corundum, which is the most valuable constituent from the
abrasive standpoint, may constitute as much as 50 per cent of the
entire rock, and in the typical material is often seen in the form of
large porphyritic crystals scattered through a fine-grained mass of
magnetite and spinel. The rock is dense and hard, of dark gray
to nearly black color, sometimes mottled by the lighter crystals of
corundum. It occurs as lenticular and banded masses within local
intrusions of basic gabbroic rocks which are known as the Cort-
landt series. The emery masses are believed to represent segrega-
tions of the heavier minerals of the gabbro while the latter were
in a molten condition, a process similar to that which led to the
formation of the titaniferous magnetites in the anorthosites and
gabbros of the Adirondacks. Some of the deposits in Westchester
county contain a fairly high percentage of magnetite and were
once mined for iron ore, but owing to the high alumina content
proved too refractory for furnace use.
The output of emery last year was below the usual average,
showing a decline of about 200 tons from the total reported in
1910. The actual amount reported by the producers was 769 short
tons with a value of $8810. In 1910 it was 978 short tons valued
at $11,736. The maximum product for any recent year has been
about 1500 tons.
The emery is all shipped in lump form to abrasive manufac-
turers, who grind and prepare it for use. The list of producers in
Tgt1 included the Blue Corundum Mining Co., Easton, Pa.; Key-
stone Emery Mills, Frankford, Pa.; and John Buckbee, Peekskill.
In former years the Hampden Corundum Wheel Co. and
R. Lancaster have been active in the district.
FELDSPAR
The commercial grades of feldspar are obtained in this State
from pegmatite bodies that accompany the crystalline formations
of the Adirondacks and the southeastern Highlands. The pegma-
tite has the composition of granite and represents a coarse phase
of that rock originating through specially favorable conditions of
crystallization supplied, perhaps, by abundance of water vapor. It
-is commonly associated with granites and granitic gneisses, but may
be found as offshoots or independent bodies surrounded by rocks
of quite different character. In the granite areas it occurs fre-
quently in lenticular and irregular masses which show no distinct
boundaries but grade by imperceptible stages into the finer-grained
24. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
rock. Elsewhere the pegmatite shows intrusive relations with the
county rocks, forming dikes and bosses with well-defined walls.
The feldspar is predominantly a potash variety, that is either
orthoclase or microcline, but soda feldspar or albite and the lime-
soda varieties are frequently represented. Microcline is by far
the commoner of the potash feldspars in the New York localities.
For pottery purposes it is an advantage to have the feldspar in
large well-segregated crystals or masses so that it can be readily
freed from the accompanying minerals. In the pegmatites which
are quarried for pottery spar, the crystals range up to 3 or 4 feet
in diameter. The pegmatites of finer texture and those in which
the minerals are intimately intergrown have application principally
for roofing material.
Quartz is an important ingredient of all pegmatites and if ob-
tainable in pure condition may also have value. It is an important
by-product, for example, of the Bedford quarries. It occurs in
irregular masses, seldom .showing any traces of crystal form, and
is of gray, white, or pink color. When intergrown with the feld-
spar to any extent it detracts from the value of the latter for pot-
tery use, though quartz is a necessary ingredient of the pottery
mixture.
The accessory constituents of the pegmatites include a varfety
of minerals of which the commoner are the micas, hornblende,
pyroxene, and tourmalin, while of less frequent occurrence are
garnet, magnetite, pyrite, epidote, titanite, and beryl. Black tour-
malin is nearly always present in the Adirondack pegmatites.
These constituents may be of determinative importance with ref-
erence to the commercial value of a pegmatite occurrence, since if
disseminated through the mass they preclude the extraction of
high-grade material.
The only feldspar quarries that have been worked during the
past year are situated in Westchester and Essex counties. Those
near Bedford, Westchester county, have yielded most of the higher
grade product used for pottery and enamel ware; they are operated
by P. H. Kinkel’s Sons. They are opened in a large mass of peg-
matite that outcrops on the eastern and northern slopes of the hill
lying a little south of Bedford village. In addition to the feldspa¢
there is a considerable output of quartz which is sold for wood
filler. The feldspar is shipped in three grades, of which no. 1
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 25
grade consists of pink microcline practically free of quartz. It is
all sold in crude condition for pottery use. No. 2 consists of white
albite with more or less quartz and is ground at the local mill
before shipment. It goes mainly to enamel ware manufacturers.
No. 3 grade carries quartz, as well as more or less of the iron-
bearing minerals, and finds application in glass manufacture. It
is likewise ground locally.
The quarries in Essex county are situated near Ticonderoga and
Crown Point. Those at the former locality are owned by the
Barrett Manufacturing Co., which utilizes the product mostly for
prepared roofing material. The pegmatite is broken down and
sent to the mill without sorting. It is thus a mixture of feldspar,
quartz and other minerals.
The quarries of the Crown Point Spar Co., just south of Crown
Point, produce crushed feldspar for roofing purposes, poultry grit
and concrete, and some that finds use in enamel ware. They are
situated on top of Breed’s hill, an elevation mainly composed of
black hornblende-biotite gneiss in which the pegmatite appears to
form a bosslike intrusion measuring several hundred feet in diam-
eter. The feldspar consists of pink microcline and white or green-
ish albite. It is frequently intergrown with quartz, but may form
separate masses up to 5 or 6 inches in diameter. Biotite is the
chief dark mineral and appears in seams, or as a coating on the
feldspar. The pegmatite has been squeezed or fractured, and there
is a noticeable development of secondary chlorite. The quarries
are connected with the mill which is situated at the lakeside over
a mile away by an aerial tram. The product is there crushed and
graded into different sizes for use as roofing material, poultry grit,
and in concrete. A part of the product is sold also to the enamel
ware trade.
The production of feldspar, including crushed unsorted pegma-
tite, amounted in 1911 to 15,652 short tons valued at $61,769. This
showed a slight gain compared with the totals reported for pre-
vious years. In 1910 the output was 12,132 short tons valued at
$46,863 and in I909 it amounted to 13,871 short tons valued at
$46,444. Market prices remained unchanged; the crude feldspar
for pottery uses brought about $3 a ton, the ground spar for
pottery and enamel ware $6, and the crushed material for roofing,
poultry grit, etc., about $3 a ton.
26 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
NOTES ON THE OCCURRENCE OF FELDSPAR IN NEW YORK
It is the purpose of the present notes to call attention to some
little known or undeveloped feldspar deposits which were visited
in the summer of 1911 during the course of a field investigation
of the granite quarries of the State. A report on the feldspar
deposits of the United States was issued in 1910 by the United
States Geological Survey. The report, contributed by Edson S.
Bastin, contains a very detailed description of the better known
local occurrences from which the supplies of feldspar have been
obtained in recent years, but omits mention of those here
considered.
Crown Point, Essex county. The pegmatite occurrence called
Roe’s spar bed has been a source of feldspar for pottery purposes,
having been worked some 15 years ago and the product shipped to
potteries outside the State. It has received only fugitive atten-
tion in the geological reports relating to Essex county, though
mentioned in one of the papers by J. F. Kemp as an important
deposit. It is chiefly known at present as an interesting mineral
locality.
The deposit is most conveniently reached from Crown Point,
from which it lies about 8 miles distant in a northwesterly direc-
tion. It outcrops about 1 mile directly south of Towner pond at an
elevation of between 1100 and 1200 feet, as shown on the topo-
graphic map. It is now the property of Mr H. W. Willcox.
The old quarry working shows a face about 50 feet high and
75 feet wide in a body of pegmatite which seems rather a lenticular
or boss-shaped mass than a dike. The outlines, however, are not
clearly revealed by outcrops and there is some uncertainty as to
the extent of the deposit. The longer axis appears to run about
n. 50° e., as indicated by a series of openings below the main
quarry which follows that direction. The width of the exposed
part at right angles is from 75 to 100 feet.
The pegmatite is very coarse and the components well segre-
gated. Feldspars with a diameter of 3 feet are not uncommon.
They often show crystal boundaries. Quartz is of subordinate
importance, but is rather unequally distributed. It is partly of
pink color and partly the milky variety. Graphic intergrowth of
quartz and feldspar is not abundant. The iron-bearing minerals
are chiefly biotite and tourmalin and though fairly plentiful on
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 27
the whole they are usually concentrated in certain parts of the
deposit so that their presence would not necessarily entail any
great waste in the production of pottery material. The existence
of trap dikes, of which four were noticed in the quarry face, vary-
ing from 1 inch to 4 feet thick, is of some consequence though
probably not a very serious drawback.
The feldspar includes a pinkish variety which shows the charac-
teristic optical properties of microcline and a light-gray oligoclase.
They appear to be in about equal amounts.
In the former operations which were carried on by Mr Roe, the
spar was hauled to Crown Point for shipment. The costs of haul-
age are reported to have been $1.50 a ton in summer and $1.25
in winter. The stretch of road from the quarry to Crown Point
Center is over a rough country but chiefly with descending grade.
Chestertown, Warren county. There are openings in a peg-
matite body that is situated on the north side of a high ridge
about 3 miles south of Chestertown and 1.5 miles east of the War-
rensburg road. They are said to date back about 15 years. The
purpose of the operations was to produce mica rather than feld-
spar. Two workings may be seen of which the principal one lies
to the south and higher up on the ridge. This consists of an open
cut about 50 feet long and 15 feet wide on a dike or elongated
body of pegmatite that strikes northeast. The limits of the mass
are indeterminate except on the east side of the pit where the
county rock is exposed a few feet away. The northern pit reveals
very little as to the size of the pegmatite mass or the conditions
of its occurrence, being a narrow opening which at the time of the
writer’s visit was filled with water. It may be on a separate body.
The pegmatite is a coarse intergrowth of white feldspar, quartz
and mica. The last named mineral is chiefly biotite with a brownish
variety in subordinate amount. The latter may be muscovite but it
is not of good quality being in imperfect crystals that show rulings.
The largest crystals measure about a foot in diameter. Black tour-
malin is quite common in the feldspar and quartz. The feldspar
appears in pure masses and also as graphic intergrowths with the
quartz. It belongs to the potash variety with the optical properties
of microcline. .
Fort Ann, Washington county. An exposure of pegmatite near
this place has been worked at different times for feldspar and
quartz. It is reported as one of the localities from which quartz
was obtained for grinding at the mill that was operated at Fort
28 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Ann about 25 or 30 years ago. More recently it has been a source
of feldspar for shipment and has been worked intermittently ac-
cording to the market demand, the last time by Dominick Ashley
of Glens Falls.
The outcrop lies about 2% miles northwest from Fort Ann at
the base of the gneiss ridge of which the higher part is known as
Putnam mountain. It is on or near the farm of Ira D. Gilmore.
It consists of a rather irregular area, though the general shape is
lenticular, with its longer direction nearly transverse to the gen-
eral axis of the ridge, or to the northwest. An open cut about
125 feet long and from 30 to 40 feet deep has been made. The
lens is broadest near the southeastern end where it measures fully
75 feet wide. To the northwest it gradually diminishes and
wedges out in the gneiss 50 feet beyond the end of the pit. When
visited by the writer the workings were partly filled with water
and the deeper parts of the excavation consequently could not be
inspected. The wall rock as seen in exposures nearby is a well-
laminated biotite gneiss.
The pegmatite is made up largely of graphic granite, that is an
intimate mixture of feldspar and quartz, but the two minerals
also occur separately to a considerable extent. Masses of milky
quartz up to 2 or 3 feet in diameter are found and also feldspar
crystals of similar dimensions. The feldspar is mainly of grayish
color and so far as tested appears to consist largely of microcline.
There is present also a little pinkish feldspar which may be ortho-
clase. Tourmalin and the iron-bearing silicates generally have a
very limited representation, though the pegmatite shows much iron
stain, the result perhaps of pyrite.
Alteration of the feldspar is much in evidence in parts of the
exposure. This results in the formation of kaolin and sericite and
sometimes is accompanied by a greenish coloration of the second-
ary products which is probably the effect of intermingled serpen-
tine. The presence of this mineral can not be traced to any mag-
nesium component of the pegmatite, but seems referable to an
interchange of the alkaline constituents of the feldspar for mag-
nesium which has been introduced perhaps by ground waters.
Kushaqua, Franklin county. A large pegmatite body is found
about 4 miles north of this place on the slopes of Sable mountain.
It has been prospected during the last few years but has not sup-
plied any feldspar in commercial quantity. The outcrop lies high
up on the mountain near the summit at an elevation probably of
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQITI 29
about 2500 feet above sea level. It is reached by a rough trail
from Kushaqua.
Two openings have been made in the body which is elsewhere
concealed by surface materials. The lower of these exposes the
pegmatite over a width of 50 feet and a depth of 25 feet. The
upper opening is a little smaller. There are said to be other pros-
pects on the mountain which were not visited but which indicate
that the pegmatite has the form of a dike and continues for over
half a mile along the strike.
The feldspar is red microcline, showing little tendency to assume
regular outlines. The rough and somewhat broken masses measure
a little over a foot in diameter as a maximum. It is rarely free
from admixture with other minerals and consequently could not
be quarried to advantage for pottery use. Hornblende, tourmalin
and biotite are the chief iron-bearing silicates.
De Kalb, St Lawrence county. The existence of a ledge of
coarse pegmatite in this section was made known to the writer by
J. H. McLear of Gouverneur. The locality is between East De
Kalb and Bigelow, about 3 miles north of the latter place. The
pegmatite is exposed in a natural outcrop that has not as yet been
developed.
The principal showing consists of a ledge which exposes the
pegmatite for a distance of 75 feet along the strike and 4o feet
across it and then disappears below the surface deposits. The
outcrop is fresh and free from iron stain. The pegmatite consists
of white feldspar and milky quartz in fairly pure aggregates in a
matrix formed by a fine intergrowth of the same minerals. The
individual feldspar crystals range from 6 inches to 3 feet in maxi-
mum diameter. There appears to be very little admixture with
other minerals usual to pegmatites. Pyrite, however, may be ob-
served occasionally in the quartz. A second ledge in the same line
of outcrop is exposed about 300 feet distant from the first, with
similar characters. The quality of the feldspar so far as it may
be estimated under the conditions, appears to be fairly good. The
samples that were examined show it to be practically all microcline.
A quantity of first-grade material could be extracted, but the main
part owing to admixture with quartz would have to pass probably
as lower grade. There is need for thorough prospecting to con-
firm the estimate that is formed on the surface showing, as well
as to determine the size of the body.
30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Fowler, St Lawrence county. A dike of pegmatite carrying
finely crystallized feldspar is found on the farm of C. W. Denesia
about 2 miles south of Fullerville in the town of Fowler. It is only
exposed, however, over a very limited area and where seen its
width is not over 8 feet. The feldspars are developed in prismatic
crystals from 2 to 3 feet long. They are inclosed in a ground
mass of intergrown quartz and feldspar with which tourmalin and
biotite are associated. They consist of a deep red microcline and a
pinkish variety which is an intergrowth of microcline and albite.
Unless the dike proves of greater magnitude than is indicated by
the exposed part it would hardly be workable.
Fine, St Lawrence county. The occurrence of pegmatite on
the farm of Fred Scott, about 4 miles north of Oswegatchie in the
town «of Fine, is of interest particularly for the associated min-
erals. These include fluorite, hornblende, pyroxene, pyrite, chal-
copyrite and titanite in well-crystallized individuals. The feldspar
occurs in pink, white and greenish varieties, evidently represent-
ing both the potash and lime-soda series. It is too much intergrown
with the other minerals to have commercial value.
GARNET
The Adirondack garnet mines reported an output last year of
4285 short tons with a valuation of $121,759. This was less than
in 1910 when the total amounted to 5297 short tons valued at
$151,700 but may be considered as about’ the average outturn. The
production has varied from year to year according to the activity
of the market but at no time has taxed the full capacity of the
mines. In fact the demand for abrasive garnet has shown very
little tendency to increase, and there would seem to be little oppor-
tunity at present ror the development of new sources of supply.
No important changes in the industry have taken place during
the past year, The principal producers, as heretofore, were the
mines in the vicinity of North River. The largest factor in the
industry has been for some time the North River Garnet Co. with
mines and milling plant on Thirteenth lake, Warren county. The
other active mines in that section included those on Gore mountain
owned by H. H. Barton & Son Co. and those of the American Glue
Co., a little farther north in Essex county. At Riparius, the War-
ren County Garnet Mills have operated in a small way. In north-
ern Essex county near Keeseville the American mine shipped some
material.
The conditions surrounding the occurrence of garnet in the
Adirondacks have been described in.several papers and in previous
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 31
issues of this report. The mineral is fairly widespread as a con-
stituent of the metamorphosed igneous and sedimentary rocks, but
only in a few places is it found in sufficient abundance and with
the requisite characters to be worked for commercial abrasive
purposes.
The value of abrasive garnet depends, of course, primarily upon
its hardness. This is a variable character and on the usual min-
eral scale garnet is classed as having a hardness of from 6.5 to 7.5.
The limits as given are only approximate, as it is difficult and even
impossible to estimate hardness with precision. Chemical compo-
sition is undoubtedly a factor in determining the hardness of the
common kinds of garnet found in the metamorphosed rocks, like
gneisses, schists and crystalline limestones. The iron-alumina
variety (almandite) is generally harder than the lime-alumina
(grossularite), or the lime-iron variety (andradite). Well-crys-
tallized garnet is tougher and probably also harder than the granu-
lar or massive garnet of similar chemical composition. The prop-
erty of toughness or tenacity is very important in an abrasive
which has to withstand considerable pressure as when used as pol-
ishing machines. Another factor which has a bearing upon the
value of abrasive garnet is the size of the product which can be
secured in the ordinary practice of mining and separation. If the
crystals are small or have been badly shattered by compression
after crystallization the product may be too fine to yield the neces-
sary assortment of commercial sizes. It is an advantage, however,
that the garnet should possess an imperfect cleavage or parting,
so that on crushing the grains show one or more smooth surfaces.
These surfaces permit firm attachment to the cloth or paper and
also provide a sharp cutting edge. Color is no criterion of quality
in ordinary garnet, but abrasive users seem to prefer the darker
shades of red which approach the distinctive garnet color.
The local industry has very little competition from other mines
in this country. Mines have been worked at different times in
New Hanipshire, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania and North Carolina
but have not proved permanent factors in the trade. The impor-
tation of Spanish garnet, first noted in 1907, has assumed some
importance as a substitute for the finer sizes of the Adirondack
mineral. This garnet is said to be obtained by concentration of
alluvial sands and can be produced cheaper than the domestic
garnet, but comes only in the finer sizes. It pays no import duty.
The importations in 1911 were 693 short tons, with an invoice
32 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
value of $10,526. In 1900 they amounted to 775 short tons valued
at $14,830. The principal ports of entry are New York, Boston
and Chicago, and the shipments are made from both Spanish and
British ports.
GRAPHITE
No noteworthy developments were recorded for the graphite
industry during 1911. The production amounted to 2,510,000
pounds, about the usual quantity, and represented a value of
$137,750. The total for the preceding year was 2,619,000 pounds,
with a value of $160,700. Prices appeared to be somewhat lower;
the reported average was about 5.5 cents a pound, as compared
with 6.1 cents in I9QIO.
The American mine at Graphite, owned by the Joseph Dixon
Crucible Co., continued as the leading producer. This mine has
long been the largest and most successful of the kind, not only in
the State but in the country as well, and may be considered the
pioneer enterprise in all that relates to the technology of treating the
disseminated flake graphite which constitutes the principal source
of domestic production. The methods of extracting and refining
the graphite as developed by its management have seldom been
applied elsewhere with similar results, owing in some measure
undoubtedly to the unusually favorable natural conditions found
at Graphite. The ore is a quartzite carrying flakes of graphite
distributed along the cleavage planes. The flakes are relatively
of large size, showing the appearance of having been squeezed out
by regional compression, and measure up to one quarter inch in
diameter. The average content in graphite may be placed at about
6 or 7 per cent. What is most important to the success of the
milling operations is the practical absence of micaceous minerals
which are more or less common in the graphitic schists and quartz-
ites of the Adirondacks. When present in any amount a high-
grade graphite product can not be expected.
The deposits of the American mine have a northeast-southwest
strike and their extension to the southwest is found on the adjoining
lands owned by W. H. Faxon of Chestertown, N. Y. This property
has been explored recently with considerable thoroughness by test
pits and diamond drilling, but still awaits active development. The
exploration has demonstrated the continuity of the graphite beds
over a distance of fully 4000 feet along their course to the south-
west and with some interruptions for several hundred feet on the
dip which follows a low angle to the southeast. The same series of
gneisses, limestones and graphitic quartzites is found here as in the
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 33
area under exploration. The graphitic quartzite that constitutes the
principal ore body has a thickness ranging from 5 or 6 to 25 feet,
showing local pinches and bulges as is usual in the Adirondack
deposits. There is considerable variation in the size and abundance
of the flake, but as a whole the character of the quartzite is quite
‘like that in the American mine. Near the southwestern end of the
property the graphite series outcrops in a little ravine where a short
drift has been extended into the north bank; two distinct beds are
found here separated by a band of garnetiferous gneiss. In a drill
hole (No. 2) 300 feet or so northeast of the drift a similar relation
holds, the upper bed measuring about 4 feet and the lower 18 feet
thick with 26 feet of gneiss between them. The two beds appear to
merge a little further northeast for in No. 3 drill hole just east of
the camp a single seam over 20 feet thick was encountered and this
apparently continues with local variations as to thickness to the
northeastern limits of the property, except in one place where the
series is invaded by a gabbro intrusion. The deepest hole, No. 7,
was put down in the flat about 600 feet east of No. 3 and twice that
distance from the outcrop of the graphite bed on the ridge to the
northwest. The data for this boring have been kindly supplied by
Mr Faxon and are illustrative of the general conditions under
which the graphite occurs.
THICKNESS
STRATA FEET INCHES
Roos witht Jarce flake, graphite... sc-sess ed aan: eee ne 2 O
(GaENePihenGuse CMEISS: «ss, 32. sasrea-cenie ae Gh eae ie ele 20 fe)
Garnetiferous gneiss and. limestone. .....5...24.55..-.; 24 (e)
AP IME RLOH Girt. 125 HURTS? <) oka w AR ae PS ea 9 fe)
BP MESLOMMEY, ANIC: QURATEZ sys 0! «<x ojo a eee ee ea ee ae 8 10
MBGEGEO TG 8s -040: vate dis kath has ae RTE a RN iste ays 30 8
Bick roc. (hornblende?) 2. fws mete ee ete races basa 4 O
IB ITM ESEOME MMS Ae calcres/ beatae eee ee re ent oe Fal. 5 3
BE See COLGH Mya hrc cnr ed 5.0 aoe ET et eee es I 6
Si DUNS oa Sieh ce ee 7 lle aE Og fo) 6
Srodwialces Stapite. <: ics veneered hocks lank ee 5 4
Rem ncG peta DIGEs: .:. <a ee aeeme tek cae e cee acae ieee E 6
eoadmiarces maces cotap hited cae semrsdie oc-aceuac ki odeae sae 12 2
SAeMELUEEEOMGEMCISS «x ca dames ands hci o< Acts tacenioaee 24 fe)
EMAC eR lect Nene 62), 5/2.) A oR Dtarcrics eara andi Svea d aOR Re & 8
Pitcairn NS eee re PAR Hs cree, 5 asc ice aie Sate oeenupe ite 164 5
In hole No. 1 on the northeast, next to the American property
the graphite bed measured 20 feet thick.
The Empire Graphite Co., owning mines in the town of Green-
field, Saratoga county, 4 miles west of Kings, was active during
34 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
a part of the year. The work consisted mainly of development
incident to a change from surface to underground methods of
mining. The deposit along the outcrop has been decomposed with
the formation of clayey matter which complicated the separation
of the graphite. The matrix is a feldspathic quartzite resembling
that at the American mine, but the flake averages a little smaller
in size. Two distinct beds are in evidence, separated by 4 feet of
limestone and barren quartzite. The upper bed has a thickness of
from 10 to 14 feet and the lower of from 4 to 5 feet. The imme-
diate walls consist of mica schist, carrying pyrite, but thick-bedded
garnetiferous gneisses occur in the upper part of the series, south
of the workings. The outcrop of the beds strike nearly east and
west and is marked by a slight depression in the easterly sloping
ridge. It is traceable for 1500 feet or more from the present mine
openings which are at the eastern end of the outcrop. The dip is
about 30° south. The principal development aside from the open
cuts consists of an adit driven in the side hill along the course of
the upper seam for a distance of about 125 feet. Additional work-
ings will be necessary before the mill can be maintained in steady
operation. This is a large concrete structure situated on the side
hill at the mines. It is equipped with a gyratory crusher, 10 stamps,
and rolls for the reduction of the ore. The separating equipment
includes buddles, settling tanks, screens and dryers.
The Saratoga Graphite Co. has lately erected a mill near Kings
Station north of Saratoga Springs.
The other properties in the eastern Adirondacks that have been
active during the last few years include the Conklingville mine of
the Sacandaga Graphite Co., and the mine near Chilson lake, owned
by the Crown Point Graphite Co.
A small quantity of graphite has been shipped recently by the
Macomb Graphite Co., from its property near Popes Mills, St
Lawrence county.
GYPSUM
The remarkably rapid progress that has characterized the gypsum
industry during recent years was interrupted in 1911 and the out-
put showed a decline amounting to about 4 per cent. The setback
may be attributed doubtless to the lessened activity in the building
trades, as most of the output was used for the manufacture of
calcined plasters and for admixture with portland cement. There
was a similar falling off in many other industries based on the pro-
duction of building and structural materials. It may also be said
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 35
that the period of rapid expansion marking the development stage
of the gypsum industry is probably over and that progress hence-
forth will be slower and less constant than in the past.
The output based on the crude rock mined or quarried last year
amounted to 446,794 short tons. The corresponding total for the
preceding year was 465,591 short tons, showing a decrease of 18,797
short tons, compared with a gain of 87,359 tons in 1910. With the
one exception the product last year was the largest on record.
Of the total as given about 70 per cent was consumed by the local
calcining plants operated in connection with the mines for the
manufacture of plaster of paris and wall plasters. The reports of
these plants showed a production of 262,249 tons of calcined
plasters with a value of $871,106. The outturn for 1910 was
250,228 tons valued at $838,340. The quantity of gypsum ground
for land plaster was reported as 9959 tons valued at $18,508, against
12,597 tons valued at $28,100 in 1910. The sales of crude or lump
gypsum, chiefly to portland cement works, accounted for 144,035
tons valued at $202,984, as compared with sales of 178,518 tons
valued at $256,512 in the preceding year.
Production of gypsum
1910 IQII
MATERIAL SS
SHORT SHORT
TONS VALUE TONS VALUE
‘otal output; crude: ..... 2... AGS SOD Pace ee AAG HOA | erade Ae
POMeT EN hey Seria a oe alii x's 178 518 $256 512 144 035 $202 984
Ground for land plaster. ..... 12 597 28 100 9 959 18 508
Wall plaster, etc. made.......| 250 228 838 340 262 249 871 106
LUGE Re rn! Oren Na 02740 17 8 i a $1 092 598
The output of gypsum and gypsum products as given was
reported by 14 firms and was divided among the five counties of
Onondaga, Cayuga, Monroe, Genesee and Erie. The greater
quantity of rock was obtained in the western section where it found
use mainly in the production of calcined plasters.
In Onondaga county there was less activity than usual. The
Fayetteville Gypsum Co. produced most of the crude gypsum
obtained in the county and shipped the output to New York City
for calcination. The property operated by the company was the
2
26 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Severance quarry near Lyndon, notable for the great thickness of
the gypsum beds which are exposed around the summit of a hill and
have a vertical extent of from 40 to 60 feet. They are worked by
open cut excavation, after first blasting down the overlying shale
and limestone which are from 20 to 25 feet thick. The lump gypsum
is loaded on 20-ton wagons and hauled 2 miles by a traction engine
to the Erie canal for shipment. The quarry formerly worked by
the National Wall Plaster Co., in the same vicinity, produced some
gypsum which was ground in the local mills to land plaster.
The quarries at Union Springs, Cayuga county, were worked dur-
ing the year by local interests, the lease under which they had been
operated for several years by the United States Gypsum Co. having
expired. Most of the output from this place has been used for
land plaster and for portland cement. The gypsum ranges from 20
to 30 feet thick and is worked by quarry methods.
In Monroe county around Garbutt the usual activity was mani-
fest, though there was one less producer than in the preceding year.
The Garbutt Gypsum Co., one of the pioneers in the district, closed
down its mine and mill. The active companies were the Consoli-
dated Wheatland Plaster Co., the Empire Gypsum Co., the Lycom-
ing Calcining Co., and the Oatka Gypsum Co., the last named suc-
ceeding the Monarch Plaster Co. The gypsum occurs in two seams,
each from 5 to 8 feet thick, separated by from 6 to 12 feet of lime-
stone. Only the upper seam has thus far been attacked. The work
is all underground, conducted through adits or shallow vertical
shafts. About one-fourth of the output last year was marketed as
crude or ground raw gypsum, the rest being converted into calcined
plasters. Monroe county held second place in quantity and value
of its products.
The active mines in the western section were those of the United
States Gypsum Co. and the Niagara Gypsum Co. near Oakfield,
Genesee county, and of the American Gypsum Co. and the Akron
Gypsum Co. near Akron, on the Erie-Genesee county boundary.
Their output was consumed mainly in the manufacture of wall
plasters by the plants located at the mines. The American Gypsum
Co., however, shipped most of its output to portland cement makers.
The gypsum beds in this section are rather thin, averaging not more
than 4 or 5 feet, but they are of high-grade character, well adapted
for calcination. The mines are worked through vertical shafts in
a manner similar to that employed in coal mining. Their equipment
and management are based on the most modern approved methods,
some of the mines being operated by electric power.
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQIT 37
IRON ORE
The record of the iron mining industry last year was uneventful.
The reports from the individual companies covering the year’s
operations indicated the usual number of active enterprises but the
average quota was less than for some time and in most sections
diminished attention was given to exploration and development
work. Unsatisfactory market conditions were responsible for the
poor showing. The large production of iron in the preceding year
proved to be in excess of the market requirements and brought on a
slump which extended well into the season of 1911. There was con-
sequently very little inquiry for ore during the early months. The
absorption of the surplus output was facilitated by radical price
cutting and by the middle of the year the conditions so far as related
to the demand were somewhat improved. This change in the situa-
tion proved permanent and enabled the mining companies to dispose
of most of their output for the year though at reduced prices. At
the close of the season the outlook for the immediate future seemed
fairly encouraging.
The production of iron ore in the State during the last two
decades is shown in the accompanying table. The figures are based
on lump ore and concentrates of commercial grades and not on the
mine output which is considerably larger. The volumes of the
Mineral Resources published by the United States Geological Sur-
vey have supplied the data for the years previous to 1904.
Production of iron ore in New York State
MAGNETITE | HEMATITE | LIMONITE | CARBONATE TOTAL
Value
YEAR — Total value | per
ton
Long tons | Long tons} Long tons | Long tons | Long tons
UGKO Noe a naete 782 729 I53 723 53 152 27 1OL2 THOT VOTO lps cn tectane st Laleatcks
M8O2 acces: 648 564 124 800 53 6904 64 O41 8901 099 | $2 267 | $2 67
TSO BE vcte ete 440 693 I5 890 35 592 4I 947 534 122 I 222 934 2) 20
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OOS seh: 260 139 6 760 26 462 13 &86 307 256 598 313 I 95
TS OOsicis, tiara) 346 O15 Io 789 I2 288 16 385 385 477 780 932 2 03
MEQ rele wie) ener 206 722 7 664 20 059 II 280 335) 725 642 838 I OL
BOOS eave cies chs TESS) hil 6 400 I4 000 4 000 I79 Q5I 350 999 I 05
BOO Peet elcey: 344 159 45 503 31 975 22 153 443 790 I 241 985 2 80
EO OO rasa tan aiers 345 714 44 467 44 8901 6 413 441 485 I 103 817 2 50
EO Ovluemetrortere 329 467 66 380 23 362 I 000 420 218 I 006 231 2 390
MOO2/ ee ,cnee 451 570 QI 075 I2 676 Nil 555 321 I 362 0987 2 45
1OYOE I Sc noe 451 481 83 820 5 159 Nil 40 460 I 209 809 Deon
TOOA. ws ss 559 575 54 128 5 000 Nil 619 103 I 328 894 o) atl
ROO Sisce- scan scd 739 7360 FOrars 8 000 Nil 827 049 257.0) L238) SLE
TOOO!s 9 ec 21 717 305 187 002 I 000 Nil 905 367 3 393 600 2) Gils
MOO aveic.arors 853 579 164 434 Nil Nil | rz or8 o13 3 750 493 3 68
MOOS 5 sce ss 663 648 33 825 Nil Nil 607 473 2 008 247 3 OL
QOO! Ae oasal< 934 274 56 734 Nil Nil 991 008 3 179 358 £4 it
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MOU. lense nia's 909 359 38 005 5 000 Nil 952 364 3 184 057 a) gy
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(9a)
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
The production in 1911 as reported by all the active mines was
952,364 long tons valued at $3,184,057. Compared with the
reported output of 1,159,067 long tons for 1910 there was a decline
of 206,703 tons or about 18 per cent. The average value was $3.34
a ton against $3.37 a ton in the preceding year; but the decline in
the market prices was greater than indicated by this comparison
since the average grade of the ore as shipped was considerably
higher in 1911 than in 1910.
Of the output magnetite constituted a total of 909,359 long tons
and represented a value of $3,088,869. The quantity of hematite
mined was 38,005 long tons, all from the Clinton belt, with a value
of $88,188. A few thousand tons of limonite were shipped from
the Dutchess county district. No carbonate ore was produced.
The output of magnetite was made up largely of concentrates and
consequently did not represent the full quantity of that ore hoisted
‘from the mines. The actual mine output of magnetite was 1,215,868
tons. The total quantity of ore of all kinds hoisted during the year
therefore was 1,258,873 tons. In 1910 the corresponding total was
1,517,880 tons.
The list of companies that were active in the industry last year
included for the Adirondack region: Witherbee, Sherman & Co.
and the Port Henry fron Ore Co., at Mineville; the Cheever Iron
Ore Co., Port Henry; the Chateaugay Ore and, Iron Co, Lyon
Mountain; and the Salisbury Steel and Iron Co., Salisbury Center.
The Benson Mining Co., at Benson Mines, was engaged in erecting
a new mill but did not contribute any output last year. The pro-
ducers of magnetite in southeastern New York were the Hudson
Iron Co., Fort Montgomery, and the Sterling Iron and Railway Co.,
Lakeville. The single producer of limonite in the region east of the
Hudson river was the Amenia mine. The output of hematite was
made by C. A. Borst, Clinton; Furnaceville Iron Co., Ontario
Center ;*and Ontario Iron Ore Co., Ontario Center.
Mineville. The two companies at Mineville maintained steady
operations throughout the year, though on a somewhat reduced
scale as compared with their output in 1910. The amount of ore
hoisted was reported as 734,353 tons, against 953,553 tons in the
preceding year, which was the largest on record.
The mines operated by Witherbee, Sherman & Co. included the
Old Bed, Harmony and Barton Hill groups. Both lump ore and
concentrates were shipped, the concentrates being supplied from No.
1 and No. 2 mills on the Old Bed and No. 3 mill on the Harmony
group. The lump ore came from the Old Bed.
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 39.
The Old Bed workings, reached through the Joker and Bonanza
shafts, have been enlarged recently by the development of a separate
bed underlying the main deposit. This lower ore body spreads over
a considerable area as a nearly flat sheet, in strong contrast with
the complex overlying body, and has a thickness up to 30 feet. The
ore resembles that of the Old Bed proper, but contains a little less
apatite. Both the Joker and Bonanza shafts have been connected
through to the deposit which furnished last year about one-half of
the quantity hoisted from the Old Bed group. The ore body extends
for a considerable distance to the north and west, and it is intended
to connect the workings with the Miller pit, as a provision for safety
and ventilation.
The Harmony mines have been usually active, the output going
to the new No. 3 mill completed in 1910. The products consist of
ordinary concentrates with about 64 per cent iron and extra high
grade concentrates with 71.4 per cent iron, the latter being used for
making electrodes for arc lamps. The tailings from the mill also
find application for road and concrete work. A complete description
of this mill which contains many advanced features in the magnetic
separation of iron ore has been given by H. Comstock,' Assistant
General Manager of Witherbee, Sherman & Co.
The work in the Barton Hill mines has been mainly of develop-
ment character, preparatory to their steady operation. From the
new tunnel a raise has been excavated to the old Orchard pit
encountering good ore all the way. For the treatment of the
future mine output a new mill is in course of construction, the
fourth erected by the company. The mill is designed for a capacity
of 100 tons crude ore an hour. It is to be an all-steel structure with
corrugated iron cover. The crushing department will be equipped
with a 24 by 36 inch jaw crusher and two no. 5 Gates gyratory
crushers from which the product will go to a storage bin of 1200
tons capacity. From the storage bin the ore passes to revolving
screens making four sizes each of which is delivered to independent
separators of the drum and belt types. These make three products,
concentrates that go to the shipping bin, tailings to the stock pile,
and middlings which are reground by rolls, sized and again sepa-
rated. The power for driving the crushers and separators will
consist of four motors of 150 h. p. each.
The Port Henry Iron Ore Co. obtained most of its product from
the Clonan shaft in the southern part of the “21” ore body, but
1The Iron Trade Review, Noy. 9, 1911, p. 825-29.
40 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
also hoisted some ore from the upper workings reached by the
incline. The Welch shaft farther north contributed a small output.
Cheever mine. The recently revived operations at this mine
near Port Henry continued to afford a good output during the past
year. The southern end of the old workings have thus far received
most attention. Though no extensive bodies of rich ore have been
found, a large quantity of material of concentrating grade has been
developed, sufficient to assure a steady production for some time to
come. The shipments are all in the form of concentrates, made in
a local mill.
Some prospecting has been under way during the year on the
northern continuation of the Cheever ore belt. The results of the
work which was carried on by a Buffalo company have not been
given to the public.
Lyon Mountain. The mines at Lyon Mountain were operated as
usual for the supply of the Standish furnace.
Benson Mines. No production of ore was made by these mines
last year. The results obtained with the old mill proved so unsatis-
factory, that work was suspended and preparations started toward
its replacement by a new structure. This is now in course of erec-
tion. The mill which is planned for two units will be first equipped
for a single unit with a capacity of 1000 tons crude ore a day. The
scheme of separation involves the use of dry magnetic belt and
drum machines following the general plan adopted in the other Adi-
rondack mills. A storage capacity of 10,000 tons of dried ore will
be provided so as to insure continuous work during the winter season
which is rather severe in that region. Power for the mines and
mill is to be supplied from an independent hydro-electric station.
MINERAL PAINT
Under this title are included the natural mineral colors which
require nothing more than grinding or washing in their preparation
for the market. The raw materials found in the State that have been
used for the purposes are iron ore, ocher, shale and slate. New
York is also one of the leading producers of artificial pigments,
specially those made from lead, but as the materials are derived
from outside sources no account of them is taken in this place.
The Clinton hematite affords an excellent base for the manufac-
ture of metallic paint and mortar color. The beds with a relatively
high iron content are employed, as they possess the softness and
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQITI AI
uniformity of texture, as well as depth of color, which are generally
sought for. The mines owned by C. A. Borst at Clinton, Oneida
county, and those of the Furnaceville Iron Co., at Ontario, Wayne
county, supply most of the ore for paint. The hematite from the
former locality belongs to the oolitic variety and that sold to paint
manufacturers carries about 45 per cent iron. The ore in Wayne
county is of fossil character carrying about 40 per cent iron. The
red hematite from St Lawrence county is also used for metallic
paint.
The manufacturers of metallic paint and mortar colors in New
York State include the Clinton Metallic Paint Co., of Clinton, the
William Connors Paint Manufacturing Co., of Troy, and the Rossie
Iron Ore Paint Co., of Ogdensburg. A large quantity of the
Clinton hematite is shipped to points outside of the State for manu-
facture.
Both shale and slate are ground for paint, their color depending
largely upon the amount and nature of the iron oxids present.
When there is a large proportion of ferric oxid the shale and slate
may be sold as metallic paint. At Randolph, Cattaraugus county,
beds of green, brown and bluish shale occurring in the Chemung for-
mation have been worked for paint purposes. The red shale from
the base of the Salina formation has been similarly utilized in years
past, having been obtained from a locality in Herkimer county. At
Roxbury, Delaware county, a shale in the Catskill series was once
employed. The red slate of Washington county, which belongs to
the Cambric, is the principal source of pigments of this character at
present. The Algonquin Red Slate Co. of Worcester, Mass., and
A. J. Hurd’s Sons of Eagle Bridge are producers of red slate
pigment.
The ferruginous clay called ocher is of common occurrence, but is
not now worked in the State. Sienna, a deep brown variety of
ocher, is found near Whitehall.
The production of mineral paints in 1911 included 7237 short tons
of metallic paint and mortar color valued at $68,870 and 1646 short
tons of slate pigment valued at $12,864. The totals for 1910 were
8063 short tons of metallic paint and mortar color valued at $70,841
and 1400 short tons of slate pigment valued at $10,900. These
quantities represent only the pigments manufactured within the
State from local materials.
42 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
MINERAL WATERS
New York has held for a long time a leading position among the
states in the utilization of mineral waters. The different springs, of
which over two hundred have been listed as productive at one time
or another, yield a great variety of waters in respect to the char-
acter and amount of their dissolved solids. There are some that
contain relatively large amounts of mineral ingredients and are
specially valuable for medicinal purposes; Saratoga Springs, Balls-
ton Springs, Richfield Springs, Sharon Springs and Lebanon
Springs are among the more noted localities for such waters.
Numerous other springs are more particularly adapted for table use
containing only sufficient mineral matter perhaps to give them a
pleasantly saline taste. Both kinds of waters are generally car-
bonated and sold in small bottles.
Of late there has developed an important business in the sale of
spring waters which can hardly be classed as mineral in the common
acceptance of the word, but which are extensively consumed for
office and family use in the larger towns and cities. Their employ-
ment depends upon their freedom from harmful impurities, in which
feature they are generally superior to the local supplies. In so far
as such waters are an article of commerce they may well be included
in a canvass of the mineral water industry. They are usually dis-
tributed in large bottles or carboys in noncarbonated condition.
Character of mineral waters. Among the spring waters that
contain mineral ingredients in appreciable quantity those character-
ized by the presence of alkalis and alkaline earth are the most
abundant in the State. The dissolved bases may exist in association
with the chlorin and carbon dioxid, as in the springs of Saratoga
county, or they may be associated chiefly with sulfuric acid, as
illustrated by the Sharon and Clifton springs.
The mineral waters of Saratoga Springs and Ballston are found
along fractured zones in Lower Siluric strata, the reservoirs occur-
ring usually in the Trenton limestone. They are accompanied by
free carbon dioxid which, together with chlorin, sodium, potassium,
calcium and magnesiu'n, also exists in dissolved condition. The
amount of solid constituents in the different waters varies from less
than 100 to over 500 grains per gallon. Large quantities of table
and medicinal waters are bottled at the springs for shipment to all
parts of the country. The carbon dioxid which issues from the
wells at Saratoga is likewise an important article of commerce.
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 43
The waters at Richfield Springs contain the elements of the alkali
and alkaline earth groups together with sulfuric acid and smaller
amounts of chlorin, carbon dioxid and sulfureted hydrogen. They
are employed for medicinal baths as well as for drinking purposes.
The springs issue along the contact of Siluric limestone and Devonic
shales. Sharon Springs is situated to the east of Richfield Springs
and near the contact of the Lower and Upper Siluric. Clifton
Springs, Ontario county, and Massena Springs, St Lawrence county,
are among the localities where sulfureted waters occur and are
utilized.
The Oak Orchard springs in the town of Byron, Genesee county,
are noteworthy for their acid waters which contain a considerable
proportion of aluminum, iron, calcium and magnesium, besides free
sulfuric acid.
The Lebanon spring, Columbia county, is the single representative
in the State of the class of thermal springs. It has a temperature of
75° F. and is slightly charged with carbon dioxid and nitrogen.
Ordinary spring waters. The greater quantity of spring waters
consumed in the State belongs to the nonmedicinal, noncarbonated
class, represented by such springs as the Great Bear, Deep Rock,
Mount View, Sun Ray, Chemung etc. The waters are obtained
either by flowing springs or from artesian wells and are shipped in
carboys or in tank cars to the principal cities where they are bottled
and distributed by wagons among the consumers. The _ essential
feature of such waters is their freedom from noxious impurities.
This is generally safeguarded by the care exercised in the handling
of the waters which are also regularly examined in the chemical and
bacteriological laboratories.
Carbon dioxid. This gas is given off in quantity by: some of the
wells at Saratoga Springs, and its collection and storage for ship-
ment constituted for many years an important industry at that place.
Over 30 wells have been bored there for gas alone. The industry
has now been discontinued by force of a legislative enactment; it
was considered that the pumping of the wells for the production of
the gas was detrimental to the other springs that were utilized solely
for their waters. For some time the value of the natural gas secured
for the wells exceeded that of the mineral water sales.
List of springs. The following list includes the names and
44 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
localities of most of the springs in the State that are employed com-
mercially, as shown by a canvass of the industry:
NAME LOCALITY
Baldwin MineraltSprinces see ener Cayuga, Cayuga co.
Coyle Si Caywoodsnriaas ee eee ee Weedsport, Cayuga co.
Diamond Rocks sprim cee eek atewee he eee Cherry Creek, Chautauqua co.
Me Ys Spicer ss. Oe oye tee ee ee te Salto West Portland, Chautauqua co.
Breesport Oxygenated Mineral epring Afetoee Breesport, Chemung co.
Chemung Valley Spring...........2:..... Elmira, Chemung co.
Chemung Spring Water Co............... Chemung, Chemung co.
Lebanon Mineral Spring................. Lebanon, Columbia co.
Monarchisprne Water Con sseeme a. nee Matteawan, Dutchess co.
ME NBeaconispninge ance = eee eae Matteawan, Dutchess co.
Mount Vaew Spring tenacce® acorn eine Poughkeepsie, Dutchess co.
Ayers Amherst Mineral Spring............ Williamsville, Erie co.
Blk Springn Water cco sn 5 cee. om cokes oud. tees Lancaster, Erie co.
Beautyy spring Water Cone ses sere Lyons Falls, Lewis co.
ColdeS pring Jae ee nc eee ore New York Mills, Oneida co.
eithiasPolanishs pringseenine ree een meee pee Booneville, Oneida co.
‘AW iells; Smitten wera ener eee Pea ree Franklin Springs, Oneida co.
liye slemoioh ool e G ceaivey cee eae ictal A rcerote Franklin Springs, Oneida co.
WissWiM Wanner occ aicn scien cee cen eee Ok Franklin Springs, Oneida co.
GenevarLithiawopring: sans. cee eee eet Geneva, Ontario co.
Red Gross/Lithia Spring: j:e. aeete ein ee Geneva, Ontario co.
Crystal pritio eerie ear cae ere er Oswego, Oswego co.
GreatiBearispringy. Netto gemab eee Fulton, Oswego co.
tklacentyer ene ema cca Setice ae een Raat Oswego, Oswego co.
OSEWE=PONDPIINO. wee cs em eae ee ie Oswego, Oswego co.
Mammoth s pring 32% Globes Meee ak abe oie North Greenbush, Rensselaer co.
shellRock pprmniy. 0 cu kines ate meee East Greenbush, Rensselaer co.
Massena Mineral Spring...............+. Massena Springs, St Lawrence co.
Arondack: Spring. aioe isn 7 ek ee es eer Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
Wnicsiehay Wailea) Sjopmbitees ego aaancdodasoagccs Ballston Springs, Saratoga co.
Chiefte pring eer yee hee eee ee Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
(COESAT SPITE She Ly eth Sine eS pict cm ee oe Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
Comstock Mineral Spring’ ----.>..2.5:..- Ballston Springs, Saratoga co.
Wonsress DPMArAs Le 21g eee eee Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
I ZCEISION SPLING vec esses seed ae ee eae Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
Geyser Spring feo :5).) eee ote eae See Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
atbor Sprites a. ; op ehaeken tees Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
eh Rock: Springs ws. 7.\ce ae einer fee eae ee Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
Patterson Mineral Spring..........-:.-.... Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
QOUC VICES priti ower) ae een sree ran arnt Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
Royal Spritign) syd acca sane eae eee Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
Saratoga ‘Seltzer Spring... ..:)an. foes sak oe Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
SaraLogarVichysS prin Sey laren ere merece Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
eC girs] 0) cht ae a ag ere SSE EN, Ae Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
@halybeate Sprnee- esos ore eee Sharon Springs, Schoharie co.
Ve Waterpro spine meta hin ae een ee Sharon Springs, Schoharie co.
Gardner White Sulphur Spring............ Sharon Springs, Schoharie co.
Sulphur-Magnesia Spring................. Sharon Springs, Schoharie co.
RedSjacket prince. sence cee renee Seneca Falls, Seneca co.
Pleasant Valley Mineral Spring........... Rheims, Steuben co.
DELAUKELNOPLiMer ie ci tents tao tar eae aerate Setauket, Suffolk co.
Bixit Springs, cok Raia Ree ie oe Clintondale, Ulster co.
SUN IRAYVZSpLINg oa" oie cen en Ber eee ete Ellenville, Ulster co.
Vata Sprite ete artes her cate eee oe eee Fort Edward, Washington co.
Briarcliff Lodge Association............... Briarcliff Manor, Westchester co.
Gramatan Spring Water Co.............. Bronxville, Westchester co.
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 4.
Sal
Production. The reports received from the mineral water trade
in 1911 showed sales of 8,923,628 gallons valued at $756,147. The
number of springs contributing to the production was about 40. In
the preceding year the sales amounted to 8,432,672 gallons valued
at $675,034, reported by 46 springs. The value of the water is est1-
mated at the spring water localities and does not include the cost of
bottling. No account is made of the waters used in hotels, sana-
toriums etc., run in connection with the springs, though this is an
important item in the business in some places.
A comparison of the sales reported for a number of years back
shows that the demand for the higher priced carbonated waters
apparently has fallen off, but this decrease has been more than
counterbalanced by the increased consumption of the ordinary spring
waters supplied for office and family use.
Saratoga Springs. The plans for the creation of a State reserva-
tion which is to include practically all the springs hitherto employed
for the commercial production of mineral waters and carbon dioxid
have begun to take definite form. The commission empowered to
effect the transfer of the property from private to State ownership
had taken over at the close of the year the following springs:
Hathorn (nos. I, 2, 3), Coesa or Carlsbad, Champion, Red, Patter-
son, Putnam, Star, Governor, High Rock, Seltzer, Magnetic and
eetless,. Victoria, Geyser, Adams and Congress. ‘Those ‘not
included in the transfer at that time were the Arondack, Vichy,
Chief, Excelsior and Quevic. Of the springs on the State reserva-
tion a few were utilized for commercial production by Hathorn &
Co., under lease.
NATURAL GAS
The natural gas resources of the State are undergoing steady
development, the production being little influenced by the varying
trade conditions that affect other branches of mining. The supply,
though it has increased markedly of late years, falls far short of
meeting the requirements in the territory around the gas fields, and
is helped out by importations from other states, chiefly Pennsyl-
vania. Natural gas has been in use locally for nearly a century;
there is a record of its employment for fuel and light as far back as
1825 at which time wells were in operation in Chautauqua county
for the supply of natural gas to households.
The industry of supplying gas for general consumption first
assumed importance, however, with the development of the oil dis-
46 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
tricts in Allegany and Cattaraugus counties, the gas being recovered
as a by-product and sold to distributing companies who piped it to
the towns and villages in the surrounding section. In the nineties
of the last century exploration for gas was carried on actively all
through the western part of the State and some new fields were
discovered, notably in the section along the shore of Lake Ontario.
A little later an important field was opened in Erie county, east of
Buffalo. The gas pools were encountered in the Medina sandstone
and led to the exploration of this formation along the dip in south-
ern Erie and northern Chautauqua counties where some very pro-
ductive wells have been opened at depths of 2000 feet or more.
Altogether there are 16 counties in the State that produce natural
gas. The principal fields are found in Erie, Genesee, Chautauqua,
Allegany and Cattaraugus counties. Outside of these the pools
are of subordinate extent and importance, so far as they have been
tested, and are scattered rather sparsely over the western section of
the State, from Lake Erie and the Niagara river to the east end of
Lake Ontario. Exploration of the rocks in eastern New York has
been unsuccessful in locating valuable pools.
The supply of natural gas is derived from several geologic
horizons, from the Potsdam sandstone in the Cambric to the Che-
mung strata at the top of the Devonic. The more productive
formations include the Trenton limestone of the Lower Siluric, the
Medina sandstone of the Upper Siluric, and the Portage and Che-
mung shales with interbedded sandstones betonging to the Devonice.
With few exceptions the gas pools now producing occur in one or
another of these formations.
The oil fields of Allegany and Cattaraugus counties have contrib-
uted, and still do contribute, considerable quantities of gas. The
pools are found in sandstones at different horizons in the Devonic,
such as the Bradford, Kane, and Elk “sands” of the Chemung.
Some of the supply is consumed in the gas engines for pumping the
oil, and the remainder is used for lighting and heating in the local
towns or is piped to Buffalo. The distribution of the gas is mainly
in the control of a few companies, like the Empire Gas and Fuel Co.
of Wellsville, the Producers Gas Co. of Olean, and the United
Natural Gas Co. of Oil City, Pa. Some of the local towns supplied
from the fields are Olean, Andover, Wellsville, Friendship, Hornell
and Geneseo. In the northwestern part of Cattaraugus county there
is a small field of which Gowanda is the center and which extends
across the border into Erie county. The gas is said to occur in the
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 47
Marcellus and Onondaga formations of the Middle Devonic. The
output is distributed by the Gowanda Gas Co. for use in Gowanda.
Explorations have been under way recently in northern Cattaraugus
county between Gowanda and Cattaraugus where pools are reported
at depths from 2500 to 3300 feet in what is supposed to be the
Medina sandstone.
In Chautauqua county the productive area comprises a_ belt
bordering Lake Erie from Silver Creek southwest to the Pennsyl-
vania state line. Until quite recently the supply has been obtained
from wells a few hundred feet deep in the Portage and Chemung
beds and the individual output was small, sufficing only for a few
families at most. Deep drilling during the last few years has
resulted in the discovery of more productive pools, lying at depths
from 1900 to 2300 feet in what is considered Medina sandstone.
Some very large flows have been encountered in the vicinity of Silver
Creek, Dunkirk, Forestville, Sheridan and Westfield. These wells
are mainly owned by local companies who sell the output in the
neighboring towns and villages. The principal operators include
the Frost Gas Co., Silver Creek Gas and Improvement Co., South
Shore Gas Co., and Welch Gas Co. During the past year the United
Natural Gas Co. has been engaged in exploration in the town of
Arkwright east of Fredonia and is reported to have encountered gas
in quantity at depths around 2100 feet.
Erie county contains several fields. A few wells have been put
down within the limits of Buffalo. East Aurora, Collins, North
Collins, Angola and Springville in the southern part are centers of
a more or less active industry. Within the last 15 years a field has
been opened east of Buffalo in the towns of Cheektowaga, Amherst,
Lancaster, Clarence, Alden and Newstead, which for some time
has been the most productive in the State. The gas is found in the
Medina sandstone at depths of from 1200 to 1600 feet, and the
wells have proved quite persistent producers. It is transported in
pipe lines to Buffalo, Tonawanda, Batavia, Lancaster, Depew,
Honeoye Falls and other towns in the vicinity. There are over
200 productive wells in the field.
In Genesee county a prolific field has been developed at Pavilion
during the last five vears. The gas is found in the same horizon as
in eastern Erie county, at depths of about 1700 feet. The Pavilion
Natural Gas Co. and the Alden-Batavia Natural Gas Co. are the
chief operators in the field and supply the gas to Pavilion, Leroy
and Batavia.
48 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
In Wyoming county a few wells are in operation at Attica; in
Livingston county at Caledonia, Avon and Lima; and in Ontario
county in the towns of East Bloomfield and West Bloomfield.
Farther east in Onondaga county there are wells at Baldwinsville
and Phoenix which supply gas for local use. The pools are found in
the Trenton shales and limestone. Oswego county marks the east-
ern limit of the productive territory, with wells at Pulaski and
Sandy Creek.
Production. ‘The value of the natural gas production during the
last 4 years is shown in the accompanying table which is arranged
to show also, so far as practicable, the contributions from the princi-
pal fields. The returns for the year 1911 indicated a total of
$1,547,077, against $1,045,693 for 1909, an increase of approxi-
mately 50 per cent in the two years. The quantity of gas produced
was approximately .5,127,571,000 cubic feet as compared with
4,815,643,000 cubic feet in 1910 and 3,825,215,000 cubic feet in
1909. These amounts include estimates for some of the smaller
producers who have no meters attached to their mains, but they are
believed to be close approximations of the actual production. The
average value of the gas was 30 cents a thousand, against 29 cents
and 27 cents a thousand respectively in the preceding years.
Production of natural gas
COUNTY 1908 1909 I9IO I9II
Allegany, Cattaraugus.. $264 736 $282 964 $337 427 $402 931
Chantatgqua. + ossstee. 153 O19 174 597 202 754 222 023
Te ee er ee 451 869 461 531 717 038 813 279
avin ston =n asses eee 54 083 59 888 60 997 | The ley)
Onondaca wk ewisee 130037, 4 I2 310 12 723 I2 972
OSWEROr rato osc oh aon 12 800 14 402 14 783 | 14 913
Wyong. 8. an sd 37 431 | 40 oor | 3% 65 967 7 602
POtAL Ys (rte 30.) oo | $987 775 | $1 045 693 | $1 411 699 | $1 547 077
1 Includes all the output in Geresee county for 1911 and a part of it for the preceding years.
* Includes also Seneca, Schuyler, Steuben, Ontario and Yates.
3 Includes Niagara and also some of Genesee except for I9rt.
The reports for 1911 covered a total of 1403 productive wells.
A comparison of the figures shows that Erie county leads all
others in quantity and value of output. Its contribution including
also that of Genesee county, amounted last year to 2,444,721,000
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 49
cubic feet valued at $813,279. There were 342 productive wells in
' the two counties. :
The production given under Allegany and Cattaraugus counties
included mainly the gas collected from oil wells, but there was a
small output also from fields in the northern parts of the two
counties where no oil is produced. The combined output taken
from the reports of the pipe-line companies and the individual pro-
ducers amounted last year to 1,600,317,000 cubic feet valued at
$402,931, from a total of 766 wells.
The wells in Chautauqua county made an output of 804,713,000
cubic feet valued at $222,023. The principal part of the supply
came from the deep wells which have been put down in the last
few years in the belt along Lake Erie.
Genesee county has shown the largest relative increase in pro-
duction during the past years, but the figures are included with
those of Erie county.
PETROLEUM
The anticipated effects of the recent decline in crude oil prices
were very manifest during 1911, at least in the New York field.
There was less activity in exploration than for many years and
with the comparatively poor record of new drilling in 1910, the
productive conditions were most unfavorable. The maintenance
of the local industry for a long time has been the small increments
of yield obtained by redrilling old territory, for which the main
incentive existed in the high market value of the local product.
The recent decline, amounting to over 50 cents a barrel, practically
put an end to such developments.
The total production in 1911, as reported by the pipe-line com-
panies operating in the New York oil region, amounted to 915,314
barrels. The total for the preceding year was 1,073,650 barrels,
showing a falling off of 158,336 barrels, or 15 per cent. The
output in 1909, which was a year of good prices on the whole,
amounted to 1,160,402 barrels. The value of the product last year
was $1,198,868, or an average of $1.31 a barrel, against $1,458,194,
an average of $1.36 in 1910, and $1,914,663, an average of $1.65
in 1900.
The production of oil during the last two decades is shown in
the accompanying table. The figures for the years 1892-1903 have
been compiled from the annual volumes of the Mineral Resources,
50 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
while those for subsequent years are based on the reports received
from pipe-line companies who transport the oil to the refiners.
The following companies operate pipe lines in the New York field:
The Allegany Pipe Line Co., Coluxbia Pipe Line Co., Union
Pipe Line Co., and Fords Brook Pipe Line Co., of Wellsville;
Vacuum Oil Co., of Rochester; New York Transit Co., of Olean;
Emery Pipe Line Co., Kendall Refining Co., and Tide Water Pipe
Co., Limited, of Bradford, Pa.
Production of petroleum in New York
YEAR BARRELS VALUE
FOG? oo oye ea RSS VEIT © 3 Rees ee ees Be Bah eee 12732445 $708 297
TOS. Ce crotk eae tiers saan sere Mergen eee ar seaaie I 031 391 660 000
) to ( 0) Cae ae en ARs oo Che, Ch Dg 8 er OOO. C SHENSON Oe 942 431 790 464
TBO ae ai ee oeredegta ete Pemtorette ich verccmmeroke aes cient 912 948 I 240 468
TSO sci ettaac ie nites, Mates Ee TRC ee Nene REE I 205 220 I 420 653
Lito fy eae NA aC ce Cae Weare arn ARO PSs mei aD nino Gh I 279 155 I 005 736
USQS ie tA sIon iaterees Riewhevey smears eesysietouees sieves teuewoily) See eret shel I 205 250 I 098 284
TBO ec oy creo a reveenes Castes ted teks heey ee) aan eee eae I 320 909 I 708 926
11810, Oe SPE eis RET OI CATT A See A Pa CHG RR Tt ec I 300 925 I 759 501
1 {0 (0) HES cot eenee Sin Atty OCCT Reatad Sina matics Germ Sy ta Brack’ cc I 206 618 I 460 008
10) 0° ACE RANI TEE Serie honey SCRANS EAPO TIT To EC OIE I 119 730 I 530 852
MQOB ie sess eeteyaie eck eps cate neetenckoncha adorn ane oekeweie ane Sica I 162 978 I 849 135
LOCA Sr cess ets eae ON HR ee ere hore leer oTeueteNe Este cette I 036 179 I 709 770
EQOS rare Bysshe rs eps ee steret aye eRe hote ae eee bios Se oerspa Moyen 949 5II I 566 931
) Aol 0 eR Bs SCRA PIC cack Roe Fie Seteis Rico a0 I 043 088 I 721 095
NOQO7 Bocce cel crate reese secei net ee apa rela Ore ee oben odetel onal Pete I 052 324 I 736 335
TOQOS sist acto e cae yaya ores, utente so yeas execs uae GupeteoNe ert ove I 160 128 25071 1533
140700) ese Beh AOR cma A trcdian > derma gine anos. I 160 402 I 914 663
CC 6 a er ot one} rR MC arn. ne nial car WS ie wae eh OL BLS .e I 073 650 I 458 194
AC 0) hi ey cp are SRO Pane eee PANEER CAALBOhG am ONS Dciiens Persone 915 314 I 198 868
The average quotations for crude oil from the Appalachian dis-
tricts were lower in 1911 than at any time since 1901. The prices
of Pennsylvania crude, which are taken as the basis for rating the
New York output, were $1.30 a barrel at the opening of the year
and remained unchanged until the last week in December when
they advanced to $1.35. The outlook for the current season would
appear more favorable, as the tendency in the early months was
toward a higher level.
The records for the year showed that 195 new wells were com-
pleted, as compared with 283 wells in the preceding year, and 457
wells in 1909. The increment of production from the new wells
amounted to 201 barrels a day, while in 1910 it was 368 barrels
and in 1909 it amounted to 715 barrels, Of the number of wells
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 51
given 59 were dry, as compared with 61 and 32 respectively for the
two preceding years.
The oil pools found in the State constitute the northern exten-
sion of the Appalachian field which reaches its main development
in Pennsylvania, Ohio and West Virginia. They underlie small
areas in Cattaraugus, Allegany and Steuben counties near the
Pennsylvania border. The first well was drilled in Cattaraugus
county in 1865, and Allegany county began producing about 1880.
The oil is found in fine-grained sandstones of dark color belonging
to the Chemung formation of the upper Devonic. In Cattaraugus
county the productive area embraces about 40 square miles, mostly
in Olean, Allegany and Carrolton townships. The pools of which
the principal ones are the Ricebrook, Chipmunk, Allegany and
Flatstone, occur at several horizons from 600 to 1800 feet below
the surface. The oil district of Allegany county extends across the
southern townships of Clarksville, Seneca, Wirt, Bolivar, Alma,
Scio and Andover and is divided into several pools that are con-
sidered to be more or less independent. The Bolivar, Richburg and
Wirt pools have been most productive. The oil is found at depths
of from 1400 to 1800 feet. The Andover pool lies partly in the
town of West Union, Steuben county, and is accountable for the
production in that section. The reports of the Mineral Resources
covering the year 1910 showed a total of 10,995 productive wells
in the State, of which number Allegany county had 7859, Cat-
taraugus county 2917 and Steuben county 219. Practically all the
wells are pumped and the average yield is less than one-third of a
barrel a day.
There has been a great deal of exploration outside the districts
mentioned, but up to the present time has not led to any positive
additions to the productive area. Some of the more interesting
and promising developments have been in northern Allegany
county. A discovery of oil was reported a few years since in the
town of Granger on the Livingston county border, considerably
north of the other pools, and about 30 wells were drilled as a test.
Some of these flowed under natural pressure, but they soon gave
out, yielding less than 3000 barrels altogether. In the last year
or two another section near Swain, town of Grove, has been under
exploration. The original discovery was reported on the Fred
Bennett farm where oil and gas were encountered in a well put
down to 740 feet depth. Some other holes in the same vicinity
were dry. Recently drilling has been under way on the Harman
52 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
place, and two productive wells are reported to have been brought
in of which the first produced from 5 to 6 barrels a day. The
second was dry when drilled, but began to flow after having been
“shot.” The oil is said to be of a dark, heavy quality.
PYRE LE
Pyrite is obtained commercially in St Lawrence county. The
mines of that section have been worked intermittently for many
years but have come into prominence only of late, largely as the
result of the systematic operations carried on by the St Lawrence
Pyrite Co. The property of this company is situated at Stellaville
near Hermon, and comprises a number of mines that have been
more or less extensively developed, a large concentrating plant, and
other equipment including the branch railroad from Hermon to
De Kalb Junction which it built to secure an outlet for its product.
The shipments are in the form of concentrates which are sold to
sulfuric acid makers.
In addition to the Stellaville mines, the Cole property near
Gouverneur has been a producer during the last two years, having
been reopened in 1910. It is worked under lease by the Hinckley
Fibre Co., which uses the output in crude form for the manufac-
ture of sulfite pulp at its plant at Hinckley, Oneida county.
The employment of the crude low-grade ore for direct conver-
sion of the sulfur into sulfurous acid to be used in the sulfite pulp
process is a new development which if permanently successful, as
it appears likely to prove from present indications, may have im-
portant consequences for the Adirondack mining industry. The
output of sulfite fiber by the mills in that section is reported as
about goo tons daily for which 135 tons of commercial sulfur are
imported at an average cost of $3300. To supply the equivalent
amount of sulfur from pyrite would require from 400 to 600 tons
of the usual grade of St Lawrence county ore, or say 150,000 tons a
year. According to information privately communicated to the
writer, there is an important economy in the use of the pyrite when-
ever it can be laid down at the mill at a fair price. In the case of
such low-grade ores, its uses, however, necessitate special apparatus
and methods which have been the subject of extended investigation ;
that success, to a certain degree at least, has attended the experi-
ments seems to be evidenced by the continued shipments from the
Cole mine.
Pyrite is rather abundantly distributed in the Adirondack region,
and is represented in larger quantity in association with the Gren-
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 53
ville series of gneisses, schists and crystalline limestones. The
principal deposits thus far found occur in the belts of these rocks,
which are regarded as metamorphosed sediments, on the western
border in St Lawrence and Jefferson counties. One large belt ex-
tends from near Antwerp, Jefferson county, across. Gouverneur,
De Kalb and Hermon townships of St Lawrence county, a distance
of over 40 miles. It is the same belt which carries the red hematite
ores of that region. The pyrite is disseminated through the schists
and gneisses, but here and there it occurs segregated in bands or
lenses so as to constitute mineable deposits, though of rather low-
grade character. The bodies are arranged in conformity with the
major structural features of the county rocks, so far as can be de-
termined, having usually a northeast-scuthwest strike and a north-
erly dip as are prevalent throughout the region. They show local
modifications in the way of folding, swells and pinches and were no
doubt accumulated before the final period of regional compression
which has affected the wall rocks.
The ore as mined consists normally of a granular aggregate made
up of crystals and irregular particles of pyrite distributed through
a gangue of which quartz is the chief component. The texture and
grade of the ore is quite variable. Considerable masses of prac-
tically pure pyrite are found as an intergrowth of large-sized
crystals, but the chief part of the output is represented by a mix-
ture of medium to fine-grained pyrite showing no crystal develop-
ment, with fairly large amounts of gangue materials. Besides
quartz the accompanying minerals include hornblende, biotite, feld-
spar and alteration products of chloritic nature. Zinc blende and
chalcopyrite are found occasionally in small amounts in the ore.
In some parts of the belt pyrrhotite occurs as an associate of the
pyrite or in separate bodies of closely related features. It is found
for instance at High Falls or Pyrites in distinct shoots though in
the same mineralized zone with the pyrite. It has not been con-
sidered, hitherto, of any economical value, yet recent progress in
the use of low-grade sulfides may be regarded as affording some
prospect for its future industrial employment. The sulfur content
is naturally lower than that of the pyrite, the theoretic. amount be-
ing a little under 40 per cent and the average of the usual grade of
material probably not over 25 per cent. The pyrrhotite gives a
slight reaction for nickel.
The mines at Stellaville operated by the St Lawrence Pyrite Co.
are opened on a parallel series of deposits, of which the largest is
known as the Stella. A second important deposit, the Anna, is
54 " NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
found in the footwall, 1600 feet to the southeast, and others occur
in the interval. The ore carries from 15 to 40 per cent of sulfur,
with an average probably between 25 and 30 per cent. A small
quantity is marketed as hand-cobbed ore or “ spalls’’ with about
33 per cent sulfur, but the main product consists of mill concen-
trates with a content of 40 per cent or more. The concentrates are
shipped to acid burners in the East. Though of lower sulfur con-
tent than the imported ores, they are a desirable material for acid-
making on account of their freedom from arsenic and other in-
jurious impurities. A comprehensive account of the Stellaville
mines and their equipment has been contributed by Felix A. Vogel
to volume 16 of the Mineral Industry.
The Cole mine at Gouverneur is based on a large outcropping de-
posit that was first worked as an open cut. The early development
was carried out by the Adirondack Pyrite Co., later succeeded by
the American Pyrite Co. The latter company ceased workin 1907
and dismantled the mining and milling plant. The property re-
mained idle until the Hinckley Fibre Co. took it over in 1910. As
shown in the present workings the ore lies in two parallel bodies
separated by 15 or 20 feet of quartz rock. The lower deposit is
about 15 feet thick and dips 40° to the northwest. It was first
worked by open-cut methods and afterwards through an inclined
shaft. The present supply of ore is taken mainly from the over-
lying body, which at the point of attack shows a thickness of about
50 feet and which is being developed through a raise from the
lower workings. The present development of the mine is insuff-
cient to afford much information in regard to the actual relations
of the ore: bodies and their extent. The crude ore as shipped car-
ries from 25 to 4o per cent sulfur, with an average probably of 30
per cent or slightly less.
The deposits at Pyrites which were taken over by the Oliver
Mining Co. about five years ago have remained inactive. They
consist of a series of lenses that strike northeast and dip northwest
at an angle of 15°. Their line of outcrop extends across the
Grasse river under which there are workings reached from an
island in the river. They have been explored in depth by the
diamond drill but nothing can be stated as to the results beyond the
fact that the ore appears to be persistent.
Besides the deposits mentioned that have been developed as
mines, there are many prospects and exposures of pyrite in the
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 55
metamorphic region of St Lawrence and Jefferson counties. Some
of the better. known localities are on the Alexander Farr farm,
two and a half miles northeast of Bigelow; on the George Styles
farm, one and a half miles west of Bigelow; the farm of S. Hen-
dricks, one mile south of Bigelow; and that of S. Hockens, seven
miles west of Rensselaer Falls. Near Antwerp pyrite is found in
the vicinity of the Dixon and Old Sterling iron mines. As has been
noted by C. H. Smyth, jr, the hematite deposits of that section are
often accompanied by bodies of pyrite in the adjoining wall rocks.
Their distribution may afford a useful clew to exploration for the
latter. There is an extensive belt of pyrite and pyrrhotite in the
vicinity of Ox Bow.
The zinc ores near Edwards which are under development carry
more or less pyrite intermixed with the blende. The pyritous ores
are being reserved for mill treatment by which it is intended to
make a pyrite concentrate as a by-product.
SALT
The salt industry throughout the State was practically unchanged
last year. There were no additions to the list of producing plants.
The output continued at about the rate established in the preceding
year or two, and the market conditions, so far as prices were con-
cerned, were almost stationary, at least showing no definite tend-
ency toward recovery from the previous low levels. The selling
prices of the various grades of evaporated salt have undergone a
marked decline of late years, and it is doubtful if any further ex-
tensive reduction could take place without reacting injuriously upon
that branch of the industry. The only real gains in the production
recently have come from the rock salt mines and from the wells
whose output of brine is consumed without evaporation for manu-
facture of soda products.
The total quantity of salt taken from the mines and wells during
the year was 10,082,656 barrels of 280 pounds. This was a slight
decrease from the total of 10,270,273 barrels reported for 1g10, the
largest ever recorded in the State, but exceeded the output of any
other year. The actual decline was thus 187,617 barrels, or a little
less than 2 per cent of the gross amount. Converted to a tonnage
basis the product in 1911 was equivalent to 1,411,572 short tons
against 1,437,838 short tons for the year IgIo.
56 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
The value of the salt production, as fixed by the reports from
the companies, amounted to $2,191,485, as compared with $2,258,-
292, the value reported for the year 1910. These figures are based
on the values at the mines or works, exclusive of costs of package.
The average was 21.7 cents a barrel, against 22 cents a barrel in
IQIO, 23.3 cents in 1909, 23.7 cents in 1908 and 25 cents in 1907.
Prices have thus fallen steadily for a number of years. It is to be
noted, however, that the average values as given are reduced con-
siderably by the inclusion of salt used in the form of brine for
alkali manufacture. Since this salt is not marketed as such, and is
not even evaporated, it is given only a nominal valuation, repre-
senting practically the mere cost of pumping. The production of
this brine is confined to a single company, the Solvay Process Co.,
which has a number of wells in the town of Tully, Onondaga
county, whence the brine is carried through a pipe line to the alkali
works near Syracuse.
The accompanying tables give the statistics of salt production for
recent years. For the years 1910 and 1g11 the output is given ac-
cording to grades, so far as the classification could be made without
revealing the individual figures. The grades depend upon methods
of manufacture and purposes for which the salt is used. Rock salt
and salt in brine consumed by the alkali industry appear in the last
item of the detailed tables which also includes small quantities of
evaporated salt not specially classified in the returns. The evapo-
rated salt is chiefly marketed under the grades of common fine,
table and dairy, common coarse, common solar, and packers salt.
Table and dairy salt includes the finest grades of artificially evapo-
rated specially prepared for the table and for butter and cheese
making; it brings the highest market price. Under common fine
are listed the other grades of fine, artifically evaporated salt that
are not specially prepared. Common coarse represents the coarser
product from artificial evaporation. Coarse solar salt is made by
evaporation of brine in shallow pans exposed to the sun’s heat.
This process is employed only by the manufacturers in Syracuse
and vicinity, and can be carried on, of course, only in the summer
months. Packers salt includes the product sold to meat packers
and fish salters.
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 57
Production of salt by grades in 1910
VALUE
GRADE BARRELS VALUE PER
BARREL
Commiont fine!) ere I 322 O15 $378 547 $ .28
Commonscoarsems. wee eee 243 928 81 233 5 Be
salblevanc: Gaity-? vis sence eee | I 258 089 611 271 .49
Coadrsevsolare. 74%. yn. aaah acer eet 439 780 129 295 .29
BACKERS Rae ttre in can eh ehh chores oO meee 37 935 27, 35
@rbermeradesty 63.030 (ees vt eee 6 968 526 I 044 669 aS
PRoiialerers sed ce es Picts ne er ere IO 270 273 | $2 258 292 $ .22
1 Common fine includes a small amount of common coarse. ;
* Include rock salt, salt in brine used for soda manufacture, and small amounts of brine salt
for which the uses were not specified in the returns.
Production of salt by grades in 1911
VALUE
GRADE BARRELS VALUE PER
| BARREL
Common time tes ss 4.6 al. oe ae ae I 143 886 $328 127 iS 6D
Comimonzecoarsel asia ye oe ee 285 407 96 968 734
flbial evcimaducleigyay bc, oy.) scence foie eee I 312 000 629 581 -48
(CORI ASE OI ah oka Fs ee ee ee 434 414 Nahih AMG 30
HediGee aur as cr ete Sine eo . Se ee 40 721 II 402 .28
Othemeracdest2 erie ey lt eer 6 866 228 994 160 .14
LOUEI s oi6 Sa A EOD ee Eee 10 082 656 | $2 I91 485 Ge 217
' Common fine includes a small quantity of common coarse. ;
* Include rock salt, salt in brine used for soda manufacture, and small amounts of brine salt
for which the uses were not specified in the returns.
The output in 1911 was contributed by 30 mines and works dis-
tributed among six counties of the State. Onondaga county was
represented by the largest number of producers, having 20 in all.
Livingston county was represented by 3, of which 2 were rock salt
mines, the only ones now active. Schuyler, Torpkins and Wyo-
ming counties each had 2 producers, and Genesee county which com-
pletes the list had 1.
58 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Production of salt in New York since 1887
YEAR BARRELS VALUE
oto ge RRP ee reg oty IS ie ee eee 2 353 560 $936 894
TOSS r. hehe alesis Magsteday ae efor areas teattas) eet ce hs ote eae 2 318 483 I 130 409
DSSQiet yd Seeisees Arye ae atc on ete ee bay clone mee 2 273 007 I 136 503
RSQ OnE i.95 csi patesiaee Sek ete ROD Te athe racy aaveheteene 2 532 036 I 266 O18
bo10)) Cea eoait Hi boing 2iS 8 Basic tice cy us Peary CREME eaten ae 2 839 544 I 340 036
DOQZS cee ein ch tee ee een ee AAA TS A uct Geol ete, rear 3 472 073 I 662 816
TSO A econo Cae enema ee its ne SARIN alos cy nth Ores eiegeeea 5 662 074 I 870 084
1Ro) 0); Ogee tt WE AE ics Bie Uee tine ATs 6 eS hak a, WRN ee aman ET & 6 270 588 I 999 146
1M oi2 1 WAR Peet cots ashe er oeaianc fe fe Se OP REA OPENS. tot 2 61.832) /225 I 943 398
TSO Gye eh er kere reece cle eo ee 6 069 040 I 896 681
boy TR REC ACES Ch MCR RON Re) PE, Ue ERE THIS SC Fi 6 805 854 I 948 759
TOO Sh Nee te nee eTA eae he irs Oe ene eee Se ee 6 791 798 2 369 323
161912 Ome Re SPICES a OE Ly MRO a RAO al Snty oy a3 nee Rad Ak 7 489 105 2 540 426
LOOO)) UE tc meee nike res ye hah: eae Sort ht aed men cae ae 7 897 O7I 2 L7TeALS
TOOT oi Boake Res erie hen ne eae oe Se A eu7e2zsouszo 2 089 834
NGO 7-#A Banat or Eber tC ots Pet ae a MAC aOR Corea rst SEA ie eS toi 8 523 389 I 938 539
QOS Meera Ses ae N ce ee OAR Eee | 8 170 648 |; 2 007 807
COTO) ta ora Soiree nor ee eee ages a 08 ey ett Gl oe oc iis | 8 724 768 2 102 748
LQOS iis ascent eeaar tere os. leo su eda cae hepa eine cee 8 575 649 2 303 067
TOL OL OTE Ps es Shaka kos Hee tarity ese Meee RS patent cic ia loo ish cick: 9 O13 993 2 131 650
TO) Orhan ay Se Ae ie Se RORRE one RAST AIL CEA G oo oy 9 657 543 2 449 178
TQOOSEM Rome As. toe, mcg nih ohm eee RC ec PE RC Sea Q 005 311 2 136 736
COO. eh Nc Aaa CRERCE 4 sek SEARO oe PEACE eta GO coins g 880 618 2 298 652
LCC) CO rete cate Reece er eM DEALS leat sicace MOOG ogy Ceara cs ous 10 270 273 2 258 292
MCs a iss gue Poe cteons we tal chaste Sue apa oleae sl es pede eel | 10 082 656 2 191 485
The large number of producers in Onondaga county is incident
to the solar salt industry which is carried on extensively around
Syracuse. The brine used by the solar evaporating works or salt
yards is stored in glacial gravels and is pumped and distributed by
central plants. The principal supply comes from the old Onondaga
Salt Springs Reservation that was sold by the Indians to the State
in 1788. The manufacture of salt was placed under State control
in 1797 from which time complete records of the industry are
available. At one time artificial evaporation was extensively
practised but this has been given up almost entirely in recent years
with the increased competition from other districts. The solar salt
is sold through the agency of the Onondaga Coarse Salt Associa-
tion.
With the exception of the salt made at Syracuse the entire pro-
duction is obtained from the deposits of rock salt which are found
in the Salina formation, a succession of shales and limestones with
intercalated beds of gypsum and rock salt. The Salina strata out-
crop in an east-west belt across the State from Albany county to
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 59
the Niagara river and are represented by a smaller separate area in
southeastern New York. Well tests indicate that the salt deposits
are restricted to the western section of the main belt beginning in
Madison county; east of there the strata diminish in thickness to
such an extent as to preclude their existence. They are encountered
only at a depth of 1000 feet or more where there has been suffi-
cient cover to protect them against solution by ground waters. As
the whole stratified series has a dip uniformly toward the south
the mines and wells are all located on the southern side of the out-
crop which lies about on the line of the forty-third parallel. The
dip averages 40 or 50 feet to the mile. The most easterly point
where rock salt has been found is at Morrisville, Madison county.
Between that place and Lake Erie it has been shown to exist in
almost all of the middle tier of counties.
The exploration of the rock salt beds dates from 1878 when a
well bored for oil near Wyoming, Wyoming county, encountered
70 feet of salt at 1270 feet from the surface. Discoveries were
subsequently made at Warsaw, Leroy, Rock Glen, Batavia and
numerous places in Livingston, Wyoming and Genesee counties.
Practically the whole valley of Oatka creek, from Leroy to Bliss
and the Genesee valley south of Monroe county has been found to
be salt-bearing. The region is now the most productive in the
State. Livingston county has the largest annual output which is
contributed by the two rock salt mines at Retsof and Cuylerville
owned respectively by the Retsof Mining Co. and the Sterling Salt
Co., and by the evaporating plant of the Genesee Salt Co. at Pif-
fard. The other companies now active in this section include the
Leroy Salt Co., of Leroy; the Rock Glen Salt Co., of Rock Glen;
and the Worcester Salt Co., of Silver Springs.
In Schuyler county salt is obtained around Watkins. The Glen
Salt Co. sank the first well there in 1893 and encountered a deposit
at 1846 feet depth. The plant is now operated by the International
Salt Co. The Watkins Salt Co. also has works at this place.
A well drilled at Ithaca, Tompkins county, in 1885 passed
through seven beds of salt aggregating 248 feet in thickness at
depths below 2244 feet from the surface. The discovery was fol-
lowed by active developments at Ludlowville in 1891 by the Cayuga
Lake Salt Co., and. at Ithaca in 1895 by the Ithaca Salt Co. The
plants were taken over in 1899 by the National Salt Co., which was
merged in 1905 into the International Salt Co. The Remington
60 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Salt Co. later erected a plant at Ithaca which is now in operation,
obtaining its salt from three wells at a depth of about 2100 feet.
The Solvay Process Co. derives its supply of brine from a num-
ber of wells located in the town of Tully, 20 miles south of Syra-
cuse. The brine is carried in pipe line to the works at Solvay.
In Erie county rock salt has been found at Eden Valley, Spring-
ville, Perry and Gowanda, but there is no output at present in that
county. Among the localities where discoveries have been made
may be mentioned Vincent and Naples, Ontario county; Dundee,
Yates county; Seneca Falls, Seneca county; and Aurora, Cayuga
county. None of these deposits are worked. A well put down in
1909 in the town of Burns, Allegany county, is reported to have
passed through 75 feet of clean unbroken salt at 3050 feet depth.
SAND AND GRAVEL
The production of sand and gravel for use in engineering and
building operations, metallurgy, glass manufacture, etc., is an im-
portant industry involving a very large number of individual
operations. The building sand business is specially extensive as
there are deposits suitable for that purpose in every section of the
State, and nearly every town or community has its local source of
supply. Such sand, of course, possesses little intrinsic value. The
deposits of glass sand and molding sands are more restricted in
their distribution and their exploitation is the basis of a fairly stable
industry ; certain molding sands are even shipped to distant points,
as in the case of those obtained in the Hudson river region.
The sand and gravel beds of the State are mainly of glacial
origin, as the whole territory within the limits of New York, in
common with the northern section of the United States east of the
Rocky mountains, was invaded by the Pleistocene ice sheet which
removed all the loose material accumulated by previous weathering
and erosion, and left in its retreat a mantle of transported boulders,
gravels, sands and clays. In places these accumulations have the
character of unmodified drift or morainal accumulations in which
the materials are more or less intermixed, and are then of little in-
dustrial value. But more generally the deposits show a sorted
stratiform arrangement due to their having been worked over by
the glacial streams and lakes. Such is the condition in many of the
larger valleys like those of the Hudson, Champlain and Genesee
where the sands, gravels and clays occur separately in terraced
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 61
beds extending far above the present water level. Later water
action may have effected a beneficial re-sorting of the materials as
instanced by the beach sands of Long Island and some of the lakes
in the interior of the State.
A measure of the importance of the sand and gravel industry
may be had from the accompanying table which, however, lacks
something in the way of completeness and accuracy. The figures
relating to the molding sand production are believed to be a close
approximation to the actual totals, but those for building sand and
gravel may vary considerably from the true quantities, perhaps
understating them by as much as 25 per cent. The building sand
operations are so widely scattered and in many sections carried on
in such haphazard or fugitive manner that it is extremely difficult
to cover them all in a statistical canvass.
Production of sand and gravel
MATERIAL 1909 1910 IQII
Wiolchiaw CehNlstcoane+ pea bROe oben ee. $437 402 $424 O15 $420 780
Corejandetiresandie pans sc) sen. 4e- 30 230 33, 709 27 484
BS iail dimomsamd hye ae sees scree kak b I O16 598 € 750 000
Othenscandia eemneeceits saccicoe one b 65 835 € 50 000
(GCRERG (ELL > ti ed eee ae Chek ba b 589 551 479 103
ARO) la lect so Ran oR RE ER esl Heeeiccie ce iner $2 129 708 | $1 727 367
Pens Sass sand Aes sand, engine and polishing sand.
c Partly estimated.
Molding sand. The use of sand for the casting of metals calls
for a large supply of special grades which have a rather restricted
distribution, compared with building sands, and consequently
greater value.
In New York there are two main areas in which good molding
sands occur: (1) on the lands bordering the Hudson river from
Orange county to Saratoga county; (2) in Erie county. The sand
is found in shallow beds immediately beneath the sod and often
covers extensive tracts. In the Hudson river region, which is by
far the most important, beds 8 inches thick may be worked if con-
venient to transportation. From this they range up to 7 or 8 feet
thick, though usually the finer grades occur in relatively thin de-
posits. The sand is graded roughly according to size, which varies
62 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
from extremely fine sand that will pass through a 100 mesh screen
to rather coarse gravel. The business of digging and shipping the
sand is mainly conducted by a few large companies who operate in
several places and are able to furnish all the grades in demand by
foundries.
The production of molding sand in r1g1t amounted to 476,014
short tons valued at $420,780, or a little more than in 1910 when
the total was 471,351 tons valued at $424,015. The greater part of
the output came from the Hudson river region, which contributed
altogether 435,868 short tons with a value of $388,561. The
counties represented in that section included Albany, Dutchess,
Greene, Orange, Rensselaer, Saratoga and Schenectady. The
counties in other sections that reported a production were Cayuga,
Chautauqua, Erie, Essex, Livingston and Queens.
Core sand used 1n connection with molding sand for the cores of
castings 1s chiefly produced in Erie and Oneida counties. The
product is listed with fire sand, the combined production of the two
kinds amounting last year to 49,900 short tons valued at $27,484.
Glass sand. Sand for glass manufacture is obtained from the
beach sands of Oneida lake and Long Island. The crude sand
undergoes purification by washing to remove the clay, mica, organic
matter, etc. The manufacture of window glass was once an im-
portant industry in the district around Oneida lake where there are
extensive deposits of very fine sand, but it has succumbed to com-
petition with the factories situated in the natural gas region of
Pennsylvania and the West. At present the product is shipped
elsewhere for manufacture. A total of 20,821 short tons of glass
sand valued at $16,000 was reported from the Oneida and Queens
counties last year.
Building sand. The use of sand and gravel in building and
engineering work calls for enormous quantities of these materials
and is the basis of a productive industry that is carried on more
or less actively in nearly every county of the State. The business
is purely local, as the towns and villages are well supplied with de-
posits close at hand. The value of the materials is mainly repre-
sented in the cost of excavation.
A complete census of this branch of the sand industry would
entail labor and expense incommensurate with the value of the re-
sults, and therefore nothing more has been done than to arrive at a
basis for an approximate estimate. The combined value of the
sand and gravel produced in 1911 is placed at $1,229,103, against
a value of $1,606,149 in 1910, The quantity of sand was approxi-
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 63
mately 2,900,000 cubic yards and of gravel 1,013,470 cubic yards,
as compared with 3,838,976 cubic yards of sand and 1,037,026 cubic
yards of gravel produced in tg1o. Nassau county from which
much of the sand used in building operations in New York 1s ob-
tained, contributed alone a total of 1,874,837 cubic yards of sand
and 659,106 cubic yards of gravel last year.
SAND-LIME BRICK
The manufacture of sand-lime brick last year was somewhat
larger than usual. Five companies reported as active and con-
tributed a total of 15,178,000 bricks with a value of $92,064. This
was but little short of the record production which was reported in
1907 and which amounted to 16,610,000 valued at $109,677. The
outturn in 1910 was 14,053,000 with a value of $82,619. The sell-
ing price of the brick, fixed at the yard, averaged $6.05 a thousand
last year, against $5.88 a thousand in IgIo.
The following were the active plants: Composite Brick Co.,
Rochester; Dyett Sand-Lime Brick Co., Port Jefferson; Buffalo
Sandstone Brick Co., Buffalo; Paragon Plaster Co., Syracuse;
Granite Brick Co., Glens Falls.
The Grant Brick Co. of Brooklyn and the Sandstone Brick Co.
of Schenectady reported as active in 1910 but did not manufacture
last year.
STONE
The quarrying of stone and its preparation for the varied re-
quirements: of building, engineering construction, etc., hold a
prominent place in the industrial activities of the State, and the
value of the annual contribution ranks second only to that of clay
among mineral materials. No other mineral industry includes so
many individual enterprises or is so widely represented in the
different sections. The resources are abundant and varied, com-
prehending all the principal varieties known to the trade. The
greater number of quarries, however, are opened in the limestones
and sandstones and supply material chiefly for engineering work,
highway improvement and such purposes which do not entail any
considerable amount of elaboration previous to shipment. In the
development of the building, monumental and ornamental branches
the local industry has not attained the relative importance that it
deserves by reason of the natural wealth of materials adapted to
those uses and the advantages for marketing; herein lies, it would
appear, the principal field for future enterprise.
64 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
The statistics of production which have been collected from year
to year show that the industry in general remains practically
stationary; in fact lately it has taken a downward trend, falling
below the average level of earlier years. This has been due in part
to the recent business reaction that has affected practically all in-
dustries and in part undoubtedly to the gaining favor of cement
and concrete for certain construction purposes. The latter has
manifested itself particularly in the loss of trade among the blue-
stone quarries which supply flagstone to New York and other
eastern cities. This branch of the industry has shown a decline of
over 50 per cent in the last four years.
The total value of the stone quarried in 1911 was $5,455,312, as
compared with a reported value of $6,193,252 in 1910. The de-
crease thus indicated was $737,940 or 12 per cent. The output for
1909 had a value of $7,061,580, showing that a falling off of about
30 per cent has taken place in the interval. It should be noted that
the above figures do not include slate, millstones, or limestone used
for cement manufacture, which are reported separately.
The output of granite participated in the decline to a marked
extent, falling from a value of $244,763 1n 1910 to $148,633 last
year. The quarries in the Adirondacks and on the St Lawrence
river reported a reduced business, and those in southeastern New
York were less active than heretofore. New developments in the
syenite and anorthosite areas of Clinton and Essex counties have
been under way but have not yet reached the stage that enables
large shipments to be made.
No great change occurred in the limestone production ; the quar-
ries of that material reported a value of $3,174,161 against $3,245,-
807 in the preceding year. The wide use of limestone for concrete
and road work has steadied the market, though conditions in some
branches were rather unfavorable.
The value of the marble that was quarried last year amounted to
$278,041 against $341,880 in 1910. The main decrease was in
building marble from the Dutchess county quarries. The output
of monumental marble from Gouverneur was fairly well main-
tained. The sandstone quarries registered a large falling off in
production, returning a total value of only $955,063, less than re-
ported in any recent year. The output in 1910 had a value of
$1,451,796. Most of the decrease came from the bluestone
quarries.
The trap quarries in the Palisades section produced about as
usual, theugh the reduction or extinction of the present industry
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 65
is in prospect for the near future owing to the inclusion of the
quarry properties in the new Palisades park. One of the quarries
terminated its activity during the past season. The production of
trap in the State amounted in value to $899,414, against $909,006
in the preceding year, practically all of it in the form of crushed
stone.
Production of stone in 1909
BUILDING MONU- apes CRUSHED ALL TOTAL
VARIETY STONE MENTAL ING CIRG STONE OTHER VALUE
Granite. es 4-427) $35 O19 $33 818 $x 352 $182 020 $227) 7377 $479 935
Limestone........ ZT EOO I) 05 sacle te I5 363 D744. 304 | LD 323.507 3 300 383
Miaxtles 652 Secor 262 934 104 405 25 6 403 6 159 380 016
Sandstone........ BH Sm SOO. |e stern oto ee 783 880 220 200 477 129 I 839 798
AUS SEND Gea? 2 rosGL coe Gtenal | Tce Re en REREAD acre MA Whaas TO OTHAZS Jil) VAnehaees ac I O61 428
ALOtAl Peis ae os $873 651 $138 313 $800 620 |$3 214 374 |$2 034 622 | $7 061 580
Production of stone in 1910
BUILDING MONU- Soe CRUSHED ALL TOTAL
VARIETY STONE MENTAL mre STONE OTHER VALUE
Granite yaa.: - 327 $40 ort $12 989 a Sor 988 $08 875 $244 763
Limestone........ GO04108 |e se teen $3 888 | 1 815 809 | I 327 O61 3 245 857
Marbles. ines sok 252 965 SSMOSAis lee aciveceterce IMeretetootaete 231 341 880
Sandstones.o.4. 4. OTe TOS a cecsheut ache 408 132 225 408 358 848 I 451 796
TNE evaiad, h heer es asa by eee aera RARE aM ote Tee, fs 908 931 75 909 006
PROCAL Ste any: $780 333 $1or 673 $484 020 |$3 042 136 |$r 785 o90 | $5 193 252
a Included under ‘‘All other.’’
Production of stone in 1911
BUILDING MONU- peo CRUSHED ALL TOTAL
VARIETY STONE MENTAL a ESE STONE OTHER VALUE
Granites. cease: $30 684 $1 353 a $72 401 $34 1905 $148 633
Limestone........ TG) COA hence oho Ge $11 9890 | I 936 2092 I I13 798 3 174 I61
Marbles oo .c00..- I7I 748 FO! TNS fell ere eerar | ee tema teres 27 178 278 O41
Sandstone........ Esa 7a Meese cei 431 047 23 883 182 562 955 063
“ADSEEND) ci ee ORG Gh | EE ROIS CRE |e ep HP al ieee he 806 164 3 250 809 414
Totaly ete: $632 085 $90 468 $443 036 |$2 928 740 ies 360 983 | $5 455 312
a Included under ‘‘All other.”’
GRANITE
In the strict sense granite is an entirely crystalline rock made up
of feldspar and quartz, usually with subordinate amounts of one or
more minerals of the mica, hornblende and pyroxene groups.
Among quarrymen and builders, however, the name granite is
66 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
given to various other massive rocks that consist chiefly of silicate
minerals, such as the heavier and darker colored types included
under diorites, norites and gabbros, also syenite which resembles
granite but lacks quartz, as well as metamorphic varieties included
under gneisses and schists. This usage will be followed for the
purposes of the present report, except that the basic dike rocks
which are chiefly exploited for crushed stone are treated under the
head of trap.
The granite trade for the past few years has not been in a
flourishing condition. The production in 1911 showed a con-
siderable decline compared: with the reported total for the pre-
ceding year which was well below the output in 1909. The de-
crease has been largely in the less valuable grades of crushed stone
and paving blocks, but on the other hand the trade in building and
monumental granite has failed to reveal any decided upward trend.
The total production of granite in 1911 had a value of $148,633
against $244,763 in 1910, and $479,955 in 1909. Building stone,
rough and dressed, accounted for $30,684 in the total, as compared
with $40,911 in the preceding year and $35,019 in 1909. The out-
put of monumental stone was valued at $11,353 against $12,989 in
1g10; crushed stone at $72,401 against $91,988; rubble and riprap
at $28,162 against $20,272; and all other kinds at $6033 against
$78,603 in 1910.
Production of granite
| 1909 I9IO IQII
Biilding stonessm. cierto sk necks $35 O19 $40 QI $30 684
Monumental) 5 @-iiee oo heaecme ae 33 818 12 989 1-353
@rushedistone:cisee nr bio homer 182 029 gI 988 72 401
Rupbles riprao. si. vee te serene eee rey fat: 20 272 28 162
Ofherkindsia 8-5) sceaners oot See 216 352 78 603 6 033
MOEA UR Ata ote i aee Recs $479 955 $244 763 $148 633
a Includes curbing, paving blocks and minor uses.
NOTES ON THE GRANITE QUARRIES OF NEW YORK
The following notes relating to the granite industry are based on
the results of a field investigation carried out during the summer
of 1911, as an initial step toward the preparation of a comprehen-
sive account of the quarry resources in the State. Assistance in the
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 67
field work has been given by R. W. Jones of the State Museum
staff,
No complete report on the quarry materials of the State has been
issued since the publication of Smock’s Building Stone in New
York, which appeared in 1890 as Bulletin ro of the State Museum.
This work presents a brief but serviceable description of the quarries
in existence at the time, as well as chapters on the use of stone in
cities, physical tests, and the durability and causes of decay of build-
ing materials ; it is still a valuable reference work though, of course,
scarcely representative of present conditions in the industry. A
short paper on the granite quarries in southeastern New York is
included in the report of the State Geologist for 1900. This paper,
prepared by Edwin C. Eckel, was intended to be only preliminary
to a more detailed treatment of the granite and marble industries of
the whole State. It affords information in regard to many quarry
localities not mentioned in Smock’s report, and gives a short
description of the geological structure of the region as a basis for
the classification of the building stones.
Adirondack region. The great expanse of crystalline rocks
included in the Adirondacks and the bordering area affords a
variety of quarry materials. The commoner types which are useful
for building or monumental stone comprise granites proper, syenites
and anorthosite. These are found in both massive and gneissoid
development. Gabbros and various dike rocks of which diabase is
the most abundant representative occur locally and have limited
application for purposes of road improvement and engineering con-
struction.
The quarry industry of this region has made slow progress. Until
recent years its development was greatly retarded by lack of ade-
quate transportation facilities and the high costs of shipment to the
important markets. Though of less consequence than formerly, the
factor of transportation is still of critical importance in some sec-
tions, particularly as competition has became very keen with the
advantage naturally inclining toward the long-established enter-
prises of other districts which have attained a certain prestige in the
trade. At present the only promising fields for industry are to be
found in the marketing of special grades of stone which command
attention through their exceptional attractiveness or their adapta-
bility to certain uses.
Among the better known quarry materials for building and monu-
mental purposes are the red granites on the northwestern side of
68 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
the Adirondacks, the green syenite which is found in various sections
as larger or smaller intrusive masses, and the light gray anorthosite
which constitutes the great central core of the mountains and is
exposed in outliers to the north and east of the main area. Some
of the more accessible and important localities for these materials
will be described.
St Lawrence river granites. The red granite of Grindstone, Pic-
ton and Wellesley islands in the St Lawrence river is one of the
characteristic products of the region, widely known as an excellent
building and monumental stone. It ranks with the best native
granites of its kind. The several exposures on the group of islands
between Clayton and Alexandria Bay belong to a single large but
irregular mass which in the recently issued geological report cover-
ing that section is described and mapped as the Picton granite. In
general it is a bright red coarsely textured granite in which the pre-
dominant ingredient is feldspar in large red individuals, with quartz
and biotite. Most of the product in earlier years came from Grind-
stone island which furnished large quantities of structural and
monumental material to the cities on the St Lawrence and the Great
Lakes. Paving blocks were also made in quantity. These quarries
are now idle or worked only in a small way. They are situated
mainly along the western shore of the island. The quarry of the old
Chicago Granite Co., now owned by H. B. Kelly of Clayton, has
been more active than the others of late and has furnished stone
for many of the structures along the river. The Forsyth quarry in
the same vicinity supplied the large columns erected in the Senate
chamber of the Albany Capitol. Though of coarse texture the stone
has excellent polishing qualities.
The principal quarry operations in the area are now carried on by
the Picton Island Red Granite Co., whose property is situated on
the northern end of Picton island, between the larger Grindstone
and Wellesley islands. The company has three quarries opened in
the natural ledges which rise directly from the shore line to a
height of 50 or 75 feet and which afford great advantages for
economic work. The output as it comes from the quarries or from
the cutting yards can be loaded directly on boats for river and lake
shipment. Rail shipments are made from Clayton where the com-
pany has its own docks and yards. The granite is of finer texture
than that from Grindstone island; two varieties are obtained, one
with a medium grain and red body flecked with black and the other
of finer grain with a uniform pink tint. The latter finds special
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 69
favor for monumental work .on account of its capacity for taking
fine tool work and the strong contrast of the hammered and rubbed
surfaces. The medium grained granite is very suitable for structural
material, its rock and hammered surfaces having a pleasing warm
tone, of lighter shade than the polished material. Some of the
structures for which this stone has been used include the new part
of the American Museum of Natural History in New York, the
National Bank in Clayton and the Maryland Museum Building
(polished columns) in Baltimore.
An exposure of granite in the vicinity of Alexandria Bay has
been of some importance for the production of paving blocks and
rough stone. It is a finely textured stone which shows the effects
of regional compression, and belongs really to the gneissic types
that are so widespread in the western Adirondacks. The principal
quarry is a little south of Alexandria Bay and is opened in a knob
that rises 100 feet or more above the river. It is owned by J.
Leopold & Company of New York. The granite is rather variable
in color which is a drawback to its general use for cut stone though
well adapted for other purposes. It belongs to the biotite-muscovite
class and is mainly composed of alkali-feldspar and quartz.
Granite in southern St Lawrence county. One of the largest
areas of massive granite in the Adirondacks is found in the towns
of Fine and Pitcairn, St Lawrence county, probably extending also
into the adjacent section of Lewis county. The area has not been
delimited or mapped as yet, and has never attracted attention appar-
ently for quarry development though traversed by the Carthage &
Adirondack- Railroad which makes it accessible to the markets of
northern and central New York. The granite appears in practically
continuous outcrop for a distance of 8 miles along the railroad, in
the stretch between Harrisville and Benson Mines. The more avail-
able section lies between milestones 56 and 64 of the railroad line,
or 25 miles east of Carthage and a little over 40 miles from Water-
town. The granite for the most part shows a coarse massive
texture, but medium grained types appear near the borders where
also it becomes more or less gneissoid. Compared with the Thou-
sand Islands granite it has a lighter color, being light red to pink,
with often a mottled pink and white appearance from the vari-
colored feldspar. There are abundant quarry sites along the rail-
road, as many of the ridges within the central part of the area afford
natural exposures several hundred feet high. The results of field
and laboratory examination show the stone to be sound and free of
70 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
injurious ingredients and practically fresh at the surface. The fol-
lowing analysis of a sample of the granite is by R. W. Jones:
Si Opes slid Hue cmestae Ws MaeRe c's os Oe Seis Sree ee eee ee as ee 72.69
1 ORO ee mai Pare r ans, ae oti eR aeee Mere aoa BA oR ah ncaa ca aE 14.11
BG Ogee fe 25s He re eee et CE ST ee 26
Ln O Peer e ea ee aia AG to Te MOR He Minis GH owt tis 4 a0 2.89
MigtO). ect eke Mi ieee ae Urea te aw he DRE REE on Een 28
CAO. Se see aoe Die Oe P44 Sree Oe ee 64
Nias OS ON a eerste Mara nchone oti ee Aeon AO Er Ee eee 2887)
LO eras Masta Gai 1G ait cee Ee MATa 4 cis Sins ABO ose malls 3 5.16
a Oss oe Sayecn hate tour eacsSiates id ne bee ee ok ic ee ee oe ee 24
1S OO eee re any ACEI REE a aIS A ORS oot oda an E 02
98 .66
Sulfur was tested for but not found. The minor constituents
including manganese, phosphorus and zirconium, the presence of
which was indicated by microscopic analysis, were not estimated.
The granite is bordered on the west by a great intrusion of syenite
that is estimated by C. H. Smyth, jr, to cover not less than 75 square
miles. The syenite is a grayish green to dark green or nearly black
rock composed largely of feldspar but containing considerable
amounts of pyroxene, amphibole and magnetite. In its original or
unaltered phase it has a coarse massive texture, but the general
appearance is that of a granulated and more or less recrystallized
rock, showing much more evidence of pressure metamorphism than
the granite. The syenite is not adapted for building stone on account
of its somber color. For engineering purposes it should prove very
serviceable.
Quarries in Clinton and Essex counties. In the eastern Adiron-
dacks the available quarry materials suitable for architectural and
monumental work consist of granite, syenite and anorthosite. These
formations are of widespread occurrence but in comparatively few
places do they possess the qualities requisite for cut stone as they
have been largely metamorphosed into gneisses and schists. The
unreduced or slightly modified residuals of the igneous intrusions
which are found here and there along the borders afford the basis
for quarry operations.
The vicinity of Ausable Forks presents many advantages for
quarrying in connection with both anorthosite and syenite. For
several years past a considerable quantity of monumental stone has
been shipped from this section, and recently additional developments
with a view to the extraction of all classes of rough and cut stone
have been planned.
The Adirondack Granite Co., formed in 1910 as a consolidation
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 7
of the properties formerly owned by Moore Brothers and the
Ausable Granite Co., controls a large acreage of the syenite and
anorthosite in that vicinity which as yet is only partly developed.
The syenite quarries lie on both sides of the Ausable river, the more
important property covering the ridge which lies north of the river
and just east of the village. This is an excellent situation, both for
economic extraction and shipment. The syenite is of medium grain
and has a bright green color on polished surfaces. It is composed
mainly of alkali-feldspar and magnetite. It is particularly adapted
for monumental work, taking a lustrous polish and showing the
finest tracery in strong relief. It is sold under the name of “ Adi-
rondack green granite.” The company has a second quarry on the
west side of Ragged mountain, south of the river, where the rock
is of finer grain and darker color. This is marketed as “ Killarney
green granite.” The anorthosite properties are situated south of the
village on the ridge along the east branch of the Ausable. This has
been opened only in one place, the Wienholz quarry, from which
some building stone has been shipped. The anorthosite belongs to
the border phase, having a fine ground mass of crushed feldspar
which lends a medium gray tone to the rock as seen in large samples,
whereas the characteristic Adirondack type has a very coarse texture
and dark gray or green color. The light body is set off by inclusions
of black pyroxene and hornblende, with an occasional fragment of
dark uncrushed feldspar showing the iridescent play of colors
peculiar to labradorite. The color effect of the rough and dressed
surfaces is about that of a medium gray granite, for which it is an
all-round substitute. Owing to its simple mineral character the
anorthosite has superior fire-resisting qualities, an important con-
sideration for some purposes. It is no doubt a strong and durable
stone.
The syenite quarries owned by F. G. Carnes of West Chazy are
situated just south of Ausable Forks. The Keystone lies near the
base of Ragged mountain and yields a green syenite of lighter shade
than that from the quarries at a higher elevation. The Emerald
quarry is situated on the westward continuation of the exposure
across the river. The stone from this locality is a medium dark
green and rather fine in texture. Both afford excellent monumental
material.
Another syenite quarry, known as the Clements quarry, is
situated on the side of Ragged mountain overlooking Ausable Forks.
It has shipped some monumental stock.
72 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
There are a number of anorthosite exposures in the vicinity of
Keeseville, from which building material has been ‘taken for local
structures and also for shipment in years past. The stone passed in
the trade as Ausable granite. The Prospect Hill quarries, just south
of Keeseville, are described in Smock’s reports as having been
operated between the years 1888 and 1890.
Southeastern New York. Massive igneous rocks play a sub-
ordinate part in the structure of the Highlands region. Local
intrusions of granite, diorite and syenite in the form of dikes, sills
and bosses occur, however, in various sections, and afford a fairly
varied assortment of quarry materials. Among the more extensive
bodies which have gained some prominence as sources of construc-
tional stone may be mentioned the Peekskill or Lake Mohegan
granite, the granites near New Rochelle and Garrisons, and the Pine
Island bosses in Orange county. An area of somewhat gneissoid
diorite, called the Harrison diorite, is found in eastern Westchester
county, as an offshoot from the large intrusions of the same rock
in Connecticut.
The very basic intrusives are represented by the Cortlandt series
of gabbros, having a large boss just south of Peekskill, but showing
such variability of composition and appearance as to be of little
value for quarry purposes. In this class also belong the serpentines
of Westchester and Richmond counties. The great sill of diabase
which forms the lines of vertical cliffs known as the Palisades ex-
tending along the west side of the Hudson river south from the
Highlands has been a prolific source of material for crushed stone
of the best quality.
The gneisses which are the most important element in the geology
of this section have a composite character, including both igneous
and sedimentary derivatives. Some types in the northern and cen-
tral Highlands appear to be only slightly modified granites, as
exemplified by the exposures on Storm King, Crow’s Nest and
Breakneck mountains at the portal of the Hudson gorge. They
have been employed for dimension stone, but mainly for rough
work, concrete and road material. Much of the gneiss in the
central Highlands is of so variable a nature through injection of
igneous material and inclusions of different character as to admit
of no extensive application.
In Westchester county the Yonkers gneiss is of considerable im-
portance for local construction purposes. It is a fairly uniform,
though distinctly foliated, biotite gneiss of blue or reddish color.
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII ape:
Another member of the gneiss series, the Fordham, occupies ex-
tensive belts in the county; it is a banded biotite gneiss and finds
limited use for local building and rough work.
Peekskill granite. This is one of the best known constructional
granites of the region. It is exposed in two areas about a mile
south of Jake Mohegan and five miles east of Peekskill, the two
outcrops probably belonging to the same intrusion. The more
northerly outcrop is included in the quarry lands of the Mohegan
Lake Granite Co.; the other to the south and nearer Peekskill has
been worked as the Millstone Hill quarries.
The former quarries were opened in 1892 to supply stone for
local engineering works and have since furnished large quantities
of building stone, chiefly to New York City and for such notable
structures as the new Episcopal Cathedral. The granite is a bio-
tite-muscovite variety, of medium grain, massive and free of knots
and streaks. It occurs in two contrasting colors — yellow and
light gray. The rare and very attractive yellow granite forms the
surficial outcropping part of the mass, changing to the normal gray
at about 50 feet depth. The peculiar coloration is the effect of
limonite stain introduced by seepage of ground water, and is not
brought about by weathering of the stone itself. The quarries are
large and well equipped. There is also a crushing plant for employ-
ment of the waste material.
The Millstone Hill quarries opened in a north-facing ridge,
across the valley from the above mentioned property, are owned by
Rudiger Brothers, but have been worked until recently by the con-
tractors of the Croton dam. Besides all the stone used in that
structure they have supplied some building material for use in
Peekskill and other places. The excavations cover an area of
about 500 feet long by 200 feet wide and extend to a depth of 4o
feet. The granite is of medium grain, very light gray, with more
muscovite than that from the Mohegan Lake quarries. There has
been little infiltration of limonite, and the gray color persists prac-
tically to the surface. The granite is well adapted for building and
all general purposes.
Quarries near Garrison. About five miles north of Peekskill
and half that distance south of Garrison is an isolated intrusion of
granite which has supplied a considerable quantity of building
stone. The quarries were worked by the King Granite Co. and
later by Doern & Sons, but have not been active since 1906. They
will not be reopened, though there is some prospect of starting
74 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
work at a new place, on lands owned by Raymond Moore, just
south of the King quarries. The granite is of light gray color,
medium to fine in grain, and belongs to the biotite variety. <A
characteristic component is red garnet in small but plainly visible
grains or crystals disseminated through the body of the rock. Like
the Peekskill granite it belongs rather to the basic class allied to
the diorites and may be an offshoot of the Cortlandt intrusion. The
granite has been employed mainly in buildings in the towns along
the river. The guard house at West Point is a specimen structure.
Yonkers gneiss. There are only a few quarries now active in
the Yonkers gneiss, though a considerable number are listed by
Eckel’ as having been worked at the time of his report and the few
preceding vears. The principal area of the gneiss is a belt that ex-
tends from near Van Cortlandt Park to Scarsdale in southern
Westchester county and that forms the ridge west of the Bronx
river. It also occurs in a considerable area between White Plains
and Kensico to the east of the Harlem railroad. There are dif-
ferent color varieties of the gneiss and Eckel states that the red
varieties are more open to decay than the blue, though for what
reason he does not explain.
One of the large quarries in the Yonkers gneiss is that of Hackett
Brothers situated at the junction of Midland and Central avenues,
Dunwoodie. It is opened for a distance of 800 feet and has a
working face 40 feet high. The stone in the quarry has a bluish
appearance, but the hand specimens have a decided pink tinge from
the prevailing color of the feldspar. The grain is fine and the ar-
rangement somewhat foliated owing to the regular distribution of
the biotite in parallel bands. The jointing is not so close as to pre-
clude the extraction of large-sized blocks. Most of the output is
dimension stock. Good examples of the stone from the quarries
are found in many of the buildings in Yonkers, including St John’s
and St Joseph’s hospitals and several of the public schools.
In the same vicinity is the quarry worked by John Russo. It pro-
duces building stone in small quantity for local sale. In character
and appearance the gneiss is similar to that obtained at the Hackett’
quarry, but the jointing is more closely spaced, permitting the ex-
traction of few large blocks.
The quarry of Louis Perri lies a little east of the Hackett quarry.
1 The Quarry Industry in Southeastern New York. Ann. Report State Geolc-
gist 20, 1902. Also published separately.
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 75
The opening is about 100 feet square with a face of 30 feet. Most
of the output, which is small, is cut and dressed on the property.
The Flannery quarry, also at Dunwoodie, is an occasional pro-
ducer of building material. The quarries formerly worked at White
Plains, Hartsdale, Tuckahoe, Hastings and Tarrytown have been
closed down,and the lands converted to other uses.
Fordham gneiss. The Fordham is a light gray banded gneiss,
made up of feldspar, quartz and biotite. It is regarded as a meta-
morphosed sediment, though in places it has been so injected with
granite that the igneous material predominates. The gneiss varies
much from place to place and even in the limits of a single quarry.
Its use, consequently, is mainly for rough stone in foundation work.
The quarry owned by Patrick Reilly in the village of Dublin,
Westchester county, has been one of the few producing building
material. It has been worked more or less actively for the past 35
years, and recently has been under lease to Thomas Murphy of
Irvington. It is opened for a width of 200 feet, with a face from
30 to 50 feet high. The rock is hard, much contorted gneiss,
seamed with granite and pegmatite. It has been used in several
residences and for some local public buildings.
The Lefurgis quarry, near Unionville, consists of an opening
about 100 feet wide with a face of 30 feet. It affords building and
rough stone and is to be equipped with a crushing plant. It is
operated under lease by William Nichols, jr.
A quarry at Glenville is worked by Duell & Holloway for crushed
stone. The old quarries at Uniontown, Bryn Mawr, Lowerre and
Fordham are no longer active.
Storm King granite gneiss. The granite exposed on Storm
King, Breakneck, Crow’s Nest and other prominences in the north-
ern Highlands represents the most considerable body of that rock
in massive or slightly modified condition existing anywhere in the
southeastern section. It belongs doubtless to the early Precambric
series, older than the small granite intrusions around Peekskill. Its
appearance in places is that of a medium to coarse massive granite,
but more often it shows a distinctly gneissoid arrangement of the
minerals and more or less crushing effects. It is a strong and very
durable stone that has been used mainly for rough construction
and crushing purposes. Its color ranges from medium to dark
according to the relative proportion of hornblende that is admixed
with feldspar and quartz, the general tone being reddish or
greenish. There are quarries and crushing plants at the base of
76 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Storm King mountain below Cornwall and also directly opposite on
the east bank of the river, on the side of Breakneck ridge. The
latter, known as the Bailey quarries, have supplied considerable
building stone.
Granite near Warwick. Several granite intrusions occur in the
southeastern part of Orange county, near the New® Jersey state
line. Two of them constitute bosses that rise into the conspicuous
twin peaks Adam and Eve on the edge of the Wallkill ‘** Drowned
Lands.” Both are made up of coarse hornblende granite, some-
what gneissoid in places and showing pegmatitic and aplitic varia-
tions. Mt Eve, the larger, occupies an area about two miles long
and a mile wide. Mt Adam is a nearly round mass one-half mile
in diameter. There are small knobs of the same granite near Big
Island, northeast of Mt Eve, and also in the section southwest along
the general axis of the intrusion. Another large intrusion is found
on Pochuck mountain, a broad ridge which mainly lies in New
Jersey. The northern end that comes within New York State con-
sists of coarse quite massive hornblende granite bordered on the
west by biotite gneiss. Quarries have been opened on the northern
slope of Mt Adam and the western slope of Mt Eve. The Mt Adam
Granite Co. worked at the former locality for several years, be-
ginning about 1889. The quarry opening has a length of 250 feet
and a face from 20 to 30 feet high. The granite is mainly a coarse,
medium gray, hornblende variety, but with this is associated a finer
grained aplitic granite that forms bands and inclusions in such
amount as to prevent the extraction of uniform material.
The Mt Eve quarries were opened about 1890 by the Empire
Granite Co. which was also engaged in operating the Pochuck
mountain quarries. They are situated a little way up the western
slope of Mt Eve in the notch. The granite is less broken and more
uniform in quality than on Mt Adam. It was employed quite ex-
tensively for dimension stone which was sold in Orange, N. J., and
other places. The quarries lie one and a half miles from the rail-
road.
The Pochuck mountain quarries were worked up to about five
years ago and have produced mainly building stone and paving
blocks. They are opened for a width of 200 feet along the moun-
tain showing a face from 30 to 40 feet high. The granite is slightly
foliated in places, but has an attractive appearance, with a pink
body mottled by gray and black. Its use as a building stone is
exemplified in the post office at Paterson, N. J.
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII WI,
LIMESTONE
The stone classified under this heading consists for the most part
of the common grades of limestone and dolomite such as are
characterized by a compact granular or finely crystalline texture and
are lacking in ornamental qualities.
A smaller part is represented by crystalline limestone and by the
waste products of marble quarrying which is sometimes employed
for crushed stone, lime-making or flux. Limestone used for the
manufacture of portland and natural cement is, however, excluded
from the tabulations so as to avoid any duplications of the statistics.
Limestones have a wide distribution in the State, the only region
which is not well supplied with this stone being the southern part
where the prevailing formations are sandstones of Devonic age.
The noncrystalline varieties occur in regular stratified order in the
Cambric, Lower Siluric, Upper Siluric and Devonic systems. In
most sections they occupy considerable belts and have been little
disturbed from their original horizontal position. On the borders
of the Adirondacks and in the metamorphosed Hudson river region,
however, they have been more or less broken up by faulting and
erosion and in places have a very patchy distribution.
The Cambric limestones are found in isolated areas on the east,
south and west sides of the Adirondacks. They are usually im-
pure, representing a transition phase between the Potsdam sand-
stones below and the high calcium limestones above. The lower
beds of the Beekmantown formation as originally defined are now
known to belong to the Cambric system. The Little Falls dolomite
is perhaps the most prominent member of the Cambric limestones
and is extensively developed in the Mohawk valley with quarries
at Little Falls, Mayfield, Amsterdam and other places. It is a
rather heavily bedded stone of grayish color, suitable more espe-
cially for building purposes. In Saratoga county the Hoyt limestone
is in part the equivalent of the Little Falls dolomite; it has been
quarried for building stone just west of Saratoga Springs. On the
west side of the Adirondacks the Theresa limestone is described by
Cushing as a sandy dolomite which may in part belong to the
Cambric system. It is comparatively thin and has no importance
for quarry purposes.
The Beekmantown limestone which is now taken as including
the middle and upper beds of that series as earlier defined is mostly
restricted to the Champlain valley. It occurs on the New York
shore in rather small areas, usually down-faulted blocks, that are
78 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
the remnants of a once continuous belt. It is also represented
doubtless in the basal portion of the limestone area that extends
across Washington and Warren counties. The only place where
it has been extensively quarried is at Port Henry where the purer
layers have been worked for flux. In the Lake Champlain region
it is a bluish or grayish magnesian limestone occurring in layers from
a few inches to several feet thick.
The Chazy limestone is found in the same region as the Beekman-
town in discontinuous areas along the eastern Adirondacks from
Saratoga county north to the Canadian boundary. It attains its
maximum thickness in eastern and northeastern Clinton county,
and has been quarried around Plattsburg, Chazy and on Valcour
island. The Chazy is the earliest representative of the Paleozoic
formations characterized by a fairly uniform high calcium content ;
analyses commonly show 95 per cent or more of calcium carbonate.
It has a grayish color and finely crystalline texture. The fossilifer-
ous beds afford attractive polished material which is sold as
“Tepanto” marble. It is used also for lime and furnace flux.
There are old quarries on Willsboro point, Essex county. On the
west side of the Adirondacks the Pamelia limestone described in
the areal reports of that section belongs to the Chazy series. It
covers a considerable area in Jefferson county between Leraysville
and Clayton, and has been quite extensively quarried for building
stone and lime, though of subordinate importance to the Trenton
limestones of that section.
In the Mohawkian or Trenton group are included the Lowville
(Birdseye), Black River and Trenton limestones which have a
wide distribution and collectively rank among the very important
quarry materials of the State. They are represented in the Cham-
plain valley, but are specially prominent on the Vermont side; from
the latter area a belt extends southwest across northern Washing-
ton county to Glens Falls in Warren county and is continued into
Saratoga county. Another belt begins in the Mohawk valley near
Little Falls and extends northwesterly with gradually increasing
width across Oneida, Lewis and Jefferson counties to the St Law-
rence river. There are isolated areas of Trenton limestones in the
Hudson valley south of Albany. The limestones vary in composi-
tion and physical character according to locality and geologic
position. They are often highly fossiliferous. In the northern
section they are mostly gray to nearly black in golor, contain little
magnesia and run as high as 97 or 98 per cent calcium carbonate.
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 79
The lower part of the group is heavy bedded and well adapted for
building stone; the upper beds commonly contain more or less shale.
They are used for various purposes including building and orna-
mental stone, crushed stone, lime, portland cement and flux. In
the Champlain valley quarries are found near Plattsburg, Larabees
Point and Crown Point; in Washington county at Glens Falls
where there are extensive quarries that supply material for build-
ing purposes, portland cement and lime. The well-known black
marble from Glens Falls is taken from the Trenton. Numerous
quarries have been opened in Herkimer, Oneida, Lewis and Jeffer-
son counties. The output of the last named county is specially im-
portant, including limestone for building and road construction, and
lime for manufacture of calcium carbide. The principal quarries
in Jefferson county are at Chaumont.
The next assemblage of limestones in the order of stratigraphic
occurrence includes the Clinton, Lockport and Guelph members of
the Niagaran group. The Clinton limestone has a variable im-
portance in the belt of Clinton strata that extends from Otsego
county a little south of the Mohawk river across the central and
western parts of the State on the line of Oneida lake and Rochester
to the Niagara river. East of Rochester the limestone is relatively
thin, usually shaly and split up into several layers, but on the west
end in Niagara county it becomes the predominant member and
has a more uniform character. Large quarries have been opened
recently at Pekin, Niagara county, for the supply of flux to the
blast furnaces of the Lackawanna Steel Co. at Buffalo. The upper
beds of bluish gray fossiliferous limestone from 10 to 12 feet
thick are the purest and analyze from 90 to 95 per cent calcium
carbonate. The Lockport is a magnesian limestone, in places a
typical dolomite, and is rather silicious in the lower part. It out-
crops in a continuous belt, several miles wide, from Niagara Falls
east to Onondaga county and then with diminishing width across
Madison county. The upper layers are quite heavy and yield ma-
terial suitable for building purposes, road metal and lime. There
are quarries around Niagara Falls, Lockport and Rochester. It is
worked to some extent in Wayne, Onondaga and Madison counties.
The Guelph, also a dolomite, occupies a limited area in Monroe and
Orleans counties and is worked near Rochester.
The Cayugan group includes among its members the Cobleskill,
Rondout and Manlius limestones, which are economically important.
They have furnished large quantities of material for the manufac-
ture of natural cement, being the source of the cement rock in the
So NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Rosendale district and in Schoharie and Onondaga counties. The
cement rock of Erie county is found in the Salina formation. The
purer layers are employed in Onondaga county for lime-making.
The Manlius limestone is used for portland cement in the eastern
part of the State.
At the base of the Devonic system appears the Helderbergian
group which is very prominent for its calcareous strata. Lime-
stones of this age are strongly developed along the Hudson river in
Albany, Columbia, Greene and Ulster counties. The Coeymans or
lower Pentamerus and the Becraft or upper Pentamerus lime-
stones afford material for building, road metal, lime and portland
cement. The limestone for the portland cement works at Hudson
and Greenport is obtained from Becraft mountain, an isolated area
of limestones belonging to the Manlius, Helderbergian and Onon-
daga formations. The works at Howes Cave use both the Manilus
and Coeymans limestones. Extensive quarries are located also at
Catskill, Rondout and South Bethlehem.
The Onondaga limestone, separated from the preceding by the
Oriskany sandstone, has a very wide distribution, outcropping quite
continuously from Buffalo, Erie county, eastward to Oneida county
and then southeasterly into Albany county, where the belt curves
to the south and continues through Greene, Ulster and Orange
counties to the Delaware river. It is in most places a bluish gray
massive limestone with layers and disseminated nodules of chert.
The chert is usually more abundant in the upper beds. The lime-
stone finds use as building stone and the less silicious material, also,
for lime-making. Quarries have been opened at Kingston, Split
Rock (near Syracuse), Auburn, Waterloo, Seneca Falls, Leroy,
Buffalo and other places.
The Tully is the uppermost of the important limestone forma-
tions and likewise the most southerly one represented in the central
part of the State. Its line of outcrop extends from Ontario to
Madison county, intersecting most of the Finger Lakes. Its thick-
ness is not over Io feet, and on that account can not be worked to
advantage except under most favorable conditions of exposure. For
building stone it is quarried only locally and to a very limited
extent. It finds its principal use in portland cement manufacture,
being employed for that purpose by the Cayuga Lake Cement Co.
in its works at Portland Point, Tompkins county.
Marl is a useful substitute for the hard limestones for some pur-
poses and is quite extensively developed in the central and western
parts of the State. It is found particularly in swampy tracts and
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 81
old lake basins associated with clay and peat. In the Cowaselon
swamp near Canastota the marl underlies several thousand acres
and is said to be 30 feet thick. The Montezuma marshes in Cayuga
and Seneca counties contain a large deposit which at Montezuma
is 14 feet thick. In Steuben county the marls at Arkport and
Dansville have been employed for lime-making. Until recently
marls have been used quite extensively for portland cement and
plants were operated at one time in the marl beds near Warners
and Jordan, Onondaga county; at Montezuma, Cayuga county;
Wayland, Steuben county ; and Caledonia, Livingston county. Their
principal use at present is for agricultural and chemical purposes.
Production of limestone. The limestone quarries rank first in
importance among the stone industries. The product for 1911 was
valued at $3,174,161 and was distributed among 31 counties. The
returns showed a slight decrease as compared with the output in
1910, which was valued at $3,245,807, and was also below that re-
ported for 1909.
Production of limestone
MATERIAL 1909 | 1910 | IQII
(OTE Fare lise) (ell oe re $1 744 314 | $1 815 809 | $1 936 292
MeitMeyIMAGS Nae aes: bh Gisvs ois Wile oes eee 452 874 365 839 400 396
Binldinesstoner acts <tc «4.4 clo deka 217 109 99 049 II2 082
EieaimaeMee nt syehc) cs 6 tre aint 8 cs acoeiene 434 311 538 491 454 800
RGbblevnipra pli: at) ses tit crc) sevice 82 748 30 819 20 328
Elacoun oer Gunloit ey aris. e101 pesse eo hee 15 363 3 888 II 989
Mitscellcmecouse arct ccios neice nam see 353 664 391 QI2 238 274
ANGE 60'S bio Gad CRO Ine Oee he he ae $3 300 383 | $3 245 807 | $3 174 161
Erie county had the largest output of any county; its products
are chiefly building stone, crushed stone and furnace flux. The
total value of the limestone quarried in the county last year was
$843,615.
Onondaga county ranks second in the list, but its importance is
chiefly due to the operations of the Solvay Process Co. which uses
the limestone in alkali manufacture. The company has recently
opened new quarries at Jamesville, with equipment for the pro-
duction of sufficient limestone to meet its requirements. The old
quarries at Split Rock have been abandoned.
The other counties reporting a value of over $100,000 in IgII
82 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
were Dutchess, Rockland, Genesee, Warren, Ulster, Niagara, and
Albany, ranking in the order given.
The distribution of the limestone production by counties and also
according to uses is shown in the accompanying tables.
Crushed stone. Limestone finds its principal application as
crushed stone in which form it is extensively employed for road
metal, concrete and railroad ballast. There are large quarries in
Erie, Genesee, Dutchess and Rockland counties besides a great
number of smaller ones elsewhere, that are equipped with crushing
plants. The canal and highway improvements which have been in
progress recently have created a large market for the material, and
the production has shown a steady increase. The waste or fine
dust that results from crushing is finding use as a fertilizer for
soils deficient in lime.
The value of the crushed limestone for 1911 was reported at
$1,936,292, as compared with $1,815,809 for the preceding year.
The total quantity represented was 3,116,958 cubic yards against
2,800,000 cubic yards in 1910. Erie county alone contributed an
output valued at $489,881. The other counties reporting a value of
over $100,000 last year were Dutchess, Rockland, Onondaga,
Genesee and Albany.
Lime. The total value of the lime made in 1911 was $400,396.
This represented a considerable advance from the total of $365,839
reported in 1910, but fell short of the record for 1909. The lime
made by the Solvay Process Co. and the Union Carbide Co. has
not been included in the totals given, but classed under “ Other
uses.” The leading counties in the manufacture of lime for the
trade were Warren, Clinton and Jefferson. ;
Building stone. The limestones found in the State have only a
limited sale for building purposes and few quarries supply more
than a local demand so that their output fluctuates greatly from
year to year. The restricted market seems to be largely due to the
fact that the limestones are prevailingly of grayish color in medium
to dark tints, whereas the present demand is for white or very light
gray stone such as the Bedford limestone. The extending use of
concrete has also been a factor in the recent decline of the cut stone
trade, though it has increased the sale of crushed stone.
The returns for 1911 showed a total product of building stone
valued at $112,082, as compared with a value of $99,049 in the pre-
ceding year. The small gain indicated by these totals did not
suffice to counterbalance the decline in the previous years; in 1908
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 83
the product of building stone reached a value of $245,655. Erie
county contributed a value of $77,689 to the total last year. The
industry in Schoharie and Herkimer counties, once quite important,
has shrunk to small proportions.
Furnace flux. The value of the limestone used in furnaces for
flux is second only to that of crushed stone. The principal quar-
ries of this material are in the Onondaga limestone of Erie and
Genesee counties and the Clinton limestone of Niagara county.
They supply the iron furnaces at Buffalo and vicinity. Some flux
is obtained in the Gouverneur marble region for use in the furnaces
at Charlotte. The furnaces in the Lake Champlain section derive
their flux from quarries in Clinton and Essex counties.
The production of flux in 1911 was valued at $454,800 repre-
senting a total of 792,248 tons. The shipments were smaller than
in the preceding year, owing to the dull conditions in the iron
market. Erie county contributed the largest value, $268,082, and
Niagara county ranked second with $141,824.
Production of limestone by counties in 1910
CRUSHED LIME |FURNACE|BUILDING] OTHER
SouNty STONE MADE FLUX STONE USES eae
PND ANIN GS 3: Sra apa. d0) ¢ SIASoARO| Pak SOOM ea ye cee lia aerate Wace ti $129 950
(Sa ALS Wan ee 2OUOTO| Steam ae tae G7 OOO aati: 46 709
(Cihinvom. oo psnasne P3 549. 487823)" $12 364) A 6o0l. 3-2 78 8096
IDia(S 25 cer ae 476 490 152} 322 067) 53 881] $13 745 866 335
Genesee: 2.5.05. 118 797 5 000) 90 132 480 200 214 609
GECOTIC Mrs cles s- Bo 225 ae rcnens en enshes she leo lteeeene es orses | eate: cunts tapees 8 225
ecksimerss J. .)5... S520), Be TA Cee nels eile cbete cell iehevepasy aces 10 434
iiettersoneeees - Tt COALS Sala cosnboc 200) 168 265 225 995
ILG wie 665 do ae aoe I 195 2200 eee met 520 726 5 641
Nicdisom. 023.3... GP CAN n ooo dae - 2 625 SOO Seer ae 55 453
IMiGnTOeme a. ya 22a 2 ON 52.0) meee 2 589 I 719 51 251
Montgomery..... DON OVO |hieroantesen sek ae eee 8 622} 2 125 40 557
INidearaeeene. 55. 5 000 4 000; 76 695 3 197 406 89 298
Onondaga rrr TSO) (OO!) i GAO ssconsae T2NO0G2| "2320225 397 580
Rensselaer... 3... M5) OOO) \sertacte ciel mucho eases 100 70 15 170
St Lawrence..... 870 7 240] 27 008 362 I 116 36 5096
ALA cOOdme eee: TSH ATA Wee Aeneas ty a TPs eae 15. 121
Schohanriess.. 2... I2 441 TOO Mn nee I 567 624 14 760
NEMECA A Gees ws I 625 192 192 I 192 75 3276
Wisteria Me.) ZOMOSAN ys Ti SOPs ceossateoe ecco or-e eel leaoaeenie 32. 551
Water eae ve rsa. Bit Ble) WAKO) FPO c.0no ence Di S83leee cas oc 173 537
Washington...... SOKOOOE «449 200s ea cre A Ale aceetn on eeka ote "94 200
Westchester...... {OURS {3477 |pennes tenes | ey sea etek [by dpatcions oe 3 802 63 189
Other counties b.. 561 501 5 840 7 408 7 518 575 274
Potealens 2 S52 05 er 815 809 $365 839 $538 491) $99 049, $426 619 $3 245 807
|
a Lime made by Solvay Process Co. and Union Carbide Co. included in “ Other uses.”’
b Includes Columbia, Dutchess, Essex, Fulton, Oneida, Ontario, Orange and Rockland counties.
84
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Production of limestone by counties in 1911
gee CRUSHED | LIME |FURNACE BUILDING) OTHER
Sore STONE MADE FLUX STONE USES oe a
PA Beat. When eee, PUG2UGD Slee ech e alls. 20 = Coot Ale eee ont eee $132 92
Cayiiganin:. eae Poh yal eters eaddeceal eRebeRe tae SE Re 0.0) er a 40 594
Chintones. ee 12 192| $62 002) $9 511 625 $579 84 909
TiO eee chee 489 881 300] 268 082} 77 689 7 663 843 615
Genesee. jena. we BOM IOO ON sa: eon eee 4.07 ee ee Siar | Mae ee 204 896
(Greener oie sere ie Seal a eng ee PKOOO | joc 5k 2 sea meee e 4 625
Henkimerer sree Q 283 2AGO3| 2a eioren ne he neal | eee eee I1 886
Jefferson-* 26... iMG) FYI) Che) Co Sap gaoblloedgoonee 40 220 75 5904
Gewisee sent tina ae 2855 0/0635). 000m ieee 95 gt 38 036
Madisontereierace BAe 2615 221025 5 000 LOO |e eee 62 086
Wilowbtoe, 22 oo aene TOMmUGS | Om (G0 lev ee ae 3 291 994 39 198
Montgomery..... LoVe COT0%0) [eps cooacid eral lo ceeel aaa 5 338] 11 184 55 522
Niaganaaes acer alti cneeeee 525| 141 824 800M veter 143 149
Onondaga....... 170 402 i530. Gaaer IO 178] 190 704] 371 337
INensselac tana at MOw5560| seer ae LOO|Raeyareee I 268 17 924
St Lawrence..... 287 6 824) 24 186 652 13 31 962
SEMENHOE Ss pane go oe CE oy Beaman rrr asy| Men rete Mave cl (oe Gaye cle |lo atte ot oc 3 792
Sehohanewya-men: 19 640 4XOVOM rath aa-cene c 457 4 600 24 997
SENECAm aie seine 5 650 22 61 487 74 6 294
Wistenk irae ee L672 A728 BLOLZOO| Mee eater el meee 186 772
Warren tie sace sc LOMO | SLOSMOOdiemeiyciee 270 5 621 189 I16
Washington...... EO00]|:) sKOOOO |hey-soe saa lishertce meee Cee II 000
Westehester.. Aol. al) un: 21 072 Balch sees 4 027 "25 352
Other counties b.. 543 943] 17 301 Ged keke lle acto ciao: 3 553 568 580
Mota reek cc $1 936 292 $400 396)/$454 800|/$112 082/$270 591/$3 174 I61
a Lime made by Solvay Process Co. and Union Carbide Co. included in ‘‘ Other uses.”’
b Includes Columbia, Dutchess, Essex, Fulton, Oneida, Ontario, Orange and Rockland counties.
MARBLE
The granular crystalline limestones and dolomites classed as
marble are found in the metamorphosed areas of the Adirondacks
and southeastern New York. A few varieties of compact, non-
crystalline limestone, such as the black limestone of the Trenton
formation occurring at Glens Falls and the fossiliferous Chazy lime-
stone along Lake Champlain, possess ornamental qualities that fit
them for special uses and pass as marble in the trade.
The principal quarries of monumental marble are situated in the
vicinity of Gouverneur, St Lawrence county. The typical product is
a rather coarse-grained, mottled white and gray marble which takes
a lustrous polish. It is graded according to color effect into
“light,” “medium,” “dark,” and “extra dark.” The best quality
is employed for monumental and ornamental work; building stone
is of secondary importance. The quarries are operated by the
“ce
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 85
Gouverneur Marble Co., St Lawrence Marble Quarries, J. C. Cal-
lahan & Sons, and the Northern New York Marble Co.
The belt of metamorphosed limestones which extends from
Columbia county through Dutchess and Westchester to Manhattan
island contains in places a good grade of white and gray marble.
Quarries have been worked in the past at Ossining, Dobbs Ferry,
White Plains, Pleasantville, Tuckahoe, Greenport, and other places.
Tuckahoe has been a notable locality for white marble used in the
buildings of New York City. At present the only active quarries
worked for building stone are at South Dover. The South Dover
Marble Co. has been the chief producer of late years and has sup-
plied material for many of the large structures in New York,
Washington and other cities. The Dover White Marble Co. has
recently worked quarries in the same vicinity. The stone from this
locality possesses uniformity of grain and color and is undoubtedly
one of the best white marbles in this county.
A mottled pink and gray marble suitable for interior decorations
is obtained from the Chazy formation at Plattsburg. The quarries
recently operated by the Rutland-Florence Marble Co. have been
acquired by the Vermont Marble Co.
Black marble —a fine-grained, compact, black variety of the
Trenton limestone —is quarried for ornamental purposes at Glens
Falls by Finch, Pruyn & Co. who ship the stone mainly in the
rough state.
The production of marble in the State last year was valued at
$278,041, an amount considerably below that reported in any other
recent year. The value of the output in 1910 was $341,880. In
1908 it was $692,851 or more than double the output last year.
The falling off, as shown in the accompanying table, has been
mainly in the marble used for building purposes.
Production of marble
VARIETY 1909 1910 IQII
Bulldingmearbles to's)... 53 eclsebee 6 a: $262 934 $252 965 $171 748
Monumental ay c..aaadeck teas 104 495. 88 684 79 115
Othervicincdsmeys were jauhess sotakae Cee | 12 587 231 Pay ae fs)
DON EEN Sic Bit nh ce CRE ON RCRA Re eee $380 O16 $341 880 | $278 O41
—SETeFTe——-FPO0272E2ER0E0KRaéOTNRhRa]RNOP0—7"—7TRA———ooOooOoO_COOO
86 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
SANDSTONE
Under sandstone are included the sedimentary rocks which con-
sist essentially of quartz grains held together by some cementing
substance. Among the varieties distinguished by textural features
are sandstones proper, conglomerates, grits and quartzites.
Of the sedimentary rocks which occur in the State, sandstone
has the largest areal distribution, while in economic importance it
ranks second only to limestone. Nearly all the recognized strati-
graphic divisions above the Archean contain sandstones at one or
more horizons. The kinds chiefly quarried are the Potsdam, Hud-
son River, Medina and the Devonic sandstones. A few quarries
have been opened also in the Shawangunk conglomerate and the
Clinton and Triassic sandstones.
The Potsdam of the upper Cambric is the lowest and earliest in
age of the sandstones that have a fairly wide distribution and are
utilized for building purposes. The most extensive outcrops are
along the northern and northwestern borders of the Adirondacks
in Clinton, Franklin, St Lawrence and Jefferson counties. Other
exposures of smaller extent are found in the Lake Champlain
valley and on the southeastern edge of the Adirondack region.
These latter areas represent the remnants of a once continuous belt
that has been broken up by folding, faulting and erosion. The
Potsdam sandstone has in many places the character of a quartzite,
consisting of quartz grains cemented by a secondary deposition of
quartz, and then is a very hard, tough and durable stone. The
quartzite from St Lawrence county has sustained a crushing test of
more than 42,000 pounds to the square inch. The color varies from
deep red to pink and white. The principal quarries are near Pots-
dam and Redwood, St Lawrence county, and Malone and Burke,
Franklin county. Besides building stone which is the chief product,
there is some flagstone sold, mainly by the quarries at Burke for
shipment to Montreal. :
The so-called Hudson River group is essentially a series of sand-
stones, shales, slates and conglomerates, ranging in age from the
Trenton to the Lorraine, but which have not been sufficiently
studied to permit the accurate delimitation of the various.members
on the map. The group is exposed in a wide belt along the Hudson
from Glens Falls southward into Orange county and also in the
Mohawk valley as far west as Rome. The sandstone beds are
usually fine grained, of grayish color and rather thinly bedded.
Over wide stretches they provide practically the only resource in
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 87
‘constructional stone and consequently they have been quarried at a
great number of places to supply the local needs for building and
foundation work. Some of the stone is crushed for road metal and
concrete.
The Medina sandstone is found along the southern shore of Lake
Ontario from the Niagara river east to Oswego county; in central
New York it is represented by a coarse conglomeratic phase called
the Oneida conglomerate. As developed in the western part of the
State where it is principally quarried, it is a hard fine-grained
sandstone of white, pink or variegated color. The pink variety is
specially quarried for building stone and has an excellent reputa-
tion. Many of the large cities of the county and most of the im-
portant towns and cities of the State contain examples of its archi-
tectural use. The large quarries are situated in Orleans county,
near Albion, Holley and Medina, along the line of the Erie canal,
but there are others at Lockport and Lewiston, in Niagara county
and at Brockport and Rochester in Monroe county. The Medina
sandstone also finds extensive application for curbing and flagging
and for paving blocks. It is employed more extensively for the
latter purpose than any other stone quarried in the State.
The Shawangunk conglomerate is more widely known for its
use in millstones than for constructional purposes. It outcrops
along Shawangunk mountain in Ulster county and southwesterly
into New Jersey, with an outlier near Cornwall, Orange county.
The quarries near Otisville have supplied considerable quantities of
stone for abutments and rough masonry.
The Clinton sandstone is mainly developed in central New York,
being absent from the Clinton belt in the western part of the State.
It forms ledges of considerable extent on the south side of the
Mohawk valley from Ilion to Utica and beyond. It consists of
reddish brown and gray sandstones, of medium texture and hard-
ness. The stone has been used for foundations and building in
Utica and other places in the vicinity.
Of the Devonic formations which cover about one-third the
whole area of the State, the Hamilton, Portage, Chemung and
Catskill contain important sandstone members serviceable for
quarry operations. These sandstones are popularly known as blue-
stone, a name first applied in Ulster county where they are dis-
tinguished by a bluish gray color. They are for the most part fine-
grained, evenly bedded, bluish or gray sandstones, often showing
a pronounced tendency to split along planes parallel to the bedding
so as to yield smooth thin slabs. For that reason they are ex-
88 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
tensively used for flag and curbstone, and a large industry is based
on the quarrying of these materials for sale in the eastern cities.
Most flagstone is produced in the region along the Hudson and
Delaware rivers, where there are convenient shipping facilities to
New York, Philadelphia and other large cities. The Hudson river
district includes Albany, Greene and Ulster counties, but the quar-
ries are mainly situated in the area that includes southern Greene
and northern Ulster, with Catskill, Saugerties and Kingston as the
chief shipping points. The Delaware river district includes Sulli-
van, Delaware and Broome counties; the shipping stations are
along the Erie and the Ontario & Western railroads. The sand-
stone of this section ranges from Hamilton to Catskill age. In the
area to the west the quarries are confined to the Portage and
Chemung groups, with the most important ones in the Portage.
There are large, well-equipped quarries near Norwich, Chenango
county, and Warsaw, Wyoming county, which produce building
stone for the general market. Numerous small quarries are found
in Otsego, Chemung, Tompkins, Tioga, Schuyler, Steuben, Yates,
Alleghany, Cattaraugus and Chautauqua counties.
Production of sandstone. The accompanying tables give the
production of sandstone during the last two years, divided accord-
ing to bluestone and other kinds.
There was a very large falling off in the value of the output last
year, the returns showing the lowest aggregate reported at any time
since the statistics of the industry have been collected by this office.
The combined value of both bluestone and sandstone amounted to
$955,063, as compared with $1,451,796 in 1910, a decrease of
$496,733 or nearly 35 per cent. The value reported in 1909 was
$1,839,798. The industry has thus declined nearly 50 per cent in
the two years.
All districts in which sandstones are quarried have felt the effects
of the depression, but the greatest falling off has been in the blue-
stone quarries which produce chiefly curb and flagstones. The
value of the bluestone output in 1911 was $614,334 against
$1,037,637 in 1910 and $1,301,950 in 1go9. Of the total for last
year, curb and flagstone constituted $337,300, as compared with
$385,825 in 1910 and $608,116 in 1909. The value of bluestone used
for building purposes amounted to $270,284 against $351,603 in 1910
and $298,631 in 1909. The large decrease in crushed stone last year
was due to the completion of a large enterprise in the Hudson river
district.
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII
89
Sandstone other than bluestone, constituted a value of $340,729
against $414,159 in the preceding year and $537,839 in 1909. The
showing was thus comparatively better than in the bluestone trade.
Orleans county reported a product valued at $255,862 as compared
with $332,382 in 1910 and $385,281 in 1909.
Production of sandstone in 1910
aurp. | CURBING
BiSTRIGT NG AND PAVING | CRUSHED] RUBBLE,| ALL
STONE | FLAG: | BLOCKS | STONE | RIPRAP | OTHER
GING
Bluestone
Fda Soneniviererrrs sie $26 689|$164 593]..-..--- $200 000} $42 000 $500
Delaware river....... Beh OS) A ZCAl, cocoa lly ooem noc 55 O10 170
@henangorcors 4 74 985 7a OG Panerai ilk ovate B TOS |iewctecne
Way ominle icon sn ss. PLO MAN lle aS hile alld eax dere lara e-beeooe 327 237
Othendistricts: ss... 7 520 800] oe FOO) a eeldia nice 10
Total bluestone... .|$351 603/$385 825]........ $200 790| $98 502 $017
Sandstone
@rleansicOn 6)... 8) a5: $23 403] $83 539,$202 773] $4 003] $14 869] $3 755
@thenidistretsess-4 er I2 402| 10 768] 26 080) 20 615 6 125 5 827
Total sandstone. .| $35 805] $94 307|$228 853] $24 618) $20 994] $9 582
Combined total.. .|$387 408)$480 132|$228 853)$225 408 $1 19 496) $10 499
Production of sandstone in 1911
CURBING
Deewicr sera AND PAVING |CRUSHED| RUBBLE,| ALL
stonE | FLAG: | BLOCKS | STONE | RIPRAP | OTHER
GING
Bluestone
Hindsommivier. ..6....| Pld 377 oles cLeOla. seal asa ee $560 $200
Delaware river....... St ai7S|| DOU CANS ooops eallsoaan anc I 775 I 245
@henangorcose- 455-4. 2 933 OP AS! Sirs sexes, 3 ater 250 I 210
\WApeiantlinKe? CO)5 sab 00035] 145 51G|P eee er ie ee cee $600 ONKG) incre onic
Other *districts:; >: 4... [Fe Shc10) react oct owe "alll vacant orion lente iota reel lai Broas 5 cartel |Steheva) ion j6c
Total bluestone. . .|$270 284 $337 300]........ $600| $3 495| $2 655
Sandstone
@ileans Oren aso $21 395| $83 519/$145 575| $1 O81) $4 257 $35
Other districts........| 25 892} 10 228) 16 645} 22 202 6 913 2 987
Total sandstone. .| $47 287| $93 747\/$162 220| $23 283) $11 170| $3 022
Combined total.. .'$317 571\$431 047\$162 220] $23 883] $14 665} $5 677
go NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
TRAP
The quarrying of trap is a somewhat specialized branch of the
stone industry which may be treated with advantage under a sepa-
rate head. Trap is not a distinct rock type, but the name properly
belongs to the fine-grained, dark-colored igneous rocks that occur as
intrusive sheets or dikes. In mineral composition it differs from
the other igneous rocks classed in the trade as granite, by the prev-
alence of lime-soda feldspars and higher percentages of the lime,
magnesia and iron minerals and correspondingly lower amounts of
silica, with little or no free quartz. The name is sometimes applied
to fine-grained igneous rocks of granitic or syenitic composition and
even to rocks of sedimentary derivation, but such usage is mislead-
ing and indefensible.
The particular value of trap is due mainly to its hardness and
toughness. Its fine, compact homogeneous texture gives it great
wearing powers and it is eminently adapted for road metal and for
concrete of which heavy service is required. It has been used to
some extent in this State as Belgian blocks. As a building stone it
finds very little application, probably on account of its somber color.
The expense of cutting and dressing trap is also an obstacle to its
employment for building or ornamental purposes.
The trap quarried in New York is properly a diabase, made up
of plagioclase feldspar in lath-shaped crystals and pyroxene as the
main constituents, and amphibole, olivine and magnetite as sub-
ordinate minerals. The largest occurrence is represented by the
Palisades of the Hudson, which begin near Haverstraw and extend
southward into New Jersey. The Palisades represent the exposed
edge of a sill or sheet of diabase intruded between shales and sand-
stones of Triassic age. The sheet is from 300 to 800 feet thick and
about 70 miles long. Most of the trap quarried in this State has
been obtained from this region, chiefly from the vicinity of Haver-
straw and Nyack, but to some extent from near Richmond, Staten
Island, where the sheet has its southern termination. Smaller
occurrences of diabase are found in the Adirondacks and the border-
ing area. There are countless numbers of trap dikes in the interior
of the Adirondacks, but few have any considerable thickness and in
general they are too remote from the market to be profitably
quarried. In the outlying region the dikes at Greenfield, Saratoga
county, and at Little Falls, Herkimer county, are the most notable.
Quarries have been opened at the former locality and the trap is
crushed for road metal.
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII gI
The production of trap in 1911 amounted in value to $899,414, a
small decrease from the total of $909,006 reported in the preceding
year. Most of the output was employed for road metal and the
quantity thus used was 850,322 cubic yards valued at $696,367.
Crushed stone for other purposes chiefly concrete and railroad
ballast amounted to 267,930 cubic yards valued at $199,797. The
building stone had a value of $3250. Altogether there were 7 firms
represented in the industry, of which 6 operated quarries in Rock-
land county, and 1 the quarry at Greenfield, Saratoga county. The
Manhattan Traprock Co. of Nyack discontinued operations during
the year having disposed of its quarry property to the Palisades
Park Commission.
The future of the trap industry in the Palisades region is involved
with the plans for the creation of the park which has received legis-
lative approval in both New York and New Jersey. It is possible
that all quarrying operations may eventually be brought to an end.
Thus far the only company that has withdrawn from business is the
one mentioned, which worked quarries on Hook mountain, north of
Nyack.
Production of trap
1910 IQII
MATERIAL
CUBIC CUBIC
YARDS yay YARDS LUE
Crushed stone for roads....; 1 000 187 | $766 733 850 322 | $6096 367
Crushed stone for other pur-
(DOSES wowe ews erloraia OIE norte 185 493 122 198 267 930 199 797
Otherbkandsis- esi. ele cs 100 75 185 3 250
INGA S Sprcieieis GO erceae I 185 780 | $909 006 I 118 437 $899 414
TAEE
The tale mines in the Gouverneur district were quite active last
year, though their output was somewhat curtailed by the impair-
ment of mill capacity incident to the long period of dry weather in
the late summer and fall, a condition that has been repeated during
each of the last three seasons. The production amounted to about
65,000 short tons, all shipped in ground form and mainly, as here-
tofore, for use in paper manufacture. Prices averaged nearly the
¢
Q2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
same as in the previous year, or about $8.50 a ton; the prevailing
quotations for paper stock were between $8 and $9, with a slight
reduction for the coarser or inferior grades used for other purposes.
Some interesting developments have taken place in the district
during the year. The most important, perhaps, was the entrance of
the Uniform Fibrous Tale Co. into the field of commercial opera-
tions. This company had been engaged for the last two years in
the opening of a mine near Talcville and the erection of a mill and
hydro-electric power plant; it began active production in January
t91t. The body of tale that has been developed was long neglected
on account of the unpromising appearance of the outcrop, but the
explorations in depth have demonstrated the existence of a good
grade of mineral over a width of 30 feet or more as shown by some
of the stopes. Both fibrous and foliated varieties are found, with
sufficient of the former to give the mill product the desired quality
for the usual commercial applications of the Gouverneur talc.
The present mill, a fire-proof concrete and steel structure, is only
partly equipped, being. about one-half the capacity that can be
obtained when the full complement of machinery is in place. The
process of grinding differs somewhat from that employed in the
other mills of the district and will be described elsewhere in this
article. The power plant that generates the electricity by which both
mine and mill are operated is situated on the west branch of the
Oswegatchie river, about a mile distant. The dam and power house
are built of reinforced concrete. A twin turbine direct connected
toa 75 -K.W. alternator supplies the present requirement of power,
but a second unit of similar capacity can be added if needed.
The Ontario Talc Co. continued to operate the Potter mine which
is now in shape to supply a steady output. The mine is opened on
two levels for a horizontal distance of 300 feet, and the shaft is
being sunk in preparation for another level. The thickness of the
body ranges from 15 to 25 feet or more, with very little waste rock
exposed in the workings. It yields a white and very uniform
product in which there is a large proportion of fiber. A feature of
the mine is the occurrence of considerable masses of the long fiber
variety that much resembles asbestos. The mill of the Ontario Talc
Co. is about a mile south of the mine near Fullerville, on the west
branch of the Oswegatchie. It is operated by a local water power
which will probably be supplemented by other supply in the near
future, as the company intends to enlarge the milling capacity.
Improvements to that end are now under way.
The other producer in the district, the International Pulp Co.,
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQITI 93
made its usual large output, though it concentrated its attentions
upon fewer properties than in the previous years. Of the mines
owned by the company only three were steadily worked, these
including No. 2% and No. 3 at Taleville and a new mine which has
been opened in the vicinity of the old Wight mine in the south-
western section of the district. The mine formerly worked by the
United States Tale Co. and taken over by the International Pulp
Co. in the recent consolidation was closed down during the year.
This has been one of the most productive and best known mines in
the district. Little tale was taken from the Arnold and Balmat
mines of the old Union Tale Co. The company operated the new
No. 6 mill which has a capacity of about 125 tons a day, as well as
No. 3 and the Columbia mill. It has recently converted No. 4 mill
at Hailesboro into a power plant.
Outside of the Gouverneur district the only tale occurrence that
received attention during the year was that near Natural Bridge in
Lewis county, mentioned in the preceding issue of this bulletin as
under development by the St Lawrence Tale and Asbestos Co. The
property is situated about one mile northeast of Natural Bridge in
a belt of crystalline limestones and schists that parallels the St
Lawrence county district, from which it is 10 or 15 miles distant.
The talc, so far as opened, belongs to the massive and platy
varieties rather than to the fibrous mineral so characteristic of the
Northern belt. There appears to be more or less serpentine in close
association with it. Tremolite was observed in a boulder outcrop
near the mine. A vertical shaft has been put down on the property,
and a crushing plant and mill were under construction last year.
THE GOUVERNEUR TALC DISTRICT
This description of the St Lawrence tale mines is intended only
as a sketch of the principal features surrounding the occurrence of
the deposits and their industrial utilization. The information on
which it is based has been taken largely from published sources,
though with such revision as to make the treatment representative
of present conditions.
General geology. The investigations of the geology of this sec-
tion have been carried out mainly by C. H. Smyth, jr. The work
hitherto has been in the way of a reconnoissance, as there have been
no adequate maps with which to conduct detailed studies of the
region which is very involved in its structural and stratigraphic
features. The rock formations belong, however, to the same general
classes that compose the central Adirondack region and have been
94 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
described at length in the several areal reports issued by the State
Museum.
The talc deposits are immediately associated with crystalline lime-
stones and schists of Grenville age. These occupy belts that have
a northeast-southwest trend in conformity with the general struc-
tural arrangement throughout the Adirondacks. One of the largest
belts begins in the town of Antwerp, Jefferson county, and crosses
the towns of Gouverneur and De Kalb, St Lawrence county. It is
of considerable economic importance in connection with the marble
quarries at Gouverneur. A second belt some 12 miles long and
from I to 3 miles wide is found a few miles to the east in the
towns of Fowler and Edwards. It is this area that contains the
fibrous talc deposits. A third belt to the south and east of the
latter and lying across the St Lawrence-Lewis county line includes
the Natural Bridge tale occurrence that has been recently under
development.
The limestones are bordered by members of the Adirondack
gneisses, some of which are light in color and have the composition
and appearance of slightly modified granites and diorites. A very
prominent member in the stretch between Gouverneur and the talc
district is a dark hornblende variety which is usually well lamin-
ated and garnetiferous and is injected by light red granite. In
places the granite forms a branching network that incloses the
darker rock in its meshes, producing a mosaic pattern. These
granite injections are no doubt offshoots of some of the larger
bodies of that rock, while the darker gneiss may belong to the
sedimentary series. Of the general relations of the gneiss group
it can be said that the igneous types are apparently the youngest
and are all later than the limestones. It is not clearly demonstrated
as yet whether any of the gneisses in the region are older than the
Grenville.
Occurrence of the talc. The talc deposits occur along minor belts
within the Grenville limestones and schists. They are locally called
veins and have been described as such by some writers, though they
have nothing in common with mineral veins, being layers or beds
included within the limestones. They have the same strike and
dip as the latter and show a fair degree of regularity and persis-
tence. In thickness they range from seams of a few inches up to 50
feet or more. The dip is uniformly toward the northwest at angles
that vary usually between the limits of 30° and 60°.
The associated schists are mainly composed of tremolite, but in
some places carry considerable quartz. They are singularly free
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 05.
- from other minerals. The tremolite is white or light gray in color
and is usually developed in finely fibrous individuals which when
felted form a compact and tough rock. The pink variety known as
hexagonite is of limited occurrence. Bands and irregular masses of
the tremolite occur within the talc deposits, and the immediate walls
generally consist of the schist, the border being marked by alter-
nating layers of tale and schist.
The association is suggestive of the derivation of the tale which
has been the subject of study by C. H. Smyth, jr.t. The tremolite
is no doubt the parent mineral. As explained by Professor Smyth,
the limestones were originally impure calcareous sediments and by
metamorphic influences have taken on a crystalline character and
became impregnated with silicates. Certain limestone beds seem
to have contained sufficient magnesia and silica to permit their
complete transformation to tremolite, forming a tremolite schist,
while other layers, with a preponderance of lime have undergone a
partial change, showing scattered crystals and aggregates of silicates
within the limestone. The subsequent change of tremolite to talc
is the result of weathering and takes place through the agency of
ground waters holding carbon dioxid. The alteration may be formu-
lated chemically as follows: CaMg,Si, O,, + H,O + CO, = H,
Mg,Si, O,. + CaCO;. The change is accompanied by an increase in
volume of tale and calcite amounting to 25.61 per cent, though if the
talc alone is considered there is a decrease of .83 per cent as com-
pared with the tremolite. There is little or no calcite in the talc,
so that it probably has been removed with the progress of the
alteration.
The talc is really a pseudomorph after the tremolite and it is due
to this that it possesses a fibrous character. Microscopic examina-
tion of specimens from almost any of the mines will show a little
residual tremolite in the centers of the fiber aggregates, and in some
samples there is a very considerable proportion of unaltered mineral.
Foliated tale accompanies the fibrous variety, being more abundant
apparently the farther the process of alteration has gone. It is of
course a separate development deposited by the circulating waters
which have taken the materials of the schist into solution.
The view that the tremolite has been formed by metamorphism
from the ingredients of the limestones without addition of material
1 Report on four townships in St Lawrence and Jefferson counties, N. Y. State
Mus. Rep’t 47, 1894, p. 491-515. Also, Report on the Talc Industry of St
Lawrence County, N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 49-2, 1898, p. 661-71.
96 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
from other sources is perhaps the least conclusive part of the
explanation as given. This entails a rather unusual chemical com-
position that is hardly in conformaty with the character of the
limestones in the district. As a rule they are not particularly sili-
cious or impure. An alternative to that view, which would seem
equally probable in the circumstances, may be found in the intro-
duction of silica and magnesia along certain beds by underground
circulations after the limestones were formed.
It is of interest to note that a belt of metallic ores is found in
the same limestones on the footwall side of the tale beds. The
ores include zinc blende, pyrite and hematite and occur at intervals
from Sylvia lake on the southwest to beyond Taleville. They have
undoubtedly been deposited by solutions subsequent to the forma-
tion of the limestones, and from the similar associations it seems
reasonable to connect their introduction with the suggested mode
of genesis of the tremolite.
General characters. The fibrous tale is the predominant variety
and the usual grade consists of the same felted mass of fine fibers
that characterizes the tremolite schist. The fibrous nature is very
persistent and can be seen by the microscope to exist even in
samples that appear to the unaided eye as massive. Foliated talc,
that is the crystallized variety, occurs more specially in the mines on
the southwestern end of the belt. It is found as intercalated seams
between the fibrous talc.
The fibrous variety is commonly known as agalite, whereas the
name rensselaerite is often applied to the foliated mineral. The
latter designation seems to rest upon a mistaken identification. The
type specimens of rensselaerite collected by Ebenezer Emmons show
it to be a mineral of the serpentine family, and to be an alteration
of pyroxene.
The color of the talc is white or light gray, with a greenish tint
in the foliated variety. The freshly mined material bleaches to a
lighter shade on exposure to the air through the evaporation of the
mechanically held water. Near the surface the deposits show dis-
colorations from iron and organic matter, but at a depth usually of
40 or 50 feet they pass into commercial rock.
There is no uniform practice followed in selecting or grading the
talc before it is sent to the mill. In most mines the foliated talc
forms such a small percentage of the average that it does not
influence appreciably the quality of the ground product. Certain
mines in the town of Fowler produced at one time considerable
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 97
quantities of this variety, which were sorted out and milled sepa-
rately. The principal attention is directed toward the character of
the material with regard to gritty impurities. It 1s aimed to leave
the gritty talc in the walls and pillars and to send only the milling
grade to the surface. The best of the mine output is ground for
paper stock, as any appreciable amount of grit affects the sale of
the talc in the paper trade.
Mining of talc. The mines are situated along the outcrop of the
beds which are included in the section from Sylvia lake in the town
of Fowler to near the village of Edwards. Most of the mines have
been opened in the northeastern part near Talcville, where there are
between Io and 15 different workings, many of them now aban-
doned. The chief producers in this section of late years have been
the mine of the United States Tale Co., now a part of the Inter-
national Pulp Co., and No. 2% and No. 3 mines of the latter com-
pany. The Uniform Fibrous Tale Co. has a mine just west of Talc-
ville. The Potter mine of the Ontario Tale Co. is in the central part
of the district on the west branch of the Oswegatchie river below
Fullerville. On the southwest end of the belt near Sylvia lake are
the mines formerly worked by the Union Tale Co., including the
Balmat, Arnold, and Wight mines, and the new mine recently
opened by the International Pulp Co.
Many of the mines are worked on a leasing system, the operators
paying a certain royalty to the owner for each ton of talc extracted.
The average royalty is about $.75, which is to be considered as very
high for such material.
Mining is carried on entirely by undergound methods. The gen-
eral practice in the district does not differ materially from that
employed in working ore deposits that are similarly situated, though
of course the soft and slippery nature of the material necessitates
that the pillars left for roof support should be of large size. The
workings are reached through inclines carried down on the footwall.
In case the bed is not over 15 feet or so thick, a single drift is run
from either side of the incline at intervals of from 50 to 75 feet.
The drift is carried nearly the full width of the bed and connected
with the level above at short intervals by raises, after which the tale
is removed between the levels, leaving pillars 25 feet or more square
to support the roof. With a bed of greater thickness two drifts may
be run on the same level, leaving a wall of tale between to assist 1n
supporting the roof.
Drilling is mostly by machines of the percussion type and the rock
98 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
is blasted by dynamite. It splits readily along the cleavage planes.
The large blocks or slabs from blasting are reduced by sledges to a
size convenient for handling. From the stopes the talc is loaded into
cars and run out to the incline where it is dumped into skips and
hoisted to the surface.
Preparation for the market. The processes in use for grinding
and preparing the talc have been gradually evolved out of long
continued experimentation. It is said that the first prepared talc
shipped from the district was ground in a grist mill. With the dis-
covery of the value of the fibrous variety as a paper filler, attention
was directed to the methods of treatment which have been per-
fected until capable of producing the desired quality and uniformity
of grade.
The mills, all of which are run in connection with the mines,
number 7 or 8 in all. They have a combined capacity of between
75,000 and 100,000 tons of prepared tale a year. They are situated
along the Oswegatchie river in the stretch between Gouverneur and
Edwards, the sites being selected with reference to water power
facilities. The mines of the International Pulp Co. at Talcville ship
their product by railroad to the mills at Hailesboro.
The reduction of the tale is accomplished in several stages. The
lump tale as mined 1s first broken in a jaw crusher of the Blake
type. The product then goes through a cone grinder or through
rolls where it is reduced to .5 inch or less. In the third stage the
crushed tale may be ground between buhrstones of special manu-
facture or in a centrifugal grinder of which the Griffin mill is a
common type. The talc is then passed through a bolt of about 60
mesh and goes to the finishing cylinders, or the finest material may
be separated by air currents which blow it into settling chambers and
then forms one of the grades for the market. The common practice
is to make the final reduction in revolving cylinders charged with
pebbles. The Alsing cylinder is the one generally used and is from
8 to 10 feet long and 6 feet in diameter. It is lined with porcelain
brick. It is turned from 20 to 25 times a minute. The charge con-
sists of 1 ton of tale and 3 tons of flint pebbles. The grinding of a
single charge takes from 2 to 5 hours, depending upon the grade of
product that is desired. The fibrous character of the talc is main-
tained throughout the grinding to the end product, so that it is diffi-
cult to size the ground tale by screening ; consequently the degree of
fineness is regulated entirely by the duration of the final grinding
process.
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 99
In the new plant of the Uniform Fibrous Tale Co. the Hardinge
conical mill is employed in preparing the tale for the finishing
process. The crude rock is first passed through a jaw breaker which
reduces the lump tale to about 1.25 inch size; and then the product
is screened and fed into the Hardinge mill where it is ground to
pass a 10 mesh screen for the cylinders. The latter are of the usual
intermittent type.
Tube mills of large size, such as are used in the fine grinding of
cement and ores, have been installed in one or two plants. They
take the place of the Alsing cylinder. They have the advantage
over the latter of being continuous in regard to feed and discharge,
but are more difficult to regulate so as to give the desired finish to
the product.
A coarser grade known as buhr stock is produced by omitting the
last stage of grinding in the Alsing cylinder. This is used as a sub-
stitute for asbestos in the manufacture of asbestos paper and pack-
ing. The ground talc, or mineral. pulp as it is called, is put up in
paper sacks of 50 pounds each, or in cloth bags of 200 pounds.
Shipments are made by the Gouverneur and Oswegatchie Railroad,
near the line of which most of the mills are located. Prices are
usually quoted from Gouverneur.
Cost of production. The conditions vary so much in the dif-
ferent mines and mills that it is impossible to fix any average basis
for estimating the costs of production. The mining and milling
operations are perhaps the least variable factors of all, and these
may be figured approximately at from $1.50 to $2 a ton. Royalty
is an important item in the leased mines; it is usually fixed at about
$.75, but may be as low as $.25. The haulage from mine to mill
and from the mill to the shipping point is a heavy tax in some
cases, as the country is rough and the roads are very poor. This
may amount to as much as $1.50 or $2 a ton. The cost of package
is about $1.
Uses. The fibrous talc is mainly used in the paper trade as filler
for book and writing paper and to a considerable extent for news-
paper. It is more readily incorporated with the paper stock than
clay and at the same time has a beneficial influence upon the strength
of the paper. The manufacturers of gypsum wall plasters are con-
sumers of the tale which takes the place of hair, wood fiber or
asbestos in these plasters. Among the minor uses are in the manu-
facture of waterproof paints and steam pipe coverings.
100 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Chemical analyses. The following analyses indicate the composi-
tion of the tale from this district. No. 1 and No. 2 are from Dana’s
System of Mineralogy. No. 3 is quoted from Professor Smyth’s
article. For No. 4 the writer is indebted to Mr A. McLintock of the
Uniform Fibrous Tale Co.:
I 2 3 4
SUOss ache ae CE eek 60.59 59.92 62.10 68.9
AlsiOand otc ee ate qepertee etn ereys fo tans ;
Fe, O; eid fo le'1e) ¢ ellotutnie Pisce ieee @iete eves a 'e \ || se (wip - 150 vain oes
inter Oh aeeaenr ais Seay Boo a3 occ Gd tee si 6 {oie stele sts
Mini @ Foe rn atottenetetotle eee scree rare L.16 7 2 ATG Wee ae
IM ORE G2 a eevee Peper ie ss Sets B42 Bit 5 37 32.40 26.6
CEN © Batts Ss co SR oo ee GOURD dasa s 57, Oa dick 8
Nas OL tld MO rare rater coins eictereae sl wes toweneree 48°. 0 Gyo aR eee
1 (0 pled aber do Uo ie eh enti eae aS BATT 6.25 2.05 2A.
100.58 99.85 100.00 100.00
Production. The first shipments of talc from the district were
made during the seventies of the last century. The earliest regular
operations are said to have been instituted by a mineralogist named
Minthorne who formed a company for mining and milling tale on
the Wight farm in the town of Fowler. By the year 1880 shipments
were made in considerable quantity. The production from that
date as given in the volumes of the Mineral Industry or reported
by this office have been as follows:
Production of talc in New York
SHORT SHORT
YEAR ee VALUE YEAR Tone VALUE
PSSOG Nie. hein 2 A 2105) $5a°730'4| T8096.) ean ene 46 089 | $399 443
1 [de ho) Inaiee Ady 8 eee 5 000 GOROGORMISO7. peer 57 009 396 936
MOOD chow Okarave ite 6 000 5 ROOOM |e LOO Ses aeons 54 356 411 430
MOSQM ECE Pict is oc 6'000 | 75000 | 1899... 7... 54 655 438 150
ESO ce ee eta 10 000 | IIO 000 ;j I1900..... cane { 03.4500] -490 500
Istelver a eked stare 10 000 PLO FOOO)|SLOOUR eee | 62 200 483 600
TGOOs: ass OE I2 000 125 000 | 1902 = nepapanuetene 71 100 615 350
Tete qo oe co ce 4 15 000 NOOMOOO) | PLOO8 eee 60 230 421 600
LOSS ae aw yee 20 000 208 OOO) SLQOAn a eer 65 000 455 000
ESOOE ent oe 23 476 AA ON) SOO). eae | 67 000 519 250
PSQOMa eee 41 354 280) 1964|) LOOG se eee | 64 200 541 600
TOON era eee 53 054 AQZqO0S) || LOO/ia + ene | 59 000 501 500
TOO2 ey epeg otek 41 925 AW PIERS || GCL IBR Gig ati 5 | 70 739 697 390
LOO seseie ace ee 36 500 B37 O25 a \ALQOO! «here | 50 000 450 000
SOA hem Tee 50 500 ALAS OO MeO O meee tee eee , 65 000 552 500
FOO Seer aie 40 000 320 000 Rose PASS, * 65 000 552 500
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII IOL
ZINC
Work on the zinc blende occurrence near Edwards, St Lawrence
‘county, was resumed last year. The Northern Ore Co. recently
succeeded to the ownership of the property which had lain idle
since 1904 owing to legal complications. It began systematic
development of one section of the deposit on April Ist and con-
tinued active operations throughout the remainder of the season.
As a result the company had at the close of the year about 8000
tons of milling ore on the surface, besides a much larger quantity
blocked out underground. Shipments of several hundred tons of
selected blende were made for experimental purposes, the first com-
mercial product ever sent to a zinc smelter from this State.
The developments on the property give hope that a substantial
mining industry may be established. They are considered suffi-
ciently encouraging by the company to warrant the erection of a
milling plant, on which work has already been started at Edwards.
The mill is planned for a capacity of 50 tons crude ore a day, and
present expectations are that it will turn out concentrates averag-
ing about 60 per cent zinc. Though about one-third of the ore
developed last year would bear shipment in crude state, the dis-
tance from the zinc-smelting districts makes concentration an
advantage and probably all of the output will pass through the mill.
This will enable the production, also, of a valuable by-product in
the form of pyrite. Some of the ore, furthermore, carries an
appreciable quantity of galena which will doubtless be saved by the
mill treatment.
Only a limited area of the mineralized zone has been explored as
yet. The work during the past year was directed to the under-
ground exploration of a single outcropping lens that had been previ-
ously uncovered and followed to a depth of 40 or 50 feet. This has
been developed through an inclined shaft following the dip of the
ore and by a series of drifts and crosscuts. At the time of the
writer’s visit to the property in June 1g11, the shaft had been sunk
about roo feet and showed a continuous band of ore all the way
from 4 to 7 feet thick. According to recent information communi-
cated by A. J. Moore, manager of the Northern Ore Co., at
Edwards, the conditions have continued favorable with the further
progress of the shaft and additional ore bodies have been encoun-
tered in some of the crosscuts.
The ore lens that has been under development is remarkably high
in grade, the whole mass being almost solid blende and _ pyrite.
LOZ NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
There is considerable variation in the proportions of the two
minerals, though blende is much the more common and in some
parts of the deposit is practically the only ingredient. Assays of
the richer material show from 40 to 50 per cent zinc. The blende
is black, nontransparent, and apparently carries relatively large
amounts of iron.
The general features of the ore occurrence in the Edwards section
were presented in the issue of this report for the year 1905, but
in view of the discoveries that have since been made, it may be of
interest to enter upon their discussion here.
The existence of the zinc in this part of St Lawrence county
has been known since the early part of the last century and is
mentioned briefly by Ebenezer Emmons: in his Report on the
Geology of the First District, published in 1838. Some attempts
were made to work the ores in the early days, as shown by the exca-
vations on the Balmat property which are said to have been under-
taken for the purpose of extracting the lead and silver values rather
than the zinc. The intimate mixture of galena, blende and pyrite
proved no doubt a rebellious material to treat by the methods then
available; at any rate mining was soon abandoned. The present
interest in the deposits dates from about 1902 when the attention
of local mining men was attracted to some specimens of rich blende
that were uncovered in the Edwards locality about 12 miles north-
east of the old Balmat prospect. These appeared so promising that
leases were secured on the.property and work was begun under the
direction of T. M. Williams. After a short period of exploration
which showed promising results the company became involved in
legal difficulties that have but recently been removed, and nothing
was done in the interval from 1904 to IQIT.
The ores are found along a well-marked zone which parallels the
talc deposits and lies on the footwall of the latter. The wall rock
is crystalline limestone of the same nature as that inclosing the talc;
it belongs to the Grenville series, widely represented on this side
of the Adirondacks. -The limestones are interstratified with thinly
bedded quartzose schists, tremolite schists and heavier hornblende
gneisses, and the whole series has been invaded then and there by
granitic intrusions. The limestones and included schists of this
particular district are exposed in a belt that extends from near
Sylvia lake, town of Fowler, on the southwest to a point a little
north of Edwards village, on the northeast. They represent region-
ally metamorphosed and compressed sedimentaries which are
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 103
among the very earliest of the Adirondack formations. The
granite is found in dikes, stringers and irregular bodies and belongs
probably to one or more of the great invasions of that rock which
took place in the Adironacks at different times in the Precambric
period. Both fine-grained and pegmatitic varieties occur. The
other important Adirondack intrusives including syenite, gabbro, dia-
base etc., are absent so far as known. There are no Paleozoic strata
though they begin a few miles to the west with horizontal beds of
Potsdam sandstone. They no doubt extended over this area at one
time and reached far into the interior of the Adirondacks, but have
been planed off by erosion.
The limestones and schists have a northeasterly strike and are
upturned at a high angle, the dips being usually 45° or over toward
the northwest. The limestone is coarse and carries abundant
silicates. The latter in places constitute the greater part of the mass.
The tremolite schists from which the tale beds are derived repre-
sent the extreme stage in the silication of the limestones. The
quartzose schists and hornblende gneisses are probably metamor-
phosed products of impure sandstone and shales.
The zinc ores at Edwards occur in a mass of impure serpentinous
limestone which forms a low ridge just north of the Oswegatchie
river on the road to Trout lake. On the north end of the ridge
there is a shallow open cut showing a band of mixed blende and
limestone about 15 feet thick. The blende occurs in irregular
bunches which apparently are the brecciated fragments of what was
once a more or less solid lens or band of the ore. There is evidence
of intense compression which has forced the limestone into the
fractures and recemented the mass. The limestone for some dis-
tarice away from the lens is impregnated with blende so as to form
a lean ore. The occurrence has not been tested for any considerable
depth. Several other showings of ore are found on the sides and
top of the ridge to the south of this opening. About tooo feet away
and on the opposite or eastern side of the ridge is the one which
has been explored during the past season, as above mentioned. In
this place the ore shows less evidence of compression or disturb-
ance and admixture with limestone. The lenses also have well-
defined walls. The blende is finely granular without any trace of
crystal form. The pyrite is sprinkled through the mass in rounded
grains which range up to one-fourth inch in diameter and occasion-
ally show a cubical development. Barite is found in some quantity
in the walls. On the weathered outcrop it shows prominently as a
spongy aggregate that was first mistaken for smithsonite.
IO4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
In the interval between Edwards and the Balmat prospect there
have been several discoveries of ore which, however, have not been
sufficiently prospected to reveal anything definite as to their extent.
They indicate that the mineralization follows a fairly definite zone
parallel and in proximity to the talc deposits.
The Balmat occurrence is described briefly by Emmons in the
report already referred to as ‘a remarkable occurrence of the sul-
furets of zinc, lead and iron in about equal proportions
The direction of the vein is north-northeast and south- sottitia eet
and the width about 8 inches, but not well defined. The sulfurets
traverse a bed of serpentine 40 to 50 feet wide. The occurrence of
zinc intermixed with lead is not favorable to the reduction of the
latter.” There are two shafts on the ore body about tooo feet apart.
The outcrop of the ore where it is revealed shows a vein or band up
to 3 feet thick. Near the south shaft a short adit has been driven
into the ore from the side hill, the only part of the workings now
accessible, and shows the vein at this point to be from 4 to 5 feet
thick. There is much more galena in this occurrence than at
Edwards and usually more pyrite.
Another ore locality in the southwestern section is on the lands
owned by J. H. McLear, south of Little York and near Sylvia lake.
The deposit was originally opened with a view to the working of
iron ore which occurs in the form of specular hematite. Some of
it was used in the Fullerville furnace nearby. The hematite occurs
in a lens of uncertain size, some of it being nearly pure and other
parts charged with pyrite and blende. The sulfides are specially
developed along one of the walls. Specimens from this part have
assayed above 20 per cent zinc. There has been no recent work
done on the deposit.
From the present stage of development there is insufficient evi-
dence to base any prediction as to the possibilities of the district as
a producer of zine ore. It is evident, however, that a small output
is assured by the results obtained at Edwards where thus far only
a single outcropping has been attacked. If the developments there
continue as favorable during the coming season as they have been in
the past they will go far toward proving the persistence of the
deposits in depth which is of most importance to the future of
the district and about which least is now known. In the case of
such issue there will be much encouragement, also, for the exten-
sion of exploration to other parts of the mineralized area. Though
the deposits are narrow as compared with those found in the
important zinc-producing districts of other states, they possess an
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQII 105
advantage over most in their average tenor. They are furthermore
exceptionally situated for economic exploitation, with convenient
shipping facilities, cheap electric power available, and efficient labor
to be had in the district.
The derivation of the ores is an interesting problem that need not
be given detailed treatment in this place. The apparent close
association of the zinc and tale deposits may be pointed out as a
feature of practical importance to exploration and it seems very
likely to reflect some underlying geological principle. The geologi-
cal relation, if such exists, is probably between the tremolite and the
zinc ores rather than between the latter and the talc itself which is
an alteration product of the tremolite. The extensive development
of tremolite in belts within the limestone is regarded by the writer
as the work of underground circulations which have brought in
silica and perhaps also a part of the magnesia necessary for the
conversion of the lime carbonate to the magnesia-lime silicate.
These circulations, it is reasonable to suppose, may have carried
other ingredients including zinc, lead and iron which have gone to
form the metallic deposits.
The zinc deposits have the general appearance of replacement
bodies rather than the fillings of open fissures or cavities. In most
places their boundaries are not clean cut but are in the nature of
transition zones shading off gradually into the limestone. The lens
of compact ore which has been under recent development shows,
however, fairly sharp contacts. The internal structures are not
those characteristic of open-fissure fillings as there is no appearance
of banding or crusts or drusy cavities lined with crystallized
minerals. The compact granular nature of the ore suggests deposi-
tion at considerable depth and under pressure. In that event it may
be inferred also that the deposits are very old, possibly of Precam-
bric age. Erosion in this part of the Adirondack region seems to
have been comparatively slight since Cambric times and has been
mainly effective in removing the mantle of Paleozoic sediments
which now are only found in the bordering area.
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INDEX
Acid-proof brick, 14
Adirondack Granite Co., 70
Adirondack Pyrite Co., 54
Adirondacks, feldspar, 23; garnet,
30; granite, 64, 67, 71; graphite,
32; iron ore, 6, 38; limestone, 77,
78; marble, 84; pyrite, 52; sand-
stone, 86; trap, 90
Akron Gypsum Co., 36
Albany, slip clay, 21, 22
Albany county, brick, 17, 19; clay
industry, 15; crushed stone, 82;
drain tile, 20; limestone, 80, 82,
83, 84; molding sand, 62; pottery,
21; sandstone, 88
Albion, sandstone, 87
Alden-Batavia Natural Gas Co., 47
Algonquin Red Slate Co., 41
Allegany, petroleum, 51
Allegany county, clay industry, 15;
natural gas, 46, 48, 49; petro-
sand-
leum, 51; rock salt,
stone, 88; tile, 20
Allegany Pipe Line Co., 50
Alma, petroleum, 51
Amenia mine, 38
American Garnet Co., 30
American Glue Co., 30
American Gypsum Co., 36
American Pyrite Co., 54
Amherst, natural gas, 47
Amsterdam, limestone, 77
Andover, petroleum, 51
Angola, natural gas, 47
Anorthosite, 71, 72
Antwerp, pyrite, 53, 55; talc, 94
Arkport, marl, 81
Arkwright, natural gas, 47
Attica, natural gas, 48
Auburn, limestone quarries, 80
Aurora, rock salt, 60
Ausable Forks, quarries, 70
Ausable, granite, 72
Ausable Granite Co., 71
Avon, natural gas, 48
60 ;
Baldwinsville, natural gas, 48
Ballston Springs, 42
Barrett Manufacturing Co.,
Barton, H. H. & Son Co., 30
Barton Hill mines, 38, 39
Bastin, Edson S., report on feldspar
deposits, 26
Batavia, salt, 59
Becraft limestone, 80
Bedford, feldspar, 24
Bedford limestone, 82
Beekmantown formation, 77
Benson mines, 40
Benson Mines Co., 38
Bigelow, pyrite, 55
Birdseye limestone, 78
Black River limestone, 78
Blue Corundum Mining Co., Easton,
IPB. 2
Bluestone, 87, 88, 89
Bolivar, petroleum, 51
Borst, ©. A, 38) 41
Bradford, Pa., petroleum, 50
Brick, 6, 9, I0, 12, 13, 14; manufac-
ture of, 16-19; paving, 20; prices,
2
5
18
Brockport, sandstone, 87
Brooklyn, electrical supplies, 21;
sand-lime brick, 63; sanitary wares,
21
Broome county, sandstone, 88
Bryn Mawr, quarry, 75
Buckbee, John, 23
Buffalo, china tableware, 21; lime-
stone quarries, 80; natural gas, 47
Buffalo Sandstone Brick Co., 63
Building brick, see Brick
Building sand, 61, 62-63
Building stone, 7, 63-89; from
granite, 65; from limestone, 81, 82,
83; from marble, 84; from sand-
stone, 89; trap, OI
Building tile, 6, 14, 20
Burke, sandstone, 86
Burns, rock salt, 60
Byron, mineral waters, 43
107
1908
Caledonia, marl, 81; natural gas, 48
Callahan, J. C. & Sons, 85
Carbon dioxid, 43
Carbonate, 37
Carnes, F: G,, geferred to, 71
Carrolton, petroleum, 51
Catskill, limestone, 80; sandstones,
88
Catskill formation, 87
Cattaraugus county, brick, 17; clay
industry, 15; mineral paint, 41;
natural gas, 46, 48, 49; petroleum,
51; sandstone, 88; vitrified paving
brick, 20
Cayuga county, brick, 17; clay in-
dustry, 15; gypsum, 35, 36; lime-
stone, 83, 84; marl, 81; molding
sand, 62; rock salt, 60
Cayuga Lake Cement Co., 80
Cayuga Lake Salt Co., 59
Cement,7; 10,10; .11,, 12
Champlain valley, clays, 13
Chateaugay Ore and Iron Co., 38
Chaumont, limestone quarries, 79
Chautauqua county, brick, 17; clay
industry, 15; molding sand, 62;
natural gas, 46, 47, 48, 49; sand-
stone, 88; vitrified paving brick, 20
Chazy limestone, 78, 84, 85
Cheektowaga, natural gas, 47
Cheever Iron Ore Co., 38
Cheever mine, 40
Chemung county, clay industry, 15;
sandstone, 88
Chemung sandstone, 87, 88
Chenango county, bluestone, 88, 89
Chestertown, feldspar, 27
Chicago Granite Co., 68
Chilson Jake, graphite, 34
China tableware, 21
Clarence, natural gas, 47
Clarksville, petroleum, 51
Clay, 6, 12-22; crude, 9, 10, 22; prod-
ucts, 9, Io
Clay materials, 13-15, 20-22
Clifton Springs, 42, 43
Clinton county, anorthosite, 64;
furnace flux, 83; granite, 70; lime,
82; limestone, 78, 83, 84; sandstone,
86; syenite, 64
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Clinton hematite, 38, 40, 41
Clinton limestone, 79, 83
Clinton Metallic Paint Co., 41
Clinton sandstone, 87
Cobleskill limestone, 79
Coeymans, limestone, 80
Collins, natural gas, 47
Columbia county, brick, 17, 19;
cement, 12; clay industry, 15;
limestone, 80, 85
Columbia Pipe Line Co., 50
Composite Brick Co., 63
Comstock, H., referred to, 39
Conduit pipes, 14
Conklingville, graphite, 34
Connors, William, Paint Manufactur-
ing Co., 41
Consolidated Wheatland Plaster Co.,
36
Core sand, 61, 62
Cornwall, sandstone, 87
Cortlandt series of gabbros, 72
Corundum, 22
Crown Point, feldspar, 25, 26; lime-
stone, 79
Crown Point Graphite Co., 34
Crown Point Spar Co., 25
Crushed stone, 7; from granite, 66;
from limestone, 81, 82; from sand-
stone, 89; from trap, 91
Curbing, 7; from limestone, 81; from
sandstone, 89
Cuylerville, salt, 59
Dansville, marl, 81
DeKalb, feldspar, 20;
talc, 94
Delaware county, mineral paint, 41;
sandstone, 88
Delaware river, bluestone, 89
Diabase, 90
Diorites, 66
Dixon, Joseph, Crucible Co., 32
Dobbs Ferry, marble, 85
Doern & Sons, 73
Dolomite, 77
Dover White Marble Co., 85
Drain tile, 14, 20
Duell & Holloway, 75
Dundee, rock salt, 60
pyrite, 53;
INDEX TO MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY
Dunkirk, natural gas, 47
Dunwoodie, gneiss, 74
Dutchess county, brick, 17, 19; clay
industry, 15; crushed stone, 82;
kaolin, 13; limestone, 82, 85; limo-
nite, 38; marble, 64; molding sand,
62
Dyett Sand-Lime Brick Co., 63
Eagle Bridge, red slate, 41
Earthenware, 21, 22
East Aurora, natural gas, 47
East Bloomfield, natural gas, 48
Easton, Pa., emery, 23
Eckel, Edwin C., cited, 67, 74
Eden Valley, rock salt, 60
Edwards, talc, 94, 97; zinc ores, 55,
IOI
Electrical supplies, 21, 22
Emery, 9, .10, 22-23
Emery Pipe Line Co., 50
Empire Gas & Fuel Co., 46
Empire Granite Co., 76
Empire Graphite Co., 33
Empire Gypsum Co., 36
Erie county, brick, 17; building stone,
83; clay industry, 15; core sand,
62; crushed stone, 82; fire brick
and stove lining, 20; fireproofing,
20; furnace flux, 83; gypsum, 35;
limestone, 80, 81, 83, 84; molding
sand, 61, 62; natural gas, 46, 47, 48;
pottery, 21; rock salt, 60; tile, 20;
vitrified paving brick, 20
Essex county, feldspar, 24, 25, 26-27;
furnace flux, 83: garnet, 8, 30:
granite, 70; limestone, 78; mold-
ing sand, 62; syenite and anortho-
site, 64
Faxon property, 32
Fayetteville Gypsum Co., 35
Feldspar, 9, 10, 23-30
Finch, Pruyn & Co., 85
Fine, feldspar, 30; granite, 69
Bire brick, 13, 14) 20
Fire sand, 61
Fire tile, 14
Fireproofing, 6, 14, 18, 20
Flagstone, 7; from limestone, 81;
from sandstone, 88, 89
109
Floor tile, 14, 20
Flue lining, 14
Flux, from limestone, 81, 83
Fordham, quarry, 75
Fordham gneiss, 73, 75
Fords Brook Pipe Line Co., 50
Forestville, natural gas, 47
Fort Ann, feldspar, 27-28
Fort Montgomery, iron ore, 38
Fowler, feldspar, 30; talc, 94, 96, 97
Frankford, Pa., emery, 23
Franklin county, feldspar, 28; sand-
stone, 86
Front brick, 14, 16
Frost Gas Co., 47
Fullerville, talc, 92
Furnace flux, from limestone, 81, 83
Furnaceville Iron Co., 38, 41
Gabbros, 66
Garbutt Gypsum Co., 36
Garnet, 8} 9; 10; 30-32
Garrison, granite, 72, 73-74
Gas production, 8, 45-49
Genesee county, crushed stone, 82;
furnace flux, 83; gypsum, 35, 36;
limestone, 82, 83, 84; mineral
waters, 43; natural gas, 46, 47, 48,
49; salt, 7, 57, 50
Genesee Salt Co., 59
Glass sand, 60, 62
Glen Salt Co., 59
Glens Falls, black marble, 79, 85;
limestone, 79, 84; sand-lime brick,
§3
Glenville, quarry, 75
Gneisses, 66, 72
Gore mountain, garnet, 30
Gouverneur, furnace flux, 83; marble,
64, 84; pyrite, 53, 54; talc, 91,
93-100
Gouverneur Marble Co., 85
Gowanda, rock salt, 60
Gowanda Gas Co., 47
Granger, petroleum, 51
Granite, 7, 9, 10, 64, 65-76
Granite Brick Co., 63
Grant Brick Co., 63
Graphite (village), 32
Graphite, 8, 9, 10, 32-34
IIo
Gravel, 9, 10, 60-63
Greater New York Brick Co., 19
Greene county, brick, 17, 19; clay in-
dustry, 15; limestone, 80, 83, 84;
molding sand, 62; sandstone, 88
Greenfield, graphite, 33; trap, 90, 91
Greenport, marble, 85; portland
cement, 12
Grove, petroleum, 51
Guelph dolomite, 79
Gypsum, 7, 9, 10, 34-36
Hackett Brothers, 74
Hailesboro, talc, 93
Hamilton shales, 87
Hampden Corundum Wheel Co., 23
Harmony mines, 38, 30
Harrison diorite, 72
Hartsdale, quarries, 75
Hastings, quarries, 75
Haverstraw, trap, 90
Helderberg limestone, 80
Hematite, 37, 38, 41, 55
Herkimer county, building stone, 83;
limestone, 79, 83, 84; mineral paint,
41; trap, 90
Hermon, pyrite, 53
Highlands, pegmatite, 2
Hinckley Fibre Co., 52, 54
Holley, sandstone, 87
Hollow brick, 18, 20
Hoyt limestone, 77
Hudson Iron Co., 38
Hudson river region, bluestone, 890;
building brick, 13, 17-19; clays, 13;
limestones, 83, 84; molding sand,
61; sandstone, 86; trap, 90
Hurd, A. J., Sons, 41
International Pulp Co., 92, 93, 97,
08
International Salt Co., 50
Iron ore, 6, 9, 10, 37-40
Ithaca Salt Co., 59
Jamesville, limestone quarry, 81
Jefferson county, brick, 17; clay in- |
dustry, 15; lime, 82; limestone, 78,
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Jones, R. W., field work on granite
quarries, 67
Jordan, marl, 81
79, 83, 84; pyrite, 53, 55; sandstone, |
86; talc, 94
Joseph Dixon Crucible Co., 32
Kaolin, 13
Keeseville, anorthosite, 72; garnet, 30
Kelly, H. B., 68
Kendall Refining Co., 50
Keystone Emery Mills,
Paes
Killarney, green granite, 71
King Granite Co., 73
Kings county, building tile, 20; clay
industry, 15; fire brick and stove
lining, 20; fireproofing, 20; pottery,
21
Kingston, limestone, 80; sandstone,
88
Kinkel, P. Hi, Sons, 24
Knickerbocker Portland
Go} a2
Kushaqua, feldspar, 28-29
Frankford,
Cement
Lake Mohegan, granite, 72
Lakeville, iron ore, 38
Panicastet aks.623
Lancaster, natural gas, 47
Land plaster, 35
Larabees Point, limestone
79
Lebanon Springs, 42, 43
Leopold, J., & Co., 69
Lepanto marble, 78
Leroy, limestone quarries,
59
Le Roy Salt Co., 50
Lewis county, granite, 69; limestone,
78, 79, 83, 84; talc, 93
Lewiston, sandstone, 87
Lima, natural gas, 48
Lime, 81, 82
Limestone, 7, 9, 10, 64, 65, 77-84
Limonite, 37, 38
Little Falls, trap, 90
Little Falls dolomite, 77
Livingston county, brick, 17; clay in-
dustry, 15; marl, 81; molding sand,
62; natural gas, 48; petroleum, 51;
pottery, 21; salt, 7, 57, 59
quarries,
80; salt,
INDEX TO MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY
Lockport, limestone, 79; sandstone, |
87 |
Long island, clays, 13, 21, 22; glass
sand, 62
Lowerre, quarry, 75 |
Lowville limestone, 78
Ludlowville, salt, 59
Lycoming Calcining Co., 36 |
Lyndon, gypsum, 36
Lyon Mountain, iron ore, 38, 40
McLintock, A., acknowledgments to,
100
Macomb Graphite Co., 34
Madison county, limestone, 79, 83, 84;
salt, 50
Magnetite, 37, 38
Malone, sandstone, &6
Manhattan Trap Rock Co., gl
Manlius limestone, 79, 80
Marble, 7, 9, 10, 64, 65, 84-85
Marl, 80
Massena Springs, 43
Mayfield, limestone, 77
Medina sandstone, 86, 87
Metallic paint, 9, 10, 40
Millstones, 9, 10
Mineral paint, 40-41
Mineral production, value of, 6
Mineral waters, 9, 10, 42-45
Mineville, iron ore, 38
Mohegan Lake Granite Co., 73
Molding sand, 60, 61-62
Monarch Plaster Co., 36 |
Monroe county, brick, 17; clay in-
dustry, 15; fireproofing, 20;
sum, 35, 36; limestone, 79, 83, 8
sandstone, 87; sewer pipe, 20; tile,
20
Montezuma marshes, marl, 81
Montgomery county, limestone, 83, 84
Monumental stone, 7, 66
Morrisville, salt, 59
Mortar color, 41
Mt Adam Granite Co., 76
Mt Eve quarries, 76
Naples, rock salt, 60
Nassau county, brick, 17; building
sand, 63; clay industry, 15; pottery,
21
LG
National Salt Co., 59
National Wall Plaster Co., 36
Natural Bridge, talc, 93, 04
Natural gas, 7, 9, 10, 45-49
Natural rock cement, 7, 9, 10, II, 12
New Rochelle, granite, 72
New York county, fireproofing, 20
New York Transit Co., 50
Newstead, natural gas, 47
Niagara county, brick, 17; clay in-
dustry, 15; furnace flux, 83; lime-
stone, 79, 82, 83, 84; sandstone, 87
Niagara Falls, limestone, 79
Niagara Gypsum Co., 36
Norites, 66
North Collins, natural gas, 47
North River Garnet Co., 30
Northern New York Marble Co., 85
Northern Ore Co., 101
Norwich, sandstone, 88
Nyack, trap, 90, 91
Oak Orchard springs, 43
Oakfield, gypsum, 36
Oatka creek, salt, 59
Oatka Gypsum Co., 36
Ocher, 41
Ogdensburg, mineral paint, 41
Oily 8240-52
Oil City, Pa., natural gas, 46
Old Bed mines, 38, 39
Olean, natural gas, 46; petroleum,
50; Sa
Oliver Mining Co., 54
Oneida conglomerate, 87
Oneida county, brick, 17; clay in-
dustry, 15; core sand, 62; fire-
proofing, 20; glass sand, 62: lime-
stones, 78, 790, 80; mineral paint, 41
Onondaga Coarse Salt Association,
58
Onondaga county, brick, 17; cement,
Tie Clay inditstiy— 1A 20
crushed stone, 82; fireproofing,
20; gypsum, 35; limestone, 79, 80,
81, 83, 84; marl, 81; natural gas,
48; pottery, 21; salt industry, 7,
56, 57, 58
Onondaga limestone, 80, 83
Ontario, mineral paint, 41
I5,
IIi2
Ontario Center, iron ore, 38
Ontario county, clay industry, 15;
natural gas, 48; pottery, 21; rock
salt, 60
Ontario Iron Ore Co., 38
Ontario Tale Co., 92, 97
Orange county, brick, 17, 19; clay
industry, 15; granite, 72, 76; lime-
stone, 80; molding sand, 62; sand-
stone, 87
Orleans county, limestone, 79; sand-
stone, 87, 89
Ossining, marble, 85
Oswego county, natural gas, 48
Otisville, sandstone, 87
Otsego county, limestone, 79; sand-
stone, 88
Ox Bow, pyrrhotite, 55
Palisades, crushed stone, 72; trap,
64, 90
Palisades Park Commission, 901
Pamelia limestone, 78
Paragon Plaster Co., 63
Pavilion Natural Gas Co., 47
Paving blocks, sandstone, 87, 89
Paving, brick, vitrified, 14, 20; prices,
20
Peekskill, emery, 22, 23; granite, 72,
73
Pegmatite, 23
Pekin, quarries, 79
Perry, rock salt, 60
Petroleum, 7, 9, 10, 49-52
Phoenix, natural gas, 48
Picton Island Red Granite Co., 68
Piffard, salt, 59
Pitcairn, granite, 69
Plaster of paris, 7
Plattsburg, limestone, 78, 79; marble,
85
Pleasantville, marble, 85
Pochuck mountain, quarries, 76
Popes Mills, graphite, 34
Porcelain, 21, 22
Port Henry, iron ore, 40; Hmestone,
78
Port Henry Iron Ore Co., 38, 39
Port Jefferson, sand-lime brick, 63
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Portage sandstone, 87, 88
Portland cement, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 80
Portland Point, limestone, 80
Potsdam sandstone, 86
Pottery, '6,/0, 10,13) 14,721, 24
Producers Gas Co., 46
Pulaski, natural gas, 48
Pyrite ie. G1 lOn52—55
Pyrites, 54
Pyrrhotite, 53, 55
Quarry materials, value of, 7
Quartz, 9, 10
Queens county, clay industry, 15;
glass sand, 62; molding sand, 62;
pottery, 21; terra cotta, 21
Randolph, mineral paint, 41
Red slate, 41
Redwood, sandstone, 86
Remington Salt Co., 60
Rensselaer county, brick, 17, 19; clay
industry, 15; fire brick and stove
lining, 20; fireproofing, 20; lime-
stone, 83, 84; molding sand, 62
Rensselaer Falls, pyrite, 55
Retsof, salt, 59
Retsof Mining Co., 50
Richfield Springs, 42, 43
Richmond, trap, 90
Richmond county, brick, 17; clay in-
dustry, 15; fire brick and stove
lining, 20; serpentines, 72; terra
cotta, 21
Riparius, garnet, 30
Riprap, from granite, 66; from lime-
stone, 81; from sandstone, 89
Road metal, trap, 090. See
Crushed stone
Rochester, limestone, 79; petroleum,
50; sand-lime brick, 63; sandstone,
87
Rock Glen Salt Co., 59
Rock salt, 7, 56, 60
Rockland county, brick, 17, 19; clay
industry, 15; crushed stone, 82;
limestone, 82; trap, 91
Rondout, quarry, 80
Rondout limestone, 79
also
INDEX TO MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY
Roofing slate, 9, 10
Roofing tile, 14, 20
Rosendale cement, I1
Rossie Iron Ore Paint Co., 41
Roxbury, mineral paint, 41
Rubble, from granite, 66; from lime-
stone, 81; from sandstone, 89
Rutland-Florence Marble Co., 85
Sacandaga Graphite Co., 34
St Lawrence county, feldspar, 20, 30;
granites, 69-70; graphite, 34;. lime-
stones, 83, 84; marble, 84; mineral
Paint, AN; pyrite, 52, 53, 55; sand=
stone, 86; talc, 8, 91-100; zinc ore,
8, IOI
St Lawrence Marble Quarries, 85
St, Lawrence Pyrite Co., 52, 53
St Lawrence river, granite, 64, 68-690
St Lawrence Tale and Asbestos Co.,
93
Salina limestone, 80
Salisbury Steel & Iron Co., 38
Salt, 7, 9, 10, 55-60
Sand, 9, 10, 60-63
Sand-lime brick, 9, 10, 63
Sandstone, 7, 9, 10, 65, 86-89
Sandstone Brick Co., 63
Sandy Creek, natural gas, 48
Sanitary wares, 21, 22
Saratoga county, brick, 17; clay in-
dustry, 15; graphite, 33; limestone,
77, 78, 83, 84; molding sand, 62;
trap, 90, OI
Saratoga Graphite Co., 34
Saratoga Springs, 42, 43, 45
Saugerties, sandstone, 88
Schenectady, electrical supplies, 21;
sand-lime brick, 63
Schenectady county, clay industry,
15; fire brick and stove lining, 20;
molding sand, 62; pottery, 21
Schists, 66
Schoharie county, building stone, 83;
limestone, 80, 83, 84
Schuyler county, salt, 7, 57, 59; sand-
stone, 88
Scio, petroleum, 51
Seneca, petroleum, 51
ie
Seneca county, limestone, 83, 84;
marl, 81; rock salt, 60
Seneca Falls, limestone quarries, 80;
rock salt, 60
Severance, quarry, 36
Sewer pipe, 14, 20
Shale. 13
Sharon Springs, 42, 43
Shawangunk conglomerates, 86, 87
Shenandoah, kaolin, 13
Sheridan, natural gas, 47
Sienna, 41
Silver Creek Gas & Improvement Co.,
47
Silver Springs, 59
Slate, 9, 10
Slate pigment, 9, 10, 41
Slip clay, 18, 21
Smythyy@. Ele yey) cited: 2554) 70! 05:
investigations by, 93
Solvay Process Co., 56, 60, 81, 82
South Bethlehem, quarry, 80
South Dover Marble Co., 85
South Shore Gas Co., 47
Split Rock, limestone quarries, 80, 81
Spring waters, 43
Springville, natural gas, 47; rock salt,
60
Staten island, clays, 13, 21, 22;
90
Stellaville, pyrite, 52, 53
Sterling Iron & Railway Co., 38
Sterling Salt Co., 59
Steuben county, brick, 20; clay in-
dustry, 15; marl, 81; petroleum, 51;
sandstone, 88; terra cotta, 21
Stone, 7, 63-01
Stoneware, 13, 21, 22
Storm King, granite gneiss, 75-76
Stove lining, 14, 20
Suffolk county, brick, 17; clay in-
dustry, 15; pottery, 21
Sulfite pulp, 52
Sullivan county, sandstone, 88
Swain, petroleum, 51
Syenite, 66, 71
Syracuse, china tableware, 21; elec-
trical "supplies; | 2m. potteries, 05;
sand-lime brick, 63
isnt
trap,
114
Talc, 8, 9, 10, 91-100
Talcville, 97
Tarrytown, quarries, 75
Terra cotta, 6, 13, 14, 20, 21
Terra cotta tile, 20
Theresa limestone, 77
Ticonderoga, feldspar, 25
Tide Water Pipe Co., 50
ile sOne0A eco
Tioga county, sandstone, 88
Tompkins county, limestone, 80; salt,
7, 57, 59; sandstone, 88
Trap, 7, 9, 10, 64, 65, 90-91
Trenton limestone, 78, 84
Troy, mineral paint, 41
Tuckahoe, quarries, 75; marble, 85
Tully, salt, 56, 60
Tully limestone, 80
Ulster county, bluestone, 87; brick,
17, 10; cement, 11; clay industry,
15; limestone, 80, 82, 83, 84; sand-
stone, 87, 88
Uniform Fibrous Talc Co., 92, 97, 99
Union Carbide Co., 82
Union Pipe Line Co., 50
Union Springs, gypsum, 36
Wnion Pale (Gos103:167
Uniontown, quarry, 75
Unionville, Fordham gneiss, 75
United Natural Gas Co., 46, 47
United States Gypsum Co., 36
United States Talc Co., 93, 97
Vacuum Oil Co., 50
Valcour island, limestone, 78
Vermont Marble Co., 85
Victor, electrical supplies, 21
Vincent, rock salt, 60
Vitrified floor tile, 20
Vitrified paving brick, 14, 29
Vogel, Felix A., cited, 54
Wall plaster, 7, 35
Warners, marl, 81
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Warren county, feldspar, 27; garnet,
8, 30; lime, 82; limestones, 78, 82,
83, 84
Warren County Garnet Mills, 30
Warsaw, salt, 59; sandstone, 88
Warwick, granite, 7
Washington county, clay industry,
15; feldspar, 27-28; fire brick and
stove lining, 20; limestone, 78, 79,
83, 84; pottery, 21; red slate, 41
Waterloo, limestone quarries, 80
Watkins Salt Co., 59
Wayland, marl, 81
Wayne county, limestone, 79; mineral
paint, 41
Welch Gas Co., 47
Wellsville, natural gas, 46; - petro-
leum, 50
West Bloomfield, natural gas, 48
West Union, petroleum, 51
Westchester county, brick, 17, 19;
clay industry, 15; emery, 22; feld-
spar, 24; fire brick and stove lining,
20); Sneiss; 72, 74,755 erate, 725
limestone, 83, 84, 85; serpentines,
72
Westfield, natural gas, 47
White Plains, quarries, 75; marble,
85
‘Whitehall, sienna, 41
William Connors Paint Manufactur-
ing Co., 41
Willsboro point, quarry, 78
Wirt, petroleum, 51
Witherbee, Sherman & Co., 38
Worcester Salt Co., 59
‘Wyoming county, - bluestone, 89;
natural gas, 48; salt, 7, 57, 50;
sandstone, 88
Yates county, rock salt, 60; sand-
stone, 88
Yonkers gneiss, 72, 74-75
ZING, 8; 55, 1Ol—5
Appendix 3
Entomology
Museum Bulletins 155, 156
155 27th Report of the State Entomologist 1g1t
156 Elm Leaf Beetle and White-marked Tussock Mo.h
ars
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ee aie is is us i yy
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el igen
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es
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al : 7 ‘
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’ = La = a) UF
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Education Department Bulletin
Published fortnightly by the University of the State of New York
Entered as second-class matter June 24, 1908, at the Post Office at Albany, N. Y., under the
act of July 16, 1894
No. 510
AE BAIN Ye Nin Y:
JANUARY TI, IQI2
New York State Museum
JoHN M. CLARKE, Director
EpHRAIM PoRTER FELT, State Entomologist
Museum Bulletin 155
27th REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST
INJURIOUS AND OTHER INSECTS
OF THE
STATE OF NEW YORK
IQII
PAGE PAGE
MirMmnOGMehHONy,. 25.2... 2550.00 o05 5 | Experiments with heat as an in-
Ampttows wSects), .....-:..- ee: 13 SCCEICIG! 4 pA rn Wine ee ata 93
Codling moth. .........2...5: 13) | Notes tom the: year’. sae ean en 98
ipsyy mothe 2. ns 2 Pnuit sree ansects0) .. 6). 98
Green maple worm...........- 48 Small fruit) msectsiiy. . 202.2...) 02
WG OMOMEG Eee. chee 5) es ish hes vee 52 Shadestreenpesus sea. eee ee 104
IGGL) at |e oe eee 54 Hageste poston tues. . ot a7 eae 110
Maple leaf cutter ............. 56 Miscellaneous 7oa:24 4 +4csteene 114
Locust leaf DOE EOE 59 | Publications of the Entomolo-
Rosy Hispa...............--.. 63 oats Rae i SEAT SE Fy ee ae 124
inosenleaf hopper. .4:.....5s.+2 65 or :
Pees Cicada... 68 Additions to collections......... 130
A report upon the condition of Explanation of plates.......... 137
the shade trees of the city of Tex, SX ae ee ke eee eee I9I
Mount Vernon, Ni. Y.....-..2-- 88
a=
“hay
New York State Education Department
Science Division, December 26, IQII
Hon. Andrew S. Draper LL.D.
Commissioner of Education
Str: I have the honor to communicate herewith the annual report
of the State Entomologist for the fiscal year ending September 30,
I9g1I, and to recommend the same for publication.
Very respectfully
Joun M. CLarKE
Director
STATE OF NEW YORK
EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
COM MISSIONER’S ROOM
Approved for publication this 26th day of December 1911
Commissioner of Education
Education Department Bulletin
Published fortnightly by the University of the State of New York
Entered as second-class matter June 24, 1908, at the Post Office at Albany, N. Y., under
the act of July 16,1894
No. 510 ALBANY, N. Y. JANUARY I, I9I2
New York State Museum
Joun M. Crarke, Director
EpHRAIM Porter FELT, State Entomologist
Museum Bulletin 155
27th REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST, t1o11
Dr John M. Clarke, Director of Science Division
I have the honor of presenting herewith my report on the
injurious and other insects of the State of New York for the
year ending September 30, I9QII.
The appearance in late May of a large brood of the periodical
Cicada or so-called seventeen-year locust was of great popular
interest and an entomological event of some importance. A
hitherto unknown colony was located near Amsterdam and
through the cooperation of many local observers much was
learned respecting the present distribution and relative abund-
ance of tnis insect in New York State. A fine series of photo-
graphs showing the transformations to the adult was obtained.
Despite the warnings of earlier years, a number of young orchard
trees had been set in the vicinity of populous Cicada colonies
and, as a result, were severely injured. A detailed notice of this
unique form is given on subsequent pages.
During the period covered by this report, Miastor larvae were
discovered, their biology ascertained in large measure, their
amenability to laboratory condiiions demonstrated, and owing
to the value of this information to teachers, a discussion of pedo-
genesis in this insect and its allies was included in an appendix
to the Entomologist’s report for 1910. Subsequent studies have
confirmed the observations referred to above and have shown a
wide distribution for Miastor.
Fruit pests. The experiments with the codling moth or apple
worm were continued in the orchard of Mr W. H. Hart of
Poughkcepsie and in those of Messrs Edward Van Alstyne and
6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
William Hotaling at Kinderhook. Special pains were taken to
secure uniform plots of ample size and to see that the treatment
was thorough. Each plot, as last year, except in the case of Mr
Hotaling’s orchard, consisted of forty-two trees, the fruit from
the central six alone being counted. The relative value of one,
two and three sprayings, and also of one application made three
. weeks after the blossoms dropped, was ascertained. The results
conipare closcly with those obtained in 1909 and go far to show
that the conditions in 1910 were exceptional. One thorough ap-
plication last season resulted, in the case of trees bearing a fair
crop, in from over 98 to more than 99 per cent of worm-free
fruit. This should prove most encouraging to the fruit grower,
since the work was done under practical conditions which can
be duplicated in almost any section. Assistant State Entomolo-
gist Young assisted in the field work, classified the wormy fruit
and computed the tabulated data.
The work of 1911 with the codling moth has been correlated
with that of the two preceding years and is the most compre-
hensive data yet secured as to the possibilities with one spray-
ing under varied conditions. These results should be of great
practical value in enabling the fruit grower to determine for
himself the advisability of spraying for this pest more than once
in any season. The details are given on subsequent pages.
Observations show that the San José scale, while a serious
fruit tree pest, is being generally controlled, though some fruit
growers are not entirely successful, due in large measure to
difficulties in treatment. Some of these are excessively large or
inaccessible trees, adverse weather conditions at the time the work
should be done or defects in equipment. The concentrated home-
made or commercial lime-sulfur washes were used largely and
mostly with very satisfactory results.
The peculiar linear series of eggs so frequently seen on apple
and pear bark have been identified as those of the notch wing,
a species noticed below. The usually rare Say’s blister beetle
was exceptionally numerous. Two small fruit insects, the rasp-
berry Byturus and the garden flea, were studied at Milton, the
former proving somewhat injurious.
Gipsy moth. The discovery of a gipsy moth colony at Lenox,
Mass., while not entirely unexpected, was something of a
shock to our extensive agricultural interests. A personal ex-
amination satisfied the Entomologist that the insect was
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IGITI 7
brought there with trees and shrubs purchased a few years ago
in eastern Massachusetts. A small colony was discovered later at
Great Barrington, Mass. Nothing but the closest inspection
and the adoption of most rigid precautions will prevent the early
establishment of this pest in New York State. Judged solely
from an economic standpoint, there can be no question as to the
advisability of keeping this insect out of the State as long as
possible. We have assembled during the year a series of prepara-
tions designed to facilitate the recognition of this pest in any stage.
Several of these have been reproduced as photomicrographs and
will be of great service in ‘identifying this species.
The Entomologist visited the territory in eastern Massachu-
setts infested by this insect and found the residential area, as a
whole, in excellent condition though there were extensive tracts
of forest land badly infested. The ultimate spread of this
pest is inevitable. The Federal authorities have accomplished
much in retarding its dissemination by keeping the roadside
trees of the principal thoroughfares free of caterpillars. Marked
progress 1s being made in the work of introducing parasites and
natural enemies which it is expected will shortly prove of mate-
rial service in checking this destructive insect. The latter is no
justification for not adopting every reasonable measure for pre-
venting the spread of this dangerous enemy. The state of
Connecticut has made excellent progress in handling its gipsy
moth problem. This insect is more fully considered below.
Brown-tail moth. This species, while not so destructive as the
gipsy moth, has become established in North Adams, Mass.
and smaller infestations occur at Adams and Williamstown, Mass.
Since both sexes of the moth fly readily, it will probably not be
long before this pest appears somewhere in New York State.
The winter nests are so characteristic that there should be little
difficulty in identifying the insect and at the outset preventing
excessive multiplication. Careful inspection of nursery stock
should prove a most effective barrier to its being introduced with
trees and shrubs. ‘The observations above relating to the para-
sites of the gipsy moth apply equally to the natural enemies of
the brown-tail moth.
Shade tree pests. The Entomologist investigated conditions
in a number of communities and found exceptionally severe
and widespread injury by the elm leaf beetle. The defoliation
was so general, in connection with the work of previous years
8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
and the severe droughts of earlier seasons, that many trees have
succumbed or are likely to perish in the next few years unless
radical measures are adopted for their better protection.
There seems to be great difficulty in securing efficient treat-
ment, even if the equipment be adequate. This defect has been
pointed out and, with a fuller understanding on the part of
those compelled to solve the problem, we look for materially
better results another season. The elm leaf beetle is not such a
serious pest in Europe, and it would seem, in view of the prob-
able continuance of the severe injury of the last few years, due
in part at least to changed conditions, as though a serious effort
might well be made to secure natural enemies, since they appear
to be very effective checks upon this beetle in European
countries. : .
The cottony maple scale and the false maple scale occasioned
repeated complaints, because of serious injury to hard and soft
maples, especially in the vicinity of New York City. An un-
fortunate condition developed in the city of Mount Vernon.
Several hundred hard or sugar maples were seriously injured or
killed, following the application of one of the commercial mis-
cible oils in early spring. An investigation convinced the Ento-
mologist that the trouble was due to the material applied, the in-
jury being greatly aggravated by subsequent cold weather re-
tarding growth and producing conditions favorable for penetra-
tion by the oil. We must therefore classify early applications
of oily preparations as dangerous to hard maples. Our findings
are given in detail below.
The extended outbreak by the green maple worm was in-
vestigated and must be partly charged to the general destruction
of birds and a consequent scarcity of the insectivorous species.
Investigations by Zoologist W. G. Van Name showed that nine
species were feeding upon the caterpillars, while nine others
were in the vicinity, probably for the same purpose. A relatively
slight increase in the number of birds would doubtless have
prevented the defoliation of the trees. A detailed account of this
insect is given in subsequent pages. The spiny elm caterpillar
and the white-marked tussock moth are two other shade tree
pests which were excessively abundant and the subjects of much
correspondence. The ornamental birches are being rapidly
destroyed by the pernicious bronze birch borer, the depredations
of which were detected the past season in the eastern part of the
State.
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 9
Forest pests. Injuries by insects to forests have greatly in-
creased during recent years. The hickory bark borer has de-
stroyed thousands of magnificent trees in the vicinity of New
York. The investigations of the Entomologist showed that this
nefarious pest had destroyed many hickories at Tivoli. A warne
ing circular was issued and widely copied by the local press.
The two-lined chestnut borer, probably breeding first in fun-
gous-affected chestnut, invaded nearby oaks at Old Westbury.
This outbreak was studied and appropriate repressive measures
advocated. Damage by this species was also reported from
Garden City. The severe though local injury by the locust leaf
beetles at Syosset and Jericho received personal attention and is
fully discussed on subsequent pages. The exceptional abundance
of the maple leaf cutter at Lake George was also investigated, and
an account is given below.
Flies and mosquitos. General interest has been maintained in
the house fly campaign. The Entomologist prepared several
popular notices and experimented in a limited way with a fly
trap. The results with the latter, while beneficial, were not en-
tirely convincing. We investigated a local mosquito problem
at South Salem and had the satisfaction of learning that the exe-
cution of our recommendations resulted in the speedy disappear-
ance of the pests. Many localities in the State are suffering
needless annoyance and, in some cases, illness because mosquito
breeding pools are ignored. One case came to our notice where
malaria developed following the employment of Italians in a
locality previously free from this disease.
Gall midges. Our studies in this interesting and important
group have been continued as opportunity offered. A number of
new species have been reared and described, and a table of food
habits of the reared species and a generic synopsis of the entire
group published. This family, composed entirely of small to
minute flies and including a number of destructive forms, is an
immense complex which could be grouped satisfactorily only
after prolonged and careful microscopic studies. This has been
accomplished and a monographic account of the family is now
in manuscript.
Publications. A number of brief popular accounts of the more
injurious species of the year were prepared and widely circu-
lated through the agricultural and local press. The extended
contributions, aside from the report for last year, are: Summary
1f@) NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
of the Food Habits of American Gall Midges; A Generic Synop-
sis of the Itonidae; Hosts and Galls of American Gall Midges;
and New Species of Itonidae. A list of the more important pub-
lications of the Entomologist, forty-four in number, is given
below.
Collections. There has been a continued increase in the State
collections. Most of the additions the past year have resulted
from collections by the office staff, some of the most desirable
having been reared. Extremely large series of Miastor and Oli-
garces were obtained in this manner and will later be available
for exchange. Specimens illustrating the habits and work of
insects are being collected at every opportunity, since they are
particularly valuable for economic and _ exhibition purposes.
There have been substantial additions to the gall midges or
Itonidae and they are now in very satisfactory condition. The
pinned specimens were rearranged by Miss Hartman and this, in
connections with the numerous microscopic slides, and the large
assemblage of galls and other biological material, will prove in-
valuable to subsequent workers, especially as the collection in-
cludes a very large number of types.
The classification of the diversified material in the Museum
and that daily coming to hand is necessarily slow and is a work
which must extend over years. There is need of more assistance
in carrying on the large amount of labor involved in the amass-
ing of a thoroughly representative collection necessary for the
maintenance of an adequate exhibit in the enlarged quarters
afforded by the new Education Building.
Three additions have been made to the series of plant groups
designed for the exhibition of insects in their natural environ-
ment. These will add greatly to the attractiveness and pedagogical
value of the enlarged exhibit collections now in preparation.
Assistant State Entomologist Young has rearranged and
identified the Muscidae, the species belonging to the Coleopter-
ous genera Telephorus and Podnbrus, and has done considerable
on the snapping beetles or Elateridae, the parasitic flies, the
Tachinidae, and a group of parasitic wasps, the Braconidae.
Miss Hartman made nearly five hundred microscopical prepa-
rations of various species, mostly gall midges and scale insects,
rearranged the pinned collection of scale insects and prepared a
special Cicada exhibit. She also gave much time to mounting,
spreading and labeling of specimens.
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII iE
Nursery inspection. The nursery inspection work conducted
by the State Department of Agriculture has resulted in the office
being requested to make numerous identifications and also recom-
mendations in regard to the policy which should be pursued by the
State. Most of the material submitted for name is in poor condi-
tion, may represent any stage in insect develop rent, and is often
fron a foreign country. This work, though time-consuming and
laborious, is very important, since the disposition of large ship
ments of nursery stock must depend in great measure upon
our findings. The possibility of introducing the gipsy and
brown-tail moths with stock originating in territory in-
fested by these pests, justifies a most careful examination of all
such material and the adoption of every reasonable precaution.
Miscellaneous. A series of experiments, conducted to test
the value of heat as an insecticide, showed that the relatively
moderate temperature of 120° F. is soon fatal to the common
black cockroach so frequently seen in warmer parts of dwellings.
Buildings equipped with ample heating facilities are adapted to
this method of checking household and stcreroom pests. A
series of observations were made upon the hibernation and de-
velopment of the rose leaf hopper. An interesting outbreak by
an Iris borer was also investigated. These two insects are dis-
cussed more fully on subsequent pages. Assistant State Ento-
mologist Young had charge of the heat experiments, being
assisted in this by Miss Hartman.
The Entomologist, as in previous years, has been called upon
to lecture upon injurious insects at farmers institutes, horticul-
tural and other gatherings. Information respecting shade tree
pests, owing to their serious injuries this year, was most fre:
quently desired.
Office matters. The general work of the office has progressed
in a satisfactory manner. The Assistant State Entomologist
was in charge of the office and responsible for the correspond-
ence and other matters during the absence of the Entomologist.
Miss Hartman, in addition to matters noted above, made a
large colored chart of the elm leaf beetle, rendered material
assistance in various aspects of the experimental work, cared
for breeding jars, compiled bibliographies and translated a num-
ber of excerpts from scientific articles. Numerous specimens
have been received for identification during the year and many
inquiries made concerning injurious forms. The correspondence
12 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
shows a marked increase over that of last year; 2219 letters,
23 postals, 1014 circulars, 1623 packages were sent through the
mails and 42 packages were shipped by express.
General. The work of the office has been greatly facilitated,
as in past years, by the identification of certain species through
the courtesy of Dr L. O. Howard, Chief of the Bureau of Ento-
mology, United States Department of Agriculture, and his asso-
ciates. Several correspondents have aided materially in secur-
ing valuable specimens and many rendered efficient service by
transmitting local data respecting various insects. As hereto-
fore, there has been a most helpful cooperation on the part of all
interested in the work of this office.
Respectfully submitted
EpHratmM Porter FELT
State Entomologist
October 14, I9II
INJURIOUS INSECTS
CODLING MOTH
Carpocapsa pomonella Linn.
Plates I-7
The work of the last two years with this important pest of
the fruit grower has been continued and some extremely inter-
esting data secured. Even one spraying resulted in obtaining
98 to 99 per cent of sound fruit, while the check trees yielded
only 67 and 85 per cent of worm-free apples. The second and
third poison applications increased the percentage of sound fruit
comparatively little. These results confirm those secured in
1909 and go far toward showing the possibility of a thorough,
timely spraying. The low efficiency of the one application made
three weeks after the falling of the blossoms, determined last
year as approximately one-half that of a timely application, was
confirmed this season by experiments in two orchards under
diverse conditions.
Life history and habits. The discussion of the experimental
data may well be preceded by a brief summary of the life his-
tory of this species. The codling moth or apple worm, as 1s
well known, winters in a tough, silken cocoon usually found
under the rough bark of trees. The appearance of warm
weather in the spring, which in New York means late April and
early May, is followed by the caterpillars transforming within
their silken retreats to the brown, apparently lifeless pupae, and
a week or ten days after the blossoms drop, the moths com-
mence to emerge and continue to appear throughout the greater
part of June. The minute, whitish eggs are deposited largely
upon the leaves though a number may be found on the young
fruit. These hatch in about a week and as a consequence the
young apple worms of the first brood may be entering the small
fruit from early in June, approximately three weeks after the
blossoms fall, to nearly the end of the month or even later.
The caterpillars require about four weeks to complete their
growth, at which time they desert the fruit, wander to a shel-
tered place, spin a cocoon, transform once more to pupae and
in about two weeks, namely, the last of July or in August,
[13]
I4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
another brood of moths may appear. These in turn deposit
eggs which hatch in due time and the young larvae usually
enter the side of the fruit. Two broods appear to be the rule
in the northern fruit-growing sections of the United States
though some investigators claim a third in the southwest.
Experimental work. The work of the last two years with
the codling moth was continued the present season with ex-
tremely gratifying results. Comparative tests were made to
ascertain the value’ of but one spraying just after the blossoms
fall, with a similar treatment supplemented by a second appli-
cation about three weeks later, namely, about the time when
the young codling moth larvae enter the fruit. The third plot
received, in addition to the two sprayings described above, a
thorough application the latter part of July, designed especially
to control the second brood. One plot, in continuance of the
work of last year, was given only one application about three
weeks after the blossoms dropped simply to test the relative
value of this treatment. Check or unsprayed trees were left
for comparison in each of the series.
Location and treatment of plots. Series 1 The experiments
in this series were conducted in the young orchard belonging
to Mr W. H. Hart of Arlington, N. Y., near Poughkeepsie and
located close to Briggs Station on the Hopewell branch of the
Central New England Railroad. The orchard is on a moderately
high hill, the trees being thrifty, about 17 years old, 18 to 20
feet high and 30 feet apart. The experimental trees were in
all cases Baldwins. Each plot consisted of approximately 42
trees, 6 trees in a row one way and 7 in a row the other way,
the central 6 being the actual experimental trees. These latter
were carefully selected for uniformity in size, fruitage and
infestation. The one exception to the arrangement outlined
above occurred in plot 4 and the check trees. These latter
were the central 2 of the usual 6 experimental trees, while the
other 4 in the center of a plot containing 42 trees received only
the one late application. All of the barrier trees were sprayed
at the usual time. This modification was made because the
owner did not wish to have too many trees unprotected or only
partially protected from codling moth work. The systematic
and thorough commercial spraying of the two preceding years
had served to keep this orchard in excellent condition and, as
a consequence, there was not an excessive infestation by the
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII I
Sat
codling moth. The conditions we consider typical of a well-
kept commercial orchard. Plots 1, 2 and 3 were located in the
northern end of the orchard on a gently sloping side hill, the
actual experimental trees being separated from adjacent wood-
land by at least three barrier trees. The conditions were fairly
uniform, the plots producing respectively 16,638, 19,994 and
20,926 apples. It will thus be seen that the largest yield was
on plots 2 and 3 and, as a consequence, the test for the single
spraying was fully as severe as in the case of the trees receiving
two and three applications. Plot 4 and the check trees were
located near the southern end of the orchard and bore relatively
less fruit.
The trees were sprayed for the first time May 18th. The
day opened with rain about 7 o’clock, continuing to nearly 9,
and then breaking with showers till about 11 o’clock, sprinkling
again at 1.45 and with a few showers till about 4.20 p. m., at
which time it poured. Spraying began at about 1.25 p.m. on
plot 2 at which time there was a slight breeze. The treatment
of the actual experimental trees was completed by 1.35 and then
working southward those of plot 1 were finished by 1.46. A
sprinkling of rain began at 1.45 and was rather lively at 1.46,
stopping at 2 p.m. The leaves at this time were partly flooded
with rain but there was no marked dripping. An examination
of the experimental trees in plots 2 and 1 showed that in the
former, sprayed some ten minutes before the rain began to fall,
there was very little or no washing, while in plot 1 those trees
which had been completed just a few minutes before the rain
came, showed some washing though this was limited largely
to the carrying of the poison to the lower edge of the leaf where
it settled in large drops. There was very little dripping and
probably nothing was washed from the blossom ends of the
young fruit. Spraying on the barrier trees was started at 2.10
p.m., at which time the trees were wet but not dripping. The
experimental trees on plot 3 were sprayed at 3.15 p.m., the
foliage being dry. The work in this entire plot was completed
about 3.45, though some of the barrier trees on plot 2 were not ,
finished till nearly 4 p.m., at which time there was a sprinkling
of rain, it pouring by 4.20. Only 150 gallons were necessary
to cover most of four rows in plots 1 and 2, or 59 trees.
The spray applied consisted of 7'%4 pounds of Grasselli’s
arsenate of lead (15 per cent arsenic oxid) and 41% gallons of
16 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
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Fig. 1 Plan of Part of the Orchard Belonging to W. H. Hart, Pough-
keepsie, Showing the Location of the Plots in Series 1
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 7
a concentrated lime-sulfur wash (31° Baumé) to each 150 gal-
lons. The pressure was maintained at from 150 to 160 pounds.
The spraying was from the ground, the hose being tied to long
bamboo rods and the nozzles were of the later Friend type with
apertures which had been worn somewhat by earlier work with
a lime-sulfur wash and the spray was therefore rather coarse.
Plots 1, 2 and 3 and the barrier trees on plot 4, in which latter
were located the check trees, were thoroughly sprayed at this
time.
Plots 2 and 3 were sprayed a second time June 8th and the
four trees comprising plot 4 for the first and only time on the
- same day. The weather conditions were perfect, there being
a light northwest wind. The material was the same as em-
ployed in the earlier application. The entire orchard was then
in fine condition. There had been a little burning by the spray
on some of the northern spy trees but nothing of the kind was
observed on the Baldwins in the experimental plots. Many of
the branches showed six or more inches of new growth. Aphids
were more or less abundant but not present in sufficiently large
numbers to cause serious damage, though a few injured apples
were noted in plot 2. Some of the fruit was more or less in-
jured by a green fruit worm or Cacoecia larva. Seven injured
apples were picked from tree 2B and as many from one of the
barrier trees in the plot.
The third application to plot 3 was made July 26th, three
gallons of spray being used for each tree and an average of a
minute being required for the treatment of each tree. An ex-
amination at this time showed almost no wormy apples on plot
I, even in the case of trees sprayed just before the rain. Prac-
tically the same conditions obtained in plots 2 and 3.
September 28th the spray material was very perceptible and
in some instances rather abundant upon the foliage. There was
much more russeting or burning of the fruit on plot 3 and the
injured areas (plate 6) were checking considerably.
A tabulation of the data is given below.
1&
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Series 1, plot 1 (Sprayed once)
CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT
TOTAL
TREE eee FRUIT End
Per Per Erd | and | Side | Exit | Exit
Total cent Total cent |wormy) side |wormy hole | hole
wormy
I 2
(Ao) Ags. 22) 04 sha PSC Masri et. bom Oa Sealeereetor share 9 Ee (apiece
Sepianton serene 21 TS eae hearse Fl eee a tl We tert a eek 3 Po ee ae
3 iy) Ce a De ciee Atul e seats Sle anak Dl 43, dae
Sept. 26-28 ae BOL6r | Pence Tee tee 2 I 7 eae) (cme
3841] 3818 | 99.40 23 60 5 fi 17 fl evn
Bre Aue 22) eed ee 31 2 Nt Heaton DNs goveaetel| piacere yer tere 2 24 | ee
Sept siyes occ s 14 a eas Pall Washes eae ns oe 3 1 [ee
¥ 17 TAM ecole ost = | lee RAP (Pawel are ct Bi lh tare onl earerate
Sept. 26-28 { Gea LP eA NM eharat sea Bel eee es : am A Ag Piel ee ss |r at
1794] 1778 | 99.11 16 .89 TiO hereon te 15 Selene as
Gulag ise Fo era. FEO) (ers ee (ol beavers | larry Ae Alber este 6 Oil stsctoe
Septei sp sear 48 etal) ie ean (ol a 2 I 2 ra RAS 4
z 45 Se al (ERR IE a SLi ane 2 I 5 se Ce Se
Sept. 26-28 SS5OSSAR lo ore ce Te Marek eens Aaa tee conan 13 oye Arun
4071} 4035 | 99.12 360 .88 8 2 26 TALI PE She ke, 6
Tn ais zee fe 58 DS PAlitain, aietocs 1 Nes tide Ay | a curr neg I nd Needs
Sepia TStneacae 19 Wey dl Prerchre ore Aitait, SA ea tea ee ce pila 4 BS Sete
te 14 TSM erate 1 eS oe ioe 5 Gl nena cca Ie
Sept. 26-28 T788| DHSS lh nss ee alleeeaeee A I I 3 ra eee
1879 1868 | 99.41 Ir 59 tT] 2 8 Av enews
En Ate e229 tans TOA, LOM, || ei taees Bll torn cst Allene ese ais. - 5) BSS ae
Sept. Deere any 26 BAG their: BARE Br sai heehee Coote eaters 2 Te eek
Yi OA Maal hese Cond Es bs ae Koei ae (eaten ) Ojiltivaarete
Sept. 26-28 { 2890| 2884 |....... cal Weed | I 13 Pia eae
3953 3033 | 99.34 20 66 r | I 18 “fl esc
PO PAtig 62275 4. ones 68 Co el Ne See ha lp linn Aa all pene eto e ECE 5 Rey aie] Naeem I(T
Sep reich aden Il Bese ao ST Rr ae a ed fate see 3 at ee
. = 15, OG ences nant Oy litacaoss I | 2 70ers
Sept. 26-28... { 1906 1901 |....... eel (on Ramee 2 | Joe Silene Ales
2000 10983 | ONES rz 4) 28s sy | 6 8 Bled ee
Grand total... 16638 16515 | 99.26 | 123 | -74 | 19 | 12 92 AO? h Bi..
TREE
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII
rg
Series 1, plot 2 (Sprayed twice)
DATE
Grand total..
CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT
TOTAL |
iad 12) 12) End | ae Side | E
er | er n an ide xit | Exit
Total | cent | Total) cent wormy| side |wormy| hole | hote
wormy
| | r | 2
2770 (p20 |tercesttsers Th oe cone aconak | cae 7 AD 55 cfoxe
33 BO! lane in te Eel Grescie sea | eos | I 2 echt li opera
{ 64 Sciatic, Oe | Gualickaeen were ae te 5 i als ane
3940] 3923 | Strodolot Uy) Mie Boab 2 | I Pe WAG. accdl ho Quorae
4397) 4274 | 99.23 | 33 crt] fa 2 28 Sie Ee: sees
202) TLO Gee erechersatel| AY Mardigity oS] }0 Glos 6 Gl NerOROAN 4 7a es ste
25 Dine leerad athe ON eee reier rel [ieceyes Stay i) Oilseed atta
{ 48 yo ial Veep ove rc Tel era eerste ls itr eceell Sp avsietic, ¢ BPP ore oil orion
Basses ahi ieractaeere A Navassa thet hedeterairs I 3 5 Ol | Beene
3630| 3621 | 99.75 9 DSTA esas ehey | I 8 Till feo
TEOM DUS villeecreesrerend LU | ovat oucot chat fats Gestantsrrel|itasctai re tole I Te |Kabatecsrs
39 BO basses BS vilfereecrrettacn Alte sete: ceeball ieee ae ne « 3 1h lee topany
{ 60 Bierce GAMIUE scape Bel VoneRetas o) A) [ent ae ae 2 Te toe atts
histo) lee pie{o) Niwa ae. ccc OV) ey cromtoreell cuomexerevail fee atnes (a) OI bois
3354) 3348 | 99.82 6 pats) | egeens oll tayalovare, « 6 Biel leucrator
Cele) MOG llowescac 7 Hl nero ene TOMI EAS | I 2 M2 Ae
48 AG neta BW Neambowe Ties aylerstays I i | ec eee
{ 83 i Su pero ia TOG eae Srchmenaie eras eo mclours 10 I I
3001 S807. |pareiert Ja alee tees Fae Wey. Sarak ca Whe 4 TRE one sve
4269} 4251 | 90.58 | 18 42 | 7} alee oe | 16 5 I
128) Merz Ow leer | Pets oa Ss nc een eee ae | 2 Zia ae
18 SH |loxeatencironel TS \oera cecleve ao Oar ol each 5 Bil Syed.
{ 43 Xe), liawerg acer | Ala eee oh cdar at Neves dope ey| cose exae 4 CE er
uatoyill peueye WES GAG oo ES areata onn ana cchas Nc aes Be Ee Pa Ne eats Ue tale
1383| 1369 | 98.98 | 14 Te ODM ey ate veapailekela cas, 2 | 14 Guitoom
repel aitt fh lGuege se Aloe wave a Panetta ond tral Chee ae 4 4 ere
28 Ay \\odoanbd Lied | uetcuestek<\ ctatay ct syrasaiiadl siete pase I 0) ae ane
{ 45 BAM s eusvsnoters LUI aoa cts Ae aieeten es senators ty ass I Tey \Peleusy ote
28AT 2A oie creer MSA tes x scrie hace wee yesk devel (ehaietae 5 neal eee ae
3051) 3040 | 99.64 | Ir SON ets | et: le aie Ghee are
1999419903 | 99.54 | OF Sn ee uence eds sae iz
20
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Series 1, plot 3 (Sprayed thrice)
TREE
|
CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT
TOTAL
ea rai P P End Eat Side | E |
eral er n an ide xit Exit
Total cent Total cent |wormy| side |wormy, hole hole
wormy
I 2
Aion/22i, onus’ 207|| 9206 |.2<-.-. ron adda Be Feremcacicd Seeeeaa rel). athe eecu
SEpPE. KS ese a sie 26 AGN actavcxove 3 CONE ester eaes| borckate? fey laretac c= Oth te ees he
Cs LOS|) §LO7! cums. cic Me 5 A:.0-eheuclt here Suptel fous tetonctue Wihia‘ocroee haveierene
Sept. 26-28 sy Nance B87 Nene ee Bi ne cid tied aainekde come ead 2 ad Pat
4222) 4218 | 99.90 4 DOM ye sete vshel|tetsiere tore 4 TAR ee
Alig? 22% 5.25.55 ESS PRUS2e i ane ecekye hl REO a od Gio Sol lea ae 3 5 Ba) Dee pce
Sept. U5enius an 22 BOW hei statete Ovi Olas cootete Ol parce ores
¥ 73 GO aesec ses ALON ie, ate tops Ae Sec 2 s al rac
Sept. 26-28 (ace Datiq eleaieaae Gi. 2S ech Sa eg thee ee 6 Fil ee
| 2473) 2460 | 90.47 13 53 | 7 Ds eG al) eee
BAG 22) hee ene ts | TOK ATG2” Wics asec BP Hag, scareteos| loiter opened oe lolshctete 3 apie oy
Sept. T5eni sa 14 TA Stare vers Lf, hohe coh oreretellte, ate voverel| tavocantere I Topeak
% SAl Cees Sul ecules Li BREE rates | orci bl (Geka RPAR I Taloe ok
Sept. 26-28 { apap evGns |e cee han OP elt ct eel eee a es On| ee aera
2714) 2709 | 99.81 5 ridalel Ne cone ba tetie i Meee. yi De
ING DR teal css ZOU: SAW Weve srescsrs Teh | saya ete 2 | sores 15 ni eee
Sept. E50 ss orc 52 ATs bese Bi Neve basal Tate ee 4 Siler
i, 75 Ghumel yh ratn oan A Rae tiege Bil As Saree 2 23a ne
Sept. 26-28 Beri) en || gous CN eevee I 2 5 STi
4347| 4313 | 99.22 34 -78 6 | 2 | 261 | x20) ene
Ago B27 ee 890 SSiilkus sees Tp (ves, se beers | OH Gers he I Neto
BeptaLsec en seis TES | WTS sass ease (vn [ergo meh cee Ol. hota veduorted oa aes ace | eee | shores
4 82, Wea hare boo LOW] Settaseie SB yilistarsiehete 7 Sia| cratiee
Sept. 26-28 2901| 2901 |....... OF Pee se AIA es es | ec oe eee a ee
| 3185] 3174 | 99.65 II 435 Fal oneee re Srl Walckese
ENERO cha 3 taal) xia fas tee Oris ares aoe Ohllineee 9 SL
Sept. Seu tee 29) 26 Borne ton! eRe ILE oy orayatens hal leer tes fo) Olsson
ks T5ail) KISS |lse ster T'Sfai fave arciaere Siieaeees 12 Bt eee
Sept. 26-28 3682] 3680 |. 5:5... ay iy Pt ie a oh Te pe PBR eras cece
Jen}
$985) 3956)(00- 27 1 2D) eas ale nO Naas a: a3 ||) Peleeces
—————SS=_=_E_=_=S SSO ——F So md
Grand total.. 20926 20850 | 99.54 96 | .46 | 17 2 77 | AO weterate
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII Zit
Series 1, plot 4 (Sprayed once, late)
| CLEAN FRUIT | WORMY FRUIT
TOTAL | |
TREE DATE seen 3 : cas nd sient
er | er | En an ide xit | Exit
Total cent Total cent |wormy] side |wormy, hole | hole
| wormy |
| I 2
| | La
Am Atig a2 ieeeiee TST 78) ae here all Bm crs sere" | 1 Gail eas ee 2 Ty | Peer
Septe. T5igeccces| 42 22, |Samnaels 20M 7 3 10 AbAliesevotars
f. LOZ 5 Osun cetera E\oallatronno 10 2 27 alhaverehatts
Sept. 26-28 eee ATES Nonoonks Frit al leseecheeore 8 6 BET|| oe Or wie
3030| 29021 | 96.40 109 3.60 26 II 72 18 | nasal
Bi PACS 220) ccc: 73 60) race ae Te ll aeeayennere 4 3 6 7 Waves
Depts TS enc 53 KOK ewan 43 erate tel 25 5 13 22 We a as
a 35 Ou ea atiee 26) Inia der oF 13 Opler
Sept. 26-28 Bvt G7 lho dace Siri | eens 24 21 Zs) || “HO Iloodor
1009} 846 | 83.84 163 | 16.16 59 36 68 Oy aa an
(Ci), Aiea eS Geen ole LitstW! Seeig(sy |lainacosc LO! |cracra stare 2 I 7 Guia.
SEP ts D5 ie apc a 30 2 are etek D5 lirevarersieyte 5 3 7 A Nocoieete
os 51 SOM shoei TS halllatetspetey ale 3 3 9 5 ewes
Sept. 26-28 aes bY ie tes bio Oe SOK terse 15 4 20 CS ette
2720| 2641 | 97.09 | 79 2.91 25 It 43 220 ae
D | Aug. 22. 70) LSM erreiey tees | BAe ese eee Dl eteyescrsce 17 Teles
Sin UGino open 78 100) edo oans I) OH edosobalh ee) 15 18 ZOU aohavete
76 ait | oreaneicone BISA ereeeeateeite 13 | 35 TU erage
Sept. 26-28 eek TSOGH Meee 76) | esene: lr 15 Aawinao || eae
2210) 1985 | 89.82 225 | 10.18 76 37 112 7i8) our
Grand total..| 8969] 8393 | 93.57 | 576 | 6.43 | 186 Gis |] Bes || aes Ib ab on
{ | |
Series 1, check trees (Unsprayed)
| CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT
| TOTAL as er
TREE DATE etre i a an, End
| er er n an Side | Exit | Exit
| Total | cent Total cent |wormy| side |wormy| hole |} hole
| wormy
I 2
> Gall aN bl =aee ee ee TOO) TOSs lee ee OLR as. 51 5) 30 BARR eer.
Septs U5ticer- =| 152 CN 5 oc.ceo oo 13 ano Be [ee eri 20 Ala lltencanete
3 | 92 34> \\scctsrnmee ED A croitesttene I 12 30 24 2
Sept. 26-28.... eal ZANT Taal | ene EES) leery ce 49 24 40 Brel xe pfon
| 2967| 2580 | 86.95 2879) £3.05 204 | 63 E20 |r 2
BV an PATIO 8 G2 arte crstst's\| 145 7 DT lWeuaratpctrene (EM Somcctet 32 18 23 ZO errs
Siomainagaugen 131 T.Ol ||ccatere tenets bs a nshayete er 20 25 AGU les eae
i Kjf aeons} Beh Voboo oon OM \icbotenet evel I 20 38 Sit) Noodoc
Sept. 26-28.... { ne! WE lo ooc coc TAU Aieeee 58 45 46 | 46 I
| 2370| 1960 | 82.70 410 | 17.30 175 103 132 | 153 I
Grand total..| 5337) 4540 | 85.06 797 | 14.94 379 166 252 | 285 3
22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
A study of the above data reveals several very interesting
facts. The 16,638 apples of plot 1 are fairly evenly distributed
between the 6 trees, the numbers ranging from 1794 to 4071.
The average percentage of worm-free fruit is 99.26, the indi-
vidual trees varying from 99.11 to 99.41. The total wormy fruit
is only 123, one tree having but 11, while the maximum is 36.
The number of end wormy per tree varies from 1 to 10, while
the side wormy range from 10 to 28, a total of 31 end wormy
and 104 side wormy. Assuming that the percentage of infested
fruit on the check trees in this series is typical for the plot, we
find that one application has reduced the infestation by 14 per
cent, or resulted in removing from the wormy column some
2329 apples, about 4% barrels. The cost of spraying the 6 trees
was 48 cents, or less than 12 cents for each barrel of fruit kept
from being thrown into second-class or cider apples as an out-
come of injury by codling moth. The financial returns from
this transaction are apparent.
The 19,994 apples of plot 2 range in number per individual
tree from 1383 to 4307. The percentage of sound fruit is 99.54,
a variation for individual trees of from 98.98 to 99.82. The
total wormy is only 91, there being only 8 of these end wormy
and 8&6 side wormy. ‘The end wormy per tree vary from nothing
to 5, while the side wormy range from 6 to 30. The second
treatment resulted in an additional gain of slightly over % of
I per cent (.28 per cent) over the single treatment for plot 1.
Obviously, the returns from this second spraying are relatively -
less than in the case of the first.
The total fruit in plot 3 amounts to 20,926, individual trees
producing from 2473 to 4347. The percentage of worm-free
fruit was exactly the same as in plot 2, 99.54, the variations
ranging from 99.22 to 99.90. There were a few more wormy
apples than in plot 2, namely, 96, 19 of these being end wormy
and 79 side wormy. There appears to have been no material
benefit in the case of this plot, resulting from the third spraying.
This is more probably chargeable to the extreme thoroughness
of the first two applications rather than being attributable to
any defect in method. The margin of less than ™% per cent
(.46 per cent) is so small that at best only a very slight differ-
ence could be expected.
Plot 4 comprises only 4 trees producing 8969 apples, indi-
vidual trees yielding from r1oog to 3030. The percentage of
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 23
worm-free fruit was 93.57, individual trees varying from 83.84
to 97.09. ‘There were 576 wormy apples, 281 being end wormy
and 390 side wormy. ‘The great relative increase in end wormy
apples is apparent at once and is easily explained by the one
application being so late that it was impossible thoroughly to
poison the floral organs and the calyx cavity. Even this treat-
ment was worth while if compared with the results on unsprayed
trees, since in this plot we have an average of over 93% per cent
of sound fruit as compared with a trifle over 85 per cent on the
check trees, a gain of 8% per cent or of over 760 sound apples,
approximately a barrel and a half at a cost for spraying of
about 32 cents. The treatment paid for itself, though the profit
was not nearly so great as in the case of the first application.
The two check trees produced 5337 apples, one yielding 2370,
the other 2967. The average percentage of sound fruit was
85.06, while the number of wormy apples was 797, 545 of these
being end wormy and 418 side wormy. A comparison of these
figures with those of plots 1, 2 and 3 show at once that the
major portion of the benefit from the early applications at least
is in the destruction of the codling moth caterpillars as they
attempt to enter the calyx end of the young fruit. These data
simply confirm the importance of making the first spraying at
the proper time and doing it most thoroughly, since it is the
early application which gives the most benefit.
Series 2. The experiments in this series were conducted in
the orchard of Mr Edward VanAlstyne at Kinderhook, N. Y.
Plot 1, comprising greenings, was located on the southwestern
side of the road next the shed. Plot 2 was some rows farther
north and west on the same side of the road, plot 3 several
rows still farther north on the east side of the road, and plot
4, comprising only two trees, on the west side of the road and
near two check trees. The relative location of the trees in plot
4 and the checks was nearly the same as in Mr Hart’s orchard,
though owing to the uneven setting of fruit a symmetrical dis-
tribution was impossible. All of the trees except in plot I were
Baldwins. The conditions in plots 1 to 3 were fairly uniform,
these plots producing respectively, 20,802, 34,019, and 31,119
apples. The largest yields were therefore limited to the plots
receiving the most sprayings and, as a consequence, the test
for the single application was rather more severe.
24 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
The treatment was substantially the same as in series I, ex-
cept that lead arsenate (15% per cent arsenic oxid), manufac-
tured by the Interstate Chemical Co., was used at the rate of
15 pounds to 250 gallons of water, and a concentrated home-
made lime-sulfur wash, 40-80 formula (27° Baumé) was used
at the rate of 1 gallon to 25 of the spray. ‘The spraying began
May 23d. The trees were 18 to 25 feet high and the work
slower and if anything more careful than in series 1. The
tower was used, one man being located on this and the other
with an extension nozzle operating from the ground. There
was probably considerably more liquid applied per tree than in
the preceding series. The blossom ends were well sprinkled
but there was practically no penetration of the poison to the
inner calyx cavity. The leaves were well covered with the
poison and rarely flooded. There were still a few blossoms on
the ends of the limbs. The eastern barrier rows of plot 1 were
completely spraved on the first day, and the three rows next the
driveway and west were sprayed from the east side beginning
with the experimental trees in plot 1. The next day, the 24th,
a few of the remaining trees were sprayed with the wind in the
opposite direction, though nearly constant showers seriously
hindered operations. The remainder of the plots, including the
barrier trees, were finished May 25th. Trees A and B on plot
2 were sprayed on the morning of the 24th, the application being
followed shortly by heavy showers. The spray, however, could
be seen upon the foliage the following day. The weather dur-
ing both the 24th and 25th was rather showery and spraying
was frequently interrupted.
Plots 2, 3 and 4 were sprayed June 19th. The weather was
bright and clear with a light southeast wind. The work began
at 9.30 a.m. and. was completed at 3.15 p.m. The B tree in
plot 2 contained a nest of fall webworms; this was also true of
one of the barrier trees. There was throughout the orchard
considerable crinkling and yellowing of leaves, which might be
attributed to former applications were it not that the unsprayed
trees on plot 4 as well as the check trees exhibited the same
conditions. There had been an excellent growth and the foliage
had a good color. The fruit presented a fine appearance and
there was an excellent setting with but few exceptions.
Plot 3 was sprayed for the third and last time July 29th, using
only arsenate of lead in the proportions previously employed.
25
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQITI
xX Expt. Trees Baldwin
Oo Other appk trees
© Che ck trees
© Plum tees
@ Peach Trees
O Cherry trees
a
Location of the Plats in Series 2
-_-_—
Plan of Orchard Belonging to Edward Van Alstyne, Kinderhook, Sadwiaz th
Fig. 2
26 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
The application was thorough and was confined to the six ex-
perimental trees. There was a slight breeze though not suff-
cient to interfere with operations. The trees on plot I were
well laden, healthy, and the fruit was developing very nicely.
Very few or no wormy apples were seen and there were very
few on the ground. A rather large number of small apples
were on the ground in plot 2, the drop probably being
the result of drought. There were a number with brown,
scabby areas on the side exposed to the sun, probably due to
sun scald. There were very few or no wormy apples. There
was abundant fruit on plot 3 except on small portions of one or
two trees. There was rather more injury to the fruit possibly
than on plot 2 and certainly more than on plot 4. The spray
was evident on the foliage and very few or no wormy apples
were to be seen. Some wormy fruit was seen on plot 4 but not
so much as on the checks. Some of the apples were injured
by sun scald though not so much as on plot 2. Some were badly
checked later (plate 7). There were only two trees on plot 4
with a good setting of fruit. The checks bore markedly more
wormy apples than the other trees and had practically no fruit
injured by sun scald.
A tabulation of the data follows:
TREE
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII
DATE
Aug. 24
Aug. 24
-*
seen eee
Grand total..
Series 2, plot 1 (Sprayed once)
CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT
{TOTAL | a
FRUIT n : .
Total Per Total Per End | and | Side Exit pat
a! | cent cent |wormy| side |wormy| "¢ © - €
wormy
ZAAi, S258 |i @ ||Sacsnec|(doo tn olledeaoe 6 2m |lenettols
6201) GG220 pees Pi leys eres rete Teo egerater sts Gk lheleralone ters
{ TSA L6G |p. ates TSittehescrst te I 16 QW ereranss
2895) 2805" |e eerie Orn alle rahe noneho. s oe ee tf Aer BOM Napetallio create
3952| 3804 | 98.53 58 1.47 3 I 54 ADA evatreltalya
2I3) LOG |r emeteters i Oy jie) Pen ene Zia letcoret ah 21 = 15 LAN | otstexare
2501) $3470 |achriae 2M | peaetccare es Mea ete sar GTA Wretets ellisy s eeece
{ 234" TBO leet AG tlc ae 3 I 41 Sei Raae
2120)" 2000) |b nies On [one 2 2 35 Cn eee
29035| 2822 | 96.15 I13 3.83 8 3 102 CIE NOP rs
281i) 273 \eattelete SU lh neyetohewedel teretereiae |tercvelone 6 3 Zs i|layelerese
3805 S74 newest OF las atqeees P| letevers =i 3 5 Syl eka 2
250] (2449 |e We Nn sa aodo|loucaos|ieeoaed 12 lane
3B A451 3333" lepine T2'> ets wetter 7a \iere caren Lilg" aravae tellers
4262) 4229 | 99.22 33 -78 Dey |i Phar ce si 31 Obl Recor
ZAG) DARN een: BN apaccrabehers TUN ley ny os I TN etna
660]) 648012 225223 TO Net ccvetene 2a Wrayalayrats 10 Gi ravens
{ TAs SEA erator TO 8 | eaecnapeee brave eke I 9 C1 eee 2
2205 is 2TOS eters TFs |e caveenstseol ne hevaar I 16 GO Sis creche
3258] 3217 | 98.74 41 1.26 3 2; 36 T5 |.----
253)" 1226 is nee ae Thea Seem aC | ees 6 Stat ovek als
AS3\ ~ AGGY lactis ee ET Vovenctors es I re 15 Oe ie sake
TO3!\/ TSO) |herayoresetens a are oe tye BDU tev svevevs Co eran | Puolsicle
2269|\12'253)\ |v ots EO, | ctsvatcrerats 2 I 13 Cie lac, arene
3178 | 3131 | 98.52 | 47 1.48 5 2 40 TOO secrets
LOS | TSSalaqeoeee is ty ae Dp | nena. 9 iy poeae
SI BE Wino dcads “Eh lle Sonus 2 5 21 9 2
ZAZb ‘TOA \fatersusters 2B |e yore 3 I 24 (0 | aan
245'7| 2404) Ve tareteiene AS Sashaarers || ae AQ ia al i cuatets
3217) 3108 | 96.61 109 3.39 7 6 96 20 2
20802/20401 | 98.07 401 1.93 28 14 359 ean 2
28
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Series 2, plot 2 (Sprayed twice)
| /
TOTAL |
TREE DATE “FRUIT.
Total
A Aug. 242... site 403} 395
Septicrg ic «h-ietere 270; 257
Oct J 567) 562
Cimicecahodar (4024 4020
5264) 5234
Ba | PAtign 2a rect 429, 420
Sept. 292. -0 = 449 ria
53 O07
Octs Seem terror (eee 5720. |
| 7286 7167
Gul Apa an ie siya 513 506
| Sept. 19....... 800 775
| 950; 92
Octhksnacuichte 3522| 3507
| 5785| 5716
Dy | Aue tegn . ctsees- 309 300
Septoria eer 319 a
425| 381 |
| Octe Sai eter (Bees 3081
4155| 4053
E | IMCB LEA Boa abc 253) 242
|) WEDEA LOh iss oie nae 130
4 452
Ota Sno eeteete { 4480! 4466
5379 5290
1 PB eae 451\ 443
| Septaioe-cyincts 4I2| 372
Oct. 5 J 635 596
| eo Deeererrnee \ 4661 4639
6159 6050
| Grand total.. | 34019 33510
| CLEAN FRUIT
wee eee
97-54
98.51
| 98.23
98.50
WORMY FRUIT
| ena |
End and Side
'wormy, side wormy
wer
Sou aia cies ea 8
i fal | sega II
iiieOle elon bo Se 5
toa A clls acne 4
a ites, ede 28
SN acne] ete ee te 9
6 | 4 23
4| 10] 32]
I 3 | 27
Ta 17 fone
I soca 2 6
I |} 3 21
3 i 18
3 2 10
8 6 55
=———— Sa
ve) anh tee 7
3 Ff 18
5 9 30
2 2 a7,
I2 18 72
it | Werte Ss 10
2 2 7
I 4 20
7d eee 12
6 6 68
Di ils cacepeete 7
hal eoeecaee 35
8 7 24
aidoncte getisine Gee beta att a 22
14 | fh 88
ie} 54 402
Exit | Exit
hole | hole
I 2
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 29
Series 2, plot 3 (Sprayed thrice)
CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT
|
} TOTAL
TREE DATE aaa E : ua End Pi Exit | Exit
Li er, er n an 1de
Total cent Total cent |wormy| side |wormy pele hole
wormy aoe
AGI Septsilencccisats 308) 2OAMllrerelsterars (Vlg eee OB 8 I 35 DORN actene
Septii2tis ccc. 380) B58. lester D2 |e cara Srovat A \lpaoade 15 Thiel Voc, tke
CHEM) (ae Nooooone HAE \noaoeoo 3 2 9 Sh llocdoo
Oct. 9......... { 2074| 2050 |..-.-+- resi |e eee 2 3 10 eae
| Saat
3390] 3295 | 97.20 95 2.80 20 6 €9 ARMS epee
BME Septseleascrcic st O25\|) ($08) |rieree Crea Aeon 2 3 22 TO Wek
Septet 2kes weve I154| 1145 |...-.-- OW \Soeunee 3 3 3 Spal eerste
E332|| T3270 eee Br lineceisharcts B Nee eloes Wal ies Bel (A hae
Oct. 2 and 9 { Stal AS lsaacocc cial eed le I I I Th
| 6982] 6038 | 99.37 44 63 8 7 29) 20} 5%
CriPMep tee Lars. 34,21 | ABYMW OG Noein ose Tl eietepsterays 2 Nein Gan It YN tore cairo
EDU 2Ei cis steels aa AA) PAO We dooce MeN | Gea guss Sie leavers A ailacasa
TOOL|) | (OO2) eee eee QO) eccvers meats | orsew se 3 ASA aay he
Oct.9.......-. { 3500) S55 6rnl rae eesier ill ete stare Thala ro-teyere Te lererecalt mea at
piesa,
5447| 54II | 99.34 30 .66 8 3 25 TOI soe
D Sephit see. 2750 5358 lease Beal ateueene 3 3 DE TO | ee
ED OspzIEet es are cic } BOA 587) \\\serete cite Ti dll sucweueue ake ATA enatever te 3 BE ereneiars
Oct. 9 | { 1139] 1120 |....... SE.) Pe ahewons Vall eve raped ccs 2 8 Tale ee
Seige aa 20300 2037 a llevvetatae 27) | Petros Mena lReviasteltellotia' | Strenveeliet'e 2 ta eee
5047| 50II | 99.28 36 af? 7 5 24 ZO) | eee eee
E Septitis 22.50% 246 i PX M5 ceo tc TOW ee a deree h Esai lege isres ats al QM es a oe
Nepter2is cee. os 270\ 25 Ae areeere TO), |S csiceessec 8 2 6 (O14 | Ra ee
O87" OGG) I eexete eae Si listrateetete 1 alld enero 7 Te) | Pectcnene
Oct. 9.......5, oe S244 eee ia Sees Wi cpa Fi Balle
| 4744| 4703 | 99.14 4I -83 12 2 27 20 lan ee,
Bp eSeptates voc 3 I> 3604 16820 amram Tiles ae AG \|esrius Slavonia
9
Sept. 20. 6.255. 1333033 ee aecer Balhae Tah | avers ake Te llocketeral| aeavoate
Wf E42]! LASS” ices cxsoal| accretcenst | tarereeterereltevetavey tall SiePeg aia) silanes areas lloxere oral | eee
Oct 9........ 5) { ZO50|) 2058) We eierertee t ooonacollasaquclisad aoe Eeilliteete arel| enevencie
5500] 5494 | 99.73 15 so Sellltarsectereis be) Omatase
Grand total. . 3III9 30852 99.14 2607 .86 60 23 184 QD xsranis
30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Series 2, plot 4 (Sprayed once, late)
CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT
TREE DATE jeatand End b 4
Totat} Per |otai| Per | End | and | Side | Pat | ite
oh cent cent |wormy| side |wormy . =
wormy
AY WC AUS: BSicr io 66 OTe ASSN ln scn 0 Siels BAA Were a ote 171 ae T2T i atop lense
Sept, 20.06. .55 T4A0|) (QSL) Vaik eo 15 ASOV| settee 245 06 148 | 339 14
Oct. 6 lege OAT E Nace sss BOO) [ered sass 86 92 I9t | 107 6
ae sD BOS SOVSE | <2 <i 3024) aa none 64 68 170 OO" || etsiaree
7188) 5704 79.35 | 1484 | 20.65 566 288 630 | 735 20
Ba Aug, 2525 «sss Pan CALSS | as.s.oeir ls 3ign| 2 aoe 116 ro | 7 186 | 256 |. 20...
SEpPt i205 vec se TAAG SSB lic. ccc, isle a 6T23 ec ane-k 279 94 239 | 311 9
Oct. 6 { 737| 477 |----+-- 260915 san nee 67 26 165 74 I
gt aD te 3887) 3067 ||... 0.0. 220Uhsaaaeee 67 24 129 39 I
6796| 5392 | 79.34 | 1404 | 20.66 529 156 719 | 680 II
|
C4] SAU Bea. bee 68 AAR fare otete DAN aoeeeete 9 4 II TOs ase
Septi2Oees ber LEO) USLalts cote 25a chk te II 2 12 TAC hs hes
52 377 bil c,t0i cet Suan 4 3 8 Gul eae.
Oct. 6......... { Batl 2000 Ns. s bee A2i"| sop pee 15 7 207 |) TOU ear
617| SII 82.80 106 | 17.20 39 16 51 ‘SON bees siead
1 PAIS oye a 55's SA Ne (al ee 2O8E| eee 115 12 82 jitonn | ee
Sept.'20),.....% ARS DASH wy, cto Z5OR ores 120 46 90 | 130 2
Oct. 6 { S2e\ TO vs |'s 0a s0 ae ry teal eae ee, 18 29 78 47 2
itt. Same Ae E2UG) XLOOO |e. <tc12.> LLOU ioscan 35 31 | 53 Sl aremeern
2214| 1506 | 68.02 708 | 31.98 288 118 302 | 317 4
— = =e
Grand total..| 16815) 13113 | 77.98 | 3702 | 22.02 | 1422 578 | 1702 |1782 35
Series 2, check trees (Unsprayed)
CLEAN FRUIT | WORMY FRUIT
TOTAL \
TREE DATE Soca . i Se En d F erg oe
er er n an ide
Total cent | Total cent |wormy} side |wormy Boe nore
| wormy
Oe WOE Die Bat ws > 6 TANT|> \OGO! |i s ss.) HAZE lise cel 447 41 254 | 427 1.
Sept. 22-/-4..../> ABA) SOs c stnleccce et E322 ‘Waececene 585 249 488 | 770 21
Octa= 6: Ji 2043) S07) |2 22... || agOwleenrenae 131 113 192 | 126 5
eee hs U.4279) SOTO Nae sts wel) POOOMV sie enamels 168 137 205 al ass. 5
9518) 6418 | 67.43 | 3100} 32.57 | sean 540 | 1229 |1476 | 42
VRP AGP A A acd, 5,3 AEG! ALO 8 Nias sien ao fal eer 116 25 I12 | 160 4
DEDt 20es 55/2 707): 1s} Paar 796, |\c-s1 eter 431 149 216 | 364 5
Oceisee OM ASS Mase) isis 266))| seein 65 90 III 76 I
riche ZBAOW @AST \ on. seer | 395 |--.+..- 105 145 145 | 103 2
5152) 3442 | 66.81 | 1710 | 33.19 717 409 584 | 703 12
Grand total..| 14670! 9860 | 67.21 | 4810 | 32.79 | 2048 949 | 1813 |2179 54
TTF SS S$SS9SmaS$9$930.$3$SsS$3S9SsSsSss...sss.sssssssss Swe ue —wm—oohD)—(w——w«—wan—w—m—_n»>«n>«>«—m™”
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 31
Series 2 largely confirms the results obtained in series I
though the crop was somewhat larger, the trees older and con-
sequently more difficult to spray thoroughly. On the other
hand the nearly level ground facilitated the use of a tower,
while the greater abundance of the codling moth afforded a
more severe test of the efficacy of spraying.
Plot 1. produced 20,802 apples, the individual trees yielding
from 2935 to 4262. The average percentage of sound fruit was
98.07, the trees varying from 96.15 to 99.22. There were 401
wormy apples, the number per tree ranging from 33 to 109.
There were only 42 end wormy, while the great majority, 373,
were side wormy. ‘This one treatment resulted in saving nearly
21 per cent of what otherwise would have been wormy fruit or
about 4000 apples, approximately 8 barrels. This was effected
at a cost of about 60 cents or less than ro cents per barrel.
Plot 2 produced a total of 34,019 apples, the individual trees
yielding from 4155 to 7286. The average percentage of worm-
free fruit was 98.50, the trees varying from 98.23 to 99.43.
There were 509 wormy apples, 107 being end wormy and 456
side wormy. It will be noted that this second treatment re-
sulted in securing nearly % of 1 per cent (.43 per cent) more
sound apples than in the case of plot 1.
Plot 3 produced 31,119 apples, the individual trees yielding
from 3390 to 6982. The average percentage of sound fruit was
99.14, varying from 97.20 to 99.73. There were only 267
wormy apples, 83 being end wormy and 107 side wormy. ‘Tree
A for some reason or other gave distinctly less satisfactory re-
sults than the others. It produced over one-third of the wormy
apples and had a percentage of only 97.20, otherwise the average
percentage would have been perceptibly higher for this plot. As
it is, there were about I per cent more worm-free apples on
plot 3 than on plot 1, and it is possible that there should have
been 1% per cent additional sound fruit.
The four trees of plot 4 produced 16,815 apples, the indi-
vidual trees varying from 617 to 7188. The percentage of sound
fruit was 77.98, it varying from 68.02 to 82.80. There were 3702
wormy apples, 2000 of these being end wormy and 2280 side
wormy. Over one-quarter of this latter number included in
the totals of end wormy and of side wormy were end and side
wormy. Accepting the check trees as standard, this one late
application resulted in nearly 10 per cent additional sound fruit
or about 1600 apples, over three barrels, the one treatment cost-
32 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
ing approximately 40 cents. It paid for itself though the work
would have been much more profitable had it been done three
weeks earlier.
The check trees yielded 14,670 apples, the individual trees
5152 and 9518. The average percentage of sound fruit was
67.21, there being very little variation in this respect. These
two trees produced 4810 wormy apples, 2997 being end wormy
and 2762 side wormy. Here we have again most conclusive
evidence showing that the major portion of the protection ac-
crues from the first spraying as a result of its destroying young
codling moth caterpillars entering at the blossom end of the
fruit.
Series 3. Certain corroborative experiments were conducted
in the young orchard of Mr William Hotaling of Kinderhook,
N. Y. The trees are exceptionally fine, being only six or seven
years old, dwarf in habit and, as a rule, well laden for such
young trees. They are set in four rows, running approximately
north, with rows of peach trees between, and in the case of the
experimental areas the Wealthy apples alternate with Mackin-
tosh. Three plots were laid out, the trees invariably being on
the two middle rows. Plot 1 was limited to transverse rows
35, 30, 37 and 38, and plot 2 to transverse rows 39, 40, 41, 42,
43, 44 and 45, numbering from the house toward the railroad.
The check trees were in transverse rows 23, 24 and 25. The
trees were small and the spraying was very thorough, being
made by Mr Hotaling personally. He took special pains to
cover the under as well as the upper surface of the leaves, apply-
ing so much that there was considerable dripping. There was
relatively more spray material used for each tree than in any
other experiments during the season. Arsenate of lead (15 per
cent arsenic oxid) was used at the rate of 4 pounds to 44
gallons of mixture, and a home-made lime-sulfur wash (33°
Baumé) at a rate of 1 gallon to 30 gallons of spray. The
first treatment was given May 23d to plots 1 and 2. Plot 2 was
sprayed a second time June 19th, the treatment being limited
to the experimental trees and the barrier trees in the longitu-
dinal rows. At that time much of the fruit in this orchard
had dropped, though it was not attributed to the spraying.
There was some burning from the earlier application to the
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 33
barrier trees though there seemed to be no injury to the experi-
mental trees. . The orchard presented a fine appearance, many
twigs showing a growth of 8 or to inches. There was remark-
able freedom from insect injury though near the house one tree
had practically every apple injured by the codling moth.
The results secured in this series are tabulated below.
Series 3, Mackintosh, plot 1 (Sprayed once)
CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT
TOTAL
a re P P End | and | Side | Exit | Exit
er er n an ide
Total cent Total cent j|wormy] side |wormy nel Hole
wormy
— ania See res) ES
LAG ee a eta syaveveveycr oe) 20> 39 36 92.30 3 7.70 5 al PS Bee ae 2
1318 5 AOOUO CASO rete 3 2 66.66 I SS EISIAN Le) c, 5-5) ered Peubtenenste I
1 ea COSC HOOO OG 119 109 91.60 10 8.40 Cae ey 8
meer Ach cheesy cisice.cillcte jevareuls) | ate -ouetens, | Paotceoeoretete Pereretette al | Perctata cis ove |lats, cuszes | Poteuele cover] ayet'asauetel| [aheiahatone
Myre a detcisiervon gic || 34 29 85.30 5 14.70 I I 3
Mieitttersca ec eadesa st sieiecs 17 64 83.11 13 16.89 ' 2 8
pROtallsuvayee oie Jeve 272 240 88.23 32 key 77 7 3 22
Series 3, Mackintosh, plot 2 (Sprayed twice)
|
CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT
iinks TOTAL |
FRUIE _ lias wad) | aia Bath mse
er er n an ide
Total] cent | Total | cent |wormy) side |wormy ele pole
| wormy
2 5.40 Tal eens I
| peas Ws o.5 solo acne c 2
fo wcccelecescwenalecsccecioesssc|evencs
lew wwee [oe v0 « ence] ad. 4) a 6 0))\e ela sale) wield ae o
(exe 4.80 Tiilhteneetats II
7 3.30 Zia Penola ata 5
7d aes Ger =u Ie ecu | THA Re eee
3) lp r8e75 Te\lene he 2
ieee lt (erga 5 I 21
|
34 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Series 3, Wealthy, plot 1 (Sprayed once)
CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT
TOTAL
Sah EUAN Pp P End End Exit Exit
er er n and | Side
Gual |S et Total} cent wormy| side |wormy hole | hole
wormy ! 2
Cease aeccierne a 604 592 08 12 2 DL illatatelever ELs ll s¥o wtote haere te
1D J een tear VSR Fes 273 262 06 II 4 Tlie A akabae 10 1a ees, he
( Se Pcie ee 690 65 94.20 4 OF8Ou| Foe alec one Ad eas | eee
1S Ly eS pape artes 225 213 04.66 12 5.34 Teves etek II 2: ieee ee
Re farctere he ciate .9 Sane ei 202 192 95.05 10 ALOS es cele e nee 10 Be lees
Bg pean oan 57 50 87.72 7 12.28 ON See Gili. heron eres
Totalear eee. 1430 | 1374 | 96.08 56 | 3.92 va | mS 52 5 leek
Series 3, Wealthy, plot 2 (Sprayed twice)
CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT
TOTAL
‘apes 1) Eh Pp P E d End S d Exit Exit
er er n and «| Side
Total cent Total cent |wormy} side |wormy hole | hole
wormy s a
(CHAS Sonata 308 305 99.24 3 oie sretetert| a, anciterowe 3'5'|... teasers enere eave
1D Pye epscres ese 179 175 97.76 4 DOAN et eee ellis aes Asi cceia cnet exes
Gee aon eee 407 403 99.01 4 99 Tt) eee Zale Sivetesale eco
1 De eae ee rae 14 14 | 100 (3) ©) Al exorcise Fejorclles] tobe ta tora heirentneetien | ena
i. SpA Pore Aiea ips etme 83 82 98.79 I TEST |e ae erelc werent Disco eres es eet
| Dalat omen era A WAS 87 87 | 100 Oil edhe Bees kaveAl bua; ln Zunue ll cde Sect op See ecocetenniot | eee
EL ObAL aoc icker eee 1168 | 1156 098.97 12 1.03 Sens tee TEC Ge. shec.5 leceeeee
Series 3, Wealthy, checks (Unsprayed)
CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT
TOTAL
ae marr E a ade Contd eeac | eater
er er n an 1de
Total cent Total cent |wormy| side |wormy or Bole
wormy
Osho ak er poration 38 17 44.73 21 So. 27 13 3 5 Pal ieee
1B PA ee Soi ee ORS ee Ye are Crees [TOO Way Wiac eieiete| ah arisioss Tl RPC A Reso Wary
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 35
Series 3, Mackintosh, checks (Unsprayed)
CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT
TOTAL
TREE FRUIT End ‘
Per Per End | and | Side Exit | Exit
Total cent Total cent wormy) side |wormy hole | hole
wormy H 2
PETRN ata Sa eve S eye c torre te (sitevener sie) fe vatcecoyeetal rettaver site ecilhectenerete-toll mes chevee sete seis c lal vu, a:ucodm les os'etantsvo1[ Suerentecell pee em erate
IE e athe crate i aiessvotovetafs 20 17 58.62 TO Paerstevaterers 3 6 3 Tt ereterne
Series 3, Winesap, checks (Unsprayed)
CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT
TOTAL
pa FRUIT : : soe genera tee Exit | Exit
er } er n an ide =
Total cent Total cent wormy|] side |wormy hols hele
wormy
SEMEL ere arene tch ai devas 20 10 50 Io 50 4 4 2 2i'Ihavay etecave
Be retevscouts crulaveter ster acs 20 I4 48.27 I5 5h. 73 TAGS trey easees vod ascahatcei san o:| arcetab eves PApenenetente
“Boy ila ae ante ee 118 | Bl || Wey ns | 60 | 50.85 35 13 12 WAlmaeclon
Series 3 is interesting largely because it shows the results
which may be expected on small trees producing comparatively
few apples. It also illustrates a marked difference in the liability
of different varieties to injury by this pest.
The six Mackintosh trees in plot 1 produced a total of only
272 apples, the average percentage of sound fruit being 88.23, in-
dividual fruiting trees ranging from 66.66 to 92.30, though the
maximum and minimum number of wormy apples were only 1
and 13.
Plot 2. The six Mackintosh trees produced 638 apples, giving
an average percentage of 95.76 of sound fruit. There were only
27 wormy apples in the plot, the number per tree ranging from
nothing to 12, yet the percentage variations ran from 81.25
to 100.
The six Wealthy trees in plot 1 produced 1430 apples, giving
an average of 96.08 per cent of sound fruit. There were 56
wormy apples, individual trees producing from 4 to 12 and giving
a percentage variation from 87.72 to 08.
2
36 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
The six Wealthy trees in plot 2 produced 1168 apples, an
average of 98.97 per cent of sound fruit. Individual trees bore
from none to 4 wormy apples, yet the percentage variation
ranged from 98.79 to 100.
The above data should be compared with the 58.62 per cent of
sound fruit produced by one check Mackintosh tree, and the
44.73 per cent of worm-free fruit on a check Wealthy tree. The
comparisons show a decided advantage accruing irom spraying
though there is a wide variation in the percentage of sound fruit.
A summarized tabulation of the results secured from all the
plots emphasizes certain important points and is therefore given
below. :
Summary of plots
|
| CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT
|
TOTAL
fais Ge a = < one Exit | Exit
: er er End | and | Side
| Total cent Total cent |wormy] side |wormy hole | hole
wormy : =
| |
|
5 a Net BEI A TEA 16638 | 16515 | 99.26 I23 -74 19 I2 92 BONS cacao
Zien nde a 19994 | 19903 | 99.54 Or +46 5 3 83 33 I
Shaye te eee re 209026 | 20830 | 99.54 96 -46 | 24 77 AG Were
ts Aaa 8969 | 8393 | 93-57 | 576 | 6.43 186 95 205 LOSM| anchors
Check... 5337 | 4540 | 85.06 | 797 | 14.94 | 379 166 252 285 3
2rd RIN RA iene ae 20802 | 20401 | 98.07 401 1.93 28 14 359 83 2
CR, ate ee 34019 | 33510 | 98.50 509 I.5 53 54 402 203 10
Bie eisicvotioware 31119 | 30852 | 99.14 207 .86 60 23 184 220 tae
cha lntaeahone 16815 | 13113 | 77.98 | 3702 | 22.02 | 1422 578 | 1702 | 1782 35
heck....| 14670 9860 | 67.21 | 4810 | 32.79 | 2048 949 | 1813 | 2179 54
Mackin-
tosh:
= fe ae aeeae, tone 272 240 | 88.23 ye | Pema oie 7 3 22 Ooh mre
PAN Seo ie 638 611 | 95.76 27 4.24 5 I 21 GUle tases
Check... . 29 I7 | 58.62 2d Ware ester ae 3 6 3 1 Sil seem
Wealthy:
Ml svaveseuate ewe 1430 I374 | 96.08 56 3.92 Ashe eis cee 52 Bvleiversvre
| 2..-..05. 1168 1156 | 98.97 I2 1.03 Sy ao DRE ear ereral she teams
Check.... 38 E7) | aan Chl Wey ee 47 13 3 5 ic Sal he eh ae
1
Summary of plots. A study of the entire data shows that con-
ditions were fairly comparable in series 1 and 2, though the yield
from the latter was somewhat greater. This larger yield in
series 2 is in some measure offset by the trees being larger and
more difficult to spray, not only on account of their size but also
because of interplanted plum and peach trees. The percentages
of sound fruit from the plots in these two series show a fairly uni-
form increase with additional sprayings, though in the case of
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQITI Oy
series I there is no difference between the percentage of sound
fruit produced by plots 2 and 3, each giving an average of 99.54.
In series 2, however, there is a nearly uniform gain of % of I
per cent from each spraying after the first. There is a marked
contrast between the amount of sound fruit produced on the plots
receiving one treatment just after the blossoms dropped and on
similar plots sprayed once three weeks later, the benefit result-
ing from this treatment ranging from one-third to two-thirds
that of the early spray. An examination of the data relating to
end wormy apples shows a very interesting condition. In series
I, plot 1 there were 31; plot 2, 8; plot 3, 19; plot 4, 281 and in
the check trees, 545. It will be observed that the decrease in
wormy apples resulting from the various sprayings is very
largely in the end wormy, while the poor results following the
one late spray must be attributed in considerable measure to
failure in destroying the young caterpillars entering the blossom
end of the apple. The data relating to the check trees give an
idea of the number normally attacking the apple at this point.
The same thing is even better illustrated in the figures for series
2. Plot 1 has 42 end wormy; plot 2, 107; plot 3,.83; plot 4, 2000,
while the check trees produced 2997 end wormy apples.
A careful comparison of these figures supports the well-
established belief that the first spraying within a week or ten
days after the blossoms fall is by all odds the most important so
far as preventing wormy apples or controlling the codling moth
is concerned. Under the conditions obtaining in series 1 and 2,
the benefits resulting from the second and third application are
comparatively slight and of themselves would hardly justify
additional treatment. Should it be advisable to spray for fun-
gous diseases of one kind or another, we would not hesitate to .
recommend the addition of poison, since even the small benefit
recorded above would more than repay the cost of the poison, not
to mention the protective or insurance value of these later treat-
ments in case there was an exceptionally large second brood as
in I910.
Summary of three years’ work. Conclusions based upon the
results of one season are of comparatively slight value. We have
therefore brought together in one table the data relating to the
experiments of three seasons, I909-II.
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Summary of three years’ work with the codling moth
Sprayed once
Sprayed thrice
Unsprayed
| TREATMENT
Sprayed twice
Sprayed once, late
PLOT | SERIES | YEAR
I 1 | 1909
I 2 | 1900
z I | 1910
I 2 | I910
ut x |) rors
I 2 | Ir
Grand total and per
CETUL I alelinte ntsl'ayelnin n'y
NNNHUN
NAHNHHRH
H
‘Oo
4
°
|
Grand total and per
CELG crete renee crete ©
3 I | 1909
6 I | 1909
3 I | r911
3 2 | I9II
RONG so clee art shertenctale
3 2 | 1910
4 1 | 1911
4 25) ToONn
Grand total and per
CENUE a iouineaiteioe
Check I | 1909
‘g 2 | 1909
£ I | r910
J 2 | I9IO0
6 I | I9QII
- 2 | IQII
Grand total and per
CEUs y steleies seaienererone
CLEAN FRUIT
WORMY FRUIT
TOTAL
FRUIT n Per
Per Per End | and | Side | cent
Total cent Total cent |wormy| side |wormy| end
wormy wormy
30177 | 20818 | 98.81 359 TAL 33 18 3084 eee
21264 | 21042 | 98.96 222 I.04 23 18 TST Nevsansae
1839 1664 | 90.48 175 9.52 16 aE TE Bisley sexe
8135 6677 | 82.08 1458 | 17.92 160 CAN Wie 47 heal |S Gini ot
16638 | I6515 | 99.26 123 -74 19 12 O2'|)2% «tem *
20802 | 20401 | 98.07 401 1.93 28 14 350) lin cere
98855 | 96117 | 97.23 | 2738 | 2.77 279 Ito | 2349 -394
10316 | 10206 | 98.93 IIo I.07 4 77 OO ta tasare
19275 | 19084 | 99.01 IOL -99 pae) 9 TID eveciste
2846 2756 | 96.84 90 3.16 6 I tc a leneeben cic
7316 6105 | 83.45 T20r ||) T6355 127 TO) OTA N aerators
19994 | 19903 | 99.54 91 -46 5 3 S3r| Bement:
34019 | 33510 | 98.50 500 I.5 53 54 AOZ 4 ere aents
93766 | 91564 | 97.65 2202 2.35 205 | 84 | 1913 308
9680 9582 | 98.990 98 I.O1 8 10 SONG Sars oc
7710 | 7633 | 99 77 I 6 3 68 ihsaee
209026 | 20830 | 99.54 96 -46 17 2 Lh Ml Qoerecie
31119 | 30852 | 99.14 207 .86 60 23 LESAN see
60435 | 68807 | 99.22 538 -78 oI 38 | 409 185
750A |) 4355.\ 57e350|) 3230 | 42.05) 10485 || egeon|) 42a eee
8969 8303 | 93.57 576 | 6.43 186 95 ZO) eee
16815 I31I13 | 77.98 3702 ||| 22.02) TAz2 Trey Wet Kod NE oe
33378 | 25861 | 77.47 7517 | 22.53 | 2003 999 | 3425 1 12.26
3251 2366 | 72.73 885 | 27.27 312 302 27ikim| Penevenets
7OI5 5127 | 73.08 1888 | 26.92 674 630 BSAA ieeyarare
7II 202 | 28.41 509 | 71.59 186 240 BB As cy.'s ace
2000 593 | 20.65 1407 | 70.35 700 324 SoS
5337 4540 | 85.06 797 | 14.94 379 166 252 Wier se
14670 9860 | 67.21 4810 | 32.79 | 2048 O40) SEONG alesse aye
32984 | 22688 | 68.78 | 10296 | 31.22 | 4299 | 2611 | 3385 | 20.95
The above data! summarize the work for the past three years,
*To give a fairer comparison between the results obtained in different
vears, the figures for plot 4, series 1, and plots 4 and 7, series 2, 1909
were omitted in the above tabulation, thus avoiding the undue pre-
ponderance, so far as feasible, of the results of any one season.
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 39
the figures being grouped so as to show the results from various
applications. The single spray applied to the different plots dur-
ing this period gave from 82.08 to 99.26 per cent of sound fruit
or an average of 97.23 per cent for the three years, when com-
parisons are made between an equal number of plots in each
year. It should be noted that the low percentages occurred in
IQIO, a Season remarkable for the unusual destructiveness of the
second brood and one presenting infrequent conditions which
were accentuated by the small yield of the experimental trees.
Excluding the data for this year, the lowest percentage of sound
fruit obtained from one spraying was 97.52. Incidentally we
would call attention to the fact that less than ™% of I per cent
(.394 per cent) of the wormy fruit from the trees receiving but
one spray were end wormy.
The six plots receiving two sprayings during this period pro-
duced from 83.45 to 99.54 per cent of sound fruit or an average
of 97.65 per cent, the end wormy fruit constituting about 4% of
I per cent (.308 per cent). It will be observed that the average
gain in sound fruit resulting from this second application was
.42 per cent and that there was a slight reduction in the per-
centage of end wormy.
It was unfortunate that in 1910 no plot received three applica-
tions and, as a consequence, the average percentage for this
group is 99.22 of sound fruit, a yield undoubtedly relatively
higher than would have been the case if two plots for 1910
could have been included. Even with this omission which, in a
measure at least, is favorable to the three applications, the
average percentage gain between two and three treatments is
only 1.57 per cent, while the average percentage of end wormy
is even smaller than in the preceding plots, namely, .185 per cent.
The three plots receiving one late application during 1910 and
IQII gave an average percentage of sound fruit of only 77.47,
there being a range for individual plots from 57.35 to 93.57.
This average percentage of sound fruit is approximately midway
between that obtained from one spraying and the yield on the
check trees. The percentage of end wormy, 12.26, is a great
increase over that in the preceding plots and shows in a con-
vincing manner where the late spray lacks efficiency.
The check trees during this period gave an average percentage
of sound fruit of 68.78, the yield varying in individual plots
from 28.41 to 85.06. This small yield of good fruit, it should be
40 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
‘noted, occurred on trees producing relatively few apples. The aver-
age percentage of end wormy fruit for these plots is 20.95, a great
increase in the average for the plots receiving one late spraying
and very different from the data for the sprayed plots where the
greater number of wormy apples have been injured by the second
brood and are therefore side wormy.
A study of the wormy fruit on the check trees during the three-
year period shows that nearly one-third (31.22 per cent) of the
entire yield was affected and that over two-thirds (20.95 per cent)
of this was end wormy. A comparison of the end wormy fruit
produced on the sprayed trees shows at once that by far the great-
est benefit accrues from the first spraying, since this reduced the
percentage of end wormy to .394, a second bringing it down to
.308, and a third to .185 per cent. The one late spray (three weeks
after blossoming) reduced the end wormy, taking the check trees
as a standard, by less than one-half, that is, to 12.26 per cent. The
great value of the first application made within a week or ten days
after the blossoms fall and preferably early in this period, is at once
evident from these data.
Comparative yields. The following tabulation of comparative
yields from the experimental plots will prove instructive, since
those from the plots sprayed three times, sprayed late and checks
have been raised pro rata to make up for a deficiency in the num-
ber of plots or a reduced nunber of trees in the plots and the fig-
ures thus indicate a fair comparative value. Those for the plots
sprayed three times are undoubtedly somewhat higher than they
should be, because there were no plots sprayed thrice in 1910, a
year when the second brood of the codling moth was extremely
abundant. and as a consequence there was excessive injury.
Comparative summary of yields from experimental plots 1909-11
CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT
NUMBER OF SPRAYS TOTAL Total
FRUIT Total Total end
Num- Per Total end side and
ber cent wormy | wormy side
wormy
tI GeL Ae car Abe A 98 855 | 96 117 97.23 2 738 3890 2 459 110
Be Wenn ie t tree Gate LU, ee oa 93 766 | Or 564 97.65 2 202 280 I 907 84
Batch s crop etka eNews bare Sete 104 I5I | 91 863 99.22 807 272 596 50
THIER. Eterna siebow hr ck earned 66 756 | 51 722 77.47 | I5 034 8 184 8 848 I 998
GEhechks its bab ane oa 98 952 | 68 064 | 68.78 | 30 888 | 20 730 | 17 988 7 833
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQITI 4I
It will be noted on referring to the above table, that the reduc-
tion in wormy apples is constant, whether we take the total, the
total end wormy, the total side wormy or the total end and side
wormy, with the increase in the number of sprayings, while the
plots sprayed but once and late show a large increase in the wormy
apples and the unsprayed or check plots approximately twice as
many. The evidence is so plain that further comment as to the
relative value of the different sprays seems unnecessary.
Conclusions. A study of these data as a whole justifies the
conclusion for the Hudson valley at least that in normal years
when the crop is abundant or fairly abundant, one thorough
early spraying, within a week or ten days after the blossoms fall,
should result in the production of 95 to 98 per cent of sound
fruit. A slight gain will accrue from a second treatment about
three weeks later, and an additional gain from the third treatment
given the latter part of July. The benefit from the latter two
sprayings is comparatively small so far as the codling moth is
concerned, though ample to meet the cost of the poison and, in
many instances, probably the expense of treatment. Should
there be sufficient fungous disease to warrant applications for
this purpose, there should be no question as to the advisability
of adding poison in the later sprayings.
A small crop almost invariably means a larger percentage of
wormy fruit and if the prospects are even fair for good prices,
the third spraying (the latter part of July) would at least justify
itself because of the additional protection from possible severe
injury by the second brood. The second spraying, three weeks
after the blossoms fall, might be advisable especially if the first
application is not thorough for some reason or other.
Fungous affections are of comparatively little importance in
the Hudson valley. Many of our fruit growers have been ob-
taining fair results with the single treatment, and the above data,
we believe, show the reason why such is the case. Compara-
tively few have appreciated the importance of one thorough
treatment a‘ the proper time. With the information given above
we believe that our Hudson valley fruit growers can ascertain
for themselves whether more than one treatment is advisable.
There is no reason why the progressive fruit grower should not
watch developments and if wormy apples seem to be somewhat
common in early July, protect himself against possible further
injury by spraying thoroughly the latter part of that month
and thus destroy many of the second brood larvae before they
42 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
can enter the fruit. This second treatment would hardly be
necessary more than once in three or four years, unless the light
crop and high prices justified efforts to produce the largest pos-
sible quantity of sound fruit.
GIPSY MOTH
Porthetria dispar Linn,
Plates 9-12
The discovery in August last of a gipsy moth infestation at
Lenox, Mass., renders most timely anything relating to this ex-
ceedingly destructive pest. A personal examination of the con-
ditions compels us to hold that in all probability the insect was
brought to Lenox with some recently set nursery stock. There
was nothing in the local situation, so far as we could see, to
justify the belief that the pest had been carried by automobiles.
A similar infestation might easily occur west of the New York
State line. This insect may be found elsewhere in the Berk-
shire region, or in fact in almost any place where nursery stock
has been planted in recent years, provided it was grown in a
locality where there was an opportunity for infestation. We
hope that a careful examination of all such localities, wherever
they may be, will show practical immunity from this pest. It
must be recognized that this appearance of the gipsy moth in a
section widely separated from the previously known infested
district was to be expected and that similar infestations may
develop in the future, even though there be the most careful and
rigid examination of all trees and shrubs shipped out of the in-
fested territory. There have already been, aside from the case
mentioned above, several such instances. A small colony of
brown-tail moth caterpillars was found in Westchester county
in 1909, brought there with ornamentals grown in the vicinity
of Boston, Mass. A similar condition (gipsy moth caterpillars
being also present) obtained the following year in New Jersey
just across the New York State line. Fortunately, exterminative
measures were promptly adopted. These cases illustrate the
danger of spreading both gipsy and brown-tail moths with nur-
sery stock. It is our opinion that under present conditions we
have in nursery stock a most important carrier of these insect
pests to sections remote from the infested territory. A careful
analysis of the situation would, in our estimation, justify the
conclusion that this danger was much greater in the case of
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 43
nursery stock grown upon American soil than with that shipped
from Europe, since the latter is mostly imported as seedlings,
while the larger shrubs and trees receive more personal attention
abroad than in this country.
(Since the above was written, a small gipsy moth infestation has
been found at Great Barrington, Mass., possibly carried on a
freight car, since the center of the colony appears to be close to
the railroad station.)
Description. There is great danger of the gipsy moth being
brought into New York State and on this account we have pre-
pared rather careful descriptions of the various stages including
also certain microscopic features of service in recognizing the
insect from remains of exuviae (larval or pupal) or even broken
egg masses. ‘This latter is of considerable importance in connec-
tion with shipment of nursery stock from infested regions, since
even lifeless and therefore intrinsically harmless exuviae indi-
cate the previous occurrence of the insect upon the stock in ques-
tion and compel its classification as at least suspicious.
The egg masses of this insect, occurring from midsummer till
the following spring, appear very much like a small section of fine
sponge. They are round or oval, buff colored and each contains
usually from four hundred to five hundred eggs. The eggs may
be found on stones, in tin cans and in fact on almost any station-
ary object near at hand, not excluding plantain leaves and other
vegetation. They are especially likely to be deposited on the
under surface of limbs, fence rails, moldings, etc., on or in the
vicinity of infested trees. The nearly globular, pale yellowish or
salmon colored eggs are about one-twentieth of an inch in diam-
eter and are well concealed in the mass by the buff colored
scales from the under side of the female’s abdomen. The micro-
pyle of this egg (plate 9, figure 2) comprises about eleven
slender, irregularly pyriform plates surrounded by approximately
three rows of small, polygonal plates, these in turn merging into
larger, thinner, irregular, hexagonal plates. This character is of
great value in establishing the identity of individual eggs or a
small portion of an egg cluster. It can be demonstrated best
by thoroughly cleaning individual eggs by rubbing them with
the fingers in alcohol, then sectioning the egg, drying the shell
and mounting it in an air cell.
The egg mass of the definite marked tussock moth,
Hemerocampa definita Pack. approaches in appearance
that of the gipsy moth. The approximately oval egg mass of this
44 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
insect is thinly covered with short, light buff or yellowish brown
hairs and has a length of a little over half an inch. This egg mass
is almost invariably deposited upon a filmy cocoon nearly one and
one-quarter inches long and one-half inch in diameter and with
moderately long, yellowish gray, barbed hairs entangled in the
open web. The individual eggs oi the definite marked tussock
moth have a diameter of about one-sixteenth of an inch, are sub-
globular, the darker micropyle being in a marked depression and
surrounded by a light yellowish brown, elevated ring, this in
turn variably bordered by dark brown shading into pearly white.
The micropyle of this species differs from that of the gipsy moth
egg, in that there are usually but seven or eight rather stout,
pyriform plates surrounded by a granular area (plate 9, figure 1).
The young gipsy moth caterpillar is slightly over one-tenth of
an inch long just after it emerges from the egg. It has a black
head and the brownish yellow body is well clothed with long
hairs. There is a prominent hairy tubercle on either side of
the segment next the head, which gives the caterpillar a peculiar,
broad-headed appearance in its early stages. At this stage we
find the peculiar aerostatic hairs, easily recognized by the bulb-
like enlargement near the middle (plate 9, figure 6). The other
hairs are distinctly barbed (plate 9, figure 5). The markings
become plainer as the caterpillar increases in size.
The full-grown caterpillar is from two to two and one-half
inches long and has a double row of conspicuous warts or tuber-
cles down its back. The eight anterior, not counting the four
blue ones just behind the head, blue; the twelve remaining, red.
Similar tubercles occur on the side. The caterpillar of this
species has large, coarse, yellowish and brown or black hairs,
both minutely serrate (plate 9, figures 3, 5) and numerous finer,
smaller, lighter hairs with minute reticulations on the surface.
The full-grown caterpillars, like those of the well-known forest
tent caterpillars, assemble in the day on the shady side of the
trunks and under side of the limbs, sometimes forming clusters
covering considerable areas.
The somewhat conical, dark brown pupa ranges from three-
quarters to one and one-half inches long and is usually found in
numbers lying among a few threads and securely attached to
them by its terminal spine. The abdominal segments of the
pupa are ornamented with symmetrically arranged, sparse clus-
ters of short, yellowish hairs. Similar hairs also occur upon the
thorax and at the anterior extremity of the pupa. A microscopic
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 45
preparation of a portion of the empty pupal case shows the stout,
barbed hairs and on the surface of the chitin irregularly placed,
oval areas apparently due to a slight increase in pigmentation or
chitinization (plate 9, figure 7).
The male and female moths differ widely. The former is a
slender, oval, brown, black marked insect with feathery antennae
and a wing spread of about one and one-half inches. It flies in
the late afternoon and early evening. The female is much heavier
and lighter colored. She has a wing spread of about two inches,
is white or buff white and with more or less distinct, black mark-
ings, the abdomen being tipped with black.
Distribution in America. The gipsy moth is now well estab-
lished in five of the New England states. Aside from the large
colony found two years ago at Wallingford, Conn., and two
small ones in the Berkshires, it is not known to occur west of the
Connecticut river. Both . Connecticut and Massachusetts have
undertaken to exterminate these outlying colonies, and it is to be
hoped that the gipsy moth may be kept for a long series of years
east of the Connecticut river. This stream forms a natural bar-
rier, the absence of thick forests and the large, open valley render-
ing it comparatively easy to check the progress of this enemy.
Condition of infested territory. There is no better way of
comprehending what infestation by the gipsy moth or the brown-
tail moth means than by a study of the conditions in the
infested territory. It was our pleasure, in company with parties
in charge of Government, State and private work against both
the gipsv and brown-tail moth, to study the problem over a wide
section of country. We have also seen representative infested
areas almost annually for over twenty vears and, as a conse-
quence, can make personal comparisons between the present and
earlier status. Generally speaking, there has been much prog-
ress in controlling the insects in the immediate vicinity of
Boston, in the towns and cities where the pests have been estab-
lished for a number of years. The residential areas as a whole
are in excellent condition and, to the casual observer, appear
free from any very destructive insect pest. This relatively
cesirable change has been brought about only by enormous ex-
penditures. It has been recently estimated that the cost of con-
trol work in Massachusetts and portions of other New England
states amounts to upwards of a million dollars a year. This
makes no allowance for the actual damage inflicted. Such ex-
46 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
tended and thorough work means heavy appropriations, practical
only in the more valuable residential or business territory and
utterly beyond the resources of poorer cities and towns having
extended tracts of low-priced lands. ‘he discrimination of an
entomologist is not needed to note the widespread and in some
instances extremely severe devastations by both the gipsy and
the brown-tail moth (plates 10, 11, 12 and 13). The Federal Gov-
ernment has in recent years been spraying strips two hundred
feet wide on each side of the more important highways for the pur-
pose of preventing spread by vehicles and incidentally this
serves in a considerable measure to obscure the extent of the
injury. Last summer there were hundreds and in some instances
thousands of acres of woodland defoliated, although the strips
along the highways were in excellent leaf, due to the thorough
spraying with poison. These large areas of stripped forest or
orchard lands show what would be the result were there a re-
laxation of control measures in the well-protected territory. In
other words, relative immunity is extremely costly.
The conditions would be much worse than obtain at present,
in spite of the enormous expenditure, were it not for important
advances in methods during the last few years. The develop-
ment of very efficient high-powered spraying outfits has mate-
rially reduced the cost of spraying and made it possible to protect
woodlands, in large measure, for about $7 an acre. It has been
found that pure or unmixed plantings of pine, if protected from
invading hosts of caterpillars, are immune from injury (plate
12). Ash is not troubled by the gipsy moth, while the work of
the last two years has shown that maple, hickory and locust are
rarely damaged. Chestnut also appears to suffer but little if the
young caterpillars have nothing else to feed upon. Apple, oak,
birch and willow are favorites of both gipsy and brown-tail moth
caterpillars and under favorable conditions may be the indirect
cause of serious injury to adjacent, relatively immune trees.
There is also the possibility that the numerous parasites im-
ported during the last few years may shortly prove efficient aids
in checking these pests. It should be understood that conditions
in the infested district are serious, especially in sections where
low values prohibit expensive control measures.
Means of preventing spread. The prevention or hindrance of
the spread of such an insect as the gipsy moth is most important
and in large measure practical. The female does not fly and as
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 47
a consequence the pest depends largely for dissemination upon
the eggs or caterpillars being carried. The former may be read-
ily distributed, since they are deposited upon a variety of mate-
rials, such as tree trunks, stones, bricks, boxes, crates, tin cans,
and in fact almost any hard object near an infested tree or plant.
Even railroad cars standing near infested trees have been bur-
dened with eggs. Fortunately, there is a considerable chance that
packing boxes, building materials, etc. will, if transported and
infested, not be in the immediate vicinity of a desirable food plant
at the time the eggs hatch. This one factor probably accounts for
so few isolated colonies being found. Railroad cars, both passen-
ger and freight, rarely stand for any length of time near trees
which may be infested or at the time of egg-hatching adjacent to
desirable food plants. Consequently there is not the serious
danger of spread with freight and passenger trains running in
and out of the infested territory, as would seem at the first
thought. On the other hand, young trees or plants bearing eggs
carry with them in most instances desirable food or are very
likely to be set in the near vicinity of plants upon which the
caterpillars can thrive. This is the reason why infested nursery
stock must be regarded as a most important factor in carrying
the gipsy moth to sections remote from the infested territory.
The crawling powers of the caterpillar are limited. Recent
experiments have shown that the ycung caterpillars may be
blown considerable distances by winds, and other evidence
leads to the belief that under certain conditions they may even be
carried by birds, especially by some of the larger species. There
was undoubtedly a considerable local spread in the early days by
caterpillars which were carried on vehicles traveling out of the
infested region. Almost any moving object would serve this
purpose. Automobiles are particularly effective and could easily
pick up hundreds if not thousands of caterpillars in a short run
through infested -woods at the proper season of the year. This
condition prompted and justified the large expenditures by the
Federal Government for the purpose of freeing roadside trees
from the pests and thus preventing a wide and rapid dissemina-
tion. The adoption of this policy has greatly reduced the danger
of vehicles spreading the caterpillars, though the possibility of
this still occurring, were there to be a change in conditions,
should not be overlooked.
48 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
GREEN MAPLE WORM
Xylina antennata Walk.
Plates 14-16
The work of this insect was very prevalent here and there in
the Hudson valley from Kingston north to Fort Edward and in
the Mohawk valley to Fonda and its vicinity. This species,
though comparatively unknown till recent years as an insect
pest, was reported as defoliating many of the soft maples at
Kingston. Green maple worms were responsible for stripping
trees at Red Hook according to Mr R. N. Lewis. Many such
maples and adjacent willows along the river from Glenmont to
Kenwood were defoliated by the light green caterpillars of this
insect. Similar work was very evident from Albany north to
Troy. Defoliation of soft maples was reported from the vicinity
of Hoosick Falls and it was stated that all the soft maples on the
island near Fort Edward were similarly affected. Many soft
maples in Schenectady and adjacent Scotia were attacked, the
caterpillars appearing about May 2oth. June Ist it was stated
that there were about three inches of half-eaten leaves lying
along the gutters in Mohawk avenue. There was also serious
injury at Amsterdam in front of St Mary’s Hospital on Guy
Park avenue (plate 15) and in that vicinity. There were in
this immediate region some fifty trees almost entirely defoliated
with many more to the east showing signs of having been rather
badly infested. June 9th caterpillars were not very abundant,
though the statement was made that they had been excessively
numerous prior to a three days’ rain on the 5th to 7th, inclusive.
The work of this insect in the vicinity of Albany and at Amster-
dam is shown in plates 14-16.
Previous history. A similar outbreak on the soft maples at
Schenectady occurred in June 1898, at which time many cater-
pillars were to be seen upon the affected trees and crawling upon
the sidewalks and adjacent roads. There was also injury that
year in a number of other localities. Outbreaks by this insect
caused several complaints last year. There are comparatively
few early records of damage by this species, though the cater-
pillars are frequently seen in orchards sometimes in numbers,
and in 1896 on account of their prevalence under such condi-
tions were denominated green fruit worms by the late Professor
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 49
Slingerland. The injury to fruit trees, however, appears to be
slight compared to the damage to ash and maple trees.
Description. The moth (plate 17, figure 1) is ashy gray with
indistinct, rather variable markings. There is such a close re-
semblance existing between this species and X. laticinerea
Grote and X. gr otei that only an expert in the group can reliably
separate the three forms.
The caterpillars (plate 17, figure 2) are stout, smooth, light
green, measuring from one to one and one-half inches in length
when full grown and resembling in a general way, aside from
color, some of our common cutworms. ‘The head is pate yellow-
ish green; there is a rather broad, yellowish white or white
dorsal stripe along the body, a narrower, white subdorsal stripe,
a broken, faint lateral stripe of the same color and an irregular,
white stigmatal stripe, the upper margin of the last much broken
or indentated by the body color. The tubercles are rather large
and white and the skin is minutely spotted with the same color.
Life history. The caterpillars are not usually observed till the
latter part of May or early June. They complete their growth
some time in June (the past season it was early in June), enter
the ground and transform to brown pupae an inch or more below
the surface. They remain in this stage till September when most
of the moths emerge. Though some hibernate as pupae, the
majority winter as adults. It has been stated that in the South
the eggs are deposited on the under surface of the leaves. No
record of the oviposition in the North has been made.
Food habits. This insect evidently displays a marked prefer-
ence for soft maple, though it frequently defoliates adjacent wil-
low and maple. It is also well known as an apple tree insect.
Doctor Riley has recorded injuries by this species on peach,
oak galls, hickory leaves and those of other forest trees. It has
been stated that it feeds also on rose buds. The late Professor
Slingerland, in his bulletin, adds to the above, peas, plums, cur-
rants and quinces, and states that one grower found it necessary
to watch the buds on grafted pears in order to prevent their be-
ing destroyed.
Natural enemies. Two Hymenopterous parasites, Mes o-
chorus agilis Cress. and Meteorus hyphantriae
Riley, and a Dipterous parasite, the red-tailed Tachina fly, W in-
themia quadripustulata Fabr. have been reared from
this caterpillar. The last-named species is one of the most ef-
50 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
fective enemies of the army worm, Heliophila unipuncta
Haw.
Last season numerous birds, sparrows and robins in particu-
lar were observed at Amsterdam here and there upon the ground
searching out and devouring the pests. One greedy robin was
seen with three green fruit worms in his mouth. The birds
were much more numerous among and under the infested trees
than in other portions of the city. Only a relatively slight in-
crease in their number would probably have checked the pest be-
fore the trees were defoliated. Dr W. G. VanName, zoologist
of the State Museum, visited Amsterdam June roth and made the
following observations:
The green maple worms were then already much reduced in
numbers, and it was evident that if the rate at which they were
being destroyed by birds should continue, few would be able to
transform to the pupal stage. Nine species of birds were actu-
ally seen eating or carrying away caterpillars, and nine others
were apparently associated in this work. Considering the num-
ber of individuals, size and habits of each of the species seen eat-
ing worms, the following were apparently most destructive and
in about the order named: English sparrow, robin, crow black-
bird, Baltimore oriole, cow bird, cat bird, chipping sparrow.
The English sparrow takes first place solely on account of its
superior numbers; the robin, cat bird, crow blackbird and oriole
are individually more efficient. The cedar waxwing and yellow
warbler were also seen carrying off caterpillars.
The following species, seen about or under the infested trees,
were doubtless there for the purpose of feeding upon the pests:
blue bird, rose-breasted grosbeak, red-eyed vireo, warbling vireo,
bobolink, redstart, song sparrow. The king bird and phoebe
were also seen, and though they feed chiefly on flying insects,
appear to take some of the caterpillars, though this could not be
established with certainty.
The majority of the above-named birds had nests within two
or three hundred yards of the infested trees and could be seen
carrying off the caterpillars (the robins and blackbirds often
with two or three at a time) to feed their young. The cater-
pillars were evidently a great attraction to the birds, since there
were at least two or three times as many birds as in apparently
equally favorable though uninfested localities.
The following record, made between 9.30 and Io a.m., will
give an idea of the rate at which the birds were destroying the
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 51
caterpillars, the numerals indicating the number actually seen
eaten or carried off during the above-mentioned period, a time
when the birds were less active than earlier in the morning:
English sparrows 25, robins 13, cow birds 3, cedar waxwings 2,
Baltimore orioles 2, crow blackbirds 1, chipping sparrows 2;
total 48.
Control or remedial measures. A scrutiny of the history and
habits of this insect justifies the belief that under normal condi-
tions, parasites and birds should keep this pest under control.
The recent severe, widely separated, though local outbreaks must
be construed as another evidence of a deficiency in the number
of insectivorous birds. These caterpillars are smooth and there-
fore form a most acceptable diet to many of our native species.
More adequate protection to our birds must be classed as one of
the most effective methods of keeping this insect in check.
Local outbreaks on the more valuable shade trees of cities and
villages can be easily checked by thorough spraying with an
arsenical poison, preferably arsenate of lead, using at least two
pounds (15 per cent arsenic oxid) to fifty gallons of water and
making the application as soon as there is evidence that a number
of caterpillars are at work. Unfortunately, many such out-
breaks are not detected till almost too late for the successful use
of a poison. In such instances many of the descending cater-
pillars can be killed by inclosing the trunks of the infested trees
with a low, overhanging barricade and then treating the collected
larvae with hot water, kerosene or other contact insecticides.
Small trees can be protected in large measure by jarring the
caterpillars from them, and if sticky bands (tree tanglefoot is
most efficient) are placed around the trunk and properly
guarded, none can ascend to continue the destructive work.
Bibliography
A few of the principal references, together with citations of
later records, are given below. These, in connection with the
earlier bibliographies, afford a ready clue to the literature of
this species.
1896 Slingerland, M. V. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp’t Sta. Bul 123
Dp. 509-22.
E808 Belt; EiP. 14th Rept State Ent; N. Yo State Mus. Bull 23)
pe 2a 1 2:
1899 Beach, S. A., Lowe, V. H. and Stewart, F.C. N. Y. Agric. Exp’t
Sta. Bul. 170, p. 395.
52 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
1900 Smith, J. B. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 27 :35-36.
1904 Pettit, R. H. Mich. Agric. Exp’t Sta. Spec. Bul. 24, p. 28-29.
1905 Felt, E. P. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 1:129-32.
I9II ———~—_—._ NN. Y. State Mus. Bul. 147, p. 6-7.
IRIS BORER
Macronoctua onusta Grote
Specimens of this boring caterpillar were received July 25,
I91t from Mr Waldo L. Rich of Saratoga Springs, N. Y.,
accompanied by the statement that about half of the Iris tubers
in.a bed were partly eaten by a grub. Mr J. W. Huyck also
transmitted specimens from Saratoga about the same time and
stated that these borers had practically destroyed a bed of Iris
roots. He found over one hundred of the caterpillars in a bed
about 6 x 8 feet long.
This species appears to have largely escaped the observation
of economic entomologists. It was first reared from Iris by Doctor
Thaxter. Henry Bird records in 1902, injury by this larva to
Iris roots, and in a recent letter states that this insect is at
times obnoxious in parks and on estates where large beds of
Iris are used for landscape effect. The late Dr James Fletcher
mentions several instances of injury in Canada in a report for the
same year, while the following season Arthur Gibson gives a
somewhat detailed note respecting the operations of this borer.
Dr J. B. Smith also records injury by this insect.
Description. The parent moth (plate 17, figure 3) has a wing
spread of about one and seven-eighths inches and is a typical
Noctuid in form and color. The forewings are a variable dark
purplish brown with a more or less distinct, broadly crenulate
and dentate (the latter near the middle) subterminal line. The
discal spot is very irregular, being narrowly lanceolate, with
an indistinct, rounded, lobelike projection anteriorly. Near the
basal third and a little behind the anterior margin there is an
irregularly subtriangular area bounded by a narrow line of dark
scales. Posterior of this there is a faintly outlined, oval area
resting upon a somewhat more distinct, curved line of dark
scales, and near the posterior margin a somewhat indistinct, V-
shaped mark of similar scales. The anterior third of the wing
back to the middle, and the distal fifth especially on the posterior
two-thirds, is markedly darker, the margin with a distinct
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 53
crenulation of darker scales. Hind wings mostly a yellowish
brown with purplish brown near the tip. The thorax is thickly
covered with purplish brown scales, the abdomen with light
brown scales.
The pupa has a length of about one and one-half inches and
a diameter of nearly one-quarter inch. It is chestnut brown,
shiny. The anterior margin of the abdominal segments are
coarsely and sparsely punctate, the posterior margins thickly
and finely punctured. The cremaster is almost black, with two
stiff, capitate spines apically and three others on each side.
The full-grown larva is about two inches long, white, the
head brown and with rows of black spots laterally.
Life history and habits. The moth is secretive in habit and
appears to be quite local in its operations, since Messrs Fletcher
and Gibson record the work of this species in the same locality
for three seasons in succession. The adults appear in the fall,
September and October, and according to Mr Bird live but a
short time. He is of the opinion that the eggs are laid scatter-
ingly about the base of the Iris stalks, relying largely on the
fact that winter burnings almost surely result in the local ex-
termination of this species. He believes that the eggs hatch
about the last week in May. The larvae first attack the stems
some inches above the ground and gradually work downward,
the full-grown caterpillars operating in the roots. Mr Bird
states that the larval stages occupy a nine or ten day interval so
far as he has followed them, and that. there are probably six
molts.
This borer has been recorded as attacking different species of
Iris (all species seem to be acceptable according to Mr Bird),
including the blue flag, the roots of German lily and also of the
blackberry lily, Belamcanda chinensis. Under ordinary
conditions this species appears to be held in check by parasites.
Control measures. Affected stems should be cut out and
burned, thus destroying the caterpillars at the inception of the
attack. It is probable that thorough spraying with an arsenate
of lead applied about the time the insect begins operations,
namely, the latter part of May, would be very effective in
destroying this pest. Winter burning of the debris on Iris beds,
if this can be done without injury to the roots, promises to be
the simplest and most effective method of keeping this pest in
check.
54 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Bibliography
1874 Grote, A. R. Peab. Acad. Sci. 6th Rep’t, p. 27.
1883 Fernald, Mrs C. H. Papilio. 3:22.
1891 Thaxter, Roland. Can. Ent. 23:35.
1899 Dyar, H. G. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 4:321-22.
1902 Bird, Henry. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 10:214-15.
1903 Fletcher, James. Ent. Soc. Ont., 33d Rep’t 1902, p. 94.
1903 Holland, W. J. The Moth Book, p. 170.
1904 Gibson, Arthur. Can. Ent. 36:355.
1904 —————— Ent. Soc. Ont., 34th Rep’t 1903, p. 49-50.
19090 Smith; J.B. Ins. N. J., p: 450.
NOTCH WING
Ennomos magnarius Guen.
The peculiar, linear series of polished, greenish brown or
bronze colored eggs of this species on apple and pear have been
received from time to time during recent years arid mostly from
Hudson river localities. "There have been no records of serious
injuries by the caterpillars, though this is a common form and
a somewhat general feeder. It is widely distributed, having been
recorded from northern Maine west to the Northwest Territory.
It appears to be closely related to the European E.autumnaria
Wernb.
Description. The individual eggs are polished, greenish
brown or bronze colored, have a length of 1.25 mm, a diameter
of .7 mm, subrhomboidal in shape and are deposited transversely
upon the flat surface of bark side by side in linear rows. An
exceptionally fine series has a length of four and one-half inches
(plate 8, figure 2).
The newly hatched caterpillar is a yellowish, dark green
looper with a length about 2.25 mm. The large, orange yellow
head has a diameter nearly twice that of the body, the labrum
and antennae being whitish. The cervical shield is moderately
large, yellowish, with a deep, median, subquadrate impression,
the latter fuscous greenish. The dorsum of the remaining thor-
acic and body segments is mostly dark olive green with a rather
conspicuous lateral margin of bright yellow, the latter extending
and somewhat indeterminate on the anal segments. True legs
yellowish orange, venter yellowish green, the prolegs mostly
yellowish or yellowish green.
According to Beutenmueller the second stage is a pale green,
smooth, somewhat shining and without any visible mark-
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 55
ings. The third stage is characterized by yellow incisures. In
the fourth stage the head and the body beneath are quite flat-
tened, the lateral edge being ridged below the spiracles.
“ The full-grown larva is a dull dirty green mottled with green-
ish ocherous. The head is comparatively small, and the first seg-
ment is about equal the width, the remaining segments gradually
increasing in size. The thoracic feet have the bases considerably
swollen and ringed with ocherous. The pair of abdominal and
anal legs are chocolate brown. Over the body are scattered
irregularly small, elevated, pale yellowish spots, especially on
the last three segments, which are conspicuously mottled. The
cervical shield is dirty chocolate brown; on the second to tenth
segments inclusive, are four minute black tuberculate spots; the
fourth and fifth segments have an additional pair of spots. The
transverse ridge on the fifth is very prominent, as is also the
one on the underside of the sixth segment and the one on the
eighth segment, and the two black tuberculate spots on the
dorsum of the eleventh segment. Underside of body same as
above, except the last three segments pale whitish-green. Anal
plates tinged with lilac. Length 110 mm.” (Beutenmueller)
The pinkish white pupa is covered with a mealy substance,
the extremities of the segments roughened, the interspaces being
semitransparent and yellowish. The change to the pupa occurs
in an oval, elongated, whitish cocoon open at each end.
The parent moth (plate 8, figure 1) is a delicate ocher yellow-
ish insect variably marked with purplish and reddish brown,
especially at the extremities of the wings, the anterior pair with
a conspicuous, almost hooked lobe near the middle. The male,
with its pectinate antenna, has a wing spread of about one and
five-eighth inches, while the larger, stouter bodied female has
slender antennae and a wing spread of about two and one-eighth
inches.
Life history. Oviposition occurs in September and October,
individual females depositing from five hundred to six hundred
eggs. These latter hatch the following May or June, the larvae
attaining full growth from the latter part of July till the end of
September. The pupal stage lasts from eighteen to twenty days,
adults flying from early August until the last of October. There
are specimens in the Lintner collection taken at Keene Valley,
N. Yi; Auctst 7; 1894:
56 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Food habits. This caterpillar appears to be a general feeder,
it having been recorded by Beutenmueller on elm, maple, sweet
gum, etc. It is rather common on black birch, feeds upon poplar
and, as stated above, the eggs may frequently be observed upon
apple and pear. It has also been recorded on lilac and chestnut.
Remedial measures. Should the caterpillars of this species
become abundant they could probably be easily controlled, as in
the case of other leaf feeders, by timely spraying with a poison,
preferably arsenate of lead.
Bibliography
1860 Walker, Francis. List Lepid. Het. Brit. Mus. 20:209.
1866 Walsh, B. D. Practical Entomologist. 1:77.
1869 Harris, T. W. Entomological Correspondence, p. 320.
1874 Lintner, J. A. N. Y. State Mus. 26th Rep’t, p. 165, 182.
1876 Packard, A. S. Mon. Geomet. Moths, p. 529-30 (Eugonia al-
iolerljeviie a1) )s
1878 Worthington, C. E. Can Ent. 10:16 (E. alniaria).
1885 Dimmock, A. K. Psyche 4:272-73 (Eugonia alniaria).
1886 Hulst, G. D. Entomol. Amer. 2:49 (Eugonia alniaria).
1888 —————— Entomol. Amer. 4:49 (Eugonia).
1690,Packard, A. S$. U.S. Ent. Comm: sth” Repit, p: 425 (he aie
jak ial Sri al).
1895 Beutenmueller, William. N. Y¥. Ent. Soc. Jour. 3:37-38 (E.
aliniva ta):
1896 Lintner, J. A. Ins. N. Y. 11th Rep’t, p. 266.
1896 Hulst, G. D. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 23:371-72 (E. alniaria).
1904 Gibson, Arthur. Ent. Soc. Ont. 34th Rep’t, p. 54 (E. alniaria).
1906 Dod, F. H. W. Can. Ent. 38:264.
1906 Felt, E. P. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:725.
1908 Fletcher, James.- Can Ent. 40:170.
MAPLE LEAR CULDER
Paraclemensia acerifoliella Fitch
Plate 18
This peculiar insect was excessively abundant on the estate of
Dr Wilby Meyer, North West Bay, Lake George, in the town of
Bolton or North Bolton. The infestation though local was
severe and included perhaps twenty-five acres. Some trees had
their foliage very badly injured, there being in each leaf a number
of oval holes and much of the tissue between dead, because of
skeletonizing by the larva. The work is rather characteristic,
since the caterpillar reaches out from its oval case, eating all
that is within reach and then migrates to another spot. Infested
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQtt 5;
leaves (plate 18) may therefore show one or more oval holes
with circular skeletonizing here and there, the centers of some
of the areas at least being occupied by an oval case, with a
diameter of about five-eighths of an inch. The work is usually
on the upper surface though the caterpillars occur also upon the
lower side of the foliage. Viewed from below, an infested leaf is
generally indicated by one or more dark spots surrounded by
irregular, lighter, skeletonized, brownish areas. The injury was
especially marked on the lower limbs of large trees and on
small trees in the woods the feeding was confined mostly to the
hard maple, adjacent soft maple practically escaping injury. A
few of the larval cases accompanied by feeding were collected
on oak and witch-hazel undergrowth. This latter appeared to
be largely accidental. The ground was in many places thickly
dotted with the circular larval cases. The late James Fletcher
has also recorded rather severe injury to beech trees after the
foliage on adjacent maples had been destroyed. At the time of
our examination September 22d, some larvae were still feeding,
though most of them had evidently forsaken the trees or were
nearly ready to drop to the ground.
Previous history. Early records show this insect to be rather
local in habit. The first notice of this species by Doctor Fitch
states that injury was rather common during 1850 in the eastern
section of New York State, The withered leaves began to be
noticed in early August and continued to increase in numbers
for three or four weeks. He observed that forest trees were
mostly affected, those standing alone as shade trees in fields
being practically exempt. This latter hardly obtained at Lake
George last summer, since several badly affected trees were well
separated from the adjacent woodland. The late Doctor Lintner
recorded in 1888 serious injury by this insect to maples at
Pittsford, Vt., nearly all the trees having the foliage brown and
looking as though they had been scorched by fire. The work of
this species has also been recorded from the state of Illinois,
while the late Dr James Fletcher reported severe injuries to
hard maples in the vicinity of Ottawa, Canada. This species
appears to have a wide distribution in the northern part of the
United States and southern Canada, it having been reported from
New York, New Jersey, Illinois, the vicinity of Ottawa and also
Kaslo, British Columbia.
58 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Description. The small moth has been described by Doctor
Dietz as follows:
Head russet-yellow. Palpi fuscous. Antennae blackish
brown, pecten of first joint russet. Thorax dark brown, with
golden green and bluish scales. Abdomen bronzed brown. Fore-
wings dark fuscous, overlaid with deep, bluish purple scales;
scattered over the disk and along the apical veins are some
bright green, hairlike scales; both margins narrowly edged with
golden. Cilia fuscous, sprinkled with bluish scales; under side
fuscous brown, with purple reflection. Hind wings pale grayish
fuscous, with a feeble, purple lustre, margin narrowly edged
with pale metallic scales. Cilia pale fuscous; under side similar
to upper. Under side of body dark fuscous, with some silver-
white scales. Legs grayish, tinged with dark fuscous, basal half
of tarsal joints paler.
Exp. I1.5-13.5 mm; 0.36-0.54 inch.
Doctor Fitch states that the tips of the wings are commonly
bent inward, giving them when closed the appearance of a little
pod enveloping the abdomen.
The pupa is about five-thirty-seconds of an inch long, pala
yellowish, rather stout, the dorsum of the abdominal segments
with a transverse row basally of rather stout, dark brown spines;
cremaster represented by an indistinct short spine.
The full-grown caterpillar is slender, flattened, cylindric, dull
white, the strongly depressed head. and the third thoracic seg-
ments pale rusty brown. There is an interrupted, more or less
distinct, broad, blackish stripe down the back.
The case (plate 17, figure 5) of the full-grown caterpillar is
oval, about three-eighths of an inch long and composed of two
pieces of a leaf fastened together at the edges and forming a
shelter. Within this there is another pair of narrowly oval
pieces of leaf, each with a length nearly a quarter of an inch.
These are fastened together in the same way, and within this
inner retreat the transformation to the pupa occurs.
Life history. Pupation occurs in the fall, and the winter is
passed in the larval cases described above. These shelters
usually lie upon the ground in immense numbers or fall with
the affected leaves. The adults emerge and may be frequently
seen, according to Doctor Fitch, during the month of May, flying
by day or resting exposed upon the leaves in forests and along
their borders.
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQITI 59
Remedial measures. This species is evidently local in habit
and there appears to be no reason why many of the hibernating
insects could not be destroyed by burning over the ground in
early fall, provided conditions admit of such treatment. It
is very probable that thorough spraying, especially on the upper
surface of the leaf, with arsenate of lead about the middle of
June, would check this pest in a very satisfactory manner.
Bibliography
1856 Fitch, Asa. N. Y. State Agric. Soc. Trans. 15:501-5 (Ornix).
1856 —————— Nox. & Benef. Ins. N. Y. Ist-2d Rep’t, p. 269-73
(Ornix).
1872 Clemens, Breckenridge. Tineina of N. Amer., p. 90 (Ornix).
1873 Reed, E. B. Ent. Soc. Ont. Rep’t 1872, p. 42-43 (Ornix).
1973 Chambers, V. TI. Can: Ent. 560 (fined tiridel la).
1874 Lintner, J. A. Cult. & Country Gent. 39:631 (Ornix).
1882 Walsingham, Lord. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 10:172 (Incurvaria).
1885 Fletcher, James. Rep’t of Ent., p. 31-32 (Incurvaria).
I6o7.———— ——— _Rep’t of Ent & Bot, p. 33) Cincurvaria):
1888 Walsingham, Lord. Insect Life. 1:147 (Incurvaria).
1889 Lintner, J. A. Injur. & Other Ins. N. Y. sth Rep’t, p. 215-19
(Incurvaria).
1890 Packard, A. S. U. S. Ent. Com. 5th Rep’t, p. 408-9 (Incurvaria).
1895 Comstock, J. H. & A. B. Man. Study of Ins., p. 255-56 (In-
curvaria).
1897 Harrington, W. H. Ent. Soc. Ont. 27th Rep’t, p. 69 (Incurvaria).
1902 Busck, August. Amer. Miscroscop. Soc. Trans. 23:90 (Brecken-
ridgia).
1903, = —-— Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc 5:103) (Brackenridgia):
a= __N: ¥. Ent. Soc: icurm 123077 (breckenridata):
1905 Dietz, W. G. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 31:41-42 (Breckenridgia).
1906 Busck, August. Can. Ent. 38 :348.
1906 Felt, E. P. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:509-41 (Incurvaria).
1907 Dietz, W. G. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 33 :287.
LOnOMSmMths Jo Ba Ins: Ne Jey ps 575-
LOCUS LEAR MINER
Chalepus dorsalis Thunb.
The locust leaf miner, a rather common insect on Long Island,
was responsible, in large measure, for somewhat serious injury
to the foliage of black locust trees at Syosset and Jericho, L. I.
Mr Walter S. Funnell, editor of the Long Island department of
the Brooklyn Daily Times, stated under date of August toth
that the leaves of locust trees at Syosset and Jericho were grow-
ing brown day by day, the leaves being apparently reduced to
mere skeletons. Mr F. A. Bartlett of the Frost & Bartlett
60 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Company, Stamford, Conn., reported the above species with the
associated C. nervosa Panz. as doing a great amount of in-
jury to locust trees on Long Island, many being as brown as though
fire had run through them. He stated that the smaller, C.
nervosa, appeared to be the more abundant of the two forms.
A personal examination of the locality September 19th showed
that most of the injury was confined to trees less than thirty
feet high, or to large ones in the near vicinity of this new
growth. The damage was so pronounced that affected areas
showed a distinct brown color, even at a considerable distance,
though this had been obscured to some extent by the develop-
ment of new leaves subsequent to the attack. The major por-
tion of the injury appeared to result from skeletonizing the
leaves by the beetles, the small trees noted above showing
comparatively few evidences of having been mined by the grubs.
A very few leaf miners, evidently belated individuals, were
found.
This insect commonly occurs on large trees here and there
throughout Long Island, though as a rule there is not material
injury. The above described outbreak is undoubtedly irregularly
periodic in character and appeared to be limited very closely to
Syosset and adjacent Jericho. The trees, while checked, do not
appear permanently injured and it is probable that there will
be speedy recuperation.
Early history. The late Doctor Lintner, in his report for
1896, records similar injury to locust trees at Yaphank, L. LI.,
the leaves appearing much as does elm foliage after extensive
feeding by the elm leaf beetle. Doctor Chittenden states that
this species is nearly always more or less troublesome to locusts
in Maryland, Virginia and the District of Columbia, adding that
the injury is usually most severe on young trees. Doctor
Hopkins states that about 1892 thousands of locust trees died in
West Virginia after the foliage had been destroyed three years
in succession by this insect. The direct cause of the death of
these trees, however, may have been due to abnormally cold
weather. Serious damage during the seasons of 1904 and 1905
to locust trees along the Ohio river was recorded by Mr E. C.
Cotton, the defoliation being general for a distance of over fifty
miles, according to Mr Burgess. This insect is local in habit
and appears to be decidedly more injurious in the latitude of
Virginia. The late Professor W. G. Johnson reports this species
as defoliating apple trees near woods, presumably locust trees.
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 61
Description. The adult beetle is about one-fourth of an inch
long with the head, appendages, under surface and a median
triangular area, widening posteriorly, on the wing covers coal
black. The remainder of the wings and the dorsum of the
thorax are orange red. The thorax is irregularly and deeply
punctured and the wing covers strongly ridged and ornamented
with deep, nearly flattened, thickly set rows of punctures.
The full-grown larva is a trifle over one-fourth of an inch long,
with the head, thoracic shield, true legs and anal shield coal
black, the remainder of the body being yellowish white; the
segmentation is very distinctly marked and the abdominal seg-
ments bear conspicuous lateral tubercles, those on the second
to seventh being tipped with black and with a black, chitinous
point. The brown spiracles are circular.
The egg is short, oval in outline and flattened, the two sides
being milk white when first laid.
The mine of this insect is equally visible on both sides of
the leaf, pale green, slightly tinged with brown, its surface being
slightly roughened and the margin irregularly undulated.
Distribution. This leaf beetle appears to be confined largely
to the upper austral life zone. It is common throughout Long
Island and probably occurs in the southern portion of the Hudson
valley, at least. It has been recorded from Massachusetts, Con-
necticut, Pennsylvania, throughout New Jersey, Maryland,
Washington, Virginia, West Virginia, southern Ohio, Kentucky,
and generally distributed in Indiana and Missouri.
Food plants. The beetle feeds by preference on the leaves of
the black locust. It has also been recorded as attacking the
young leaves of red oak, has been found on white oak, beech,
birch, hawthorn, apple, red clover, hog peanut and soja beans.
The larvae have been observed in the leaves of false indigo
(Amorpha fruticosa). It also occurs on several other
food plants.
Life history. The beetles evidently winter’ in any sheltered
place, and in the vicinity of Washington, at least, make their ~
appearance as soon as the leaves of the locust trees have fully
developed. At this time they eat small, oblong holes in the
leaves, and later in the season skeletonize the upper surface.
The eggs are laid on the under side of the leaves and are partly
covered with an excrementaceous secretion. They hatch in
about six to eight days, the young larvae breaking through the
ege shell on the under side of the ege mass and gnawing at once
62 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
through the epidermis of the leaf. The three to five larvae in an
egg mass enter through the same orifice, excavate the interior
of the leaf for from two to four days, desert the mine and
wander to other leaves, often to a considerable distance, where
each larva excavates a retreat of its own. The number of larval
migrations under natural conditions has not been ascertained.
Larval existence is never Jess than two weeks and probably
averages about three weeks. Transformation to the pupa occurs
within the mine, the duration of this stage being from six and
one-half to ten days. There appears to be but one generation
in the northern states, while in the latitude of Washington there
may be two generations. The above outline of the life history
is an abstract from a more detailed account by Chittenden.
Natural enemies. This insect is subject to attack in its
southern range at least, by the wheel bug, Prionidus or
Arilus cristatus Linn. This large, predaceous bug preys
upon the larvae while still within the mine. Trichogramma
odontotae How. is recorded as a common egg parasite, while
Derostenus primus How. has also been reared from
the eggs and is probably a secondary parasite. Two para-
sites of the larvae have been recorded, namely, Sympiezus
urolatae How. and Spilochalcis odontatae How.
Control measures. These must obviously be restricted to the
more valuable shade trees on lawns and roadsides and, as a
rule, are unnecessary in New York State. Thorough and timely
spraying with an arsenate of lead, using about two pounds (15
per cent arsenic oxid) to fifty gallons of water ought to be
effective in protecting the foliage. The application should be
made at about the time the leaves are full grown and in New
York State the advisability of the treatment must be determined
largely by the abundance of the insects. Numerous beetles and
slight injury to many leaces in June are liable to result in severe
damage during July and early August, unless repressive measures
are adopted.
Jarring the beetles into inverted umbrellas or other mechanical
collectors has been suggested for a few trees in yards or lawns.
This would be especially applicable to the small trees which,
by the way, are the most liable to injury. This treatment would
have to be repeated every few days so long as the insects con-
tinued abundant.
x
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQIT 63
Bibliography
The following citations are supplemental to the detailed biblio-
graphy given in the 12th report of this office.
1896 Hopkins, A. D. Can. Ent. 28:248 (Odontota).
1697 Chittenden, F.. Ho U. S. Dep’ Agric, Div, Ent. Bul. 9, n. s.,
p. 22-23 (Odontota).
1897 Lintner, J. A. Injur. & Other Ins. N. Y., 12th Rep’t, p. 264-67
(Odontota).
1899 Johnson, W. G. U. S. Dep't Agric., Div. Ent. Bul. 20, n. s.,
p. 63 (Odontota).
ngo2 Chittenden, FF, H. Ul S) Dep't Agric. Div. Ent. Bul, 38; nv s:,
p. 70-83 (Odontota).
1904 Burgess, A. F. U. S: Dep't Agric, Div. Ent. Bul. 46; p. 65
(Odontota).
1905 Felt, E. P. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 1:258, 325-29 (Odontota).
1906 Cotton, E. C. Ohio Dep’t Agric., Div. Nur. & Orch. Insp. Bul. 7,
p. I5-19 (Odontota).
1907 Girault, A. A. N. Y. Eent. Soc. Jour. 15:119 (Odontota).
1908 Hopkins, A. D. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 10:10 (Odontota).
1910 Blatchley, W. S. Coleoptera of Ind., Ind. Dep’t Geol. & Nat.
IRS, IBEIl, 1 jon 1Are
ROSY HYSPZ
Chalepus nervosa Panz.
This small and variable leaf-feeding beetle was found
associated with C. dorsalis Thunb. in an outbreak which re-
sulted in the defoliation of many locust trees at Syosset and
Jericho. Mr F. A. Bartlett of the Frost & Bartlett Company,
Stamford, Conn., reported this species as more abundant than the
larger and better known locust miner. For a fuller account of the
conditions, the reader is referred to a discussion of the preceding
species.
Previous history. This small leaf beetle is quite variable in
appearance and has been described under several different names,
notably, inaequalis Web. and rosea Web. It has been re-
corded by Chambers as mining the leaves of linden and Eupa-
torium ageratoides, while Messrs Hopkins and Cotton
found it feeding commonly on locust in association with the locust
leaf miner. Arthur Gibson states that it is common in Canada on
basswood, though it has never caused noticeable injury. William
Beutenmueller reared this species from the foliage of asters and
Eupatorium. Harris states that these insects may be found on
the leaves of apple trees and very abundantly on those of the
shadbush and chokecherry during the latter part of May and
64 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
early in June. Harrington found the beetles upon oaks, haw-
thorns and elms, and adds that the larvae mine the leaves of
various trees, including apple. Theodore Pergande reared this
species from Cassia nictitans, while Messrs Hubbard and
Schwarz found a pale variety or race very abundant on the leaves
of Robinia neomexicana in the Santa Rita mountains of
southern Arizona.
Life history. The life history of this species has been out-
lined by Saunders as follows:
The eggs are small, rough, blackish and fastened to the sur-
face of the leaf either singly or in clusters of four or five.
The larvae, when hatched, eat their way into the interior of
the leaf, where they feed upon its green, pulpy substance, leaving
the skin above and below entire, which soon turns brown and
dry, forming a blisterlike spot. The larva, when full grown,
which is usually during the month of July, is about one-fifth
of an inch long, oblong in form, rather broader before than
behind, flattened, soft, and of a yellowish-white color, with the
head and neck blackish and of a horny consistence. Each of the
three anterior segments has a pair of legs; the other segments
are provided with small fleshy warts at the sides, and transverse
rows of little rasplike points above and beneath.
The larva changes to a pupa within the leaf, from which, in
about a week, the perfect insect escapes. Within these blister-
like spots the larva, pupa, or freshly-transformed beetle may
often be found.
The beetles hibernate among dead leaves and other debris.
Description. This species, according to Wickham, may be
separated from allied forms by the elytral punctures being
arranged in eight rows and the acute costa. He states that the
color is variable, usually with the head dark, the thorax and
elytra pale with dark, irregular spots.
The beetle is about one-fifth of an inch long, tawny reddish
above, with irregular, darker spots and lines upon the strongly
ridged, deeply punctured wing covers. The legs are yellow.
These characters serve to separate it readily from the larger
C. dorsalis with which it is frequently associated.
Distribution. Horn states that this beetle occurs everywhere
in the eastern regions and also in Arizona. Lugger reports this
beetle as common in Minnesota, it being frequently found among
dead leaves and rubbish in the vicinity of forests.
Remedial measures. It is hardly likely that this species
would be sufficiently numerous to make treatment advisable.
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 65
An exceptional outbreak could undoubtedly be controlled by
thorough spraying with a poison as described for the preceding
form. This would of necessity be restricted largely to more
valuable street and park trees.
Bibliography
The following comprise practically all the literature that we
have been able to find relating to this species.
1624 say, Thomas. Acad) Nato scl Phill 3:432 (Hispa rosea):
Same, in Compl. Writ. 2:205.
1s62) Farris, ©. .W-; Inst Injurm to Vee. gd ed.) py 120-21... ( Hispa
rosea).
1869 Packard, A. S. Guide Study Ins. p. 503 (Hispa rosea).
io72) Chambers, V. Ds (Can) Ent) 4:12z5 (Elispa inaequalis and
Fencettbardenaitiay ie
1874 Henshaw, Samuel. Psyche 1:23 (Odontota rosea).
1877 Provancher, L’Abbe. Pet. Faun Entomol. Can. Vol. 1, Col., p.
683-84 (Odontota rosea).
1882 Horn, G. N. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 10:295, 297 (Odontota).
1683 Harrington, W. H. Ent. Soc. Ont. 13th Rep’t, 1882, p. 61
C@idion'tio ta rosie a).
1889 Saunders, William. Ins. Injur. to Fru., p. 120-21 (Odontota
MOSHE ay).
1890 Beutenmueller, William. Entomol. Amer. 6:178 (Odontota).
1891 Riley, C. V. and Howard, L. O. Ins. Life, 3:435 (Odontota).
toot Hopkins; A; Di WeeWae Agric) Expit Sta. 3d Rept, p: 167
(Odontota).
189QI W. Va. Agric. Exp’t Sta. Bul. 16, p. 88 (Odontota).
1893 —— W. Va. Agric. Exp’t Sta. Bul. 32, p. 202 (Odontota).
1897 Wickham, H. F. Can. Ent. 29:61 (Odontota).
1899 Lugger, Otto. Minn. Agric. Exp’t Sta. Bul. 66, p. 251-52 (Odon-
tota).
1902 Chittenden, F. H. U.S. Dep’t Agric., Div.. Ent. Bul. 38, n. s.,
p. 84-85 (Odontota).
1904 Gibson, Arthur. Ent. Soc. Ont., 34th Rep’t, 1903, p. 52 (Odon-
(OURE TROSeEel))
1906 Cotton, E. C. Ohio Dep’t Agric., Div. Nur. & Orch. Insp. Bul. 7,
p. 46 (Odontota).
1910 Blatchley, W. S. Col. of Ind., p. 1228.
ROSE LEAF HOPPER
Typhlocyba rosae Linn.
This common pest of roses, frequently though inaccurately
designated as thrips, is an European form which has obtained a
wide distribution in this country. Signs of its presence are
readily seen in the series of somewhat characteristic white spots
66 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
along the midvein and in the vicinity of the other veins. These
are, in the ordinary course of affairs, frequently followed by
severe injury and many of the whitish or yellowish white, jump-
ing adults. Badly infested foliage frequently has the under
surface thickly specked with the white membranous cast skins
of the young. This leaf hopper was exceedingly abundant and
somewhat injurious to the foliage of young apple trees at Ghent,
N. Y., in October 1909. This unusual attack was not unpre-
cedented, since the late Dr C. V. Riley had earlier recorded this
species as abundant on apple foliage. It has also been taken
upon the leaves of plum, cultivated cherry, currant, grape, elm
and soft maple.
Dr T. W. Harris, the first American to write of this species,
thought that the insect might winter in the perfect stage con-
cealed under fallen leaves and rubbish. This supposition has
been repeated from time to time with no additional information
respecting the life history of this species. Last winter and early
in the spring the eggs of this species were found just under the
bark of the new growth of rose bushes and the young issuing
therefrom reared to maturity.
Description. The full-grown or perfect leaf hopper is about
one-eighth of an inch long, yellowish white, the wings usually
being whitish and semitransparent. The eyes, claws and ovi-
positor are brown.
The young present a general resemblance to the adult. They
are distinctly smaller, especially when newly hatched, with only
rudimentary wing pads and a very light green. They fre-
quently harmonize so closely with the color of the under side
of the leaf that it is difficult to recognize them.
The egg is semitransparent and has a length of .7 mm and
a diameter of .2 mm. It is narrowly oval, the anterior extremity
being broadly rounded, while near the posterior third there is
a slight curve, the posterior extremity being narrowly rounded.
The eggs are deposited singly just under the new bark. Their
location is indicated by an almost imperceptible, oval elevation
in the bark about 1 mm long and presenting a slight greenish
or yellowish discoloration occasionally accompanied by in-
creased transparency due to the egg beneath. There is at one
end of the elevation a very slight scar made at the time the
egg was deposited. This wound is quite different from the
elongate lenticels seen upon the wood. It is comparatively easy
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 67
to expose the eggs by simply rupturing the bark on either side
with a needle and raising it. Prof. R. L. Webster of Ames, Iowa,
has found the eggs of this species in the bark of elm two or three
years old. He also found nymphs on maple trees though no
signs of oviposition.
Life history. It is evident from the above that the eggs
winter in the bark of various trees and shrubs, especially rose
and probably apple. April 17, 1911 material taken at Nassau,
N. Y., contained a semitransparent, yellowish embryo with a
length about one-third that of the egg and showing an indistinct
segmentation. May 14th nymphs were numerous on the lower
leaves especially, their presence being indicated by the rather
characteristic white spots along the veins. The abundant
growth above the affected leaves obscures, in large measure,
the early signs of this insect. The injury becomes more marked
as the season advances. May 25th the nymphs were about
three-quarters grown, the first adults being observed June 3d.
Pairing and the deposition of eggs is stated to occur about the
middle of June. Owing to the fact that the insects were not
numerous later in the summer we did not follow the life history
of the species further. The abundant occurrence of this leaf
hopper upon apple leaves in October shows that there must be
more than one generation, possibiy three under favorable
conditions.
Remedial measures. The hibernation of the insect in the egg
stage and the consequent somewhat uniform hatching of the
eggs makes it comparatively easy to watch for the early indica-
tions of injury, namely, the series of characteristic white spots
along the midvein and in the vicinity of other veins, and then
spray with a contact insecticide, either a whale oil soap solution
or a kerosene emulsion. This application if thorough and made
to the under side of the leaves should destroy practically all of
the delicate, comparatively slow-moving nymphs and prevent
further injury during the season unless there be an invasion
from nearby plants. This early treatment will be much more
effective than anything that can be employed after the insects
have become adult and able to jump and fly readily.
Bibliography
1862 Harris, T. W. Ins. Injur. to Veget. 3d. ed., p. 220 (Tettigonia).
7285 Lintner, J. A. 2d Rep’t N.Y. State Ent., p. 31 (Tettigonia).
1889 Weed, C. M. Ohio Agric. Exp’t Sta. Bul. v. 2, no. 6, p. 155-50.
1890 Lintner, J. A. 6th Rep’t N. Y. State Ent., p. 166 (Tettigonia).
3
68 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
1890 —— Country Gentleman 55:538 (Tettigonia).
1891 —— 7th Rep’t N. Y. State Ent., p. 345 (Tettigonia).
1891 Weed, C. M. Ins. & Insecticides, p. 156-57.
1893 Lintner, J. A. 8th Rep’t N. Y. State Ent., p. 256-57 (Empoa).
1894 Van Duzee, E. P. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 21:313.
1895 Comstock, J. H. and A. B. Manual Study of Ins., p. 154 (Empoa).
1895 Gillette, C. P. and Baker, C. F. Col. Agric. Exp’t Sta. Bul. 31,
pari:
1896 Lintner, J. A. Country Gentlemen. 61:763.
1898 Gillette, C. P. U.S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 20:771-72.
1900 Lugger, Otto. Minn. Agric. Exp’t Sta. Bul. 69:131-32.
1905 Felt, E. P. Ins. Affect. Prk. & Wdld. Trees. 1:191.
I910 —— 25th Rep’t N. Y. State Ent., p. go.
1910 Webster, R. L. Ent. News. 21 :267.
I91t Felt, E. P. Econom. Ent. Jour. 4:413-14.
PERIODICAL, CICADA
Tibicen septendecim Linn.
Plates 19-24
The large size of the insects, their immense numbers, the
accompanying roar, the spectacular injury and unique life his-
tory, all combine to excite popular interest in the periodical
visitations of this remarkable species. The season of IgII was
marked by the appearance of the large Hudson river brood, the
only one occupying any great extent of this populous watershed.
A Cicada colony, especially if the insects occur by the millions,
abounds in interest. The early part of the visitation is marked *
by the numerous dirty yellow, grublike pupae leaving their bur-
rows by the thousands in late afternoon or early evening, climb-
ing adjacent vegetation and rapidly transforming to the beau-
tiful yellowish white, black spotted, red-eyed insects which at
this time cling to foliage and stems and appear not unlike
blossoms, and by the following morning have assumed the more
sombre colors of the hardened adult. Later the empty pupal
shells may be seen clinging to trunks, branches and leaves,
while the black, red-winged adults rest upon the foliage or sit
motionless on trunk or branch. Hundreds may be driven to
flight by shaking small trees. Cicada notes may herald the ris-
ing of the sun and if the day remains clear, the sound gains
volume with the increase in temperature and, in the case of
numerous colonies, resembles the distant hum of a busy factory.
The serenade may be continued long after dark on moonlight
evenings.
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 69
Life history. This insect presents an extraordinary life cycle,
requiring in the northern states seventeen years to complete
its transformations, though the adult existence is relatively
short. The same species completes its transformations in the
southern states in thirteen years. The Cicadas appear in this
latitude the latter part of May, usually from May 2oth to early
June and may continue to July, a few persisting into August.
The pupa emerges about dusk from its circular hole or burrow
about half an inch in diameter and climbs the nearest support.
Here it fixes itself firmly and prepares for the final transforma-
tion, which latter is an extremely interesting process and may
occupy about an hour and a half. The established pupa is
illustrated on plate 19, figure 1, while the first sign of the
impending change, namely, a split along the back, is shown
at plate 19, figure 2 and only five minutes later at plate 19,
figure 3. Two minutes later we have a _ condition shown
at plate 19, figure 4, while five minutes after the insect is
half way out of the pupal shell (plate 19, figure 5) the with-
drawing of the tender wings and legs from their horny cases
is a matter of some difficulty and proceeds relatively slowly. One
stage of this, taken seven minutes after the above mentioned.
illustration, is shown at plate 19, figure 6, while two minutes
later (plate 20, figure 1) the developing insect had already com-
menced to turn back, and a minute later (plate 20, figure 2)
had nearly freed its legs, this process being complete (plate 29,
figure 3) I minute later and within another minute (plate
20, figure 4) the perfect insect was resting upon the empty pupal
shell, and six minutes later (plate 20, figure 5) it was hang-
ing beside the empty shell and the wings were beginning
to develop. The developing wings are better seen in a dorsal
view (plate 20, figure 6) which represents the pupa as it is turn-
ing back in an effort to withdraw its limbs, while six minutes
later (plate 21, figure 1) we have the same Cicada clinging to
a leaf and with its limp, milk white wings about half expanded.
This latter process is rapid and the wings were nearly extended
one minute later (plate 21, figure 2) and practically fully de-
veloped (plate 21, figure 3) in two minutes. The limp wings
gradually stiffen and are then wrapped around the body (plate
21, figure 4). The insect hardens during the night, the wing
veins become dark red, the body black and we have the well-known
Cicada (plate 21, figure 5).
70 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
The adults, as demonstrated by Prof. A. L. Quaintance, feed
to some extent though there never seems to be any material
injury as a result. The Cicadas may be observed throughout
the day resting upon the foliage or branches and occasionally
flying a short distance. They seem to be very local in habit.
The principal injury, as is well known, is caused by the female
in the cutting of slits for the reception of eggs. This operation
has been described by Mr Ira H. Lawton as follows:
After finishing one fissure the female moved slowly forward
about two steps, depressed her ovipositor about 45°, and setting her
saws in motion, first alternately and then simultaneously, rapidly
penetrated the bark, but the ovipositor was soon elevated to 25°.
After penetrating to the full length of her ovipositor and filling that
chamber with eggs, she swung a little to one side and through the
same hole in the bark excavated the opposite chamber and filled it
with eggs. The making of each chamber occupied a little over
twenty minutes or a total of forty-five minutes for the whole.
During the cutting of a fissure, the saws made about eighty strokes
to the minute, and after making four, the female would rest for a
time. The heads of the Cicadas were directed, in the main, from
the tree but not invariably so, as some worked with their heads
toward the trunk of the tree.
A female with the ovipositor partly inserted is shown at plate
21, figure 6.
Oviposition. The female exercises very little choice in select-
ing twigs in which to deposit eggs. Mr William T. Davis of
Staten Island has recorded oviposition in between seventy and
eighty kinds of trees, bushes and herbaceous plants. The limbs
of oaks and hickories are favorites, though on Staten Island the
black birch and sweet’ gum were frequently severely injured.
Oviposition in the twigs of pine and the smooth sumac, Rhus
glabra, appears to be comparatively rare. Poison ivy is not
exempt.
One female may make as many as fifty of these slits (plate
22) in a twig, and after depositing her complement, which is
said to be four hundred to five hundred, drops to the earth
and dies. Oviposition commenced at Nyack in 1911, according
to Mr Lawton, June 22d, the eggs beginning to hatch within
five weeks, namely, the latter part of July. Eggs taken in the
vicinity of Albany hatched in the office August 5th. The young
Cicadas are slender, grublike creatures about one-tenth of an
inch long. ‘They are as lively as ants, and after running about
on the tree for a short time, drop to the ground and bury them-
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQIT 71
selves. Their strong forelegs are well adapted for digging and
are undoubtedly of great service in searching for the tender
succulent rootlets on which they feed. The Cicadas grow so
slowly and require so little food that but slight injury to trees
or shrubs appears to result from their presence. They remain
at moderate depths, especially during the ealier and latter por-
tions of their existence though at times they have been found
a number of feet below the surface. There is little change dur-
ing the subterranean existence, except in size, between the newly
hatched young and the full-grown nymph, which latter has on
the thorax four scalelike appendages, the rudimentary wings.
The insects make their way to the surface in the spring of the
seventeenth year through a smooth, firmly compacted gallery
which may even pierce the hard surface of a pathway or
roadside and under certain conditions may be covered with a cone-
like chamber made of mud pellets.
Description. The periodical Cicada (plate 21, figure 6) may
be easily distinguished from the common dogday Cicada or
harvest fly, Cicada linnei Grossb. by the eyes and veins
of the wings being bright red. More or less of the ventral
surface of the abdomen (especially in the male) and the legs
are dull red. The dorsal surface of the body is almost entirely
black. The periodical Cicada is more slender than the stouter
dogday Cicada, which latter has green markings on the thorax,
greenish eyes and bright green wing veins.
Distribution. The Hudson valley brood is one of the best
known, since it occurs throughout a populous section. Aside
from the New York localities given in detail below, it has been
recorded from Connecticut, District of Columbia, Indiana, Mary-
land, Michigan, the entire state of New Jersey, North Carolina,
Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia. An examination of
the map indicating the distribution of this brood, shows that it
is largely confined to the eastern slope of the Appalachian
mountains, the few records in the central states apparently
being isolated colonies. There are authentic records of the
appearance of this brood extending back to 1724.
Comparative abundance. It is difficult to give any very
exact data respecting the comparative abundance of an insect
appearing only once in seventeen years, nevertheless the follow-
ing observations indicate an apparent increase in some localities
with a reduction in others, compared with the brood appearing
in 1894. The Cicadas were about the same at Copake Falls
72 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
(H. D. Harvey) and less numerous at Ghent (Thomas F.
Hartigan); equally numerous at West Taghkanic (S. S. Sim-
mons); there were slight changes in the infested territory at
Annandale (H. D. Lewis); hardly as abundant at Fonda (Frank
Jansen); equally abundant or more numerous at Middletown
(Eugene Smith) and at Mountainville (R. G. Doxey); twice as
abundant at Goshen (C. B. Coleman); much more numerous at
Schaghticoke (Fred M. Askins); somewhat more numerous at
Highland (W. D. Tallman); not so abundant at Marlboro (H.
C. Dawes); equally numerous at Milton (A. E. Bell); more
abundant at Port Ewen (Silvanus VanAken); more abundant
at Saugerties (C. E. Davis) ; equally numerous at Walkill (J. T.
Halmes) and fewer at Thomson (Letitia H. Dixon).
There were undoubtedly a number of localities where the
insect failed to appear this season though present in 1894. Most
of these might easily be explained if we knew all the facts.
Mr W. T. Davis, of New Brighton, states that in 1877 there
were a great many Cicadas in the garden of the home place, and
though the same fruit trees are standing and the conditions as
regards vegetation have remained practically unchanged, yet he
failed to find any of the insects the past season. He concludes °
that they have undoubtedly been exterminated by the house
sparrows which have become very numerous in that section of
Staten Island. The destruction of forests and the death or re-
moval of shade and fruit trees is bound to result in the local
extermination of the Cicada. Many such instances have doubt-
less occurred in the vicinity of growing cities and villages.
Weak colonies are also very likely to become exterminated by
birds. Mr Silvanus VanAken of Port Ewen states that the
insect has failed to appear in some localities where it occurred
seventeen years ago. No statement is given as to the cause.
Mr Eugene Smith of Middletown states that there were great
differences locally in the numbers of the insects. Practically
all the others reporting upon this question concur in stating
that the insect has not failed to appear in any locality where
it occurred in 1894.
The relative abundance of the insects in limited localities at
least, is indicated by the number of holes made by the pupae
as they emerge from the ground. In some places the insects were
so numerous as to literally give a honeycombed appearance to
hard surfaces. This phenomenon was reported by the follow-
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQITI We
ing: S. S. Simmons, West Taghkanic; H. D. Lewis, Annan-
dale; E. P. Wheeler, New Hamburg; J. H. Mills, Rhinecliff
‘(roadside honeycombed); Eugene Smith, Middletown; R. G.
Doxey, Mountainville; C. B. Coleman, Goshen (twenty-five
holes in one square foot); Fred M. Askins, Schaghticoke; A. E.
Bell, Milton; C. E. Davis, Saugerties; J. T. Halmes, Wallkill;
N. D. Rand, West Camp (one thousand holes in twenty-five
square fect); C.°W. Hyatt, Peekskill and Annis, FE. Thomson;
Yonkers.
Time of appearance. The periodical Cicada is most remark-
able because of the regularity with which it deserts its subter-
ranean retreats. A careful study of this insect in 1894 led the
late Doctor Lintner to decide that the first specimens appeared
above ground May 2oth, though it subsequently developed that
adults emerged that year May 19th on Staten Island. Miss
Annis E. Thomson, Loweree Summit, Yonkers, states that the
first Cicada pupa appeared above ground last season May 13th,
transforming to the adult the next day. The thin, rocky soil
of that locality probably explains this somewhat early emer-
gence. Mr Davis states that the first Cicada appeared on Staten
Island May 22d. Mr George A. Lintner transmitted to this
office a living specimen taken at Summit, N. J., May 20th, while
Mr Ira Lawton reported the occurrence of perfect insects on
that date at Nyack, Mr R. G. Doxey at Mountainville and Mr
Samuel H. Cox at Bangall. Mrs Matthew Hart recorded the
appearance of Cicadas at Castleton May 22d, while Mr N. D.
Rand observed them at West Camp May 23d. They were ob-
served at Annandale, Arlington, and Saugerties May 24th by
Messrs H. D. Lewis, W. H. Hart and C. E. Davis, respectively,
and reported from near New Baltimore Station by C. H. Van
Orden May 25th. They were seen May 27th at Athens by
Mr O. Q. Flint and the following day at Ravena and Fonda by
Messrs Bronk VanSlyke and Frank Jansen, respectively. The
first specimens taken in the vicinity of Albany were found May
29th at the Rural Cemetery and were evidently among the first
to come above ground, though it is possible that a few emerged
on the 28th.
It will be seen by scanning the above dates of appearance that
they were progressively later as we ascend the river, with the
exception of the appearance at Castleton May 22d. There may
have been some local cause for this apparent irregularity.
Several instances of accelerated or delayed emergence were
74 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
brought to our attention. Mr H. D. Lewis of Annandale states
that he observed a few living, fully developed Cicadas and sev-
eral recently vacated pupal shells in r910. The arrival of the
main body in that locality in 1911 was later than in 1894. He
found that the first appearing individuals seemed to be diseased
and lived only a few hours, possibly dying as a result of adverse
weather conditions. Mr J. H. Mills, Rhinecliff, also stated that
many died shortly after leaving the soil.
There is another record of Cicadas appearing in 1910 in New
York State, though this latter appears to apply to a different
brood. Mr William T. Davis of Staten Island states that he
found the insects abundant at Half Way Hollow near Wyan-
danch, L. I., in 1910, though repeated examinations in that lo-
cality last season failed to disclose any signs of the insect. He
is inclined to believe that this appearance represents another
brood which can hardly be the case with the few found in 1910
by Mr Lewis at Annandale.
Date of the first cry or song of the male. This, like the record
for the last appearance and last recorded note, varies consider-
ably, ranging in the different localities from May 22d to June
5th. The detailed records are as follows: May 22d, R. G.
Doxey, Mountainville; May 25th, S. S. Simmons, West Tagh-
kanic; May 27th, H. D. Lewis, Annandale; June 5th, Frank
Jansen, Fonda; May 29th, Eugene Smith, Middletown; May 23d,
C. B. Coleman, Goshen; June roth, W. D. Tallman, Highland;
May 27th, H. G. Dawes, Marlboro; May 30th, Silvanus Van-
Aken, Port Ewen; May 26th, C. E. Davis, Saugerties; May 27th,
N. D. Rand, West Camp; May 22d, C. W. Hyatt, Peekskill and
May 30th, Annis E. Thomson, Yonkers.
Persistence of Cicadas. It is well known that the Cicadas
remain above ground for several weeks, and in connection with
ascertaining the distribution of the insect, two queries were
asked designed to supply data respecting the period during
which these insects could be either seen or heard. Parties re-
porting gave the date when they last saw the insect from June
12th to July 18th. The individual records are as follows: July
4th, R. G. Doxey, Mountainville; July 8th, S. S. Simmons, West
Taghkanic; July 18th, H. D. Lewis, Annandale; July 4th, E. P.
Wheeler, New Hamburgh; June r2th, Eugene Smith, Middle-
town; July 2d, C. B. Coleman, Goshen; July 4th, Sylvester
Bulson, Stony Point; July 19th, W. D. Tallman, Highland;
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 75
June 21st, H. C. Dawes, Marlboro; July 1st, Silvanus VanAken,
Port Ewen; July 8th, C. E. Davis, Saugerties; July rath, N. D.
Rand, West Camp; July 6th, C. W. Hyatt, Peekskill, and June
13th, Annis E. Thomson, Yonkers.
The date when the last cry or song of the male was heard is
also of value in determining this period, it ranging from June
Toth to August 2d or 6th. No one conversant with the party
can question the record given by Mr Davis, though there is a
bare possibility that Mr Bulson may have been mistaken. The
detailed records are as follows: July 12th, S. S. Simmons, West
Taghkanic; July 14th, H. D. Lewis, Annandale; June 12th,
Eugene Smith, Middletown; July 8th, C. B. Coleman, Goshen;
July roth, W. T. Davis, New Brighton, S. I. (he records hearing
a belated individual August 2d); August 6th, Sylvester Bulson,
stony Point (one male nearly over is head); June 27th,
Silvanus VanAken, Port Ewen; July 8th, C. E. Davis, Sauger-
ties; july Gth or 7th, C.\W. Hyatt) Peekskill, and june 10th;
Annis E. Thomson, Yonkers.
Above-ground chambers. ‘These peculiar structures which
excited so much attention in 1894 could doubtless have been
found in many localities the past season. Mr H. D. Lewis of
Annandale reports their rare occurence in a few places; Mr C. B.
Coleman, Goshen, found a very few; Mr R. G. Doxey, Moun-
tainville, observed them in low spots; Mr. W. T. Davis of New
Brighton, S. I., states that they were rather common in the
William Brook woods; Mr Silvanus Bulson found them numer-
ous at Stony Point. Investigations at New Baltimore and at
the Graceland Cemetery in the vicinity of Albany showed these
above-ground chambers to be rather common though, as a rule,
they were not nearly so perpendicular as appears to have been
the case in 1894. On scraping away dead leaves the chambers
were to be found mostly in an oblique or horizontal position, a
few being vertical (plate 23). We fail to find even one locality
where they were so numerous as represented by the photographs
of the late Doctor Lintner, taken seventeen years ago.
The variety Cassinii appears to have been nearly over-
looked though Mr William T. Davis of Staten Island records
finding small numbers of this form June 16th near Willow Brook
and Westerleigh. Mr Isaac Wort, Rossville, gave Mr Davis two
specimens taken by him in that locality June 18th.
Appearance of the Cicada in the Hudson valley. The detailed
records given below show that the Cicada appeared during 1911
76 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
on the western end of Long Island, on Staten Island and in
practically all of the counties on each side of the Hudson river
from New York City north to Saratoga and Washington counties,
the northernmost limit recorded the past season being at Thom-
son, Washington county. The insects extend some miles back
from the Hudson river, probably to the Massachusetts state
line in the vicinity of Annandale and in Orange county, possibly
some twenty miles or more from the Hudson river. There is, in
addition, a recently discovered populous colony near Fonda in
Montgomery county.
Albany county. Near Albany Cicadas were extremely abundant
in Graceland Cemetery, Normansville; were heard at Clarksville
by J. Shafer Bartlett; evidences of their work were observed in
Coeymans near Coeymans creek from the West Shore Railroad,
and they were reported from Dunnsville by the Albany Evening
Journal. A complaint of injury by this insect to orchard trees
was received from Mrs E. K. W. Vanderzee who lives near
Feura Bush. Cicadas were very abundant at Kenwood just
south of Albany and numerous in Wildwood valley and probably
other sections of the Albany Rural Cemetery at Menands. The
insects appeared to be rather generally distributed in Ravena
here and there southward to the Greene county line. Mr
Bronk Van Slyke of Ravena states that they were present in his
orchard and that seventeen years ago they were very numerous,
seriously injuring it, and that on the occasion of the preceding
appearance, thirty-four years ago, the insects destroyed a nearby
orchard. Cicadas were reported in 1894 from New Scotland,
Voorheesville and Bethlehem Center in addition to some of
those named above. It is very probable that it also appeared in
these localities in 1g1T.
Columbia county. Cicadas were reported as being present at
Claverack by Mr G. G. Atwood of the Department of Agricul-
ture. Mr H. D. Harvey writes that they were very abundant at
Copake Falls, near Hillsdale. Mr Thomas T. Hartigan of
Ghent states that up to June 9th Cicadas had appeared in small
numbers compared to those which obtained in 1894, when there
seemed to be millions of the insects. Observations on the New
York Central trains showed numerous signs of Cicada work from
a little south of Hudson nearly continuous to North Germantown.
1The Copake Falls record given above refers to the colony reported in 1894
from Hillsdale.
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII WG
Evidences of their work were abundant about two miles south
of Germantown and three or four miles south of that ‘station. At
Kinderhook small numbers were reported in the orchards of Mr
Edward VanAlstyne and William Hotaling. Mr VanAlstyne
states that there was a numerous colony on another farm of his
some two miles west of the home place. There were abundant
evidences of Cicada work in a patch of woods about one mile
south of Niverville on the Albany Southern Railroad. Scat-
tering insects were reported at North Chatham on the farms
of W. W. Woodward and Theodore Horton. Along the line of
the New York Central Railroad there was evidently an abund-
ant colony one-half mile south of Stockport and two miles south
of this station they were even more numerous. The insects
were also reported from Stuyvesant Falls. Mr S. S. Simmons,
West Taghkanic, states that Cicadas were abundant in that local-
ity some eight miles east of the Hudson river and only a few
miles from the southwestern corner of Massachusetts.
Dutchess county. Mr H. D. Lewis reported the Cicadas as very
numerous at Annandale, they appearing first May 24th. The
insects were very abundant in portions of a small orchard near
the residence of Mr Lewis’s father, some trees being very badly
infested, while less than fifty feet away comparatively few
Cicadas were to be seen. The orchard some distance from the
house, which was badly infested in 1894, showed comparatively
few this year. Mr Lewis states that the insect occurred here and
there on the ridges from the river practically to the Connecticut
state line. Cicadas were excessively abundant on the estate of
Warren Delano near the river. Vhey were literally present in
millions, immense numbers of pupal shells being observed
clinging to the branches and lying at the base of the large oaks
and maples. Probably several quarts could have been scooped
up around almost any one of the trees. The Cicadas were ex-
ceedingly numerous on this estate in 1894. Mr W. H. Hart
noted Cicadas for the first time in his Arlington orchard May
25th. Early plowing resulted in turning up pupae so abundant
in some places that there appeared to be more insects than soil.
Mr Samuel H. Cox reported millions of Cicadas in the vicinity
of Bangall. They were rather numerous near the Barrytown
station. Mr H. D. Lewis of Annandale states that several
orchards in Barrytown were ruined, even trees set some fifteen
years ago. In one instance a recently set orchard had the two
rows next a badly infested woodland severely affected, while all
' of the other trees practically escaped injury. There were a few
Coed
78 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
signs of Cicada work visible from the New York Central tracks
two to four miles north of Camelot, while injured twigs were
abundant four miles north. There was evidenty a numerous
colony along the New York Central tracks one-half mile north
of Chelsea and extending for fully one and one-half miles. The
work of this insect was most apparent on rocky knolls or hills
covered with a scrubby oak growth. Cicada injury was very
evident south of Dutchess Junction, while the woodland on the
hills to the east appeared to be severely injured. The work of
what appeared to be a moderately small colony was observed
just north of Fishkill Landing, this colony being fully a mile
long. At Hyde Park the evidences of Cicada work were rather
prevalent, there being abundant signs of injury one-half mile
south, and a little farther south the work was even more
prevalent and practically continuous from that point to Pough-
keepsie. Mr Everett P. Wheeler of New York states that the
Cicadas became very numerous at New Hamburg and were de-
structive to young branches of trees, particularly peach and
elm. Observations from the New York Central Railroad dis-
closed signs of this insect’s work here and there in the vicinity.
The Poughkeepsie News states that the insects were present in
millions on the river road near “ Carnwath,’ the grass was com-
pletely covered with the pupal cases, while the roar of the sing-
ing could be heard for miles. Another locality mentioned was
on the Ruppert farm south of the driving park. Dr Z. D. Patter-
son of Red Hook states that the Cicadas were a great menace in
that locality. Mr Joseph H. Mills, forester for J. J. Astor, re-
ports an infested locality of one and one-half acres of lawn and
shade trees at Ferncliff near Rhinecliff. There was on the aver-
age about four quarts of pupal shells under about twenty trees,
one having five quarts within a radius of eight feet. Rhine-
cliff and vicinity appears to have been one of the localities
greatly favored by Cicadas. The insects were present at Staats-
burg, evidence of their work being plainly seen from the New
York Central tracks some one-half mile south of the station, and
more evident two to three miles farther south. Cicada work
was abundant also at Tivoli, some trees having their tips killed
while a few small ones had most of the branches destroyed. The
colonies along the New York Central Railroad were practically
continuous and abundant from Tivoli south to Rhinecliff.
Greene county. The work of Cicadas was observed from the
West Shore Railroad about two miles north of Alsen to one mile
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 79
south, a colony nearly three miles long. The insect was re-
ported from Athens by Mr J. Q. Flint as follows: On land be-
longing to Mr Egbert Hallenbeck at Morrison Hill south of
Athens; on land of Mr Edward A. Guthrie on the Sporenburgh
road; on that of Miss Anna Brandow on the Catskill road. The
insects were exceedingly abundant at Morrison Hill and were
doubtless generally prevalent in that section. They were re-
ported as being present at Cairo by Miss Ida M. Bonesteel.
Cicadas were said to occur at Leeds. Mr C. H. VanOrden
reported the appearance of the insects between West Coxsackie
and New Baltimore Station on the 25th, they being in full cry
on the 27th. There was a large colony about a quarter of a mile
south of New Baltimore Station on the West Shore Railroad.
The noise was loud enough so that the insects could easily be
heard a quarter of a mile. An orchard about midway between
Ravena and New Baltimore Station was very badly infested by
this insect and it was reported as being present a half mile or
so east of New Baltimore Station. Cicada work was seen from
the West Shore Railroad from about one-half of a mile to a mile
and a half south of the West Athens station. The insects were re-
ported as very abundant at West Coxsackie.
Montgomery county. A large colony was recorded by Mr
Frank Jansen on the sand flats about three miles west or north-
west of Fonda, the insects occurring there by the millions and
making the woods ring with their noise about half a mile from
his house. Mr Jansen states that he knows they were in that
locality in 1894 and adds that his wife heard them on the occa-
sion of the’r previous advent, namely, 1877. The local papers
refer to this colony as being in Mr Nare’s woods and state that
the birds were devouring many of the insects. This appears to
be a hitherto unrecorded locality for the periodical Cicada.
Nassau county. Miss Grace K. Wandless reported Cicadas as
being abundant at Garden City.
New York county. Mr Waldemar Cruger, 85 West 18Ist street,
found insects, presumably in that locality, and reports Cicadas
as rather scarce in the Bronx. He observed fifteen to twenty
on a tree at Fort Schuyler.
Orange county appears to be one of the strongholds of the
Cicada, since its work was seen here and there in the woods
along the river, while reports from various localities in this
county agree in considering the insect extremely abundant.
Many of the tips of the branches in ‘the woods in the vicinity
8o NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
of Balmville just north of Newburgh were killed by this insect.
Mr C. B. Coleman, Goshen, states that it is difficult to find in
that locality a farm where the insect does not occur in consid-
erable numbers, many of the trees appearing as though they had
been swept by fire. Near Highland Falls the work of this insect
was conspicuous at a distance. There were millions of Cicadas,
according to C. M. Dayton, at Leptondale some ten miles from
Newburgh. The work of the insect was very abundant in wood-
lands in the vicinity of Middlehope. Mr Eugene Smith reports
the Cicada as occurring in millions in the country surrounding
Middletown, while press dispatches allege serious injury result-
ing from the work of this species. Millions were to be seen at
Mountainville, town of Cornwall (R. G. Doxey). According to
the Montgomery Standard there were millions of the insects
along the banks of the Wallkill valley, notably in the grove be-
longing to Charles Mould near Bodine’s Bridge. Several New-
burgh papers record an abundance of Cicadas in the near vicinity
of the city. South of the city they were very abundant on
the Highlands and at a place about four miles north of West
Point the colonies appeared to extend well toward the summit of
the ridges and some distance back from the river. The Middle-
town Argus reports the insect at Demerest’s Heights, Warwick.
Cicada work was rather abundant in the woodlands north and
south of West Point. Mr William T. Davis of Staten Island was
at West Point June 3d and states that one of the most impressive
sights was the number of Cicadas which occurred on the moun-
tain side. They commenced singing with the rising of the sun.
“Stronger and louder grew the song until it was continuous
like the hum of some busy factory. This lasted till the sun went
down.” (Davis)
Putnam county. There appears to have been no record of the
periodical Cicada occurring in Putnam county in 1894. The
work of this insect was evident in rg1t here and there along the
Hudson river. Injured twigs were observed on the hills just
north of Cold Spring, apparently local, while a little north of
Pcekskill in Westchester county evidences of oviposition were
observed almost continuously north to Garrison. About one
mile farther north Cicada work was observed and was prevalent
for a distance of some two miles. Evidences of Cicada injury
were extremely abundant along the New York Central Railroad
north from Cold Spring nearly to Dutchess Junction and un-
doubtedly including the section in the vicinity of the New York
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I9Oit 81
Central station, Storm King. There are no records of the occur-
rence of this insect in the eastern part of the county.
Queens county. It is presumed that the Cicada occurred in small
numbers in Queens county, since it was observed in Suffolk and
occurred abundantly in the not distant Westchester and Rich-
mond counties.
Rensselaer county. The presence of Cicadas at Castleton was
reported by Mrs Matthew Hart. In the town of East Greenbush
they occurred in large numbers northeast of the village near
Elliott’s Station on the Albany Southern Railroad. Mr James
Elliott remembers their appearance in both 1894 and 1877. They
were not so abundant seventeen years ago as in 1877. At East
Schodack, they were reported by James Loweree as very abund-
ant on the Thomas Collins’ farm near the residence of John
Coons and about two miles west of the village of Nassau. He
states that they also occurred on the farm of Augustus Byers.
Abel Merchant reports that Cicadas were numerous on Dusen-
bury hill about three miles east of the village of Nassau and
between the residences of Joseph Miller and Stephen Miller just
off from the cross road near what is known as the Cold Water
Tavern. The insects occurred scatteringly in the vicinity of
the village of Nassau. In North Greenbush, Cicadas were very
abundant on the grounds of the Forbes Manor estate and north-
east on Quackendary kill according to Julius Keastner. They
were also numerous farther to the north opposite Maple Beach
Park. Mr M. B. Hartley of Schenectady states that there was a
large colony on the river road leaving North Troy or Lansing-
burg and near the shore at a point called “ The Riffs.” There was
a rather abundant colony along the line of the Albany Southern
Railroad just south of Schodack Center and also in the ‘vicinity
of Stop 77. There was a large colony near the Boston and Al-
bany tracks one mile south of the East Greenbush flag station.
Mr Fred M. Askins reported a very numerous colony in the town
of Schaghticoke for about two miles along the Hudson river and
south of Reynolds, the ground being honeycombed in places by
their galleries. The only record we have for this county in 1894
was that for Bath-on-the-Hudson (really Forbes Manor, North
Greenbush) where the insects were rather abundant.
Richmond county. Cicadas were generally distributed in the
wooded areas on Staten Island (except in the small, so-called
pine barren region) according to Mr William T. Davis of New
Brighton who has kindly supplied us with the following data.
82 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
The insects first appeared May 22d. They were reported by Mr
C. W. Leng on the 23d at West New Brighton, and on the same
day by Mr Isaac West at Rossville near the other end of the
island. They appeared earlier or were more numerous in some
places than in others. At Great Kill they were very common in
a grove of sweet gums and could be seen flying and heard sing-
ing on May 26th. There were many more males than females at
that early date.
Rockland county. This appears to be another Cicada stronghold.
The results of oviposition were observed ‘on Iona island and
vicinity, the insects probably covering most of the Dunderberg
mountain to the south. Mr Ira Lawton reports the occurrence
of the Cicada at Nyack. They were recorded in swarms near
Suffern by Mr M. S. Daniels and reported by Mr Sylvester Bul-
son as occupying a territory about six miles square between
Haverstraw and Fort Montgomery. This brood was reported
by Dr J. A. Lintner in 1894 from Palisades on the Hudson and
was doubtless more or less prevalent throughout the county.
Saratoga county. Rev. David C. Davies of Mechanicville trans-
mitted specimens of Cicadas collected by himself on the Bemis
Heights battlefield in the town of Stillwater. He states that
there were hundreds-of the pupal cases to be seen. He also sent
specimens taken on the farm of George Lape, a mile and a half
from Mechanicville and about a mile west of the Hudson river.
The trees in this locality were full of the insects and their sing-
ing could be heard for some distance. He also states he heard
of a colony on the east side of the Hudson and northeast of
Stillwater in a locality known as Chase’s Hill, a place where
they appeared in 1894. The local press records the appearance
of great numbers of the Cicadas on the Guy Fitch farm about
three miles northwest of Mechanicville. Mr George B. Thomas
observed Cicadas about four and one-half miles south of Schuy-
lerville and one-quarter of a mile west of the Hudson river.
There was a clump of bushes and trees about one rod wide and
twenty rods long which were nearly covered with the insects.
Suffolk county. Mr William T. Davis, of New Brighton, states
that occasional Cicadas were found in localities on the western
end of Long Island. He adds that he was unable to find any
specimens whatever after three visits to the Half Way Hollow
Hills where the insects were so abundant in 1910, and he is
therefore led to conclude that this earlier appearance represents
an independent brood. Mr Charles Watkins of Wyandanch in-
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQITI 83
formed Mr Davis that he had seen two Cicadas (in 1911) in the
nearby lowlands, and Mr Frederick M. Scott assured Mr Davis
that he had heard a few singing about the village but never in
the hills. Mr Davis visited Babylon, L. I., on July 21st and was
unable to find any one who had seen Cicadas reported from that
vicinity by the Brooklyn Eagle. We. have been unable to
obtain any other records respecting the occurrence of this brood
upon Long Island in ro1t.
Ulster county. Just south of Esopus station many locust trees
along the West Shore Railroad showed the effects of Cicada
work, and the same was true of oak about one mile farther south.
At Highland the insects were reported extremely abundant in
‘the woods near the station, though no injured twigs were ob-
served. Mr H. W. Ford reported, under date of July 5th, hear-
ing only a few of the insects. Mr W. D. Tallman states that
the insects were rather abundant at Highland and that they
appeared in small numbers one-half mile west of Clintondale,
some seven miles from the Hudson river. They seemed to be
more abundant than in 1894. Many dead tips were observed
from the West Shore Railroad one-half mile south of Malden.
Cicada work was very abundant in the woods just above Marl-
boro, the colony being more or less continuous from there to
Milton where similar conditions obtained. Mr H. C. Dawes,
three miles south and west of Marlboro, found Cicadas very
scarce in his neighborhood. Mr Arthur E. Bell of Milton re-
ports the insect about as abundant as in 1894 and is of the
opinion that it did not fail to appear in any locality where it
occurred that year. Serious injury resulted in some places.
Many Cicadas were reported from the woods back of New
Paltz. Dr J. R. Gillett May 30th stated that the insects occurred
all along the line from Highland to New Paltz. About one-half
square mile of mountain land was abundantly infested by the
Cicadas at Port Ewen according to Silvanus VanAken, the
insects failing to appear in some localities where they occurred
in 1894. Very little injury came to his notice. He reports
another colony one and one-half miles southeast of Port Ewen.
Miss Ethel H. Dann observed great numbers of Cicadas at Sauger-
ties. Mr C. E. Davis of that locality states that there is an. in-
fested area some six miles from Saugerties and one mile west of
the Hudson, the insects occurring by the millions and so abund-
ant that it was necessary to lead horses in cultivating crops. Mr
William Waldele, Saugerties, reports the Cicadas so numerous
84 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
that nearly every leaf, limb and part of recently set apple trees
were covered with the insects. Mr J. T. Halmes, writing from
Wallkill, states that June 30th the Cicada cry was almost con-
tinuous, especially when crossing the Shawangunk mountain
between the Wallkill valley and Ellenville, the cry apparently
stopping as he entered Sullivan county. Returning to Wallkill
three weeks later he observed that the insects had disappeared
and that the oaks and chestnuts especially had been severely
injured, it appearing as though fire had scorched the young
branches. Mr N. D. Rand of West Camp reports an infestation
one-quarter of a mile wide along the Hudson, the insects occur-
ring by the millions and extensive injury to apple and peach
trees in particular, resulting. Just south of West Camp station
on the West Shore Railroad injuries by Cicada were very evi-
dent. This insect was recorded by Dr J. A. Lintner in 1894, in
addition to certain localities given above, from Quarryville.
Washington county. Miss Letitia H. Dixon transmitted speci-
mens collected in Governor Dix’s woods at Thomson and states
that the insects were there seventeen years ago. Mrs William
G. Drake, now of New Jersey, informs us that she remembers
very well Doctor Fitch collecting periodical Cicadas in 1877 at
Fort Miller, only a short distance from Thomson. There appears
to have been no published record of this occurrence in 1894.
Westchester county. Mr R. W. Trine is responsible for the
statement that Cicadas were thick on his property, “the Kitch-
awan Hills,’ Croton Lake, located on the Mount Airy road to
Croton. The insects did not occur in the village though they
were pretty generally distributed in that section. Mr G. G. At-
wood of the Department of Agriculture reports the insect very
abundant at Dobbs Ferry and Katonah. Messrs Edward and
Robert Broom of Mount Vernon record many pupal cases in
that locality. Mr A. J. Bolton of New Rochelle reports large
numbers of Cicadas, probably millions, on Twin and Hunter
islands. The insect was also reported as occurring by millions
at New Rochelle and in the Pelhams. Mr C. W. Hyatt found
Cicadas abundant about four miles north and three miles west
of Peekskill. Mrs E. H. Kingsland reports thousands of Cicadas
at Pelham. Abundant evidences of this insect were observed
from the New York Central tracks just north of Ossining, in-
juries being rather numerous from there to Croton on Hudson.
From Scarboro along the New York Central tracks south nearly
to Tarrytown evidences of Cicada oviposition were rather abund-
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQITI 85
ant. Miss Annis E. Thomson, of Yonkers, reports thousands of
Cicadas at Lowerre Summit and Park Hill. It is probable that
the insect was pretty generally distributed throughout the west-
ern and southern portion of the county, at least.
Natural enemies. A large and excessively numerous insect
such as the Cicada affords abundant provender for many natural
enemies. Cats and dogs have been reported as eating the pupae
as they emerge from the ground. Miss Annis E. Thomson of
Yonkers reports feeding twenty of the insects in succession to a
cat without any ill effects. Skunks, groundhogs and gray squir-
rels have been observed in earlier years feeding upon the Cicadas,
and it is probable that several other quadrupeds do not ignore
this article of diet. There were several reports of domestic
fowls, probably all kinds, feeding greedily upon the insects.
Birds, such as hawks, crows, robins and sparrows, feed readily
upon this species. More than one farmer reports no pulling of
corn and unharmed cherries as a result of abundant Cicadas in
the vicinity. A flock of crows hanging over a woodland and
scolding on the approach of man, is very likely to signify a
colony of Cicadas. The English sparrow appears to be part‘cu-
larly fond of this insect and is undoubtedly largely responsible
for its local extermination in the vicinity of cities.
Miiece dre ‘several insect enemies ois tnes@icada.. Mis |e.
Guffin, Albany, reports having observed one of our largest
dragon flies feeding upon a Cicada. His attention was attracted
by the Cicada note and sounds of a struggle. An investigation
disclosed the two insects on a nearby mullen stalk. The dragon
fly was seen to bite off the head of the Cicada, eat into the
thorax, and after a time, becoming alarmed, fly away with the
remainder of the body. -Mr O. Q. Flint, Athens, reported
darning needles numerous in the vicinity of a locust colony.
Ants have also been observed to attack Cicadas though they
probably content themselves with preying on the dying or dead.
The fungus Massospora cicadina was reported
rather prevalent in a number of localities. Mr William T. Davis
of Staten Island found numerous males and females infected
with the disease at West Point June 3d. It was observed in
Graceland Cemetery near Albany as early as June gth, while at
New Baltimore it was rather prevalent June toth and 13th. Oc-
casional specimens could be seen flying even after most of the
abdomen had dropped off as a result of the fungous infection.
Mr R. G. Doxey, Mountainville, reports the occurrence of the
86 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
fungus. Mr H. D. Lewis of Annandale recorded many dead and
dying insects, some infected with fungus June 16th.
The local presence of the disease was also reported by Mr S. S.
Simmons, West Taghkanic; Eugene Smith, Middletown; C. B.
Coleman, Goshen; Fred M. Askens, Schaghticoke; Sylvester
Bulson, Stony Point and C. W. Hyatt, Peekskill.
Adverse weather conditions are undoubtedly responsible for
the untimely death of many insects. Miss Annis E. Thomson
states that on June 1oth, 11th and 12th there were three terrific
thunder and lightning storms which killed every Cicada. Not
one was seen alive after June 12th. Between the storms, the
birds feasted on the insects and the children picked the wings from
the multitude of dead bodies in the roadways.
Injuries. The reports of injuries as a result of a Cicada’vis'ta-
tion usually characterized the damage as very severe, and in
localities where the insects are exceptionally numerous, many
of the young twigs, in some instances most, may be killed by
the numerous oviposition scars. This looks badly in midsummer
and gives a very unfavorable impression, whereas in reality the
damage is confined largely to the small limbs, and in the case
of good sized trees amounts to but little more than a somewhat
general heading back. Some correspondents state that affected
trees look as though they had been swept by fire. In certain
cases fruiting trees had the limbs so badly injured that they
broke with the weight of the young apples. The proportionate
injury to young trees is undoubtedly much greater than in the
case of large ones, and in certain instances may result in the
ruin, if not death of individual trees.
The Cicada is relatively local in its habits, and as a conse-
quence the injury is rarely widespread and mostly confined to
comparatively low value forest trees. This disinclination of the
Cicada to fly is well illustrated by conditions obtaining on the
farm of Mr H. D. Lewis at Annandale. There were a number
of trees in one orchard very badly infested with the insects while
within fifty feet there were many others practically free from
Cicadas. Mr Lewis reports one case where two rows of a young
orchard near a woodland were severely affected, while other
parts were practically free from damage. Mr R. G. Doxey,
Mountainville, records the killing of newly set fruit trees.
Preventives of injury. he major portion of the visible in-
jury at least is caused by the female as she makes slits in the
twigs with her sawlike ovipositor for the reception of eggs. It
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 87
is purely a mechanical injury. Small trees in the vicinity of a
numerous colony can be easily protected by inclosing them with
a fine netting during this egg-laying period (plate 24). It is equally
obvious that some attention to the probabilities of injury in the
future would suggest refraining from planting young trees near
infested woodlands for at least several years prior to the ex-
pected appearance of the insect. Similarly, trees in the local-
ity where Cicadas were abundant might well be trimmed very
little or not at all for one or two years prior to the advent of the
insects, thus leaving a superabundance of wood and mitigating to
considerable extent the probable injury.
Practical experience has shown that it is possible by system-
atic and persistent collecting to protect moderate sized trees
from serious injury. The adoption of such measures would be
justified only by some exceptional conditions. Their efficacy
depends largely upon the somewhat local habits of the insect.
Spraying the issuing pupae with a contact insecticide, such as
a kerosene emulsion, whale oil soap solution or other material
will destroy immense numbers, and where the insects are excep-
tionally abundant and the trees valuable, may be profitable.
Mr H. D. Lewis of Annandale reports that spraying trees in-
fested by the insects, with a commercial lime-sulfur solution
diluted one part to forty appears to drive out the Cicadas. This
method might prove of value in the vicinity of woodlands and
assist in keeping the insects restricted largely to the wild
growth. It is possible that spraying with a lime-sulfur wash,
as mentioned above, or with a bordeaux mixture, may prove of
considerable service in preventing oviposition.
Bibliography
Very many popular notices, accurate and otherwise, have ap-
peared in the press of the country during the past season. The
insect has also figured in many scientific accounts from time to
time. The following brief bibliography, in connection with the
citations the works contain, will enable the student to ascertain
the more important facts respecting this remarkable species.
1897 Lintner, J. A. Injur. and Other Ins. N. Y., 12th Rep’t p. 272-08.
to05 Felt, E, P. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 1 :231-37.
i907 Marlatt, C. L.. U.S. Dép’t Agric, Bur; Ent; Bul? 771, p: 1-181.
A REPORT UPON: "THEsACONDITION, OF THE SHADE
TREES OF -THE CITY OF MOUNT VERNON; W.-Y.
The Entomologist, under the guidance of Alderman Whitmore
and Commissioner of Public Works Harlow, examined the shade
trees of Mount Vernon Tuesday afternoon, June 20, 1911. It
was obviously impossible to make a careful examination of all
the injuréd trees in the city. Our investigations were therefore
limited to what were considered typical localities. At the outset
we were informed that some 2136 trees were sprayed last spring,
largely for the purpose of controlling the false maple scale.
Many of these, mostly hard maples, show signs of severe injury
from one cause or another.
An examination of the trees disclosed the fact that the leop-
ard moth* is generally present in the city and, furthermore, that
it is liable to cause, if allowed to breed unrestricted, serious
injuries within a few years. We observed no maples so
badly infested with this insect as to justify holding the pest
responsible for the recent and sudden death of individual trees,
or even of good sized limbs, though we did find certain trees,
mostly soft maples, which were.rather badly infested by this
species.
Our investigations also showed that a “pin-hole” borer* or
“ Ambrosia beetle” is generally present on the dead and dying
trees. This insect is just entering the maples, attracted by their
unhealthy condition and therefore can not have a causative rela-
tion to the present sad state of many hard maples in Mount
Vernon.
There was also found on a number of these trees, a moderate
sized, reddish-brown, yellow-marked beetle,t which, like the
“pin-hole” borer, is an inhabitant of diseased or dying trees.
At Park avenue and East Sibley street, near the church, there
were fifteen out of about twenty hard maples with at least the
lower limbs seriously affected, a few of the smaller having
practically all the foliage destroyed. The type of injury observed
here was limited to trees marked or recorded as having been
sprayed. We were informed that this was done in March.
LPhenacocews \acjertcolas Kane:
27euzera pyrina Linn:
‘x ylo't exis sps
4Neoclytus erythrocephalus Fabr.
[88]
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 89
These maples were young trees which presented every appear-
ance of having recently been in as thriving and vigorous a condi-
tion as nearby unharmed maples, which latter were not marked
as having been sprayed, and no record was submitted to show
that they had been so treated. These trees, both the injured
and the nearby unharmed ones, were young and fairly well
separated. There was no evidence of overcrowding, though this
would doubtless occur later if all the trees grew and were
allowed to remain.
At Park and Oakley avenues there were nineteen hard maples
perhaps more seriously affected out of about twenty-six sprayed
and presumably treated in the same manner as those discussed
above. ‘These trees were smaller than those in the preceding lot,
and some at least of the injured maples even had the tips of
their branches well separated from those adjacent. They pre-
sented every indication of having recently been in a thriving
condition and there could have been no crowding for several
years at least. At North Fulton and Clinton avenues most of
the hard maples were killed on one block. These trees were
larger than those discussed above. Even here one could hardly
consider the maples crowded, though in a year or two such a
condition would probably develop. One of these trees was cut
down and the larger limbs, the trunk and the base of the roots
carefully examined for insect and other injuries.
On Beechwood avenue in another part of the city we examined
several small hard maples marked as having been sprayed, This
work, we were informed, was done later and the injury was not
so severe, though three out of some seven or eight hard maples
were affected to some extent.
Several other trees in this general section of the city were
examined. One was dying but the trouble appeared very dif-
ferent from the injury under discussion. The entire top was
dead and there was a vigorous growth of shoots at the base of
the larger limbs. This type of injury we have seen here and
there in the vicinity of New York City. Another affected tree
was observed. The foliage presented a generally unhealthy
condition. The trouble appeared to be similar to, or possibly
identical with, the bacterial affection which was so prevalent on
hard maples in the Hudson valley two years ago. The condition
of this tree is very different, in our estimation, from the severe
go NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
injury noted elsewhere. There are undoubtedly other trees here
and there in the city which are dying from one cause or another.
It would be surprising were conditions otherwise.
Our findings in connection with the major portion of the
injured maples are as follows:
1 The trouble is practically limited to hard maples.
2 It is confined very largely to the lower limbs or portions
of the tree most easily reached by spraying outfits of the usual
type. This phase of the injury attracted our notice at the out-
set. Small trees, those not more than eighteen or twenty feet
high, were more frequently killed than moderate sized ones.
The lower branches of these latter were usually in a dying condi-
tion; sometimes the lower third or the lower half of the limbs
were thus affected. On large trees, such for example as those
in front of Alderman Whitmore’s residence, the injury was mostly
limited to a few of the lowest limbs.
3 Only trees marked as having been sprayed or so recorded,
presented the characteristics common to all the hard maples
showing this sudden and severe injury, namely, dying branches
with withering, usually discolored leaves accompanied by a
brown, lifeless inner bark near the middle portion of the branches
and the trunk.
4 A careful examination of the trees in the above mentioned
localities which, we were informed, were typical of conditions
obtaining in Mount Vernon, compels us to exonerate insects.
The injury is utterly unlike the work of any insect pest. There
is no connection between the abundance of the leopard moth and
the severity of the attack. Were this insect the cause we would
expect the trouble to show first on the silver or soft maples.
This opinion is based not only upon a superficial examination
of a number of trees, but also a detailed one of the tree cut
down on North Fulton avenue and also a number of limbs
which were removed from various other trees.
5 The injury to the affected trees is restricted largely to the
trunk near the base of the larger limbs and to the lower branches,
places easily reached with the ordinary spraying equipment.
Repeated examinations of dying limbs showed green, apparently
vigorous bark at both the base and the tip, while for a variable
length of the branch the inner bark was brown and dead or nearly
so. Some limbs on the more badly affected trees had practically all
the inner bark dead, simply indicating that the injury had pro-
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII gI
gressed farther. Furthermore, this affection was uneven and varied
greatly within a few inches, indicating that it might have resulted
from some external application. This was true also of the tree cut
down. The tips of the branches and the trunk below the limbs had a
green, apparently healthy inner bark, while much of the inner bark
between these extremes had turned brown and was dead or nearly so.
We explain this condition by holding that the thicker bark of the
trunk would succumb less quickly to an injurious application
than the thinner bark just above. The smaller limbs, especially
at the top of the tree, escaped serious injury because of the
difficulty of spraying them thoroughly. The lesser injury to
the later sprayed trees is probably due to the increased pressure
of the sap hindering the penetration of the spray material. It
is well recognized among entomologists that bark borers work-
ing near the middle of the trunk of the tree, namely, near the
base of the larger limbs, may girdle the trunk at this point and
cause a successive and rather rapid death of both extremities of
the tree. We have repeatedly seen this in the case of bark
borers! working in the trunks of white pine, and the same pro-
cess may be observed in hickories succumbing to the injuries
of the deadly hickory bark borer,? a pest now very prevalent in
the vicinity of New York City. The spray material appears to
have girdled limbs and trunks by destroying the vital inner bark
and produced a condition similar to that resulting from bark
beetle attack. These insects can not be held responsible for the
injury, since the great majority of the affected limbs and trunks
show practically no indications of insect injury.
6 It is our opinion that the trouble is largely if not entirely
due to injury caused by the material sprayed upon the trees.
7 We would advise the prompt removal of the dead trees and
the early burning of the wood so as to prevent “ pin-hole”
borers or Ambrosia beetles breeding out and possibly causing
serious trouble later. We would favor leaving trees showing
fair signs of vigor till it was evident that they were beyond
hope.
8 The leopard moth is well distributed throughout the city
and, if allowed to multiply freely, may ruin many trees. A
judicious cutting out of the borers and the destruction of the
1Ips_ sp.
2Eccoptogaster quadrispinosus Say.
92 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
moths so far as practicable would do much to avert trouble.
There are other insect pests which also need attention.
9g In conclusion, we would emphasize the fact that not all
the sickly trees were injured by the application. Moreover, the
majority of the sprayed maples were infested by insects and
therefore less able to withstand injury. Had the season been as
early as usual, it is probable that the damage would not have
been so severe. Nevertheless, the use-of oils or oily prepara-
tions on living plants is attended with a certain amount of
danger.
EXPERIMENTS WITH HEAT AS AN INSECTICIDE
There are numerous places where it is impractical to employ
gases, contact insecticides or arsenical poisons for the destruc-
tion of injurious pests, and in some oi these situations heat may
be available. The work of Dean! indicates the possibilities
along this line in the case of several well-known mill pests.
It seemed advisable to test this with other insects, and the heat-
loving, oriental cockroach, Periplaneta orientalis Linn,
was selected as presumably a very resistant form. The work be-
gan with insects in vials, then in jars and finally in jars or paste-
board cylinders in a small room. In all instances observations
were possible throughout the test and the thermometers were
corrected ‘by comparison with standard instruments. Great
care was exercised so to place the vials or jars containing the
insects that the walls could not become unduly heated with
consequent burning of the contained roaches.
The apparatus employed in experiments I to 3 consisted of a
candy jar about eight inches high, in which was placed an
ordinary stab file supported on three wooden blocks so as to
separate its metal base from the glass bottom. <A piece of soft
pine was fastened to the tip and from this a dairy thermometer
suspended so that it hung nearly in the middle of the jar and
touched no metal, its bulb being nearly an inch and a half from
the bottom of the jar and its top just below the cover. The
insects subjected to the test were suspended in the same way as
the thermometers. They were placed in two dram vials, the
free end being covered with coarse cheesecloth and the vials
hung so that they were nearly eight inches from the bottom of
the candy jar and free from contact with any metal. The candy
jar in turn was placed on wooden blocks in a shallow pan partly
filled with water, protected by an asbestos mat and placed on
a gas plate. ;
Experiments 4 and 5 differed in that a quart fruit jar was
placed inside the candy jar described above. The insects were
provided with a slanting piece of cardboard for a support though
nothing was placed in the bottom.
Experiments 6 to 8 differed from the preceding in that the
insects were better protected. Small blocks of wood were
1Dean, G. A. Econ. Ent. Jour., 1911, 4:142-58.
[93]
94 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
placed inside the fruit jar, and on these a circular piece of
corrugated cardboard so that the latter could not come in direct
contact with the glass bottom. ‘The fruit jar, in addition, had
the lower half lined by corrugated paper in such a way that it
was impossible for the insects to come in direct contact with
the heated glass walls. The thermometer rested lightly upon
this cardboard bottom, the whole being covered with cheese-
cloth as before.
Experiments 9 to 13 were conducted in a photographer’s
dark room about five feet five inches by four feet eleven and one-
half inches and eleven feet high, the necessary heat being secured
from a gas heater and a gas plate. The insects were placed in card-
board cylinders with netting at each end, or in a lantern globe simi-
larly inclosed. One was put upon the floor, a second on a shelf
about four feet high and just inside of a window, so that develop-
ments could be watched, while the third was placed upon a higher
shelf some six feet from the floor. The observations in experiments
10 to 13 inclusive, tabulated below, relate to the insects on the shelf,
since they were the only ones that could be watched. Owing to
the small dimensions of the dark room and the rather wide
shelves, it was found that there was a considerable difference
between the temperature at the floor and five feet above. In
experiment 13, for example, a temperature of over 125° was
maintained five feet from the floor for more than five hours,
while a maximum thermometer located on the floor registered
but 112°:
Observation, whether the insects were in vials, fruit jars or
the relatively much larger dark room, showed that the cock-
roaches became uneasy when the temperature reached about
112° to 114°F; they exhibited evident signs of distress at
116° or thereabouts and succumbed at a temperature of about
120°. This is a comparatively moderate heat and it would
seem entirely practical, in the case of hotel kitchens and similar
places where there must of necessity be a good sized heating
plant, to destroy the pests with this rather moderate temperature.
In practice it would be unsafe to plan for less than thirty minutes
at a temperature of 120° if one would obtain satisfactory results.
It might be necessary to prolong this period even more in
apartments where the insects could retreat in cracks or take
refuge under bagging or similar material which would afford
some shelter from the heat. It is perhaps unnecessary to add
that the filling of all cracks and crevices would immensely
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 95
facilitate the control of this and other household pests, whether
we resort to heat or some other method for the destruction of
the insects. Heat is also applicable, though the duration of the
treatment would probably have to be greatly extended, for the
destruction of wood and bark borers in specially selected material,
such as that used in the manufacture of souvenirs. It may also
prove of value in destroying young larvae in manufactured articles
prior to storage and thus greatly reduce the loss on such materials
subject to insect attack.
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
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NOTES FOR THE YEAR
The following are brief accounts of some of the more injurious
or interesting species which have been brought to our attention
during the past year.
The false cottony maple scale (Phenacoccus acericola
King) and the cottony maple scale (Pulvinaria vitis
Linn.) have occasioned numerous inquiries, especially in the
southern portion of the State. Both of these species have been
repeatedly noticed in the publications of this office, and in this
connection we would call attention to the report appearing on
another page, upon conditions obtaining in Mount Vernon last
summer, and emphasize the desirability of employing the safer
whale oil soap solution in efforts to control these pests. Canker
worm injury continues in southeastern Westchester county, as
reported by: Henry Bird and several other correspondents. ‘This
species is easily controlled and serious effects resulting from its
activities must be charged to either indifference or ignorance.
The European Phytonomus meles Gyll., kindly deter-
mined by Prof. E. G. Titus, was reared June 21, 1908 from clover
heads collected in the vicinity of Albany. The'record shows the
establishment in the State of an European species closely related
to the introduced and very destructive alfalfa weevil, Phyton-
omus posticus Gyll., and is therefore of more than usual
interest. Trichius affinis Gory was reared from decaying
black cherry.
FRUIT TREE INSECTS
Hoplia trifasciata Say. Mr Roy C. Draper states, under date
of May 14, 1911, that this beetle was abundant on the blossoms
of a small pear orchard in Greece. He adds that the trees were
covered with the insects which were gnawing out the sides of
the fruit buds. He estimated that at least one-third of the
buds were thus affected. Similar injury has been recorded by
Messrs Webster and Mally in Bulletin 17, n.s., United States
Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomology, page 98.
Such depredations are unusual and generally limited in extent.
Prompt spraying with arsenate of lead, using six to ten pounds to
fifty gallons of water, would probably be the most practical
method of checking this insect. Hand picking, in the case of
small or low trees, might be equally or even more effective.
[98]
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 99
Say’s blister beetle (Pom Ppl Op. Gie.ay is/ary.d, Weck). |) Rhits
large, usually rare blister beetle is nearly an inch long and is easily
distinguished from allied forms by its rather stout, olive green
body and the shining black, orange banded legs. It was excep-
tionally abundant this year, having been reported as feeding upon
locust blossoms at Castleton, Slingerlands, Fonda and Hartford
by Messrs Matthew Hart, R. S. Nards, Frank Jansen and Smith
Bowen, respectively, the dates varying from May 30th to June
14th. Mr Arthur Ward of Philmont reported this beetle as
destroying cherry blossoms June 21st. The abundance of this
blister beetle was also noted at Cambridge and Schuylerville by
Messrs {.7G. Ward and AC, DeGarmo, respectively, though
no record was given as to the food habits. It is possible that
a portion of these reports was stimulated by the desire to locate
colonies of the periodical Cicada, though this could hardly be the
entire explanation.
This insect was reported in 1909 as swarming upon roses and
other plants, devouring much foliage and causing considerable
injury in Voorheesville, Albany county, and Quaker Street, Sche-
nectady county, while in 1900 it was rather abundant and in-
jurious to peach trees at Clarksville. The late Doctor Lintner
records this species as feeding upon wheat, the leaves of butter-
nut and on locust blossoms, and states that ordinarily it is rare,
only individual specimens being taken. These outbreaks last
but a week, and as the grubs feed upon grasshopper eggs the
species is beneficial on the whole, even though occasionally com-
mitting local depredations. It is possible that the insects could be
driven from valued fruit trees by the use of long switches or
jarring, or even the employment, when weather conditions are
favorable, of a dense smoke. It is better to attempt some such
method than to kill the beetles by hand picking or by the use of
poisons. The latter can not be used with safety upon trees in
bloom, to say nothing of its being against the law.
Red-humped apple caterpillar. (Schizura coninna
Abb. & Sm.). This is one of our most striking caterpillars on ac-
count of its coral red head, the prominent hump of the same color
on the first abdominal segment, and a similar swollen area near
the posterior extremity. The full-grown caterpillar is about one
and one-quarter inches long, black, with a series of rather con-
spicuous yellowish dorsal and sublateral lines with white be-
tween. There are prominent black tubercles on the body, which
4
TOO NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
are especially well developed on the thoracic and first abdom-
inal segments, on which latter they form conspicuous conical
processes on the top of the swollen red portion. This stage is so
peculiar that it is easily recognized. The young caterpillar
presents an approach to these conditions, as will be seen from
the following description :
Length 6mm. Head shining jet black, bilobed, with a pair of
submedian setose tubercles. Body mostly yellowish orange,
mottled obscurely with reddish and with narrow sublateral and
lateral yellowish lines. Dorsally there are submedian rows of
rather large, black, setose tubercles, those on the thoracic seg-
ments and on the Ist, 8th, 9th and 1oth abdominal segment,
especially the latter, being markedly larger. These abdominal
segments show a slight enlargement. There are also sublateral,
lateral and suprastigmatal lines of smaller, black, setose tuber-
cles. The true legs are black, while the prolegs are yellowish,
the apexes laterally being dark brown or black.
~The parent moth is rather inconspicuous with dark brown
fore wings, grayish on the outer margin, a dot near the middle,
a spot near each angle and several longitudinal streaks along the
hind margin, all dark brown. The female deposits her eggs in
clusters on the under side of the leaves during the month of
July. They hatch soon and the young caterpillars at first con-
sume only the under surface of the leaf, leaving the upper un-
broken, though as they increase in size the entire leaf is
devoured. The caterpillars are social in habit, remaining in
rather compact groups when not feeding and attain maturity
in this latitude during August or early September. This gre-
garious habit frequently results in one or more branches being
entirely stripped. There is but one brood in the North though
in the South there are said to be two generations. This pest
is seldom abundant, and while displaying a marked preference
for apple, also occurs on plum, cherry, rose, thorn and pear.
It is easily controlled by thoroughly spraying with an arsenical
poison, preferably arsenate of lead (15 per cent arsenic oxid)
used at the rate of about two pounds to fifty gallons of water.
Numerous specimens of the small, grayish Tachinid, Actia
pilipennis Fallen, were reared in early August from the red-
humped larvae of this common pest received from Amenia, N. Y.
Nothing seems to have been published earlier respecting the food
habits of this parasite in America, though it has been recorded
from the White Mountains, N. H., New Jersey, District of Colum-
bia and southern Illinois. It was first studied in America by
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII Io!
Professor Townsend who redescribed it under the name of
Pin yptoecena anvenicana.
Forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria Hubn.).
This pest was exceedingly abundant and destructive about a
decade ago, defoliating considerable areas of hard maples and
stripping many apple trees. Apparently this species is becom-
ing numerous again, since it was reported as stripping wood-
lands by Townsend Cox, Setauket, and as present in some num-
bers on the estate of Warren Delano, Annandale, a number of
trees being defoliated. Mr Bronk VanSlyke of Ravena found
small numbers of the caterpillars in his orchard, while Dr C. S.
Merrill of Albany brought in a number from Warrensburg and
stated that the pests were on everything in the village. Dr
W. E. Britton of New Haven, Conn., found evidence showing that
the caterpillar had been abundant at Jay, Essex county, cocoons
being present in July on the trunk of nearly every tree, includ-
ing pines, and on fences and stone walls. On the under side
of large branches of apple trees one could see patches five or
six inches in diameter, of the cast skins or exuviae of the
caterpillars.
This scattering appearance in widely separated localities may
be the forerunner of a great abundance of this pest in the next
two or three years. It is certainly advisable to watch for their
appearance and if they become numerous upon orchard or valued
shade trees, resort promptly to remedial measures, such as thorough
and early spraying with an arsenical poison, preferably arsenate
of lead.
A peculiar apple miner. In connection with our studies of the
codling moth discussed earlier, we found an exceptionally fine
example (plate 8, figure 4) of the work of a miner operating just
under the skin of the apple. This insect appears to work in a
similar manner under the bark of apple twigs, making a long, nar-
row, serpentine mine. The miner is never abundant and the adult
has not been reared, though from the character of its work the
insect has been tentatively referred to the genus Mamara. Doctor
Howard! published a brief notice accompanied by an illustration
of the work of this insect in Delaware, while ten years later, Mr
A. L. Quaintance? recorded this species from the Ozark mountains
11808, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomology, Bul. Io,
TS Do iaoo
71908, Entomological Society of Washington Proceedings 10:2
102 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
and also in Massachusetts. Prof. H. T. Fernald, in a recent letter
informs us that repeated attempts to rear the adult have been
unsuccessful.
San José scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst.).
There have been some complaints the past season to the effect
that the scale has multiplied to an unusual extent, especially
late in the summer and during the fall, even in orchards where
there has been more or less thorough spraying. Investigation
of several such cases disclosed the fact that this abundance of
the scale was most marked on trees in localities where the
treatment was not thorough for some reason or other. Exam-
inations in several orchards where the scale has been prevalent
for years, showed exceedingly gratifying conditions so far as
checking this pest was concerned.
The concentrated lime-sulfur washes, commercial or home-
made, are being used very largely to the exclusion of the earlier
preparations. ‘There has been a slight tendency on the part of
some to blame the newer washes for unsatisfactory results here
and there, though we have been unable to obtain any reliable
data in support of any such contention. Results where thor-
ough work was possible have almost invariably been good or
even excellent. The manufacture of the home-made concen-
trated wash has been rendered easier during the last year or
two, and in a few instances most excellent results have been
secured by cooperation in the making of this preparat’on.
This is usually possible in a neighborhood where there is con-
siderable demand for a lime-sulfur wash, since there is almost
invariably a steam plant of some kind which can be readily
adapted for this purpose. The invariable result, if the work
is properly systematized, is a good product and a marked saving
to the community. One great advantage of this wash is that
it can be made up in advance if this seems advisable and the
necessary storage capacity is available, or it can be prepared
just before using, provided the plant has sufficient capacity
to meet the local needs.
SMALL FRUIT INSECTS
Raspberry Byturus (Byturus unicolor Say). The
small, yellowish brown beetles referable to this species were
rather abundant May 17, I9g1t in the raspberry patch of Mr
S. R. Taber, Milton, N. Y. They were particularly numerous upon
the lower leaves and displayed a marked preference for the
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 103
unfolding leaf or the unopened bud, eating a circular hole into
the latter, the beetles evidently feeding to a considerable extent
upon the more tender opening leaves, gnawing between the
veins, and as the foliage expands they produce a series of irregu-
lar, somewhat linear, skeletonized areas sometimes extending
through or breaking through to the under surface of the leaf.
In an adjacent patch there were as many as eight or ten of .
these insects upon individual hills and, in some instances, a
number of buds had already been destroyed. Beetles were ob-
served in copulation, This insect was also reported by Mr J. S.
Carpenter of Marlboro as being very abundant and injurious to his
raspberry bushes.
* The pale yellowish brown beetles appear in ey May and
feed upon the tender leaves and buds. In the case of bad in-
festations most of the tender leaves may be partly or almost
entirely skeletonized. The larvae feed in the fleshy head of the
fruit. The most satisfactory method of controlling this species is
early and heavy applications of arsenate of lead, preferably just
before the beetles appear. In the case of bad infestations it may
be advisable to supplement this poison application by spraying with
kerosene emulsion, designed to kill the beetles by contact.
Garden flea (Smynthurus arvalis Fitch). An exam-
ination May 17, 1911 in the raspberry patch of Mr S. R. Taber,
Milton, N. Y., showed that the supposed red spider was this
species, a comparatively innocuous form having no connection
with the abundance of red spider last season. These small,
yellowish garden fleas were rather numerous upon some hills,
two and three being frequently seen upon a leaf and, in some
instances, five or six were readily found upon one leaflet. This
latter, however, was exceptional. The garden fleas did not ap-
pear to be inflicting any material injury, possibly causing a very
slight rasping here and there upon the surface of the foliage.
There was so little damage caused by this species that remedial
measures were not considered necessary.
Four-lined leaf bug (Poecilocapsus lineatus Fabr.).
Currant shoots showing serious injury (plate 26) by this pest
were submitted for examination in early June by Hon. Albert
Yeomans, Walworth, accompanied by the statement that this
insect had inflicted serious damage upon an extended planting
of currants. This pest belongs to the family of true bugs or
Hemiptera, is a rather common general feeder and occasionally
To4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
becomes excessively abundant, as was the case about 1892 at
Ithaca, N. Y. The parent insect is angular in shape, nearly
three-eighths of an inch long, black, with conspicuous yellowish
green or yellowish longitudinal stripes. It is extremely rapid
in motion, secretive in habit and is rarely observed. The young
or nymphs are vermilion red and, like the adult, seek shelter.
The most characteristic and usually the only apparent evidences
are the oval, brown spots on the developing leaves. These are
caused by the bugs sucking the green, succulent matter from
the interior of the leaf, the affected areas soon collapsing, turn-
ing brown and dying. These spots measure about a tenth of
an inch in diameter and may be exceedingly numerous. Occa-
sionally the injury is so serious as to result in the wilting and
death of many of the leaves.
The eggs of this plant bug, deposited during late June and
early July in slits in the shoots, hatch early the following May
and the young attain full growth about the second week in
June. The adults are so agile and resistant to insecticides that
it is practically impossible to destroy them. Watching for
early signs of the young or nymphs, indicated by the occurrence
of discolored spots described above, and then promptly spraying
with a kerosene emulsion, the standard formula diluted with
about five parts of water, is the most promising method of
checking this insect. The treatment should be exceedingly
thorough and the apparatus adapted to underspraying in order
to catch as many of the pests as possible. Ordinarily, remedial
measures are not necessary.
SHADE TREE PES&S
Spiny elm caterpillar (Kuvanessa antiopa Linn.).
The large, spiny, black, red-spotted caterpillars of this butterfly
feed in colonies, usually near the tips of limbs, and frequently
defoliate branches and occasionally considerable portions of
trees. This insect was exceptionally abundant in New York
State, causing complaints from Long Island, throughout the
Hudson valley and from some other sections. The caterpillars
were quite numerous and injurious to Carolina poplars and
willows in particular, at East Hampton. Specimens of this
pest were received from Belleport, L. I., Amenia, Hillsdale,
Greenwich, Ballston Spa, Gloversville, Chestertown, Ticon-
deroga, Elmira, and Oneonta, accompanied by reports of more
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQITI 105
or less serious injury. This insect has also been reported as
being abundant upon the elms of Binghamton and of Dunkirk.
Local observations at New Baltimore, Ravena and the vicinity
of Albany disclosed more or less injury by this caterpillar,
though most of it was restricted to branches or portions of trees.
The gregarious habits of the caterpillar make its feeding con-
spicuous and therefore facilitate its early detection. It is com-
paratively easy to check these leaf feeders by the judicious
application of an arsenical poison, preferably arsenate of lead,
it being feasible to restrict the treatment to the infested limbs
and those adjacent. Limbs bearing clusters of caterpillars can
also be cut off and the pests crushed. Ordinarily, remedial
measures are not necessary.
Elm leaf beetle (Galerucella luteola Miull.). Injuries
by this pest have been exceptionally severe and general on Long
Island and in the Hudson valley at least. The damage was so
general that the elms of many communities could easily be
recognized in midsummer at a distance of several miles because
of the contrast presented by the brown, dead foliage.
The elms of Amaganset at the eastern end of Long Island
were very severely injured, and the same would have been
equally true of East Hampton had it not been for the spraying
earlier in the season. Even with this protection there was con-
siderable injury. The brown foliage of elms was a rather
common feature of the landscape on both sides of the Hudson
river from Yonkers north to Albany. Mr Henry Bird reports
the pest abundant at Rye. The injury to more or less isolated
trees in woodlands or on the edges of fields and some distance
from the highway was very evident during the past season.
Many of the trees in Albany were badly eaten by the elm
leaf beetle, this being especially marked on Clinton avenue,
Lark and Hamilton streets and those adjacent to the two latter.
The elms of Menands and Watervliet were very seriously af-
fected, this being especially true in the southern portion of
Watervliet. Almost every tree in this section had the foliage
severely injured and in many instances it was completely de-
stroyed. The damage in Watervliet appears to have been more
widespread and general than has been the case for the past twelve
or fifteen years. Many of the elms of Green Island were
severely injured, though the work of the insect was not nearly
so general as at Watervliet. The same was true of Cohoes,
while Waterford had very many trees which had been seriously
106 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
affected. There was also general injury in North Troy or
Lansingburg, many of the trees having practically all the foli-
age destroyed. The elms of Hoosick Falls suffered greatly, and,
to a less extent, those of Valley Falls and Johnsonville.
The elms of both Stillwater and Schuylerville were very
severely injured, many having the foliage practically destroyed.
There was serious and general injury at Ballston Spa and con-
siderable damage at Saratoga Springs in spite of the spraying.
The trees of Fort Edward and Hudson Falls were practically
defoliated by the insect, especially near the centers where the
infestation is of longest standing. A number of the elms in
these communities had died and others were in a greatly weak-
ened condition owing to the injuries of successive years. The
damage at Glens Falls was evident though not so severe, the
difference undoubtedly being due to the spraying of the past
season,
An examination of the elms both in the city of Albany and
along the Delaware and Hudson railroad shows an interesting
condition. The trees on the streets traversed by trolleys are,
as a rule, more severely injured by the beetle than those on
adjacent thoroughfares. The elm leaf beetle has not obtained
a foothold west of Slingerlands on the Susquehanna division
of the Delaware and Hudson railroad. This is a section not
traversed by the electric car. A very different condition ob-
tains on the southern portion of the Saratoga and Champlain
division of the Delaware and Hudson railroad comprising a sec-
tion which has for some years had electric car service. Evi-
dences of severe injury are to be noted along most of the route
north of Glens Falls, manifest exceptions being Gansevoort,
Round Lake and Lake George. The two former are off the
line of the electric cars and the latter has probably not had
trolley service for a sufficient time to allow general infestation.
The elm leaf beetle, as is well known, is very prolific and natur-
ally quite local in its habits. The electric cars, traversing as
they do many of the tree-lined streets of various communities,
afford abundant opportunities for the collection and dissemina-
tion of the beetles. The distribution of the badly infested areas
lends weight to the belief that the electric car is an important
factor in the dissemination of this pest.
There are numerous other localities not served by the electric
lines where injury has been severe, especially in the last few
years. Even comparatively isolated groups of elms in front of
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 107
a farmhouse may be badly injured. Many of these places are
along highways traversed by numerous automobiles, and it
seems very probable that the comparatively recent general use
of these vehicles has also been of material service in distributing
this pest.
The exceptionally dry weather of the last few years has had
a serious effect upon many trees and has doubtless accentuated,
by reducing the vitality of the trees, the injury inflicted by the
elm leaf beetle. It is also possible that climatic conditions have
been unusually favorable for the increase of this pest. Never-
theless, present conditions would seem to justify the expectation
of more widespread and general injury in the future than has
obtained in the past. The experience of communities infested
by the elm leaf beetle for a decade or more has shown that unless
the trees are adequately protected, many are bound to suc-
cumb to attacks by this insect. Thousands of elms have per-
ished during the last twenty years from this cause alone in the
cities of Albany and Troy and many more are in a precarious
condition owing to lack of adequate protection in recent years,
due either to no spraying or indifferent work.
The problem at the present time is to secure the general
recognition of the necessity for protecting our elms if the trees
are to be kept in even a fairly good condition. Repeated de-
foliations in the past have resulted in the wholesale destruction
of trees, and under the changed conditions of the last decade
or thereabouts, even more general injury may be expected in
the future. A number of communities in the Hudson valley
have been spraying their elms for some years and, in some
instances at least, those interested in the work have been in-
clined to blame the failure to secure good results upon the insect
itself, climatic conditions or some other than the true cause.
The facts of the case are that thorough spraying with a modern
equipment should result in keeping the leaves green, vigorous
and practically intact throughout the season, even in localities
where the elm leaf beetle is exceedingly abundant and not ex-
cepting trees adjacent to those practically skeletonized by the
pest. The essentials are timely and thorough sprayings.
Examinations of conditions in several communities the past
season force us to the conclusion that most of the unsatisfactory
results following spraying operations are due to careless or
slovenly work. It is impossible to stand at a distance and
spray an elm tree in such a way as to secure approximately
108 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
!
fair control. It is a rather eommon occurrence to find the
lower limbs fairly well sprayed, while the upper branches are
almost untouched by the poison and, as a consequence, the
latter are severely injured by the beetle. Good poison and
efficient apparatus can be easily secured and in most instances
has been obtained. The weak link in the chain of practice at
present is the time and method of application, particularly the
latter. Spraying trees is a disagreeable, hazardous occupation
and in order to secure the best results, it is necessary to make
the compensation such as to result in a keen competition for
the position of nozzle man. The application of business prin-
ciples would justify the placing of this work in the hands of a
party who at least understood the rudiments involved (a
skilled forester would be even better) and giving him author-
ity to insist upon any reasonable standards in methods and
operation. Let this man be held rigidly accountable for un-
satisfactory results following spraying operations and we shall
see a marked change in the elm leaf beetle situation,
The elm leaf beetle is not such a serious pest in Europe, and
it would seem, in view of the probable continuance of the
severe injury of the last few years, as though a serious effort
might well be made to secure natural enemies, since they ap-
pear to be very effective checks upon this beetle in European
countries.
Bronze birch borer (Agrilus anxius Gory). Dying
or dead white birch trees, especially the ornamental weeping
birches on lawns, have been a rather common sight during
recent years in cities in the western part of the State. It is
now stated that all the birches in Geneva have been killed or
practically so, while many of those in Elmira and Ithaca have
been destroyed. The writer has noted dying birches in
Rochester and several villages in that general section. The
past season our attention was called to a group of dying
birches at Lansingburg, showing that this insect has com-
menced its nefarious work in the eastern part of the State.
Similar injury or something closely resembling it was observed
on the grounds of the Hotel Sagamore, Lake George.
The signs of injury are very characteristic, it requiring but
little experience to recognize the work of this pest. Usually
the thin foliage and dying condition of the upper branches are
the first evidences of trouble. A more careful examination may
show well-marked, annular ridges around some of the smaller
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 109g
branches, accompanied frequently by reddish or rusty brown
spots here and there on the white bark, indicating the oper-
ations of a borer beneath. This indentification can be con-
firmed by cutting into the bark, especially where there are
ridges, and the disclosing in the inner bark or sapwood of a
flattened, usually more or less sinuous channel. Advanced in-
jury is usually characterized by numerous interlacing galleries
in the bark of the upper branches, the limbs above being mostly
dead. The cause of this trouble is a flattened, whitish, rather
delicate grub about three-quarters of an inch long, with a
large, flattened anterior extremity and a
pair of horny, serrate processes at the
opposite end of the body.
The destructive work of this pest is
confined to the inner bark and sapwood,
places inaccessible to ordinary applica-/=
tions, consequently spraying or the ap-|=
plication of deterrent substances are of{,
little or no value. The grub winters in its
burrow, transforming to a pupa in the early
part of May, the moderately robust, olive
brown beetle from three-tenths to nearly
one-half an inch long appearing the latter
part of May or early in June. The only
satisfactory method of checking this
borer is to cut and burn, at some time
priot to the appearance of the insect,
ally mibested: trees) of ‘portions’ Oly thierieys Bronce pitch borer tannic
same. Limbs that appear but slightly ear ae eee
affected are usually doomed, since the Aire by ean rn crete
galleries generally girdle or nearly Bulteu.e) et” Dy Bat
girdle the limb and it is only a ques-
tion of time before the branch must succumb. It is much bet-
ter to remove such and burn the wood at once, rather than to
allow the beetles to escape and attack adjacent trees. It is
obvious that the more thorough the work the greater will be
the benefits resulting from this treatment. This applies not
only to isolated groups but to all the trees in a given section.
There should be the fullest possible cooperation in an effort to
check this pernicious enemy.
White marked tussock moth (Hemerocampa leu-
costigma Sm. & Abb.). This well known city pest has
IIo NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
been rather abundant in Albany, defoliating or nearly stripping
many of the horsechestnuts and Jindens (plate 25), though the
elms and maples do not appear to have been seriously affected.
The work of this caterpillar was also observed on horsechest-
nuts in particular, though to some extent on lindens at Menands,
Watervliet, Green Island and Cohoes.
It is comparatively easy to remove from infested trees dur-
ing the winter, the conspicuous snow-white egg masses (plate
27, figure 2) attached to filmy cocoons. This is very effective,
since the female moth is wingless and rarely does more than
crawl onto the surface of the cocoon prior to laying her eggs.
The crawling powers of the caterpillar are also very limited;
consequently this insect is an extremely local pest. It is also
amenable to thorough and timely sprayings with a poison,
preferably arsenate of lead (15 per cent arsenic oxid) using
about two pounds to fifty gallons of water and making the ap-
plication when the caterpillars are small and therefore most
susceptible to any such poison.
European elm case bearer (Coleophora limosipen-
nella Dup.). This introduced species has been known for
some years in the vicinity of New York City and on Long
Island. The curious brown, somewhat flattened cases of the
larva are quite characteristic and are sometimes accompanied
by rather serious injury. It was surprising last June to dis-
cover the larvae and work of this insect in a somewhat out of
the way location near the Connecticut line in South Salem,
some forty miles from New York.
FOREST PESTS
Hickory bark borer (Eccoptogaster quadrispin-
osus Say). The pernicious activity of the hickory bark borer
has been most evident in the eastern part of New York State,
particularly in the immediate vicinity of New York City during
the last three years. An examination of the hickories in Pros-
pect Park, Brooklyn, in 1909 showed that a large number of
the magnificent trees in that extensive park were so seriously
affected that it would be necessary to cut out many in order
to save the remainder. Last year there were complaints of in-
juries in the region of the Bronx, while the destructive work
of this borer has been continued during the past season. Its
nefarious operations were reported by Mr Henry Bird of Rye.
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII II!
Diseased or dying hickories are to be found in many places in’
the Hudson valley. A personal investigation of conditions in the
vicinity of Tivoli showed that a number of trees had been
killed by this borer during the past two or three years, and
that many, possibly the majority, in that section were so seri-
ously infested that it was only a question of a few months be-
fore they must also succumb to the attack. The severe
droughts of the last two or three years have undoubtedly been
favorable to the development of this pest, since the vitality of
many trees has been lowered and they have thus been rendered
g MIT
i
Fig. 4 Hickory bark borer from above and side view of the posterior extremity of the male
(author’s illustration)
more susceptible to attack by insect enemies. It is also possi-
ble that the extremely cold weather of several years ago had
a deleterious effect upon the trees. The insect is now so
abundant in many sections that unless radical measures are
adopted, many trees will be destroyed another year.
The preliminary signs of injury, such as wilting leaves and
dead twigs in midsummer, are exceedingly important because
they indicate serious trouble before it has passed the remedial
stage. Examination of injured trees in the fall or during the
winter may show particles of brown or white sawdust in the
crevices of the bark, and in the case of some trees a few to
many circular holes appearing as though they had been made
by number eight buckshot. The recognition of this sawdust
is quite important, since the dark brown or black, rather stout,
cylindrical parent beetle about one-fifth of an inch long inva-
112 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
riably starts its gallery under a protecting scale of bark, the
sawdust mentioned above being the only external evidence.
Such trees are more dangerous to the welfare of adjacent living
hickories than others which may be fairly peppered by the
numerous exit holes. The external evidences cited above
should be supplemented by cutting down to the sapwood. The
exposure there of longitudinal galleries one to one and one-
half inches long, about one-eighth of an inch in diameter and
with numerous fine, transverse galleries arising therefrom and
gradually spreading out somewhat fan shaped, is conclusive
evidence as to the identity of this pest. In very early stages of
the attack the longitudinal gallery described above, with a
series of minute notches for the reception of eggs on either
side, may be all that can be found. Only a little experience is
necessary before one can recognize the characteristic galleries
of this borer. These are almost invariably to be found some-
where upon infested trees, since an attack is rarely discovered
before at least some of the grubs have commenced working
across the bast fibers.
The insect passes the winter in oval cells as stout, whitish,
brown-headed grubs about one-quarter of an inch long, the
beetles appearing in the latitude of New York from the last of
June to the last of July. There is only one generation in this
section of the country. This greatly facilitates the control of
the pest, since it is not necessary to guard against a midsum-
mer infestation.
There is only one thing to do in the case of a serious infesta-
tion such as that indicated by dying trees or branches. All
badly infested trees or portions of trees should be cut and at
least the bark burned before the following June, in order to
prevent the grubs then in the bark from maturing and chang-
ing to beetles which might another season continue the work
in previously uninfested trees. It is particularly important to
locate the hickories which have died wholly or in part the
past summer, because they contain living grubs. General co-
operation over an extended area in the cutting out of infested
trees and burning of the bark as indicated above, will do much
to check this deadly enemy of hickories. This destruct’on
of the insects does not prevent the utilization of the wood and
timber commercially, provided the bark is destroyed within
the time limits given above. Slabs from saw logs and fire
wood with the bark on should all be burned during the winter.
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII ET
This also applies to trimmings and small limbs which have no
commercial value. If it is impractical to work up logs and
burn the slab wood, the insects can be destroyed by a pro-
longed submergence in water or by removing only the bark
and burning that.
Two-lined chestnut borer (Agrilus bilineatus
Weber). An investigation of conditions on the estate of Mr
Norman de R. Whitehouse at Old Westbury, N. Y., showed
that there were probably some two hundred red oaks which
had been killed by this pest. Most of the affected trees were
small with a trunk diameter of less than six inches and were
usually well shaded and therefore presumably less vigorous.
Fig. 5 Two-lined chestnut borer: a=adult beetle, enlarged; b=antenna of same, enlarged
¢ =claws of posterior tarsi of female, somewhat enlarged; %=same of male, somewhat enlarged;
c=larva, enlarged ; d=pupa, enlarg-d. (After Chittenden, U.S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Cir. 24,
2 ser. ’97)
A few of the rather scarce, larger trees were also affected.
One group consisted of three with diameters of about fifteen,
twelve. and nine inches, respectively. They had died during
the summer, probably in late August or early September, and
were standing near a tree about nine inches in diameter which
had evidently been’ killed the preceding season. This is an
instance of the beetle being somewhat local in nabit and con-
ditions comparable to those frequently noted in the case of
the allied bronze birch borer, Agrilus anxitus Gory,
another pernicious enemy of trees. The galleries of this chest-
nut and oak pest were rather common in oak stumps at Nas-
sau in a wood lot where limited annual cutting was the prac-
II4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
tice though there was no evidence here of serious injury to liv-
ing trees. Injury was also reported from Garden City.
The work of this insect is easily recognized by the irregular,
anastomosing galleries traversing the inner bark and fre-
quently girdling the tree. Many of these galleries are only
about one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter, though the mature
grubs cut a channel nearly a quarter of an inch wide. The
beetle is nearly three-eighths of an inch long, black, and with
the wing covers marked with two golden yellow stripes as illus-
trated in the figure. The borer or larva is long, slender, flattened,
the part just behind the head considerably swollen, and a milk
white or yellowish color except the mouth parts and the pe-
culiar minutely serrate anal processes, which are dark brown.
This borer winters in its gallery, usually with the slender body
abruptly bent near the middle. The pupa is white like the
larva.
This borer is a well-known enemy of chestnut and oak, there
being several records of serious injury in various parts of the
country. It would not be surprising if this outbreak was an in-
direct result of the chestnut blight. Most of the chestnuts
near Old Westbury, L. I. have been killed by the disease,
though there are still hundreds dead or dying and therefore
presenting favorable conditions for borer infestation. Beetles
issuing from the chestnut, in the absence of this food plant,
must necessarily concentrate their attack upon adjacent oaks
or perish. Since these borers winter in the affected trees, the
cutting out and removal or burning of the wood before growth
begins in the spring will do much to check the trouble and
thus destroy many borers which normally would mature and
attack other trees the following season.
MISCELLANEOUS
Abia inflata Nort. The false caterpillars of this species were
transmitted by Leonard Barron from Garden City, N. Y., under
date of June 8, I911 accompanied by the statement that they
were destroying Lonicera in that section.
Larva. Length when extended 2.2 cm. Head brownish, the
ventral third fuscous whitish. Body mostly yellowish and sooty
yellowish. There is down the middle of the back a broad, vari-
ably yellowish stripe broken by a series of median, ‘quadrate or
rectangular spots as follows: on the annulets of the anterior
portion of each segment two transverse, irregularly quadrate
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 115
spots and on the broader posterior annulet a distinctly larger,
quadrate or irregularly quadrate, black spot. The color of this
posterior annulet is a deep orange and gives the impression of
a partially transverse band bounded sublaterally with an
irregular, rather large, black spot. Sublaterally there is a broad,
fuscous yellow stripe and laterally a yellowish white stripe, the
boundary between the two being marked by an irregular line
of black spots arranged much as those on the dorsum. Venter,
true legs and prolegs (the latter, sixteen in number, being located
on the second to the ninth and fourteenth segments, respec-
tively) whitish. At the base of each proleg there is a short,
oblique stripe of yellowish.
June beetles. Last spring, May or June beetles were excep-
tionally abundant here and there in the Hudson valley, attract-
ing notice by invading lighted dwellings and feeding upon
various forest trees, especially oak and chestnut. In the
vicinity of Albany were taken several species, namely Lach-
moscerna ¢randis Sm, dc fusea Fron, Es hertie
cula Knoch, L. hirsuta Knoch, while the usually rare P ol y-
p hylla variolosa Hentz, was very common at Schenectady
in early July, though no damage was observed, according to Richard
Lohrmann. ‘The above list of species should not be considered as
exhaustive, since it includes only those forms taken in connec-
tion with other collecting.
The young or larvae of the May or June beetles are the well-
known white grubs of our grasslands, which are sometimes
rather injurious to strawberries, potatoes and some other crops
planted upon sodland badly infested by these pests. Occa-
sionally the grubs become so numerous in old seedings as to
eat off practically all the roots and make it comparatively easy
to roll up the sod with a potato hook or similar implement.
The life history of the species may be summarized as follows:
The eggs are laid by the parent beetles in loose soil and hatch
about a month later; the grubs slowly increase in size for at
least two years, and from the middle of June till the middle of
September of the second or third year, construct earthen
cells in which the transformation to the pupa occurs and from
which the beetles emerge the following spring. Fall plowing
is frequently advised since the breaking up of the earthen
cells containing the soft, white pupae is invariably followed by
the death of the insect. Injuries to crops can be avoided in
large measure by refraining from planting those susceptible to
attack upon badly infested sodland. A well-planned rotation
116 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
of crops is one of the most efficient methods of preventing the
undue multiplication of these insects.
Cecropia moth. This large insect, Samia cecropia
Linn., as is well known, is subject to attack by a number of
parasites, one of the most efficient of these being Frontina
frenchii Will. The puparia of this fly are sometimes very
numerous in the cocoon of the host (plate 27, figure 3) which in the
case illustrated contained forty-one puparia.
Cotton moth (Alabama argillacea Hitbn.). The un-
usual flights of this species attracted the notice of several ento-
mologists. Prof. C. R. Crosby of Cornell called our attention
to the presence of the moths at Ithaca. Writing under date of
September 28th, he states that the insects covered the ground
beneath the street lights, by the thousands. They were numer-
ous at Schenectady, “ masses sometimes covering whole sides
of buildings near electric lights,’ according to Richard Lohr-
mann. Mr Henry Bird of Rye also reported the appearance
of the moths and recorded a marked preference by them for
the thin-skinned Concord grape as compared with the thicker
skinned Salem, hundreds being observed feeding upon the
fruit. He states that the punctures made by the moths were
exceedingly minute and left no immediate trace, though it is
probable that the keeping qumalities may be affected. A great
abundance of this insect was noted September 23d in Philadel-
phia by Dr Henry Skinner, while Doctor Britton, state ento-
mologist of Connecticut, records the presence of hundreds at
New Haven, Conn., September 25th. Prof. H. T. Fernald re-
ports the capture of a number of moths the last week in Sep-
tember at Ambherst, Mass., and Arthur Gibson records their
presence at St Thomas and Sarnia, Ontario. These appear-
ances are interesting, as they probably indicate extended
flights. These insects are no menace to residents of the North,
since they appear unable to live upon any other than the cot-
ton plant.
Depressaria atomella Hitibn. Larvae of this species were
transmitted by Mr John Dunbar of Rochester, under date of
March 25, 1911, accompanied by the statement that they de-
voured the blossoms of Cytisus albus. The _ infested
plants were obtained by him from another florist in the city,
who in turn had imported them from Holland the preceding
fall. Adults were reared April 20th and were apparently the
above-named southern and central Europe form, though the
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 13 67/
specimens were so rubbed that a positive identification was
impossible. A description of the larva is given below.
Larva. Length 1.5 cm. Head yellowish brown, the most of
the labrum, the sutures of the clypeus and the posterior lateral
portion of the sides of the head fuscous or dull black; labial palpi
tapering, light brown, the sutures transparent; maxillary palpi
with the basal segment whitish transparent, the distal segment
cylindric, with a length one-half greater than its diameter, fus-
cous. Thoracic shield brownish yellow, laterally dark brown or
black, these markings being produced on the posterior margin
nearly to the median line where they are bidentate and also
forming an indistinct, broad tooth near the base of this mesal
projection. Body: General color yellowish brown with rather
broad, submedian, fuscous yellowish stripes, the latter dotted
with dark brown, submedian tubercles; sublaterally there is a
dark brown stripe; laterally and ventrally the color is fuscous
yellowish; anal plate fuscous yellowish; true legs shining black
or piceous; prolegs dark brown, except the posterior which are
fuscous yellowish; thoracic segments with a submedian small, and
a little more laterally, a larger, dark tubercle; sublaterally there
is a larger, compound tubercle and laterally a smaller tubercle on
the anterior and posterior annulae; abdominal segments with sub-
median tubercles on the anterior and posterior annulae, those of the
latter slightly more lateral, the anterior annula also with a rather
large lateral tubercle, all of these unisetose.
Gracilaria. A number of azaleas injured by a leaf feeder
were brought to our attention the past winter. Some of these
were collected by Mr T. F. Niles in a greenhouse at Yonkers,
the azaleas having been imported. Similar trouble was also
called to our attention by Mr John Dunbar of Rochester.
An examination of the leaves shows that the caterpillars
usually turn over the tip, webbing it down with fine, silken
strands, and eating away the tissues of the infolded undersur-
face. The injured portion turns dry and the retreat contains
numerous small, black particles of frass. The whitish, silken
cocoons may frequently be found on the leaves close to the
affected area, though an occasional one is spun under a mar-
ginal roll. One moth was reared and through the courtesy of
Dr L. O. Howard of the Bureau of Entomology, determined as
a species of Gracilaria near violacella by Mr August Busck.
The immature stages are described below.
Larva. Length 7 mm. Head greenish yellow, the labrum and
mouth parts light brown, the body mostly pale green, the
posterior margins of the segments lighter, the three posterior
segments yellowish tinted. Fine, almost invisible hairs. origin~.
118 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
ate from minute tubercles; venter mostly yellowish; true legs
whitish transparent; prolegs yellowish green; abdominal seg-
ments I, 2, 6, 7 and 8, apodal.
Pupa. Length 6 mm, slender, yellowish green, the dorsum of
the head a brownish shade, that of the abdominal segments
brownish, the color being distinctly darker on segments 2 to 6.
Antennal cases long, extending bevond the tip of the abdomen,
those of the posterior legs to the penultimate segment, those of
the yellowish green wing cases to the fifth abdominal segment.
Exuvia. Length 6 mm, slender, whitish, protruding from a
cocoon such as that described above. Antennal cases extremely
long, slender, multiarticulate; dorsum of the abdomen slightly
chitinized and rather thickly set with chitinous dots,
pooty Crambus “(Crambus caliginosellus Clem:
A number of these grass webworm caterpillars were received
under date of June 21, 1911 from Mr R. L. Skinner, Greenwich,
N. Y., accompanied by samples of the work and a statement to
the effect that they had destroyed a field of popcorn. He also
adds that he had similar trouble in this field several years before.
There was serious and somewhat general injury by grass web-
worms in 1905, corn planted upon sod or in the vicinity of grass
suffering severely and even grassland being badly affected.
The full-grown webworm caterpillars appear very much alike,
being dull whitish or purplish with a darker head and about
three-quarters of an inch in length. The young caterpillar of
the sooty Crambus has a pale amber head and is a dirty trans-
lucent white with irregular, reddish spots on the middle of the
body. Scattered, light colored hairs occur above the head and
the body.
The female may deposit as many as one hundred and seventy-five
eggs, which are dropped indiscriminately. The partly grown cater-
pillars winter in the protection of grass stubble, and in plowed
grassland commence feeding upon the corn as it appears above the
ground. Some stalks may be nearly girdled and the worms are
frequently embedded in cavities they excavate. As many as thirty
caterpillars have been found in a hill, some stalks of which were
entirely destroyed, while in others the plants were small, yellow and
sickly.
Injuries to corn and other crops by this insect and its allies
must be considered more or less accidental, especially as the
depredations are usually more marked on the borders of fields ad-
jacent to grass than elsewhere. An excellent preventive is to
keep corn and other crops liable to suffer from these pests as
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII IIg
distant from grasslands as practical and avoid planting upon
recently turned sod. Plowing of infested land in late summer
or early fall, August or early September, should result in most of
the caterpillars perishing before the following spring. This can
not always be done, and danger of injury by species of web-
worms which feed in the early spring may be obviated to some
extent by delaying the plowing as late as possible so as to give
the caterpillars an opportunity to complete their growth before
another crop is planted. Early spring plowing may only aggra-
vate the injury by retarding the development of the caterpillars,
with the result that when corn or some other crop appears, it 1s
speedily devoured by hordes of halt-starved webworms. [Extra
heavy seeding is also advantageous under these conditions, since
there is a greater liklihood of some stalks escaping injury.
Lunate onion fy. (Kumerus strigatus Fallen). Numer-
ous specimens of this European fly, kindly identified by Mr W. R.
Walton through the courtesy of Dr L. O. Howard, were reared
August 19, 1911, from Iris roots received from Saratoga Springs,
N. Y., which had also been badly injured by the Iris borer, M ac-
ronoctua onusta Grote. There appears to be no published
record of this insect having been found in America, though Dr
F. H. Chittenden kindly informs me in a recent communication,
that flies were reared in the Bureau of Entomology from Amaryl-
lis bulbs received from Buffalo, N. Y., in October, 1906, and also
from bulbs from Connecticut and Brownsville, Texas. The species
is evidently widely distributed. The establishment of this insect in
America is of more than passing interest, since it is recorded as
attacking onions in Europe. Verrall.' states that the maggots
sometimes destroy the entire crop quite as the larvae of Mero-
don affect Narcissi. The larvae occurred in July and pupated
in the bulbs or in the neighboring earth. Dr J. Ritzema
Bos? finds that one to several maggots may occur in the heart
of an onion, causing a decay accompanied by a black dis-
coloration. He is of the opinion that there are two genera-
tions annually and describes the full-grown maggots as one-third
to nearly one-half of an inch long, dirty grayish yellow and granu-
lated in appearance. Francis Walker* records this species as gen-
erally distributed in Great Britain and adds that the larvae belong-
l1yoor, British Flies 8.615.
"1891, Tierische Schadl. u. Niitzl. p. 634.
37851, Insecta Britannica, Diptera, 1:241-42.
120 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
ing to the genus feed on bulbous roots. Verrall states that it is
recorded from all North and Middle Europe and also from Italy.
It would seem as though this insect might become a serious enemy
of American bulbs, particularly the onion.
This onion fly is noticed most frequently in economic literature
under the generic term Eumerus, though the discovery of
Meigen’s 1800 paper may necessitate the substitution of Zelima for
the better known Eumerus. This species has also been redescribed
a number of times, the recognized synonyms being Eumerus
aenie u's” »Macq.. 'E... fu'meralis: (Meons (Base rama
cornis Meigen, E. lunnulatws- Mein, Es planwimems
Megn., E. selene Lw. (not Meign.) beside another probable
synonym, Syrphus acanthodes Rossi and two varieties.
In view of the possible economic importance of this insect a descrip-
tion of the adult and an illustration of the wing are given below.
Adult. Length 6 to 7 mm, head rather small, slightly swollen,
hemispheric; eyes in the male narrowly contiguous. Face in the
male grayish black, with a sparse, yellowish pile, in the female
dark grayish with scattering, short setae. Antennae dark brown
in the male with grayish reflections, black in the female, the inner
face hoary; the two basal segments short, the third narrowly oval,
with a length nearly twice that of the two preceding. Frontal
triangle of the male with golden yellow setae; vertex bluish in the
Fig. 6 Wing of lunate onion fly, Humerus strigatus, enlarged (original).
male, aeneous in the female and with a thick pile which is black
on the vertical triangle and otherwhere mostly tawny. Disk of
thorax and scutellum aeneous, the former with submedian, hoary,
evanescent stripes and short, coarse setae. Abdomen bronzy black
with three lateral oblique, white, lunate bands, the posterior pair
in the male largely obscured by coarse, yellowish setae, the latter
also thick on the apex of the abdomen. Wings grayish, the stigma
tawny. Halteres yellowish white. Legs mostly black, the tip of
the coxae, femora, the basal third and the apex of tibiae, and the
three basal tarsal segments yellowish or tawny red; the femora has
about twelve short, stout spines on the distal half of its ventral
margin.
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 121
Xylophagus lugens Loew. The large, carnivorous larvae of this
species, easily recognized by the elongate, heavily chitinized
conical head, were found at Nassau, N. Y., in decaying chestnut
bark from which Winnertzia pectinata Felt was subse-
quently reared. Two sizes of larvae were observed but they all
produced adults within a short time and probably represent vari-
ations in nourishment or possibly sexual differences. The larva
presents a close general resemblance to that of the allied
Xylophagus abdominalis Lw. occurring in decaying
pine bark, except that in the latter the three segments behind the
head are each well chitinized dorsally.
Larva. Lengtl. about 2.5 cm, whitish or dirty white, the head
slender, conical, heavily chitinized and with a length greater
than the body diameter (plate 27, figure 4). The segment behind
the head is well chitinized dorsally, except for two narrow, ir-
regular sublateral lines. The next following has a pair of irregu-
larly subquadrate submedian chitinous plates. The incisures
dorsally and ventrally are marked by slight, median thickenings,
pseudopodous in character and bordered by a narrow line, in
places doubled, of chitinous points. Near the middle of each
body segment there is laterally a sparse group of four or five
rather long, fulvous hairs. Anal plate chitinized, produced as a
pair of submedian stout processes, each ornamented with several
long, fulvous hairs. The submedian anal spiracles are located
on this plate and are distinctly darker.
Pupa (plate 27, figure 4). Length 1.5 cm, diameter 3.5 mm;
color dark brown anteriorly; including the first three abdominal
segments, the posterior segments yellowish brown. The an-
tennal cases are short, diverging, conical, reddish brown struct-
ures, with a stout cephalic horn at the external /basal angle;
dorsum of thorax dark brown. Wing covers and leg cases dark
brown. Abdominal segments with a distinct, rugose, darker
thickening on the anterior and posterior margins, the latter with
moderately stout, rufous bristles laterally; terminal segment
about half the length of the preceding, with a median process
or knob bearing a pair of stout, conical, diverging processes, the
latter apically with a fuscous,:chitinous spur.
Psilocephala melampodia Loew. The white Dipterous larva
of this species was collected April 8, 1911 under decaying pine
bark at Albany, N. Y.
Larva. Length 2.5 cm, diameter 2mm. Head small, chitinous,
light brown, the anterior extremity darker; short, stout antennae
appear to be present. There are a few sparse setae on the ven-
tral surface of the head. Posterior margin of head with sub-
lateral fuscous markings which appear to unite in a fuscous
I22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
median line extending back apparently to a fuscous ocular spot
near the anterior extremity of the second body segment. Gen-
eral coloring of the body yellowish white, the anterior and pos-
terior segments slightly smaller than the median ones.
Pupa. Length 1.5 cm, the thoracic segments somewhat
swollen, the abdominal segments of a nearly uniform diameter,
each separated by a strong constriction; color a variable yellow-
ish brown and dark brown, the deeper coloring being confined
largely to the wing and leg cases and the abdominal incisures.
Anterior extremity truncate, the lateral angles bearing the short,
subconical antennal cases; thoracic horns short, subconic. Wing
cases extending to the middle of the second abdominal segment,
the leg cases to the anterior margin of the third abdominal seg-
ments. Abdominal segments 9, with a rudimentary roth, each
separated by a deep constriction; near the middle of segments
I-7 a stout conic spine laterally and posteriorly an irregular,
sparse band of short, stout setae. Posterior extremity produced,
apically with a pair of submedian, long chitinous processes.
The adult was reared May 1, 1911, permitting the identification
of the above described early stages.
Blood worms (Chironomus species). A good sized, living
blood worm, some 8 mm long and dark red, was brought into the
office January 6, 1911 from the Bender Hygienic Laboratory, ac-
companied by the statement that it was blown from the nose of
a lady who had suffered from several attacks of nosebleed, the
larva being found upon her handkerchief. The specimen was
transmitted to the Bender Laboratory by Dr J. E. Vigent of Red
Hook, N. Y. The blood worms are stated by Johannsen to feed
upon the small, red worms known as Tubifex or other small
creatures presumably containing hemoglobin in the blood. It
hardly seems possible that this creature could have been respon-
ble for the nosebleed; it may have been taken into the mouth
accidentally when drinking and, in a fit of coughing, thrown up
into the upper respiratory passages.
Teratology. Deformities of antennae and other appendages
are comparatively common among insects, though asymmetrical
modifications of the body, aside from those due to hermaphrodit-
ism, are comparatively rare. An interesting malformation of the
abdomen was detected in the case of a specimen of Winthemia
quadripustulata Fabr. (plate 8, figure 3) taken at Pough-
keepsie, N. Y., July 17, 1903. It will be noted from an examination
of the illustration that the second abdominal segment is wanting
on the right side, while on the left it appears to have attained
almost a normal development.
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 123
Protective mimicry. The posterior extremity of many female
Lepidoptera is protected with a thick tuft of scales. This struc-
ture is especially well marked in the Sesiidae. Professor Beuten-
mueller has given illustrations of the tufts in the case of a num-
ber of species. This structure is presumably protective and is
doubtless of some value in maintaining equilibrium while the
insect is in the air. It is not improbable that these scale tufts
are intimately connected with a scent gland so that when ex-
panded they are of material service in attracting the opposite
sex. We have shown at plate 17, figure 4 the expanded tuft of
Pyrausta theseusalis Walk. as it exists upon a museum
specimen which evidently died with the tuft fully expanded.
Superficially, this expanded tuft resembles some of the downy,
floating seeds, such as that of the dandelion. A closer examina-
tion shows this circular, apparently homogeneous organ to con-
sist of two closely apposed, semicircular parts each overlapping
the other slightly.
Leptosyna quercivora n. nom. This specific designation is pro-
posed for L. quercus Felt 1911, preoccupied by L. quercus
Kieff. 1904.
PUBLICATIONS OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST
The following is a list of the principal publications of the Ento-
mologist during the year 1911. Forty-four are given with titles,"
time of publication and a summary of the contents of each.
Volume and page numbers are separated by a colon, the first
superior figure gives the column and the second the exact place
in the column in ninths: for example, 75:1025'* means volume
75, page 1025, column I in the second ninth; that is, nearly one-
fourth of the way down.
Insects in the Grain. Country Gentleman, November 3, 1910,
7onto25 =
A summary, economic notice of the Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga
cerealella Oliv. and a short biologic account of a mite abundant in
chaff. It is probably Tyroglyphus longior Linn.
Codling Moth in the Hudson Valley. Country Gentleman,
December 15, 1910, 75 :1174~
Summary account of work of Carpocapsa pomonella Linn.
in 1910, showing that over 90 per cent sound fruit may be obtained with
but one spraying, even when there is a small crop and the second brood
of the moth is abundant.
The Greenhouse White Fly. Country Gentleman, December
2. IO10, 75 -L19e 7
A brief account of Aleyrodes vaporariorum Westw. with
special reference to control measures.
Recent Experiments with the Codling Moth. Economic Ento-
mology Journal, 3:474-77
Summary of experimental data obtained in I9I0.
Repelling Squash Bugs. Country Gentleman, December 29,
LOIO, 75 ei222°
A brief account of the squash bug, Anasa tristis DeG. with a
short notice of the striped cucumber beetle, Diabrotica vittata
Fabr.
A New Lestodiplosis. Entomological News, January 1911,
22:10-II
A description of Lestodiplosis peruviana_ reared by
C. H. T. Townsend from Hemichionaspis minor Mask.
1Titles are given as published and in some instances they have been
changed or supplied by the editors of the various papers.
[124]
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 125
Do Sprays Poison People? Country Gentleman, February 16,
LOL t, 7oO2054e
A general discussion of the application of poisons to vegetation, the
effects thereupon and the possibility of thus poisoning domestic animals
and human beings. The need of care in using these materials is emphasized.
Miastor and Embryology. Science, I91I, 33 :302-3
A summary discussion of the adaptability of Miastor larvae to embryo-
logical work.
Two New Gall Midges (Dipt.). Entomological News, I9g11,
22 :109-11
Asphondylia vincentiand Hyperdiplosis eupatorii
described from the island of St Vincent. The former was reared from fruits
of Jussiaea linifolia and J. suffruticosa and the latter
from a conical leaf gall on Eupatorium.
Endaphis Kieff. in the Americas (Dipt.). Entomological News,
IQII, 22:128—29
Arthrocnodax (Endaphis) abdominalis from Peru and
Endaphis americana from Arizona described as new. Both were
reared from foliage infested with gall mites, Eriophyes.
Fumigation-poisoning. Country Gentleman, March 9, I9gII,
FO2235,7°
A summary discussion of methods of fumigating for grain insects.
Insects and Scale Pests Common to New England and Best
Remedy for Each. Massachusetts Fruit Growers Association
Reports 12-16, 1906-10, p. 7-12
A brief discussion of spraying followed by observations on the case
bearers, canker worms, the oyster scale, scurfy scale and the San José scale.
The Increase and Control of San José Scale. Massachusetts
Fruit Growers Association Reports 12-16, 1906-10, p. 37-40.
Summary discussion of control measures for Aspidiotus
perniciosus Comst.
The Latest and Best Methods of Controlling Insects and
Fungous Pests Attacking our Fruits and Ornamentals.
Massachusetts Fruit Growers Association Reports 12-16,
1906-10, p. 84-93
Spraying methods with special reference to controlling the more com-
mon insect pests and fungous diseases.
Fruit Tree Insects and Their Control. “Massachusetts Fruit
Growers Association Reports 12-16, 1906-10, p. 141-57
The San José scale, codling moth, plant lice and apple maggot were
discussed in detail, especially the first two. ;
126 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Summary of Food Habits of American Gall Midges. Entomolo-
gical Society of America Annals. 1911, 4:55-62
A summary of the food habits of the Itonidae and a comparison of our
knowledge with that relating to European species.
A Generic Synopsis of the Itonidae. New York Entomological
Society Journal, 19 :31-62
A systematic arrangement of the genera with the synonymy. The fol-
lowing new genera were erected: Mycophila, Ceratomyia, Cordylomyia,
Corinthomyia, Epimyia, Didactylomyia, Coccidomyia, Erosomyia and
Diadiplosis. Meinertomyia and Xenodiplosis were proposed for the pre-
occupied Pero Mein. and Allodiplosis Ritbs. not Kieff.
Elm Beetle. Country Gentleman, March 30, 1911, 76:313'
Spraying with arsenate of lead is advised for controlling Galerucella
luteola Mill.
Spraying an Apple Orchard. Country Gentleman, March 30,
LOLL, 7Orsts
Thorough spraying with a lime-sulfur wash and arsenate of lead is
advised for the control of the San José scale and codling moth, respectively.
Some Spraying Compounds. Country Gentleman, March 30,
LOU. 70 -314—
The preparation and use of the lime-sulfur wash is briefly discussed.
A kerosene emulsion or whale oil soap solution is advised for the oyster
scale and arsenate of lead for the codling moth.
26th Report of the State Entomologist on the Injurious and
Other Insects of the State of New York. New York State
Museum Bulletin 147, p. 1-180, 1911 (Issued April 5)
Contents
PAGE PAGE
Initroductionearcecee rere Fe VSCElLAME OL Saris aie seat etre rea nerene 66
Ibakpooatoyey SHAS Set gnacioudeor 12. Publications of the Entomol-
Codlineemoth were ee 12 OBIS Ea racueceseateer ote ieistavine en 70
Juniper webworm ........... 35 Additions to collections........ 76
Large aphid spruce gall...... B08) eA DIGGING. tetera sicesiantten eine meter 82
ASH psyilarn sf vss cyte 39 Miastor americana
Notes: for thesyear. -.0.ce ea 41 Felt, an account of ped-
BriliieinSects wae eee eee 4! ogentesis: 0.4. dee 82
Garden and grain insects..... 47- “Explanation Of plates. .cinucee 105
Shade? trees pests... onsen EGor mMdeX ls tackle cee Sede Uhee OTe, 175
OGest thee snSectS.aeeuneianiee 57
Brown Mite. Country Gentleman, April 6, 1911, 76:337%
A discussion of control methods for the brown or clover mite, Bryobia
pratensis Garm.
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IGII 127
Miastor larvae. Canadian Entomologist, April 1911, 43:134-35;
Science, April 14, 1911, 33:583; Economic Entomology Jour-
nal, 1911, 4:296; Entomological News, May 1911, 22:227; New
York Entomological Society Journal, 19 :200-1
Brief directions are given for finding these larvae and the cooperation
of entomologists in collecting invited.
Gipsy and Brown-tail Moths. Country Gentleman, April 13,
TOMI 702350"
A discussion of the moth situation in New England as shown by the
report of the state forester of Massachusetts.
Bean Weevil. Country Gentleman, April 27, 1911, 76:409*
Summary discussion of control measures for Bruchus obtectus
Say.
Endaphis hirta n. sp. Entomological News, May 1g11, 22:224
Original description of a Ceylonese species reared from Dactylopius.
A New Species of Lasioptera with Observations on Certain
Homologies. Psyche, April 1911, 18:84-86
Original description of Lasioptera portulacae Felt with
observations on the development of the acicula and the homology of the
basal pouch in Asphondylia and the terminal lobes in females of other
groups.
A Summer Spray. Country Gentleman, May 18, I91I, 76:480%
A brief discussion of summer sprays for the control of San José scale,
Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst.
Cutworms in the Garden. Country Gentleman, May 18, 1911,
76 :48211
Cutworms and their habits are described in connection with methods of
controlling the pests.
Apple Borers. Country Gentleman, May 25, 1911, 76:502°°
The habits and methods of controlling the round-headed borer,
Saperda candida Fabr. are briefly discussed.
Insects. Country Gentleman, May 25, 1911, 76:502**
A brief notice of Chermes floccus Patch on spruce and of the
birch borer, Agrilus anxius Gory.
Two New Gall Midges. Canadian Entomologist, June rot,
43 :194-96
Toxomyia rubida and Lobodiplosis coccidarum reared
respectively from the aecidiospores of Uromyces and larvae preying on the
eggs of Dactylopius, are described.
128 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Billbugs in Corn. Country Gentleman, June 22, 1911, 76:586""
A brief economic account of the work of Sphenophorus species in corn.
Salt and Cutworms. Country Gentleman, June 22, 1911, 76:586
Salt is considered to be of little service in controlling cutworms, pests
most injurious when prolonged dry weather prevents normal plant growth.
Cicadas in New York. Country. Gentleman, June 22, I9gII,
eoot!
76 :590
General observations on the abundance and distribution of the 1911 brood.
Rhopalomyia grossulariae n. sp. Economic Entomology Jour-
nal, IQII, 4:347
Description of a species destroying gooseberry buds in Ohio.
Rose Beetles. Country Gentleman, June 29, 1911, 76:607
Arsenate of lead advised or the use of netting.
Silver-spotted Skipper. Country Gentleman, June 29, IgITI,
76 :607°8
An outline is given of the life history of this butterfly.
Four New Gall Midges. Entomological News, July 1911, 22:
301-5
The new genus Toxomyia is erected. Asphondylia pattersoni
reared from flowers of Citharexylum quadrangulare;
Toxomyia fungicola reared from teleutospores of Puccinia on
Emilia sonchirfolia;s Contarinia, lycopensier from
flowers of Lycopersicum esculentum and Hyperdiplosis
coffeae from fruits of Coffea liberica are described. !
Rose Leaf Hopper, Typhlocyba rosae Linn. Economic Ento-
mology Journal, I9II, 4:413-14
Method of oviposition described.
Miastor. Economic Entomology Journal, I9gII, 4:414
Observations on the food habits and biology.
Three New Gall Midges (Dipt.). New York Entomological
Society Journal, 19 :190-92
Holoneurus occidentalis, Lasiopteryx schwarzi and
Hyperdiplosis americana are described, all reared from a decay-
ing branch of wild fig.
Hosts and Galls of American Gall Midges. Economic Ento-
mology Journal, I9II, 4:451-75
A tabulation of the galls and food habits of American Itonidae.
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQITI 129
New Species of Itonidae. Economic Entomology Journal, 1911,
4 2470-84
A new genus, Kronomyia is erected and the following species are
described: Joanissia pennsylvanica, Kronomyia populli,
Oligarces wlma, Winnertzia, pectinata, Rhizomyia
hirsta, Dasynieura communis, Di etbsoni, D. pergandei,
DE sunuliacirt o lian © yesitulp oma nv Dn de eeANS te ommbyeiia
nigrina, A, reducta, Basnontena alliioniae L. arizo=
nensis, Neolasioptera aerostis, N. sauamosa, Novtrir
mera and Rhopalomyia gnaphalodis.
ADDITIONS: TO COLLECTIONS, OCTOBER 17, 1610-
OCTOBER 14, rors
The following is a list of the more important additions to
the collections:
DONATION
Hymenoptera
Thalessa atrata Fabr., black long sting, July 6, Mrs M. S. Miller, Boonville.
Rhodites bicolor Harr., spiny rose gall, old galls on rose, June 19,
A. N. Baker, Bellport
Cynips ? ‘prinoides Beutm., gall, September 14, J. <A. Douglass,
Oriskany Falls
Tremex columba Linn., pigeon tremex, adults on hickory, September 12,
Sterling Wallace, New York City.
Caliroa cerasi Linn., cherry and pear slug, eggs on cherry, June 3,
H. C. Sharpe, Schenectady
Kaliofenusa ulmi Sund., elm leaf miner, larvae on elm, May 30,
J. H. Livingston, Tivoli. Same, May 31, Madam Howe, Kenwood.
Same, June 16, Stephen Graff, Johnstown
Trichiocampus viminalis Fallen, poplar sawfly, larvae on poplar, August 30,
W. H. Harris, Greenfield Center. Same, August 13, F. C. Helme, Chester
Abia inflata Nort. larvae on lLonicera, June 8, Leonard Barron,
Garden City
Trichiosoma tibialis Steph., cocoon and pupa on Crataegus, April 10,
Holland. Through State Department of Agriculture
Coleoptera
Eccoptogaster rugulosus Ratz., adult, August 8, Fisher Hyle, Germantown
E. quadrispinosus Say, adult on hickory, August 13, R. L. Cushman, Yonkers
Gymnetron teter Fabr., adult, June 21, C. E. Brisbin, Schuylerville
Rhynchites bicolor Fabr., rose curculio, adults and work, October 26,
Miss G. W. Sargent, Lenox, Mass.
Pomphopoea sayi Lec., Say’s blister beetle, adults, May 31, R. S. Nards,
Slingerlands. Same, May 31, Smith Bowen, Hartford. Same, on locust
blossoms, June 5, Matthew Hart, Castleton. Same, June 8, C. M. Winne,
Castleton. Same, June 8, A. C. DeGarmo, Schuylerville. Same, June 14,
Frank Jansen, Fonda. Same, June 16, J. G. Ward, Cambridge. Same,
on cherry, June 20, Arthur Ward, Philmont. Same, June 21, C. E. Brisbin,
Schuylerville
Meloe angusticollis Say, oil beetle, adult, September 15, C. E. Fairman,
Lyndonville
Tribolium confusum Duv., confused flour beetle, adults, November 20,
Miss E. Bush, Albany
Chalepus dorsalis Thunb., locust leaf miner, adults on locust, August 30,
H. L. Frost & Bartlett Co., Stamford, Conn.
[130]
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII I31
C. nervosa Panz., adult on locust, August 30, H. L. Frost & Bartlett Co.,
Stamford, Conn.
Systena taeniata Say var. blanda Melsh., adult on bean, June 29, J. F. Rose,
South Byron
Galerucella luteola Miill., elm leaf beetle, larvae, June 28, F. B. Wicks,
Ticonderoga. Same, larvae, pupae and adults on elm, July 6,
H. L. Satterlee, Highland Falls. Same, eggs on elm, July 21,
Miss S. L. Bell, Amsterdam. Same, adult on elm, August 7,
Miss F. A. Wood, Poughkeepsie
Melasoma scripta Fabr., lined cottonwood beetle, egg, larvae and adult
on poplar, August 18, Bloodgood Nurseries, Flushing. Through State
Department of Agriculture
Crioceris asparagi Linn., asparagus beetle, adults on asparagus, May 109,
John J. Hicks, Jericho
C. duodecim-punctata Linn., twelve-spotted asparagus beetle, adults on
asparagus, May 19, John J. Hicks, Jericho
Saperda candida Fabr., round-headed appletree borer, adults on apple,
May 25,.W. H. Shutts, Claverack
Plectrodera scalator Fabr., banded poplar borer, adult, July 26, A. F. Onder-
donk, Webster Groves, Mo.
Monohammus confusor Kirby, pine sawyer, larvae on pine, March 14,
C. Y. Flanders, Tribes Hill. Same, June 5, Leland Wadsworth, Troy.
Same, June 6, F. B. Pickering, Ballston Spa
Phymatodes variabilis Fabr., variable oak borer, adults, reared from oak,
June 5, James Feeney, Meadowdale
Desmocerus palliatus Forst., cloaked knotty horn, adults on elder, June 2,
F. T. Huxley, Amsterdam
Neoclytus erythrocephalus Fabr., adult on maple, June 16, Mount Vernon.
Through State Department of Agriculture
Euphoria inda Linn., bumble flower beetle, adult, May 30, E. A. Baldwin,
Schenectady
Anomala lucicola Fabr., light-loving grapevine beetle, adult, June 21,
C. E. Brisbin, Schuylerville
Serica sericea Ill., adult, June 21, C. E. Brisbin, Schuylerville
Hoplia trifasciata Say, injuring pear blossoms from Greece, May 16,
R. C. Draper, Rochester. Through State Department of Agriculture
Canthon laevis Dru., tumble bug or dung beetle, adult and dung ball,
May 27, J. B. Scudder, Coxsackie
Amphicerus bicaudatus Say, work on cherry, June 23, R. H. Gibbes,
Schenectady
Thelydrias contractus Mots., aduli, pupal, larval skins, June 20, L. H. Joutel,
New York City
Agrilus bilineatus Web., two-lined chestnut borer, larva on chestnut,
August 30, S. K. Clapp, Brown Station. Through C. R. Pettis, super-
intendent state forests
Dicerca divaricata Say, adult, June 21, C. E. Brisbin, Schuylerville
Alaus oculatus Linn., eyed snapping beetle, adult, June 26, George Fischer,
Albany
132 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Byturus unicolor Say, raspberry Byturus, adults on raspberry, May 15,
J. S. Carpenter, Marlboro
Attagenus piceus Oliy., black carpet beetle, larvae, October 3, Mrs James
Wilson, Rochester
Anthrenus scrophulariae Linn., Buffalo carpet beetle, larvae, October 3,
Mrs James Wilson, Rochester:
Silvanus surinamensis Linn., saw-toothed grain beetle, adults, April 12,
P. Cleveland, Scotia. Same, in flour, May 31, W. I. Seiver & Co,,
Angelica. Same, June 20, Bates & Broman, Middleburg
Diptera
Tabanus atratus Forst., horse-fly, adult, July 14, J. D. Collins, Utica
Thecodiplosis piniradiatae Snow & Mills, cotypes on Monterey pine,
March 16, V. L. Kellogg, Stanford University, Cal.
Anopheles punctipennis Say, malarial mosquito, adult, October 6,
R. M. Moore, Rochester
; Siphonaptera
Ctenocephalus canis Curt., dog flea, adult, August 4, Miss M. E. Drew,
Highland Falls. Through State Department of Health
Lepidoptera
Euvanessa antiopa Linn., spiny elm caterpillar, larva, June 2, Miss Mabel
Todd, Gloversville. Same, June 3, L. W. Draper, Amenia. Same, on
elm, June 3, M. G. Thomas, Ticonderoga. Same, June 5, H. N. Babcock,
Elmira. Same, June 6, C. L. Morey, Greenwich. Same, on elm, June 6,
F. B. Pickering, Ballston Spa. Same, June 6, S. D. Zeh, Hillsdale. Same,
June 14, C. A. Russell, Frankfort. Same, June 17, A. N. Baker, Bellport.
Same, chrysalis, June 14, E. W. Rankin, Albany. Same, June 9, M. F.
Winchester, South Amenia
Basilarchia astyanax Fabr., larva on oak, May 30, William Wells, Flushing
Samia cecropia Linn., Cecropia moth, cocoon, May 6, G. E. Ward, Ravena.
Same, adult, May 24, Livingston McEwan, Albany
Callosamia promethea Dru., Promethea moth, cocoon on lilac, December 9,
J. H. Carpenter, Elnora. Same, April 25, John J. Hicks, Jericho, Same,
April 28, Miss F. B. Darling, Syracuse. Same, June 6, C A. Russell,
Frankfort
Tropaea luna Linn., luna moth, adult, May 20, Mrs N. A. Pierce, Solsville.
Same, May 29, Mrs M. E. Wheeler, East Nassau
Telea polyphemus Cram., Polyphemus moth, adult, May 29, Mrs N. A.
Pierce, Solsville. Same, cocoon and moth, July 15, J. A. Reed, Watervliet
Hyphantria textor Harr., fall webworm, larvae, August 25, P. L. Huested,
Sparta. Through State Department of Agriculture. Same, September 12,
A. G. Scifield, Hopewell Junction. Same, on apple, June 9, A. T. Bennett,
Tivoli
Alypia octomaculata Fabr., eight-spotted forester, larva, June 23,
F, N. Powers, Utica. Same, on grapevine, July 6, F. A. King,
New York City
Macronoctua onusta Gr., larva on iris, July 28, W. L. Rich, Saratoga.
Same, August 2, through J. N. Huyck, Albany
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII Lee,
Xylina antennata Walk., green maple worm, larvae on maple, May 30,
C. O. Horning, Amsterdam. Same, on soft maple, June 6, W. B. Wester-
velt, Newburg. -Same, adult, April 27, C. J. Herrick, Albany
Papaipema nitela Guen., stalk borer, larvae, July 17, A. G Harris,
North Pelham
Heliothis armiger Hubn., corn worm or boll worm, larva in corn, Octo-
ber 13, H. B. Winters, Brooklyn. Through State Department of
Agriculture
Melalopha inclusa Hiibn., poplar tent maker, larvae on Carolina poplar,
June 30, M. C. Albright, West Coxsackie
Datana ministra Dru. yellow-necked appletree caterpillar, July 20
Charles Fremd, North Rose. Same, August 25, Ff. M. Brooks, Athens
D. integerrima G. & Rob., black walnut caterpillar on pecan, July 28,
Miss E. L. Keller, Eden
Schizura concinna Sm. & Abb., red-humped appletree caterpillar, July 12,
A. G. Davis, Schenectady. Same, on apple, July 21, W. L. Bosworth,
Amenia
Notolophus antiqua Linn, rusty tussock moth, eggs on box, March,
nursery stock, Holland. Through State Department of Agriculture
Hemerocampa leucostigma Sm. & Abb., white-marked tussock moth, eggs,
March 22, Thomas Tupper, Corning. Same, larva, May 29, J. A. Hep-
worth, Marlboro
H. definita Pack., eggs on poplar, April 5, Rochester. Through State De-
partment of Agriculture
Tolype velleda Stoll., larch lappet moth, caterpillars on pear, July 25, West
Coxsackie. Through State Department of Agriculture.
Malacosoma americana Fabr., apple tent caterpillar, June 5, G. F. Machure,
Saranac Lake
M. disstria Hiibn., forest tent caterpillar, June 11, Townsend Cox jr,
Setauket. Same on maple, June 13, Miss A. Humphrey, Warsaw
Bombyx mori Linn., silk worm, cocoons on mulberry from North Italy,
July 21, Arthur Paladin, Albany
Alsophila pometaria Harr., fall canker worm, moths and eggs, Novem-
ber 30, T. F. Niles, Rye. Through State Department of Agriculture.
Same, eggs, February 23, White Plains. Through State Department of
Agriculture. Same, moth, April 26, J. F. Hummer, Potsdam
Ennomos subsignarius Hitbn., snow-white linden moth, eggs on beech,
April 28, J. N. Smith, Margaretville.
E. magnarius Guen., eggs, February 16, P. M. Eastman, Coxsackie.
Through State Department of Agriculture
Thyridopteryx ‘ephemeraeformis Haw., bag worm, larvae, August 13,
Mrs William Frech, Bayside
Cnidocampa flavescens Walk., Oriental slug caterpillar, cocoon on Japanese
maple, March 23, nursery stock imported from Japan. Through State
Department of Agriculture
Sibine stimulea Clem., saddle-back caterpillar, larva, August 30,
C. L. Van Loan, Catskill. Same, larvae, September 29, R. MacGregor,
Brooklyn
Euclea delphinii Boisd., larvae, August 25, Mynard DeFreest, Voorheesville
Phobetron pithecium Sm. & Abb., hag moth, larva, July 27, J. J. Barden,
Sodus. Same, August 14, B. O. Burgin, St Johnsville
134 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Zeuzera pyrina Linn., leopard moth, adult, July 21, Mrs H. W. Struss,
New York City
Podosesia syringae Harr., lilac borer, pupa, March 14, Hermann Von
Schrenk, St Louis, Mo.
Phlyctaenia rubigalis Guen., greenhouse leaf tyer, moth, January 7, J. Dun
bar, Rochester
Crambus caliginosellus Clem., sooty web worm, larvae on corn, June 23,
k. L. Skinner, Greenwich
Mineola indigenella Linn., leaf crumpler, larvae on Crataegus, November 4,
P. L. Huested, Port Chester. Through State Department of Agriculture
Plodia interpunctella Hubn., Indian meal moth, adult in graham flour, Sep-
tember 20, I. A. Weston, Syracuse
Evetria ?turionana Hubn., pine bud tortrix moth, larvae on pine, August 20,
D. M. Munger, Glen Cove
Depressaria ? atomella Htibn., adults on Cytisus, April 19, John Dunbar,
Rochester
Bucculatrix canadensisella Chamb., birch leaf Bucculatrix, larvae, work on
yellow birch, September 7, A. N. McGeoch, Lake Placid. Through State
Conservation Commission
Phyllonoryter hamadryadella Clem., white blotch oak leaf miner, on oak,
October 10, Miss M. B. Steward, Goshen. Same, June 30, J. N. Briggs,
Coeymans
Tinea pellionella Linn., clothes moth, adult, May 1, I. A. Weston, Syracuse
Neuroptera
Corydalis cornuta Linn., Dobson fly, adult, June 29, A. E. Milligan,
Schuylerville
Hemiptera
Tibicen septendecim Linn., seventeen-year Cicada on apple twigs, showing
oviposition scars, April 13, H. D. Lewis, Annandale. Same, adult, May 20,
G. W. Lintner, Summit, N. J. Same, adults, May 28, Edward and
Robert Broome, Pelham Bay Park. Same, adult, May 20, G. E. Ward,
Ravena. Same, adults, June 3, A. J. Bolton, New Rochelle. Same,
June 8, G. B. Thomas, Schuylerville. Same, June 12, R. J. Davey,
Mechanicville. Same, June 13, Frank Jansen, Fonda. Same, June 16,
F. M. Askins, Schaghticoke. Same, June 19, D. C. Davies, Mechanicville.
Same, adults and pupal cases, May 29, S. Bulson, Stony Point. Same
pupal cases, May 26, J. Johannsen, Raritan Bay Park, Tottenville. Same,
eggs on locust, July 1, A. G. Harris, Pelham
Ceresa bubalus Fabr., Buffalo tree hopper, eggs on peach, April 22,
H. B. Filer, Buffalo
Enchenopa binotata Say, two-spotted tree hopper, nymphs on_ bittersweet,
June 15, Miss E. C. Humphrey, Watervliet
Pachypsylla c.-gemma Riley, galls on Celtis occidentalis, May 19, White
Plains. Through State Department of Agriculture
Phylloxera caryaecaulis Fitch, hickory gall aphid, adults in galls on hickory
June 2, Mrs A. J. Ferber, Rutherford, N. J.
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 135
Chermes floccus Patch, gall on spruce, May 15, H. W. Wesson, Eggemoggin,
Me. Through Country Gentleman
C. abietis Linn., spruce gall aphid, galls and adults on spruce, June to, R. T.
Conover jr, Bedford
C. pinicorticis Fitch, pine bark aphid, adults on pine, June 11, Arthur Clark,
Garrison
Hamamelistes spinosus Shim., adults on birch, June 17, C. W. Goodyear,
Tarrytown
Pemphigus ulmifusus Walsh, half grown galls on red or slippery elm, May
27, Stephen Graff, Johnstown
Phyllaphis fagi Linn., woolly beech aphis, adults on beech, June 15, M. N.
Gardner, Brewster. Same, on beech, June 17, C. W. Goodyear, Tarry-
town
Gossyparia spuria Mod., elm bark louse, adults on elm, June to, J. D.
Rogers, Round Lake. Same, May 31, Madam Howe, Kenwood
Phenacoccus acericola King, false cottony maple scale, adults on maple,
May 20, Miss E. M. Briggs, Oneonta. Same, on hard maple, September
9, Miss J. N. White, New Rochelle, through State Conservation Com-
mission. Same, on maple, June 8, T. R. Lawson, Troy. Same, larvae and
adults on maple, August 31, C. W. Buckten, Mamaroneck. Same, young
females, August 17, H. A. Unger, Clinton Heights. Same, young and
females on maple, August 16, H. B. Wooster, Walden, through State
Conservation Commission. Same, August 14, J. W. Small, North Tarry-
town. Same, August 7, L. H. Crossman, New Rochelle. Same, July 20,
A. J. Harcourt, Kingston. Same, male cocoons on maple, May 18, J. T.
Lansing, Rensselaer. Same, young on maple, May 26, Benjamin Ham-
mond, Fishkill
Pulvinaria vitis Linn., cottony maple scale, adults on maple, June 16, B. D.
Van Buren, Mount Vernon, through State Department of Agriculture.
Same, on maple, May 21, C. F. Nies, Salamanca. Same, adults and young
on soft maple, July 21, C. C. Kekok, West Brighton
Lecanium scale, adults and young, June 20, Miss E. S. Blunt, New Russia
? Eulecanium magnoliarum Ck], adults on maple, June 30, Miss A
Humphrey, Warsaw
E. nigrofasciatum Perg., terrapin scale on soft maple, April 8, H. N. Bab-
cock. Elmira. Same, on soft maple, April 29, M. DeForest Yates, Sche-
nectady. Same, June 12. Miss S. A. Brown, Unadilla Forks
E. persicae Fabr., adult on mulberry, May 29, G. E. Ward, Ravena
? Saissetia oleae Bern., olive scale, adult on lemon, March 5, C. E. Olsen,
Maspeth
Chionaspis pinifoliae Fitch, pine leaf scale, eggs on Scotch pine, September
27, 5. G. Harris, Tarrytown
Diaspis carueli Targ., juniper scale, adults on Swedish juniper, September
27, A. E. Stene, Kingston, R. I.
Aulacaspis rosae Sandb., rose scale, egg on rose, November 18, Miss Rhoda
Thompson, Ballston Spa. Same, April 26, E. J. Ritch, Kingston
Epidiaspis piricola Del Guer., pear scale, adult on French imported pear,
January 16. Through the State Department of Agriculture
136 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Aspidiotus ? ostreaeformis Curt., European oyster scale, adults on willow,
May 12, Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester. Same, October 11, Arthur Gib-
son, Ottawa, Canada
A. perniciosus Comst., San José scale, young on apple, April 1, A. M.
Lane, Schenectady. Same, May 18, Mrs E. A. Earl, Ballston Spa. Same,
August 8, W. J. Akins, New Baltimore. Same, adults and young on
apple, September 15, R. Schofield, Coeymans
Chrysomphalus smilacis Comst., smilax scale on ? Smilax, March 29, GE
Olsen, Maspeth
Lepidosaphes ulmi Linn., oyster shell bark louse on French lilac, August
14, W. J. Akins, New Baltimore. Same, young on apple, May 18, Mrs
E. A. Earl, Ballston Spa. Same, eggs on baim of Gilead, April 21, J. E.
Field, New York City ,
L. beckii Newm., adult on lemon, March 5, C. E. Olsen, Maspeth
Parlatoria proteus Curt., orange chaff scale, adult on orange, March 5, C. E.
Olsen, Maspeth
Lygus pratensis Linn:, tarnished plant bug, adults on aster, October 8,
G. H. Hudson, Plattsburg.
Poecilocapsus lineatus Fabr., four-lined leaf bug, work on currant, June
13, Albert Yeomans, Walworth
Orthoptera
Ischnoptera pennsylvanica DeG., June 19, M. R. Brown, Merrickville
Gryllotalpa borealis Burm., mole cricket, August 26, W. F. Moore, Mechanic-
ville. Through Troy Press
Plecoptera
Pteronarcys biloba Newm., adult, May 26, W. G. Robinson, Greenfield
Center
Ephemerida
Hexagenia variabilis ? Eaton, June 2, B. H. Lane, Coxsackie
Thysanura
Smynthurus arvalis Fitch, adults on raspberry, May 24, S. R. Taber, Milton
EXPLANATION OF PLATES
PLATE 1
137
Codling moth
Two small apples, one end and the other side wormy. The former
is the most common method of injury by apple worms or larvae
of the first brood, while the other is very characteristic of larvae
of the second brood and is usually confined to points where
fruits touch or where a leaf and apple adhere.
Group of blossoms ready to spray and showing conditions just after
the petals drop. Note that the green sepal lobes are widely ex-
panded or drooping, and that conditions are therefore favorable
for filling the calyx cup with poison.
Three mature apples showing the work of the apple worm or cod-
ling moth larva about the core, at the blossom end and an irregular
cavity at the side, a point where the full grown larvae frequently
escape
A piece of bark removed from the tree and showing on the under
surface the numerous cocoons in which the insects hibernate and
undergo their transformations from the caterpillar to the pupa
and moth
Moth with wings expanded, natural size
Moth resting on young apple, side view
3 Moth resting on leaf, seen from above
4 A portion of a pinkish apple worm or larva in a wormy apple
5 Cocoon, as seen from the under side and showing the hole made
by a woodpecker in search of the apple worm or larva
6 Cell on the under side of the bark containing a codling moth
worm or larva. Note its nearly doubled position.
Upper surface of bark showing hole made by a woodpecker.
The same condition as seen from the inner surface is repre-
sented at 5.
8 Empty cocoon
9 Group of old cocoons
10 Two cocoons in which apple worms or larvae have been destroyed
by fungus
1t Oval excavation in the bark made by the apple worm or larva
prior to spinning its cocoon
12 Newly made cocoon, the silken case being nearly obscured by
particles of bark
ROH
N
138
Plate |
Codling moth and its work
PLATE 2
139
Codling moth work
Series I
Ic Sprayed once, picked fruit: 3842 sound, 25 wormy apples
2c Sprayed twice, picked fruit: 3136 sound, 2 wormy apples
X Unsprayed, picked fruit: 2411 sound, 171 wormy apples
140
Plate 2
Codling moth work
Codling moth work
Series I
3a Sprayed thrice, picked fruit: 3879 sound, 3 wormy apples
4d Sprayed once late, picked fruit: 1809 sound, 131 wormy apples.
Y Unsprayed, picked fruit: 1832 sound, 225 wormy apples
142
ee
Codling moth work
PLATE 4
143
Codling moth work
Series I
2c View showing loaded condition of tree
3a View showing loaded condition of tree
144
Plate 4
Trees in experimental orchard
Reha
i)
PLATE 5
145
Codling moth work
Series 2
1a Sprayed once, picked fruit: 2868 sound, 45 wormy apples
2b Sprayed twice, picked fruit: 5724 sound, 77 wormy apples
146
Plate 5
odling moth work
(
PLATE 6
147
Codling moth work
Series I
Three apples showing sun scald, W. H. Hart orchard, September 1911
148
pyeos uns Aq poyoye sojddy
9 938I1d
42
aaier
_ ©» aa
Codling moth work
Series 2
Two apples showing sun scald, followed by severe checking, from
orchard of Edward Van Alstyne, October 1911
150
pyeos uns SUIMOTIOF SuUTYIOY)
ZL ayeld
iy r } uve fy
] AL aaa st
betel
/ si
if
ewe
io yan
ta’
1 Notch wing, Ennomos magnarius_ Hibn., natural size
2 Eggs of notch wing, Ennomos magnarius, natural size
3 Winthemia quadripustulata Fabr., view showing deformed
or asymmetrical abdominal segments
4 Apple showing work of a miner, probably a species of Marmara Clem.
152
Plate 8
Apple insects and a parasite
Ww
PLATE 9
153
Ja
“NJ
Micropyle of definite marked tussock moth, Hemerocampa
We fvni ta Rack, x} 200
Micropyle of gipsy moth, Porthetria dispar Linn. x 200
Hairs from full-grown gipsy moth larva, Porthetria dispar
Emmn. x 750
Hairs from egg mass of gipsy moth, Porthetria dispar Linn.
x 200
Large hair from full-grown gipsy moth larva, Porthetria dispar
Linn. x 200
An aerostatic hair from young larva of gipsy moth, Porthetria
dispar Linn) x 225
Portion of pupal case of gipsy moth, Porthetria dispar Linn.
x 33
154
Plate 9
Gipsy moth structures
PLATE 10
155
Gipsy moth
Plot hie tapi Gaesiprancmelettia:
Defol:ated apple orchard, Weston, Mass., June 29, I91I
Note the fruit and the vigorous untouched poison ivy foliage on the
trunks of the trees
156
Plate ro
Gipsy moth work IoII
PLATE 11
157
Gipsy moth
letoymie lie wiesbal) (alas joyeyie Iam,
Red oak near Weston, Mass., June 29, 1911. Many acres were defoliated
like this, though a strip some 200 feet wide on each side of the
road had been well protected by poison.
158
Plate 11
ipsy moth work 1911
G
Gipsy moth
Porthet ria dispar, Winn
Practically clean stands of pine and maple near Metheun, Mass., June
30, 1911. These areas were protected simply by cutting out the
favorite food plants and practically no injury resulted, as the young
caterpillars were unable to develop upon either the pine or maple.
160
Plate 12
Clean stands of maple and pine uninjured by gipsy moth
PLATE 13
161
Brown-tail moth
Euproctis chrysorrhoea Linn
Nests on young oaks near Salem, N. H. Photo June 30, 1911
162
Plates 13
Brown tail moth work tort
Green maple worm
MXiyliina antennata Walk
Defoliated willows and maples, North Albany, N. Y., June tor!
164
II61 YIOM WIOM o{deuU UVdI")
me,
a
VI 93eId
©
PLATE 15
165
Green maple worm
Xylina antennata Walk.
Defoliated soft maples at Amsterdam, N. Y., June 1911
166
Green maple worm work IoII
PLATE 16
Green maple worm
Xylina antennata Walk
Soft maple sprouts badly ragged by caterpillars, Amsterdam, June 1911
168 ‘
Plate 16
x
es
a
Se
: ae ul et Poe cee
Green maple worm work IoII
Bele
id
PLATE 17
169
1 Moth of green maple worm, Xylina antennata Walk. x I
2 Green maple worm, Xylina antennata Walk. x I
3 Iris borer, Macronoctua onwsta Grote x I
4 Pyraustatheseusalis Walk., showing anal tuft expanded x I
5 Larval cases of ‘maple leaf cutter, Paraclemensia aceri-
foliella Fitch, natural size
170
Plate 17
New York insects
Maple leaf cutter
Paraclemensia acerifoliella Fitch
Soft maple leaves showing characteristic eating and several cases
172
IIOI 19}{Nd Jeo] sjdeut JO FIOM
gI aiid
Periodical Cicada
Tibicen septendecim Linn.
I Pupa as it comes from the soil
2 Pupal shell just cracking
3 Pupa five minutes later, 10:01
4 Pupa two minutes later, 10:03
5 Emerging insect five minutes later, 10:08
6 Emerging insect three minutes later, 10:11
174
Plate 19
Cicada transformations
4 bee ,
* eh - ee
' te ae 487
AA Maeve!
‘ bite é 4
ies a ve me b
Leinyat ie
;
rc
Am & WN
Periodical Cicada
Tibicen septendecim Linn.
Emerging insect two minutes later than plate 18, fig. 6, 10:13
Emerging insect one minute later, 10:14
Insect crawling from the shell, 10:35
Insect resting on the empty shell, 10:36
Insect hanging beside the shell, 10:42
Insect hanging from the pupal shell.
176
Note padlike wings, 9:45
Plate 20
icada transformations
i
br
I
2
3
4
5
Periodical Cicada
Tibicen septendecim Linn.
Insect six minutes later than in plate 20, fig. 6, 9:51
Insect one minute later, 9:52
Insect one minute later, 9:53
Wings fully developed and partly wrapped around the body
Cicada fully colored as it appeared the next morning
6 Cicada with o¥ipositor partly inserted in a twig
178
Plate 21
.)
ansformations
ida tr
c
Cic
\ ‘
;
Periodical Cicada
Tibicen septendecim Linn.
Twigs showing oviposition scars
Plate 22
Cicada oviposition
Periodical Cicada
Tibicen septendecim Linn.
Cicada chambers at New Baltimore, N. Y., June ror!
182
punois saoqe siaquieyd epeoi>y
€Z 91eId
- ia i r; : ;
P
2
a 4
7 f ‘ >;
’
f4, : :
i
‘
oe
_ {
ee
.
ap =
hs .
p ‘
ad ,
*
|
i]
;
.
. 1, ~- wae - . - 7 Vows <i ~ ~*~ ~ seks st —s +
Periodical Cicada
Tibieen septendecim Linn.
View showing young orchard protected with netting from Cicada injury,
New Baltimore, N. Y., June 1911
184
Sepeoly) WoOIJ Way} Joa}01d 0} payjau sooI]p
vz 93eId
.
(> & ei et
| (BEATE 26> r
185
> A
i
Py ?
bf)
7 ° 7,
: .
oh - ©
= pak,
Li f
-
a? F f 7
‘~~ oF
'
aa r
‘
‘ Ly
4
4 _
r .
Sacer ‘
*%
d
White marked tussock moth
Hemerocampa leucostigma Sm. & Abb:
Defoliated linden at the corner of Eagle and Hamilton streets, Albany, N. Y.
Photo June Io1r
186
Plate 25
White-marked tussock moth work
Four-lined leaf bug
Project loca ps tesaslame a tise abr
Wilder currant shoots showing the characteristic spotting caused by this pest
188
Plate 26
Four-lined leaf bug work
1 Males of white marked tussock moth, Hemerocampa leuco-
Gigmesroney WShobacs Yavolay, oe il
2 Female of white marked tussock moth, Hemerocampa _ leuco-
stigma Sm. & Abb. depositing eggs on the filmy cocoon x I
3 Cocoon of Cecropia moth, Samia cecropia Linn. containing nu-
merous puparia of a parasitic fly, Frontina frenchii Will.
4 Pupa and larva of Xylophagus lugens Loew and larva (the
larger one) of the allied X. ahdominalis Lw.
190
Plate 27
ine)
INDEX
abdominalis, Arthrocnodax, 125
Xylophagus, 121
Abia inflata, 114-15
acanthodes, Syrphus, 120
acericola, Phenacoccus, 88, 98
acerifoliella, Paraclemensia, 56-59
Actia pilipennis, 100
Additions to collections, 130-36
aeneus, Eumerus, 120
athnis, Trichius, 98
agilis, Mesochorus, 49
Agrilus anxius, 108-9, I13, 12
bilineatus, 113-14
agrostis, Neolasioptera, I
Alabama argillacea, 116
Aleyrodes vaporariorum, 124
allioniae, Lasioptera, 129
Ambrosia beetle, 88
americana, Endaphis, 125
Hyperdiplosis, 128
Miastor, 126
Thryptocera, 101
Anasa tristis, 124
Angoumois grain moth, I
antennata, Xylina, 48-52
antiopa, Euvanessa, 104-5
anxius, Agrilus, 108-9, 113, 127
Apple borer, round-headed, 127
Apple caterpillar, red-humped, 99-
IOI
Apple maggot, 125
Apple miner, Ior
Apple tree, injurious insects:
apple caterpillar, red-humped,
100
cicada, periodical, 84
codling moth, 13
forest tent caterpillar, ror
gipsy moth, 46
locust leaf miner, 61
maple worm, green, 49
notch wing, 6, 54
_
/
29
24
I
|
|
:
|
|
|
|
I
Apple tree, injurious insects (con-
tinued )
rose leaf hopper, 66, 67
rosy hispa, 63
Apple worm, 5, 13-42
argillacea, Alabama, 116
Arilus cristatus, 62
arizonensis, Lasioptera, I
Army worm, 50
Arsenate of lead, 51, 53, 56, 62, 98
100, IOI, 103, 105, 110, 126, 128
Arthrocnodax (Endaphis) abdomi-
nalis, 125
arvalis, Smynthurus, 103
Ash, green maple worm injuring,
49
Ash psylla, 126
Asphondylia pattersoni, 128
vincenti, 125
Aspidiotus perniciosus, 102,
127
Aster, rosy hispa injuring, 63
Asteromyia nigrina, 129
reducta, 129
atomella, Depressaria, 116-17
autumnaria, Ennomos, 54
Azalea, Gracilaria injuring, 117
2
9
’
125,
Basswood, rosy hispa injuring, 63
Bean weevil, 127
Beech, injurious insects:
locust leaf miner, 61
maple leaf cutter, 57
bilineatus, Agrilus, 113-14
Billbugs, 128
Birch borer, 127
bronze, 8, 108-9, 113
Birch trees, injurious insects:
bronze birch borer, 108
cicada, periodical, 70
gipsy moth, 46
locust leaf miner, 61
notch wing, 56
2?
192
Blister beetle, 6, 99
Blood worms, 122
Bordeaux mixture, 87
Bronze birch borer, 8, 108-9, 113
Brown mite, 126
Brown-tail moth, 7,
Bruchus obtectus, 127
Bryobia pratensis, 126
Butternut, Say’s blister beetle in-
juring, 99
Byturus unicolor, 102-3
J
2°52
z
caliginosellus, Crambus, 118-19
candida, Saperda, 127
Canker worms, 98, 125
Carpocapsa pomonella, 13-42, I
Case bearers, 125
cecropia, Samia, 116
Cecropia moth, 116
cerealella, Sitotroga, 124
Chalepus dorsalis, 59-63
inaequalis, 63
nervosa, 60, 63-65
rosea, 63
Chermes floccus, 127
Cherry tree, injurious insects:
apple caterpillar, red-humped,
100
rose leaf hopper, 66
Say’s blister beetle, 99
Chestnut, injurious insects:
cicada, periodical, 84
June beetles, 115
notch wing, 56
Chestnut borer, two-lined, 9, 113
Chironomus sp., 122
Chokecherry, rosy hispa injuring,
63
Cicada, dogday, 71
Cicada, periodical, 5, 68-87, 128;
life history, 69-70; oviposition,
70-71; description, 71; distribu-
tion, 71; comparative abundance,
71-73; time of appearance, 73-
74; date of first cry or song of
male, 74; persistence, 74-75;
above ground chambers, 75; ap-
2
4
pearance in the Hudson vallev,
75-85; natural enemies, 85-86;
injuries, 86; preventives of in-
jury, 86-87; bibliography, 87
NEW YORK STATE
MUSEUM
Cicada linnei, 71
Clover mite, 126
coccidarum, Lobodiplosis, 127
Cockroach, 11
oriental, 93
Codling moth, 5, 13,
126; summary of
work with, 38
coffeae, Hyperdiplosis, 128
Coleophora limosipennella, 110
Coleoptera, additions to
tions, 130-32
Collections, 10; additions to, 1307
36
communis, Dasyneura, 129
concinna, Schizura, 99-101
Contarinia lycopersici, 128
Corn, Sphenophorus sp. injuring,
128
Cotton moth, 116
Cottony maple scale, 8, 98
false, 98
Crambus caliginosellus, 118-19
cristatus, Arilus, 62
Cucumber beetle, striped, 124
Currant bushes, injurious insects:
four-lined leaf bug, 103
maple worm, green, 49
rose leaf hopper, 66
Cutworms, 127, 128
Cystiphora viburni, 120
Cytisus albus,
116
i
124,
three
125,
years’
collec-
injurious insects,
Dactylopius, 127
Dasyneura communis, I
gibsoni, 129
pergandei, 120
smilacifolia, 129
definita, Hemerocampa, 43-44
Depressaria atomella, 116-17
Derostenus primus, 62
Diabrotica vittata, 124
Diptera, additions to collections,
132
dispar, Porthetria, 42-47
| disstria, Malacosoma, I01
2?
9
INDEX TO REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII
Dogday cicada, 71
dorsalis, Chalepus, 59-63
Eccoptogaster quadrispinosus, 91,
IIO-13
Elm case bearer, European, I10
Elm caterpillar, spiny, 8
Elm leaf beetle, 7, 105-8, 126
Elm trees, injurious insects:
notch wing, 56
rose leaf hopper, 66
rosy hispa, 64
spiny elm caterpillar, 104
Endaphis, 125
americana, 125
hirta, 127
Ennomos autumnaria, 54
magnarius, 54-56
Ephemerida, additions
tions, 136
Eriophyes, 125
erythrocephalus, Neoclytus, 88
Eumerus, 120
aeneus, 120
funeralis, 120
grandicornis, 120
lunulatus, 120
planifrons, 120
selene, 120
strigatus, I19~20
eupatorii, Hyperdiplosis, 12s
Eupatorium ageratoides, 63
European elm case bearer, I10
Euvanessa antiopa, 104-5
Explanation of plates, 137-90
False maple scale, 8, 88, 08
Flies, 9
floccus, Chermes, 127
Forest pests, 9, 110-14
Forest tent caterpillar, ror
Four-lined leaf bug, 103-4
Frontina frenchii, 116
Fruit, small fruit insects, 102-4
Fruit tree insects, 5-6, 98-102, 125
Fumigation poisoning, 125
funeralis, Eumerus, 120
fungicola, Toxomyia, 128
fusca, Lachnosterna, 115
to collec-
|
nS
Galerucella luteola, ro05-8, 126
Gall midges, 9, 126, 127, 128; food
habits, 10; hosts and galls of,
10; two new, 125
Garden flea, 6, 103
gibsoni, Dasyneura, 129
Gipsy moth, 6-7, 42-47, 127; de-
scription, 43-45; distribution in
America, 45; condition of infested
territory, 45-46; means of prevent-
ing spread, 46-47
gnaphalodis, Rhopalomyia, 129
Gooseberries, Rhopalomyia grossu-
lariae injuring, 128
Gracilaria, 117-18
violacella, 117
Grain insects, 124, 125
grandicornis, Eumerus, 120
grandis, Lachnosterna, I15
Grapes, injurious insects:
cotton moth, 116
rose leaf hopper, 66
Green maple worm, 8, 48-52
Greenhouse white fly, 124
grossulariae, Rhopalomyia, 128
grotei, Xylina, 49
Hartman, Miss, work of, Io, 11
Harvest fly, 71
Hawthorn, injurious insects:
locust leaf miner, 61
rosy hispa, 64
Heat as an insecticide, experiments
with, II, 93-97
Heliophila unipuncta, 50
Hemerocampa definita, 43-44
leucostigma, 109-10
Hemichionaspis minor, 124
Hemiptera, additions
tions, 134-36
Hickory, injurious insects:
to collec-
cicada, periodical, 70
green maple worm, 49
hickory bark borer, 9, 91, 110-13
hirsuta, Lachnosterna, I15
hirta, Endaphis, 127
Rhizomyia, 129
hirticula, Lachnosterma, I15
Hispa, rosy, 63-65
194
Hogpeanut, locust leaf miner in-
juring, 61
Holoneurus occidentalis, 128
Hoplia trifasciata, 98
Horse-chestnuts, tussock moth,
white-marked, injuring, 110
House flies, 9
Howard, L. O., identification of
species through courtesy of, 12
Hymenoptera, additions to col-
lections, 130
Hyperdiplosis americana, 128
coffeae, 128
eupatorii, 125
hyphantriae, Meteorus, 49
inaequalis, Chalepus, 63
Indigo, false, locust leaf miner
injuring, cl
inflata, Abia, 114-15
Injurious insects, 13-87
Ips sp., OI
Iris borer, II, 52-54, 119; descrip-
tion, 52-53; control measures,
53; life history and habits, 53;
bibliography, 54
Itonidae, 126, 128, 129; generic
synopsis, 10; new species, Io
Joanissia pennsylvanica, 129
June beetles, 115-16
Juniper webworm, 126
Jussiaea linifolia, 125
suffruticosa, I25
Kerosene emulsion, 51, 67, 87, 103,
104, 126
Kronomyia, 129
populi, 129
Lachnosterna fusca, I15
grandis, I15
hirsuta, I15
hirticula, 115
Lasioptera allioniae, 129
arizonensis, 129
portulacae, 127
Lasiopteryx schwarzi, 128
laticinerea, Xylina, 49
Leopard moth, 88&
NEW YORK STATE
MUSEUM
Lepidoptera, additions to collec-
tions, 132-34
Leptosyna quercivora, 123
quercus, 123
Lestodiplosis peruviana, 124
leucostigma, Hemerocampa,
10
Lilac, notch wing injuring, 56
Lime-sulfur wash, 6, 17, 87, 102, 126
limosipennella, Coleophora, 110
Linden, injurious insects:
rosy hispa, 63
tussock moth, white-marked, 110
lineatus, Poecilocapsus, 103-4
linnei, Cicada, 71°
Lobodiplosis coccidarum, 127
Locust leaf beetles, 9
Locust leaf miner, 59-63; early
history, 60; description, 61; dis-
tribution, 61; food plants, 61;
life history, 61-62; control meas-
ures, 62; natural enemies, 62;
bibliography, 63
Locust trees, injurious insects:
cicada, periodical, 83
locust leaf miner, 59-63
rosy hispa, 63
Say’s blister beetle, 99
longior, Tyroglyphus, 124
lugens, Xylophagus, 121
Lunate onion fly, 119-20
lunulatus, Eumerus, 120
luteola, Galerucella, 105-8, 126
lycopersici, Contarinia, 128
109~
Macronoctua onusta, 52-54, I19
magnarius, Ennomos, 54-56
Malacosoma disstria, Iort
Mamara, IOI
Maple leaf cutter, 9, 56-59; previ-
ous history, 57; description, 58;
life history, 58; remedies, 59;
bibliography, 59
Maple scale, cottony, 8, 98
false, 8, 88, 08
Maple worm, green, 8, 48-52; de-
scription, 49; natural enemies,
49-51; food habits, 49; life history,
49; control measures, 51; bibli-
ography, 51-52
) ii I i rit
1 urlow in metas TIO
forest tent caterpillar, 101 Oonusia, Wiacronoctua, 52-54, fly
maple leaf cutter, 57 orientalis, feriplaneta, 93
—_~— | roOerT er- “ ys = - | ~ 1 ~
Mapsc Worn, green, AO .TenOp ja, ACH > f '
fey | * ae Pos tag
notch wing, 56 ; tions, 1236
rose ledf hopper, 66 Oyster scale. 12
re , a 7
Maples of Mount Vernon, report
upon condition of, 88-92
May beetles, 115
melanipodia, Psilocephala, i2t
meles, Phytonomus, 98
Mesochorus agilis. 40
Meteorus hyphantriac, 40
pattersoni, Asphondylia, 128
Peach tree, injurious insects:
oa ta
periodical. 8
cicagda, periodical, 54
maple worm, green, 49
Miastor, 5, 125, 127, 128 : a ee ie eee 99
Miastor americana, 126 Deeb Che Aaa Ss oaccls:
Z apple caterpillar, red-humped, 100
Mosquitos, 9 Oe
Mount Vernon, report upon con Hoplia trifasciata, 95
ditions of shade trees 22-a- mapie worm, green C
‘ not-4 wing. 6, 54
Neoclytus erythrocephalus %* Reat, (grec maple: sw 3
Neolasioptera agrostis, 120 19
squamosa, 129 pectinala, Winnertzia, 121, 129
trimera, 129 pennsylvanica, Joanissia, 129
nervosa, chalepus, 60, 63-65 pergandei, Dasyneura, 129
Neuroptera, additions to collec- Periodical cicada, 68-87
tions, 134 Periplaneta orientalis, 93
nigrina, Asteromyia, 129 perniciosus, Aspidiotus, 102, 125,
Notch wing, 6, 54-56; description, 127
54-55; life history, 55; food | peruviana, Lestodiplosis, 124
habits, 56; remedial measures, | Phenacoccus acericola, 88, 98
56; bibliography, 56 Phytonomus meles, 98
Nursery inspection, 11 posticus, 98
pilipennis, Actia, 100
Caks, injurious insects: “Pin-hole” borer, 88
chestnut borer, 9 Pine, injurious insects:
_two-lined, 113 : bark borer, 91
cicada, periodical, 70, 83, 84 Genda poeuiediealara
eee planifrons, Eumerus, 120
June beetles, 115 ; :
locust leaf miner, 61 Plant lice, 125 ’
maple leaf cutter, 57 Plates, explanation of, 137-90
maple worm, green, 49 Plecoptera, additions to collections,
rosy hispa, 64 136 :
obtectus, Bruchus, 127 Plum tree, injurious insects:
occidentalis, Holoneurus, 128 apple caterpillar, red-humped,
odontotae, Spilochalcis, 62 Too
' Trichogramma, 62 maple worm, green, 49
Office matters, II rose leaf hopper, 66
196
Poecilocapsus lineatus, 103-4
Poison ivy, periodical cicada in-
juring, 70
Poisons, do sprays poison people,
125
Polyphylla variolosa, 115
pomonella, Carpocapsa, 13, 124
Pomphopoea sayi, 99
Popcorn, sooty Crambus
118
Poplar, injurious insects:
notch wing, 56
spiny elm caterpillar, 104
populi, Kronomyia, 129
Porthetria dispar, 42-47
portulacae, Lasioptera, 127
posticus, Phytonomus, 08
Potatoes, June beetles
115
pratensis, Bryobia, 126
primus, Derostenus, 62
Prionidus, 62
Protective mimicry, 123
Psilocephala melampodia, 121
Psylla, ash, 126
Publications, 9-10, 124-29
Pulvinaria vitis, 98
Pyrausta theseusatis, 123
pyrina, Zeuzera, 88
injuring,
injuring,
quadripustulata, Winthemia,
122
quadrispinosus, Eccoptogaster, 91,
110-13
quercivora, Leptosyna, 123
quercus, Leptosyna, 123
Quinces, green maple worm injur-
ing, 49
49,
Raspberry bushes, garden flea in-
juring, 103
Raspberry Byturus,-6, 102-3
Red clover, locust leaf miner in-
juring, 61
Red-humped apple caterpillar, 99-
IOI
Red-tailed Tachina fly, 49
reducta, Asteromyia, 129
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
* Remedies and preventives:
arsenate of lead, 51, 53, 56, 62,
98, 100; 101, 103, 105, I10, 126,
128
bordeaux mixture, 87
kerosene, 51, 67, 87, 103 104, 126
lime-sulfur wash, 6, 17, 87, 102,
126
whale oil soap solution, 67, 87,
98, 126
Remedies and preventives for:
apple borer, round-headed, 127
apple caterpillar, red-humped,
100
chestnut borer, two-lined, 114
cicada, periodical, 86
codling moth, 6, 14, 126
cutworms, 127, 128
elm leaf beetle, 107
forest tent caterpillar, 1o1
four-lined leaf bug, 104
hickory bark borer, 112
Hoplia trifasciata, 98
iris borer, 53
locust leaf miner, 62
maple leaf cutter, 59
maple worm, green, 51
notch wing, 56
raspberry Byturus, 102-3
rose beetles, 128
rose leaf hopper, 67
rosy hispa, 65
San José scale, 6, 102, 125, 126,
127
Say’s blister beetle, 99
spiny elm caterpillar, 105
tussock moth, white-marked, 110
Rhizomyia hirta, 129
Rhopalomyia gnaphalodis, 129
grossulariae, 128
rosae, Typhlocyba, 65-68, 128
Rose, injurious insects:
apple caterpillar, red-humped,
100
maple worm, green, 49
rose leaf hopper, 65
Say’s blister beetle,
Rose beetles, 128
99
INDEX TO REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQITI
Rose leaf hopper, 11, 65-68, 128;
description, 66-67; life history,
67; remedial measures, 67; bib-
liography, 67-68
rosea, Chalepus, 63
Rosy hispa, 63-65; previous his-
tory, 63-64; description, 64; dis-
tribution, 64; life history, 64;
remedial measures, 64-65; bibli-
ography, 65
Round-headed apple borer, 127
rubida, Toxomyia, 127
Salt and cutworms, 128
Samia cecropia, 116
San) José scale, 6) To2; 125, 126, 127
Saperda candida, 127
sayi, Pomphopoea, 99
Say’s blister beetle, 6, 990
Schizura concinna, 99-101
schwarzi, Lasiovteryx, 128
Scurfy scale, 125
selene, Eumerus, 120
septendecim, Tibicen, 68-87
Seventeen-year locust, 5
Shadbush, rosy hispa injuring, 63
Shade tree pests, 7-8, 104-10
Shade trees of Mount Vernon, re-
port upon condition of, 88-92
Silver-spotted skipper, 128
Siphonaptera, additions to collec-
tions, 132
Sitotroga cerealella, 124
smilacifolia, Dasyneura, 129
Smynthurus arvalis, 103
Soja beans, locust leaf miner in-
juring, 61
Sooty crambus, 118-19
Sphenophorus sp., 128
Spilochalcis odontotae, 62
Spiny elm caterpillar, 8, 104-5
Svraying, 125, 126
Sprays, do sprays poison people,
125
Spruce, Chermes floccus injuring,
127
Spruce gall, large aphid, 126
squamosa, Neolasioptera, 129
Squash bugs, 124
197
Strawberries, June beetles injur-
Ieee TS
strigatus, Eumerus, 119-20
Striped cucumber beetle, 124
Sumac, smooth, periodical cicada
injuring, 70
Sweetgum, injurious insects:
periodical cicada, 70
notch wing, 56
Sympiezus uroplatae, 62
Syrphus acanthodes, 120
Tachina fly, red-tailed, 49
theseusalis, Pyrausta, 123
Thorn, apple caterpillar, red-humped
injuring, 100
Thrips, 65
Thryptocera americana, IOI
Thysanura,
tions, 136
Tibicen septendecim, 68-87
Toxomyia, 128
fungicola, 128
rubida, 127
Trichius affinis, 98
Trichogramma odontotae, 62
additions to collec-
trifasciata, Hoplia, 98
trimera, Neolasioptera, 129
tristis, Anasa, 124
Tussock moth, definite marked,
43-44
Tussock moth, white-marked, 8,
109-10
Two-lined chestnut borer, 9, 113-14
Typhlocyba rosae, 65-68, 128
Tyroglyphus longior, 124
ulmi, Oligarces, 129
unicolor, Byturus, 102-3
unipuncta, Heliophila, 50
uroplatae, Sympiezus, 62
Van Name, W. G., investigations
by, 8
vaporariorum, Aleyrodes, 124
variolosa, Polyphylla, 115
viburni, Cystiphora, 129
vincenti, Asphondylia, 125
198 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
violacella, Gracilaria, 117 | Wirntherfta guadripustulata 40
Pulvinaria, of IZ:
vittata, Diabrotica; 124 Witch-hazel, maple leat cutter in
juring, 57
Webworm, juniper, 126 -
Whale oil soap solution, 67, 87, o8 ;
i j Ne, Mylina antennata, 48-52
ee grotei
Witeat Cases Bijctar koorle nour. re ie: 3 49
i : iafticinerea, 40
bal > . .
sheet 98 ; Xylophagus abdominalis, 121
ayo
eel bug, 62 lugens, I21
N hi - c 5 . 8 a
White-marked tussock moth, &, Xyloterus sp., &8
FOG-I0
Willow, injurious insects:
gipsy moth, 46
spiny elm caterpillar, 1ro4
\Winnertzia pectimata, 121, 129 Zeuzera pyring, BS
Young, D. B., work of, 10, 11
Education Department Bulletin
Published fortnightly by the University of the State of New York
Entered as second-class matter June 24, 1908, at the Post Office at Albany, N. Y., under
the act of July 16, 1894
No. 511 ALBANY, N. Y. JANUARY 15, I912
New York State Museum
Joun M. Crarke, Director
EPHRAIM PorRTER FELT, State Entomologist
Museum Bulletin 156
ELM LEAF BEETLE AND WHITE-MARKED
TUSSOCK MOTH
BY
EPHRAIM PORTER FELT D.Sc.
PAGE PAGE
IMGROSIEC KON So aoeneouoaBeodoc 5 Remedial measures........... II
ikon Meant lOSESs oe cccseooce oo oec 6 | White-marked tussock moth..... 14
NesultsTotmattackn ne seme aeaemte Fi Descriphioniar tee ee ae 15
1NaOGl EINES oo oc coornneuoos ae 7 Life history and habits....... 15
DiStrilubionep ere tee sone te eel 7 Hoods plantceepiscetc ee ters 16
IDESORD TION ys 5 20 sin haye ss sien 8 Natural ememies#..2./5:.4-..en- 16
Noite histOmVyersets «statin nso ccs sree 9 Remediesh() nyyaanctuess sre 16
Natural enemies.............. TO) | E)xplanationsofeplatess assesses 19
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New York State Education Department
Science Division, April 4, 1912
Hon, Andrew S. Draper LL.D.
Commissioner of Education
Sir: Ihave the honor to submit herewith a revision of our State
Museum Bulletin 109 relating to the elm leaf beetle, the tussock
moth and their depredations upon our shade trees. The demand
for information on these insect pests is large and the last
edition of the bulletin is now exhausted. I therefore recommend
this manuscript for publication.
Very respectfully
Joun M., CLarKEe
Director
STATE OF NEW YORK
EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
COMMISSIONER'S ROOM
Approved for publication this oth day of April 1912
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Education Department Bulletin
Published fortnightly by the University of the State of New York
Entered as second-class matter June 24, 1908, at the Post Office at Albany, N. Y., under
the act of July 16, 1894
No. 511 ALBANY, N. Y. JANUARY 15, I912
New York State Museum
JoHn M. CvLarKE, Director
EPHRAIM PorTER FELT, State Entomologist
Museum Bulletin 156
ELM LEAF BEETLE AND WHITE-MARKED TUSSOCK
MOTH
BY
EPHRAIM PORTER FELT D.Sc.
The elm leaf beetle and the white-marked tussock moth must
be ranked among the most important leaf feeders affecting the
shade trees of cities and villages in New York State. They
have been responsible for widespread injury to thousands of
trees in recent years, while earlier experience shows that we
must reckon with these species if we would preserve the
beauty of our trees. Experience in the past has demonstrated
beyond all question the practicability of checking both of these leaf
feeders by spraying, an operation which is not very costly if
modern apparatus be employed. We are forced to conclude
therefore that extensive injury by either of these pests must be
attributed to indifference or culpable neglect rather than in-
ability, despite the fact that many appear very eager to take up
the warfare at a time when the ravages are most apparent and
unfortunately when repressive measures can be employed to
very little advantage.
There is a tendency on the part of many private individuals
to attribute their woes to the neglect of adjacent shade trees on
public streets, and conversely municipal authorities are prone to
state that injury to public trees is due to the pests swarming
thereto from neglected private grounds. The facts of the case
are that both of these insects are very local in habit. This is a
6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
necessity in the case of the tussock moth, because the female is
wingless and as a consequence the species relies for dissemina-
tion on the very limited crawling powers of the caterpillar or
upon being carried by other agencies. The elm leaf beetle, on
the contrary, flies readily, but for some reason or other it is very
local in its habits and not infrequently one may see magnificent
trees infested with hordes of beetles and larvae, while within a
block, sometimes within 50 feet, other elms may be practically
free from the pest. These facts are of greatest importance to
all interested in the welfare of shade trees, since they demon-
strate beyond question the possibility of protecting the trees on
our public streets, irrespective of what is done by private
citizens, or conversely, the practicability of keeping the pest in
check on private grounds, even though there is little or no re-
pressive work upon those adjacent.
Elm leaf beetle
Galerucella luteola Mull
The ravages of this dangerous enemy to elms has been par-
ticularly severe in recent years. The damage has doubtless been
accentuated in numerous instances by exceptionally dry weather
and possibly by extremely low winter temperatures. These two
factors afford no adequate explanation for the great increase in
the number of injured trees, and particularly for the general de-
struction of the foliage so conspicuous in many communities in
1910 and 1911. It is very probable that the extension of electric
car service and the more general use of automobiles have been
of material service in disseminating a local and exceedingly
prolific insect, since both of these vehicles usually traverse tree-
lined streets and afford abundant opportunities for the collection
and dissemination of the beetles and thus greatly increase the
damage along favorite routes of travel.
This pest was so abundant and injurious from 1896 to 1899
in the cities of Albany and Troy as literally to compel some
action or a very large proportion of the elms would have been
destroyed. The insect made such headway in these cities that
it ruined or killed about 3000 elms before the end of 1900, and it
is more than probable that at least 1000 additional succumbed
the following decade. The earlier spraying against this pest
produced for the most part very satisfactory results, while the
treatment in recent years has given indifferent returns in many
ELM LEAF BEETLE AND WHITE-MARKED TUSSOCK MOTH i
instances. An examination of conditions in several communities
in the summer of 1911 forced us to the conclusion that most of
the poor results following spraying were due to careless or
slovenly work. It was a rather common occurrence to find the
lower limbs fairly well sprayed, while the upper branches were
almost untouched by the poison and, as a consequence, severely
injured by the beetle.
Dead foliage in midsummer, a weakened or dying condition
of the trees, and the vacant spaces formerly occupied by elms,
are in most instances the direct result of injury by this per-
nicious beetle, though all conversant with the situation must
admit that leaking gas and electricity have killed some trees
in many communities. The number destroyed by these latter
two agencies is small compared to those succumbing to insect
depredations. Old age has been advanced by some as a reason
for the death of many elms. This is hardly an adequate explana-
tion, since many trees which have perished were comparatively
young. Authentic records show that the American elm may
live from 150 to 200 years. Under favorable conditions it
should thrive for at least a century and in many instances for
a century and a half. It is lamentable that so many magnifi-
cent elms, representing the growth of several generations, and
in many instances occupying commanding positions and addine
greatly to the beauty and value of the adjacent property, should
be destroyed within a few years by an insect which may be
controlled at a comparatively small expense.
Results of attack. Elms losing two crops of leaves a season
for three or four years are invariably seriously affected and some
at least may die. The injury is almost as severe if the first crop
of leaves is destroyed so late that very little new foliage de-
velops the latter part of the season. This condition was rather
general with American elms in 1911 and may have resulted in part
from the weakened condition of the trees, an outcome of earlier
injuries.
Food plants. This leaf feeder displays a marked preference
for the more tender foliage of the English and Scotch elms,
though after the beetle has become abundant, it is frequently exceed-
ingly destructive to the American elm. Its operations on this
latter tree have been especially severe in the city of Watervliet
and in villages in the upper Hudson valley.
Distribution. This pest has now attained an extensive distri-
bution in this country, ranging from north of Salem, Mass., to Char-
8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
lotte, N. C., and westward into Ohio and Kentucky. It occurs
in most of the cities and villages in the Hudson valley, having
made its way north to Glens Falls and Ticonderoga and along
the Mohawk valley at least to Amsterdam. It has become well
established at Elmira and Ithaca and has been known for some
years in Oswego, though it does not appear to have been par-
ticularly destructive in that city. There is no record known to
us of this species occurring in Utica, Syracuse, Rochester or
Buffalo, though it is rather surprising that it has not already
become established in all of these cities.
Description. The skeletonized brown appearance of the fol-
lage in midsummer is very characteristic of the work of this
pest, particularly in the eastern cities and villages of the State.
The irregular, oval holes about one-quarter of an inch in diam-
eter, eaten by the beetles in early spring, are another indication
of the work of this species.
The parent beetle may be recognized by reference to the
colored illustration [| pl. 1, fig. 5,6]. It is about one-quarter of an
inch long, with the head, thorax and margin of the wing covers
a reddish yellow. The coal-black eyes and median spot of the
same color on the head are prominent. The thorax is marked
with a dorsal black spot of variable shape and with a pair of
lateral ovoid ones. The median black line on the wing covers is
widely separated from lateral stripes of the same color by green-
ish yellow. The wing covers are minutely and irregularly punc-
tured, bear a fine pubescence and at the base of each there is an
elongated, black spot in the middle of the greenish yellow stripe.
These markings are fairly constant in the beetle, though the
color is quite variable during life and changes more or less after
death. Many of the insects emerging from winter quarters have
the vellowish stripes of the wing covers nearly obliterated by
black.
The orange-yellow eggs [pl. 1, fig. 1] are usually deposited in
irregular rows side by side, forming clusters of from three to
twenty-six or more on the underside of the leaf. Each egg is
somewhat fusiform, attached vertically by its larger end and
with the free extremity tapering to a paler rounded point.
The recently hatched grub [pl. 1, fig. 2] is about one-twentieth
of an inch long with the head, thoracic shield, numerous tuber-
cles, hairs and legs jet-black. The skin is dark yellow but the
tubercles are so large and the hairs so prominent that the pre-
vailing color of the grub at this stage is nearly black. An increase
ELM LEAF BEETLE AND WHITE-MARKED TUSSOCK MOTH 9
in size, following molts, is accompanied by the stiff hairs be-
coming less conspicuous and the yellow more prominent, till
the grub becomes full grown [pl. 1, fig. 3]. It is then about one-
half of an inch long, more flattened than in the earlier stages,
with a broad, yellowish stripe down the middle of the back and
with a narrower stripe of the same color on each side, these be-
ing separated by broad, dark bands thickly set with tubercles
bearing short, dark colored hairs. The dorsal yellow stripe is
broken on each side by a subdorsal row of black tubercles which
decrease in size posteriorly. The lateral yellow stripe includes
a row of prominent tubercles with dark tips bearing hairs of the
same color. The under surface is yellowish.
The pupa [pl. 1, fig. 4] is a bright orange-yellow, about one-
fifth of an inch long and with a very convex dorsal surface
which bears transverse rows of stout, inconspicuous hairs.
Life history. The transformations of this insect are so rapid
and so greatly influenced by local conditions that a man must
know what to expect or he will accomplish very little in fighting
the pest, because a substance effective against the beetles or grubs
may not kill the pupae and, after the larvae have begun to de-
scend, may be of no value. The beetles winter in attics, sheds,
belfries and other shelters. They emerge with the advent of
warm weather and may then be found on the walks during the
sunny portion of the day or at the windows of houses, trying to
escape. The last of April or early in May, with the appearance
of the foliage, the beetles fly to the elms and eat irregular holes
in the leaves. Some time is occupied in feeding before the
deposition of eggs, the latter may continue four and possibly
five or six weeks. The prolific beetles consume a large amount
of foliage during this time, depositing clusters of from three to
twenty-six or more eggs every day or two. Over half the total
number of eggs may be laid at the height of the season within
about twelve days; in 1808, from June 12th to 23d. A female
may produce over six hundred eggs.
The young grubs appear early in June or about five or six
days after the eggs have been deposited later in the season. They
feed on the under surface of the leaf, producing the familiar
skeletonization [pl. 1, fig. 7] which is caused by their eating
the softer underpart, leaving the veins and the upper epidermis
practically untouched. The results of their feeding are so
marked that it is easy to detect the presence of the grubs by the
IO NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
semitransparent patches in the foliage. These latter soon dry
and turn brown.
There are two and occasionally three generations of this de-
structive insect in the latitude of Albany, the number depending
to a considerable extent upon the availability of suitable food.
The grubs complete their growth in from fifteen to twenty days,
descending limbs and trunk to a great extent in search of some
shelter under which to pupate. Seven days are spent in this
latter state in warm July weather, while in September it is ex-
tended to twelve and in October to twenty-four days. Vhe grubs
of the first brood usually forsake the trees in Albany by the last
of June or early in July, and beetles belonging to the second
generation may begin depositing eggs about the middle of July,
and from then to late in autumn it is generally possible to find
this insect in all stages in some part of Albany. The beetles of
the second brood are naturally attracted to fresh foliage and
consequently more eggs are usually deposited on trees which
have been defoliated earlier in the season than upon others.
Badly infested trees are therefore very likely to lose two crops
of leaves in a season and may possibly have their third seriously
marred by this pest. The second brood of grubs completes its
growth about the middle of August, beetles appearing the latter
part of the month, and if there is an abundant supply of fresh
leaves, a third generation may appear in considerable numbers.
This last brood more frequently occurs in near-by trees which
have not been severely injured earlier in the season.
Natural enemies. ‘This leaf feeder is subject to attack by a
number of natural enemies, most of which, however, are of com-
paratively little importance in keeping it in check. The common
garden toad will devour many beetles, and the much despised
English sparrow also feeds upon these insects to some extent.
Several predaceous insects prey upon this pest to a certain
‘ degree.
Preventive measures. ‘There are measures of considerable
value in the prevention of insect depredations, and there is no
reason why such should not be applied to the shade tree problem.
It is a mistake to have half to three-fourths of all the shade
trees in a city or village one species, especially if mostly on
contiguous streets. This is true of many localities where
the elm leaf beetle has caused very serious injury during the
last few years. The American elm and sugar maple, both
ELM LEAF BEE1LE AND WHITE-MARKED TUSSOCK MOTH i
deservedly favorites for shade and park trees, may well give
way in part at least to other desirable species, such as the Nor-
way maple, an excellent tree in many ways and practically free
from the insect pests so injurious to the sugar and the white or
silver maple. The last named has been extensively used in
many localities, and though brittle and liable to injury by wind
and ice, usually keeps in excellent condition for a number of
years. The red maple is also a valuable tree. The American
basswood or linden, the horsechestnut, the European plane tree
or buttonwood, the American ash and oaks, especially the pin
oak, red oak and scarlet oak should be set more freely. The
Ailanthus (pistillate trees) and the Carolina poplar, though pos-
sessing serious drawbacks, are desirable under certain condi-
tions. This diversified planting would admit the use of one
species on a street, and if adjacent streets were set with differ-
ent varieties, such an arrangement would go far toward reduc-
ing the possibility of extended outbreaks by injurious insects or
fungous diseases.
The proper care of trees, including judicious selection so as to
secure the best adaptation to local conditions, is an important
factor in forestalling insect ravages. Trees in full vigor are
better able to sustain injury and are usually less troubled by in-
sects than those in a debilitated condition. Certain progressive
communities have already recognized this need and have met it
in a more or less satisfactory manner. ‘The city of Newark,
N. J., with a population of 347,469, expends for tree work (which
latter is separate from park work) about $27,000 a year, $6000
of this being for pruning, $6000 for spraying and $15,000 for
setting out new trees, maintenance etc. East Orange, N. J.,
with a population of only 34,371, expended in 1909 over $10,000
through its shade tree commission, $1200 of this being a special
appropriation for spraying elms. The city of Buffalo has re-
cently placed the care of its trees in the hands of a forester and
there is no reason why other communities should not adopt
equally comprehensive measures. Spraying alone is not suffi-
cient. There should be wise planting, judicious pruning and
liberal fertilization whenever necessary.
Remedial measures. The secret in controlling this insect lies
in understanding thoroughly its life history and appreciating
the vulnerable points. A thorough spraying with a poison early
in the spring, when the leaves are half out or larger, is most
I2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
effective in preventing breeding, as the beetles are de-
stroyed before they can deposit many eggs. Arsenate of lead is
by far the best poison and should be used at the rate of four pounds
(15 per cent arsenic oxid) to fifty gallons of water. Fortunately the
beetles are rather local in habit and as a consequence individual
trees or groups of trees may be protected to a very large extent
even if there are neglected ones in the near vicinity. The local
spread of this pest is slow and this should be taken advantage
of to the greatest possible extent by keeping the insect in control
wherever it occurs, even though the infestation be a small one
and the present injury of comparatively little importance, It is
a mistake on the part of local authorities to wait till this enemy
of the elms has become well established and destructive before
repressive measures are undertaken.
The grubs feed almost exclusively on the under surface of
the leaf, rarely occurring upon its upper side. The first injury
is usually on the upper more tender leaves, hence there is great
need of spraying the tops of the trees, and in order to kill the de-
structive grubs it is essential that the poison be thrown on the
underside of the foliage. Spraying with an arsenical poison for
the destruction of grubs is satisfactory only when the application
is early, as it is hardly advisable to spray for this insect when the
grubs are nearly full grown, since they are liable to desert the
tree even when slightly underfed and complete their transforma-
tions, rather than to eat distasteful foliage.
The ideal spray for this pest is a fine mist applied to the under
side of all the leaves. It is impossible to throw such a spray
any distance, and owing to the great height of most elms, such
treatment is impractical. A moderately coarse spray which can
be thrown 25 to 40 feet has been usually employed in connection
with ladders or the use of a high tower. The latter is practical
only where the streets are fairly level. The recent development
in the use of a solid stream and pressures of between 200 and
300 pounds for gipsy moth work has greatly reduced the cost of
applications in woodlands, and the system is now being applied
to shade trees with a corresponding saving in time and expense.
This method necessitates the use of more poison, there is in-
creased dripping and the throwing of the spray upon the foliage
is not so readily controlled. These are grave though not insur-
mountable objections, and for the present we are inclined to
favor a moderately coarse spray with the use of ladders or a
tower as the most practical method of spraying shade trees.
ELM LEAF BEETLE AND WHITE-MARKED TUSSOCK MOTH 13
Communities usually fail to realize that in the elm leaf beetle
we are dealing with an insect extremely sensitive to poison
and one which will feed upon sprayed leaves only when no others
are available. Its senses are so keen that it can detect poison
hardly visible with a powerful hand lens. Under such conditions
one may readily see how easy it is to secure indifferent results.
Spraying trees is a disagreeable, hazardous occupation, and in
order to secure the best returns, it is necessary to make the com-
pensation such as to result in a keen competition for the position
of nozzleman. The application of business principles would justify
larger municipalities placing this work in the hands of one who
understood at least the rudiments involved (a skilled landscape
gardener or forester would be even better) and giving him au-
thority to insist upon any reasonable standards in methods and
operation. Such a person could reasonably be expected, if pro-
vided with sufficient funds, to keep the foliage of elms practically
intact throughout the season, even in sections where the elm
leaf beetle was excessively abundant or upon trees adjacent to
those badly injured by the pest. Many trees were badly injured
last year because there was so much difficulty in securing men
who would do thorough work, a prime essential in an under-
taking of this kind.
The effective spraying season extends from early to middle
May till nearly the latter part of June, a total of approximately
six weeks. Making allowances for interruptions by rain, we
can hardly expect more than thirty full working days during
this period. A power spraying outfit of the usual type and
provided with two lines of hose can spray thoroughly, perhaps
fifty trees a day or a maximum of 1500 during the season as
restricted above, much depending upon the size and location of the
trees as well as the efficiency of the men in charge.
The cost of thorough spraying is not excessive. It may be esti-
mated at about 50 cents a tree or only 10-20 cents a tree if all
the work be done from the ground with a high power outfit, in
each case making no allowance for the cost of apparatus. A
power spraying outfit adapted to shade tree work can hardly
be obtained for less than $275 to $500, and in case of the high
pressure outfits, may easily amount to more than double the
latter sum. There should be plenty of power, an abundance of
hose and good ladders unless it is planned to do all the work
from the ground. This work can be done with a powerful hand
pump at a greater cost for operation though the initial expense
14 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
($30—S$50) is much less. It is extremely desirable, where conditions
permit, for a community to provide not only for the spraying of the
street trees, but also to arrange for the care of those on private
grounds at a nominal cost.
The full-grown larvae crawl down the trunks in great num-
bers and the golden yellow pupae may be found in abundance in
crevices in the bark and on the ground about the tree. A good
proportion of the insects can be forced to take refuge on the
ground by scraping off the rough bark, thus depriving them of
shelters upon the tree. Large numbers can then be killed when
assembled about the base of the tree by spraying them with a
contact insecticide such as kerosene emulsion, whale oil soap
solution or even by pouring boiling water on them. The
grubs should be destroyed in the manner indicated every five
days so long as the pests are seen in numbers, in order to secure
the best results. This method of fighting the pest is advisable
only when it is impossible to employ the more satisfactory
arsenical sprays. Bands of tar, sticky fly paper, cotton batting,
etc., while they do no harm, can not be considered of much value
in keeping the elm leaf beetle under control. The relatively few
grubs caught on a sticky band are but a drop in the bucket com-
pared with the masses which complete their transformations
either above or below. It is worse than useless to attempt to
control this or any other insect by boring a hole in the trunk of
a tree and inserting therein compounds of any nature. The tree
is weakened and unless the chemical be powerful enough to kill
it, the insects are not affected.
White-marked tussock moth.
Hemerocampa leucostigma Abb. & Sm.
This insect, preeminently a pest on city and village trees,
occasionally proves a veritable scourge over considerable areas.
Some cities appear to be more afflicted in this way than others.
The summer of 1906 was marked by extensive depredations in
a number of cities and villages throughout the State, thus dupli-
cating the experience of 1898. It will therefore be seen that seri-
ous injuries by this caterpillar are more or less periodic. This
is to be explained by the fact that the species has a number of
natural enemies which assist materially in keeping it under con-
trol. The destructive outbreaks are examples of what might
occur annually were there no parasites to check the work of this
ELM LEAF BEETLE AND WHITE-MARKED TUSSOCK MOTH 15
voracious leaf feeder. The cause of this native species thriving
so greatly in cities and villages during recent years is explained
by the abundance of the English sparrow. This bird will not
eat the caterpillars and drives away many of the native forms
which, in earlier days, were of great service in devouring these
hairy pests.
Description. The full-grown caterpillar is really a beautiful
object. It has a coral-red head, a pair of long, black plumes just
over it, a single one at the opposite extremity of the body, four
delicate yellowish or white, brushlike tufts on its back and just
behind them, separated only by a segment, two small retractile
red elevations. There is a broad, black band broken only by
tubercles and tufts along the back and bordered by yellowish
stripes. Each side is dark gray except for the yellowish tuber-
cles. The breathing tubes or spiracles are in a lateral black
line and below this the caterpillar is yellow, the legs usually be-
ing paler [pl. 2, fig. 4]. The very young caterpillar is pale yel-
lowish or whitish with long, irregular hairs. It increases in
size, casts its skin from time to time and assumes one after
another the characteristics of the full-grown larva.
The thin cocoons spun in the crevices of the bark [pl. 2, fig. 6]
have the long hairs of the caterpillar interwoven and within this
shelter the larva transforms to a yellowish white pupa more or
less shaded with dark brown or black [pl. 2, fig. 7].
The sexes differ strikingly as is shown on plate 2, fisures I
and 2. The male is a beautiful moth with large feathery anten-
nae, tufted legs, and with the wings and body delicately marked
with several shades of gray or grayish white. The female, on
the other hand, is a nearly uniform gray with simple antennae
and but rudimentary wings.
The eggs, usually over three hundred, are deposited on the
empty cocoon, under a conspicuous white mass of frothy matter
about one-half of an inch in diameter [pl. 2, fig. 3]. This soon
hardens and forms a very effective protection. The egg masses
[pl. 7, 8] are easily removed and a tree thoroughly cleared
thereof can become infested again only by caterpillars crawling
from adjacent trees or being carried thereto. The individual egg
is nearly spheric, about one-twenty-fifth of an inch in diameter,
white or yellowish white and with a light brown spot surrounded
by a ring of the same color.
Life history and habits. This insect winters in the conspic-
uous egg masses described above, the young appearing about
16 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
the latter part of May in this latitude. They feed at first on the
more tender lower epidermis of the leaf and soon devour all but
the principal veins. The small caterpillars frequently hang
by a silken thread and continued jarring may cause many
to drop to the ground. Feeding and growth occupy a month or
more, pupation occurring the latter part of June or early in July.
There is some deviation from this, as a few individuals spin up
early and some caterpillars linger till numerous egg clusters indi-
cate that most of the insects have completed the round of life.
The pupal stage occupies from ten to fifteen days. The wingless
female appears at the end of this period, crawls on her co-
coon and shortly deposits eggs as described. There is normally
but one generation annually in Albany and other inland cities,
while in New York City and vicinity and in Boston, Mass., there
are two broods and at Washington, D. C., there are three gen-
erations each year as stated by Doctor Howard.
The young caterpillars drop from the tree readily, suspend
themselves by silken threads and then may be blown or carried
considerable distances. The full-grown caterpillars desert the
trees and wander considerably. This is particularly true of the
larger ones which almost invariably produce female moths. The
cocoons are spun very generally on the trunks or on the under-
side of the larger branches.
Food plants. This leaf feeder exhibits a marked preference
in cities for the linden and horse-chestnut, while it feeds readily
on elms and maples. It has also been recorded on a number of
other trees.
Natural enemies. This species has a number of natural ene-
mies. Its comparative rarity in the country shows that our
native birds must be very efficient natural checks upon this in-
sect. Mr E. H. Forbush states that forty-seven species of native
birds feed on hairy caterpillars, most of which would probably
take this leaf feeder. The robin, Baltimore oriole and cuckoo
are among the more valuable in this respect.
Parasitic insects are also very efficient checks. This species is
subject to attack by some twenty-one primary parasites and these
in turn may become the prey of fourteen hyperparasites.
Remedies. A simple and very satisfactory method of con-
trolling this insect is the gathering and destroying of egg masses.
Several cities and villages in New York State have employed
children in this work by offering a small bounty and a system of
prizes. The result has been that a large number of egg masses
ELM LEAF BEETLE AND WHITE-MARKED TUSSOCK MOTH W7/
were secured and destroyed at a comparatively slight cost. The
defect in this method is that it is more or less irregular in opera-
tion and is usually resorted to only after serious injury to the
trees has aroused public opinion. There is no doubt as to the
effectiveness of collecting egg masses and in not a few instances
it may prove the cheapest method of keeping this pest in
check. It would seem better for the welfare of the trees to
make some provision for the systematic collection of egg masses
from year to year from all the trees, even though the cost be some-
what greater.
The collection of egg masses should be supplemented, if un-
cleaned trees are in the vicinity, by banding the trunks at the
time the caterpillars begin to crawl, with some material which
will prevent the ascent of straggling larvae. A very simple
method.is to take a band of cotton batting some six or eight
inches wide, wrap it around the tree, tie a string about its middle
and then turn the upper edge down over the string. Tree tangle-
foot, a preparation made by the same company that manufac-
tures tanglefoot fly paper, has been used very extensively on
trees about Boston. It is very adhesive, remains sticky for a con-
siderable time and does not injure the bark of older trees at least.
The tussock moth caterpillar succumbs readily to arsenical
poisons and where the trees are infested or are likely to be at-
tacked by more than one leaf feeder, as is true in the Hudson
valley, spraying is perhaps the best method of protecting the
trees. One of the best poisons for this purpose, particularly in
sections infested by the elm leaf beetle, is arsenate of lead, (15
per cent arsenic oxid), used at the rate of four eee to fifty gal-
lons of water.
EXPLANATION. ©F PLATES
Plate 1
Executed from nature, under the author’s direction, by L. H.
Joutel of New York City, and reproduced from the 5th report of
the Commissioners of Fisheries, Game and Forests through the
courtesy of the commissioners
19
I
Elm leaf beetle
Galerucella luteola Miill.
Cluster of eggs, much enlarged
ta Side view of single egg, still more enlarged
2
Cn x OS
Ov
I
Recently hatched larva or grub, much enlarged
Full-grown larva or grub, much enlarged
Pupa, much enlarged
Overwintered beetle, much enlarged
Fresh, brightly colored beetle much enlarged
Leaf showing eating of larvae or grubs and a few holes eaten by
beetles, eggs in clusters, cast larval skins and full-grown
larvae, natural size
Leaf skeletonized by grubs
Leaf eaten by beetles
PLATE 1
f {
eis er
sf
4
\)
Ta
aA) LZ
a)
a
L. H. Joutel, 1900, ELM LEAF BEETLE
‘Reprint from 5th report of commissioners of fisheries, game and forests)
A ie
Plate 2
Executed from nature by L. H. Joutel
21
White-marked tussock moth
Hemerocampa leucostigma Abb. & Sm.
Male moth at rest on trunk
Female laying eggs upon her cocoon
Egg masses on cocoons
A full-grown caterpillar resting on a twig
Cast skins of caterpillars
Cocoons massed on trunk
Pupa of female within cocoon
Twigs girdled by caterpillars
Twig broken off at point of girdling
The foliage shows the effects of this caterpillar’s work
22
PLATE 2
L. H. Joutel, 1906.
WHITE MARKED TUSSOCK MOTH
=
r
i]
©
i
*
Z
*.
od *
?
1
ee te
aS: « =" 7
, “ Lal te ,
] | d 4 7% ae 7 > 3
Kz ; A hig a= ea
a ; Py aif ;
e 7 7 ‘
4
Mi ,
t
wal
Plate 3
23
A magnificent English elm nearly defoliated by the elm leaf
beetle. Galerucella luteola Mill. Lancaster street,
Albany. Photo August 1906.
Plate 3
Albany, Aug. 1906
Work of elm leaf beetle on Lancaster street
eed)
1 ie |
Row of English elms on South Hawk street, Albany, nearly
ruined by the work of the elm leaf beetle, Galerucella
luteola Mull. Photo August 1g06. These nine trees were,
in 1898, in about the same condition as the one illustrated on
plate 3.
Albany, Aug. 1906
Work of elm leaf beetle on South Hawk street
Plate 5
27
American elm on Washington avenue near Fort Orange Club,
Albany, seriously injured by the elm leaf beetle, Galerucella
luteola Mull. Photo August 1906. Note the numerous dead
limbs. This tree died about two years later.
28
Plate 5
|
oh paceman ns
tat Ri
Albany, Aug. 1906
Work of elm leaf beetle on Washington avenue
Plate 6
29
Work of white-marked tussock moth, Hemerocamp.a
leucostigma Abb. & Sm., on clump of horse-chestnuts
standing on the grounds of St Francis de Sales Asylum, Albany.
Photo August 1906.
39
Plate 6
Min
: Miln,»
Albany, Aug. 1906
Work of white-marked tussock moth on horse chestnut
“Plate 7
3I
Ege masses of white-marked tussock moth Hemero-
campa leucostigma Abb. & Sm., on American elm.
Congress street, Albany. Photo August 1906. Note that the egg
masses are conspicuous, attached to slight cocoons and therefore
easily removed.
Ww
to
een Sr. ee
© ete
Spring street
S
3
wn
20
80
vo
a
i
S]
=
“4
oO
fo)
wn
n
p
3
~
iP)
“
te
sj
&
White
Egg masses of white-marked tussock moth, Hemero-
campa leucostigma Abb. & Sm, on English elm.
Capitol park, Albany. Photo August 1906. Note that the egg
masses are conspicuous, attached to slight cocoons and therefore
easily removed.
34
Plate 8
, Albany, 1906
Capitol Park
-marked tussock moth eggs
White
< a.
we d
al 7
: ¥ Ve -
wan : ' ?
7 c
= ;
. (
oo 8 ‘ag
, i
. ° : or.
« 7 =
a) a
nat
vp “*
.
.
®
*
*
?
.
’ '
*
-
-
INDEX
Arsenate of lead, 9, 12, 17.
Birds, feeding on white-marked
tussock moth, 16; on elm leaf
beetle, 10.
Cotton batting, 14.
Elm leaf beetle, 6-14; description, 8-
9; distribution, 7-8; food plants, 7;
life history, 9-10; natural enemies,
10; remedial measures, II-14.
Fly paper, 14.
Galerucella luteola, 6-14.
Hemerocampa leucostigma, 14-17.
Kerosene emulsion, 14.
leucostigma, Hemerocampa, 14-17.
luteola, Galerucella, 6-14.
35
Parasites, white-marked tussock
moth, 16.
Remedies, arsenate of lead, 12, 17;
cotton batting, 14; flv paper, 14;
kerosene emulsion, 14; tar bands,
14; whale oil soap solution, 14.
Tar bands, 14.
Tussock moth, see White-marked
tussock moth.
Whale oil soap solution, 14.
White-marked tussock moth, 14-
17; description, 15; food plants,
16; life history and habits, 15-16;
natural enemies, 16; remedies, 16—
17:
Appendix 4
Botany
Museum Bulletin 157
157 Report of the State Botanist torr
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Education Department Bulletin
Published fortnightly by the University of the State of New York
Entered as second-class matter June 24, 1908, at the Post Office at Albany, N. Y. under
the act of July 16, 1894
No. 514 ALBANY, N. Y. MARCH I, I9I2
New York State Museum
Joun M. CrarkeE, Director
CHARLES H. PEck, State Botanist
Museum Bulletin 157
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST tog11
PAGE PAGE
Initrodiuchiony seer |i Wishlayloisphsten endo abbouebovcoor 53
Plants added to the herbarium... 11 | New York species of Clitocybe... 59
Contributors and their contribu- New York species of Laccaria.... 90
TAOS Rey. Wythe mousyorsy aeons ree 14 | New York species of Psilocybe... 94
Species not before reported...... 21 | Latin descriptions of new species
Remarks and observations...... ay ANGUVATICIES amie ck s aeteeresieva ee 106
New species and varieties of ex- Explanation of plates).).......<.. 117
nealbnaomiell TqbiMeels GAS oobae Seisera SAS LMG eRe eetare sita csretatectarstteencene atc: 135
4
are Neral:
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New York State Education Department
Science Division, February 28, 1912
Hon. Andrew S. Draper LL.D.
Commissioner of Education
Sir: I beg to transmit herewith for publication as a bulletin of
the State Museum, the annual report of the State Botanist for the
fiscal year ending September 30, IQII.
Very respectfully
Joun M. CiarKE
Director
STATE OF NEW YORK
EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
COMMISSIONER'S ROOM
Approved for publication this 29th day of February, 1912
Commissioner of Education
*
Yee Lat
iY ey!
Education Department Bulletin
Published fortnightly by the University of the State of New York
Entered as second-class matter June 24, 1908, at the Post Office, at Albany, N. Y. under
the act of July 16, 1894
No. 514 ALBANY, N. Y. MARCH I, I912
New York State Museum
Joun M. Crarke, Director.
Cuarces H. Peck, State Botanist
Museum Bulletin 157
REPORT OF STATE BOTANIST 1og11
Dr John M. Clarke, Director of the State Museum:
I have the honor of submitting the following report of work done
in the botanical section of the State Museum during the past year.
Specimens of plants for the State herbarium have been collected
in the counties of Albany, Essex, Lewis, Oneida, Otsego, Rensselaer,
Saratoga, Steuben and Warren.
Specimens have been contributed by correspondents and others
that were collected in the counties of Albany, Cattaraugus, Columbia,
Cortland, Franklin, Fulton, Greene, Herkimer, Jefferson, Monroe,
New York, Oneida, Onondaga, Ontario, Orange, Orleans, Queens,
Rensselaer, Richmond, Schenectady, Suffolk, Tompkins, Warren,
Washington and Westchester.
Extralimital specimens have been contributed that were collected
in Alaska, California, Canada, Colorado, Connecticut, Cuba, Dela-
ware, District of Columbia, Europe, Florida, Indiana, Kansas, Mary-
land, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Jersey,
Ohio, Oregon, Utah, Vermont and Washington.
The number of species of which specimens have been added to
the herbarium is 283 of which 100 were not before represented in it.
Of these, 28 are new or hitherto undescribed species. All of these
are fungi.
A list of the names of the added specimens is marked “ Plants
added to the Herbarium.”
The number of those who have contributed specimens is 74. This
includes those who sent specimens merely for identification, if the
specimens were collected in our State and were in such condition
6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
and of such character as to make them desirable additions to the
herbarium. The number of persons for whom identifications have
been made is 162. The number of identifications made is 1915.
A list of the names of contributors and of their respective con-
tributions is marked “ Contributors and their contributions.”
The names of species new to our flora with their localities, time
of collecting and remarks concerning them will be found in a chap-
ter marked ‘‘ Species not before reported.” This includes species
which may have been reported before as varieties of other species
but which now are regarded as distinct species. Also descriptions
of those regarded as new species.
New localities of rare plants, new varieties and any facts of
interest that may have been observed are given under the title
“ Remarks and observations.”
Many specimens of fungi collected outside of our State have been
received for determination. When no description could be found to
correspond to their characters they have been considered new species
and names given to them and descriptions of them written. These
will be found under the heading ‘“ New species and varieties of
extralimital fungi.” ,
Eight species and varieties of mushrooms have been tested for
their edible qualities and approved. These added to those already
known make the number of New York edible species and varieties
of mushrooms now known, 213.
One species previously reported as edible was found by Mr F. C.
Stewart to have a bitter taste. It is the rooted collybia, Collybia
radicata (Relh.) Fr. In my trials of this species for its edi-
bility no such flavor was observed. At my request Mr Stewart sent
me specimens of this mushroom gathered in the locality from which
the bitter ones came. These were cooked in the same manner as in
my former trials. Their bitter flavor was verified: but no evil conse-
quences resulted. It has been learned in this case that some mush-
rooms, as well as apples and other fruits, may vary in flavor. When
the bitter taste is mild it is not a serious objection to their edibility
provided it is not distasteful to the eater and no evil consequences
follow. Dandelions cooked as a pot-herb often have a decidedly
bitter flavor which to some persons is not at all objectionable and
may even be considered as valuable because indicating tonic
properties. .
Two trips have been made in my efforts to locate and investigate
the chestnut bark disease. Having learned by report that this
REPORT OF THE STATE LOTANIST IQII 7
disease was supposed to have attacked the chestnut trees about
Cooperstown, that locality was visited and under the guidance of
one familiar with the locality and interested in the woodland sup-
posed to be affected, a careful search for it was made. No evidences
of the presence of the fungus that causes the chestnut bark disease
were found either in the standing trees or in the branches, stumps
and young shoots of trees that had been cut because they were sup-
posed to have been attacked by it. The real cause of the trouble
was not satisfactorily ascertained, but it seemed probable that the
severe drouths of three preceding seasons may have contributed to
the trouble.
Having heard that the disease was advancing northward from
New York City through the counties along the east bank of the
Hudson river, and had already reached Columbia county, a visit
was made to the town of Sand Lake in Rensselaer county. Chestnut
trees are common in the woods of that region but my efforts to find
there any evidences of the fungus that causes the chestnut bark
disease were wholly unsuccessful. Subsequent investigations by
others have indicated its presence in both the southern and northern
part of the county. In this case as in others.a new attack appears
to have been made in places widely separated from any others. In
this respect the disease is specially dangerous, the germs or spores
being evidently carried by insects, birds or some other agent than
winds. It is therefore of the utmost importance that a close watch
be kept for the appearance of the disease wherever chestnut trees
abound and that trees found affected by it should be cut and their
bark burned as soon as possible. The spread of the disease has been
so rapid and its work so virulent during the two years past that
constant watchfulness and prompt action whenever it appears are
essential to its suppression. It is probable that this destructive out-
break of this remarkable disease is sporadic and brought about by
an unusual combination of favoring circumstances and will not long
continue to be so destructive. Nature generally finds some way to
check such extraordinary action and restore the equilibrium of her
forces, but sometimes the proper conditions are not restored till
after great damage has been done. It will not do therefore to sit
quietly down and wait for such a consummation. We may by
prompt and judicious action aid the natural processes and thereby
diminish and shorten the ravages of the evil.
In continuance of my investigation of the marsh flora of the
Adirondacks, Peacock marsh in the town of North Elba was visited.
It is located about three miles south of Lake Placid and nearly east
8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
from Averyville. The visit was made in June and owing to the early
time in the season it is probable that some plants which occur later
were not seen. A list of those seen will be found in the chapter
designated “* Remarks and observations.”
It is interesting to note the seasonal influences on plants and their
similar results on our cultivated plants and wild mushrooms. In
the eastern part of the State the prevailing low temperature in the
spring retarded the development of vegetation and kept back the
blossoming of the early varieties of fruit trees. Then a somewhat
abrupt change to warmer weather caused these and later varieties to
blossom more nearly simultaneously than usual. The early Rich-
mond cherry and the Montmorency commonly have an interval of
about ten days between their times of flowering. This year that
interval was only two or three days. Pear trees, plum trees and
cherry trees were in blossom nearly at the same time and apple trees
quickly succeeded them. The resulting fruit crop was abundant
and matured early. In midseason a long period of dry hot weather
kept back the development of those species of mushrooms that com-
monly appear at this time of the year. It was a rare thing to find
one. They were extremely scarce even in swamps and wet places.
Several correspondents wrote that they never before knew mush-
rooms to be so scarce. One correspondent says, “ On account of
the drouth this has been the poorest season for fungi I have known
in twenty-five years. Not a single morel could IJ find.” This
condition continued longer in some places than in others. Where
plenteous rains came toward the end of the season mushrooms began
to appear. In the vicinity of New York City rain fell abundantly
during a whole week. This effectually broke the drouth and soon a
crop of mushrooms began to appear. Summer and autumn species
came up together and by their great variety and united numbers
made such a crop as is rarely seen. In some places the ground
appeared as if it was almost covered with them.
One correspondent says, “the Long Island woods are full of
mushrooms. It seems that almost every step reveals some different
species.” Others represent their abundance as so great that they
could be gathered by the bushel. One says that a friend who had
been out collecting mushrooms brought in half a bushel of
Tricholoma personatum Fr. This abundance has extended
to other states than our own and has induced people to gather them
for food more freely and in greater quantity than usual. As a con-
sequence more accidents and deaths from eating poisonous mush-
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 9
rooms have been reported than usual. In New York City and vicinity
it is reported that more than thirty deaths from this cause have taken
place. It is affirmed however that nearly all these were among
foreign born people who have doubtless mistaken poisonous species
for the European species they were accustomed to eat in their own
country. Native American people generally have a proper sense of
the danger of rashly eating mushrooms whose edible qualities are
unknown to them and are prudent enough to avoid doing it. In
European countries the ignorant are to some extent protected from
such danger by an inspector of the markets who permits to be sold
only those mushrooms known to be edible.
It is possible that poverty combined with the high cost of living
may have been a source of danger in some cases of mushroom
poisoning. An instance was reported to me of a poor family in
which the mother and two children were poisoned. The mother
recovered but the children died. An enthusiastic mycologist living
in the vicinity of the place where this accident occurred began an
investigation of the case in an attempt to learn what mushroom
caused the sickness. Enough was learned from the mother to indi-
cate that the mushroom chiefly eaten was one known by the name
autumn pholiota, Pholiota autumnalis Pk. This was not
known to mycologists to be an unwholesome species, but apparently
impelled by hunger the family had collected a considerable quantity
of it, cooked and ate it. The mother ate about a pint, the boy about
the same quantity and the girl somewhat less. All were made sick
and after several hours delay a physician was called. The result was
as above stated. The flavor of the mushroom is not specially entic-
ing and I can see no reason why they should have eaten so much of
it unless they were impelled by hunger. An excessive quantity of a
good mushroom may be harmful, but of a bad one it would be still
worse. The mycologist who investigated the case learned by sub-
sequent experiment that this is a noxious species and though it may
not always be fatal it should be rigidly avoided. It is at least
unwholesome.
Besides the abundance of the crop caused by the concentration of
summer and autumn species the appearance at such a time of species
not before recorded as growing out of season is remarkable.
Morels are among the most constant spring and early summer
growers. I have not before known them to appear at any other
time. One correspondent writing after the morel season had passed
says, “I have not been able to find a single morel this season.””’ My
own experience was similar to his. Evidently the cold spring time
10 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
immediately followed by dry weather suppressed the crop of morels.
The moderately warm and moist fall weather, however, gave oppor-
tunity for a crop of morels in a limited station near Boston, Mass.
Specimens were collected and some of them sent to me by Mrs U. C.
Sherman with the inquiry if it was not unusual for morels to appear
in autumn. An examination of them showed a very close relation-
ship to the conic morel. They differed in a few minor characters
from the conic morel, Morchella conica Pers., but most of
all in their time of appearance. This is probably due to the peculiar
weather conditions of this season, nevertheless it seemed best in
view of the minor differences and the very unusual time of its
appearance to designate it by the varietal name which will be found
in its proper place in this report.
Some seasons seem to be specially favorable to the development of
the species of certain genera. In one season species of Hygrophorus
will be abundant, in another many species of Lepiota will be seen
and in another, species of Lactarius will appear to be unusually
common. This year specimens of more species of Tricholoma have
been received by me from correspondents during September, Octo-
her and November than in any other previous year. This indicates
to me that the latter part of the season has been unusually favorable
to the development of species of Tricholoma.
The custom of issuing generic monographs of New York species
has been continued. Revised descriptions of New York species of
the genera Clitocybe, Laccaria and Psilocybe have been prepared and
arranged as far as practicable according to the Friesian system as
given in Sylloge.
To meet the requirements of the rules of the International
Botanical Congress of 1905 Latin descriptions of the new species
and varieties herein reported have been written.
My assistant, Mr S. H. Burnham, has performed his clerical
duties with noteworthy faithfulness, doing all the typewriting of the
office, attending to the arrangement, mounting and labeling of speci-
mens, aiding in the identification of specimens sent for that purpose,
and in conducting the correspondence. In addition to this he has
improved his opportunities during holiday and vacation periods in
collecting specimens and in making many valuable additions to the
herbarium.
Respectfully submitted
CuHartes H. Peck
State Botanist
Albany, December 28, 191t
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII
PLEANTS*ADDED TO THE HERBARIUM
New to the herbarium
Acer carolinianum Walt.
Aecidium atriplicis Shear
Anthyllis vulneraria L,
Armillaria pinetorum Gill.
Artemisia frigida /Villd.
AG gnaphalodes Nutt.
Ascochyta imperfecta Pk.
A. rane JB. wp 1B,
Boletus ballouii Pk.
Camarosporium maclurae Pk.
Centaurea maculosa Lam.
Cercospora medicaginis E. & E,
Cercosporella terminalis Pk.
Clavaria subtilis Pers.
Clitocybe fumosa brevipes Pk.
hirneola Fr.
sinopicoides Pk.
splendens (Pers.) Ir.
tuba Fr.
tumulosa Kalchb.
AAAAN
Coniothecium chomatosporium Cd.
Coprinus domesticus (Pers.) I’r.
Coronospora angustata Fck!.
Cortinarius albidipes Pk.
Ge phyllophilus Pk.
C: purpurascens J[’r.
Coryneum disciforme K. & S.
Cytospora rhoina Fr.
C. salicis (Cd.) Rabenh.
Dasyscypha sulphuricolor Pk.
Deutzia scabra Thunb.
Diplodia spiraeina Sacc.
Diplodina medicaginis Oud.
Flammula sulphurea Pk.
Fusarium pirinum (Fr.) Sacc.
Ganoderma sessile Murr.
Gloeosporium valsoideum Sacc.
Gutierrezia sarothra (Pursh) B. & R.
Gymnolomia multiflora( Nutt.) B.& H.
Haplosporella ribis Sacc.
Hebeloma sinapizans Fr.
Helvella capucinoides Pk.
Hendersonia grossulariae Oud.
Hydnellum peckii Banker
Hygrophorus recurvatus Pk.
Hygrophorus sordidus Pk.
Leptosphaeria distributa (C. & E.)
Marasmius epiphyllus Fr.
Melanconis alni Tu/.
Mycena atroumbonata Pk,
Mycena metata Fr.
Naucoria arenaria Pk,
Oenothera muricata L.
Omphalia offuciata Fr.
Ophiotheca vermicularis (Schw.)
Peniophora tenuissima Pk.
Periconia pycnospora Fres.
Peronospora trifoliorum DeBy,
Pestalozzia adusta FE. & E,
1p. funerea Desm.
12. longiseta Speg.
Phacidium lignicola Pk.
Pholiota rigidipes Pk.
Phoma amorphae Pk,
IP. bacteriophila Pk.
12%. leprosa Pk.
P smilacis B. & J.
Physcia granulifera (Ach.) Tuck.
Polyporus melanopus Fr.
Polysaccum pisocarpium Fr,
Psilocybe fuscofolia Pk.
12 polycephala ( Paul.)
Poria pulchella Schw.
Ramularia karstenii Sacc.
Rubus glandicaulis Blanch.
Sagedia cestrensis Tuck.
Septoria aquilegiae P. & S.
S- dianthi Desm.
Ss malvicola EE. & M.
Ss mirabilissima Pk.
Sphaeronema minutulum D. Sacc.
Sphaeropsis amorphae FE. & B.
Se maclurae Che.
Spongipellis occidentalis Murr.
Stagonospora carpathica Baeuml.
Steccherinum peckii Banker
ier
Steganosporium fenestratum(E.&E.)
Stigmina populi (FE. & E.) Pk.
Teichospora trimorpha Atk,
Thyridium pallidum E. & E.
I2 NEW YORK STATE
Tricholoma boreale Jr.
de planiceps Pk.
Fly subsaponaceum Pk,
Ale subsejunctum Pk,
Trimmatostroma salicis Cd.
MUSEUM
Uromyces spartinae Far.
Ustilago hypodytes (Schl.) Fr.
Verbena stricta Vent.
Vermicularia hysteriiformis PR.
Volutella buxi (Cd.) Berk.
Not new to the herbarium
Acalypha virginica L.
Agaricus abruptibulbus Pk.
A. placomyces Pk,
A. subrufescens Pk,
Amaranthus crispus (L. & T.) A. Br.
Amelanchier oligocarpa (M-x.)
Andromeda glaucophylla Link
Andropogon furcatus Muh.
Anthostoma gastrina (Fr.) Sacc.
Anychia dichotoma Mx.
Arctium minus (Hill.) Bernh.
Arabis drummondii Gray
Belonidium aurelia (Pers.) DeNot.
Bidens cernua L.
Boletus albidipes Pk.
B. speciosus Frost
Botrychium obliquum Muhl.
Be simplex E. Hitchce.
Calocera viscosa (Pers.) Fr.
Calvatia gigantea (Batsch)
Cantharellus aurantiacus [r.
Centaurea nigra radiata DC.
Cichorium intybus L.
Claudopus nidulans (Pers.) Pk.
Clavaria crassipes Pk.
Clitocybe candicans Pers.
Gc: clavipes (Pers.) Fr.
G. nebularis (Batsch) Fr.
G; sudorifica Pk.
Coccomyces juniperi Karst.
Collema pulposum (Bernh.) Ach.
Collybia albipilata Pk.
C butyracea Bull.
(S familia Pk.
Cc radicata (Relh.) Fr.
CG tuberosa Bull.
Coniophora puteana (Schum.) Fr.
Convolvulus arvensis L.
Corallorrhiza trifida Chat.
Corticium martianum B. & C,
Coryneum pustulatum Pk,
Crataegus helderbergensis 5S.
Cryptogramma stelleri (Gmel.)
Cynosurus cristatus L.
Cytospora microspora (Cd.) Rabenh.
Datura stramonium L.,
Dendrophoma tiliae Pk.
Dentaria diphylla Vx.
Dicentra canadensis (Goldie)
Didymium squamulosum (Ad. & S.)
Drosera rotundifolia L.
Durella corrugata (C. & P.) Sacc.
Entoloma grayanum Pk.
Epilobium molle Torr.
Epipactis tesselata (Lodd.)
Eragrostis frankii (F. Mey. & L.)
Euphorbia corollata L.
Flammula alnicola Fr.
F. pulchrifolia Pk.
Fomes conchatus (Pers.) Fr.
F. fomentarius (L.) Fr.
F. pinicola (Sw.) Fr.
F. roseus (A. & S.) Fr.
Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.
Fuligo septica (Link) Gmel.
Galera reticulata Pk.
Galium trifidum L.
Geopyxis hesperidea C. & P.
Gloniopsis australis (Duby) Sacc.
Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh)
G. squar. nuda (Wood)
Habenaria ciliaris (L.) R. Br.
Helvella macropus (Pers.) Karst.
Hibiscus trionum L.
Hirneola auricula-judae (L.)
Hydnum caput-ursi Fr.
inl. coralloides Scop.
Ee erinaceus Bull,
H. subfuscum Pk.
Hygrophorus min. subluteus Pk.
Hymenochaete tabacina (Sow.) Lev.
Hypholoma boughtoni Pk.
lal rigidipes Pk.
H. subl. squamosum Che.
REPORT OF THE
Hypoxylon serpens (Pers.) Fr.
Irpex lacteus Fr.
Juncus brevicaudatus (Engelm.)
Laccaria striatula (Pk.)
Lachnea hemisphaerica pusilla Pk.
Lactarius cinereus Pk,
iL, minusculus Burl.
es rimosellus Pk.
Lentinus lepideus Fr.
Lenzites sepiaria Fr.
Lespedeza procumbens Mx.
Linnaea bor. americana (Forbes)
Lonicera tatarica L.
IL xylosteum L,
Lycoperdon pusillum Batsch
Lyonia ligustrina (L.) DC.
Lysimachia punctata L.
ee thyrsiflora L.
Macrosporium tomato Cke.
Marasmius spongiosus B. & C.
Mentha gentilis L.
Merulius fugax Ir.
M. tremellosus Schrad.
M. ulmi PR.
Monilia peckiana S, & V.
Mollisia melaleuca (Fr.) Sacc.
Mutinus caninus (Huds.) Fr,
Mycena clavicularis Fr,
M. pseudopura Che.
M. pura Pers.
M. sanguinolenta 4A. & S.
M. vulgaris (Pers.) Fr.
Mycosyrinx osmundae Pk.
M. osm. cinnamomeae Pk.
Naucoria vernalis Pk.
Osmunda cin. bipinnatifida Clute
Panaeolus retirugis Fr.
Penicillium glaucum Link
Phlebia pileata Pk.
Pholiota adiposa Fr.
autumnalis Pk.
comosa Fr.
discolor Pk.
praecox Pers.
vermiflua Pk.
Pigees hypoleuca (Muhl.) Tuck.
Pleurotus porrigens Pers.
Poa compressa L,
Polygonum hydropiper L.
Polyporus admirabilis Pk.
supe tence acil Ac)
STATE BOTANIST IQII 13
Polyporus albellus Pk.
benzoinus (Wahl.) Fr.
brumalis (Pers.) Fr.
delectans Pk.
fragrans Pk.
frondosus Fr.
giganteus (Pers.) Fr.
umbellatus /’r.
Polystictus parvulus K/.
Propolis faginea (Schrad.)
Quercus prinoides Willd.
Rhytisma acerinum (Pers.) Fr.
R. vitis Schw.
Roestelia aurantiaca Pk.
Rosellinia mutans (6. G P)) Sace.
Rubus canadensis L.
R. sativus (Bail.) Brainerd
Russula purpurina O. & S.
Rynchospora fusca (L.) Ait. f.
1B glomerata (L.) Vahl
Scirpus cyp. condensatus Fern.
Scleroderma geaster Fr.
Smilacina trifolia (L.) Desf.
Solenia ochracea Hoffm.
Solidago juncea ramosa P. & B.
Sphaeropsis biformis Pk.
Si persicae FE. & B,
Stenophyllus capillaris (L.) Britt.
Stereum acerinum nivosum fav.
S radiatum reflexum Pk.
S. spadiceum Fr.
Streptothrix fusca Cd.
Stropharia aeruginosa
Symplocarpus foetidus (L.)
Taraxacum officinale Weber
Tipularia discolor (Pursh) Nutt.
Tricholoma album (Schaeff.) Fr.
Bee Se Ue Oh eage
Karst.
(Curt.) Fr.
Nutt.
Te. eques. albipes Pk.
lie personatum Fy,
Ay: resplendens Fr.
Trichothecium roseum (Pers.) Link
Trichostema dichotomum L.
Valsa linderae Pk.
W. rhoophila C. & E.
Vernonia altissima Nutt.
Viola blanda Willd.
We cucullata Ait.
V. pallens (Banks) Brainerd
Xyris caroliniana [Valt.
14 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
CONTRIBUTORS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS
Miss L. C. Allen, Newtonville, Mass.
Lepiota farinosa Pk.
Mrs C. Beach, Catskill
Cryptogramma stelleri (Gmel.) Prantl
Miss F. Beckwith, Rochester
Anthyllus vulneraria L. Grindelia squarrosa nuda (Wood)
Artemisia frigida Willd, Gutierrezia sarothra (Pursh)B.& R.
A. gnaphalodes Nutt. Gymnolomia multiflora( Nutt.) B.G@H.
Veronica virginica L.
Mrs E. B. Blackford, Boston, Mass.
Collybia atrata Fr,
Mrs R. C. Burnham, Hudson Falls
Agaricus subrufescens Pk.
Miss M. C. Burns, Middleville
Vernonia altissima Nutt.
Miss J. F. Conant, Melrose, Mass.
Hydnum laevigatum Sw. Morchella conica serotina Pk.
Mrs G. E. Duryee, Schenectady
Agaricus campester majusculus Pk,
Mrs E. P. Gardner, Canandaigua
Arabis drummondii Gray Oenothera muricata canescens
CT GG)
Oenothera muricata L. O. oakesiana Fobbins
Mrs L. L. Goodrich, Syracuse
Centaurea nigra radiata DC,
Miss C. C. Haynes, New York
Astrella tenella (L.) Bu. Riccia arvensis Aust.
Cololejeunea jooriana (Aust.) Ricciocarpus natans terrestris Lindb.
Reboulia hemisphaerica (L.) Scapania uliginosa Lindb.
Riccia americana M. A. Howe Targonia hypophylla L.
Miss A. Hibbard, West Roxbury, Mass.
Tricholoma piperatum Pk.
Mrs M. A. Knickerbocker, San Francisco, Cal.
Astragalus watsonianus (Ktze.) Ephedra nevadensis /JVats.
Lewisia rediviva Pursh
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IgIitI
Mrs M. Miller, Boonville
Rhytisma acerinum (Pers.) Fr.
Misses M. L. Overacker and I. §. Lawrence, Syracuse
Claudopus nidulans (Pers.) Pk.
Mrs F. W. Patterson, Washington, D. C.
Hygrophorus sordidus Pk,
Mrs J. H. Poor, New York
Volutella buxi (Cd.) Berk.
Mrs U. C. Sherman, Roslindale, Mass.
Morchella conica serotina Pk.
Miss E. H. Smith, Berkeley, Cal.
Septoria populi Desm.
Miss E. C. Webster, Canandaigua
Clitocybe fumosa brevipes Pk. Helvella crispa (Scop.) Fr.
C. sudorifica Pk. Hieracium murorum L,
Cortinarius purpurascens Fr. Hygrophorus recurvatus Pk.
Cynosurus cristatus L. Hypholoma perplexum Pk,
Flammula sulphurea Pk. Lysimachia thyrsiflora L.
Hebeloma sinapizans Fr. Mycena metata Fr.
Pholiota squarrosa Muell.
F. H. Ames, Brooklyn
Boletus vermiculosus spraguei (Frost) Pk.
J. C. Arthur, Lafayette, Ind.
Aecidium kellermanni DeTom
G. F. Atkinson, Ithaca
Teichospora trimorpha Atk.
G. G. Atwood, Albany
Irpex tulipiferae Schw. Peridermium pyriforme Pk.
W. H. Ballou, New York
Boletus auriflammeus B. & C. Lentinus spretus Pk,
B. balloui Pk. Peridermium cerebrrm Pk.
Clitocybe fumosa brevipes Pk. Polyporus albellus Pk.
(ee illudens Sch. P flavovirens B. & R.
Entoloma batschianum Fr. 12 frondosus Fr.
Fistulina hepatica Fr. Pp; umbellatus Fr.
Fomes pinicola (Sw.) Fr. Polystictus parvulus K/.
Ganoderma sessile Murr. Psilocybe fuscofolia Pk.
Gloeoporus conchoides Mont. Steccherinum ballouii Banker
Lactarius rimosellus Pk. Stropharia coronilla Bull,
H. J. Banker, Greencastle, Ind.
Acalypha virginica L.
15
16 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
E. Bartholomew, Stockton, Kan.
Alternaria brassicae phaseoli Brun.
Amanitopsis vaginata alba Stev.
Camarosporium berkeleyanum Lev.
Camptoum cuspidatum Cke. & Hark.
Cercospora circumscissa Sacc.
eustomae Pk.
henningsii Allesch
Quote
Cercosporella mirabilis Pk.
Cladosporium aromaticum FE. & E.
G gloeosporoides Atk,
Coryneum sorbi Pk.
Cytospora foliicola Libert
Dermatea mori Pk.
Diaporthe inornata Pk.
Diplodia polygonicola Pk.
Exobasidium vaccinii (Fckl.) Woron.
Gloeosporium psoraleae Pk.
Graphyllum chloes junci Pk.
Haplosporella ailanthi E. & E.
Helotium citrinum (Hedw.) Fr.
Hendersonia rosae Kickx,
pastinaceae (Sacc.) Pk.
Henningsinia caespitosa Pk,
Hysterium cubense Pk.
Leptostromella scirpina Pk..
Macrophoma burserae Pk.
M. numerosa Pk.
Melanconium betulinum S. & K.
Ovularia avicularis Pk.
Phoma roystoneae Pk.
Pyrenophora depressa Pk,
Ramularia macrospora asteris Sacc.
Rhytidhysterium guaraniticum Speg.
Rosellinia bigeloviae roystoneae Pk.
Septonema spilomeum Berk,
Septoria apii Chester
ficarioides Pk.
magnospora Pk,
purpurascens E. & M.
solanina Speg.
Sphaeropsis smilacis E. & E.
Thelephora sullivantii Mont.
Uromyces pictus Them.
Valsa ceratophora Tul.
NNN
J. M. Bates, Red Cloud, Neb.
Cercospora gymnocladii FE. & K.
Puccinia silphii Schw.
Ramularia pruinosa Speg.
Septoria gramineum Desm.
M. S. Baxter, Rochester ,
Antennaria neglecta Greene
Antennaria neodioica Greene
Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richards.
F. S. Boughton, Pittsford
Cantharellus aurantiacus Fr.
Clavaria stricta Pers.
€ ’ tsugina Pk.
Flammula sulphurea Pk.
Galera reticulata Pr.
Hypholoma rigidipes Pk.
Omphalia oculus Pk.
Pholiota confragosa Fr.
Polyporus ovinus (Schaeff.) Fr.
Stropharia aeruginosa (Curt.)
F. J. Braendle, Washington, D. C.
Bovistella ohiensis FE. & M.
Hygrophorus sordidus Pk.
Tricholoma melaleucum
Polyporus volvatus Pk.
Tricholoma columbetta Fr.
(Pers.) Fr.
C. E. Brand, Norwich, Conn.
Lepiota farinosa Pk.
S. H. Burnham,
Agaricus subrufescens Pk,
Amaranthus crispus (L. & 7.) A. Br.
Anthostoma gastrina (Fr.) Sacc.
Hudson Falls
Anychia dichotoma J/x.
Aretium minus (f/ill.) Bernh.
Boletus speciosus Frost
REPCRT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 7,
Cephalozia lunulaefolia Dui.
Clavaria crassipes Pk.
Clitocybe candicans Pers.
Cc. clavipes (Pers.) Fr.
GC. nebularis (Batsch) Fr.
C sudorifica Pk.
Convolvulus arvensis L.
Coryneum disciforme Ff, & S.
Cytospora microspora (Cd.) Rabenh.
C. rhoina Fr.
Datura stramonium L.
Deutzia scabra Thunb.
Diplodia spiraeina Sacc.
Eragrostis frankii (F. Mey. & L.)
Euphorbia corollata L.
Flammula alnicola Fr.
Be pulchrifolia Pk.
Fomes fomentarius (L.) Fr.
F. roseus (A. & S.) Fr.
Ganoderma sessile Murr.
Hibiscus trionum L.
Hirneola auricula-judae (L.) Berk.
Laccaria striatula (Pk.)
Lentinus lepideus Fr.
Lespedeza procumbens Mx.
Lonicera xylosteum L.
Mentha gentilis L.
Mycena vulgaris (Pers.) Fr.
Mycosyrinx osmundae Pk.
M. osm. cinnamomeae Pk.
Osmunda cinn. bipinnatifida Clute
Phlebia pileata Pk.
Pholiota autumnalis Pk.
Phoma amorphae Sacc.
Physcia granulifera (Ach.) Tuck.
Plagiothecium deplanatum (Schimp.)
Polyporus admirabilis Pk.
iE delectans Pk.
P; fragrans Pk.
127 melanopus Fr.
Pe: picipes Fr.
12 underwoodi Murr.
Poria pulchella Schw.
Quercus prinoides Willd.
Sphaeropsis amorphae EL. & B.
Ss: biformis Pk.
S: maclurae Che.
Spongipellis occidentalis Murr.
Stereum radiatum reflexum Pk,
Ss spadiceum Fr.
Thyridium pallidum E. & E.
Tricholoma album (Schaeff.) Fr.
pli boreale Fr.
T. resplendens Fr.
H. W. Clute, Gloversville
Corallorrhiza maculata flavida Pk.
M. T. Cook, New Brunswick, N. J.
Trichoderma koningi Oud.
S. W. Cowles, Marietta
Silene dichotoma Ehrh.
J. A. Crabtree, Montgomery
Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal
S. Davis, Brookline,
Clavaria peckii Sacc.
Entoloma flavifolium Pr.
lee grayanum Pk.
E. subtruncatum Pk.
Mass.
Leptoglossum luteum (Pk.) Sacc.
Leptonia davisiana Pk.
Pilosace eximia Pk.
Tricholoma terraeolens majus Pk.
J. Dearness, London, Can.
Creonectria verrucosa(Schw.) Seaver
Dothiorella quercina (C. & E.) Sacc.
Entyloma polysporum (Pk.) Farl.
Mazzantia sepium S. & P.
Ophiobolus cesatianus (Mont.) Sacc.
Peronospora hydrophylli Waite
18 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Peronospora parasitica DeBy. Puccinia minutissima Arth,
Pestalozzia funerea Desm, Pyrenopeziza artemisiae (Lasch)
Phyllachora graminis (Pers.) Fckl. Septoria noctiflorae E. & K.
Puccinia glaucis Arth. Urophlyctis pulposa (Wallr.)
Xylaria filiformis caulincola Rehm
F. Dobbin, Shushan
Bryum capillare L. Collema pulposum (Bernh.) Ach.
C. E. Fairman, Lyndonville
Septoria polygonorum Desi. Sphaeronema minutulum D. Sacc.
Ustilago hypodytes (Schl.) Fr.
W. G. Farlow, Cambridge, Mass.
Tolyposporella ( ? ) nolinae Clint. Uromyces spartinae Far.
Ustilago muhlenbergiae Clint.
O. E. Fischer, Detroit, Mich.
Clitocybe piceina Pk, Lepiota fischeri Kauffm. ined.
M. J. French, Utica
Pholiota comosa Fr. Volvaria bombycina (Pers.) Fr.
G. S. Graves, Newport
Collection of 24 abnormal ferns, leaves and flowers.
C. Guillet, Westfield, Mass.
Solidago juncea ramosa P, & B.
J. F. v. Hafften, Winfield
Cedrus libani Barr. Ginkgo biloba L.
C. C. Hanmer, East Hartford, Conn.
Lepiota farinosa Pk. Marasmius peronatus Fr.
B. B. Higgins, Ithaca
Trimmatostroma salicis Cd.
A. P. Hitchcock, New Lebanon
Xylaria polymorpha (Pers.) Grev.
G. T. Howell, Rockville, Ind.
Pluteus alveolatus eccentricus Pk, Tricholoma subsaponaceum P%&,
M. E. Jones, Salt Lake City, Utah
Puccinia aberrans Pk. Uredinopsis copelandii Syd.
Thecopsora pyrolae (Gmel.) Karst. Uromyces erythronii (DC.) Pers.
G. L. Kirk, Rutland, Vt.
Dichelyma pallescens B. & S,
R. Latham, Orient Point
Aecidium atriplicis Shear Belonidium aurelia (Pers.) DeNot.
Ascochyta rhei E. & E. Boletus ballouii Pk.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 19
Camarosporium maclurae Pk.
Clitocybe pithyophila Fr.
Coccomyces juniperi Karst.
Collybia tuberosa Bull,
Coronophora angustata Fckl.
Coryneum pustulatum Pk.
Cytospora salicis (Cd.) Rabenh.
Dendrophoma tiliae Pk.
Durella corrugata (C. & P.) Sace.
Geopyxis hesperidea C. & P. :
Gloniopsis australis (Duby) Sace.
Haplosporella ribis Sacc.
Hendersonia grossulariae Oud.
Hydnum subfuscum Pk,
Hygrophorus laetus (Pers.) Fr.
lets miniatus subluteus Pk.
Tale sordidus Pk.
Hymenochaete rubiginosa (Schrad.)
Hypoxylon serpens (Pers.) Fr.
Marasmius epiphyllus Fr.
M. spongiosus B. & C,
Merulius ulmi Pk.
Mollisia melaleuca (Fr.) Sacc.
Monilia peckiana S. & V.
Mycena sanguinolenta 4. & S.
Pestalozzia adusta E. & E.
IP funerea Desm.
122 longiseta Speg.
Phoma smilacis Boy. & Jacq.
Physcia hypoleuca (Muhl.) Tuck.
Poa compressa L.
Polyporus giganteus (Pers.) Fr.
Polysaccum pisocarpium Fr,
Propolis faginea (Schrad.) Karst.
Rhytisma vitis Schw.
Rosellinia mutans (C. & P.) Sacc.
Russula purpurina OQ. & S.
Sagedia cestrensis Tuck.
Scleroderma geaster Fr.
Septoria dianthi Desm.
Solenia ochracea Hoffm.
Sphaeropsis persicae E. & B.
Steganosporium fenestratum(E.& E.)
Stereum acerinum nivosum Rav.
Streptothrix fusca Cd.
Tipularia discolor (Pursh) Nutt.
Trichostema dichotomum L.
Valsa linderae Pk.
Valsa rhodphila C. & E.
W. B. Limberger, Randolph
Lysimachia punctata L,
Viola cardaminefolia Greene
Viola minuscula Greene
C. A. Mabie, Holley
Hydnum erinaceus Bull.
Lepiota naucinoides Pk.
Lepiota rhacodes Vitt.
G. E. Morris, Waltham, Mass.
Amanita crenulata Pk.
A. morrisil Pk,
Armillaria nardosmia Ellis
Boletus cyanescens Bull.
B. luteus L,
B. parasiticus Bull,
Cortinarius cinnabarinus Fr.
G: morrisil PR.
G vibratilis Fr.
Geaster morgani Lloyd
Merulius rubellus Pk.
Panaeolus subbalteatus B. & br.
Paxillus microsporus Pk.
Pholiota duroides Pk.
Scleroderma tenerum 5. & C.
S: verrucosum ( Bull.)
Sparassis crispa (Wulf.) Fr.
Tricholoma saponaceum Fr.
Tricholoma sejunctum (Sow.) Fr.
F. T. Pember, Granville
Centaurea maculosa Lai.
Verbena stricta Vent.
L. H. Pennington, Syracuse
Coprinus domesticus (Pers.) Fr.
Hymenogaster anomalus Pk,
20 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
C. R. Pettis, Albany
Chilonectria cucurbitula (Curr.) Phoma bacteriophila Pk.
Septoria mirabillissima Pk,
D. Reddick, Ithaca
Monilia peckiana S. & V.
W. H. Ropes, Salem, Mass.
Calvatia rubroflava Cragin Lysurus borealis serotinus Pk.
F. L. Schrader, New York
Hygrophorus sordidus Pk.
F. J. Seaver, New York
Herpotrichia nigra Hartig
E. B. Sterling, Trenton, N. J.
Fomes igniarius (L.) Fr. Hebeloma subcollariatum B. & Br.
F. C. Stewart, Geneva
Ascochyta imperfecta Pk. Gloeosporium nervisequum (JF ckl.)
Cercospora circumscissa Sacc. G. valsoideum Sacc.
\& medicaginis E. & E. Hypholoma boughtoni Pk,
Collybia radicata (Relh.) Fr. Lentinus spretus Pk,
Diplodina medicaginis Oud. Peronospora trifoliorum DeBy.
Flammula sulphurea Pk. Pseudopeziza medicaginis (Lib.)
W. G. Stover, Stillwater, Okla.
Bolbitius fragilis Fr. Marasmius delectans Morg.
Marasmius bellipes Morg. M. opacus B. & C.
J. M. Van Hook, Bloomington, Ind.
Hypoxylon atropurpureum Fr. Hypoxylon rubiginosum ( Pers.)
effusum Nits. H. sassafras (Schw.)
isl petersii B. & C. ie turbinulatum (Schw.)
Nummularia microplaca B. & C.
W. G. Van Name, Albany
Roestelia aurantiaca Pk.
H. L. Wells, New Haven, Conn.
Boletus edulis clavipes Pk,
T. E. Wilcox, Washington, D. C.
Boletus affinis Pk. Boletus subtomentosus L.
Sparassis herbstii Pk.
C. L. Williams, Glens Falls
Coniothecium chomatosporium Cd.
D. B. Young, Albany
Cee Pea goeppertiana Kuehn Chaetomium streptothrix Quel.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 21
SPECIES NOT BEFORE REPORTED
Acer carolinianum Walt.
Troupsburg, Steuben co. May. This species is readily distin-
guished from Acer rubrum L., the red maple, when in fruit.
The wings are nearly parallel or convergent, but in the red maple
they are divergent. They are also nearly or quite fully developed
when the leaves are yet partly expanded. The leaves are usually
only three lobed and are more hairy, specially beneath, than in the
red maple. On account of the three lobed leaves it was named
Acer rubrum var. tridens in Wood’s Class Book of Botany
It has generally been neglected by botanists but it certainly seems
worthy of recognition. The station here reported is the only one in
our State known to me and is north of its previously recorded range.
Aecidium atriplicis Shear
On living leaves of young plants of the halberd leaved orach,
metriplex patula hastata (E.)iGray. Orient Point, Sat-
roli=<co. May. R. Latham.
Anthyllis vulneraria L.
Introduced. Cobbs Hill reservoir. Rochester. September.
Miss Florence Beckwith. Determined by P. A. Rydberg.
Armillaria pinetorum Gill.
Decaying wood. North Elba, Essex co. September. This species
of Armillaria is easily distinguished by its small size, scaly cap
and stem and very small spores. It differs from the European plant
in growing on wood.
Artemisia frigida Waulld.
Cobbs Hill reservoir. Rochester. August. Miss F. Beckwith.
Introduced from the West but well established.
Artemisia gnaphalodes Nutt.
Cobbs Hill reservoir. Rochester. August. Miss F. Beckwith.
Introduced from the West. This and the preceding one were
determined by P. A. Rydberg.
Ascochyta imperfecta n. sp.
Spots variable, 4-12 mm in diameter, amphigenous, orbicular,
semicircular or subtriangular, the larger ones usually terminal or
marginal, pale brown or smoky brown, not sharply defined;
22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
perithecia amphigenous, few, depressed, .3-.6 mm broad, brown or
blackish brown; spores variable, continuous or pseudouniseptate,
cblong or subcylindric, obtuse, hyaline, 6-15 x 2.5-4 p.
Living or languishing leaves of alfalfa, Medicago sativa
L. Geneva. May and June. F. C. Stewart.
It may be separated from Ascochyta medicaginis Bres.
by its habitat and smaller perithecia and spores.
Ascochyta rhei E. & E.
Living leaves of pie plant; Rheum rhaponticum L. Orient
Point. R. Latham. This was originally described as Phyllo-
StreLa.@ med (Hade7E}
Boletus albidipes n. sp.
For description of this species see article on Edible Fungi in
another chapter of this report.
Boletus ballouii n. sp.
Plate VIII, figures 1-5
Pileus fleshy, firm, often irregular, convex becoming nearly plane
or slightly depressed in the center, dry, unpolished or minutely
tomentose, occasionally rimosely squamose, at first bright orange or
orange tinged with brown, becoming wood brown or subcinnamon
with age or in drying, flesh white tinged with yellow beneath the
cuticle, taste mild or sometimes slightly disagreeable ; tubes at first
white or whitish becoming smoky brown where cut or bruised and
brown or brownish in drying, usually slightly depressed around the
stem and adnexed or subdecurrent; stem variable, solid, mealy or
minutely scurfy, striate or subreticulate at the top, single or cespitose,
white or pallid above, yellow or orange below, similar to the pileus
‘n color when dry, its flesh when cut while fresh assuming a brownish
tint, mycelium white, radiating at the base; spores pale yellow
inclining to orange, 8-Iox 4-5 p, cystidia rare, fusiform, granular
within.
Pileus 5-12 cm broad; stem 2.5-12 cm long, 7-15 mm thick.
Orient Point. October. R. Latham. Specimens have also been
received with copious notes from W. H. Ballou for whom the
species is named. They were collected in groves at or near Deal
Beach, N. J. It is said to be common in Monmouth co., N. J. This
is a beautiful species apparently related to Boletus subsan-
guineus Pk. from which it differs in its dry pileus with its
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 23
orange color changing to brown, in its whitish tubes and in its stem
approaching the pileus in color.
Camarosporium maclurae n. sp.
Perithecia gregarious, about .3 mm broad, nestling in the bark,
erumpent, conic or subglobose, scarcely papillate, black; spores at
first simple and hyaline, then colored and 3-5-septate and muriform,
sometimes slightly curved, 15-20x 8-10 uw.
Dead branches of osage orange, Maclura pomifera (Raf.)
Scuineids Orient) Point.” April) Re Batham:
The apertures in the epidermis through which the fungus breaks
are either orbicular or subelliptic.
Centaurea maculosa Lam.
Granville, Washington co. September. F. T. Pember. An
introduced species.
Cercospora medicaginis E. & E.
Living leaves of alfalfa) Medicago sativa L. Geneva.
June. F. C. Stewart. :
Cercosporella terminalis n. sp.
Spots narrowly oblong, 1-3 cm long, 3-5 mm broad, often con-
fluent, specially at the apical end of the leaf which is commonly
entirely discolored, brown or blackish brown, often sterile; -tufts
mostly effused, forming linear flocculent white patches; spores
variable, curved or flexuous, subcylindric or gradually tapering
toward the apex, continuous or I—3-septate, often nucleate, 50-150 x
3-5 p, supported on short simple cr obscure hyphae.
Leaves of Indian poke, Veratrum viride Ait. Edwards,
St Lawrence co. May.
This species is closely related to Cercosporella veratri
Pk. from which it is easily distinguished by its earlier appearance
and by the different character of the spots. Their habit of becoming
confluent and discoloring the whole apex of the leaf has suggested
the specific name. Notwithstanding the obscure character of the
hyphae, a careful search even in young and slightly discolored spots
failed to detect any acervull.
Clavaria subtilis Pers.
Among fallen leaves of spruce trees. North Elba. September.
In some of the specimens the tips of the ultimate branchlets have
retained their pure white color.
24 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Clitocybe fumosa brevipes n. var.
This variety differs from the typical form in its constantly short
stem which is 1.2-2 cm long. Its thickness is nearly equal to its
length. It is so short that the pileus appears to rest on the ground.
Canandaigua. October. Miss E. C. Webster. Near New York
City. W. H. Ballou.
Clitocybe hirneola Fr.
North Elba. September.
Clitocybe sinopicoides n. sp.
Low wet places. North Elba. June. For the description of this
species see chapter on New York species of Clitocybe.
Clitocybe splendens (Pers.) Fr.
Mossy ground under balsam fir trees. North Elba. June. This
species is allied to Clitocybe gilva (Pers.) Fr. from which it
may be separated by its whiter flesh, its thinner pileus and its less
crowded lamellae. The spores in both are subglobose and 4-5 p
broad.
Clitocybe sudorifica n. sp.
Gregarious. Grassy ground. Saratoga Springs, F. G. Howland.
Albany, S. H. Burnham. Canandaigua, Miss E. C. Webster. Sep-
tember to November. For description see chapter on New York
species of Clitocybe.
Clitocybe tuba ['r.
Woods. North River. September.
Clitocybe tumulosa Kalchb.
Woods. North Elba. September.
Coniothecium chomatosporium Cd.
Branches of apple tree. Glens Falls. April. C. L. Williams.
Coprinus domesticus (Pers.) Fr.
Syracuse. June. L. H. Pennington. A very rare species.
Coronophora angustata Fckl.
Dead trunks of bayberry, Myrica carolinensis Mill.
Orient Point. April. R. Latham.
Cortinarius albidipes n. sp.
The description of this species will be found in the chapter on
Edible Fungi in this report.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 25
Cortinarius phyllophilus n. sp.
Pileus fleshy, thick, compact, convex or nearly plane, viscid, some-
what shining and slightly innately fibrillose when dry, pale tawny
ochraceous, flesh white, taste mild ; lamellae thin, close, eroded on the
edge, yellow becoming brownish cinnamon; stem short, stout, firm,
abruptly bulbous, silky fibrillose, whitish with ferruginous stains at
the base; spores somewhat pointed at the ends, 10-12 x 5-6 uy.
Pileus 7-12 cm broad; stem 3-5 cm long, I-1.5 cm thick.
Among fallen leaves in woods. Humphreys gorge, Lewis co.
September.
The species belongs to section Phlegmacium, group Scauri. The
color of the spore print is dark cinnamon. Young lamellae yellow.
Cortinarius purpurascens Fr.
Canandaigua. September. Miss E. C. Webster.
Coryneum disciforme K. & S.
Dead branches of basswood, Tilia. amerieana L:
Vaughns, Washington co. June. S. H. Burnham.
Cytospora rhoina Fr.
Dead branches “of smooth sumac, Rhus glabra L.
Rensselaer. February. S. H. Burnham.
Cytospora salicis (Cd.) Rabenh.
Dead branches of willows. Orient Point. May. R. Latham.
Dasyscypha sulphuricolor n. sp.
Cups sulfur color, gregarious or subcespitose, subsessile, 1-3
mm broad, minutely villose, hymenium plane or convex, margined
by the incurved edge of the cup; asci subcylindrical, 70-80 x 3-4 p;
spores oblong or subfusiform, 10-12 x 2-3 p, paraphyses filiform.
Decaying wood of black ash, Fraxinus nigra Marsh.
Remsen, Oneida co. August. The species is apparently related to
Dasyscypha pulverulenta (Lib: Sace: but it idiiters from
it in its larger size, longer asci and spores and in its habitat.
Deutzia scabra Thunb.
The rough leaved deutzia is plentiful along the stream at Copake
Iron Works, Columbia co. July. S. H. Burnham. It has evidently
escaped from cultivation but is apparently well established. Occa-
sionally double flowered specimens are seen, which indicates that
such plants grew from branchlets of Deutzia scabra var.
plena Maxim. which had taken root and developed into shrubs.
26 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Diplodia spiraeina Sacc.
Dead branches of nine bark, Physocarpus opulifolius
(L.) Maxim. Near Rensselaer lake, Albany co. May. S. H.
Burnham.
Diplodina medicaginis Oud.
Dead stems of alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. Geneva.
April. F. C. Stewart.
Flammula sulphurea n. sp.
Plate VII, figures 7-11
Pileus fleshy, subconic or convex becoming broadly convex,
glabrous, viscid, hygrophanous, watery yellow when moist, sulfur
yellow after the escape of the moisture, sometimes with whitish
silky fibrillose scales on the margin, flesh white when dry, odor and
taste disagreeable; lamellae thin, close, arcuate, adnate, crenulate
on the margin, whitish becoming dark ferruginous; stem equal,
flexuous, fibrillose or squamulose below, stuffed or hollow, pale yel-
low and naked at the top, ferruginous toward the base; spores dark
ferruginous, 8-11 x 5-6 u.
Pileus 2-6 cm broad; stem 3-6 cm long, 4-8 mm thick.
Cespitose or densely gregarious. Grassy ground under apple
trees or in orchards. October. Menands, Albany co. Canandaigua.
Miss E. C. Webster. Geneva. F. C. Stewart. Pittsford, Monroe
co. F.S. Boughton.
This species is related to Flammula spumosa Fr. with
which it has probably been confused but from which it is easily
distinguished by its place of growth, its more cespitose mode of
growth, the uniform pale yellow color, fibrillose margin of the pileus,
white flesh and larger spores. Its color is suggestive of F.
alnicola Fr., but it is readily separated from that by its place
of growth, white flesh and viscid hygrophanous pileus. It is worthy
cf remark that this species has appeared for the first time this
season in four distinct localities and in each one under or near
apple trees.
Fusarium pirinum (Fr.) Sacc.
On decaying pears. Menands. August.
Ganoderma sessile Murr.
Dead wood of oak and elm. Poebles island, Waterford, Saratoga
co. September. S. H. Burnham. New York. W. H. Ballou. It
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 27
is colored like Ganoderma tsugae Murr. but is a smaller
species with the pileus sessile and dimidiate.
Gloeosporium valsoideum Sacc.
Small twigs of sycamore, Platanus occidentalis L.
Geneva. F.C. Stewart. It is easily distinguished from Gloeos -
porium nervisequum (Fckl.) Sacc. by its habitat and larger
and more conspicuous pustules.
Gutierrezia sarothra (Pursh) B. & R.
Cobbs Hill reservoir. Rochester. August. Miss F. Beckwith.
Introduced but apparently well established.
Gymnolomia multiflora (Nutt.) B. & H.
Cobbs Hill reservoir. Rochester. August. Miss F. Beckwith.
Introduced but apparently well established. This and the preceding
one were determined by P. A. Rydberg.
Haplosporella ribis Sacc.
Dead stems of some species of cultivated Ribes. Orient Point.
May. R. Latham.
Hebeloma sinapizans Fr.
Canandaigua. September. Miss E. C. Webster.
Helvella capucinoides n. sp.
Pileus thin, submembranaceous, saddle-shaped, usually with one
lobe deflexed, the other erect, the naked free margins of both curved
inward, the lower enfolding the top of the stem, the hymenium
smoky ochraceous, becoming brown or ochraceous brown with age
or in drying, the lower or inner surface of the pileus white, rugulose ;
stem slender, firm, equal, stuffed or hollow, the surface wavy or
uneven, minutely and pubescently pruinose, snowy white; asci
cylindric, 240-280x 18-20 ; spores oblong ellipsoid, uniseriate,
uninucleate, hyaline, 20-28 x 12-16 p, paraphyses filiform, clavate
at the tips.
Pileus .5-2.5 cm broad; stem 2.5—-7 cm long, 2-4 mm thick.
Gregarious. In groves of arbor vitae trees, Thuja occi-
dentalis L. North River. September.
This species agrees in some of its characters with the description
of Helvella capucina Quel. but it differs in the shape and
color of the pileus, in its naked margin and its even surface. The
large nucleus of the spores in our plant is hyaline, not greenish as
in the European.
28 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Hendersonia grossulariae Oud.
Dead or dying stems of cultivated gooseberry, Ribes grossu-
laria L. Orient Point. May. R. Latham.
Hydnellum peckii Banker ined.
Growing on the ground. North Elba. September. The plants
are single or cespitose and have the pilei sometimes confluent. The
pileus is whitish becoming brownish or subviolaceous with age.
Hygrophorus recurvatus n. sp.
Pileus fleshy in the center, thin toward the margin, convex
becoming plane or concave by the margin curving upward, often
lacerated on the margin, grayish brown and obscurely striatulate on
the margin when moist, subalutaceous and even when dry, glabrous,
the center often more highly colored than the margin, flesh white ;
lamellae subventricose, distant, venosely connected, decurrent,
whitish; stem fragile, equal, stuffed or hollow, fibrous, easily split-
ting, subpruinose, white or whitish; spores broadly ellipsoid or sub-
globose, 6-8 x 4-6 p or 6-7 p in diameter.
Pileus 1.2-2.4 cm broad; stem 2-4 cm long, 2-4 mm thick.
Growing on lawns. Canandaigua. October. Miss E. C. Webster.
The plants sometimes grow in ares of circles. The relationship
appears to be with Hygrophorus colemannianus
Blox. from which it may be distinguished by its smaller size, paler
color, more fragile character and its upcurved margin of the pileus
in mature plants.
Hygrophorus sordidus Pk.
Among fallen leaves along the banks of Bronx river, New York.
October. F. L. Schrader. Orient Point. R. Latham.
Leptosphaeria distributa (C. & FE.) Sacc.
Dead stems of some species of Asclepias. Edwards. May
These specimens differ from the typical form in not blackening the
cuticle which at first covers the perithecia.
Marasmius epiphyllus Ir.
Fallen leaves. Orient Point. August. R. Latham. Port Jef-
ferson, Suffolk co. Closely allied to Marasmius insititius
Ir. from which the more velvety stem will separate it.
Melanconis alni Tul.
Dead branches of hoary alder, Alnus incana (L.) Moench.
Rossie, St Lawrence co. May. The specimens are young.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 29
Mycena atroumbonata n. sp.
Pileus submembranaceous, convex becoming broadly convex or
nearly plane, umbonate, striate plicate from the margin half way to
the umbo, glabrous, dark watery brown and shining when moist,
grayish brown with a black umbo when dry; lamellae thin,
moderately close, widely sinuate at the inner extremity, decurrent
with a tooth, white when young, whitish or livid white when mature ;
stem slender, rather long, glabrous, hollow, radicating, colored like
the pileus, with a white villosity at the base; spores oblong or
ellipsoid, granular within, often 2-nucleate, 6-9 x 5-6 u.
Pileus 1.2-3.2 cm broad; stem 5-8 cm long, 1-2 mm thick.
Gregarious. Mossy prostrate decaying trunks of hemlock,
Tse 2 camadensits (1) Garr. North River. 'September.
This species is closely related to Mycena galericulata
Scop. with which it probably has hitherto been confused. It differs
in its gregarious mode of growth, its habitat, its black umbo, its
widely plicate striate margin of the pileus, its pure white young
lamellae and its more expanded mature pileus.
Mycena metata I'r.
Ground. Canandaigua. September. Miss E. C. Webster.
Naucoria arenaria n. sp.
Pileus thin, convex or nearly plane, glabrous, pale yellow or red-
dish yellow with paler margin; lamellae broad, distant, unequal,
sinuate, brownish ferruginous; stem slender, rigid, glabrous, stuffed
with a white pith, colored like the pileus, pseudobulbous; spores
brownish ferruginous 15-20 x IO-I2 pm.
Pileus .75-2 cm broad; stem 2-3 cm long, 1-2 mm thick.
Sandy soil. Karner, Albany co. August.
A small species closely related to Naucoria platysperma
Pk. but much smaller with more distant lamellae and a more rigid
stem enlarged at the base by a globe of sand bound together by the
mycelium and firmly attached to the stem.
Oenothera muricata L.
Canandaigua. August. Mrs E. P. Gardner, who also sends
specimens of Qenothera mutricata camescens (7. &
G.) Robins.
Omphalia offuciata ['r.
Under or near pine trees. Luzerne, Warren co. June. In our
specimens the spores are broadly ellipsoid or nearly globose,
30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
6-8 x 5-6 » or 5-6 w in diameter. I have seen no description of the
European plant that gives the spore dimensions.
Ophiotheca vermicularis (Schw.) Macbr.
Dead stems of herbs. Edwards. May. Determined by T. H.
Macbride.
Peniophora tenuissima n. sp.
Widely effused, very thin, indeterminate, adnate, not at all
or but slightly rimose when dry, whitish, subpruinose; spores
ellipsoid, 8 x 4 pw}; cystidia subcylindric or elongated conic, obtuse,
50-80 x 15-20 up.
Bark of yellow birch, Betula lutea Mx. North Elba. June.
Periconia pycnospora Fres.
Dead stem of paeony, Paeonia officinalis L.
Menands. April. Rare.
Peronospora trifoliorum DeBy.
Living leaves of alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. Geneva,
Potsdam, Fayetteville, Canandaigua and Earlville. June. F. C.
Stewart. Oospores were found in October.
Pestalozzia adusta E. & E.
Living leaves of wild black cherry, Prunus serotina
Ehrh. Orient Point. July. R. Latham.
Pestalozzia funerea Desm.
Twigs of white cedar, Thuja occidentalis L.~ Orient
Point. May. R. Latham.
Pestalozzia longiseta Speg.
Living leaves of cultivated raspberry. Orient Point. August.
R. Latham.
Phacidium lignicola n. sp.
Perithecia superficial or nearly so, about 1 mm broad, orbicular
or broadly ellipsoid, prominent, rugose, black, laciniately opening,
the margin with 3-5 triangular teeth; hymenium blackish or green-
ish black; asci clavate, 60-80 x 12 » broad in the widest part; spores
crowded or subdistichous, continuous, straight or slightly curved,
oblong or sometimes slightly narrowed toward one end, hyaline,
12-15 X 3.5-4 p.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 31
Dry hard decorticated wood of American aspen, Populus
tremuloides Mx. Thompsons Lake, Albany co. May.
Pholiota rigidipes n. sp.
Pileus fleshy, rather thin, broadly convex, sometimes slightly and
broadly umbonate, obscurely squamulose with appressed hairy
brownish scales more conspicuous in the center, pale yellow or buff,
flesh white, tinged with yellow next the gills, taste mild; lamellae
thin, rather broad, close, adnexed, brownish ferruginous when
mature ; stem equal, slender, stuffed or hollow, more or less flexuous,
rigid, floccose squamulose below the slight sometimes evanescent
annulus, white and pruinose at the top, pallid below the annulus;
spores ellipsoid, 8-10 x 5-6 up.
Pileus 5-8 cm broad; stem 5-7 cm long, 4-6 mm thick.
Among fallen leaves in woods. Constableville, Lewis co. Sep-
tember.
ihis.species:is related, to: P toliona terns ena. bie eno
which I have separated it because of its more slender habit, white
flesh, adnexed lamellae and more slender rigid stem. The margin
of the pileus in the dried specimen is obscurely striate.
Phoma amorphae Sacc.
Dead stems of false indigo, Amorpha fruticosa L. Near
Kenwood, Albany co. May. S. H. Burnham.
Phoma bacteriophila n. sp.
Perithecia minute, .2-.3 mm broad, at first covered by the epi-
dermis, then erumpent, scattered or densely gregarious, sometimes
crowded and covering the whole branchlet, black; spores obovate or
ellipsoid, hyaline, 6-8 x 4-5 pm.
Canker spots on young stems of white pine, Pinus strobus
L. and on dead branchlets which it completely covers. White Pine
plantation, Saranac Lake, Franklin co. April. C. R. Pettis.
The young trees are killed by a bacterial disease and the dead
spots of the trunk and dead branchlets are attacked by this and
other fungi.
Phoma leprosa n. sp.
Perithecia .3-.5 mm broad, depressed or subglobose, perforated,
covered with a whitish incrustation; spores straight, cylindric,
hyaline, 10-15 x 3-4 up.
Old fruit of the punctate fruited thorn tree, Crataegus
punctata Jacq. Rossie. May.
32 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
The sporophores are short or obsolete. The fungus is conspicu-
ous by reason of the white crustlike scales that cover the perithecia
This character is suggestive of the specific name.
Phoma smilacis B. & J.
Dead stems of some species of Smilax. Orient Point. April.
R. Latham.
Physcia granulifera (Ach.) Tuck.
Lyndonville, Orleans co. C. E. Fairman. On stems of button
bush, Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Karner. Jane
uary. S. H. Burnham.
Polyporus melanopus ['r.
Woods. Vaughns, Washington co. October. S. H. Burnham.
Determined by C. G. Lloyd. A rare species both in this country and
in Europe. It bears some resemblance to Polyporus radi-
catus Schw. from which it is separated by its cespitose mode of
growth and its smaller spores. It is more closely allied to P.
Vatias Er.
Polysaccum pisocarpium Fr.
Sandy soil in cedar woods. Orient Point. October. R. Latham.
Poria pulchella Schw.
Bark of black willow, Salix nigra Marsh. Loudonville,
Albany co. March. S. H. Burnham.
Psilocybe fuscofolia n. sp.
Solitary, gregarious or cespitose. Vicinity of New York. Octo-
ber. W.H. Ballou. For description of this species see chapter on
New York species of Psilocybe.
Psilocybe polycephala ( Paul.)
Ground in woods. Constableville. September. Description given
in chapter on Edible Fungi.
Ramularia karstenii Sacc.
Leaves of Epilobium adenocaulon Haussk. North
Elba. June. It most frequently occupies the apical part of the
leaves and discolors and kills them. The basal half of the leaf is
usually reddish.
Rubus glandicaulis Blanch.
Roadsides and pastures. North Elba. June.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 33
Sagedia cestrensis Tuck.
Bark of basswood, Tilia americana L.- Ofient Point:
March. R. Latham.
Septoria aquilegiae Penz. & Sacc.
Living leaves of wild columbine, Aquilegia canadensis
Le Rossie: May: Septoria aquileciae EK. & E. appears
to be the same species.
_ Septoria dianthi Desm.
Living or languishing leaves of sweet william, Dianthus
barbatus L. Orient Point. June. R. Latham. In these speci-
mens the spots are surrounded by a purple border.
Septoria malvicola E. & M.
Leaves of the common or round leaved mallow, Malva
mot wmditolia lL. Rosste,s May
Septoria mirabilissima n. sp.
Perithecia scattered, very minute, .1-2 mm broad, superficial,
black; spores filiform, flexuous or curved, continuous, hyaline,
40-150 X 1.5—2 pw, supported on slender sporophores, 20x 1 p.
Slightly discolored bark of white pine, Pinus strobus L.
Four year old seedlings. White pine plantation, Saranac Lake.
Aptis: “Coe. Pettis.
A remarkable species because of its peculiar habitat and its
minute size. It is scarcely visible to the naked eye. The spores are
unusually long and when moist the perithecia are easily scraped
from the bark. The bark tissues had assumed a dark rusty red
color, probably from some bacterial invasion and the trees were in
a dying condition.
Sphaeronema minutulum D. Sacc.
Dead stems of showy sedum, Sedum spectabile Bor.
Lyndonville. October. C. E. Fairman.
Sphaeropsis amorphae FE. & B.
Dead stems of false indigo, Amorpha fruticosa L.
Menands. March. S. H. Burnham.
Sphaeropsis maclurae Cke.
Dead branches of osage orange, Maclura pomifera (Raf.)
Schneid. Kenwood. May. S. H. Burnham. The perithecia are
densely gregarious and cover the branches on all sides. Occasion-
34 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
ally two are crowded together thereby indicating an approach to the
genus Haplosporella.
Spongipellis occidentalis Murr.
Prostrate trunk of American elm, Ulmus americana L.
Vaughns. October. S. H. Burnham.
Stagonospora carpathica Daeuml. ©
Living leaves of alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. Geneva.
June. F. C. Stewart. The typical form of the species occurs on
leaves of sweet clover, Melilotus alba Desv. but the form
on alfalfa leaves does not differ essentially from it.
Steccherinum peckii Banker ined.
Dead wood of sugar maple, Acer saccharum Marsh.
Griffin Corners, Delaware co. September. The species is related
to Steccherinum ochraceum (Pers.) S. F. Gray from
which it differs in having a distinct stemlike base and in being
glabrous. and more distinctly zonate. The pilei are often laterally
confluent as in Stereum fasciatum Schw.
Steganosporium fenestratum (I. & FE.) Sacc.
Twigs and branches of sweet pepperbush, Clethra alni-
foliva Lo. Orient Point’, May. RoGatham:
Stigmina populi (. & FE.) Pk.
Living leaves of American aspen, Populus tremuloides
Mx. North Elba. June. This is a parasitic fungus which causes
dead spots on the leaves. These spots increase in size and often
become confluent and kill the leaves. The spores develop on both
sides of the leaf and form dark olive green patches on the dead
spots. The species was placed in the genus Clasterosporium by
Ellis and Everhart, but its phyllogenous and biophilous characters
evidently indicate a closer relationship to the genus Stigmina.
Teichospora trimorpha n. sp. Atk.
Perithecia scattered or gregarious, rounded, orbicular or oblong,
rarely two or three conjoined, plane or shortly papillate, black, sunk
in the bark; asci dimorphic, 30-125 x 12-15 p, cylindric or tapering
very gradually into a short pedicel, some collapsing, 4—-6- or 8-
spored ; spores uniseriate, 20-30 x 7-10 yp, constricted in the middle
5-8-septate, blackish brown, frequently inequilateral, paraphyses
filiform, numerous.
REPORT OF THE STATE ROTANIST IQII 35
Bark of dead branches of poplar. Fall creek above the dam.
Near Ithaca. March 1894. G. F. Atkinson.
This species differs from Teichospora disseminata
B. & C. in its much larger perithecia.
Thyridium pallidum E. & E.
Dead branches of staghorn sumac, Rhus typhina L.
Vaughns. June. S. H. Burnham.
Tricholoma boreale Fr.
Lawns near Dudley observatory grounds under or near Austrian
pine trees. Albany. November. S. H. Burnham.
Tricholoma planiceps n. sp.
Pileus fleshy but very thin, broadly convex or plane, glabrous,
grayish brown or yellowish brown with the thin acute margin some-
times whitened by a very thin flocculent tomentum, flesh white;
lamellae thin, narrow, close, slightly sinuate, white or whitish; stem
slender, straight, stuffed or hollow, colored like but a little paler
than the pileus; spores broadly ellipsoid, 7-8 x 5-6 u.-
Pileus 2-5 cm broad; stem 4-6 cm long, 4-6 mm thick.
In arbor vitae groves. North River. September.
Allied to Tricholoma, avelateuicuimy (Pers: Be, ison
which it differs in its very regular plane orbicular pileus, its more
crowded narrow lamellae, its strict stem and broader spores. Its
habitat is peculiar having been found only under white cedar trees,
Thuja occidentalis L., and in but one locality. In this
station it has been found two years in succession.
Tricholoma subsaponaceum n. sp.
Pileus fleshy, compact, flexible, convex or nearly plane, glabrous,
whitish creamy white or pallid on the margin, smoky brown or
alutaceous in the center, sometimes marked by a row of pallid or
watery spots near the margin, assuming yellow or saffron hues
where cut or bruised, flesh white, changing color like the pileus
where cut or wounded, odor pleasant like anise, taste farinaceous ;
lamellae broad, close, adnexed or nearly free, whitish ; stem variable.
equal or enlarged at the top or at the base, sometimes compressed,
often abruptly narrowed at the base and radicating, silky fibrillose,
solid becoming hollow with age, whitish, changing color like the
pileus where cut or bruised; spores broadly ellipsoid or subglobose,
5-6 x 4-5 b.
2
36 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Pileus 6-14 cm broad; stem 4-5 cm long, 1.5-3 cm thick.
Among fallen leaves in woods. October. Brooklyn. F. H.
Ames. Also near Rockville, Indiana. G. T. Howell.
The Indiana specimens are taken as the type. The species is
related to Tricholoma saponaceum Fr. but differs from
it in the color assumed by wounded places, in its odor and taste
and in its spores.
Tricholoma subsejunctum n. sp.
The description of this species will be found in the chapter on
Edible Fungi in this report.
Trimmatostroma salicis Cd.
Dead branches of willows. Ithaca. November. B. B. Higgins.
Uromyces spartinae [arl.
Leaves of smooth marsh grass, Spartina glabra alterni-
flora (Loisel.) Merr. Shelter Island, Suffolk co. October.
W. G. Farlow.
Ustilago hypodytes (Schl.) Fr.
On dead stems of quack grass, Agropyron repens (L.)
By. Lyndonville. June. C. E. Fairman.
Verbena stricta Vent.
Pastures. Granville. August. F. T. Pember. Introduced from
the western part of the country.
Vermicularia hysteriiformis n. sp.
Perithecia elliptic or oblong, .3-.6 mm long, at first covered by
the epidermis, then erumpent, setose, black, the setae continuous,
erect or divergent, 50-120 x 4-5 p, black, tapering upward, pale
at the apex; spores oblong or subfusiform, straight or slightly
curved, acute at the ends, continuous, hyaline, 20-25 x 3-4 p.
Dead stems of blue cohosh, Caulophyllum thalic-
troides (L.) Mx. Troupsburg. May.
Volutella buxi (Cd.) Berk.
Living and languishing stems and leaves of box, Buxus
sempervirens L. East Hampton, Suffolk co. October. Mrs
ils Fl ae Or:
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 37
REMARKS AND OBSERVATIONS
Agaricus arvensis Schaeff.
This fine large mushroom was found by F. H. Ames growing
in the arc of a circle about 15 feet in diameter, Long Island.
September. Several species occasionally grow in this manner. The
fairy ring mushroom frequently does.
Agaricus subrufescens Pk.
This rare species in our State was found by Mrs R. C. Burnham
near Vaughns in August. Its pileus was more distinctly squamose
than usual. The scales were larger and more conspicuous and the
young lamellae were whitish and those of the mature plants were
brown. No intervening pink colored lamellae were seen.
Andropogon furcatus Muhl.
A glaucous form of this grass occurs in sandy soil near Karner.
August.
Calvatia gigantea (Batsch)
The giant puff ball is the largest species known. It is not unusual
for it to attain a diameter of 12-14 inches. It is also one of the very
best of our esculent species. It has long been known to be edible
so long as its flesh is pure white and it has never been known to
prove, so far as I am informed, injurious to anyone eating it in
reasonable quantity and at reasonable times. The unfortunate
thing about it is that it is not common nor of long continuance. It
occurs mostly in the month of September only and in limited stations
widely separated from each other and generally in limited number
in any station. On the farm of one of our correspondents, Mr A. P.
Hitchcock, New Lebanon, is a station in which a few specimens
have appeared annually for several years.
On the first day of September three or four young plants had
made their appearance. These were in close proximity to each
other. On September 6th two more had appeared. Two were
selected for observation and numbered respectively 1 and 2. The
following is the record of the development of these two as made
by Mr Hitchcock.
38 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Sept. No. 1 No. 2
~ circiim: 10 in: estimated circum, 6 in. estimated
ie 32.75 measured * 16 measured
8 a3 38 “ce “ce 34 “
10 “ce 42 5 “ “ce 43 5 oe
ror “ 43.75 “ce “ 45.75 ae
12 “ 42 ce ae 46 “e
15 decay commenced Ur 46 Me
On the 15th, the observations ceased.
It will be seen that No. I continued to increase in size for ten
days or to the 11th when its circumference was 43.75 inches. The
total increments amount to 33.75 inches. This gives an average
daily increase of 3.37 inches. Number 2 continued to increase
eleven days when its circumference was 46 inches and the total incre-
ments amount to 40 inches. This gives an average daily increase
of 3.63 inches. It remained stationary three days and then began
to decay. Number 1 being larger at the commencement of the
observations, it is fair to conclude that it started about one day
before No. 2. This gives them both at least eleven days in which
to make their full development. We may therefore conclude that
the average time of the development of these puff balls is about
eleven days and that their average daily rate of increase in circum-
ference is about 3.5 inches or a little more than one inch in diameter.
The average time of growth appears to be eleven or twelve days
or possibly twelve to fourteen days according to the length of time
these two had been above ground before they were first seen.
Centaurea nigra radiata DC.
Homer, Cortland co. August. C. M. Crouse and Mrs L. L.
Goodrich. An introduced plant.
Cichorium intybus L.
A white flowered form sometimes occurs. Menands. August.
Convolvulus arvensis L.
Washington park, Albany. July. S.H. Burnham. A form grow-
ing on lawns with leaves oblong and only 1-2 lines broad, the lobes
at the base very narrow and divergent.
Corallorrhiza trifida Chatelain
North Elba. June. This delicate little coral root is becoming
very rare in our State. Its early blooming time, May and June,
at once distinguishes it from our other small species. |
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 39
Cryptogramma stelleri (Gmel.) Prantl
Head of Plattekill cove, Ulster co. September. Mrs Charles
Beach. This little fern was found growing in the crevices of sand-
stone rocks. It usually grows on limestone rocks and this is the
first instance known to us in which it has been found growing on
sandstone in our State. It occurs on sandstone cliffs in a few places
in the middle western states.
Drosera rotundifolia L.
This common sundew and its variety comosa Fernald occur
along the sandy shores of White lake, Oneida co. Specimens are
sometimes found with the scape forked near the top, each branch
bearing flowers and fruit. One thrifty plant had two forked scapes
and two simple ones. There were six racemes borne on four scapes,
which was a saving of two scapes. In the variety a similar economy
is practised by shortening the rhacis of the raceme and crowding
the flowers and fruit together.
Euphorbia corollata L.
Sand hills near Albany rural cemetery. September. S. H. Burn-
ham. This is a rare species in our State. In the locality here given
it is probably an introduction from the western states.
Galera reticulata Pk.
This rare species of mushroom was collected near Pittsford in
October by F. S. Boughton. This is the second locality now known
for it in our State.
Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal
Overrunning a pasture at Montgomery, Orange co. September.
J. A. Crabtree. In New York State Museum Bulletin 150, page 31,
this plant was reported from Granville where it is recorded as
growing in dry pastures on hillsides and in some places constituting
nearly all the vegetation. Its abundance and aggressiveness in both
these instances indicate that it is likely to become a noxious weed
in our pastures. It would therefore be well to destroy it promptly
in these places and in every locality where it may appear. A little
labor of this kind promptly done may save much labor in the
future and much loss of pasturage.
40 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Grindelia squarrosa nuda (\Vood) Gray
Cobbs Hill reservoir. Rochester. November. Miss F. Beck-
with. This variety differs from the typical form in its flower heads
having no ray flowers.
Habenaria ciliaris (L.) R. Br.
Fruiting specimens of this pretty orchidaceous plant were col-
lected in August in a low but not wet piece of ground near Karner.
Scarcely more than a dozen plants of it have been seen here any
season since its discovery several years ago. The past season there
were eleven. The vicinity has been deprived of most of its larger
trees in comparatively recent years, yet the yellow fringed orchis
is perpetuating itself well in spite of its changed environment. It
probably could be cultivated if given a soil similar to that which it
now occupies.
Hypholoma rigidipes Pk.
This mushroom was discovered two years ago at North River.
Mr F. S. Boughton has added a second station for it by finding
it near Pittsford in October.
Lachnea hemisphaerica pusilla n. var.
Cups small, 1.5-4 mm broad; spores uninucleate. In other
respects like the typical form. Exsiccated water holes. Remsen.
August.
Lactarius minusculus Burl.
Damp ground under or near pine trees. North River. Septem-
ber. In these specimens the milk was sparse or entirely absent, the
pileus was viscid and the taste acrid. The color of the pileus is
orange brown, sometimes darker in the center than on the margin.
Lepiota rhacodes Vitt.
This lepiota is very rarely seen in our State. Fine specimens
were found near Holley, Orleans co. in October by C. A. Mabie.
Lobelia cardinalis L.
A white flowered form of the showy cardinal flower was found
at Gull bay, Lake George in August by Mrs H. H. Murdock.
Lonicera tatarica L.
Pastures. Hornell. May. Two forms occur. One has young
flowers pink, the other white, but the flowers of both become yellow-
ish with age or in drying.
REPORT OF THE STATE BLOTANIST IQITI 4I
Lonicera xylosteum L.
Well established in the woods south of Kenwood. May. S. H.
Burnham.
Lysimachia punctata L.
Roadsides near Randolph, Cattaraugus co. August. W. B. Lim-
berger. Plants with whorled flowers only.
Lysimachia thyrsiflora L.
A peculiar form of this plant was collected near Canandaigua in
July by Miss E. C. Webster. It has a terminal raceme which gives
the plant the general appearance of Lysimachia terrestris
(L.) BSP. The flowers are more closely placed, the pedicels are
shorter and the petals and sepals are marked by dots instead of
lines or dashes as in that species. There are also two short opposite
thyrselike racemes just below the terminal one, and two longer
and looser clusters among the leaves beneath. These are distant
from each other with two leafy branches between them. The single
contributed specimen suggests the possibility of its being a hybrid
between-E. thyrsiflora Leandwht femmes pis GE. )ii sk:
Mentha gentilis L.
Introduced and occurring specially in waste places in gardens
and in dooryards. Kingsbury, Washington co. August. S. H.
Burnham. It is recognizable at a glance by its variegated leaves,
these having whitish or pale yellowish stripes along the principal
veins.
Merulius ulmi Pk.
The type specimens of this species were found on dead branches
of elm. It has been found at Orient Point growing on bayberry,
Myrica carolinensis Mill. The former specimens are sterile
and have the hymenium brighter colored than the latter. The spores
in these are globose and 4—5 p in diameter.
Osmunda cinnamomea bipinnatifida Clute
Woods south of Kenwood. May. S. H. Burnham. It differs
from the common form in having some of the lower pinnae pin-
natifid.
Plowrightia morbosa (Schw.) Sacc.
Specimens illustrative of the different effects of the black knot on
the host plant were collected on chokecherry, Prunus vir-
42 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
giniana L., near Meadowdale, Albany co., in July. Some of the
branches were completely surrounded by the black knot, others were
partly surrounded. ‘Those surrounded showed dead leaves only
above the knot, those partly surrounded showed green leaves only
above the knot.
Polygonum hydropiper L.
A slender form with elongated drooping spikes bearing white
flowers. Remsen. August.
Polyporus albellus Pk.
This species has been common this season while its near relative
Polyporus chioneus Fr., which is usually plentiful, has
been scarce. Peculiar weather conditions appear to be responsible
for the comparative abundance of one and the scarcity of the other.
Polystictus parvulus Klotsch
This species has been unusually abundant in burnt places on Long
Island whence specimens have been sent by W. H. Ballou. They
are often confluent in tufts of two, three or more. Polyporus
focicola B. & C. is considered synonymous with it in Sylloge.
Rubus sativus (Bail.) Brainerd
Thin woods. Karner. In fruit July and August.
Rynchospora fusca (L.) Ait. f.
Abundant along the shores of White lake. August.
Solidago juncea ramosa P. & B.
Association island, Henderson Harbor, Jefferson co. August.
C. Guillet.
Stenophyllus capillaris (L.) Britton
Abundant in sandy soil of pastures. Round Lake. September.
Tipularia discolor (Pursh) Nutt.
This extremely rare orchidaceous plant is recorded in Torrey’s
Flora of the State of New York from a single locality, Parma,
Monroe county. One additional station has been discovered for it
by M. S. Baxter. This is at Adams Basin not far from Parma
station. The past season Mr Roy Latham has discovered a third
REPORT OF THE STATE ROTANIST IQITI 43
station for it at Orient Point where he collected fine specimens
of it, some of which he has kindly contributed to the State
herbarium.
Trichostema dichotomum L.
Orient Point. September. R. Latham. The flowers of ‘this
plant are generally blue. From this the common name blue curls
is evidently derived. The plants sent by Mr Latham have pink
flowers.
Bey
Ustilago osmundae Pk.
Fresh specimens of this singular and imperfectly understood
parasitic fungus were collected on the royal fern, Osmunda
regalis L., by S. H. Burnham, in Cambridge, Washington co., in
June. An examination of them revealed a feature previously over-
looked. In the early stage of the fungus the cell, which eventually
becomes two spores, is single. Soon it develops into a pair of glo-
bose echinulate reddish brown spores, 12-16 mw in diameter, these
finally separate and with others form a dusty layer of spores over
the surface of the young pinnae on which they develop. In develop-
ing its spores in pairs this species is unlike the genus Ustilago and
is therefore referred to the genus Mycosyrinx and takes the name
Mycasyrinx osmund we ik:
Mycosyrinx osmundae cinnamomeae n. var.
This differs from the typical form in the paler brown color of
the spore mass and the even surface of the spores. It occurs on
the base of the pinnae of the cinnamon fern, Osmunda cinna-
momea L. It is very rare. Only two small specimens were
found. Cambridge. June. S. H. Burnham.
Vaccinium oxycoccus L.
This cranberry is common to Bonaparte swamp, Cranberry
marsh, Averyville marsh and Peacock marsh. It is found in nearly
all our sphagnum marshes and on the open mossy summits of most
of the high mountains of the Adirondacks. It is a very hardy species
and can maintain itself where the larger and cultivated species,
Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait, can not. It is there-
fore available for cultivation where the other would be a failure.
For the purpose of exhibiting the peculiar flora of Peacock marsh a
list of its plants is here given. This list was made June 15, IQITI.
44 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Amelanchier oligocarpa (Mx.) Roem. Kalmia polifolia Wang.
Andromeda glaucophylla Link, Larix laricina (DuRot) Koch
Carex canes. disjuncta Fern. Ledum groenlandicum Oeder
Si exilis Dew. Nemopanthes mucronata (L.) Trel.
G: pauciflora Lightf. Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP.
C paup. irrigua (Wahl.) Fern. Sarracenia purpurea L.
Cc, stricta Lam. Smilacina trifolia (L.) Desf.
Chamaedaphne calyculata(L.) Moench Vaccinium canadense Kalm.
Eriophorum callitrix Cham. V: oxycoccus L,
Kalmia angustifolia L. We pennsylvanicum L.
This marsh, in the town of North Elba, is a small one, probably
not over three acres in extent, lying apparently less than a mile east
of Averyville marsh. It is circular in outline and has no visible
stream running through it. It is a shrubby marsh with numer-
ous trees of tamarack and black spruce scattered over it and indi-
cating that the time is not far distant when it may properly be
called a swamp. Except a half dozen sedges there were but two
herbaceous plants found. These are the three-leaved smilacina,
Smilacina trifolia (L.) Desf., a liiaceous plant and’ me
pitcher plant, Sarracenia purpurea, Ly meither of iwhick
was found in Averyville marsh. No grass was found there. Of
the twenty-one species occurring on the marsh, thirteen are trees
and shrubs and eight are herbaceous. Of these herbaceous plants,
five are carices, only one of which was found on Averyville marsh.
It is remarkable that such a dissimilarity should exist in the herba-
ceous vegetation of two marshes so near to each other in location
and stages of development.
Vernonia altissima Nutt.
Roadsides. Middleville, Herkimer co. September. Miss M. C.
3urns. This species has also been found by Dr J. V. Haberer in
New Hartford, Oneida co. It is a rare plant with us.
Veronica virginica L.
Brown's grove. Scottsville, Monroe co. August. Miss F. Beck-
with. A noble appearing plant commonly known as Culver’s physic
or Culver’s root and having some reputation as a medicinal plant.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQITI 45
NEW SPECS AN De VARIE TIES OFF Ex RA EVE Ae
FUNGI
Cercospora eustomae
Spots suborbicular, definite, grayish or grayish brown, surrounded
by an elevated line; hyphae amphigenous, densely aggregated on the
spots or occupying large areas of the unspotted parts of the leaves,
simple or septate, irregular or nodulose at the top, 30-60 x 4-6 yp;
spores very variable, straight, curved or flexuous, often irregular or
of unequal diameter in different parts, oblong or subcylindric, sub-
hyaline, continuous or obscurely 1—2-septate, 20-60 x 4-6 up.
Living leaves of Eustoma andrewsii A. Nels. and E.
russellianum (L.) Griseb. September. Denver, Colorado.
E. Bethel. Wood River, Nebraska. J. M. Bates.
The species is peculiar in the variability of its spores. The tufts
of hyphae are sometimes so crowded that they appear to form an
effused sooty stratum.
Cercospora pastinacae (Sacc.) comb. nov.
Spots small, inconspicuous, amphigenous, yellowish green or
brown, bounded by veinlets; hyphae hypophyllous, aseptate, nodu-
lose at the top, pale brown, 40-60 x 6-8 »; spores oblong or cylin-
dric, rarely narrowed toward the apex or when uniseptate having
the apical cell narrower than the other, straight or curved, I-3-
septate, 25-85 x 6-8 up.
Living leaves of parsnip, Pastinaca sativa L. Red Cloud,
Nebraska. October.’ J. M. Bates.
This fungus was originally referred by Mr Ellis to Cercos-
pora aptii Fres. though with some hesitation, as he says that
he is strongly of the opinion that it will yet prove to be distinct.
Professor Saccardo later gave it the name Cercospora apii
pastinacae Sacc. It appears to us to be a distinct species in its
numerous small spots limited by the veinlets of the leaf, in its
broader aseptate hyphae and specially in its broader subcylindric
conidia with only 1—3-septa.
Cercosporella mirabilis
Spots angular, irregular, 2-10 mm long, sometimes confluent, at
first yellowish or pallid, soon reddish brown; hyphae long, creeping,
branched and interwoven or short, simple, erect, hypophyllous, hya-
line; spores cylindric or gradually tapering from near the base to
46 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
the apex, multinucleate and sometimes I-—3-septate, more or less
curved or flexuous, rarely curved at the apex, hyaline, 40-120 x 3-5
p, sometimes rising from creeping hyphae, sometimes from minute
sclerotioid bodies on the older and darker spots.
Living leaves of Crataegus rivularis Nutt. Morrison,
Colorado. August. FE. Bartholomew and E. Bethel.
This is a remarkable aberrant and variable species, and possibly
the type of anew genus. The best development is from the younger
spots or the margin of the older ones and in these cases its white
flocculent masses are plainly visible to the naked eye. In the older
spots minute black perithecialike dots scarcely visible to the naked -
eye appear. Under the microscope minute rather obscure hyphae
appear to arise from these and bear smaller and less plentiful spores.
Is this a sclerotioid state of this fungus?
Coryneum sorbi
Acervuli numerous, discoid, erumpent, orbicular or ellipsoid, .5—1
mm broad, black; spores oblong or oblong-ovoid, triseptate, often
irregular, colored, 12-20 x 8-9 pw; sporophores short or obsolete.
Dead twigs of Sorbus calpfornirca Greene. Walarerca,
California. August. J. D. Culbertson. Communicated by E.
Bartholomew.
The disklike receptacles are crowded and surround the twigs.
The small terminal cell of the spore is often semipellucid. Fre-
quently the spore is abruptly contracted in some part of its outline.
This gives it an irregular appearance.
Dermatea mori
Receptacle orbicular ellipsoid or slight!y irregular, 1-2 mm broad,
broadly convex or nearly plane, erumpent, surrounded by the
remains of the ruptured epidermis but sometimes more elevated,
biack or brownish black; asci cylindric or subclavate, 60-90 x 20-25
“3 spores oblong or subcylindric, crowded or biseriate, continuous,
hyaline, 20-30 x 8-10 up.
On dead twigs of Russian mulberry, Morus alba tatarica
Loud. Concordia, Kansas. April. E. Bartholomew.
The spores are sometimes slightly narrowed near the middle and
then they resemble in outline the sole of a shoe. By the blackish
color of the receptacle the species makes an approach toward the
genus Cenangium, but the texture is somewhat waxy and indicates
a closer relationship to Dermatea.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 47
Diaporthe inornata
Perithecia collected in valsoid clusters I-I.5 mm broad, 4-14 in
a cluster, about .3 mm broad, black, whitish within, nestling in the
inner bark with no circumscribing black line, the long crowded black
ostiola piercing and obliterating the cortical stroma, erumpent, sur-
rounded by the ruptured remains of the epidermis; asci subfusiform,
60-80 x 8-10 p; spores crowded, oblong or subfusiform, with a
short bristle at each end, constricted at the septum, 2-4-nucleate,
15-24 X 3-4 b.
Dead branches of staghorn sumac, Rhus typhina L. Cabin
John Bridge, Maryland. June. FE. Bartholomew.
Dhes species. is: appatently, celated tow Dita porth er syn
genesia (Fr.) Fekl. from which it differs in its smaller clusters,
longer and differently shaped asci and in its longer spores. The
stroma is cortical and surrounded by no black line. This suggests
the specific name.
Diplodia polygonicola
Perithecia minute, abundant, densely gregarious, forming long
patches on the stems, erumpent, black; spores oblong or broadly
ellipsoid, at first hyaline, then colored, finally uniseptate, 14-16 x
8-9 p.
Dead stems of dock leaved persicaria, Polygonum lapa-
thato lai am Ls. ‘Blue Rapids, Kansas. july. Eo Barthole-=
mew.
Entoloma subtruncatum
Pileus subconic, thin, glabrous, hygrophanous, pale yellow ochre
and striatulate when moist, paler and subshining when dry, trun-
cate or slightly umbonate, the margin incurved, the cuticle separa-
ble; lamellae thin, broad, adnexed, moderately close, unequal, whit-
ish becoming tinged with pink; stem slender, equal or slightly attenu-
ated upward, terete or compressed, hollow, silky fibrillose, pale yel-
low, with a whitish mycelioid tomentum at the base; spores angu-
lar, apiculate at each end, 12-14 x 8-10 up.
Pileus 2-3 cm broad; stem 3-8 cm.long, 2-5 mm thick.
Solitary or gregarious. Under pine trees. Stow, Massachusetts.
November. S. Davis.
The more or less truncate apex of the pileus affords a distin-
cuished feature of this species and is suggestive of the specific
name.
48 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Gloeosporium psoraleae
Pustules minute, on brown or blackish brown orbicular spots,
.25—.75 mm broad, partly concealed by the hairs on the lower sur-
face of the leaf; spores oblong or subellipsoid, straight or slightly
curved, hyaline, 14-20 x 4-5 up.
Leaves of pfairie apple, Psoralea esculenta Pursh.
Webster, Nebraska. June. E. Bartholomew.
Graphyllium chloes junci
This variety differs from the type in its spores which are not dis-
tinctly constricted at the septa and in its paraphyses which are rudi-
mentary or obsolete.
On stems of baltic rush, Juncus balticus Willd. Scotia,
Nebraska. September. J. M. Bates.
Henningsinia caespitosa
Stroma subclavate, .5-1 cm high, 3-4 mm broad at the top, nar-
rowed below into a stemlike base, cespitose or rarely only two united
at the base, obtuse at the apex, sometimes with a slight umbo, black,
sometimes shining; perithecia oblong, about 1 mm long, vertical in
the upper part of the stroma, interior substance white beneath them ;
asci ovate or clavate, 35-40 x 14-16 pw; spores crowded in the ascus,
oblong, continuous, colored, 10-12 x 6-7 up.
Bark of West Indian birch, Bursera gummifera Jacq.
Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. November. C. F. Baker.
This species differs from Henningsinia durissima A.
Moell. in its mode of growth, much smaller size, shorter perithecia,
broader asci and broader spores.
Hysterium cubense
Perithecia gregarious or clustered, oblong or ellipsoid, straight,
curved or rarely flexuous, at first erumpent, then superficial by the
falling away of the epidermis, even, I-2 mm long, .5 mm broad and
high, black; asci cylindric, 160-200 x 15-20 pm; spores uniseriate,
oblong or ellipsoid, 3-septate, colored, 30-40 x 12-16 p, the terminal
cells longer than the central cells.
Dead branches lying on the ground. Nazarene, Cuba. September.
(3) Ai Baker,
This species is related to Hysterium pulicare Pers.
from which it may be separated by the smooth perithecia, cylin-
dric asci and uniseriate and larger spores.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII ~ 49
Leptonia davisiana
Pileus thin, submembranous, convex becoming plane or broadly
depressed, fragile, glabrous but slightly squamulose in the center,
often widely striate when dry, blackish brown; lamellae thin, close,
subventricose, adnexed, at first white then pinkish and pulverulent
from the spores; stem slender, equal, glabrous, stuffed or hollow,
colored like the pileus ; spores angular, uninucleate, 10-12 x 8-10 up.
Pileus 1-2.5 cm broad; stem 1.5—3 cm long, 1-2 mm thick.
Among short grass on a lawn. Brookline, Massachusetts. Aug-
ust. S. Davis, to whom the species is respectfully dedicated.
It differs from Leptonia abnormzis Pk. in its smaller size,
closer adnexed lamellae, squamulose disk and larger spores. The
lamellae are somewhat tough in the dried state.
Leptostromella scirpina
Perithecia epiphyllous or rarely amphigenous, suborbicular or
oblong, .20-.75 mm long, discoid or concave, subsuperficial, black;
spores subbacillary, hyaline, curved, continuous, acutely narrowed at
each end, 20-25 x 2-3 up.
On dead leaves of dark green bulrush, Scirpus atrovirens
Muhl. Superior, Nebraska. May. J. M. Bates.
The perithecia sometimes occur on a pallid spot, occasionally on
both sides of the leaf. The species appears to be related to Lep-
tostromella hyster1rordes’ (Pr.) Sacc: but the spores-are
neither guttulate nor cylindric.
Lysurus borealis serotinus
Specimens of this fungus in the egg state were collected in Salem,
Mass., and contributed in fresh condition by Mr W. H. Ropes in
October. These were placed in a damp chamber and two of them
burst from the egg and completed their development. At first the
arms, six in number, at the apex of the stem are curved inward
their tips meeting at the center of the dome thus formed. In this
position the margins of the arms are rolled backward but the edges
are separated by a narrow white stripe, the central sterile exterior
of the arm. The contiguous margins of any two adjacent arms
are then in close contact and separated only by an inconspicuous
impressed line, and the exterior surface of the dome is covered by a
layer of the blackish or very dark olive green spores and the hymen-
ial surface is apparently external, although interrupted longi-
tudinally by the six white stripes. Anyone seeing the fungus in this
condition for the first time would be likely to refer the species to
50 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
the genus Anthurus. But soon the tips of the arms separate and
the upper part of the dome opens outward or becomes divergent,
when it is plainly seen that the inner surface is really the hymenial
surface and the species must therefore be referred to the genus
Lysurus.
In these specimens the external part of the arms is white, while
in the typical form it is described as pink. In them there are also
six white lines or stripes radiating from the base of the stem and
marking the inner surface of the volva. I find no mention of a
similar character in the type specimens. ‘This character and the
white color of the exterior of the arms and the late appearance
of the fungus lead me to separate this form under the name
Lysurus Dorealis (Burt) vy. serotinws nu. war,
Macrophoma burserae
Perithecia minute, 100-200 p broad, covered by the epidermis,
gregarious or aggregated and forming unequal slightly prominent
and often confluent pustules, black, white within; spores ellipsoid,
hyaline or nearly so, 16-20 X 10-12 p.
Bark of West Indian birch, Bursera gummifera Jacq.
Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. July. C. F. Baker.
A species easily recognized by its habit of forming broad pustules
or slightly prominent patches beneath the epidermis.
Macrophoma numerosa
Perithecia minute, .3-.5 mm broad, numerous, closely gregarious,
membranaceous, nestling in the bark, erumpent, black, whitish
within; spores oblong-fusiform, continuous or binucleate, acute at
the ends, 12-20 x 3-4 »; sporophores very short or obsolete.
Dead branches of locust, Robinia pseudacacia L. Cin-
cinnati, Ohio. June. E. Bartholomew.
The fungus occupies small branches, surrounding them and ex-
tending several inches on them.
Morchella conica serotina
Pileus conic or irregular, pointed at the apex or rounded and
obtuse, sometimes perforated by a small circular aperture, often
sterile with the hymenium brown and the edge of the costae whitish.
Roslindale, Massachusetts. October. Mrs U. C. Sherman and
Miss J. F. Conant.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII SI
The late appearance of this fungus is remarkable and the varia-
bility of the pileus makes it desirable that it should have a distinct
designation.
Ovularia avicularis
Spots large, suborbicular or oblong, pale brownish red; hyphae
amphigenous, erect, forming minute white crowded tufts, 25-35 x
3-4 3 spores oblong or ellipsoid, sometimes slightly narrowed to-
ward the base, hyaline, 12-20 x 6-8 p.
Living leaves of knotgrass, Polygonum aviculare L.
Wood River, Nebraska. June. J. M. Bates.
This species differs from Ovularia rigidula Delacr.
which occurs on leaves of the same host plant, in being amphigenous,
in having shorter and more narrow hyphae, shorter and broader
spores and differently colored spots.
Paxillus microsporus
Pileus fleshy, thin, convex becoming nearly plane, subglabrous,
white becoming whitish, sometimes brownish in the center, slightly
viscid when moist, the margin involute, spreading when mature
and even or distantly striate with short elevated ridges and inter-
vening depressions, flesh white; lamellae thin, narrow, close, adnate
when young, decurrent when mature, occasionally forked or slightly
anastomosing at the base, whitish, becoming pale yellowish brown
or raw umber; stem short, usually tapering downward, solid or
stuffed, colored like the pileus; spores brownish ochraceous, minute,
subglobose, 2-3 » in diameter.
Pileus 1-6 cm broad; stem 1-6 cm long, 3-8 mm thick.
Solitary or cespitose. Ground under chestnut trees. Waltham,
Massachusetts. October. G. E. Morris. The species is remark-
able for its small spores.
Phoma roystoneae
Perithecia minute, about .2 mm broad, amphigenous, gregarious,
abundant, black; spores minute, oblong or subcylindric, hyaline,
5-8 x 1.5-2 » supported on short hyaline sporophores.
On» foyal palm, Roystomea regia, (HBK) @O> Fr Cook
Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. July. C. F. Baker.
Pluteus alveolatus eccentricus
Stem short, curved, eccentric; spores pale pink, in old or water
soaked specimens paler or yellowish, globose or subglobose, min-
utely rough or pitted, 6-8 » in diameter.
52 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
On decaying wood. Rockville, Indiana. September and October.
G. T. Howell. In other respects it matches the description of the
type.
Septoria magnospora
Spots small, 2-3 mm broad, pallid or whitish with a reddish brown
border ; perithecia epiphyllous, minute, .20-.25 mm broad, depressed,
biack; spores large, broadly filiform or subcylindric, curved, hya-
line or faintly tinged with greenish yellow, continuous or plurisep-
tate, 45-80 x 3-4 pm.
Living leaves of Prunus fremontii Wats. San Diego
co., California. January. S. C. Mason. Communicated by E.
Bartholomew.
Tricholoma terraeolens majus
Pileus 2-6 cm broad, umbonate, nearly plane or sometimes de-
pressed around the umbo when mature; stem 6-10 cm long, 4-6 mm
thick, solid.
In other respects similar to the type. Stow, Massachusetts.
October and November. S. Davis.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQITI 53
EDIBEE FUNGI
Tricholoma subsejunctum n. sp.
SUBDISJOINED TRICHOLOMA
Plate 124, figures I-5
Pileus fleshy, conic or convex, often wavy and lobed on the mar-
gin, slightly viscid when. moist, virgate or reticulate with blackish
brown fibrils, blackish brown, often pale yellow or greenish yellow
on the margin, flesh white, taste farinaceous; lamellae thin, close.
rounded behind, adnexed, white, sometimes tinged with yellow
anteriorly ; stem stout, solid, nearly equal, white, sometimes tinged
with yellow; spores minute, 5-6 x 4-5 up.
Pileus 2.5—7 cm broad; stem 3-5 cm long, 6-12 mm thick.
The subdisjoined tricholoma is a rare species. It has been seen
by the writer but once and then only in limited quantity. It was
found growing gregariously among mosses and fallen leaves under
evergreen and deciduous trees on the margin of a swamp near
Mohawk Hill, Lewis county, in September.
The cap is 1—2.5 inches broad, at first conic but expanding with
age, with the margin sometimes irregular, wavy or lobed and the
surface covered with brown or blackish brown fibrils which radiate
from the center toward the margin and sometimes form reticula-
tions by connecting with each other. The general color is grayish
brown or blackish brown, yellow on the margin and at first nearly
black in the center. In wet weather it is a little viscid. Its gills are
white, sometimes yellow at the outer extremity. They are slightly
attached to the stem, which also is white and occasionally tinged
with yellow. The stem is 1-2 inches long and 3-6 lines thick, solid
and firm. The taste is farinaceous. The plants may be sought
in September and October.
Tricholoma equestre albipes n. var.
WHITE STEM EQUESTRIAN TRICHOLOMA
Plate 124, figures 6-9
Pileus fleshy, convex becoming plane or nearly so, viscid when
moist, glabrous or with a few spotlike scales in the center, flesh
white, taste farinaceous; lamellae thin, close, sinuate, slightly ad-
nexed, yellow; stem equal, solid, glabrous, white; spores ellipsoid,
6-8 x 4-5 pm.
54 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Pileus 2.5-6 cm broad; stem 2.5-5 cm long, 6-8 mm thick.
The white stem variety of the equestrian tricholoma scarcely
differs from the typical form of the species except in having a white
stem. It is gregarious or cespitose in its mode of growth, its cap
is viscid when moist, and 1-2.5 inches broad, its stem is 1-2 inches
long and 3-4 lines thick. The cap is yellow or greenish yellow on
the margin, reddish yellow in the center and there usually adorned
by a few spotlike appressed scales. The flesh is white and like
that of the preceding species has a farinaceous taste. It grows in
thin woods or open places and occurs in September. North River.
Volvaria bombycina (Pers.) Fr.
SILKY VOLVARIA
Plate 125, figures I-3
Pileus fleshy, campanulate or very convex, densely silky fibrillose,
white or whitish, flesh white, taste mild; lamellae broad, close, free,
whitish becoming bright pink; stem straight or curved, solid, silky
fibrillose, white, volva large white or whitish; spores flesh colored
or pink, ellipsoid, 8-10 x 5-6 up.
The silky volvaria is a large species which usually grows in a
solitary manner. It inhabits the sugar maple, Acer saccharum
Marsh., and grows from dead places in living trees. It is a noble
looking species. Its pileus is 2-4 inches broad; the stem 2-4 inches
long, 4-0 lines thick. It bursts from a large persistent volva which
is white or whitish and appears like a cup or loose wrapper at
the base of the stem. Its specific name has reference to the copious
silky fibrils which persistently cover the cap. The species may be
found at any time during July, August and September. Its flesh is
firm but tender, palatable and satisfying. Unfortunately its scarcity
detracts from its availability as an esculent species. The spores in
our plant are larger than the dimensions given for those of the
European plant and the color of the pileus is paler.
Pholiota discolor Pk.
FADING PHOLIOTA
Plate 127, figures 10-15
Pileus thin, convex, becoming nearly plane, glabrous, viscid,
hygrophanous, watery cinnamon and often striatulate on the margin
when moist, pale yellow or subochraceous when dry, flesh white,
taste mild; lamellae narrow, close, adnate, pallid becoming pale
ferruginous; stem equal or slightly tapering upward, hollow, fib-
REPORT OF THE STATE BPOTANIST IQITI 55
rillosely striate, pallid or brownish, often with a white mycelioid
tomentum at the base; spores ellipsoid, 6-8 x 5-6 up.
Pileus 2-4 cm broad; stem 2-5 cm long, 2-5 mm thick.
The fading pholiota is a small but common species growing in
woods on decaying wood or branches. It is easily distinguished
from Pholiota autumnalis Pk. by its viscid cap. The
change of color in the cap by the escape of its moisture is very
noticeable and is suggestive of the specific name. It grows singly
or somewhat gregariously and very rarely in small tufts. In this
case the caps are apt to be smaller than usual. It usually appears
in August and September. Its caps are rarely more than one and
a half inches broad.
Psilocybe polycephala ( Paul.)
MANY CAP PSILOCYBE
Plate 127, figures I-90
Pileus fleshy but thin, subcampanulate convex or nearly plane,
glabrous, even, hygrophanous, at first whitish with a reddish yellow
center, then darker or brownish and obscurely striatulate on the
margin while moist, paler or whitish when the moisture has escaped,
flesh white or whitish when dry, taste mild; lamellae thin, narrow,
close, adnexed or nearly free, whitish becoming purplish brown;
stem equal or flexuous, hollow, glabrous, mealy or pruinose at the
top, white; spores purplish brown, ellipsoid, 7-8 x 4-5 up.
Pileus 1-3 cm broad; stem 2.5—5 cm long; 2-4 mm thick.
The many cap psilocybe is a small mushroom but it sometimes
occurs in such abundance as to make it available for culinary pur-
poses. It is not highly flavored but it is harmless. It has been
classed as a mere variety of Psilocybe spadicea Fr. from
which it differs chiefly in its: mode of growth and in its nearly free
fuscous brown gills. When growing on the ground it forms densely
crowded troops or patches several inches in diameter. This is
given as the typical form. It also grows on trunks of trees, but it
then appears to be more cespitose and to grow larger. This form
is represented in our plate by figures 3-9. Other marks by which
it differs from P. spadicea Fr. are its smooth, not scabrous,
pileus, and its clear white stem. The form growing on tree trunks
is larger than that growing on the ground and has the cap more
strongly convex approaching bell shape. It is darker brown when
moist and paler or whitish when dry. The dried specimens retain
this color better than the dried specimens of the terrestrial form in
56 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
which the brown color is more permanent and more clearly shown.
The moisture escapes first from the center of the cap, last from
the thin margin.
The gills in the young plant are white or whitish, but they soon
change to the purplish brown of the mature plant. The stem in
the lignatile form is sometimes slightly stained toward the base.
Our specimens were found in woods near Constableville, in Sep-
tember. The larger form was growing from a dead place in the
trunk of a sugar maple tree about two feet from the ground; the
smaller form was growing on the ground at the foot of the tree
and on the same side. Specimens of both were collected at the
same time.
Entoloma grayanum Pk.
GRAY ENTOLOMA
Plate 126, figures I-7
Pileus fleshy, but thin toward the margin, broadly convex or
nearly plane, sometimes broadly umbonate, glabrous, moist or sub-
hygrophanous, whitish or grayish brown, flesh white, taste farinace-
ous; lamellae thin, moderately close, adnexed, whitish becoming
flesh colored; stem equal or nearly so, solid, stuffed or hollow, silky
fibrillose, white or pallid; spores angular, uninucleate, 7.5 pm in
diameter.
Pileus 5-8 cm broad; stem 3-7 cm long, 4-10 mm thick.
The gray entoloma is a very variable mushroom, both in size,
habit and color. The cap ranges from 1-3 inches broad and from
watery white to grayish brown. Its stem also may be long, slender
and flexuous or short, stout and straight and from 1.5—3 inches long
end 2-6 lines thick. It may be solid, stuffed or hollow, and white
whitish or pallid. The flesh of the cap is white when dry and its
flavor is distinctly farinaceous. The gills are at first white but
when mature they are pink. They never assume the brown color
so characteristic of the common mushroom and other species of
the genus Agaricus which have pink gills when young. The mode
of growth is single, loosely gregarious or rarely cespitose. They
usually grow among fallen leaves in mixed woods and may be
found from July to September.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 57
Cortinarius albidipes n. sp.
WHITE STEM CORTINARIUS
Plate 128, figures 1-6
Pileus fleshy, compact, hemispheric becoming broadly convex,
obtuse or subumbonate, viscid, glabrous and shining when dry, buff
color, flesh white, taste mild; lamellae 4-5 mm broad, moderately
close, pale violaceous when young, cinnamon when mature; stem
commonly narrowed upward from a thickened or bulbous base, firm,
solid, silky fibrillose, white ; spores subglobose, 8-10 x 7-9 pw.
Pileus 5—10 cm broad; stem 5-8 cm long, 1-1.5 cm thick at the
top.
The white stem cortinarius is a large fine species easily recognized
by its buff colored viscid cap, its violaceous young gills and its white
stem thickened or bulbous at the base. In similar species, having
the young gills violet, the top of the stem is also violet. The wholly
white stem therefore separates this species from all such related
species. Sometimes the spores lodge on the remains of the white
webby veil and form a conspicuous rust or cinnamon colored ring
near the top of the solid stem. The cap is from 2-4 inches broad,
the stem is 2~3 inches long and about 5 lines thick at the top. The
plants grow among fallen leaves in woods. Collected near Con-
stableville in September. Found but once.
Agaricus campester majusculus n. var.
LARGER MUSHROOM
Plate 120, figures I-5
Pileus fleshy, firm, convex or nearly plane, fibrillose and squamose
on the margin, even in the center, the margin surpassing the lamellae,
the color is dark umber brown, flesh firm, white, not at all or but
very slightly and slowly assuming a faint ruddy tint when cut, taste
mild, agreeable ; lamellae thin, close, free, pink, becoming brown or
blackish brown; stem stout, equal, stuffed, fibrillose, white, with a
white annulus, the white veil at first concealing the lamellae; spores
broadly ellipsoid, 7-9 x 6-7 wu.
Pileus 6-15 cm broad; stem 2.5—7 cm long, 1-2 cm thick.
The larger mushroom is one of very many varieties of the com-
mon mushroom. It closely approaches the garden mushroom, var.
hortensis Cke., but differs from it in its rather larger size,
darker colored cap with even center and more coarsely scaly margin.
58 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
In the color of the cap it approaches the brown mushroom var.
umbrinus Vitt., but that has an even cap and a squamulose stem.
The cap also resembles that of var. villaticus Brond., but
that also has the stem squamose below the collar. It inhabits rich
soil and was found in October at Schenectady by Mrs Geo. E.
Duryee. The flesh is firm but not tough. It affords a very sub-
stantial, enjoyable and satisfactory dish scarcely inferior in this
respect to the common mushroom.
Boletus albidipes Pk.
Boletus granulatus albidipes Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 54, p. 168
WHITE STEM BOLETUS
Plate 130, figures I-5
Pileus fleshy, convex becoming broadly convex or nearly plane,
viscid or glutinous, yellowish white when young becoming pale
ochraceous with age and then obscurely spotted by the drying gluten,
flesh white, tubes plane, adnate, whitish in the young plant, becoming
yellow and finally brownish ochraceous, the edges of the dissepi-
ments naked or rarely with few glandular dots; stem short, equal,
solid, white, with few or no glandular dots at the top; spores 8-10 x
3-4 B-
Pileus 5-8 cm broad; stem 2.5—5 cm long, 8-12 mm thick.
The white stem boletus is related to the granular boletus, Bole-
tus granulatus L. It may be separated from that species by
its paler cap, white flesh and few or no glandular dots at the top
of the stem and on the edge of the dissepiments of the tubes. Gre-
garious. Under or near white pine trees. The cap is 2-4 inches
broad; stem 1-2 inches long, 4-6 lines thick. This is an excellent
edible species and may be sought in September in pine groves or
under or near white pine trees, specially in rocky places.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 59
NEW YORK SPECIES OF CLITOCYBE
Clitocybe Fr.
Pileus generally fleshy, specially in the center, flexible or rather
tough, convex plane or centrally depressed, umbilicate or infundi-
buliform, involute on the margin, flesh confluent with the stem;
lamellae adnate or decurrent, not normally sinuate; stem normally
central, externally more compact, fibrous, somewhat elastic, solid
stuffed or hollow; veil sometimes present as a slight silkiness on
the pileus or its margin.
Terrestrial or occasionally lignicolous, usually gregarious or cespi-
tose. They occur chiefly in late summer and autumn. Many species
are edible but a few are known to cause sickness and one is very
sudorific. None are known to be fatally poisonous.
The species are numerous, variable in color and not always
sharply limited from each other. This has given rise to numerous
synonyms and much difficulty in the identification of some of the
species.
They have been divided into two large groups or series. The first
includes all species having a dry pileus and those having a moist
but not clearly a hygrophanous pileus, that is a moist pileus which
does not essentially change its color with the escape of the super-
fluous moisture. This series includes all of the large species and
many of medium size with a few small ones.
The second series includes those species in which the pileus is
truly hygrophanous. The flesh is thin, soft and watery and changes
color with the escape of moisture. The pileus is convex plane
umbilicate or centrally depressed and sometimes cup shape but not
normally infundibuliform. In one section the flesh is separable
into two horizontal layers. The species are mostly terrestrial, gre-
garious and of medium or small size.
KEY TO THE SECTIONS
Series A
Not truly hygrophanous
Plant solitary or subgregarious, pileus fleshy, regular,
lamellae regularly adnate or decurrent.....55.....<.....- Disciformes
Plant commonly cespitose, pileus often irregular or
eccentric, lamellae irregularly adnate or decurrent........... Difformes
Plant soon infundibuliform or deeply and umbilicately
depressed, lamellae regularly decurrent from the first. .Infundibuliformes
60 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Series B
Plant truly hygrophanous
Pileus thin, depressed or cup shape, lamellae adnate be-
coming idecurfentiqecarecwek secs ch ecociteninearer trie aie Cyathiformes
Pileus thin, convex flattened or depressed, glabrous,
lamellae thin, close, horizontal, adnate or decurrent
Wath sa EOOUR ee wt chaete eect aversue ie shih rans tvs’ oraforevel Rost Rake ee Se aie ramen ... Orbiformes
Section Versiformes differs from Orbiformes chiefly in having
the pileus not glabrous. It is largely composed of species which
we have placed in the genus Laccaria. Other New York representa-
tives are wanting.
SERIES A
Not truly hygrophanous
Disciformes
Pileus subequally fleshy, convex, plane or depressed; lamellae at
first adnate or regularly adnato-decurrent.
Solitary or gregarious, commonly terrestrial, rarely lignicolous.
This section includes many species of very diverse size, habitat and
appearance and they are not always sharply limited from each other.
The pileus, in some of the more fleshy species, assumes a broadly
ebconic shape when mature. The pileus is dry in some, moist, but
not truly hygrophanous, in others. The species have been assembled
in groups depending on the color of the pileus.
KEY TO THE SPECIES
Pileusssomesshadesot, DrowimOncineheOUS ase atn eine neta I
Pileus. meddish ‘orctan ‘coloprsc is. cscecae ee eee eee 3
Pilews some shade: of svellow st. cutie cise ceree Sele cc een eee ae
Pilews? green or 1ereenishic4;,. 2 ss eka os oe ee ais eee en odora
Pileuserayish Or swihttiShe arnt ne he oe oe ere ree 8
Pileus white or watery white when moist........0..2....<.-.+es+ss- 12
1 otem tapering wpward! <.7.c satan deem ocio ee EE EEE CELE errr 2
I Stem: Not taperineatipwandear ws once serra eater iene ene nent eter media
2' Lamellae ‘crowded. Gis b.5 edt eke ere eee eee nebularis
2 Lamellae notacrowded sac. tices testo pein aeie ere clavipes
3 laste. and odor tarinaceous, spiletiseevichin = sateen eee pinophila
3 Taste and odor not farinaceous, pileus rivulose................... rivulosa
4 Growing on ‘decaying awood. spose eee beeen aera 5
4 Growing’ on tthe Sround)™ a. 206 Rete Cee EE ee eee 6
5. Pileus minttely: squamulosey. +a... eee ee os a eee eee decora
5 Pileus ‘glabrous. inci tate ott mee One eee sulphurea
6 Young pileus hairy or tomentose... ...eee peek we eee een subhirta
6 Young pileus*glabrous, 3) 0.2. ch eee eee ee eee eee ee eee 7
7 Taste: bitter,: stem “stuftede 200. cc)c se cheats ieiete tcl tere etre esi ee ete fellea
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII Or
7 Taste: not, bitter mstempsalidirniy 14 ove eee ska eos et ao ea biformis
& Pileus*moreythan 4 em) broadeescod uke ee oc eee trogii
& Pileus notumeore thanaecim broads On faethe: ea ee 9
G Plant, CAOTO Use cee eae are ene orca oe ence 0 eet totes | lac Net an 10
O,Plant iiodoroustn feta eee yee ee ee i ae ee ee a II
EO. Stent: SoliGh (PAs ee cree Veet ee Baca ht Cat eee he LN EEE aperta
no) Stenisstuttedh Or ‘Hollow stair een ee ee ee albidula
Te-Pileus. umbilicatesshininceerrnn fiaak tele eee ies ee hirneola
Tat JPM THON Konoha, TMGIE SlowimiiMe 55. oucasacoduacccgcoucuscnunuc sudorifica
EGO WANG.“ OMWOOG. seyret te oe een e Wee rte AA Ne ts Sy oy a 13
12 Growing on the ground or among fallen leaves .................. 14
Mig Reb AS CAt Leia St's vas csr Saal ah ak ae AEN ETL Ee AI Saran So truncicola
03 Pileus moist when young or in wet weathers, 5.4. -s.eseess eee leptoloma
WA Mesh ary. (oc4 20 gine ee Oe er ee, albissima
14 Pileus moist when young or in wet weather....-..........+s.ci ss 15
TS A OUCMAMN TOM ths 4 sic mara Gave Moers TOR eae ee eee ee fuscipes
Hor orenienot brown white Or. wilitichin + uae ower enc N rae ae eiae eae 16
LOL Stent ubrillosely reticulate ean eee ne aan eee subcyathiformis
Tor Stem» not, fibrilloselysreuculatersset = eee eee ee te eee 17
ie Pilews undone than. 5, cmi broads. a... ee tetes eee eee 18
i7Jenleuselesstthany 5 cm broadae case aoa ee ee eee 21
LOU STEM Solids "ads dc t.grael aceasta ene AE ASA is OT nace en eae 19
msotent, stutted or hollow: ma. casa eae aint eel rece eee 20
19) Lamellae very close;scolor-white, persistent .7-+25. 44. /..0- os. cerussata
19) Eamellae white, hecoming=palltdl eee sens aen eee a ee eee difformis
romleameliiae. whitish c.g oot as ron me acta Macrae een eras robusta
20 Lamellae becoming yellowish with age................... phyllophila
20) Eaniellae persistently: awitites eae een en ite eae pithyophila
Aras teraGric! x yapeh erssuhte ek three CMa eee eRe thn oman nie tae Aa oat gallinacea
Zin RASC tut CLIC) Hire eS roe aye eee aes ea RSET ao ee Mt ant NS ot ee 22
22) Stent bulbouslystnckencdpatsunespascumeme eect cece: regularis
22eStem not Hulboushyeinick<encdsarethemlcdscee reid chicane 2B
22) Sum Gleiorews, Slama, Inollllonirecoctasonaccoonaanenosenoasoobor candicans
23 Stem fibrous, pruinose or mealy above, stuffed .................. dealbata
Clitocybe media Pk.
INTERMEDIATE CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 48, p.173, pl.23, fig.1-7
Pileus fleshy, convex becoming plane or slightly depressed in the
center, often wavy or irregular on the margin, not polished, grayish
brown or blackish brown, flesh white, taste mild; lamellae broad,
subdistant, adnate or decurrent, whitish, the interspaces often
venose ; stem equal or nearly so, solid, elastic, colored like or a little
paler than the pileus; spores ellipsoid, 8 x 5 p.
Pileus 5-19 cm broad; stem 2.5—5 cm long, 8-16 mm thick.
62 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Gregarious or scattered. Mossy ground in woods. Essex co.
September. Rare. Edible.
This species differs from the two following in its thinner pileus
and equal stem.
Clitocybe nebularis (Batsch) Fr.
CLOUDED CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 48, p.172, pl.23, fig.8-13
Pileus fleshy, compact, convex becoming plane or slightly
depressed in the center, even, grayish or clouded with a grayish
nebulosity, sometimes darker in the center becoming paler with
age, sometimes with a yellowish tint, flesh white; lamellae close,
narrow, adnate or slightly decurrent, white or pallid; stem firm,
stuffed, generally tapering upward, fibrillosely striate, white or
pallid; spores minute, ellipsoid, 4-5 x 2-3 p.
Pileus 5-10 cm broad; stem 4-8 cm long, 10-20 mm thick.
Woods and bushy places. September. Rare. Edible.
Hitherto found in only two or three places in our State. The
pileus is sometimes broadly obconic when mature.
Clitocybe clavipes (Pers.) Fr.
CLUB STEM CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 4, p.130, pl.46, fig.1-6
Pileus very fleshy, convex or nearly plane, obconic, obtuse or with
a small umbo, soft, grayish brown, sooty brown, sometimes darker
in the center than on the margin, flesh white, taste mild; lamellae
rather broad, subdistant, decurrent, white or cream colored; stem
tapering upward from a thickened or subbulbous base, solid, elastic,
soft and spongy within, glabrous or slightly fibrillose, colored like
or a little paler than the pileus; spores ellipsoid, 6-8 x 4-5 p.
Pileus 2.5-7.5 cm broad; stem 1-6 cm long, 6-12 mm thick at
the top, 15-24 mm at the base.
Solitary, gregarious or rarely cespitose. Woods. Common. July
to October. Edible.
This species is readily distinguished by its obconic pileus and
upwardly tapering stem. Clitocybe carnosior Pk. is a
synonym.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 63
Clitocybe pinophila Pk.
PINE CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 31, p.32
Pileus fleshy, thin, convex becoming umbilicate or centrally de-
pressed, glabrous, pale tan color when moist, paler when dry, odor
and taste farinaceous; lamellae moderately close, subarcuate, adnate
or slightly decurrent, whitish; stem equal, glabrous or slightly
pruinous, colored like the pileus; spores broadly ellipsoid or subglo-
bose, 5-0 xX 4-5 wp.
Pileus about 2.5 cm broad; stem 2.5-5 cm long, 2-4 mm thick.
Gregarious. Under or near pine trees. Not common. Albany,
Essex and Warren counties. July and August.
Sometimes the pileus becomes striate on the margin in drying.
Clitocybe rivulosa (Pers.) Fr.
RIVULOSE CLITOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.153
Pileus thin, convex becoming plane or depressed, obtuse, often
undulate on the margin, glabrous or at first adorned with whitish
down, rivulose, rufescent, then pallid, flesh white, taste and odor
agreeable; lamellae rather close, broad, slightly decurrent, white
tinged with pink; stem equal, stuffed, subfibrillose, spongy within or
hollow, tough, whitish; spores ellipsoid, 5-6 x 3.5—4 pu.
Pileus 2.5-6 cm broad; stem 2.5-5 cm long, 6-8 mm thick.
Gregarious. Woods. Adirondacks. Rare. Found but twice.
Clitocybe decora Ir.
DECORATED CLITOCYBE
N.Y: State Mus.. Rep’t) 25, p.73 as Avgaricus (TP rieholoma)
iGavel Il feat oyabl ave etl = IPAS.
Pileus fleshy, thin, convex becoming plane or slightly depressed,
dotted by minute brown or blackish hairy squamules, yellow, flesh
yellow; lamellae close, narrow, obtusely adnate, yellow; stem equal,
often curved, stuffed or hollow, fibrillose or squamulose, rarely
glabrous, sometimes eccentric; spores subglobose, 5-0 x 4-5 p.
Pileus 3-7 cm broad; stem 2.5-6 cm long, 4—6 mm thick.
Decaying trunks of coniferous trees. Hilly and mountainous
regions. August.
64 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Tricholoma multipunctum Pk. is a synonym. On
account of its stem being occasionally eccentric the species might be
sought among the Pleuroti.
Clitocybe sulphurea Ik.
SULFUR-COLORED CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 41, p.62
Pileus convex, slightly umbonate, moist, pale yellow, flesh yellow-
ish; lamellae subdistant, adnate, serrulate, pale yellow; stem equal
or tapering upward, curved or flexuous, hollow, colored like the
pileus; spores subglobose or broadly ellipsoid, 6-8 x 5-6 up.
Pileus 2.5—5 cm broad; stem 2.5—7 cm long, 4-8 mm thick.
Decaying wood of spruce and balsam fir. Catskill mountains.
September. Rare. Found but once.
Clitocybe subhirta Pk.
HAIRY CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 32, p.25
Pileus convex or nearly plane, sometimes slightly depressed, in-
curved on the margin, at first hairy tomentose, then nearly glabrous,
pale yellow or buff becoming whitish; lamellae close, adnate or
decurrent, whitish or pale yellow; stem nearly equal, stuffed or
hollow, sometimes eccentric; spores subglobose, 4-5 m» in diameter.
Pileus 2.5-7.5 cm broad; stem 2.5—5 cm long, 6-10 mm thick.
Woods. Onondaga co. September. Found but once.
Clitocybe fellea Pk.
BITTER CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 51, p.284, pl.B, fig.8-11
Pileus thin, convex or hemispheric, obtuse or umbilicate, minutely
furfuraceous, pale yellowish brown, flesh whitish, taste bitter;
lamellae thin, subdistant, adnate or slightly decurrent, white; stem
equal, firm, glabrous, flexuous, stuffed with a white pith, with a
white mycelioid tomentum at the base; spores broadly ellipsoid, 6-8 x
A-5 p.
Pileus 1.2-2.5 cm broad; stem about 2.5 cm long, 2-4 mm thick.
Gregarinus. Woods. Saratoga co. July. Found but once.
The bitter taste suggests the specific name and is a convenient
character by which to identify the species.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 65
Clitocybe biformis Pk.
TWO-FORM CLITOCYBE
N: ¥. State: Mus. Bula150;_p.25, pl. V1, fig.o-15
Pileus fleshy but thin, broadly convex or nearly plane becoming
centrally depressed or subumbilicate, glabrous, even or obscurely
striate on the involute margin, pale buff, more deeply colored in
the center, flesh white; lamellae thin, close, narrow, decurrent,
whitish or pallid becoming subcinnamon with age or in drying; stem
equal, firm, solid or stuffed, often curved, sometimes eccentric,
tomentose at the base, colored like or a little darker than the pileus ;
spores broadly ellipsoid or subglobose, 5-6 x 4-5 p.
Pileus 2.5—7.5 cm broad; stem 2.5-3.5 cm long, 4-8 mm thick.
Growing in circles or arcs of circles in woods. Essex co. Sep-
tember. Found but once.
This species is remarkable for the change in form in passing from
youth to old age, and also for the change in color of the lamellae.
The pileus sometimes has a moist sodden appearance as if water-
soaked. The mycelioid tomentum at the base of the stem causes a
mass of decaying vegetable matter to adhere closely to the stem
when pulled from its place of growth.
Clitocybe odora (Bull.) Sow.
SWEET CLITOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.153
Pileus fleshy, tough, convex becoming plane or nearly so, obtuse
or subumbonate, even, glabrous, regular or sometimes wavy on the
margin, moist in wet weather, green or dingy green, fading with
age or in drying, flesh whitish, odor pleasant like anise; lamellae
thin, not close, adnate or slightly decurrent, white or becoming pallid ;
stem equal or slightly thickened at the base, stuffed or hollow,
elastic, glabrous, whitish or greenish; spores 6-8 x 4-5 up.
Pileus 4-7 cm broad; stem 2.5—5 cm long, 4-8 mm thick.
Scattered or subgregarious. Woods and bushy places. Not rare.
Albany, Suffolk and Saratoga counties and Adirondack mountains.
August.
We have not found the typical form with lamellae “not close.”
In all our specimens reported under the names Agaricus
virens Scop. and A. odorus Bull. or their equivalents Cli-
tocy be jwiréns. (Scop) eand, Clitocyhe odoaras( bull.)
Sow. the lamellae are close and white or whitish and the stem is
‘
66 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
either solid, stuffed or hollow. Even in the same collection we have
found some of the stems solid and some decidedly hollow. All our
collections of these had the agreeable odor ascribed to C. odora.
We have therefore followed the English mycologists in not trying
to make a distinction between C. virens Scop. or its equivalent
C. viridis Fr. and C. odora. We consider all of our plants
as a mere form of C. odora differing from the European species
only in having the lamellae close.
Var. anisaria Pk. differs from our ordinary form in
having the pileus adorned with innate fibrils and the margin more
er less striate. It is Agaricus (Clitocybe) anisarius
Rk
Clitocybe trogii Fr.
TROG CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 26, p. 53, as Agaricus (Clitocybe) connexus Pk.
Pileus fleshy, thin on the margin, convex becoming nearly plane.
obtuse, glabrous or minutely silky, white or grayish white, opaque,
odor fragrant, spicy; lamellae close, adnate or slightly decurrent,
white or whitish, 2 or 3 mm broad; stem equal or nearly so, firm,
solid, whitish, downy or villose at the base; spores ellipsoid, 6-8 x
4-5 pb.
Pileus 5-7 cm broad; stem 2.5-7 cm long, 3-5 mm thick.
Woods. Lewis co. September. Rare.
In the American specimens the margin of the pileus is some-
times tinged with bluish green when young and fresh. The species
is closely allied to Clitocybe odora (Bull.) Sow. from which
it differs in the grayish and more compact pileus and the constantly
solid stem.
Clitocybe aperta Pk.
OPEN CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.38
Pileus convex becoming plane or centrally depressed, often irregu-
lar, whitish, sometimes tinged with lilac and marked by one or two
darker zones, odor farinaceous, taste disagreeable; lamellae close,
narrow, adnate or slightly decurrent, whitish, often with a faint
pinkish tinge; stem short, equal or attenuated downward, solid,
whitish; spores 4 X 3 p.
Pileus about 2.5 cm broad; stem 2.5—5 cm long, 2 mm thick.
REPORT OF THE STATE ROTANIST IQTI 67
Gregarious or cespitose. Grassy ground by roadsides and in
pastures. Otsego co. September. Rare.
Clitocybe albidula Pk.
WHITISH CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 53, p. 841, pl. C, fig. 16-20 as C. centralis Pk.
Pileus thin, convex or nearly plane becoming umbilicate or cen-
trally depressed, glabrous, whitish tinged with brown wholly or in
the center only and faintly striatulate on the margin when moist,
whitish when dry, flesh whitish, taste and odor farinaceous ; lamellae
thin, close, adnate or slightly decurrent, whitish; stem short, equal,
glabrous or slightly pruinose, stuffed or hollow, colored like the
pileus; spores minute, ellipsoid, 5-6 x 2.5-3 p.
Pileus 1-3 cm broad; stem 2-4 cm long, 2-4 mm thick.
Gregarious. In pine or mixed woods. September and October.
Common.
Clitocybe centralis Pk. differs from the type only in
having the center of the moist pileus sometimes tinged with brown.
It is therefore united with it.
Clitocybe hirneola Fr.
LITTLE JUG CLITOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.145
Pileus thin, broadly convex becoming plane or nearly so, centrally
depressed or umbilicate, even, shining, dry, tough, involute on the
margin, gray or whitish, flesh white; lamellae thin, rather broad,
slightly decurrent, whitish gray; stem slender, tough, equal, sub-
flexuous, stuffed, glabrous, similar to the pileus in color, white
pruinose or mealy at the top; spores ellipsoid, grayish white, 5 x 3 p.
Pileus 6-10 mm broad; stem 2-4 cm long, I-2 mm thick.
Scattered or gregarious. Among mosses. Essex co. September.
Rare. Found but once.
A small species, the pileus scarcely reaching 12 mm in diameter.
Clitocybe sudorifica ( Pk.)
SUDORIFIC CLITOCYBE
Plate VII, fig.1-6
Pileus fleshy but thin, broadly convex or nearly plane, often be-
coming slightly depressed in the center or umbilicate, irregular and
3
68 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
splitting or lobed on the thin spreading margin, glabrous, watery
white when moist, whitish or grayish white when dry, flesh watery
when moist, white when dry, taste mild, odor none; lamellae thin,
narrow, close, adnate or slightly decurrent, whitish; stem short,
equal or sometimes narrowed at the base, glabrous or merely prui-
nose, stuffed with a white soft or spongy center or hollow when old,
often curved or somewhat flexuous, white or whitish; spores sub-
globose, 4-5 X 3-4 p.
Pileus 2-4 cm broad; stem I-3 cm long, 2-4 mm thick.
Gregarious. Lawns and grassy places. Albany, Ontario and
Saratoga counties. September to November. Rarely the pileus has
an obscure zone near the margin.
This species was at first confused with Clitocybe deal-
bata Sow. but after its sudorific property was discovered it was
designated Clitocybe dealbata sudorifica Pk. N.Y:
State Mus. Bul. 150, p. 43. Still further investigation leads me to
consider it worthy of specific distinction. Dr W. W. Ford has
found it sufficiently toxic to cause the death of frogs, rabbits and
guinea pigs, though it may be eaten by man in moderate quantity
with no more serious results than a profuse perspiration, sometimes
continuing five or six hours. It should be considered medicinal and
unwholesome and avoided as an article of food.
Clitocybe truncicola Pk.
TRUNK INHABITING CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 26, p.54
Pileus thin, firm, expanded or slightly depressed in the center,
glabrous, dry, white; lamellae close, thin, narrow, adnate or slightly
decurrent, white; stem slender, equal, stuffed or hollow, glabrous,
whitish, often curved and eccentric from the place of growth;
spores broadly ellipsoid or subglobose, 4—5 x 3-4 p.
Pileus 1.5—2.5 cm broad; stem about 2.5 cm long, 2 mm thick.
Trunks of deciduous trees, specially sugar maple. Adirondack
mountains. September. Rare except in the mountains.
Clitocybe leptoloma Pk.
THIN MARGIN CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 32, p.26
Pileus thin, plane or infundibuliform, umbilicate, glabrous, creamy
white when moist, white when dry, very thin on the margin; lamellae
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1QITI 69
thin, narrow, close, some of them forked, decurrent, white; stem
equal, glabrous, generally curved or flexuous, stuffed, colored like
the pileus, with a white villosity at the base; spores minute, globose
or subglobose, 3-4 » broad or 4 x 3 pm.
Pileus 3-5 cm broad ; stem 3-5 cm long, 2-4 mm thick.
Gregarious or cespitose. Prostrate trunks of trees. Adirondack
mountains. August. Not common.
The width of the lamellae is about equal to the thickness of the
flesh of the pileus. They gradually taper toward each end. The
stem is occasionally eccentric.
Clitocybe albissima Pk.
VERY WHITE CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 26, p.53
Pileus fleshy, convex or nearly plane, dry, soft, even, pure white,
inodorous; lamellae moderately close, some of them forked at the
base, adnate or slightly decurrent, white ; stem equal, glabrous, solid,
white; spores ellipsoid, 8 x 5 up.
Pileus 5~7 cm broad; stem 3-6 cm long, 4-6 mm thick.
Gregarious or sometimes growing in arcs of circles. Woods.
Common. August and September.
The pure white color and soft texture are retained by the dried
specimens. Closely related to Clitocybe cerussata Fr. but
never moist nor are the lamellae very crowded as in that species.
It is an attractive, neat-looking species. Clitocybe subsim-
ilis Pk. is specifically the same differing only in the more conic
or turbinate shape of the pileus.
Clitocybe fuscipes Pk.
BROWN STEM CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.17
Pileus thin, broadly convex or plane, umbilicate, glabrous, whitish
and striatulate when moist, pure white when dry, odor and taste
farinaceous; lamellae nearly plane, subdistant, adnate or slightly
decurrent, white; stem equal, hollow, glabrous or slightly mealy at
the top, brown when moist, paler when dry; spores globose, 5-6 u
broad.
Pileus 8-16 mm broad; stem about 2.5 cm long, about 2 mm thick.
Under pine trees. Cattaraugus co. September. Rare. Found
but once.
7O NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Clitocybe subcyathiformis Pk.
SAUCER CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus; Bul. 122, p.136, pl.110, fig.1-6 -
Pileus fleshy but thin, broadly convex or nearly plane becoming
centrally depressed, glabrous, watery white and often obscurely
striatulate on the thin soon spreading margin when moist, white
when dry, sometimes slightly colored in the center, flesh white, taste
mild; lamellae thin, narrow, moderately close, adnate or slightly
decurrent, white or whitish; stem equal or slightly tapering upward,
stuffed or hollow, fibrillosely reticulate, whitish, often with a whit-
ish mycelioid tomentum at the base; spores ellipsoid, 6-8 x 4-5 p.
Pileus 2.5-5 cm broad; stem 2.5-4.5 cm long, 4-8 mm thick.
Gregarious. Among fallen leaves under alders and_ birches.
Albany and Warren counties. September and October. Rare.
Edible.
Clitocybe cerussata Fr.
WHITE LEAD CLITOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.154
Pileus fleshy, convex or plane, obtuse, even, moist, glabrous, white,
flesh soft, thick in the center, white, taste mild; lamellae thin, nar-
row, very close, adnate or decurrent, white, unchangeable; stem
elastic, downy at the base, naked above, white; spores minute, sub-
globose, 4-5 X 3-4 pm.
Pileus 4-8 cm broad ; stem 3-7 cm long, 6-10 mm thick.
Scattered or gregarious. Woods. Adirondack mountains. Sep-
tember and October. Not common.
The lamellae in our specimens are apparently less close than is
required by the description of the European plant.
Clitocybe difformis (Schum.) Sacc.
DEFORMED CLITOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.1or
Pileus fleshy, large, undulately lobed, at first sprinkled with flocc1
or sometimes glabrous, white; lamellae white becoming pallid; stem
short, thick, longitudinally rugose or grooved, white; spores 4-5 x
3-4 Fb.
Pileus 5-15 cm broad; stem of the larger ones about 2.5 cm long,
2-2.5 cm thick.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 71
Cespitose. Woods. Saratoga co. July. Rare. Found but once.
Some English mycologists and even Fries himself regarded this
as an overgrown irregular form of Clitocybe cerussata
Fr. In the Sylloge it is treated as a distinct species.
Clitocybe robusta Pk.
ROBUST CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 49, p.17
Pileus thick, firm, convex becoming plane or slightly depressed
in the center, glabrous, involute or decurved on the naked margin,
white or slightly clouded in the center, flesh white; lamellae close,
narrow, adnate or decurrent, whitish; stem stout, solid or hollow,
glabrous, equal or tapering upward, white; spores ellipsoid, yellow-
ish, 6-8 x 4-5 up.
Pileus 7-10 cm broad; stem 2.5~7 cm long, 16-24 mm thick.
Single, gregarious or cespitose. Among fallen leaves in woods.
Common in hilly and mountainous districts. September to
November.
This is related to Clitocybe candida Bres. but may be
separated from it by the naked margin of the pileus, the absence
of any marked odor and specially by its broader spores.
Clitocybe phyllophila Fr.
LEAF-LOVING CLITOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.155
Pileus fleshy, convex or plane, becoming depressed or umbilicate,
obtuse, even, dry, silvery on the margin by the silky veil, white;
lamellae moderately broad, subdistant, adnate or slightly decurrent,
white becoming yellowish ochraceous; stem equal, stuffed or hollow,
tough, downy and incurved at the base, spongy within, white, some-
times eccentric; spores ellipsoid, 6—8 x 3-5 p.
Pileus 4-7 cm broad; stem 5-7 cm long, 4-8 mm thick.
Solitary or cespitose. Albany co. September. Rare.
Clitocybe pithyophila Fr.
PINE-LOVING CLITOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.155
Pileus fleshy, thin, nearly plane, umbilicate, glabrous, often wavy
or lobed on the margin, white when moist, shining white when dry;
72 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
lamellae close, plane, adnate or slightly decurrent, persistently white ;
stem equal, glabrous, downy at the base, somewhat hollow, often
compressed, white; spores 6-7 x 3-4 up.
Pileus 4-7 cm broad; stem 4-5 cm long, 3-4 mm thick.
Gregarious or subcespitose. Pine woods. Catskill mountains.
September.
Clitocybe gallinacea (Scop.) Fr.
ACRID CLITOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.158
Pileus fleshy with a thin margin, convex or nearly plane, not in-
fundibuliform, even, dry, opaque, white or whitish, flesh white, taste
acrid, odor strong; lamellae close, narrow, thin, adnate or slightly
decurrent, whitish; stem equal, solid, at first floccosely mealy,
whitish; spores subglobose or ellipsoid, 4-6 x 3-4 p.
Pileus 2.5—4 cm broad; stem 2.5—-5 cm long, 4-6 mm thick.
Gregarious. In grassy or mossy places. Essex co. September.
Rare. Found but once.
Distinguished by its dingy white color and its acrid taste.
Clitocybe regularis Pk.
REGULAR CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 54, p.o48, pl.K, fig.1-7
Pileus thin, flexible, broadly convex becoming nearly plane, often
depressed in the center, orbicular, regular, whitish when moist, white
when dry, flesh white, taste mild; lamellae thin, narrow, crowded,
decurrent, whitish; stem firm, equal, glabrous, solid or rarely hol-
low, whitish, spongy and thickened at the base; spores minute, 4-5 x
2.5-3 p-
Pileus 1-2.5 cm broad; stem about 2.5 cm long, 3-5 mm thick.
Woods. Warren co. August. Rare. Found but once.
Related to Clitocybe tornata Fr. from which its thin
flexible moist pileus, its decurrent lamellae and the spongy mass of
mycelioid tomentum at the base of the stem will separate it.
Clitocybe candicans Pers.
WHITISH CLITOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.157
Pileus slightly fleshy, convex becoming plane or depressed, um-
bilicate, regular, rarely slightly eccentric, even, shining with a super-
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 73
ficial silky film, white when moist, shining white when dry; lamellae
very thin, close, narrow, adnate becoming decurrent, white; stem
even, equal, waxy, polished, hollow or nearly so, shining, often
curved, rooting and villose at the base; spores 4-6 x 4 p.
Gregarious. Among fallen leaves in woods. Common, Sep-
tember and October.
Said by Cooke to be farinaceous. By the character of the stem
approaching Omphalia. In its form related to the section Cyathi-
formis, but not truly hygrophanous. Small and somewhat tough.
Clitocybe dealbata Sow.
IVORY CLITOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.157
Pileus slightly fleshy, convex becoming plane or with upturned
and sometimes wavy margin, dry, even, glabrous, subshining, tough,
white, taste mild; lamellae close, thin, adnate, white; stem fibrous,
equal stuffed, pruinose or mealy at the top, white; spores ellipsoid,
4-5; X 2=2.5) p. 5%
Pileus 2.5-4 cm broad; stem 2-3 cm long, 2-3 mm thick.
Gregarious. Grassy places. Common. September and October.
Var. minor Cke. differs in its smaller more regular form,
opaque pileus and agreeable farinaceous odor.
Var. deformata Pk. Pileus thin, very irregular, convex or
centrally depressed, wavy or lobed on the margin, snowy white, flesh
pure white, taste farinaceous; lamellae close, adnate or slightly
decurrent, transversely venose, often anastomosing or connected by
veins, frequently eroded on the edge and sometimes transversely split,
whitish; stem irregular, sometimes compressed, more or less con-
fluent at the base, stuffed or hollow, white, with a soft pure white
downy tomentum below; spores subglobose, 3-4 » long, nearly as
broad.
On mushroom beds in a greenhouse. Wayne co. March. The
specimens grew in mushroom beds made in a poorly lighted apart-
ment, in which a temperature of 55°-60° was maintained. These
conditions doubtless had some influence in causing the irregular,
tufted mode of growth. The pure whiteness, thin pileus and the
farinaceous taste and odor indicate a relationship with Clitocybe
dealbata Sow. so intimate that it is recorded as a variety of it.
That species is also sometimes found growing on mushroom beds.
74 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Difformes
Pileus fleshy on the disk, thin on the margin, convex becoming
expanded or centrally depressed, often irregular; lamellae irregu-
larly adnate or decurrent; stem externally subcartilaginous, fibrous,
commonly cespitose.
This section is easily recognized by its cespitose habit and the
irregular character of the lamellae which are sometimes adnexed or
sinuate on one side of the stem and decurrent on the other. The
pileus is often irregular because of the crowded or tufted mode of
growth. It is also sometimes umbonate and sometimes obtuse even
in the same tuft. The stem too may be central or eccentric in the
same tuft or the plant may sometimes be solitary.
KEY TO THE SPECIES
Mature ipiletisasomessnadenotubrowilerme-cimemierie cet sents ere ccna arenes I
Mature spileus some sshadecot syelloween. se erie eee ee ee en ieee 3
Mature. pileus white, «whitish. or )erayisi ois< tee mayo 4 eo ee ee eee lee 4
t Stem brown or brownish, colored like the pileus............. monadelpha
i Stem ywhiterorawhitish paler tham them pileuSesverrei seem eee 2
2 Stem stuffed, plant commonly gregarious.................... fumosa
2 stem solids plant commonlyacespitose sea iaeercen eee tumulosa
3. Mature: pileiss pale ochraceous inj eam a uieme eat eat ater eee patuloides
3 Mature pileus reddish yellow or saffron yellow................... illudens
4 Pileus spotted, plant growing on wood. .....20.-.0.. 00a. marmorea
4 Pileusinot spotted. plant stenrnesthialus. raise on erin net 5
5 Margin of moist pileus striatulate, curved upward in age......... revoluta
5, Marein) of moist pileus even, spreading) mm age... ce «nies electra eet 6
6 Stem not more than 6 mm thick, pileus usually white....multiformis
6 Stem more than 6 mm thick, pileus usually grayish.......... multiceps
Clitocybe monadelpha Morg.
UNITED CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 4, p.140, pl.46, fig.7-12
Pileus fleshy, convex sometimes becoming centrally depressed,
squamulose in the center, pale brown, reddish brown or honey color ;
lamellae moderately close, distinctly decurrent, pallid or pale flesh
color; stem long, flexuous, fibrous, solid, often becoming hollow
with age and twisted and tapering at the base, brown, pale brown or
tinged with flesh color; spores broadly ellipsoid or slightly irregular,
7-9 X 5-6 p.
Pileus 2.5—7 cm broad; stem 6-10 cm long, 4-6 mm thick.
Cespitose. Woods and open places. Near New York City, also
Albany and Madison counties. September. Occasional.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 75
The pileus sometimes has a dingy yellow or yellowish brown color.
The species, as the author himself remarks, has the color and general
appearance of Armillaria mellea Vahl. Armillaria
mellea exannulata Pk. evidently belongs here. The species
has been made a synonym of the European Agaricus tabe-
scens Scop. by one author.
Clitocybe fumosa Fr.
SMOKY CLITOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.161
Pileus fleshy, convex becoming nearly plane, obtuse, somewhat
gibbous when young, regular or irregular, even, glabrous, sooty
brown soon becoming livid when moist, gray when dry, flesh whitish
when dry; lamellae close, adnate or decurrent, grayish white; stem
nearly equal, solid or stuffed, fibrous, fleshy, glabrous, mealy at the
top, dingy white; spores subglobose, 6-7 pw broad.
Pileus 2.5-7.5 cm broad; stem 2.5-7.5 cm long, 4-10 mm thick.
Gregarious or rarely cespitose. Albany co. September.
Var. brevipes n. var. Stem short not exceeding 2.5 cm in
length. Otherwise like the typical form. Ontario co. October.
The stem in this variety.seems to be constantly short so that the
pileus appears to rest on the ground.
The specimens reported as Clitocybe ampla Pers. belong
tor Cer tate OS ans in,
Clitocybe tumulosa Kalchb.
MOUND CLITOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.162
Pileus conic or convex becoming expanded, obtuse or umbonate,
even, glabrous, brown, becoming paler ; lamellae close, sinuate adnate
and decurrent in the same plant, cinereous white; steam equal or
nearly so, solid, floccose pruinose, pallid; spores ellipsoid, 6-7 x 4 up.
Pileus 2.5-5 cm broad; stem 2.5—5 cm long, 6-8 mm thick.
Densely cespitose. Pine groves. Essex co. September. Very
rare. Found but once.
Clitocybe patuloides Pk:
SPREADING CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 54, p.163, pl.E
Pileus fleshy, firm, rather thick, convex becoming nearly plane or
somewhat centrally depressed, glabrous, even and white or pale yel-
76 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
low when young with incurved margin, becoming yellowish or pale
ochraceous and often squamose or rimosely areolate, flesh white,
taste mild, odor mushroomlike; lamellae thin, close, slightly or
strongly decurrent, forked or anastomosing at the base, white; stem
usually short, equal or slightly tapering upward, solid, occasionally
eccentric, white ; spores broadly ellipsoid, 6-8 x 5-6 p.
Pileus 2.5-10 cm broad; stem 2.5—7.5 cm long, 8-20 mm thick.
Gregarious or cespitose. Woods or their borders, specially of
pine. Onondaga and Essex counties. September. Not common.
It is remarkable for the different colors of the young and the mature
pileus.
Clitocybe illudens (Schw.) Fr.
DECEIVING CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 4, p.170, pl.68
Pileus convex or nearly plane, sometimes centrally depressed,
obtuse or umbonate, glabrous or obscurely virgate, often irregular,
saffron yellow or orange yellow, flesh white or yellowish, odor strong,
taste disagreeable ; lamellae close, decurrent, narrowed toward each
end, colored like the pileus; stem long, firm, glabrous, solid, stuffed
or rarely hollow, often attenuated toward the base, sometimes
eccentric, colored like the pileus or sometimes brownish toward the
base; spores globose, 4-5 » in diameter.
Pileus 7-12 cm broad; stem 7-14 cm long, 6-12 mm thick.
Cespitose. Woods and open places. Often about old stumps.
July to October.
A beautiful but unwholesome species. It causes nausea and vomit-
ing if eaten. It is possible to make it comparatively harmless by
heating it in salt water for a half hour, then taking it out and frying
it in butter. It is phosphorescent. Large fresh specimens when
placed in a dark place emit a glowing light.
Clitocybe marmorea Pk.
MOTTLED CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 24, p.61
Pileus fleshy, firm, broadly convex, glabrous, white, mottled with
darker watery spots, flesh white; lamellae close, narrow, arcuate,
unequally decurrent, white; stem firm, solid, long, generally curved,
REPORT OF THE STATE POTANIST IQII Woh
slightly thickened at the base, white, sometimes pruinose; spores
globose, 4 » in diameter.
Pileus 5-10 cm broad; stem 10-15 cm long, 12-20 mm thick.
Cespitose. Prostrate trunks of trees in woods. Lewis co. Sep-
tember. Very rare. Found but once and then in small quantity.
The tufts are composed of few individuals.
Clitocybe revoluta Pk.
REVOLUTE CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 46, p.23
Pileus convex or nearly plane, glabrous, whitish and_ slightly
striatulate on the margin when moist, white when dry, the thin
margin commonly and irregularly revolute; lamellae thin, narrow,
close, adnate or slightly decurrent ; stem glabrous, solid when young,
stuffed or somewhat hollow when old, whitish; spores subglobose,
4-5 p long.
Pileus 2.5-7 cm broad; stem 5-7 cm long, 6-10 mm thick.
Densely cespitose. Woods. Albany co. September. Rare.
Found but once.
The pileus is often irregular from its densely tufted mode of
growth. Occasionally the plant is solitary and then it is more
regular with the margin spreading but not revolute.
Clitocybe multiformis Pk.
MULTIFORM CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 4, p.141, pl.47, fig.1-9
Pileus thin, convex or nearly plane, often lobed or irregular,
glabrous, whitish, grayish or yellowish when moist, paler when dry,
flesh white when dry ; lamellae thin, narrow, close, adnate or slightly
decurrent, white or whitish; stem equal, solid, glabrous, white;
spores ellipsoid, 5-6 x 3-4 wp.
Pileus 2.5-7 cm broad; stem 2.5-5 cm long, 4—6 mm thick.
Cespitose. Low damp places in woods. Albany co. October.
Edible. Found but once.
The stem is often flexuous and compressed. The center of the
pileus is sometimes tinged with brown. The mushroom does not
retain its color well in drying. Its pileus is much thinner than that
of Cilitocy bevmultreeips ike
78 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Clitocybe multiceps Pk.
MANY CAP CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 139, p.37, pl.117, fig.7-9
Pileus fleshy, firm, convex, moist in wet weather, whitish, grayish,
yellowish gray or grayish brown, sometimes slightly silky and
brownish in the center, often irregular from mutual pressure, flesh
white, taste oily, slightly disagreeable; lamellae close, adnate or
slightly decurrent, white or whitish; stem equal or slightly thick-
ened at the base, firm, glabrous, solid or stuffed, slightly pruinose at
the top, white or whitish; spores globose, 5-8 » in diameter.
Pileus 2.5-7 cm broad; stem 5-10 cm long, 6-12 mm thick.
Cespitose, rarely solitary. Open ground or in grassy places. June
to October. Common. Edible.
The tufts may be composed of many or few individuals. The
lamellae are sometimes sinuate on one side of the stem, thereby
indicating a close relationship with the genus Tricholoma. In var.
tricholoma Pk. nearly or quite all the lamellae are sinuate.
Such specimens might easily be referred to that genus, but the habit
and all other characters indicate its place here. The flavor of the
uncooked mushroom varies. In some it is very disagreeable, in
others but slightly so. Some pronounce it among the best of mush-
rooms when cooked, others say it is unfit to eat.
Infundibuliformes
Pileus becoming infundibuliform or evenly depressed or umbili-
cate in the center; lamellae deeply and evenly decurrent from the
first; stem spongy, externally fibrous.
The funnel form pileus is characteristic of many of the species
of this section and is suggestive of its name. The lamellae are
equally decurrent, unlike, in this respect, those of the preceding
section. The pileus is not truly hygrophanous, but in some species
it is moist or subhygrophanous and becomes paler with the escape
of the moisture, in others it is dry.
KEY TO THE SPECIES
Piles dey ce ies a4 in d's, slake Slate ere le whe thea be tec eee aia ee ag as oe I
Pileus moist when. young: or: in» wet weathers. < «»s:c:s\\00 sais eis «+ serene 7
1 Mature: pileus normally infundibulifornig’ 22... -c.50 5. 4-2 tee eee 2
t Mature pileus not normally infundibuliftorm.;.......\.. 226-4 este eee 4
2 Piletts: Whit@® (sd bein clea nite sce Otte) itera rare eke eae catina
2 Pileusnotswhite: ies Seclevae eas bao oe tee Toes ielsie © ee Ponte ae ee ae 3
3 Pileus Sem or more broads: ov un 28 coe sy olan aro ee maxima
2 Pileus less) thanss cn broaden... ee eee eer infundibuliformis
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 79
4, Platit: terrestitalliny x5 tee oor eos eee aoa a as tran ene eae ee 5
4 Plant; lienatiles bee ta eae acts sian to a eRe te ae ee 6
5 Pileus reddish or brick red, spores 8-10 prolong BOS eens bene ea ea sinopica
5 Pileus reddish or brick red, spores 6-8 prays Soageiee Amvoe tos sinopicoides
6! Pilens glahrous:. lamellae: whiten aes'. sears testo se. che cies eccentrica
6 Pileus virgate and dotted, lamellae not white.............. ectypoides
7: rye piles: wihtitepre« eae Gre AL es ce ak ean tsiae es Suit OA 8
7 Dey, nileussnotowhite: = apiece oe ee eee ee eee 9
& Eaniellae orm} ibaoad oes eto one arats ce eee eae & ee tuba
S) amellae less: than ommmybroadse greases cee nion adirondackensis
oO: Lamellae’ yellowish or palesochraceotts<. +e sto aice ee Ste arate gilva
o- Lameliae: white: or . whitisit Gace ee eects meee eae oe splendens
oy lamellae aed dislig a ccske ceria eee ae Ete aR Te Se art either. inversa
Clitocybe catina Fr.
BOWL SHAPE CLITOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.174
Pileus fleshy but thin toward the margin, plane becoming infundi-
buliform, flaccid, dry, glabrous, white becoming tinged with pink or
tan color in rainy weather, flesh white, odor agreeable; lamellae
moderately close, decurrent, white; stem stuffed or solid spongy
within, elastic, slightly thickened at the base, white; spores ellipsoid,
6-8 x 4-5 pb.
Pileus 4-5 cm broad; stem 4—7 cm long, 6-9 mm thick.
In or near woods. Adirondack mountains. August. Found but
once. .
The specimens were young but apparently belong here and are
admitted with some hesitation. Related to Clitocybe
infundibuliformis (Schaeff.) Fr. but easily distinguished by
its white color. The spore dimensions here given are taken from
American specimens.
Clitocybe maxima (G. & M.) Fr.
LARGE CLITOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.165
Pileus fleshy in the center, thin toward the margin, broadly
infundibuliform, subumbonate, dry, pale tan color or whitish;
lamellae close, soft, long decurrent, whitish; stem attenuated up-
wards, fibrillose, solid, whitish; spores subglobose, 4-6 x 3-4 p.
Pileus 10-30 cm broad ; stem 5-10 cm long, 12-25 mm thick.
Woods and grassy places. Adirondack and Catskill mountains.
July and August. Not common.
Remarkable for and at once recognized by its large size.
So NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Clitocybe infundibuliformis (Schaeff.) Fr.
FUNNEL FORM CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 48, p.174, pl.24, fig.1-6
Pileus at first convex and slightly umbonate, becoming infundi-
buliform, thin and minutely silky on the margin, dry, reddish or pale
tan color, fading with age, flesh white; lamellae thin, moderately
close, decurrent, white or whitish; stem generally tapering upward,
spongy or stuffed, soft, elastic, colored like the pileus or rarely
whitish ; spores 5-6 x 3-4 yp.
Pileus 4-7 cm broad; stem 5-7 cm long, 6-10 mm thick.
Single or scattered, rarely tufted. Among fallen leaves in woods.
July and August. Common. Edible.
Var. membranacea Fr. Pileus thinner, not umbonate and
stem more slender, equal.
Clitocybe sinopica Fr.
SINOPICAN CLITOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.167
Pileus fleshy but thin, plane or centrally depressed, often umbili-
cate, dry, glabrous or becoming flocculose and rivulose, ochraceous
red sometimes becoming paler with age, flesh white, odor farina-
ceous ; lamellae close, rather broad, slightly decurrent, white becom-
ing yellowish; stem equal, somewhat fibrillose, stuffed, colored like
the pileus; spores 8-10 x 5-6 up.
Pileus 2-4 cm broad; stem 2.5—5 cm long, 2-4 mm thick.
Woods and on burned ground in open places. June to September.
Adirondack mountains.
Clitocybe sinopicoides n. sp.
SINOPICANLIKE CLITOCYBE
Pileus thin, convex with decurved margin, umbilicate, floccose
squamulose specially in the center, obscurely fibrillose on the margin,
firm, tawny red or brick red, flesh white, taste and odor farinaceous ;
lamellae moderately close, arcuate, decurrent, white, the interspaces
slightly venose; stem equal or slightly tapering upward, subfloccose
or glabrous, solid or stuffed, colored like the pileus; spores
6-8 x 3-4 p.
Pileus 2-4 cm broad; stem 2-4 cm long, 2—5 mm thick.
Among mosses in low wet places. Essex co. June.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 81
This species closely resembles Clitocybe sinopica Fr.
and probably has been taken for a small vernal form of that species.
It may be separated from it by its wet mossy habitat, its smaller size
and specially by its smaller spores. These are more or less obovate
and pointed at one end. The farinaceous odor and taste is some-
times wanting as in C. incilis Fr. but it has not the crenate
margin nor the hollow stem of that species.
Clitocybe eccentrica Pk.
ECCENTRIC CLITOCYBE
Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 25, p.321
Pileus very thin, umbilicate or subinfundibuliform, glabrous,
watery white and shining when moist, white when dry, the thin
margin often lobed, irregular or deeply cleft on one side; lamellae
narrow, close, decurrent, white; stem slender, tough, solid, glabrous,
strigosely hairy at the base, often eccentric, white, long branching
strands of white mycelium often permeating the matrix; spores
4-5 X 2.5-3 b.
Pileus 2.5—5 cm broad; stem 2.5—4 cm long, 2-4 mm thick.
Gregarious or cespitose. Much decayed wood. Essex, Warren
and Wayne counties. July to October.
Clitocybe ectypoides Pk.
ECTYPOID CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 24, p.61
Pileus fleshy but thin, broadly umbilicate or infundibuliform, with
a spreading margin, finely virgate and squamulose punctate, the
blackish points on the radiating fibrils, moist, grayish or grayish
yellow; lamellae close, narrow, decurrent, some of them forked,
yellowish; stem equal, firm, solid, colored like the pileus, with a
white mycelium at the base; spores broadly ellipsoid, 5-8 x 4-5 uy.
Pileus 2.5-5 cm broad; stem 2-3 cm long, 2-4 mm thick.
Gregarious or cespitose. Decaying wood in woods. July to Sep-
tember. Common in mountainous districts.
Clitocybe tuba Fr.
TRUMPET CLITOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.175
Pileus thin, convex or nearly plane, umbilicate, even on the
margin, whitish when moist, shining white when dry, flesh white;
82 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
lamellae close, 5-6 mm broad, very decurrent, white becoming pallid ;
stem equal, tough, stuffed or hollow, glabrous, white; spores sub-
globose, 4 X 3 p.
Piles 2.5—5 cm broad; stem 4-6 cm long, 2-5 mm thick.
Gregarious. Among fallen leaves in woods, specially pine woods.
Warren co. September. Rare.
Similar to Clitocybe pithyophila Fr. from which it
may be separated by its long decurrent lamellae. From C.
adirondackensis Pk. it is separated by its broader lamellae.
Clitocybe adirondackensis Pk.
ADIRONDACK CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 54, p.174, pl.69, fig.1-13
Pileus thin, convex or nearly plane and umbilicate, or soon very
concave and infundibuliform, glabrous, moist in wet weather, white
or pale tan color, flesh white; lamellae thin, close, narrow, very
decurrent, white; stem equal or nearly so, glabrous, stuffed or hol-
low, colored like the pileus; spores subglobose or broadly ellipsoid,
4-5 X 3-4 Hb.
Pileus 2.5-5 cm broad; stem 4-7 cm long, 2-4 mm thick.
Scattered or gregarious. Woods in hilly or mountainous districts.
July to October. Common. Edible.
The lamellae are scarcely broader than the thickness of the flesh
of the pileus. The white pileus is sometimes slightly tinged with
brown in the center.
Clitocybe gilva (Pers.) Fr.
YELLOWISH CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 54, p.174, pl.69, fig.14-21 as C.maculosa Pk.
Pileus fleshy, compact, convex becoming centrally depressed.
glabrous, often marked with small round spots, minutely downy on
the involute young margin which is sometimes obscurely striate,
whitish or cream color, flesh white or tinged with the color of the
pileus, taste mild; lamellae close, narrow, decurrent, whitish or yel-
lowish, some of them forked ; stem equal or slightly tapering upward,
glabrous, stuffed or hollow, whitish, sometimes tomentose at the
base; spores subglobose, 4-5 » in diameter.
Pileus 2.5-7 cm broad; stem 5-7 cm long, 4-8 mm thick.
Woods. Adirondack mountains. August and September. Rare.
Edible.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 83
The American plant is commonly paler than the European and
was described under the name Clitocybe maculosa Pk.
Its stem is sometimes hollow but its essential characters are so close
to those of C. gilva (Pers.) Fr. that it seemed best to unite
them. A'cariens (Clitocy be) sabzenalis PK ealso
is now considered a mere form of this species having the pileus
obscurely zonate.
Clitocybe splendens (Vers.) Fr.
SHINING CLITOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.172
Pileus fleshy but thin, nearly plane becoming centrally depressed
and infundibuliform, glabrous, pale yellowish or yellow and shin-
ing, flesh white; lamellae narrow, simple, close, very decurrent,
white; stem equal or slightly tapering upward, glabrous, solid,
colored like the pileus; spores subglobose, 4-5 p in diameter.
Pileus 5-8 cm broad ; stem 4-5 cm long, 8-10 mm thick.
Solitary. Woods among fallen leaves. Essex co. June. Rare.
Clitocybe inversa Scop.
INVERTED CLITOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.172
Pileus fleshy, convex becoming infundibuliform, fragile, glabrous,
obtuse, moist when fresh, involute on the thin margin, brick color,
reddish or tan color, flesh colored like the pileus; lamellae close,
simple, decurrent, pallid becoming reddish; stem equal or nearly so,
slightly rigid, spongy, stuffed or hollow, glabrous, whitish; spores
subglobose, 3-5 » in diameter.
Pileus 4-6 cm broad; stem 4-5 cm long, 4-8 mm thick.
Gregarious or cespitose. Woods or open places. [Fulton co.
August. Rare.
SERIES B
Plant truly hygrophanous
Cyathiformes
Pileus hygrophanous, centrally depressed or cup shape, flesh thin,
separable into two horizontal layers; lamellae adnate or decurrent.
The species of this section are separated from those of the pre-
ceding sections by the hygrophanous character of the pileus with its
84 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
separable layers and by its more cuplike shape. Only four species
are known to belong to our flora.
KEY TO THE SPECIES
Stem fAbrilloselyereticulate: :\5s.-:./fe dstree nice teeter tae ees cyathiformis
Stem. not ibtilosely reticulate; i. nico ss. 1 see ee bee Oren I
i Plantecespitosess pileus tstially Iffeeulan a emirate tes caespitosa
TE (Plantsnot, CESPitOSGs <liieis-t0 sis wey lerd perete piclo mere Oh em Sierr Srna rel eet nae te aeete 2
2 Pileus convex, deeply umbilicate, not infundibuliform.....subconcava
2 ileus become, intundibmlitoninh ence sie eeeteetel neater tee brumalis
Clitocybe cyathiformis I*r.
CUP SHAPE CLITOCYBE
Sylloge V; p.176
Pileus fleshy but thin, centrally depressed or infundibuliform,
hygrophanous, glabrous or nearly so, even on the margin or occa-
sionally striate when old, blackish brown or grayish brown when
moist, paler when dry, flesh colored like the pileus, separable into
two horizontal layers; lamellae distant, adnate or decurrent, united
behind, dingy or grayish brown; stem equal or slightly tapering
upward, stuffed or hollow, fibrillose, obscurely reticulate by the
fibrils, colored like the pileus ; spores ellipsoid, 8-9 x 4-5 p.
Decaying wood or on the ground. In woods or open places.
August and September. Common.
Clitocybe poculum Pk. is referable to this species.
Clitocybe caespitosa Pk.
CESPITOSE CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 41, p.61
Pileus thin, infundibuliform, often irregular, hygrophanous, gray-
ish brown when moist, cinereous or clay color when dry; lamellae
narrow, close, decurrent, some of them branched, white; stem equal
or slightly tapering upward, stuffed or hollow, white; spores sub-
globose or broadly ellipsoid, 3-4 » long.
Pileus 2.5—4 cm broad; stem 2-3 cm long, 4-6 mm thick.
Commonly cespitose. Woods. Catskill and Adirondack moun-
tains. August and September. Rare.
This mushroom is remarkable for its irregular and deformed
appearance. The pileus is sometimes perforate and the stem is stout
in proportion to the size of the pileus. The tufts are composed of
but few individual plants,
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 85
Clitocybe subconcava Pk.
SUBCONCAVE CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 54, p.948, pl.K, fig.8-13
Pileus thin, convex, deeply umbilicate, glabrous, hygrophanous.
brownish or reddish brown and usually striatulate on the decurved
margin when moist, whitish when dry; lamellae arcuate, decurrent,
close, pallid or subcinereous ; stem equal, firm, solid or stuffed, some-
times with a small cavity, slightly fibrillose, colored like the pileus;
spores ellipsoid, 5-0 x 3-4 p.
Pileus 2.5-5 cm broad; stem 2.5—-5 cm long, 3-4 mm thick.
Pine woods. Warren co. August. Rare. Found but or ec.
Related to Clitocybe concava (Scop.) Fr. from which it
may be separated by its paler lamellae and smaller spores.
Clitocybe brumalis Ir.
WINTRY CLITOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.180
Pileus at first convex or expanded and umbilicate, then infundi-
buliform, glabrous, hygrophanous, livid when moist, whitish or
yellowish when dry, often darker in the center, sometimes wavy or
lobed on the margin, flesh thin; lamellae arcuate at first, narrow,
close, decurrent, distinct, pallid or yellowish white; stem nearly
equal, often slightly curved, stuffed or hollow, glabrous, whitish,
sometimes downy at the base; spores 4-5 x 3-4 pm.
Pileus 2.5—5 cm. broad; stem 2-5 cm long, 2-4 mm thick.
Woods. Catskill and Adirondack mountains. September and
October. Rare.
Our specimens were collected in the months mentioned, but the
specific name indicates that it may also occur later in the season.
Orbiformes
Pileus hygrophanous, somewhat fleshy, convex or plane, umbili-
cate or centrally depressed, glabrous ; lamellae thin, close, adnate or
having a decurrent tooth.
The species of this section may be separated from those of the
preceding by the more spreading decurved margin of the pileus,
which is therefore more orbicular. They may be divided into three
groups according to the color of the lamellae. They are mostly small
and scarce.
86 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
KEY TO THE SPECIES
Lamellae -yellowworarellowishen cin tester sieicien cherie flavidella
Lamellae crayishor DrOwillsiis cc nrc aaron tek er croc aerials aria ere I
Lamellae white: one itishieecio.02 4 cc sroeranc ete aoe oor erie ee eee 4
Te Plantewithsa itarinaceots modoratc.ti. dlrecnisc tine scien tas ane ania: ditopoda
f lant Nwithouteassratimea CCOlSs OGObu)a-...< or choke aera eden eee iene eee 2
2 Piles Mim DitCaAte anata sialic cies sein evel ovate oh ree ones Cate eee are peltigerina
2. Pilensinot aime ate vcr rsiw ess tals chase alas cee iecs he tee ler tate tert eee eee 3
2 Stell pruinoseron medly at mieelOPes oe sccie eis teelonuieis ce meine metachroa
3 poten Maked Wats Cie MOP en onthe savas osc bhals ae ol Fak wala noe eee ee vilescens
AOE aE AOU OLOIIS ne hoe) ole o's donee ee each oe Ae angustissima
AVE LAG eee Great te versie yeasts oleic vonave jos oy suethsove nie o ae eteue ove taal eraICanCGie eceee 5
CaVMarcmTOLm eam olstepilleusmstnialen errs sn iiss + seeicces eeiee mee subditopoda
FeViareinnotsthe smOIst = pileus everume ccc ciseisie ceicw se cicbis aries ecein ener 6
6/Edleus brownish ‘whent moist. fied os chs coe ee atoetomien compressipes
6 Piléus whitish; wiheniomoiSthsrectle cists cbaeiae actebls nee crete e ieee fragrans
Clitocybe flavidella Pk.
YELLOWISH CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.38
Pileus thin, convex becoming plane or centrally depressed, often
irregular, glabrous, hygrophanous, dingy yellow when moist, paler
or whitish when dry; lamellae close, narrow, adnate or slightly
decurrent, yellow or yellowish; stem equal, glabrous, hollow, colored
like the pileus ; spores unknown.
Pileus about 2.5 cm broad; stem 2-3 cm long, 3-4 mm thick.
Gregarious. Low wet ground. Otsego co. September. Rare.
Found but once.
Clitocybe ditopoda Ir.
DOUBLE STEM CLITOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.186
Pileus thin, convex becoming plane or centrally depressed,
glabrous, hygrophanous, brownish when moist, gray when dry, odor
farinaceous ; lamellae thin, close, about 2 mm wide, slightly decur-
rent, brownish gray; stem equal, glabrous, hollow, often compressed,
colored like the pileus; spores broadly ellipsoid, 5-6 x 3-5 p.
Pileus 2-5 cm broad; stem 2-3 cm long, 2-4 mm thick.
Woods and among fallen leaves. Albany and Warren counties.
September and October. Rare.
The stem in the Warren county specimens is sometimes com-
pressed and grooved as if composed of two united stems. Such
specimens are suggestive of the specific name. The spore dimensions
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 87
here given are taken from American specimens. Some authorities
say spores “sphaeroid, 2-3 p in diameter.”
Clitocybe peltigerina Pk.
PELTIGERINE CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.38
Pileus thin, nearly plane, umbilicate, glabrous, hygrophanous,
brown and striatulate on the margin when moist, whitish or pale
gray when dry; lamellae subdistant, sometimes branched, decurrent,
brownish, interspaces venose; stem nearly equal, solid, glabrous,
rather firm, paler than the pileus, often with a minute white
tomentum at the base; spores ellipsoid, 8x 5 p.
Pileus 4-10 mm broad; stem 12-20 mm long, I-1.5 mm thick.
Among species of lichens (Peltigera). Albany and Oneida
counties. May. Rare.
' Sometimes two or three stems are united at the base, thus mani-
festing a tendency to become cespitose.
Clitocybe metachroa [r.
CHANGEABLE CLITOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.185
Pileus thin, convex becoming plane or centrally depressed,
glabrous, hygrophanous, brownish or grayish brown when young
and moist, whitish when dry, margin slightly striate when old;
lamellae thin, narrow, close, linear, adnate or slightly decurrent,
whitish or cinerous; stem equal, tough, externally fibrous, stuffed
or hollow, terete or compressed, whitish, mealy or pruinose at the
top, colored like the pileus; spores 6-8 x 3-4 p.
Pileus 2.5—-4 cm broad; stem 3-4 cm long, 4-8 mm thick.
Pine woods. Albany co. November. Rare. Found but once.
The marked change of color between the moist pileus and the dry
one is suggestive of the specific name. The mealy or pruinose top
of the stem, its habitat in pine woods and its late appearance are
guides in the identification of the species.
Clitocybe vilescens Pk.
WORTHLESS CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 33, p.19
Pileus convex becoming plane or centrally depressed, sometimes
irregular, glabrous, slightly pruinose on the involute margin, brown
88 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
or grayish brown, becoming paler with age, sometimes concen-
trically rivulose, flesh pale gray; lamellae close, adnate or decurrent,
cinereous or tinged with dingy yellow ; stem short, equal, solid, some-
times compressed, grayish brown with a whitish tomentum at the
base ; spores subglobose, 5-0 x 4—5 up. ;
Pileus 2.5-4 cm broad; stem 2-5 cm long, 2-4 mm thick.
Gregarious. Bushy places and pastures. Albany and Onondaga
counties. August. Not common.
Clitocybe angustissima Lasch
NARROW GILL CLITOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.188
Pileus slightly fleshy, plane or centrally depressed, glabrous,
hygrophanous, watery white when moist, shining white when dry,
the spreading margin slightly striate when old; lamellae thin, nar-
row, very close, white; stem slender, stuffed, often curved or
flexuous, naked at the top, glabrous or pubescent at the base, white ;
spores 4-5 X 2-3 p.
Pileus 4-5 cm broad; stem 3-5 cm long, 2-3 mm thick.
Low wet ground in woods. Essex co. September. Rare.
Related to Clitocybe fragrans Sow. from which it may
be separated by the lack of odor, the more slender stem and the
purer white color.
Clitocybe subditopoda Pk.
DITOPODALIKE CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 42, p.18
Pileus thin, convex or nearly plane, umbilicate, glabrous, hygro-
phanous, grayish brown and striate on the margin when moist, paler
when dry, flesh concolorous, odor and taste farinaceous; lamellae
broad, close, adnate, whitish or pale cinereous; stem equal, glabrous,
hollow, colored like the pileus ; spores ellipsoid, 5-6 x 3-4 wp. |
Pileus 12-24 mm broad; stem 2.5—5 cm long, about 2 mm thick.
Mossy ground in woods. Essex co. September. Rare.
This is closely related to Clitocybe ditopod a Fr. from
which it may be separated by the umbilicate pileus, its striate margin
and its broader paler lamellae.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 89
Clitocybe compressipes Pk.
FLAT STEM CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 33, p.18
Pileus thin, convex or nearly plane, umbilicate, glabrous, hygro-
phanous, brownish when moist, whitish or pale tan color when dry,
tiesh white when dry, odor slight, farinaceous ; lamellae close, subar-
cuate or horizontal, adnate or slightly decurrent, whitish; stem
firm, hollow, generally compressed, often slightly tapering upward,
slightly pruinose, colored like the pileus; spores 5-0 x 44.5 p.
Pileus 2-3 cm broad; stem 2-4 cm long, 2—4 mm thick.
Gregarious. In pastures or grassy places. Albany and Warren
counties. July. Not common.
The odor is not always perceptible unless the pileus is moist or
broken. The umbilicate pileus, paler or whitish lamellae, time and
place of growth separate this species from Clitocybe
Gitopoda Fr.
Clitocybe fragrans Sow.
FRAGRANT CLITOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.188
Pileus thin, convex becoming plane or umbilicate or centrally
depressed, glabrous, hygrophanous, watery white when moist, whit-
ish when dry, odor strong, aniselike; lamellae close, slightly decur-
rent, 2 mm broad, distinct, white; stem equal, slightly flexuous,
elastic, glabrous, stuffed or hollow, whitish; spores 6-7 x 3-4 yp.
Pileus 2-5 cm broad; stem 4-5 cm long, 4-6 mm thick.
Woods among mosses and fallen leaves. Lewis co. July. Rare.
gO NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
NEW YORK SPECIES OF LACCARIA
Laccaria B. & Br.
Pileus convex becoming umbilicate or depressed, flesh . thin;
lamellae broadly adnate, sometimes with a decurrent tooth, becom-
ing mealy with the copious subglobose minutely warted white spores ;
stem central, externally fibrous, veil not evident.
The species of this genus have generally been included in Clito-
cybe, but they are so peculiar in their general appearance that it
seems best to separate them. The lamellae are rather thick and
subdistant broadly adnate and when mature are powdered or
whitish pruinose from the abundant spores. These are typically
globose or nearly so and rough. We have included one species in
this genus that has oblong even spores ; but in all other respects it is
so closely allied to the genus that it seems best to consider the spore
character a specific rather than a generic one.
KEY TO THE SPECIES
Base of the stem radicating, clavately thickened.............. trullisata
Base of the stem not radicating, rarely thickened.................... I
1 Mature pileus usually more than 4 cm broad ............. ochropurpurea
1<Mature :pileus usually less: thant scm broad’. neces Aven bo eee 2
2° Lainelide “wiolacegus’ si: nei st woarles alvta sis tee eu ee ae ae amethystina
2‘ Lamellae: flesh vecoloted or mearly’ whites. 4-kc <ecene ee aeee 8
3 Pileus regular, becoming unpolished or minutely squamulose...... laccata
3. Pileus; regular pecsistently- elabrous «0.02 .s.sen skeen fees striatula
3 Pileus irregular, usually less than 12 mm broad.................-- tortilis
Laccaria trullisata (Ellis) Pk.
PLASTERED LACCARIA
Sylloge V, p.195
Pileus fleshy, convex or plane becoming depressed in the center,
innately fibrous, squamose or squamulose, smoother in the center,
thin on the margin, reddish flesh color; lamellae unequal, sub-
distant, thick, adnate or with a decurrent tooth, at first purplish
violet, then brick red and pruinose or white pulverulent; stem
stuffed, fibrillose, colored like the pileus, the enlarged more or less
deeply radicating and clavately thickened base covered by a mass of
mycelium and adhering sand; spores oblong or cylindric, even,
granular within, 15-20x 8-9 up.
Pileus 2.5—5 cm broad; stem 2.5-7 cm long, 5-8 mm thick.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII OI
Solitary or sparsely gregarious. Sandy soil. Suffolk, Nassau,
Madison and Albany counties. September and October.
The author of this species placed it in Clitocybe with the remark
that it 1s telated.to, Acariewmss laceatus. Scop ands
ochropurpureus Berk. The fresh mycelium is violet col-
ored. The specific name apparently has reference to the mass of soil
adhering to the base of the stem which in consequence appears as if
it had been plastered over with sand.
Laccaria ochropurpurea (Berk.) Pk.
PURPLISH OCHER LACCARIA
N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 116, p.41, pl.106, fig.7-11
Pileus fleshy, firm, subhemispheric or convex with decurved mar-
gin becoming plane or slightly centrally depressed, hygrophanous,
purplish brown when moist, grayish or pale alutaceous when dry,
unpolished; lamellae thick, distant, broad, adnate or decurrent,
purplish ; stem variable, short or long, equal or sometimes thicker in
the middle, sometimes at each end, fibrous, solid, colored like or
paler than the pileus ; spores globose, verruculose, 8-10 p in diameter.
Pileus 5-10 cm broad ; stem 3-8 cm long, 4-12 mm thick.
Solitary or rarely gregarious. Open grassy or bushy places.
Common. July to September. Edible.
This species is often very irregular and very variable in size and
shape. The color of the lamellae is generally darker than in
Laccaria laccata (Scop.) B. & Br. The pileus is much
darker when moist than when dry. The stem is very fibrous and
firm.
Laccaria amethystina (Bolt.) B. & Br. in part
AMETHYST LACCARIA
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 48, p.176, pl.25, fig.23-27
Pileus thin, broadly convex, umbilicate or centrally depressed,
hygrophanous, brown or violaceous brown when moist, grayish
when dry, unpolished; lamellae subdistant, adnate or decurrent,
violaceous, color more persistent than in the pileus; stem slender,
equal, flexuous, hollow, colored like or paler than the pileus ; spores
globose, verruculose, 8-10 » in diameter.
Pileus 1.2-2.5 cm broad; stem 2.5-5 cm long, 2-4 mm thick.
Solitary or gregarious. Damp ground in shaded places. Not
common. Albany and Suffolk counties. July and August.
g2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
This beautiful and quite distinct species has commonly been con-
fused with Laccaria laccata (Scop.) B. & Br. or considered
a mere variety of it; but to me it appears to be distinct in its
violaceous color, slender hollow stem, peculiar habitat, commonly
smaller size and more rare occurrence. It is easily recognized and
the change of color between the moist and the dry state is strongly
marked.
Laccaria laccata (Scop.) B. & Br. in part
LACCATE LACCARIA WAXY CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 48, p.175, pl.25, fig.1-13
Pileus fleshy, rather thin, convex or nearly plane, sometimes um-
bilicate or centrally depressed, hygrophanous, glabrous, furfuraceous
or minutely squamulose, pale red, buff red or flesh red when moist,
pale ochraceous, grayish or buff when dry, margin even; lamellae
rather broad, thick, subdistant, adnate or decurrent, flesh color or
pale flesh color; stem long or short, nearly or quite equal, fibrous,
firm, straight or flexuous, stuffed, colored like the pileus; spores
globose, verruculose, 8-10 p» in diameter.
Pileus 1.2-5 cm broad; stem 2.5—7.5 cm long, 2-6 mm thick.
Solitary, gregarious or cespitose. Woods, groves, swamps, mossy
places and pastures in wet, dry or sandy soil and even in sphagnum.
Common. May to October. Edible.
This is the most common and the most variable species of the
genus. It is not at all particular concerning its habitat, soil nor
season. It may be found at any time from spring to late autumn if
the weather is not too dry. As in other species the color of the
lamellae is more persistent than that of the pileus, and is one of the
most available characters by which to separate this species from any
of the preceding.
On account of its variability many varieties have been designated
by European mycologists. We recognize among our specimens only
two varieties: var. _palliditiolia Pk: “GN. Y. States Mins:
Rep't 48, p.176, pl.25, fig.19g-22) differing from the type in having
the lamellae very pale, barely tinged with flesh color; and var.
decurrens Pk. in which the lamellae are distinctly decurrent or
arcuate decurrent. As an edible species it is not to be classed as
first quality. It is inclined to be tough and not highly flavored.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 93
Laccaria striatula ( Pk.)
STRIATULATE LACCARIA
N.-Y. State Mus. Rep’t 48, p.176, pl.25, fig.14-18
Pileus very thin, submembranaceous, convex or nearly plane,
glabrous, hygrophanous, buff red and striatulate when moist, grayish
cr pale buff when dry; lamellae broad, distant, adnate, pale flesh
color; stem slender, equal, fibrous, hollow, colored like the pileus;
spores globose or subglobose, verruculose, 11-13 m in diameter.
Pileus 12-20 mm broad; stem 1.5—3 cm long, 1-2 mm thick.
Gregarious. In wet or damp places. Albany, Ulster and Warren
counties. Not common. June to September.
This was formerly considered a mere variety of Laccaria
laccata (Scop.) B. & Br., but its thinner glabrous striatulate
pileus, which is usually convex, its smaller size, more slender hollow
stem and specially its larger spores lead me to consider it a distinct
species.
Laccaria tortilis (Bolt.) B. & Br.
TWISTED LACCARIA
Sylloge V, p.108
Pileus membranaceous, convex plane or centrally depressed,
deflexed and sometimes torn on the margin, obscurely striate, irregu-
lar, subferruginous; lamellae thick, subdistant, adnate, flesh color ;
stem short, equal or slightly thickened at the base, stuffed or hollow,
twisted, fragile, colored like the pileus; spores globose, echinulate,
12-16 pw in diameter.
Pileus 5-10 cm broad ; stem 8-12 mm long, .5—1 mm thick.
Closely gregarious or cespitose. Damp places in woods or by
roadsides. Rensselaer and New York counties. August. Rare.
This is the smallest of our species. It is easily recognized by its
small size and irregular shape. Its spores are larger and more
sharply verruculose than in the preceding species. Var. gracilis
Pk. has a more regular pileus, a longer stem and a less cespitose
mode of growth.
9O4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
NEW YORK SPECIES“OF PSIL@eyv aE
Psilocybe Fr.
Pileus more or less fleshy, glabrous, the margin at first incurved ;
lamellae brown or purplish brown, not decurrent; stem subcarti-
laginous, rigid or tenacious, tubular, either hollow or stuffed, often
radicating; veil absent or rudimentary, not forming a membrane;
spores either brown or purplish brown.
The genus has been divided into two sections characterized as
follows:
Rigidae. Pileus thin, not pelliculose, hygrophanous, commonly
some shade of brown and striatulate when moist, paler when dry;
stem slender, rigid, usually brittle or fragile, glabrous or silky
fibrillose, veil none.
Spadiceae is another name that has been applied to this section.
Tenaces. Pileus pelliculose, often slightly viscid in wet weather,
becoming pale and mostly clear or bright in color; stem commonly
tough flexible, glabrous or silky fibrillose, veil rarely conspicuous.
Callosae is another name sometimes applied to this section.
The species of these sections are not in all cases sharply separated
from each other. We have included in the genus one species having
ved spores.
The absence of an interwoven veil will distinguish species of
Psilocybe from those of Hypholoma on one hand, and the incurved
margin of the young pileus will separate them from those of
Psathyra on the other. Most of the species are terrestrial but a few
small ones inhabit wood or fallen decaying leaves. Some occur both
en wood and on the ground.
KEY TO THE SPECIES
Pileus ‘hygrophanous? 2. .b 50.0 Pe ee ee ee I
Pileus siot hysrophanousy. Mb. 3.al ee eens ee ee 4
Te Stenitineed with bier ee eeeea a sane TA Mose noe caerulipes
1 Stem: sot: tinged: ‘avith blier...:s/5 «sts <ix/acds beeeal ee Te e 2
2: Plant: crowing. inysandy Soil’ ..2.¢\a2..0.44 eae ee arenulina
2 Plant not. growing. incsaudy *Soil) 2.0.4.5 5-o Rie ae es eee
3 Pileus:rugose plicate.and ‘atomate.. »0. sce. eee eek atomatoides
3 Pileus not having these-characters)< 7; Ao pene etic fo ae 4
4 Spores Ted: oe ccarse oes cee ta ee i eee conissans
4 Spores brown.or purplish ‘brown &,...2..8eeeoe «ke eee 5
5 Moist pileus yellow, reddish yellow or brownish .................e-s08- 6
5 Moist pileus alutaceous, reddish brown or chestnut .................005- a
J
Moist pileus brown, sooty brown or blackish brown ................-..-. 10
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQIT 95
6: Stemoreddisiy Drow. caste cn ones cena cc netncctametaereeete squalidella
OMB} SiON eas (00H 3) os men PER CPR AEB ey THRE bo AERIS OEE, Saas aed polycephala
7, Plant erowinesin woods on uncultivated places: ces .icilieie eetelaeleeie restate 8
7 Plant srowing inh, StASSWe Places, cis. siaccisita sl wiasinwie ct ni ereree ea foenisecil
SuSporeses loboserom suns lObOSemae centers tec acon aeons phyllogena
8 Sporessellipsore Oot sac peta ti edersyes oe he eats ae) has sisters cecsie eae shal vucltrereteneratere 9
Oo. Pileusvlessithan)2igecmiabr oa ducts srerrocieioeiiet hele a cmicr ise ctares castanella
9 Pileus 2.5 cm or more broad, bay brown when moist ............ spadicea
9 Pileus 2.5 cm or more broad, tan color when moist ............ fuscofolia
to Moist ‘pileus- striatulate: on) the marsin at) cee tens 1 Fa tle Pads arenes II
10 Moist pileus not striatulate on the margin ................... nigrella
1, Plant growing: on decayine. wood) qo -)..sccies ciel ea saruiels «-npsarereeiae ere EZ
Wil Tel evan fenroyyabave Coyol sovGblal (ove \yysie aoymnaldl Yoo de QeoumecanaccounAododes limicola
We MEME h iE Cero py abateesnae cy nekendblanl Goeqeqagcenncadancuaceandanaemoct fuscofulva
ie Voung lamellae wihtitiShimesaesemtioee aerate eines: camptopoda
1) Young lamellae) brownyonicinencous serra cee rite eae ele arte 13
13 Stem. brownish, less. than2/5 emi loneicy -.- nan. once ss, tea as unicolor
13 Stem ‘white; more than 2 cmulone ss. sce eae seer ren are eee senex
14: Stent white. or. whitishtye setae soo sacle tele amare te eilahelcne ovetors! Sata 15
14° Stem some- other: colotepssa:: acuwe can tna sks eee er stearate aaa 17
To. Pileus viscid! wheir OlSt i acracvatet soho srdteta terete ee erecta aes semilanceata
Ty Piles: not viscid. whem moist ck sive feet to ators detent ities « lapieler eee 16
TOMEAleusestriate One thet at odie ener rer tier tener ee tener clivensis
TOMeileus even) onethermearcinec cece iirc eer att limophila
i Palens, stiiatulate omitie ma rei atime Sites) «is ROSebeeone dichroa
17, Pileus not striatulatevon the mmareinis. een. craic «criss is tet eraeyare 18
18 Pileus yellowish when moist 52.-45-..42.005-le a: © ee. elongatipes
18. Pileus: taway: Day wites OaOIS tle re) 9e athe toys al teveh ia toys ore intel ae uda
Psilocybe caerulipes Pk.
BLUE STEM PSILOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 38, p.80
Pileus thin, subcampanulate becoming convex, obtuse or obtusely
umbonate, glabrous, hygrophanous, slightly viscid, brown and
striatulate on the margin when moist, yellowish or subochraceous
when dry, the center sometimes brownish; lamellae at first ascend-
ing, close, adnate, grayish tawny becoming rusty brown, whitish on
the edge; stem slender, equal, flexuous, tenacious, hollow or con-
taining a separable pith, slightly fibrillose, pruinose at the top,
bluish, sometimes whitish at the top; spores 8-10 x 4-5 p.
Pileus 10-20 mm broad; stem 2.5—4 cm long, I-1.5 mm thick.
Cespitose or solitary. On decaying wood. Saratoga co. August.
Rare.
The species may readily be recognized by its bluish stem. The
pileus sometimes changes to blue where bruised. The spores are
96 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
smaller than those of Psilocybe semilanceata caerul-
escens Cke. which has the stem slightly bluish at the base.
Psilocybe arenulina Pk.
SANDY PSILOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.42
Pileus convex becoming plane or centrally depressed, rarely um-
bonate, glabrous, hygrophanous, dark brown and coarsely striate
on the margin when moist, dingy white or whitish when dry ; lamellae
close, adnate, cinnamon brown becoming darker or purplish brown ;
stem slightly tapering upward, hollow, often radicating and some-
what clavate at the base, whitish; spores ellipsoid, 10-12 x 5-6 up.
Pileus 1-3 cm broad; stem 3-5 cm long, 1.5—2 mm thick.
Gregarious. Sandy soil. Albany co. September and October.
Rare.
When moist the pileus has a peculiar radiate appearance as if dis-
tinctly striate. Large plants often have the margin of the pileus
uneven or wavy and widely sulcate and irregularly striate. A mass
of sand usually adheres to the base of the stem. This species 1s
apparently closely related to the European Psilocybe ammo-
phila Mont. from which it may be separated by its hygrophanous
pileus which is commonly depressed in the center, rarely umbonate
and constantly coarsely striate or sulcately striate both when moist
and when dry. Its lamellae also differ, if we may rely upon the
descriptions of the lamellae of that species, in having at first a cinna-
mon brown color which becomes dark purplish brown with age.
They are not made “black pulverulent” by the spores as in P.
ammophila Mont. For these reasons it seems to me far better
to consider our plant distinct from the European species.
Psilocybe atomatoides Pk.
ATOMATE PSILOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 20, p.41
Pileus thin, fragile, convex or subcampanulate becoming nearly
plane, rugosely wrinkled, atomate, slightly and evanescently white
floccose, slightly hygrophanous, grayish or ochraceous brown, some-
times with a pinkish tint, flesh cinereous ; lamellae moderately broad,
subventricose, rounded behind, adnexed, cinereous becoming dark
brown; stem equal, hollow, minutely flocculent when young, pruinose
at the top, whitish; spores blackish brown, 7-8 x 4-5 pz.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII Q7
Pileus 1.6-2.4 mm broad; stem 3-5 cm long, 2 mm thick.
Ground and decaying wood under pine trees. Albany co. June
and July. Rare.
In wet weather the pileus has a moist brownish appearance, but
its moisture escapes quickly. The spore print on white paper is
almost black, but the spores are much smaller than those of Psa -
thyrella atomata Fr. It also approaches Hypholoma
incertum Pk. in general appearance but differs in the color
and character of the lamellae.
Psilocybe conissans Pk.
DUSTY PSILOCYBE
N. Y.-State Mus. Bul. 122, p.131
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 41, p.64; 42, p.45 as Clitopilus conissans Pk.
Pileus fleshy but thin, broadly convex becoming nearly plane,
glabrous, hygrophanous, pale chestnut or ferruginous and striatulate
on the margin when moist, pale alutaceous or pale buff and some-
times slightly rugose when dry, flesh whitish; lamellae thin, close,
rounded behind, adnexed or rarely adnate, bay verging to dark
purple or liver color; stem equal, rather slender, firm, glabrous,
hollow, curved or flexuous, white, veil none ; spores red or vinaceous,
8-10 X 4-5 up.
Pileus 2.5-5 cm broad; stem 2.5—5 cm long, 2-4 mm thick.
Cespitose. On or about the base of deciduous trees. Ulster,
Essex and Saratoga counties. September and October. Not
common.
Remarkable for and easily distinguished from all other species
of this genus by the color of the spores. By reason of their color
the species was formerly referred to the genus Clitopilus. But their
color is darker than pink and paler than purplish brown. Its other
characters indicate Psilocybe as its proper genus.
Psilocybe squalidella Pk.
SQUALID PSILOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 29, p.40 as Agaricus (Hypholoma )
squalidellus Pk.
Pileus thin, convex, subconic or subcampanulate, expanded when
old, glabrous, hygrophanous, dark ochraceous and striatulate on the
margin when moist, pale ochraceous or yellow when dry, spore
stained and squalid when old; lamellae broad, subdistant, rounded
behind, adnexed, whitish becoming purplish brown with a whitish
98 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
edge; stem slender, stuffed, fibrous, subflexuous, reddish brown;
spores 9-12 x 5-8 p.
Pileus 1.2-2.4 cm broad; stem 2.5—5 cm long, 2-2.5 mm thick.
Gregarious or cespitose. Damp ground in woods. Adirondack
mountains. September. Very variable. Rare except in the Adiron-
dack region.
Var. umbonata Pk. has the pileus umbonate.
Var. macrospora Pk. has spores 12-15 x 6-8 p.
Var. deformata Pk. has the pileus very irregular with the
margin upcurved and the lamellae very broad, ventricose and irregu-
lar; spores 12-15 x 6-8 p.
Perhaps the last two may be worthy of specific distinction. An
unattractive species with the pileus often stained and defiled by
the spores lodging on it.
Psilocybe polycephala ( Paul.)
MANY CAP PSILOCYBE
Plate 127, fig.1-9
Pileus fleshy but thin, subcampanulate convex or nearly plane,
glabrous, even, hygrophanous, at first whitish with a reddish yellow
center, then darker or brown and striatulate on the margin while
moist, paler or whitish when dry, taste mild; lamellae thin, narrow,
close, adnexed or nearly free, whitish becoming purplish brown;
stem equal, straight or flexuous, hollow, glabrous, mealy or pruinose
at the top, white; spores purplish brown, ellipsoid, 7-8 x 4-5 p.
Pileus 1-3 cm broad; stem 2.5-5 cm long, 2-4 mm thick.
Densely gregarious or cespitose. In woods on the ground about
the base of trees or on dead wood. Lewis co. September. Rare.
Edible.
This is commonly considered a variety of Psilocybe
spadicea Fr. but it has seemed to us to be worthy of specific
distinction. Its distinctive features have been mentioned in another
place in this report.
Psilocybe foenisecii (Pers.) Fr.
HAYMAKERS PSILOCYBE MOWERS MUSHROOM
N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 75, p.33, pl.86, fig.1—-11
Pileus thin, campanulate or convex, obtuse, glabrous, hygro-
phanous, brown or reddish brown when moist, paler when dry;
lamellae broad, ventricose, adnate, subdistant, brown; stem slender,
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 99
nearly straight, rigid, fragile, hollow, glabrous, pruinose at the top,
pallid or rufescent; spores brown, ovoid or unequally ellipsoid,
obscurely and bluntly apiculate at one end, 12-16 x 8-10 w (10-12 x
6-7 w in Sylloge).
Pileus 1.2-2.4 cm broad; stem 5-7 cm long, 1.5—2 mm thick.
Gregarious. Lawns and rich soil in grassy places. Albany co.
May and June. Edible.
The spores in our plant are a little larger than the dimensions
attributed to those of the European plant, but we have not con-
sidered this difference of sufficient weight to justify the separation
of our plant as a distinct species. Sometimes the moist pileus shows
striatulations on the margin but this character is not constant.
The moisture escapes from the center of the pileus sooner than from
the margin. This is according to the usual habit of hygrophanous
species.
Psilocybe phyllogena Pk.
LEAF PSILOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 26, p60 as Agaricus (Hypholoma)
phyllogenus Pk.
Pileus thin, firm, convex, sometimes slightly umbonate, hygro-
phanous, reddish brown when moist, alutaceous when dry; lamellae
plane, broad, close, brown, white on the margin ; stem equal, fibrillose,
stuffed or hollow, brownish, expanding at the base into a thin flat
disk which adheres closely to the leaf on which it grows; spores pa'e
brown, subglobose, 6-8 p in diameter.
Pileus 4-8 mm broad; stem 1.5—2.5 cm long, 1-2 mm thick.
Fallen leaves in woods. Otsego co. July.
~ One of our smallest species. Because of the absence of a veil it
belongs to the genus Psilocybe rather than to Hypholoma to which
it was originally referred. The closely related Hypholoma
modestum Pk. is probably only a form of this species, from
which it differs slightly in its larger size, its grayish young lamellae
and its inhabiting sticks and twigs instead of leaves. It may be
designated Psilocybe phyllogena modesta Pk.
Psilocybe castanella Pk.
CHESTNUT PSILOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 2, p.7
Pileus thin, convex or subconic becoming plane or slightly de-
pressed in the center, glabrous, hygrophanous, chestnut or umber
I0O NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
brown and striatulate on the margin when moist, pale alutaceous
when dry, flesh paler than the surface of the pileus; lamellae close,
adnate or slightly rounded behind, pale brown becoming purplish
brown; stem equal, flexuous, hollow or stuffed with a whitish pith,
slightly silky fibrillose, brownish or subrufescent with a white
mycelium at the base; spores ellipsoid, purplish brown, 8-10 x 4-5 p.
Pileus 8-16 mm broad; stem 2.5—5 cm long, I-2 mm thick.
Gregarious or subcespitose. Grassy ground by roadsides. Rens-
selaer co. June. Rare.
In drying, the moisture first disappears from the center of the
pileus. The young pileus and its margin, as well as the stem, are
sometimes adorned with a few white fibrils. -
Psilocybe spadicea Ir.
BAY PSILOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.1052
Pileus fleshy, rigid, convex becoming nearly plane, obtuse,
scabrous, even, hygrophanous, bay or bay brown when moist, pallid
when dry; lamellae close, rounded behind, adnexed, dry, whitish
becoming pinkish brown; stem equal, rather tough, glabrous, hollow,
even at the top, whitish; spores brown, 8-9 x 4-5 up.
Pileus 2.5-6 cm broad; stem 5-8 cm long, 4-6 mm thick.
Commonly cespitose. Ground in woods, among fallen leaves or
on and about the base of trees. Cattaraugus co. September.
Psilocybe fuscofolia n. sp.
BROWN GILL PSILOCYBE
Pileus fleshy, thin, conic or hemispheric, becoming convex plane
or centrally depressed, glabrous, even on the margin, hygrophanous,
alutaceous when moist, subochraceous and rugose when dry, flesh
whitish or yellowish; lamellae narrow, thin, close, adnate, some-
times forked, pale brown becoming reddish brown; stem equal,
siender, hollow, silky fibrillose, white, thickened or subbulbous at’
the base, there covered with a white mycelioid tomentum; spores
brown, ellipsoid, 6-8 x 3-4 p.
Pileus 2.5-5 cm broad; stem 2.5—-4 cm long, 2-4 mm thick.
Solitary, gregarious or cespitose. On or about stumps, on the
ground, decaying wood and in crevices of rocks in woods or in open
places. New York and Richmond counties. October and November.
Common.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQIIt IOI
This species is well marked by having its pileus rugose when dry
and its lamellae brown from the first. Its somewhat bulbous stem,
firmly attached to its place of growth by its white basal tomentum
is also a noticeable character. Its brown spores, the incurved margin
of the pileus and the entire absence of a veil plainly indicate the
genus to which this peculiar species belongs.
Psilocybe nigrella Pk.
BLACKISH PSILOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 139, p.28, pl.111, fig.7—-11
Pileus thin, broadly convex becoming nearly plane, slightly um-
bonate, hygrophanous, seal brown, shining and even or obscurely
striate on the margin when moist, raw umber or mummy brown
when dry; lamellae thin, rather close, rounded behind, adnexed,
purplish brown or seal brown, whitish on the edge; stem firm, rigid,
equal, stuffed with a slender white pith, silky fibrillose, whitish;
spores dark purplish brown, almost black, ellipsoid, to-12 x 6-8 p.
Pileus 2.5-4 cm broad; stem 3.5-7 cm long, 2.4 mm thick.
Scattered or gregarious. Damp mossy ground in swamps.
Albany co. October. Rare. Found but once.
Psilocybe limicola Pk.
MUD PSILOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 24, p.7o, pl.2, fig.9-13
Pileus thin, convex becoming nearly plane, glabrous, hygro-
phanous, dark brown and striatulate on the margin when moist, pale
ochraceous brown and rugosely wrinkled when dry; lamellae close,
rounded behind, adnexed, cinnamon brown, darker when old; stem
slender, equal, brittle, silky, hollow above, stuffed with a pith below,
whitish ; spores ellipsoid, 10-12 x 6-8 up.
Pileus 1.2-5 cm broad; stem 3-8 cm long, 1.5—3 mm thick.
Gregarious or cespitose. Damp muck soil in woods. Lewis and
Franklin counties. September.
Psilocybe fuscofulva Pk.
TAWNY BROWN PSILOCYBE
N. -Y. State Mus. Bul. 2, p.7
Pileus thin, convex or subcampanulate, subumbonate, glabrous,
hygrophanous, dark brown and striatulate on the margin when
moist, subochraceous when dry; lamellae rather broad, moderately
102 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
close, adnate, subventricose, purplish brown; stem slender, flexuous,
stuffed, slightly silky, reddish brown; spores purplish brown, 10-12 x
6-8 pm.
Pileus 1.2-2.5 cm broad; stem 3-5 cm long, 2-4 mm thick.
Solitary or scattered. In sphagnum. Albany co. October. Rare.
Psilocybe camptopoda Pk.
BENT STEM PSILOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 31, p.35
Pileus thin, broadly convex, glabrous, hygrophanous, brown and
striatulate on the margin when moist, whitish when dry; lamellae
narrow, close, adnate, whitish becoming brown; stem equal, curved
cr flexuous, solid, slightly pruinose or mealy at the top, with a
white strigose mycelium at the base; spores 6 xX 4 gp.
Pileus 5-20 mm broad; stem about 2.5 cm long, 1 mm thick.
Gregarious or solitary. On decorticated decaying prostrate trunks
of trees in woods. Albany, Ulster and Wayne counties. September
ind October.
This is one of our smallest species.
Psilocybe unicolor Pk.
ONE-COLORED PSILOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 53, p.845
Pileus thin, broadly convex, hygrophanous, brown and striatulate
on the margin when moist, even and pale brown or whitish when
dry, flesh white, taste slightly disagreeable; lamellae narrow, thin,
close, adnexed, brownish, becoming darker brown; stem short,
straight or curved, equal, glabrous, stuffed or hollow, brownish,
paler than the pileus; spores 6x 4 wp.
Pileus 12-20 mm broad; stem 16-24 mm long, 2 mm thick.
Decaying prostrate mossy trunks in woods. Wayne co. October.
Growing in the same locality as Psilocybe camptopoda
Pk. and closely related to it, but separated from it by its adnexed
and darker colored lamellae and by its hollow, glabrous stem without
a white strigose mycelium at the base.
Psilocybe senex Pk.
OLD PSILOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 41, p.70
Pileus thin, hemispheric, obtuse, hygrophanous, dark brown and
striatulate on the margin when moist, pale cinereous and shining
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 103
when dry, slightly squamulose with superficial subfasciculate whitish
fibrils, the margin sometimes appearing slightly and fugaciously
appendiculate with these fibrils; lamellae broad, subdistant, adnate,
grayish or cinereous, becoming brown or blackish brown, white on
the edge; stem slender, hollow, fragile, floccosely pruinose, white;
spores brown, 8 x 5 up.
Pileus 1.2-2 cm broad; stem 3-7 cm long, 2 mm thick.
Decaying wood in woods. Ulster co. September. Rare.
The superficial fibrillose and evanescent squamules of the pileus
are similar to those on the pileus of Psilocybe canofaciens
Cke. but the white stem of our plant at once distinguishes it from
that species. The specific name has reference to the white fibrils
of the pileus which suggest the white hairs of old age.
Psilocybe semilanceata ['r.
LIBERTY CAP PSILOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.1051
Pileus thin, acutely conic or convex, obtuse or sometimes um-
bonate or cuspidate, viscid and striatulate on the margin when moist,
pale yellow or pallid when dry, the margin incurved; lamellae sub-
distant, adnate, brown becoming purplish brown; stem equal, tough,
stuffed, flexuous, shining, whitish or pallid; spores 12-46 x 8-10 p.
Pileus 1.2-2 cm broad; stem 5-7 cm long, 2-3 mm thick.
Gregarious. Pastures and rich grassy places. Autumn. Albany
con Rare:
Very variable in the shape of the pileus, ranging from acutely
conic to broadly convex and from obtuse to almost cuspidate. It 1s
classed as poisonous by M. C. Cooke.
Psilocybe clivensis b. & Br.
HILLY PSILOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.1055
Pileus thin, convex or hemispheric, even, atomate, pale brown or
pale ochraceous, rarely almost white, striate on the margin ; lamellae
widely sinuate, adnexed, subdistant, brown; stem equal, hollow,
silky above, white or whitish; spores 8-IO x 4-5 up.
Pileus 1-2 cm broad; stem 3-7 cm long, 1.5—2 mm thick.
On the ground or on decaying wood lying on the ground. Ulster
co. September. Rare. Found but once.
‘
104 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Psilocybe limophila Pk.
MUD-LOVING PSILOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.42
Pileus thin, convex becoming nearly plane, fragile, atomaceous,
radiately rugulose, whitish, often splitting on the margin, sometimes
areolately cracking; lamellae rather broad, subdistant, whitish be-
coming purplish brown; stem equal, striate and slightly mealy at the
top, hollow, short, white; spores 10-12 x 5-6 up.
Pileus 1.4—2.5 cm broad; stem 2—2.5 cm long, 1.5—2 mm thick.
Muddy alluvial soil under willows. Albany co. September. Rare.
similar'to ‘Hypholoma incertum. Pk. .in color; barat
differs in the absence of a veil and of the hygrophanous character
of the pileus, the more distant lamellae and the larger spores.
Psilocybe dichroa (Pers.) Karst.
TWO-COLORED PSILOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.1045
Pileus thin, fleshy, conic or campanulate becoming convex, subum-
bonate, glabrous, subviscid, subshining, striatulate on the margin,
brown or bay brown, subalutaceous in dry weather; lamellae broad,
subclose, adnexed, ventricose, pallid, then purplish brown, whitish
on the edge; stem equal or slightly thickened downward, hollow,
silky, pallid becoming brownish; spores 10 X 5 ».
Pileus 2.5—3.5 cm broad; stem 5-7 cm long, 2-4 mm thick.
Marshes and wet places. Albany co. October. Rare. Found
but once.
Psilocybe elongatipes Pk.
LONG STEM PSILOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 29, p.4o
Pileus thin, convex becoming nearly plane, glabrous, moist,
yellow; lamellae broad, subdistant, ventricose, yellowish becoming
brown, usually whitish on the edge; stem elongated, fragile, flexu-
ous, stuffed or hollow, slightly silky fibrillose, pallid or reddish;
spores ellipsoid, 10-12 x 6-8 uz.
Pileus 1.2-2.5 cm broad; stem 7—12 cm long, 1.5—2 mm thick.
Gregarious. Among sphagnum in marshes and wet places. Lewis
co. September. Rare.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 105
A sterile form sometimes occurs in which the lamellae are per-
sistently pale or yellowish. In young plants slight vestiges of a
veil sometimes are visible.
Psilocybe uda (Pers.) Fr.
MOIST PSILOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.1045
Pileus fleshy, thin, convex becoming plane, rugulose when dry,
tawny bay becoming yellowish; lamellae subdistant, adnexed, ventri-
cose, whitish becoming purplish brown; stem equal, elongated, thin,
tough, fibrillose, hollow, straight or slightly wavy, pale above,
ferruginous below; spores purplish brown, 16-20 x 7-9 up.
Pileus 2-3 cm broad; stem 5-8 cm long, 2-3 mm thick.
Gregarious. In swamps among sphagnum and other mosses.
Albany and Oswego counties. September and October.
The spore dimensions here given are taken from American speci-
mens and agree with those given in Sylloge. Some English authors
give much smaller dimensions, 10 x 5 up.
Var. elongata (Pers.) Sacc. has the pileus striate on the
margin when moist, even when dry. The color of the moist pileus
is livid or greenish yellow, of the dry pileus pale yellowish. Gre-
garious. Among sphagnum. July to September. - Albany and
Fulton counties.
Psilocybe cernua Vahl has been reported but its identity
is not well established and it is therefore omitted.
106 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
LATIN DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. AND
VARIETIES
Agaricus campester majusculus
Pileus carnosus, firmus, convexus vel subplanus, margine fibrill-
osus squamosusve, disco levis, lamellas excedens, umbrinus, carne
alba, leviter tardeque rufescente caesa, sapore miti, dulce; lamellae
tenues, confertae, liberae, incarnatae, demum atrobrunneae; stipes
validus, aequalis, farctus, fibrillosus, albus, annulo albo; sporae late
ellipsoideae, 7-9 x 6-7 up.
Pileus 6-15 cm latus; stipes 2.5-7 cm longus, I-2 cm crassus.
Ascochyta imperfecta
Maculae variabiles, 4-12 mm latae, amphigenae, orbiculares semi-
orbiculares subtriangularesve, majores vulgo terminales vel mar-
ginales, pallide brunneae vel fumosobrunneae, indefinite limitatae ;
perithecia pauca, amphigena, depressa, .3-.6 mm lata, brunnea vel
nigrobrunnea; sporae variabiles, continuae vel pseudouniseptatae,
oblongae subcylindraceaeve, utrinque obtusae, aliquando ad septum
constrictae, hyalinae, 6-15 x 2.5-4 p.
Boletus albidipes
Pileus carnosus, convexus deinde late convexus subplanusve,
viscidus vel glutinosus, juvenis flavidoalbus, deinde subochraceus
obscureque maculatus, carne alba; tubuli plani, adnati, albidi, deinde
lutei, tandem subochracei, dissepimentis nudis vel glandularibus
punctis paucis; stipes brevis, aequalis, solidus, albus, nudus vel
punctis glandularibus paucis ad apicem ; sporae 8-10 x 3-4 p.
Pileus 5-8 cm latus; stipes 2.5—5 cm longus, 8-12 mm crassus.
Boletus ballouii
Pileus carnosus, firmus, saepe irregularis, convexus, subplanus
vel in centro leviter depressus, siccus, impolitus vel minute tomen-
tosus, primus aurantiacus, deinde brunneo-aurantiacus, brunneus vel
subcinnamomeus, carne alba, sapore miti; tubuli albi albidive, deinde
brunnescentes vel brunnei, ubi contusi fumoso brunnei, adnexi
subdecurrentesve; stipes variabilis, solidus, farinosus vel minute
furfuraceus, ad apicem striatus subreticulatusve, luteus auranti-
acusve, saepe albidus in parte supera; sporae 8-10 x 4-5 p.
Pileus 5-12 cm latus; stipes 2.5-12 cm longus, 7-15 mm crassus.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 107
Camarosporium maclurae
Perithecia gregaria, .3 mm lata, in cortice nidulantia, erumpentia,
conica vel subglobosa, vix papillata, atra; sporae primum continuae,
hyalinae, deinde fuscae, 3-5-septatae, muriformes, saepe leviter
curvatae, 15-20 x 8-10 up.
In ramis emortuis Maclurae pomiferae (Raf.) “Schneid.
Cercospora eustomae
Maculae suborbiculares, definitae, griseae vel griseobrunneae,
linea angusta cinctae; hyphae caespitosae, in maculis dense aggre-
gatae vel areas magnas foliorum. vivorum occupantes, continuae
seu septatae, irregulares et ad apicem nodulosae, 30-60 x 4-6 yp;
sporae variabillissimae, rectae curvae flexuosaeve, oblongae vel sub-
cylindraceae, irregulares, continuae vel obscure I—2-septatae, sub-
hyalinae, 20-60 x 4-6 up.
Folis vivis Eustomae andrewsii A. Nels. et E. rus-
selliani (L.) Griseb.
Cercospora pastinaceae n. comb.
(Cerecosporasa pit pastimaceae Sacc,)
Maculae parvae, inconspicuae, amphigenae, flavidovirides vel
brunneae, venulis limitatae ; hyphae hypophyllae, aseptatae, ad apicem
nodulosae, pallidobrunneae, 40-60 x 6-8 y»; sporae oblongae vel
cylindraceae, rectae vel curvae, ad apicem rare angustatae, I-3-
septatae, 25-85 x 0-8 yp, uniseptatae sporae loculo superiore angus-
tiore.
in foliis vivis Pas tinacae sativae I:
Cercosporella mirabilis
Maculae angulares, irregulares, 2-10 mm latae, interdum con-
fluentes, primum lutescentes vel pallidae, deinde brunneorufescentes ;
hyphae longae, repentes, ramosae, intertextae vel breves, simplices et
erectae, hypophyllae, hyalinae ; sporae cylindraceae vel gradatim ad
apicem angustatae, plurinucleatae, interdum 1-3-septatae, curvae vel
flexuosae, ad apicem rare hamatae, hyalinae, 40-120 x 3-5 u.
In foliis vivis Crataegi rivularis Nutt.
Cercosporella terminalis
Maculae anguste oblongae, 1-3 cm longae, 3-5 mm latae, saepe
confluentes et ad apicem omnino folium discolorantes, brunneae vel
108 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
nigrobrunneae saepe steriles; caespites effusi, areas lineares floccu-
lentes candidas formantes; sporae variabiles, curvae flexuosaeve,
subcylindraceae vel ad apicem attenuatae, continuae vel I—3-septatae,
saepe nucleatae, 50-150 x 3-5 pm.
In foliis vivis YVeratri viridis Ait.
Clitocybe fumosa brevipes
Stipes brevis, 1.2-2.5 cm longus, I-2 cm crassus.
Clitocybe sinopicoides
Pileus tenuis, convexus, margine deflexus, umbilicatus, in centro
floccososquamulosus, margine obscure fibrillosus, firmus, fulvorufus
vel lateritius, carne alba, sapore odoreque farinaceis; lamellae sub-
confertae, arcuatae, decurrentes, albae, venis leviter connexae; stipes
aequalis, glaber vel subfloccosus, solidus vel farctus, sublateritius ;
sporae 6-8 x 3-4 pm.
Pileus 2-4 cm latus; stipes 2-4 cm longus, 2-4 mm crassus.
Inter muscos in locis uliginosis.
Clitocybe sudorifica
Pileus carnosus, tenuis, late convexus vel subplanus, saepe in
centre depressus vel umbilicatus, irregularis vel in margine in lobos
fissus, glaber, siccus, albidus vel griseo albus, carne alba, sapore
wiiti; lamellae tenues, angustae, confertae, adnatae vel leviter de-
currentes, albidae; stipes vulgo brevis, aequalis vel basi attenuatus,
glaber pruinosusve, farctus vel cavus, interdum curvus, albus
albidusve ; sporae subglobosae, 4—5 xX 3-4 p.
Pileus 2-4 cm latus; stipes I-3 cm longus, 2-4 mm crassus.
In locis gramineis.
Cortinarius albidipes
Pileus carnosus, compactus, hemisphaeric deinde late convexus,
ebtusus vel subumbonatus, viscidus, glaber, nitidus, luteolus, carne
alba, sapore miti; lamellae 4-6 mm latae, subconfertae, pallide vio-
laceae, demum cinnamomeae; stipes vulgo sursum attenuatus, basi
incrassatus vel bulbosus, firmus, solidus, sericeo fibrillosus, albus;
sporae subglobosus, 8-10 x 7-9 p.
Pileus 5-10 cm latus; stipes 5-8 cm longus, I-I.5 cm crassus.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 109
Cortinarius phyllophilus
Pileus carnosus, crassus, compactus, convexus subplanusve, vis-
cidus, subnitidus, leviter innate fibrillosus, pallide fulvo ochraceus,
carne alba, sapore miti; lamellae tenues, confertae, acie erosae,
luteae, deinde brunneo cinnamomeae; stipes brevis, validus, firmus,
abrupte bulbosus, sericeo fibrillosus, albidus, basi subferruginosus ;
sporae utrinque subacutae, 10-12 x 5-6 uy.
Pileus 7-12 cm latus; stipes 3-5 cm longus, I-1I.5 cm crassus.
Coryneum sorbi
Acervuli numerosi, discoidei, erumpentes, orbiculares vel ellip-
soidei, .5—I mm lati, nigri; sporae oblongae vel oblongo ovoideae,
triseptatae, saepe irregulares, fuscae, 12-20 x 8-9 p; sporophores
brevissimi vel obsoleti.
In ramulis emortuis Sorbi californicae Greene.
Dasyscypha sulphuricolor
Cupulae sulphureae, gregariae subcaespitosaeve, subsessiles, 1-3
mm latae, minute villosae ; hymenium planum vel convexum, cupulae
margine incurvo cinctum; asci subcylindracei, 70-80 x 3-4 m; sporae
oblongae vel subfusiformae, 10-12 x 2-3 »; paraphyses filiformes.
In ligno emortuo Fraxini nigri Marsh.
Dermatea mori
Ascomata orbicularia ellipsoidea vel leviter irregularia, 1-2 mm
lata, late convexa vel discoidea, erumpentia, epidermide rupta cincta,
nigra vel brunneo nigra; asci cylindracei vel subclavati, 60-90 x
20-25 p; sporae oblongae vel subcylindraceae, subdistichae, con-
tinuae, hyalinae, 20-30 x 8-10 up.
In ramulis emortuis Mori albae tataricae Loud.
Diaporthe inornata
Pustulae valsoideae, I-I1.5 mm latae, in cortice interiore nidu-
lantes; perithecia .3 mm lata, 4-14 in caespite, nigra, cum linea
nulla circumscripta, ostiola longa, conferta discum perforantia et
obliterantia, erumpentia, epidermide rupta cincta; asci subfusi-
formes, 60-80 x 8-10 p»; sporae conferta, oblongae vel subfusi-
formes, utringue seta breve auctae, ad septum constrictae, 2-4-
nucleatae, 15-24 x 3-4 p.
In ramis emortuis Rhois typhinae L.
IIO NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Diplodia polygonicola
Perithecia minuta, abundantia, dense gregaria, areas longas in
stipitibus occupantia, erumpentia, atra; sporae oblongae vel subellip-
soideae, primum hyalinae, deinde fuscae, postremo uniseptatae,
14-16 x 8-9 yp.
In stipitibus emortuis Polygoni lapathifolii L.
Entoloma subtruncatum
Pileus tenuis, subconicus, glaber, hy grophanus, humidus pallide
ochraceus et margine striatulus, siccus pallidior et subnitidus,
subtruncatus, subumbonatus vel leviter depressus, margine involutus ;
lamellae tenues, latae, adnexae, subconfertae, inaequales, albidae,
demum pallide incarnatae ; stipes gracilis, aequalis vel sursum leviter
attenuatus, cavus, sericeo fibrillosus, flavus, basi albido tomentosus ;
sporae angulares, basi apiculatae, 12-14 x 8-10 p.
Pileus 2-3 cm latus; stipes 3-8 cm longus, 2-5 mm crassus.
Flammula sulphurea
Pileus carnosus, subconicus vel convexus, deinde late convexus,
glaber, viscidus, hygrophanus, humidus luteus, siccus sulphureus,
interdum in margine squamis albidis fibrillosis ornatus, carne alba,
sapore odoreque ingratis; lamellae tenues, confertae, arcuatae, ad-
natae margine crenulatae, albidae deinde ferruginosae; stipes
aequalis, flexuosus, fibrillosus vel squamulosus, farctus vel cavus,
ad apicem flavidus et nudus, deorsum ferrugineus; sporae fusco
ferrugineae, 8-II x 5-6 up.
Pileus 2-6 cm latus; stipes 3-6 cm longus, 4-8 mm crassus.
In pomariis et sub Pyro malo L.
Gloeosporium psoraleae
Acervuli minuti, maculas orbiculares brunneas vel nigrescentes
brunneas occupantes, .25—.75 mm lati; foliorum pilis infra obscu-
rati; sporae oblongae vel Saveinpen heres rectae vel leviter curvae,
hyalinae, 14-20 x 4-5 p.
In foliis vivis Psoraleae esculentae Pursh.
Graphyllium chloes junci
Sporae ad septa non constrictae; paraphyses obsoleti vel carentes.
In culmis Junci baltici Willd.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII WU
Helvella capucinoides
Ascoma tenue, lentum, submembranaceum, vulgo subbilobatum,
uno lobo erecto, altero deflexo, margine nudo, libero, involuto, lobo
inferiore stipitem circumdante, subter album, rugulosum ; hymenium
fuliginoso ochraceum, deinde brunneum vel ochraceo brunneum;
stipes gracilis, firmus, aequalis, subteres, farctus vel cavus, pruinoso
pubescens, candidus; asci cylindracei, 240-280 x 18-20 p; sporae
oblongae vel ellipsoideae, uniseriatae, umninucleatae, hyalinae,
20-28 x 12-10 p»; paraphyses filiformes, apicibus clavatis.
Ascoma .5—2.5 cm latum; stipes 2.5—7 cm longus, 2-4 mm crassus.
In terrain sylvis.” Aiea etiay capucima Ouels in as:
comatis forma margineque nuda differt.
Henningsinia caespitosa
Stromata subclavata, .5-1 cm alta, 3-4 mm lata ad partem
superiorem, ad partem inferiorem abrupta augustata, caespitosa, ad
apicem obtusa vel subumbonata, atra, interdum nitida; perithecia
oblonga, 1 mm longa, in stromatis parte superiore erecta; substantia
inferior stromatis albida; asci ovato clavati, 36-40 x 14-16 p; sporae
inordinate confertae, oblongae, continuae, fuscae, 10-12x6-7 4p.
Inecortice Burserae ¢ ummiter ae. Jacq:
Hygrophorus recurvatus
Pileus carnosus, margine tenuis, convexus, deinde planus vel
margine recurvo concavus, saepe margine laceratus, udus griseo
brunneus et margine obscure striatulatus, siccus subalutaceus
levisque, glaber, interdum centro brunnescens, carne alba; lamellae
distantes, subventricosae, venis connexae, decurrentes, albidae;
stipes aequalis, fragilis, farctus cavusve, fibrosus, subpruinosus,
albus albidusve: sporae late ellipsoideae vel subglobose, 6-8 x 4-6 pu
vel 6-7 yp» latae.
Pileus 1.2-2.4 cm latus; stipes 2-4 cm longus, 2-4 mm crassus.
Hysterium cubense
Perithecia gregaria vel subcaespitosa, oblonga ellipsoidea recta
curva vel rare flexuosa, primum erumpentia, demum superficialia,
epidermide dilapsa, levia, I-2 mm longa, .5 mm lata altaque, atra;
asci cylindracei, 160-200 x 15-20 pm; sporae uniseriatae, oblongae
cllipsoideaeve, triseptata, fuscae, 30-40 x 12-16 up.
In ramis emortuis in terra.
I1I2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Leptonia davisiana
Pileus tenuis, submembranaceus, convexus, deinde planus vel late
depressus, fragilis, glaber, centro leviter squamulosus, siccus saepe
late striatus, nigrescente brunneus; lamellae tenues, confertae, sub-
ventricosae, adnexae, albae, deinde incarnatae et pulverulentae;
stipes gracilis, aequalis, glaber, farctus cavusve, pileo in colore
similis; sporae angulares, uninucleatae, 10-12 x 8-10 up.
Pileus 1-2.5 cm latus; stipes 1.5-3 cm longus, I-2 mm Crassus.
In locis gramineis.
Leptostromella scirpina
Perithecia epiphylla vel rare amphigena, suborbicularia vel
oblonga, discoidea concavave, subsuperficialia, atra; sporae sub-
bacillares, hyalinae, curvae, continuae, utrinque acutae, 20-25 x 2-3 p.
In foliis emortuis Scirpi atrovirentis Muhl.
Lysurus borealis serotinus
Pars externa loborum receptaculi alba; lineae candidae ab basi
stipitis radiantes, aequales in numero receptaculi lobis, plagasque
lineares in superficia interna volvae formantes.
Macrophoma burserae
Perithecia minuta, 100-200 p lata, epidermide tecta, gregaria vel
aggregata et pustulas parvas inaequales leviter prominentes et saepe
confluentes formantia, atra, intus alba; sporae ellipsoideae, subhya-
linae, 16—20 x 10-12 p.
In cortice Burserae gummiferae Jacq.
Macrophoma numerosa
Perithecia minuta, .3-.5 mm lata, dense gregaria, membranacea,
in cortice nidulantia, erumpentia, atra, intus albida; sporae oblongae
fusiformesve, continuae, interdum binucleatae, utrinque acutae,
12-20 x 3-4 »; sporophores brevissimi vel obsoleti.
In ramulis emortius Robiniae pseudacaciae L.
Morchella conica serotina .
Pileus conicus vel irregularis, apice subactus vel late rotundatus,
interdum perforatus, saepe sterilis et brunnescens, costis acie
albidis; stipes minute squamulosus. Serotina. October et
November.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII DES
Mycena atroumbonata
Pileus tenuis, submembranaceus, convexus, deinde late convexus
subplanusve, umbonatus, late striato plicatus, glaber, subhygro-
phanus, udus brunneus et nitidus, siccus griseo brunneus, umbone
riigro ; lamellae tenues, subconfertae, late sinuatae, dente decurrentes,
albae, deinde fumoso brunneae; stipes gracilis, glaber, cavus, radi-
cans, basi albo villosus, pileo in colore similis; sporae oblongae vel
ellipsoideae, intus granulares, saepe binucleatae, 6-9 x 5-6 up.
Pileus 1.2-3.2 cm latus; stipes 5-8 cm longus, I-2 mm crassus.
Solitaria vel gregaria. In truncis prostratis emortius Tsugae
canadensis Carr. in sylvis.
Naucoria arenaria
Pileus tenuis, convexus subplanusve, flavidus vel subaurantiacus
margine pallidior ; lamellae latae, inaequales, sinuatae, brunneo fer-
ruginosae; stipes gracilis, rigidus, glaber, medulla alba farctus, pileo
in colore similis, pseudobulbosus ; sporae brunnescente ferruginosae,
15-20 X 10-12 p.
Pileus .75-2 cm latus; stipes 2-3 cm longus, I-2 mm crassus.
Ovularia avicularis
Maculae magnae, suborbiculares oblongaeve, brunneo rufae;
hyphae amphigenae, erectae, caespites minutos confertos albidos
formantes, 25-35 x 3-4 p»; sporae oblongae vel ellipsoideae, con-
tinuae, rare infra leviter angustatae, hyalinae, 12-20x6-8 up.
In foliis vivis Polygoni avicularis L.
Paxillus microsporus
Pileus carnosus, tenuis, deinde subplanus, subglaber, albus, demum
albidus, interdum in centro brunnescens, udus leviter viscidus,
primum margine involutus, demum repandus levisque vel distante
striatus, carne alba; lamellae tenues, angustae, confertae, primum
adnatae, demum decurrentes, interdum basi furcatae vel leviter
anastomosantes, flavescentes, mox lutescente umbrinae; stipes brevis,
vulgo deorsumsattenuatus, solidus farctusve, pileo in colore similis;
sporae brunneo ochraceae, minutae, subglobose, 2-3 p latae.
Pileus 1-6 cm latus; stipes I-6 cm longus, 3-8 mm crassus.
Solitarius vel caespitosus. In terra subter Castaneae
dentatae (Marsh.) Borkh.
IIl4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Peniophora tenuissima
Tenuissima, late effusa, indeterminata, adnata, siccitate levis vel
leviter rimosa, subpruinosa, albida; sporae ellipsoideae, 8x4 yp;
cystidia subcylindracea vel conica elongata obtusa, 50-80 x 15-20 p.
Phacidium lignicola
Perithecia subsuperficialia, circiter 1 mm lata, orbicularia vel late
ellipsoidea, prominentia, rugosa, atra, laciniate aperientia, margine
3-5 dentibus ornata; hymenium nigricans; asci clavati, 60-80x
10-12 mw; sporae confertae vel subdistichae, continuae, rectae vel
leviter curvae, oblongae, interdum basi leviter attenuatae, hyalinae,
T2 STS anh Als
In ligno decorticato Populi tremuloidis Mx.
Pholiota rigidipes
Pileus carnosus, subtenuis, firmus, late convexus, leviter et late
umbonatus, squamulis hirtis appressis brunnescentibus obscure
squamulosus, flavidus vel luteolus, carne alba, sapore miti; lamellae
tenues, sublatae, confertae, brunneo ferruginosae; stipes longus,
rigidus, gracilis, saepe flexuosus, cavus, obscure fibrilloso squamu-
losus, infra annulum parvum saepe evanescentem pallidus, ad apicem
albus et pruinosus; sporae ellipsoideae, 8-10 x 5-6 u.
Pileus 5-8 cm latus; stipes 6-8 cm longus, 5-7 mm crassus.
Inter folia dilapsa in sylvis.
Phoma bacteriophila
Perithecia minuta, .2-.3 mm lata, primum epidermide tecta, deinde
erumpentia, sparsa vel dense gregaria, interdum conferta et ramulum
omnino obtegentia, atra; sporae obovatae vel ellipsoideae, hyalinae,
4-8 xX 4-5 p.
In maculis morbidis truncorum parvorum Pini strobi L. et
in ramulis emortuis.
Phoma leprosa
Perithecia .3-.5 mm lata, depressa subglobosave, perforata,
incrustatione albida tecta; sporae rectae, cylindraceae, hyalinae,
LOST 5 23-4 os
In pomis dilapsis Crataegi punctatae Jacq.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQITI I15
Phoma roystoneae
Perithecia minuta, circiter, .2 mm lata, amphigena, gregaria,
abundantia, atra; sporae minutae, oblongae subcylindraceaeve,
hyalinae, 5-8 x 1.5-2 », sporophoribus brevibus hyalinis suffultae.
In folus Roystoniae regiae (HBK.) O. F. Cook.
Pluteus alveolatus eccentricus
Stipes brevis, 2.5-3.5 cm longus, 4-6 mm crassus, curvus, eccen-
tricus ; sporae pallide incarnatae, interdum luteo incarnatae, globosae
vel subglobosae, minute asperae, 6-8 p latae.
Psilocybe fuscofolia
Pileus carnosus, tenuis, conicus hemisphaericusve, deinde con-
vexus planus vel in centro depressus, glaber, margine levis, hygro-
phanus, udus alutaceus, siccus subochraceus et rugosus, carne albida
flavidave; lamellae tenues, angustae, adnatae, interdum furcatae,
pallide brunneae, deinde rubescente brunneae; stipes aequalis,
gracilis, cavus, sericeo fibrillosus, albus, basi subbulbosus, albo
tomentosus ; sporae brunneae, ellipsoideae, 6-8 x 3-4 yp.
Pileus 2.5-5 cm latus; stipes 2.5-4 cm longus, 2-4 mm crassus.
Septoria magnospora
Maculae parvae, 2-3 mm latae, pallidae albidaeve, margine rufo
brunneae; perithecia minuta, .2-.25 mm lata, depressa, atra; sporae
magnae, late filiformes vel subcylindraceae, curvae, continuae,
hyalinae, interdum plurinucleatae, 45-80 x 3-4 p.
In foliis vivis Pruni fremontii Wats.
Septoria mirabilissima
Perithecia minutissima, .I-.2 mm lata, sparsa, superficialia, atra;
sporae filiformes, flexuosae curvaeve, continuae, hyalinae, 40-150 x
I.5-2 »; sporophores graciles, 20x I p.
In cortice leviter discolorato et leve Pini strobi L.
‘1ricnoioma equestre albipes
Stipes albus. In alteris typo similis.
Tricholoma planiceps
Pileus carnosus, tenuissimus, late convexus planusve, glaber,
eriseo brunneus vel flavo brunneus, margine acuto, minutissime albo
flocculente, carne alba; lamellae tenues angustae, confertae, leviter
sinuatae, albae albidaeve; stipes gracilis, aequalis, farctus cavusve,
116 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
pileo in colore similis vel pallidior; sporae late ellipsoideae,
7-8 x 5-6 p.
Pileus 2-5 cm latus; stipes 4-0 cm longus, 4-6 mm crassus.
Sub arboribus Thujae occidentalis L.
Tricholoma subsaponaceum
Pileus carnosus, compactus, flexibilis, convexus subplanusve,
glaber, albidus, cremeus vel pallidus, in centro fumoso brunneus vel
alutaceus, interdum maculis parvis submarginalibus ornatus, carne
alba, fracta tarde lutescente vel crocea, odore grato, aniseo, sapore
farinaceo ; lamellae latae, confertae, adnexae vel subliberae, albidae ;
stipes variabilis, aequalis, nunc apice, nunc basi incrassatus, interdum
compressus, rare radicans, sericeo fibrillosus, solidus, deinde cavus,
albidus ; sporae late ellipsoideae vel subglobosae, 5-6 x 4-5 pL
Pileus 6-14 cm latus; stipes 4-5 cm longus, I.5-3 cm crassus.
Inter folia dilapsa in sylvis.
Tricholoma subsejunctum
Pileus carnosus, conicus convexusve, saepe irregularis vel mar-
gine repandus et lobatus, udus leviter viscidus, subnitidus, fibrilis
nigris virgatus vel reticulate virgatus, nigrescente brunneus, vulgo
margine flavidus vel virescente luteolus, carne alba, sapore farinaceo ;
lamellae tenues, confertae, adnexae, albae, saepe anterius lutescentes ;
stipes validus, aequalis, solidus, albus, interdum lutescens; sporae
minutae, 5-0 x 4-5 p.
Pileus 2.5—7 cm latus; stipes 3-5 cm longus, 6-12 mm crassus.
Inter muscos et folia dilapsa in sylvis.
Tricholoma terraeolens majus
Pileus 2-6 cm latus, vulgo umbonatus, subplanus vel circum
umbonem depressus ; stipes solidus, 6—1o cm longus, 4-6 mm crassus.
In alteris typo similis.
Vermicularia hysteriiformis
Perithecia ellipsoidea oblongave, .3-.6 mm longa, primur epider-
mide tecta, demum erumpentia, setosa, atra; setae erectae diver-
gentesve, 50-120 x 4-5 p, atrae, ad apicem subhyalinae, acutae;
sporae oblongae vel subfusiformes, rectae vel leviter curvae,
utrinque acutae, continuae, hylinae, 20-25 x 3-4 p.
In caulibus emortuis Caulophylli thalictroidis
(i) Dime
EXPLANATION OF PLATES
Plate 124
117
wm — W
\o OON
Tricholoma subsejunctum Pk.
SUBDISJOINED TRICHOLOMA
Two young plants
Plant with conic cap
Plant with convex cap and lobed margin
Vertical section of the upper part of a plant
Four spores x 400
Tricholoma equestre albipes Pk.
WHITE STEM EQUESTRIAN TRICHOLOMA
Plant with convex cap
Plant with fully expanded cap
Vertical section of the upper part of a plant ,
Four spores x 400
118
N. Y. STATE MUS. 65 EDIBLE FUNGI PLATE 124
= wah Ante par scin S
athe solth 85 oe ee
=
Fie. 1-5 Fic. 6-9
TRICHOLOMA SUBSEJUNCTUM Px. TRICHOLOMA EQUESTRE ALBIPES PK
SUBDISJOINED TRICHOLOMA WHITE STEM EQUESTRIAN TRICHOLOMA
Plate 125
119
Volvaria bombycina (Pers.) Fr.
SILKY VOLVARIA
1 Plant of medium size with white cap
2 Vertical section of the upper part of a plant
3 Four spores x 400
120
N. Y. STATE MUS. s EDIBLE FUNGI PLATE 125
VOLVARIA BOMBYCINA (PERS.) FR.
SILKY VOLVARIA
-
Vip ahs
as)
Me
a 5 1
’ * -
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9
.
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ace
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~ Fae
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ae
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4 ‘<2
1
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-
.
= A
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t
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.
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yg
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Entoloma grayanum Pk.
GRAY ENTOLOMA
Immature plant
Mature plant
Mature and im-rature plants united at the base
Whitish plant with broadly umbonate cap
Vertical section of the upper part of an immature plant
Vertical section of the upper part of a mature plant
Four spores x 400
Nvstate wus, EDIBLE FUNGI PLATE 126
ENTOLOMA GRAYANUM PE.
GRAY ENTOLOMA
?
Plate 127
IO
iMse
I2
13
14
15
Psilocybe polycephala (Paul.)
MANY CAP PSILOCYBE
Cluster of immature plants growing on the ground
Two immature plants of larger size
Mature moist plant growing on dead wood
Mature plant with center of cap free from moisture
Mature plant with entire cap free from moisture
Vertical section of the upper part of an immature plant
Vertical section of the upper part of a mature plant
Transverse section of a stem
Four spores x 400
Pholiota discolor Pk.
FADING PHOLIOTA
A mature and an immature plant united at the base
Mature plant after the escape of the moisture from the cap
Vertical section of the upper part of an immature plant
Vertical section of the upper part of a mature plant
Transverse section of a stem
Four spores x 400
N. Y. STATE MUS. 65
EDIBLE FUNGI
15
Fie. 1-9
PSILOCYBE POLYCEPHALA (PAUL. )
MANY CAP PSILOCYBE
Fic. 10-15
PHOLIOTA DISCOLOR PK.
FADING PHOLIOTA
PLATE 127
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Plate 128
125
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Cortinarius albidipes Pk.
WHITE STEM CORTINARIUS
Immature plant
Immature plant showing color of the gills
Mature plant
Vertical section of the upper part of an immature plant
Vertical section of the upper part of a mature plant
Four spores x 400
126
N. Y. STATE MUS. 65 EDIBLE FUNGI PLATE 128
CORTINARIUS ALBIDIPES PK.
WHITE STEM CORTINARIUS
Plate 129
127
Agaricus campester majusculus Pk.
LARGER MUSHROOM
1 Young plant or “ button” with gills concealed by the white veil
2 Immature plant showing pink color of the gills
3 Mature plant showing blackish brown color of the gills
4 Vertical section of an immature plant
5 Four spores x 400
128
N. Y. STATE MUS. 65 EDIBLE FUNGI PLATE 129
ro —— ——— — = ———s —
AGARICUS CAMPESTER MAJUSCULUS Px.
LARGER MUSHROOM
Boletus albidipes Pk.
WHITE STEM BOLETUS
1 Immature plant showing whitish tubes
Immature but older plant showing yellowish tubes
3 Mature plant with expanded cap and ochraceous tubes
4 Vertical section of the upper part of a plant
5 Four spores x 400
i)
130
N. Y. STATE MUS. 65 EDIBLE FUNGI PLATE 130
BOLETUS ALBIDIPES Px.
WHITE STEM BOLETUS
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Clitocybe sudorifica Pk.
SUDORIFIC CLITOCYBE
1 Immature plant with convex cap
2 Mature plant with centrally depressed cap
3 Cluster of plants
4 Mature plant with the margin of the cap lobed
5 Vertical section of the upper part of a plant
6 Four spores x 400
Flammula sulphurea Pk.
SULFUR-COLORED FLAMMULA
7 Immature plant
8 Tuft of plants, two of them showing the color of the mature gills
9 Vertical section of the upper part of an immature plant
10 Vertical section of the upper part of a mature plant
11 Four spores x 400
132
N. Y. STATE MUS. 65 FUNGI PLATE VII
Fic. 1-6 Fic. 7-11
CLITOCYBE SUDORIFICA Px. FLAMMULA SULPHUREA PK.
SUDORIFIC CLITOCYBE SULFUR-COLORED FLAMMULA
Plate VIII
133
Boletus ballouii Pk.
BALLOU BOLETUS
1 Immature plant
2 Mature plant
3 Tuft of plants, two of them showing faded color
3a Vertical section of the upper part of a plant
4 Cystidium x 400
5 Four spores x 400
134
PLATE Vill
FUNGI
N. Y. STATE MUS. 65
BOLETUS BALLOUII Px.
BALLOU BOLETUS
INDEX
Acer carolinianum, 21
rubrum, 21
var, tridens, 21
Adirondacks, marsh flora, 7
Aecidium atriplicis, 21
Agaricus (Clitocybe) anisarius, 66
arvensis, 37
campester majusculus, 57, 106
laccatus, 91
ochropurpureus, QI
(Hypholoma) phyllogenus, 99
(Hypholoma) squalidellus, 97
subrufescens, 37
(Clitocybe) subzonalis, 83
tabescens, 75
Andropogon furcatus, 37
Anthyllis vulneraria, 21
Armillaria mellea exannulata, 75
pinetorum, 21
Artemisia frigida, 21
gnaphalodes, 21
Ascochyta imperfecta, 21, 106
medicaginis, 22
rhei, 22
Boletus, white stem, 58
Boletus albidipes, 22, 58, 106
ballouii, 22, 106
granulatus, 58
albidipes, 58
subsanguineus, 22
Burnham, S. H., work of, 10
Calvatia gigantea, 37
Camarosporium maclurae, 23, 107
Centaurea maculosa, 23
nigra radiata, 38
Cercospora apii pastinacae, 45
eustomae, 45, 107
medicaginis, 23
pastinacae, 45, 107
Cercosporella mirabilis, 45, 107
terminalis, 23, 107
veratri, 23
Chestnut bark disease, 6
Cichorium intybus, 38
135
Clavaria subtilis, 2
Clitocybe, 59-60; New York species,
59-89
acrid, 72
Adirondack, 82
bitter, 64
bowl shape, 79
brown stem, 69
cespitose, 84
changeable, 87
clouded, 62
club sstem, 62
cup shape, 84
deceiving, 76
decorated, 63
deformed, 70
ditopodalike, 88
double stem, 86
eccentric, 81
ectypoid, 81
flat stem, 89
fragrant, 89
funnel form, 80
hairy, 64
intermediate, 61
inverted, 83
ivory, 73
large, 79
leaf-loving, 71
little jug, 67
many cap, 78
mottled, 76
mound, 75
multiform, 77
narrow gill, 88
open, 66
peltigerine, 87
pine, 63
pine-loving, 71
regular, 72
revolute, 77
rivulose, 63
robust, 71
saucer, 70
shining, 83
sinopican, 80
136 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Clitocybe (continued) Clitocybe (continued)
sinopican-like, 80 flavidella, 86
smoky, 75 fragrans, 89
spreading, 75 fumosa, 75
subconcave, 85 brevipes, 24, 75, 108
sudorific, 67 fuscipes, 69
sulfur-colored, 64 gallinacea, 72
sweet, 65 ° gilva, 24, 82
thin margin, 68 hirneola, 24, 67
trog, 66 illudens, 76
trumpet, 81 incilis, 81
trunk inhabiting, 68 infundibuliformis, 79, 80
two-form, 65 var. membranacea, 80
united, 74 inversa, 83
very white, 69 leptoloma, 68
waxy, 92 maculosa, 83
white lead, 70 marmorea, 76
whitish, 67, 72 maxima, 79
wintry, 85 media, 61
worthless, 87 metachroa, 87
yellowish, 82, 86 monadelpha, 74
Clitocybe adirondackensis, 82 multiceps, 78
albidula, 67 var. tricholoma, 78
albissima, 69 multiformis, 77
ampla, 75 nebularis, 62
angustissima, 88 odora, 65, 66
aperta, 66 var. anisaria, 66
biformis, 65 patuloides, 75
brumalis, 85 peltigerina, 87
caespitosa, 84 phyllophila, 71
candicans, 72 pinophila, 63
candida, 71 pithyophila, 71, 82
carnosior, 62 poculum, 84
catina 79 regularis, 72
centralis, 67 revoluta, 77
cerussata, 70 rivulosa, 63
clavipes, 62 robusta, 71
compressipes, 89 sinopica, 80, 81
concava, 85 sinopicoides, 24, 80, 108
cyathiformis, 84 splendens, 24, 83
dealbata, 68, 73 subconcava, 85
sudorifica, 68 subcyathiformis, 70
var. deformata, 73 subditopoda, 88
var, minor, 73 subhirta, 64
decora, 63 subzonalis, 83
difformis, 70 sudorifica, 24, 67, 108
ditopoda, 86, 88, 89 sulphurea, 64
eccentrica, 81 tornata, 72
ectypoides, &1 trogil, 66
fellea, 64 truncicola, 68
INDEX TO REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII
Clitocybe (continued)
tuba, 24, 81
tumulosa, 24, 75
vilescens, 87
virens, 65
Clitopilus conissans, 97
Collybia radicata, 6
Coniothecium chomatosporium, 2
Convolvulus arvensis, 38
Coprinus domesticus, 24
Corallorrhiza trifida, 38
Coronophora angustata, 24
Cortinarius, white stem, 57
Cortinarius albidipes, 24, 57, 108
phyllophilus, 25, 109
purpurascens, 25
Coryneum disciforme, 25
sorbi, 46, 169
Cryptogramma stelleri, 39
Cyathiformes, 60, 83
Cytospora rhoina, 25
salicis, 25
Dasyscypha pulverulenta, 25
sulphuricolor, 25, 109
Dermatea mort, 46, 109
Deutzia scabra, 25
var. plena, 2
Diaporthe inornata, 47, 109
syngenesia, 47 r
Difformes, 59, 74
Diplodia polygonicola, 47, 110
spiraeina, 26
Diplodina medicaginis, 26
Disciformes, 59, 60
Drosera rotundifolia, 39
Edible fungi, 6, 53-58
Entoloma grayanum, 56
subtruncatum, 47, 110
Euphorbia corollata, 39
Explanation of plates, 117-34
Flammula alnicola, 26
spumosa, 26
sulphurea, 26, I10
Fungi, edible, 6, 8, 53-58; extra-
limital, new species and varieties,
45°52
Fusarium pirinum, 26
137
| Galera reticulata, 39
Ganoderma sessile, 26
tsugae, 27
Gloeosporium nervisequum, 2
psoraleae, 48, I10
valsoideum, 27
Graphyllium chloes junci, 48, 110
Grindelia squarrosa, 39
squarrosa nuda, 40
Gutierrezia sarothra, 27
Gymnolomia multiflora, 27
Habenaria ciliaris, 40
Haplosporella ribis, 27
Hebeloma sinapizans, 27
Helvella capucina, 27
capucinoides, 27, I1I
Hendersonia grossulariae, 28
Henningsinia caespitosa, 48, III
durissima, 48
Hydnellum peckii, 28
Hygrophorus colemannianus, 28
recurvatus, 28, III
sordidus, 28
Hypholoma incertum, 97, 104
modestum, 99
rigidipes, 40
Hysterium cubense, 48, III
pulicare, 48
Infundibuliformes, 59, 78
Laccaria, New York species,
90-93
amethyst, 91
laccate, 92
plastered, 90
purplish ocher, 91
striatulate, 93
twisted, 93
Laccaria amethystina, 91
laccata, 91, 92, 93
var. decurrens, 92
var. pallidifolia, 92
ochropurpurea, 9I
striatula, 93
tortilis, 93
var. gracilis, 93
trullisata, 90
Lachnea hemisphaerica pusilla, 40
Lactarius minusculus, 40
138
Lepiota rhacodes, 40
Leptonia abnormis, 49
davisiana, 49, I12
Leptosphaeria distributa, 28
Leptostromella hysterioides, 49
scirpina, 49, II2
Lobelia cardinalis, 40
Lonicera tatarica, 40
xylosteum, 41
Lysimachia punctata, 41
terrestris, 41
thyrsiflora, 41
Lysurus borealis serotinus, 49, 112
Macrophoma burserae, 50, II2
numerosa, 50, 112
Marasmius epiphyllus, 28
insititius, 28
Melanconis alni, 28
Mentha gentilis, 41
Merulius ulmi, 41
Morchella conica serotina, 50, I12
Mushrooms, 6, 8, 45-58
larger, 57
mowers, 98
Mycena atroumbonata, 20, 113
galericulata, 29
metata, 29
Mycosyrinx osmundae, 43
cinnamomeae, 43
Naucoria arenaria, 29, I13
platysperma, 29
Oenothera muricata, 29
muricata canescens, 29
Omphalia offuciata, 2
Ophiotheca vermicularis, 30
Orbiformes, 60, 85
Osmunda cinnamomea_ bipinnati-
fida, 41
Ovilaria avicularis, 51, 113
rigidula, 51
Paxillus microsporus, 51, 113
Peacock marsh, 7, 44
Peniophora tenuissima, 30, 114
Periconia pycnospora, 30
Peronospora trifoliorum, 30
Pestalozzia adusta, 30
funerea, 30
longiseta, 30
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Phacidium lignicola, 30, 114
Pholiota, fading, 54
Pholiota autumnalis, 9
discolor, 54
rigidipes, 31, I14
terrigena, 31
Phoma amorphae, 31
bacteriophila, 31, 114
leprosa, 31, 114
roystoneae, 51, II4
smilacis, 32
Phyllosticta rhei, 22
Physcia granulifera, 32
Plants, added to herbarium, 5, r1-
13; specimens collected, 5; con-
tributors and their contributions,
5, 6, 14-20; remarks and observa-
tions, 6, 37-44; species not be-
fore reported 6, 21-36
Plates, explanation of, 117-34
Plowrightia morbosa, 41
Pluteus alveolatus eccentricus, 51,
II5
Polygonum hydropiper, 42
Polyporus albellus, 42
chioneus, 42
focicola, 42
melanopus, 32
radicatus, 32
varius, 32
Polysaccum pisocarpium, 32
Polystictus parvulus, 42
Poria pulchella, 32
Psilocybe, 94; New York species,
94-105
bay, I00
bent stem, 102
blackish, tor
blue stem, 95
brown gill, roo
chestnut, 90
dusty, 97
haymakers, 98
hilly, 103
leaf, 990
liberty cap, 103
long stem, 104
many cap, 55, 98
moist, 105
INDEX TO REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 139
Psilocybe (continued) Septoria aquilegiae, 33
mud, Io1 dianthi, 33
mud-loving, 104 magnospora, 52, II5
old, 102 malvicola, 33
one-colored, 102 mirabilissima, 33, II5
sandy, 96 Smilacina trifolia, 44
squalid, 97 Solidago juncea ramosa, 42
tawny brown, IOI Sphaeronema minutulum, 33
two-colored, 104 Sphaeropsis amorphae, 33
Psilocybe ammophila, 96 maclurae, 33
arenulina, 96
atomate, 96
atomatoides, 96
Spongipellis occidentalis, 34
Stagonospora carpathica, 34
Steccherinum ochraceum, 34
caerulipes, 95 peckii, 34
camptopoda, 102 Steganosporium fenestratum, 34
canofaciens, 103 Stenophyllus capillaris, 42
castanella, 99 Stigmina populi, 34
cernua, 105
clivensis, 103
conissans, 97
dichroa, 104
elongatipes, 104
foenisecii, 98
fuscofolia, 32, 100, 115
fuscofulva, IoI
limicola, 101
limophila, 104
nigrella, IOI
Teichospora disseminata, 35
trimorpha, 34
Thyridium pallidum, 35
Tipularia discolor, 42
Tricholoma, equestrian, white stem,
53-54
subdisjoined, 53
Tricholoma boreale, 35
equestre albipes, 53-54, II5
melaleucum, 35
phyllogena, 99 multipunctum, 64
modesta, 99 personatum, 8
polycephala, 32, 55, 98 planiceps, 35, II5
semilanceata, 103 saponaceum, 36
caerulescens, 96 subsaponaceum, 35, 116
senex, I02 subsejunctum, 36, 53, 116
spadicea, 55, 98, 100 terraeolens majus, 52, 116
squalidella, 97 Trichostema dichotomum, 43
var. deformata, 98 Trimmatostroma salicis, 36
var. macrospora, 98
var. umbonata, 98 Uromyces spartinae, 36
uda, 105 Ustilago hypodytes, 36
var. elongata, 105 osmundae, 43
unicolor, 102
Vaccinium oxycoccus, 43
Ramularia karstenii, 32 Verbena stricta, 36
Rubus glandicaulis, 32 Vermicularia hysteriiformis, 36, 116
sativus, 42 Vernonia altissima, 44
Rynchospora fusca, 42 Veronica virginica, 44
Volutella buxi, 36
Sagedia cestrensis, 33 Volvaria, silky, 54
Sarracenia purpurea, 44 Volvaria bombycina, 54
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