Annual reports and proceedings of the Belfast Naturalists' Field Club

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ANNUAL REPORTS

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PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BELFAST NATURALISTS’
FIELD CLUB

SERIES. LI. 1918-19
VOLUME VIII eee.
1927-28.

Belfast :
PRINTED BY THE NORTHERN WuHIG, LTp., BripGE STREET.

1920.

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PRINTED FOR MEMBERS ONLY. __
PRICE OF EXTRA COPIES TO MEMBERS, 2/-.

CONTENTS.

PAGE
List of Officers, 1918-19 ... Fi Sy ae a = i 8
Annual Reports... =a Ss os “Fes rane ae ae 5)
Statement of Accounts ..., Ae ae, eae a ae. = ar )
Excursions :—Saintfield, Giant’s Ring, Drumbo, and F arrell’s Fort, Muckamore,
Comber, Raughlan, River Lagan ... red Es = < 10
Conversazione... a7 or ae <e a a 4 16
Papers :—‘‘ Interim Keport on the Survey of the Isles of Strangford Lough ”—
A. M‘T, Cleland «.. up ic ne oe i: oe
‘The Bronze Age in Ulster ”—Charles Bulla = ne : oe 3 20
“The Fenland of East Anglia and its Vegetation ”—Prof, R. H. Yapp,
M.A. = ee <8 Si, 35r sae eo 21
“The Warfare of Animals’’—Prof. G. H. Carpenter, D.Sc., M.R.LA. 29
“Mexican Pyramids and Ancient Architecture ’—David E. Lowry -.. 23
Annual Meeting ... om oe Be oe, bee ae e 25
Rules... ne a i ave x oe, oe =r 27
Exchanges of Proceedings Ae a < eee * 31
List of Members ... at os = Beige mn wa vib; 35
iapepercaar 1919-00 +... a eee [ee

_ VOLUME VIII.

ANNUAL REPORT AND PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BELFAST NATURALISTS’
FIELD CLUB,

FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31st MARCH, 1g109,

(FIFTY-SIXTH YEAR).

SERIES Il.

OBeffast :

PRINTED av ‘‘ THE NORTHERN WHIG” OFFICE, VICTORIA STREET.

1919,

BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

FIFTY-SIXTH YEAR, 1918-19.

SENERAL COMMITTEE.

President:
A. MI. CLELAND.

Vice-President:
S. A. BENNETT, B.a., B.Sc.
Treasurer:
S. M. MACOUN, Cranrotia, Winnsor Park, Benrast.
Librarian:
SYLVANUS WEAR, 19, Hoprerietp AVENUE, BELFAST.

Hon. Secretaries:
MISS M. W. REA, Satem Housr, Sypenvam, Bevrast.
J.K. CHARLESWORTH, u1.sc., Ph.p., F.G.S., QUEEN’S UNIVERSITY, BELFAST.

Hon. Sec. Botanical Section:
S. A. BENNETT, B.4., B.Sc., CAMPBELL CoLLEcE, BELFAST.

Hon. Sec. Geological Section:
MRS. CLELAND, Macepon, GREEN Roap, Knock.

Hon. Sec. Zoological Section:
J. A. SIDNEY STENDALL, THe Musrum, Cotuzce Sa. N., Betrast.

Hon. Sec. Archeological Section:
ROBERT MAY, 40, Hoprrietp AvEnuz, BELFAstT.

Hon. Sec. Junior Section:
MISS S. BLACKWOOD, 6, CoLLEGE GREEN, BELFAST.

Hon. Sec. Associate Section:
S. A. BENNETT, B.a., B.Sc, CAMPBELL COLLEGE, BELFAST.

Ordinary Members of Committee:

Retire 1919. | Retire 1920. Retire 1921.
N. Carrothers. | W. B. Burrowes. | Miss E. L. Andrews.
Mrs. Gibson. Major A. R. Dwerryhouse, Robert Bell.
R. Ll, Praeger, B.A., D.SC., F.G.S., M.R.I.A. Rev. K. Dunbar.

B.E., M.R.I.A, | Fergus M. Greeves.

SECTIONAL COMMITTESS

1918-19.

JUNIOR SECTION.

J. A. 8S. STENDALL, Chairman.

MISS O. FERGUSON. MISS 8. BLACKWOOD,
MISS K WARD. Hon. Sec. of the Section,
J. H. GILMOUR. | 6, College Green,

J. GOURLAY. Belfast.

ASSOCIATE SECTION.

A. M‘l. CLELAND, Chairman.

MISS S. BLACKWOOD. S. A. BENNETT, B.A., B.sc.,
N. CARROTHERS. Hon. Sec. of the Section,
A. H. GEORGE. Campbell College,

J. R. H. GREEVES. Belfast.

Annual Report.

At the close of the Fifty-sixth year the Committee have again to
record an increased membership. 12 Ordinary, 4 Associate, and
4 Junior Members have been enrolled during the year; 14
members have intimated their decision to resign their member-
ship ; 5 members have died; so that at the end of the year the
membership stands as follows :—Honorary 3, Corresponding 1,
Life 3, Ordinary 280, Associate 14, and Junior 14. The Committee
regret the loss during the year of Miss L. A. Walkington, LL.D.,
and Mr. J. N. Milne. Twelve meetings of Committee have been
held during the Session, at which the attendances of members
were as follows :—

mee). Cleland ... a, 2D ,| . Wirsy' Gibson 6
S. M. Macoun ... oy Lely ae a BenBett 6
Miss S. Blackwood saelO, iene Bell 6
Miss M. W. Rea << FQ ~\° Mirs.Cleland I
N. Carrothers 9 | Rey.aK.,Dunbar:.2 I
ir: J: K. Sreutest arte. 9 Fergus M. Greeves I
J. A. S. Stendall ... 9 | Miss E. L. Andrews °
S. Wear ie + 9 | Major A. R. Dwerryhouse o
W. B. Burrowes ... 8 | R. LIL Praeger fo)
R. May a

The excursion programme, somewhat curtailed, was carried
out, the following being the places visited during the Summer
Session :—

Saintfield (Half-Day) h 18th May.
Giants’ Ring, Drumbo, & Farrell’ s Eon

(Half-Day) a ie at, * atSt) Se.
Muckamore (Half-Day) an bas 15th June.
Comber (Half-Day) ... as if 29th June.
Raughlan _.... a aa 27th July.

River Lagan (Half- Day) be ast 1oth Aug.

6 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

At the excursions the average attendance of members and
friends was roughly 45, a decrease of 6 on last year’s figure of 51.

The Winter Session opened with a very successful Con-
versazione, held in the Carlton Hall on the 23rd October, 1918,
at which some 240 members and friends were present.

During the Session the following papers (of which aistents
will be found in the Proceedings) were read :—

1918.

November 19th—‘‘ Interim Report on the Survey of the Isles of Strangford
Lough,” A. M‘I. Cleland.

December 3rd—‘‘ Britain in the Ice Age’’—Part I., Dr. J. K. Charlesworth,
M.Sc, F.iG:S., iE RolgAe

December 17th—‘‘ The Bronze Age in Ulster,” Charles Bulla.
1919.

January 7th—‘‘ Britain in the Ice Age” —Part II., Dr. J. K. Charlesworth,
M.Sc., F.G.S3.M. RTA:

January eet The Warfare of Animals,” Professor G. H. Carpenter, D.Sc.,
M.R.LA.

February 18th-—‘‘ The Fenland of East Anglia and its Vegetation,” Professor
R. H. Yapp, M.A.

March 18th—‘‘ Mexican Pyramids and Ancient Architecture,” David E. Lowry:

April 1st—-‘‘ The Adaptation to Environment of Deep Sea Life,” A.
Milligan, B.Sc.

The Strangford Lough Survey Committee has accomplished
much useful work during the past summer ; its report, which took
the form of a lecture by the President of the Club, is given 7%
extenso in the Proceedings.

The Treasurer will lay before you his Statement of Accounts,
which shows a balance in hand of £9 12s 1d. The Reports of
the Librarian, and of the Junior and Associate Sections, will be
presented.

In conclusion, your Committee desire to tender their thanks
to H. Armytage Moore, Esq., and Major Blackwood Price, of
Saintfield, Miss Thompson, ‘The Grange, Muckamore, Miss Fford,
Raughlan, Rev. W. Cordner, Drumbo, and Canon Ryder,
Drumbeg, for their hospitality and kindness extended to members

1918-19.] 7

of the Club on the Summer Excursions ; to the Press for
publishing reports of the Excursions and Meetings; to the
Superintendents of the Railway Companies for the way in which
they have met our wishes in the difficult times through which we
have passed; and to the Kindred Societies and Public masetcoons
that have favoured us with their Publications.
(Signed)
MARGARET W. REA,

S Fon. Secs.
J. K. CHARLESWORTH,

Librarian’s Report.

The Library has been used to about the usual extent. From
time to time we arrange new Exchanges of Proceedings with
Kindred Societies. We have just completed arrangements for an
exchange with the Essex Field Club.

(Signed)

SyLvanus WEAR, Librarian.

Report of the Junior Section.

The membership on April ist, 1918, was 26; during the
year 4 new members have been elected, while 8 resignations have
been notified, leaving a present membership of 22.

Six Excursions were arranged, in conjunction with the
Associate Section, as follows :—

June 6th—Holywood Woods; June 18th—Shaw’s Bridge to Drum
Bridge ; July 2nd—Macedon Point, Whitehouse ; July 18th—Knock
Brickworks; Aug. 6th—Carr’s Glen; Sept. 1oth—Squire’s Hill
Quarry.

Five Winter meetings were also held as follows :—

1918, Nov. 28th-—‘‘ Fossils and how. they are formed,” by S. A. Bennett,

B.A., B.Sc. ; Dec. 12th—‘‘ Dispersal of Seeds,” by Miss Olive
Ferguson; ‘‘ Archeology of the Upper Ards,” by J. R. H. Greeves;

8 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

1919, Jan. gth—‘‘ Natural History Photography,” by Humphrey
Gilmour ; Feb. zoth—‘‘ Pond Life,” by J. Gourlay ; March 13th—
‘* What we get from Coal,” by A. M‘I. Cleland.

The Section is extremely indebted to Mr. A. R. Hogg for
supplying and showing a kinematograph film at two of the
meetings, and to him tender grateful thanks.

The attendances during the past Session leave something to
be desired, though out of so small a membership the percentage
has been fair. An increased membership would greatly facilitate
the working cf the Section, and the Committee confidently appeal
to the ordinary members of the Club to assist them to secure the
desired increase.

(Signed)

S. Buackwoop, Hon. Sec. of the Section.

Report of the Associate Section.

The Meetings and Excursions of this Section were held
according to programme, but the attendance was, in the opinion
of the Members of the Committee, not such as to justify the
continuance of the Section under existing conditions.

(Signed)
S. A. BENNETT, Hon. Sec. of the Section.

1018-19.]

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Io [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Proceedings.

SUMMER SESSION.

SAINTFIELD.

On May 18th the first excursion of the Summer Session was
held at Saintfield, under the leadership of Mr. S. A. Bennett.

The party visited the Church, and then walked through the
demesne of Saintfield House, by permission of Mrs. Blackwood
Price. Returning through Saintfield a quarry in the Silurian grits
was visited. The party then proceeded to Rowallane, the grounds
of which were kindly thrown open by permission of Mr. H.
Armytage Moore. The Rock Garden—just in its prime—was a
blaze of colour and much enjoyed by the members present.

The party was unusually large, 122 members and friends
gathering at Rowallane, where tea was served. A vote of thanks
to Mr. and Mrs. Armytage Moore, proposed by the President, and
seconded by the Rev. C.«H. Waddell, B.D., terminated the usual
business meeting, at which six new members—Miss U. C. Slane,
Mrs. Byrne, Miss Lowry, Messrs. Eric Lindsay, A. G. Lewis, and
G. Crozel—were elected. )

The only wild plant of note seen was the Adder’s Tongue

Fern ( Ophioglossum vulgatum ).

nd

GIANTS’ RING, DRUMBO, AND FARRELL’S FORT.

On June st fifty-four members and friends of the Club met
the conductor (Mr. W. B. Burrowes) at Malone tram terminus
and walked to the Giants’ Ring. Mr. Burrowes explained to the
party the recent research work carried out under the auspices

1918-19. ] : it

of the Belfast Nat. Hist. and Phil. Society in this important
monument. A further walk of two miles brought the party to
Drumbo, in the ancient graveyard of which the ruins of the Round
Tower were inspected. Mr. R. May described the origin and uses
of these early Christian Bell-houses, based on the authority of
Petrie, O’Donovan, O’Curry, and Salmon. After tea, which was
partaken of in the schoolroom, the usual business meeting was
held, the President (Mr. A. M‘I. Cleland) in the chair. A vote
of condolence was passed on the death of Miss Walkington, who
had always taken a great interest in the Club. The Rev. J.
Cordner, B.A., was then thanked for his kindness in allowing the
use of the schoolroom. Two new members were afterwards
elected. On the return journey Farrell’s Fort was visited. The
botanists found Drumbo Glen interesting—JMetca uniflora,
Asperula odorata, Polystichum aculeatum were noted, also a fine
plant of .Vicza sepium with pure white flowers. Ulex Galli was
observed growing in a hedge on the road coming from Farrell’s
Fort.

MUCKAMORE.

The third excursion of the Summer Session was held on 15th
June, when about twenty members arid friends travelled by the
2 p.m. train to Muckamore. A pleasant walk of about two miles
brought the party to Muckamore Abbey, where, by the kind
permission of Captain Thompson, the historic grounds were
visited. Muckamore House occupies the site of the ancient
priory, and a small portion of the ruins of the Abbey are still
standing outside the garden wall. Muckamore, one of the most
celebrated monasteries in the Diocese of Connor, was founded by
St. Colman Ela, late in the sixth century. His mother was a
sister of St. Columbkille. Mr. R. May gave a short historical
account of the Abbey. ‘The party, by the kind permission of
Major Maxwell, also visited the beautiful grounds of the Model
Farm.

T2 (Proc. B.N.F.C.,

COMBER.

The fourth excursion of the Summer Session took place on
29th June, when about 24 members visited Comber and Rough
Island. The party arrived at Comber at 2-20 p.m., and under
the conductorship of the Rev. K. Dunbar proceeded by way of
Castle Street and the Square to the Comber River. The route
lay for some distance along a quiet country lane until it led to the
shore half-a-mile from Island Hill. The estuarine marsh afforded
a good field for the botanist. The rarer noted species here
included Sfergularia rupestris, Apuim graveolens, Samolus
Valerandi, Sueda maritima, and Polygonum maculatum. Other
species, such as Silene inflata, Salicornia herbacea, Glyceria
aistans, Plantago Coronopus, Ginanthe crocata, Glaux maritima,
Spergularia media, and Festuca rubra were also seen. On the
shore near Castle Espie a large flock of over thirty Swans excited
interest.

Tea was served in a field at Island Hill at 4-30. Owing to
the tide being full it was found impossible to visit Rough Island.
Those of the party who remained till the late train had a most
enjoyable walk back to Comber by way of the fields through
Cherry Valley.

The following 30 species of Birds were noted by Mr. Nevin
H. Foster, M.B.O.U., during the afternoon :—Song-Thrush,
Blackbird, Stonechat, Redbreast, Whitethroat, Willow-Wren,
Sedge-Warbler, Hedge-Sparrow, Blue Titmouse, Wren, Grey
Wagtail, Meadow-Pipit, Swallow, House-Martin, Greenfinch,
House-Sparrow, Chaffinch, Corn-Bunting, Yellow Bunting, Reed-
Bunting, Starling, Jackdaw, Rook, Skylark, Mute Swan, Landrail,
Redshank, Curlew, Common Tern, Black-headed Gull, and
Herring-Gull. The most interesting ornithological feature was
the observation of the Stonechat (one female seen), as the severe
Winter of 1916-17 had exterminated this species in some districts
in Ireland [vide Irish Naturalist, Vol. XXVI.].

1918-19. ] 13

The four common species of Woodlice were found during
the few minutes available for collecting in suitable places, but
only one Millepede, a Polydesmus, was seen.

RAUGHLAN.

The fifth Summer excursion took place on 27th July, when
7 members and 1 friend, under the conductorship of Mr. S. M.
Macoun, travelled by the ro o’clock train to Lurgan, and thence
drove via Kinnegoe to Raughlan, a wooded peninsula jutting out
into Lough Neagh. Glorious sunshine favoured the party, and a
pleasant day was spent exploring the locality. Previous to
departure from Raughlan in the afternoon the President, Mr. A.
M‘I, Cleland, thanked Miss Fforde for her kind permission to
visit her place, and the party returned via Derrymacash to Lurgan.
Tea was served in the Shankhill Restaurant, and at the subsequent
business meeting Miss Adams and Mr. Merrifield were elected
ordinary members. The 5-54 train brought the members back
to Belfast.

Along the margin of the lake, both above and below the
present water level, the ground was carpeted with large patches of
Littorella lacustris. On a bridge near Lurgan the Scale Fern,
Ceterach officinarum was found growing in company with Asplenitum
Adiantum-nigrum, A. Trichomanes, and A. Ruta-muraria. By
the side of a deserted cottage Matricaria discoidea and the Tea-
Plant, Lycium barbarum, were noted. Only 3 species of Sedges
were observed, viz., Carex Goodenowti, C. panicea, and C. flava.
The most interesting botanical find of the day fell to the conductor,
who discovered Spiranthes Romanzoffiana growing in a dry
meadow about fifty yards from the water’s edge. In addition to
the above mentioned the following of our more local plants were
identified :-—Hypericum tetrapterum, Lythrum Salicaria, Cicuta
virosa, Zinanthe crocata, Pulicaria dysenterica, Lysimachia vulgaris,

14 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

L. Nummutarta, Mentha arvensis, Lycopus europaeus, Prunella
vulgaris, Alisma ranunculoides (a plant ten inches in height noted),
Sagittarta sagittifolia, and Butomus umbellatus.

Little attention was given to Ornithology, but the song of the
Chiffchaff was heard—this being its Autumn resumption—whilst
Sedge-Warblers were continually in evidence mimicing the songs
of several other species. Many Black-headed Gulls were on the
lough, the majority of them in immature plumage. Some
collecting was done in the Invertebrate groups. ‘The collection
of Fresh-water Mollusks did not contain any novelties. In the
Class Crustacea the four common species of Woodlice were
identified, as were also the fresh-water Isopod, Ased/us aguaticus,
and the fresh-water Amphipod, Gammarus locusta. Vhe Myria-
pods collected included 7achypodstulus albipes (= Lulus niger),
Lamyctes fulvicornus, and a specimen which is doubtfully referred
to as Monotarsobius duboscqui. The specimens of MZ. dubosequi
proved an addition to the Co. Armagh fauna, and were of such a
distinct variety that they have been described subsequently in the
Irish Naturalist, Vol. XXVIII., p. 4, 1919, as ‘‘ var. fosterz,” in
honour of their captor. Among Insects the only order to which
any attention was paid was that containing the “ Bristle-Tails,”
and of these two species were obtained, Campodea gardnert and
C. fragilis.

RIVER LAGAN.

The sixth excursion of the Summer Session was held on roth
August, along the banks of the Lagan from Shaw’s Bridge to
Drumbeg. A party of 30 members and friends met at the hour
appointed, and, as the district is one peculiarly rich in plant life,
the botanists were soon hard at work, the following plants being
specially noted :—Ceterach officinarum, Asplenium Trichomanes,
Epilobium hirsutum, Hypericum quadrangulum, Lotus uliginosus,
Lythrum salicaria, Valeriana sambucifolia, Butomus umbellatus,

1918-19.) 15

Lycopus europaeus, Nasturtium amphibium, Epipactis latifolia,
Equisetum hyemale, Sagittaria sagittifola, Linaria Cymbalarta,
Typha latifolia, and Solanum Dulcamara. In the river Potomo-
geton pectinatus appeared to be dominant.

On reaching Drumbeg tea was served in the Parochial Hall,
the use of which had been very kindly permitted by Canon A. R.
Ryder, D.D. After tea the usual business meeting was held, the
President (Mr. Cleland) in the chair. One ordinary member—
Mr. Eustace Gordon—was elected. The party then visited the
Church, where the fine memorial gate and the yew tree arches in
the churchyard, also the beautiful memorial windows in the Church
itself, were much admired.

From the Church the members proceeded to view the grounds
of Drum House, which had been very courteously thrown open
by the present owner, Sir Samuel R. Keightly. Here the party
separated, some returning to town by the road, some by the
river. Of the latter a few crossed to Edenderry by the weir
bridge, and so varied their return journey.

16 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Winter Session.

Note.—The authors of the various Papers of which abstracts are given,
are alone responsible for the views expressed in them.

CONVERSAZIONE.

The Winter Session opened with a Conversazione, held in
the Carlton Hall on Wednesday, 23rd October, about 212
members and friends being present. ‘Tea was served again this
year in the Restaurant from 8-15 till 8-45 p.m., thus leaving more
room for exhibits in the large Hall.

The following exhibits were contributed :—

GroLocy.—Mr. R. Bell showed a fine collection of basaltic
minerals. Mr. W. Green had on view a very interesting series of
fossils from the Upper Cretaceous beds of Co. Antrim. Mrs. A.
M‘I. Cleland exhibited a number of specimens illustrating the
Geology in the neighbourhood of Ballycastle, Co. Antrim ; and
Mr. Cleland, an excellent example of chalcedony from Carnmoney
quarry. Dr. Charlesworth showed, with the aid of the microscope,
sections of basalt, limestone, and sandstone. Mr. J. Gourlay,
fossils from Squire’s Hill. 3

Botany.—Mr. N. Carrothers, photographs and _ pressed
specimens of wild flowers. Mr. A. W. Stelfox, wild roses in fruit,
accompanied by sketches illustrating the distinguishing features of
the various species; Rhamnus catharticus from Creagh Bog,
Toome, Co. Antrim; Vaccinium Vitts-Zdaea in fruit, grown as a
garden plant. Mr. E. A. Armstrong, damage wrought in narcissus
bulbs by the narcissus flies—Mercdon equestris and Eumerus
strigatus ; also photos. and pressed specimens of Primulas of
various species. Mr. S, A. Bennett, The Water Ranunculi of

1918-19.) 17

Co. Down. Mr. J. R. H. Greeves, plants from the Strangford
Lough area. Rev. C. H. Waddell, mosses from the Strangford
Lough area, also Gakum cruciatum from Mountstewart grounds.
Rev. W. R. Megaw, 77riticum caninum from Cullybackey; 7a
compressa from near Holywood; Poa nemoralis from Ballymena :
Galium sylvesire from Co. Antrim; Gaum Mollugo from Garron
Point and Rumex sanguineus from Helen’s Bay. Miss M. W.
Rea, mounted seaweeds from northern coast of Co. Antrim and
from the Strangford Lough area.

ZooLtocy.—Mr. Herbert Malcomson had a fine exhibit of
Lepidoptera, including mounted specimens showing protective
resemblance in moths. Mr. J. A. S. Stendall exhibited under the
microscope the circulation of blood in the foot of the Common
Frog. An exhibit illustrating the structure of a bird was staged
by the Belfast Municipal Museum.

ARCHOLOGY.—Miss E. Andrews, “The Glastonbury Lake
Village,” by Arthur Bulleid, F.S.A., and Harold St. George Gray ;
also pottery from Lake Village at Nuare. Mr. W. R. Pim, piece
of the first “Gotha” that raided London—L32. Miss Mawdsley,
domestic objects from British East Africa and Uganda. These
included—cover for a plate, native work ; whisk made of grass ;
native dress; bead-work, Swahili tribe; table-cover design and
embroidery, native work ; and a water-bottle, Masai tribe, from
British East Africa. A bark-cloth from Uganda concluded this
varied and interesting exhibit.

One of the most interesting exhibits of the evening was that
devoted to the results of six months work by the Strangford Lough
Survey Committee.

The Geological exhibit comprised a fine range of erratics
from the drift of the various islands in the Lough visited during
the Summer Session of 1918, viz. :—Rough Island, Reagh Island,
Mahee Island, Sketrick Island, Chapel Island, Mid and South
Islands, and Ringhaddy Island. The exhibit also included

18 (Proc. B.N.F.C.,

specimens of pottery from Castle Espie and several species of
snails. The Botanical finds are referred to above.

After tea the President, Mr. A. M‘I. Cleland, took the chair,
and in the course of his remarks said that some of their original
members were still with them, though the Club was founded
almost fifty-six years ago. He then commented on the reasons
which led to the formation of the Junior Section, and read out the
titles of six lectures to be delivered during the coming winter.
At this stage Mr. Humphrey Gilmour was presented with a prize
won in the Junior Section. The next item was the announcement
of the winter programme. During the evening Mr. Joseph
Robinson and Mr. A. M‘Dowell were elected as ordinary .members,
Mr. Geoffrey G. Quick and Mr. Kenneth J. Quick as junior
members.

STRANGFORD LOUGH SURVEY.

(Interim Report).

The first meeting of the Winter Session was held in the
Museum on November rgth, the Vice-President (Mr. S. A.
Bennett) occupying the chair. After a brief reference to the
close of the war and the advent of peace, the President (Mr.
Cleland) introduced the subject of the evening, the “ Interim
Report of the Strangford Lough Survey Sub-Committee,” which
first dealt with the topography of the lough, its tides, currents,
islands, ete.

Some interesting facts were brought forward in connection
with above, among them being the maximum sounding of 216
feet at the Lough entrance to the Strangford Narrows, diminishing
to only 42 feet at the sea exit. Mr. Cleland went on to say that
there were 230 islands, of which 95 were visible at high water.
‘Thirty-three had an area of 10 acres and upwards. On the
western side there was a long line of well-defined islands, while
the eastern coast showed barren islets,

1918-19. 19

The nomenclature of the islands was next dealt with, from
which it would appear that most of the islands are named from
their colour or from their fancied resemblance to some object, or
from being the resort of some particular animal. For instance,
the “‘Selk” islands, three in number, plainly indicate that at one
time the “‘selk” or common seal was an inhabitant of the waters
of the lough. :

The Geology of the islands was dealt with very fully in the
Report, mention being made of the raised beaches at Chapel,
Rough, and Reagh Islands. Particular attention was drawn to
the question of “erratics.” Lantern slides of the erratics near
Sketrick showed that they contained cavities which looked like
pot-holes, but were merely nodular cavities originally containing
iron nodules. The erratics were unevenly distributed—for
example, at Ringhaddy there were very few; the eastern islands
showed a great variety among the erratics. The presence of Ailsa
Craig eurite and Castle Espie limestone among the erratics was
commented on and their bearing upon the general theory of the
northern glacial ice-flow.

With regard to the antiquities of Strangford Lough, this part
of the Sub-Committee’s work was not very fully dealt with in the
Report owing to the large extent of the ground to be covered. A
hint was thrown out, which it is hoped will be acted upon in the
near future, that the soil of Island Mahee should yield a rich
harvest to the antiquarian investigator and excavator.

The sections of Zoology, Ornithology, and Entomology
were lightly touched on, as these sections apparently require more
workers in order to do them justice.

Coming to Botany there was evidence here that much good
work had been done. The plants had three distinct zones or
habitats :—(1) Submerged sea-grass meadows; (2) The open
association of the Saltwort ; (3) Strand plants, such as Glyceria
maritima and the Spergularias. Chapel Island yielded 60 species ;
Rough Island roo plants. The lists of plants showed the presence

20 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

of the Vernal Grass, Wild Celery, Pyramidal Orchid, and two of
our rarer grasses, Poa nemoralis and Lepturus filiformis. Due
account was also given of the mosses and seaweeds in the area
under discussion.

The lecture was illustrated by lantern slides, mmcluding
diagrams and photographs. Some fine maps were on view; also
a collection of erratics, flowering plants, seaweeds, types of birds
seen, snails, etc. Particular mention should be made of the block
of Castle Espie limestone found by Mr. R. Bell zz sz¢u. Its
surface had been finely polished by ice action and showed glacial
striae running in two directions. The meeting terminated with
some appreciative remarks from Dr. Charlesworth and Mr.
Bennett.

THE BRONZE AGE IN ULSTER. —

The second meeting of the Winter Session was held in the
Museum on December 17th, when Mr. Charles Bulla gave an
address entitled ‘‘The Bronze Age in Ulster.” The President,
Mr. Cleland, occupied the chair. Mr. Bulla prefaced his paper
by saying that from the early days when Abraham sought to
purchase ground for a. burial place, down through the ages, the
incidents connected with the interment of the remains of those
who have been near and dear to us form a striking chapter in
human interests.

In Ulster the burial customs of the preceding generations
varied with the districts, and were slow to change, innovations
being thought to be unacceptable to the deceased or their
surviving friends. Mr. Bulla went on to say that the Book of
Ballymote made some references to cremation. ‘The ceremonies
were elaborate in the period preceding the Iron Age; the funeral
pyre, the rites, the possible feasts; then after cremation the placing
of the calcined bones and charcoal in a clay urn, ornamented
according to its place in the time calendar of the Bronze Age.

1918-19.] 21

These items of pottery are the gems of the collector, and the
lecture was well illustrated by examples, sketches, and drawings.

Urns nowadays are divided into classes according to shape,
age, or position in the scale of time; so we have “ Beakers,”
Food Vessels,” “‘Cinerary Urns,” and lastly “ Pygmy Urns ”—
the last class generally but two inches in height and width. Very
few of these Pygmy Urns have been found in Ireland. Occasionally
a beautifully decorated lid accompanied the urn. Ulster urns are
of great variety and many are truly artistic. Until recently one of
these “Urns” was an urn and little more, but through the
labours of such as Lord Abercromby they are now taking a
definite place in the graduated scale of time into which the Bronze
Age is portioned out.

Not the least interesting part of the lecture was the criticism
of the urns contained in the Belfast Municipal Museum, with
Lord Abercromby’s notes.

In the discussion which followed, Mr. Robert May drew
attention to the fact that people expect to find gold in the urns,
and this was the reason they were often destroyed. A whole
cemetery of them was found near Moira some time ago, only a
few of which were rescued. Miss Andrews commented on the
fact that some of the pottery makers belonged to a “short ” race.
The meeting terminated with the election of Miss G. Smyth, Miss
N. Roden, and Miss M‘Kibben as associate members of the Club.

THE FENLAND OF EAST ANGLIA.

The third meeting of the Winter Session was held’ in the
Museum, College Square North, on the 21st of January, the
President, Mr. A. M‘I. Cleland, occupying the chair. Professor
R. H. Yapp, M.A., gave an address entitled ‘The Fenland of
fast Anglia and its Vegetation.” The first part dealt with the
general characteristics of the Fenland and the ancient industries
carried on there.

22 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

In early historic times the Fenland was a great swampy plain ;
now it has been drained and yields excellent crops. There are
still a few undrained spots, and the lecturer drew attention to one
of these, viz. :—Wicken Fen, ten miles north of Cambridge. The
vegetation of the fens is influenced by the character of the soil,
which, unlike the Irish bogs, is not acid, but neutral, owing to the
water supply coming from the chalk.

In places large tree trunks are exposed, the tops of most of
which lie to the North-East; therefore we can conclude that the
prevailing winds have not changed in direction since early times.

During the remainder of the paper Prof. Yapp dealt with the
different types of plants inhabiting the fen—acquatic, semi-acquatic,
and terrestrial. ‘The method by which the plants of each group
obtained their supplies of oxygen and resisted the effects of drying
winds were dealt with in detail, with the aid of an excellent series
of lantern slides.

During a short discussion that followed points were raised by
the Chairman, Dr. Charlesworth, and Mr. Stelfox, to which Prof.
Yapp briefly replied. ‘The meeting terminated with the election
of Mr. Strain (ordinary), Mr. M‘Bride (associate), and Mr. Bent
(junior) as members of the Club.

THE WARFARE OF ANIMALS.

The fourth meeting of the Winter Session was held in the
Museum, College Square North, on Tuesday evening, 18th
February. The President, Mr. A. M‘I. Cleland, occupied the
chair. Professor Carpenter, D.Sc., Royal College of Science,
Dublin, dealt in an interesting manner with the “ Warfare of

”

Animals,” saying that the Darwinian conception of the struggle
for existence has long been well-nigh a commonplace among
Naturalists and has captured the imagination of people generally.
A certain school of philosophers laid hold of this doctrine as a

justification for the biological necessity of war; but we must

;

1918-19.] 23

remember that Darwin used the phrase in a large and metaphorical
sense. Examples of weapons—teeth, pincers, poison-fangs—and
of defensive armour of many kinds may be seen among animals ;
but in the use of such weapons the animal is far more hunter
than soldier. Among the many beautiful lantern slides with
which the lecture was illustrated was one showing that even shells
were not protection enough from enemies in some cases, the
shell having been bored through by an enemy and the animal
extracted. Defence by appearance, illustrated by the familiar yet
always fascinating instances of protective coloration among
butterflies and their caterpillars, suggests another aspect of the
“warfare,” and introduces the importance of behaviour. Here
we find instinct, care of eggs or young, nest-making, comradeship,
of supreme importance, as shown by the elimination of the great
armoured Dinosaurian reptiles of the Secondary Period of the
earth’s history and the rise of birds and mammals to the forefront
of the animal world. This may indeed show that the ‘‘ Warfare
of Animals” in the Darwinian sense is a real factor, working for
perfection. Only in very few cases—such as in certain ants—do
we find organized combats between armies of nearly allied species,
resembling the warring of human nations and races.

At the conclusion Mr. Foster proposed, and Professor Yapp
seconded, a hearty vote of thanks to Dr. Carpenter for his able
address. Dr. Carpenter having replied, the meeting terminated
with the election of Mr. W. J. Macknight as a junior member of
the Club.

MEXICAN PYRAMIDS AND ANCIENT ARCHITECTURE.

The fifth meeting of the Winter Session was held in the
Museum on March 18th, when Mr. D. E. Lowry gave a lecture
entitled ‘Mexican Pyramids and Ancient Architecture.” The
President, Mr. A. M‘I. Cleland, occupied the chair. Mr. Lowry
prefaced his paper by giving a resumé of the history of Mexico.
He said that when Cortes reached the City of Mexico the Aztecs

24 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

were the rulers, but they had only been in possession 300 years.
The earlier Toltec race were the builders of the Pyramids. In
style and ornamentation these were similar to those of Egypt
and quite as large, with their four sides to the points of the
compass, but not built as huge mausoleums, being in all cases
surmounted by a temple. The pyramid in reality forms the base
of the temple. These builders were no savage tribe, but a race
with thousands of years of culture behind it, with art, science,
poetry, and architecture of a class similar to that of Africa or Asia.

There were several theories regarding the advent of an
Eastern race in the extreme West. The most acceptable one is
that which supposes they came by way of Ceylon, Java, Malay
peninsula, and thence by various islands across the Pacific. The
lecturer went on to say that the Mayan temple-builders were at
the height of their activities about the 6th or 7th century of our
era. Their characteristics are written in their architecture and
preserved in the traditions of the later races that supplanted them.
They were not warriors, but cultured and refined, with a high
standard of morality and deeply religious. The great pyramids,
terraced temples, and palaces are of fine proportions, elaborate
decoration, and artistic design. The buildings and decorations
are so similar to those in Ceylon and Java that it seems most
improbable for both places so far apart to have developed,
independently, architecture on similar lines. Therefore, the
suggestion is that they had a common origin. Gradually, through
contact with other tribes, the style of building and ornamentation
altered, until after 800 or 1,000 years, in Aztec times, we should
scarcely recognise the art of the earlier inhabitants. The greatest
pyramid had a temple on its top dedicated to the Sun. This
pyramid was scarcely inferior in size to that of the largest
Egyptian one.

Up till Aztec times there is no history of human sacrifice, but
with them the taking of human life seemed the only way to
appease the gods, and so they introduced it to the country of
their adoption, and all prisoners taken in war were sacrificed on

1918-19.} 25

the great convex stones found on the top stories of the pyramid
temples.

The beautiful lantern slides included the house of Cortes in
Mexico City and types of architecture from the earliest times.
The carvings and decorations showed that Bhuddist and Indo-
Chinese influence was dominant. At a later period there came a
change; the figures were upright and had feather head-dresses.
There was thus a gradual change in the sculptures; from being
calm and meditative they became warlike, and so in time could
not be recognised as emanating from an eastern source. Mr.
Lowry mentioned the great Aztec calendar stones—one weighing
25 tons being set in the wall of the Cathedral—also the frequent
recurrence of the symbol of the “‘red hand.” In the discussion
which followed Mr. Bennett wished to know if the pyramids had
a natural core over which they were built, but the lecturer said
this was not the case. Mr. May also took part, and some
interesting points were raised as to whether the “red hand” was
a right or a left one, this having some interest to the: province
of Ulster.

ADDITIONAL LECTURES.

In addition to the above, three lectures of more special
interest were delivered on geological and zoological subjects. On
December 3rd and January 7th Dr. J. K. Charlesworth dealt with
the Glacial Epoch in Great Britain and Ireland; while on st
April Mr. A. Milligan lectured on ‘‘ Adaptation to Environment
of Deep Sea Life.”

ANNUAL MEETING.

The fifty-sixth Annual Meeting was held in the Museum on
15th April, the chair being occupied by the President, Mr. A.
M‘I. Cleland.

A motion was brought forward on behalf of Mr. S. A. Bennett,
who was unavoidably absent, and adopted by the meeting :—
“That the present Junior and Associate Sections be abolished

26 {Proc. B.N.F.C.,

and a new Junior Section be formed, with age ranging from 12-21
years. No entrance fee, but an annual subscription of 1/- up to
18 years and 2/6 up to 21 years of age. Members not to receive
copies of the Proceedings, but, if they care to, can attend
ordinary meetings and excursions of the Club.” The Annual
Report was read by Dr. J. K. Charlesworth; the Librarian’s
Report by Mr. S. Wear; the Treasurer’s Statement by Mr. S. M.
Macoun, Report of the Associate Section by Miss M. W. Rea;
the Report of the Junior Section by Miss S. Blackwood.

On the motion of Mr. Elliott, seconded by Mrs. Macoun, it
was resolved that these reports be adopted, printed, and circulated
as usual.

The election of Office-bearers for 1919-20 was then proceeded
with. It was proposed by Mr. Boyd, and seconded by Mr. Pim,
that Mr. A. M‘I. Cleland be re-elected President. Further, that
Mr. S. A. Bennett be re-elected Vice-President ; Mr. Macoun be
re-elected Treasurer; Mr. S. Wear re-elected Librarian; Mr.
A. M‘I. Cleland and Mr. J. A. S. Stendall be elected Secretaries.
The Sectional Secretaries—Botanical, Mr. N. Carrothers ;
Geological, Dr. J. K. Charlesworth ; Zoological, Mrs. Gibson ;
Archeological, Mr. R. May; and Junior, Miss S. Blackwood,
were re-elected.

On the motion of Dr. Charlesworth, seconded by Miss M. W.
Rea, Messrs. S. M. Macoun and S. Wear were appointed
Scrutineers, and a ballot was taken to fill four vacancies in the
Committee. On the report of the Scrutineers the President
announced that the following had been elected :—Mr. W. C.
Boyd, Prof. R. H. Yapp, Rev. W. R. Megaw, and Mr. S. C. Black.

Mr. Stendall, on behalf of the Club, then thanked the retiring
Secretaries for their services during the past three years, to which
Dr. Charlesworth suitably replied. Suggestions as to places to be
visited on the Summer excursions were next made and referred to
the Committee for consideration.

With the election of Mr. Kennedy as an ordinary member

the proceedings terminated.

1918-19.] 27

RULES

OF THE

Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club.

As amended at General Meeting held 15th April, 1919.

Te

That the Society be called ‘‘THk Betrast NatTurRALISTS’ Firetp Cuoves. ’

II.

That the object of this Society be the practical study of Natural Science
and Archeology in Ireland.

1

That the Club shall consist of Ordinary, Junior, Life, Corresponding and
Honorary Members. The Ordinary Members shall be proposed and seconded
at any meeting of the Club and elected by a majority of votes of the members
present. They shall pay annually a subscription of Five Shillings. Members
who are twelve months in arrear in their subscriptions shall not receive any
further circulars or other printed matter.

That the composition fee for Life Membership be Four Guineas.

Junior Members, who must be between the ages of 12 and 21, shall be
elected in the same way as Ordinary Members, but shall pay annually a
subscription of One Shilling (1/-) from 12 years of age to 18, and a subscription
of Two Shillings and Sixpence (2/6) from 18 years of age to 21. Junior
Members shall not receive any printed matter except the usual notices; shall
not have the power to vote; and shall not borrow books from the Club’s
Library without special permission from the Librarian. On attaining their
majority they shall become Ordinary Members, and shall pay an annual
subscription of Five Shillings (5/-).

IV.

That the Honorary and Corrésponding Members shall consist of persons
of eminence in Natural Science, or who shall have done some special service to
the Club; and whose usual residence is not less than twenty miles from Belfast.
That such Members may be nominated by any Member of the Club, and on
being approved by the Committee, may be elected at any subsequent Meeting
of the Club by a majority of the votes of the Members present. That
Corresponding Members be expected to communicate a paper once within
every two years.

28 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

AG

That the Officers of the Club be annually elected and consist of a President,
Vice-President, Treasurer, Librarian, and one or two Secretaries, together with
the Secretaries of the various Sections of the Club. hat the office of President
or that of Vice-President shall not be held by the same person for more than
two years in succession.

VI.

That the General Committee shall consist of the above-named officers with
nine ordinary members of Committee, and shall hold at least eight meetings
during the year; five persons to form a quorum.

That three ordinary members of Committee shall retire annually in order
of seniority, those retiring being ineligible for re-election for one year. Should
any ordinary member of Committee fail to attend at least three of the
Committee meetings held during the year his or her place may be considered
vacant and another member elected to fill the position. No ordinary member
of Committee shall hold the post of Secretary in any of the Sections. That in
the event of a vacancy occurring in the General Committee a new member may
be co-opted to fill such vacancy for the remainder of the year.

That nominations for ordinary members of Comwittee shall be sent in
writing to the Secretaries on or before the 21st day of March in each year. That
the privilege of nominating members of Committee shall be held by all Ordinary
and Life Members of the Club. That the names of those members so nominated
shall be published on the circular convening the Annual Meeting, at which the
Ordinary Members of Committee shall be elected by ballot. That should the
necessity arise the retiring members of Committee shall be balloted for.

WANE

The Committee may from year to year appoint Sectional Secretaries and
Committees, as may be considered desirable, to further original investigations
in any one or more departments of the Club’s work. No financial responsi-
bility to be incurred by any Sectional Secretary, Sectional Committee, or any
Officer of the Club without the previous approval of the Club’s Committee.
The Junior Section to have a Committee composed of Six Members of the
Club, the Chairman to be annually appointed by the General Committee.

VITIl.

That the members of the Club shall hold at least Six Field Meetings during
the year, in the most interesting localities, for investigating the Natural History
and Archeology of Ireland. That the place of meeting be fixed by the
Committee, and that five days’ notice of each Excursion be communicated to
Members by the Secretaries. ‘That each of the Sectional Secretaries shall be
made responsible for the running of one Regular Excursion, the programme to
provide study in the subject appertaining to the Section, and that any
additional Special Excursions shall be urranged by the Secretaries of the
Sections concerned,

1918-18. ] 29

1D.<

That regular Monthly Meetings be held during the Winter Session from
November till April, inclusive, for the purpose of reading Papers; such Papers
as far as possible to be original, and to treat of the Natural History and
Archeology of the district. That the Papers to be read be secured by a
Standing Organising Committee, consisting of the Hon. Secs. of the Club,
together with the Sectional Secretaries and a Chairman. That between the
Regular Monthly Meetings of the Club Special Meetings open to all Members
of the Club may be held, at which Papers of specialised interest would be
discussed. That the Sectional Secretaries shall each be responsible for the
providing of a programme for one Regular and one Special Meeting, one
Regular and one Special Meeting to be arranged by the Hon. Secs. Any
extra Meetings shall be arranged by the Organising Committee, if desired.
That the programme for the Winter Session shall be completed by the date of
its First Meeting and issued to all Members. ‘That each notification
announcing a Regular Meeting or Excursion shall also serve to notify Members
of the next Special Meeting or Excursion.

X.

That the Committee shall, if they find it advisable, offer for competition
Prizes for the best collections of scientific objects of the district; and the
Committee may order the purchase of maps, or other scientific apparatus, and
may carry on geological and archeological searches or excavations, if deemed
advisable, provided that the entire amount expended under this rule does not
exceed the sum of £10 in any one year.

That the General Committee may offer from time to time such prize or
prizes as they may deem desirable for competition among Schools in or near
Belfast.

XI.

That the Annual Meeting be held during the month of April, when the
Report of the Committee for the past year, and the Treasurer’s Financial
Statement shall be presented, the Committee and Officers elected, Bye-laws
made and altered, and any proposed alterations in the general laws, of which a
fortnight’s notice shall have been given, in writing, to the Secretary or
Secretaries, considered and decided upon. The Secretaries to give the
Members due notice of each intended alteration.

ene

Members of other Irish Field Clubs, residing temporarily or permanently
in or near Belfast, may be enrolled as Members of the Club without election or
entrance fee on production of a voucher of membership of another Club, and
without subscription for the current year, on production of a receipt showing
that such subscription has been paid to another Club. Failing the production
of such receipt, the usual subscription for the current year to be paid to the
Treasurer on enrolment. The names of Members so admitted to the Club to
be published with the notice of meeting following the date of their enrolment.

30 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

MIT.

That, on the written requisition of twenty-five Members, delivered to the
Secretaries, an Extraordinary General Meeting may be called, to consider and
decide upon the subject mentioned in such written requisition.

Ve

That the Committee may be empowered to exchange publications and
reports, and to extend the privilege of attending the Meetings and Excursions
of the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club to Members of kindred societies, on
similar privileges being accorded to its Members by such other societies.

RULES FOR THE CONDUCTING OF EXCURSIONS.

I. The excursion to be open to all Members, each one to have the
privilege of introducing two friends. The time for commencing as many as
possible of the Half-Day Summer Excursions to be not prior to 2 p.m.

Il. A Chairman to be elected as at ordinary meetings.

ITI. One of the Secretaries to act as Conductor, or, in the absence of
both, a Member to be elected for that purpose.

IV. No change to be made in the programme, or extra expense incurred,
except by the consent of the majority of the Members present.

V. No fees, gratuities, or other expenses to be paid except through the
Conductor.

Vi. Every Member or Visitor to have the accommodation assigned by the
Conductor, Where accommodation is limited, consideration will be given to
priority of application.

VII. Accommodation cannot be promised unless tickets are obtained
before the time mentioned in the special circular.

VIL. Those who attend an excursion without previous notice will be
liable to extra charge, if extra cost is incurred thereby.

IX. No intoxicating liquors to be provided at the expense of the Club.

1918-19. ] gt

Exchange of Proceedings, 1918=19.

Bournemouth—Natural Science Society.

Proceedings, Vol. IX. (1916-17).
Bristol—Naturalists’ Society.

Proceedings, Vol. 1V., Part 3 (1915-16).
Canadian Institute.

Transactions, Vol. XJ., Part 2.
Dublin—Royal Irish Academy.

Proceedings, Vol. XX XIV., Sec. B., Nos. 3, 4, a
ee b Sec. C., Nos. 5, 6, (f
D.OONige Sec. C., No. 1.
Abstract of Minutes, 1917 -18.

K Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland.
Journal, Vol. XLVIII., Part 1 (June, 1918).
Dumfriesshire and Galloway—Nat. Hist. and Antiquarian Society.
Transactions, Series III., Vol. 5.
Eastbourne—Natural History, Phot. and Lit. Society.
Transactions and Journal, Vol. VIII., Nos. 20, 21, 22 and 23.
Essex—Field Club.
Journal, Vol. X VIII., Parts (6-9), (10-11) and 12.
Glasgow—Royal Philosophical Society of—
Proceedings, Vol. XLVIIT. (1916-17).
m Geological Society of—
Transactions, Vol. X VI., Part 2.
Leyden—Rijks Ethnographisch Museum.
Report for 1916-17.
Liverpool—Naturalists’ Field Club.
Proceedings for 1917.
Louth—Archezological Journal of County—
Vol. IV., Part 3.
{.ondon—British Association.
Annual Report for 1917.
i Geologists’ Association.
Proceedings, Vol. XXIX., Parts 2 and 3.
Marlborough—College Natural History Society.
Report No, 66 (for 1917).

32 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Manchester— Microscopical Society.

Transactions for 1917.

North Staffordshire—Field Club.

Transactions, Vol. LIT. (1917-15).

Norwich—Prehistoric Society of East Anglia.

Proceedings, Vol. If., Part 4 (1917-18).

Nova Scotia—Institute of Science.

Proceedings and Transactions, Vol. XIV., Part 3.

Nottingham—Naturalists’ Society.

Annual Reports for 1918 to 1918.

Oxfordshire—Ashmolean Natural History Society of —

Proceedings and Report for 1918.

Stavanger Museum.

Aarshefte for 1917.

Torquay—Natural History Society.

Journal, Vol. II., No. 4.

U.S.A.—Californian Academy of Science.

Proceedings, Vol. II., Part 1 (No. 11); Part 2 (No. 12).
Vol. VI. Nos. 8 and 9.
Vol. VII., Nos. 1 to 13.
Volo VILE. Nos. 1) sands:
Title Page and Index for Vols. IV., V. and VI. of Series 4.

Chapel Hill N.C. —Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society.
Journal, Vol. XX XIITI., No. 4.
Medford, Mass.—Tult’s College Studies.
Scientific Series, Vol. [V., No. 5.
Missouri Botanical Garden.
Bulletin, Vol. VI., Nos. 3t010; Vol. VII., Nos. 1 and 2.
New York Academy of Sciences.
Annals, Vol. XXVII., pp. 215-243.
Philadelphia Academy of Sciences.

Proceedings, Vol. LXTX., Parts 2 and 3; Vol. LXX., Parts
1 and 2.

Washington—Government Printing Works.

Smithsonian Reports, Nos. 2462 to 2466, 2475, 2476.
Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. LX VIII., No. 10
Museum Report for 1917.

Washington—U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Year Book for 1917. —

1918-19.] 33

List of Members.

Any change in the Address of Members should be at once notified

1877.

to the Secretaries by Post Card.

The Dates prefixed to Members’ names signify date of Election.
O stands for an Original Member who signed the requisition for the
formation of the Club in 1863.

Hon. Memébers.

Lapworth, Professor Charles, LL.D., F.R.S., The University,
Birmingham.

Plunkett, Thomas, M.R.I.A., Enniskillen.

Scharff, Robert F., B.Sc., Ph.D., F.L.S., M.R.1.A., National Museum,
Kildare Street, Dublin.

Corresponding Member.
Holden, J. 8S., M.D., Sudbury, Suffolk.

Life (Members

Ewart, Sir. W. Q., Bart., Glenmachan, Strandtown.
Stelfox, A. W., A.R.I.B.A., M.R.I.A., Ballymagee, Bangor.
Wilson, Alec G., J.P., M.R.I.A., Belvoir Park.

Ordinary Members.

Adams, Miss A. M., Rosemount, Malone Road.
Adams, Rev. W. A., B.A., Antrim.

Aird, Hugh, 16 Fitzwilliam Avenue.

Alderdice, Richard S., 12 Linenhall Street.
Anderson, Sir Robert, Bart., J.P., Donegall Place.
Anderson, Miss Sarah, 4 Church View, Holywood.
Andrew, J. J., L.D.S., University Square.
Andrews, Miss E., 12 College Gardens.

Andrews, Miss E. L., Inla, Comber,

Andrews, Miss M. A., 50 Eglantine Avenue.
Andrews, Dr. Marion B., 17 University Square.
Andrews, Michael C., 17 University Square.
Armstrong, Miss Dorothy, Corlea, Somerton Road.

1916.
1907.
1901.
1915.
1905.
1913.
1896.
1893.
1917.
1909.
1908.
1884.
1914,

1916.
1898.
1893,

1894,
1916.
1917.
1885.
1863.
1883.
1911.
1876.
1899.
1918.

1903.
1909.
1916.
US17.
1891.
1904.
1892.
1892.
1917.
1914.
1907.
1914.
1901.
1894.
1894.
1890.
1893.
1917.
1904.

34 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Baillie, Robert, Ellerslie, Ravenhill Park.

Baillie, W. T., Marathon, Green Road, Knock.
Barrett, J. H., Farnham Road, Bangor.

Beattie, John Carson, Deaf and Dumb Institution, Lisburn Road.
Beck, Miss, 1 Derryvolgie Avenue.

Bell, D. M., 22 Cyprus Avenue.

Bell, E. George, Solitude, Lurgan.

Bell, Robert, 64 Newington Avenue.

Bell, Miss Janet M., Daisybank, Holywood.

Bennett, Edward, Forth River Mill.

Bennett, 8S. A., B.A., B.Sc., Campbell College.
Bigger, Francis J.. M.R.I.A., Ardrigh, Antrim Road.

Bed ue 18 Connaught Mansions, Prince of Wales Road, Battersea,
S.W. 11.

Black, 5. C., 15 College Gardens.
Blackwood, Miss S., 6 College Green.

Boyd, Miss, c/o. A. E. Large, Bank Chambers, Palmerston Road,
Southsea.

Boyd, W. C., J.P., Hazelbank Villa, Ravenscroft Avenue.
Bradley, Miss L. I., Haypark House, Knock.

Bradley, Mrs., Haypark House, Knock.

Brandon, Hugh B., J.P., 2 Wellington Place.

Brett, Sir Charles H., Gretton Villa South.

Brown, Thomas, J.P., 102 Donegall Street.

Browne, G. B., 356 Ormeau Road.

Bulla, Charles, 272 Lisburn Road.

Burrowes, W. B., Ballynafeigh House.

Byrne, Mrs., 24 College Square North.

Campbell, D. C., J.P., M.B.O.U., Templemore Park, Londonderry.
Campbell, John, Albert Brickworks, Carrickfergus.

Campbell, John, 194 Antrim Boad.

Campbell, James, Jennymount Mill, Belfast.

Capper, J. Maleolm, 14 Linenhall Street.

Carmody, Rev. Canon W. P., Lisburn.

Carrothers, Nathaniel, 145 Stranmillis Road.

Carson, J. C., 8 Wellington Place.

Carson, James, Parkmount, Lisburn.

Carter, C. S., 25 Donegall Street.

Chambers, W., 3 Custom House Square.

Charlesworth, John K., M.Sc., Ph.D., F.G.S., Queen’s University.
Cheyne, H. H., Roseneath, Bangor.

Cleland, Alex. M‘I., Macedon, Green Road, Knock.

Cleland, Mrs. Annie, Macedon, Green Road, Knock.

Cleland, James A., Bernagh West, Malone Park.

Cleland, W. W., Osborne House, Osborne Park.

Close, R. M., 18 Donegall Square North.

Cocking, Miss C. E., 19 Glebe Road, Huddersfield,

1918-19. } 35

1914.
1906.
1913.

1884.
1915.

1916.

1905.

1915.
1891.
1915.
1891.

0)
1907.
1909.
1916.
1916.
1908.
1912.
1912.
1909.

1916,
1916.
1884.
1912.

1868.
1912.
1913.
1918.
1897.

1906.

1899.
1899.
1903.
1911.
1892.
1916.

1904.

1891.
1892.
1913.

Corrigan, Chas., 183 Royal Avenue.

Cowie, James, Midland Railway Co.
Cunningham, Miss M. E., Glencairn, Belfast.
Cunningham, Samuel, Fernhill.

Cunningham, Josias, M.B.O.U., Fernhill, Belfast.

Davis, Miss E. C., Lauraviile, Balmoral.

Dawson, R. A., A.R.C.A., Inniskeen, Holywood.
Denby, Miss Alice M., Evetide, Westland Gardens.
D’Evelyn, Alex. M., M.D., Ballymena.

Dick, Miss M. E., M.A., Wynstay, Rosetta Park.
Dickson, John M., 28 Wellington Park.

Donaldson, George, 1 Prospect Street.

Doran, John, J.P., Dunottar, Malone Road.
Drummond, Miss Ina, 39 Atlantic Avenue.

Duffin, Miss Mabel W., B.Sc., Rokeby, Deramore Park.
Dunbar, Rev. Kenneth, The Manse, Comber.
Duncan, William, 24 Queen Street.

Dundee, Miss B., Eglantine Avenue.

Dunlop, (the late) T. W., Scarva,

Dwerryhouse, Major A. R., D.Sc., F.G.S., M.R.1.A., Queen’s
University.

Edwards, Herbert, 54 Ulsterville Avenue.
Edwards, Mrs., 54 Ulsterville Avenue.

Elhott, David, B.A., J.P., Ardroe, Bloomfield.
Erskine, Mrs., Claremont, Holywood.

Faren, W., 11 Mountcharles.

Ferguson, Mrs., St. Helen’s, Holland Park, Knock.
Ferguson, Samuel, St. Helen’s, Holland Park, Knock.
Fiddis, H., 20 Wilmont Terrace, Lisburn Road.

Finlay, Miss, St. Hilda’s Hast, 3 Old Nichol Street, Bethnal Green,
London.

Finlay, Arch. H., Willesden, Holy wood.

Forth, (the late) Capt. Francis C., ¥.R.C.Se.I., Technical Institute.
Foster, Nevin H., F.L.S., M.R.1.A., M.B.O.U., Hillsborough.
Foster, Mrs. N. H., Hillsborough.

Foster, Miss A. B., B.Sc., Y.W.C.A., William Street, Waterford.
Fulton, David, Arlington, Windsor Avenue.

Fulton, Miss D., Laurelbank, Woodvale Road.

Gaffikin, William, J.P., Notting Hill.

Galloway, Joseph, 50 Kglantine Avenue.

Gamble, Miss, Lorne, Craigavad.

Gardner, Miss Nettie H., B.Sc., Hawthornden Road, Knock,

1916.
1893.
1917.
1911.
1905.
1885.
1918.
1918.
1892.
1895.
1912.
1901.
1901.

1901.
1918.

1908.
1907.
1918.
1883.
1908.
1877.
1916.
1915.
1916.
1908.
1915.
1876.
1905.
1895.
1908.

1903.
1904.

1906.

1911.
1914.
1913.
1915.

1892.
1909.
1914.
1901.
1906.
1916.
1916.

36 (Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Gibb, Miss C., 7 Claremont Street.

Gibson, Andrew, Lansdowne Road.

Gibson, Mrs., Berrington, Lansdowne Road.
Gibson, Mrs. Jos., Hillsborough.

Glover, James, Seaview, Kirkcubbin.

Godwin, William, Queen Street.

Gordon, Eustace, 35 Rosemary Street.

Gourlay, Mrs. J., 18 Willowbank Street.

Green, Mrs. Isaac, Hawthornden, Knock.

Green, Wm. A., 4 Salisbury Terrace, Chichester Park.
Greenfield, Mrs. T. K., 8 High Street, Holywood.
Greeves, J. Theodore, Nendrum, Knockdene Park.
Greeves, W. Leopold, Ormeau Avenue.

Greeves, Fergus M., Rydal Mount, Knock.
Greeves, Owen, Tavanagh House, Portadown.

Hadden, Mrs., Magharee, Portadown.

Hadden, Dr. Robert E., Ardralla, Portadown.
Hagan, Miss I. M., Rathcowle, Jordonstown.
Hamilton, Rev. T., D.D., LL.D., Vice-Chancellor, Queen’s University.
Hamilton, Miss, 5 Church Avenue, Holywood.
Hamilton, John, 5 Church Avenue, Holywood.
Harper, V. M., B.A., Campbell College.
Hawthorne, Rev. Samuel, B.A., Helen’s Bay.
Hawthorne, Miss, Helen’s Bay.

Henry, F. W., Ye Olde Castle, Castle Place.
Herdman, Miss EK. W., Fountainville, University Road.
Heron, F. A., Cultra, Holywood,

Hobson, Mrs., Marino.

Hogg, A. R., 13 Trinity Street.

Hogg, D. J., 16 Kansas Avenue.

Holland, Miss, Cadogan Park.

Holland, Frank, Osborne Gardens.

Hopkirk, F. G., Midland Railway Co.

Houston, Miss, Lisheen, Sans Souci Park.
Houston, James Dick, Northern Bank, Lurgan.
Humphreys, Miss Norah, Lynford, Osborne Park.
Hunter, Miss K., Waterford Terrace, Coleraine.

Jaffé, Lady, Kinedar, Strandtown.

Jenkins, W. A., 6 Elmwood Terrace.

Jenkinson, Hy., 29 Rosemary Street.

Johnson, Rev. W. F.,M.A.,F.E.S.,M.R.1I.A., Acton Glebe, Poyntzpass.
Johnston, F. W., The Cottage, Cultra.

Johnston, Miss M. B., Beechville, Glenburn Park.

Johnstone, Mrs., Riverside, Holy wood.

1918-19.] 37

1916.
1917.
1918.
1919.
1899.
1886.
1915.
1868.
1877.

1916.
1901.
1915.
1916.
1915.
1912.
1916.
1877.

1918.
1918.
1899.
1915.
1893,
1908.
1918.
1910.
1917.

1915.
1905.
LOL.
1903.
1917.
1914.
1915.
1915.
1905.
1912.
1901.
1876.
1905.
1899.
1901.
1901.
1914.
1880.

Kay, Miss M. P., B.Sc., Burnside, Bangor.

Keiller, W., 11 Chichester Street.

Kennedy, D., Pembroke, Wandsworth Road, Knock.
Kennedy, R. M., 16 Green Road, Knock.

Killen, William, 20 Waring Street.

Kirkpatrick F., 27 Oxford Street.

Kirkpatrick, W. H., Marlborough Park 8.

Knowles, W. J., M.R.1.A., Flixton Place 8., Ballymena.
Kyle, R. A., 15 Wellington Park.

Lacy, Edwin, 46 Victoria Gardens, Chichester Park.

Larmor, H. G., J.P., Lisburn.

Lawrie, Thomas, East Bridge Street.

Lawther, Miss M. J. V., Marathon, Antrim Road.

Leathem, Miss M., 4 Gordon Terrace, Agincourt Avenue.

Ledgerwood, N. J., J.P., 10 Wellington Park.

Lees, Miss 8. L., Drumadoon, Castle Park.

Lett, Rev. Canon H. W., M.A., M.R.I.A., Aghaderg Glebe,
Loughbrickland.

Lewis, Mrs. A. J., 2 Ranfurly Drive.

Lindsay, Eric, Barbaraville, Annadale.

Lindsay, Professor, M.D., 3 Queen’s Elms.

Lindsay, Mrs., Barbaraville, Annadale.

Lowry, D. E., 25 Donegall Place.

Lowry, James, Llewellyn Avenue, Lisburn.

Lowry, Miss, Hazelwood. Bloomfield.

Lowry, Miss L., Hazelwood, Bloomfield.

Lyttle, James, 1 Olney Terrace, Ballygomartin Road.

MacCarthy, Mrs., Freshford, Knock.

MacCleary, A., Kensington Hotel, College Square Kast.
MacDevitt, H., 115 High Street, Holywood.
Macllwaine, Capt., J.E., M.D., 26 College Gardens.
Mackintosh, Donald T., 59 Malone Avenue.

MacLaine, Lachlan, Rathaline, Annadale Avenue.
Maconachie, Rev. D. H., B.A., B.D., The Manse, Holywood
Maconachie, Mrs., Brooklands, Holywood.

Macoun, Mrs., Clanrolla, Windsor Park.

Macoun, Stephenson M., Clanrolla, Windsor Park.
MacRea, Kenneth, Balmoral.

Major, Rev. J. J., Doagh.

Malcolm, Miss Susan, Downshire Road, Holywood.
Malcomson, J. G. B., Cairnburn, Strandtown.
Malcomson, Herbert T., M.B.O.U., 32 Arthur Street.
Malcomson, Joseph, 32 Arthur Street.

Manning, J. W., Slieve Donard Hotel, Newcastle.
Marsh, Mrs., Glenlyon, Holywood.

38 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

1891. Marshall, H. C., Bryansburn Road, Bangor.

1916. Masterson, Miss, 93 Wellesley Avenue.

1915. Mawdsley, Miss, Macedon, Green Road, Knock.

1892. Maxton, James, Ulster Street.

1908. Maxwell, Henry, Dunalbine, Deramore Park.

1893. May, Robert, 40 Hopefield Avenue.

1903. Mayne, H. Horner, 24 Elmwood Avenue.

1917. Megaw, Rev. W. R., B.A., 55 Botanic Avenue.

1918. Merrifield, Jas., 105 The Mount.

1918. Metcalfe, A. W., Hawthornden Road, Knock.

1906. Millar, Thomas O., 306 Antrim Road.

1907. Milhgan, Miss, Lisnamaul, Ormeau Road.

1915. Milligan, Arthur G., The Grange, Annadale.

1901. Milne, (the late) J. N., Westbank, Partickhill Road, Glasgow.
1898. Montgomery, H. C., 40 Rosemary Street.

1913. Montgomery, Miss EF. 8., 26 College Green.

1911. Montgomery, Miss Jane H., § Sandhurst Road.

1916. Moore, Frank, F.E.1I.8., Home-Lyn, Marlborough Park N.
1917. Morrison, Rev. Robert, B.A., The Curateage, Hillsborough.
1892. Munce, W. B., Rosemary Street.

1899. M'‘Bretney, W. A. J., 31 Haypark Avenue.
1909. M‘Cance, James, 2 Haston Terrace.
1913. M‘Cance, Stoupe, 3 Markham Square, London, 8.W.
1884. M‘Cleery, H., 20 Franklin Street.
1912. M ‘Clelland, E. W., B.Sc., 79 Kansas A venue.
1879. M‘Connell, James, J.P., Stranmillis House. .
1903. M‘Connel], Miss; Stranmillis House.
1905. M‘Crum, Mrs., Ballyvesey, Carnmoney.
1913. M‘Dowell, Miss, 7 Lower Crescent.
1918. M ‘Dowell, R., Frontinac, Ravenhill Park.
1914. M‘Kay, Miss EK. W., B.Sc., Ardbana Terrace, Coleraine.
1904. M‘Kean, Edward John, B.A., B.L., Rosaville, Fortwilliam Park.
1906. M ‘Kinney, Miss, Sentry Hill, Carnmoney.
1917. M‘Ilroy, R., 32 Pandora Street.
1912. M‘Meekin, Miss A. M., Sunnyside, Carnmoney.
1917. M‘Meekin, Adam, Cogry House, Doagh.
O M‘Millan, W., J.P., 30 Ashley Avenue.

1898. Orr, James, 17 Garfield Street.

O Patterson, D. C., Glenard, Holywood.

1888. Patterson, Robert, F.L.S., M.R.I.A., M.B.0O.U., Glenbank, Holywood.
O Phillips, Wm. H., Lemonfield, Holywood.

1867. Pim, John, J.P., Bonaven, Antrim Road.

1868. Pim, Thomas W., 21 Victoria Street.

1918-19.] 39

1869.
1903.
1903.
1890.
1890.
1883.

1901,
1904.
1907.
1916.
1907.
1913.
1903.
1909.
1916.
1911.

1899.
1913.
1917.
1903.
1918.
1911.
1905.
1916.
1890.
1918.
1868.
1893.
1893.
1910.
1911.
1904.
1894.
1916.
1909.
1919.
1866.

1871.
1901.
1875.
1904.
1909.

Pim, Joshua, 6 Donegall Square South.

Pim, W. R., Lisnagarvey, Lisburn.

Pooler, Rev. Chas. K., B.D., M.R.I.A., Strangford.
Porter, F. A., Queen’s Square.

Porter, William, Beechview, Balmoral Avenue.

Praeger, R. L)., B.A., B.K., M.R.J.A., National Library, Kildare
Street, Dublin.

Rankin, Will, Gordonall, Myrtlefield Park.

Rankin, Mrs., Gordonall, Myrtlefield Park.

Rea, Miss M. W., Salem House, Sydenham.

Rea, Miss L. C., Salem House, Sydenham.

Riddel, Mrs., Donegall Park Avenue.

Ritchie, Miss Frances, B.Se., Anaghlone, Banbridge.
Robb, H. M., 44 Ulsterville Avenue.

Russell, Nelson, Lisburn. ;
Rutledge, Miss Ethel J., M.Sc., 92 North Parade.
Ryves, Miss, 65 Wellington Avenue.

Sandes, Robert, Chorlton, Adelaide Park.

Savage, W. E. J., Lincoln Avenue.

Sayers, Miss, B.A., Bartragh, Knock.

Sefton, Burton, St. Aubyn’s, Deramore Drive.
Seymour, J., Inchmarlo, Marlborough Park.

Shaw, G. W., Ulster Bank, York Street.

Sheils, Rev. John F., Saintfield.

Sileock, Miss E. A., B.Se., Railway Street, Lisburn.
Skillen, Joseph, Largymore, Lisburn.

Slane, Miss U., Queen’s University.

Speers, Adam, J.P., B.Se., Holywood.

Stears, Samuel M., 6 Rosetta Avenue.

Steele, Miss, Dooneen, Marlborough Park.

Stelfox, Mrs. A. W., B.Sc., A.R.C.Se.I.. Ballymagee, Bangor.
Stendall, J. A. Sidney, Municipal Museum.
Stephens,-John Kyle, J, P., 13 Donegall Square North.
Stewart, W. J., Ormeau Road.

Stewart, Miss L. K., B.Sc., s0ghill, Coleraine.
Stokes, W. J., Malone Park.

Strain, W., Windsor Park.

Swanston, William, F.G.S., Farm Hill, Dunmurry.

Todd, John, J.P., Clarinda, Fortwilliam Park.
Tomlinson, W. J. C., 17 Glandore Gardens.

Traill, W. A., M.A. Ing., Bushmills.

Turtle, William Haydock, 1 Holyrood, Malone Road.
Turtle, Mrs. Herbert, Rosemount, Knock.

40 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

1879. Waddell, Rev. C. H., M.A., B.D., M.R.I.A., The Rectory,
Greyabbey.

1894. Walsh, Robert, Ashestiel, Malone Road.

1893. Walker, W. J. D., C.B., The Sycamores, Drogheda.

1917. Walker, Franklin M., Wynard, Helen’s Bay.

1893. Walkington, (the late) Miss, LL.D., Strandtown.

1911. Ward, Miss K., Albertville, Sydenham.

1909. Watson, John G., The Maples, King’s Road, Knock.

1905. Wear, Sylvanus, 19 Hopefield Avenue.

1880. Welch, Robert J., M.R.1.A., 49 Lonsdale Street.

1877. Whitla, Sir William, M.D., College Square North.

1917. Williamson, James, J.P., Sandown Park, Knock.

1893. Wilson, George, 9 Bedford Street.

1901. Wilson, Prof. Gregg, M.A., D.Sc., M-R.T.A., Queen’s University.

1904. Wilson, Mrs., Deramore Park.

1893. Woollcombe, Robt. Lloyd, M.A., L&.D. (Dublin University), F.1.
[esp HEI RY OF) haa Pa dnl ge Cass linia Osho dasmsha Alia tIi J. 12
Waterloo Road, Dublin.

O Workman, Rev. R.. M.A., Crusheen, Cadogan Park.
1901. Workman, W. H., F.Z.8S., M.B.O.U., Lismore, Windsor Avenue.
1867. Wright, Joseph, F.G.S., 10 May Street.

1914. Yapp, Prof. R. H., M.A., Queen’s University.
(Qssoctate Members.

1915. Armstrong, Edward, Corlea, Somerton Road.

1917. Baker, Arthur, Trevara, Knock.

1914. Ferguson, Miss Olive, Glenfield Place, Ormeau Road.

1916. George, Alfred H., 22 Thorndale Avenue.
1917. Greeves, J. R.H., Wyncroft, Donaghadee.

1915. Mussen, Robert Walsh, Hillhall,
Princetown Road, Bangor.

1919. M‘Bride, A., Ballinabough, Templepatrick.
1919. M‘Kibben, Miss, Louisville, Knockdene Park.

1919. Roden, Miss N. N., Riddel Hall, Stranmillis.

1916. Shaw, Miss Winnie, Grotli, Salisbury Gardens.
1919. Smyth, Miss G., Fernhurst, Knockdene Park.

1918-19.] 41

1916.
1918.

1916.
1916.
1912.
1913.
1917.
1916.
1916.
1917.
1918.
1918.
1915.
1916.

1918.
1918.

1918.
1918.

1916.
1915.

1915.

1916.

Zuntor Members.

Bell, Miss Emma, Cressington, Rosetta Park.
Bent, H. L., Lochlee, Kensington Road, Knock.

Dawson, Brian, Baythorpe, Holywood.

Deane, Archibald, Mount Nephin, Knockbreda.
Deane, John, Mount Nephin, Knockbreda.

Deane, Lindsay, Mount Nephin, Knockbreda.
Ferguson, Miss Noreen, Glenfield Place, Ormeau Road.
Gilmour, Humphrey, Knocknarea, Kensington Road.
Gourlay, Jack, 18 Willowbank Street.

Grainger, Charles, Craigavad.

Harris, Norman, 109 Fitzroy Avenue.

Macknight, John, 220 Springfield Road.

Mayne, Miss Betty, 24 Elmwood Avenue.

Morton, Walter E., 65 Ulsterville Avenue.

M‘Carthy, Miss Daisy, 4 Ardlee Terrace, Holywood.
M‘Carthy, Desmond, 4 Ardlee Terrace, Holywood.

Quick, Geoffrey G., 17 Rossmore Avenue.
Quick, Kenneth J., 17 Rossmore A venue.

Sloan, Miss Kathleen, Anneville, North Road.
Stephenson, Miss Kathleen, 2 College Park Hast.

Twadell, Miss Amy, Nashville, Malone Park.

Young, Miss Carrie, Moyrusk, Marlborough Park.

PRESENTED

2 & AUG.1919

BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

FIFTY-SEVENTH YEAR, 1919-20

GENERAL COMMITTEE.

President:
A. MT. CLELAND.

Vice-President :
S. A. BENNETT, B.a., Bsc.

Treasurer :
S. M. MACOUN, Crianrotia, WINDSOR Park, BELFAST.

Librarian:
SYLVANUS WEAR, 19, HoprrtenpD AvEeNuE, BELFAST.

Hon. Secretaries:
J. A. 8. STENDALL, 12, Rossmore Avenur, BALLYNAFEIGH.
A. M‘I. CLELAND, Gren Roap, Knock, Berrast.

Hon. Sec. Botanical Section:
S. A. BENNETT, B.A., B.sc., CAMPBELL COLLEGE, BRLFAST.

Hon. Sec. Geological Section:
Dr. J. K. CHARLESWORTH, F.e.8., M.B.1.A.

Hon. Sec. Zoological Section:
MRS. GIBSON, Eonnineton, Lanspownr Roap,

Hon. Sec. Archeological Section:
ROBERT MAY, 40, Horgriretp AvENUr, BELFAST.

Hon. Sec. Junior Section:
MISS S. BLACKWOOD, 6, Cotiece Greey AST.

Ordinary Members of Committee.

Retire 1920. Retire 1921. | Retire 1922.
W. B. Burrowes. Miss E. L. Andrews. | W. C. Boyd.
Major A. R. Dwerryhouse, Robert Bell. | Rev. W. R. Megaw.

ee Me pa og Rev. K. Dunbar. Prof. R. H. Yapp,
Fergus M. Greeves, M.A.

Junior Section Committee.

S. A. BENNETT, B.a., B.Sc., Chatrman.

MISS O. FERGUSON. MISS S. BLACKWOOD,

J. H. GILMOUR. Hon. Sec. of the Section,
J. GOURLAY. 6, College Green,

J. R. H. GREEVES. Belfast.

cordance With, resolution passed at General Meeting held
ri, IQtl, Me following reductions have been made in

of the Proceeding®, Se to Members. of the ‘Clas “When Z

ae 5S Eee IL (1881-82 to 1836-87) to 2/6,
eae =, ers ,, IIT. (1887-88 to 1892-93) to 9/6 ,,
a. - ,, TV. (1893-94 to 1900-01) to 2/6,
‘e a = = es -,, V. (1901-02 to re 07 to BG as

~ io = Sales

x Vol. I, Sas: In Leather Binding. ore bi per vol. 3 y
Ts tes In Paper Binding E vas ite HO is] Oni eee.

te Appendices, which in covers are priced 6d and fs, may be had in- =
at Id and 2d per copy respectively. (This does not apply to Nos. 4, and
1. I1., of which we ae no surplus stock.) See Boe

7

-East Ireland, by Stewart and Corry, with Supplement. 2/6 per vol. >

aw” —¢ t
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-—— £ = - + =
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Eighth Annual Report—1870-71, containing ae II., List of tent gents » aa

Antrim and Down—Stewart __... x a = 2164
Ninth Annual Report—1871-72 se as we Ree is oe 1/-
Tenth - do. 1872-78

Foraminifera— Wright ; and List of the Fossils of the Estuarine Clays of

.1/-
Proceedings, Series II., Vol. I., Part Te 1873- 74, ‘containing Appendix IIL. Tes

- Fossils, 1.Plate—Praeger ahs

of Mosses of North-East of Ireland—Stew art; and List of Cretaceous” PS.
2/6

Microzoa of North of Ireland—Wright, 2 Plates

Series II., Vol. I., Part IT., 1874-75 rp a 3 ee Aes
/:

ILI., 1875-76 fal
IV., 1876-77; conti Vining Appendix iv., eh
Foraminifera of Down and Antrim —Wright, 1 Plate ; and Silurian Rocks
of Co. Down—Swanston and Lapworth, 3.-Plates _... Pak BTS
Series II., Vol. I., Parts V. and VI., 1877-78 and ’78 79 (in one)” 1/-
a ’ Part VII., 1879- 80, containing Appendix V., List of
Post- Tertiary Foraminifera of North-East of Treland—Wright ; and List of
Mollusea of Boulder-Clay of North-East of Ireland—Stewart ... yO}
Series I[., Vol. Il., Part I., 1880-81, containing Appendix VL, “List of.
Foraminifera of South Donegal —W right 3 Sponge Remains from Carb.
Limestone, County Sligo—Wright ; and Fossil pee epics Canby
Sligo Carter, 1 Plate . rd
Series II., Vol. II., Part IT., 1881-82. *. 1/
TII., 1882-83, containing Appendix VIL, Sup-
plemental List of Mosses of the North-East of Ireland—Stewart ..
Series I., Vol. I1., Part 1V., 1883-84, containing Appendix VIIL., Notes
on Trish Coleoptera— Halliday ; ; Cromlechs of Antrim and Down—Gray,
12 Plates; and Pre-historic Monuments near Sligo—Elcock, 4 Plates! ....3/-
Series 3 Vol. II., Part V., 1884-85, containing Appendix IX., Ostracoda
of Belfast Lough—Malcomson ; Fungi of North of Ireland— Lett ; Fora-
minifera of ‘‘ Protector” Cruise, ke. —Wright; Cretaceous Foraminifera
of Keady Hill—Wright; Irish Cole optera— Patterson 23/4

”” ?

Series IT., Vol. IL, Part VI. , 1885-86, containing Appendix x The pas oe
Ferns of Ulster—Phillips and Praeger Be ans

Series IT., Vol..I1., Part VIL. 1886- 87, containing, “Appendix KI. Notes ae
on the Sections exposed at. the Alexandra Dock, Belfast, with List of

Series IT. Vol. IIT., Part I., 1887-88, ésutaiping Appendix, RAIS Marine ee
Shells of the North of Treland—Praeger ao

Series IT., Vol. I11., Part II., 1885-89... ‘1/
III, 1889-90, con taining Report of Larne Gravels:

Committee, 2 Plates E oD

Series IT., Vol. TII,, Part 1Y 1890-91

Be 3 1891-92
> VI., 1892-93 fe =a Seen

Index pe
Series IL., Vol. IV., Fart ie “1893- 94, containing ‘Appendix GEER

” as é ET: , 18 394- 95, Ca) a> XI IV.

ise H Ill. 1895-96, *y ba XV.

fF Ke “TV., 1896-97. ... re aire

45 * V., 1897-98»... is 35 es

* 25 VI, 1898-99"... re po geay”

i . VWIL., 1899-1900, 1900-01 (in one) ae Pitee apse

“= Vol. V., Parts I. and IL, 1901-02, 1902-03 (in one} ies

See: ¥, Part IIT., 1903- 04 Po |) Ep
IV., 1904-05 ~ DE. fed
V., 1905-06, with Appendices XVI and XVIE
VI.,.1906- 07, with Index Lod
Vol. VI., Part I.; 1907-08 ... ; ae

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‘3 9

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“a ~ ITI., 1909-10... ad
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a Vol. VIL, Part I., 1913-14, with. beetle of 50th Reena 2[-s
a ‘i II., 1914-15... es 1/6
3 ” TII., 1915-16 |. ie.
5 ve IV., 1916-17. ...
54 * V., 1917-18, with Title Page and Index to Vol.
VIL., and pee ie ae of Vol. Til.
* Vol. VIII., Part 1., 1918-19 ©... a

Some of the above are now available to members at pola or NC

eth a

REPORT

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PROCEEDINGS.

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1919=20.

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' For Contents See Back of Cover.

PRINTED FOR MEMBERS ONLY.
PRICE OF EXTRA COPIES TO MEMBERS, 2/-.

- CONTENTS.

List of Officers, 1919-20

Annual Reports ...

Statement of Accounts

Excursions:—The Broadwater and Moira, The Flush, Island Mahee, Carngaver,
Killough and St. John’s Point, Glenoe |

Conversazione SS Se Bs he S iy

Papers oe “Wiat Lux, as applied to Field Club Work ”—A,. M‘T. Cleland
“The Ecology of the Lower Plants Rev. OH. Waddell, M.A.
“‘Some Aspects of Plant-Life ”—R. Ll. Praeger, B.A.; B.E. |
“Bye-gone Punishments”—J. A S. Stendall
“New Guinea ”—C. B. Horsbrugh B Ses ae
‘Place Names of Strangford Lough Area”—J. R. H. Greeves
**Salt Industries of the World ’”’—G. C. Reilly
x Our Local Roses””—S. A. Bennett, B.A., B.Sc.

‘‘Birds: their Habits, Haunts, and Homes ”—D. C. Campbell, J.P.

Annual Meeting ...
Rules

- Exchanges of Proceedings

ANNUAL REPORT AND PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BELFAST NATURALISTS’
FIELD CLUB,

FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31st MARCH, 1920.

(FIFTY=-SEVENTH YEAR.)

SERIES I. PART II.

VOLUME VIII. 1919=20.

Joint Editors:
S. A. BENNETT, B.A., B.Sc.
A. M‘Il. CLELAND.

0Beffast :

PRINTED AT ‘*THE NORTHERN WHIG” OFFICE, VICTORIA STREET.

1920.

BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

FIFTY-SEVENTH YEAR, 1919-20.

eeRAL COMMITTEE.

President :
A. M‘I. CLELAND.

Vice-President :
Sau BENNETE B.A., B.Sc:

Treasurer :
S. M. MACOUN.

Librarian :
SYLVANUS WEAR.
Hon. Secretaries :

J. Al Si SERENDAGE:

A. M‘'T. CLELAND.
Hon. Sec. Botanical Section:
S. A. BENNETT, B.A., B.Sc.

Hon. Sec. Geological Section :
Dr. J. K. CHARLESWORTH, F.e.s., M.B.1.A.

Hon. Sec. Zoological Section :
MRS. GIBSON.

Hon. Sec. Archzological Section:
ROBERT MAY.

Hon. Sec. Junior Section:
MISS 8. BLACKWOOD.

Ordinary Members of Committee:

|

Retire 1920. Retire 1921. Retire 1922.
W. B. Burrowes. Miss E. L. Andrews. W. C. Boyd.
Major A. R. Dwerryhouse, Robert Bell. Rev. W. R. Megaw
D.SC., F.G.S., M.R.TA. W. Porter. _ Prof. R. H. Yapp
M.A.

Fergus M. Greeves.
Junior Section Committee :
S. A. BENNETT, B.a., B.Sc., Chairman.
MISS 0. FERGUSON.
J. H. GILMOUR.

J. GOURLAY.
J. R. H. GREEVES.

AT Alii ey

FD ip} ibe ho 4
; f | q, Hay nat ni Ly
hi Or “tt

Me Wes

|

Annual Report.

Your Committee has pleasure in submitting the Fifty-seventh
Annual Report, as follows :—

During the year 14 Ordinary, and 2 Junior Members have
been elected; 19 have resigned and 1o have died. The total
membership on the 31st March, 1920, is therefore 302 as against
315 recorded in the last report, a decrease of 13 members. The
composition of the membership is now:—1 Honorary, 2 Corre-
sponding, 2 Life, 290 Ordinary, and 7 Junior.

Your Committee greatly regret the decease during the year
of 2 Honorary ; 1 Life; 6 Ordinary; and 1 Junior Member. A
list of their names will be found at the end of the report.

Eleven Committee meetings have been held during the year,
at which the attendances were as follows :—

A. M‘I. Cleland Dy Dr. J. K. Charlesworth ... o
Mrs. Gibson 5 Fergus M. Greeves aH OA 9
Miss E. L. Andrews 2 S. M. Macoun 10
Miss S. Blackwood 9 Robt. May 7
S. A. Bennett 8 S. Wear 6
W. C. Boyd 8 S. C. Black

Robert Bell 7 Rev. W. R. Megaw

W. B. Burrowes ... 3 Prof. R. H. Yapp fo)
N. Carrothers EME: J. A. S. Stendall ... Roa As)
Dr. A. R. Dwerryhouse ... 3 Wm. Porter ne Mae MA

Mr. S. C. Black resigned from the Committee after the first
meeting and Mr. Wm. Porter was co-opted.

The programme of Summer Excursions was carried out in
its entirety, except that the projected half-day excursion to Glenavy
and Lough Neagh arranged for znd August, had to be abandoned
Owing to lack of railway facilities.

45 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,,.

The places visited and numbers present were as follows:—

Broadwater A 17th May ee 25 Present.
The Flush ost 31st May ie 56 “A
Island Mahee _... rath jonen) .:. 33 FY
Carngaver 28th June os 20 ‘)
St. John’s Point 26th July 17 ee
Glenoe __... a 16th August .. 16 85
Hillsborough _... 3oth August .. 30 ie

A very successful Conversazione was held in the Carltom
Hall, on 21st Octobor, 1919, at which the exhibits were, as usual,
most interesting and varied, amply illustrating the fact that the
Club, despite its advanced years, is still in a flourishing condition.

During the Winter Session the following papers were read,.
of which abstracts will be found in the Proceedings :—

1919.
November 18th—‘‘ Fiat Lux: as applied to Field Club Work,” A: M‘I.
Cleland.

December 2nd—‘‘ The Ecology of the Lower Plants,” late Rev. C. H. Waddell,
AUS Baby, M.R.TA.

December 16th—‘‘Some Aspects of Plant Life,” R. Ll. Praeger, B.A., B.E.
MRA.
1920.
January 6th—‘‘ Bye-gone Punishments,” J. A. S. Stendall.

January 20th—‘‘ Hunting for the Living Bird of Paradise in British New
Guinea,” C. B. Horsbrough.

February 3rd—‘‘ Place Names of Strangford Lough Area,” J R. EH. Greeves.

February 17th—‘‘ Salt Industries of the World,” G. C. Reilly.

March 2nd—-‘‘ Our Local Roses,” S. A. Bennett, B.A., B.Sc.

March 16th-—‘‘ Birds: Their Habits, Haunts, and Ilomes,” D. C. Campbell,
srl oS ORIOp.

The Hon. Treasurer will lay before you his Statement of
Accounts, which shows a balance in hand of £9 1s 1d.

In these days of high prices, your Committee have endeavoured
to cut down costs to a minimum, without seriously endangering
the functions of the Club, and it is largely due to the indefatigable
efforts of the Hon. Treasurer that so favourable a balance sheet
can be produced. Your Committee, however, after effecting all
economies it deems practicable, still find considerable difficulty
in working, and unless the economic situation alters in favour of
reduced prices in the near future, which seems highly improbable,
it will be necessary to consider an increase in the Annual

1919-1920.] 49

Subscription, which stands the same to-day as it did in pre-war
days.

The report of the Hon. Librarian will also be presented.

In conclusion, your Committee desire to tender their thanks
to:—Mr. Wm. Best, Mr. J. L. Douie, and Rev. W. Wetherall,
of Moira; Mr. R. Ardill, Island Mahee ; Mr. D. E. Lowry, of
Ringneill, and Lord Arthur Hill, of Hillsborough, for their kind-
ness extended to members of the Club on the Summer Excursions ;
to the Press for publishing reports of the Excursions and Meetings ;
to the Superintendents of the Railway Companies ; and to the
Kindred Societies and Public Institutions who have favoured us
with their publications.

J. A. StpNEY STENDALL,
j Hon Secs.

A M‘I. CLELAND,

Librarian’s Report.

During the war certain American Exchanges have been
somewhat curtailed, but the deficiencies are now being gradually
made up.

In answer to a request from the Director, a nearly complete
set of our Proceedings has been sent the National Museum of

Wales, Cardiff.
SyLvanus WEaR, Librarian.

Meceased Members.

Mr. W. W. Cleland.

Sir W. Q. Ewart, Bart.

Captain F. C. Forth, F.R.C.Sc.I.

Mr. Humphrey Gilmour.

Dr. Robert E. Hadden.

Prof. Charles Lapworth, LL.D., F.R.S.
Mr WwW. B. Munce.

Mr. Thomas Plunkett, M.R.I.A.

Mr, Adam Speers, J.P., B.Sc.

Rev. C. H. Waddell, M.A., B.D., M.R.I.A.

[Proc. B.N.F.C..

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1919-1920 }

Proceedings.

SUMMER SESSION.

THE BROADWATER AND MOIRA.

The first excursion of the Summer Session (under the
conductorship of Mr. S. A. Bennett), was held on 17th May, when
a party of 25 members journeyed to Moira by the 12-55 p.m. train,
their objectives being the Lagan Canal and the Broadwater, the
day being favoured by magnificent weather.

The most striking botanical objects met with were undoubtedly
the immense sheets of Bog-bean (Menyanthes trifoliata) in full
flower, the graceful plants completely filling some of the quiet
lagoons of the canal. In addition the Greater Spearwort
(Ranunculus lingua) was noted, as well as the following
Carices:-—C. glauca; C. praecox,; C. paniculata; C. vesicaria.
Two of the members who visited the quarries later in the
evening found the Fuller’s Teasel (Dipsacus sylvestris) near
-Magheraberry, this being N. H. Foster’s station.

One member crossed to the southern shore of the Broadwater
‘and reported that the woods fringing that side were mainly
composed of native trees and shrubs, noting the following
species :—Oak, Ash, Hazel, Crab Apple, Cherry (probably not
native), Grey Willow, and Spindle Tree. in some quantity.
Amongst the undergrowth Early Purple Orchid (Ovchis mascula)
and Wood Crowfoot or Goldilocks (Ranunculus auricomus) were
the most conspicuous flowers, whilst the somewhat rare Wood
Sedge (Carex sylvatica) was collected. Along the tow-path
between Hammond’s Bridge and Moira a large quantity of

_Adder’s-tongue Fern (Ophioglossum vulgatum) was seen.

52 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,.

Mr. A. W. Stelfox worked the canal with a dredge for fresh-
water shells and brought up specimens of the following :—Zimmnea
peregra, L. auricularia, var. acuta, L. stagnalis, Physa fontinaks,
Planorbis carinatus, Pl. albus, Pl. glaber, Pl. fontanus, Bithynia
tentaculata, Valvata cristata, V. piscinalis, Anoaonta cygnea,
Sphaerium corneum, Sph. Jlacustre, Pistdium amnicum, P.
casertanum, LP. xnttidum, P. hibernicum, P. milium, FP.
subtruncatum, P. henslowanum, and P. parvulum.

The last mentioned species, undiscovered in the British
Islands until 1915, proved new to the fauna of the province of
Ulster and was quite an unexpected find, as it had been searched
for previously in L. Neagh without success. It was taken in three
places : at western end of the Broadwater, just east of Hammond’s
Bridge, and abundantly half a mile west of Moira station.

The return journey was made by Hammond’s Bridge and
Soldierstown Church, and thence through the grounds of
Broomount (by kind permission of Mr. Wm. Best) to Moira
Market House where tea was served.

After tea the party was led by Rev. Wm. Wetherall, Unitarian
minister of Moira, through the grounds of Moira Demense (by
kind permission of Mr. J. L. Douie), and so brought a most
successful afternoon to a happy conclusion.

At the usual business meeting after tea the following new
members were elected:—Captain C. D. Chase, M.A., Miss
Warnock, Miss MacDonnell, and Dr. T. M. Deans, LL.D.

THE FLUSH.

The second excursion of the Summer Session (under the
conductorship of Mr. S. Wear) was held on 31st May, when a
party of 56 members left the City Hall by Special Car for Ligoneil
promptly at 2-30 p.m., the weather being very hot but with an
exceedingly hazy horizon.

1919-1920.] 53

The objective was to have been the Flush but at the last
moment the route was changed to a line along the slopes of
Squire’s Hill and Colinward, and so on to Glengormley, where, at
6-20 p.m., tea was served in a field adjoining the Whitewell
Laundry, after which the bulk of the members adjourned to the
Nursery Gardens of Mr. M‘IIwaine, whilst a few members paid a
hurried visit to Carnmoney quarry and secured some fine
specimens of the chalcedony for which this quarry is so justly
famous.

Amongst the botanical finds were the following :—Butterwort
(Pinguicula vulgaris), Milkwort (Folygala vulgaris and P.
serpylacca), Alopecurus geniculatus. Five common sedges: Carex
Goodenowtt, C. panicea, C. glauca, C. binervis, C. flava, and the
Adder’s-tongue Fern (Op/zoglossum vulgatum).

ISLAND MAHEE, STRANGFORD LOUGH.

The third excursion of the Summer Session (under the
conductorship of Messrs. W. B. Burrowes and R. May) was held
on 14th June, when a party of 33 members journeyed by motor
char-a-banc to Island Mahee.

On reaching the Island a visit was first paid to the Round
Tower and the site of the old Church of St. Mochae when an
interesting address was given by Mr. R. May on the history of
Island Mahee (Zzzs Wachaoz) and its connection with the ancient
ecclesiastical foundation of Nendrum, first established by St.
Mochae about the year 450 A.D.

After luncheon Mr. .Robert Ardill very kindly took the
members in two motor launches for a tour among the islands, the
course followed being down Ringhaddy Sound and back by the
outer channel. The journey was most delightful, the lights and
shades on water, hills, and islands being entrancing.

Tea was served at Mr. Ardill’s house and at the business
meeting following feeling references were made to the recent

54 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

deaths of Rev. C. H. Waddell, M.A., B.D., M.R.I.A., a member of
40 years standing, and Mr. Adam Speers, J.P., B.Sc., a member
of 51 years standing. Votes of condolence, proposed by Mr.
S. A. Bennett and seconded by Mr. S. Wear, were passed. to the
families of the above members.

On the return journey a brief halt was made at Ringneill
House to visit Mr. D. E. Lowry’s rock garden, the visit adding
another pleasant incident to a day which, in the unanimous
opinion of all present, had been a record one in the history of
Field Club excursions,

CARNGAVER.

The fourth excursion of the Summer Session (under the
conductorship of Mr. A. W. Stelfox) was held on 28th June,
when a party of 20 members journeyed to Dundonald by the 2-15
p.m. train, en route by field paths and bye-roads for Carngaver
(720 feet) the highest of the hills to the east of Holywood.

Just to the east of the cairn on the summit of the hilla grand
patch of the Small Winter Green (Pyrola minor) was pointed out
by the conductor. He next led the members to a piece of heathy
bog about half a mile to the west of Carngaver, a spot especially
rich in Orchids and sheltering other interesting and somewhat
local plants.

Six species of Orchids were here seen in ‘flower :—Spotted
Orchid (Orchis maculata), O. praetermissa, Butterfly Orchid
(Hatenaria bifolia), Habenaria ochroleuca, Frog Orchid (H.
viridis), and Gymnadenia albida.

Amongst other plants noted were Creeping Water Scorpion-
grass (Myosotis repens), Common Butterwort (Pinguicula vulgaris),
and the Sedges :—Flea Sedge (Carex pulicaris), Yellow Sedge (C.
flava), Tawny Sedge (C. fulva), Green-ribbed Sedge (C. dénervis),.
Glaucous Sedge (C. glauca), Pink-leaved Sedge or Carnation
Grass (C. panicea), Star-headed or Little Prickly Sedge (C
stellulata), and Common Tufted Sedge (C. Goodenovit),

1919-1920.] 55

After tea, which was partaken of at the cairn, Mr.
C. B. Horsbrugh was elected a member, the members subsequently
returning home by various routes.

KILLOUGH AND ST. JOHN’S POINT.

The fifth excursion of the Summer Session (under the
conductorship of Mr. S. A. Bennett) was held on 26th July, when
a party of 17 members journeyed to Killough, en route for St.
John’s Point.

On reaching Killough the members at once proceeded to
Rossglass, where lunch was partaken. After lunch the party made
a leisurely journey along the shore to St. John’s Point Lighthouse,
finding on the way a bee’s nest made of grass and built in a crack
of the rocks; and a sea-gull’s nest, probably that of a tern, con-
taining two unfledged young ones. These latter had crept away
on being disturbed and hidden themselves in cracks of the rocks,
where they were almost invisible owing to their colouring so
closely imitating the colour of the rocks.

Tea was partaken at the Lighthouse, a plentiful supply of
hot water being supplied by the Principal Keeper (E. Birrells),
’ Mrs. A. M‘I. Cleland contributing the tea.

From the Lighthouse the party proceeded to St. John’s
Church and St. John’s Holy Well, where a very interesting address,
an abstract of which follows, on the ecclesiastical history of these
structures was given by Mr. W. B. Burrowes. Thence the members
made their way by road and field path to Killough Station, time
not permitting a return journey by the shore to Killough Harbour.

With regard to the botany of the district it may be mentioned
that all the plants which had been formerly noted were seen
during the day with the exception of Zrodium maritimum and
Limonium occidentale. It is now some years since either of these
was seen and it is an open question whether they should be
regarded as permanent members of the Co. Down Flora.

56 [Proce. BIN. HsCs,

The following were seen in some stations :—Odzone portuca-
loides, Merienesia maritima, and Mentha rotundifolin. Other
plants of interest included Sczagis alba, Sagina nodosa, Orchis
pyramidalis, and Juncus obtusifiorus.

Dr. A. R. Dwerryhouse, D.Sc., F.G.S., M.R.I.A., writes as
follows with reference to the geology of the district :—The road
from Killough to the R.C. Chapel at the eastern end of Dundrum
Bay passes over several mounds of glacial deposits which are
elongated in the north and south direction characteristic of the
district. The foreshore from the chapel to the lighthouse at St.
John’s Point consists of silurian grits and slates which are highly
inclined towards the south, the dips varying from 30° to 60° and
in one or two instances reaching go°. The Silurian Rocks are
intersected by numerous dykes of basalt whose general trend is
N.W. to S.E. Some of these dykes have large porphyritic felspars
and others are amygdaloidal.

The Silurians are covered by glacial gravels, the general
direction of glaciation as shown by the axes of the drumlins and
of the roches mcutonnées being from north to south. On the
beach, however, several boulders of Red Granite and dark
Hornblende Gabbro, provisionally identified as coming from the
Slieve Gallion area in Tyrone, were found. These would indicate
an extension of the western ice, previously traced as far as
Soldierstown and Hillsborough, to the shores of Dundrum Bay.

In some of the small bays along this section of the coast
springs issuing from the base of the glacial gravels have rendered
the ground swampy and a complete change in the flora was
noticed on entering these areas, the ordinary maritime plants
being replaced by marsh vegetation.

Time did not permit of the party visiting the calcrete glacial
gravels of Corbet Head at the entrance to Killough Bay as had
been originally intended.

St. John’s Chapel (Styour Tigh-Eoin, John’s House) or
‘Church was of very ancient style of architecture, measuring 20

1919-1920.] 57

x 30 feet in the clear. The East Window was small and narrow,
terminating in an acute angle, formed by the inclination of two
flags ; the West Doorway 5 feet 6 inches high and 2 feet 1 inch
wide at the top, expanding to the threshold where it is 3 feet in
width; in the South Wall a window 2 feet 5% inches high,
1 foot 4 inches at top and 1 foot g inches at bottom; in both
instances a single flag forms the arch. Near the Church several
stone coffins of singular shape were dug up, together with massive
gold ornaments and curious coins. The stone coffins were the
stone lined graves which occur in all the ancient cemeteries in this
part of Down and Connor, the direction of the graves being
generally from east to west, but in the cemetery of St. John’s
Point and elsewhere the cists are arranged in a circle, to the centre
of which the feet converge. In the exploration of the Christian
cemeteries at Ephesus the graves of the Christians are found
radiating from a central point which is supposed to be the tomb of
St. John the Evangelist.

GLENOE,

The seventh excursion of the Summer Session (under the
conductorship of Mr. S. M. Macoun), was held on 16th
August, when about 16 members travelled by the 1-30 p.m.
train to Magheramorne, thence proceeding to Glenoe by the
slopes of Black Hill, returning by way of Glynn river to Glynn,
whence they returned to Belfast by the 8-o p.m. train, the day
being favoured by very fine weather, the altitudes of the roads
traversed affording very wide and excellent views of Larne Lough.

The following plants were noted en route :—Spotted Dead-
nettle (Lamium maculatum) with well-marked spots on leaves ;
Shining Cranesbill (Geranium lucidum); a fine clump of Rose-
bay or Flowering Willow (Zfclobium augustifolium), no garden
being near; and plants of Dogs’ Mercury (Mercurialis perennis)
by the side of the river near Glynn.

5 8 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

HILLSBOROUGH.

The eighth excursion of the Summer Session (under the
conductorship of Mr. N. H. Foster), was held on 30th August,
when a party of 30 members left Belfast by the 2-o p.m. train and
on arrival at Hillsborough were admitted to the Marquis of
Downshire’s picturesque demesne, by kind permission of Lord
Arthur Hill, where the numerous shrubs, and particularly the fine
and varied assembiage of conifers, were much admired. Among
the conifers growing luxuriantly here the following were noted :—
the yew and its Irish variety ; junipers and cypresses of sorts;
larch and silver firs; Norway, Hooker’s, shrubby Alpine, and
Douglas spruces; monkey puzzle; Scots, Royal, Austrian, and
Weymouth pines, cedars of Lebanon and Deodars. The ponds
in this demesne are the habitat of numerous species of fresh-water
molluscs, including the swan mussel, of which specimens measuring
almost six inches in length are not uncommon here.

A visit was paid to the alleged ruins of old Cromlyn Church
—Cromlyn being the ancient name for Hillsborough—and the
opinion was expressed that, although the old church did probably
stand hereabout, the present erection of triassic sandstone was not
of very remote origin.

At 5-0 p.m. the party was conducted to Hillsborough
schoolroom, where cups and saucers and a supply of hot water
were available for tea-making, each member providing the
necessary ingredients. After tea a short business meeting was
held, Mr. N. H. Foster occupying the chair, when on the motion
of Mr. F. A. Heron, J.P., seconded by Mr. E. Bennett, a cordial
vote of thanks was passed to Lord Arthur Hill for the privilege
accorded the Club. The election of Messrs. A. S. Mayes, B.A.,
and J. M‘Caw, B.A., concluded the proceedings. The members
afterwards returned to Belfast by the 6-17 train, having spent a
most enjoyable afternoon. .

1919-1920. ] 59

Winter Session.

Note.— Zhe authors of the vartous Papers of which abstracts are given,

are alone responsible for the views expressed therein.

CONVERSAZIONE.

The Winter Session was inaugurated with a Conversazione,
held in the Carlton Hall on Tuesday evening, 21st October, about
150 members and friends being present.

The following exhibits were contributed :—

GroLocy.—Mr. R. Bell showed a fine collection of minerals
including iron quartz in hematite ore and three specimens of smoky
quartz in hematite from Slieve Gallion ; chalcedony and calcite
from the Upper Chalk, Slieve Gallion, and a fine specimen showing
the junction of chalk and basalt from Squire’s Hill. J. Gourlay, a
junior member, exhibited an excellent collection of fossils from
the Upper Cretaceous, a display which gained first prize in the
Junior Section of the Club. Miss Andrews showed a fine
specimen of the volcanic product “Pelés Hair” from the Sandwich
Islands.

Botrany.—The botanical exhibits included the following :—
Mrs. A. M‘I. Cleland, Maize grown in Knock. Mr. R. LI.
Praeger, plants of County Down Coast. Rev. W. R. Megaw, a
series of grasses; a form of heath-rush (Juncus sguarrosus), with
a leafy stem, from Lough Ira, County Derry. Miss M. W. Rea,
leaf forms in the Ranales. Mr. A. M‘I. Cleland, 119 specimens
of various timbers. Mr. S, A. Bennett, four species of sand
spurrey (Sfergularia) from County Down and Co. Antrim ;
Cerastium arvense from Antrim. Mr. S. M. Macoun, set of fern
leaves. Mr. W. Porter, a selection of mosses (Hypnaceae). Mr.

60 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

J. Glover, Irish mosses and liverworts. A fine exhibit was tabled
by Professor Yapp and the members of the Botanical Staff of
Queen’s University, Belfast. This demonstrated the means by
which water plants obtain and store air. It was illustrated by
living plants, diagrams and microscopic sections, together with a
collection of preserved specimens from the herbarium of the late
Rev. C. H. Waddell. In the Junior Section J. R. H. Greeves
showed plants from the Newcastle (Co. Down) sandhills, and
E. A. Armstrong exhibited a fine collection of saxifrage rosettes
and leaf forms, this display obtaining the second prize in the
Junior Section.

ZooLocy.—Mr. J. Orr exhibited a fine case of butterflies,
mounted by Mr. Shiels in his usual artistic manner. Mr. C. B.
Horsbrugh, skins of Canadian and British birds. Mr. W. Rankin,
microscopic examples of the young of the common shore crab
and the lobster. Six cases showing protective resemblance among
insects, loaned by the Municipal Museum. Mr. A. M‘I. Cleland,
land mollusca from Ballycastle (County Antrim) area. Miss
Sayers, wasps’ nests. Mr. E. A. Armstrong, drawings illustrating
the life of the oak eggar moth.

ARCHAOLOGY.—This branch was represented by some most
interesting old editions of various books, and a collection of letters
and MSS. exhibited by Miss Andrews and Mr. R. May.

Tea was served in the Carlton Restaurant at 8-15 p.m., after
which a short business meeting took place when feeling references
were made to the recent death of Sir William Q. Ewart, one of
the Club’s life members, a vote of condolence, proposed by the
President (Mr. A. M‘I. Cleland) and seconded by the Vice-
President (Mr. S. A. Bennett), being passed in silence.

A Junior member was elected, and after the principal items
in the programme of papers arranged for the forthcoming Session
had been commented: upon by the President, a most successful
evening was brought to a close.

1919-1920. ] 6r

‘““FIAT LUX,” AS APPLIED TO FIELD CLUB WORK.

The first ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was held in
the Museum on Tuesday, 18th November, when an address was
given by the President (Mr. A. M‘I. Cleland) the motive of which
was the motto, “ Fiat Lux,” of the Club’s seal.

In his address the President traced the gradual development
of the spirit of discovery, exploration, and scientific research from
the fifteenth century to the present day, instancing the work of
Magellan, Drake, Cook, Franklin, Livingstone, and Scott in
particular.

Considerable reference was made to the War and its effect on
bird life in the various battle zones, from which it appeared that
birds treated the war with absolute indifference, larks, nightingales,
and thrushes singing their loudest in the midst of the hottest
engagements.

Some interesting facts were also brought out connected with
the work of geologists on the Western front, who were chiefly
concerned with questions of water supply, location of dug-outs,
and mining and tunnelling operations.

Slight reference was made to some observations which’ had
been recorded concerning the audibility of gunfire in South-East
England, from which it was demonstrated that audibility was
entirely confined to the summer months.

The address was illustrated by a very fine series of lantern
views illustrating the work of the Club in its various activities.

A vote of condolence was passed to the relatives of the late
Mr. Thomas Plunkett, M.R.I.A., of Enniskillen, one of the Club’s
Honorary Members.

With the election of a new ordinary member and the

transference of Dr. J. K. Charlesworth, the Club’s late Hon.

Secretary, to the class of Corresponding members, the proceedings
terminated.

62 Proc. B.N.F.C.,

THE ECOLOGY OF THE LOWER PLANTS.

The first special meeting of the Winter Session was held in
the Museum on Tuesday, 2nd December, when a paper on “ The
Ecology of Plants,” prepared by the late Rev. C. H. Waddell,
M.A., B.D., M.R.1.A., was read by Mr. S. A. Bennett, B.A., B.Sc.,
the President (Mr. A. M‘I. Cleland) in the chair, about 20
members being present.

The paper dealt with mosses and lichens found in different
habitats.

Maritime species are Pottia Hetmit and Grimmia maritima ;
others not found quite so near the sea are Ulota phyllantha and
Trichostomum crisputum. Special adaptations to resist salt spray
and spells of drought were mentioned, curling and unfolding of
leaves, papillosity and outgrowths of parallel plates of tissue as in
the Polytrichacec.

On grassy banks on their seaward side occur Zortulas and
Hypnum squarrosum, on their landward side Wetssta viridula,
Fissideus bryoides, and Dicranella varia.

The genus Poly/richum affords a number of species which
are adapted to very different evironments e.g :—Polytrichum
commune, a plant of marshes and wet woods; P. strictum and P.
gracile only on peat soils; P. 7uniperinum on sterile heaths ; P.
piliferum on moving sands; and P. formosum in dry shady
situations.

Brackish spots are usually barren of cryptograms but passing
away from the shore into the fields one notices Hypnum cuspidatum,
Fylocomium squarrosum, Brachythecium purum, and L. Rutabulum.

On walls are found the Calciole species: Aarbula cylindrica
and Lucalypta strepto-carpa, and in woods, amongst other mosses,
Hypnum cupressiforme var. filtforme.

The growth and reproduction of many of these mosses were
described during the course of the paper, which was profusely
illustrated by specimens exhibited by the Rev. W. R. Megaw and

1919-1920.] 63

Mr. Wm. Porter, the following members taking part ‘in the
subsequent discussion :— Messrs. Bennett, Wear, Porter, Megaw,
and the President.

SOME ASPECTS OF PLANT LIFE.

The second ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was held
in the Museum on Tuesday, 16th December, when Mr. R. LI.
Pracaer, B.A., B.E., .M.R.1.A., read a paper entitled ‘Some
Aspects of Plant Life” before an audience of good average
attendance, the paper being illustrated by blackboard sketches.

The author pointed out that the diversity of plant life indicated
a high antiquity for the origin of life. There were two ways to
approach the question as to when or where plant life originated—
the palaeontological, based on the evidence supplied by fossil
plants in rocks of different ages, and the other based on arguments
derived from the forms still living. He dwelt on the scrappy
nature of evidence from the rocks, and on the fact that the story
told by rocks does not extend far enough to help us in determining
When and where plant life originated. Among organisms still
living there were extremely simple forms, such as bacteria, which
probably indicated the source whence the higher organisms were
derived. The successive steps in the evolution of plant life were
then traced —the discovery of chlorophyll (a very early step) ; the
colonization of land by forms originally aquatic ; the introduction
of pollination through the air ; finally, the employment of insects
as pollinators, with consequent evolution of showy flowers.

The question of the possibility of life; as known on earth,
upon other heavenly bodies was next dealt with, and it was stated
that among the planets Venus alone held out a fair prospect of
being inhabited. But a protest was lodged against the assumption
that ail hfe*must be confined to the limits, physical and chemical,
within which it exists upon our earth, and a picture was drawn of
the possibility of life in the Sun.

64 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Returning to terrestrial life, the problems of life under un-
favourable conditions were dealt with. It was pointed out that
lack of water was the most frequent difficulty plants encountered,
whether in hot regions or cold, pictures being drawn of the
problems of plant life on high mountains, in the Arctic regions,
in hot deserts, salt marshes, peat bogs.

Finally, the lower‘limit of plant life was Considered’ ‘it being
pointed out that the Flowering Plants found growing as aquatics
were not originally inhabitants of the water, but were descended
from land forms; the author concluding with a reference :to the
difficulties which Flowering Plants have found in colonizing the
sea, as shown by the fact that in the whole native flora only one
species—the Grasswrack (Zostera marina)—is thoroughly marine.

A short discussion followed the reading of the paper, in which
the President (A. M‘I. Cleland) and Mr. B. M. Griffiths took part.

With the election of a new member the proceedings

* v

terminated.

BYE-GONE PUNISHMENTS.

- The second special meeting of the Winter Session was held
in the Museum on Tuesday, 6th January, when Mr. J. A. S.
Stendall read a paper entitled “ Bye-gone Punishments,” with
lantern illustrations, about 15 members being present.

The paper dealt with such instruments of punishment as the
pillory, whipping post, stocks, branding irons, ducking stool,
bridle, &c., in a very lucid and entertaining manner. There were
copious reference to historical documents giving detailed accounts
of various instances in which the above instruments were applied,
the lantern views showing photographs of actual specimens, or
sketches, or reproductions of old prints: ‘The whole paper was
listened to with great attention by the small but very appreciative
audience.

In a short discussion following the paper the following
members took part:—the President (Mr. A. M‘I. Cleland), Mr.
A. R. Hogg, and Mr. T. Edens Osborne.

4

1919-1920.] 6s

HUNTING FOR THE LIVING BIRD OF PARADISE IN BRITISH

NEW GUINEA.

The third ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was held
in the Museum on Tuesday, 2zoth January, when Mr. C. B.
Horsbrough gave a most interesting lantern lecture on ‘“‘ Hunting
for the Living Bird of:Paradise in British New Guinea,” before a
large and most appreciative audience.

It appeared, from the lecturer’s remarks, that his mission to
New Guinea took place in 1908, and that the actual collecting of
his specimens was done by the natives, who searched out the
“dancing” places of the birds, these being spots in the jungle
where the birds assemble and where the male birds “dance”
before their admiring females, strutting to and fro and exhibiting
their beautiful plumages. Having found such a “ dancing ” place
the natives surround it with netting and then suddenly bursting
in upon the birds frighten them into the nets and so capture them.

Great difficulty was experienced in inducing the birds to feed
after capture. Eventually they were persuaded to feed on sultana
raisins, soaked in water. When this food ran short, a native
suggested a change of diet which was most unfortunate in its result,
more than half the birds then collected (70 in all) dying from the
effects of the new food. The remainder were saved by changing
the diet again, and including in it some of the cooked meat from
the bodies of the dead birds. By great exertions the lost birds
were replaced during the remaining three weeks of the mission’s
stay in New Guinea.

On reaching Australia the lecturer had great difficulty in
obtaining permission from the authorities to land his catch, owing
to the fears the Australian Government has of any new species of
either animals or plants being introduced into the continent.
Having sacrificed a fine collection,of orchids he had brought
with him (by throwing them overboard) he was at length allowed
to land his cages on giving an undertaking that none of the birds

66 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

should.escape. Several did escape, as the cages were mostly very
poorly made by native Papuan material and labour, but were
re-captured and bought back again, at a greatly enhanced figure,
from the astute dock labourers who had secured them.

Eventually the consignment, in the personal charge of the
lecturer, reached London and the Zoological Society quite safely,
much to the delight of all bird lovers.

The lecture was illustrated throughout by a series of beautiful
lantern views from the lecturer's own photographs and at its close
the President (Mr. A. M‘I Cleland) proposed a hearty vote of
thanks to the lecturer, which was passed with acclamation.

PLACE NAMES OF STRANGFORD LOUGH AREA.

The third special meeting of the Winter Session was held in
the Museum on Tuesday, 3rd February, when Mr. J. R. H.
Greeves read a paper entitled “‘ Place Names of Strangford Lough
Area,” with blackboard illustrations, 21 members being present.

The author remarked that the Celtic language in its various
branches was spoken in early times over a wide area of continental
Europe, and that places so far apart as London and the river Don
possessed Celtic names. He next enumerated various corruptions
that had crept in during the course of centuries, and showed that
the original forms were often to be found in Annals, Charters,
Inquisitions, etc. He mentioned the Hamilton and Montgomery
MSS. as valuable storehouses of old local forms, and thence
proceeded to the names themselves. A large number of Strangford
Lough islands possess Celtic names, among them Mahee,-which
takes its name from a fifth century saint who founded a monastery
there in A.D. 450; Reagh, the “grey” island ; Rainey ; Sketrick ;
Trasnagh ; etc. Dunnyneill, a fort-like island, is interesting as the
traditional spot where Niall of the Nine Hostages kept the hostages
exacted from conquered kings, its name meaning ‘‘ The fort of the
hostages.”

1919-1920.] 67

Of the four baronies bordering the lough (Castlereagh,
Dufferin, Lecale, and Ards), that of Lecale only received its name
‘“Cathal’s portion” after A.D. 750, having previously been known
as Maghinis, z.e. ‘the island plain.”

Of the 15 parishes bordering the lough mention was first
made of Down and the evolution of the name of its capital city,
Downpatrick, was traced from the original title ‘‘ Araskeltchar ”
through ‘“Dundalethglas” to its present form, Keltchar being
noted as the name of one of the famous “Red Branch Knights.”
The writer also drew attention to Saul, ‘“‘a barn” -whose abbey
was founded by St. Patrick A.D. 432. In connection with
Nendrum mention was made of Ballydrain (the town of the black-
thorn), and attention was drawn to a legend of St. Mochaoi, the
founder of Nendrum.

With reference to townlands the author classified them by
dividing them into those named from (1) natural features, ¢.g.
/ rdkeen (pleasant height) ; (2) buildings, e.g, Ballintougher (town
of the causeway); (3) historic or legendary events, e.g. Castle
Espie (bishop’s castle) ; and (4) various, e.g. Cattoghs (warlike),
Ringneill (point of the Irish).

In a discussion subsequent to the paper the following
members took part :—the President (Mr. A. M‘I. Cleland), Messrs.
S. A. Bennett, R. May, S. M. Macoun, and Father John F. Shiels.

. SALT INDUSTRIES OF THE WORLD.

_ The fourth ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was held

in the Museum on Tuesday, 17th February, when Mr. G. C. Reilly
read a long and most interesting paper on the ‘‘Salt Industries of
the World” before an exceptionally good and attentive audience,
the President (Mr. A. M‘I. Cleland) in the chair.
‘ ‘In his opening remarks the lecturer generalised on Salt and
made many references to its ancient use, deducing from the latter
the long recognised importance of Salt as a cleanser, purifier, and
“essential article of diet.

68 [Proce BNE Ci.

In tracing the geology of Salt it was shown that the formation
of Rock Salt must have required a very lengthy period, the
estimate of Professor Thompson of 21,000 years for a 60 yard.
bed being quoted.

Diagrams of Carrickfergus borings were shown, the
lecturer pointing to the fact that to lengthened dry spells was
attributable the pure Rock Salt beds ; whilst the Marls or Marl.
and Rock Salt would be accounted for by storm washings, and:
the denudation of crystals by the influx of additional quantities of
fresh water.

In arriving at the probable geological period of the major
deposits it was shown that whilst some are In the Triassic, most
are in the Permian, the oldest known deposits being in the
Punjaub which are believed, with tolerable certainty, to belong to:
the latter period.

The manufacture of salt was dealt with most fully, including.
crystallisation, drying, and marketing, much detailed information
being given of various methods and systems of salt extraction,
solar, tank, open pan, Hodgkinson, Scott, and Tee processes.
being mentioned among others, the author concluding with some:
interesting remarks on the various uses of Salt.

The paper throughout was profusely illustrated by a very fine
series of lantern views made and exhibited by Mr. A. R. Hogg.
In addition the author had on view an interesting exhibition of
specimens of Rock Salt, both white and gray ; pseudomorphs of
Salt in clay from the Carrickfergus area ; samples of all grades of
finished Salt, and examples of the various instruments used in the
different processes of manufacture.

A vote of thanks was proposed to the author by Dr. A. R.
Dwerryhouse, who in his remarks rapidly reviewed the geology of
the Salt bearing rocks. ‘The vote was happily seconded by Mr..
S. A. Bennett and passed by hearty acclamation.

1919-1920.| 69

With the unanimous election of Mr. G. C. Reilly as an
ordinary member of the Club, a most enjoyable meeting was
brought to a close.

OUR LOCAL ROSES,

The fourth special meeting of the Winter Session was held in
the Museum on Tuesday, 2nd March, when Mr. S. A. Bennett,
B.A., B.Sc., read a paper entitled ‘‘ Our Local Roses,” with black-
board illustrations, 22 members being present.

The author summarised the main points of difference which
are used for the purposes of classification, these differences beirg
found in :—

(a). The behaviour of the sepals before and after
pollination. In certain plants the sepals are reflexed after
pollination and fall off when the fruit matures, e.g. :—2.
canina (L.) and R. dumetorum (Th.). In others the sepals
rise and crown the fruit, becoming either spreading or
connivent. They may then either fall off when the fruit
ripens, as in #. rudbiginosa (L.) and R. tomentosa (Sm.) ;
or they may live the life of the fruit to the end, being truly
persistent as in 2. moliissima ( Willd). ;

(b). The armature of the plant. In the Spinostssime
the prickles are many, slender, and unequal; in the Villosz:
they are uniform and nearly straight ; in the Canine they are
hooked and scattered, becoming more slender upwards.

(c). The characters of the ripe fruit. In this connection,
by the kindness of Mr. S. Wear, a letter was read from Major’
A. H. Wolley-Dodd—one of the foremost English rosarians—
in which it was stated that, for accurate identification, the ripe
fruit, gathered as late as September or October, should always
accompany the flowering shoot.

(d). The serration of the leaves and the presence or
absence of glands or hairs. These are minor points, but are

40 (Proc. B.N F.C.,

used to subdivide a group like the roses included under the
name Common Dog Rose (&. caniza ZL.) into its varieties.
For instance in 2. canina (Z.) the leaves may be glabrous
or hairy. If the leaves are hairy on both sides—especially
on the underside veins—the serrations of the leaves being
simple and not tipped with glands but ciliated, ze. having
hairs placed like eyelashes on the edges of the serrations, it
is R. dumetorum (Th.). If, however, the leaves are quite
smooth on both sides it may be 2. lutetiana or R. dumalis,
In 2. dutetiana the leaf serrations are simple and the sepals
have no glands. Whilst in 2. dumadis the leaf serrations are
double and both sepals and leaf stalks are glandular.

In conclusion, hints were given on the collection and
preservation of specimens, the paper being spoken to by the
President (Mr. A. M‘I. Cleland), Mr. B. M. Griffiths, Rev. W. R. ~
Megaw, and Miss M. W. Rea.

BIRDS: THEIR HABITS, HAUNTS, AND HOMES.

The fifth ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was held in
the Museum on Tuesday, 16th March, when Mr. D. C. Campbell,
J.P., M.B.O.U., read a paper on ‘‘ Birds: Their Habits, Haunts,
and Homes” before a large muster of members, the President
(Mr. A. M‘I. Cleland) being in the chair.

The author stated that Birds occupy a most important place
in the chain of life the Creator has placed upon the earth, by
keeping up the balance of nature. They render great service to
farmers and gardeners in checking an excessive increase of insect
life. In fact, if the world were suddenly deprived of birds,
agriculture would be impossible.

The British Isles are particularly well situated for the study
of bird life owing to their geographical position and mild winter
climate. There are:377 species on the British list, of which 376

1919-1920.] v1

are found in other lands. One, the Red Grouse, is purely a
British bird, found in no other country.

In the tropics birds are decked in most brilliants coats, the
intensity of colour and dazzling hues of Birds of Paradise and
Humming Birds almost baffling description. Our own birds are
of quieter hues, yet all are beautiful.

The author next described the structure of birds and their
wonderful covering of feathers. Birds are the second highest
class of animals, coming above reptiles and below mammals, but
having affinities with both these classes.

He referred to the power birds have of retaining their hold,
say, upon a branch whilst asleep ; also to the fact that birds alone
amongst the higher animals close their eyes in dying.

The power of flight was dwelt upon, speeds and distances
traversed being given. It is estimated that a bird can remain on
the wing for fifteen hours at a stretch, and can accomplish a
journey over-sea of five to six hundred miles.

Nests, eggs, and young were dealt with and instances given in
which parent birds adopted wonderful devices and faced great
danger to draw one away from their broods.

The author referred at some length to the songs of birds,
‘specially dwelling upon the notes of our local feathered friends,
such as the thrush, blackbird, lark, chaffinch, robin, wren, &c.
He mentioned that only birds and man possessed the divine gift
of music. The voice of a bird, was much more powerful than the
human voice. If our voices were, for instances, equal in volume
to that of the robin, we could be heard for a distance of ten miles.

The paper concluded with references to migration, its causes,
the routes pursued, its regularity, &c., &c.

The paper was illustrated by a very fine series of lantern
views, and was of enthralling interest from start to finish. At its
close Mr. Nevin H. Foster M.R.I.A., F.Z.S., and Mr. S. A.
Bennett, B.A., B.Sc., very happily voiced the feelings of the
audience. ~

72 [Proc. B.N.E:C.,

ANNUAL MEETING.

The Annual Meeting was held in the Museum on Tuesday,
zoth April, 1920, the President (A. M‘I Cleland) in the chair, there
being a good attendance of members.

The following motion, brought forward by Mr. W. B.
Burrowes, was adopted:—‘‘ That paragraph = of Rule III. be
deleted, and the following be substituted:—‘The Ordinary
Members shall be proposed and seconded at any ordinary meeting
of the Club, and such members may be elected at the next ordinary
meeting following, by a majority of votes, provided that in the
meantime the first annual subscription has been paid.’ ”

The following motion, brought forward by Mr. S. M. Macoun,
was also adopted :—“‘ That the words—‘ and whose residence is
not less than twenty miles from Belfast’—as applying to the
election of Honorary Members, shall be deleted from Rule IV.”

Thé Annual Report was read by Mr. J. A. S. Stendall, the
Treasurer’s Statement by Mr. S. M. Macoun, and the Librarian’s
Report by Mr. S. Wear. On the motion of Mr. F. A. Heron,
seconded by Mr. W. C. Boyd, it was resolved that these reports
be adopted, printed and circulated as usual.

‘The election of Office-bearers for 1920-21 was then proceeded
with, the following selections being made :—President : Mr. S. A.
Bennett, B.A., B.Sc. ; Vice-President : Rev. W. R. Megaw, M.A. ;
Hon. Librarian: Mr. Sylvanus Wear ; Hon. Treasurer: Mr. S. M.
Macoun ; Hon. Secretaries: Mrs. G. G. Gibson and Mr. A. M‘I.
Cleland ; Hon. Sec. for Geology: Dr. A. R. Dwerryhouse, F.G.5.,
M.R.I.A. ; Hon. Sec. for. Botany: Mr. Wm. Porter; Hon. Sec.
for Zoology: Mr. J. A. S. Stendall; Hon. Sec. for Archeology :
Mr. W. B. Burrowes; Hon. Sec. of Junior Section: Miss S.
Blackwood.

A ballot was next taken for the election of six. ordinary
members of Committee, with the following results :—retire in

1919-1920.] 73

z921: Mr. R. May, Mr. W. Faren. Retire in 1922: Mr. A. R.
Hog. Retire in 1923: Mr. N. Carrothers, Dr. T. M. Deans
Mr. D. Elliott.

Under the terms of the amended Rule IV. the following
Ordinary Members, all of long standing in the Club and intimately
associated with its work and activities, were unanimously elected
Honorary Members: Mr. G. Donaldson, Canon H. W. Lett,
M.A., M.R.I.A., and Mr. W. H. Phillips. :

On the motion of Mr. A. M‘I. Cleland, seconded by Mr.
J. A. S. Stendall, a resolution in favour of the proposed Plumage
Bill now before Parliament was passed and the Hon. Secretaries
were instructed to forward copies of same to the various Members
-of Parliament for Ulster.

Under the amended Rule III., the following were proposed
and seconded for membership in the Club:—Mrs. J. Moderate,
Mr. I. J. Megaw, Mr. W. B. Hale, Miss F. M. M‘Kee, Miss Eva
M‘Kee, Miss S. Montgomery, Miss. G. Montgomery.

The proceedings then terminated.

N@aOSey”

74 [Proc. B.N.F.C., .

meuULeES

OF THE

Belfast Naturalists *Pield Clab:

As amended at General Meeting held 20th April, 1920.

He

That the Society be called ‘‘THr Bretrast NatuRrAuists’ Fretp Crus.”

UE

That the object of this Society be the practical study of Natural Science
and Archeology in Ireland.

ii

That the Club shall consist of Ordinary, Junior, Life, Corresponding and
Honorary Members. The Ordinary Members shall be proposed and seconded
at any ordinary meeting of the Club, and such members may be elected at the
next ordinary meeting following, by a majority of votes, provided that in
the meantime the first Annual Subscription has been paid. They shall pay
annually a subscription of Five Shillings. Members who are twelve months
in arrear in their subscriptions shall not receive any further circulars or other
printed matter.

That the composition fee for Life Membership be Four Guineas.

Junior Members, who must be between the ages of 12 and 21, shall be
elected in the same way as Ordinary Members, but shall pay annually a
subscription of One Shilling (1/-) from 12 years of age to 18, and a subscription
of Two Shillings and Sixpence (2/6) from 18 years of age to 21. Junior
Members shall not receive any printed matter except the usual notices; shall
not have the power to vote; and shall not borrow books from the Club’s
Library without special permission from the Librarian. On attaining their
majority they shall become Ordinary Members, and shall pay an annual
subscription of Five Shillings (5/-).

BV:

That the Honorary and Corresponding Members shall consist of persons
of eminence in Natural Science, or who shall have done some special service to
the Club; that such Members may be nominated by any Member of the Club,
and on being approved by the Committee, may be elected at any subsequent
Meeting of the Club by a majority of the votes of the Members present.
That Corresponding Members be expected to communicate a paper once within
every two years.

V.

That the Officers of the Club be annually elected and consist of a President,
Vice-President, Treasurer, Librarian, and one or two Secretaries, together with .
the Secretaries of the various Sections of the Club. hat the office of President
or that of Vice-President shall not be held by the same person for more than
two years in succession.

Vi.

That the General Committee shall consist of the above-numed officers with
nine ordinary members of Committee, and shall hold at least eight meetings
during the year; five persons to form a quorum.

That three ordinary members of Committee shall retire annually in order
of seniority, those retiring being ineligible for re-election for one year. Should
any ordinary member of Committee fail to attend at least three of the
Committee meetings held during the year his or her place may be considered
vacant and another member elected to fill the position. No ordinary member
of Committee shall hold the post of Secretary in any of the Sections. That in
the event of a vacancy occurring in the General Committee a new member may
be co-opted to fill such vacancy for the remainder of the year.

That nominations for ordinary members of Committee shall be sent in
writing to the Secretaries on or before the 21st day of March in each year. That
the privilege of nominating members of Committee shall be held by all Ordinary
and Life Members of the Club. That the names of those members so nominated
shall be published on the circular convening the Annual Meeting, at which the
Ordinary Members of Committee shall be elected by ballot. That should the
necessity arise the retiring members of Committee shall be balloted for.

Wage

The Committee may from yeat to year appoint Sectional Secretaries and
Committees, as may be considered desirable, to further original investigations
in any one or more departments of the Club’s work. No financial responsi-
bility to be incurred by any Sectional Secretary, Sectional Committee, or any
Officer of the Club without the previous approval of the Club’s Committee.
The Junior Section to have « Committee composed of Six Members of the
Clib, the Chairman to be annually appointed by the General Committee.

VIit.

That the members of the Club shall hold at least Six Field Meetings during
the year, in the most interesting localities, for investigating the Natural History
and Archeology of Ireland. That the place of meeting be fixed by the
Committee, and that five days’ notice of each Excursion be communicated to
Members by the Secretaries. That each of the Sectional Secretaries shall be |
made responsible for the running of one Regular Excursion, the programme to
provide study in the subject appertaining to the Section, and that any
additional Special Excursions shall be arranged by the Secretaries of the
Sections concerned.

76 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

IX.

That regular Monthly Meetings be held during the Winter Session from
November till April, inclusive, for the purpose of reading Papers; such Papers
as far as possible to be original, and to treat of the Natural History and
Archeology of the district. That the Papers to be read be secured by a
Standing Organising Committee, consisting of the Hon. Secs. of the Club,
together with the Sectional Secretaries and a Chairman. That between the
Regular Monthly Meetings of the Club Special Meetings open to all Members
of the Club may be held, at which Papers of specialised interest would be
discussed. That the Sectional Secretaries shall each be responsible for the
providing of a programme for one Regular and one Special Meeting, one
Regular and one Special Meeting to be arranged by the Hon. Secs. Any
extra: Meetings shall be arranged by the Organising Committee, if desired.
That the programme for the Winter Session shall be completed by the date of
its First Meeting and issued to all Members. ‘That each notification
announcing a Regular Meeting or Excursion shall also serve to notify Members
of the next Special Meeting or Excursion.

X.

That the Committee shall, if they find it advisable, offer for competition
Prizes for the best collections of scientific objects of the district; and the
Committee may order the purchase of maps, or other scientific apparatus, and
may carry on geological and arcHzological searches or excavations, if deemed
advisable, provided that the entire amount expended under this rule does not
exceed the sum of £10 im any one year.

That the General Committee may offer from time to time such prize or
prizes as they may deem desirable for competition among Schools in or near
Belfast.

xe

That the Annual Meeting be held during the month of April, when the
Report of the Committee for the past year, and the Treasurer’s Financial
Statement shall be presented, the Committee and Officers elected, Bye-laws
made and altered, and any proposed alterations in the general laws, of which a
fortnight’s notice shall have been given, in writing, to the Secretary or
Secretaries, considered and decided upon. The Secretaries t6 give the
Members due notice of each intended alteration.

XII.

Members of other Irish Field Clubs, residing temporarily or permanently
in or near Belfast, may be enrolled as Members of the Club without election or
entrance fee on production of a voucher of membership of another Club, and
without subscription for the current year, on production of a receipt showing
that such subscription has been paid to another Club. Failing the production
of such receipt, the usual subscription for the current year to be paid to the
Treasurer on enrolment. The names of Members so admitted to the Club to
be published with the notice of meeting following the date of their enrolment.

XIII.

That, on the written requisition of twenty-five Members, delivered to the
Secretaries, an Extraordinary General Meeting may be called, to consider and
decide upon the subject mentioned in such written requisition.

XIV.

That the Committee may be empowered to exchange publications and
reports, and to extend the privilege of attending the Meetings and Excursions
of the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club to Members of kindred societies, on
similar privileges being accorded to its Members by such other societies.

RULES FOR THE CONDUCTING OF EXCURSIONS.

I. The excursion to be open to all Members, each one to have the
privilege of introducing two friends. The time for commencing as many as
possible of the Half-Day Summer Excursions to be not prior to 2 p.m.

II. A Chairman to be elected as at ordinary meetings.

IIT. One of the Secretaries to act as Conductor, or, in the absence of
both, a Member to be elected for that purpose.

IV. No change to be made in the programme, or extra expense incurred,
-except by the consent of the majority of the Members present.’ .

V. No fees, gratuities, or other expenses to be paid except through the
Conductor.

VI. Every Member or Visitor to have the accommodation assigned by the
Conductor. Where accommodation is limited, consideration will be given to
priority of application.

VII. Accommodation cannot be promised unless tickets are obtained
before the time mentioned in the special circular.

VIII. Those who attend an excursion without previous notice will be
lable to extra charge, if extra cost is incurred thereby.

IX. No intoxicating liquors to be provided at the expense of the Club.

78 : [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

*

Exchange of Proceedings, 1919=20.
——_¢ —~<@>_o—______

Birmingham— Natural History and Phil. Society.
Proceedings, Vol. XIV., Part 8. List of Members.

Bournemouth—Natural Science Society.
- Proceedings, Vol. X.(1917-18).

Brighton and Hove—Natural History and Phil. Society.
Annual Report for 1917-18.

Bristol—Naturalists’ Society.

Proceedings, 4th Series, Vol. V., Part 1.
Canadian Institute.

Transactions, Vol. XII., Part 1.

Chester Society of Natural Science, Lit. and Art.
47th and 48th Annual Reports.

Dublin—Royal Irish Academy.
Proceedings, Vol. XX XIV., Sec. B., Nos. 7, (8, 9, 10), 11, (12, 18),

re a a Sec. C., Nos. (10, 11).
- Sy EUV. Sec. win eNGs, Uae!
Ff As Sec..C., Nos. (2, 3, 4), 5, 6.

Title page and Contents, Vol. XXXIV.

Dublin—Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland.
Journal, Vol. XLVIIT., Part 2; Vol. XLIX., Part 1.

Dumfriesshire and Galloway—Nat. Hist. and Antiquarian Society.
Transactions, Series III., Vol. VI.

Eastbourne—Natural History, Phot. and Lit. Society.
Transactions and Journal, Vol. VIII., Nos. 24 and 25.

Essex— Field Club.

Journal of Proceedings, Vol. [V., Part 2.
Essex Naturalist, Vol. I,, Nos. 5 to12; Vols, II. to IX.; and XI.
to XVII.
_ Vol. XVITII., Nos. (1-6); Vol. XIX., Nos. 1, 2.

Hamilton—Association,
Journal and Proceedings, No. 29 (1912-13 to 1917-18).

1919-1920.] 79

Hull—Scientific and Field Naturalists’ Club.
Transactions, Vol. IV., Part 6.

Leyden—Rijks Ethnographisch Museum,
Report for 1917-18.

London—British Association.
Annual Report for 1918.

British Museum (N.H.).
Guide to British Fresh Water Fishes.
» Che Structure of Animals in Relation to Flight.
Special Guide, Insects and their spreading of Disease.
Instructions for Collectors, Nos. 14. and 18.

?

Economic Series, Nos. 2 to 8.

75 Geologists’ Association.
Proceedings, Vol. XXX., Parts 1, 2, 3, 4.
a Vol. XOX XE, Part.

‘

Linnean Society of—
Proceedings of 131st Session (Nov. 1918 to June 1919). List of
Members 1919-20.

”

Microscopical Society.
Annual Report for 1918.

Manchester

Marlborough—College Natural History Society.
Report, No. 67 (1918-19).

North Staffordshire—Field Club.
Transactions, Vol. LIIT. (1918-19).

Norwich—Prehistoric Society of East Anglia.
Proceedings, Vol. ITI., Part 1 (1918-19).

Perthshire— Society of Natural Science.
Trans. and Proc., Vol. VI., Part 5 (1917-18); Vol. VWIL.,
Part 1 (1918-19).

U.S.A.—Californian Academy of Sciences.

Proceedings, 4th Series, Vol. VIII., Nos. 5, 6, 7. Index to
Vol. VII. (4th Series).

“a Cincinnati— Lloyd’s Library.
Mycological Notes, Nos. 39 to 47.
Synopsis of the Stipitaté Stereums.
% » Genus Cladorderris.

80 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

U.S.A.—Medford, Mass.—'Tuft’s College Studies.
Scientific Series, Vol. IV., Nos. 7 & 8; Vol. V., No. 1.

5 Milwaukee, City of—Public Museum.
Bulletin, Vol. III., No. 1.

- Missouri— Botanical Garden.
Bulletin, Vol. VII., Nos. 3 to 10; Vol. VIII., Nos. 1, 2.

* New York-—Academy of Sciences.
Annals, Vol. XX VIIL., pp. (1-50); (51-166). Index, Vol. XX VII"

a Philadelphia—Academy of Natural Sciences.
Proceedings, Vol. LX X., Part 3; Vol. LX XI., Part 1.

‘ Washington—Geological Survey.
Bulletins, 664, 668, 669, 676-678, 685, 685, 687, 688, 690 (Part 1),
691 (KE, F, K, L, M), 693, 710 (A, B), 711 (A. B).
Water Supply Papers, 411, 422, 427, 429, 446, 457, 485.
Professional Papers, 104, 107, 109, 110, 112-114, 120 (I.), 125 (A.B).
Mineral Resources, 1916, Part I., Nos. 24 to 27, and A.
1917, Part I.,'Nos. 11 to 22; Part II., Nos.
23 to 34.
1918, Part I., Nos. 1 to 4; Part II., Nos. ft
to 11, and Preliminary Report.

a9 be

> 99

Washington—Government Printing Works.
~ Museum Report for 1917-18.

9

1919-1920. ] 81

List of Members.

Any change in the Address of Members should be at once notified
to the Secretaries by Post Card.

The Dates prefixed to Members’ names signify date of lection.
O stands for an Original Member who signed the requisitio. for the
formation of the Club in 1863.

Hon. Members.

O Donaldson, George, 1 Prospect Street.

1877. Lett, Rev. Canon H. W., M.A., M.R.I.A., Aghaderg Glebe,
Loughbrickland.

O Phillips, Wm. H., Lemonfield, Holywood.

1902. Scharff, Robert F., B.Sc., Ph.D., F.L.S., M.R.1.A., National Museum,
Kildare Street, Dublin.

Corresponding ANemBers

O Holden, J. 8., M.D., Sudbury, Suffolk.

1914. Charlesworth, John K., M.Sc., Ph.D., F.G.8., Geological Dept.,
University, Manchester. 5

Rife (MemBers.

1903. Stelfox, A. W., A.R.I.B.A., M.R.I.A., Mayfield, 14 Clareville Road,
Rathgar, Dublin.

1893. Wilson, Alec G., J.P., M.R.I.A., Belvoir Park.

1893. Woollcombe, Robt. Lloyd, M.A., LL.D. (Dublin University), F.1.
inst; BOR.Cilnst., HOR GIS: EOR.ESS:, BS.S., M.R.EsA.; 14
Waterloo Read, Dublin.

Ordinary Members.

1918. Adams, Miss A. M., Rosemount, Malone Road.
1907. Adams, Rev. W. A., B.A, Antsim.

1915. Aird, Hugh, 16 Fitzwilliam Avenue.

1917. Alderdice, Richard S8., 12 Linenhall Street.

1866. Anderson, Sir Robert, Bart., J.P., Donegall Place.
1911. Anderson, Miss Sarah, 4 Church View, Holywood.
1882. Andrew, J. J., L.D.S., University Square.

1892. Andrews, Miss E., 12 College Gardens.

85 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

1912. Andrews, Miss E. L., Inla, Comber,

1911.. Andrews, Miss M. A., 50 Eglantine Avenue.

1912. Andrews, Dr. Marion B., 17 University Square.
1913. Andrews, Michael C., 17 University Square.

1/16. Armstrong, Miss Dorothy, Corlea, Somerton Road.

1916. Baillie, Robert, Ellerslie, Ravenhill Park.
1907. Baillie, W. T., Marathon, Green Road, Knock.
1901. Barrett, J. H., Farnham Road, Bangor.
1915. Beattie, John Carson, Deaf and Dumb Institution, Lisburn Road.
1905. Beck, Miss, 1 Derryvolgie Avenue.
1913. Bell, D. M., Carragh Ard Lodge, Neweastle, Co. Down.
1896. Bell, E. George, Solitude, Lurgan.
1893. Bell, Robert, 64 Newington Avenue.
1917. Bell, Miss Janet M., Daisybank, Holywood.
1909. Bennett, Edward, Forth River Mill.
1908. Bennett, S A., B.A, B.Sc., Campbell College.
1884. Bigger, Francis J..M.R 1I.A., Ardrigh, Antrim Road.
1914. Bird, ie 18 Connaught Mansions, Prince of Wales Road, Battersea,
S.W.. 11.
1916. Black, 5. C., 15 College Gardens.
1898. Blackwood, Miss S., 6 College Green.
Boughton, E., 10 Eia Street.
1898. Boyd, Miss, Chatsworth, Malone Road.
1894. Boyd, W. C., J.P., Hazelbank Villa, Ravenscroft Avenue.
1916. Bradley, Miss L. I., Haypark House, Knock.
1917. Bradley, Mrs., Haypark House, Kneck.
1883. Brandon, Hugh B., J.P., 2 Wellington Place.
18638. Brett, Sir Charles H., Gretton Villa South.
1883. Brown, Thomas, J.P., 102 Donegall Street.
1911. Browne, G. B., 856 Ormeau Road.
1876. Bulla, Charles, 272 Lisburn Road.
1899. Burrowes, W. B., Ballynafeigh House.
1918. Byrne, Mrs., 24 College Square North.

1908. Campbell, D. C., J.P., M.B.O.U., Templemore Park, Londonderry.
1909. Campbell, John, Albert Brickworks, Carrickfergus.
1917. Campbell, James, Jennymount Mill, Belfast.

1891. Capper, J. Malcolm, 14 Linenhall Street.

1904. Carmody, Rev. Canon W. P., Lisburn.

1892. Carrothers, Nathaniel, 145 Stranmillis Road.

1892. Carson, J. C., 8 Wellington Place.

1917. Carson, James, Parkmount, Lisburn.

1914. Carter, C. 8., 25 Donegall Street.

1907. Chambers, W., 35 Cranmore Avenue.

1919. Chase, Capt. C. D., M.A., Campbell College.

1901. Cheyne, H. H., Roseneath, Bangor.

1919-1920.} 83

1894,
1894,
1890.
1917.
1904,
1914.
1906.
1913.

1884.

1915.

1916.
1915.
1891.
1915.
1919.
1907.
1909.
1916.
1908.
1912.
1909.

1916,
1916.
1884.

1868.
1912.
1913.
1918.
1897.

1906.
1899.
1903.
1911.

1892.

1904.

1891.
1892.
1913.

1893,

1917.

Cleland, Alex. M‘I., Macedon, Green Road, Knock.
Cleland, Mrs. Annie, Macedon, Green Road, Knock.
Cleland, Jumes A., Bernagh West, Malone Park.
Close, R. M., 13 Donegall Square North.

Cocking, Miss C. E., 19 Glebe Road, Huddersfield.
Corrigan, Chas., 1388 Royal Avenue.

Cowie, James, Midland Railway Co.

Cunningham, Miss M. H., Glencairn, Belfast.
Cunningham, Rt. Hon. Samuel, Fernhill.
Cunningham, Josias, M.B.O.U., Fernhill, Belfast.

Davis, Miss E. C., Lauraville, Balmoral.

Denby, Miss Alice M., Evetide, Westland Gardens.
D’Evelyn, Alex. M., M.D., Ballymena.

Dick, Miss M. E., M.A., Wynstay, Rosetta Park.
Deans, T. M., D.D., Academy House, Rosetta.

Doran, John, J.P., Dunottar, Malone Road.

Drummond, Miss Ina, 39 Atlantic Avenue.

Duffin, Miss Mabel W., B.Sc., Rokeby, Deramore Park.
Duncan, William, 24 Queen Street.

Dundee, Miss B., Eglantine A venue.

Dwerryhouse, Major A. R., D.Sc., F.G.S., M.R.1.A., Queen’s
University.

Edwards, Herbert, 54 Ulsterville Avenue.
Edwards, Mrs., 54 Ulsterville Avenue.
Elhott, David, B.A., J.P., Ardroe, Bloomfield.

Faren, W., 11 Mountcharles.

Ferguson, Mrs., St. Helen’s, Holland Park, Knock.
Ferguson, Samuel, St. Helen’s, Holland Park, Knock.
Fildes, H., 20 Wilmont Terrace, Lisburn Road.

Finlay, Miss, St. Hilda’s East, 3 Old Nichol Street, Bethnal Green,
London.

Finlay, Arch. H., Willesden, Holy wood.

Foster, Nevin H., F.L.S., M.R.I.A., M.B.O.U., Hillsborough.
Foster, Mrs. N. H., Hillsborough.

Foster, Miss A. B., B.Sc., Y.W.C.A., William Street, Waterford.
Fulton, David, Arlington, Windsor Avenue.

Gaffikin, William, J.P., Notting Hill.

Galloway, Joseph, 50 Eglantine Avenue.

Gamble, Miss, Lorne, Craigavad.

Gardner, Miss Nettie H., B.Sc., Hawthornden Road, Knock.
Gibson, Andrew, Lansdowne Road.

Gibson, Mrs., Bonnington, Lansdowne Road.

4

1911.
1905.
1885.
1918.
1918.
1892.
1895.
1901.
1901.
1901.
1918.

1908.

1918.

1920.

1883.

1908.

A8775
1916.
1920.
1916.
1908.
1915.
1876.
1905.
1895.
1908.
1903.
1904.
1906.
1919.
1911.
1914.
1913.
1915.

1892.
1909.
1914.
1901.
1906.
1916.
1916.
1917.
1918.
1899.
1886.

84 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Gibson, Mrs. Jos., Hillsborough.

Glover, James, Glebe, Kirkeubbin.

Godwin, William, Queen Street.

Gordon, Eustace, 35 Rosemary Street.

Gourlay, Mrs. J., 18 Willowbank Street.

Green, Mrs. Isaac, Hawthornden, Knock.

Green, Wm. A., 4 Salisbury Terrace, Chichester Park.
Greeves, J. Theodore, Nendrum, Knockdene Park.
Greeves, W. Leopold, Ormeau Avenue.

Greeves, Fergus M., Garranard, Sydenham.
Greeves, Owen, Tavanagh House, Portadown.

Hadden, Mrs., Magharee, Portadown.
Hagan, Miss I. M., Rathcowle, Jordonstown.
Hale, W. Barcroft, 6 Salisbury Gardens.
Hamilton, Rey. T., D.D., LL.D., Vice-Chancellor, Queen’s University.
Hamilton, Miss, 5 Church Avenue, Holywood.
Hamilton, John, 5 Church Avenue, Holywood.
__ Harper, V. M., B.A., Campbell College.
Halett, W., Model School, Belfast.
% Hawthorne, Miss, Ardglass.
Henry, F. W., Ye Olde Castle, Castle Place.
Herdman, Miss E. W., Fountainville, University Road.
Heron, F. A., Maryfield, Holywood.
Hobson, Mrs., Marino.
Hogg, A. R., 13 Trinity Street.
Hogg, D. J., 16 Kansas Avenue.
Holland, Miss, Cadogan Park.
Holland, Frank, Osborne Gardens.
Hopkirk, F. G., Midland Railway Co.
Horsbrugh, C. B., Blessington House, Hillsborough.
Houston, Miss, Lisheen, Sans Souci Park.
Houston, James Dick, Northern Bank, Elphin, Roscommon.
Humphreys, Miss Norah, Lynford, Osborne Park.
Hunter, Miss K., Waterford Terrace, Coleraine.

Jatfé, Lady, Kinedar, Strandtown.

Jenkins, W. A., 6 Elmwood Terrace.

Jenkinson, Hy., 29 Rosemary Street.

Johnson, Rev. W. F.,M.A.,F.E.S.,M.R.1.A., Acton Glebe, Poyntzpass..
Johnston, F. W., The Cottage, Cultra.

Johnston, Miss M. B., Beechville, Glenburn Park.
Kay, Miss M. P., B.Sc., Burnside, Bangor.

Keiller, W., 11 Chichester Street.

Kennedy, D., Pembroke, Wandsworth Road, Knock.
Kilien, William, 20 Waring Street.

Karkpatrick F., 27 Oxford Street.

1919-1920 ] 85

1915. Kirkpatrick, W. H., Marlborough Park S.
1868. Knowles, W. J., M.R.I.A., Flixton Place 8., Ballymena.
1877. Kyle, R. A., 15 Wellington Park.

1901. Larmor, H. G., J.P., Lisburn.

1915, Lawrie, Thomas, East Bridge Street.

1916. Lawther, Miss M. J. V., Marathon, Antrim Road.
1912. Ledgerwood, N. J., J.P., 10 Wellington Park.
1916. Lees, Miss 8. L., Drumadoon, Castle Park.

1918. Lewis, Mrs. A. J., 2 Ranfurly Drive.

1920. Lewis, Percy, 24 Mount Charles.

1918. Lindsay, Eric, Barbaraville, Annadale.

1899. Lindsay, Professor, M.D., 3 Queen’s Elms.

1915. Lindsay, Mrs., Barbaraville, Annadale.

1893. Lowry, D. E., 25 Donegall Place.

1908. Lowry, James, Llewellyn Avenue, Lisburn.

1918. Lowry, Miss, Hazelwood. Bloomfield.

1910. Lowry, Miss L., Hazelwood, Bloomfield.

1917. Lyttle, James, 1 Olney. Terrace, Ballygomartin Road.

1915. MacCarthy, Mrs., Freshford, Knock.

1905. MacCleary, A., Kensington Hotel, College Square East.
1917. MacDevitt, H., 115 High Street, Holywood. ;
1903. MacIlwaine, Capt., J. E, M.D., 26 College Gardens.
1914. MacLaine, Lachlan, Ratbaline, Annadale Avenue.
1915. Maconachie, Rev. D. H., B.A., B.D., The Manse, Holywood
1915. Maconachie, Mrs., Brooklands, Holywood.

1905. Macoun, Mrs., Clanrolla, Windsor Park.

1912, Macoun, Stephenson M., Clanrolla, Windsor Park.
1901. MacRae, Kenneth, Balmoral.

1920. Magowan, A., 2 Easton Crescent.

1920. Magowan, Mrs. A., 2 Easton Crescent.

1876. Major, Rev. J. J., Doagh.

1905. Malcolm, Miss Susan, Downshire Road, Holywood.
1899. Malcomson, J. G. B., Cairnburn, Strandtown.

1901. Malcomson, Herbert T., M.B.O.U., 32 Arthur Street.
1901. Malcomson, Joseph, 32 Arthur Street.

1914. Manning, J. W., Slieve Donard Hotel, Newcastle,

1880. Marsh, Mrs., Glenlyon, Holywood.

1891. Marshall, H. C., Bryansburn Road, Bangor.

1916. Masterson, Miss, 93 Wellesley Avenue.

1915. Mawdsley, Miss, Macedon, Green Road, Knock.

1892. Maxton, James, Ulster Street.

1908. Maxwell, Henry, Dunalbine, Deramore Park.

_ 1893. May, Roberr, 40 Hopetield Avenue.

1919. Mayes, A. S., 23 Glandore Avenue.

86 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

1903. Mayne, H. Horner, 24 Elmwood Avenue.

1917. Megaw, Rev. W. R., B.A., 1 North Parade.

1920. Megaw, I. J., 26 Linenhall Street.

1918. Merrifield, Jas., 105 The Mount.

1918. Metcalfe, A. W., Hawthornden Road, Knock.

1906. Millar, Thomas O., 306 Antrim Road.

1907. Milligan, Miss, Lisnamaul, Ormeau Road.

1915. Milligan, Arthur G., The Grange, Annadale.

1920. Moderate, Mrs. 42 Irwin Avenue.

1898. Montgomery, H. C., 40 Rosemary Street.

1913. Montgomery, Miss E. 8., 26 College Green.

1911. Montgomery, Miss Jane E., 8 Sandhurst Road.

1920. Montgomery, Miss 8., 120 Eglantine Avenue.

1920. Montgomery, Miss A., 120 Eglantine Avenue.

1916. Moore, Frank, F.H.1.S., Home-Lyn, Marlborough Park N.
1917. Morrison, Rev. Robert, B.A., The Curateage, Hillsborough.

1899. M‘Bretney, W. A. J., 31 Haypark Avenue.
1909. M‘Cance, James, 302 Antrim Road.
1913. M'‘Cance, Stoupe, 3 Markham Square, London, 8.W.
1919. M ‘Caw, T., Glenfield. Donegall Park.
1884. M‘Cleery, H., 7 Bedford Street.
1912. M‘Clelland, E. W., B.Sc., 79 Kansas Avenue.
1879, M‘Connell, James, J.P., Stranmillis House.
1903. M ‘Connell, Miss, Stranmillis House.
1905. M‘Crum, Mrs., Ballyvesey, Carnmoney.
1919. M‘Donnell. Miss, 37 Rugby Avenue.
1913. M‘Dowell, Miss, 33 Botanic Avenue.
1918. M‘Dowell, R., Frontinac, Ravenhill Park.
1914. M‘Kay, Miss E. W., B.Sc., Ardbana Terrace, Coleraine.
1904. M‘Keav, Edward John, B.A., B.L., Rosaville, Fortwilliam Park.
1920. M‘Kee, Miss F. V., Ashleigh, Charnwood Avenue.
1920. M‘Kee, Miss Eva, Ashleigh, Charnwood Avenue.
1906. M‘Kinney, Miss, Sentry Hill. Carnmoney.
1917. M‘Tlroy, R., 32 Pandora Street.
1912. M‘Meekin, Miss A. M., Sunnyside, Carnmoney.
1917. M‘Meekin, Adam, Cogry House, Doagh.
O M‘Millan, W., J.P., 30 Ashley Avenue.

1898. Orr, James, 17 Garfield Sireet.

O Patterson, D. C., Glenard, Holywood:
1888. Patterson, Robert, F.L.S., M.R.1.A., M.B.O.U., Glenbank, Holywood
1867. Pim, Jobn, J.P., Bonaven, Antrim Road.
1868. Pim, Thomas W., 21 Victoria Street.
1869. Pim, Joshua, 6 Donegall Square South.
1903. Pim, W. R., Lisnagarvey, Lisburn.

1919-1920. } 87

1903.
1890.
1890.
1883.

1901.
1904.
1907.
1916.
1919:
1907.
1903.
1909.
1916.
LGTY.

1899.
1913.
1917.

1903.

1918.

1911.
1905.
1890.
1893.
1893.
1910.

1911.
1904.

1894.

1909.
1919.
1866.

L711.
1991.
1875.
1904.
1909.

sd.
1893.
1917.
1911.
2919.

Pooler, Rev. Chas. K., B.D., M.R.I.A., Carnbin, Whitehouse.
Porter, F. A., Queen’s Square.
Porter, William, Beechview, Balmoral Avenue.

Praeger, R. Ll., B.A., B.E., M.R.I.A., National Library, Kildare
Street, Dublin.

Rankin, Will, 26 Derryvolgie Avenue.
Rankin, Mrs., 26 Derryvolgie Avenue.

Rea, Miss M. W., Salem House, Sydenham.
Rea, Miss L. C., Salem House, Sydenham.
Reilly, Geo. C., Greenholme, Carrickfergus.

-Riddel, Mrs., Donegall Park Avenue.

Robb, H. M., 44 Ulsterville Avenue.

Russell, Nelson, Strathmore, Lisburn.

Rutledge, Miss Ethel J., M.Sc., 92 North Parade.
Ryves, Miss, 8 Stranmillis Gardens.

Sandes, Robert, Chorlton, Adelaide Park.
Savage, W. KE. J., Lincoln Avenue.

Sayers, Miss, B.A., Bartragh, Knock.

Sefton, Burton, St. Aubyn’s, Deramore Drive.
Seymour, J., Inchmarlo, Marlborough Park.
Shaw, G. W., Ulster Bank, York Street.
Sheils, Rev. John F., Saintfield.

Skillen, Joseph, Largymore, Lisburn.

Stears, Samuel M., 6 Rosetta Avenue.

Steele, Miss, Dooneen, Marlborough Park.

Stelfox, Mrs. A. W., B.Sc., A.R.C.Sc.1., Mayfield, 14 Clareville
Road, Rathgar. Dublin.

Stendall, J. A. Sidney, Municipal Museum.

Stephens, John Kyle, J, P., 13 Donegall Square North.
Stewart, W. J., Ormeau Road.

Stokes, W. J., Malone Park.

Strain, W., Windsor Park.

Swanston, William, F.G.S., Farm Hill, Dunmurry.

Todd, John, J.P., Clarinda, Fortwilliam Park.
Tomlinson, W. J. C., 17 Glandore Gardens.

Traill, W. A., M.A. Ing., Bushmills.

Turtle, William Haydock, 1 Holyrood, Malone Road.
Turtle, Mrs. Herbert, Rosemount, Knock.

Walsh, Robert, Ashestiel, Malune Road.

Walker, W. J. D., C.B., The Sycamores, Drogheda.
Walker, Franklin M., Mount Royal, Whitehead.
Ward, Miss K., Albertville, Sydenham.

Warnock, Mrs., Rugby Road.

88 [Proc. B.N.F.O.,

1909. Watson, John G., The Maples, King’s Road, Knock.
1905. Wear, Sylvanus, 19 Hopefield Avenue.
1880. Welch, Robert J., M.R.I.A., 49 Lonsdale Street.
1877. Whitla, Sir William, M.D., College Square North.
1917. Williamson, James, J.P., Sandown Park, Knock.
1893. Wilson, George, 17 Bedford Street.
1901. Wilson, Prof. Gregg, M.A., D.Sc., M.R.I.A., Queen’s University.
1904. Wilson, Mrs., Ardenza, King’s Road, Knock.
O Workman, Rev. R.. M.A., Crusheen, Cadogan Park.
1901. Workman, W. H., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., Lismore, Windsor Avenue.
1867. Wright, Joseph, F.G.S., 10 May Street.

1914. Yapp, Prof. R. H., M.A., Queen’s University.

(Yssoctate Members.

1915. Armstrong, Edward, Corlea, Somerton Road.
1914. Ferguson, Miss Olive, Glenfield Place, Ormeau Road.

1916. George, Alfred H., 22 Thorndale Avenue.
1917. Greeves, J. R. H., Altona, Strandtown.

1915. Mussen, Robert Walsh, Hillhall,
Princetown Road, Bangor.

1919. M ‘Bride, A., Ballinabough, Templepatrick.
1919. M‘Kibben, Miss, Louisville, Knockdene Park.

1919. Roden, Miss N. N., Riddel Hall, Stranmillis.

1919. Smyth, Miss G., Fernhurst, Knockdene Park.

Junior MemBers.

1916. Bell, Miss Emma, Cressington, Rosetta Park.
1918. Bent, H. L., Lochlee, Kensington Road, Knock.

1916. Dawson, Brian, Baythorpe, Holywood.

1916. Deane, Archibald, Mount Nephin, Knockbreda.
1912. Deane, John, Mount Nephin, Knockbreda.
19138. Deane, Lindsay, Mount Nephin, Knockbreda.

1919-1920.] 89

1917.
1916.
1916.
1917.
1918,
1918.
1915.
1916.

1918.
1918.

1915.
1918.

1916.
1915.

1915.

1916.

Ferguson, Miss Noreen, Glenfield Place, Ormeau Road.
Gilmour, Humphrey, Knocknarea, Kensington Road.
Gourlay, Jack, 18 Willowbank Street.

Grainger, Charles, Craigavad.

Harris, Norman, 109 Fitzroy Avenue.

Macknight, John, 220 Springfield Road.

Mayne, Miss Betty, 24 Elmwood Avenue.

Morton, Walter E., 65 Ulsterville Avenue.

M‘Carthy, Miss Daisy, 4 Ardlee Terrace, Holywood.
M‘Carthy, Desmond, 4 Ardlee Terrace, Holywood.

Quick, Geoffrey G., 17 Rossmore A venue.
Quick, Kenneth J., 17 Rossmore A venue.

Sloan, Miss Kathleen, Anneville, North Road.
Stephenson, Miss Kathleen, 2 College Park East.

Twadell, Miss Amy, Nashville, Malone Park.

Young, Miss Carrie, Moyrusk, Marlborough Park.

BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

FIFTY-EIGHTH YEAR, 1920-21.

GENERAL COMMITTEE.

President :
S. A. BENNETT, B.4., B.Sc.
Vice-President :
Rev. W. R. MEGAW, B.A.
Treasurer :
S. M. MACOUN, Cranronia, Winpsor Park, BrELrAst.
Librarian :
SYLVANUS WEAR, 19 HorrrrerD AveNnuz, BELras’.

Hon. Sec. Botanical Section:
WM. PORTER.

Hon. Sec. Geological Section :
A. R. DWERRYHOUSKH, D.sc., F.G.S., M.R.IA.

Hon. Sec. Zoological Section :
J. A. S. STENDALL.

Hon. Sec. Archzological Section:
W. B. BURROWES.

Hon. Sec. Junior Section:
MISS 8S. BLACKWOOD.

Ordinary Members of Committee:

Retire 1921. Retire 1922. Retire 1923.
Miss FE. L. Andrews. W. C. Boyd. N. Carrothers,
Robert Bell. A. R. Hogg. T. W. Deans, LL.D,

W. Faren. R.. Mav. D. Elhott, B.A.

Hon. Secretaries :

MRS. GIBSON, Lanspowne Roan, Bewrast.
A. M‘I. CLELAND, Gremn Roan, Knock, Be.rast.

Junior Section Committee : : ;
T. W. DEANS, tt.p., Chairman.
A. GEORGE. MIss S. BLACKWOOD,
J. R. H. GREEVES. Hon. Sec. of the Section,
Rev. W. R. MEGAW, B.A. 6 College Green,
J. A. S. STENDALL. Belfast.

aS % Reduced Prices of Proceedings.

In accordance with resolution passed at General Meeting held :
on 28th April, 1911, the following reductions have been made in =
the prices of the Proceedings, &c., to Members of the Club. When ee,

the stock has been sufficiently reduced prices will be raised againe at A

7]
Bat:

Pie

I ; ee without Appendices, Series II‘. Vol. I. (1873-74 to 1879-80) to OG per vol.

in, iS a 3 »» IL. (1881-82 to 1886-87) to 2/6,
eh ea yy a, re ,, IIL, (1887-88 to 1892-98) to 2/6,
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eae Me Si Ce CES GE . (1901-02 to 1906-07) to 2/6 ca as

The prices gubted above are for complete volumes, but any separate part may 7
be had for 6d. \ : eee a :

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‘ oS ‘Separate Appendices, which in covers are priced 6d and 1s, may ie pave in

aif
‘

a) eo, Ireland, by Stewart ca Corry, with Supplement. 2/6 per role Ape

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4. Kighth Annual Report__18707 11, Besitetistie Ti osnate Tie aa of I

= } Foraminifera—Wright ; and ae ee the are of the ‘Estuari

roe Antrim and Down—Stewart _ f

Ninth Annual Report—1871-72

ev. "Denth =. do, s 1872-73 ke
Proceedings, Series II., Vol. I., Part T. 1873-74, ‘containing ughtaee II, List
; - of Mosses of North- Bast of Ireland—Stew art; and List of bt aaa

‘Microzoa of North of Ireland—Wright, 2 Plates a4 VS eB
Series IT., Vol. I., Part IT., 1874-75 4 uM an ga a ka re
te aight. ty fai fo7hy, eaiek wa a=

IV., 1876-77, eonieinih Appendix IV.. Recent
Foraminifera of Down and Antrim— Wright, 1 Plate; and Silurian Rocks _
of Co. Down—Swanston and Lapworth, 3 Plates _... le = 2 Oe
Series II., Vol. I., Parts V. and VI., 1877-78 and ’78 ’79 (in one). Reiaiat ng)
ie Part VII., 1879- 80, containing Appendix V., List of
-Post- Tertiary Foraminifera of North-East Ireland— —Wright ; and Hist of “73
_ |. Mollusca of Boulder-Clay of North-East of Ireland—Stewart ... © SOI ss
Sposa Series II., Vol. II., Part I., 1880-81, pypenite Appendix VI, List of
camel - Foraminifera of South Done sal—Wright ; Sponge Remains from Carb.
- Limestone, County Sligo—Wright ; and Fossil Sponge: pan sp ee
=) ‘Shigo—Carter, 1 Plate . .. 16
» Series II., Vol. IJ., Part IT, Pepi -ee |e Vi
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_ Series IT., Vol. II., Part IV., 1883-84, containing Appendix VIII., Notes
on Irish Coleoptera —Halliday ; 5 Cromlechs of Antrim and Down — Cae s
» 122 Plates ; and pre-historic Monuments near Sligo—Eleock, 4 Plates :
_ Series it, Vol. II., Part V., 1884-85, containing Appendix IX.., Ostracoda
>) of Belfast Lough—Maleomson ; Fungi of North of Ireland—Lett ; Fora-
_ minifera of ‘‘ Protector” Cruise, &e.—Wright : Cretaceous “Foraseuaseie
of Kendy Hill—Wright ; Irish Coleoptera—Patterson 3/
, . Series [I., Vol. II., Part VI., 1885-86, containing Appendix Dies The i
- Ferns of Ulster—Phillips and Praeger 5 2/-—
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on the Sections exposed at the Alexandra Dock, Beltast, with List of |
Fossils. 1 Plate — Praeger "af
Series IT., Vol. TIL., Part 1., 1887-88, containing Appendix X Xi Marine a
- Shells of the North of Ireland— "Praeger
Series IT., Vol. IfT., Part I1., 1888-59... Us vi.
bo Tit, 1889- 90, Cone Report of Tabs Gravel,
Committee, 2 Plates .. i Sia}
Series I[., Vol. IIL, Part IV., “1890: Pa a ae
Bey ta) i V., 1891-92...
i VI., 1892-98 . :
At eats Thdex
in. f Series II., Vol. IV., Part I., 1898- a, Enkatnnle ‘Appendix XILI.
‘ ; ; IT., 1894-95 % ‘I XI

ty Es TIT. 1895-96, i, é, x Ves
; ie aake) ” IV. 1896-97 aioe 4 ¢
ek ales oe ay! V.; 1897-98
oN iia, 1 “st 3 VIL, 1898-99 .

“a a id So 1899-1900, 1900-01 (in one): ieee
Vol. V., Parts I. and IT., 1901-02, 1902-03 (in one) ‘(a
EAP A Tel Part ILI., 1908- 04... Bema:
my IV., 1904-05 ...

V., 1905-06, with Appendices XVL wna XVII a)
VI, 1906-07, with Index

att allay PM OLy eles Een Tagh1 907-08... f 1 oie Os,
ay ek 6, IT., 1908-09 ... i ney
aR eater tt fd, BANE. 1000-10... - ‘al
Sms + pa ae a with Appendices. &Il. of Vol ni. 2)
” wy ?
§ Loe VL, 1912-13, withTitle Pagdand badextawee VI.
oy Vol. VI, Part I., 1913-14, with Report of 50th Anya
5 aa - IL, 1914-15 ...
4 Mae ~ IIT., 1915- 4 tp De
ys A ive peed? ¥
ee S V., 1917-15, with Title Page and Index to

VIL, and nA PpaaGis IIT. of Vol.
Vol. VIIL., Part 143 1918-19 ...
» ” 102.5 1919. 20 Hd

BRI]

a

ANNUAL REPORT _

AND

PROCEEDINGS.

5

3 wa
NeSoMy Gl a pans
Mey ;

, f Sor / S
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CSL, Roe

2 :

SERIES il. Part Iii.

VOL...VIII. 1920-21.

For Contents See Back of Cover.

ATE
PANS

PRINTED FOR MEMBERS ONLY.
PRICE OF EXTRA COPIES TO MEMBERS, 2/-.

CONTENTS.

List of Officers, 1920-21
Annual Reports
Statement of Accounts
Excursions :—Castle Dobbs, Divis Mountain, Newtownards, Killyleagh, Colin
Glen, Port Muck, Conlig, Cloughfin, Lisburn.
Papers :—‘‘ Water Plants ”—S. A. Bennett, B.A., B.Sc.
‘Rats: their Habits and Economics”—.J. A. S. Stendall ...
‘“The Popular Study of Mosses”—Rev. W. R. Megaw. B.A.
“Frogs and Their Relatives”—Professor Gregg-Wilson, M.A.,
B.Se., M.R.1A.
‘“The Pastor's Account Book ”—A. M‘T. Cleland
‘*Sea Birds” —J. R. H. Greeves
“Tisburn Past and Present ”’—Rev. Canon W. P. Carmody, M.A.
Conversazione
Annual Meeting ...
Rules

Exchange of Proceedings

ANNUAL REPORT AND PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BELFAST NATURALISTS’
FIELD CLUB,

FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31st MARCH, 1921.

(FIFTY-EIGHTH YEAR.)

SERIES Il. PART IIF.

VOLUME VIII. 1920-21.

Joint Editors:
S. A. BENNETT, B.A., B.Sc.
A. M‘I. CLELAND.

Belfast :

PRINTED AT THE ‘‘ NORTHERN WHIG ” OFFICE, VICTORIA STREET.

1921.

}., 1920-1921.]

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,

[Plate X.

“UVAM SANVATAS ALVYT AHL

[ooyd]

BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

FIFTY-EIGHTH YEAR, 1920-21.

GENERAL COMMITTEE.

President :
S. A. BENNETT, B.4., B.Sc.

Vice-President :
Rev. W. R. MEGAW, B.A.

Treasurer :
S. M. MACOUN, Cranrotta, WINDSOR PARK, BELFAST.

Librarian :
SYLVANUS WEAR, 19 Hoperretp AveNuz, BELFAST.

Hon. Sec. Botanical Section :
WM. PORTER.

Hon. Sec. Geological Section :
A. R. DWERRY HOUSE, p.sc., ¥.a.8., M.R.1.A.

Hon, Sec. Zoological Section :
J. A. S. STENDALL.

Hon, Sec. Archzological Section:
W. B. BURROWES.

Hon. Sec. Junior Section:
MISS 8. BLACKWOOD.

Ordinary Members of Committee :
Retire 1921.

Retire 1922. |
Miss E. L. Andrews.

Retire 1923.

W. C. Boyd. | N. Carrothers.
Robert Bell. A. R. Hogg. | ‘I. W. Deans, LL.D.
W. Faren. | R. May.

D. Klhott, p.a.

Hon. Secretaries :
MRS. GIBSON, Lanspowne Roapb, Betrasr.
A. M‘T. CLELAND, Green Roap, Knock, Bevrasrt.

Junior Section Committee :
T. W. DEANS, tt.p., Chairman.

| MISS 8. BLACKWOOD,
Hon. Sec. of the Section.
6 College Green,

A. GEORGE.
J. R. H. GREEVES.
Rev. W. R. MEGAW, B&.A.

J. A. S. STENDALL. Belfast.

Annual Report.

Your CoMMITTEE has pleasure in submitting the Fifty-eighth
Annual Report, as follows :— f

*During the year 39 Ordinary and 2 Junior Members have
been elected ; 13 have resigned and 4 have died. The total
membership on the 31st March, 1921, is therefore 326 as against
302 recorded in the last report, a gratifying increase of 24
members. The composition of the membership is now :—3
Honorary, 2 Corresponding, 2 Life, 3r0 Ordinary, and g Junior.

Your Committee greatly regret the decease during the year
of the following Members :—1 Honorary and 3 Ordinary. A list
of their names will be found at the end of the Report.

Special mention must be made of the great loss the Club has
sustained through the lamented deaths. of Canon H. W. Lett,
M.A., M.R.I.A., and Mr. Sylvanus Wear. Both these esteemed
Members were eminently known for their valuable work in
connection with the subject of Botany, a branch of Natural Science
in which the Club has done such excellent work. It is gratifying
to reflect that their memories will be preserved in the forthcoming
“Floral Supplement,” to which reference will be made later,

Eleven Committee meetings have been held during the year,
at which the attendances were as follows :—

S. A. Bennett... ae R. Bell

4
Rev. W. R. Megaw 6 W. Faren teeing
S. M. Macoun 9 W. C. Boyd sas eset e(O
S. Wear ..: oe Sar A. R. Hogg 2
W. Porter ; ee R. May ae 2
Dr. A. R. Dwerryhouse ... 3 N. Carrothers ... wehiny
J. A. S. Stendall <a, EO Dr, T. W. Deans eae
W. B. Burrowes ... 5 D. Elliott ey ey
Miss S. Blackwood 9 Mrs. Gibson sith a DEO
Miss E. L. Andrews 2 A. M‘I. Cleland ... Re Pe
D. Kennedy 4

{Proc. B.N.F.C.,
96

On the death of Mr. S. Wear, in November, 1920, the Com-
mittee co-opted Mr. D. Kennedy to the position of Hon. Librarian.

The programme of Summer Excursions was carried out in its
entirety, the places visited and numbers present being as follows :—

Castle Dobbs pee 15th May Ez 50 Present.
Divis Mountain ... 29th May See 57 .
Newtownards ae 12th June an 42 Bs
Killyleagh we 26th June te Ree 3 5
Colin Glen ss toth July ee 19 -
Port Muck ap 24th July + I5 *
Conlig * | 7th August ... 15 =
Cloughfin sa 28th August .... 24 B
Lisburn a3 ath Sept... ... 25 “

Owing to the recent introduction of the Curfew Order it was
decided to postpone the Conversazione till 1st March, on which
date a most successful meeting was held in the Carlton Hall,
170 Members being present, the exhibits, as usual, proving most
interesting and varied.

During the Winter Session the following papers were read,
of which abstracts will be found in the Proceedings :—

1920.
November 16th—‘‘ The Descent, Distribution, and Methods of Dispersal of
Water Plants,” S. A. Bennett, B.A., B.Sc.
November 30th—‘‘ Rats: Their Habits and Economics,” J. A. S. Stendall.
December 21st-—-‘ The Popular Study of Mosses,’”” Rev. W. R. Megaw, B.A.
1g2i.

January 18th—Frogs and Their Relatives,” Prof. Gregg-Wilson, M.A., B.Sc.,
M.R.I. A;

February tst—‘‘ The Pastor’s Account Book,” A. M‘I. Cleland.
February 15th—‘‘ Sea Birds,” J. R. H. Greeves.
March. 15th—‘‘ Lisburn in the Olden Days,” Rev. Canon W. P. Carmody,

1920-1921.)
97

Floral Supplement.

The ‘“‘Supplement to the Flora of North-East Ireland,” the
combined work of the Floral Sub-Committee appointed in 1916,
is now in manuscript form and will shortly be in the hands of the
printers. As this was a work in which Mr. Wear was very greatly
interested, and indeed was engaged upon up to the time of his.
death, it is proposed to make the volume a memorial one to the
memory of our late Hon. Librarian.

- Your attention is drawn to the effort which is being made to.
raise the additional sum of £50 necessary to meet the increased
cost of printing the ‘‘ Supplement.”

Delegation to British Association.

In June your Committee appointed Mr. A. M‘I. Cleland
Delegate to the British Association Meetings, in Cardiff, in the
ensuing August. The subsequent report of the Delegate was sub-.
mitted to the Club on 16th November, 1920, the first meeting of
the Winter Session. ‘The report may be briefly summarised in its
concluding paragraph :—“ Finally, the impression left upon my
mind, after listening to the various speakers taking part 1n the dis-
cussions, was :—That the B.N.F.C. occupies a very satisfactory
position among Field Clubs; that its activities are vigorous ; its
records good; the sum of its usefulness to local requirements
great ; and that, once the temporary financial strain has been
removed, there is no reason why it should not continue for many
years its honourable course of assistant to the study of Natural
Science.”

The Hon. Treasurer will lay before you his Statement of
Accounts, which shows a balance in hand of £7 10s 11d.

The report of the Hon. Librarian will also be presented.

In conclusion, your Committee desire to tender their hearty
thanks to :—Major A. R. Dobbs, R.G.A., of Castle Dobbs ; Mrs.
Higgins, of Rosganna; the Rt. Honourable Samuel and Mrs.

[Proc. B.N.F.O.,
98 |
‘Cunningham, of Fernhill; Mr. and Mrs. James Heron, of Tully-
veery House, and Lieut.-Colonel Gawn R. Hamilton, J.P., D.L.,
of Killyleagh Castle; and Mr. F. W. Walker, of Whitehead, for
their kindness and hospitality extended to Members of the Club
on the Summer Excursions ; to the Press for publishing reports of
the Excursions and Meetings; to the Superintendents of' the
Railway Companies, and to the Kindred Societies and Public
Institutions who have favoured us with their publications.
Hon. Librarian’s Report.

Since taking over the duties of the late Mr. Sylvanus Wear
the work of the Library has followed an even course. The
Library still continues to be of great use to the Members and is
much resorted to by them.

D. Kennepy, Hon. Librarian.

Meceased MemBers,

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Mr. Thomas Pim.

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{troe. BNF CG,
100

Proceedings.
SUMMER SESSION.

CASTLE DOBBS.
Date—15th May, 1920. Conductor—A. M‘I. Cleland. Number present, 50.

On reaching Kilroot Station a field path was taken to the old
Church, associated with the earliest ministrations of Jonathan
Swift, later and better known as Dean Swift of St. Patrick’s, Dublin.
The church has entirely disappeared, though the churchyard is
still used for interments and contains an old stone font. Adjoining
the churchyard are the ruins of the palace of the former Bishops
of Connor ; also two towers in earlier times used as pigeon-cotes
or columbarias. In the front garden of the adjacent farm is to be
seen part of a floriated cross, at one time covering an ancient tomb.
At the rear of the farm, the centre of a scene of sylvan beauty,
stands the “well” associated by legend with the foundation of the
church by St. Columba in the 6th or 7th century, the well being
in reality a small perpetually flowing stream.

From the old church the Members walked along the fine tree
bordered avenue, formerly an approach from the main road, and
thence to the demesne of Castle Dobbs, permission to visit which
had been very kindly granted by Major A. R. Dobbs, R.G.A.
Here the botanists were soon lost in the beautiful glen for which
Castle Dobbs is so justly famous, all meeting in the drying-green
of the Castle promptly at 5 p.m., where a most plentiful supply of
hot water for tea-making had been thoughtfully provided by Major
and Mrs. Dobbs.

1920-1921.
IoI

From the Castle the party was led to Dolway’s Bawn, the
four-towered manor house formerly occupied by the Dolway family.
Thence the route back'to the station again entered the demesne,
passing on the way a field in which many cowslips were found
(one of its few stations in the North of Ireland), and following the
winding ornamental paths of the upper portion of the glen.

At the business meeting following tea a vote of thanks was
passed by acclamation to Major and Mrs. Dobbs and Mrs. Higgin
of Rosganna, whose kindness had contributed so very largely to
the afternoon’s enjoyment.

The following botanical notes were made during the visit :—
On walls at Kilroot churchyard: Thyme-leaved Sandwort (Aren-
aria Serpyliifolta) ; Wall cress (Sisymbrium thahanum). ¥n Castle
Dobbs demesne: Bird cherry (Prunus padus) ; Common colum-
bine (4quzlegia vulgaris); Lesser periwinkle ( Vinca minor) running
wild ; Adder’s-tongue (Ophtoglossum vulgatum). In a field near
the demesne: the Cowslip (Primuda verts) in abundance.

DIVIS MOUNTAIN.

Date—29th May, 1920. Conductor—S. A. Bennett, B.A., B.Sc.
Number present, 57.

On reaching Wolfhill Village by special tramcar the route
followed quickly led the party across the slopes of Wolf Hill to
those of Divis Mountain, a slight halt being made at the former.
to enable the botanists to search for the Moonwort Fern
(Botrychium /unaria), of which several specimens were secured.

A second halt was made a little farther on at a disused quarry
in the basalt when some small pieces of the basaltic mineral /evine
were picked up.

The summit of Divis mountain (1567 feet) was reached by
easy stages and, while the members rested, the Conductor gave a
very interesting address on the chief objects of topographical and
geological interest in the view spread out at their feet. In this

[Proc. B.N.F.O0:,
102

view Lough Neagh bulked very largely, its whole expanse being
brilliantly illuminated by the low-lying sun. From Divis one gains
a very fine idea of the magnificent expansion of the basaltic
plateau of County Antrim, stretching out for miles from the base
of Divis, and embracing not only the neighbouring bold
escarpment of Cave Hill, but also such a distant solitary peak as
the volcanic neck of Slemish Mountain, associated with the
boyhood of St. Patrick.

Leaving the summit the party passed quickly down to the
Monk’s Hill road, whence a short half-hour’s walk brought them
to the hospitable doors of Fernhill, where the Rt. Hon. Samuel
Cunningham and Mrs. Cunningham, with their entire family, had’
prepared tea for the members, entertaining them in so kindly a
manner that its recollection will long remain a pleasant memory: '

At the business meeting following tea, five new members
were elected and a vote of thanks to Mr. and Mrs. Cunningham,
proposed by A. M‘I. Cleland, seconded by Dr. A. R. Dwerryhouse,
was carried with enthusiasm.

The following botanical notes were made during the
afternoon :—On the lower slopes of Divis Mountain—Moonwort
(Botrychium lunaria) ; Lesser Twayblade (Zistera cordata). On
higher slopes—Crowberry (Zmpetrum nigrum) and Fir Clubmoss
(Lycopodium selago). The Alpine Clubmoss (Lycopodium alpinum),
which was found by Templeton on the summit was searched for
but not met with. Claytonia Sibirica was seen at Fernhill.

The summit of Divis Mountain is interesting as affording a
good example of the denudation of mountain peat.

NEWTOWNARDS.
Date—12th June, 1920. Conductor—R. May. Number present, 42.
On reaching Newtownards the first halt was made in the main

street, where stands all that is left of the old town cross, the prin-
cipal points of which were lucidly explained by the Conductor. °

1926-1821.j
103

Thence the party passed on to the fine ruins of the ‘ancient
church of the Dominican Priory of St. Columba, erected in 1244,
permission to visit the picturesque pile having been kindly granted
by the Marquess of Londonderry.

A steep up-hill climb brought the Members to the site
of the ancient Abbey of Movilla, founded originally by St. Finian
‘about the year 540 A.D., the present ruins dating probably from
the 15th century. The building measures 107 feet in length, the
gables being almost intact, but the side wall much broken down.
As the ruins are now under the control of the Board of Works
their possession to Newtownards is well assured.

Some fine Anglo-Norman memorials are to be found hae
They are in the form of tapered slabs of sandstone, bearing large
crosses of varied design carved in relief. Some of them exhibit a
sword, the symbol of a knight, whilst others have a shears, which
signifies the grave of a lady.

From Movilla, after a most interesting address by the Con-
ductor, an adjournment was made to the Queen’s Cafe, where tea
was served, after which, during the short business meeting
following, three new members were elected.

During the afternoon Wall pellitory (Parietaria officinasts)
was observed on the walls of the old abbey.

KILLYLEAGH.
Date—26th June, 1920. Conductor—Dr, T. M. Deans, LL.D.

Number present, 32.

The members journeyed to Comber, by the 10-35 a.m.
train, en route for Clay Lake and Killyleagh Castle, the latter
portion of the journey being made by motor char-a-banc.

The shores of the lower portion of the Lake were reached
at noon, where lunch was at once partaken of. After this the
majority of the members separated on botanical quests, whilst a
select few were taken charge of by Mr. James Heron, J.P., of
Tullyveery House, the proprietor of the greater portion of the

[Proc. B.N.F.O.,
104

Lake, both upper and lower.- A visit was first paid to the island
in the middle of the lower Lake on which is a crannog in the form
of a wall of dry built stones, somewhat eliptical in shape, where
Mr. Heron has found several objects of archzeological interest, now
enshrined in his cabinet at Tullyveery House, and later shown
to the members.

From the island the boat was pulled to the narrow ‘strait’
separating the upper from the lower Lake, across which a dam
has been built, the boat having to be hauled over this obstruction
by Mr. Heron and the Hon. Sec. Once more loaded up the
party pulled round the beautiful reaches of the upper Lake, much
more picturesque than those of the lower, the lights and shadows
being exquisite, hardly a breath of wind blowing.

At 3 o'clock all the members assembled on the terrace of
Tullyveery House, where they were the guests of Mr. and Mrs.
Heron and family at afternoon tea. The terrace commands a
splendid view of the surrounding country, both this and the
ample fare provided being fully appreciated by the assembled
company. After tea a vote of thanks, proposed by the Hon. Sec.
and seconded by Rev. W. R. Megaw, was passed by acclamation,
Mr. Heron (who has reached his 8oth year), replying in a delight-
fully reminiscent manner.

Leaving Tullyveery House the members walked to the
grounds and gardens of Killyleagh Castle, kindly placed at their
disposal by Lieut.-Colonel Gawn R. Hamilton, J.P., D.L., who
met the party and very courteously bade them welcome. At
6 p.m. all assembled in the Killyleagh Castle Lecture Hall, very
kindly lent by Rev. James Craig, where hot water and crockery
were available for tea making.

At the business meeting following three new members were
elected, the char-a-bancs being mounted promptly at 7 p.m.
for the return journey to Comber, the weather, excellent through-
out the day, being at its very best, with bright sunshine and the
whole landscape full of light and shade.

1920-1921. }
105

The following botanical observations were made during the
day. In or near Clay Lake :—Ranunculus peltatus, White Water-
lily (Castalia alba), Water Drop-wort (Oenanthe bhellandrium),
Creeping Cinque-foil (Potentilla reptans), Grey Field-speedwell
(Veronica polita), Catabrosa aquatica and Epilohium obscurum,
Black Horehound (Bad/ota nigra) was also seen by some of the
party.

The chief find, however, was the Grey Sedge (Carex divulsa),
growing in quantity near Tullyveery House, this find being made
by the President (Mr. S. A. Bennett, B.A., B.Sc.).

COLIN GLEN.
Date—10th July, 1920. Conductor—S. A. Bennett, B.A., B.Sc.
Number present, 19.

The members journeyed by special tram car to Anderson’s
Town, en route for Colin Glen, permission to visit which having
been kindly granted by Mr. J. Stouppe M‘Cance.

Unfortunately the heavy rains of the previous two days had
made access to the bed of the stream quite impracticable, to the
great disappointment of the geologists of the party. The botanists
fared better, several interesting finds being noted, though the state
of the ground made collecting very difficult. On breaking out of
the Glen the party was rewarded by a magnificent view of the
Mournes as seen from the high ground above the head of the
stream, with Carlingford Mountain and Slieve Gullion in the far
distance.

At the business meeting, following a short halt for refresh-
ments at the head of the Glen, four new members were elected.

PORT MUCK.

Date—24th July, 1920. Conductor—S. A. Bennett, B.A., B.Sc.
Number present, 15

The members journeyed to Larne Harbour by the 1o-20a m.
train, en route for Port Muck, Islandmagee, the weather being

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
106

excellent, with the exception of one or two showers, which latter
merely served to emphasise the excellent views of Larne Lough
obtained on the way. Good botanical work was done, all the
members thoroughly enjoying the excursion.

Tea was served at the Coast-Guard Station, Port Muck, where
a plentiful supply of hot water was available through the courtesy
of Chief Petty Officer Mitchell.
«Some of the members spent a considerable time at the
interesting quarry in the interbasaltic beds at Ballylumford, at one
time very extensively worked for iron by the late Dr. Ritchie.

CONLIG.

Date—7th August, 1920. Conductor—Rev. W. R. Megaw, B.A.
Number present, 15.

The party travelled by afternoon train to Newtownards, the
objective being Conlig Hill. As the day was favoured with fine
weather the botanists were soon hard at work, finding very inter-
esting ground to explore and gathering a number of plants of
special note. On the return journey to Newtownards the southern
slopes of the hill were taken as the route.

Tea was served at Helen’s Tower, the members afterwards
ascending the tower and greatly enjoying the magnificent views
of sea and land always available from that vantage point under
the splendid climatic conditions prevailing on the day of their visit.

CLOGHFIN PORT.
Date—28th August, 1920. Conductor—Mr. R. Bell, F.G.S.
Number present, 24.

The members travelled to Ballycarry by the 2-15 p.m. train,
the place selected for exploration being Cloghfin Port, on the
eastern shore of Island Magee, and just north of Blackhead. A
short walk across the island brought the members to Cloughfin
Port, where, owing to the lowness of the tide, an admirable
exposure of the cretaceous rocks of the district was visible along

1920-1921.}

107
the foreshore. Here the Conductor gave an interesting account
of the beds and their contained fossils. Afterwards a good deal
of fossil collecting was done, the softer strata of the Greensand
formation yielding good specimens.

After satisfying their geological appetites, the members made
their way round Blackhead, some on the low ground and some
over the top by the lighthouse path. The botanists who took the
former were delighted to see that the Sea Spleenwort still grows
profusely on the inaccessible roofs of the sea-caves at Blackhead.
After rounding the Head the members joined forces, and all
walked back by the shore path to Whitehead, the botanists again
noting some interesting plants by the way.

On arrival at Whitehead a pleasant surprise met the members,
for here they were very hospitably entertained at “‘ Mount Royal”
by their respected fellow member Mr. Franklin M. Walker, who,
aided by his daughter, was most assiduous in his kind attention
to his guests. After tea, on the motion of the Conductor,
seconded by Mr. S. M. Macoun, an enthusiastic vote of thanks
was conveyed to their hosts by the members, who subsequently
returned to town by the 8-15 p.m. train from Whitehead.

LISBURN.

Date—4th September, 1920. Conductor—Rev. W. P. Carmody, M.A.
Number present, 25.

On reaching Lisburn the party passed under the genial
guidance of the Conductor, who first led them to the site of the
old Castle, situated in Castle Park, and thence to the ancient
“lis” or earth fort, close to the banks of the Lagan, around which
the town originally grew. Adjourning to the Cathedral, the
Conductor gave the members a very clear, graphic, and most
interesting account of the history of the town, his remarks being
listened to with great attention. After tea in the Parochial Hall,
Canon Carmody showed his visitors the old Huguenot Bible,

[Proc. B.N.F.O.,
108

brought to Lisburn by French immigrants on the revocation of
the Edict of Nantes; the ancient registers and parish records ;
and the original charter of the Cathedral, dating from the reign of
Charles II. After some appropriate remarks from the Hon.
Secretary, voicing the members’ appreciation of Canon Carmody’s
kindness, the proceedings terminated.

1920-1921}
109

Winter Session.

NoTe.— Zhe authors of the various Papers of which abstracts are given,

are solely responsible for the views expressea therein.

THE DESCENT, DISTRIBUTION AND METHODS
OF DISPERSAL OF WATER PLANTS.

The first ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was held im
the Museum, College Square N., on Tuesday, 16th November,
when the President (Mr. S. A. Bennett, B.A., B.Sc.) gave an
address on the above subject.

Before the proceedings commenced feeling references were-
made to the recent death of Mr. Sylvanus Wear, a member of
many years standing, and the Club’s Librarian and Herbarium
Curator, a vote of condolence, proposed by the President and
seconded by Mr. J. A. S. Stendall, being passed in the usual way.

The point of view emphasised by the President was that of
the field botanist, who studied the plants as they grew in their
natural surroundings, and his classification was based on points of
resemblance and difference which would appeal to the naturalist.

Passing over the plants which grew in water without making
any or only slight concessions to the medium in which they lived,
he illustrated the chief stages in the passage from the life as it is
lived by a plant on the land to one that was completely aquatic
in its character.

In addition to the difficulty of obtaining an adequate oxygen
supply there was the difficulty of raising the flowering spike out of
the water into the surrounding air. It was vital to the existence
of the plant that this difficulty should be overcome—and the

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
IIo

methods adopted by the plants in solving this problem afforded
many instances of remarkably efficient adaptations to external
conditions,

Touching on the question of the popular names given to our
water plants he pointed out that nearly all of them contained a
botanical error.

The luxuriant growth of water plants was discussed at length
and a short resume of the history of the spread of the Canadian
Pondweed in the British Islands was given. This pest which had
cost canal companies many thousands of pounds was first reported
from Waringstown in 1836, a doubtful honour for County Down!
The phenomena of heterophylly were discussed and the President
pointed out that the different forms of leaf exhibited by one and
the same plant could hardly be referred to the direct action of
the environment, as both submerged leaves and floating leaves
could already be distinguished in the young leaf-bud which was
growing under water. The view was put forward that in future much
more weight would have to be given to the part played by descent
in the determination of leaf form and less stress laid on the
ordinarily accepted theory of adaptation to external conditions.
The fact that all water plants were widely distributed over the
earth was known in pre-Darwinian times—our familiar Curly
Pondweed (Potamogeton crispus) is found in temperate climates all
over the world. Darwin attacked the problem of the world-wide
distribution of water organisms on the following lines: he saw that
existing methods of dispersal and particularly the part played by
water birds constituted the main lines of research through which
the solution was to be found and the President deplored the fact
that so little had been discovered as to the inter-play of aquatic
bird and plant life since Darwin’s day. Willis’s Age and Area
Law which states that the area occupied by a species is in general
dependent on the age of the species, reckoning the age of the
species from the time of its arrival or evolution in the area
concerned was put forward as an explanation of the restricted

1920-1921.}
1 a

distribution of the Autumnal Starwort (Caditriche autumnalis )
in this country and the address closed with a review of some of
the outstanding difficulties of the theory of Natural Selection as
illustrated by the Bladderwort ( U¢ricu/aria) and the evolution of
the buoyant seed.

The address was fully illustrated by a fine series of lantern
slides, and at its close was supplemented by some very interesting
remarks by Professor Gregg Wilson, M.A., D.Sc., M.R.I.A.

The Hon. Secretary (Mr. A. M‘I. Cleland) reported regarding
the result of his correspondence with the members of Parliament
for Belfast and Ulster on the subject of the proposed Plumage
Bill, a subject in which the club is naturally greatly interested.
The Hon. Secretary also presented his report as delegate to the
British Association Meeting, held in Cardiff during August last.

RATS: THEIR HABITS AND ECONOMICS.

The first special meeting of the Winter Session was held in
the Museum, on Tuesday, 30th November, when an interesting
lecture was given on the above subject by Mr. J. A. S. Stendall,.
the President (S. A. Bennett, B.A., B.Sc.) in the chair.

After detailing the position of rats in the animal kingdom,
and the characteristic features of the order they belong to, the
lecturer gave a brief history of the introduction of the black
rat and its more formidable cousin, the brown rat, into Great
Britain ; and stated that these two animals are without doubt the
most highly organised members of their family and the most
successful of mammals. An interesting point connected with the:
colour of these two animals was mentioned, it being stated that
the so-called black rat is not always black, but consists of three:
distinct sub-species, the black rat proper, the Alexandrine rat,.
which is brownish-grey, and the tree or roof rat, which is reddish-
brown. It was further stated that a black form of the brown
rat has made its appearance in Ireland. This was first described

[Proc. B.N.E.C.,
Pre

by Wm. Thompson in 1837 as the Irish rat—a distinct species—
but which is now known to be a dark variety, and which is
apparently increasing in numbers.

The many kinds of damage caused by rats was referred to,
and their danger to man by being carriers of the rat flea, through
the agency of which bubonic plague is transmitted. This,
‘coupled with their destructive and offensive habits, marks them
down as amongst our deadliest enemies.

The lecture was illustrated by numerous specimens, in the
examination of which great interest was taken.

A short discussion followed in which the President, Mr. G.
Reilly, and the Hon. Secretary took part.

THE POPULAR STUDY. OF MOSSES.

The second ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was held
in the Museum, College Square N., on Tuesday, 21st December,
when a Paper on the above subject was read by the Rev. W. R.
Megaw, B.A., the chair being occupied by the Hon. Sec. (Mr.
A. M‘TI. Cleland) in the unavoidable absence of the President
(Mites, eo. bennett, cA) Bise:):

Before calling upon the lecturer, the chairman drew the
attention of the members to the fund that is being raised to defray
ithe cost of publication of the “Supplement” to the ‘‘ Flora of
North-East Ireland,” a work that is being put out at the expense
of the Club, and appealed for hearty support. Fifty pounds is
needed, towards which eleven guineas has already been promised.

Mr. Megaw stated that his paper dealt with the limited interest
taken in these ‘plants compared with flowering plants and ferns.
The average nature lover fights shy of the microscope, which: is
essential for moss study. Again, the absence of popular namesvis
also a deterrent. But perhaps the chief cause of the neglect lies
in the fact that moss plants do not attract the eye to the same
degree as higher plants do; “‘a green haze” would best desertbe
the average impression which mosses convey.

1920-1921. ]
113

The lecturer then referred to the scanty references made by
English poets to our moss flora.

Mosses may be gathered the year round, and one does not
require to go far afield to obtain specimens. Reference was made
to the numerous species to be found within the range of the penny
tramway stage from the city centre.

The paper next dealt with the distribution in space of the
plants under consideration. They are to be found in all situations
and under every parallel of latitude. On the snow line of the Alps;
amid the frost and fire of Tierra del Fuego ; on the summits of the
highest Sierras in Spain; on the Siberian tundras and North
American “ barrens” these hardy plants are found.

On account of the delicate cellular structure of mosses little
is known of their distribution in time.

The economic value of mosses was next discussed. Directly
they confer small benefit upon man—peat fuel being the chief.

The Esquimaux utilize a species of Dicranum for their lamp
wicks ; and Linnaeus describes a comfortable, portable mattress
made of the interlacing tufts of common hairmoss.

Sphagna are employed as fodder by the Esquimaux in times
of scarcity, as a covering for their newly-born infants by the Lap-
landers, and in the Great War the same mosses were extensively
used as surgical dressings.

' Mention was made of the use of moss by birds in nest-building,
and of the shelter afforded to hosts. of delicate insects from incle-
ment weather.

In the general economy of nature mosses were shown as
playing an all-important part. They prepare the soil required for
sustaining the higher orders of plants, and also protect it from the
effects of excessive evaporation.

In the binding of sand dunes mosses are to no small degree,
effective. The lecturer cited the case of Tortula ruraltiformis, at:
Portstewart—a moss which grows buried to the head in the sand,;
acting as handmaid to the marram grass.

(Proc. B.N.E.C.,
114

The lecturer claimed for mosses that they are more patient
of investigation than plants belonging to the higher orders.

The reproduction of mosses was explained, and the term of
existence of various species discussed.

Reference was made to the census catalogue of British mosses
and to the valuable work done in this connection by the late
Canon Lett and the late Rev. C. H. Waddell. A plea was made
for renewed interest in the moss Flora of North-East Ireland.

The paper was illustrated by many interesting specimens of
mosses, and after its conclusion a short discussion took place, in
which Mr. J. A. S. Stendall, Miss Rae, and the Hon. Secretary
took part.

FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES.

The third ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was held
in the Museum, College Square N., on Tuesday, 18th January,
when a paper on the above subject was read by Professor Gregg-
Wilson, M.A., D:Sc., M:R.LA., O.B.E., the President (Mr. SAc
Bennett, B.A., B.Sc.) in the chair.

Before introducing the lecturer the President referred to the
recent losses the Club had sustained in the deaths of Canon H.
W. Lett, M.A., M.R.I.A., one of the greatest authorities on Irish
mosses, and a member of forty-four years standing ; of Mr. Pim, a
well known entomologist and a member for fifty-two years, and
of Mr. Hamilton, also a member of long standing.

The President also referred to the subscription that is being
raised to defray the cost of printing the “ Floral Supplement,” a
work which will rank high in the scientific literature of North-East
Ireland.

Professor Gregg-Wilson then proceeded with his lecture and
first described the haunts and habits of the common frog. He
referred to the early life spent in water; to the later period when
the frog wanders on the land, but always seeks for shade and
damp conditions; and to the periodic return to the pond for.

1920-1921. ]
IT5

the purpose of spawning. He then gave a brief account of the
characteristics of some of the relatives of the common frog, in
particular the Edible Frog, the Toads, the Newts and Salamanders,
and the Ceecilians. The interest of the group Amphibia was next
considered, and it was pointed out that it is a transition group,
partly adapted for water life, partly for life on the dry land. In
many respects the adaptations to land life are far from perfect.
On the other hand there are evidences that the Amphibia are
eminently adaptable. They have not only invaded the surface
of the earth, but some, such as the Ccecilia, burrow into it ; others,
such as the Blind Olm, live in dark underground caverns. Many
frogs have taken to arboreal life; and one at least has developed
a certain power of flight. Some Amphibia are able to live in the
temperate zone owing to their habit of lying dormant all winter ;
others are adapted to the dry conditions prevailing in Australia
by their custom of burying themselves during the season of
drought. Rather curiously a number of Amphibia act as if they
had repented of the group effort to get to the land, for some show
a retrograde tendency back to the water. The Axolotl isan example
of this, as it regularly remains in the larval stage throughout life,
though sometimes it changes to the land form, which is known
as Amblystoma. The Siren seems to have gone even further,
and is eel-like, with permanent gills, and in fact is practically a
persistent larva.

The adaptability of the group is easily seen in individual
systems of the body. ‘The skin, for example, is most interesting,
though in some ways it is poorly adapted for life in dry air. It is
usually smooth and slimy, and the secretion from its glands not
only does something to check drying up, but it also promotes
breathing, which is largely effected through the general surface.
Through the skin, too, water is absorbed, as drinking in the
Ordinary way is not a practice of the amphibian. Further, the
skin shows a wonderful power of changing colour, and both pro-
tective and warning colours are beautifully exemplified.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.}
116

Another series of adaptations is found in the nursing habits’
of Amphibia. In the simplest cases the eggs are dropped in a
pond, and left to their fate; but sometimes the male carries them
about for a time and only puts them into the water when they are
nearly ready to hatch. In one case he actually carries them in his
vocal sacs. Sometimes the female carries them about in a pouch
or in the pockets of the spongy skin of her back. Sometimes the
eggs are put ina nest in a tree. But the most striking of all
modifications is where the eggs are retained in the oviducts and
the larva not only developes there but passes through its whole
metamorphosis, being fed on material derived from neighbouring
eggs that have broken down.

The large amount of experimental work that has been done
on developing frogs was next referred to, and it was shown that
our present views of heredity have been largely influenced by:
such work.

The lecture was well illustrated by a very fine series of
excellent lantern views, and at its close the President, in a few
words, suitably conveyed to the lecturer the appreciation of the
audience.

With the election of Mr. T. Edens Osborne and Mr. W. M.
Crawford as members of the Club the proceedings terminated. » |

THE PASTOR’S ACCOUNT BOOK: 1768—1780.

The second special meeting of the Winter Session was held:
in the Museum, College Square N., on Tuesday, rst February, :
when a paper on the above subject was read by the Hon. Secretary:
(Mr. A. M‘I. Cleland), in which he gave an account of the
ministrations of the Rev. Joshua Symonds, minister in the Old’
Meeting House, Bedford. This was John Bunyan’s original
pulpit, Symonds being third in succession from Bunyan. i

The interest of the account Book lay in the fact that in it
Joshua Symonds entered every item of income he received,’

1920-1921.]
117

whether in money or in kind, many of the items in kind being
exceedingly quaint. The book also records his disbursements to
his poor, it being his habit to give away one-seventh of his income
in charity, the proportion being increased later to one-sixth, and
so continued for some years till a growing family compelled him
with great reluctance to reduce it to one-tenth.

Among his correspondents were such men as John rowacd:
the prison philanthropist and reformer ; John Newton, the friend
of William Cowper, the poet and collaborator with Newton of the
Olney hymns; various members of the Kingsley family, whose
descendant, Charles Kingsley, was destined to make the Fen
and also

”)

country so widely known in his “‘ Hereward the Wake ;
with the family of William Wilberforce, the slave emancipator.

The paper was much appreciated by the audience, being
illustrated not only by the original account book but by many
original and contemporary letters.

SEA BIRDS.

The fourth ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was held
in the Museum, College Square N., on Tuesday, 15th February,
when a paper on the above subject was read by Mr. J. R. H:
Greeves, the President (Mr. S. A. Bennett, B.A., B.Sc.) in the chair.

The author opened his remarks by stating that as the scope
of the subject, ‘‘Sea Birds,” was somewhat large, he would con-
fine his attention to the Auks (A/cide) and the Gulls and Terns
(Laridz). We mentioned that, though it might seem strange, at
first sight, to group these birds together, yet structural character~
istics determined the grouping, and pointed to a common ancestry,
which the colouring of the young would indicate as being of the
plover type, a fact also borne out by the shape of the eggs of such
birds as the Guillemot, which is of the familiar pyriform type of the
plover family ; the shape having survived owing to the egg being
laid on bare rock ledges subject to wind and likely to be thrown
off by the bird in rising.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
118

Dealing next with the various mem)ers of the Auk tribe, the
Razorbill, Guillemot, Black Guillemot, Puffin and Little Auk were
mentioned, the latter as an uncommon winter visitor, and the four
former as species breeding freely in suitable localities round the
coasts of Down and Antrim. The Terns were next mentioned,
and of them, and of the Gulls a number of fine lantern slides was
shown. ‘The Sandwich Tern was mentioned as having been found
breeding on a small island in Co. Down, and the Common and
Arctic Terns as being numerous on Strangford Lough and Cope-
land Islands, as well as other suitable places in the district. The
Little Tern (Sterna minuta) was also noted as breeding sparingly.

On coming to the Gull family the author remarked that the
Common Gull belied its name as it is by no means common in
the district, and does not even breed ; our commonest gull being
the Black-Headed Gull or Laughing Gull (Zarus ridibundus),
which breeds on marshy ground and is easily distinguished by its
brown head and red legs and bill. ‘The Herring Gull (Z. avgentatus)
was mentioned as another very common member of the family,
breeding freely in Co. Antrim cliffs, and in Co. Down on a small
island, while an inland breeding place is known on the Antrim
Hills. ‘The Lesser Black-Backed Gull is by no means so common
on our coasts as the last-named, and plays the part of a tyrant and
thief, stealing the eggs and young of other members of the tribe.
The great Black-backed Gull, however, is the tyrant “ par

)

excellence” of the gull tribe and several notes of its strength
were given. ‘The author mentioned that, in company with Mr.
H. T. Malcomson, another member of the Club, he had found
the first recorded breeding place of the species in Co. Down, on
a low island, in June, 1920, where there appeared to be two
breeding pairs, though only one nest, containing three eggs,’
varying in length from 2°9” to 32” was found. In conclusion
a number of rare stragglers, snch as Bonaparte’s Gull and Sabine’s
Gull, were mentioned.

1920-1921. ]
I19

In addition to lantern slides the paper was illustrated by a
number of specimens of eggs of the various species from the
author’s own collection.

The paper was spoken to by Professor Gregg Wilson, Rev.
W. R. Megaw, Mr. N. H. Foster, Mr. J. A. S. Stendall, and the
President.

The meeting closed with the election of one new member of
the Club and the announcement of details of the Annual Conver-
sazione, to take place on Tuesday, 1st March.

CONVERSAZIONE.

The fifty-eighth Annual Conversazione and Exhibition was
held on Tuesday, rst March, when a company of 175 members
and friends met in the Carlton Hall, at 6 p.m.

The following exhibits were shown :—

ZooLocy.—The Zoological exhibits included a demonstration
of the method of determining the age of fishes by means of their
scales and otoliths, by Professor Gregg-Wilson, M.A., D.Sc.,
M.R.I.A. ; cases showing trapdoor spiders, tarantula spiders, and
Trinidad snails, by the Belfast Art Gallery and Museum ; eggs
of the guillemot, showing variation in colour, by Mr. J. R. H.
Greeves ; cases of Indian butterflies and Indian birds, by Mr.
W. M. Crawford, B.A. ; exotic birds, by Mr. C. B. Horsbrugh ;
gramaphone records of songs of nightingale, blackbird and thrush,
by Mr. T. Edens Osborne; animal photographs, by Mr. E.
Armstrong: local moths, by Mr. H. Malcomson, who also
exhibited a specimen of the ‘‘ Merveille du Jour” moth, from
Rostrevor, on lichen, showing protective resemblance.

Botany.—The Botanical exhibits included fresh water algae,
by Miss M. W. Rea, B.Sc., showing macroscopical and micros-
eopical examples of myxophyceae, peridiniaceae, bacillaricae, and
chlorophyceae ; local mosses living and the same mosses as
museum specimens, by Mr. W. Porter and Rev. W. R. Megaw;
the toothwort parasitic on the hawthorn and a collection of local

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
I20

plants, by Mr. N. Carrothers ; local mycetozoa, by the Belfast
Art Gallery and Museum; plants recently collected from Co.
Antrim, including Carex zrrigua and Carex filiformis, by Mr.
R. Li. Praeger, B.A., B.E., M.R.I.A.; encrusted saxifrages and
a form of scaly spleenwort, by Mr. W. Porter; fungoid diseases
of plants, by the Belfast Art Gallery and Museum; Carex divulsa
from its three stations in Co. Down, and pond weeds of Co.
Antrim and Co. Down, with distribution maps, by the President
(Mr. S. A. Bennett, B.A., B.Sc.) ; some sphagnums of the British
Isles, by Mr. J. Glover; types of local mosses in fruit, by Rev.
W. R. Megaw; the Brazil nut (Bertholletra excelsa) of commerce,
and the artichoke (Cyzara Scolymus) in flower, by Mr. N.
Carrothers ; sunflower (//edzanthus) showing reversal of geotropic
curvature in an atmosphere of carbonic acid gas, by Miss M. T.
Lynn, B.Sc.

GroLtocy.—The Geological exhibits included trilobites
(Phacops caudatus) from the Upper Silurian of Shropshire, by
Mr. and Mrs. A. M‘I. Cleland; autidus striatus (Sow.) whole
and in section, and Ammonites bucklandia (Sow.) from the Lias
beds at Barney’s Point; Waudtilus largiliertianus (Sow.) and
Pleurotomaria perspectiva (M.) from the Upper Chalk beds at
Carmean, Co Derry, and an example of recent nautilus shell by
Mr. R. Bell, F.G.S.; set of sections of igneous rocks, showing
certain stuctures exhibited by means of microscopes, by Dr. A. R.
Dwerryhouse, D.Sc., F.G.S., M.R.I.A., and Miss D. Reynolds,
B.Sc.

ArcH@moLtocy.—The Archeology exhibits included a fine
collection of early pottery and encaustic tiles, by Mr. H. C.
Lawlor ; fragments of neolithic pottery from Whitepark Bay, Co.
Antrim, by Mrs. A. Metcalfe; sections of wooden pipes formerly
used for Belfast water supply, Mr. A. M‘I. Cleland; brass snake
of Indian workmanship, by Mr. W. M. Crawford, B.A.; early
book on botany, with hand coloured plates, and examples of early
envelopes, by Miss Mawdsley.

1920-1921. }
121

After a few remarks by the President and the election of
three new members tea was served in the Restaurant, at 8-15 p.m.,
and a very pleasant evening thus brought to a close.

LISBURN PAST AND PRESENT.

The fifth, and concluding, ordinary meeting of the Winter
Session was held in the Museum, College Square N., on Tuesday,
15th March, when a Paper on the above subject was read by Rey.
Canon W. P. Carmody, M.A., the President (Mr. S. A. Bennett,
B.A., B.Sc.) in the chair.

The author stated that the history of Lisburn, if we are to
deal with facts, must begin at the period of the Ulster Plantation.
Previous to that time there was a Village or Fort on the Lagan
called Lisnagarvey. There is a townland of Lisnagarvey in
which the greater part of the modern town is built—this townland
contains the site of more than one fort. In the townland of Blaris,
on the east side of Hill Street, there is the site of a very extensive
fort which, from its position and the strength of its ramparts,
always seems to have been the chief centre of the strongholds
that guarded the S.E. part of the manor of Kilultagh.

This manor of Kilultagh, which is practically identical with
the Barony of Upper Massareene, comprises the territory between
the Lagan and Lough Neagh, and was part of the possessions of
the O’Neill’s. When Shane O’Neill was attainted in 15609,
Kilultagh was escheated to the Queen, and after more than one
attempt had been made to colonise it by English and Scottish
settlers it passed, in 1609, into the hands of Sir Fulke Conway,
and with him the history of Lisburn begins. He erected a castle
and round the castle the town grew ; he brought with him settlers
from England and Wales--some of their descendants are in
Lisburn to-day.

The old town consisted of three streets which to-day are
represented by Castle Street, Bow Street, and Bridge Street.
One wall of the castle still remains, with its ancient gateway, also
the earthwork fortifications, the ramparts, some of the outward

[Proc. .BiN‘F:C.,
I22

walls and the gardens and bowling green. Healso built a church,
in 1623, which seems to have been originally intended for a private
chapel, called St. Thomas’s church, but which afterwards became,
by a charter of King Charles II., what it is to-day, the Cathedral
of Down and Connor.

During the stormy period of the last years of the 17th century
Lisburn, being on the road connecting Carrickfergus with the
South, must have witnessed many stirring scenes. In 1680,
Schomberg, returning from Dundalk and Newry, spent four
months there, and the Burial Register of the Cathedral shows that
during that period there was terrible mortality in the ranks.of the
soldiers. On the roth June, 1690, King William III. passed
through Lisburn on his way to the Boyne—there are still several
traditions about his resting-place. on:

When peace was restored Lisburn became the home of many
of the Hugeunots and their presence brought a great impetus to the
linen industry, of which it still remains one of the centres. = . |

Lisburn has had many misfortunes but it has survived. them
all by the industry and loyalty of its inhabitants. In 1641 a deter-
mined attack was made upon the town by the rebels, but they
were repulsed and signally defeated by Sir George Rawdon—
though the town itself was set on fire. There was another great
fire in 1707. This time it was accidental, but the Cathedral and
Castle were burned—though after each fire new and better houses
and streets were built, and the industries progressed with wonderful
rapidity.

The lecturer referred to many well known persons connected
with Lisburn. Amongst them Bishop Jeremy Taylor, Sir George
Rawdon, Betty, the famous boy actor, Henry Monro, General
John Nicholson, and Sir Richard Wallace.

In the subsequent discussion the following took part :—The
President, Mr. J. Skillen, Mr. R. S. Lepper, M.A.; and the Hon.
Secretary. After the President, in well chosen phrases, had
suitably voiced the appreciation of the audience for an excellent
lecture, the proceedings closed with the election of five members.

1820-1921.)
Fag

ANNUAL MEETING.

The Annual Meeting was held in the Museum, College Sq.
N., on Tuesday, roth ‘April, at 8-p.m., the Vice-President (Rev.
W. R. Megaw, M.A.) in the chair, there being a good attendance
of members.

The Annual Report, Treasurer’s Statement, and Librarian’s
Report having been read it was proposed by Mr. J. A. S. Stendall,
seconded by Mr. D. Elliott, and resolved that these Reports be
adopted, printed and circulated as usual.

The election of Office-bearers for 1921-22 was then aacead
with, the following selections being made :—President: Mr. S. A.
Bennett, B.A., B.Sc. ; Vice-President: Rev. W. R. Megaw, B.A. ;
Hon. paris‘ Mr. D. Kennedy; Hon. Treasurer: Mr. . T.
Edens Osborne; Hon. Secretary: Mr. A. M‘I. Cleland ;. Hon.
Sec. for Geology: Mr. R. Bell, F.G.S.; Hon. Sec. for Botany :
Mr. Wm. Porter; Hon. Sec. for Zoology: Mr. J. A. S. Stendall,
M.B.O.U. ; Hon. Sec. for Junior Section: Mr. J. R. H. Greeves.
Ordinary Members of Committee, to retire in 1924: Dr. A. R.
Dwerryhouse, D.Sc., F.G.S., M.R.I.A.; Mr. S. M. Macoun and
Mr. W. M. Crawford.

Mr. J. A. S. Stendall proposed and Mr. T. E. Osborne
seconded, that the members tender their best thanks to Mr. S. M.
Macoun for his efficient work as the Club’s Treasurer during the
past three years, the motion being carried by acclamation.

The Vice-President offered Mr. J. A. S. Stendall the
congratulations of the members on his recent election to the
British Ornithological Union, Mr. Stendall making a suitable reply.

It was proposed by Dr. A. R. Dwerryhouse, seconded by Mr.
A. M‘I. Cleland, and carried unanimously, that the following be
elected Honorary Members:—Mr. Wm. Swanston, F.G.S., and
Mr. Joseph Wright, F.G.S.

The proceedings then terminated with the election of 41 new

members, a result mainly due to the energy of the newly appointed
Hon. Treasurer, Mr. T. E. Osborne.

{Proc; B.N.F.C.,
124

RULES

OF THE

Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club.

As amended at General Meeting held 20th April, 1920.

1

‘That the Society be called ‘‘THe Betrast Naruraists’ Fre.p Crus.”

ile

That the object of this Society be the practical study of Natural Science
and Archeology in Ireland.

II.

That the Club shall consist of Ordinary, Junior, Life, Corresponding and
Honorary Members. The Ordinary Members shall be proposed and seconded
at any ordinary meeting of the Club, and such members may be elected at the
next ordinary meeting following, by a majority of votes, provided that in
the meantime the first Annual Subscription has been paid. They shall pay
annually a subscription of Five Shillings. Members who are twelve months
in arrear in their subscriptions shall not receive any further circulars or other
printed matter,

That the composition fee for Life Membership be Four Guineas.

Junior Members, who must be between the ages of 12 and 21, shall be
elected in the same way as Ordinary Members, but shall pay annually a
subscription of One Shilling (1/-) from 12 years of age to 18, and a subscription
of Two Shillings and Sixpence (2/6) from 18 years of age to 21. Junior
Members shall not receive any printed matter except the usual notices; shall
not have the power to vote; and shall not borrow books from the Club’s
Library without special permission from the Librarian. On attaining their
majority they shall become Ordinary Members, and shall pay an annual
subscription of Five Shillings (5/-).

LV.

That the Honorary and Corresponding Members shall consist of persons
of eminence in Natural Science, or who shall have done some special service to
the Club; that such Members may be nominated by any Member of the Club,
and on being approved by the Committee, may be elected at any subsequent
Meeting of the Club by a majority of the votes of the Members present.
That Corresponding Members be expected to communicate a paper once within
every two years.

1920-1921.]
125

ie

That the Officers of the Club be annually elected and consist of a President,
Vice-President, Treasurer, Librarian, and one or two Secretaries, together with
the Secretaries of the various Sections of the Club. ‘That the office of President
or that of Vice-President shall not be held by the same person for more than

two years in succession.
VI.

That the General Committee shall consist of the above-named officers with
nine ordinary members of Committee, and shall hold at least eight meetings
during the year; five persons to form a quorum.

That three ordinary members of Committee shall retire annually in order
of seniority, those retiring being ineligible for re-election for one year. Should
any ordinary member of Committee fail to attend at least three of the
Committee meetings held during the year his or her place may be considered
vacant and another member elected to fill the position. No ordinary member
of Committee shall hold the post of Secretary in any of the Sections. That in
the event of a vacancy occurring in the General Committee a new member may
be co-opted to fill such vacancy for the remainder of the year.

That nominations for ordinary members of Committee shall be sent im
writing to the Secretaries on or before the 21st day of March in each year. That
the privilege of nominating members of Committee shall be held by all Ordinary
and Life Members of the Club. That the names of those members so nominated
shall be published on the circular convening the Annual Meeting, at which the
Ordinary Members of Committee shall be elected by ballot. That should the
necessity arise the retiring members of Committee shall be balloted for.

WARE

The Committee may from year to year appoint Sectional Secretaries and
‘Committees, as may be considered desirable, to further original investigations
in any one or more departments of the Club’s work. No financial responsi-
bility to be incurred by any Sectional Secretary, Sectional Committee, or any
Officer of the Club without the previous approval of the Club’s Committee.
The Junior Section to have a Committee composed of Six Members of the
Club, the Chairman to be annually appointed by the General Committee.

VII.

That the members of the Club shall hold at least Six Field Meetings during
the year, in the most interesting localities, for investigating the Natural History
and Archeology of Ireland. That the place of meeting be fixed by the
Committee, and that five days’ notice of each Excursion be communicated to
Members by the Secretaries. That eich of the Sectional Secretaries shall be
made responsible for the running of one Regular Excursion, the programme to
provide study in the subject appertaining to the Section, and that any
additional Special Excursions shall be urrangel by the Secretaries of the
Sections concerned.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
1260

IX.

That regular Monthly Meetings be held during the Winter Session from
November till April, inclusive, for the purpose of reading Papers; such Papers
as far as possible to be original, and to treat of the Natural History and
Archeology of the district. That the Papers to be read be secured by a
Standing Organising Committee, consisting of the Hon. Sees. of the Club,
together with the Sectional Secretaries and a Chairman. That between the
Regular Monthly Meetings of the Club Special Meetings open to all Members
of the Club may be held, at which Papers of specialised interest would be
discussed. That the Sectional Secretaries shall each be responsible for the
providing of a programme for one Regular and one Special Meeting, one
Regular and one Special Meeting to be arranged by the Hon. Sees. Any
extra Mectings shall be arranged by the Organising Committee, if desired,
That the programme for the Winter Session shall be completed by the date of
its First Meeting and issued to all Members. That each notification
announcing a Regular Meeting or Excursion shall also serve to notify Members
of the next Special Meeting or Excursion.

X.

That the Committee shall, if they find it advisable, offer for competition
Prizes for the best collections of scientific objects of the district; and the
Committee may order the purchase of maps, or other scientific apparatus, and
may carry on geological and archeological searches or excavations, if deemed
advisable, provided that the entire amount expended under this rule does not
exceed the sum of £10 in any one year.

That the General Committee may offer from time to time such prize or
prizes as they may deem desirable for competition among Schools in or near
Belfast.

xa

That the Annual Meeting be held during the month of April, when the
Report of the Committee for the past year, and the Treasurer’s Financia,
Statement shall be presented, the Committee and Officers elected, Bye-laws
made and altered, and any proposed alterations in the general laws, of which a
fortnight’s notice shall have been given, in writing, to the Secretary or
Secretaries, considered and decided upon. The Secretaries to give the
Members due notice of each intended alteration.

XII.

Members of other [rish Field Clubs, residing temporarily or permanently
in or near Belfast, may be enrolled as Members of the Club without election or
entrance fee on production of a voucher of membership of another Club, and
without subscription for the current year, on production of a receipt showing
that such subscription has been paid to another Club. Failing the production.
of such receipt, the usual snbscription for the current year to be paid to the
Treasurer on enrolment. ‘The names of Members so admitted to the Club to
be published with the notice of meeting following the date of their enrolment.

1940-1921.]
127

MITT.

That, on the written requisition of twenty-five Members, delivered to the
Secretaries, an Extraordinary General Meeting may be called, to consider and
decide upon the subject mentioned in such written requisition.

EXOUVE

That the Committee may be empowered to exchange publications and
reports, and to extend the privilege of attending the Meetings and Excursions
of the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club to Members of kindred societies, on
similar privileges being accorded to its Members by such other societies.

RULES FOR THE CONDUCTING OF EXCURSIONS.

I. The excursion to be open to all Members, each one to have the
privilege of introducing two friends. The time for commencing as many as
possible of the Half-Day Summer Excursions to be not prior to 2 p.m.

Ii. A Chairman to be elected as at ordinary meetings.

IIf. One of the Secretaries to act as Conductor, or, in the absence of
both, a Member to be elected for that purpose.

IV. No change to be made in the programme, or extra expense incurred,
except by the consent of the majority of the Members present.

V. No fees, gratuities, or other expenses to be paid except through the
Conductor.

VI. Every Member or Visitor to have the accommodation assigned by the
Conductor. Where accommodation is limited, consideration will be given to
priority of application.

VII. Accommodation cannot be promised unless tickets are obtained
before the time mentioned in the special circular.

VIII. Those who attend an excursion without previous notice will be
hable to extra charge, if extra cost is incurred thereby.

TX. No intoxicating liquors to be provided at the expense of the Club.

(Proc. B.N.F.C.,.

Exchange of Proceedings, 1920=21.
———-—_-

Birmingham—Natural History and Phil. Society.
Proceedings, Vol. XTV., Part 3. List of Members.

Bournemouth—Natural Science Society.
Proceedings, Vol, X. (1917-18).

Brighton and Hove—Natural History and Phil. Society.
Annual Report for 1917-18.

Bristol—Naturalists’ Society.
Proceedings, 4th Series, Vol. V., Part 1.

Canadian Institute.
Transactions, Vo). XII., Part 1.

Chester Society of Natural Science, Lit. and Art.
47th and 48th Annual Reports.

Dublin—Royal Irish Academy.
Procee lings, Vol. XX XIV., Sec. B., Nos. 7, (8, 9, 10), 11, (12, 13),
: a Bs See. C., Nos. (10. 11).
XXXV., Sec, B., Nos, 1, 2.
3 7 Sec. C., Nos. (2, 3, 4), 5, 6.
Title page and Contents, Vol. XX XTV.

Le )

Dublin—Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland.
Journal, Vol. XLVIII., Part 2; Vol. XLIX., Part 1.

Dumfriesshire and Galloway—Nat. Hist. and Antiquarian Society
Transactions, Series IIT., Vol. VI.

Eastbourne—Natural History, Phot. and Lit. Society.
Transactions and Journal, Vol. VIII., Nos, 24 25.

Essex—Field Club.

Journal of Proceedings, Vol. IV., Part 2.

Essex Naturalist, Vol., I., Nos. 5 to 12; Vols. IL. to [X.; and
XI. to XVII.
Vol. XVITI., Nos. (1-6); Vol. XIX., Nos1, 2.

”

Hamilton —Association.
Journal and Proceedings, No. 29 (1912-13 to 1917-18).

1920-1921. ]
129

Hull—Scientific and Field Naturalists’ Club.
Transactions, Vol. IV., Part 6.

Leyden—Rijks Ethnographisch Museum.
Report for 1917-18.

London—British Association.
Annual Report for 1918.

British Museum (N.H.).
Guide to British Fresh Water Fishes.

4 The Structur? of Animals in Relation to Flight.
Special Guide, Insects and their spreading of Disease.
Instructions for Collectors, Nos. 14 and 138.

Economie Series, Nos. 2 to 8.

Geologists’ Association.
Proceedings, Vol. XX X., Parts 1, 2, 3, 4.
Vol. XXXI., Part 1.

Linnean Society—
Proceedings of 131st Session (Nov. 1918 to June 1919), List of
Members 1919-20.

Manchester— Microscopical Society.
Annual Report for 1918.

Marlborough—College Natural History Society.
Report, No. 67 (1918-19)

North Staffordshire—Field Club.
Transactions Vol. LITT. (1918-19).

Norwich—Prehistoric Society of East Anglia.
Proceedings, Vol. III., Part 1 (1918-19).

Perthshire—Society of Natural Science.
Trans. and Proc., Vol. VI., Part 5 (1917-18); Vol. VII.,
Part 1 (1918-19).

U.S.A.—Californian Academy of Sciences.
Proceedings, 4th Series, Vol. VIII., Nos. 5, 6, 7. Index to
Vol. VII. (4th Series).

Cincinnati—Lloyd’s Library.
Mycological Notes, Nos. 39 to 47.
Synopsis of the Stipitate Stereuns,

ae », Genus Cladorderris.

”

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
130

U.S.A.—Medford, Mass.—'Tuft’s College Studies.
Scientific Series, Vol. IV., Nos. 7 & 8; Vol. V., No. 1.

‘; Milwaukee, City of—Public Museum.
Bulletin, Vol. III., No. 1.

ae Missouri— Botanical Garden.
Bulletin, Vol. VII., Nos. 3 to 10; Vol. VIII., Nos. 1, 2.

a New York—Academy of Sciences.
Annals, Vol. XX VIII., pp. (1-50); (51-166). Index, Vol. XX VIT.

43 Philadelphia—Academy of Natural Sciences.
Proceedings, Vol. LXX., Part 3; Vol. LXXI., Part 1.

m Washington—Geological Survey.
Bulletins, 664, 668, 669, 676-678, 683, 685, 687, 688, 690 (Part 1).
691 (EK, F, K, L, M), 693, 710 (A, B), 711 (A. B).
Water Supply Papers, 411, 422, 427, 429, 446, 457, 485.
Professional Papers, 104, 107, 109, 110, 112-114, 120(I.) 125 (A.B).
Mineral Resources, 1916, Part I., Nos. 24 to 27, and A.

3 1917, Part I., Nos. 11 to 22; Part II., Nos.
23 to 34.
om os 1918, Part I., Nos. 1 to4; Part II., Nos. 1

to 11, and Preliminary Report.

= Washington--Government Printing Works.
Museum Report for 1917-18.

1920-1921. ]
131

List of Members.

Any change in the Address of Members should be at once notified
to the Secretaries by Post Card,

The Dates prefixed to Members’ names signify date of Mlection.
O stands for an Original Member who signed the requisition for the
formation of the Club in 1863.

— > — ie |

Hon. Members.

O Donaldson, George, 1 Prospect Street.
O Phillips, Wm. H., Lemontield, Holywood.
1902. Scharff, Robert F., B.Sc., Ph.D., F.L.S., M.R.1.A., National Museum,
Kildare Street, Dublin.

Corresponding ANemBers.

O Holden, J.S., M.D., Sudbury, Suffolk. : {
1914. Charlesworth, John K., M.Se., Ph.D., F.G.S., Geological Dept.,
University, Manchester.

Life WMemBers.

1903. Stelfox, A. W.; A.R.I.B.A., M.R.1.A., Mayfield, 14 Clareville Road,
Rathgar, Dublin.

1898. Wilson, Alec G., J.P., M.R.I.A., Belvoir Park.

1893. Woollecombe, Robt. Lloyd, M.A., LL.D. (Dublin University), F.1.
Inst., F:R-C.Inst., F.R:G:S:, ER.ES., ESiS:, M-R.DA., 14
Waterloo Road, Dublin.

Ordinary Members.

1918. Adams, Miss A. M., Rosemount, Malone Road.

1907. Adams, Rev. W. A., B.A., Antrim.

1915. Aird, Hugh, 16 Fitzwilliam Avenue.

1917. Alderdice, Richard S., 12 Linenhall Street.

1866. Anderson, Sir Robert, Bart., J.P., Donegall Place.
1911. Anderson, Miss Sarah, 4 Church View, Holywood.
1882. Andrew, J. J., L.D.S8., University Square.

1892. Andrews, Miss E., 12 College Gardens.

1912. Andrews, Miss E. L., Inla, Comber.

1911. Andrews, Miss M. A., 50, Eglantine Avenue.
1912. Andrews, Dr. Marion B., 17, University Square.
1913. Andrews, Michael C., 17, University Square.
1916. Armstrong, Miss Dorothy, Corlea, Somerton Road.

1916. Baillie, Robert, Hlleslie, Ravenhill Park.

1907. Baillie, W. T., Marathon, Green Road, Knock.

1901. Barrett, J. H. Farnham Road, Bangor.

1915. Beattie, John Carson, Deaf and Dumb Institution, Lisburn Rd
1905. Beck, Miss, 1, Derryvolgie Avenue.

1913. Bell, D. M., Carragh Ard Lodge, Newcastle, Co. Down.

1896. Bell, E. George, Solitude, Lurgan.

1893. Bell, Robert, 64, Newington Avenue.

1917. Bell, Miss Janet M., Daisybank, Holywood.

1909. Bennett, Edward, Forth River Mill.

1908.

1884,
1914.

1916,
1898,
1920).
1921.

1921.
1893.
1894.
1916.
1917.
1883.
1863.
1883.
1911.
1876.
1899.
1918.

1903.

1909.
1917.
1891.
1904.
1892.
1892.
1917.
1914.
1907.

1920.

1920.
1919.
1901.
1920.

1894.
1894.
1890,
1917.
1904.
1914.
1906.
1921.
1913.
1884.
1915.

1916.

1915.
1891.
1915.
1919.
1907.
1909.
1916.
1908.

1912.

1909.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
132

Bennett, S. A., B.A., B.Se., Campbell College.

Bigger, Francis J., M.R.I.A., Ardrigh, Antrim Road

Bird, Miss, 18. Connaught Mansions, Prince of Wales Road,
Battersea, S.W.11.

Black, S. C., 15, College Gardens.

Blackwood, Miss S., 6, College Green.

Blair-Dale, Mrs. Lily, 2, Helantine Place.

Blair, Mis. J., 14, Cliftonville Avenue.

Boughton, E., 10, Eia Street.

Bowman. Miss A., 2, Rossmore Avenue.

Boyd, Miss, Chatsworth, Malone Road.

Boyd, W. C., J.P., Hazelbank Villa, Ravenscroft Avenue.

Bradley, Miss L. I., Haypark House, Knock.

Bradley, Mrs., Haypark House, Knock.

Brandon, Hugh B., J.P., 2, Wellington Place.

Brett, Sir Charles H., Gretton Villa South.

Brown, Thomas, J.P., 102, Donegall Street.

Browne, G. B., 356, Ormeau Road.

Bulla, Charles, 272, Lisburn Road.

Burrowes, W. B., Ballynafeigh House.

Byrne, Mrs., 24, College Square North.

pampbell D. C., J.P., M.B.O.U., Templemore Park, London-
erry.

Campbell, John, Albert Brickworks, Carrickfergus.
Campbell, James, Jennymount Mill, Belfast.
Capper, J. Malcolm, 14, Linenhall Street.
Carmody, Rev. Canon W. P., Lisburn.
Carrothers, Nathaniel, 145, Stranmillis Road.
Carson, J. C., 8, Wellington Place. ,
Carson, James, Parkmount, Lisburn.

Carter, C. §., 25, Donegall Street.

Chambers, W.. 35, Cranmore Avenue.
Chandler, W. P., Ravenhill Gardens.

Chandler, Mrs. W. P., Ravenhill Gardens.
Chase, Capt. C. D., M.A., Campbell College.
Cheyne, H. H., Roseneath, Bangor.

Churchill, Miss. Inverary, Strandtown.
Cleland, Alex. M‘I., Macedon, Green Road. Knock.
Cleland, Mrs. Annie, Macedon, Green Road, Knock.
Cleland, James A., Bernagh West, Malone Park.
Close, R. M., 13 Donegall Square North.

Cocking, Miss C. E., 19 Glebe Road, Huddersfield.
Corrigan, Chas., 132 Royal Avenue.

Cowie, James, Midland Railway Co.

Crawford, W. M., Orissa, Marlborough Park.
Cunningham, Miss M. E., Glencairn, Belfast.
Cunningham, Rt. Hon. Samuel, Fernhill.
Cunningham, Josias, M.B.O.U., Fernhill, Belfast.

Davis, Miss E. C,, Lauraville, Balmoral.

Denby. Miss Alice M.. Evetide, Westland Gardens

D’Evelyn, Alex. .1., M.D.. Ballymena.

Dick, Miss M. E., M.A., Wynstay, Rosetta Park.

Deans, T. M., D.D.. Academy House, Rosetta.

Doran, John, J.P., Dunottar, Malone Road.

Drummond, Miss Ina, 39 Atlantic Avenue.

Duffin, Miss Mabel W., B.Se., Rokeby, Deramore Park.

Duncan, William, 24 Queen Street.

Dundee, Miss B., Eglantine Avenue.

Dwerryhouse, Major A. R., D.Sc., F.G.S., M.R.1.A., Queen’s
University.

»9&)-1921.]
133

1916, Edwards, Herbert, 54 Ulsterville Avenue
1916. Edwards, Mrs., 54 Ulsterville Avenue.
1884. Elliott, David, B.A., J.P., Ardroe, Bloomfield

1868. Faren, W., 11 Mountcharles.

1912. Ferguson, Mrs., St. Helen’s, Holland Park, Knock.

1913. Ferguson, Samuel, St. Helen’s, Holland Park, Knock.

1918. Fildes, H., 20 Wilmont Terrace, Lisburn Road.

1897. Finlay, Miss, St. Hilda’s East, 3 Old Nichol Street, Bethnal Green,
London.

1906. Finlay, Arch. H., Willesden, Holywood.

1899. Foster, Nevin H., F.L.S., M.R.I.A., M.B.O.U., Hillsborough.

1908. Foster, Mrs. N. H., Hillsborough.

1911. Foster, Miss A. B, B.Sc., ¥Y.W.C.A., William Street, Waterford.

1892. Fulton, David, Arlington, Windsor Avenue.

1904. Gaffikin, William, J.P., Notting Hill.

1891. Galloway, Joseph, 50 Eglantine Avenue.

1892. Gamble, Miss, Lorne, Craigavad.

1913. Gardner, Miss Nettie H., B.Sc... Hawthornden Road, Knock.
1893. Gibson, Andrew, Lansdowne Road.

1917. Guibson, Mrs., Bonnington, Lansdowne Road.

1911. Gibson, Mrs. Jos., Hillsborough.

1905. Glover, James, Glebe, Kirkcubbin.

1885. Godwin, William, Queen Street.

1918. Gordon, HKustace, 35 Rosemary Street.

1918. Gourlay, Mrs. J., 18 Willowbaak Street.

1921. Graham, T., 28 Alexandra Avenue,

1892. Green, Mrs. Isaac. Hawthornden, Knock.

1895. Green, Wm. A., 4 Salisbury Terrace, Chichester Park.
1920. Greenham, Miss J. G., 44, Orient Gardens.

1901. Greeves, J. Theodore, Nendrum, Knockdene Park.
1901. Greeves, W. Leopold, Ormeau Avenue.

1901. Greeves, Fergus M., Garranard, Sydenham.

1918. Greeves, Owen, Tavanagh House, Portadown.

1908. Hadden, Mrs., Magharee, Portadown.

1918. Hagan, Miss I. M., Rathcowle, Jordonstown.

1920. Hale, W. Bancroft, 6 Salisbury Gardens.

1883. Hamilton, Rev. T., D.D., LL.D., Vice-Chancellor, Queen’s University.
1908. Hamilton, Miss, 5 Church Avenue, Holywood.

1916. Harper, V. M. B.A., Campbell College.

1920. Halett, W., Model School, Belfast.

1920. Harbison, Wm., Highbury, North Road.

1916. Hawthorne, Miss, Ardglass.

1908. Henry, F. W., Ye Olde “astle, Castle Place.

1915. Herdman, Miss E. W., Fountainville, University Road.
1876. Heron, F. A., Maryfield, Holywood.

1905. Hobson, Mrs., Marino.

1895. Hogg, A. R., 13 Trinity Street.

1908. Hogg, D. J., 16 Kansas Avenue.

1903. Holland, Miss, Cadogan Park.

1904. Holland, Frank, Osborne Gardens.

1906. Hopkirk, F. G., Midland Railway Co.

1919. Horsbrugh, C. B., Blessington House, Hillsborough.
1911. Houston, Miss, Lisheen, Sans Souci Park.

1914. Houston, James Dick. Northern Bank, Elphin, Roscommon.
1918. Humphreys, Miss Norah, Lynford, Osborne Park.

1916. Hunter, Miss K., Waterford Terrace, Coleraine.

1892.
1909.
1914.
1901.
1906.
1916.

1916,
1917.
1918.
1920.
1920.
1899.
1886.
1915.
1868.
1877.

1901.

1920.
1915.
1916.
1912.
1916.
1920.
1918.
1920.
1918.

1899.

1915.
1893.
1908.

1918.
1910.
1917.

1915.
1905.
1917.
1903.
1914.
1915.
1915.
1905.
1912.
1901.
1920.
1920.
1876.
1905.

1899.
1901.
1901.
1914.
1880.
1891.
1916.
1915.
1892.
1908.
1893.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
134
Jaffe, Lady Kinedar., Strandtown.
Jenkins, W. A., 6 Elmwood Terrace.
Jenkinson, Hy., 29 Rosemary Street.
Johnson, Rev. W. F.,M.A.,F.E.S.,M.R.1.A., Acton Glebe, Poyntzpass,
Johnston, F. W., The Cottage, Cultra.
Johnston, Miss M. B., Beechville. Glenburn Park.

Kay, Miss M. P., B.Sc., Burnside, Bangor.

Keiller, W., 11 Chichester Street.

Kennedy, D., Pembroke, Wandsworth Road, Knock.

Kenny, Mrs., 41, Claremont Street.

Keith, R. P., Shandon, Marborough Park.

Killen, William, 20 Waring Street

Kirkpatrick, F., 27 Oxford Street

Kirkpatrick, W. H., Marlborough Park S.

Knowles, W. J., M.R.I.A., Flixton Place §., Ballymena.
Kyle, R. A., 15, Wellington Park.

Larmor, H. G., J.P., Lisburn.

Lavery, W., 32 Ann Street.

Lawrie, Thomas, East Bridge Street.

Lawther, Miss M. J. V., Marathon, Antrim Road.
Ledgerwood, N. J., J.P., 10, Wellington Park.

Lees, Miss 8. L., Drumadoon, Castle Park.

Lepper, R. S., M.A., F.R.Hist.S., Elsinore, Crawfordsburn.
Lewis, Mrs. A. J., 2, Ranfurly Drive.

Lewis, Percy, 24, Mount Charles.

Lindsay, Eric, Barbaraville, Annadale.

Lindsay, Professor, M.D., 3, Queen’s Elms.

Lindsay, Mrs. Barbaraville, Annadale.

Lowry, D. E., 25, Donegall Place. _

Lowry, James, Llewellyn Avenue, J.isburn.

Lowry, Miss, Hazelwood, Bloomfield.

Lowry, Miss L., Hazelwood, Bloomfteid.

Lyttle, James, 1, Olney Terrace, Ballygomartin Road.

MacCarthy, Mrs., Freshford, Knozk.

MacCleary, A., Kensington Hotel, College Square East.
MacDevitt, H., 115, dign Strect, Holywood.
MaclIlwaine, Capt. J. E., M.D., 26, College Gardens.
MacLaine, Lachlan, Rathaline, Annadale Avenue.
Maconachie, Rev. D. H., B.A., B.D., The Manse, Holywood.
Maconachie, Mrs., Brooklands, Holywood.

Macoun, Mrs., Clanrolla, Windsor Park.

Macoun, Stephenson M., Clanrolla, Windsor Park.
MacRae, Kenneth, Balmoral.

Magowan ,A., 2, Haston Crescent.

Magowan, Mrs, A., 2, Easton Crescent.

Major, Rev. J. J., Doagh.

Malcolm, Miss Susan, Downshire Road, Holywood.
Malcolmson, J. G. B.. Cairnbourn, Strandtown.
Malcomson, Herbert T., M.B.O.U., 32, Arthur Street.
Malcomson, Joseph, 32, Arthur Street.

Manning, J. W., Slieve Donard Hotel, Neweastle.
Marsh, Mrs., Glenlyon, Holywood.

Marshall, H. C., Bryansburn Road, Bangor.
Masterson, Miss, 93 “Wellesley Avenue.

Mawdsley, Miss, Macedon, Green Road, Knock.
Maxton, James, Ulster Street.

Maxwell, Henry, Dunalbine, Deramore Park.

May, Robert, 40, Honefield Avenue.

192-1921.

1919.
1903.
1917.
1920.
1918.
1918.
1906.
1907.
1915,
1920.
1898.
1913.
1911.
1920.
1920.
1920.
1916.
1917.
192].

1899,

1909.
1913,
1919.

1884.
1922.
1920.
1879.
1903.
1905.

1919.

1913.

1918,
1920.

1914.
1904.
1920.
192].
1920.
1906.
1917.
1912,
ve
O

1920.

1898.
1920,

1920.

O.
1888,

1867,
1869.
1903.
1903.
1890.
1890,
1883,

135

Mayes, A. S., 28, Glandore Avenue.

Mayne, H. Horner, 24, Elmwood Avenue.

Megaw, Rev. W. R., B.A., 1, North Parade.

Meeaw, J. J.. 26 Linenhall Street.

Merrifield. James, 105, The Mount.

Metcalfe, A, W. Hawthornden Road, Knock.

Millar, Thomas O., 306, Antrim Road.

Milligan, Miss, Lisnamaul, Ormeau Road.

Milligan, Arthur G., The Grange, Annadale.

Moderate, Mrs., 42, Irwin Avenue.

Montgomery, H. C., 40, Rosemary Street.

Montgomery, Miss E. S.. 26, College Green.

Montgomery, Miss Jane E., 8, Sandhurst” Road.
Montgomery, Miss G., 120, Eglantine Avenue.

Montgomery, Miss 8., 120, Eglantine Avenue.

Montgomery, Miss A., 120, Eglantine Avenue.

Moore, Frank, F.E.I.S., Home-Lyn, Marlborough Park North.
Morrison, Rev. Robert, B.A., The Curateage, Hillsborough.
Morrison, Miss Isabel, Southleigh, Knockdene Park.

M‘Bretney, W. A. J., 31, Haypark Avenue.

M‘Cance, James, 302, Antrim Road.

M‘Cance, Stoupe, 3, Markham Square, London, S.W.
M‘Caw, 'T., Glenfield, Donegall Park.

M‘Cleery, H., 7, Bedford Street.

M‘Clelland, BE. W., B.Sc., 79, Kansas Avenue.

M‘Cloy, Miss A. Evy. Norfolk Drive, Glen Road.
M‘Connell, James, J.P., Stranmillis House.
M‘Connell, Miss, Stranmillis House.

M‘Crum, Mrs., Ballyvesey, Carnmoney.

M‘Donnell, Miss, 37, Rugby Avenue.

M‘Dowell, Miss, 33, Botanic Avenue.

M‘Dowell, R., Frontinac, Ravenhill Park.

M‘Kee, Miss Gertie, Ashley, Charnwood Avenue.
M‘Kay, Miss E. W., B.Se., Ardana Terrace, Coleraine.
M‘Kean, Edward, John, B.A., B.L., Rosaville, Fortwilliam Park
M‘Kee, Miss F. V., Ashley, Charnwood Avenue.
M‘Kee, Joseph, 60 Clonlee Drive.

M‘Kee, Miss Eva, Ashley, Charnwood Avenue.
M‘Kinney. Miss, Sentry Hill, Carnmoney.

M‘Tlroy, R., 32, Pandora Street.

M‘Meekin, Miss A. M., Sunnyside, Carnmoney.
M‘Meekin, Adam, Cogry House, Doagh.

M‘Millan, W., J.P., 30, Ashley Avenue.

M‘Neill, Mrs., Lockaboy, Knockdene Park.

Orr, James, 17, Garfield Street.
Osborne, T. Edens, 4 College Square, North.

O’Neill, Mrs. T. A. J., Shandon, Marlborough Park.

Patterson, D. C., Glenard, Holywood.

ecten ony Robert, F.L.S., M.R.T.A., M.B.0.U., Glenbank, Holy-
wood.

Pim, John, J.P., Bonaven, Antrim Road.

Pim, Joshua, 6, Donegall Sauare South.

Pim, W. R., Lisnagarvey, Lisburn.

Pooler, Rev. Chas. K., B.D., M.R.1I.A., Carnbin, Whitehouse.

Porter, F. A., Queen’s Square.

Porter, William, Beechview. Balmoral Avenue.

Praeger, R. L., B.A., B.K., M.R.1.A., Nat. Library, Kildare St., Dublin

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,

130

Rankin, Will, 26 Derryvolgie Avenue.

Rankin, Mrs., 26 Derryvolgie Avenue.

Rea, Miss M. W., Salem House, Sydenham.
Rea, Miss L. C., Sidlem House, Sydenham.

Reid, Mr. James, B.Sc., Holywood.

Reilly, Geo. C., Greenholme, Carrickfergus.
Riddel, Mrs., Donegall Park Avenue.

Robb, H. M., 44 Ulsterville Avenue.

Robson, Mrs., 81, Wellington Park.

Russell, Nelson, Strathmore, Lisburn.

Rutledge, Miss Ethel J., M.Sc.. 92 North Parade.
Ryves, Miss, 8 Stranmillis Gardens.

7)
Sandes, Robert, Chorlton, Adelaide Park.
Savage, W. E. J., Lincoln Avenue.
Sayers, Miss, B.A., Bartragh, Knock.
Sayers, Miss J. B., Bartragh, Knock.
Sefton, Burton, St. Aubyn’s, Deramore Drive.
Seymour, J., Inchmarlo, Marlborough Park.
Shaw, G. W., Ulster Bank, York Street.
Shaw, Miss L. H., 72, Cromwell Road.
Sheils, Rev. John F., Saintfield.
Skillen, Joseph, Largymore, Lisburn.
Small, Dr. James, Queen’s University.
Stears, Samuel M., 6 Rosetta Avenue
Steele, Miss, Dooneen, Marlborough Park. :
Stelfox, Mrs. A. W., B.Sc., A.R.C.Se.1.. Mayfield, 14 Clareville
Road, Rathgar. Dublin.
Stendall, J. A. Sidney, Municipal Museum.
Stephens, John Kyle, J. P., 13 Donegall Square North.
Stewart, W. J., Ormeau Road.
Stokes, W. J., Malone Park.
Strain, W., Windsor Park.
Swanston, William, F.G.S., Farm Hill, Dunmurry.

Tedley, Miss E., Rosetta National School.

Todd, John, J.P., Clarinda, Fortwilliam Park.
Tomlinson, W. J. C., 17 Glandore Gardens.

Traill, W. A., M.A. Ing., Bushmills.

Turtle, William Haydock, 1 Holyrood, Malone Road.
Turtle, Mrs. Herbert, Rosemount, Knock.

Walsh, Robert, Ashestiel, Malone Road.

Walker, W. J. D., C.B., The Sycamores, Drogheda.

Walker, Franklin M., Mount Royal, Whitehead.

Ward, Miss K., Albertville, Sydenham.

Ward, Miss Alice, Albertville, Sydenham.

Warnock, Mrs., Rugby Road.

Watson. John G., The Maples, King’s Road, Knock.

Watt, Miss Anna, 622, Ravenhill Road.

Welch, Robert J.. M.R.£.A , 49 Lonsdale Street.

Weston, W., Shandon Park, Knock.

Whitla, Sir William, M.D., College Square North.

Williamson, James, J.P., Sandown Park, Knock.

Wilson, George, 17 Bedford Street.

Wilson, Prof. Gregg, M.A., D.Sc., M.R.I.A., Queen’s University.
Wilson, Mrs., Ardenza, King’s Road, Knock.

Workman, Rev. R.. M.A., Crusheen, Cadogan Park. :

Workman, W. H., F.Z.S.. M.B.O.U., Lismore, Windsor Avenue.
Wright, Joseph, F.G.S., 10 May Street.

Yapp, Prof. R. H., M.A., Queen’s University.

1920-1921.]

1945.
1914.

1916.
1917.

1915.
1919.

1919.
1919.
1919.

1916.
1918.

1916.

1916.
1912.
1913.

1917.

1916.
1917.

1918.
1918.
1915.
1916.

1918.
1918.

1918.
1918.

1916.
1915.

1915.

1916.

Lai
Associate Members.
Armstrong, Edward, Corlea, Somerton Road.
Ferguson, Miss Olive, Glenfield Place, Ormeau Road.

George, Alfred H., 22 Thorndale Avenue.
Greeves, J. R. H., Altona, Strandtown.

Mussen, Robert Walsh, Hillhall, Primcetown Road, Bangor.
M ‘Bride, A., Ballinabough, Templepatrick.
M‘Kibben, Miss, Louisville, Knockdene Park.

Roden, Miss N. N., Riddel Hall, Stranmillis.
Smyth, Miss G., Fernhurst, Knockdene Park.

Bunior MemBers.

Bell, Miss Emma, Cressington, Rosetta Park.
Bent, H. L., Lochlee, Kensington Road, Knock.

Dawson, Brian, Baythorpe, Holywood.

Deane, Archibald, Mount Nephin, Knockbreda.
Deane, John, Mount Nephin, Knockbreda.
Deane, Lindsay, Mount Nephin, Knockbreda.

Ferguson, Miss Noreen, Glenfield Place, Ormeau Road.

Gourlay, Jack, 18, Willowbank Street.
Grainger, Charles, Craigavad.

Harris, Norman, 109, Fitzroy Avenue.
MacKnight, John, 220, Springfield Road.
Mayne, Miss Betty, 24, Elmwood Avenue.
Morton, Walter E., 65, Ulsterville Avenue.

M‘Carthy, Miss Daisy, 4, Ardlee Terrace, Holywood.
M‘Carthy, Desmond, 4, Ardlee Terrace, Holywood.

Quick, Geoffrey G., 17, Rossmore Avenue.
Quick, Kenneth J., 17, Rossmore Avenue.

Sloan, Miss Kathleen, Anneville, North Road.
Stephenson, Miss Kathleen, 2, College Park East.

Twadell, Miss Amy, Nashville, Malone Park.

Young, Miss Carrie, Moyrusk, Marlborough Park.

BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

FIFTY-NINTH YEAR, 1921-22.

GENERAL COMMITTEE.

President :
S. A. BENNETT, B.a., B.Sc.

Vice-President :
Rav. W. R. MEGAW, B.A.

Treasurer :
T. EDENS OSBORNE, 4 Contiecr Square N., Bevrast.
Librarian :
D, KENNEDY, WanpswortH Roap, Knock.
Hon. Sec. Botanical Section:

WM. PORTER.

Hon Sec. Geological Section :
R. BELL, F.e.s.

Hon. Sec. Zoological Section :
J. A. S. STENDALL, M.B.0.0v.

Hon. Sec. Archeological Section:
REV. CANON W. P. CARMODY, »™ a.

Hon. Sec. Junior Section:
J. R. H. GREEVES.

Ordinary Members of Committee :

Retire 1922. | Retire 1923. Retire 1924.
W. C. Boyd. N. Carrothers. Dr. A. R. Dwerryhe
A. R. Hogg. T, W. Deans, LL.D. D.S¢., A.G.S., MH. B.

S. M. Macoun.

R. May. D. Elliott, 3.4.
W. M. Crawford.

Hon. Secretary :
A. M‘I. CLELAND, Green Roan, Knock, BELrast.

,

*

Reduced Prices of Proceedings.

- In accordance with resolution passed at General Meeting held
on 28th April, 1911, the following reductions have been made in
the prices of the Proceedings, &c., to Members of the Club. When

the stock has been sufficiently reduced prices will be raised again.

Proceedings, without Appendices, Series 11.‘ Vol. 1.( 1873-74 to 1879-80) to 2/6 per vol.
; 5 4 a ,, 11.( 1881-82 to 1886-87) to2/6 __,,

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Flora of North-East Ireland, by Stewart and Corry, with Supplement. 2/6 per vol.

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Kighth Annual Report—1870-71, containing Appendix 11., List of Irish Liassic

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Z * 4919-20... if is ea
i 1920-21 Bar bee

” ”

"Some of the above are now avatlable to (Mevibane at reduced prices.

ANNUAL REPORT

AND

PROCEEDINGS.

ISH.
MUSEUM

1S FEE 23

NATURAL
HISTORY.

SERIES Il. PART IY.

VOL. VIII. 1921-22

For Contents See Back of Cover

AYA
xis

PRINTED FOR MEMBERS ONLY.
PRICE OF EXTRA COPIES TO MEMBERS, 2/-.

CONTENTS.

Fast of Officers, 1921-22
Annual Report
Statement of Accounts
Excursions :—Belvoir Park, Gobbins, Ardglass, Downpatrick, Galgorm Castle,
Monlough, Knockagh, Dromore
Papers :— ‘‘ The Comber Estuary ”“—S. A. Bennett, B.A., B.Sc.
“The Art of Burial ”—C. Bulla.
The Club’s Activities ”—
‘* At Home with Fur and Feather ’—E. A. Armstrong, B.A.

* Spiderland ”—J. A. 5. Stendall, M.B.0.U.

‘*Radio- Activity in Relation to Geology ”"—J. C. A. Brierley, M.Sc.

“ Birds: Extinct and Living ”—N. H. Foster, ¥.L.S., M.R.1.A., M,B.0.U.

Conversazione

Annual Meeting

Rules

‘Exchange of Proceedings

List of Members

141
143
148

149
161
164
167
178
181
183
187
184
189
NE
19)
199

ANNUAL REPORT AND PROCEEDINGS.

OF THE

BELFAST NATURALISTS’
FIELD CLUB,

FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31st MARCH, 1922.

(FIFTY=NINTH YEAR.)

SERIES II. PART IV.

VOLUME VIII. 1921=22.

Joint Editors:
Sa BENNETT. B.A... B.Sc.
A. M‘I. CLELAND.

Belfast:

PRINTED AT ** THE NoRTHERN WuiG” Orrices, VicroriA STREET

LO22.

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41921-1922. ]

Annual Report.

Your CommMitTtEE has pleasure in submitting the Fifty-ninth
Annual Report, as follows :—

During the year 1 Honorary, 167 Ordinary, 2 Associate, and
1 Junior Member have been elected; 16 have resigned and 8
have died. The total membership on 31st March, 1922, is
therefore 456 as against 309 recorded in the last report, a
gratifying increase of 147 Members, and a result very largely due
to the energy of the Hon. Treasurer. ‘The composition of the
membership is now:—7 Honorary, 1 Corresponding, 2 Life,
435 Ordinary, 2 Associate, and 9 Junior.

Your Committee greatly regret the decease during the year
-of the following Members :—r Life, 6 Ordinary, and 1 Associate.
A list of their names will be found at the end of the Report.

Twelve Committee meetings have been held during the year,
at which the attendances were as follows :—

A. Bennett: ~ x.. idee W. M. Crawford daevie
Rev. W. R. Megaw ees jy. ReieGreeves weal eR
T. E. Osborne... ra 2 W. C. Boyd Hy ee
D. Kennedy Sa ee A. R. Hogg ¥ anat®
W. Porter Jem aie ohiy Ro) Mays: AAS eer |
Bebe)... ore a iat: WN Carrothers’ © sz. Seay 8
J. A. S. Stendall en te: Dr. T. M. Deans £6
BeveWer. Carmody ... 1 D. Elliott dg am 2G
Dr. A. R. Dwerryhouse ... 1 New VErie Cléetand...\.. i. Ke
S. M. Macoun ... sta

On the resignation of Mr. D. Kennedy from the position of
Hon. Librarian, in January, 1922, the Committee co-opted Mr.
W. M. Crawford, B.A., I.C.S., F.E.S., to the vacancy.

[Brocy Baie:
144

The programme of Summer Excursions was carried out
almost in its entirety, the proposed excursion to Woodburn Glen
having to be abandoned owing to the Glen being in military
occupation. The places visited and members present were as
follows :—

Belvoir Park “as 21st May a8 71 Present.
The Gobbins ca 4th June ve 50 ss
Ardglass ne 18th June au 14 mA
Downpatrick wih 2nd July ah 54 +
Galgorm Castle ... 30th July tte 59 sy
Monlough a 27th August .. 39 ‘3
Knockagh a toth Sept. se 48 e
Dromore se 24th Sept. a 47 7

A very successful Conversazione was held on the 28th March,
in the Carlton Hall, 160 Members being present, the exhibits, as
usual, proving most interesting and varied.

During the Winter Session the following papers were read, of
which abstracts will be found in the Proceedings :—

1921.
October 25th—‘‘ The Comber Estuary,” S. A. Bennett, B.A., B.Sc.
November 15th—‘‘ The Art of Burial,” C. Bulla.

December 20th—-‘‘ At Home with Fur and Feather,” E. A. Armstrong.

1922.
January 17th—‘‘ Spiderland,” J. A. S. Stendall, M.B.O.U.
February 21st—‘‘Radio Activity in Relation to Geology,” J.C. A. Brierley, M.Sc.
March 21st—‘‘ Birds: Extinct and Living,” N. H. Foster, F.L.S., M.R.LA.,
M.B.O.U.

All the above subjects were well illustrated by lantern views,
the attendances of members being very good.

In June your Committee appointed Mr. S. A. Bennett, B.A.,
B.Sc., Delegate to the British Association Meetings, in Edinburgh,
in the ensuing September. ‘The subsequent report of the Delegate
was submitted to a Sectional Meeting of the Club, held on the
29th November ; an abstract is included in the Proceedings.

1921-1922. |
145

On the visit of the King to Belfast on 22nd June, the Com-
mittee decided that an Address should be presented to His
Majesty in the following terms :—

Hooress to the thing

To His Most Gracious MAJESTY GEORGE THE FIFTH,
of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of
the British Possessions beyond the Seas, King, Emperor of
India.

May it please your Majesty,
Wer, the President and Committee of the Belfast
Naturalists’ Field Club, desire on behalf of the Club to

offer our most respectful, dutiful, and loyal welcome to the
City of Belfast.

Knowing the great interest your Majesty has invariably
taken in all branches of scientific research, we feel a pride in
being permitted to approach your Majesty, as the Premier Field
Club of Ireland and the one with the largest membership.
Our Club was founded on the 6th of March, 1863, and has
contributed in no small degree to the advancement of
Science in this portion of your Majesty’s Kingdom during
the fifty-eight years that have elapsed.

We sincerely hope that your Majesty may be long
spared in health and strength, to reign over a happy, united
and prosperous people.

Signed on behalf of the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club.
S. A. BenNeTT, B.A., B.Sc., President.

A. M‘I. CLELAND, Hon. Secretary.
22nd June, 19g2t.

The Hon. Treasurer will lay before you his Statement of
Accounts, while the Hon. Librarian, and the Hon. Secretary for
the Junior Section will present their Reports.

[Proc, B.N.F.C.,
146

In conclusion, your Committee desire to tender their hearty
thanks to:—The Right Hon. Sir James Johnston, J.P., of
- Belvoir Park ; the Right Hon. W. R. Young, D.L., of Galgorm
Castle ; Canon J. W. Cooke, of Dromore Cathedral; Mr. F. J.
Bigger, M.R.I.A., of Ardglass; and Mr. G. M‘Williams, of
Ballyknockan, for their kindness and hospitality extended to
members of the Club on the Summer Excursions; to Mr. F. W.
Henry for the use of the Carlton Hall; to the Press for publishing
reports of the Excursions and Meetings; to the Superintendents
of the Railway Companies; and to the Kindred Societies and
Public Institutions who have favoured us with their publications.

(Signed) ~S. AL JBENNETT, “ByA;, eee
A. M'l. CLELAND, Hon. Sécretary-
gth April, 1922.

Hon. Librarian’s Report.

The Library has perhaps been used to about the usual
extent, but I fear this is not saying very much. A quantity of
most useful and interesting literature is received from exchanging
Societies, and it seems to me a very great loss that no ready means.
are available for giving Members a chance of sceing what comes
in. A room where all recently received Reports and Proceedings.
could be exposed for the easy inspection of Members would be a
great boon.

A list of exchanges with other Clubs and Societies will be
found on another page.

A copy of Vol. VII. (Series II.) of our own Proceedings has.
been bound for permanent reference in the Library.

Some interesting photographs have been presented to the
Ciubiay Wr aR ay. Welch, MR... A.

(Signed) W. M. Crawrorp, Hon. Librarian

Report of the Junior Section.

The Junior Section has had a reasonably successful winter

1921-1922. j
147

season considering the lethargic state it was in at the end of last
summer. At a meeting of the Section Committee held last
autumn it was decided to try and draw the Members together by
means of a ‘‘tea.” Invitations were accordingly sent out, and as
a result we had quite a number of keen young people for a very
enjoyable evening at the Museum. ‘The thanks of the Committee
are due to the ladies who very kindly provided the tea and helped to
dispense it. After tea a short talk was given by the Chairman,
Mr. S. A. Bennett, B.A., B.Sc.

Owing to a variety of causes, we have only had one meeting
‘since then, at which, 1n the unavoidable absence of the President,
who was to have given a lecture on ‘‘ Wildflowers,” plans for the
Summer excursions were discussed, and several suggestions made
with regard to Junior exhibits at the Conversazione. As a result
we had a very promising exhibit which speaks well for the future
of the Section and the Club: the objects of interest displayed
comprising a very wide range indeed.

We hope that the Summer, now that we have really, got
going, will be even more successful, and that we may be able to
lay the foundations of a really useful Junior Section.

(Stoned) J. RR. “At ‘Greeves, “Aon see

Beceased Members.

Sir Robert Anderson, Bart., J.P.

Mr. John Doran, J.P.

Mr. Joseph Galloway.

~Mr. Edmund Foster Green.

Mr. D. C. Patterson.

Mr. Burton Sefton.

Mi We jee@. Tomlinson.

Mr. R. L. Woollcombe, M A., LL.D.

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1921-1

co
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149

Proceedings.

SUMMER SESSION:

BELVOIR PARK.

Date—21st May, 1921. Conductor—Rev. W. R. Megaw, B.A. ]
Number present, 71.

The members assembled at the Ormeau Road tram terminus,
at three o’clock, for the purpose of exploring Belvoir Park,
permission to visit which having been very kindly granted by the
Right Hon. Sir James Johnston, J.P.

Belvoir Park was looking its best, and the weather was all
that could be desired, so that the botanical work effected was of a
high order. The Park has always been a happy hunting ground
for the Club botanists, and on this occasion it is pleasant to record
that all the plants which were known to grow in the demesne were
found in a flourishing condition. Amongst them may be noted
the Bitter-cress Cavdamine amara \, and the Greater Pond-sedge
Carex riparia Curt. Two specimens of the Bird’s-nest Orchid
Neottia Nidus-avis Rich.—a rare plant with us—were found, and
the Adder’s-tongue fera Ofphioglossum vulgatum LL. was seen in
profusion. The members greatly admired the profuse display of
blooms in the rock and winter gardens

Tea was partaken of in the open at five o’clock, after which the
election of 27 new members was proceeded with. The appreciation
of the members for the kindness of the Right Hon. Sir James
Johnston having been suitably expressed by the President (Mr.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,

150
S. A. Bennett, B.A., B.Sc.) the meeting broke up, the majority
following the Conductor on the return journey, though some

enthusiasts lingered considerably longer.

THE GOBBINS.

Date—tth June, 1921. Conductor—Dr. A. R. Dwerryhouse, D.Sc., F.G.S.
M.R.T.A. - Number present, 50.

The neighbourhood of the Gobbins is always popular with
the Club, and it was looking its best under the fascinating weather

conditions which prevailed on the above date.

At a spot half-way to the Gobbins Head the Conductor
gathered the party together and gave a clear, concise, and very
interesting description of the principal geological points of the
locality. . Fortunately the tide was low and the members were
thus able to trace the Liassic beds (covered at high water), thence:
through Greensands, Chloritic Chalk passing into true Chalk,
capped in its turn by Basalts, the latter covered by Glacial Drift
in the form of boulder clay.

Several characteristic fossils having been obtained the party
moved on to the Gobbins Head, a natural feature which gives
such a good example of the flow structure of the Basalts. Some
of the flows are almost columnar in their nature, others are
splendid examples of amygdoloidal Basalt studded on every
conceivable portion with zeolites sparkling in the sunlight. Here
and there red layers of bole show where pauses in the lava flows.
allowed sufficient time for denudation to take place.

At the business meeting held during the excursion eleven new
members were elected, this bringing the total of new members
elected since the Session opened to eighty, a number testifying to:
the continued healthy growth of the Club, the only Naturalists
Field Club in the North of Ireland.

1921-1922.}
I51

ARDGLASS.

Date—18th June, 1921. Conductor—S. A. Bennett, B.A., B.Sc.
Number present, 14.

The early start of 7-30 a.m., and high rail fare no doubt were
the causes of so small an attendance. Nine Members journeyed
down by train; one Member motored from Newtownards and
joined at Ardglass; Mr. and Mrs. W. A. Green met the party at
Ardtole Church, and at Castle Shean the party was completed
by Mr. F. J. Bigger and Mr. D. Kennedy. The weather thoughout
the day was magnificent.

The route followed was round Phennick Point to St. Patrick’s
Well. Here lunch was partaken of and the party was photographed
by Mr. T. E. Osborne and the Hon. Secretary.

On the way to the Well the geologists came across many fine
examples of vertically tilted strata of Silurian grits, the rocks
running in some places well out to sea, and giving a picture of
the terrible nature of the coast in times of storm. On the way
to the Point an interesting cave was observed, the roof formed of
calcreted glacial gravel resting on very much inclined beds of
Silurian grit.

At Chapeltown a halt was made to examine the fine Anglo-
Norman grave-slab, originally brought from Ardtole Church, and
now built into the wall of Dunsford Chapel.

Passing on, the party halted again at the “‘ Cross of Ardtole,”
a small mound resembling a grave with blocks of grit arranged
upon it in the form of the spots on a ‘five’ of a pack of cards.
Nothing is known concerning this monument.

A much longer halt was made at Ardtole Church, once the
ancient church of St. Nicholas, standing on the summit of the
commanding Hill of Ardtole. The east wall, containing a large
arched window which looks over the sea, still remains, as well as
the side walls. Here the Conductor gave an interesting account
_ of the history of the structure, and also its restoration and repair,

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,.
152
the latter a work largely due to the initiative of Mr. IF. J. Bigger,.
MRS IA,

Here Mr. and Mrs. Green joined the party and very kindly
placed their car at the disposal of the Members, taking them in
relays to Castle Shean, in Ardglass town, where Mr. Bigger had
tea ready, an attention very greatly appreciated.

Castle Shean, under the occupation of Mr. Bigger, has
become a most interesting museum of Irish ethnographical
objects, so numerous and detailed that the Members regretted
lack of time prevented full justice being done to them.

Among the more remarkable plants noticed by the botanists
during the day were the following :—Brookweed Samolus Valerandt,
L.; Sea Samphire Crithmum maritimum, L.; Vernal Squill Sezd/a
verna, Huds., in fruit; Marsh Orchid Orchts latifolia, L.; Spotted
Orchid Orchis maculata, L.; Common Centaury L£rythrea
Centaurium., Pers., both pink and white, etc.

DOWNPATERICK,

Date—2nd July, 1921. Conductor—S. A. Bennett, B.A., B.Sc.
Number present, 54.

The party started promptly at ro-30 a.m. in two motor char-
abancs, going directly from the Museum, College Square North,
to Inch Abbey via Saintfield and Crossgar.

Lunch was taken immediately on reaching the Abbey, after
which the President (who was acting as Conductor) gave a short
and very interesting account of the history of the picturesque ruins,
The Abbey was founded by Sir John De Courcey, three years
after his arrival at Downpatrick from Dublin, for monks of the
Cistercian order, the date of dedication being 3rd June, 1180.

The church of the Abbey is cruciform and has been recently
restored by the Irish Board of Works. At the east end of the
church are three beautiful lancet windows of early English design
the most picturesque features of the ruins. The church was 170
ft. long with nave and aisles, and side chapels on the eastern sides.

1921-1922.]
BGS

of the transepts. Adjoining the church on the south side were
the sacristry, chapter house, monks’ day rooms, kitchen and
refectory. The extent of the remains of these buildings shows
that the Abbey was a place of very considerable importance in
medizeval times. The architectural glories of the Abbey are
faintly revealed by the scanty remains of the groined vaulting of
the chapels and the bases of the pillars in the nave.

This was not the first church to be built on the site, an
ancient church, beside which the abbey was erected, standing until
recently in the middle of the adjoining cemetery. It has, however,
been destroyed, nothing now remaining of it.

From Inch Abbey the party drove to Raholp, via Quoile
Castle, in order to visit the little church standing on a low mound,
apparently originally a rath, about too yards off the road. Here
the Members were met by Mr. F. J. Bigger, M.R.I.A., who rapidly
sketched the history of the building.. Founded by St. Patrick,
this venerable edifice is constructed of rough stones cemented
with yellow clay instead of mortar. It measures about 33ft. x 21 ft.
and has recently been very carefully restored by Mr. Bigger, largely
at his own initiative and cost.

The next halt was at Lough Money Cromleac, a structure
which differs from the type, inasmuch as the capstone rests on two
stones only, which stand parallel on edge. The capstone is 12 ft.
by 5 ft., and both it and the supports are rough blocks of Silurian
grit.

From hence the motors took the Members to Ballyalton stone
circle, a much ruined monument. Only about a quarter of the
circle now remains, this consisting ot upright slabs of grit, with an
odd stone here and there to mark the positions of the rest.

From Ballyalton the Members were driven rapidly into
Downpatrick and to the Cathedral, where the courteous verger
(Mr. M‘Wilhams) was in readiness, who took charge of the party
and acted as a very efficient guide.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.;
154

Tea was served at Denvir’s Hotel, English Street, promptly at
5-45 p.m., after which, at the business meeting following, the
President made feeling reference to the great loss the Club had
sustained in the recent decease of Mr. W. J. C. Tomlinson, a
Member of twenty years’ standing and a botanist of great repute.
The President proposed that a vote of condolence be forwarded ta
the late Mr. Tomlinson’s family. This was seconded by Mr. N.
Carrothers and passed in silence, the Members standing.

After three Senior Members and one Junior Member had
been elected the meeting terminated.

At 7 p.m. the cars were mounted again for the last time, and
the return journey began, the route going through Killyleagh and
Comber, Belfast being reached about 8-30 p m., when the Members
dispersed in various directions, all agreeing that the [-xcursion had
been one of the most successful in the Club’s history.

GALGORM CASTLE, BALLYMENA.

Date—30th July, 1921. Conductor—Rev. W. R. Megaw, B.A.
Number present, 5%).

This excursion would have been more enjoyable under better
weather conditions which, though warm, were dull, with very heavy
rain shortly after leaving Antrim. This continued without
intermission all the way to Galgorm and back to Antrim, with
another heavy shower when leaving the Round Tower. After
that the weather was very bright, sunny and clear.

The party started from the Museum, College Square North,
in two motor charabancs promptly at 10-30 a.m., journeying to
Galgorm Castle via Lisburn, Glenavy, Antrim and Ballymena.
On arriving at Galgorm the members found that, through the very
thoughtful kindness of Mr. A. Raphael, the Girls’ School Buildings
had been thrown open, a bright fire lighted, and every preparation
made for the comfort of the large party. Here lunch was taken,
after which a short business meeting was held at which nine
new members were elected, and the President (Mr. S. A. Bennett,

1921-1922. }
155

B.A., B.Sc.) informally voiced the appreciation of the members of
the kindness of the Rt. Hon. W. R. Young, D.L., in allowing the
‘Club to visit the Castle and Demesne. Subsequently Mr. Young
sent a message in which he expressed his regret that he was not
able, owing to the state of his health, to meet the members
personally.

Before leaving the School Buildings the Vice-President
(Rev. W. R. Megaw, B.A.), who was acting as Conductor, gave a
‘short account of the somewhat nebulous history of Galgorm Castle.

The torrential rain cut short the visit to the Castle and the
party was soon on board the charabancs again, en route for
Antrim. Here tea was served in Hall’s Hotel, High Street,
“promptly at 5-30 p.m., the comiortable meal and large fires
proving very acceptable to all the party.

After tea the members visited the Round Tower, (by kind
permission of Miss Clarke), and here the Rev. W. A. Adams, B.A.,
gave a short sketch on the subject of Round Towers in general
and the Antrim Round Tower in particular, speaking in his usual
happy manner.

After the party had been photographed by Mr. W. A. Green,
(during an obliging glint of sunshine, as the members were about
‘the Tower), the charabancs were mounted again, the party

leaving Antrim promptly at 7 p.m., reaching Belfast without
further delay at about 8 o’clock.

WOODBURN GLEN.

This excursion arranged for Saturday, 13th August, 1921,
had to be abandoned owing to the Glen being in the possession
-of the Military.

MONLOUGH.
Date—27th August, 1921. Conductor—A. M‘I. Cleland. Number present, 39.

The party left the Museum, College Square North, promptly
-at 2 p.m., and in fine weather, and thus were able to thoroughly

[Proc: BENG Gr,
156
enjoy the beautiful drive to Carryduff, this part of the journey
being made by motor charabanc.

On reaching the side of the lake the botanists dispersed on
their various quests, meeting with a considerable amount of
success, the following among other plants being noted :—Bur-
Marigold Bidens cernua L.; Sneeze-wort Achillea Plarmica, L;
Bur-reed, Sparganitum ramosum Wuds.; a solitary flowering
specimen of the Buck-bean Mexyanthes trifoliata, L. ; Horse Mint
Mentha silvestris, L. ; Hairy Mint Mentha hirsuta, L.. ; Water Mint
Mentha aquatica, L. ; Whorled Mint Mentha sativa L. ; Field Mint
Mentha arvensis, L..; Marsh Cud-weed Gzuaphalium uliginosum,
L.; Common Hemp Nettle Galeopsts tetrahit, L.

The party reached the house of Mr. M‘Williams at the foot
of the lake about 4-30 p.m., glad to take shelter there from the
persistent rain which was first met with on arriving at the lake
side. Mr. M‘Williams and family had made every arrangement
for their comfort, large fires having been lighted in two rooms,
with a plentiful supply of hot-water just on the boil. Tea was
quickly prepared, of which the Members were greatly in need,
everyone being most appreciative of the kindness and attention
extended to them.

At the business meeting following tea six senior Members
were elected. Reference was also made to the recent loss the
Club had sustained in the deaths of Mr. Joseph Galloway, a
Member for 30 years, and Mr. Burton Sefton, a Member for 18
years.

The route to Ballygowan was resumed about 5-30 p.m., the
programme being somewhat altered on account of the heavy rain,
and in due time the Members reached town again none the worse
for the inclement weather.

THEVENOCKAGH.

Date—10th September, 1921. Conductor—T. Edens Osborne.
Number present, 48.

This, the eighth excursion of the Summer Session of the

1921-1922 |

Wey,
Club, was attended by forty-eight members, who entrained for
Greenisland at 2-15 p.m., a substantial reduction in railway fares
most generously conceded by the management of the Midland
Railway (N.C.C.) being much appreciated by all.

The approach to the Knockagh (the ancient name of which
was “‘ Knocksciagh,” z.¢., ‘‘The Hill of the White Thorn,’’) was
over a portion of the links of the Greenisland Golf Club, thence
by easily negotiated paths to the base of the mountain. Here the
party halted to give the Conductor an opportunity of outlining
the programme.

Arrived at the hill Mr. R. Bell, H.M.Min.S., gave a short
instructive address on the geology of the hill and district, in which
he pointed out the irregularity of the basaltic strata, massive basalt
being superimposed upon friable amygdaloidal basalt, which rests

on another stratum of massive basalt, underneath which appears
the chalk.

Although somewhat late in the season for a display of blooms,
the botanists of the party found the flora of the hill most interesting.
Among the specimens observed were the Wood Vetch Vica
sylvatica, L. ; Spindle Tree Zuonymus europaeus, L. ; Bell Heather
Lrica cinerea, L., still beautiful in its profusion of pink bells ;
Golden Rod Solidago Virgaurea, L.; Common Agrimony
Asrimcnia Eupatoria, L.;Common Hemlock Contum maculatum ;
«ec.

From the summit of the hill, 903 feet above sea level, a
magnificent bird’s-eye view was obtained of Belfast Lough, its
shores and surrounding hills, the Mourne Mountains and coast of
Scotland. After tea a brief business meeting was held, at which,
in the absence of the President (Mr. S. A. Bennett, B.A., B.Sc.),
the chair was occupied by Mr. F-. Adens Heron, J.P., who suitably
expressed the thanks of the Club to the Greenisland Golf Club
for permitting the party to pass over a portion of their links ev
route. ‘The election of seven new members, who were proposed

[Proc. B.N.F.C,
158
by the Hon. Treasurer and seconded by Mr. R. Bell, H.M.Min.S.,
terminated the proceedings, after which a start was made for
Greenisland Station.

Although the weather conditions were by no means ideal, all
the members were delighted with the outing. Evidently each one-
present had adopted the Rotarian motto: ‘Service, not Self,”
which created the same esprit de corps that has hitherto contributed
so much to the success of the Club’s summer excursions.

DROMORE.

Date—24th Sept., 1921. Conductor—Rev. Canon W. P. Carmody, M.A.
Number present, 47.

The ninth and concluding excursion of the Summer Session,
was attended with magnificent weather.

The party journeyed to Dromore in reserved compartments
by the 12-50 p.m. train. Some Members joined at Lisburn, others
came by a later train, others, again, motored out. All, however,
met in the Cathedral at Dromore, where they were welcomed by
the Rector of Dromore (Rev. Canon J. W. Cooke) who gave a
most interesting address on the history of the Cathedral from the
time of St. Colman, early in the 6th century, down to the present
day. St. Colman’s “Pillow,” an oval shaped block of stone
bearing a beautifully incised cross in low relief, is now enshrined
in the Cathedral wall between the vestry and the chancel, a greatly
valued relic, with which the name of the late Canon H. W. Lett,
M.A., M.R.I.A., is inseparably associated. The Dromore Bible,
printed in 1613, another valued relic, was also shown, having
recently come into the possession of the Cathedral authorities after
an absence of 300 years. One cannot think of Dromore without
associating it with the name of Bishop Jeremy Taylor (1613-67),
whose name is perpetuated in the very handsome and valuable
silver communion service, the gift to the Cathedral of Jeremy
Taylor’s wife. Another eminent divine of Dromore was Bishop-
Thomas Percy (1728-1811), the friend of Johnson, Goldsmith and

1921-1922. ]
39

other distinguished contemporaries, and the author of ‘“ Reliques.
of Ancient English Poetry.” His vestments, very carefully
preserved, were shown to the Members, with many other relics of
which the Cathedral is justly proud, including the recently erected.
War Memorial Window whose chaste design cannot fail to please
all'visitors, _

The next halt was at the restcred Cross erected on the
abutment of the bridge over the Lagan. This memorial is
mentioned as standing in the reign of James I., and still bears
traces of very beautiful Celtic interlaced ornament. After many
vicissitudes it was finally re-erected on its present site by the
exertions of the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club.

The Club was also responsible for the re-erection in the
Market Place of the old Town Stocks, the next object visited.
The Stocks having been opened the Hon. Secretary allowed
himself to be incarcerated therein, this being considered the

appropriate moment for a photograph.

Passing the old Castle, said to have been built about 1607,
the party proceeded to the great Mount of Dromore, where the
Conductor gave a very interesting address on raths and earth
mounds. ‘This fine specimen of a rath is nearly 600 feet in
circumference, 60 feet in height, with a diameter at the summit of
55 feet. It is surrounded by a rampart or battlement. The
trench has two branches, embracing a rectangular fort of lower
elevation, 100 feet in diameter. The Mount must have been in
early times a place of greatimportance. The name of the townland
on which it stands—Ballymaganlis (Baile-na-ceann-lios)—means.
“The Place of the Chief Rath.” Twenty minor forts or mounts
in two half-moon shaped lines, still exist and surround it.

The view from the Mount was superb: the placidly flowing
Lagan in the immediate foreground at the foot of the rath, in the
middle distance the swelling rise of Slieve Croob, flecked with
hight and shade, and backed by the blue-grey broken outlines of the

[Proc BAsk:@):
160

Mourne Mountains. These made a picture not easily to be
surpassed, showing Co. Down at its very best.

From the Mount an adjournment was made to the Church
School House, where, through the kindness of Canon Cooke, a
plentiful supply of hot water was ready for tea-making, so that the
members were soon sitting down to a much needed meal.

At the usual business meeting following tea, one Junior
and nine Senior Members were elected. The President (Mr. S. A.
Bennett, B.A., B.Sc.) having suitably voiced the appreciation of
the Members for the kindness shown by Canon Cooke, and having
outlined the programme of the forthcoming Winter Session, the
proceedings terminated, the Members returning to Belfast by the
6 p.m. train.

1921-1922. }
L161

Winter Session.

Notr.—TZhe authors of the various Papers of which abstracts are given,
are solely responsible for the views expressed therein.

THE COMBER ESTUARY.

The first ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was held
in the Museum, College Square N., on Tuesday, 25th October,
when the President (Mr. S. A. Bennett, B.A., B.Sc.) gave his
inaugural address, taking for his subject “‘ The Comber Estuary,”
a district which has been often visited by the Club.

The President began by asking, in the first place, to be
permitted to return his thanks to the Club for the honour con-
ferred upon him in electing him to the Presidential Chair for the
second year in succession.

He said—lI appreciate the compliment all the more as my
term of office has been rendered memorable in the annals of the
Club by reason of the historic visit of their Majesties the King and
(Queen to Belfast, on June 22nd of this year, an event which afforded
us the welcome opportunity of presenting a loyal and dutiful
address to the Throne.

Furthermore, the Club seems to be entering on a period of
increasing activity—a very pleasing sign of the times.

During the years of the war the work of the Club has been
carried on with considerable difficulty, but now that those lean years
have passed we may with confidence look forward to a brighter
future. The financial difficulties, of which I spoke at some length
in my last address, seem in a fair way to disappear under the
magic wand of our Honorary Treasurer, to whose efforts the

[Eroc, BAN sh c.,
162

notable increase of membership which has taken place during
my term of office is mainly due. With this increase in our
numbers, with better travelling facilities and with the livelier
interest in Field Club work displayed by the community at large,
our prospects are bright indeed.

Political changes, with which we as a Club have no concern,
have made us the only Field Club in the country, and the time
seems opportune for enlarging the scope of our activities. I
would like to see the whole of Ulster regarded as the particular
province of the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club. Looking back
for a moment we can congratulate ourselves on a successful
Summer Session. The Committee arranged eight excursions
during the past summer months, and an average attendance of 45
Members showed how thoroughly their efforts were appreciated.
There was always a considerable proportion of members who took
a general rather thana special interest in Field Club matters ; new
Members were always coming in, though not always in such numbers
as have recently been welcomed to our circle, and such Members
may be to a large extent unaware of what the Club, has achieved in
the past, where its interests lie in the present, and what constitutes
the ideal at which it.aims for the future.

With a view to stimulating a more lively interest in snch
Field Club topics as outlined, the Committee have set aside an
evening of the Winter Session for a discussion on the scope and
aims of the Club, at which meeting I will submit my report as
Delegate to the recent meeting of the British Association in
Edinburgh.

Such an opportunity for an exchange of views on such a
subject would open out new lines of activity for the Club,
and thus help to make the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club
even more successful in the future than it has been in the past.

The President then proceeded with his address, and stated
that the area of the Comber Estuary is entirely covered by glacial

1921-1922 |

nO
gravel deposited in late glacial times. This spreads out from
Comber covering an area of about two square miles, mostly on
the N. side of the estuary of the present river.

It represents the delta at the mouth of an overflow channel
from the old glacial ‘‘Lake Belfast” of the Geological Survey
Memoir—and is to be correlated in time with the Lisburn Eskesr,
the Malone sands and clays, and the ‘“‘dry gap” of Holywood.
Haw Hill and Island Hill are to be regarded as the summits or
“ drumlins ” of the earlier typical boulder clay of the district pro-
truding through this later glacial deposit which is banked up
against their sides.

Narrowing the investigation to the area lying between the
levels of the highest and lowest tides he traced the effect of
estuarine conditions on the vegetation of that limited area—which
is occupied by typical Salt Marsh vegetation.

The Salt Marsh plants, owing to the conditions of life under
which they exist, exhibit a desert faczees—and adaptations to these
conditions profoundly modify the Root and Leaf Systems of the:

plants.

The pioneer plant in the Comber Estuary is the Glasswort
(Saficornia) of which two species were described. As the level of
the land rises other plants make their appearance, notably the
grasses Scler-chloa maritima Huds., and Festuca rubra L., which
together form a compact sward in which many of our most beautiful
seaside plants find a congenial home. }

A short account was given of the formation of a salt marsh

with its accompanying drainage channels and ‘“ Saltpans.”

The /éstuca meadow, in the Comber Estuary, is replaced at
higher levels by closed associations of Juncus maritimus, Sm., or
Scirpus marttimus, L. Where the water becomes fresher owing to
drainage from the glacial gravels by which the estuary is surrounded
the Reed grass Avundo Phragmites, L. makes its appearance.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
164
The lecture closed with a comparison of the Comber Salt Marsh
with other salt marshes in the N.-E. of Ireland.
The lecture was very well illustrated by a series of lantern
slides, maps, and specimens of the plants discussed.

After a few remarks by the Hon. Secretary (Mr. A. M‘I. Cleland),
Mr. J. A. S. Stendall, M.B.O.U., and the Rev. W. R. Megaw, B.A.,
the proceedings terminated with the election of twelve new
members.

THE ART OF CBURIAL.

The second ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was held
in the Museum, College Square N., on Tuesday, 15th November,
when Mr. C. Bulla gave a lecture on the above subject, the chair
being occupied by the President (Mr. S. A. Bennett, B.A., B.Sc.)

For the first four centuries of the Christian era (Mr. Bulla
said), the Christians of Rome had interred their dead in the
Catacombs, a series of subterranean excavations, consisting of
long horizontal passages, with recesses on either side, arranged in
tiers for the reception of the bodies, closed in by slabs bearing
inscribed memorials and emblems of the faith. During the
persecution of the second century the Catacombs were used as
places of assembly for worship, and the association of the Church
and the Cemetery thus established has continued ever since. It
was in the ninth century that formal consecration of Churchyards
became customary.

In Egypt and perhaps in Palestine the Christian church
inherited the practice of embalming, to which there is frequent
reference in the Scriptures. The Israelites learned the art from
the Egyptians. The soil and climate of Egypt seem to have
afforded facilities for embalming, unmatched in any other part of
the world.

The notion that the dead may require the things they had
needed in life has also preserved for the world of to-day many

1921-1922. ]

165
relics of the customs of past ages, but to go into this would
provide material for a life time’s study in Egyptology alone.

Geology is our hand-maid in tracing the burial customs of
ancient man, and the early race of the Neanderthals first attracts
- attention. From investigation in the valley lands of the Rhine,
Seine, and other parts of France they were big men with low,
receding brows, skulls somewhat pointed behind; evidently
savages contemporary with the great extinct quadrupeds. In
strong contrast to these we have the Cro-Magnon race, of good
stature, of handsome and intellectua] appearance who inhabited
South-west France, the valley of the Meuse, and Italy. They
existed long after the Neanderthals, for at least in the fourth of
the progressive stages of their history, all the great mammals had
disappeared, except the mammoth and rhinoceros, while the
reindeer browsed peacefully in the still cold European wilds.

Belgium furnishes us with the remains of the third group of
human beings—a small squat race, quite like the modern Lapps,
known as the “ Furfooz”’ race.

Of all these early races one broad statement may be made:
they all practised burial of the dead, in many cases with con-
spicuous care and the accompaniment of respect and veneration,
and no trace of cremation appears.

A great gap separates the period described from the Neolithic
or Polished Stone age. Changes of surface may be noticed, the
sea which covered the modern Netherlands left the country
almost as we find it. The race of men occupying Europe had
attained a higher level of culture, used finer implements, but
still of stone, and practiced agriculture and other arts of life.

We may assume that the Neolithic was almost a “golden
of progress—it saw tbe birth of the epoch of the great
buildings which were erected, from India across North Africa, and
up the western side of Europe. Dolmens, Cromlechs, Menhirs,
Barrows or mounds, which we find in wonderful preservation in
North America, Scandinavia, France, England, Holland, and

”

age

[Proc. BINAVG,
166

Ireland. ‘These were all funeral monuments; vast graves, some
still enclosing skeletons—the burial mound of Karby, in
Gothland, contains eighty. The bodies buried in these structures
are very often surrounded with a great variety and number of
weapons, ornaments, trinkets, and amulets. All the interments
point to universal inhumation, but we are gradually approaching
the time when cremation was introduced—tentatively at first —for
cremated and inhumated bodies have been found in the one grave.

A debt of gratitude is owing to the brothers Siret of Antwerp,
whose explorations in the south of Spain were of great extent. It
was a strange transition time from Neolithic to a metal period,
which yielded them many hundreds of silver and other objects,

It would seem that with the introduction of bronze first
comes evidence of cremation, though in fifteen’ villages, with
1,302 burial places, no cremations were found-—the men of the
sub-period had returned to the primzval custom of inhumation,
the graves of very many being found beneath the floors. of the
dwellings. In four-fifths of the cases the bodies were found in a
crouching, knee to chin, attitude, packed in large earthen jars,
sometimes with a sealed cover ; sometimes two jars placed mouth
to mouth, and often two bodies, one of each sex, in the same jar.
With the bodies were often found bones of oxen, copper axes,
and quantities of trinkets of silver.

All evidence leads us to assume that cremation came in with
the race of the great stone builders. Who were they? Whence came
they? Travelling ever westward—their structures may be seen in
the Crimea, Southern Russia, Spain, France, Germany, Holland,
Denmark, Sweden, England and Ireland, and another life wave
left other evidences in North Africa, Palestine, and even India.
Drs. Bawens, Fergusson, Hamard and De Estienne consider this
race to have been the Kelts, or at least Aryan or Indo-Germanic.
Bawens states definitely: ‘‘The Aryans were the originators of
cremation ; all nations of Aryan origin made use of the funeral
pyre. Non-Aryan races, with the exception of perhaps the
Japanese, were strangers to the idea of cremation.”

1921-1922. ]
167

* * * * * * * * * * *

The grand national monuments of the Boyne Valley, five
miles west of Drogheda, and thence extending about three miles
along the north bank of the river, have been identified as the
Brugh-na-Boinne of the monuments particularly described in the
“Senchas na Relec,” or History of the Cemeteries, preserved in
the ‘‘Leabhar na-h-Uidri,” and the ‘“‘ Dindsenchus ” of the Book of
Ballymote.

The lecture was well illustrated by a very fine series of lantern
jews, sketches and diagrams.

After a few remarks by the President, the Hon. Secretary
(Mr, A. M‘I. Cleland) and Rev. Canon W. P. Carmody, the
proceedings closed with the election of thirteen new members.

THE CLUB’S. ACTIVITIES.

The first Sectiédnal meeting of the Club was held in the
Museum, College Square North, on Tuesday, 29th November,
when the President (Mr. S. A. Bennett, B.A., B.Sc.) read his
report as Delegate to the British Association meetings in Edinburgh.
Following this a series of very suggestive short papers or addresses
was given on various activities of the Club, the writers or
speakers indicating how best these activities could be carried on.

REPORT OF DELEGATE TO CORRESPONDING
SOCIETIES’ CONFERENCE OF BRITISH ASSOCIATION
FOR iE YEAR 1921:

The meetings of the British Association took place this year
at Edinburgh, and there were two meetings of the Conference of
Delegates under the Presidency of Sir Richard Gregory—the
distinguished Editor of /Va¢uve, the first meeting being held on
Thursday, 8th September.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
168

The subject of the Presidential address was ‘‘The Message
of Science,” in which Sir Richard Gregory emphasised the point
that the main duty of Scientists was the creation of new knowledge
for the world to use, the use to which the knowledge would be put
would depend not on the Scientists as such, but on the moral
sense of the community.

Speaking of the duties and functions of local Scientific
Societies he appealed to the Conference of Delegates to do what
they could through their own Society to disabuse the public mind
of the idea that Science stands for nothing but gross materialism,
an obligation to the community which I am glad to say the
Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club has always recognised. He pleaded
for a closer relationship between the local Scientific Society and
the community at large, and urged all local public authorities to take
the opinion of their local Scientific Society as a matter of course, on
all questions which fall naturally within the province of that
Society.

I am afraid that in Belfast we are very far at present from
this Utopian state !

At this meeting a resolution was passed urging the Council
of the British Association to consider the question of reducing
the cost of publishing Scientific Proceedings, either by grants in aid
or in some other way.

The second meeting took place on Tuesday, 13th September,
Sir Richard Gregory again in the chair, at which the subject of
“Regional Surveys” was discussed, the speakers being Professor
Patrick Geddes and Mrs. Frazer Davis.

The systematic study of a definite region from every point
of view is work for which a Naturalists’ Field Club is peculiarly
fitted, and your representative fondly hoped that he would gather
many new ideas on methods of work and presentation of results
which would prove of interest to Club Members. Unfortunately
this was not the case, the discussion revolving round the evolution
of man and his works in relation to his environment, and regional

1921-1922.
169

survey work was regarded merely as a means of improving the
modern method—or lack of method—of town-planning. The
exhibition of Regional Survey Maps was interesting and instructive,
not as showing what to do and how to do it, but mainly as an
example of what to avoid in making a Regional Survey of a district.
Some of the efforts were in all senses of the word puerile, and
some were not worth the making, simply because their contents
could be read off the Ordnance Survey map of the district with
the expenditure of very little time and thought.

There were, however, two exceptions to this in the maps of
the South Wales coalfield area, compiled by the Ministry of Health
with the direct object of supplying the government with
information ; and a magnificent series of photographs of objects of
local interest—each carrying a label which ensured complete
identification—submitted by the North Staffs. Field Club, a society
with which we exchange Proceedings. No maps were sent with
this exhibit, but the series was of outstanding merit and suggests
a line of future activity for our Club. At this meeting it was sug.
gested that representatives should inform their respective societies
that in future it is likely that each local society sending a delegate
to the Conference will be called on to pay the usual membership
fee to the British Association instead of exercising this privilege
gratis, as at present. Your representative was asked to obtain an
opinion on this point before next year’s meeting at Hull.

(Staned) ~S) A-BENNETT, BAv Bisse
PRESIDENT

Mr. N. H. Foster, M.R.1.A., F.L.S., M.B.O.U., wrote as
follows on the subject of

ZOOLOGY.

Our President requests me to contribute a note towards this
evening’s proceedings, and my remarks wlll be confined to the
domain of Zoology. ‘Io my mind Field Club workers should

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
170

devote their attention to the detailed distribution of our local
fauna and its record. For this purpose it is necessary that the
worker be more or less adept in the identification of the group or
groups of animals, and it may be well to emphasise that a record
based on faulty identification is absolutely useless, nay, even mis-
leading and hurtful. In cases where the slightest doubt may
exist it 1s essential to have the animal examined by an expert
before recording its presence.

For Field Club purposes I am of opinion that marine Zoology
may be ruled out, and that studies should be confined to those
organisms which live on land or in fresh water. In our district
the Vertebrate animals are fairly well known—particularly in the
case of birds—but even here new discoveries await the worker.
Within the past few years the Tree-sparrow, Scoter, and Fulmar
have been added to the list of birds breeding in Ulster, and if I
might prophesy I would hazard the opinion that the Widgeon and
Little Tern will be found breeding in Co. Antrim. Again, the
Black-necked Grebe is rapidly spreading its breeding range in the
British Islands, and its nesting has been discovered in several
Irish localities within the past few years. So far as I know
none have been found in Ulster, which contains many lakes.
adapted to this bird’s requirements, and which are utilised by its
relatives the Great-crested and Little Grebes.

As regards the study of Invertebrate animals there is a vast
field for exploration, In our district the distribution of the Land
and Freshwater Molluscs, Terrestrial and Freshwater Crustaceans.
(Amphipods and Isopods) and Myriapods have received consider-
able attention, and although, doubtless, some further details may
be forthcoming, in the main these groups may be considered as
fairly worked out. Some of our members have from time to time
dabbled among tbe Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths), Coleop-
tera (Beet'es), Spiders and False Scorpions, but ia these groups
for the most part there is plenty of room for good systematic
workers. Outside the afore-mentioned there is practically virgin

1921-1922. ]
171

ground for work. Numerous Orders of the Class Insecta have
been totally neglected, and whilst it must be admitted that great
difficulty exists regarding the necessary literature requisite for the
study of some of them, in the case of the Ants this is not so.
This group I would recommend to some energetic worker. It is
not overwhelmingly difficult, and in Donisthorpe’s book, “ British
Ants,” should be found enough information to enable one to do
good and useful work.

For about thirty years the Jrish Naturalist, a monthly
journal, has provided Nature History workers with masses of
information. Owing to paucity of support it is feared that its
issue must be suspended if many new subscribers be not forth-
coming. I think I am correct in stating that not more than about
half-a-dozen of our members (and of these about half are resident
outside Ulster) give it their support. Notwithstanding the recent
influx of new members this index of the Club’s vitality seems to
point to a very low ebb, and I would appeal to members for
Support in this matter.

It is highly improbable that any one of us is destined to rear
a great biological edifice, but each one can gather sufficient clay
to make a brick which, who can tell, the future Darwin may find
an indispensable unit for the construction of his temple.

(Signed) NEVIN H. FOSTER,
MOR As Holas.pei. ib On.

Mr. R. Bell, H.M.Min.S., gave the following short address on

GEOLOGY.

Probably no district of such limited extent in the thres
kingdoms exhibits so many formations worthy of the attention of
jhe Geological student as the hills in the vicinity of Belfast. It
may be said, with almost equal truth, that no district receives less
attention at the present day. ‘This in spite of the fact that almost

[Proc, BNE),
72
all the beds which the ranges of hills exhibit on their slopes yield
fossils and minerals, and that excellent sections are available to
everybody.

It must not be supposed, from the comparative neglect of an
interesting district, that previous observers have so exhausted the
subject that there remain no attractions to the original worker. In
spite of the careful observations of the past, unrecorded minerals
and new fossil sections are not difficult to discover, and those who
know the district best still look upon it as a promising field for
further work.

The Secondary rocks of this district have been the subject of
many elaborate reports. Major-General J. E. Portlock, of the
Royal Engineers, when conducting the Geological branch of the
Ordnance Survey of Ireland, gave a summary of all that was then
known and added the result of his own observations in his “ Report
on the Geology of the Co. of Londonderry, &c.,” published in 1843.

Since then occasional papers have been published by others
interested in the science, the most valuable being those of that
distinguished scientist, the late Professor Ralph Tate, F.G.S., the
founder of the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club.

Professor Tate contributed to the Quarterly Fournal of the
Geological Society, 11 1864, an elaborate paper ‘‘ On the correlation
of the Cretaceous formations of N.E. of Ireland,” with list of
fossils found therein, figuring some of the new species. Then he
investigated the Liassic rocks of Antrim and Derry, his work on
this subject, communicated to the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club,
and pub’‘shed in the Proceedings for 1870, still remaining the
best record of these rocks.

Further contributions to our knowledge of our secondary
rocks have been made by the distinguished Irench geologist,
Mons. C. Barrois, who, in 1876, published a monograph on the
‘Upper Cretaceous Rocks of Antrim and Derry. The same rocks
wers also investigated in the year 1877, by a member of the
Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club, the late Mr. William Gault, who

1921-1922. ]

173
was well known as an ardent field geologist. Reference may
also be made to the systematic lists published by the Belfast
Naturalists’ Field Club of the records of the early researches of
Messrs. J. Wright, F.G.S., S. A. Stewart, A.L.S., F.B.S.E., and
Wm. Swanston, F.G.S.

More recently an exhaustive study of the Cretaceous strata
of Co. Antrim has been made by Dr. F. W. Hume, who, in 1897,
published a paper on the subject in the Quarterly Journal of the
Geological Society. The researches made by Dr. Hume mark the
beginning of a new epoch in the science of Cretaceous rocks.

The new map and the new memoir of the Geological Survey,
published in 1904 by the Government Surveyors, under the
direction of Mr. G. W. Lamplugh, F.G.S., are of immense value
to the field geologists. The memoir is trustworthy in its infor-
mation and is rendered doubly serviceable in its new form by its
reference to the work done by the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club,
whose Geological Section, started in the year 1895, has made many
investigations in the N.-E. corner.

Fully twenty years have elapsed since a circular was sent to
the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club by Professor Kendall, Secretary
to the British Association Erratic Block Committee, requesting
the Club to co-operate by examining the Glacial deposits of this
district. A ready response was at once made by the Club, and
a collection of Irish rocks commenced, in order to assist in the
indentification of the parent localities from which the erratics might
have travelled, specimens of Scottish rocks likely to be met with
being presented by Professor Kendall. A room was acquired at
the Museum where meetings could be held and the collection of
erratics and implements stored. The patient accumulation of a
multitude of details on many points was willingly undertaken by
many members of the Club, as well as by the little group specially
appointed. Erratics from outlying districts were received from
time to time, invaluable assistance being also given by the late
Mr. S. A. Stewart, A.L.S., F.B.S.E., and Mr. Joseph Wright,

[Proc. B.N.E.C.,
174

F.G.S., whose works on the Molluscs and Foraminifera of our
Boulder Clays rank amongst the classics of British Glacial liter-
ature. Madame Christen contributed a summary of recent Glacial
investigations by the Geological Section, which was published in
the Club’s Proceedings for 1905-6. Mention must also be made
of the late Miss M. K. Andrews, whose patient and long per-
severing zeal is well known to the Members of the Club, as is also
the work she accomplished in Glacial Geo'ogy.

As a result of the above efforts many Field Club excursions
took place, and meetings were held where papers were read and
specimens examined. We have now over 200 different erratics
in our Club collection, a good many of which are undoubtedly
Scottish in their origin.

I would like to bring before new Members some of the finds
I have made since the Geological Section started.

In the year 1902 I discovered in Sluggan Bog a jelly like
mass which puzzled me. It was sent to Mr. Richard Moss, of
Dublin, who determined it to be “ Dopplerite.” This mineral
was new to the British Isles, and was named ‘‘ Dopplerite” after
‘Herr Doppler who first discovered it in Germany. It was
honoured by being described in a paper by Mr. Moss which he
read before the Royal Dublin Society in 1903.

In the year 1908 my attention was drawn by Mr. W. H.
Wickes of Bristol to the occurrence of the mineral named
“‘ Beekite” on certain fossils which the latter had discovered in
the south of England. On examining my own collection of
local fossils I was agreeably surprised to find on several of my
specimens a development of this mineral, especially on Hxogvra
coiumba (Lam.), which is an oyster found in the Chloritic Sands
of the Upper Cretaceous.

In rg09 I discovered at Cat-Cairn, Ligoniel, another minera
new to Ireland, a rhyolite named ‘“Gyrolite.” It formed the
subject of a paper by Mr. F. N. Ashcroft, which he read at
the Mineralogical Society and published in the J?:neralogical
Magazine.

1921-1922. ]
175

I also discovered in the Basalt of Killyleagh a mineral
named ‘‘Phacolite.” This mineral was also brought before the
Mineralogical Society and is new to Ireland.

In July of this year (1921) I discovered in the Lignite
deposits of Lough Neagh a trunk of lignite partly silicified. This
is the first time it has been seen since 1751, when it was found
by G. D. Barton, and described in his famous lecture on the
‘* Petrifactions, Gems, and Crystals of Lough Neagh.”

This discovery proves that the silicified wood that we find
round Lough Neagh’s banks comes from the Lignite beds.

Mr. W. A. Green read the following interesting address on
the claims of

PHOLrOGRAPHY AS.AN AID TO NATURE STUDY.

There are many members in the Club,-who, like myself, have
never devoted themselves to research work on strictly scientific
lines, either from want of sufficient time or from want of knowledge,
but who, from the love of Nature and her works, are keenly
interested in all branches of Natural History study and whose
privilege it is from time to time to add valuable items of
information to those who not only study themselves, but record
and tabulate for the use of future students such information as
they acquire themselves or that may be brought to their notice.

Therefore I hold that, ina Club such as ours, every individual
has a place, and that we can all contribute our quota to the general
knowledge.

Now that the war is over, and that we are once more at
liberty to use our cameras, it struck me that here was a way in
which many of us could obtain valuable records for future
reference. I am quite well aware that our good friend Mr. Welch
has set us a standard which none of us are likely to attain, both in
the unapproachable excellence of his work and the untiring
pertinacity with which he sought out and recorded everything

fProc. B.N.F.C.,
170

which he considered might benefit the Club’s work, now or in the
future, and I most sincerely regret that he has so completely
withdrawn himself from scientific work. We miss his kindly face
among us in our meetings and excursions, and I for one would
welcome the time when he would once more associate himself with
us.

But to come to a concrete suggestion. Iam quite aware that
there are a number of albums belonging to the Club in which
photographs of the places of interest visited on excursions were
placed. These were sometimes on view at the conversaziones and
contain most excellent views, taken and contributed by Members.
of the Club.

Now I should like to see this revived, but in a slightly
different way. I would suggest :—one album for Botany, one for
Geology, one for Zoology, and one for Archzeology.

It is a pity to clear out the rare plants in a district, but
photographs, with full particulars and name of donor, would form
a lasting record, and besides, the very act of photographing them
gives One a most intimate knowledge of the conditions under
which the plant lives and its surroundings, a knowledge not always
obtained by merely pulling and pressing them. Then again—in
Zoology say—there is a wide field for photography, in the habitats
of various creatures, and also a knowledge to be gained incidentally
of their economic values. For example, my boy and I went to the
Ballinderry river in Co. Derry a couple of months ago, where, as
we understood, the pearl mussel could be obtained. We spent
two days about the river, and were initiated into the mysteries of
mussel fishing by the people of the district. We photographed
men on the river fishing for them and saw the flat bottomed boats
used by the pearl hunters.

Some years ago I happened to be in the Toome district,
doing some general photography, and saw some people steeping
flax. I was sufficiently interested to take a photograph, and the
friend who was with me told me that the scutching stock was still

1921-1922. ]
177

in use in that locality. To make a long story short, I stayeda
fortnight with him, and he drove me round the district. I got
pictures of several of the old methods used in the country in the
manipulation of flax—hand scutching, breaking, cloving, hand
heckling, etc. Curiously enough most of the people engaged in
these primitive operations are since dead, and as they appeared
to be the last to use them I think they are now obsolete. In the
same district I also got photos of an Old Irish Corn Custom,
“Cutting the Calliagh,” which, as you know, is mentioned in the
late Miss Andrews’ book.

I may be pardoned for referring so much to myself, but I
wish to point out that even if our work falls short of the high
standard of merit which we should like to attain, still the records
in themselves are of value, perhaps to future generations, to illus-
trate old customs of our country that have passed for ever away.

If my suggestion commends itself to the Club, I would
propose that an Honorary Keeper of Prints should be appointed
to whom should be sent any photographs—no matter what size—
of scientific interest to the Club, with full particulars, including
date. These should be posted in the album set apart for the
particular subject, and such album should be pruduced from
time to time at the Club’s meetings and Conversaziones.

Mr. J. Skillen urged the claims of

ARCH AOLOGY,

referring at some length to the work done in this department by
Mr. W. J. Knowles, M.R.I.A., of Ballymena ; and by the late Dr.
Buick. He also mentioned several localities in which good work
still remained to be done, as, for instance, in the Kitchen Middens
of Whitepark Bay and among the sand dunes of Portstewart.

The Rev. W. R. Megaw spoke on

BOTANY;

and appealed for more workers among the Mosses and Hepatics,

[Proc. B.N.F.C,
178
recommending H. N. Dixon’s ‘‘ Handbook of British Mosses,”
2nd edition, as a reliable guide to the student. He pointed out
that workers in this department could find great assistance by
supporting the various Moss Exchange Clubs now in existence.

The Hon. Secretary (A. M‘I. Cleland) supported W. A.
Green in his remarks on Photography, and showed a number of
interesting prints of buildings, etc., now no longer in being, and
urged, in particular, that a systematic record should be made of
local Geological features of the district.

AT HOME WITH FUR AND FEATHER.

The third ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was held in
the Museum, College Sq. N., on Tuesday, zoth December, when
Mr. E. A. Armstrong, B.A., delivered a lecture on above subject.
The chair was occupied by the Vice-President (Rev. W. R.
Megaw, B.A.), who, before introducing the lecturer, referred to
the recent losses the Club had sustained through the deaths of
Mr. Joseph Malcomson and Mr. E. F. Green, votes of condolence
being passed to the relatives of both families.

The lecturer explained at the outset that he had entitled his.
lecture “ At Home with Fur and Feather” because, in the first
place, he was going to speak of and show pictures of the birds
“at home,” at their nests or with their young; and secondly, he
had tried to become specially intimate with birds and mammals,
to become “at home” with them by living amongst them. He
showed how by sleeping in a small tent, or merely between
ground sheets in the birds’ haunts he was able to study and photo-
graph the different species, and he recommended this plan to all
who wished to get a real insight into the wonders of nature. He
pointed out that his photographs were taken with a small hand
camera, showing that bird photography need not be confined to
affluent experts; he mentioned that he had found it possible to
give long exposures on birds on their nests in shady places owing

1921-1922. ]

179
to the fact that when a sitting bird hears the click of the shutter
she remains still in an alert attitude for a considerable period

The remainder of his lecture dealt with mammals and birds
to be found :—(1) About the home or garden. (2) On the shores
of Lough Neagh. (3) At Strangford Lough. (4) In Epping
Forest.

Under (1) he showed photographs of a Robin on its nest
in a rather unusual situation—among Honeysuckle and Jasmine
on a wall some 1r4ft. from the ground. The birds had been
frightened by rats from their original nest in a bucket on the
ground. Some would like to attribute the selection of the safer
position to “‘reason,” but he believed that it was due to an instinct
“to seek safety higher.” Photographs of a Willow Warbler which
had lost its tail and of a Wren which, falling into a lake was able
to swim ashore, were shown. Other pictures showed Greenfinch
on nest, Spotted Flycatchers, Blue Tits, Hedge Sparrow on nest
Blackbird, Thrush, Jackdaw, Rooks nest-building, etc. A photo-
graph of a Raven was shown, and the lecturer mentioned that a
pair frequented the hills near Belfast. The Chough also he had
observed in the district.

Under (2) he dealt with land and water birds to be found
at Lough Neagh. Pictures were shown of Wild and Tufted
Ducks and their nests. The last-named has happily increased in
numbers in the district during recent years. The Snipe was
found nesting, and a picture was shown of a well grown young
bird which, nevertheless, was diligently tended by its mother’
This young bird deliberately swam a ditch. He spoke of the
destructiveness of Magpies, and showed a photograph of two well
grown Wood Pigeons which were shortly afterwards devoured by
these greedy marauders. One of his pictures showed a Dabchick
covering its eggs with weed on leaving them. When frightened
from their nests these birds would remain away for some time,
and eventually creep closer, reconnoitring with head and neck
only exposed. Then one would at length waddle on to the nest

[Proc. B.N.F.‘C.,
180

while the other kept in the vicinity. The bird would pile more
weed over the eggs and leave them but would very shortly returm
and sit. The local name of this bird is ‘‘ Dam Pudden,” an
appropriate name bespeaking accurate observation of the Dabchick
when out of the water. A family of Coots was shown—difficult
birds to photograph. The Pheasant, Waterhen, Heron, etc., were
other birds shown and described. Ram’s Island and its avifauna
were also dealt with. ‘The Badger and Irish Hare were depicted
and described.

Under (3) he spoke of and showed many of the birds which
breed on the Islands of Strangford Lough. A Kestrel in flight
was shown depicting how the bird when gliding opens both
primaries and secondaries of the wings. Nests of Tern, Ring
Plover, Oystercatcher, Herring Gull, (showing young emerging
from egg), and Red-breasted Merganser were shown. Various
studies of the Merganser, a very beautiful bird, were screened.
The lecturer had photographed it plucking the down from its.
breast. Young Rock Pipits and Redshank were also shown.

Dealing with the fauna of Epping Forest the lecturer described
his photographs of Follow Deer and Fox. He mentioned that so
close to London, the Fauna was, none the less, rich and varied,
largely due to the protection afforded by the enforcement of recent
legislation.

At intervals records of the songs of Blackbird and Thrush
were heard (thanks to the kindness of Mr. T. Edens Osborne).
The lecturer also imitated the notes of Woodpigeon. Woodpecker,
Brown Owl, Raven, Curlew, Ringed Plover, etc.

The excellent series of lantern views exhibited were all made
and coloured by the lecturer.

At the conclusion of the lecture an interesting discussion
ensued, in which the Vice-President and Messrs. J. A. S. Stendall,
M.B.O.U., J. Loughridge, H. Coey, and J. Holness took part,
the proceedings terminated with the election of one Associate

and five Ordinary Members.

1921-1922. |
181
SPIDERLAND.

The fourth ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was held
in the Museum, College Square N., on Tuesday, 17th January,
when a lecture was given, entitled ‘‘Spiderland,” by Mr. J. A. S.
Stendall, M.B.O.U., the chair being occupied by the President
eur. S: A, Beoanett,) BA.) B:Se:). Before calling twpon the
lecturer, the names of Mr. Robert J. Welch; M.R:LA., and
Erolesser jr, i<. Charleswonth, -D.Se:, “Ph. D:, MR: As, were put
before the meeting for election as Honorary Members, this being
passed unanimously.

The lecturer in his early remarks outlined the characteristics
of the spider group, following this with details of their life history,
explaining that unlike insects spiders undergo no metamorphosis,
but leave the egg as tiny spiders which undergo a series of moults,
usually nine in number, before becoming adult, The young
are soon able to look after themselves, and their activities among
several different species were described. In the case of the snare-
builders, the tiny spiders, after hatching out within a silken egg sac,
live in harmony for a little while, but after the first moult, which
takes place within the sac, they become voracious and will attack
and eat each other with impunity. The egg sac of the hunting
wolf spider is carried about by the mother, attached to her body
by a silken thread, and the young on hatching are carried about
on the parents’ back until strong enough to fend for themselves.

The lecturer went on to explain the curious migration habit
existing among the young of all spiders, irrespective of species.
This migration is accomplished on a calm sunny day, when the
young ascend to some high point, anchor themselves, turn
their bodies skywards, at the same time emitting from their
spinnerettes streams of silk. These float upwards and eventually
exert a pull and lift the little animals into the air, after they have
snapped the anchor lines. In this manner they travel to pastures
new. ‘These fine threads floating through the air are generally
termed ‘‘ gossamer.”

[ Proc. BAE.C.,
182

Poison facts and myths were discussed, the lecturer stating
that any spider living in the British Isles could be handled with
impunity, but some foreign species were doubtfully dangerous
though probably not to a healthy person. Specimens of what is
regarded as a really deadly species La/rodectus scelio Thor., of
Australia and New Zealand were exhibited. This animal is known
among the natives as ‘‘ Katipo” and by them is greatly feared.

Methods of snare construction were afterwards explained ;.
also the wiles adopted by different species for the capture of their
prey. |

In some species spider courtship, it was stated, is not
altogether a pleasant occupation, at least not for the male, as he
is able to be eaten by the female if deemed unsuitable, or if
she happened to be “moody.” Among all spiders the female is
the larger, except in the case of the water spider A7zgyroneta
aquatica, Latr., the extraordinary habits of which the lecture
explained in detail

The ‘description of the activities of the trap-door spider
created much interest as also did the fact that we have in these
islands a species Afypus affinis, Lich., which, while not actually
constructing a trap door, lives its life ina tubular retreat dug in the
ground. Instead of making a trap this spider continues the silken
lining of the burrow into an aerial tube, from within which it captures
its prey, dragging this through the silken wall which is afterwards
repaired.

The lecturer in his concluding remarks dealt briefly with
spider instinct and intelligence.

A large series of coloured lantern slides were used to illustrate
the lecture; these greatly adding to its interest. At the conclusion
a remarkable Kinema film showing spiders performing various
operations, including the building of snares and the capture of
prey, was shown and highly appreciated.

At the conclusion of the lecture a short discussion followed
in which the President, Messrs. Hoskins and Holness, and the

1921-1922. ]
183

Hon. Secretary took part, the proceedings terminating with the

election of four new Ordinary Members.

RAM IO-ACTIVITY IN RELATION TO: GEOLOGY.

The fifth ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was held in
the Museum, College Square N., on Tuesday, 2rst February,
when Mr. J. C. A. Brierley, M.Sc., gave an interesting lecture on
the above subject, the chair being occupied by Mr. J. A. S.
Stendall, M.B.O.U., in the absence of the President (Mr. S. A.
Bennett, B.A., B.Sc.) through indisposition. .

Starting with the discovery of helium in the sun’s atmosphere,
by Sir Norman Lockyer, the lecturer gave the history of the
observations of the photographic and electric effects of certain
minerals; the separation of helium by Hilldebrand, and _ its
subsequent identification as helium by Lockyer and Ramsay.
The discovery and identification of argon by Rayleigh and Ramsay,
and the separation of the crude argon into argon, krypton, xenon,
and neon, were described, and the identification of radium
emanation” as niton was demonstrated ; these six new elements
filling their respective vacant spaces shown in the periodic law of
Newlands and Mendeleeff, thus proving that no further member
of this group remains unknown.

The lecturer then dealt with M. and Mme. Curie’s well-known
work on pitchblende and other uranium minerals and the discovery
of radium, afterwards describing the earlier work of Becqueral and
Crookes on the ‘‘ Becqueral rays,” demonstrating their analysis
into alpha, beta and gamma rays, and following up with the
discovery of polonium and ionium, and the identification of the

cc

latter as an “isotopic” form of lead.

The work of Rutherford and Soddy on thorium and the
separation of radio-active thorium X were described, and then the
electric charge, mass and velocity of the a@ particles, and the fact
that the a@ particles were positively charged helium atoms

demonstrated. The filtration and counting of the a particles,

[Proc. BN.F-C.,
184

and the filtration, imponderability and velocity of the 4 rays were
demonstrated, and the rate of growth and also decay of radio-activity
described and explained.

The effect of current and magnetic electricity upon the a and
6 rays and the deductions drawn therefrom lead to a discussion of
the modern conception of the construction of the atom, and
finally in considering the varying radio-activity and the products
thereof found in different geological strata, minimum estimates of
the ages of the various strata of the crust of the earth were given,
these minima being stated as from 850 million years to about
twice that number.

The lecture, which was listened to with great attention, was
fully illustrated by a fine series of lantern diagrams and at its
close a hearty vote of thanks was tendered to the lecturer.

CONVERSAZIONE.

The fifty-ninth Annual Conversazione and Exhibition was
held on Tuesday, 28th March, when a company of 160 members
and friends met in the Carlton Hall at Six p.m. Owing to the
late date at which the meeting was held, and the effects of Summer
Time, the first portion of the three hours during which the Con-
versazione lasted had the advantage of good daylight, enabling
the exhibits to be seen very well indeed.

The following exhibits were shown :—

ZooLtocy.—Skulls of mammals, by Mr. J. Orr; Irish land
and freshwater mollusca, by Mr. R. J. Welch, M.R.I.A.; a very
tine set of exquisitely mounted objects showing the ‘ Life
Histories of Insects,” by the late Mr. E. F. Green (a junior
member of the Club), exhibited by special request ; twenty-one
species and varieties of cowry shell Cyf7@a and fan mussels Penna
nobilis by Mr. A. M‘I. Cleland; slough of grass snake, by the
President (Mr. S. A. Bennett, B.A., B.Sc.) ; lac produced on palas
ree Butea frondosa, by an insect of the order Hemiptera, Zachardia
é.wca, forming shellac of commerce, from India; also aberrattion

1921-1922.}
185

of dark-green fritillary Argynrzs aglaia L., from Portballantrae,
Co. Antrim, described in “Irish Naturalist,” vol. XXX., p. 15; also
cases of Indian butterflies, by Mr. W. M. Crawford, B.A., I.C.S.,
F.E.S. ; cases of trap-door spiders and bird-eating spiders ; also
oblong giant snail Budimus oblongus with eggs and young, by
Belfast Municipal Museum ; nests and eggs of common tern, ring
plover, and oyster-catcher in their natural habitats, arranged and
very finely tabled, by Mr. J. A. S. Stendall, M.B.O.U.; wing and
tail feathers of immature female hen-harrier Czrcus cvaneus L., by
Dr. C. J. Milligan, shot on Divis Mountain, 13th August, rg2t.

Botany.— Mounted grass seeds; mounted fruits of carzces;
local fumitories and rarer cavices, with distribution maps, by
idee resident (Mr. S: “A. Bennett, B.A., -B.Sc.); mounted
specimens and photographs of local plants of Co. Down and Co.
Antrim, by Mr. N. Carrothers ; common sedges, by Mr. J. R. H.
Greeves ; specimens of the genus Hypnum, by Mr. Wm. Porter ;
curious form of dandelion root, by Mr. J. Glover; exhibit illus-
trating the action of carbon dioxide upon the development and
growth of root and shoot, by Prof. J. Small D.Sc., M.R.LA.;
microscopical slides. illustrating botanical subjects, by Miss W.
Sayers, B.A.; selection of English plants not found in Ireland, by
map ce DiChase, M/A.

GEOLOGy.—Collection of minerals and fossils made sixty
years ago, by Patrick Doran; also Carboniferous corals, plain and
polished, by Mr. C. Bulla; calcite and Fontainebleau sand-
stone, by Mr. D. J. Carpenter; sections of Lower Ludlow bone-
bed, from Stokesay, Shropshire; also white basalt, from King-
horn, life, and Carboniferous Limestone, containing vegetable
matter, out of bed of volcanic material, from Kinghorn, Fife, by
Mr. A. M‘I. Cleland ; levine, from Wolfhill and chabazite, from
Magheramorne ; also smoky quartz and topaz, from Mourne
Mountains, by the President (Mr. S. A. Bennett, B.A., B.Sc.) ;,
photographs, showing glacial action in tne Swiss Alps, by Mr. T. E.
Osborne, F.R.S.A.I.; minerals from Counties Antrim and London-

[Proc. B.N.¥.C.,
186
derry, including stilbite, natrolite, etc., by Mr. R. Bell, H.M.Min.S.;
plant remains from the interbasaltic beds at Glenavy, by Mr.
W. A. Green, F.R.S.A.I.

ARCH-ZOLOGY.—Flint axe-head from Marlborough Park ;
also Indian copper celt, B.C. 1080, by Mr. W. M. Crawford,
B.A., I.C.S., F.E.S.; flint flakes, from Larne raised beach, by Mr.
R. H. Common; prehistoric stone cleaver found in the Kitchen
middens at Tranarossan, Co. Donegal, in 1921, by Mr. W. A.
Green, F.R.S.A.I.; stone implements and old Irish lamps, by
Rev. Canon Carmody, M.A.; prehistoric implements from Black
Mountain and Holywood, also illustrations of flint implements
excavated at Abydos, by Mr. T. E. Osborne, F.R.S.A.I. ; typical
collection of local flint implements, by Mr. W. Duncan.

Among the historic exhibits may be mentioned the following —
A fine collection of old books, tabled by Mr. A. A. Campbell,
F.R.S.A.L, including the ‘‘ Northern Whig,” vol. I., 1824;
“Strabane Morning Post,” from 1812; ‘‘The Microscope,” a
Belfast magazine of 1800; ‘‘Claimants’ names adjudged Premiums
for Growing Flax,” 1796; “Captain Rock in London,” 1825 ;
“Poems of the Rev. John Graham,” 1829. Miss Mawdsley
showed a fine sampler in its original frame and glazing, dated 1776;
also collection of Maunday money and ancient Welsh alms dish.
Mr. C. Bulla showed three bound volumes of ‘‘John Bull”
for 1820-22.

The miscellaneous exhibits included :—Optical lantern for
projecting reflected objects, by Belfast Art Society, per Miss M,
Armstrong ; portable electric photo lantern, by Messrs. Lizars ;
a large collection of local photos by various members of the Club;
a beautiful set of hand-painted photos of Irish scenery, by Mr.
W. A. Green, F.R.S.A.I. ; playing cards, from Orissa, India, by
Mr. W. M. Crawford, B.A., LC.S., F.E.S.

_ The Junior Section of the Club was very well represented,
the exhibition including :—Miss Hoskins (photos, bird’s eggs,
nest of thrush, fossils and flint implements) ; Messrs. W. W. Walsh

1921-1922.]
187
{birds’ eggs); R. Crawford (leaves of trees); M. P. Crawford
{iocal plants); W. J. M‘Knight (bird’s eggs); J. H. Rea (photos
and flint implements) ; Miss Gracie M‘Conkey (fossils from Lough
Neagh district) ; Miss Jean Mulligan (local plants).

Tea was served in the Restaurant punctually at 8-15 p.m.,
after which the President (Mr. S. A. Bennett, B.A., B.Sc.) gave a
short address, in which he reviewed the work of the past Session.
With the election of five new members a most enjoyable evening
‘was brought to a close.

BIRDS: EXTINCT AND LIVING.

The Sixth, and concluding, ordinary meeting of the Winter
Session was held in the Museum, College Square, N., on Tuesday,
21st March, when Mr. Nevin H. Foster, M.R.I.A., F.LS.,
M.B.O.U., gave a most interesting lecture on the above subject.
‘The chair was occupied by the President (Mr. S. A. Bennett,
B,A., B.Sc.), who, before introducing the lecturer, referred to the
fact that two Members (Mr. A. Deane and Professor J. Small)
had recently been elected Members of the Royal Irish Academy ;
also the Hon. Treasurer (Mr. T. E. Osborne) had been elected a
Member of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, and the
Hon. Librarian (Mr. W. M. Crawford) a Fellow of the
Entomological Society.

Mr. Foster said that in the system of zoological classification
birds constitute a C/ass, and that the easiest of diagnosis, for all
birds were clothed in a garment of feathers, and further, a feather
was a structure only found on birds.

It was believed that in the long past ages birds had evolved
from reptiles, for the skeletons of both bear a close affinity ; but
birds had progressed much further as, owing to their possessing a
four-chambered heart, they were able to keep their bodies at an
_ uniform temperature despite the varying heat of their surroundings.
Birds and mammals agreed in this respect, and together were
classed as warm-blooded animals. The covering of reptiles con-

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,.

188
sisted of scales, and it is probable that the feather has been
developed from a frayed scale. Though of this no actual proof
could be advanced, it was worthy of note that the feet and legs of
birds are still covered with scales similar to those borne by reptiles.

Prior to the geological period known as the jurassic no
remains of any animal higher than a reptile had been discovered,.
but in the Bavarian rocks of that era was found, in 186r, a fossil
of an undoubted bird. ‘This fossil is now in the British Museum,
and another fossil of the same species * found a few years afterwards
is deposited in the Berlin Museum. From these two fossils it
was possible to make the picture, shown on the screen, of the
oldest known bird, the Archzopteryx. This bird, which was
about the size of a rook, was clothed in feathers precisely the-
same as are found on all birds, but it showed remarkable differ-
ences to all living birds in the possession of true teeth in the jaws
and the structure of the tail. Other extinct birds alluded to
included the Hesperornis, Ichthyornis, Moa, Dodo and the-
Garefowl, or Great Auk, etc., bones of the last named of which
had been found in Co. Antrim.

Mr. Foster then proceeded to speak about some living birds,
choosing for representation a few species found respectively im
Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australasia. Of the European birds.
mentioned some, like the Crane and Spoonbill, had formerly
nested in England ; others were casual visitors to our shores ; but
the Lammergeyer or Bearded Vulture had never been known to
visit us. Among Asian species the peculiar nesting habits of the:
Hornbill and Tailor-Bird were described. Africa was represented:
amongst others by the largest living bird, the Ostrich. Humming
Birds were only to be found in America and the adjoining
islands, and in brilliancy of plumage some of them were unsur--
passed by the birds of any clime. Some dozen species from

* Recent research has shown that the Berlin specimen is not only
specifically but even generically different from the London specimen. ‘lhe
Jatter, which is a more primitive form, retains its name while Arehwarnis is-
proposed for the Berlin fossil.

1921-1922.]
189

Australia, Papau and New Zealand were chosen to represent the
Australasian avifauna. Among these the gorgeous calouring and
peculiar feather structure of some of the Birds cf Paradise were
spoken of. The lecturer concluded by a reminiscence of a visit
to Lord Rothschild’s Museum, Tring, where a case of Birds
of Paradise bears witness to the skill in taxidermy of our fellow
townsman, Mr. Sheals.

The lecture was illustrated by a series of very fine slides, and
-at its conclusion a short discussion followed in which Messrs.
J. A. S. Stendall, M.B.O.U., J. Holness, and S. M. Macoun took
part. The meeting concluded with the election of Mr. John
‘Vinycomb, M.R.I.A., as Honorary Member, and Messrs. G. W.
‘C. Porter and W. J. Knight as Ordinary Members.

ANNUAL MEETING.

The Annual Meeting was held in the Museum, College Sq. N.,
-on Tuesday, 25th April, at 8 p.m., Mr. J. A. S: Stendall, M.B.O.U.,
in the chair during the earlier part of the proceedings, there being
a good attendance of members.

The Annual Report, Hon. Treasurer’s Statement, Hon.
Librarian’s Report and the Report of the Hon. Sec. of the Junior
Section having been read, it was proposed by Mr. F. Adens
Heron, J.P., seconded by Mr. F. W. Walker, and resolved, that
‘these Reports be adopted, printed and circulated as usual.

It was proposed by Mr. J. A. S. Stendall, M.B.O U., seconded
by Mr. A. Albert Campbell, F.R.S.A.I., and unanimously resolved
that Rev. W. R. Megaw, B.A., be elected President for the
ensuing year.

On taking the chair the President referred to the good work
Mr. S. A. Bennett, B.A., B.Sc., President for the past two years,
had done for the Club, and on the motion of Mr. R. J. Welch,
M.R.I.A., seconded by Mr. A. Percy Hoskins, F.I.C., F.C.S., it
‘was resolved that the best thanks of the members be tendered to
Mr. Bennett for his services.

[Proe. B:N.E.C.,.
190

The election of the remaining office-bearers for 1¢22-23 was

then proceeded with, the following selections being made :—Vice-
President, Mr-f. A. S. Stendall, M:.5.0.U.; Hon. Dreastirer. Mir.
T... Edens’ Osborre, FiR-S.A.1.; Hon. Librarian, Mir We) MM.
Crawiord, BA. -1.C.S.,, Fas: on, Secretary, Mi aa
Cleland ; Hon. Sec. for Geology, Mr. R. Bell, H.M.Min.S. ; Hon.
Sec. for Botany, Mr. S. A. Bennett, B.A, B.Sc. ;| Hon. Sec. for
Zoology, Mr. W. A. Green, F:R.S.A.I.; Hon. Sec. for Archzeology,
Mr. A. Albert Campbell, F.R.S.A.I.; Hon. Sec. for Junior Section,
Mr. J. R. H. Greeves ; Ordinary Members of Committee: Miss 5.
Blackwood, Prof. J. K. Charlesworth, D.Sc., M,R.LA.; Mre F.
adens Heron, .J.P::; Mr.. Av Percy, Hoskins, F.1.G; Eee eeand
Mr. Wm. Porter.

Notice of motion having been handed in by Mr. J. A. S.
Stendall, M.B.O.U., he moved that Rule IV. be amended as
follows :—‘‘ That not more than two Honorary Members be elected
in any one year.” The motion was seconded by Mr. S. M.
Macoun and carried.

There was on view during the evening a fine collection of
mounted photographs on loan from the North Staffordshire Field
Club. The Hon. Secretary showed portion of a Cephalopod
Orthoceras bisiphonatum recently taken from boulder clay during
excavations at the Gas Works. Mr. R. J. Welch, M.R.1.A.,
exhibited an album containing almost one hundred book-plates
designed by Mr. John Vinycomb, M.R.I.A., an Hon. Member
and Past President of the Club. These included a number of
book-plates of well-known Irish naturalists and antiquarians. Mr.
“Welch also showed a photo chess-board, the dark squares of
which were nature-printed Irish ferns, the light squares circular
family portraits ; also a large oval decorated wall panel of gold and.
silver ferns, with Irish grasses and mosses, mounted on claret
coloured velveteen, the pile of the fabric holding the ferns, etc..,.
in position without any paste or gum, thus avoiding fungus growth.

With the election of two new Ordinary Members a very

successful meeting was brought to a close.

7921-1922. ]
191

RULES j

OF THE

Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club.

As amended at General Meeting held 25th April, 1922.

I.

That the Society be called ‘‘THE Betrast NaruRALISTs’ Firnp Crus.”

We

That the object of this Society be the practical study of Natural Science
and Archeology in Ireland.

te

That the Club shall consist of Ordinary, Junior, Life, Corresponding and
Honorary Members. The Ordinary Members shall be proposed and seconded
at any ordinary meeting of the Club, and such members may be elected at the
next ordinary meeting following, by a majority of votes, provided that in
the meantime the first Annual Subscription has been paid. They shall pay
annually a subscription of Five Shillings. Members who are twelve months
in arrear in their subscriptions shall not receive any further circulars or other
printed matter.

That the composition fee for Life Membership be Four Guineas.

Junior Members, who must be between the ages of 12 and 21, shall be
elected in the same way as Ordinary Members, but shall pay annually a
subscription of One Shilling (1/-) from 12 years of age to 18, and a subscription
of Two Shillings and Sixpence (2/6) from 18 years of age to 21. Junior
Members shall not receive any printed matter except the usual notices; shall
not have the power to vote; and shall not borrow books from the Club’s
Library without special permission from the Librarian. On attaining their
majority they shall become Ordinary Members, and shall pay an annual
subscription of Five Shillings (5/-).

IVES

That the Honorary and Corresponding Members shall consist of persons
of eminence in Natural Science, or who shall have done some special service to
the Club; that such Members may be nominated by any Member of the Club,
and on being approved by the Committee, may be elected at any subsequent
Meeting of the Club by a majority of the votes of the Members present.
That not more than two Honorary Members be elected in any one year. That
Corresponding Members be expected to communicate a paper once within
every two years.

peroc, B.N.F.C.,
1g2

v.

That the Officers of the Club be annually elected and consist of a President
Vice-President, Treasurer, Librarian, and one or two Secretaries, together with
the Secretaries of the various Sections of the Club. That the oftice of President

or that of Vice-President shall not be held by the same person for more than
two years in succession.

Wag

That the General Committee shall consist of the above-named officers with
nine ordinary members of Committee, and shall hold at least eight meetings
during the year; five persons to form a quorum.

That three ordinary members of Committee shall retire annually in ord®T
of seniority, those retiring being ineligible for re-election for one year. Should
any ordinary member of Committee fail to attend at least three of the
Committee meetings held during the year his or her place may be considered
vacant and another member elected to fill the position. No ordinary member
of Committee shall hold the post of Secretary in any of the Sections. That in
the event of a vacancy occurring in the General Committee a new member may
be co-opted to fill such vacancy for the remainder of the year.

That nominations for ordinary members of Committee shall be sent in
writing to the Secretaries on or before the 21st day of March in each year. That
the privilege of nominating members of Cominittee shall be held by all Ordinary
and Life Members of the Club. That the names of those members so nominated
shall be published on the circular convening the Annual Meeting, at which the
Ordinary Members of Committee shall be elected by ballot. That should the
necessity arise the retiring members of Committee shall be balloted for.

VII.

The Committee may from year to year appoint Sectional Secretaries and
‘Conunittees, as may be considered desirable, to further original investigations
in any one or more departments of the Club’s work. No financial responsi-
bility to be incurred by any Sectional Secretary, Sectional Committee, or any
Officer of the Club without the previous approval of the Club’s Committee,
The Junior Section to have a Committee composed of Six Members of the
‘Club, the Chairman to be annually appointed by the General Committee.

VIII.

That the members of the Club shall hold at least Six Field Meetings during
the year, in the most interesting localities, for investigating the Natural History
and Archeology of Ireland. That the place of meeting be fixed by the
Committee, and that five days’ notice of each Excursion be communicated to
Members by the Secretaries. That eich of the Sectional Secretaries shall be
made responsible for the ranning of one Regular Excursion, the programme to
provide study in the subject appertaining to the Section, and that any
additional Special Excursions shall be arranged by the Secretaries of the
Sections concerned,

1921-1922 ]
193

IX.

That regular Monthly Meetings be held during the Winter Session from
November till April, inclusive, for the purpose of reading Papers; such Papers
as far as possible to be original, and to treat of the Natural History and
Archeology of the district. That the Papers to be read be secured by a
Standing Organising Committee, consisting of the Hon. Secs. of the Club,
together with the Sectional Secretaries and a Chairman. That between the
Regular Monthly Meetings of the Club Special Meetings open to all Members
of the Club may be held, at which Papers of specialised interest would be
discussed. That the Sectional Secretaries shall each be responsible for the
providing of a programme for one Regular and one Special Meeting, one
Regular and one Special Meeting to be arranged by the Hon. Secs. Any
extra Meetings shall be arranged by the Organising Committee, if desired.
That the programme for the Winter Session shall be completed by the date of
its First Meeting and issued to all Members. ‘That each notification
announcing a Regular Meeting or Excursion shall also serve to notify Members
of the next Special Meeting or Excursion.

x

That the Comnnittee shall, if they find it advisable, offer for competition
Prizes for the best collections of scientific objects of the district; and the
Committee may order the purchase of maps, or other scientific apparatus, and
may carry on geological and archeological searches or excavations, if deemed
advisable, provided that the entire amount expended under this rule does not
exceed the sum of £10 in any one year.

That the General Committee may offer from time to time such prize or
prizes as they may deem desirable for competition among Schools in or near
Belfast.

XT.

That the Annual Meeting be held during the month of April, when the
Report of the Committee for the past year, and the Treasurer’s Financial
Statement shall be presented, the Committee and Officers elected, Bye-laws
made and altered, and any proposed alterations in the general laws, of which a.
fortnight’s notice shall have been given, in writing, to the Secretary or
Secretaries, considered and decided upon. The Secretaries to give the
Members due notice of each intended alteration.

SSE

Members of other Irish Field Clubs, residing temporarily or permanently
in or near Belfast, may be enrolled as Members of the Club without election or
entrance fee on production of a voucher of membership of another Club, and
without subscription for the current year, on production of a receipt showing
that such subscription has been paid to another Club. Failing the production
of such receipt, the usual subscription for the current year to be paid to the
Treasurer on enrolment. The names of Members so admitted to the Club to
be published with the notice of meeting following the date of their enrolment

[Proc. B.Nai.C.,
194
NOT
That, on the written requisition of twenty-five Members, delivered to the

Secretaries, an Extraordinary General Meeting may be called, to consider and
decide upon the subject mentioned in such written requisition.

XIV.

That the Committee may be empowered to exchange publications and
reports, and to extend the privilege of attending the Meetings and Excursions
-of the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club to Members of kindred societies, on
similar privileges being accorded to its Members by such other societies.

RULES FOR THE CONDUCTING OF EXCURSIONS.

I. The excursion to be open to all Members, each one to have the
privilege of introducing two friends. The time for commencing as many as
possible of the Half-Day Summer Excursions to be not prior to 2 p.m.

Il. A Chairman to be elected as at ordinary meetings.

III. One of the Secretaries to act as Conductor, or, in the absence of
both, a Member to be elected for that purpose.

IV. No change to be made in the programme, or extra expense incurred,
-except by the consent of the majority of the Members present.

V. No fees, gratuities, or other expenses to be paid except through the
‘Conductor.

VI. Every Member or Visitor to have the accommodation assigned by the
‘Conductor. Where accommodation is limited, consideration will be given to
priority of application.

VII. Accommodation cannot be promised unless tickets are obtained
before the time mentioned in the special circular.

VIII. Those who attend an excursion without previous notice will be
liable to extra charge, if extra cost is incurred thereby.

IX. No intoxicating liquors to be provided at the expense of the Club.

1921-1922. ]

se

Exchanges of Proceedings, 1921=22.

Belfast—Natural History and Philosophical Society.
Report and Proceedings for 1918-19.

f Presbyterian Historical Society of Ireland.
Trish Presbyterian Magazine (1919).
300 years of Presbyterianism in Ireland (1613-1913).
The Presbyterian Historical Society : Its Story and Aim.
Annual Reports for 1919, 1920, 1921.

Birmingham—Natural History and Philosophical Society.
Proceedings, Vol. NIV., Part 4. List of Members (1919), and
Annual Report (1920).
Bournemouth—Natural Science Society,
Vol. XT. (1918-19) and XITL. (1919-20).

Brighton and Hove—Natural History and Philosophical Society.
Report for 2 years ending 1920.
Eristol— Naturalists’ Society.
Proceedings, 4th Series, Vol. V., Parts 2 and 3.
Laws revised to 1920.
Cardiff—Naturalists’ Society.
Transactions, Vols. L. (1917) and LI. (1918).
Chester—Society of Natural Science, Literature and Art.
Annual Reports Nos. 49 (1919-20) and 50 (Jubilee, 1920-21).
Dublin—Royal Irish Academy.
Proceedings, Vol. XX XV. Sec. B., Nos. 3 to 11.
Sec. C., Nos. 6 to 12.
Dublin— Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland.
Journal, Vol. XLIX, Part 2: Vol. l., Land 2; Vol. LI., land 2.

loumfriesshire and Galloway—Nat. Hist. and Antiquarian Society.
Transactions, Series III., Vol. VII.

Eastbourne—Natural History, Photographic and Literary Society

Transactions and Journal, Vol. VIII., Nos. 26 and 32.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
196

Edinburgh—Geological Society.
Vol. XI., Part 1 (1920).

Essex—Field Club.
Essex Naturalist, Vol. X VIII., Nos. 6 to12; Vol. XIX. Nos.
3,14, cand 5 ay Ole xX. NOL ul.

Glasgow—Royal Philosophical Society.
Vol. L. (1918-20).

Halifax, Nova Scotia—Institute of Science.
Procedings and Transactions, Vol. XIV., Part 4; Vol. XV.
ariel:

Leyden—Rijks Ethnographisch Museum.
Reports for 1918-19 and 1920.

Liverpool—Geological Society.
Vol. XIIL., Parts 1 (1919-20) and 2 (1920-21).

London—British Association.
Report of Conference of Delegates, 1921.

British Museum.

Hconomic Series, Nos. 9, 10, and 11.

i. Geologists’ Association.
Proceedings, Vol. XXXI., Parts 2, 3, 4; Vol. XX XII., Parts 1,
D3; 45 VOlo kool Lh, iPartsal and 2) indexes tomsy ols:
XRT, to. XS,

= Linnean Society.
Proceedings for 1919-20 and 1920-21.
List of Members for 1920-21 and 1921-22.

Manchester— Microscopical Society.
Annual Reports for 1919 and 1920.

Marlborough College—Natural History Society.
Reports, Nos. 68 (1919), 69 (1920), and 70 (1921).

Norwich—Prehistoric Society of East Anglia.
Proceedings, Vol. ILL., Parts 2 (1919-20) and 3 (1920-21).

1921-1922. |
197

Oxford—Ashmolean Natural History Society.
Report for 1920.

Perthshire—Society of Natural Science.
Transactions and Proceedings, Vol. VII., Parts 2 (1919-20)
and 3 (1920-21).

Toronto—Koyal Canadian Institute.
Transactions, Vol. XII., Part 2; Vol. XIII., Parts 1 and 2.

Torquay—Natural History Society.
Vol. IL, Nos. 5 and 6; Vol. ILI., No. I (1921).

U.S.A.—Boston—Society of Natural History.
Proceedings, Vol. XXXV., Nos. 4, 5, and 6.

A California—Academy of Sciences.
Proceedings, Vol. II., Part 2, Nos, 13 to 17; Vol. VIII., Nos. 2,
8, and 9 and Index; Vol. IX., Nos. 1 to 15 and Index ;.
Viole Xs, Nos: I to 9:

45 Chicago—Field Museum of Natural History.
Annual Report, Vol. V., Nos. 3, 4, 5, and 6.
Publication No. 207 (Zoological Series), Vol. XTV., No. 1.

Cincinnati—Lloyd’s Library.
Mycological Notes, Nos. 48 to 60.
Vol. V. Index— Miscellaneous (7 papers).

Milwaukie, City of—Public Museum.
3ulletin, Vol. II., No. 2; Annual Report for 1919.

Pi

Wisconsin—Natural History Society.
Vol. XIIL., No. 4 (Dec., 1915).

Missouri—Botanical Garden.
Bulletin, Vol. VIII., Nos. 7, 8, and 10; Vol. IX., Nos. 1 to 5,
fq Ow Ole Violowsc Noss 2. andics

Philadelphia—Academy of Natural Sciences.
Proceedings, Vol. LN XI, Parts 2and 3; Vol. LXXII., Parts 1,
Zand 33 Vol. LX XII, Part 1.
" Portland—Society of Natural History,
Vol. III. Part 2 (1919).

fiProc. Bene.
198

U.S.A.—Washington—Geological Survey.
Bullitins, 679, 682. 697, 704, 706, 712-714, 715 (A, IK-M), 716 (D-H),
719; 725 (A-1)) 726 (B,C, D, EF).
Water Supply Papers: 447, 449, 451, 453, 456; 459-462, 464-466,
471, 472, 474-476, 481, 490 (A, B), 500 (A, B).
Professional Papers : 121, 1238, 128 (D, I), 129 (A, B).
Mineral Resources: 1915, Part I., No. 9.

% .: 1916; Weartalwe Nos. 9: i, 275 28:
ae a 1917, Part L., No. 9 and Index.
is “A 1918, Part I., Introduction and Nos. 28, 31;
Part II., Parts 34-37 and Index.
Re 1OTOS Partialee 6. Olas -27= le ariellaneaonmes
10, 13-34.
4 Be 1020, Part J., Preliminary Survey and Nos,

JEW mbar aie dee on2o.
Publications (from Smithsonian Report), Nos.
2558, 2561 to 2569, 2599 to 2607.
Washington—Government Printing Works.
Museum Reports for 1918-19, 1919-20 and 1920-21,

1921-1922 ]

199

List of Members.

Any change in the Address of Members should be at once notified

1921.

1907.
LOLA,
NOL.
LOT.
I
S90
1882.
1$!)2.

1912.
1911.
W212.
1918.
1021.
1916.

IWS].

1921°

ye.

to the Secretaries by Post Card.

The Dates prefixed to Members’ names signify date of lection.
O stands for an Original Member who signed the requisitio: for the
formation of the Club in 1863.

Hon. Members.

Charlesworth, Professor John Kk., M.Se., Ph.D., F.G.S., Queen’s
University, Belfast.

Donaldson, George, 1 Prospect Street.

Phillips, Wm. H., Lemontield. Holywood.

Swanston, W., F.G.S.. Farm Hill, Dunmurry

Schark, Robert. F., Bise., Ph.D, BLS. MERA., FERS AG;
Knockranny, Bray, Co. Wicklow

Vinycomb, John, M R.I.A., F.R.S.A.I., 59 Thernton Av., Streatham,
London, S.W.

Welch, Kk. J., M.R.I.A., 40 Lonsdale Street

Wright, Joseph, F.G.8., 10 May Street

Corresponding ANemBer
Holden, J. 8., M.D., Sudbury, Suffolk.

Rife ANemBers

Stelfox. A. W., A.R.I.B.A., M.R.T.A., 14 Clareville Road, Rathgar,
Dublin.
Wilson, Alec G., J.P., M.R.I.A., Croglin, Ballyaughlis

Ordinary ANembBers.

Adams, John, Auburn, Cranmore Park

Adams, Rey. W. A., B.A., The Manse, Antrim.

Aird, Hugh, 19 King Street

Alderdice, RK. Sinclaire, I'-C.1.B., 12a Linenhall Street.
Alexander, Miss M., Summer Hill, Stranmil!lis

Anderson, Mrs. |) Arcy, Ballyhossett House, Downpatrick
Anderson, Miss Sarah M., 4 Church View, Holywood.
Andrew, J. J., L.D.8., R.C.S. (Eng.) 23 University Square
Andrews, Miss K.. 19 Park Crescent. Tonbridge, Kent
Andrews, Miss E. L., Inla, Comber.

Andrews, Miss M. A., 50, Eglantine Avenue.

Anarews, Dr. Marion #., D.b.H.. Orsett, Derry volgie Avenne
Andrews, Michael C.. F.R.G.S., F.RS.G.S., do.

Ardis, R.. A,M.U.E.1., 6 Marine Parade, Holywoot
Armstrong, Miss Dorothy, Corlea, Somerton Ioad.
Amrsrong, Mdward A., B a., do.

Ashtorth, Rey. A. O., Marsdene, Cyprus J’ark, Bloomfield
Aswhworth, Mrs. do.

1916.
1907,
1915,
1921.

1905.
1913.
1896.
1893.
1917.
1921.
1908.
1884.
1914.

1916.
1921.
1898.
1921.
1921.
1921.
1893.
1894.
1917.
1916.
1921.
1883.
L863.
1921.
1921.

1883.
1876.
1921.
1899.
1911.
1920.

1921,
1903.

1909.
OUT:
1921.
1921.
1921,
1914.
1891.
1904.
1892.
1892.
1907.
1920.
1920.
1919.
1921.
1921.
1921.
1901.
£920.

{Proc BNF. ,
200

Baillie, Robert, Hlleslie, Ravenhill Park.

jaiile, W. 'L., 26 Green Road, Knock

Beattie, John Carson, Deaf and Dumb Institution, Lisburn Rd

Beaumont, lvor, A.R.C.A., M.s.A., F.R.S.A., F.1.B.D., Municipal
College of ‘Technology

Beck, Miss, 1, Derryvolgie Avenue.

Bell, D. M., Carragh Ard Lodge, Newcastle, Co. Down.

Bell, E. George, Solitude, Lurgan.

Bell, Robert, 64, Newineton Avenue.

Bell. Miss Janet M., Daisybank, Holywood.

Bell, Mass Emma, Cressington, Rosetta Park

Bennett. S. A., B.A., B.Se., Campbell College, Belmont

Bigger, I’. J. M.R.L.A., F.R.S.A.1., Ardrigh, Antrim Road

Bird, Miss 18 Connaught Mansions, Prince of Wales Road, Battersea
Park, London, 8S. 11

Black, S. C., 15, College Gardens.

Black, Miss N. M., Northdene, North Road, Bloomfield

Blac kw ood, a Sar: ah, 6 College Green

Blair, Mrs. Je deG ‘liftonville Avenue.

Bloom. H. IN bse “The Heritage, Marino, nr. Holywood

Bowman, Miss AY: Rossmore Avenue.

Boyd, Miss EK, 3., 2 Brock Terrace, The Grange, Guernsey.

Royd; W. C., J.P.. Thornhill, Farnham Road, Bangor

Bradley, Mrs., Haypark House, Knock.

Bradley, Miss L. I., Haypark House, Knock.

Brand, W. J., 18 Ashley Gardens

Brandon, nah B., J.P., 2, Wellington Place.

Brett, Sir Charles H., Gretton Villa South, Belfast

B rierley, J. OC. A., M.Se., 224 Cliftonville Road

Brown, Archibald, Scottish Aimicable Life Assurance Society, 13 Done-
gall Square West

Brown, Thomas, J.P., 102, Donegall Street.

Bulla, Charles, 272 Lisburn Road.

Burden, 8S. H., 8 Alfred Street

Burrowes, W. B., F.R.S.A.1., Ballynafeigh House, Belfast.

Brown J. B. M., 356 Ormeau Road

Broughton, E., 58 Hopefield Avenue

Camac, Dr. J., Purdysburn Fever Hospital

Campbell, D. C., J.P., M.B.O.U., Templemore Park, London-
derry

Gamabell John, Albert Brickworks, Carrickfergus.

Canupbelb James, Jennymount Mill, Belfast.

Campbell, A. Albert, #.8.8.A.L., Drumaferrie, Rosetta Park

Campbell, Mrs. A. Albert, Drumaferrie, Rosetta Park

Campbell, Mrs., 20 Wellington Park Av enue

Carter, Charles 8., 25 Donegall Street

Capper, J. Malcolm, 14, Linenhall Street.

Carmody, Rev. Canon W. P., M.A., Lisburn

Carrothers, Nathaniel, 145, Stranmillis Road.

Carson, J. C., 8, Wellington Place.

Chambers, we 35, Cranmore Avenue.

Chandler, W. P., 45 Kugby Road

Chandler, Mrs.. 35 Rugby Road

Chase, Capt. C. D., M.A., Campbell College, Belmont

Chase, Miss Kathleen, 8 Chilworth B uildings, Stranmills Road

Chase, Miss Ethel, 8 Chilworth Buildings, Stranmillis Road

Cheyne, S. Donald, J.P., 11 Donegall Place

Cheyne, i. Ei. Roseneath, Bangor.

Churenill, Miss, Inverary, Strandtown.

7921-1922. |

1894.
1894.
1890.
1917.
1921.
1921.
1914.
1906.
1921.
1921.
1921.
1913.
1884.
1915.
1921.
1921.

1921.
1916.
1921.
1919.
1891.
1915.
1921.
1921.
1921.
1921.
1921.
1921.
1908,
1921.
1909,

1921.
1921.
1916,
1916,
1884.

1868.
LGPAIE
1912.
1913.
1918.
1221.
1897.
1906.
1921.
1899.
1903.
Ip
1921.
1892.
L921.

1904.
1591.
1892.

201

Cleland, Alex. M‘I., 28 Green Road, Knock.

Cleland, Mrs. Annie, 28 Green Koad, Knock.

Cleland, James A., Brooklyn, Holywood

Close, R. M., M.R.1.A., 13 Donegall Square North.

Coey, Henry, Midland Railway Co. (N.C.C.), Terminus, York Road
Cousins, D., 4 Frederick Terrace, Malone Road

Corrigan, Chas., 1 Dunedin Terrace, Antrim Road

Cowie, James, Midland Railway Co. (N.C.C.), Belfast

Crawford, W. M., B.A., L.CS.,. F.E.S., Orissa, Malborough Park
Crawford, Lieut. “Col. F. i: C.B K., Cloreen, University “Road
Crymble, Mrs. 8., 18 College Green

Cunningham, Miss M. E., FRSA. I., Glencairn, Belfast.
Cunningham, Rt. Hon. Samuel, Fernhill, Belfsst

Cunningham, -Josias, R.N.V. Ez, M.B.O.U., Fernhill, Belfast.
Curry, Wim., 5 Oakland Avenue, Bloomfield

Cuthbert, Rev. A., M.A., Rocklands Manse, Carrickfergus

Davison, A. H., IF’. A.1., Estate Agent, 32 Wellington Place

Davis, Miss E, C., Lauraville, Balmoral.

Deane, Arthur, M.R.I.A., Art Gallery and Museum, Belfast

Deans, T. M., B.A., LL.D., Academy House, Rosetta.

D’Evelyn, A. ©M., M.D., Ballymena.

Dick, Miss Mary E., M.A., 8 Wellington Park

Dickson, S. E., 9 Donegall Square West

Dinsmore, J. A. S., 28 and 30 Castle Place

Dobbin, W. C., Eastnor, Somerton Road

Dobbin, Mrs. W, (OF Eastnor, Somerton Road

Doggart, Henry, 24 Canterbury Street

Donaldson, Dixon, Dunoon, Islandmagee, Co. Antrim.

Dunean, W., 54 Textile Buildings, Donegall S Square South

Dunwoody, W. J., 10 Marine Parade, Holywood

Dwerryhouse, Major AynaRs: D.Sc. F.G.S., M.R.I.A., University
College, Reading

Earls, Professor J., B.A., 31 Ravenhill Park
Earls, Miss Annie, do.
Edwards, Herbert, 54 Ulsterville Avenue
Edwards, Mrs., 54 Ulsterville Avenue

Elhott, David, B.A., J.P., Ardroe, Bloomfield

Faren, W., F-R.S.A.I., 11 Mountcharles

Farrell, George, 1 Mount View, !|.ower Windsor Avenue
Ferguson, Mrs., St. Helen’s, Holland Park, Knock

Ferguson, Samuel, St. Helen’s, Holland Park, Knock

Fyldes, H., 20 Wilmont Terrace, Lisburn Road

Finlay, W. J., Haslar, Galwally, Belfast

Finlay, Miss, A. M. % Old Nichol Street, Bethnal Green, London, E.8.
Finlay, Arch. H., Willesden, Holywood

Fleet, Capt., HoGs Municipal College of Technology

Foster, Nevin EL, FE. S., M.R.1.A., M.B.O.U., Hillsborough
Foster, Mrs. N. H. , Hillsborough

Foster, Miss A. B, Ee Se, Y.W.C.A., William Street, Waterford
Freeland, Samuel, 23 Meadowbank Street

Fulton, David, Arlington, Windsor Avenue

Fulton, Wm. 44 Wellington Place

Gaftikin, William, J.P., Notting Hill
Galioway, - Joseph, 50 Helantine Avenue
Gamble, Miss, Lorne, Craigavad

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
202

1913. Gardner, Miss Nettie H., B.Sc., Hawthornden Road, Knock
1893. Gibson, Andrew, F.R.S.A.1., Fairsfield, Lansdowne Road
1917. Gibson, Mrs., Bonnington, Lansdowne Road

1911. Gibson, Mrs. Joseph, Hollow Bridge House, Hillsborough, Co. Down
1921. Gibson, Wm. J., Montpelier House, Malone Road

1921. Gibson, R. H., M.R.I.A., 5 West Elmwood

1921. Gibson, Samuel, J.P., Summer Hill, Dunmurry

1921. Gilliland, J. H., 33 Gresham Street

1921. Gilliland, W. T., B.Sc., 7 Wellingtnn Place

1921. Glendinning, R. G., Jun., Cloughmore, Myrtlefield Park
1905. Glover, James, The Glebe, Kirkcubbin, Co. Down

1918. Gordon, Eustace, 35 Rosemary Street

1921. Gore, W., Municipal College of Technology

1921. Graham, Thomas, 26 Alexandra Avenue

1891. Green, Mrs. Isaac, Hawthornden, Knock

1895. Green, W. A., F.R.S.A.1., 4 Salisbury Terrace, Chichester Park.
1921. Green, H. P., Limehurst, Holland Park, Knock

1920. Greenham, Miss J. C., 44 Orient Gardens

1901. Greeves, J. Theodore, Nendrum, Knockdene Park.

1901. Greeves, W. Leopold, Ormeau Avenue

1901. Greeves, Fergus M., Garranard, Sydenham

1918. Greeves, O. V., Tavanagh House, Portadown

1908. Hadden, Mrs., Magharee, Portadown

1920. Hale, W. Bancroft, 6 Salisbury Gardens

1921. Hall, Henry, 177 Saugville Street

1883. Hamilton, Rt. Hon. and Rev. T., D.D., LL.D., Queen’s University
1908. Hamilton, Miss, 5 Church Avenue, Holywood

1921. Hamilton, Wm., 32 Silvio Street

1920. Harbison, Wm., Highbury, North Road.

1916. Harper, V. M. B.A., Campbell College, Belmont

1920. Haslett, W., Model School, Belfast

1921. Haslett, F. W., 1 Ulster Terrace, Lisburn Road

1021. Hayward, H. Richard, Hopefield House, Antrim Road
1221. Heenan, Miss J., 11a Stranmillis Road

1908. Henry, F. W., Ye Olde Castle, Castle Place

1915. Herdman, Miss E. W., Fountainville, University Road
1876. Heron, F. Adens, D.L., J.P.,-F.R.S.A.1., Maryfield, Holywood
1921. Hawton, J., M.P.S.1., 315 Ormeau Road

1921. Higginson, Thomas Sherlock, 20 Waring Street

1921. Higginson, R. Ernest, 20 Waring Street

1905. Hobson, Mrs., Aitennach, Crawfordsburn, Co. Down

1921. Hoffman, }*., Leamington, 7 Old Cavehill Road

1895. Hogg, A. R., 10 Thorndale Avenue

1908. Hogg, D. J., 16 Kansas Avenue

1903. Holland, Miss, Highbury, Cadogan Park

1904. Holland, Frank, Fairylill, Osborne Gardens

1921. Holness, John J., 26 Ava Street

1906. Hopkirk, IF. G., Midland Railway Co. (N.C.C.) Belfast
1919. Horsbrugh, C. B., Blessington House, Hillsborough, Co. Down
1921. Hoskins, Miss M., 14 Rosetta Park

1921. Hoskins, A. P., F.I.C., F.C.S., 14 Rosetta Park

1911. Houston, Miss, Lisheen, Sans Souci Park

1914. Houston, James Dick. Northern Bank, Elphin, Roscommon
1921. Houston, H.8., Shevmara, Jordanstown, Co. Antrim

1921. Ireland, J. Herbert, 107 South Parade

1921-1922. }
203

1892. Jaftfé, Lady Kinedar., Strandtown

1909. Jenkins, W. A., 6 Elmwood Terrace

914. Jenkinson, Henry, 29 Rosemary Street

11901. Johnson, Rev. W. F.,M.A., F.E.S., M.R.L.A., 4 Killowen Terrace, ;
Rostrevor

1906. Johnston, I. W., The Cottage, Cultra

1916. Johnston, Miss M. B., Beechville. Glenburn Park

1921, Johnston, E. C., F.R.S.A.1., Glenmount, Newtownards

1911. Jones, W. 3radwen, 3 Salisbury Villas, Chichester Park

1921. Jones, H. H. , Sclicitor, 21 Mayfair, Arthur Square

1916. Kay, Miss M. P., B.Sc., Burnside, Bangor

1917. Ieiller, W., 11 Chichester Street

1918. Kennedy, David, Pembroke, Wandsworth Road, Knock

1921. eee ys Captain 1. wea ’R.LB. A., The Bungolow, Sandown Road
nock

1921. Kennedy, R. N., J.P., Avonmore Lodge, Balmoral

1920. Kenny, Mrs. E. on 41 Claremount Street

1921. Kernohan, J. W., M.A., Seaforde, Park Road

1921. Kidd, James, 44 Brookvale Avenue

1899. Killen, tem lie 3a Dudley Chambers, 20 Waring Street

1886. Kirkpatrick, F .. 27 Oxford Street

1868. Knowles, W. J., M.R.[.A., F.R.S.A.I., Flixton Place South, Ballymena

1877. Kyle, R. A., 17 Wellington Park

1921. Lane, F. W., 79 Portallo Street

1901. Larmor, H. G., J.P., Lisburn.

1920. Lavery, W. H., Glenwood, Bloomfield Road ‘
1921. Lawther, Miss J., 11 Park Grove, Hull

1912. Ledgerwood, N. J., J.P., 10, Wellington Park.

1921. Lees, Miss S. L., Drumadoon, Castle Park

1920. Lepper, RK. S., M.A., L.L.M., F R.S.A.1., Eslinore, Crawfordsburn
1899. Lindsay, Protessor J. A., M.D., M.A., F.R.C.P., 3 Queen’s Elms
1918. Lindsay, Eric, c/o. Ulster Bank, Cromac Street

1915. Lindsay, Mrs., c/o. Ulster Bank, Cromac Street

1921. Lindsay, A. G., Northern Bank House, Holywood

1921. Louden, J. B., 285 Salisbury Avenue, Antrim Road

1921. Loughridge, James, 173 Cliftonville Road

1918. Lowry, Miss, Hazelwood, Bloomfield

1918. Lewis, Mrs. A. J., 2 Ranfurly Drive, Bioomfield

1898. Lowry, D. E., c/o. P. Ix. Arm, I.td., Clarence Street West

1908. Lowry, James, Llewellyn Avenue, Yaisbarn.

1910. Lowry, Miss L., Hazelwood, 331) omfaard.

1917. Lyttle, James, 1, Olney Terrace, Ballygomartin Road.

1921. Mackenzie, W. G., A.R.H.A., The Studio, Clarance Place i
1921. Macloy, Miss A. E., Cuil-na-Mban, Norfolk Drive, Glen Road
1915. Maconachie, Rev. D. H., B.A., B.D., The Manse, Holywood.
1915. Maconachie, Mrs., The Manse, Holywood

1905. Macoun, Mrs. 8S. M., Clanrolla, Windsor Park

1912. Macoun, S. M., yee Windsor Park

1920. Magowan ase. ie 8 Easton Crescent.

1921. Magowan, sas , 2 Kaston Crescent

1876. Major, Rev. J. J.. Doagh, Co. Antrim

1905. Malcolm, Miss Susan, ey se Road, Holywood.

1921. Malcolm, Bowman, M. L C.K., M.I.M.E., Inver, Ashley Park
1899. Malcolmson, J. G. B., Cairnbourn. Strandtown.

1901. Malcomson, Herbert T’., M.B.O.U., 32, Arthur Street.
1901. Malcomson, Joseph, 32, Arthur Street.

1914. Manning, J. W., Slieve Donard Tlotel, Newcastle.

(Proc. B.N.F.C.,
204

1921. Manning, W., 16 Shaftesbuay Square

1880. Marsh, Mrs., Glenlyon, Holywood.

1891. Marshall, H. C., Bryansburn Road, Bangor.

1916. Masterson, Miss, 93 Wellesley Avenue.

1915. Mawdsley, Miss, 28 Green Road, Knock

1908. Maxwell, Henry, Dunalbine, Deramore Park.

1892. Maxton, Jas, M.I.N.A., 6 Kirkliston Drive, Bloomfield.
1919. Mayes, A. Se 22; Glandore Avenue.

1903. Mayne, H. Horner, 24, Klmwood Avenue.

1921. Meakin, Chos., 119 The Mount

1917. Megaw, Rev. W. R., B.A., The Manse, Rosetta

1920. Megaw, I. J., 26 Linenhall Street

1921. Mercier, Alderman 8. T., J.P., 89 Cliftonville Road

1918. Metcalfe, A. W. Haw thornden Road, Knock.

1906. Millar, ‘Thomas O., 306, Antrim Road.

1907. Millar, Miss Bessie, 22 Ravenhill Gardens

1921. Milligan, Dr. C. se Dispensary House, Ligonie]

1911. Montgomery, Thos. Ward, 40 Rosemary Street

1898. Montgomery, H. C., F.R.s8.A.1., 40 Rosemary Street

1913. Montgomery, Miss HE. S., 26, College Greene

1920. Montgomery, Miss 8., 120, Eglantine . \venue.

1920. Montgomery, Miss G., 120, Helantine i enue.

1911. Montgomery, Miss Jane E. ., 8, Sandhurst Road.

1916. Moore, Frank,\J.V., F.E.0LS., Home-Lyn, Marlborongh Park North
1917. Morrison, Rev. Robert, B.A., The Curateage, Hillsborough.
1921. Morrison, "Miss Tes Southleigh, Knockbreda Park

1921. Mullowney, J. sine M.1.E.E., Rathverde, Cherryvalley Park

1915. MacCarthy, Mrs., Freshford, knox.

1905. MacCleary, A., Kensington Tlotel, College Square Hast.
1901, MacRae, Kenneth, Ulster Agricultural Society, Balmoral
1899. M‘Bretney, W. A. J., 31, Haypark Avenue.

1909. M‘Cance, James, 302, Antrim Road.

1913. M'‘Cance, Captain Stouppe, 4 Markham Square, London, S.W. 3
1921. M‘Bride, J., 1 Adelaide Street

1921. M ‘Callum, Major J.D. M., C.B.E., D.S.0., B.A., 6 Windsor Avenue
1921. M‘Carthy, W. J., Ashley, Alexandra Park, Holywood

1919. M‘Caw, James, Glenfield, Donegall Park

1884. M‘Cileery, H.. J.P., Oakhill, Dunmurry

1912. M‘Clelland, EH. W., B.Sc., 79, Kansas Avenue.

1921. M‘Comish, John, Benmore, Strandtown

1903. M‘Connell, Miss, Stranmillis Ilouse.

1879. M‘Connell, aac. af P., Stranmillis House.

1921. M‘Cullagh, Miss J. J..8 Cardigan Drive

1921. M‘Cullagh, Miss &., e Cardigan Drfve

1917. M‘Devitt. H., 115 High Street, Holywood

1913. M‘Dow Il, Miss, 36 North Parade

1918. M‘Dowell, R., 86 University Street

1921. M‘Gilney, F., 8 Wellington Place

1921. M'‘Gladery, R., The Brickworks, Springtield Road

1917. M'Ilroy, R. J., 32 Pandora Straet

1921. M'‘lIlwaine, J. E., M.D., 26 College Gardens

1914, M* ‘Kay, Miss B. W., BSc. Ardbana ‘lerrace, Coleraine.
1904. M‘Kean, HK. John, B. Ke B. L.. Heathtield, Old Cavehill Road.
1920. M‘Kee, Miss F. V., Ashley, Charnwood Avenue. :
1920. M‘Kee, Miss Eva K., Aahleeh: Charnwood Avenue

1921. M'‘Kee, Joseph, 60 Clonlee Drive, Strandtown

1906. M‘Kinney, Miss, Sentry Hill, Carnmoney.

1921. M‘Laine, Lechlan, Rathaline, Annadale Avenue

1921. M‘Laine, R., 42 College Park Avenue

1921-1922.]

1912.
1917.

O
1920.

1921.
1921.
1921.

1898.
1921.
1921.

1921.
1888.

1921.
1921.
1921.
1921.
1921.
1867.
1869.
1903.
1903.
1890.
1890.
1921.
1921.
1883.
1921.

1901.
1904.
1907.
1916.
1921.
1921.
1921.
1919.
1921.
1907.
1921.
1903.
1921.
1921.
1921.
1921.
1921.
1921.
1909.

1899.
1913.
1917.
1920.
L918.
1921.

205

M‘Meekin, Miss A. M., Sunnyside, Carnmoney, Co. Antrim
M‘Meekin, A., J.P., Cogry House, Doagh

M‘Millan, W., J.P., 30, Ashley Avenue.

M‘Neill, Mrs., Lackabeg, Knockdene Park

Neill, ¥. F., 85 Candahar Street
Niblock, J. B., 208 Cliftonville Road
Niblock, Mrs., 208 Cliftonville Road

Orr, James, 17, Garfield Street.
Osborne, T. Edens, F.R.S.A.I., 4 College Square, North.
Osborne, Miss M. B., 11 Marine Parade, Holywood

Paton, John, Ardmore, Bangor

Eatecucon Robert, F.L.S., M.R.I.A., M.B.0.U., Glenbank, Holy-
wood.

Patterson, W. H. F., Auburn, Donaghadee

Parkes, W. J., ‘‘ Wannsee,” Barnett’s Road, Knock

Parkes, Mrs., ‘‘ Wannsee,” Barnett’s Road, Knock

Parkes, Miss Lilian, ‘*° Wannsee,” Barnett’s Road, Knock

Parsons, Thomas, Farm Hill, Marino

Pim, John, J.P., Bonaven, Antrim Road.

Pim, Joshua, Rathb: uwn, 12 Adelaide Park

Pim, W. R. , Lisnagarv ey, Lisburn.

Pooler, ae Chas. K., D.D., M.R.1.A., D.Litt., Carnbin, Whitehouse

Porter, ine 13 Queen’ 8 Square

Porter, W., thee 3almoral Avenue
Porter, Miss May, do.

Porter, Miss Edith, do.

Praeger, R. Ll.. B.A., B.1., M.R.T.A., Nat. Library, Kildare St., Dublin
Pyper, James, B. A., 30 Cranmore Avenue

Rankin, Will, 26 Derryvolgie Avenue

Rankin, Mrs., 26 Derryvolgie Avenue -

Rea, Miss M. ae Salem House, Sydenham

Rea, Miss L. C., Salem House, Sydenham

Reid, John, 5 “oiane Gardens

Reid, Mrs., 29 Rosetta Avenue

Reid, Jas., B.Sc., Holywood

Reilly, Geo. C., Greenholme, Carrickfergus
Reynolds, Miss Doris L. : Queen’ s University
Riddel, Mrs., Grosvenor, Glastonbury Avenue
Riddell, Alexander, 12 Lower Crescent

Robb, IL. M., 44 Ulsterville Avenue.

Roberts, J. Ee 43 Fitzwilham Street

Robinson, W. R., 58 Ravenhill Park

Robinson, Miss L. , 16 Kingsmere Avenue

Robson, Mrs., 81, Wellington Park.

Rossington, Rev. H. J., M.A., B.D., Ardeevin, Cadogan Park
Rumley, J. D., W inston, Marlborough Park North
Russell, Nelson, Strathmore, Lisburn.

Sandes, Robert, Chorlton, Adelaide Park
Savage, W. HK. J., 8 Lincoln Avenue.
Sayers” Miss W., B.A., Bartragh, Knock
Sayers, Miss Fi Bi Bartragh, Knock.
Seymour, J., Inchmarlo, Marlborough Park
Shanks, Edward, 13 Donegall Square? West

(Proc, B.N.E.C.,
206

1921. Shaw, Miss Louie Hinton, 72 Cromwell Road

1911. Shaw, G. W., Ulster Bank, York Street

1905. Shiels, Rev. J. F., P.P., Saintfield

1921. Shiels, Edward, Summer Hill, Bangor

1921. Shortt, James, Wilmont, Lisburn

1921. Sinclair, Robert, 48 Waring Street

1890. Skillen, Joseph, Largymore, Lisburn.

1920. Small, Professor J., D.Sc.. Queen’s University

1921. Smith, W. S., 7 Adelaide Park

1921. Spencer-Smith, C. F., Friends’ School, Lisburn

1921. Squire, Miss li. Lousie, Roselands, Lansdowne Road

1921. Stanley, Major Rupert, B.A., M.I.E.E., F.1.R.E., Municipal College
of Technology, Belfast

1921. Steed, George G., 13 Donegall Square West

1921. Steel, David L., 141 Cavehill Road

1893. Steele, Miss, Dooneen, Marlborough Park.

1921. Steen, Rev. David, B.A., The Manse, Islandmagee

1910. Beg ce, ae A. W., B.Sec., A.R.C.Se.D., 14 Clareville Road, Rathgar,
Dublin

1911. Stendall, J. A. S., The Museum, College Square North

1904. Stephens, Captain J. Kyle, J, P., 13 Donegall Square North

1921. Stevenson. Miss E., Inverarnan, Cyprus Park, Bloomfield

1921. Stewart, A. W., ‘‘ Belfast Telegraph,” Belfast

1894. Stewart, W. J., 11 Elgin Street

1919. Strain, W., Windsor Park

1921. Tate, Jas., M.P.S.I., 7 and 9 Royal Avenue

1920. Tedley, Miss, Rosetta School, Belfast

1921. Thomas, J. Leigh, J.P., Downshire Road, Bangor

1921. Thomas, Mrs. J. Leigh, Downshire Road, Bangor

1921. Thompson, 8. B., J.P., Piney Ridge, Malone Road

1921. Thompson, Joseph, Altorf, Holywood Road

1921. Thompson, Wm., Lauriston, Derryvolgie Avenue

1921. Thomson, Richard, Cable Road, Whitehead

1921. Todd, R. G., 1 Mount Easton, Cliftonville

1875. Traill, W. A., M.A., F.R.S.A.I., Ing, Bushmills, Co. Antrim
1921. Trimble, Dr. Andrew, M.B., D.P.H., J.P., Tyr-owen, Downview Av.
1921. 'Mumer, 5., jun., 142 Cliftonpark Avenue

1904. Turtle, W. Haydock, Lumeah, Malone Road.

1909. Turtle, Mrs. N. S., Rosemount, Knock.

1893. Walker, W. J. D., C.B., The Sycamores, Drogheda.
1917. Walker, Franklin M., Mount Royal, Whitehead.
1920. Walker, Mrs., Mount Royal, Whitehead

1920. Ward, Miss Alice, Albert Villa, Sydenham.

1921. Ward, Francis K., Ridgeway Street, Stranmillis Road
1921. Ward, George, 21 Cranmore Avenue

1919. Warnock, Miss, 24 Cromwell Road

1921. Watkins, Rev. M., 4 Bathgate Drive, Strandtown
1921. Watts, Mrs, Tiverton, Upper Newtownards Road
1909. Watson, John G., The Maples, King’s Road, Knock
1921. Watson, Frank, The Hamlets, Strandtown

1921. Watt, Miss Anna, 622, Ravenhill Road.

1920. Weston, Wilfred W., 14 Donegall Square West

1921. White, Chas. H., 219 Cavehill Road

1921. White, George Chatsworth, Balmoral

1877. Whitla, Sir William, M.D., J.P., M.P., Lennoxvale House, Belfast
1917. Williamson, James, J.P., Sandown Park, Knock

1898. Wilson, George, 17 Bedford Street

1921-1922. ]

1901.

1904.
O
1901.

1921.
192i.
1921.
1920.
1920.
1922.
1921.
1918.
1918.
1918.
1918.
1921,
1921.
1921.

207

Wilson, Prof. Gregg, M.A., D.Sc., O.B.E., M.R.I.A., Ardenza,
King’s road 5

Wilson, Mrs., Ardenza, King’s Road,

Workman, Rev. R., M.A., Crusheen, Cadogan Park

Workman, W. H., F.Z.8., M.B.0.U., Lismore, Windsor Avenue

Zunior MeméBers.

Bulla, Alan C., Rydal, Lisburn Road

Blake, F. R. D., 4 Knock Road

Gibson, C. Ward, Silverton, Karlswood Road

Crawford, Maurice Orissa, Marlborough Park
Crawford, Ronald, do.

Crawford, Jack, do.

Mulligan, Miss J., Rosetta N.S.

M‘Carthy, Miss Daisy, 4, Ardlee Terrace. Holywood
M‘Carthy, Desmond, 4, Ardlee Terrace, Holywood.
Quick, Geoffrey G., 17, Rossmore Avenue.

Quick, Kenneth J., 17, Rossmore Avenue.

Rea, John H., 17 Queen’s Parade, Bangor

Walshe, Joseph, 50 South Parade, Ormeau Road
Walshe, W. W., do,

BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

SIXTIETH YEAR, 1922-23.

GENERALE GOMMITTEER

President :
Rrvy. W. R. MEGAW, B.A.

Vice-President :
J. A. S: STENDALL, M.3.0.U.

Hon. Treasurer :
T. EDENS OSBORNE, v.n.s.a.1., 4 ConneGk Square N., BELFAST.

Hon. Librarian :
W. M. CRAWFORD, 2.a4., L.¢.8., F.2.8., MARLBOROUGH PARK, BELrast.

Hon. Sec. Botanical Section :
S. A. BENNETT, B.4., B.se.

Hon. Sec. Geological Section :
R. BELL, F.M1yN.s.

Hon. Sec. Zoological Section :
W. A. GREEN, ¥.R.8.4.1.

Hon. Sec. Archzological Section :
A. ALBERT CAMPBELL, v.r-s.4.1.

Hon. Sec. Junior Section:
J. R. H. GREEVES.

Ordinary Members of Committee :

Retire 1923. Retire 1924. Retire 1925.
NT Waercuions. S. M. Macoun. F. Adens Heron, ).1., J.P.
rit SW aDreees ane. Miss 8S. Blackwood, A. Perey Hoskins, ¥.1.¢.,
D- Bliore 2a. Prof. J. IX. Charlesworth, icon
. ’ D.SC., M.R.I.A. Wim. Porter.

Hon. Secretary :

A, M‘I, CLELAND, Green Roap, Knock, BeLrast,

Reduced Prices of Proceedings.

In accordance with resolution passed at General Meeting held
on 28th April, rg11, the following reductions have been made in
the prices of Proceedings, &c., to Members of the Club. When

the stock has been sufficiently reduced prices will be raised again.

Proceedings, without Appendices, Series II., Vol. I. (1873-74 to 1879-80) to 2/6 per vol.
<¢ ‘r FP a ,», LI. (1881-82 to 1886-87) to 2/6 _,,
» 5 * se ,, LII. (1887-88 to 1892-93) to 2/6 __,,
9 3 oc 3 5, LV. (1893-94 to 1900-01) to 2/6,
” 39 a x » WV. (1901-02 to 1906-07) to 2/6,

The prices quoted above are for complete volumes, but any separate part may
be had for 6d.

Appendices, Vol. I. he In Leather Binding te to 5/- per vol.
oar Ie et In Paper Binding Ee to 3/6

79

Separate Appendices, which in covers are priced 6d and 1s, may be had in
loose sheets at 1d and 2d per copy respectively. (This does not apply to Nos. 4
and 7 and 8 of Vol. II., of which we have no surplus.)

Flora of North-East Ireland, by Stewart and Corry, with Supplement. 2/6 per vol.

The following Publications of the Club can be had from the Librarian.

Eighth Annual Report—1870-71, containing Appendix 11., List of Irish Liassic
Foraminifera—Wright ; and List of the Fossils of the Estuarine Clays of
Antrim and Down—Stewart a igs Ee mt

Ninth Annual Report—1871-72

Tenth do. 1872-7¢

Proceedings, Series II., Vol. I., Part aT 1873-74, ‘containing Appendix It., List
of Mosses of North- East of Ireland— Stewart; and List of Cretaceous
Microzoa of North of Treland—Wright, 2 Piates ee ;

i. Series IT., Vol. I., Part II., 1874-75

” ” oe EE. 1875- 76 ante

x IV., 1876-77, containing Appendix IV., Recent
Foraminifera of Down and Antrim— Wright, 1 Plate ; and Silurian Rocks |
of Co. Down—Swanston and Lapworth, 3 Plates _... e

4 Series IT., Vol. I. Parts V. and VI.. 1877-78 and °78 ’79 (in one)

BE Part VII., 1879- 80., containing Wopetaie V., List of
Post- Tertiary Foramifera of North-East Ireland— Wright ; and List of
Mollusea of Boulder Clay of North-Hast of Ireland—Stewart ...

; Series IT., Vol. II., Part I., 1880-81, containing Appendix VI., List of
Foraminifera of South Donegal— Wright ; Sponge Remains from Carb.
Limestone, County Sligo—Wright; and Fossil Hse a ee CoE
Sligo—Carter, 1 Plate _

—s,, Series IJ., Vol. I1., Part I1.. see f

a IIL., 1882-83, containing “Appendix Risin Sup-

plemental List of Mosses of the North-East of Ireland—Stewart

eS Series LI., Vol. I1., Part IV., 1883-84, containmg Appendix VIIL., Notes

on Irish Coleoptera —H: uliday ; ; Cromlechs of Antrim and Down—Gray,
12 Plates; and Prehistoric Monument near Sligo—Elcock, 4 Plates :

*y Series [1., Vol. IL.. Part V., 1884-85, containing Appendix IX., Ostracoda

of Belfast Lough—Malcolmson ; Fungi of North of Treland—Lett ; Fora-

minifera of ‘‘Protector” Cruise, &c. —Wright ; Cretaceous Foraminifera
of Kendy Hill—Wright ; Irish Coleoptera—Patterson :

Series IT.. Vol. IL., Part VI., 1885-86, containing Appendix X., The Ferns

of Ulster—Phillips and Praeger =

Series IT., Vol. IL, Part VIL., 1886-87., containing “Appendix. XL, Notes

on the Sections exposed at the Alexandra Dock, Belfast, with List of

Fossils, I Plate— Praeger

s Series [I., Vol. I11., Part L., 1887- 88, Containing Appendix X Gite Marine

Shells of the North of Ireland—Praeger 2

Series I1., Vol. I11., Part II., 1888-89... :

ITL., 1889-90, containing Reportof Larne Gravels

i] ”

Committee, 2 Plates..
Series I1., Vol. I1., ‘Part IV.., 1890-91
Vi

# e f 1891-92
“ ‘a VI... 1892-93
es Index ae
‘is Series IT., Vol. .» Part Ih, “1893- 94, containing Appendix XU.
” o9 7” Ti 1894- 95, P 55 if
i Ee os TIL., 1895 96 6 =F AW.
x % IV., 1896-97 b af
4 A a V., 1897-98—
A > = VL, 1898-99...
7 a" < VII., 1899-190C, 1900-01 (in one) a3
ie a Vol. V., Parts I. and IL., 1901-02, 1902-08 (in one)
33 > os Part IT1., 1903- 04 w
- + [V., 1904-05...
“ a 2 V., 1905- 66, with Appendices XVI. and XVIL.
is * a cae VI., 1906-07, with Index
i ir Vol. VI., Part I 1907-08, nae
a a a , 1908-09 ie Br
i ue 11 1909-10...
: re ‘3 oe 1910-11, with ‘Appendices I. & IL. of Vol III.
; ys, aie Reese
‘3 ea Vv a 1912-18, with Title Page & Index to Vol. VI.
is 5 Vol. VII., Part 1., 1913-14, with Ripon of 50th AME
y ie II., 1914-15.
: i ; IUL., 1915-16
re oe a5 LV., 1916-17 ...
is a V., 1917-18, with Title Page and Index to Vol.
VIT., and Spence TIL. of Vol. 111.
; 93 Vol. VIIL., Part I., 1918-19 of
: iS _ IL, 1919-20

7. i é IIT., 1920-21
8 1V., 1921-22

Some ot the above are now avatlable a Mepihers at Re prices:

1/-
1/-

ANNUAL REPORT

. AND..

PROCEEDINGS.

SERIES II. FEN ieee Fe PART V.

VOL. VIII. 1922-23

PRINTED FOR MEMBERS ONLY.
PRICE OF EXTRA COPIES TO MEMBERS, 2/-.

CONTENTS.

List of Officers, 1922.23
Annual Report
Statement of Accounts ...

Excursions :—Cloghan Point, Lagan Canal, Ram’s Island and
Langford Lodge, Hare’s Gap and Diamond Rocks,
Ballycarry, Bangor—Groomsport, Magheramorne,
Lissanoure Castle, Greyabbey

Papers :—‘‘ In the Heart of the Country *—Rev. W. R. Megaw, B.A.
‘“‘Tn the Kingdom of Mourne” —W. A. Green, F.R.S.A.I. ...
‘* The Life Story of a Fish ”—Prof. Gregg Wilson, D.Sc. ...
‘The Zoology aud Botany of Heraldic Charges ”—R. J.
Welch, M.RI.A. a A hs
‘*A Recently Discovered Prehistoric Site in County
Antrim—R. Bell and 8S. A. Bennett, B.A., B.Sc.
‘¢Some Recent Club Excursions”—A. M‘I. Cleland
Conversazione
Annual Meeting
Report of Delegate to British Association
Rules
Exchanges of Proceedings
List of Members
List of Subscribers to New Flora Supplement Fund
List of Officers, 1923-24

Appendix No. 4 of Vol. III.—The Lepidoptera of the North of Ire-
land, by Thomas Greer.

21F
213
218

219
227
238
239

240

242
256

256
256
258
262
266
270
282
283

PROCEEDINGS

AND ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

BELFAST NATURALISTS
FIELD CLUB.

For THE YEAR ENDING 31ST MARCH; 1923.

(SIXTIETH YEAR.)

SERIES II. PART V.

VOLUME VII) 1922-23.

Belfast;

PRINTED AT ‘“* THE NORTHERN WHIG” Offices, BRIDGE STREET.

EDITORS:

S. A. BENNETT, B.A., (Cantab), B.sc. (Lond.)
A. ALBERT CAMPBELL, F.R.S.A.1I.

Advisory Editorial Committee :

Botany—NATHANIEL CARROTHERS.
Geology—ROBERT BELL.
Zoology—JAMES ORR.
Archzxology -W. A. GREEN, F.R.S.A.1.

Belfast Naturalists Field Club.

SIXTIETH YEAR, 1922-1923

GENERAL COMMITTEE.

President:
Rev. W. R. MEGAW, B.a.

Vice-President:
J. A. SIDNEY STENDALL, m.B.0.v.

Hon. Treasurer:
T. EDENS OSBORNE, F.r.s.4.1., 4 Cottece Square N., BELrast.

Hon. Librarian:
W. M. CRAWFORD, B.a., F.£.s., ORIssa, MarLtBoroucnw Park,
BELFAST.

Hon. Sec. Botanical Section:
S. A. BENNETT, B.a., B.sc.

Hon. Sec. Geological Section:
ROBERT BELL.

Hon. Sec. Zoological Section:
W. A. GREEN, fF.Rr.s.4.1.

Hon. Sec. Archaeological Section:
A. ALBERT CAMPBELL, F.R.s.a.1.

Hon. Sec, Junior Section:
J. R. H. GREEVES, ssc.

Ordinary Members of Committee.

Retire 1923. Retire 1924. Retire 1925.
N. Carrothers. S. M. Macoun. | F. Adens Heron,J.P.,pD.L
T. M. Deans, utu.p. Miss 8. Blackwood. A. Percy Hoskins, F.1.¢.,
D. Elliott, B.a. Prof. J. K. Charlesworth, B.S.
D.SC., M.R.I.A. Wm. Porter (died during
| year).
| R. J. Welch, m.z.1.4.,
(co-opted)

Hon. Secretary:
A. M'I, CLELAND, Green Roap, Knock, Beurast,

Annual Report.

Your CommitTEE has pleasure in submitting the Sixtieth
Annual Report, as follows :—

During the year 85 Ordinary Members and 26 Junior
Members have been elected; 20 have resigned and 9 have
died. The total membership on 31st March, 19238, is 571, a
gratifying increase during the year of 117 Members. The
composition of the membership is now:—7 Honorary, 1
Corresponding, 2 Life, 520 Ordinary, and 41 Junior.

Your Committee greatly regret the decease during the
year of the following members:—2 MHonorary and 7
Ordinary. A list of their names will be found at the end of
the Report.

Twelve Committee meetings have been held during the
year, at which the attendances were as follows :—

Rev. W. R. Megaw ... 6 N. Carrothers Jaa A
A. §. stendalk «10 Dr. T. M. Deans oe
T. Edens Osborne .... 12 D. Elliott: ~~ .: eS
W. M. Crawford 8 S. M. Macoun LOaG
R. Bell cha 9 Miss 8. Blackwood ... 12
S. A. Bennett ‘a Prof. J. K. Charlesworth 4
W. A. Green cat F. A. Heron res MS
A. A. Campbell i. al A. P. Hoskins ant G
J. R. H. Greeves 2 W. Porter ©... ——
R. J. Welch 8 A. M‘T. Cleland Be! i

On the death of Mr. W. Porter in November the Com-
mittee co-opted Mr. R. J. Welch, M.R.I.A., to fill the
vacant position on the Committee.

The programme of Summer Excursions was carried out
almost in its entirety, the proposed excursion to Slieve
Croob having to be abandoned owing to the disturbed state
of the district. The places visited and numbers present
were as follows :—

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,

214
Cloghan Point 27th May Se 18 Present.
Slieve Croob +? 3rd June Leg! Abandoned
Lagan Canal ae 17th June ae 40 Present.
Ram’s Island and Lang-

ford Lodge is ist July : 46 55
Hare’s Gap and

Diamond Rocks ... 22nd July nce 30 gy

Ballycarry ba 5th August ae BY ee
Bangor-Groomsport Sf 19th August = 23h.
Magheramorne ats 2nd September fs Sir) 5s
Lissanoure Castle : 16th September he 33 ys
Greyabbey a 30th September Ae 38

In addition to the above an excursion was made to Nendrum
(Island Mahee) on 9th September, in conjunction with the Archaeo-
logical Section of the Natural History and Philosophical Society.

A very successful Conversazione was held on the 10th
April, in the Carlton Hall, 157 Members being present, the
exhibits, as usual, proving most interesting and varied.

During the Winter Session the following papers were
read, of which abstracts will be found in the Proceedings :—

1922.
24th October—‘‘ In the Heart of the Country,’”’ Rev. W. R. Megaw,
B.A.
Zlst November—‘‘ In the Kingdom of Mourne,’ W. A. Green,
F.R.S.A.I.
19th December—‘‘ The Life-Story of a Fish,’’ Prof. Gregg Wilson
M.A., D.Sc., M.R.LA.

1923.

16th January—‘‘ The Zoology and Botany of Heraldic Charges,’ R.
J. Welch, M.R.I.A.

20th February—‘‘ A Recently Discovered Prehistoric Site in County
Antrim,’’ R. Bell and §. A. Bennett, B.A., B.Sc.

20th March—‘‘ Some Recent Club Excursions,’’ A. M‘I. Cleland.

All the above subjects were well illustrated by lantern
views, photographs, or specimens, the attendances of
members being very good.

1922-1923. ]
215

In June your Committee appointed Mr. S. A. Bennett,
B.A., B.Sc., Delegate to the British Association Meetings,
in. Hull, in the ensuing September. The subsequent report
of the Delegate was submitted to the Annual Meeting, held
on 17th April; an abstract is included in the Proceedings.

The Hon. Treasurer will lay before you his Statement
of Accounts, while the Hon. Librarian and the Hon. Secre-
tary for the Junior Section will present their Reports.

In conclusion, your Committee desires to tender hearty
thanks to:—Mr. and Mrs. F. M. Walker, of Whitehead;
Mr. C. Spencer-Smith, M.A., of the Friends’ School, Lis-
burn; Colonel H. A. Pakenham, D.L., C.M.G., and Mr. and
Mrs. D. Graham, of Langford Lodge; and Captain
Macartney, of Lissanoure Castle, for kindness and hospi-
tality extended to Members of the Club on the Summer
Excursions; to Mr. F. W. Henry for the use of the Carlton
Hall; to the Press for publishing reports of the Excursions
and Meetings; to the Superintendents of the Railway
Companies; and to the Kindred Societies and Public
Institutions who have favoured us with their publications.

(Signed) W. R. Mesaw, President.
A. M'I. Ciextanp, Hon. Secretary.
16th April, 1923.

HON. LIBRARIAN’S REPORT.

The Library has been availed of by Members to a sume-
what greater extent than formerly.

Under sanction of the Committee, and after consulta-
tion with the Librarian of the Queen’s University, Belfast,
a large number of books and publications of the United
States Geological Survey was selected by Professor John K.
Charlesworth, D.Sc.. Ph.D., F.G.S., and myself, and
handed over as a gift to the Library of the University. The

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
216

‘removal of these books frees a number of shelves which will
be most useful for the better storage and arrangement of
the remaining books and publications of the Ciub’s Library.

Two volumes of ** The Irish Naturalist,’’ for years
1917-1920 (2 years in each volume), have been bound for
permanent reference in the Library.

A list of exchanges with other Clubs and Societies will
be found on another page.

(Signed) W. M. CrawrForp.

REPORT OF JUNIOR SECTION.

The past year has been an exceedingly satisfactory one.
This time last year we were merely making a beginning with
a few members. We now boast a membership of 41, and
have quite a fair proportion of Members who si) take an
interest in our work.

During the summer we held no less than 6 excursions,
visiting Mealough and Purdysburn Gien, Carnmoney Hill,
Drumbo, the Lagan Valley, and by special invitation the
grounds of Sir Wm. Whitla’s house at Lennoxvale, and Mr.
R. 8. Lepper’s place at Carnalea. At the last two places we
were hospitably entertained by the owners.

In the winter months we held 3 meetings. Mr. S. A.
Bennett talked on prehistoric man and his habits; Mr. 8.
Freeland gave us a most interesting chat on birds as we
went from case to case in the Patterson Museum; and Mr.
R. J. Welch expounded the lore of the shell in a fascinating
manner. In addition to these, we went, by special invitation
of Rev. W. R. Megaw, to Mr. Edward Armstrong’s lecture
‘““ At Home with Fur and Feather,’’ in St. John’s Hall,
Ormeau Road. Besides these, Mr. R. J. Welch kindly
arranged an unofficial visit to the ‘‘ Northern Whig ’’ offices
to let Juniors get first-hand information about printing.

With regard to the finance of the Section, the General
Committee decided last year to dispense with a subscription,

1922-1923.]
207

and the Hon. Treasurer was instructed to provide a “* float ”’
of £2 for working the Section. By using postcards for notices
of meetings, etc., and printing these privately on a duplica-
tor, we have been able to work very economically. However,
as all expenses incurred since the resuscitation of the Section
in 1921 had to be met from this £2, supplemented by a few
subscriptions received previous to the alteration, I shall be
forced to ask for a further advance.

The total expenses of the Section, including postage,
printing of cards for the tea meeting of 1921, cards with
printed headings for writing notices, etc., since June, 1921,
has been £2 6s 10d; total receipts, including float, £2 8s 6d.
Balance in hand, £0 1s 8d.

At the Conversazione this year the Section was allotted
about double the table space which it had last year; a sure
indication of progress. The table was well filled with
exhibits of birds’ eggs, pressed flowers, a novel exhibition of
fresh flowers, etc.

We have made rapid strides since the Section was re-
started, and I hope in the future that we may supply many
energetic workers to our parent Society.

(Signed) J. R. H. GReEvES.

Deceased Members.

Mr. Charles Bulla.

Mrs. Hadden.

Mr. Joseph Malcomson.
Mr. J. G. B. Malcomson.
Mr. H. C. Marshall.

Mr. W. M‘Millan, J.P.
Mr. W. H. Phiilips.

Mr. W. Porter.

Mr. Joseph Wright, F.G.S.
Mr. H. B. Brandon, J.P.

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219

PROCEEDINGS.

SUMMER. se SSlLON.

CLOGHAN POINT.
Date—27th May, 1922. Conductor—R. J. Welch, M.R.I.A.
Number present, 18.

Members and friends travelled to Whitehead by the
2-15 train to visit the raised beach and glacial gravels at
Cloghan Point. Taking the road past the columnar basalt
quarry, a section of greensand from which many fossils have
been collected was shown. On the sea side of the tunnel
were passed large masses of bladder campion in ful! bloom,
with bright yellow patches of bird’s-foot trefoil. Passing
along by the old harbour the calcreted glacial gravels over-
lying the chalk were noted. Descending to the shore, the
tall section of slipped marls with broken up masses of
gypsum was examined, and the raised beach visited.
Farther along the pholas borings on the marl near low tide
were seen. Returning to Whitehead, the party was enter-
tained to tea by Mr. and Mrs. F. M. Walker, Mount Royal.
At the business meeting afterwards (Captain Chase pre-
siding) 29 new members were elected. The return journey
to Belfast was made by the 6-80 train.

THE LAGAN VALLEY.
. Date—17th June, 1922. Conductor—S. A. Bennett, B.A., B.Sc.
Number present, 40.
Members journeyed to Hillsborough by the 1-45 train

-and walked back to Lisburn by the Lagan Canal. ~The
Sweet Flag, though not a native plant in Iréland, grows in

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
220

great profusion along almost the entire route. Other plants
observed at different stages of their development were the
Water Rocket, the Forget-me-not, the Flowering Rush,
and the Floating Persicaria. The last-rnentioned was
found in both its land and water forms, thus justifying its
scientific name of Polygontum amphibium Linn. At Lis-
burn the party was entertained to tea by Mr. C. Spencer-
Smith, M.A., Headmaster of the Friends’ School, and Mrs.
Spencer-Smith. At the business meeting afterwards (the
President, Rev. W. R. Megaw, B.A., in the chair) ten new
members were elected.

RAM’S ISLAND AND LANGFORD LODGE.

Date—Ilst July, 1922. Conductors—T. Edens Osborne, F.R.S.A.I., and
David Graham. Number present, 46.

The members proceeded by char-a-banc, leaving the
Museum at 10 a.m., to Langford Lodge. Towards the end
of the journey, along a beautiful tree-arched road, the
guelder rose—a native survivor of the old Irish woods—
was seen in the high hedges with masses of the wild rose,
mostly white or pale pink, but a few masses of a rich red
were also seen here and there. The waters of Lough Neagh
were rather rough for a pleasant passage to Ram’s Island,
so that only twelve ventured across. However, the demesne
of Langford Lodge afforded ample scope for the energies
of the botanists and zoologists.

The fine array of foreign flowering shrubs in full bloom,
with the grand forest trees, among which were noted
Lawson’s cypress, the giant thuja, the tulip tree, ana a
towering Wellingtonia, presented a glorious vision of floral
beauty. The Dog’s Mercury, Mercurialis perennis Linn., a
rare plant in the North of Ireland, was found growing in a
flourishing colony—a welcome confirmation of an old record.

1922-1923.
221

Other plants seen were the Meadowrue, Thalictrum flavum
Linn., Dog Violet, Viola canina Linn., Sweetbriar, Rosa
rubiginosa Linn., Skullcap, Scutellaria galenculata Linn.,
Hemp Agrimony, Hupatorium cannabinum Linn., Cowbane,
Circuta virosa Linn., and the Gipsywort, Lycopus europacus
Linn. The zoologists hunted for mollusca and water beetles
along the harbour margin, obtaining many of the latter and
ten species of the former, the best of which were the small
obese Limnaea stagnalis and L. palustris and the very high-
spired Valvata piscinalis, so typical of Lough Neagh and
Lough Beg. With these on a muddy sand bottom were
some very young specimens of the swan mussel, one being
under half an inch long. Land shells were not abundant
here, only five common species being collected, but later,
in the garden, a larger number, including some fairly big
Hyalinia cellaria and very large specimens of Sowerby’s
keeled slug were noted. The very rare and local amber shell
Succinea oblonga was keenly searched for, as it occurs at
Shane’s Castle in a similar habitat, but without success.
The entire absence of Hygromia striolata, the rufous shell,
was also noted. <A keen search everywhere, even among
the Arabis albida in the garden, failed to yield a single
specimen, ‘the first occasion in the North-east of Ireland
in a large garden with Arabis where it has not been found.

After tea, a business meeting was held—the President,
Rev. W. R. Megaw, B.A, in the chair, and four new
members were elected. The President referred in felicitous
terms to the kindness of Colonel H. A. Pakenham, D.L.,
C.M.G., in throwing open his charming grounds to the
members. Mr. R. J. Welch, M.R.I.A., at the request of
the President, gave an address on the special features of
the Lough Neagh basin, including the antiquities of Ram’s
Island. With reference to what is known as ‘* Lough Neagh
petrified wood,’’ he pointed out that the water of the Lough
has no petrifying qualities whatever, the popular idea aris-
ing from so much fossil wood being found in Lough Neagh

{Proc. B.N.F.C.,
222

clays or along the shores. This wood is derived from the
waste of the interbasaltic zone between the Upper and Lower
Basalts of the Antrim and Derry basaltic plateau, and is of
Tertiary age.

A start for home was made at 7 p.m. via Crumlin,
Glenavy, and Lisburn. The City Hall was reached at 8-30.

HARE’S GAP AND DIAMOND ROCKS.

Date—22nd July, 1922. Conductors—Robert Bell and S. A. Bennett,
B.A., B.Sc. Number present, 30.

Members assembled at the Museum at 10 a.m. and
went by motor char-a-bane to the Trassey Bridge, via
Ballynahinch, Castlewellan, and Bryansford. On arrival
the party walked up the valley of the Trassey River as far
as the Hare’s. Gap, which forms a col at 1,800 feet above
sea level between Slievenaglogh and Slieve Bearnagh.

By the courtesy of the Belfast Water Commissioners,
and with the permission of Colonel Wickham, Divisional
Inspector of the Special Constabulary, the area under the
control of the Commissioners was entered, and after a fur-
ther climb of 300 feet the Diamond Rocks were reached.

En route the Starry Saxifrage Saxifraga stellaris Linn..,
was noted on the slopes of Slieve Bearnagh, and a little
distance above the Diamond Rocks the Dwarf Mountain
Juniper, Juniperus nana Linn., was seen in considerable
quantity.

At the Diamond Rocks excellent specimens of ‘the
following minerals were obtained :—Smoky quartz, felspar,
mica, topaz and beryl.

Tea was taken at the Tea Rooms, Neweastle Station,
and after a pleasant run Belfast was reached at 8-30 p.m,

1922-1923.]
223

BALLYCARRY.
Date—5th August. Conductor—S. M. Macoun. Number present, 32.

The party journeyed to Ballycarry by the 2-15 train,
and walked up through Ballycarry, visiting the old church
and graveyard of Templecorran, and inspecting the many
interesting memorial stones there. The road by Bellahill
and Dalway’s Bawn was then taken to Castle Dobbs
demesne, which was kindly thrown open to the Club by
the owner. The botanists devoted their attention to the
glen and river bank; the archaeologists proceeded to Kil-
root and had a successful hunt for flint implements at the
raised beach. Before leaving the Kilroot Railway Station
a business meeting was held (Mr. A. Albert Campbell,
F.R.S.A.J., presiding), when four new members were
elected.

BANGOR AND GROOMSPORT.

Date—19th August. Conductor—A. M‘I. Cleland.
Number present, 23,

Members went to Bangor by the 2-25 train, and walked
along the shore to Groomsport. The tide being out, a halt
was made at Ballyholme Bay to examine the submerged
peat bed. The party returned from Groomsport to Bangor
by char-a-bance at 6-30.

MAGHERAMORNE.

Date—2nd September. Conductor—Robert Bell. Number present, 37.

The journey to Magheramorne was made by the 3-10
train from the Midland Station. Permission to visit the
quarries and cement works had been given by the British
Portland Cement. Manufacturers, Ltd, On reaching the

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
224

quarries the conductor gave an interesting description of the
geological features of the district, making special reference
to some fresh sections which were being then exposed. Here
was seen both red and blue boulder drift, the latter con-
taining liassic material which yielded among other fossils
the characteristic Gryphaea incurva. Beneath the blue ciay
appears what is apparently a section of thinly-bedded altered
chalk, lying upon a stratum of red earth, this in turn rest-
ing on the ordinary chalk of the district. This section came
in for a large amount of examination as it presented some
puzzling features.

Among the fossils noted during the day were :—-Three
casts of large Ammonites gollevillensis, with diameters of
some fifteen inches. Pleurotomaria perspectiva, Rhyncho-
nella robusta and Rhynchonella octoplicata, Pecten quinque-
costatus, Spondylus spinosus, Ananchytes ovatus, and a
Shark’s tooth, Lamna appendiculata.

The botanists were not idle, finding among the debris
of the older parts of the quarries the following plants :—
Dyer’s Rocket, Reseda Luteola Linn., Tutsan, Hypericum
Androsaemum Jiinn., Viper’s Bugloss, Hchium vulgare
Linn., Common Centaury, Hrythraea Centauriwm Pers.,
Fleabane, Pulicaria dysenterica Goertn., Red Spur Valerian,
Centranthus ruber D.C., Hairy Willowherb. Hpilobium
hirsutum Linn., and Festuca rigida Kunth.

After tea, a business meeting was held (the President,
Rev. W. R. Megaw, B.A., in the chair), and six new
members were elected. The party was then conducted
through the cement works, the various processes of manu-
facture being clearly explained. Belfast was reached again
about 9-30.

NENDRUM.
‘I'he Club joined with the Archaeological Section of the
Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society in an
excursion to Nendrum, Mahee Island, on 9th September.

1922-1923. ]
225

Rev. Canon Carmody and Mr. H. C. Lawlor gave
addresses explanatory of the history of this ancient monastic
foundation, and described the results of the excavations
recently made.

LISSANOURE.

Date—16th September. Conductor—Dr. Deans.
Number present, 33.

Members travelled by the 10-0 a.m. train to Killagan
Station, and thence by motor coach to Lissanoure. The
old castle was first visited, and the conductor gave a short
resumé of its history, as recorded in Monsignor O’Laverty’s
“Down and Connor.’’ The party then broke up into sec-
tions and visited the several places of interest in the
demesne and vicinity, including the old graveyard and re-
mains of the church, a plantation grown by Captain
Macartney on the German plan, and the modern church of
Loughguile. A heronry was observed on an island (formerly
a crannog) in one of the lakes. After tea, a business meet-
ing was held, the President (Rev. W. R. Megaw, B.A.) in
the chair. Hight new members were elected, and a vote of
thanks passed to Captain and Mrs. Macartney for their
kindness in allowing access to the grounds. The botanists
noted the following plants:—Poa nemoralis Linn., Carex
ampullacea Good, Polygonium Hydropiper T., Listera ovata
Br., Typha latifolia Linn., Hylocomium loreum B. & §.,
Plagiothecium undulatum B. & S.

GREYABBEY.

Date—30th September, 1922. Conductor—A. M'‘I. Cleland.
Number present, 38.

The party journeyed to Greyabbey by motor coach,
Jeaving the Museum, College Square North, at 2 p.m. On
reaching the Abbey, the conductor gave an address on its

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
226

history and architectural characteristics. Having thoroughly
inspected the ruins, the members resumed their seats on
the coach, and proceeded to Ballywalter, where tea was
served in the Dunleath Arms Hotel. Mr. 8. A. Bennett,
B.A., B.Sce., presided at the business meeting afterwards
and briefly outlined the programme for the Winter Session
Belfast was reached again about 8-30.

aaa
eeeoooeeeae—e—e—e—e—e—e———

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ZMN

1922-1923.]
227

WINTER SESSION.

NoteE.—The authors of the varivus Papers of which
abstracts are given are alone responsible for the views
expressed therein.

IN THE HEART OF THE COUNTRY.

The first ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was
held in the Museum, College Square N., on Tuesday, 24th
October, when the President (Rev. W. R. Megaw, B.A.) gave
his inaugural address, using as his title ‘“‘ In the Heart of
the Country.’’

He said—It is interesting to look back and recall the
first wild flower or bird which challenged us as to its identity.
I can distinctly remember the first wild flower which puzzled
me. J wished to know its name, but no one around my
country home could oblige. It grew on the wall which
separated the yard from the garden, striking its roots into
the crumbling mortar. I was told it was a weed, but that
failed to satisfy, and I knew it for many years as “‘ the-little-
pink-flower-on-the-garden-wall.’’ Later I recognised it as
the common willow-herb (Epilobium montanum Linn), one
of a large family which boasts among its members the hand-
some blooming sally (Hpilobium augustifolium Linn).

I can remember, too, being puzzled about a strange bird
which had its nest in a plantation near my home. It had
its nest hidden in lanky grass among brambles. I had never
seen a nest like it. It was placed on its edge, with the door
at the side. Again, no one could enlighten me. So I named
the bird the ‘* ground-wren,’’ from the supposed resemblance
of the nest to that of the familiar jennie-wren, or “‘ chitty-

wren ’’ as it was called locally in North Down. In my
christening of it I came nearer than I knew to the bird’s
popular name—the bird was the willow wren. In after

years, with better facilities in the form of books and com-
panions versed in nature lore, one’s acquaintance with plants

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
228

and birds increased more rapidly and securely, but for me the
first challenge of nature to recognise her children is linked
in special delight with the willow-herb and the willow-wren.

To be born in the heart of the country, far from town
and railway, is to be, by a strange paradox, severely handi-
capped from a naturalist’s point of view. For though wild
life abounds, it abounds unnoticed; or at least the teeming
variety is not sorted out. Those brought up on the
land have but the sparsest knowledge of the flora which
brushes against their feet from year to vear. Even
the birds, with a few exceptions, are undistinguished.
The rock and the jackdaw are ** crows ’’—I have heard
the jackdaw called the ‘‘ wee crow.’’ The spotted fiy-
catcher, the whitethroat, the chiff-chaff are unnoticed.
The fieldfare and the redwing are ‘‘ thrushes,’’ or lumped.
together as ‘‘ felts’ or “' frost-birds.’’ The swallow, the
house marten, and the swift are all ‘‘ swallows,’’ without dis-
tinction. The chaffinch is called the bullfinch, or “‘ bull-
flinch.’’ The corn bunting, one man informed me, was the
‘““ hen yellow-yorlin, one of the few hen birds which sings !’’

With regard to plants, troublesome and rank weeds such
as the nettle, thistle, dandelion, colt’s foot, ‘‘ sit-fast ’’
(creeping buttercup), ‘* presha ’’ (wild mustard), etc., are
widely known. The others are weeds, a few having local
names, especially if believed to possess medicinal properties.

It has been said of humanity that ‘’ life begins in the
country and is perfected in the city.’’ As a corollary it may
be said that the perfecting of our knowledge of our country’s
flora and fauna is due to the denizens of our centres of
population.

There is, moreover, confusion in the countryman’s mind
regarding many common plants. For example, the long-
rooted cat’s-ear is immediately named dandelion; the various
buttercups are seen as one; the smaller nettle is not seen
as distinct from the common nettle. What is stranger
still is the fact that farmers fail to separate and fix
the natural grasses, with the few exceptions of cock’s-
foot, crested dog’s-tail, rye grass, and couch grass, and
occasionally one or two others. I have found again and
again an intelligent farmer puzzled by the obvious fact that
fox-tail is not timothy. I have asked many farmers how
many native grasses they thought there were in N.E, Ireland

1922-1923. ]
229

and have received in reply numbers ranging from 12 to 20,
no reply ever exceeding the latter number. ‘To say that there
are about 60 is to run the risk of being considered a degene-
rate from the city, crammed with cunningly devised fables,
or one who is attempting to joke on a really serious subject.

if grasses, all important as they are for man and beast,
remain undistinguished, what shall we say about the 40 odd
species of sedges native to our N.E. counties? To but a
very few they are non-existent. The word “ sedge,’’ to
most people in both town and country, suggests brackish
water and rank plant growths. ‘That there are sedges to be
found by the roadside, on mountain pasture and in the
meadows, is regarded as a statement to be taken with a
grain of salt. These most interesting plants are either
entirely overlooked or relegated to the obscurity of unknown
grasses.

One evening during a walk in the meadows near Lough
Beg I pointed out to my farmer companion the beautiful
sweet-grass (Glyceria fluitans Br.) which was growing
luxuriantly in the broad shallow drains which divide the
fields. He told me that his cows were so fond of this grass
that they often slipped into the drains trying to reach it,
much to their discomfort and danger. ‘‘ Gorging themselves
with glyceria had,’’ he said, “* a decided medical effect upon
them,’’ but he assured me that the cows knew the remedy.
““ Over there grows a hard blue grass,’’ he added. ‘* They
eat it and are cured.’’ We examined the “‘ blue grass ’’ and
found it to be a beautiful, wide patch of the carnation sedge
(Carex panicea Linn). He was amazed when I called his
attention to its fruiting stems. For over fifty years he had
walked those meadows and not till that moment had he seen
the fruit of the carnation sedge. One plant he had seen and
admired. It carpeted the soft, peaty sides of an old ‘‘ cash ”’
(i.e., a bank of uncut turf used as a road), but he had been
careless as to its name until the preceding year, when
visitors from across the channel had asked him what it was.
He confessed to me, rather sadly I thought, that he had
been unable to tell them. When I named it heath bedstraw
(Galium sazatile Linn) he kept repeating the words for some
time, remarking: “‘ 1 must try and mind that, but I’m sure
by supper time it will be gone.”’

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
230

Although the real countryman remains contentedly
ignorant of the dense and varied flora which is his constant
companion, he is not without his queer untutored lore of the
fields. Certain plants force themselves upon his ken in spite
of himself. He begins and continues life with one clear dis-
tinction in his mind—the distinction between crops and
weeds. The culture of crops is his life’s work, and this im-
plies the destruction of weeds. But among the much-
despised weeds he must make distinctions, and that for
several reasons. Leaving out of account rank growths
such as ragwort, nettle, etc., he may find on his farm
a showy casual which attracts his eye and arouses a
mild curiosity. Among flax, which is sown from foreign
seed, there often occurs an attractive plant called gold-
of-pleasure (Camelina sativa Cr.). Again and again
farmers, generally most unobservant, have brought me
specimens of camelina for identification. One farmer
told me that when he sowed Dutch flax-seed camelina
invariably appeared, but that when he sowed Russian seed
there was no sign of the plant.

The well-known facts regarding the sexual reproduction of
plants remain ungrasped by the man in the heart of the
country. In most cases he is simply unaware that any such
process takes place. When fruit fails to set on his apple
trees frost is the sole explanation which he gives. Yet the
idea of sex difference in plants is not wholly absent from
his mind. But it is a differentiation not in the flowering
parts (he knows nothing of stamens and stigmas) but rather
a differentiation (quite unscientific) between one specimen
and another founded on outward and unessential points.
James Russell Lowell names the birch ‘‘ most shy and
lady-like of trees.’’ It is this same idea expressed more
crudely which we find in the minds of country folk. A rough
sturdy plant suggests the masculine; a smooth, more elegant
specimen appears feminine. Thus tansy (Tanacetum vulgare
Linn) is known to many as the she-benweed. And a variety
of common thistles almost free from spines (var. setosus)
goes by the name of the she-thistle.

Again, the appearance of a plant in abundance in one
spot and its total disappearance the following season, its
place being taken by some other species, gives rise to strange
conclusions, viz. :—that the one has changed into the other.

1922-1923. j
231

An old farmer assured me some time ago that while timothy
(Phleum pratense Linn) was a valuable grass the first year
it was sown, and perhaps for the second and third years, yet
it was a “* bad grass,’’ as it degenerated into couch-grass, the
latter being a plague. I believe this is a somewhat prevalent
idea. If the timothy dies out in a few years and couch ap-
pears, the inference follows that timothy has fallen on evil
days and become scutch-grass or couch.

The only other country lore of plants which I will men-
tion is that connected with medicinal uses. Being thoroughly
conservative, the countryman sticks to a few favourites.
These few so-called medicinal herbs possess for him all
the healing and preventitive qualities claimed by the vendor
of patent medicines. Hanging from the rafters under the
sodden and thatched roof you may notice a handful of
tormentil, or rose-noble (the knotted fig-wort), or ground-ivy,
blackened by peat smoke and shrunken almost beyond recog-
nition. These constitute the most marvellous medicine chest
conceivable, yielding remedies for the most varied ailments.

‘“* Robin-run-the-hedge for hives,
Rose-noble for the ague,
Tormenting root drink all your lives,
To banish ills that plague you.”’

Herbal treatment appeals to the countryman with a
power that is almost uncanny. I knew a wholly illiterate
man who proposed to cure erysipelas with a concoction of
sage leaves boiled in milk. The modus operandi was as
follows :—The poor patient drank the nauseating, acrid juice
of the stew and then the roasting hot leaves were applied to
the spot affected. I have seen a patient submitting without
a murmur to a treatment so excruciatingly painful that, had
a certified physician attempted to enforce it, he would most
certainly have met with physical violence.

In every countryside there are recognised cow and horse
doctors who prescribe and administer ‘‘ cures ’’ held by
many to be infallible. The cure is especially believed in if
its secret has been handed down from father to son. The
ingredients of these so-called remedies are a carefully-guarded
secret, nor does the possessor part with his lore until death
is certain and near—then the secret is bequeathed, with
many cautions, to the eldest son or daughter. I remember
an aged man confessing to me that, owing to the in-

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
232

gratitude of man, he meant to carry to the grave the
mysteries of a certain cure the secret of which had been
in his family for many generations. There is, however, a
growing suspicion regarding the potency of these occult
remedies. ‘* He was a cow-doctor,’’ said a man to me one
day at the funeral of a neighbour, ‘‘ and I may say he has
been the death of more cows than all the vets. in the
country.’’ The witty, left-handed compliment to our
veterinary surgeons will not pass unappreciated.

To the city dweller life in the heart of the country sug-
gests dull, unrelieved monotony, at least during the winter
months. The real lover of nature finds it the very reverse.
When the migrants leave in the autumn their place is taken
by flocks of fieldfares and red-wings. Though these last-
named do not nest with us they brighten the bare fields with
their welcome presence and help to maintain the balance of
bird life in the district. When the flowers pass and the
grasses sink into low tufts and the hedgerows change into a
network of chocolate coloured twigs then mosses and liver-
worts come to their own. Hidden during the summer by the
dense foliage, they now appear in all their beauty of green
and gold. Autumn is for them the return of spring. There
is beauty, variety, interest everywhere for the eye that can
see.

Let us stand for a few moments in a remote country
lane and let the month be February. What has the lane to
show at such a time? Let us look and see. There over the
hedge hangs a spray of bramble, with the leaves turned to a
red copper colour by the frosts and bitter winds. Note the
ivy trailing over the ground, its leaves darkened by the cold;
a stem or two clings to the stump of an ash tree, how promi-
nently the veins stand out, more marked, it seems to me,
than on asummer day. The catkins of an alder brighten the
hedgerow with their pale golden tassels. They show best on
the suckers of a few years standing which have come out
near the root and grow sheltered from the north-east. Close
by the alder a dandelion bears one weak flower and a plant of
barren strawberry boasts two blooms. On the opposite side
of the lane is a mossy bank covered with hypna (the large
feather mosses), four species interwoven. A yard or 30 away
they are torn up and lie loosely in tufts at the foot cf the
bank. Thrushes and blackbirds have been busy ransacking

1922-1923. ]
233

the larder—searching for insects. This moss-bank is, indeed,
the birds’ cold storage. Clamped tight between the forks of
a thorn is a wren’s nest. Invisible in June, it catches the eye
at once now. Its outer covering is whclly composed of two
common mosses (Hypnum purum and Hypnum splendens),
Mother wren had not far to travel for the material of her
home. She picked up the loose and withered moss stems
scattered by the thrushes of last winter. Note now the value
of her instinct: mosses, no matter how shrunken, absorb
moisture with an amazing rapidity. Once fully saturated,
they present to the elements a waterproof covering. The
hair lining of such a nest remains dry in spite of summer
showers. Enclosed in a water-jacket the temperature of the
nest is preserved from extremes. Who will deny the charm
which the heart of the country presents to the naturalist?

For a period of nine years I was in possession of a field
about an acre in extent. During that period the field was
unbroken by the plough. I made a note of its flora and
found it to contain 204 species. In this total there were 20
grasses, 13 sedges, 36 mosses and hepatics. The north end
of the field was of a boggy nature and here grew the bottle-
sedge (Carex ampullacea Good.) Year by year the number
of its fruiting stems became less until in the year 1915 it
carried but one. Since then the tufts, shrinking in size and
diminishing in number, have been barren. Soon the end will
come and the flora of the little field will mourn the passing

of an illustrious citizen. In this field I made my first
acquaintance with the rather rare pale-sedge (Carex
pallescens Linn). This plant, I am pleased to say, has

held its position during the last decade and shows no sign
of sharing the fate of its brother, ampullacea.

A day’s excursion into the country, however often re-
peated, cannot give that close and intimate association with
nature in which the secrets of her heart are revealed: her
stray moods, her freaks, her fancies, her kindness to one
group of her children, her apparent severity to another.
Not only has each season its originality, but within a
single season strange developments may occur. Dame
Nature will turn a simple flower compound and a compound
flower simple, selecting one out of a wide patch and on this
working her freakish fancy. I have seen the bulbous butter-

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
234

cup (Ranunculus bulbosus Linn.) completely petalled, i.e.,
all the stamens expanded into petals. Next season it re-
turned to normal. I have seen ribwort plantain (Plantago
lanceolata Linn.) viviparous, a little forest of leaves elevated
on the flower stock. This was in autumn. Then came frost
and the tender leaves melted into a black slime. Although
she seldom asks her moss flora to grow on a pine trunk, she
canst out green lines of moss on a tar-macadamed foot-
walk.

The flora of a single field studied year by year presents
strange contrasts. Some growths flourish each year, holding
firmly to one chosen spot; others thrust out their borders
and swarm over an ever-increasing area; then comes a
season, to all appearance normal, and the ranks are
mysteriously thinned. One year a farmer in our district
sowed red and alsike clover in a large field. To his disap-
pointment not a stalk of the plant appeared except in one
place, viz. :—just inside the gate, a spot which for years had
been trampled into a quagmire by his cattle as they im-
patiently waited for milking time.

Plants appear as casuals in grazing land, and their ad-
vent is hidden in obscurity. I have seen chicory on two
occasions growing in grass lands far apart. These lands had
been fallow for more than a decade when unexpectedly
chicory appeared, remained for a couple of seasons, and then
was gone.

By a quiet laneside, the flora of which was specially
familiar to me, I was astonished to find one year (1911) half
a-dozen plants of wall-whitlow grass (Draba muralis Linn.).
The nearest known station for Draba lies eight miles distant
by the wall of an old church. How did the plant reach its
new station? Who can tell? However, one season satisfied
its wandering spirit, there being no trace of whitlow grass in
1912 or after.

Life in the heart of the country bristles with varied
interests, and there are no dull months to the true lover of
nature. Let me give two extracts from the diary of an
amateur :—‘‘ December 7th. A mild, damp day; heard the
robin, the song thrush and the wren sing, and saw a black-
berry spray in bloom.’’ ‘‘ January 8th. Four inches cf
snow on the roads and frequent snow showers—the wind
north and bitterly cold. How delightful on such a day to

1922-1923.]
235

see a bullfinch with his bright plumage against the pure white
of the snow. The little chap was searching the hedge op-
posite and I stopped, wondering what he found to eat. He
didn’t seem to resent my inquistiveness in the least, al-
though I was within twelve feet of him. His strong bill was
cracking seed and my curiosity was unappeased until I found
out the fare. The seeds proved to be those of the blackberry.
Here and there on the withered sprays of bramble were a
few ripe seeds left behind by the departed fruit. I followed
the bullfinch’s example and tasted the seed. The flavour
and fragrance peculiar to blackberry fruit were still there,
distinct enough to give me (and the bird) quite a delightful!
reminiscent whiff of mellow September. Cordial thanks, Mr.
Bullfinch, for the unexpected treat !’’

Living in the country the year round; walking the fields
more often than the roadway; familiar with the grass-grown
lanes and the little beaten paths over hill and moor; stopping
by the dilapidated cottage with its torr and sodden thatch
hiding its decay under thick wads of moss: one cannot fail
to gather a mental diary of facts and fancies. The facts are
unconnected, like beads without a string; the fancies rest,
perhaps, on the flimsiest foundation. As a fact, I have
noted that the lark sings flying horizontally before it sings
flying vertically. In the first months of the year, when a
spring day comes as one born out of due time, then the lark
flying low across the hedgerows pours forth its rich, sweet
song. This I call the lark’s rehearsal, and thus fancy adds
its gilding to the fact.

Again, there is an old couplet which runs as follows :—
‘* Kissing’s out of season when the whin is out of bloom.”’
For many years I kept a note of the months in which I saw
whin blossoms; in no year did I see them in November. This
may be due to limited observation. I did not keep a diary in
regard to the other matter mentioned in the couplet.

Amongst our humbler vegetation the stoutest resistance
offered to winter’s levelling hand is surely that of the crested
dog’s tail, when all else withers and falls the wiry stems
of this hardy grass stand firm and erect. They are called
in the country “‘ winnel straws.’’ Cattle reject them, except
when mixed in mown hay ; but horses eat them with seeming
relish,

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
236

About fifteen years ago a friend, observant of feathered
life, told me that he remembered distinctly one red-letter day
in his school life, and for the following reason:—A pair of
strange birds had made their appearance and were nesting
near the school, and the master brought the children to view
the nest. The birds were starlings, and were at the time
feeding their young. This was the first starling’s nest seen in
that part of North Down. The date would be fifty-five odd
years back. It would be interesting to have confirmation or
correction of this story.

Round the older farmhouses and cottages it is interesting
to note plants which are known to the country folk as herbs,
often pronounced ‘‘ Yerbs.’’ ‘These are potent in regard to
many common ailments in man and beast. Sometimes they
are treasured not because of their present use, but because
a byegone generation employed them in the working of cures.
Let me give one example in the greater celandine, a poppy
containing a yellow and poisonous juice, which is to be
found in many a neglected garden, or by a laneside near
the site of a dwelling which has all but disappeared.
I have: never known the greater celandine used as a
specific, but I have seen its suggested removal resented by
the owner of the property on which it was growing. Why
this resentment? Herein les perhaps the sole explanation.
One afternoon when cycling I stopped by the roadside,
near an ancient homestead, to chat with a worthy farmer
who was gazing with serious face at half-a-dozen cows which
in turn were gazing at him with that placid look only cows
can assume. ‘‘ There’s something wrong with them,’’ he
began, nodding towards the beasts, ‘* they’re off their feed
and aren’t chewing their cud.’’ This was indeed serious, and
soon we were engaged exhausting theories in our attempts to
meet the case. He met each of my suggestions with a nega-
tive that was decisive and final, but could suggest nothing
himself. Just then I noticed on the near side of the hedge,
but within easy reach of the cows’ tongues, greater celandine
growing in some abundance. A hasty examination of the
plants showed that they had been browsed, and immediately
I believed I had discovered the cause of the lassitude in my
friend’s cattle. I drew his attention to the celandine, work-
ing off a little homily on the subject. He followed me with-
out interruption until I came to the peroration, which ad-
vocated the immediate destruction of the poisonous plant.

1922-1923. ]

BOG
‘“ No, no,’’ said he, “‘ it will never be touched in my time.
My mother cured many a sore sickness with that yerb.’’ I
pointed out to him that there were other plants of celandine
in his garden, beyond reach of his cows. But he held firmly
to his position. One evening at dusk I was passing his
house; all was quiet; I had the road to myself. Well, I
perpetrated an act of vandalism, or was it sacrilege? Any-
how, the greater celandine is not to be found by the roadside
where it once flourished. My farmer friend and I have
discussed many subjects since that date, but our private
‘* Hansard ’’ will be searched in vain for the words ‘* cow ”’

ce

or “* celandine.’’

In drawing this incoherent paper to a close let me tell of
a clerical gentleman suddenly transported from the heart of
the city to the wilds of the country. His spare time hung
heavily on his hands, all his tastes being city born. The heart
of the country was unutterably dull and he felt, like
Alexander Selkirk, “‘ out of humanity’s reach.’’ Spring came
and with it a stranger who arrived to botanise in the district.
The transplanted one, after showing a mild and somewhat
cynical interest in the pursuit of the stranger, found one
day that he had been infected. Why, after all, should he not
botanise? The stranger went his way at the end of a few
days. The transplanted one purchased a half-crown book
on ‘* How to Identify Flowers ’’ (the author’s name was
Fox) and this, together with a linen glass and a pair of good
eyes, was all his outfit. The stranger, before departing,
left his address, and a promise to assist the beginner in every
way possible. Week by week the transplanted one posted
box after box of plants to his new friend, for confirmation
or correction. Amazing progress was made, and as the
season wore on a vision of a grand total of 300 plants, seen
and identified, promised to become a reality. It was a
game, a race, with 300 as the winning post. He reached
299, “‘ faint yet pursuing.’’ Then, when the issue hung
in the balance, a few plants of Leontodon hirtus Linn. came
to his aid. He had won his game; ke had achieved his
THREE HUNDRED! A nameless (and somewhat shameless)
bard depicts the frenzied struggle and the happy consumima-
tion in the following lines :—

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
238

Another weed, another weed, another weed sundered,
Torn from its native lair—O for Three Hundred !
Quickly the bloom months flew;
Slowly the total grew.
Ye gods! for something new, towards my Three Hundred.

Sepals five, petals five, stamens—he wondered.
Six, eight, or are there ten? What if he blundered?
What if he jotted down
Something he hadn’t found?
True, ‘twould be gaining ground—perjured Three
Hundred!

Baccy box, chocolate box, biscuit box plundered ,
Crammed with a foreign freight—weeds by the hundred.
Labels with numbers on
Posted to expert John.
Is this Leontodon? Bravo! Three Hundred!

Down went the Padre’s ‘‘glass’’—joyous, he thundered :
“* O the wild charge I made for that last hundred !’’
Then, in a gentler key:
‘““ * Fox ’ take thy rest,’’ quoth he,
‘“ Henceforth taxed weed for me—now I’ve Three
Hundred !’’

The address was well illustrated by a series of fine
lantern views, especially a set of twenty showing the four
seasons of the year, which were greatly appreciated by the
large audience. In the subsequent discussion the following
members took part:—Messrs. N. H. Foster, F.L.S.,
M.R.LA., M.B.O.U.; Rage Welch, “M-R.T)A., and, SA.
Bennett. B.A., B.Sc. With the election of thirteen ordinary
and two junior members the proceedings terminated.

IN THE KINGDOM OF MOURNE.

The second ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was
held in the Museum, College Square N., on Tuesday, 21st
November, when Mr. W. A. Green, F.R.8.A.1., gave a
lecture on above subject. The President (Rev. W. Kk.
Megaw, B.A.) occupied the chair,

1922-1923.]
239

The lecturer dealt with the ancient history of Mourne,
and described the Norman Keep at Greencastle and the
antiquities around Kilkeel, Newcastle and Dundrum. Re-
ference was made to the prehistoric hearth uncovered some
years ago by the B.N.F.C. at the eastern end of Cranfiela
Bay. Loughisland Reavy, its cashel and scuterrains; the
scenery of the Mourne Mountains, and contributory geologi-
cal causes; the path of the Silent Valley glacier, and the
Diamond Rocks and Castles of Kivittar were rapidly passed
in review. The lantern slides from the lecturer’s own
negatives were very fine.

At the conclusion of the lecture a short discussion took
place, joined in by Messrs. R. J. Welch, M.R.I.A.; John
Holness, and the Vice-President (Mr. J. A. 5S. Stendall,
M.B.O.U.). Three ordinary members and one junior mem-
ber were elected.

THE LIFE STORY OF A. FISH.

The third ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was
held in the Museum, College Square N., on Tuesday, 19th
December, when Professor Gregg Wilson, M.A., D.8c.,
O.B.E., M.R.1.A., delivered a lecture to a large audience.
The President (Rev. W. R. Megaw, B.A.) presided.

It is extraordinary, the lecturer said, that so little is
known of the life of the fishes that abound in the waters all
around us. ‘Till quite recently even fishermen and natura-
lists were utterly ignorant of the life story of fishes: it was
not till as late as 1864 that the great fact was discovered
that most of our fishes produce eggs that drift about in the
surface waters. For long it was generally believed that
fishes spawned in waters close to the shore and that the
spawn was actually secured to weeds or gravel at the
bottom. The number of eggs produced by fishes is often
enormous, amounting in some cases to ten or even twenty
millions. But those fishes that take most care of their eggs
seem to require to produce fewer than their neighbours.
The time required for hatching-out also varies enormously—
from a few days to a few weeks, according to temperature,
in the case of our common food fishes, and extending to five
months or more in the case of such fishes as skates, which
have large eggs with much stored food, The newly-hatched

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
240

fishes are usually utterly unlike their parents, and are often
protected by being quite transparent. ‘They abound in
surface waters and feed on the microscopic organisms that
exist there. A good deal of work has been done recently on
the feeding habits of the larvae forms, and their skill in
stalking their prey and in dodging the spines that protect
some of their victims is remarkable. As both eggs and
larvee are at the mercy of currents the drift of the waters is
of great interest, and study of this subject has brought home
to us the fact that no district is independent of its neigh-
bours. That is the justification for an international scheme
of fishery research.

The migrations of fishes are as interesting and my-
sterious as those of birds. One fact stands out clearly,
namely, that the spawning migrants tend to swim against
the currents to regain the position lost by the drifting eggs
or larvee. The enemies of fishes are many. but they have
many protective devices. Colour adaptations and mimicry
play no small part in securing freedom from attack. Spines,
and in some cases poisonous secretions associated with
spines, are also valuable safeguards. And fishes do not
depend solely on inherited methods of defence. Like other
animals, they learn by experience. Often what we think of
as instinctive proves on investigation to result from rapid
education.

At the close of the lecture, which was illustrated by a
fine series of lantern views, a short discussicn took place,
joined in by the President and Messrs. R. 8. Lepper, M.A. ;
J. M‘Caw, B.A.; J. Holness, and R. J. Welch, M.R.I.A.
Ten ordinary members and one junior member were elected.

THE ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY OF HERALDIC
CHARGES AND LADIES’ BOOKPLATES.

The fourth ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was
held in the Museum, College Square N., on Tuesday, 16th
January, 1928, when Mr. Robert J. Welch, M.R.I.A., l:c-
tured on above subject to an exceptionally large audience.
The Vice-President (Mr. J. A. S. Stendall, M,B.0.U.)

presided.

1922-1923. ]
241

Mr. Welch having. pointed out that over thirty years
had elapsed since their then President, Mr. John Vinycomb,
M.R.1.A., had lectured on an heraldic subject, proceeded to
describe the animals most commonly used as charges on the
shield, as crests or as supporters—lions, wolves, wild boars,
elephants, horses, deer, squirrels, wild cats, etc. He then
exhibited a number of slides, some of them coloured, of
mythical animals—dragons, wyvern, cockatrice, sea-horses,
etc., these last as supporters in the city arms of Belfast and
Cardiff. Next, the heraldry of fish was illustrated by a
number of slides from Vinycomb, Sherborne and other book-
plates: the dolphin (a fish in heraldry), salmon, pike (lucie)
and gudgeon, with some trout from both English and
Austrian old and modern coats of arms. Crabs and inbsters,
both as charges and crests, were then treated of, a coloured
slide of lobsters (red!) from an Austrian noblemen’s arms
being shown. Shells then followed, ‘‘ canting arms,’’ illus-
trated by the three “‘ buckies ”’ of the poet Sheiley’s family ;
the Pilgrim’s Badge by the escallops Pecten jacobeous, ard
some bees by charges on a lady’s bookplate.

The Red Hand of Ulster as a dexter hand, not a left
hand, was pointed out, with the utter impossibility of such
a charge as a “ bar sinister ’’ in British or Irish heraldry,
the mistaken term arising from the fact that our bend
sinister is the barre sinistre of French heralds, on which the
arms of illegitimates are charged, as they were in England
in the early days of coat-armour.

The lecture finished with the exhibition of many slides
of ladies’ bookplates and those of presidents, secretaries, and
members of the club, mostly of a natural history or
archaeological character, by Mr. John Vinycomb or his old
pupil, Mr. J. W. Carey.

At the close the lecturer answered some questions by
members, and eight ordinary and two junior members were
elected.

This was the first fully-illustrated lecture on the sub-
ject ever given in Ireland, over ninety specially made slides
being used.

{[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
242

A RECENTLY-DISCOVERED PREHISTORIC SITE
IN CO. ANTRIM.

The fifth ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was
held in the Museum, College Square N., on Tuesday, 20th
February, the Vice-President (Mr. J. A. Sidney Stendall,
M.B.O.U.) in the chair. Mr. S. A. Bennett, B.A., B.Sc.,
read the following paper, which he had prepared in colla-
boration with Mr. Robert Bell :—

That part of the Chalk outcrop which runs north and
south from Cave Hill, and the fields and uplands adjoining
it, have yielded a goodly supply of flint flakes
and implements which are evidently the handiwork of
primitive man. During the past few years attempts have
been made to trace these flakes to their original sources,
and this paper is intended to lay the results of these re-
searches before the Club.

In the early part of the last year (1922) Mr. R. Bell was
fortunate enough to discover a site where the number and
character of the worked flints leave no doubt that it was
occupied in early times by a colony of flint-workers.

DESCRIPTION OF THE SITE.

The area is situated within the County Borough of
Belfast on the eastern face of the Black Mountain, at an
elevation of 800 feet above sea-level, one third of a mile
from the end of the Ballygomartin and Whiterock roads.
It lies on the natural talus slope of the hill, below the
upper limit of the Chalk and has been traced at intervals for
a distance of about 300 yards. The southern end of the
area is 30 to 40 feet above an outcrop of Glauconitic Marl
seen in the roadway above Mr. Hamill’s farm. Further
north in the area occupied by primitive man the Yellow
Sandstones of the Cretaceous series are well exposed. T'wo
small stations, each roughly 20 yards square, have been
thoroughly investigated by Mr. Bell. These stations will be
referred to in this paper as Stations A and B.

Station A lies at the southern end of the area on a
stable talus slope where there is no evidence of recent slip-
ping. Here the solid chalk is reached at a depth of 4 to 5
feet, Up to this depth flint flakes with their associated

Vdd
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SH S

Ss

ANS

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INCHES.

PLATE 2.

R. J. Wetcn. Photo.

BRITISH
MUSEUM

20 NOV 25

NATURAL
| HISTO RY.

1922-1923.]
243

cores occur in abundance: The flakes are embedded in a
brown matrix of hill-wash consisting of decomposed basalt,
fragments of chalk, and unworked flint. At a greater depth
than four feet the worked flints disappear and the talus con-
sists of larger masses of chalk and more or less weathered
basalt, passing at once into solid chalk.

The colour of these buried flakes and cores is a fairly
uniform dull milky white, the cores being somewhat the
darker of the two. When freshly dug, however, both flints
and cores are bluish, the colour. approximating to that of a
freshly broken flint nodule, but they fade whiter on exposure
to the air. The greater part of this change is usually com-
plete in a few hours.

Where a flake has lain for a long time exposed to the
air, bleaching has taken place and the exposed surface shows
a fine milky patination, though some flakes show an un-
equal patination, passing from dull blue grey to pale brown.

The more northerly Station B is near the outcrop of the
Yellow Sandstones and is situated on a slipped part of the
talus slope, the line of demarcation between the stable and
unstable portions of the slope being evident when viewed
at a distance. Here the flakes are found lying on the surface
mixed with fragments of chalk. There is no brown earth
which results from the decomposition of the basalt at this
spot. Immediately behind this station the Chalk crops cut
in a bold escarpment. The flints which are still in situ in
these Chalk beds show a brilliant white patination which is
very striking.

Here in Station B the flakes have a quite different
patination from those found in Station A. They are not
uniform in colour but beautifully mottled, blue or blue-brown
and white, somewhat more lustrous and not so dead in colour
as the flakes which have been buried.

This mottled patination strongly resembles that of
flints from §.-E. England which have been subjected to the
action of the chalky boulder clay. Occasionally, however,
where the flake has been exposed to the air for a long time
the patination is rougher in texture and is of a beautiful
tight cream colour, quite different from the milky white
patination of the flints from Station A. In this section,
too, the deposit is much shallower than in Station A, no
worked flints being found at a greater depth than 6 inches
or a foot at most.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
244

GENERAL SURVEY OF THE FINDS.

What strikes one at once on a visit fo the area is the
enormous number of flakes which are found there. They
turn up in any quantity, scattered indiscriminately over and
through the small part of it which has been dug over. The
flakes vary very much in size. Some of them run up to six
inches in length and are very massive, quite the biggest
flakes that have been found in N.-E. Ireland. As a contrast
some of the flakes are extremely small and slender. These
small flakes are found in abundance, and never show any
secondary working. They are quite unweathered and the
edges are as sharp as on the day they were first struck off.
Occasionally flakes of medium size are found which appear
to have been trimmed on the side opposite the bulb of per-
cussion. Compared with the large number of flakes which
are found on the site, the cores from which the flakes were
derived are relatively few in number, and it is suggested by
the authors that the cores were made into implements on
the spot and then carried away A general survey of the
finds leaves no doubt that Mr. Bell has discovered a pre-
historic site of a very peculiar type; nothing more or less
than a flint implement factory, where the work had been
carried out on a commercial scale. It was certainly not a
place of permanent residence, as the absence of hearths,
charcoal, or bones of animals which had been eaten dis-
tinctly proves. Most probably further search over the talus
slopes of Co. Antrim will vield other sites of similar
character.

We submitted a selection of our finds to Mr. Reginald
A. Smith, F.S.A., the Keeper of the Stone Antiquities in the
British Museum. He is of opinion that our pre-historic
workers had reached the cultural stage of the race whose
implements are found in such quantity at Grime’s Graves,
Weeting, Norfolk.

This site at Grime’s Graves consists of over 300 pits
with connecting galleries from which flint has been mined.
It is being systematically examined by the Prehistoric
Society of East Anglia. Their reports since 1914 have been
published annually and are in the Club’s Library. They
have, we need hardly say, been of great value to the authors
of this paper.

1922-1923. j
245

If Grime’s Graves can be dated we shall have a definite
guide as to the date of our site, but unfortunately the experts
differ as to the date of Grime’s Graves, so that until this
question is settled we are thrown on our own resources.
Here it may be as well to state that Mr. Smith stands almost
alone in his claim for the palaeolithic age of Grime’s Graves ;
most of the experts incline to the neolithic view.

PREHISTORIC CHRONOLOGY.

Before discussing the age of our finds it may be of
advantage to give a short outline of pre-historic chronology
so far as that may be done from a study of the artefacts
which has come down to us.

Leaving the much-discussed eoliths* out of considera-
tion, we have first the early palaeolithic implements of the
drift. These are essentially cores, the flint flakes which
came off in the making having been rejected. The retouches
are coarse, broad, and conchoidal, leaving strongly marked
concavities on the surface of the implement.

Later on, in mid-palaeolithic times, we first meet with
implements which are essentially flakes and not cores. Most
of the flaking is done whilst the implement is in situ on the
original block of flint and then with a single blow an almost
complete implement is detached.

This is clearly a distinct advance in culture. It effects
a great saving in labour and produces an implement much
lighter in weight and with a sharper cutting edge. These
implements are associated with the early cave men of the
Mousterian period, and in their later development show
‘““ stepped ’’ chipping on their edges, in which short scaly
retouches follow one another, becoming gradually smaller as
they approach the extreme edge of the implement.

In later palaeolithic times—but still in the period of
the cave men—we have the Aurignacian culture in which
the number and variety of new forms of implements is
almost bewildering—they are characterised by a very de-
finite style of marginal dressing. This was the period of the
cave artists and is followed by the period of Solutrean cul-
ture, the latest phase of palaeolithic workmanship.

In the Solutrean implements fine thin scales are flaked
by pressure from the whole surface of the implement, some-

times giving a most artistic effect. Following this period,

*Vide post, p. 255.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
246

after an interval which has not yet been bridged, we come
to the neolithic age, the age of polished stone implements;
there is, however, a distinct gap in our knowledge of pre-
history between the palaeolithic and the neolithic ages.

Transitiona! stages have been recently discovered on
the continent which bid fair to remedy this want of know-
ledge, one important one at Campigny in the Seine-
Inférieure (France) (1) which is stratigraphically post-palaeo-
lithic and pre-neolithic. It is referred to as the Campignian
stage and is characterised by the following facts :—

(a) It adds two new implements to those already pos-
sessed by palaeolithic man, viz.:—the Campignian
pick which is very much like the Larne celt (so-
called), and the kitchen-midden axe which occurs
on our raised beach sites.

(b) There are no polished stone implements.

(c) Some pottery fragments occur from which we may
presume that the making of pottery preceded the
art of polishing stone.

These cultural stages, the Mousterian, the Solutrean, and
the Campignian will be found to be of some importance in
discussing the age of our site.

LIST OF THE DISCOVERIES.

The following specimens were submitted to Mr.
Smith :—

1. A typical core from a depth of 4 feet from Station A.
(Plate I., Fig 2.)

2. <A Tortoise core (2). In this specimen the lower face
covered with the original crust. The two upper faces have
been trimmed so as to give a general convex surface to the
upper side by blows directed from the circumference. A
platform has been prepared at the butt end, and
a blow delivered there would detach an implement
ready made. For some reascn or other that blow
was never struck, the implement was never completed, but
we have what is much better—an implement in the making.
It is, in Mr. Smith’s opinion, an artefact of supreme im-
portance, “‘ an unstruck Tortoise Core,’’ for it practically —
dates the site with some certainty; the type specimens of

1922-1923. j
247

Tortoise Cores from the Thames and Somme Valleys are
recognised on abundant authority as belonging to the
Mousterian age. (Plate I., Fig. 3.)

3. Some of the large and small flakes. Nothing more
need be said of these except that a few of them show small
areas of “‘ porcelain gloss,’’ a deposit of silica, the origin
of which is unknown, and one of them is a red flake showing
a hinge fracture. This flint has not been burnt (fide Mr.
Smith and other authorities) as is proved by the absence of
“ erackling,’’ but is stained with iron. (Plate II., Figs.
7 & 8.)

4. A series of implements showing “‘ spurs.’’ At first
sight these implements resemble rough cores, but there is 1n
all of them a roughly-worked edge with a projecting point
or spur. (Plate I., Fig. 4.) In some of them the projecting
point is formed by the junction of three main planes of
flaking, on others the spur occurs at some point on the edge
of the implement. It is difficult to see to what use these
implements could have been put, but they appear to be
complete, though rough artefacts, and the spur seems to
have been intentional. They are not uncommon on the site
and can be paralleled from Grime’s Graves, where the spur
is occasionally accentuated by an artificial notch on either
side of it.

5. This curious implement was got in Station B, 6
inches or so from the surface. It was described by Mr.
Smith as a “* conical plane with spur.’’ Its use is unknown,
but the type is frequently met with in Station A at all
depths. (Plate I., Fig. 1.)

6. Two massive scrapers both showing (a) ripple
marks; (b) mottled blue and white patination which, in
flints found in the East of England, occurs on the surface
of flints which have been glaciated and is referred to as
“ Chalky Boulder Clay Patination; ’’ (c) surfaces of dull
slaty grey patination which are much later than (b). They
have been re-chipped in later times, and this re-chipping
affords some evidence as to the date of the site. (Plate I1.,
Fig. 10 shows one of these scrapers.)

7. A rough hand axe on which most of the chipping
was done before it left the core.

\ [Proc. B.N.F.C.,
248

8. This curiously-shaped piece of flint which the
authors at first regarded as a waste core turns out to be an
implement of a very definite type. It is a steep-ended
plane or end-scraper. ‘The underface is plane or has the
bulb of percussion planed away. An almost exact fac-simile
is figured in the Grime’s Graves Report (8). Our specimen
shows secondary working of a rudimentary character.( Plate
Me Fig: 93)

9. An implement which was named by Mr. Smith
‘“ A Leaf-shaped Axe of Proto-Solutrean Type.’’ It is ovate
in shape, of length 8 inches, breath 2 inches, thickness 3 inch,
and is patinated. The bulb of percussion which was once
present: has been trimmed away by secondary flaking. It
is a finished implement, and is not to be regarded as a stage
in the manufacture of a neolithic celt. In the neolithic celts
the actual working edges are at the ends; in this implement
they are at the sides. There is an almost exact parallel to
this in the Grime’s Graves Report (4), though our specimen
does not show such sharp edges as the one in the publication
referred to. (Plate II., Fig. 5.)

10. The last and best implement of the series, a leaf-
shaped implement like the preceding one, but better worked
and much nearer the Solutrean. The Solutrean industry is
characterised by pressure flaking often carried out in a most
artistic manner. It would, however, be a mistake to assume
that no artefact could be of Solutrean age which did not
show this artistic flaking, and as a matter of fact this imple-
ment can be exactly paralleled with an implement in the
Sturge collection in the British Museum, which comes from
the typical Solutrean station of ** St. Léon-sur-Vezidres, ’
La Rochette, Dordogne. (Plate II., Fig 6.)

11. The Hammer Stones. These are the implements
with which some of the flaking was done. Two examples
were shown (a) of Slieve Gallion Granite (b) of Cushendun
Quartzite.

This rapid survey of the artefacts found on the site
shows how similar it is to the important Grime’s Graves site
in Norfolk. To make the parallel more complete we may
eall attention to the antler of the Red Deer which was
found by Mr. Bell on Station A at a depth of 4 feet. The
Grime’s Graves miners used the antlers of the Red Deer as

1922-1923. ]
249

picks to get out the blocks of flint from the surrounding
chalk; over 200 of these picks were discovered in the shafts
and galleries which were excavated by the Pre-historic
Society of Hast Anglia. Two of them are figured in their
1914 Report (5), one of them showing on the beam the
actual finger-prints of the pre-historic miners who used it.
The authors do not suggest that the Red Deer antler was
used on the present site as a pick for excavating the flint—
our chalk is much too hard for such an implement to be of
much service—but its presence is interesting. | Unfortu-
nately, the Red Deer has such a long range in geological
time that its presence gives no clue to the date of the site.

AGE OF THE SITE: NEOLITHIC VIEW.

This brings us to the crucial question—Can we deter-
mine definitely the age to which the site belongs, or, in
other words, does the site afford sufficient evidence $0 justify
our belief in the existence of Palaeolithic Man in the North-
Kast of Ireland?

Consider the alternatives. First, we may place the site
definitely in Neolithic times. This view disregards entirely
the character of the artefacts found on the site, but rests
upon two independent lines of thought which buttress it
firmly on the geological and historical sides.

The support that the neolithic view receives from the
geological standpoint is obvious. The deposit on which the
finds have been made is recent, or at any rate post-glacial;
it is a simple talus slope, and the implement-bearing layer
is nowhere more than four feet thick. There has been no
violent re-arranging and re-deposition under conditions dif-
ferent from those which obtained when primitive man was
at work there, such as characterise the raised beach sites all
round our coasts, and the Larne gravel area in particular;
the conditions on the site to-day are the same as they were
in the days when the scene was one of pre-historic human
activity.

The site has only been subjected to the denuding
agencies of wind and weather, the washing out of the finer
particles of hill-wash by rain and the gradual renewal of the
embankment by blocks of stone falling from the hill-slope
above.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
250

Let us consider this point in more detail. When the
chalk underlying the basalt is exposed to ordinary denuda-
tion agencies the growth of a talus slope is rapid, some-
times very rapid, as we see it to-day in the growth of the
taluses in the disused Cave Hill quarries. The chalk rock
is easily soluble in rain water, it is readily disintegrated by
the action of frost-hammer and the overlying basalt is left
without support in, geologically speaking, a very short time.
Conditions, of course, are somewhat different once the talus
reaches the top of the chalk outcrop; the chalk is then pro-
tected to a certain extent and the growth of the talus is then
mainly due to the weathering of the basalt.

Now in Station A the chalk outcrop is completely
covered by the talus slope, the talus more than reaches the
top of the chalk outcrop, and the implement-bearing layer
is nowhere more than five feet deep. But Station B is still
backed by a chalk escarpment some twenty feet high and
the implements are practically confined to the surface layer.

Taking the most favourable case we see that at most the
face of the talus slope has only advanced some five feet since
it was occupied by man.

The inference is obvious. It cannot have been so very
long ago, geologically speaking, since those far-off days.
Therefore, it is of neolithic age.

From the historical side, too, this view receives sound
support. The site is admittedly a flint implement factory.
The great number of discarded flakes and waste cores and
the very few complete implements found there prove this to
the hilt. This furnishes evidence of a system of organisa-
tion wthin the community which is, at any rate, later than
palaeolithic times. There were men who made the imple-
ments and men who took them away; those who bought,
shall we say, and those who sold. Had human civilisation
advanced so far as this before the neolithic age? Or can it
be that the culture of palaeolithic man was more varied and
complicated than we have hitherto thought possible ?

The whole history of human endeavour confirms us in
the belief that division of labour, and co-ordination of effort,
made their appearance at a very late date in the develop-
ment of the race, and this argument alone is sufficient to
compel our assent to the view that the site under discussion
dates back no further than neolithic times.

1922-1925.]
251

PALMOLITHIC HyYportuHESIS.

There remains the second alternative. The site was
occupied by a palaeolithic race of flint workers, possibly in
Mousterian or early Solutrean times. There is nothing,
a priori, against this view. Some authorities are of opinion
that the mammoth had got over to Ireland before this coun-
try was separated from England by an arm of the sea, and
we could readily believe that where the mammoth could go
palaeolithic man could follow.

Adopting this hypothesis we shall for the present dis-
regard all evidence as to date derived from geological con-
siderations and the history of human development, and pin
our faith to the evidence derived from the workmanship of
the implements themselves. This evidence, so far as we
have been able to interpret it, points straight to palaeolithic
man as the occupant of the site in question, with a distinct
bias in favour of man of Mousterian or early Solutrean age.

We will review the evidence in detail. Consider first
the two flakes which show re-chipping at a later date. These
two flakes are, so far as we know, the only two on which
re-chipping has been observed. The area must have been
thickly strewn with flakes and implements in all stages of
manufacture ever since it was first worked over by pre-
historic man, but as appears from these two unique speci-
mens it is difficult to find a single piece which has been
adapted by a later race for use. Now in most of the sites
ascribed to the neolithic age re-chipping is common, and
we have a certain amount of negative evidence, the weight
of which is difficult to appreciate at its true value, that we
are dealing here with a site occupied in palaeolithic times.

The evidence derived from the Tortoise Cores is
stronger. The method of flint working which it reveals is
just the method which commended itself to Mousterian
man, and so far as it goes bears witness to the presence of
palaeolithic man in Ireland. The process is a distinct ad-
vance on the method of flint working employed by early
palaeolithic man; it is of the nature of a labour-saving
device, and though wasteful and extravagant that need
cause no surprise on a site where flint is so abundant.
These Tortoise Cores have been found in the Thames Valley,
on the Somme, and in the Grime’s Graves excavations, and
in regard to their date, writing of the Grime’s Graves cores,

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
Zine

Mr. Smith says:—‘‘ It is open to anyone to maintain that
this method might have been re-invented at any date in
the Stone Age, but the fact remains that the type is not
ubiquitous; it is in the nature of a novelty and practically
confined to a horizon that can be dated;’’ (6) and that date
is ' mid-palaeolithic.

We have further the still stronger evidence afforded by
the two leaf-shaped implements, one of which is strictly
paraliel to an implement found in the Grime’s Graves ex-
cavations, whilst the other has its counterpart in an imple-
ment derived from a typical Solutrean station in the
Dordogne. It is difficult to get round dumb witnesses of
this kind. If the form, method of working, and type of
artefact have no chronological value, if we cannot use our
implements as a geologist uses his fossils to date the strata
in which he finds them, we shall have to admit that the
time and energy spent in classifying the continental indus-
tries has been completely wasted, and that our museum
collections of type specimens from different cultural
horizons are merely so much road metal. And this is not all,
for if neolithic man chipped these proto-Solutrean axes, he
must have given up for the moment his invariable method
of flint working and modelled his style on forms of which
he possessed no examples, and of which he had no know-
ledge. As Mr. Reginald Smith says in closing the Grime’s
Graves discussion: ‘‘ The arm of coincidence has not the
length required.’’ All the evidence, then, derived from the
flakes and implements themselves points to palaeolishic
man.

CORRELATION WITH RAISED BEAcH SITES.

But the subject cannot be left at this stage. Evidence
of the presence of palaeolithic man in Ireland is nothing
new to members of the B.N.F.C. It has been produced in
any quantity by a number of our field-workers (7). Does
this new site of ours throw any light cn the subject, and
how does this Black Mountain site stand in relation to our
other pre-historic sites in the North-East? These pre-
historic sites of N.-E. Ireland which have been worked over
again and again by members of the Club fall into the follow
ing classes :—

1922-1923.]
; 253
(a) Sites on the 25 feet raised beach such as Larne
and Kilroot (8).

(b) Sites of the sand-hills such as Dundrum and
Whitepark Bay (8).

(c) Factory sites such as the one we are discussing.

Consider for a moment the geological horizon of a typical
raised beach site, that of Larne. The Larne gravels lie
above the estuarine clay, which in turn rests on the boulder
clay. Thus the estuarine clay is post-glacial, and any im-
plements found in a deposit overlying a post-glacial bed in
this way are not likely to be of palaeolithic age.

What is the cultural evidence afforded by such a raised
beach site? Simply this: that to the number of imple-
ments employed by palaeolithic man in different stages of
his evolution two new implements have been added, viz. :—
the Larne celt, which is nothing more or less than the
Campignian pick, and a rude form of the kitchen-midden
axe. Professor R. A. 8. Macalister accordingly suggests
that the Larne flints conform to a definite type and are
comparable with the Campignian type of the continent (9).
This view commends itself to the authors of this paper, who
suggest that the men of the Black Mountain site fall into
the same period; later than the palaeolithic and earlier than
the full neolithic civilisation which is characterised by the
polished stone implements.

That they were more advanced than their pataeolithic
predecessors is clear. ‘They still chipped their flints much
in the same way as their Mousterian and Solutrean fore-
runners, but they had evolved other implements unknown
to them, specimens of which have been !aid before you.
They had not yet learnt the art of polishing their flint
implements; that came much later, later even than the
invention of pottery; their stage in the scheme of the cul-
tural evolution of the human race seems clear; they had all
the accumulated experience of palaeolithic man behind
them, but they cannot be classed as a palaeolithic race for
they had already taken a step in advance which the men
of the old Stone Age never dreamt of; their community was
organised on occupational lines, though the full develop-
ment of all the varied activities of neolithic culture was still
in the future,

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
254

It is just this evidence of a transition stage between the
palaeolithic and neolithic cultures which makes Mr. Bell’s
discovery so interesting; it is a very definite contribution
to our knowledge of the pre-history of the human race at a
period when such accessions of knowledge are doubly
welcome.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

The authors desire to thank Mr. A. M‘I. Cleland (Hon.
Sec. B.N.F.C.) for his assistance in photographing the site;
Mr). Ts /Osborne,» F.R.S.Ai,. (Hon. ; Treas: “BN, Bee),
Mr. A. Albert Campbell, F.R.S.A.I., Mr. T. J. Johnston,
and Mr. R. J. Welch, M.R.I.A., whose labours have
rendered the paper less imperfect thar. it otherwise would
have been; Mr. Hamill, for permission to excavate on
his land; Dr. R. F. Scharff, M.R.1.A., F.R.S.AT) (The
National Museum, Dublin), for identification of the animal
remains; and Mr. Reginald A. Smith, F.S.A. (Keeper of the
Stone Antiquities in the British Museum), for invaluable
assistance and advice.

REFERENCES.

(1) A Teat Book of Huropean Archaeology, Cam-
bridge, 1921. R. A. S. Macalister. pp. 549 et seq.
(2) Report of the Excavations at Grime’s Graves,
Weeting, Norfolk. March-May, 1914. p. 163.
(3) Ditto. Fig. 165. p. 159.
(4) Ditto. Fig. 77.
(5) Ditto. Plates XXTIT. and XXIV.
(6) Ditto. p. 164.
(7) B.N.F.C. Proceedings.
Knowles P.R.I.A. XVI. p. 209.
Rev. F. Smith. The Stone Ages in Britain and
Ireland. London, 1909.
R. Smith. Congréss d’Archeologie prehistorique.
Geneva, 1912. Vol. I. p. 414.
R. Smith. Archaeologia. Vol. LXIIT. p. 141.
(8) The Antrim Raised Beach. A Contribution fo the
Neolithic History of the North of Ireland.
G. Coffey and R. Ll. Praeger. Proc. Roy. Irish
Acad. Vol. XXV. Section C, Nos. 5 & 6. (1904).

1922-1923.]
a59

(9) R. A. S. Macalister. Ireland in Pre-Celtic Times.
pO.

*Mr. E. F. J. Bennett Holiths in Belfast and Blooms-
bury. Geological Magazine. New Series, Decade
EV Voki ep. Aa:

In this connection see also a paper by Mr. Knowles
Flint Flakes in the Glacial Gravels of Ballyrudder,
near Larne, County Antrim. B.N.F.C. Proc. (2)
III. p. 410.

Speaking of these finds at Ballyrudder, Mr. Knowles
says :—‘‘ If they occurred in other situations I should have
no hesitation in describing them as artificially formed flakes ;
but being found in a glacial formation I feel it right to be
cautious and wait for further evidence before speaking of
them as worked flints. I prefer to call them flint flakes.”’

An interesting discussion followed the reading of the
paper. Professor Charlesworth emphasised the neolithic
aspect of Grime’s Graves, with which the discoveries near
Belfast were correlated by Mr. Reginald Smith. The pre-
sence of pottery, of a certain molluscan and mammalian
fauna, the charcoal of beech, deer antler picks, the marks
of polished axes in the galleries, and the absence of re-
chipping on the flints are all characteristic of the later period.
Professor Charlesworth also stressed the importance of keep-
ing in mind in these questions the distribution in space and
time of flint implements, and the associated mammalia. He
remarked upon the absence of true palaeolithic mammalia,
and of palaeolithic flint implements in the country north of
Manchester and York, to the west and east respectively of the
Pennine Chain, and gave reasons for believing that their
absence was due to the occupation of the northern part of
Britain by an ice-sheet at that period. Similar evidence,
which he hoped to furnish in some detail in the future, ren-
dered it highly improbable that either man or beast could
be living in the neighbourhood of Belfast during palazolithic
times. These Belfast flints must, therefore, be referred to
the neolithic period, a conclusion borne out by the evidence of
Grime’s Graves, with which these discoveries were, in his
opinion, rightly correlated.

Messrs. Robert Bell, Robert J. Welch, M.R.I.A., and
A. P. Hoskins, F.I.C., F.C.S., also spoke.

The paper was fully illustrated by photographs and
specimens,

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
256

SOME RECENT CLUB EXCURSIONS.

The sixth and concluding ordinary meeting of the
Winter Session was held in the Museum, College Square N.,
on Tuesday, 20th March. The President (Rev. W. R.
Megaw, B.A.) presided. The programme consisted of an
exhibition of 110 lantern slides, contributed by members,
for the most part illustrating the summer excursions cf the
Club. The views were spoken to by Messrs. A. M‘T. Cleland,
R. J. Welch, M.R.I.A.; S. A. Bennett, B.A., B.Se.; and
J. A. Stendall, M.B.O.U.

CONVERSAZIONE.

The sixty-first Annual Conversazione and Exhibition
was held on Tuesday, 10th April, when 154 members and
friends assembled in the Carlton Hall, Fountain Street, at
6 p.m.

The exhibits included models of insectivorous plants
from the Municipal Museum, and some guillemots’ eggs and
a white house-sparrow from Mr. J. A. 8. Stendall’s collec-
tion. Mr. T. E. Osborne showed a number of objects from
Egypt, as well as photographs of Club excursions. Mr.
Robert Bell tabled specimens of his Black Mountain finds,
and Mr. W. A. Green exhibited carboniferous fossils, and
Mr. A. M‘I. Cleland glacial shells. Rev. W. R. Megaw
furnished ‘specimens of rare mosses, and Mr. N. Carrothers
had an interesting exhibit of plants from Magilligan. Mr.
R. J. Welch had quite a variety of objects on view—fresh-
water shells from the Lagan Valley and a series of
xerophile or sun-loving shells, coloured fashion plates of
ladies’ dresses in 1863, when the Club was founded; and
bookplates by Vinycomb and Carey. Mr. A. Albert Camp-
bell showed some old Belfast newspapers and magazines.

After tea a short business meeting was held, at which
several new members were elected.

ANNUAL MEETING.

The Annual Meeting was held in the Museum, College
Square N., on Tuesday, 17th April, at 8 p.m., Rev. W. R.
Megaw, B.A., President, in the chair.

1922-1923.]
aan

The Annual Report of the Committee was read by the
Honorary Secretary (Mr. A. M‘I. Cleland), who moved its
adcption, which was seconded by Mr. John Holness, and
passed unanimously. The Honorary Treasurer (Mr. T. E.
Osborne, F.R.S.A.I.) read his Report and moved its adop-
tion, which was seconded by Dr. Deans, and passed unani-
mously. In the absence of the Honorary Librarian (Mr. W.
M. Crawford, B.A., F.E.S.. F.Z.8.) his Report was read
by Mr. Osborne, who moved its adoption, which was
seconded by Mr. Welch, and passed unanimously. Mr. J.
Ronald H. Greeves read and moved the adoption of his
Report as Honorary Secretary of the Junior Section, which
was seconded by Mr. A. Albert Campbell, F.R.S.A.I., and
passed unanimously.

The President then proposed, Mr. Osborne seconded,
and it was resolved, and Mr. J. A. Sidney Stendall,
M.B.0.U., be elected President for the year 1923-24. Mr.
Stendall having taken the chair, the election of the other
office-bearers was proceeded with, the following selections
being made :—Vice-President, Mr. A. P. Hoskins, F.I.C.,
F.C.S.; Honorary Secretaries, Mr. A. Albert Campbell,
F.R.S.A.I., and Mr. Thomas M. Deans, LL.D.; Honorary
Treasurer, Mr. Thomas Edens Osbcrne, F.R.S.A.L.;
Honorary Secretaries of Sections—Mr. Robert Bell
(Geology), Mr. Nathaniel Carrothers (Botany), Mr. James
Orr (Zoology) Mr. W. A. Green. F.R.S.A.I. (Archaeology),
and Mr. J. Ronald H. Greeves (Junior); Ordinary Members
of Committee, Rev. W. R. Megaw, B.A., and Messrs. 8. A.
Bennett, B.A., B.Se., A. M‘I. Cleland, and J. T. Greeves.

The outgoing Honorary Secretary (Mr. A. M‘T. Cleland)
was thanked for his services to the Club.

Reference was made to the recent deaths of Mr. W. H.
Phillips (a foundation member), Mr. Fennell, and Mr.
Joseph Wright, all of whom formerly took an active part in
the work of the Club. Sympathy was expressed with Mr.
W. M. Crawford in the loss of his wife and the serious in-
juries sustained by himself in the recent railway accident
at Dunmurry.

Rev. Robert Workman, M.A. (a foundation member), and
Mr. Nevin H. Foster, F.L.S., M.R.I.A., M.B.0O.U., were
elected Honorary Members.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
258

Mr. Bennett’s Report as the Club’s delegate to the
meeting of the British Association was read, in his absence,
by Mr. Cleland.

Two new members were elected.

REPORT OF THE DELEGATE TO THE CONFERENCE
OF DELEGATES OF CORRESPONDING SOCIETIES
OF THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION FOR THE AD.-
VANCEMENT OF SCIENCE.

Two Conferences of the Delegates of Corresponding
Societies were held at the meeting of the British Assoziation
at Hull in September, 1922. The meetings took place in the
Council Chamber of the Guildhall, Hull, under the presi-
dency of Mr. W. Whitaker, F.R.S., their object being the
discussion of methods by which the advantages of co-
operation by Scientific Societies with the British Association
and between themselves might be extended and impzoved.

I had the honour of attending both these meetings as
your delegate, and beg to submit my report of the proceed-
ings, so far as they concern the interests of the Belfast
Naturalists’ Field Club.

With regard to the attempt to induce local Societies to
group themselves round district sub-centres—(1) for the
interchange of information, and (2) for the more economical
publication of the results of research; the constitution and
procedure of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, that cf the
Gloucester Association of Science and Arts Societies, and
that of the South-Eastern Union of Scientific Societies were
described and discussed.

At present the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club is the
only Field Club in Ulster of any standing, but should other
kindred societies be founded in other centres of population
in Northern Ireland it will be both our pleasure and our
duty to collaborate with them in all departments of Field
Club work. The further question of closer co-operation be-
tween Corresponding Societies and the British Association
has a certain measure of interest for our Club.

Two of the agenda of the first meeting of the Conference
of Delegates were :—

(1) To consider whether the delegates sent to the Con-
ference might be authorised to act as local representatives
of the British Association in their respective districts,

1922-1923.]
257

(2) To consider in what respects the advantages derived
by the Corresponding Societies from their connection with
the British Association may be increased or better under-
stood, as for example in regard to:—

(a) improved facilities for publication.
(b) help in obtaining lecturers of recognised scientific
standing.

After discussion and reference to the Corresponding
Societies’ Committee, it was resolved at the second meeting
of the Conference ‘‘ To invite the delegates sent to the
Conference by the Corresponding Societies to render any
assistance in their power in making known in their respective
districts the objects and methods of the British Association,
and to communicate to the Secretary of the Association the
names and addresses of scientific workers and others to
whom the preliminary programme of the next British
Association meeting should be sent.”’

This evidently does not go very far, and your represen-
tative elicited from the Secretary of the British Association
an assurance that in furtherance of a closer co-operation be-
tween the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club and the British
Association, an application for a lecturer of recognised
standing to deliver a lecture at a public meeting in the dis-
trict, under the auspices of the Club, would meet with favour-
able consideration, provided that the lecture was advertised
as the “‘ British Association Lecture,’’ and provided, further,
that financial details could be arranged. This is a matter
which the Committee of the Club might consider.

The question of Corresponding Societies. paving a sub
scription to the British Association, and thereby becoming
entitled to a copy of the Annual Report, was also discussed,
and the Conference of Delegates was informed that in future
no delegate is entitled to more than one copy of the report,
however many Societies he may represent, but that if any
Society desires a copy of the Report it may be snpplied
at the reduced price of ten shillings.

To treat of the activities of the various sections cf the
British Association in detail does not lie within my
province, but I should like to draw the attention of my
fellow-members to the following addresses and discussions
of Field Club interest :—

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
260

(1) A discussion on The Geological History of the North
Sea Basin, opened by Professor P. F. Kendall, M.Sce.,
F.G.8., the President of Section C (Geology).

(2) A joint discussion of Section C (Geology) with Sec-
tion E (Geography) and Section H (Anthropology) on The
Relation of Early Man to the Phases of the Ice Age in
Britain, opened by Mr. H. J. E. Peake, the President of
Section H. (Anthropology).

(3) A joint discussion of Sections D (Zoology) and K
(Botany) on The Present Position of Darwinism,’’ which
was opened by Dr. J. C. Willis, F.R.S., with a paper on
The Inadequacy of the Theory of Natural Selection as an
Explanation of Geographical Distribution and Evolution.

An account of these papers will be found in the Annual
Report of the British Association.

I cannot conclude my Report to the Club without call-
ing attention to the magnificent series of exhibits of local
interest which were tabled by the Yorkshire Naturalists’
Union in the Hull Museum. From the mass of material
which bore such eloquent testimony to the activities of the
Yorkshire Field Clubs, I select the following list of ex-
hibits to show the Club what has already been done for
Yorkshire, in the hope that one day the same, or sornething
even better, may be done for Ulster.

(1) Photographs of all the Yorkshire Birds, the Summer
and Winter visitors arranged in sequence of arrival.

(2) Exhibit illustrating the variability and structure of
the Mollusca of the County.

(3) The North Yorkshire Coleoptera.

(4) The ‘‘ Cuckoo ’’ Humble-bees and their Hosts.
(5) The Diptera of Spurn Point.

(6) The Woodlice of Yorkshire.

(7) The Melanic Lepidoptera.

(8) The Harvestmen, False Scorpions and Mites of
Yorkshire.

1922-1923.]
261

(9) A magnificent series of Maps illustrating a Regional
Survey of the Huddersfield District.

(10) Botanical Survey Maps of the West Riding and
N.E. Yorksire.

(11) A fine collection of interesting Yorkshire Plants.

(12) An Exhibit of Plant Galls, some of economic im
portance, and others illustrating special points.

(13) The Mosses of an Oakwood on the Millstone Grit, of
the West Riding streams, and of an industrial city.

(14) Various exhibits of Fungi.

To a field naturalist this exhibition was the outstanding
feature of the 1922 Meeting of the British Association.

(Signed) 8S. A. BENNETT, B.A. (Cantab.)
B.Sc. (London).

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
262

RULES

OF THE

Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club

As amended at Annual Meeting held 25th April, 1922.

ul?
That the Society be called ‘‘THr Betrast NATURALISTS’ FIELD CiuB.”

1

That the object of this Society be the practical study of Natural Science
and Archeology in Ireland.

Il.

That the Club shall consist of Ordinary, Junior, Life, Corresponding and
Honorary Members. The Ordinary Members shall be proposed and seconded
at any ordinary meeting of the Club, and such members may be elected at the
next ordinary meeting following, by a majority of votes, provided that in
the meantime the first Annual Subscription has been paid. They shall pay
annually a subscription of Five Shillings. Members who are twelve months
in arrear in their subscriptions shall not receive any further circulars or other
printed matter.

That the composition fee for Life Membership be Four Guineas.

Junior Members, who must be between the ages of 12 and 21, shall be
elected in the same way as Ordinary Members, but shall pay annually a
subscription of One Shilling (1/-) from 12 years of age to 18, and a subscription
of Two Shillings and Sixpence (2/6) from 18 years of age to 21. Junior
Members shall not receive any printed matter except the usual notices; shall
not have the power to vote; and shall not borrow books from the Club’s
Library without special permission from the Librarian. On attaining their
majority they shall become Ordinary Members, and shall pay an annual
subscription of Five Shillings (5/-).

LV.

That the Honorary and Corresponding Members shall consist of persons
of eminence in Natural Science, or who shall have done some special service to
the Club; that such Members may be nominated by any Member of the Club
and on being approved by the Committee, may be elected at any subsequent
Meeting of the Club by a majority of the votes of the Members present.
That not more than two Honorary Members be elected in any one year. That
Corresponding Members be expected to communicate a paper once within
every two years.

1922-1923. ]
263

Wie

That the Officers of the Club be annually elected and consist of a President
Vice-President, Treasurer, Librarian, and one or two Secretaries, together with
the Secretaries of the various Sections of the Club. ‘hat the office of President

or that of Vice-President shall not be held by the same person for more than
two years in succession,

VI.

That the General Committee shall consist of the above-named officers with
nine ordinary members of Committee, and shall hold at least eight meetings
during the year; five persons to form a quorum.

That three ordinary members of Committee shall retire annually in order
of seniority, those retiring being ineligible for re-election for one year. Should
any ordinary member of Committee fail to attend at least three of the
Committee meetings held during the year his or her place may be considered
vacant and another member elected to fill the position. No ordinary member
of Committee shall hold the post of Secretary in any of the Sections. That in
the event of a vacancy occurring in the General Committee a new member may
be co-opted to fill such vacancy for the remainder of the year.

That nominations for ordinary members of Committee shall be sent in
writing to the Secretaries on or before the 21st day of March in each year. That
the privilege of nominating members of Committee shall be held by all Ordinary
and Life Members of the Club. That the names of those members so nominated
shall be published on the circular convening the Annual Meeting, at which the
Ordinary Members of Committee shall be elected by ballot. That should the
necessity arise the retiring members of Committee shall be balloted for.

VEE

The Committee may from year to year appoint Sectional Secretaries and
Committees, as may be considered desirable, to further vriginal investigations
in any one or more departments of the Club’s work. No financial responsi-
bility to be incurred by any Sectional Secretary, Sectional Committee, or any
Officer of the Club without the previous approval of the Club’s Committee,
The Junior Section to have a Committee composed of Six Members of the
Club, the Chairman to be annually appointed by the General Committee.

VIII.

That the members of the Club shall hold at least Six Field Meetings during
the year, in the most interesting localities, for investigating the Natural History
and Archeology of Ireland. That the place of meeting be fixed by the
Committee, and that five days’ notice of each Excursion be communicated to
Members by the Secretaries. That each of the Sectional Secretaries shall be
made responsible for the running of one Regular Excursion, the programme to
provide study in the subject appertaining to the Section, and that any
additional Special Excursions shall be arranged by the Secretaries of the
Sections concerned.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
264

1D-<,

That regular Monthly Meetings be held during the Winter Session from
November till April, inclusive, for the purpose of reading Papers; such Papers
as far as possible to be original, and to treat of the Natural History and
Archeology of the district. That the Papers to be read be secured by a
Standing Organising Committee, consisting of the Hon. Secs. of the Club,
together with the Sectional Secretaries and a Chairman. That between the
Regular Monthly Meetings of the Club Special Meetings open to all Members
of the Club may be held, at which Papers of specialised interest would be
discussed. That the Sectional Secretaries shall each be responsible for the
providing of a programme for one Regular and one Special Meeting, one
Regular and one Special Meeting to be arranged by the Hon. Sees. Any
extra Meetings shall be arranged by the Organising Committee, if desired.
That the programme for the Winter Session shall be completed by the date of
its First Meeting and issued to all Members. That each notification
announcing a Regular Meeting or Excursion shall also serve to notify Members -
of the next Special Meeting or Excursion.

X.

That the Committee shall, if they find it advisable, offer for competition
Prizes for the best collections of scientific objects of the district; and the
Committee may order the purchase of maps, or other scientific apparatus, and
may carry on geological and archeological searches or excavations, if deemed
advisable, provided that the entire amount expended under this rule does not
exceed the sum of £10 in any ‘one year.

That the General Committee may offer from time to time such prize or

_prizes as they may deem desirable for competition among Schools in or near
Belfast.

XI.

That the Annual Meeting be held during the month of April, when the
Report of the Committee for the past year, and the Treasurer’s Financial
Statement shall be presented, the Committee and Officers elected, Bye-laws
made and altered, and any proposed alterations in the general laws, of which a
fortnight’s notice shall have been given, in writing, to the Secretary or
Secretaries, considered and decided upon. The Secretaries to give the
Members due notice of each intended alteration.

XII.

Members of other Irish Field Clubs, residing temporarily or permanently
in or near Belfast, may be enrolled as Members of the Club without election or
entrance fee on production of a voucher of membership of another Club, and
without subscription for the current year, on production of a receipt showing
that such subscription has been paid to another Club. Failing the production
of such receipt, the usual subscription for the current year to be paid to the
Treasurer on enrolment. The names of Members so admitted to the Club to
be published with the notice of meeting following the date of their enrolment

1922-1923. ]
265
XIII.
That, on the written requisition of twenty-five members, delivered to the
Secretaries, an Extraordinary General Meeting may be called, to consider and
decide upon the subject mentioned in such written requisition.

XIV.

That the Committee may be empowered to exchange publications and
reports, and to extend the privilege of attending the Meetings and Excursions
of the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club to Members of kindred societies, on
similar privileges being accorded to its Members by such other societies.

RULES FOR THE CONDUCTING OF EXCURSIONS.

I. The excursion to be open to all Members, each one to have the
Privilege of introducing two friends. The time for commencing as many as
possible of the Half-Day Summer Excursions to be not prior to 2 p.m.

II. A Chairman to be elected as at ordinary meetings.

III. One of the Secretaries to act as Conductor, or, in the absence of
both, a Member to be elected for that purpose.

IV. No change to be made in the programme, or extra expense incurred,
except by the consent of the majority of the Members present,

V. No fees, gratuities, or other expenses to be paid except through the
Conductor.

VI. Every Member or Visitor to have the accommodation assigned by the
Conductor. Where accommodation is limited, consideration will be given to
priority of application.

VII. Accommodation cannot be promised unless tickets are obtained
before the time mentioned in the special circular.

VIII. Those who attend an excursion without previous notice will be
liable to extra charge, if extra cost is incurred thereby.

IX. No intoxicating liquors to be provided at the expense of the Club.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
266

Exchanges of Proceedings, 1922-23.

Belfast—Natural History and Philosophical Society.
Report and Proceedings for 1919-20 and 1920-21.

Birmingham—Natural History and Philosophical Society.
Proceedings, Vol. XV., Part 1, (and Supplement), List of Members
(1919), and Annual Report (1920)

Bournemouth— Natural Science Society.
Vol. XIII (1920-21).

Brighton and Hove—Natural History and Philosophical Society.
Report for 2 years ending July, 1922.

Bristol—Naturalists’ Society.
Proceedings, 4th Series, Vol. V., Part 4.

Cardiff—Naturalists’ Society.
Transactions, Vol. LIT. (1919).

Chester— Society of Natural Science, Literature and Art.
Annual Report No. 51 (1921-22).

Dublin— Royal Irish Academy.
Proceedings, Vol. XXXV. Title Pages and Indices B and C.
Vol. XXXVI. Sec. B. No. 1., See. C. Nos. 1 to 5,

Dublin—Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland.
Journal, Vol. LIT.

Essex—Field Club.
Essex Naturalist, Vol. XX., Nos. 2 and

1922-1923. ]
267

Leyden—Rijks Ethnographisch Museum.
Report for 1920-21.

Liverpool—Geological Society.
Vol. XIII., Part 3 (1921-22).

London—Geologists’ Association.
Proceedings, Vol. XX XIII., Parts 3 and 4; Vol. XXXIV.,
Part 1.

- Linnean Society.
Proceedings for 1921-22.
List of Members for 1922-23.

Manchester— Microscopical Society.
Annual Report for 1921.

Marlborough College—Natural History Society.
Report No. 71 (1922).

North Staffordshire—Field Club.
Transactions and Annual Report. Vols. LIV., LV. and LVI.

Oxford—Ashmolean Natural History Society.
Report for 1922.

Perthshire—Society of Natural Science.
Transactions and Proceedings, Vol. VII., Part 4 (1921-22).

Toronto—Royal Canadian Institute.
Transactions, Vol. XIII., Title Page and Index; Vol. XIV.
Parte.

Torquay—Natural History Society
Vol. III., No. 2 (1922)

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
268

U.S.A.—California—Academy of Sciences.

Proceedings, Vol. X., Nos. 10 to 12; Vol. XI., Nos. 1 to 21
Vol. XII., Nos. 1 to 3; Occasional Papers, X. Reptiles of
Western North America, Vol. I, Lizards; Vol. II, Snakes
and Turtles.

* Chicago—Field Museum of Natural History.
Annual Report, Vol. VI., No. 1 (1921)

is Cincinnati—Lloyd’s Library.
Bulletin, Nos. 21 (1921) and 22 (1922

Fe Milwaukie, City of—Public Museum.
Year Book, 1921.

Missouri— Botanical Garden.

Bulletin, Vol. X., Nos. 4 to 10; Vol. XI., Nos. 1, 2, 3.

Philadelphia—Academy of Natural Sciences.
Annual Reports for 1920 and 1921; Proceedings, Vol. LX XIII.,
Parts 2 and 3; Vol. LX XIV (1922).

Rochester, N.Y.—Academy of Science.
Proceedings, Vol. VI. No. 4.

Staten Island, N.Y.—Institute of Arts and Sciences
Proceedings, Vol. I. Parts 1 to 3.

Mass.—Tuft’s College.

Studies, Vol. V., No. 2 (Scientific Series, Nos. 40 and 41) and No.
3 (Scientific Series, No. 42).

1922-1923. ]

269

U.S.A.—Washington—Geological Survey.

9

”

3°

Bulletins, 707, 708, 722, 724, 725, 726 (G. and Index) 727, 728, 730.
(A to D), 731, 733, 735 (C to H) 736 (A to G), 742.
Water Supply Papers: 463, 473, 477, 478, 479, 482, 484, 486, 490

(C, D), 507.

Professional Papers: 122, 124, 128 (D, E), 129 (C to I), 130, 131
(A to L).

Mineral Resources : 1917, Part II. Index.
y 99 1918, Part I. Index.
- 3 1919, Part I., 29; Part II., Introduction to

Parts I. and II.

“ - 1920, Part I., Nos. 23 to 30; Part IT., 27 to 35.
: <5 1921, Part I., Preliminary Summary ; Nos. 1

to 23, 26, Part II., Nos. 1 to 28, 30.
Publications (from Smithsonian Report), Nos.
2630, 2633, 2634, 2636, 2638-45.

Washington—Government Printing Works.
Museum Reports for 1921-22.

National Museum.
Annual Report for 1922.

Wisconsin—Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters.
Vol. XIX., Parts I. andII.; Vol. XX. (1921

Donations.

Charles Janet
Le Volvox (1922). Considérations sur l’étre vivant, ITI.

R. J. Welch, M.R.I.A., Caradoc and Severn Valley Field Club.
Transactions (1914). Record of Bare Facts, Nos. 17, 18,1 20, 22, 23, 26,

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
270

LIST OF MEMBERS.

For the year ending 31st March, 1923.

Any Change in the Address of Members should be at once notified

to the Secretaries by Postcard.

The Dates prefixed to Members’ names signify date of Election.

“0” stands for an Original Member who signed the requisition

for the formation of the Club in 1863.

Gon. Members.

Charlesworth, Professor John K., D.Sc., Ph.D., F.G.S., Queen's
University, Belfast.

Donaldson, George, 1, Prospect Street.

Foster, Nevin H., F.L.8., M.R.I.A., M.B.0.U., Hillsborough,
Co. Down.

Swanston, W., F.G.S., Farm Hill, Dunmurry.

Scharff, Robert F., B.Se., Ph.D., F.L.S.. M.R.1A.,
F.R.S.A.I., Knockranny, Bray, Co. Wicklow.

Vinycomb, John, M.R.1.A., F.R.S.A.L, 59 Thornton Avenue,
Streatham, London, 8.W.

Welch, R. J., M.Sc., M.R.I.A., 49 Lonsdale Street.

Workman, Rev. R., M.A., Crusheen, Cadogan Park.

Corresponding Member:
Holden, J. 8., M.D., Sudbury, Suffolk.

Life Members.

Stelfox, A. W., A.R.I.B.A., M.R.I.A., 14 Clareville Road,
Rathgar, Dublin.
Wilson, Alec G., J.P., M.R.I.A., Croglin, Ballyaughlis.

Ordinarp Members.

Adams, John, Auburn, Cranmore Park.

Adams, Rev. W. A., B.A., The Manse, Antrim.

Adamson, J. H., 70 Malone Avenue.

Agnew, Mrs. W. H., 136 Fitzroy Avenue.

Aird, Hugh, 10 King Street.

Alderdice, R. Sinclaire, F.C.I.B., 12a Linenhall Street.
Alexander, K. M., 30 Kelvin Parade.

Alexander, Miss M., Summer Hill, Stranmillis.

Anderson, Mrs. D’Arcy, Ballyhossett House, Downpatrick.
Anderson, Miss Sarah M., 4 Church View, Holywood.
Andrew, J. J., L.D.S., R.C.S. (Eng.), 23 University Square.
Andrews, Miss E., 10 Park Crescent, Tonbridge, Kent.

1922-1923. ]

1912.
1922.
1911,
1912.
1913.
1921.
1921.
1916.
1915.
1922.
1921.
1921.

1916.
1907.
1922.
1922.
1922.
1921.

1905.
1913.
1896.
1922.
1893.
1921.
1908.
1922.
1884.
1914.

1916.
1893.
1922.
1921.
1922.
1921.
1921.
1922.
1893.
1922.
1894.
1922.
1917.
1916.
1921.
1883.
1863.
1921.
1921.
1922.
1923.
1923.
1883.
1876,

a1

Andrews, Miss E. L., Inla, Comber.

Andrews, J. D. , Araghmore, Comber.

Andrews, Miss M. A., 50 Eglantine Avenue.

Andrews, Dr. Marion’ B., D.P.H., Orsett, Derryvolgie Avenue.
Andrews, Michael C., F.R.G.S., F.R.S.G.S., do.
Ardis, R., A.M.I.E.E., 6 Marine Parade, Holywood.

Ardis, Harold, 6 Marine Parade, Holywood.

Armstrong, Miss Dorothy, M.Sc., Corlea, Somerton Road.
Armstrong, Edward A., B.A., do.

Armstrong, John, Gt. Northern Railway, Crumlin.
Ashworth, Rev. A. O., Marsdene, Cyprus Park, Bloomfield.
Ashworth, Mrs. do.

Baillie, Robert, Elleslie, Ravenhill Park.

Baillie, W. T., 26 Green Read, Knock.

Baird, Sir R. H. H., K.B.E., D.L., Park Lodge, Antrim Road.

Baird, Thos. D., Mayfair, Arthur Square.

Bass, Capt. R. T., M.A., Ph.D., Claudy, Co. Derry

Beaumont, Ivor, A.R.C.A.; M.S.A4,, F.RB.S.A., F.1.B.D..
Municipal College of Technology.

Beck, ae 1 Derryvolgie Avenue.

Bell, D. M., Carragh Ard Lodge, Newcastle, Co. Down.

Bell, E. Geiss Solitude, Lurgan.

Bell, John, 10 Garfield Street.

Bell, Robert, 64 Newington Avenue.

Bell, Miss Emma, Cressington, Rosetta Park.

Bennett, S. A., B.A., B.Sc., Campbell College, Belmont.

Berringer, Joseph, 36 North Street.

Bigger, F. J., M.R.I.A., F.R.S.A.I., Ardrigh, Antrim Road.

Bird, Miss, 18 Connaught Mansions, Prince of Wales Road.
Battersea Park, London, 8.11.

Black, 8. C., 15 College Gardens.

Blackwood, Miss Sarah, 6 College Green.

Blackwood, Reginald W. H., J.P., 24 University Square.

Blair, Mrs. J., 14 Cliftonville Avenue.

Blake- Whelan, 64 Barna, Osborne Park.

Bloom, H. M., The Hermitage, Marino.

Bowman, Miss A., 1 Rossmore Avenue.

Bowman, Robert, 2. Osborne Drive, Bangor.

Boyd, Miss E. S., 5 Brock Terrace, The Grange, Guernsey.

Boyd, J. St. Clair, Chatsworth, University Road.

Boyd, W. C., J.P., Thornhill, Farnham Road, Bangor.

Boyd, Dr.. Victoria Street, Ballymoney.

Bradley, Mrs., Haypark House, Knock.

Bradley, Miss ay , Haypark House, Knock.

Brand. W. J., 18 ‘Ashley Gardens.

Brandon, Hugh B., J.P., 2 Wellington Place.

Brett, Sir Charles H., LL.D., Gretton Villa South, Belfast

Brierley, J.C. Ale Sc., 224 Cliftonville Road.

Brown, ‘Archibald, 12 Donegall Square West.

Brown, James R., 80 Marlborough Park Central.

Brown, W. P., LL.B. , 34 Alliance Avenue.

Brown, Mrs. do.

Brown, Thomas, J.P., 102 Donegall Street.

Bulla, Charles, 272 Lisburn Road,

1921.
1899.
1911.
1920.
1922.

1921.

1903.
1921.
1909.
1917.
1921.
1921.
1921.
1891.
1914.
1922.
1921.
1904.
1892.
1923.
1892.
1922.
1907.
1920.
1920.
1910;
1922.
1921.
1901.
1922.
1920.
1922.
1922.
1894.
1894.
1890.
1917.
1921.

1922.
1922.
1921.
1906.
1921.

1921.
1922.
1922.
1922.
1921.
1913.
1884,

{Proc. B.N.F.C.,
24.2

Burden, S. H., 8 Alfred Street

Burrowes, W. B., F.R.S.A.]., Ballynafeigh House.
Brown, J. B. M., 356 Ormeau Road.

Broughton, E., 58 Hopefield Avenue.

Bullick, E., Railway Street, Lisburn.

Camac, Dr. J., 99 Swadlincote Road, Woodville, near Burton-
on-Trent.

Campbell, D. C., J.P., Templemore Park, Londonderry.

Campbell, Francis, 99 Osborne Park.

Campbell, John, Albert Brickworks, Carrickfergus.

Campbell, James, Jennymount Mill.

Campbell, A. Albert, F.R.S.A.I., Drumnaferrie, Rosetta Park

Campbell, Mrs. A. Albert, Drumnaferrie, Rosetta Park.

Campbell, Mrs. 20 Wellington Park Avenue.

Capper, J. Malcolm, 14 Linenhall Street.

Carter, Charles S., 25 Donegall Street.

Carey, Miss Mary, Brugh, Knockdene Park.

Carley, W. J., Aughendunvanen, Dromore.

Carmody, Rev. Canon W. P., M.A., Lisburn.

Carrothers, Nathaniel, 145 Stranmillis Road.

Carrothers, E. N., Midland Railway, York Road.

Carson, J. C., 8 Wellington Place.

Cassidy, Wm., 6 Bawnmore Road.

Chambers, W., 35 Cranmore Avenue.

Chandler, W. P., 1 Ailsa Terrace, Strandtown.

Chandler, Mrs. do.

Chase, Capt. C. D., M.C., M.A., Campbell College, Belmont

Cheater, Wm., 33 Glenbrook Avenue.

Cheyne, 8. Donald, J.P., 11 Donegall Place.

Cheyne, H. H., Roseneath, Bangor.

Christy, Wm., 3 Edenderry Gardens, Tennent Street.

Churchill, Miss, Inverary, Sydenham.

Clarke, George W., 39 Adelaide Park.

Clarke, John, Antrim Arms Hotel, Glenarm.

Cleland, Alex. M‘T., 28 Green Road, Knock.

Cleland, Mrs. Annie, 28 Green Road, Knock.

Cleland, James A., Brooklyn, Holywood.

Close, R. M., M.R.I.A., 13 Donegall Square North.

Coey, Henry, Midland Railway Co. (N.C.C.) Terminus, York
Road.

Cole, Francis J., Ardmara, Greenisland.

Corry, Hon. Cecil, Castle Coole, Enniskillen.

Cousins, D., 4 Frederick Terrace, Malone Road.

Cowie, James, Cushleva, Jordanstown.

Crawford, W. M., B.A., F.E.S., F.Z.8., Orissa, Marlborough
Park.

Crawford, Lieut.-Col. F. H., C.B.E., Cloreen, University Road.

Cromie, A. G., Ulster Bank, Carlisle Circus.

Cromie, Miss Maude, do.

Crothers, Miss, 7 Easton Crescent, Cliftonville Road.

Crymble, Mrs. S., 18 College Green.

Cunningham, Miss M. E., F.R.S.A.1.. Glencairn,

Cunningham, Rt, Hon, Samuel, Fernhill,

1922-1923.]

1915.

1922.

1921.
1921.

1923.

1923.

1922.
1922.
1921.
1921.

1919.
1891.
1915.
1921.

1921.
1921.

1922.
1921.
1921.

1922.

1922.
1922.
1922.

1908.

1921.
1909.

1921.

1921.

1916.
1884.
1923.

1868.

1921.

1912.

1913.

1918.
1921.
1897.

1906.
1921.
1903.

1911.

1923.

1921.

1892.

1921,

273

Cunningham, Josias, R.N.V.R., M.B.O.U., Fernhill.
Currie, G. B. H., The Manse, Bangor.

Curry, Wm., 5 Oakland Avenue, Bloomfield.

Cuthbert, Rev. A., M.A., Rocklands Manse, Carrickfergus.

Dales, Miss M., 14 Easton Crescent.

Dalzell, John, 12 Derlitt Street, Ballynafeigh.

Davies, Miss Dorothy, 2 University Street.

Davies, James J., Botanic Gardens Park.

Davison, A. H., F.A.I., 32 Wellington Place.

Deane, Arthur, M.R.1.A., F.R.S.E., Art Gallery and Museum,
Belfast.

Deans, T. M., LL.D., Academy House, Rosetta.

D’Evelyn, A. M., M.D., Ballymena.

Dick, Miss Mary E., M.A., 8 Wellington Park.

Dinsmore, J. A. S., 28 and 30 Castle Place.

Dobbin, W. C., Eastnor, Somerton Road.

Dobbin, Mrs. W. C., Eastnor, Somerton Road.

Dobbin, Miss, 60 University Street.

Doggart, Henry, 24 Canterbury Street.

Donaldson, Dixon, Dunoon, Islandmagee, Co Antrim.

Donaldson, James, 149 Castlereagh Road.

Douglas, John, Helen’s Bay.

Dowlin, J. T., Kildornan, Donegall Park Avenue.

Downer, W. H. W., Arlington House, Cavehill Road.

Duncan, W., 54 Textile Buildings, Donegall Square South.

Dunwoody, W. J., 10 Marine Parade, Holywood.

Dwerryhouse, Major A. R., D.Sc.,, F.G.S., M.R.LA., University
College, Reading.

Earls, Professor, J., B.A., 31 Ravenhill Park.

Earls, Miss Annie, Rosetta National School, Belfast.
Edwards, Mrs. 54 Ulsterville Avenue.

Elliott, David, B.A., J.P., Ardroe, Bloomfield.
Ewart, Lavens M., The Banks, Ballyholme, Bangor.

Faren, W., F.R.S.A.I., 11 Mountcharles.

Farrell, George, 1 Mount View, Lower Windsor Avenue.

Ferguson, Mrs., St. Helen's, Holland Park, Knock.

Ferguson, Samuel, St. Helen’s, Holland Park, Knock.

Fiddes, H., 20 Wilmont Terrace Lisburn Road

Finlay, W. J., Haslar, Galwally, Belfast.

Finlay, Miss A. M., 3 Old Nichol Street, Bethnal Green,
London, E.S.

Finlay, Arch. H., A.C.G.1., A.I.E.E., Willesden, Holywood.

Fleet, Capt. H. G., Municipal College of Technology.

Foster, Mrs. N. H., Hillsborough.

Foster, Miss A. B., B.Sc., Y.W.C.A., William Street, Waterford

Foster, Mr. A. R., B.A., Principal, Royal Academy, Cliftonville.

Freeland, Samuel, 23 Meadowbank Street.

Fulton, David, Arlington, Windsor Avenue.

Fulton, Wm., 44 Wellington Place.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
274

1904. Gaffikin, William, J.P., Notting Hill.

1922. Gallagher, J., 8 Rosevale Street.

1891. Galloway, Joseph, 50 Eglantine Avenue.

1922. Gallway, W. H., Shielavon, Ranfurly Avenue, Bangor.

1892. Gamble, Miss, Lorne, Craigavad.

1916. George, A. H., 22 Thorndale Avenue.

1917. Gibson, Mrs. Bonnington, Lansdowne Road.

1911. atk Mrs. Joseph, Hollow Bridge House, Hillsborough, Co.
own.

1921. Gibson, Wm. J., Montpelier House, Malone Road.

1921. Gibson, R. H., M.R.I.A., 5 West Elmwood.

1921. Gibson, Samuel, J.P., Summer Hill, Dunmurry.

1921. Gilliland, J. H., 33 Gresham Street.

1921.. Gilliland, W..T., B.Sc., 7 Wellington Place.

1921. Glendinning, R. G., Jun., Lennoxvale.

1905. Glover, James, The Glebe, Kirkcubbin, Co. Down.

1922. Gordon, C. E., 35 Rosemary Street.

1918. Gordon, Eustace, 35 Rosemary Street.

1921. Gore, W., F.R.S.A.I., Municipal College of Technology.

1921. Graham, Thomas, 26 Alexandra Avenue.

1922. Graham, David, Langford Lodge, Crumlin.

1922. Graham, Miss M. E., 241 Sundridge Terrace, Mountpottinger.

1891. Green, Mrs. Isaac, Hawthornden, Knock.

1895. Green, W. A., F.R.S.A.I., 4 Salisbury Terrace, Chichester Park.

1921. Green, H. P., Limehurst, Holland Park, Knock.

1922. Greenfield, Miss, 1 Edenvale, Larne.

1920. Greenham, Miss J. C., 44 Orient Gardens.

1901. Greeves, J. Theodore, Nendrum, Knockdene Park.

1917. Greeves, J. R. H., B.Sc., Altona, Strandtown.

1901. Greeves, W. Leopold, Ormeau Avenue.

1901. Greeves, Fergus M., Garranard, Sydenham.

1918. Greeves, O. V., Tavanagh House, Portadown.

1922. Gumley, Rev. E. M., B.A., B.D., Mount Druid, Ballintoy.

1908. Hadden, Mrs., Magharee, Portadown.

1922. Haig, J. M., Mertoun, Knock.

1920. Hale, W. Bancroft, 6 Salisbury Gardens.

1921. Hall, Henry, 177 Snugville Street.

1922. Hall, T. J., 37 University Street.

1922. Halliday, Wm., 264 Ravenhill Avenue.

1883. Hamilton, Rt. Hon. and Rev. T., D.D., LL.D., Queen’s
University.

1908. Hamilton, Miss, 5 Church Avenue, Holywood.

1921. Hamilton, Wm., 32 Silvio Street.

1920. Harbinson, Wm. Highbury, North Road.

1916. Harper, V. M., B.A., Campbell College, Belmont.

1920. Haslett, W., Model School, Belfast.

1921. Haslett, F. W., 1 Ulster Terrace, Lisburn Road.

1921. Hayward, H. Richard, Hopefield House, Antrim Road.

1921. Heenan, Miss J., 1la Stranmillis Road.

1908. Henry, F. W., Ye Olde Castle, Castle Place.

1915. Herdman, Miss E. W., Fountainville, University Road.

1876. Heron, F. Adens, D.L., J.P., F.R.S.A.1., Maryfield, Holywood,

1922. Heron, Mrs., Maryfield, Holywood

1922. Heron, Miss E, do,

1922-1923.]

1922

1922.

1921.
1922.
1905.
1921.
1895.
1908

1922.

1903.
1904.
1921.
1906.
1919.
1921.
1921.
1911.
1914.
1921.
1922.

1921.
1892.

1909.
1914.
1901.

1906.
1916.
1921.
1922.
1922.
1921.

1916.
1917.
1922.
1918.

1921.
}921.

1921.
1922.
1921.
1899.
1922.
1922.
1922.
1886.
1868.

1922.
1877.

275

Heron, Rev. W. S., Clonduff, Rathfriland.

Heron, Miss, Teagheen, Evelyn Gardens, Antrim Road.
Hawton, J., M.P.S.1., 315 Ormeau Road.

Hill, Dr. S. W., 46 Pound Street, Larne.

Hobson, Mrs. Aitennach, Crawfordsburn, Co. Down.

Hoffman, F., Leamington, 7 Old Cavehill Road.

Hogg, A. R., 10 Thorndale Avenue.

Hogg, D. J., 16 Kansas Avenue.

Hogg, Lieut. H. B. Johnstone, R.E., Underhill, Greenisland.
Holland, Miss, Highbury, Cadogan Park.

Holland, Frank J., Fairyhill, Osborne Gardens.

Holness, John J., 26 Ava Street. —

Hopkirk, F. G., Midland Railway Co. (N.C.C.).
Horsbrugh, C. B., Blessington House, Hillsborough, Co. Down.
Hoskins, Miss M., 14 Rosetta Park.

Hoskins, A. P., F.I.C., F.C.S., 14 Rosetta Park.

Houston, Miss, Lisheen, Sans Souci Park.

Houston, James Dick, Northern Bank House, Kilrea, Co. Derry.
Houston, H. §., Slievmara, Jordanstown, Co. Antrim.

Hunter, Dr. J. A., 6 Stranmillis Road.

Ireland, J. Herbert, 107 South Parade.
J ae rAey, 3 Upper Phillimore Gardens, Kensington, London,

Jenkins, W. A., 6 Elmwood Terrace.

Jenkinson, Henry, 29 Rosemary Street.

Johnson, Rev. W. F., M.A., F.E.S., M.R.LA., 4 Killowen
Terrace, Rostrevor.

Johnston, F. W., The Cottage, Cultra.

Johnston, Miss M. B., Beechville, Glenburn Park.

Johnston, E. C., F.R.S.A.I., Glenmount, Newtownards.

Johnston, Miss Minnie E., 25 Lonsdale Street.

Johnston, T. J., 15 Westland Gardens.

Jones, H. H., 4 Donegall Square N.

Kav, Miss M. P., B.Sc., Burnside, Bangor.

Keiller, W., 11 Chichester Street.

Keith, 8. S., 20 Knutsford Drive, Cliftonville.

Kennedy, David, Pembroke, Wandsworth Road, Knock.

Kennedy, Captain E. R., A.R.I.B.A., M.R.San.I., The
Bungalow, Sandown Road, Knock

Kennedy, R. N., J.P., Avonmore Lodge, Balmoral.

Kernohan, J. W., M.A., Seaforde, Park Road.

Kerr, Charles E., B.A., Mount Carmel, Upper Newtownards Rd.

Kidd, James, 44 Brookvale Avenue.

Killen, William, 3a Dudley Chambers, 20 Waring Street.

King, Mrs. J., Castle Chester, Whitehead.

Kinkead, Geo. W., Cushendun, Co. Antrim.

Kirk, William, 46 Upper Ann Street.

Kirkpatrick, F., 27 Oxford Street.

Knowles, W. J., M.R.I.A., F.R.S.A.I., Flixton Place South,
Ballymena.

Knox, C. J., 9 Donegall Square §

Kyle, R. A., 17 Wellington Park.

1921.

1901.
1920.
1921.
1912.
1921.
1922.
1922.
1920.

1899

1915.

1921.
1922.
1921.
1921.
1918.
1918.
1893.
1908.
1910.
1917.

1922.

1921.
1915.
1915,
1905

1912.

1922.
1920.
1921.
1876.
1905.

1921.

1899.
1901.
1901.
1914.
1880.
1922.
1922.
1922.
1916.
1915.
1908.
1923.
1923.
1892.
1919.
1903.

1921.

1917.
1920.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
276

Lane, F. W., C.E., 79 Portallo Street.

Larmour, H. G., J.P., Lisburn.

Lavery, W. H., (:lenwood, Bloomfield Road.

Lawther, Miss J., 13 James Street, Leek., Staffs.

Ledgerwood, N. J., J.P., 10 Wellington Park.

Lees, Miss 8. L., Drumadoon, Castle Park.

Leetch, Miss Elizabeth, Cullybackey, Co. Antrim.

Leonard, W. B., Railway Street, Lisburn.

a ae R. S., M.A., LL.M., F.R.Hist.S., F.R.S.A.1., Elsinore,
rawfordsburn.

Lindsay, Professor J. A., M.D., M.A., F.R.C.P., 3 Queen’s Elms.

Lindsay, Mrs., c/o Ulster Bank, Markets Branch, Belfast.

Lindsay, A. G., Northern Bank House, Holywood.

Logan, James, M.A., F.R.G.S., Greystone, Ravenhill Park.

Louden, J. B., 28 Salisbury Avenue, Antrim Road.

Loughridge, James, 173 Cliftonville Road.

Lowry, Miss, Hazelwood, Bloomfield.

Lewis, Mrs. A. J., 2 Ranfurly Drive, Bloomfield.

Lowry, D. E., Oakley, Strandtown.

Lowry, James, Llewellyn Avenue, Lisburn.

Lowry, Miss L., Hazelwood, Bloomfield.

Lyttle, James, 1 Olney Terrace, Ballygomartin Road.

fae ae Miss Charlotte M., Ballyarton, Killaloo, London-
erry.

Mackenzie, W. G., A.R.H.A., The Studio, Clarence Place.
Maconachie, Rev. D. H., B.A., B.D., The Manse, Holywood.
Maconachie, Mrs., The Manse, Holywood.

Macoun, Mrs. 8. M., Clanrolla, Windsor Park.

Macoun, S. M., do.

Magill, Hugh, 217 Cavehill Road.

Magowan, A., 2 Easton Crescent.

Magowan, Mrs., 2 Easton Crescent.

Major, Rev. J. J., Doagh, Co. Antrim.

Malcolm, Miss Susan, Downshire Road, Holywood.
Malcolm, Bowman, M.I.C.E., M.I.Mech.E., Inver, Ashley Park.
Malcolmson, J. G. B., Cairnbourn, Strandtown.
Malcomson, Herbert T., M.B.O.U., 32 Arthur Street.
Malcomson, Joseph, 32 Arthur Street.

Manning, J. W., Slieve Donard Hotel, Newcastle.

Marsh, Mrs. Glenlyon, Holywood.

Marshall, Rev. R. L., M.A., LL.D., Maghera, Co. Derry.
Marshall, Miss M. E., 82 Ardenlee Avenue.

Martin, F. C., Laurelvale, Crumlin.

Masterson, Miss, 93 Wellesley Avenue.

Mawdsley, Miss, 28 Green Road, Knock.

Maxwell, Henry, Dunalbine, Deramore Park.

Maxwell, Joseph, J.P., Fierna, Osborne Park.

Maxwell, Miss F. E. do.

Maxton, Jas., M.I.N.A., 6 Kirkliston Drive, Bloomfield.
Mayes, A. 8., 25 Glandore Avenue.

Mayne, H. Horner, 24 Elmwood Avenue.

Meakin, Chas., 119 The Mount.

Megaw, Rev. W. R., B.A., The Manse, Rosetta.

Megaw, I. J., 26 Linenhall Street.

1922-1925.]

1923.
1923.
1921.
1918.
1922.
1906.
1907.
1921

1922.

1922.
1911.
1898.
1913.
1920.
1920.
1911.
1916.

1922.

1922.

1917.

1921.
1922.
1921.
1922.

1923.
1915.
1905.
1901.
1921.
1899.
1921.
1909.
1913.
1921.
1922.
1921.
1919.
1884.
1912.
1922.

1922.

1921.
1903.
1879.

1921.
1921.

1923.
1917

1913.

1921.
1921.

1917.

277

Mercer, S., ‘‘ Hanging Leaves,’”’ Jordanstown.

Mercer, Mrs. 8S. do.

Mercier, S. T., J.P., 89 Cliftonville Road.

Metcalfe, A. W. Hawthornden Road, Knock.

Meyer, Sir Robert, St. Clair, Windsor Avenue.

Millar, Thomas O., 306 Antrim Road.

Milligan, Miss Bessie, 22 Ravenhill Gardens.

Milligan, Dr. C. J., Dispensary House, Ligoniel.

Moffatt, James A., 2 Chelmsford Place, Larne Harbour.

Moneypenny, Sir Frederick, C.V.O., C.B.E., City Hall.

Montgomery, Thos. Ward, 40 Rosemary Street.

Montgomery, H. C., F.R.S.A.I., 40 Rosemary Street.

Montgomery, Miss E. 5., 26 College Green.

Montgomery, Miss S., 120 Eglantine Avenue.

Montgomery, Miss G., 120 Eglantine Avenue.

Montgomery, Miss Jane E., 8 Sandhurst Road.

Moore, Frank, J.P., Ph.D., F.E.1.S., Home-Lyn, Marlborough
Park North.

Moore, Lord Justice, D.L., Moore Lodge, Kilrea.

Morris, A., M.P.S.I., 120 Ravenhill Road.

Morrison, Rey. Robert N., B.A., Magherahamlet Rectory, Bally-
nahinch.

Morrison, Miss I., Southleigh, Knockbreda Park

Morton, Mrs., 65 Ulsterville Avenue.

Mullowney, J., A.M.I.E.E., Rathverde, Cherryvalley Park.

Murray, B., 628 Ravenhill Road.

M‘Allister, Wm. James, 134 Rugby Avenue.

-MacCarthy, Mrs., Freshford, Knock.

MacCleary, A., Kensington Hotel, College Square East.
MacRae, Kenneth, Ulster Agricultural Society, Balmoral.
M‘Cloy, Miss A. E., Cuil-na-Mban, Norfolk Drive, Glen Road.
M‘Bretney, W. A. J., 31 Haypark Avenue.

M‘Bride, J., 1 Adelaide Street.

M‘Cance, James, 302 Antrim Road.

M‘Cance, Captain Stouppe, 4 Markham Square, London, S.W.3.
M‘Callum, Major J. D. M., C.B.E., D.S.0., B.A., 6 Windsor Av.
M‘Carthy, Miss, 46 Stranmillis Road.

M‘Carthy, W. J., Ashley, Alexandra Park, Holywood.

M‘Caw, James, Glenfield, Donegall Park.

M‘Cleery, H., J.P., Oakhill, Dunmurry.

M‘Clelland, E. W., B.Sc., 79 Kansas Avenue.

M‘Clure, Miss Frances D., Ashbank, Ardenlee Avenue.
M‘Clure, Miss Lily, do.

M‘Comish, John, Benmore, Strandtown.

M‘Connell, Miss, Derryvolgie House.

M‘Connell, James, J.P., Derryvolgie House.

M‘Cullough, Miss J. J., 8 Cardigan Drive.

M‘Cullough, Miss S., 8 Cardigan Drive.

M‘Cullough, Miss Meta, 8 Cardigan Drive.

M‘Devitt, H., 115 High Street, Holywood.

M‘Dowell, Miss E., 93 Malone Avenue.

M‘Gibney, F., 8 Wellington Place.

M‘Gladery, R., The Brickworks, Springfield Road.

M‘lIlroy, R. J., 32 Pandora Street.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
278

1921. M‘Ilwaine, J. E., M.D., 26 College Gardens.

1914. M‘Kay, Miss E. W., B.Sc., Ardbana Terrace, Coleraine.
1904. M‘Kean, E. John, B.A., B.L., Heathfield, Old Cavehill Road.
1920. M‘Kee, Miss F. V., Ashleigh, Charnwood Avenue.

1920. M‘Kee, Miss Eva K., Ashleigh, Charnwood Avenue,

1921. M‘Kee, Joseph, 60 Clonlee Drive, Strandtown.

1922. M‘Keown, Miss, 180 Woodvale Road.

1923. M‘Keown, Miss Eleanor, 180 Woodvale Road.

1906. M‘Kinney, Miss M.A.C., Sentry Hill, Carnmoney.

1922. M‘Kisack, Miss M. K., 9 Mount Pleasant.

1922. M‘Knight, Wm. J., 220 Springfield Road.

1921. M/‘Laine, Lechlan, Rathaline, Annadale Avenue.

1922. M‘Master, Dr. H., Ashbourne, Strandtown.

1922. M‘Master, Miss do.

1912. M‘Meekin, Miss A. M., Sunnyside, Carnmoney, Co. Antrim.
1917. M‘Meckin, A., J.P., Cogry House, Doagh.

1920. M‘Neill, Mrs., Lockabeg, Knockdene Park.

1921. Neill, F. F., 35 Candahar Street.

1921. Niblock, J. B., 208 Cliftonville Road.

1921. Niblock, Mrs., 208 Cliftonville Road.

1922. Nugent, E. H. 8., D.L., Portaferry House, Portaferry.

1898. Orr, James, 17 Garfield Street.
1921. Osborne, T. Edens, F.R.S.A.I., 4 College Square North.
1921. Osborne, Miss M. B., 11 Marine Parade, Holywood.

1921. Paton, John, Ardmore, Bangor.

1922. Patterson, Crossley D., Homeview Cottage, Rathgail, Bangor.

1888. Patterson, Robert, F.L.S., M.R.1.A., Glenbank, Holywood.

1921. Patterson, W. H. F., Auburn, Donaghadee.

1921. Parkes, W. J., 2 Claremont Street.

1921. Parkes, Mrs. do.

1921. Parkes, Miss Lilian, do.

1921. Parsons, Thomas, Farm Hill, Marino.

1922, Patton, Wm., 78 Edinburgh Street.

1867. Pim, John, J.P., Benavon, Antrim Road.

1869. Pim, Joshua, Rathbawn, 12 Adelaide Park.

1903. Pim, W. R., Lisnagarvey, Lisburn.

1903. Pooler, Rev. Chas. K., D.D., M.R.ILA., D.Litt., Carnbin,
Whitehouse.

1922. Porte, G. W. C., 37a May Street.

1890. Porter, F. A., 13 Queen’s Square.

1921. Porter, Miss May, ee Balmoral Avenue,

1921. Porter, Miss Edith, Oo.

1883. Praeger, R. Ll., D.Sc., B.A., B.E., M.R.I.A., Nat. Library,
Kildare Street, Dublin.

1922. Pringle, Alex., 1 Clarence Street W.

1921. Pyper, James, B.A., 30 Cranmore Avenue.

1901. Rankin, Will, 26 Derryvolgie Avenue.

1904. Rankin, Mrs., 26 Derryvolgie Avenue.

1907. Rea, Miss M. W., M.Sc., Salem House, Sydenham.
1916. Rea, Miss L. C., Salem House, Sydenham.

1923. Reid, H. W., 206 Ravenhill Avenue.

1922-1923. ]

1921.

1919.
1921.

1907.
1922.

1922.
1922.
1921.
1921.
1921.
1921.
1922.
1921.
1922.
1921.
1909.

1899.
1913.
1917.
1920.
1922.
1918

1921.

1922.
1921.
1911.
1922.
1923.
1922.
1922.
1905.
1921.
1921.
1922.
1921.
1890.
1920.
1922.
1922.
1922.
1922.
1922.
1921.
1921

1921,

1921.
1921.
1893.
1921.
1910.

1911.
1904,

279

Reid, Jas., M.Sc., Holywood.

Reilly, Geo. C., M.I.Mech.E., Woodburn Glen, Carrickfergus.
Reynolds, Miss Doris L., Queen’s University.

Riddel, Mrs., Grosvenor, Glastonbury Avenue

Ritchie, John, Cullintra, Comber.

Robb, Norman, 8 James Street S.

Robb, Mrs. Norman, 44 Ulsterville Avenue.

Roberts, J. R., 43 Fitzwilliam Street.

Robinson, W. R., 58 Ravenhill Park.

Robinson, Miss L., 16 Kingsmere Avenue.

Robson, Mrs., 81 Wellington Park.

Ross, John, 42 Donegall Street.

Rossington, Rev. H. J., M.A., B.D., Ardeevin, Cadogan Park.
Ruddell, Miss B., 2 Craigmore, Whitehead.

Rumley, J. D., Winston, Marlborough Park North.

Russell, Nelson, Strathmore, Lisburn.

Sandes, Robert, Chorlton, Adelaide Park. °

Savage, W. E. J., 8 Lincoln Avenue.

Sayers, Miss W., B.A., Bartragh, Knock.

Sayers, Miss J. B., Bartragh, Knock.

Scott, Herbert C., Rashee Road, Ballyclare.

Seymour, J., Inchmarlo, Marlborough Park.

Shanks, Edward, 13 Donegall Square W.

Shaw, James, B.Sc., 35 Cromwell Road.

Shaw, Miss Louie Hinton, 72 Cromwell Road.

Shaw, G. W., Ulster Bank, York Street.

Shearan, Samuel, A.L.A.A., Loughview House, Holywood.

Shearman, Miss 8. Rosalind, Ashleigh House, Windsor Avenue.

Shewell, Major, 1 Liscard Terrace, Ormeau Road.

Shewell, Mrs. do.

Shiels, Rev. J. F., P.P., Saintfield.

Shiels, Edward, Summer Hill, Bangor.

Shortt, James, Wilmont, Lisburn.

Simpson, Arthur D., Smithfield Square.

Sinclair, Robert, 48 Waring Street.

Skillen, Joseph, 25 Stranmillis Gardens.

Small, Professor J., D.Sc., Queen’s University.

Small, James M., Ballymenoch Park, Marino.

Smiley, Miss, 19 Salisbury Avenue.

Smith, James, Belgravia House, Ulsterville Avenue.

Smith, W. E. F., 45 Dunluce Avenue.

Smyth, Miss A., 8 Chichester Park.

Spencer-Smith, C. F., Friends’ School, Lisburn.

Squire, Miss E. Lousie, Roselands, Lansdowne Road.

Stanley, Major Rupert, LL.D., M.E.E.E., F.I.R.E., Municipal
College of Technology, Belfast.

Steed, George G., 13 Donegall Square West.

Steel, David L., 141 Cavehill Road.

Steele, Miss, Dooneen, Marlborough Park.

Steen, Rev. David, B.A., The Manse, Islandmagee.

Stelfox, Mrs. A. W., B.Sc., A.R.C.Sc.I., 14 Clareville Road,
Rathgar, Dublin.

Stendall, J. A. S., M.B.0.U., The Museum, College Square N.

Stephens, Captain J. Kyle, J.P., 13 Donegall Square North,

1922.
1921.
1921,
1894.
1919

1922,

1922.

1921.
1922.
1920.
1921.
1921.
1921.

1921.

1921.
1922.
1922.
1922.
1921.
1921.
1922.
1875.

1921.
1921.
1904.
1909.
1922.

1922.

1893.
1917,
1920.
1920.
1921.
1921.
1919.
1921.
1921.
1909.
1921.

1913.

1921.
1920.
1921.
1921.
1922

1922.

1877.
1917.
1893.
1901.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
280

Stephens, Samuel, 13 Donegall Sq. N.

Stevenson, Miss E., Inverarnan, Cyprus Park, Blooritield.
Stewart, A. W., ‘‘ Belfast Telegraph,’ Belfast.
Stewart, W. J., 11 Elgin Street.

Strain, W., Windsor Park.

Steed, Mrs., 13 Donegall Sq. W.

Sweeney, Wm., 183 Cliftonville Road.

Tate, Jas., M.P.S.I., 7 and 9 Royal Avenue.

Taylor, Frank, St. John’s, Marino.

Tedley, Miss, Rosetta School.

Thomas, J. Leigh, J.P., Downshire Road, Bangor.

Thomas, Mrs. J. Leigh, Downshire Road, Bangor.

Thompson, S. B., J.P., Piney Ridge, Malone Road.

Thompson, Joseph Altorf, Holywood Road.

Thompson, Wm., Lauriston, Derryvolgie Avenue.

Thompson, James, 20 Station Street.

Thompson, Dr. Ross, Queen Street, Ballymoney.

Thompson, John, Oldpark, Ballysillan Road.

Thomson, Richard, Cable Road, Whitehead.

Todd, R. G., 1 Mount Easton, Cliftonville.

Torney, Henry C. S., F.R.S.A.I., The Moat, Holywood.

Traill, W. A., M.A. (Ing.), F.R.S.A.I., Red House, Bushmills,
Co. Antrim.

Trimble, Andrew, M.B., D.P.H., J.P., Tyr-owen, Downview Av.

Turner, S., jun., 142 Cliftonpark Avenue.

Turtle, W. Haydock, Lumeah, Malone Road.

Turtle, Mrs. N. S., Rosemount, Knock.

Turner, W. G., J.P., Hampton Park (Lord Mayor).

Verner, Miss, Tyrone, Cranmore Park.

Walker, W. J. D., C.B., The Sycamores, Drogheda.

Walker, Franklin M., Mount Royal, Whitehead.

Walker, Mrs., Mount Royal, Whitehead.

Ward, Miss Alice, Albert Villa, Sydenham.

Ward, Francis E., Ridgeway Street, Stranmillis Road.

Ward, George, 21 Cranmore Avenue.

Warnock, Miss, 24 Cromwell Road.

Watkins, Rev. R. M., 4 Bathgate Drive, Strandtown.

Watts, Mrs., Tiverton, Upper Newtownards Road.

Watson, John G., The Maples, King’s Road, Knock.

Watson, Frank W., 10 Cranmore Gardens.

Watson, Mrs. F. W., B.Sc., 10 Cranmore Gardens.

Watt, Miss Anna, 622 Ravenhill Road.

Weston, Wilfred W., 14 Donegall Square West

White, Chas. E., 219 Cavehill Road.

White, George, Chatsworth, Balmoral.

White, Mrs. P. W., Carlton, Carolan Road.

White, Miss Patricia, do.

Whitla, Sir William, M.D., J.P., M.P., Lennoxvale House.

Williamson, James, J.P., Sandown Park, Knock.

Wilson, George, 17 Bedford Street.

Wilson, Prof. Gregg. O.B.E., M.A., D.Sc., M.R.1.A., Ardenza,
King’s Road.

1922-1923.]
281

1904. Wilson, Mrs. Ardenza, King’s Road.
1922. Woods, C. P., Princetown Lodge, Bangor.
1901. Workman, W. H., F.Z.S., M.B.0O.U., Lismcre, Windsor Avenue.

1922. Younge, W. G., Town Hall, Larne.

Junior Members.

1922. Bell. Miss Betty, 64 Newington Avenue, Antrim Road.
1922. Blake, F. R. D., 4 Knock Road, Knock.

1921. Bulla, A. C., Rydal, Lisburn Road.

1923. Brown, R. I., Marlmount, Dundonald.

1922. Carey, A. L., Brugh, Knockdene Park, Knock.
1922. Clarke, J., 24 Salisbury Avenue.

1922. Crawford, A., Cloreen, Malone Road.

1922. Crawford, Miss E. B., Cloreen, Malone Road.
1922. Crawford, J. C. C., Easthope, Bawnmore Road.
1920. Crawford, M. P., Orissa, Marlborough Park South.
1920. Crawford, R. H., Orissa, Marlborough Park South.

1921. Gibson, C. W., Silverton, Earlswood Road. Strandtown.
1916. Gourlay, J., 18 Willowbank Street.

1923. Green, St. C., 41 Kingsmere Avenue.

1922. Greeves, Miss A. M., Nendrum, Knockdene Park, Knock.
1922. Griffiths, Miss G. A., 51 Lonsdale Street.

1922. Griffiths, Miss K. H., 51 Lonsdale Street.

1922. Hetherington, Miss A., Dallas, Malone Road.
1922. Hetherington, R., Dallas, Malone Road.
1922. Hill, Miss E. M‘C., 46 Pound Street, Larne.

1922. Jury, Miss A. P., Brooklands, Dunmurry.

1922. Lawlor, Miss M. L., Killyfaddy, Windsor Avenue.
1922. Loewenthal, Miss A. C., Lenoxvale.

1918. M‘Carthy, Miss D., 4 Ardlee Terrace, Holywood.
1918. M‘Carthy, D., 4 Ardlee Terrace, Holywood.
1915. Mayne, Miss B., 24 Elmwood Avenue.

1922. Megaw, T. Mc., Brekagh, University Road.
1922. Morrow, Miss M., Eia House, Antrim Road.
1921. Mulligan, Miss J., 74 Cromwell Road.

1922. Patton, —, 70 Eglantine Avenue.
1921. Rea, J. H., 17 Queen’s Parade, Bangor.

1922. Sefton, T., St. Aubyns, Deramore Drive.
1922. Stanfield, J. F., 41 Eglantine Avenue.
1923. Stendall, Miss N., 12 Rossmore Avenue.
1922. Strain, R. W. M., 9 University Sq.

1921. Walshe, J. C., 50 South Parade.
1921. Walshe, W. W., 50 South Parade.

[Proc. B.N.E.C.,

282

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS TO FUND FOR PUBLICATION OF NEW
SUPPLEMENT TO FLORA OF N.E. IRELAND.

Aird, Hugh.

Bell, Robert.

Bennett, S. A., B.A., B.Sc.
Blackwood, Miss S.

Boyd, W. C.,; J.P.

Brett, Sir Charles H.
Burrowes, W. B., F.R.S.A.I.
Campbell, A. Albert, F.R.S.A.I.
Carrothers, Nathaniel.
Chase, Capt. C. D., M.A.
Cleland, A. M‘I.

Crawford, Wm., B.A., F.E.S.
Deans, Thos. M., LL.D.
Elliott, David, B.A.

Faren, W., F.R.S.A.I.
Finlay, Miss.

Foster, Nevin H., F.L.S.,
M.R.I.A., M.B.0O.U.
Galloway, Joseph (The Late).

Gibson, Mrs. G. G.

Glover, James.

Green, Isaac.

Greeves, J. R. H.

Heron, F.A., D.L., F.R.S.A.I.
Heron, Mrs.

Holland, Frank.

Hogg, A. R.

Hogg, D. J.

Amount subscribed

Houston, J. D.

Jenkins, W. A.

Jones, H. H.

Larmour, Hugh.

Lowry, The Misses.

MacCarthy, Miss.

MacDevitt, H.

Macoun, S. M.

Megaw, I. J.

Megaw, Rev. W. R., B.A.

Millar, T. O.

Montgomery, Miss E. S.

Montgomery, H. C., F.R.S.A.1.

Osborne, T. Edens, F.R.S.A.I.

Porter, William (The late).

Rea, Miss, B.Sc.

Sayers, Miss, B.A.

Stelfox, A. W., A.R.LB.A.,
Meas

Stelfox, Mrs. B.Sc., A.R.C.Sce.1.

Stendall, J. A. Sidney, M.B.O.U.

Swanston, William, F.G.S.

Tomlinson, W. J. C. (‘The late)

Wear, Mrs. Sylvanus.

Welch, Robert J., M.R.I.A.

Wilson, Miss F.

Wilson, Professor Gregg, O.B.E.,
M.A., D.Sc., M.R.I.A.

MRE REE aon sherome £47 14s Od.

1922-1923.] :
223

BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

SIXTY-FIRST YEAR, 1923-24.

GENERAL COMMITTEE.

President:
J. A. SIDNEY STENDALL, m.B.0.v.

Vice-President:
A. P. HOSKINS, F.1.c., F.c.s.

Hon. Treasurer:
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ROBERT BELL.

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W. A. GREEN) F.r.s.4.1.

Hon. Sec. of Junior Section:
J. R. H. GREEVES, B.Sc.

Ordinary Members of Committee:

Retire 1924, Retire 1925. Retire 1926.
S. M. Macoun. F. Adens Heron, D.L. Rev. W. R. Megaw,
Miss Blackwood. Robt. J. Welch, B.A.
J. K. Charlesworth, M.R.I.A. A. M‘T. Cleland.

S. A. Bennett, B.a.,
B.SC.

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F.R.HIST.S. (co-opted)

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Hon. Secretaries:

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THE LEPIDOPTERA

OF
THE NORTH OF IRELAND.

BY

THOMAS GREER.

o0°0
9000099999009,

2 ° 'o

LE oe
°009e@0000009°

Being an Appendix (No. 4 of Vol. III.) to the

Proceedings of

The Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club

for 1922-23

THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE NORTH OF IRELAND.
BY

THOMAS GREER.

Introduction.

The following contribution is a record of the additions
to the lepidoptera of the North of Ireland met with since
the completion of the late Mr. Wm. F. de V. Kane’s cata-
logue, some twenty-two years ago; and not, as the title
might infer, a complete account of the lepidoptera of the
area treated.

Notes on the more striking or interesting varieties of
generally abundant species are also included, with new
localities for the rarer insects.

A special feature in these recent years is the occurrence
ia the North of a large group of species long believed to be
found almost exclusively in the milder and warmer districts
in the South, such as Gnophria quadra, G.rubricollis,
Amphipyra pyramidea, Taeniocampa pulverulenta, Acronycta
leporina, Dianthoecia caesia, Caradrina exigua, Hecatera
serena, Heliothis peltigera, Charielea umbra, Eugonia
erosaria, Amphidasys strataria, and Eupithecia plumbeolata.
In another class are the following insects, which are either
very rare, or have been overlooked in the South, viz.,
Dasychira fascelina, Drepana falcula, Apamea unanimis,
Orthosia suspecta, Plastenis subtusa, Hupithecia pygmaeata
and Melanippe unangulata.

[Appendix B.N.F.C.,
34

A number of species, and some recently recorded from
the district, here reach their most northern limit in the
British Isles, of which the following are striking examples :—
Argynnis paphia (excluding the now ancient and single
records from the North of England and Southern Scotland),
abundant in the Ards Peninsula, North Donegal (although
Barrett gives Co. Armagh as it northern limit); Lycaena
argiolus (Cyaniris), woods near Rathmullan, Co. Donegal;
Dianthoecia caesia, north coast of Co. Donegal; Apamee
ophiogramma, Co. Derry; Caradrina exigua, Co. Armagh, on
Lough Neagh; Amphipyra pyramidea, Co. Fermanagh,
Tempo; Co. Tyrone, Cookstown, not rare; Cosmia affinis, Co.
Derry; Xylina socia, Co. Donegal, Buncrana; Bomolocha
fontis, shores of Lough Foyle, Co. Derry; Geometra
vernaria, Co. Tyrone, Coalisland (introduced); Melanippe
unangulata, South Derry, and Co. Tyrone, near Cookstown,
not uncommon; Boarmia cinctaria, Co. Donegal, Glenveagh,
abundant, and Zygaena lonicerae, Counties Donegal and

Tyrone.

At first sight this list may appear somewhat meagre,
when compared with what has been done among the
lepidoptera in very similar districts in England; but it must
be remembered that since the late Mr. Kane relinquished
the investigation of our native species, the number of Irish
lepidopterists who have made a study of the local fauna and
have recorded their experiences can be counted upon the
fingers of one hand.

When the above fact is taken into consideration the
results obtained will compare favourably with what has been
accomplished by a much larger number of specialists and
collectors in more attractive districts across the Irish Sea.
Notwithstanding Mr. Kane’s dictum, that ‘‘ Ulster is very
unprofitable to the entomologist,’’ a number of species are
here more abundant generally than in Great Britain, of
which the following are examples:—Pararge egerides,
P.megaera, Aphantopus hyperanthus, Argynnis paphia,

1922-1923. ]
a5

Melitaca aurinia, Euchloé, cardamines, Pieris napi, Choero-
campa elpenor, Macroglossa bombyliformis, Euchelia
jacobaeae, Apamea leucostigma, Calocampa vetusta, Xylina
socia, Plusia bractea, P.festucae and Hydrelia uncula.

I desire to tender my grateful thanks to the following
entomologists who have rendered much assistance, either
with lists of species captured in the area, or valuable personal
information and descriptions of interesting varieties and local
forms :—Rev. F. W. Johnson, M.A.; Sir Charles Langham,
Bart.; Dr. J. W. H. Harrison, Messrs. W. M. Crawford,
J. S. Wilson and others.

NOTE.—Species marked thus * are unrecorded for the
area in Mr. Kane’s catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Ireland.
The nomenclature in this list follows that adopted by Mr.
Kane, but, for the sake of entomologists who may not have
acecess to the older books, alternative names as used in
South’s “‘ Butterflies ’’ and “‘ Moths ’’ have been added in
brackets.

REFERENCES.
Allen, J. E. R. (the ‘““ Oporabia christyi, Prout, A
late), Enniskillen. distinct species ’’ (Entom. Record,

Vol. XVITI., p. 85). *‘ Lepidoptero-
logical Notes from Co. Fermanagh ”’
(Entom. Record, Vol. XX., p. 29).
‘“ Occasional Notes on the Genus
Eupithecia in Co. Fermanagh ”’
(Entom. Record, Vol. XXIV., p. 88).
‘““ Oporabia autumnata at home ”’
(Entomologist, Vol. XXXIV., p. 48).

Campbell, D. C., “ Entomological Notes from Lon-
Londonderry. donderry ’’ (Irish Naturalist, Vol.
XV., p. 44).

[Appendix B.N.F.C.,

36
Greer, Thomas, ‘““ The Macro-lepidoptera of County
Stewartstown. Tyrone ’’ (Entom., Vols. LIII. and
EV’):

Harrison, J. W. H., ‘‘ Gleanings from My Note Books ”’
D.Sc., Armstrong (Entom., Vols. LI. and LII.).
College, Newcastle-

on-Tyne.
Johnson, F. W., Many papers and notes, too
Rev., M.A. numerous to mention, in K.M.M.
and Irish Naturalist.
Kane, Wm. F. de ““ Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of
Vismes, M.A. (the Ireland ’’ (West, Newman & Co.,
late). London; 1901).
Langham, Sir ‘‘ Lepidoptera from County Fer-
Charles, ‘Bart., managh ”’ (Irish Nat., Vol. XIV..
Tempo Manor, p. 110).
Fermanagh. 2
Williams, H. B.. “Random Notes from North-

LL.B., London. East Ireland ’’ (Entom. Record,
Vol. XXXT., p. 53).

RHOPALOCERA.
PIERIDA.

Pieris brassicae, L. In some seasons fine forms of the
female occur with the discal spots connected by a suffusion
of dark scales, also sometimes with the apical] blotch ex-
tending to the discal spots, and occasionally with a black
spot in the disc of the posterior wings. The ground colour
is in rare instances of a pale yellow. (Kane, p. 1.)

Pieris rapae, L. This species varies in a _ similar
manner as the preceding; females are common (especially

1922-1923.]
37

in the summer emergence), with a wel! marked discal spot
ir hindwing, the ground colour varying from cream to
dirty yellow; the basal suffusion of dark scales in rare in-
stances extends to the discal spots on anterior wings; males
of the spring brood often have the dark apex of forewing
absent or very indistinct. (Kane, pp. 1 and 155.)

Pieris napi, L. Nowhere else perhaps in the British
Isles does this common species exhibit such extremes in
variation of colour, and extent of the dark scaling on the
wings, as in the North of Ireland.

It varies, in the male, from an almost white ground
colour with only a very faint apical mark on forewings
to one with strongly marked apicai blotch and large black
discal spot, which may be joined by black dashes to the
apex; many examples have a second spot near the inner
margin, and in rare instances these two spots may be joined
together by a clouding of dark scales. The female varies
from a pale poorly marked form (in some examples from
Co. Tyrone the inner marginal dash is absent), to one in
which the forewings are heavily streaked with grey or black
along the veins (Plate, fig. 6), the discal spots, either distinct
or blurred together (Plate, fig. 7); when the ground colour is
ochreous this form closely approaches the Alpine var.
bryoniae. These handsomely marked varieties are to be
met with generally on low-lying or marshy ground at a
moderate elevation; the forms occurring on the hills being
by comparison much less striking.

Banded aberrations, with the inner marginal] streak,
discal spots and apical blotch confluent, are not rare in some
seasons (Plate, figure 7).

In both broods, pale yellow and ochreous forms are nov
uncommon; and males of a pale yellow are recorded by Sir
C. Langham from Co. Fermanagh. Sir C. Langham has

[Appendix B.N.F.C.,
38

also captured two beautiful female aberrations—one, with
the costa, borders and fringes of all wings tinted with
sulphur yellow; the other has the discal areas broadly suf-
fused with primrose yellow. In the summer brood, more
especially, examples sometimes occur with three distinct
spots on the hindwings on upper side (Plate, figure 8).

In the year 1918 Mr. W. H. Head. of Scarborough,
bred a large number of canary yellow forms of both sexes,
from parents originally received from Co. Donegal. These
yellow aberrations, although sent out as var. flava, are not
of the deep saffron-yellow colour which distinguished the
original aberration so named by Mr. Kane.

On the undersides the colour of the posterior wings
varies from a pale yellow to a deep yellow-orange; the
veins are either lightly marked with dark scales, or the
suffusion may be intense and very black; this occurs in both
broods.

Dr. Verity’s statement (Entom. Record, Vol. XXXIV.,
p. 127) ‘‘ That the generation which emerges from hyber-
nated chrysalids (i.e., the spring brood) is by far the most
variable and the most abundant as a rule,’’ does not co-
incide with my experience in Tyrone, where, taking the
average season, the summer emergence is almost always
more plentiful and more variable than the spring brood.
(Kane, pp. 1 and 155).

Euchloé cardamines, L. A number of interesting
varieties of this beautiful and generally abundant butterfly
have been noted of late years, of which the following are the
the more striking :—

Mae Forms.

Ab. sulfureovenata, Keynes. (Entom. Record, Vol.
XXII., p. 239). Upper side hindwings with the upper
margin of the discal cell and the four veins radiating there-
from strongly dusted with sulphur yellow. Co. Tyrone,
rare.

1922-1923.]
39
Ab. flava, Williams. The ground colour of both fore and
hindwings of a bright canary yellow. A pale yellow form
approaching this from Cos. Tyrone and Fermanagh.

Ab. marginata, Gr. With the black outer marginal
dots confluent, and united to the apical blotch, forming a
continuous border along the outer margin of the forewing.
Co. Tyrone, several in succeeding seasons.

Male aberrations sometimes occur with the orange
patch much suffused with dark scales, or divided by dark
streaks along the veins; the orange patch varying from
bright orange to dull pale orange.

FEMALE Forms.

Ab. ochrea, Tutt. The posterior wings yellow. This
form is common; in some extreme examples the hindwings
are almost of a saffron-yellow.

Ab. caulotosticta, Wms. Forewings above, with the
discoidal spot large and branched, the upper portion ex-
tending along the subcostal vein towards the base. This
variety is fairly common wherever the species is abundant.

Forms OccurRRING IN Bots SExEs.

Ab. radiata, Wms. Forewings on upper side, with a
number of black streaks from the black apical blotch,
towards, and in extreme specimens joining, the discoidals.
Several males and one female from Co. Tyrone, in the latter
the discoidal is also branched and a dark line extends almost
to the base of the wing as in ab. caulotosticta.

Ab. dispila, Raynor. With an oblong black blotch
below the discoidal, on the underside of forewings; this is,
no doubt, the same form as described by Barrett in his
“ British Lepidoptera ’’ as having a black V mark on the

[Appendix B.N.F.C.,
40
middle of the underside of forewings. This variety, though
apparently rare in Great Britain, appears to be not un-
common in Co. Fermanagh, judging from the comparatively
large series in Sir C. Langham’s collection taken at Tempo;
two examples have been recorded from Co. Tyrone.

Mr. H. B. Williams in 1914 named the local form var.
hibernica. This differs from the English type in its smaller
size, the black dots at the ends cf the nervures more
strongly marked; in the male the underside of forewing is
usually suffused with yellow; in the female the hindwings
are tinged with dirty yellow; the figures of this form in
South’s “* British Butterflies ’’ are rather poor, and do not
do justice to our fine, distinctly marked local race.

GYNANDROMORPHS.

The two examples depicted on the plate were
captured by me on the same day, May 27th 1922;
in the first (Fig. 4 a.B.) the left forewing is streaked
with the male colour; and in the second (Fig. 3a.B.) the right
forewing has several irregular orange streaks and is also of
the var caulotosticta, the hind wings with black discal spot
var. quadripunctata, Fuchs. On the underside, both speci-
mens have the forewings streaked and blotched with orange
and the subcostal areas dusted with pale yellow. The
second aberration is of special interest as it combines three
varieties in the one example. Both are from Hast Tyrone.
(nto. Record, Vol. XXXIV.. p. 183.) (Kane, p. 3.)

Leucophasia sinapis, L. ‘Two eaxmples taken by
Sinclair near Enniskillen in May, 1875; I can find no recent
records of this species in the North. (Kane, pp. 3 and 155.)

Gonopteryx rhamni, L. A single specimen seen on
the wing by Mr. W. B. Rathborne near Pettigo, Co. Fer-
managh, May 27th, 1918 (Irish Nat.. Vol. XXVII., p. 173.)
Rhamnus catharticus, a food plant of this species is com-
mon on Lower Lough Erne; perhaps the insect is native in
this district. (Kane, pp. 4 and 155.)

1922-1923.]
41
NYMPHALIDA.

Argynnis aglaia, L. This fine species, which is generally
confined to the coast in the North, has in recent years been
observed in several inland localities, in Cos. Fermanagh
(Langham), Armagh (Johnson) and Tyrone (Harrison
and Greer). (Rev. F. W. Johnson’s note on the distribution
of this insect in Ireland in Irish Naturalist Vol. XXX.,
p. 44.)

A beautiful and unique aberration (as far as Ireland is
concerned) was captured by Mr. W. G. Crawford on the
sandhills at Portballintrae, Co. Antrim, in August, 1919.
(Plate, Fig. 1.) This fine melanic female form has the upper
side wings very dark and richly marked, with the outer
margins heavily rayed. (For full description see Irish Nat.
Vol. XXX., page 15.)

Barrett records a variety received from the North of
Ireland by Mr. R. A. Adkin, F.E.8., with the first two spots
from the base of the costa joined together into a large
uniform blotch. (Kane, p. 4.)

Argynnis paphia, L. A male form with pale coloured
spots, on right upper and lower wings is_ recorded
from a mountain glen in Co. Tyrone; this aberration was
believed to be confined to the New Forest. This fine butter-
fly is local, but often abundant in Cos. Donegal, Fermanagh
and Tyrone; less common in Cos. Armagh, Down and
Antrim, but found plentifully at Parkmore in the latter
county. (Kane, p. 5.)

*Melitaea aurinia, Rott. This interesting and variable
little butterfly is found locally in Cos. Donegal (Johnson),
Fermanagh (Allen and Langham), Derry and Tyrone
(Greer); apparently absent from Cos. Antrim, Down and
Armagh.

Variation. JI would agree with Dr. Verity (Entom.
Record, Vol., XXXVIII., p. 128) in referring all forms in

[Appendix B.N.F.C.,

42
which the central] series of spots is whitish in colour to
Birchall’s var. hibernica. This occurs as an occasional aber-
ration wherever the species is abundant, the example
illustrated (Plate, Fig. 5) is from Tempo, Co. Fermanagh.

The prevailing form in most localities is var. praeclara,
Kane, characterised by having the middle series of
spots of a bright straw colour, with the gound colour darker
than the type.

In var. scotica, the median series are of a more ochreous
colour than the preceding, and the black markings are
generally more intensified; this form is not uncommon in
Cos. Fermanagh and Tyrone.

In all the above forms the median spots may be much
extended, or sometimes confluent—as in var. virgata, Tutt.
On the other hand, the dark colour often spreads over the
wings, obliterating the fulvous basal spots on forewings, and
most of the pale series on the hindwings, and reducing the
size of the remainder, especially on the outer areas; this
dark form has been named var. nigra by Mr. Freke (Entom.
Vol. XXXVI., p. 110). In some seasons this dark variety is
not uncommon, and an extreme example with the forewings
almost all black has been recorded from Co. Donegal. The
typical English form, var. artemis, Fab., is only found as a
rare aberration. (Kane pp. 5 and 155.)

Vanessa urticae, L. Handsome banded forms of this
familiar butterfly are sometimes not uncommon, approaching
var. polaris; sometimes the yellow costal patches are re-
placed by dull white. In an example from Co. Tyrone the
blue crescents are extended into the white apical spot on
forewings; and the blue crescents are absent on margins of
hindwings. (Kane, p. 9.)

Vanessa io, L. Common in recent years in Cos. Fer-
managh, Tyrone, Derry, Antrim, Down and Armagh.
Many examples have a small blue spot below the ocellus on

1922-1925.]

43
the hindwing, var. cyanosticta, Raynor. Two specimens
from Tyrone are recorded in the “‘ Entomologist ’’ by Mr. F.
C. Woodforde, with a black spot in the inner discal area of
forewings. (Kane, pp. 9 and 155.)

Vanessa antiopa, L. An example of this fine insect was
taken by Mr. Rake near Cookstown in August, 1904. (Kane,
p. 10.)

Vanessa atalanta, L. (Pyrameis atalanta.) Not cften
abundant in the North, but in the autumn of 1921 it
appeared in large numbers, accompanied to a lesser degrze
by the next species. An aberration was captured the
same year in East Tyrone with the red marginal band on
hindwings replaced by dull orange, shading to vellow
towards the fringes, as well as a specimen with the buff
colour on the underside of hindwings much intensified.
(Kane, p. 10.)

Vanessa cardui, L. (Pyrameis cardui.) Usually rare,
but in 1921 it was abundant on the north coast and common
in some inland localities. In several males from Co. Tyrone
the hindwings above are very dark. (Kane, p. 10.)

SATYRIDA.
Pararge egeria, var, egerides, Stgr. Mr. Kane states
“Everywhere abundant and double-brooded.’’ In most

localities and seasons it is triple brooded, occurring in April
and May, July, and September; and in the year 1921 a

fourth emergence took place at the beginning of October.

In the females of the spring brood, the pale blotches are
often much extended; and the males of the late autumn
emergence are not uncommonly very dark, with only a few
small pale spots indicated. These dark forms have been
recorded from Cos. Donegal, Down, Fermanagh and Tyrone.
(Kane, p. 11.)

[Appendix B.N.F.C.,
44

Pararge megaera, L. More local than the preceding.
Not infrequently examples occur with double apical ocelli,
var. bipupillata, or with extra dots between the veins, on the
forewings below the ‘‘ eye’’ spot. A handsome form of
the female is found occasionally, in which the space between
the central transverse lines is filled in with blackish brown,
var. mediolugens, Fuchs. In a male aberration from Co.
Tyrone the apical ocelli are reduced to tiny black dots.
(Kane, p. 11.)

7?

Epinephele ianira, L. A fine form of this butterfly is
found not uncommonly, in which the fulvous colour is much
intensified in the male; the female also often has a broad
band of the same colour toward the outer margins of the
hindwings; this form closely approaches var. hispulla, Hiib.
Examples of var. addenda, Mousley, with additional ocelli,
or dots in the fulvous area, below the apical ocellus, either
on upper or under side of forewings, are not rare; and some-
times in the male a small ocellus appears near the anal angle
ot the hindwing. (Kane, p. 12.)

Coenonympha typhon, Rott. This species has been
observed recently in Co. Antrim, viz.. near Ballymoney (D.
C. Campbell), Lough Naroon, and on the mountains near
Garron Point (Dr. R. Ll. Praeger); these records are quoted
as Mr. Kane does not give any localities for the county.
(Kane, pp. 13 and 156.)

Coenonympha pamphilus, L. A male from Co. Tyrone
has two black dots on margin of hindwings above and near
the anal angle. (Kane, p. 13.)

LYCAINIDA.

Polyommatus phlaeas, L. (Chrysophanus phloeas.)
The following aberrations of this brilliant little butterfly
have been recorded; with forewings brassy, the hind margin
dull white—several of this form, the white areas varying in

1922-1925.]

45
individual examples, from Cos. Fermanagh and Tyrone; with
wedge shaped spots on forewings as in South’s ‘‘ British
Butterflies,’’ Plate 101, Fig. 6; with forewing spots large,
var. magnipuncta, Tutt., and with spots very small and some
absent, var. parvipuncta, Tutt. (Kane, p. 14.)

Lycaena icarus, Rott. The brilliant local form of this
insect, var. and race clara, Tutt., is abundant in suitable
spots on the coast; less abundant and more local inland.
The male varies from a blue colour approaching L. bellargus,
to a pale Javender; sometimes the ends of the nervures are
black and extend into the fringes of all wings; not uncom-
monly there is a series of black spots on the margin of the
hindwings, var. nigromaculata, Ckll.; in rare instances red
spots appear above the black ones near the anal angle. The
female varies from a brown colour with a few blue scales at
the base of all wings, to one in which the wings are almost
as blue as the male; with the marginal row of orange
erescents either very large and confluent or small and incon-
spicuous. Not infrequently the discal spots on all wings
are surrounded with white, or bluish white scales. On the
underside the spots are usually small and not uncommonly
the basal ones on forewings are absent, var. icarinus, Scharf.
Rarely the whole of the underside of hindwing (with the ex-
ception of the discai and marginal area) is free of spots, var.
postico obsoleta, Tutt. In two examples taken in Co. Derry
the undersides of the forewings have a broad white wedge-
shaped mark from the discoidal, and tapering to a point
towards the base. The symmetrically halved gynandro-
morph illustrated on the plate (Fig. 2 a.B.) was captured by
me at Coalisland in July, 1917. (Kane, p. 15.)

Lycaena argiolus, L. (Cyaniris argiolus.) Observed in
some numbers by Mr. G. Coulter in woods near Rathmullan.
Ramelton, and Milford, Cc. Donegal, in May. 1917.
(Entom., Vol. L., page 236.) (Kane, p. 17.)

[Appendix B.N.F.C.,
46

HETEROCERA.

SPHINGIDA.

Acherontia atropos, L. This fine insect has occurred
recently in the following localities :—Co. Donegal, Coolmore,
September, 1914 (Johnson); Dowros (F. B. Dixon); Co.
Armagh, Newry, 1909 (Johnson); Co. Tyrone, Dungannon,
1914 (Rev. J. Jennings); Newmills (Greer). Larvae taken
at Moyallon, Co. Down, 1917 (Johnson). (Kane, pp. 18
and 156.)

Sphinx conyolvuli, L. The following are the latest
records of this immigrant:—Co. Derry, 1903 (Campbell);
1904, near Derry City (Campbell); Co. Antrim, Knockna-
carry, September, 1904 (Rev. 8S. A. Brennan); Antrim
Castle, 1917; Co. Down, Knock. September, 1903 (Orr);
Moyallon, 1917; Co. Donegal, Rathmullan, and Greencastle,
1917; Co. Tyrone, Cookstown, 1917 (Greer). (Kane, p. 18.)

Deilephila livornica, Esp. An example of this rare
species is recorded by Mr. D. C. Campbell from Derry, June,
1906. (Kane, pp. 19 and 156.)

Smerinthus ocellatus, L. The larvae of this handsome
insect are locally abundant in Cos. Fermanagh and Tyrone,
and near Belfast. (Kane, pp. 20 and 156.)

*Choerocampa porcellus, L. Taken near Rossnowlagh,
Co. Donegal, by Mrs. Trinder, and at Poyntzpass, Co.
Armagh (Johnson). (Kane, p. 20.)

ZYGAHINIDA.

Ino statices, L. Locally abundant in Co. Fermanagh,
at Tempo (Langham); Co. Donegal, at Coolmore, and near
Ballintra; the specimens from the latter locality, of a deep
blue (the type), which is much less common than the green
form; Co. Tyrone, near Tamnamore, and at Cookstown.
(Kane, p. 22.)

1922-1923.]
47
Zygaena lonicerae, Esp. First discovered in Ireland by
Rev. F. W. Johnson on the Mullinure meadows, near
Armagh; locally abundant in Cos. Donegal, Armagh, Fer-
managh and Tyrone. In Co. Donegal it reaches its northern-
most limit in the British Isles. (Kane, pp. 23 and 157.)

LITHOSIIDA.
*Lithosia complana, L. Several taken at Lissan and
near Tamnamore, Co. Tyrone. (Kane, p. 24.)

Gnophria quadra, L. (Oeonestis quadra.) A single
example on Carlingford Mountain. (Kane, pp. 25 and 157.)

Gnophria rubricollis, L. (Atolmis rubricollis.) Not
uncommon at Tempo Manor, Co. Fermanagh (Langham);
Lissan, near Cookstown, and at Tamnamore, Co. Tyrone;
Churchill, Co. Armagh. (Kane, pp. 25 and 157.)

EUCHELIIDA.

Euchelia jacobaeae, L. (Hipocrita jacobaeae.) This
species, which is very local in the North of England and is
only common there on the coast, is abundant and widespread
in the North of Ireland. In June, 1915, Sir C. Langham
captured, in the demesne at Tempo, five of the very rare
form in which the red is replaced by ochre yellow colour on
all wings. (Kane, p. 25.)

CHELONIIDA.

Nemeophila russula, LL. (Diacrisia sanio.) Very local,
but sometimes not uncommon, Portnoo, Co. Donegal (John-
son); near Correl Glen, Co. Fermanagh (Langham). (Kane,
pp. 25 and 157.)

Arctia caia, L. To be met with in the larval stage
almost everywhere; the following aberration was bred with
several others less striking, by Sir C. Langham :—forewings,
asymmetrical in pattern, smoky brown with the normal

(Appendix: B.N.F.C.,

48
white markings greatly reduced; hindwings, red colour en-
tirely replaced by lustrous blue-black, except base and inner
margins, which are of a yellow-brown colour. (Kane, p. 26.)

Spilosoma mendica, Clerck. (Diaphora mendica.)
The prevailing form is the var. rustica, Hb., in which the
male is white or pale cream colour. In East Tyrone a pale
brown form of the male occurs; Mr. R. Adkin has lately
named a streaked form from this district var. venosa. The
var. rustica is found in Cos. Armagh (Johnson), Antrim
(Watts) and Tyrone (Greer); in the latter county often more
abundant than Spilosoma menthastri, Esp. (Kane, pp. 26
and 157.)

HEPIALIDA.
*Hepialus lupulinus, L. (Hepialus lupulina.) Local
at Armagh (Johnson); on the shores of Lough Neagh, and
near Stewartstown, Tyrone. (Kane, p. 158.)

LIPARIDAs.

Dasychira fascelina, L. Larvae sometimes not uncom-
mon near Tamnamore, Co. Tyrone, where a female was
found at rest on the heather in June, 1915. (Kane, pp. 29
and 158.)

DREPANULID.

Drepana falcula, Schiff. (Drepana falcataria.) Local
but not uncommon in Cos. Fermanagh, Enniskillen;
Tyrone, Favour Royal, Tamnamore, and near Stewartstown,
and Co. Armagh, Churchill, often abundant. (Kane, p. 31,
faleula; p. 158, falcataria.)

CYMATOPHORID.
Asphalia flavicornis, . (Polyploca flavicornis.) Larvae
found near Tamnamore and imagines bred. (Kane, pp. 37
and 159.)

1922-1923. ]
49

BOMBYCOID A.

*Acronycta leporina, L. Three imagines at rest and a
series bred by Sir C. Langham from larvae found at Tempo,
Co. Fermanagh; a single example at rest on a birch trunk
near Maghery, Co. Tyrone. (Kane, pp. 39 and 159.)

Acronycta menyanthidis, Vw. Very local, but some-
times not rare; Co. Antrim, larvae not uncommon on bogs
near Ballymoney (Campbell); Co. Tyrone, series bred from
larvae found on bogs near Washing Bay, Lough Neagh
(Greer); several larvae near Lough Fea (Harrison). (Kane,

2

pp. 40 and 159.)

*Acronycta euphorbiae, var. myricae. Gn. A single
example is recorded from Slieve Glah, Co. Cavan; a speci-
men was observed, but not captured, on a bog near Knock-
layd, Co. Antrim. (Kane, p. 40.)

LEUCANIIDA.

Calamia lutosa, Hb. Recorded in the supplement to
Mr. Kane’s catalogue from Enniskillen; locally common in
reed-beds in Kast Tyrone. (Kane, pp. 42 and 160.)

APAMEIDA.

Gortyna ochracea, Hb. (Ochria ochracea.) Larvae
found not uncommonly by Prof. Harrison on marsh thistle
stems in Kast Tyrone. (Kane, pp. 42 and 160.)

Hydroecia crinanensis, Burrows and Pierce. (Hydroecia
nictitans.) Nearly all specimens recorded as H. nictitans
are referable to the present species. Generally abundant
in marshy localities in Cos. Donegal, Derry, Antrim, Fer-
managh and Tyrone. (Kane, p. 43, Hydroecia nictitans.)

Hydroecia lucens, Burrows and Pierce. Apparently
confined to mountain bogs and the mosses at Lough Neagh.
(Kane, p. 43.)

[Appendix B.N.F.C.,
50
Hydroecia micacea, Esp. A very large dark form of
the female, approaching the closely allied H. petasitis was
captured by Rev. F. W. Johnson at Poyntzpass, Co.
Armagh. (Kane, p. 43.)

Xylophasia sublustris, Esp. A single example is re.
corded by Rev. F. W. Johnson from Donegal. (Kane, pp.
44 and 160.)

Mamestra albicolon, Hb. Not rare at sugar on sand-
hills near Buncrana, Co. Donegal; Magilligan, Co. Derry
(Campbell). (Kane, pp. 46 and 160.)

Mamestra furva, Hb. (Hama furva.) Bundoran and
Coolmore, Co. Donegal (Johnson); rare in Co. Tyrone.
(Kane, pp. 46 and 160.)

Mamestra persicariae, L. A single example taken near
Antrim. (Kane, p. 47.)

*Apamea unanimis, Tr. Locally abundant and widely
spread in East Tyrone; Prof. Harrison discovered the larvae
among Phalaris arundinacea; the imago is to be taken at
dusk (and later with the aid of a light), flying or at rest on
this grass. (Kane, p. 47.)

*Caradrina exigua, Hb. A single example of this rare
species was taken by Rev. G. Foster at ragweed flowers on
the shore of Lough Neagh, near Lurgan, Co. Armagh, in
1904.

Agrotis vestigialis, Hufn. Mr. Kane gives no inland
locality for this generally littoral species; yet it is sometimes
not uncommon at ragweed and heather blossom on the shore
of Lough Neagh, at Washing Bay, Co. Tyrone. (Kane,
p. 53.)

1922-1923.]
51
Agrotis saucia, Hb. Not often met with in inland
localities; a short series captured during several seasons in
East Tyrone. (Kane, pp. 54 and 160.)

*Agrotis cinerea, Hiib. A single example taken at light
at Tullylagan, near Cookstown, Co. Tyrone, June, 1897.
(Irish Nat., Vol. X., page 202.)

Agrotis corticea, Hb. Several captured at light and
on grass glumes in East Tyrone, though generally only
occurring on the coast. (Kane, pp. 56 and 160.}

Agrotis tritici, L. Another common littoral species

which is frequent in sandy localities in East Tyrone. (Kane,
Hn. 57...)

Agrotis agathina, Dup. Common on the low lying bogs
in East Tyrone and North Armagh. Very variable. (Kane,
p. 58.)

*Amphipyra pyramidea, L. Not recorded from the
North of Ireland in Mr. Kane’s catalogue; first taken by
Sir C. Langham in numbers at Tempo, Co. Fermanagh;
also locally abundant in Hast Tyrone; an example at light,
Rostrevor, Co. Down (Johnson). (Kane, p. 63.)

Taeniocampa opima, Hb. This local species is
abundant on Lough Neagh, near Lurgan, Co, ,Armagh; not
rare at Tamnamore, Hast Tyrone. (Kane, pp. 66 and 161.)

Taeniocampa pulverulenta, Esp. This species, which
is very rare in the north, has been captured in some numbers
by Sir C. Langham at Tempo. (Kane, pp. 67 and 161.)

Orthosia suspecta, Hb. (Dyschorista suspecta.) Re-
corded somewhat doubtfully in Mr. Kane’s catalogue from
Londonderry by Sinclair; lately found abundantly in Co.
Armagh, Churchill; and Tyrone, Tamnamore and near
Cookstown. (Kane, p. 68.)

[Appendix |B.N.F.C.,
52

*Dianthoecia caesia, Bork, var. manani, Gregson. Dis-
covered by the late Mr. J. BE. R. Allen, of Enniskillen, on
the Donegal coast, its most northern habitat in the British
Isles ; latterly Sir C. Langharn found the larvae in the same
locality and bred a series of the insect, of the usual Irish
form. (Kane, pp. 73 and 166.)

Epunda nigra, Haw. (Aporophyla nigra.) Two
examples of this rare species captured by Rev. F. W. John-
son near Poyntzpass, Co. Armagh; a single example near
Cookstown some years ago; this year (1923) several captured
in same locality; and also found in abundance near Magil-
ligan, Co. Derry. (Kane, p. 79.)

*Hadena protea, Bork. Several occurred in different
years at sugar in East Tyrone. This species appears to be
very rare in Ireland, and only known previously from Cos.
Galway, Westmeath and Wicklow. No doubt it exists in
many districts where remnants of the ancient oak forests
survive.{ (Kane, pp. 81 and 161.)

Xylina socia, Rott. (Lithophane (Xylina) socia.) This
species which is very rare in the North of England is found
often in abundance as far north in this area as Buncrana,
Co. Donegal. (Kane, p. 86.)

Plusia bractea, Fb. In 1902 forty-seven specimens >f
this rare species were captured at flowers at Tempo, Fer-
managh, by Sir C. Langham; other localities are—Co.
Antrim, near Ballymoney; Tyrone, Cookstown. Sometimes
not rare. (Kane, pp. 88 and 161.)

*Heliothis peltigera, Schiff. A single example captured
at privet blossom in the year 1902, at Tempo (Langham).
(Kane, p. 90.)

Chariclea umbra, Hufn. (Pyrrhia umbra.) Two
specimens taken by Sir C. Langham at Tempo, Co. Fer-
managh, in 1902. (Kane, pp. 90 and 162.)

+Numbers of this insect were taken in oak woods at Rostrevor, by Mr. H. T.
Malcomson, late September, 1920.

1922-1923. ]
53
-Euclidia glyphica, L. Common about the shores and
on the islands of Lough Erne (Langham). (Kane, pp. 91,
162 and 166.)

*Hydrelia uncula, Clerck. Often locally abundant in
damp meadows near Tamnamore, Lough Neagh. (Kane,
pp. 91 and 162.)

GEOMETRA3.
Eurymene dolobraria, L. A series of nine at Tempo,
Co, Fermanagh, captured at intervals over a number of
seasons (Langham); several imagines and larvae beaten
near Cookstown and Stewartstown, Co. Tyrone. (Kane,
pp. 94, 162 and 166.)

Selenia lunaria, Schiff. Several taken at light at
Tempo, Co. Fermanagh (Langham); two at Lissan, near
Cookstown, Co. Tyrone. (Kane, p. 94.)

Eugonia alniaria, L. (Ennomos alniaria.) Local, but
not uncommon at Tempo, Co. Fermanagh; and near Cooks-
town, Co. Tyrone. (Kane, p. 95.)

*Eugonia erosaria, Bork. (Hnnomos erosaria.) <A
single specimen at Poyntzpass, Co. Armagh (Johnson).
(Kane, p. 95.)

Eugonia quercinaria, Hufn. (Ennomos quercinaria.)
Two examples at light, Tempo, Co. Fermanagh (Langham);
several near Cookstown, Co. Tyrone (Kane, p. 95.)

Phigalia pedaria, Fb. This species which is noted by
Mr. Kane as scarce (with the exception of the Belfast
district), is not uncommon at Tempo, Co. Fermanagh (Lang-
ham). Rev. F. W. Johnson bred a beautiful specimen from
an Armagh pupa, extensively suffused with yellow; it was
submitted to the late Mr. Barrett, who stated it was the
most extreme yellow form that he had seen; not rare near
Cookstown at light and larvae not infrequently beaten.

(Kane, p. 95.)

[Appendix B.N.F.C.,
54

*Amphidasys strataria, Hufn. (Pachys strataria.) This
handsome insect hitherto recorded only from the southern
half of Ireland, has occurred as follows:—Tempo, Co. Fer-
managh, four males at light (Langham); Cookstown, Co.
Tyrone, two females at rest on tree trunks, and an example
bred from a larva beaten from wild cherry. (Kane, pp. 97

and 162.)

Geometra papilionaria, I. Local, but often not un-
common, Co. Armagh, Maghery (Johnson); Co. Down,
Loughbrickland; Co. Fermanagh, Tempo (Langham); Co.
Tyrone, near Cookstown and Stewartstown; Co. Derry (D.
C. Campbell). (Kane, p. 102.)

*Geometra vernaria, Hb. Several captured in suc-
ceeding seasons by Messrs. Coulter and Wilson in gardens
at Coalisland, Co. Tyrone (Entom., Vol. L., p. 287, and
Vol. LI., p. 187); probably introduced with Clematis vitalba
which is common in the locality. (Kane, p. 102.)

Zonosma pendularia, Clerck. (Ephyra pendularia.)
This handsome little moth is common among birch scrub

growing on the hillsides near Buncrana, Co. Donegal.
(Kane, p. 102.)

Acidalia inornata, Haw. Not uncommon among
heather and dwarf birches near Churchill, Co. Armagh, and
Tamnamore, Co. Tyrone. (Kane, p. 104.)

*Bapta temerata, Hb. Local, but often not uncommon
at Tempo, Co. Fermanagh (Langham); near Stewartstown
among blackthorn, at Tamnamore among birch, Co. Tyrone;
a single specimen near Emyvale, Co. Monaghan. (Kane,
pp. 104 and 162.)

Macaria liturata, Clerck. (Semiothisa liturata.) <A pine-
feeding species which, in common with several others, is
rapidly extending its range in Ireland; Mr. Kane gives only
one locality (Newcastle, Co. Down) in the North. Occurs
in Co, Derry, near Garvagh; in Co, Armagh, near Churchill,

1922-1923.]

55
and in Co. Tyrone at Tamnamore and Lissan, near Cooks-
town. (Kane, p. 15.)

Strenia clathrata, L. (Chiasmia (Strenia) clathrata.)
Not often found in any numbers, but occurs in swarms in
the damp meadows at Tamnamore, Co. Tyrone. (Kane,
p. 105.)

*Panagra petraria, Hb. (Lozogramma (Phasiane)
petraria.) Mr. Kane does not quote a single locality in the
North for this species, but it is locally abundant at Tempo,
Co. Fermanagh; Churchill, Co. Armagh; and near Cooks-
town, Co. Tyrone. (Kane, p. 105.)

Scodiona belgiaria, Hb. (Scodiona fagaria., A fine
series bred from larvae, swept from heather in February and
March at Tempo (Iuangham); imago near Lough Fea «nd at
Tamnamore, Co. Tyrone; and Churchill, Armagh (Johnson).
(Kane, p. 106.)

Selidosema ericetaria, Vill. This local species has been
recorded in some numbers from Co. Armagh (Johnson); also
oecurs on bogs near Washing Bay, Lough Neagh, Co.
Tyrone, where an almost black form (fumosa, Mihi) and a
blackish streaked one (intermedia fumosa, Turner) have been
captured. (Kane, pp. 106 and 163.)

Aspilates strigillaria, Hb. Local, but often asundant
on low-level bogs at Churchill, Co. Armagh, and in Co.
Tyrone, near Washing Bay, Lough Neagh. (Kane, p. 107.)

Abraxas grossulariata, L. An almost pure white speci-
men from Enniskillen was sold with the late Mr. Horne’s
collection; Rev. F. W. Johnson captured near Poyntzpass a
specimen broadly suffused with yellow; a small race occurs
on moorlands in Co. Tyrone, the larvae feeding upon ling,
Calluna vulgaris. (Kane, p. 107.)

“*Ligdia adustata, Schiff. Locally abundant on lime-

stone in East Tyrone, and the late Mr. J. E. R. Allen met
with it near Enniskillen. (Kane, p. 107.)

[Appendix B.N.F.C.,
56
Hybernia aurantiaria, Esp. Four examples at: light,
Tempo, Co. Fermanagh (Langham); local in birch woods
near Cookstown, Co. Tyrone. (Kane, pp. 108 and 163.)

Oporabia autumnaria, Gn. (Oporabia autumnata.)
First found in numbers and differentiated from dilutata by
the late Mr. Allen, of Enniskillen; also occurs at Tempo
(Langham); and near Cookstown, Co. Tyrone. (Kane, pp.
109 and 163.)

Oporabia christyi, Prout. Found locally near Ennis-
killen (Allen), at Tempo (Langham), Co. Fermanagh; and
near Cookstown, Co. Tyrone. (Kane, p. 163.)

Larentia flavicinctata, Hb. (Hntephria flavicinctata.)
Discovered in Ireland by Mr. Kane in Co. Antrim; and later
by Mr. Allen in mountain glens in Co. Fermanagh; the
favourite food plant of this species is Sazifraga aizoides not
S. hypnoides. (Kane, p. 163.)

Emmelesia decolorata, Hb. (Perizoma flavofasciata.)
Locally abundant on the coast of Co. Antrim; Magilligan
and near Moneymore, Co. Derry; at Tempo, Co. Fer-
managh; and near Cookstown, Co. Tyrone. (Kane, p. 110.)

Emmelesia taeniata, St. (Perizoma toeniata.) Found
abundantly in the old oak woods at Rathmullan, Co. Donegal,
by Mr. D. C. Campbell, of Derry. (Kane, pp. 110 and 163.)

Emmelesia unifasciata, Haw. (Perizoma bifasciata.)
Found flying in swarms over Bartsia near Cookstown by Dr.
Harrison, a very singular occurrence, as, according to Barrett
and South, the imago is very seldom seen or taken, even at
night. Locally abundant as larvae in Kast Tyrone. (Kane,
p. Li

Emmelesia adaequata, Bork. (Perizoma_blandiata.)
Apparently rare, Co. Donegal (Johnsen); near Lough Fea,
Tyrone. (Kane, p. 111.)

1922-1923.]
57

Eupithecia succentaureata, L. (Hupithecia succen-
turiata.) Not uncommon near Grange and Killymoon,
Cookstown, Co. Tyrone; the only other locality for this
species in the North is Armagh (Johnson). (Kane, p. 111.)

*Kupithecia subfulvata, Haw. Local, but widely
spread in East Tyrone, apparently overlooked in other
districts, although Mr. Kane’s only records are from the
east coast, Co. Wicklow to Co. Louth. (Kane, pp. 112 and
163.)

Eupithecia scabiosata, Bork. Taken by Mr. Allen,
near Enniskillen, Co. Fermanagh (Entom. Record, Vol.
XXIV, p. 33). (Kane, pp. 112 and 163.)

Eupithecia plumbeolata, Haw. Not common, near
Enniskillen, Co. Fermanagh (Allen); and near Lough Fea,
Co. Tyrone. (Kane, pp. 112 and 163.)

*Kupithecia pygmaeata, Hb. Near Enniskillen, Co.
Fermanagh (Allen); not uncommon near Grange, and widely
distributed in other localities, but not often common in East
Tyrone. (Kane, pp. 112 and 164.)

*EKupithecia trisignaria, H.S. Larvae beaten abun-
dantly by the late Mr. Allen near Enniskillen and a good
series bred. (Kane, p. 113.)

Eupithecia virgaureata, Dbl. Widely spread, Co.
Donegal (Johnson); Co. Fermanagh, larvae beaten in
abundance and series bred, Enniskillen (Allen); Co. Tyrone,
larvae on Solidago Virga-aurea and ragweed. (Kane, pp. 113
and 164.)

Eupithecia constrictata, Gn. Taken at Armagh (John-
son). (Kane, pp. 114 and 164.)

Eupithecia dodoneata, Gn. Local, but widely distri-
buted, Co. Fermanagh, larvae beaten plentifully from haw-
thorn and series bred near Enniskillen (Allen); Armagh,
imago taken on hawthorn hedge (Johnson); Co. Tyrone,
larvae on hawthorn and imago at rest near Stewartstown.
(Kane, pp. 115 and 164.)

58
*Eupithecia togata, Hb. (EHucymatoge togata.) Two
examples near Enniskillen (Allen); one at Tempo (Lang-
ham), Co. Fermanagh. (Kane, pp. 116 and 164.)

Eupithecia coronata, Hb. (Chloroclystis coronata.)
Larvae beaten in some abundance from hawthorn bloom in
June near Enniskillen, Co. Fermanagh (Allen); widely
spread in Kast Tyrone. (Kane, p. 116.)

Lobophora sexalisata, Hb. Apparently rare, single
examples on Lough Erne, Fermanagh (Langham) and near
Stewartstown, Tyrone. (Kane, pp. 116 and 164.)

Hypsipetes ruberata, Frr. (Hydriomena ruberata.)
Local, but not uncommon at Tempo, Co. Fermanagh (Lang-
ham), and widely spread in Hast Tyrone and South Derry.
(Kane, p. 118.)

Melanippe unangulata, Haw. (Xanthorhoé (Huphyia)
unangulata.) Of this species Mr. Kane says, *‘ very local
and uncommon ’’; it has most probably been overlooked
formerly or allowed to pass as M.sociata (Xanthorhoé
(Epirrhoé) sociata); in Hast Tyrone it is locally abundant
and widely distributed. (Kane, p. 121.)

Phibalapteryx lapidata, Hb. This northern species was
discovered by the late Mr. Allen on the slopes of a mountain
near Enniskillen, Co. Fermanagh, and was again taken in
the same locality in some numbers by Sir C. Langham. It is
a very sluggish insect and easily overlooked. (Kane, p. 126.)

Triphosa dubitata, L. Taken singly at Tempo, Co.
Fermanagh; and near Stewartstown, Co. Tyrone. (Kane,
pet Latah

CGidaria miata, L. Kane states that this species is
usually commoner than C. siterata; in Cos. Fermanagh and
Tyrone it is decidedly rare and much less frequently met
with than C. siterata. (Kane, p. 127.)

Chesias spartiata, Fues. Locally abundant among
broom in Cos. Fermanagh (Tempo) and Tyrone, near
Stewartstown and Cookstown. (Kane, p. 131.)

Abraxas, 55.
Acherontia, 46.
Acidalia, 54.
Acronycta, 33, 49.
adaequata, 56 .
addenda, 44.
adustata, 55.
affinis, 34.
agathina, 51.
aglaia, 41.
Agrotis, 50.
albicolon, 50.
alniaria, 53.
Amphidasys, 33, 54.

Amphipyra, 33, 34, 51.

antiopa, 43.

Apamea, 33, 34, 35, 50.

Apameide, 49.
Aphantopus, 34.
Aporophyla, 52.
Arctia, 47.
argiolus, 34, 45.
Argynnis, 34, 41.
artemis, 42.
Asphalia, 48.
Aspilates, 55.
atalanta, 43.
Atolmis, 47.
atropos, 46.
aurantiaria, 56,
aurinia, 35, 41.
autumnaria, 56.
autumnata, 35, 56.

Bapta, 54.
belgiaria, 55.
bellargus, 45.
bifasciata, 56.
bipupillata, 44.
blandiata, 56.
Boarmia, 34.
Bombycoide, 49.
bombyliformis, 35,
Bomolocha, 34.
bractea, 35, 52.
brassicae, 36.
bryoniae, 37.
caesia, 33, 34, 52.
caia, 47.
Calamia, 49.
Calocampa, 35.

59
INDEX.

caulotosticta, 39, 40

Chariclea, 33, 52.
Cheloniide, 47.
Chesias, 58.
Chiasmia, 55.
Chloroclystis, 58.

Chceerocampa, 35, 46.

christyi, 35 56.
Chrysophanus, 44.
Cidaria, 58.
cinctaria, 34.
cinerea, 51.
clara, 45.
clathrata, 55,
Coenonympha, 44.
complana, 47.
constrictata, 57.
convolvuli, 46.
coronata, 58.
corticea, 51.
Cosmia, 34.
crinanensis, 49.
Cyaniris, 34, 45.
cyanosticta, 43.
Cymatophoride, 48.
Dasychira, 33, 48.
decolorata, 56.
Deilephila, 46.
Diacrisia, 47.

Dianthoecia, 33, 34, 52

Diaphora, 48.
dilutata, 56.
dispila, 39 .
dodoneata, 57.
dolobraria, 53.
Drepana, 33, 48.
Drepanulide, 48.
dubitata, 58.
Dyschorista, 51.

egeria, 43.,
egerides, 34, 43.
elpenor, 35.
Emmelesia, 56.
Ennomos, 53.
Entephria, 56.
Epinephele, 44.
Epirrhoé, 58.
Ephyra, 54.
Epunda, 52.
ericetaria, 55.

Euchloé, 35, 38.
Euclidia, 53.
Hucymatoge, 58.
Eugonia, 33, 53.
euphorbiae, 49.
Euphyia, 58.

Eupithecia, 33, 35, 57.

Eurymene, 53.
exigua, 33, 34, 50.

fagaria, 55.
faleataria, 48.
falcula, 33, 48.
fascelina, 33, 48.
festucae, 35.
flava, 38, 39.
flavicinctata, 56.
fiavicornis, 48.
flavofasciata, 56.
fontis, 34:

| fumosa, 55.

furva, 50.

Geometra, 34, 54.
Geometre, 53.
glyphica, 53.
Gnophria, 33, 47.
Gonopteryx, 40.
Gortyna, 49.

_ grossulariata, 55.

Hadena, 52.

- Hama, 50.

Hecatera, 33.
Heliothis, 33, 52.
Hepialide, 48.
Hepialus, 48).
Heterocera, 46.
hibernica, 40, 42.
Hipocrita, 47.
hispulla, 44.
Hybernia, 56.
Hydrelia, 35, 53.
Hydriomena, 58.
Hydrecia, 49.
hyperanthus, 34.
Hypsipetes, 58.

jlanira, 44,
icarinus, 45.
icarus, 45.
Ino, 46.

inornata, 54.
intermedia fumosa, 55.
i0, 42.

erosaria, 33, 53.
Euchelia, 35, 47.
Eucheliidz, 47.

Caradrina, 33, 34, 50.
cardamines, 35, 38.
cardui, 43.

jacobaeae, 35, 47.

lapidata, 58.
Larentia, 56.
leporina, 33, 49.
Leucaniide, 49.
Leucophasia, 40.
leucostigma, 35.
Ligdia, 55.
Liparide, 48.
Lithophane, 52.
Lithosia, 47.
Lithosiide, 47.
liturata, 54.
livornica, 46.
Lobophora, 58.
lonicerae, 34, 47.
Lozogramma, 55.
lucens, 49.
lunaria, 53.
lupulina, 48.
lupulinus, 48.
lutosa, 49.
Lycaena, 34, 45.
Lycenide, 44.

Macaria, 54.
Macroglossa, 35.
magnipuncta, 45.
Mamestra, 50.
manani, 52.
marginata, 39.
mediolugens, 44.
megaera, 34, 44.
Melanippe, 33, 34, 58
Melitaea, 35, 41.
mendica, 48.
menthastri, 48.
menyanthidis, 49.
miata, 58.
micacea, 50.
myricae, 49.

napi, 35, 37.
Nemeophila, 47.
nictitars, 49.
nigra, 42.

nigra, 52.
nigromaculata, 45
Nymphalide, 41.

ocellatus, 46.
ochracea, 49.
ochrea, 39.
Ochria, 49.
Oconestis, 47.
ophiogramma, 34.
opima, 51.

ee: SSS

60

Oporabia, 35, 56.
Orthosia, 33, 51.

Pachys, 54.
pamphilus, 44.
Panagra, 55.
papilionaria, 54.
paphia, 34, 41.
Pararge, 34, 43.
parvipuncta, 45.
pedaria, 53.
peltigera, 33, 52.
pendularia, 54.
Perizoma, 56.
persicariae, 50.
petasitis, 50.
petraria, 55.
Phasiane, 55.
Phibalapteryx, 58.
Phigalia, 53.
phlaeas, 44.
phloeas, 44.
Pieride 36.
Pieris, 35, 36.
Plastenis, 33.
plumbeolata, 33, 57.
Plusia, 35, 52.
polaris, 42.
Polyommatus, 44.
Polyploca, 48.
porcellus, 46.
postico obsoleta, 45
praeclara, 42.
protea, 52.
pulverulenta, 33, 51.
pygmaeata, 33, 57,
Pyrameis, 43.

pyramidea, 33, 34, 51.

Pyrrhia, 52.

quadra, 33, 47.
quadripunctata, 40.
quercinaria, 53.

radiata, 39.
rapae, 36.

rhamni, 40.
Rhopalocera, 36.
Truberata, 58.
rubricollis, 33, 47.
russula, 47.
rustica, 48.

sanio, 47.
Satyridz, 43.
saucia, 51.
scabiosata, 57.
Scodiona, 55.
scotica, 42.
Beals Sia

MUSEUM

An NAT OF }

Selenia, 53.
Selidosema, 55,
Semiothisa, 54.
serena, 33.
sexalisata, 58.
sinapis, 40.
siterata, 58.
Smerinthus, 46.
socia, 34, 35, 52.
sociata, 58.
spartiata, 58.
Sphingide, 46.
Sphinx, 46.
Spilosoma, 48.
statices, 46.
strataria, 33, 54.
Strenia, 55.
strigillaria, 55.
subfulvata, 57.
sublustris, 50.
subtusa, 33.
succentaureata, 57.
succenturiata, 57.
sulfureovenata, 38.
suspecta, 33, 51.

temerata, 54.
taeniata, 56.
Taeniocampa, 33, 51.
toeniata, 56.

togata, 58.
Triphosa, 58.
trisignaria, 57.
tritici, 51.

typhon, 44.

umbra, 33, 52:
unangulata, 33, 34, 58.
unanimis, 33, 50.
uncula, 35d, 53.
unifasciata, 56.
urticae, 42.

Vanessa, 42,
venosa, 48.
vernaria, 34, 54.
vestigialis, 50.
wetusta, 35.
virgata, 42.
virgaureata, 57.

Xanthorhoé, 58.
Xylina, 34, 35, 52.
Xylophasia, 50.

Zonosma, 54,
Zygaena, 34, 47.
Zygenide, 46.

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PROCEEDINGS

AND

ANNUAL REPORT

1923-24
1924-25

SERIES Il.
VOL. VIII.

PRINTED FOR MEMBERS ONLY
PRICE OF EXTRA COPIES TO MEMBERS 32/-

coy,

canal 2 CONTENTS.

List of Officers, 1923-24

Excursions :—Black Mountain, Marlough Bay, Slemish, Monlough,
Loughinisland and Seatorde, Carrickfergus, Cushen-
dun, Cushendall and Glenarift ; Nendrum, Dundrum,
Purdysburn Glen she me

Conversazione eS - 5h he
Papers :—“‘ The Club and its Future —J. A. Sidney Stendall,
M.B.0.U. $e oe ee a
‘The Romans in Britain: Hadrian’s Wall ’_Joseph

Skillen

““Some Common Objects of the Seashore’’—D, J.
Carpenter, A.R.C.Se.L. > ... kg ie 2
‘“The British Gulls, Terns and Skuas ’’—Nevin H. Foster,
I ys Dae es M.B.LA., MB O3U- a6 ve
“* Great Earthquakes in Modern Times *—F. E. Tille-
mont-Thomason, F.R.S.G. 7
‘“Rathiin- Island ’—J- A.S, Stendall, ‘M.B.O. Ws Capt.
C. D. ‘Chase; MEG., Me Ace tS. A. Bennett, BAL?
B.Sc., and J.-A. Moffatt ae Pe 2
a Lepidoptera of the North of Iveland ’’—Thomas Greer
‘“ Geology of Areas Visited bye the Club ’’—R. J. Welch,
M.Sc., M:R.T.A. ; we é..
Annual Meeting
Report of Delegate to British’ Association
Route Naturalists’ Field Club

List of Officers, 1924-25 ae
Excursions :—Garron Point, Dunadry and ‘Templepatrick, ‘Cranfield
and Toomebridge, elspa Glenoe, Silent Be
Ballyhornan Bay
Conversazione 2 sa
Papers :—“ The Flight ‘of Animals ’’—J. A. "Sidney “Stendall,
M.B.0.U. “ih
“The British Geese, Swans “and Ducks ” —Nevin H.
Foster, F.L.S.; M.B.1.A., M.B.0.U. + =.
‘* A Field-Day in Space ’’—Charles E. Kerr, B.A. me
‘“The Romance of the Wild Flower’’—Rev. E. M.
Gumley, B.A.
‘‘ Are the Continents “Floating ?”—J. “i. Charlesworth,
DSc: 2M Re At ae
‘“ The Zoology of Ethnography ’ Samuel Freeland
“ Strangford Lough ’—A. M‘I. -Cleland, Joseph Skillen,
g. A. Bennett, B.A. B.Sc, a ee: M.C., M.A.,
and James Orr :
Annual Meeting
Report of Delegate to British Association.
Club Medallists
List of Exchanging Societies
Rules
List of Members

287

PROCEEDINGS
AND ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

BELFAST NATURALISTS’
FIELD CLUB,

For the Year Ending 3lst March, 1924

(SIXTY- FIRST YEAR)

SERIES Il. PART VI. VII.

VOLUME VIII. 1923-24.

EDITORS:

A. ALBERT CAMPBELL, F.R.s.A.1.
THOMAS M. DEANS, LL.

Advisory Editorial Committee :

Botany—S. A. BENNETT, B.aA., B Sc.
Geology—A. Mcl. CLELAND.
Zoology—S. M. MACOUN.
Archaeology—JOSEPH SKILLEN.

287

Belfast Naturalists Field Club.

SIXTY-FIRST YEAR, 1923-1924.

GENERAL COMMITTEE.

President:
J. A. SIDNEY STENDALL, m.s.0.v.

Vice-President:
A. PP. HOSKINS, F-.1.c., F-.c:s.

Hon. Treasurer:
T. EDENS OSBORNE, F.z.s.a.1., 4 CoLtEGE Square NortH, BEtrast.

Hon Librarian:

W. M. CRAWFORD, B.a., F.=.S., F.Z.S., ORISSA, MARLBOROUGH Park S.,
BELFAST.

Hon. Sec. for Botany:
NATHANIEL CARROTHERS.

Hon. Sec. for Geology:
ROBERT BELL.

Hon. Sec. for Zoology:
JAMES ORR.

Hon, Sec. for Archaeology:
W. A. GREEN, F.R.s.A.1

Hon. Sec. of Junior Section:
J. R. H. GREEVES, s.sc.

Ordinary Members of Committee:

Retire 1924, Retire 1925. Retire 1926,
S. M. Macoun. F. A. Heron, p.L. Rev. W. R. Megaw, B.A.
Miss S. Blackwood. R. J. Welch, M.R.1.A. A. M‘T. Cleland.
J K. Charlesworth, p.sc., | J. T. Greeves (resigned). | S A. Bennett, B.A., B.SC.
M.R.I.A. R. S. Lepper, m.aA.,

F.R.HIST.S. (co-opted)

Hon. Secretaries:
A. ALBERT CAMPBELL, r.r.s.a.1., DrRuMNAFERRIE, RosEerra Park,
BELFAST.
THOMAS M. DEANS, t1.p., Acapemy Hovsz, Roserra, BELFAsT.

a. 2 lA
«i bine iB Bt

Aa Dui

ae

289

PROCEEDINGS.

—_—_———

SUMMER SESSION.

THE BLACK MOUNTAIN.
Date—19th May, 1923. Conductor—Robert Bell.
JNumber present, 40.

Members assembled at the front entrance to Woodvale
Park at 2-30 p.m. for the two mile tramp up the Ballygo-
martin Road. Mr. Bell led the party to the site of the pre-
historic flint factory which he investigated recently. It
lies on the east side of the hill at an elevation of about eight
hundred feet. ‘lwo areas have been carefully dug over, and
have yielded a large number of flint flakes. ‘They occur in
a matrix of brown earth, which results from the decomposi-
tion of the overlying basalt and chalk rubble, and are found
at all depths down to three or four feet. Mr. Bell explained
the geological features of the neighbourhood, and at the first
section Mr. Bennett gave a short talk. Members got to
work with hammers and pocket picks, some with walking
and umbrella sticks, and soon unearthed quite a considerable
number of specimens.

The botanists disappeared up gorges and gullies, and
were with difficulty detached from the mountain for the
homeward journey. Few plants of special interest were
noted. The following, however, may be mentioned :—
Wall Cress (Sisymbrium thalianum); of the Mosscs, Ortho-
trichum sazatile, Tortula ruralis (with old fruit), T'richo-
stomum tortuossum, Tortula subulata, and the rare and local
Grimmia pruinosa.

At ashort business meeting (Rev. W. R. Megaw, B.A.,
presiding) nine ordinary and seven junior members were
elected.

. MURLOUGH BAY.
Date—2nd June, 1924. Conductor—R. J. Welch, M.R.I.A.
Number present, 97.

The journey was made by motor coach, leaving Belfast
at 8-40 a.m., and proceeding via Larne and the Coast Road.
The conductor for the day gave short lectures at various
points on the journey, pointing out that the route lay over
almost all the important geological formations, from the

990 (Proc. B.N.F.C.,

more recent estuarine clay, raised beaches and older estu-
arine deposits of Belfast and Larne Loughs past the
Mesozoic chalk cliffs of the Coast Road tc the Palaeozoic
carbonifercus sandstone and much older schistose rocks of
Murlough itself.

Members of the Route Club from Coleraine, Bushmills
and Ballintoy, and some naturalist visitors from Ballycastle,
Ballymena, and Larne joined the party.

At the marine potholes rear the cottage the conductor
gave a short description of the geology of the bay, pointing
out quite close at hand the division between the carboni-
ferous rocks and the ancient schists of Binvane on the one
side, and the volcanic dykes and great intrusive mass of
Fair Head, penetrating carboniferous strata, on the other.

Tea was served in the Antrim Arms Hotel, Ballycastle,
and at the business meeting afterwards (the President, Mr.
J. A. Sidney Stendall, M.B.O.U., in the chair) nine new
members were elected.

SLEMISH AND DISTRICT.
Date—l6th June. Conductor—Joseph Skillen.
Number present, 62.

The journey was made by motor coach, leaving Belfast
at 9-80 a.m., and proceeding via Antrim, Ballymena, and
Broughshane. At Broughshane a halt was made to visit
the grave of the Rev. Canon Grainger, an original member
of the Club and its first chairman.

The ascent of the mountain was made from Mr. Mont-
gomery’s farm at the north-eastern base. The conductor
pointed out that Slemish is the weathered-out neck of an ex-
tinct volcano, rising to a height of 1,437 feet. Nearly all
the members of the party reached the summit, from which
a never-to-be-forgotten view of the Braid valley, and far
beyond, was obtained. The dark hills of Scotland on one
side, and the silver sheen of Lough Neagh on the other were
clearly discernible.

At Broughshane the rare grasses Poa nemoralis and
Trisetum flavescens were gathcred. On the slcpes of Slemish
the Sweet-scented Orchis (Gymnadenia conopsea) and the
common Butterwort (Pinguicula vulgaris) were admired. Of
the Sedges (Carices) the fellowing were noted: dioica,
glauca, panicea, praecox, pilulifera, and flava. Slemish is
specially rich in mosses, and during a somewhat hurried

4923-24. 991

search the following interesting species were found: Plagio-
thecium silvaticum (in fruit), P. undulatum, Hypnum re-
volvens, H. scorpioides, Dicranella squarrosa, Dicranum
majus, and Grimmia funaiis. On the return journey the
Water Avens (Geum vivale) made a fine show on both sides
of the road between the mountain and Crebilly.

The coaches passed through the grounds of Crebilly
House, the ancient seat of the O’Haras. The stone circle
and kistvaen at Ballymarlow, discovered in 1898 by the
conductor, were inspected. Reaching Ballymena, the party
had tea in Whiteside’s Hotel, followed by a business meeting
(Rev. W. R. Megaw, B.A., in the chair), when seventeen
ordinary and three junior members were elected. ‘The only
stop on the way home, via Kells, Connor, and Parkgate, was
at Kells Abbey, of which only the western gable is standing.
Close by is the desecrated burial vault of the O’Haras, now
apparently used as a fowlhouse!

MONLOUGH.

Date—30th June. Conductor—J. A. 8. Stendall, M.B.O.U.
Number present, 32.

The journey was made by motor coach, leaving the
Museum, College Square North, at 2 p.m. The shores of
Monlough were found to be richly clothed witn marsh-loving
plants, and the botanists were soon busy hunting for their
treasures. They found the Marsh Speedwell (Veronica
scutellata), Buckbean (Menyanthes trifoliata), Marsh
Cinquefoil (Potentilla palustris), Bladder Carex (Carex vesi-
caria) and the Slender-beaked Bladder Carex (Carex am-
pullacea).

The zoologists were not so fortunate, as owing to a
recent spell of dry weather, the drains had practically dried
up, thus preventing any work being done in the freshwater
fauna. They were, however, rewarded by being able to.
observe an abundance of bird life, which included snipe,
wild duck, teal, reed-bunting, stcenechat, &c. A snipe’s nest
was found containing four eggs, and the nest of a sandpiper
with empty shells only. A young lapwing, as yet unable to
fly, was seen strutting about on the edge of the lake with
apparent unconcern, while a quiet ‘‘plop’’ in the water tcld
of the presence of the little grebe or dab-chick, its nest being
afterwards found.

2OX {Proc. B.N.F.C.,

After an alfresco tea in Mr. M‘Williarns’ garden, the
party proceeded (by kind permission of the Belfast Co-opera-
tive Society) through Tullygirvan Glen. By the side of the
lakelet at the head of the glen the Lesser Marsh-wort
(Helosciadium inundatum) was found in quantity, while
along the glen itself honeysuckle and foxglove grew in pro-
fusion.

After a walk of about a mile Ballygowan Railway
Station was reached, from which the return journey to town
was made.

LOUGHINISLAND AND SEAFORDE.

Date—21st July. Conductor—S. M. Macoun.
Number present, 53.

Members left town by motor coach at 9-30 a.m. via
Saintfield, Crossgar and Kilmore. ‘The dolmen at the
Buck’s Head, Annadorn, was inspected on the way. At
Loughinisland Mr. R. W. H. Blackwood, J.P., joined the
party and acted as local conductor for this area and Sea-
forde, pointing out the various features of interest, and
telling the history of the parish generally. He mentioned
that Macartan’s Chapel, the smallest of the three churches,
measures about 27ft. by 20ft. Some old writers state that
it was originally the cell of St. Finian. The most striking
feature is the low western doorway of Castle Espie lime-
stone, with square pilasters supporting a semi-circular arch
of two stones; on the left spandrel the letters ‘“P.M.C.’’ are
carved, on the right the date 1636.

The zoologists found a few interesting fresh-water
shells, one, Planorbis carinatus, being very local and rare in
N.E. Ireland, in its typical form, and some Zonitoides
nitidus in the marsh. Spiders were abundant, running
about with their white egg-sacs.

The botanists collected fine specimens of the House-
Leek near the shore of the lake, with the Bur Marigold,
three Charas, Elatine hexandra, Typha latifolia, Arundo
phragmites, some specimens of the Black Spleenwort fern,
and very tall Water Dock, measuring over six feet high.

Going on to Seaforde demesne (by kind permission of
Mrs. Forde), Mr. Blackwood conducted the party through
fine woods past the smaller lake to the garden, where most
interesting shrubs and cultivated native plants were noted.
A tall Florencecourt yew, up which Tropaeolum was growing
in profusion, was admired. A great Gunnera manicata,
with its seven-foot leaves, was seen in a damp hollow. The

4923-24.) 293

rock garden was also visited. Leaving the demesne by the
main entrance, the church, 200 years old, was inspected,
and the party proceeded to Drumcaw, where Mr. 8. Burke,
J.P., led the way to the cairn and stone cist on his farrn.

On reaching Downpatrick tea was served in Denver’s
Hotel, and at the business meeting afterwards (Mr. F. A.
Heron, D.L., in the chair) eight ordinary and four junior
members were elected.

CARRICKFERGUS DISTRICT.

Date—1lth August. Conductors—T. Edens Osborne, F.R.S.A.Ire.,
and George C. Reilly, A.M.I.Min.E.
Number present, 65.

Members travelled by train leaving Belfast at 2 o’clock.
Motor coaches conveyed them from Carrickfergus to Dun-
crue Fort, where Mr. Reilly gave a racy and lucid talk
on the antiquities of the neighbourhood. The name of the
fort he explained as either Dun-cruadh, the hard hill or
Dun-ruadh, the red hill. The moat which surrounded the
mound is now, for the most part, filled in. The adjoining
ruins of Killvann Church (the church of the river) were
visited. Nothing remains except a portion of the west wall.
Mr. Reilly was of opinion that it was a chapel of ease in
ecnnexion with the priory at Carrickfergus, though local
tradition traces it back to the time of St. Patrick.

Returning to the road, the motors brought the party
to the ‘“‘Commons Farm’’ dining hall, where tea was par-
taken of. After tea a short business meeting was held (Mr.
R. S. Lepper, M.A., presiding), when several new members
were elected, and Mr. Rebert Bell gave a brief address on
the geological features of Woodburn district, pointing out
that the river had cut a deep channel below the level of the
surrounding country, and in this channel are exposed in turn
sections of the different geological strata of Co. Antrim.

By special permission of the Belfast City and District
Water Commissioners their works were then visited, Mr.
Reilly explaining the sources and methods of supply. From
the lower entrance to the Waterworks a short walk brought
the party to Carrickfergus, where the Rev. Canon M‘Neice,
M.A., B.D., was waiting at the parish church of St.
Nicholas to welcome them. In the course of an address on
the history of the ancient town and church, Canon M‘Neice
made the interesting suggestion that it was probably within
the walis of St. Nicholas’ Church that the first regular Pres-
bytery held in Ireland met on 10th June, 1642.

294 (Proc. B.N.F.C.,

CUSHENDUN, CUSHENDALL AND GLENARIFF.

Date—1st September. Conductor—S. M. Macoun.
Number present, 63.

Leaving Belfast at 8-30, the route was by Ballynure,
Larne and the Coast Road, where at Waterlco the Liassic
fossil beds on the shore were pointed out. Round Garron
Point were seen the fine mural basaltic cliffs, the home of
the Golden Rod and other rock plants. Passing Red Bay
dunes, fine views of Gienarifi were obtained, and soon the
party were through Cushendall and on their way up Glen-
corp to Glendun. ‘'Tiveragh, a good example of a “‘voleanic
neck,’’ was passed close at hand. At Glenaan the site of
Ossian’s grave was pointed out, and Tievebulliagh
Mountain, where Mr. W. J. Knowles. M.R.I.A., discovered
a prehistoric stone-axe factory.

A stop was made at the Viaduct for lunch, and the
botanists noted eight species of ferns, masses of the sweet
mountain fern, a local fern abundant in Glendun, and some
good specimens of the black spleenwort. Descending to
the lower road, “‘the altar in the woods,’’ an old hillside
altar of the penal days, on the margin of Inispollan Wood
was visited. The next stop was at Cara Castle, from which
the party climbed up to Shane O’Neill’s Cairn, where a
magnificent view of the coast and the glen country to the
south was obtained. Coming down again, a short walk
along the shore brought the party to the ‘‘Pudding-stone”’
(old red sandstone conglomerate) Caves, one of which is
the avenue through the cliffs to the residence of Dr. Moore.

Returning again through Cushendall, the Tea House
at Glenariff was reached and a welcome meal was enjoyed
At the short business meeting after tea (Rev. W. R. Megaw,
B.A., in the chair) several new members were elected. The
party then walked up the Glen, in which the zoologists col-
lected Arianta arbustorum, a Jocal land shell, among the
Wood Rush along the path, and some Helix fusca, which
occurs here occasionally, and always among the same plant.

The journey home was made from the Parkmore en-
trance via Ballymena and Antrim.

NENDRUM.

Date—8th September. Conductors—R. J. Welch, M.R.1.A.,
and 8. M. Macoun. Number present, 40.
The party proceeded by the 2 p.m. train to Comber,
and thence to Mahee Island by motor coaches and cars.
Mr. H. C. Lawlor, M.R.I.A., who carried out the recent

4923-24.) 295

investigations among the ruins of the aacient monastery.
was present, and acted as guide. Commencing at the site
of the western entrance to the outer cashel wall, near the
primitive quay used by the monks and their visitors, he con-
ducted the party to the north side, where the outer cashel
wall has now been restored. He stated that the wall in its
original state was half a mile in circumference and nine feet
in thickness. Other buildings inspected included the
artisans’ workshops, where crucibles, bronzes, brooches, and
pins, and polishing stones had been found. The most in-
teresting site, however, was that of the rectangular school-
house, inside the second cashel on the west side. The
débris here found proved that the building had been burned,
remains of the roof timber and nails had been found in
quantity, with doorhandle, &c. The slates were also found,
with their headlines which the pupils copied with iron
pencils.

After tea, Mr. David Elliott, B.A., presided at a
business meeting for the election of members.

DUNDRUM SANDHILLS.

Date—15th September. Conductors—Robert Beil and
R. J. Welch, M.R.I.A. Number present, 92.

Members travelled to Dundrum in reserved compart-
ments of the 1-45 p.m train. Passing along between two
hedges of Sea Buckthorn, some of it showing fine masses
of fruit, the party were soon on the sites known for genera-
tions as a collecting ground for various kinds of stone
implements. Many fine specimens rewarded the searchers.

The botanists found some interesting plants in the
dunes or along the shore, such as the Oyster Plant, the Sea
Beet and a very rare local Geranium.

After tea in the Commercial Hotel, a short business
meeting was held (Mr. David Elliott, B.A., presiding)
when seven ordinary members and one junior member were
elected. The return to town was made by the 7.7 train.

PURDYSBURN GLEN.

Date—29th September. Conductor—Arthur Deane, M.R.1.A., F.R.S.E.
Number present, 57.

This field meetiag was in the nature of a ‘‘Fungus
Foray.”’

996 {Proc. B.N.E.G.,

On reaching the Glen Mr. Deane gave a short account
of the life history of fungi and their place in nature’s
economy. Some interesting species were found, particularly
among the gill-bearing class, such as the Sulphur Tuft, Ink-
caps, Prickly Cap, the Oyster of the Woods, the Honey
Agaric, and the Scarlet Fly-cap, but perhaps the most in-
teresting were the Slime-fungi (Myxomycetes), which
during part of their life-history partake much of the nature
of animals, due to their amceba-like movements and method
of feeding, while at a later period they are more akin to
plants in forming spores. For this reason the position of
the group has been long debated.

After an active search for fungi and an enjoyable after-
noon spent in the woods, a business meeting was held (Rev.
W. R. Megaw, B.A., presiding), and eleven new members
were elected.

GSI ie

ar

1923-24.] 297

WINTER “SESSION.

The authors of the Papers of which abstracts are given
are alone responsible for the views expressed therein.

CONYVERSAZIONE.

The Winter Session opened with a Conversazione held in
the Assembly Hall, Fisherwick Place, on Tuesday, 23rd
October, at which there was a very large attendance of
members and friends. Tea was served from 7 to 8 p.m.

The exhibits included a fine collection of Natural His-
tory objects from Rathlin Island, lent by the President,
Mr. S. A. Bennett, Capt. Chase, and Messrs. J. A. Moffatt,
James Orr, T. Edens Osborne, and H. C. Scott.

The Municipal Museum had on view preparations illus-
trating Protective Resemblance, Models of Slide and Wheel
Cars, cases illustrating the Trap-door Spider and the Pird-
eating Spider, and models of Carnivorous Plants.

Botany.—Mr. Nevin H. Foster had a fine exhib't of
fronds of the varieties coryinbiferum, seticerum, Frizellae,
Howardii, depauperatum, cruciato-cristatum, angustifrons
and pulcherrimum of the Lady Fern, Athyrium Filix-foe-
mina; and of the varieties plumosum, acutilobum, divisilo-
bum, tripinnatum, setosum and decompositum-frondosum of
the Soft Shield Fern, Aspidium angulare; Mr. R. J. Welch,
Fern panels; Mr. N. Carrothers, Hquisetum trachyodon
from Colin Glen, and a few herbarium specimens; Mr. E.
Norman Carrothers, a collection of freshly-gathered Fungi;
Rev. W. R. Megaw, British and foreign mosses; Mr. 8. A.
Bennett, Hypochaeris glabra from its Magilligan station,
and a series of aquatic plants of North-East Ireland; Capt.
Chase, the Bee Orch’s from Co. Antrim, and some aliens
from England, and Mrs. Gibson, an album of New Zealand
ferns.

Archaeology.—Mr. Robert Bell, flint implements from
Black Mountain; Mr. Joseph Skillen, rough stone axes from
Tievebulliagh, and flint axes and polished stone axes from
other parts of Co. Antrim; Mr. T. Edens Osborne, fragments
of pottery and an anvil stone and hammer-stone from Dun-
drum sandhills, Co, Down; a flint knife from Egypt, and

998 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,
eolithic implements from Medway district; Mr. E. Burling,
a carved stone from Glastonbury; Miss Joan Loewenthal,
flint scrapers from Whitepark Bay; and Mr. Ronald H.
Crawford, a set of hollow flint scrapers from Dundrum, Co.
Down.

Geology.—Mr. Robert Bell, types of Rostellaria carinala
from Co. Antrim; Mr. A. M’I. Cleland, ammonites (cut
and polished) from Liassic beds, Whitby, Yorkshire; the
growth of coal from peat to anthracite, carboniferous miner-
als, chalcedony from Carnmoney, specimens from Upper
Ludlow-Bone-bed, Norton, Salop; and orthoceras from
boulder drift, Ormeau Road, Belfast; Mrs. A. M‘T. Cleland,
trilobites from ‘Tremadoc, Caradoc and Wenlock beds,
neighbourhood of Church Stretton, Salop.

Zoology.—Mr. R. J. Welch, woodland species of land
sheils, freshwater pearl mussel shells (some from Ulster
rivers); Mr. A. M‘I. Cleland, swan mussels from canal near
Wem, Salop; Miss Blackwood, collection of marine shells;
Mr. James Orr, living reptiles and batrachians, and
marine shells; Miss M‘Clure, a wasps’ nest; Prof. Gregg
Wilson, examples of protective resemblance; and Mr. W. M.
Crawford, French butterflies.

Miscroscopy.—Mr. D. J. Carpenter, geology; The Pre-
sident, the Felted-Beech Coccus (Cryptococcus fagi), a
species new to Ireland; and Prof. Gregg Wilson, living and
other exhibits.

Photography.—Mr. T. Edens Osborne, Club Excur-
sions, 1923; Mrs. A. A. Campbell, Ciub Excursions, 1922
and 1923, and a typical Co. Down farm kitchen; Mr.
Herbert C. Scott, local birds’ nests; Mr. W. A. Green, Irish
scenery (coloured); and Mrs. M‘Cloy, the medieval fortified
town of Carcassone, France.

Miscellaneous.—Mr. 8S. M. Macoun, curics; Mr. W. M.
Crawford, Indian art objects; Miss Mawdsley, memorial
brooches chains, etc., and some rare books; Mr. A. Albert
Campbell, ex-libris (natural history and heraldic); Mr. Hans
Iten, oil paintings; The President, portion of original oak
beam from ‘‘God’s Providence House,’’ the only house in
Chester unvisited by the Great Plague; and Mr. T. Edens
Osborne, the book-case of David Garrick, the celebrated
actor, sold with his effects in 1823,

1923-24.] 299

At 9-15 a business meeting was held. ‘The President
expressed his pleasure at the large attendance, and paid a
tribute to the honorary officials who had done so much to
promote the work of the Club during the past season. The
Club was now the largest of its kind in the British Isles.
It recently had been honoured in one of its members, Mr.
R. J. Welch, who had received the honcrary degree of
Master of Science from the Queen’s University of Belfast,
and who was President for the year of the Conchclogical
Society of Great Britain and Ireland, the premier Conu-
chological Society of the world.

The following junior members were awarded prizes in
connexion with the Summer Programme :—(1) President’s
Prize, Master T. M. Megaw for mounted collection of Trish
grasses; (2) Miss Blackwood’s Prize, Master R. H. Craw-
ford for mounted collection of Irish ferns; Dr. Deans’ Prize
for best set of Natural Histcry Photographs, Master M. P.
Crawford.

The Conversazione Prizes for junior members were
awarded as follows :—For best living botanical exhibit— (1)
Miss Nora Stendall, (2) Master R. H. Crawford; for best
living zoological exhibit—(1) Miss Nora Stendall, (2) Master
W. P. Crawford; for best exhibit of fossils cr minerals—(1)
Master T. M. Megaw, (2) Master R. H. Crawford.

A lantern display, in charge of Mr. R. J. Welch, of
pictures of the summer field meetings concluded the
proceedings.

THE CLUB AND ITS FUTURE.

The first ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was
held in the Museum, College Square North, on Tuesday,
27th November, when the President (Mr. J. A. Sidney
Stendall. M.B.O.U.) delivered the inaugural address.

He said he wished to put before the members a number
of points on the work and working of the Club, in the hope
that something beneficial might be the outecme. Being a
Museum man and recognising that Museum work was in-
timately connected with Field Club work, they would natur-
ally expect from him, first of all, some account of the course
Museum events were taking in the city. That Northern
Ireland should be proud of its Museum connexions was un-
doubted, for did not Co. Down give to Britain the man—
Sir Hans Sloane—who laid the foundations of what was
probablv the finest institution of its kind in the world—the

800 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

British Museum. Sloane died in 1753, and sixty-eight years
elapsed before any serious effort was made to provide his
native province with a public Museum. In 1821 the first
steps were taken, when the Belfast Natural History and
Philosophical Society was founded. In the course of its
activities a considerable amount of material was collected,
which ultimately gave rise to the idea of forming a Museum,
and so in 1831 the building in which they were met was
erected. Of the early members of the Society the most note-
worthy was William Thompson, whose great work—‘‘ The
Natural History of Ireland’’—stood as his everlasting
memorial. Natural history objects collected by him still
existed, many of them of extreme importance and rarity.
Thompson and his contemporary naturalists were pioneers,
big-hearted men and women with little to guide them, but
with a will to do.

The Museum in course of erection in the Botanic Gar-
dens Park would in two or three years’ time house the col-
lections of science and art belonging to the citizens of
Belfast. In that building rcom would be available for the
exhibition of specimens and objects on a scale previously
impossible owing to lack of proper accommedation. They
would be able to study the things they were most interested
in, and to learn something of other things which they might
have heard a good deal about, but had not an opportunity of
examining sufficiently to start them on th» way tc their
systematic study.

The foundation of our present Municipal Collection was
laid by our first President (or chairman, as he was then
called) in 1868, viz.: the late Canon Grainger, who, in 1891,
presented to the city his gatherings of a lifetime. From
1891 onwards progress was made in acquiring objects,
mainly of Art and Ethnography, but it was not until 1910
that the city could claim to possess any Natural History
specimens worth mention. In that year the Belfast Natural
History and Philosophical Society formally handed over to
the city all its magnificent collections practically as an un-
conditional gift, a gift that had not yet been fully appre-
ciated, and could not be until it was properly housed and
exhibited. Included were the celebrated collections of
James M‘Adam, William Thompson, G. C. Hyndman.
Ralph Tate (our founder), William Gray, Hugh Robinson.
S. A. Stewart, and Joseph Wright, all, with the exception
of the first two, leading members of our Club, together with
important contributions from such present-day members ag

1923-24.) 301

William Swanston, Nevin H. Foster, and Rebert J. Welch.
In Antiquities, the collection presented by George Benn in
1880 was particularly rich in relics of prehistoric man in
Ireland.

But much work still required to be done. Gaps needed
filling and new groups required working up, and this was
where the members of the Field Club could be of consider-
able use. For example, the Museum should contain at
least one specimen of every rock, mineral, fossil, plant and
animal occurring in Northern Ireland. Notwithstanding our
present largely increased membership the number cf active
members of the Club had seriously diminished. True, we
had with us men and women who had done admirable work
in the past, and were still doing so, but those of the younger
school seriously engaged in the systematic study of any one
group could be almost counted on one’s fingers. For those
sufficiently interested to take up a subject, probably the best
method to adopt was what he would call the ‘‘competitive’’
method, viz.: for at least three persons to commence on one
particular line of study, and work either independently or
collectively, but in any case they should meet frequently
to compare notes. His experience was that the petty
jealousies which were apt to mar many intellectual pursuits
were non-existent in Field Club work. A spirit of brother-
hood sprang up between workers; they wrangled in a good-
natured way, but should one possess himself of a treasure,
the fact acted as a stimulus to the others, making them
wish to go one better, but never created ill-feeling.

Turning to the working of the Club, he suggested that
to encourage the active members a Bronze Medal should be
awarded annually to a member of not less than ten years’
membership, for outstanding work in connexion with the
Club’s activities. Given for distinguished services, it would
be a tangible recognition of supreme merit.

_Another matter he wished to mention was that the
rapidly increasing membership of the Club was becoming a
rather embarrassing problem for the officials, who found the
utmost difficulty in keeping abreast of their work. He
suggested that the ordinary membership should be limited
to, say, six hundred, new members to be elected in priority
of application as vacancies occurred, always allowing for
the automatic transfer of junior members to ordinary mem-

bership. He suggested further that the entrance fee should
be re-imposed,

302 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

In conclusion, he recommended the reconstitution of
the Sections of the Club, with their own field meetings, as
it would, he believed, conduce to more real field work being
done.

An interesting discussion followed, which was taken
part in by Messrs. S. A. Bennett, B.A., B.Sc.; R. J.
Welch, M.Sc., M.R.I.A.;° J. R. H. Greeves, BiSe:;
S. M. Macoun, and Rev. W. R. Megaw, B.A., and Professor
Charlesworth, D.Se., M.R.1I.A., eacn of whom warmly
congratulated the President on the constructive policy out-
lined in his address.

THE ROMANS IN BRITAIN: HADRIAN’S WALL.

The second ordinary meeting of the Winter Session
was held in the Museum, College Square North, on Tues.
day, 18th December, when Mr. Joseph Skillen gave a
lecture on above subject. The President (Mr. J. A. Sidney
Stendall, M.B.O.U.) occupied the chair.

Before speaking of Hadrian’s Wall, Mr. Skillen dealt
briefly with the coming of the Romans to Britain which
Gibbon said was after a search for pearls, but which was
more likely from a lust of conquest and a desire, dear to
every Emperor’s heart, for a Roman triumph. Hadrian's
Wall, stretching from Carlisle to Newcastle-on-Tyne, was
described by Dr. Henderson, author of the ‘‘ Life of
Hadrian,’’ as the greatest frontier fortress left by that
Emperor. Its original height was 30 feet, and it was
garrisoned by 1,800 men, chiefly auxiliaries officered by
Romans. The wall and its defences, including the fosse t
the north, the vallum and its earthworks, with the Roman
roads, were described. The three Roman camps out of the
twenty-three which were the best preserved on the Wall
to-day were Cilurnum (Chollerford), Borcovicus (House-
steads), and Amboglanna (Birdoswald). The interesting
antiquarian discoveries made at these camps were now
preserved at the Clayton Museum, Chollerford. On, the
Wall was discovered a well dedicated to the goddess Con-
ventina (unknown in the pantheon of the ancient Britons
or the Romans) in which were found 16,000 Roman coins,
bronze, silver and gold, dating from 3.c 61 to ap. 367.
The lecture was well illustrated by a fine series of lantern
views.

The President, and Messrs. A. M‘I. Cleland, John
Holness, and B. Murray took part in the discussion which
followed,

1923-24.] 303

SOME COMMON OBJECTS OF THE SEASHORE.

The third ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was
held in the Museum, College Square North, on Tuesday,
15th January, 1924, when Mr. D. J. Carpenter, A.R.C.Se.L.,
delivered a lecture on above subject. The President (Mr.
J. A. Sidney Stendall, M.B.O.U.) occupied the chair.

The lecturer first dealt with the two great classes of
common shell-fish or mollusks—the gasteropods and lamei-
libranchs—giving an account of each type of animal and
its shelly abode. He pointed out that some of the first
classes were vegetarians, while some were carnivorous, and
all had numerous enemies such as the cod, catfish, flounder,
sole, gulls, starfish, etc. The interesting characters and
habits of many common shellfish, including the limpet,
razor-shell, piddock, shipworm, etc., were described. It
was shown that other shelly objects (spirorbis and serpula)
found on seaweed, stones, piers, shells, etc., were the
homes, not of mollusks, but of seaworms which had created
these limey abodes as a protection against their enemies.
The sea anemone was dealt with, and the structure of the
animal, and its habits were explained, especially how it
paralysed its prey by means of sting cells. A brief de-
scription of the common starfish was given, and interesting
reference made to the sea-urchins. The lecture was fully
illustrated by lantern slides.

The short discussion at the close was taken part in by
the President, Rev. W. R. Megaw, B.A., and Messrs. R.
J. Welch, M.Sc., M.R.I.A., and A. M‘I. Cleland.

THE BRITISH GOLLS, TERNS AND SKUAS.*

The fourth ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was
held in the Museum, College Square North, on Tuesday,
29th January, when Mr. Nevin H.. Foster, F.L.S.,
M.R.I.A., M.B.0.U., delivered a lecture on above subject.
The President (Mr. J. A. S. Stendall, M.B.O.U.) was in
the chair. Mr. Foster said—In the modern system of
classification Gulls. Terns and Skuas compose an Order of
Birds—Lariformes. By Howard Saunders these birds were
all referred to a single Family—Laride, with three sub-
families; whilst Bowdler Sharpe regarded the Skuas as
worthy of Family rank which he designated Stercorariidé,
restricting the Laride Family to the Gulls and Terns, to

_*The nomenclature adopted in this Paper ig that of the B.0,U,
“List of British Birds, 2nd ed., 1915,”

804 (Proc. B.N.F.C.,

which he assigned the sub-Fumily names of Laying and
Sternine. Without doubt the three sections of the Order
Lariformes are very closely allied as regards their structure.
It is only a matter of opinion what amount of difference
should constitute the right to separate two closely related
birds into distinct species; and the same holds true (in a
less degree) as to the features sufficient to separate birds
genericaily or into Families or Orders. By whatever title
however we may consider them, these three groups all
possess characters, external and internal, which indicate (in
the not very remote past) a common ancestor, as well as a
close affinity to the Order of the Snipes and Plovers; but
the Lariformes differ from the Charadriiformes in the pos-
session of webbed feet, and in the fact that whilst among
the Snipes and Plovers the normal number of eggs in a
clutch is four, the egg clutch of the Gulls and Terns only
exceptionally exceeds three, and is frequently, as also
obtains in the Skuas, only two. Ancther striking difference
is presented in the nestling stage, for whilst the young
Snipe or Plover is capable of running about almost im-
mediately after its emergence from the shell, the chicks of
the Gulls and Terns, though well clothed with down, are
for a time comparatively helpless and do not leave the nest
until partly feathered. The internal structure of Gulls and
Terns shows little divergence, both have two notches on the
posterior margin of the sternum, whereas in the Skuas there
is but one notch. With regard to external differences, the
bill in the Tern has its two constitutents—mandible and
raaxilla—about equal in length, differing from the form of
bill in the Gulls and Skuas, which resemble each other in
that the mandible (lower jaw) is shorter and permits the
apex of the maxilla to project downwards over and in front
of its extremity. ‘The feet of Gulls and Terns differ from
those of Skuas in having comparatively feeble claws, where-
as in the latter these claws ure strongly curved and sharp,
resembling those of Birds of Prey. The following readily
observable differences (at least so far as our common British
species are concerned) may serve to distinguish between the
three groups :—Gulls have fan-shaped tails (exceptions being
one with wedge-shaped and one with forked tail, but both
these are rare visitors); Terns have deeply forked tails;
whilst in the Skuas the middle pair of tail feathers project
from half an inch to nine inches beyond the others. In
their food-procuring metbods also the three groups vary :—
(yulls are surface feeders, Terns (whilst they cannot be said

1923-24.) 805

to dive) procure their food by plunging the head below the
water surface (the Marsh Terns pursue and capture insects
on the wing); and the Skuas obtain their food mainly by
parasitic methods. During the breeding season when the
Skuas are inland they capture insects, frogs and small
mammals and even consume berries. In all three birds
scine of the contour feathers are furnished with aftershafts.

Seventeen species of Gulls are admitted to the British
List—the American Laughing Gull, Larus atricilla Lin.,
was, according to Saunders, included in the list in error by
Montagu, and is consequently now excluded.

(1) The Common Gull, Larus canus Lin., was ¢o
named by the great Swedish naturalist Linné; but in this
country, though not uncommon, it is far out-numbered hy
several other species. This bird is not kncwn to nest in
England, but in Scotland and Ireland it breeds in a few
inland localities as wel) as on coastal cliffs. In a nesting
colony of Common and Herring-Gulls on a cliff in Co.
Donegal a difference of deportment in the young was noted
by Mr. D. C. Campbell and myself. The nestlings were
evidently disturbed by our presence above them, and the
Common Gulls stood up defiantly in their nests while the
Herring-Gull chicks crouched down motionless, evidently
trusting to their protective coloration to preserve them from
the supposed danger. In winter the Common Gull may
often be seen feeding in the fields and following the plough,
its white head at this season being streaked with grey. In
flight the Common Gull’s wings appear more rounded than
those of other gulls, and it is much more addicted to soaring
or gliding in circles.

(2) The Herring-Gull, L. argentatus Pontoppidan, is
probably (with the possible exception of the Black-headed)
the most numerous of our Gulls. In autumn and winter
and less frequently also in spring and summer it frequents
inland fields in considerable flocks, many of the birds being
in different stages of their immature plumage, for in this
species the mature plumage is not attained till the third or
fourth year. It nests in colonies mainly on coasta! cliffs,
Lut a single inland breeding station each iu England and
Scotland has been found, and a small nesting coleny was
dscovered by the side of a lake on the Co. Antrim plateau
some three miles from the coast in 1902, but visits paid to
the place in the two succeeding years proved it to have been
abandoned. The eggs present great variation both in size
and coloration, the ground colour ranging from pale to dark

306 (Proc. B.N-F.G.,

stone-colour, buff, olive, or even bluish-white; spotted and
blotched with many shades cf brown and lilac, and occasion-
ally almost or altogether spotless. The average size of 234
eggs from a single breeding colony in one year was found to
be 69.21 x 48.24 millimetres, varying in length from 62.23
to 79.98 mm. in length and 43.18 to 52.07 mm. in breadth.
A series of photographs of the nests in this colony was ex:
hibited, some of them showing the prctective coloration of
the young birds.

(3) The Yellow-legged Herring-Gull, L. cachinnans
Pallas, has only cnce been obtained in the British Islands
in Norfolk in 1886, but another is said to have been seen
at Dover in 1904. It breeds in the Azcres, Canaries,
Madeiras and in the Mediterranean region.

(4) The Great Black-backed Gull, 1. marinus Lin., is
the largest of our resident gulls—a most rapacious bird and
a great robber, for besides its natural food of fish, crustac-
eans, &¢., it devours eggs and young birds, and will attack
a sickly lamb or even a sheep. Like the preceding species
its nests are usually in cliffs by the coast and its eggs
resemble those of the Herring-Gull in colour, but are
larger, averaging about 75 x 52mm. In Ulster this bird
has only been known to breed in the counties of Antrim and
Donegal, but recently its nest has been seen in Co. Down.

(5) The Lesser Black-backed Gull, L. fuscus Lin., has
been observed in the Shetland Islands and the J'irth of
Forth in Scotland, but it has probably frequently cccurred
being passed over as the following species.

(6) The British Lesser Black-backed Gull, L. fuscus
affinis Reinhardt, has recently been separated from its con-
tinental congener from which it is distinguished by the
lighter colour of the mantle, as well as by differences in the
bill and wing measurements, about the latter feature how-
ever there is some doubt, as overlapping frequently occurs.
Its nest is usually to be found on sea-cliffs and marine
islands, but it also resorts to inland situations and ccnsider-
able numbers breed by lakes and on the moorland bogs of
the Co. Antrim plateau.

(7) The Glaucous Gull, L. gluwcus Briinnich, is an
Arctic species nesting in circum-polar regions. ‘To the
British Islands it is a winter visitor to the northern parts,
being annually seen on the northern and western coasts of
Ireland. ‘‘The Burgomaster,’’ as this large Gull is often
called, is a rapacious and carnivorous species, robbing other

1923-24.) 307

Gulls of their prey, and feeding on offal, crustaceans, young
birds and eggs. In point of size it is only exceeded among
British Gulls, and that but slightly, by the Great Black-
backed Gull.

(8) The Iceland Gull, I:. leucopteris Faber, like the
preceding species, is only known to us as a winter visitant.
In colour it resembles the Glaucous Gull, but is a much
smaller bird. Its wing, however, is proportionally longer
than that of its relative—the wing, when the bird is at rest,
projecting beyond the end of the tail, whilst in the Glaucous
the point of the wing does not reach to the extremity of
the tail.

(9) The Great Black-headed Gull, L. ichthyaétus
Pallas, breeds in South-Eastern Europe and Central Asia.
It is admitted to the British list on the strength of one
specimen obtained at Exmouth in 1859.

(10) The Mediterranean Black-headed Gull, L. melano-
cephalus Temminck, is, as its trivial name implies, an in-
habitant of the Mediterranean region, whence it extends to
the Black Sea and is said to have nested in Hungary. Four
examples have been obtained in England, viz., Sussex,
1866; Norfolk, 1886; Yorkshire, 1859; and Kent, 1913. Two
are also stated to have been taken in Cornwall in 1851, but
the evidence concerning them is not regarded as satisfactory.
This bird resembles our Black-headed Gull, but is slightly
smaller, and its head in the breeding season is black—not
brown as obtains in our common species.

(11) Bonaparte’s Gull, L. philadelphia (Ord.), is a
North American species which has been obtained four times
in England, once in Scotland, and oace in Ireland on Ist
February, 1848, on the Co.Down side of the River Lagan
between the Ormeau Bridge and the Botanic Gardens. This
specimen passed with the Belfast Natural History and
Philosophical Society’s collection to the Municipal Museum,
where it is still preserved. Outside the British lslands Bona-
parte’s Gull has only been once observed in Europe, viz.,
Heligoland in 1845. Unlike other Gulls this species, instead
of nesting on the ground, makes its nest on the branches of
trees, usually Spruce Firs, from four to twenty feet above
the ground.

(12) The Black-headed Gull, L. ridibundus Lin. The
trivial name given to this bird is misleading, as at no time
is its head black. About the month of February both males

308 (Proc. B.N.E.C.,

and females (for in ali the Gulls the plumage of the sexes
are alike) assume a chocolate-brown hood which is worn for
some three or four months. After this period till the en-
suing spring the colour of the head is white, except for a
small dusky spot in front of the eye and another greyish
spot behind the ear-coverts, with often a more or less grey
shade in the hinder part of the head. It is a gregarious
species, nesting in large colonies, known as gulleries, mostly
in inland situations. In Ireland it is probably the most
numerous of our Gulls—in point of numbers its only com-
petitor is the Herring-Gull—and of late years it seems to be
to some extent sacrificing its right to be considered a Sea-
Gull.

(18) The Little Gull, 7. minutus Pallas, is the
smallest known Gull and its eggs are indistinguishable from
those of the Common Tern. It breeds in Northern Kurope
and Asia, and is a visitor to the British Islands in autumn,
winter and spring. It occurs yearly, often in large numbers,
on the east coast of England and frequently on the south
ecast. About eleven specimens have been obtained in
Ireland, one in the Municipal Museum was shot in Belfast
Lough on 23rd December, 1847.

(14) Ross’s Gull, Rhodustethia rosea (Macgillivray).
This beautiful Arctic species, sometimes called ““The Rosy
Gull’’ on account of the rose-coloured feathers of its under-
parts, differs from other Gulls in its having a wedge-shaped
tail whence it is sometmes alluded to as ‘‘The Wedge-tailed
Gull.’’ This rare bird (for its existing numbers are believed
to be few) breeds in Siberia, and its place in the British
List is accorded for one specimen said to have been obtained
in Yorkshire in 1846 or 1847. This specimen, which is
preserved in the Leeds Museum, is certainly a bird of this
species, but doubts have been expressed as to its reatly
having been locally obtained.

(15) Sabine’s Gull, Xema sabinii (Sabine). In the
genus Xema (containing only two species—one South
American) the tail is forked. The present species is of
cireum-polar distribution and is almost an annual visitor tc
our islands in autumn and winter. Sabine’s Gull was first
recorded as British by William Thompson from the speci-
men, whose picture was exhibited on the screen, which was
shot in Belfast Lough on 18th September, 1822. Thompson
had also the honour of describing this bird in its first year’s

1923-24.) 509

plumage in a paper communicated to the Linnean Society
of London at its meeting on 15th April, 1834. This speci-
men is sti]! preserved in the Belfast Municpal Museum.
Some twelve specimens of this species have been obtained
in Ireland, seven in Dublin Bay, three in Belfast Lough and
two in Co. Donegal, all of these being in immature plumage.

(16) The Ivory Gull. Pagophila eburnea (Phipps), is
a circum-polar species which warders southwards in winter
and has twice been obtained in Ireland in the counties of
Louth and Kerry, but others are reputed to have been seen.
Its mature plumage is almost entirely snow-white with
yellow bill and black feet. Arctic explorers tell us that,
except during the nesting period, it is seldom seen inland
but usually found sitting on the ice. Flocks of these birds
often sit round a hole in an ice-floe for hours at a stretch
as if in council, a habit which has earned for this Lird the
name of ‘“‘Councillor.’’ It is called by the Norweigans
‘“The Ptarmigan of the Ice.’’

(17) The Kittiwake Gull, Rissa tridactyla (Lin.), a
beautiful little dove-like Gull, is abundant as a nesting
species on our cliff-bound coasts, where, on the ledges of the
rock it breeds in large colonies. At this period it is easy
to identity for if a stone be dropped down the face of the
nesting cliffs the birds will sail out with graceful flight all
the while uttering their name, ‘‘Kitty-wake, Kitty-wake.”’
In Ulster it is only known to nest in the counties of Antrim
and Donegal. The genus Rissa is characterised by the
absence of a hind toe, though in some examples vestiges of
this member may be found.

The question has often been asked:—How may the
different species of Gulls be most easily recognised? The
task is sometimes far from easy, for some of the species do
not attain the mature plumage until four or five years old,
and during this period the birds present a succession cf
plumages, and further, in several of the species the colora-
tion is different in the garbs of summer and winter. In
diagnosing our resident Gulls (at least those over a year
old) perhaps the simplest feature on which to base an
opinion is the colour of the legs and feet. In the Common
these are yellowish-green; in the Herring-, flesh-coloured ;
in the Great Black-backed they are also flesh-coloured, but
here the dark-coloured mantle and the size of the bird pre-
vent confusion; in the Lesser Black-backed, bright vellow;

510 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

in the Black-headed, red; and in the Kittiwake, black. It
must, however, be borne in mind that some of the non-
resident Gulls have similarly coloured legs and feet to those
of our resident species, and for their recognition other
factors must be taken into account. The foot coloration of
our visitant Gulls is as follows:—Sabine’s, brown or
blackish; Ross’s, red; Bonaparte’s, orange-red; Little, ver-
million; Mediterranean Black-headed, red; Great Black-
headed, greenish yellow with crange webs; yellow-legged
Herring, brilhant yellow; Glaucous, bright pink; Iceland,
yellowish flesh-colour; and Ivory, black.

Of the Terns or Sea-Swallows eleven species find a
place in the British List. Recorded examples of Ruppell’s
Swift Tern, Sterna bergii, said to have been cbtained
Dublin, 1846; of Leopoli’s Sooty Tern, S. anethctus. re-
ported having been taken off a light-ship in the mouth of
the River Thames, September, 1875; and of the Noddy,
Anons stolidus, two said to have been obtained off the
south-east coast of Ireland about 1830, and one in Cheshire
about 1891, are expurged owing to inconclusive evidence
as to their capture—indeed, in the case of the first cited
it was clearly proved that Thompson had been hoaxed.

(1) The Common Tern, Sterna hirundo Lin., and the
next species are very numerous in the British Islands,
the latter perhaps preponderating in Ireland. When the
nesting colonies are maritime they are often composed of
both Common and Arctic T'erns, but the latter is not known
to nest inland, which the Common frequently does. n an
island off the coast of Co. Down I have seen the nests of
these birds so closely planted that great care was necessary
lest one in walking should trample upon the eggs. Un-
fortunately disaster appears to have overtaken this colony.

(2) The Arctic Tern, S. paradisea Brimnich, closely
resembles in general appearance the Commor Tern, but is
of rather more slender build, has a darker breast, and is
without the horn-coloured tip found on the bill of the Com-
mon Tern. Adults at rest may be distinguished from
Common Terns by the comparative lengths of wing and tail.
In the Common Tern the tips of wing and tail are about
equal, but in the Arctic Tern the outside tail feathers pro-
ject considerably beyond the wing tips. Above all birds
this species has probably the greatest latitudinal range,
breeding in 82° N. or even higher and having been observed
on the shores of the Antartic Continent. The eggs of

1923-24.) S11

both Common and Arctic Terns are subject to great colour
variation and are difficult if not impossible to segregate,
those of the latter species are, however, usually darker and
of somewhat smaller size.

(3) The Roseate Tern, S. dougalli Montagu, may be
distinguished from the two former species by its long and
slender bill which is orange at the base and black at the
tip, but more especially by the inner webs of the primaries
being white to their tips. It is so named on account of the
beautiful rosy flush seen on the underparts, a feature which
unfortunately soon disappears after death. This rosy flush
is sometimes noticeable to a less extent in our other Terns.
‘The Roseate Tern was found nesting in the Cumbrae Islands
in the Clyde about the end of the 18th century and was
described by Montagu in 1812. Several nesting colonies in
the British Islands were afterwards discovered, and in
Thompson’s time many were breeding on one of the Cope-
land Islands off the coast of Co. Down. ‘These colonies
gradually diminished, and by 1884 it was considered extinct
as a breeder in the British Islands. However, during the
past few years Roseate Terns have again commenced nesting
in several English and Irish localities though it is to be
feared that the ravages of the collector have already
banished them in some places.

(4) The Little Tern, S. minuta Lin., is easily recog-
nised by its small size, quicker wing movements and by its
white forehead. In Ulster it is known to breed in the
counties of Down and Donegal and, if one might venture
to prophesy, its nest will yet reward the searcher in Co.
Antrim* and perhaps also in Co. Derry. In May, 1913, Mr.
Charles Oldham and myself saw a pair on a sandy shore—
a typical nesting ground for this specimen—on the Antrim
coast, and on mentioning this circumstance to the late R.
J. Ussher he at once exclaimed, ‘‘I wonder what the birds
were doing there; it is not their habit to wander far from
their nesting sites in the breeding season!’’ In company
wth Mr. Ussher in 1910 I visited an island in Clew Bay,
Co. Mayo. This island at high tide was merely a sand strip,
but on it we found twenty-six nests of the Little Tern. I
say nests, but it may be well tv mention that no nesting
material was used, the eggs being laid in mere hollows
scratched out in the sand.

_ “Since this Paper was read Mr. J. R. H. Greeves has found the
Little Tern nesting in Co. Antrim, in the place where the birds were
seen in 1913.—N.H.F.

312 (Proc. B.N.F.C

(5) The Caspian Tern, S. caspia Pallas, is the largest
bird of the genus, inhabiting South-Eastern Europe and
Western Asia. To the British Islands it is a rare vagrant,
less than twenty specimens having been obtained—all in
England.

(6) The Gull-billed Tern, S. anglica Montagu, breeds
in Eastern and South-Eastern Europe and Central and
Southern Asia. About twenty-four specimens have been
identified in the British Islands most of which were ontained
on the south coast of England. One specimen had been
recorded from Belfast Lough, but on its being submitted to
the late Howard Saunders he pronounced it an Arctic 'Tern.
The species was first described by Montagu frem a specimen
shot in Sussex. He, being unaware that this bird was only
a rare visitant to our shores, bestowed on it the inappro-
priate specific name anglica.

(7) The Sandwich Tern, S. sandvicensis Latham,
derived its trivial and specific names from Sandwich in
Kent, where it was first recognised in 1784. It is a summer
visitant to our islands, nesting in several localties in Eng-
land, Scotland and Ireland. In Great Britain its breeding
haunts are almost if not exclusively coastal, but in Ireland
there are several inland breeding colonies as well as a few
on the sea coast. One of the latter, in Co. Down, has, I
fear, been almost extirpated by collectors. Let us hope the
lately formed Ulster Society for the Protection of Birds
will be able to prevent such outrages.

(8) The Sooty Tern, S. fuliginosa Gmelin, is a wide-
spread tropical species which occasionally wanders to
Europe and of which six specimens have been procured in
England.

(9) The Black Tern, Hydrochelidon nigra (Min.),
formerly bred in England, but is now only known as a
passage migrant to these islands. It has been recorded
from twelve or thirteen Irish counties, usually in autumn,
and the birds in immature plumage.

(10) The Whiskered Tern, H. leucoparcia Temiminck,
breeds in Southern Europe, Asia and North Africa. 'Tlo the
British Islands it is a rare visitant—twelve specimens
having been recorded from England, one from Scotland and
one (Dublin Bay, 1839) from ‘Treland.

(11) The White-winged Black Tern, 4. leucoplera
(Schinz), breeds in South-Iastern Europe and in Asia
wintering in South Asia, Africa, Australia and even New

1923-24.) ote

Zealand. To our country it is a rare vagrant in spring and
autumn. Six examples of this species have been taken in
Treland, all of them in the southern part of the island.

The last named three species are known as Marsh
Terns and, at least in the breeding season, subsist mainly
on insects.

Our list only includes four Skuas or, as they are some-
times termed Skua-Gulls. They differ from the Gulls and
Terns, in addition to the features already mentioned, by
having the bill furnished with a wax-like ‘‘cere,’’ such as
is found on Birds of Prey and Parrots. The Family con-
tains two genera, both of which are represented in the
British avifauna, one by one, and the other by three species.

(1) The Great Skua or Bonxie, Cuatharacta skua
Briimnich, a bird about equal in size to the Herring-Gull,
is the largest of the group. It breeds in the Shetland
Islands, where of late years, under strict protection, it has
greatly increased in numbers. Elsewhere in these islands
it is usually a winter visitor, seldom being seen inland. As
well as pursuing Gulls and Terns and forcing them to dis-
gorge their prey, it will attack, kill and eat the birds them-
selves. ‘The central pair of tail feathers in this species only
projects about half an inch beyond the others.

(2) Richardson’s Skua, Stercorarius parasiticus (Lin.),
breeds throughout the Arctic and Sub-Arctic regions of both
hemispheres, its most southerly nesting place being in North
Scotland. In winter it migrates southwards, being recorded
from the Cape of Good Hope, Rio de Janiero and even
Australia and New Zealand. The central pair of tail
feathers is sometimes three inches longer than the others.
There are two very distinct varieties in this species, one
being entirely of a sooty colour and the other with light
under-parts, but the two appear to mate indiscriminately.
It feeds principally on fish, obtained by robbing the smaller
Gulls and Terns, but it also preys on wounded or disabled
birds, and is said to plunder the nests and consume the
eggs of other sea-fowl, and has been known to pick up
worms and mollusks. It is sometimes called the Arctic
Skua, but this name is inappropriate as its habitat is much
less Arctic than the two succeeding species. In the Shet-
lands it is known as ‘‘Scoutie.’’

(83) Buffon’s Skua, 9. longicaudas Vieillot. In this

species the middle pair of tail feathers may attain a length
of nine inches more than that of those at each side of them,

814 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

hence it is sometimes styled the Long-tailed Skua. It
breeds in high latitudes, seldom south of the Arctic Circle,
migrating in autumn and winter as far south as Gibralter,
as well as to about 40° N. on the American coast. It is the
smallest of the Skuas and is said to “‘glide along with
effortless flight, and indeed to present the embodiment of
grace and the poetry of motion.’’

(4) The Pomatorhine Skua, S. pomarinus (Tem-
minck), is found during the breeding season in the Arctic
tundra of both hemispheres, whilst in winter it wanders
into southern oceans, having been obtained in North
Australia, Western and South-Western Africa and on the
coast of Peru. The pair of central tail feathers, which are
broad and rounded at the ends, project about four inches
beyond the others and each feather is vertically twisted, on
account of which it has been designated the Twist-tailed
Skua. Melanistic varieties of this species are not un-
common.

Viewed from the standpoint of human economy we
may regard the Skuas, which are few in numbers, as a
negligible quantity. The Terns do take toll of young or
small fish, but surely for their esthetic qualities we can
afford them a share. As to the Gulls the problem is more
complicated for some of them undoubtedly consume a large
quantity of young fish, and the Herring-Gull, when inland
in autumn will appropriate a quantity of our grain; but on
the other hand all the Gulls render us inestimable service
as scavangers, whilst in the fields they perform gocd work
in ridding us of numerous grubs detrimental to our crops.
Detailed research on the stomach contents of the Black-
headed Gull shows that sorne 70-80 % consisted of remains
of animal matter injurious to our interests.

The paper was illustrated by fifty lantern slides, and
on its conclusion was spoken to by the President and Messrs.
R. J. Welch, M.8Sc., M.R.I.A., and J. R. H. Greeves,
B.8ce.

GREAT EARTHQUAKES IN MODERN TIMES.

The fifth ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was
held in the Assembly Minor Hall, Howard Street, on Tues-
day, 19th February, when Mr. F. E. Tillemont-Thomason,
I.R.S.G., F.Ph.S., C.E., lectured on above subject. . The
President (Mr. J. A. 8. Stendall, M.B.O.U.) occupied the
chair, and there was a large audience,

1923-24.) 315

At the outset the lecturer referred to the earth’s unrest
in 1906, which commenced in Japan and extended to Chili,
devastating whole states and cities. In more recent years,
following shocks in Chili, it had been established by
seismology that earthquakes were the results of deep dykes
in the ocean bed which in a large measure influenced the
earth and reacted upon the earth’s crust. The lecturer
said he had never believed that there was a great cauldron
of fire inside the earth and that this was responsible for
earthquakes. On the other hand, he had come to the con-
clusion that the eruption might be due to the gradual cool-
ing of the earth’s crust, resulting in shrinkage. He went
on to describe the Messina quake, and related many touch-
ing incidents in connection with rescue work, which he
illustrated by means of lantern slides. The destruction of
Kingston, in Jamaica, was, he considered, proportionately
the most appalling of all disasters within recent years. ‘lhe
only redeeming feature of the catastrophe was the entire
absence of crime in the city, a large number of the popula-
tion being negroes, who behaved splendidly. The lecturer
gave a vivid description of his own experiences in the San
Francisco earthquake in 1906, and related many curious
incidents, both amusing and tragic. He spoke of the law-
lessness which prevailed in the ruined city.

At the close the thanks of the meeting were voiced by
Dr. Deans.

RATHLIN ISLAND.

The sixth ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was
held in the Museum, College Square North, on 4th March.
The President (Mr. J. A. Sidney Stendall, M.B.O.U.)
presided over a large attendance. Four short addresses
were delivered.

The President dealt with the zoological aspect of the
island, mentioning that the first cave spider to be recorded
in Co. Antrim was found on Rathlin. The chough, which
was a rare bird in the British Isles, was to be found there.

Captain C. D. Chase, M.A., M.C., speaking on the
botany of Rathlin, said there were 410 species of plant life
recorded. This number was over half the total for County
Antrim.

The topography and geology of the island was effec-
tively dealt with by Mr. S. A. Bennett, B.A., B.Sc., while
Mr: J. A. Moffatt outlined its history.

The addresses, which were the result of a recent visit
to Rathlin, were well illustrated by lantern views.

316 (Proc. B.N.F.C.,

LEPIDOPTERA OF THE NORTH OF IRELAND.

The seventh ordinary meeting of the Winter Session
was held in the Museum, College Square North, on Tues-
day, 18th March. Mr. Thomas Greer, the well-known Co.
Tyrone entomologist, was the lecturer. The President
(Mr. J. A. 8. Stendall, M.B.O.U.) occupied the chair.

Mr. Greer explained, with the help of specimens and
drawings, the different kinds of butterflies existing in Nor-
thern Ireland, and he compared them with the species
found in the North of England. He spoke appreciatively
of some lepidopterists of the past who came from Belfast
districts, including Mr. Kane, who revised Mr. Burchell’s
book on Irish Lepidoptera, Rev. Canon Bristow, Mr. C.
W. Watts, and Mr. J. E. BR. Allen.

The discussion at the close was taken part in by the
President and Messrs. W. M. Crawford, B.A., F.E.S.,
F.Z.8., and R. J. Welch, M.Sc., M.R.1L.A.

THE GEOLOGY OF THE AREAS VISITED BY THE
CLUB IN THE PAST, AND THOSE LIKELY TO
BE VISITED IN THE FUTURE.

The eighth and final ordinary meeting of the Winter
Session was held in the Museum, College Square North,
on Tuesday, Ist April, when Mr. 8. J. Welch, M.Sc.,
M.R.1.A., in a lecture intended mainly for younger mem-
bers, dealt with above subject. The President (Mr. J. A.
S. Stendall, M.B.O.U.) occupied the chair.

Previous to the lecture, Mr. S. A. Bennett, B.A.,
B.Se., read his Report as delegate to the conference of
delegates of corresponding societies of the British Associa-
tion.

Mr. Welch gave a rapid outline of the geology of
Antrim, Down and Derry, and in the course of his address
said that fortunately for students and enthusiasts in geologi-
cal matters in the North of Ireland practically every forma-
tion represented in the British Isles occurred in these three
counties. .

Over eighty lantern slides from photographs by various
members of the Club were used.

a

1923-24.] 317

ANNUAL MEETING.

The Annual Meeting was held in the Museum, College
Square N., on Tuesday, 15th April, at 8 p.m., the President
(Mr. J. A. 8. Stendall) in the chair.

The following Reports were presented :—

ANNUAT, REPORT.

The Committee submits its Sixty-first Annual Report,
as follows :—

During the year 1 Corresponding Member, 2 Honorary,
180 Ordinary and 35 Junior Members were elected.

14 Ordinary Members resigned, and 1 Corresponding
Member and 5 Ordinary Members died.

The membership now consists of 1 Corresponding
Member, 8 Honorary, 2 Life, 693 Ordinary and 73 Junior
Members, making a total of 777

Ten meetings of Committee were held during the year,
at which the attendances were as follows :—

Robert Bell 7, JOR. H. Greeves 5
S. A. Bennett ..: Pees ee, Ad Eteron ; ye
Miss S. Blackwood . OSA.) P* Hoskins”... , ©
A. A. Campbell h2 407 | in: SS. Lepper ce
N. Carrothers ... .. 9| 8S. M. Macoun . 10
J. K. Charlesworth ... 1 | W. R. Megaw Be
A. M‘I. Cleland 9 | James Orr wk 4-79
W. M. Crawford iT... (Osborne <:: ag
T. M. Deans 7|J. A. S. Stendall . 10
W. A. Green 0| R. J. Welch 6

oT. Greeves ... ‘ 0

Mars i ci>'T. ake goeianed membership of the Com-

mittee immediately after election, and Mr. R.

was co-opted in his place.

S. Lepper

Ten Summer Field Excursions were held :—

Black Mountain 19th May ... 45 Present,
Murlough Bay 2nd June s.c5 OT FY
Slemish and District 16th June sie Ow as
Monlough , 30th June Bh S.33 Se ”
Loughinisland, elousti: vanae

Seaforde Ae 21st July ... 53 ”
Woodburn Glen and nuncrue

Fort . 11th August ... 665 ”
Cushendun and Glenariff 1st September ... 63 ”
Nendrum 8th September ... 40 e
Dundrum 15th September ... 72 .

Purdysburn Gien

29th September .. 57 3 55

$18 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

A most successful conversazione was held in the
Assembly Hall, Fisherwick Place, on 23rd October. Over
300 members and friends were present, and greatly enjoyed
the many interesting exhibits and the social intercourse.

Eight meetings were held during the Winter Session,
when the following lectures were delivered and papers read,
abstracts of which will be found in the Proceedings :—

1928.
November 27... PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.—The Club and
Its Future.
December 18 ... The Romans in Britain: Hadrian’s Wall.
JOSEPH SKILLEN.
1924.
January 15 ... Some Common Objects of the Sea-Shore
D. J. CARPENTER, A.R.C.SC.L.
January 29 .... The British Gulls, Terns and Skuas.
NEVIN H. FosTErR, F.L.S., M.R.I.A., M.B.0.U.
February 19 .... Great Earthquakes in Modern Times.
F. E. TIrLLeMontT-THOMASON, F.R.S.G., F.PH.S.
March 4 ... Rathlin Island, its History,

Flora and Fauna,
THE PRESIDENT, S. A. BENNETT, B.A., B.SC.,
Capt. C. D. CHASE, M.c., M.Aa., and J. A. Morrertt.

March 18 ... Lepidoptera of the North of Treland.
THOMAS GREER.
April 1 .... The Geology of the Areas visited by the

Club in the past, and those likely to
be visited in the future.

R. J. WELCH, M.SC., M.R.I.A.

These meetings were well attended.

During the year the Route Naturalists’ Field Club was
organised, and, at its request, it was affiliated to our Club.
The Honorary Secretary, for the time being, of the Route
Club was elected a Corresponding Member of our Club.

Mr. S. A. Bennett, B.A., B.Sc., was our delegate t5
the Conference of Delegates of Corresponding Societies of
the British Association, His report will be included in the
Proceedings,

1923-24.) 319 ,

We desire to express our thanks to Mr. Hamill, White-
rock; Mr. Montgomery, Slemish; Mr. M‘Williams, Mon-
lough; Mr. Burke, J.P., Drumcaw; Mrs. Forde, Seaforde ;
Mr. Johnston, Mahee Island: Mr. R. W. H. Blackwood,
J.P.; Mr. George C. Reilly, Rev. Canon M‘Neice, Carrick-
fergus; and Mr. H. C. Lawlor, M.R.I.A., for assistance ‘a
connexion with our field work. We wish also to acknow-
ledge the kindness of the Press in reporting our activities,
and the help rendered by the Railway Companies in arrang-
ing our Excursions.

J: A. SIDNEY STENDALL, President.

A. ALBERT CAMPBELL, |

Honorary Secretaries.
THomas M. Deans, Jf y

HON. LIBRARIAN’S REPORT.

The Library has been better taken advantage of during
the past year, which is a gratifying sign.

Two new exchanges have come on to our list, the
Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and
Neweastle-upon-Tyne and the Isle of Wight Natural History
Society.

The Library suffers greatly from over-crowding, owing
to insufficient shelf accommodation, and from the difficulty
of opportunities for members consulting it freely.

A list of exchanges with other Clubs and Societies will be
found on another page.

W. M. CrawForp,
Hon. Librarian.

REPORT OF JUNIOR SHCTION.

The past year has been even more successful than the
previous one. ‘The membership of the Section is now 72.
85 having joined during the year. Our excursions during
the summer included The Kempe Stone, Scrabo Quarries,
The Flush, Divis and Ardglass, in addition to a visit in con-
junction with the Club to Mr. Bell’s Flint Site on Black
Mountain. On the Ardglass excursion tea was kindly pro-
vided at Castle Shean py Mr. F. J. Bigger, M.R.I.A., and
we included in our day’s work—Inch Abbey, Down
Cathedral, Saul, Raholp Church, a passing glimpse of
Kilclief Castle, Ardtole Church and Ballynoe Stone Circle.
The attendances at the excursions were fairly good, averag-
ing about 9 or 10, the lowest being on the Divis afternoon

3820 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

(3). The thanks of the Committee are due to Capt. C. D.
Chase, M.A., M.C., Mr. F. J. Bigger, M.R.I.A., and Mrs.
W. L. Greeves for kindly providing tea on various ex-
cursions.

During the winter session notices of the Club meetings
have been sent to the Juniors, and the attendances have
been encouraging.

At the Annual Conversazione, held in the Assembly
Hall, the Junior Section table was well filled with exhibits,
prizes in various subjects being gained by Nora Stendall,
Maurice and Ronald Crawford and Tom Megaw.

J. Ronautp H. GREEVES.
Hon. Secretary.

DECEASED MEMBERS.

Mr. John Pim, J.P.

Dr. J. S. Holden.

Miss M. K. G. Houston.
Mr. J. W. Kernohan, M.A.
Mr. S. C. Black.

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Fifteen Ordinary and two Junior members were elected.
Previous not:ce haying been given, the fellowing altera-
tions were made in the Rules :—

Moved by Mr. 8S. A. Bennett:—‘‘ That Rule III. be
altered as follows, as regards the election oi Ordinary Mem-
bers: ‘ Ordinary Members shall be proposed and seconded
by two existing Members on a Nomination Form to be ob-
tained from the Honorary Secretaries. These proposals
shall come before the Committee of the Club who shall vote
by ballot for or against acceptance. The names of the ac-
cepted candidates shall be submitted for election half-yearly
—at the Annual Meeting in April and the Annual Conver-
sazione in October. Ordinary Members shall pay annually
« subscription of Five Shillings, and shall on election pay an
Entrance Fee of Five Shillings.’ ”’

Moved by Rev. W. Ji. Megaw:—‘‘ That Rule III. be
altered by adding after the first sentence: ‘ Not more than
twenty-five Ordinary Members shall he elected half-
yearly.’ ”’

Moved by Mr. A. A. Campbell:—‘‘ That Rule II. be
altered by adding to the first paragraph. ‘ and those who are
two years in arrear shall cease to be Members of the Club.’ ”’

Moved by the President:—‘* That the first sentence of
the third paragraph of Rule III. be altered to read: ‘ Junior
Members, who must be between the ages of twelve and
twenty-one years, may be elected at any Meeting of the
Club, and shall not be required to pay any Annual Sub-
scription from twelve tc eighteen; from eighteen to twenty-
one they shall pay an Annual Subscription of Two Shillings
and Sixpence which shall be wholly used for the benefit of
the Junior Secticn.’ ”’

Moved by Mr. James Orr:—‘* That the Sections be re-
ecnstituted, and that Members desirmg to join any Section
shall pay an additional subscription of One Shilling to the
Secretary of the Section (such subscriptions to be used for
the benefit of the Section); and that Rule VII. be altered
accordingly.’’

A recommendation from the Committee that a Record-
ing Secretary be appointed, and that Rule V. be amended
accordingly was discussed, and, on the motion of Mr. A.
M‘I.. Cleland, seconded by Mr. A.. A. Campbell, was
adopted.

1923-24. ] 323

A further recommendation from the Committee was dis
cussed and adopted, on the iotion of the President;
seconded by Mr. 8. M. Macoun, namely—That a Club
Medal be instituted, with the fcllcwing Ruies :—

(1.) The Medal shall be known as “* The Belfast Natu-
ralists’ Field Club Medal, instituted 19238.’’

(2-) One Medal only shall be awarded annually, but it may
be withheld if the Committee of the Club so decides.
Only Members of the Club in full membership for
over ten years shall be eligible to receive the Medal.
The Medal shall be a anied solely for work done in
Ireland in connexion with the Club’s activities. The
recipient need not necessarily at the time of the award
be resident in Ireland.

(4.) The awarding of the Medal shall be at the discretion
of the Committee of the Club. The Committee shall
appoint, at the first Committee meeting of the Club’s
year, a Sub-Committee consisting of the President,
Vice-President, Honorary Secretaries, Honorary
Treasurer, and two other members of the Committee
(the Honorary Secretaries to be Conveners) to nomi-
nate a suitable person (if any) whose name shall be
submitted to the full Committee at a meeting speci-
ally summoned, at which at least fourteen members
must be present. Approval or rejection shall be deter-
mined by ballot, a two-th‘rds majority to be necessary
for an award.

) These Rules shall not be altered unless by a two-
thirds majority at an Annual, Meeting of the Club, one
month’s nctice in writing of the proposed alteration
having been previously given to the Honorary
Secretaries.

The following Office-bearers were elected for Sessiun
1924-25:—President, Mr. J. A. S. Stendall; Vice-Presi-
dent, Mr. James Orr; Honorary Secretaries, Mr. A. Albert
Campbell and Dr. T. M. Deans; Hon. 'reasurer, Mr. 'T.
Iidens Osborne; Hon. Librarian, Mr. W. M. Crawford;
Hon. Secretaries of Sections, Mr. 8. A. Berinett (Botany).
Mr. A. M‘I. Cleland (Geology), Mr. S. M. Maccun
(Zoology), Mr. Joseph Skillen (Archaeology), and Miss S.
Blackwood (Junior); Ordinary Members sf Committee, Mr.
N. Carrothers, Mr. Robert Bell, Mr. J. R. H. Greeves,
Capt. C. D. Chase, Miss W. J. Sayers, and Mr. D. J,
Carpenter.

(3.

~~

—
ON
=

394 (Proc. B.N.F.C.,

REPORT OF THE CLUB’S DELEGATE TO CON-
FERENCE OF CORRESPONDING SOCIETIES OF
THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION FOR THE YEAR 1923.

The 91st Meeting of the British Association which I
attended as Delegate of the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club,
was held in September, 1923, at Liverpool. The Conference
met in the Civil Court, St. George’s Hall, Liverpool, on
Thursday, September 13th, Professor H. H. Turner,
F.R.S., Savilian Professor of Astronomy in the University
of Oxford, in the chair. Thirty-nine delegates were present,
representing forty-nine societies.

The President took as the subject of his address :—
‘The Work and Relations of Corresponding Societies-”’
[his address naturally covered a wider scientific field than
is usually associated with field club activities, but amongst
the topics touched on which may be of interest to our
Members were the following :—

(1) The use of a library such as cur Club already
possesses.

(2) The advisability of making a collection of Lantern
Slides and Photographs of !ocal interest.

(3) The appeal of the Royal Meteorological Society for
more detailed observations than those usually supplied by
their local observers such as :—

(a) The dates of flowering of our native plants in dif

ferent localities from year to year.

(b) The dates of arrival, nesting and departure of our

bird migrants.

(c) The dates of first appearance of our native insects.

This and similar work along these lines may be con-
fidently recommended to Members of our Club.

(4) The duty of protecting our native flora and fauna
by the formation of reserved areas, or by other means.

(5) The duty of protecting prehistoric sites of universal
interest which happen to lie within the area in which the
club works.

These duties fall well within the scope of our Club, and
should occasion arise, I make no doubt that the Belfast
Naturalists’ Field Club will gladly shoulder its responsi-
bilities. .

At this meeting sundry proposals submitted to the
Conference by delegates and others were discussed and re-
ferred to the Corresponding Societies’ Committee for
examination and report, and the Conference adjourned till
Tuesday, September 18th.

{923-24.} 325

At this adjourned meeting, among other recommmenda-
tions submitted by the Corresponding Societies’ Committee
which were adopted and forwarded to the Committee of
Recommendations of the British Association, I select the
following :—

(1) To represent to His Majesty’s Government, in view
of recent proposals to utilise for naval, military, or com-
mercial purposes sites of historic or scientific interest or of
natural beauty, such as Avebury, Holmbury Hill, and Lul-
worth Cove and its neighbourhood, the urgent need cf more
effective protection of such sites from disfiguremnent or
obstruction.

(2) To request the Director-General of the Ordnance
Survey to reconsider his decision to discontinue the issue by
the Ordnance Survey of quarter-sheets of the six-inch map
on the ground that, if quarter-sheets are not available»
teachers, students, and others engaged in various kinds of
research on local and regional distributions will be put to
expense and inconvenience in providing themselves with
the shects necessary for their work.

(3) To call the attention of local scientific societies to
the need for prompt and systematic supervision, in the in-
terests of scientific record, of all sections and other excava-
tions which were opened during the construction of new
roads or other public works.

In view of the activity displayed in the neighbourhood
of Belfast this last suggestion may afford our newly
constituted Geological Section opportunities to justify its
existence.

A discussion followed on the Function of local Scientific
Societies in regard to Schemes of Town Planning, and the
Conference then adjourned.

S. A. BENNETT, B.A.(Cantab.), B.Sc.(Lond.).

THE ROUTE NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

Founded in 1923 by the Hon. Helen Macnaghten, of
Runkerry, Bushmills.

The foundation members were, in addition: *Rev. F.
Medcalf, *Rev. J. Bell, *Rev. S. M‘Cully, *Rev. E. M.
Gumley (Hon. Secretary and Treasurer), Miss M‘Mullan,
and Messrs. *A. Kirkpatrick and Joseph Black. Those
above marked with an * and the following constitute the
first Committee :—Mrs. Huey, Mrs. Black, Messrs. Samuel
Henry, and J. J. Phillips.

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PAIARU TAM ATUL

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PROCEEDINGS
AND ANNUAL REPORT

OF LEE

BELFAST NATURALISTS’
FIELD CLUB,

For the Year Ending 3lst March, 1925

(SIXTY-SECOND YEAR)

SERIES. Il. PART VI

V@LUME VIII. 1924-23:

EDITORS:

A. ALBERT CAMPBELL, F.rR.s.A.1.
THOMAS M. DEANS, LL.p.

Advisory Editorial Committee :

polany—s. A, BENNETT, B.A., Bese:
Geology—A. Mcl. CLELAND.
Zoology—S. M. MACOUN.
Archeology —JOSEPH SKILLEN.

329

BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

SIXTY-SECOND YEAR, 1924-25.

GENERAL COMMITTEE.

President:
J. A. SIDNEY STENDALL, m.s.0.v.

Vice-President:
JAMES ORR.

Hon. Treasurer:
T. EDENS OSBORNE, F.n.s.4.1., 4 College Square North, Belfast.

Hon. Librarian:
W. M. CRAWFORD, B.a., F.E.s., F.Z.8., Orissa, Marlborough Park,
Belfast.
Hon. Sec. of Botanical Section:
S. A. BENNETT, B.a., B.sc., Campbell College, Belfast.

Hon. Sec. of Geological Section:
A. M‘T. CLELAND, 28 Green Road, Knock, Belfast.

Hon. Sec. of Zoological Section:
S. M. MACOUN, Clanrolla, Windsor Park, Belfast.

Hon. Sec. of Archaeological Section:
JOSEPH SKILLEN, 25 Stranmillis Gardens, Belfast.

Hon. Sec. Junior Section:
Miss S. BLACKWOOD, 6 College Green, Belfast.

Ordinary Members of Committee:

Retire 1925. Retire 1926. \) Retire 1927,

Rev. W. R. Megaw, B.A. | N. Carrothers.

R. J. Welch, m.sc.,

M.R.I.A. |
Capt. C. D. Chase, m.c., | Robert Bell.

R. S. Lepper, M.a.,
F.R.HIST.S. M.A. |

D, J. Carpenter,
A.R.c.sc.1. | Miss W. J. Sayers, B.A. [Ry Biekd. Greeves, B.SC.

Hon. Secretaries:

A. ALBERT CAMIPBELL, F.n.s.a.1., Drumnaferrie, Rosetta Park,
Belfast.

THOMAS M, DEANS, tu.p., Academy House, Rosetta Belfast,

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331

PROCEEDINGS.

SUMMER SESSION.

GARRON POINT.

Date—3lst May, 1924. Conductors—R. J. Welch, M.Sc., M.R.LA.,
and A. M‘I. Cleland. ‘Number present—50.

The first field excursion party for the season left College
Square North at 9 a.m. and journeyed via Ballynure,
Larne, and the Coast Road. The only stop on the way was
at Straidkilly to allow inspection of the village, which is
built on the slipping talus of Lias and is moving steadily
down the hill to the sea. Here an old clog-wheel car was
examined and photographed. On reaching Garren Tower
the party scattered on their various interests—-the
zoologists and botanists climbing up through a very steep
part of the wood on a search for land-shells and plants. <A
dozen common species of the former were ccllected, with a
few other invertebrates such as myriapods and isopods.
What is claimed tc be the finest eucalyptus tree in the
British Isles was examined. A fine variety of the polypody
fern was seen on an old wall with some big clumps of
another fern—Asplenium trichomanes. Near this was a
small mass of the rare Bedstraw (Galliwm mellugo). After
tea at the Tower a start was made for home, which was
reached about 10 p.m.

DUNADRY AND TEMPLEPATRICK

Date—l4th June, 1924. Conductor—Capt. C. D. Chase, M.C., M.A.
Number present—70.

The party proceeded by the 1-25 p.m. train to Dunadtry,
visiting on the way back to Templepatrick the pre-historie
stone circle at Kilmakee, where Mr. Francis Joseph Bigger,
M.R.J.A., described the ancient civilisation of the Sixmile-
water Valley so far as it can be made cut from its numerous
forts and stone circles.

Under the guidance cf the Rev. C. F. Newell, rector of
the parish, the party visited Castle Upton, a fine example
of Scottish baronial architecture, which belonged to the
Norton and Upton families. The old grayeyard in the
demesne contains the Upton vault and the grave of William

882 (Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Orr, the Irish patriot who was executed in 1797. Here also
are buried the Rev. Josias Welch, a grandson of John Knox,
and the Rev. Isaac Patton, the first Seceder minister in
Treland. The Rev. Alfred Turner, of the Unitarian Church,
gave the party some interesting historical infcrmation.

The Sixmilewater is the habitat of our best water-
Ranunculi, and Castle Upton demesne has occupied the
attention of the Club for years. All the plants known to
grow there were found in a flourishing condition. They in-
clude Valerianella pryenaiva, Geranium sylvaticum, Myoso-
tis caespitosa, Saxifraga granulata, Origanum vulgare,: and
Ranunculus tricophyllus, while near by is one of the few
stations for Draba muralis.

The geology of the district was described by Mr. Robert
Bell. The country rock here is a rhyolite, an acid intrusive
rock of very different appearance and composition from the
usual Co. Antrim basalt. Immediately underlying it is the
chalk which was formerly extensively worked. The rhyolite
reappears on Tardree, covering a known area of about ten
square miles. In the quarry at Templepatrick the rhyolite
is intrusive between the basalt and the chalk, but the data
are insufficient to determine the exact age and nature of
the flow. Rounded and travelled pebbles of rhyolite have
been found in beds usually regarded as lying between the
upper and lower basalts, notably at Ballypallidy. These
intermediate beds containing iron ore and bauxite are of
distinct economic importance.

Tea was served in St. Patrick’s Barn at the Temple-
town Arms, and the return journey was made by a train
which stopped specially for the party at 7-35 p.m.

CRANFIELD AND TOOMEBRIDGE.
Date—28th June, 1924. Conductor—Mr. Joseph Skillen.
Number present—27.

Members left Belfast by mctor coach at 10 a.m. The
first stop was at Edenduffcarrick (‘‘ the brow of the black
rock ’’), the ancient stronghold of the O’Neills on the shores
of Lough Neagh. Permission had been given by Mr. G. h.
Young, D.L., of Randalstown, to drive through Shane’s
Castle Park. The ancient church of Cranfield (“‘ a wild
garlic wood ’’) and the adjacent holy well were inspected.
This well is still resorted to for cures.

At Toomebridge, after the site of the ancent castle at
‘‘ the ford of 'Toome ’’ had been visited, the party proceeded
to the ee] fishery, walking over the seemingly crazy gang-

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1924-25.] ooo

ways to the middle of the river, where live eels were brought
up ‘for inspection, and the method of capture explained.
The archaeologists hunted over the sand dunes for pre-
historic implements, and were rewarded with some charac-
teristic examples. The diatomaceous clay deposits were aiso
visited. After tea at Mrs. M‘Cormick’s, the return jouracy
was made via Moneyglass, associated with ‘* Buraper
Squire Jones,’’ and a brief halt was made at the beautiful
rew church of ‘‘ Our Lady of Lourdes,’’ which was nearing
completion.

BALLYCASTLE DISTRICT.

Date—12th to 14th July, 1924. Conductor—Mr. R. J. Welch, M.Sc.,
M.R.I.A. Number present—21.

9?

The revival of the ‘‘ long ’’ excursion attracted an en-
thusiastic little kand who left Belfast at 9-380 on the morn-
ing of Saturday, the 12th July. On reaching Ballymoney.
three motors from the Antrim Arms Hotel, the Club’s head-
quarters for the week-end, conveyed the party, via Armoy
and Glenshesk, to Ballycastle. Mr. Welch pointed out the
circular door-head carved out of solid stone, the predecessor
of the built arch, in the Round Tower at Armoy. After
lunch, Murlough Bay was visited. Leaving the cars on the
moorland, the party walked down to where “‘ the waters o’
Moyle ”’ were calling beyond the great vcleanic dyke of
Drumnakill, with its little ancient cross and primitive
church site. Here the geology of this wonderful bay was
clearly explained, the centre formed of a mass of broken-up
chalk slipping down over the soft triassic marls seen in the
cliff section far above. After inspecting some deep crypts
bored in the hard chalk by Helix aspersa and H. nemoralis,
the party saw another series of holes drilled in solid rock
by marine action, locally known as “ pot-holes.’’ After-
roon tea at Mrs. Clarke’s cottage was much enjoyed, and
the cars were rejoined by a climb up the beautiful old fern
glen. Dinner and comparison of notes closed the day.

There was no official programme on Sunday. Most of
the members attended Morning Service in the various
churches of the village, and after lunch some motored to the
lovely little Portaleen glen and bay at Tor Head, where fine
masses of gneiss were seen in the glen cliffs, while others
visited Bunamargy Abbey.

Monday morning saw the party off to Whitepark Bay,
where the Rev. E. M. Gumley, the Secretary of the Route
Club, took charge as conductor for the day. The prehistoric

D

8384 (Proc. B.N.F.C.,

’

“kitchen-middens ’’ were diligently and successfully
searched for worked fiint implements. Returning to Bally-
castle for tea, luggage was collected, and Ballymoney
reached in time for the 6-54 train to Belfast.

GLENOE.

Date—26th July, 1924. Conductors—Messrs. N. Carrothers and
A. A. Campbell. Number present—62.

Members travelled by the 2-15 Larne express, which
stcpped at Glynn station for their convenience. The old
church of Glynn was first visited, Mr. Campbell giving a
brief account of its history. ‘The walk up the glen in the
brilhant sunshine, tempered by a refreshing breeze, was
greatly enjoyed. The botanists, under Mr. Cxrrothers’
guidance, kept a keen look-out for and were able to report
the continuarice of a number of rare plants which were found
here on the cccasion of the Club’s visit in 1875. Shortly be-
fore 5 o’clock the quaint little old-world village of Glenoe,
nestling among the hills, was reached. After tea, served by
Mrs. Mehsfiey, and a visit to the waterfalls, Mr. Robert Bell
led the way to the quarries, where there is a good section of
chalk formation containing numbers of flint nodules lying
along the planes of bedding. The limestone of these
quarries is remarkably pure, containing, according to the
analysis of Professor Hodges, nc less than 99.10 per cent.
of carbonate of lime.

On the way to the station some members visited the
rather interesting rath in a field to the left of the road. In
the centre of the rath are the ruins of an old stone-built
farmhouse, indicating human occupation of the site,
perhaps continuously, from the time it was constructed to
protect wattle or skin huts, almost to the present day.

THE SILENT VALLEY.

Date—23rd August, 1924. Conductors—Messrs. Robert Bell,
G. E. Reilly and G. C. Reilly. Number present—103.
Newcastle was reached by the 10-50 train from Belfast
and motor coaches completed the journey to ‘‘ the Kingdom
of Mourne.’’ On reaching the Belfast Water Commissioners’
property, Mr. M‘Ildowie, the Resident Engineer, took
charge of the large party along the culvert, pointing out the
various points of interest. The botanists hunted for and
found that somewhat rare plant Drosera intermedia in boggy.
ground above the moraine, a habitat that in the near future
will be submerged by the waters of the new reservoir.

1924-25.] 33)

BALLYHORNAN BAY.

Date—6th September, 1924. Conductor—Mr. 8S. M. Macoun.
Number present—5l,

Motor coaches leaving Belfast at 10 a.m. conveyed
Members via Ballynahinch and Downpatrick to Ardglass,
where a halt was made at Castle Shane. Mr. Francis
Joseph Bigger, M.R.I.A., is always an ideal host, but he
took special pleasure in showing the treasures of his castle
to the Club of which he is a past President. The reception
rcom is an Irish kitchen of the olden time. A fire of faggots
blazes in the open hearth, a large oak-tree table stands in
the centre of the floor and a great dresser against the wall;
a chandelier filled with candles is suspended from the ceil-
ing, and old-fashioned iron kitchen utensils in profusion Jine
the walls. In the dining-room above one’s eyes feast on
rare antique objects of priceless value.

Ballyhornan Bay, a noble sweep of sand and shingle,
with Guns Island lying at its southern end, was reached
about 2 o’clock. The zcologists soon found the lccal variety
of Helicella barbara. ‘To the geologists the district was in-
- structive, the coast line being composed of ordovician or
lower silurian slate, usually tilted at high angles and con-
taining many interesting dykes. The botanists had a splen-
did time. They fcund Rest-harrow, Sea-holly, Sea Convol-
vulus, ound-leaved Mallow, Sea Rocket, Good King
Henry, Field Gentian, Sea Arrow-grass, Black Horehound,
Sea Tree-Mallow, Parsley Water-dropwort, Sea Radish and
Orache.

Among the birds observed by the ornithologists were
Pied Wagtail, Rock Pipit, Heron, Kestiel, Redshank, Oyster-
catcher, Cormorant, Gulls, etc., as well as Jackdaws in their
‘ galleries ’’ at Benderg Bay.

_ The return journey was made past Kilclief Castle and
Strangford to Downpatrick (tea at Magee’s Hotel), and then
home by Killyleagh, Shrigley, the Cliath Lakes, Derryboy
and Saintfield.

CONVERSAZIONE.

The Winter Session was inaugurated by a Conversazione
held in the Assembly Hall, Fisherwick Place, on the even-
ing of Tuesday, October 21st. There was a very large
attendance of members and their friends,

896 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

The exhibits included :—

Botany.—Rev. W. R. Megaw, B.A., mosses; E. N.
Carrothers, fungi, edible and otherwise; Municipal Museum,
models showing life history of a fern, model of plant cell;
Linen Industry Research Institute, Lambeg (per Miss
Davin), photos and slides of sites, flax stems, and sections
of cloth, chart showing inheritance of flower colours; (per
Mr. Nodder), demonstrations of retting bacteria and of twist-
ing behaviour of fibres, photos of fibre structures; A. E.
Muskett, specimens of plant diseases; Miss S. H. Martin
(Botany Dept., Q.U.B.), hydrion concentration in sunflower
stem as shown by indicators; Department of Agricultural
Chemistry (Q.U.B.), photos of experimental plots; N. Car-
rothers, North of Ireland plants: J. R. H. Greeves, plants
lately added to the flcra of Rathlin Island; Capt. Chase,
English and Welsh plants which are rare in or absent from
Treland; S. A. Bennett, the fruits of the umbellifere.

GrEoLocy.—Rcbert Bell, minerals from Co. Antrim; A.
M‘T. Cleland, rhyolites of Co. Antrim; R. J. Welch, holo-
eene shells from Ulster sandhills; T. Edens Osborne, speci-
mens from Antrim and Down; D. J. Carpenter, crystals and
crystal models.

Zootoacy.—Nevin H. Foster, Irish record books showing
where each specimen of woodlcuse, centipede, millepede,
symphyle, and false scorpion had been obtained, also dis-
tribution maps; R. J. Welch, beautiful and curious shells,
living specimens of the heath shelled-snail (Helicella itala),
shell necklaces, shell knives; the President and Vice-Presi-
dent, birds and their eggs in natural surroundings; A. W.
Stelfox, humble bees and their parasites.

ArcHaEoLocy.—T. Edens Osborne, flint implements,
Egyptian antiquities; Joseph Skillen, stone anvil and
hammers, stone and flint celts, ethnological objects.

There were also interesting Entomclogical, Photo-
graphic, Microscopical, and miscellaneous exhibits.

After tea the President (Mr. J. A. 8. Stendall) took the
chair, and a short business meeting was held at which
twenty-five new members were elected.

The Club Medal for 1923 was presented to Mr. William
Swanston, F.G.S. (in absentia), and the Medal for 1924 to
Mr. Nevin H. Foster, F.L.S., M.R.I.A.

The prize awards to members of the Junior Section
were announced:—(1l) In connection with the Summer
Programme—Best ccllection of named natural history

4924-25. } 337

specimens (birds’ eggs excluded) made during the summer
of 1924, 1, Miss Agatha Crawford, 2, Master R. H. Craw-
ford; best collection of wild flowering plants, mounted and
named, Miss Agatha Crawford; best collection of any one
group of insects, Master R. H. Crawford; best botanical
collection, Master John C. C. Crawford. (2) In connexion
with the Conversazione, prizes for exhibits were awarded to
Miss Nora Stendall, Master T. M. Megaw, and Miss
Norah Neiil.

A display of lantern views of places visited cn the
summer excursions brought the meeting te a close.

WINTER SESSION.

Note—The authors of the various Papers of which
abstracts are given are alone responsible sor the views
expressed therein.

THER FLIGHT OF ANIMALS.

The first ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was
held in the Museum, College Square North, on Tuesday,
November 25th, when Mr. J. A. S. Stendall, M.B.O.U., de-
livered his presidential address. the subject being ‘* The
Flight of Animals.’’ After dealing generally with flight, the
President described in detail the different methods adopted
by members of the animal kingdorn in proceeding from one
place to another through the medium of the air. A fine
selection of lantern slides, exhibited by Mr. A. R. Hogg, was
used to illustrate the lecture.

Messrs. D. J. Carpenter, A.R-C.Sc.L., and 8. A. Ben-
nett, B.A., B.Sc., expressed the appreciation of the meeting.

THE BRITISH GEESE, SWANS AND DUCKS.

The second ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was
held in the Museum, College Square N., on Tuesday, De-
cember 16th, when Mr. Nevin H. Foster, F..S., M.R.I.A.,
M-B.O.U., delivered a lecture on above subject. The Pre-
sident (Mr. J. A. 8S. Stendall, M.B.O.U.) occupied the chair.

Mr. Foster said that the geese, swans, and ducks com-
prised the Order of Birds Anseriformes, all the members of
this Order bearing a strong resemblance to each other in
respect of outward form, but with striking dissimilarity as
regarded size and coloration. 'he birds all possessed four
toes, the three anterior united by a web and the hind toe
(practically functionless) being free. The young when

838 LProc. B.N.E.U.,

hatched were clothed with down and able to run abcut
shortly after emergence from the egg-shell. The eggs were
invariably uni-coloured, the shade varying from almost pure
white to creamy-white, butf or many shades of bluish-green
to olive or slate. The nest, usually placed on the ground,
was composed of withered grass or other herbage and pro-
fusely lined with down plucked by the female from her own
breast. The down of the various species possessed distine-
tive features, so that it was possible from its examination
to decide to which species the nest from which it had been
taken belonged. Most of these birds were inhabitants of the
Temperate and Arctic regions, but many of these in winter
migrated to Tropical countries, in which also a few were
permanently resident.

The British list included ten species of geese, only one
of which—the Grey Lag—now nested in these islands, in
Northern Scotland, though formerly it bred in Ireland
around Strangford Lough. In all our geese there was iittie
apparent difference in cclour between the sexes, and three
of the species of ‘“ grey ’’ geese superficially resembled each
other, requiring close examination to determine the dis-
tinguishing characteristics.

Of swans we had but three species, each of which was
pure white alike in male and female. The originally-
introduced Mute Swan was now resident and tc be found in a
perfectly feral condition all over the country. When swim-
ming, its neck was always gracefully curved, in contrast with
that of the Whooper and Bewick’s which was held straight
up. However, between these two there was great dif-
ference in size as well as the ccloration of the beak.

The. family Anatide comprised the ducks, which could
be roughly divided into three groups—Surface-feeding
Ducks of which we had twelve species, Diving Ducks of
sixteen species, and Mergansers of which we had four
species. About half of these were known t» breed in the
British Islands, others being winter migrants. In the
ducks, as a rule, the plumage of males and females was
markedly different, and many of them pcssessed feathers
richly glossed with metallic colours, particularly on the
wing-spot or speculum, which formed an important feature
for purposes of classification.

Mr. Foster’s paper was illustrated by fifty lantern-
slides, and the distinguishing features of the various species
were pointed out, as well as their nests and nesting habits.

1924-25. | 339

The President, Messrs. Joseph Skillen and R. J. Welch
spoke in laudatory terms of the lecturer’s treatment of the
subject.

A FIELD-DAY IN SPACE.

The third ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was
held in the Museum, College Square N., on Tuesday even-
ing, January 13th, 1925, the President (Mr. J. A. S. Sten-
dall, M.B.O.U.) in the chair.

Mr. Charles E. Kerr, B.A.. the lecturer for the eyen-
ing, dealt in a general manner with the bcdies met with
in space, and illustrated their characteristics by typical
examples. The means by which we derive our knowledge
of the starry heavens formed a suitable introduction to
the subject, and it was made clear that the astronormer
was not necessarily a “* star-gazer.’’ Taking his audience
on a preliminary tour through the precincts of the solar
system, Mr. Kerr introduced them to different types of
planets and their stages of evolution. Here also they
‘bagged ’’ specimens of comets and meteors, and finally
they proceeded to the sun to gather that furdamental know-
ledge necessary for interpreting the message that light
brings from the distant confines of the universe.

‘

Leaving the purely “‘ suburban ’”’ area of the solar
system far behind, the lecturer proceeded into the depths
of space, and the first halt was in the constellaticn Orion.
A discussion of real aud apparent association as evidenced
in constellations and star systems led naturally to the so-
called ‘‘ fixed ’’ stars, which were shown not to be fixed at
all. The stars Betelgeuse and Rigel furnished material for
interesting information, and the Great Nebulae formed an
introduction to the subject of the nebulae in general.
Beautiful photographs of the different types were shown—
the bright and dark nebulae, the diffuse, planetary, and
spiral.

Sampling different constellations, examples of the
many varieties of stars were given—the giants and dwarfs,
the binaries, the double stars, the variables, eclipsing,
cepheid, and long period.

Excellent lantern slides of the occupants of the solar
system assisted in making a difficult subject intelligible.
A feature of the lecture was that, with the exception of «
star chart, every slide was a real photograph of some
heavenly body.

S40 [Proc. B.N.F.6.,

The President, Rey. J. F. Shiels, and Messrs. James
Loughridge, Joseph Skillen, D. J. Carpenter, W. R. Robin-
son, and George Park took part in a very interesting’ dis-
cussion which followed.

THE ROMANCE OF THE WILD-FLOWER.

The fourth winter meeting of the Club was held in the
Museum, College Square N., on Tuesday evening, January
27th, the President (Mr. J. A. 8. Stendall, M.B.O.U.) in
the chair, when the Rev. HE. M. Gumley, B.A., B.D.,
Honorary Secretary of the Route Naturalists’ Field Club,
read a paper on “‘ The Romance of the Wild-flower.”’

Mr. Gumley said he was dealing with a little world in
itself, which had some external points of likeness to the
big world of man. It had its races, families, tribes, etc.,
for which it was much concerned in finding residentiai
quarters. It was also concerned with the realms of co:-
merce, pharmacy, history, art, and poetry, and it had its
quota of heroes, villains and parasites. Coming more par-
ticularly to the mernbers of the plant world we are struck
by their strange names. Some are named from their
fancied likeness to other well-known natural objects, many
go back to pre-Christian times, and embody classica!
legend, while others named by the medieval monks were
dedicated to scme saint or were called after saintly
qualities.

In the sphere of plant ecology, instances were given
of plants which show preference for water, marsh, bog, sea-
shore, mountain or woods and shady places. Wxamples
were given from Mr. Gumley’s own observation of plant
migration and immigration. The use of plants in pharmacy
was touched on, and the commercial value of plants from .
which dyes are obtained was pointed out. The wild-flower
in art was illustrated by a reference to Gothic architecture,
where its influence has been most lasting. In history at-
tention was confined to the three national emblems—the
thistle, rose and shamrock. In poetry almcst everyone who
had written verse drew inspiration from the flowers.

The paper was illustrated by a fine series of lantern
slides, and the Club’s appreciation was voiced by the Pre-
sident, and Messrs. S. A. Bennett, Joseph Skillen, R. J-
Welch, George E. Reilly and B. Murray.

4024-25. 5A1
ABE THE CONTINENTS FLOATING?

The fifth ordinary meeting of the Club was held in the
Museum, Coilege Sqvare N., on Tuesday evening, February
17th. The President (Mr. J. A. S. Stendall) was in the
chair, and suitably introduced the lecturer, Mr. J. K.
Charlesworth, D.Sc., M.R-I.A., Professor of Geology,
Queen’s University, Belfast.

Professor Charlesworth said that Newton determined
the density of the earth to be 5.5 Since the average
density of the surface rocks forming the ccrtinents is about
2.65 the interior of the earth must clearly have a much
higher density than that possessed by the earth as a whole.
It has, therefore, long been held that the earth is composed
of layers of different densities, an outer layer termed Sal,
a lower one Sima and a deeper one Nite. The Sai is con-
fined, probably exclusively, to the continents, the floor of
the oceans being formed of Sima. The ccrtinents, there-
fore, would appear to be slabs of Sal on a substratum of
Sima. There are many reasons for believing that the mass
otf the continents which rises above the general level of the
earth is compensated by a mass defect; in other words,
that the bottom of the continental slab projects downwards
into the Sima, the lighter Sal slabs being partially sub-
merged in the heavier Sima.

Since the temperature increases into the interior of the
earth at aa average rate, at least so far as the surface layers
are concerned, of, say, 1 degree C. for every 50 miles, the
bottom of the continental slabs will lie at a depth which
will coincide approximately with the depth at which the
Sima begins to melt. From considerations of the relative
densities of the Sal and Sima rocks it is thought that the
continental slabs will be immersed in Sima to a depth of
about six-sevenths of their thickness, like tabular icebergs
in the sea.

With regard to these views geologists in general are
agreed. But there agreement ends. It is held by one great
school, with probably an increasing number of adherents,
that tidal and other forces cause a very slcw drift of the
continental slabs westward and towards the equator. In
this way it is thought North and South America have
drifted off frcem Europe and Africa, of which they at one
time formed part, thereby producing the Atlantic depres-
sion floored by Sima. It is urged in support of this view

842 (Broe. BNE,

that the outlines and geological build of the two sides of
the Atlantic are in agreement. The similarity in outline
can be readily perceived on a globe; the extent of identity
and agreement of the geological structure is, however, 2
subject of dispute among geologists.

This theory is further applied to the elucidation of
problems in connexion with the distribution of animal and
plant life in the present and in the geological past. The
occurrence of similar forms of life on continents now widely
separated from each other has been previcusly explained
by supposing the existence of ‘* land bridges ’’ over the
sites of the separating oceans, and across which the flora
and fauna migrated. ‘he new hypothesis, however, uc-
counts for the similarity of these widely separated forms by
drifting together intc contact the continents on which they
are found. ‘The hypothesis of drifting continents is at pre-
sent still the subject of critical discussion. The decision is
not yet.

The lecture was followed by a keen discussion, which
was taken part in by the President, Dr. R. Lloyd Praegar,
M.R.I.A., Dublin, and Messrs. 8S. A. Bennett, Nevin H.
Foster, and Charles EK. Kerr.

THE ZOOLOGY GF ETHNOGRAPHY.

The sixth meeting of the Winter Sessior. was held in
the Museum, College Square N., on Tuesday evening,
March 10th. ‘The. President (Mr. J. A. 8. Stendall)
occupied the chair.

The lecturer, Mr. Samuel Freeland, of the City
Museuin Staff, dealt in a very interesting manner with
‘The Zoology of Ethnography.’’ He introduced his sub-
ject by defining ethnography as ‘‘ that branch of the
general science of man descriptive of the manners and
customs of particular peoples, especially of those races who
have no written reccrds.’’ Having pointed out how some
races, e.g. the Eskimo, are more dependent on animals
than others, he showed examples of articles of clothing and
ornamentation made from the skins, fur, bcnes, and teeth
of animals. Feather ornamentation was explained, and the
Hawaiian feather cloak in the municipal collection was
exhibited.

Fish and reptile products were then deal! with, and an
account was given of the carved representations of animals
on their utensils and totem pcles for which the Haida
Indians are famous.

1924-25. | B43

The discussion at the close was joined in by the Pre-.
sident and Messrs. J. Skillen, R. S. Lepper, R. J. Welch,
and A. M‘I. Cleland. :

Mr. D. J. Carpenter presented his report as representa-
tive of the Club at the Conference of delegates of Corre-
sponding Societies of the British Associaticn.

STRANGFORD LOUGH.

The seventh and concluding meeting for the winter
was held in the Museum, College Square N., on Tuesday
evening, March 2lst. The President (Mr. J. A. S. Sten-
dall) was in the chair.

The Geology of Strangford Lough was described by
Mr. A. M‘I. Cleland, its Archaeology by Mr. Joseph
Skillen, its Botany by Mr. S. A. Bennett and Capta‘n
Chase, and its Zoology by Mr. James Orr.

The addresses were illustrated by lantern slides, and
were spoken to by Messrs. H. C. Lawlor and R. J. Welch.

ANNUAL MEETING.

The Annual Meeting was held in the Museum, College
Square N. on Tuesday, April 21st, at 8 p.m., the President
(Mr. J. A. S. Stendall) in the chair.

The following Reports were presented :

ANNUAL REPORT.

The Committee has pleasure in submitting its Sixty-
second Annual Report, as follows :—-

During the year 26 Ordinary Members resigned, and 2
Honorary and 7 Ordinary Members died. The two Honor-
ary Members—the Rev. Robert Workman and Mr. George
Donaldson—were the last survivors of the little band of
young men who, in 1863, estabiished the Club.

The names of several Members whose subscriptions
were unpaid for two years have been removed from thé
toll. 1 Corresponding Member and 57 Ordinary and 18
Junior Members were elected. The Merabership now con-
sists of 7 Honorary, 1 Corresponding, 2 Life, 631 Ordinary
and 86 Junior, making a total of 726.

844 {Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Eleven meetings of Committee were held during the
year, at which the a:tendances were as follows :—

Robert Bell Re J. R. H. Greeves 3
S. A. Benrett Bi: KR. 8. Lepper Patt)
Miss 8. Biatkavood . ee S. M. Macoun Brita.
A. A. Campbell AC i Rev. W. R. Megaw 5
D. J. Carpenter ee James Orr it
N. Carrothers LC10 T. E. Osborne 8
Capt. Chase Bei ae Miss Sayers 6
A. M‘T. Cleland epee 1) Joseph Skillen 9
W. M. Crawford eae eS J. A. §. Stendall vt
Dr. Deans ey R. J. Welch 6
Seven Summer Iield Excursions were held :—

Garron Point 3ist May is 50 Present.
Templepatrick (3 day) . 14th June su 70 --
Toomebridge Ae 28th June sae 27 5
Ballycastle (3 day) bf 12th to 14th July... 21 “
Glenoe (4 day) A, 26th July os 62 “p

Silent Valley aes 23rd August see 103—i,,
Ballyhornan 6th September ta 51 s

On each occasion the Club was favoured with yood
weather.

Reports of the Sections will be printed in the Proceed-
ings.

The Annual Conversazione, held in the Assernbly Hall,
Fisherwick Place, on 21st Octcber, was very largely at-
tended by Members and their friends. As usual, many of
our Members tabled interesting exhibits.

Seven meetings were held during the Winter Sessicn,
when the following lectures were delivered and papers read,
abstracts of which will be printed in the Prcceedings :—

1924
November 25—Presidential Address: ‘‘ The Flight of Animals.’
December 16—‘‘ The British Geese, Swans, and ‘Ducks,’’ Nevin H.

Foster, F.L.S., M.R.I.A., M.B.O.U.

1925.

January 13—‘‘ A Field-day in Space,’’ Charles E. Kerr B.A.
January 27—‘‘ The Romance of the Wild-flower,’’ Rev. E. M. Gumley,

B.A., B.D.
February RSH Are the Continents Floating?’ J. K. Charlesworth,
D.Sc., M.R.I.A.

March 10—‘* The Zoology of Ethnography,” Samuel Freeland.

March 31—‘‘ Strangford Lough: its ‘Natural and Archaeological
Features,’ A. M‘I. Cleland, S. A. Bennett, B.A., B.Sc.,
Captain Chase, M.C., M. A., James Orr, and Joseph
Skillen.

All these meetings were well attended. Mr. A. fh.
Hogg acted most satistactorily as our lanternist.

1924-25.] 845

Mr. D. J. Carpenter represented the Club at the .
Annual Conference of Delegates of Corresponding Societies
of the British Association. His report will be printed in
the Proceedings.

We regret that our Honorary Treasurer, Mr. T. Fdens
Osborne, after four vears’ unselfish devoticn to the duties
of his office, has been compelled, for varicus reasons, tu
resign. We tender to him our warm thanks for his services,
und we bespeak for his successor the hearty co-operation
of our Members.

We desire to express our thanks to Mr. Francis Joseph
Bigger, an ex-President cf the Club, the Rev. C. F. Newell
and Mrs. Newell, and the Rey. Alfred Turner, for help in
connexion with our excursion to Templepatrick; to Mr.
Francis Grant for courtesy exterded to the Club at Toome-
bridge, and-to Mr. M‘Ildcwie, Resident Engineer, for taking
charge of our large party on the occasion of our visit to the
Silent Valley. We also acknowledge our indebtedness to
the Press for publishing reports of our activities, and our
thanks are due to the London, Midland and Scottish Rail-
way Co., and the Co. Down Railway Co. for facilities
courteously afforded in connection with our excursions.

J. A. SIDNEY STENDALAL, President.

A. ALBERT CAMPBETLT,. Hon.
THOMAS M. DEANS Secretaries.

SS ET DT SI PIN TEE 2 SRR OS SS
DECEASED MEMBERS.

Rev. Robert Workman.

Mr. Franklin M. Walker.

Mr. William G. Mackenzie.

Mr. F. W. Lane.

Mr. Andrew W. Stewart.

Mr. W. RB. Pim.

Mr. George Donaldson.

Mr. Thomas Ward Montgomery.

846 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,
HONORARY LIBRARIAN’S REPORT.

The use made by Members of the Library continues
much as in other y:ars. The limited accommodation and
want of facilities of access are the chief obstacles to a
creater use being made of the many interesting publications
received from Exchanging Sccieties.

A list of exchanges with other Clubs and Societies will
be found on another page.

W. M. Crawrorp, Hon. Librarian.

REPORT OF JUNIOR SECTION.

The Membership of the Junior Section now stands at
86, the number of new Members for year being 18.

During the summer the following Excursicns were
held :—-The Lagan, Carr’s Glen, The Gobbins and Cave Hill
Quarries, at which Mr. R. Welch and Mr. S. A. Bennett
acted as conductors.

Each Member received the programmes of the Club’s
excursions and lectures, the latter being regularly attended
by many.

The Secticn’s exhibits at the Conversazione were on a
larger scale than in previous years and were of a most
interesting and varied character.

S. Biackwoop, Hon. Secretary.

REPORT OF BOTANICAL SECTION.

This Section consists at present of 32 Members.

During the summer of 1924 excursions were made to
the following districts :—
Cloughfin on May 17th.
Carr’s Glen on June 14.
Squire’s Hill on June 21st.
Magheramorne on July 5th.

There was an average attendance of about a dozen
niembers.

S. A, BENNETT, B.A., B.Sc., Hon, Sec,

1924-25. 347
REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SECTION.

The Section has had a very successful Summer Session,
making five visits in all, viz., Cloghfia Port, Upper Carrs
Glen, Squire’s Hill, Magheramcrne, and Tardree. All the
excursions were well attended, good work being done by the
various collectors. ‘The camera was also put to good use,
particularly at Cloghfin Port and Tardree.

As the Members journeyed to Tardree by charahanc,
it was possible to bring back excellent specimens cf Tardree
stones. Some of these were subsequently sent to Burslem
Technical School and Cheltenham College.

In all their excursions the Members nad the great ad-
vantage of the company of Mr. It. Bell, who, with his usual
generosity, placed his intin ate knowledge of the various
localities at the disposal of every individual.

The funds of the Section show a slight debit balance,
due to loss on the Tardree visit, but this will no doubt be
wiped out during the forthcoming session.

A. MI. Crrtanp, Hon. Secretary.

348

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1924-25.] ; 349

~"--Mr. Robert Bell and Mr. Nathaniel Carrothers were ~
elected Honorary Members, and twenty-five of the appli-
cants for admission to ordinary membership, who had been
recommended by the Committee, were clected.

Mr. Osborne’s resignation of the Honorary Treasurer-
ship was taken advantage of to present hin: with a hand-
some silver cigarette case as a tcken of the esteem in which
he was held by his fellow-members of Committee. Eulo-
gistic speeches were made by the President, Rev. W. R.
Megaw, and Messrs. A. M'I. Cleland, R. 8. Lepper, and
J. Skillen, and Mr. Osborne suitably responded.

On the motion of Mr. A. Albert Campbell, who had
given previous notice, Rule V. was altered by adding to ii
the words—‘‘ That the President, Vice-President, Generai
Secretaries, and ‘Treasurer be ex-officio Members of Sub-
committees.’”’

The following Office-bearers were elected for Session
1925-26 :—President, Mr. James Orr; Vice-President, Mr.
W. M. Crawford; Honorary Secretaries, Mr. A. Albert
Campbell and Dr. Thomas M. Deans; Honorary Treasurer,
Mr. Alex. H. Davison; Honorary Librarian, Mr. R. S.
Lepper; Honorary Reccrding Secretary, Mr. J. A. 8. Sten-
dall, Honorary Secretary of Botanical Secticn, Mr. S. A.
Bennett; Honorary Secretary of Geological Section, Mr. A.
M'‘T. Cleland; Honorary Secretary of Zoological Section,
Mr. R. J. Welch; Honorary Secretary of Archaeological
Section, Mr. Jeseph Skillen; Honorary Secretary of Junior
Section, Mr. D. J. Carpenter; Ordinary Members of Com-
mittee (retire 1926), Rev. W. R. Megaw, Capt. C. D. Chase,
Miss W. J. Sayers;.(retire 1927), Mr. N. Carrothers, Mr.
Robert Bell, Mr. J. R. H. Greeves; (retire 1928), Mr. T. E.
Osborne, Mr. Charles E. Kerr, Mr. 8. M. Macoun.

+ REPORT OF THE CLUB’S DELEGATE TO
CONFERENCE OF CORRESPONDING SOCIETIES
OF THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION.

The chief feature of the Conference, which was held at
Wembley on 22nd July, 1924, was an address on ‘‘ The
Preservation of Sites and Monuments ”’ by Professor John
L. Myers.
~~~ Phe lecturer stated that it was a matter of duty to care
for old monuments, not in arnateur fashion, but as an object

E

300 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

of civic administration. To do this it is necessary to educate
those in power by means of watchful public opinion, and to
obtain agencies representing the public mind always kept
in working order. Such agencies include legal measures,
official agents with the authority of government behind
them to enforce the laws, to keep a watchful eye on and
schedule all sites and monuments, to prevent the destruc-
tion of rare birds’ nests, etc., and public voluntary associa-
tions such as Field Clubs. The chief function of the last
mentioned can only be to influence public opinion in the
right direction.

Professor Myers reviewed the growth of public opinion,
with the various legal ineasures passed, so as to see exactly
what remains to be done.

Calling for the public care are four classes of objects :—

(1) Ancient buildings, cromlechs, forts, etc., raised by

human agency ;

(2) Sites of historic human achievements such as

battlefields ;

(3) Places of natural beauty preserved for the public

pleasure; and

(4) Places of scientific interest such as—

(a) Instructive geological sections,

(b) Haunts of wild life, such as salt marshes, etc.,
where the natural fauna and flora are con-
served.

As examples of good work done by the National Trust
in respect of the last category were instanced the procuring
of :—

(a) Wiken and Burwell Fens—Haunts of rare plants

and animals.

(b) Leigh Woods, near Bristol—Famous for its night-

ingales.

(c) Blakeneny Point, Norfolk—Abode of sea birds,

etc.

(d) Ruskin Reserve, near Abingdon.

And as late as 1924, the securing of

(e) Farne Islands—Celebrated breeding ground of sea

birds.

(f) Hatfield Forest—A famous deer- park.

France was the first to take action, and in

1810—Statute for expropriation of National Monu-
nents, passed,

1924-25.] 351

1830—Official inspector general of such monuments
elected.

1837—Guizot’s “‘ Classements des Monuments ”’ was
secured.

1887—Ancient Monuments Act passed.

In Greece a new kingdom legislation began in 1834.

Rrcorp ProGress IN Britain.

1839—Oxford Architectural and Historical Society
and Cambridge Antiquarian Scciety founded.

1869—Historical Manuscripts Commission established.

1873—Sir John Lubbock’s Ancient Monuments Bill in-
troduced, but only placed on Statute Book in 1882. ‘This
Bill provided for—(1) The compiling of a schedule of monu-
rents by voluntary advice; (2), the voluntary transfer by its
owner to the guardianship of the Commissicner of Works
with right of access, and its upkeep by voluntary contribu-
tions made through the Commissioners; (3), the purchase of
monuments by the Commissioners, who, however, were
granted no public funds for the purpose; (4), an Inspector of
Ancient Monuments, but without a salary.

1884—Chester Iniprovement Act secured the right to
prevent encroachment by private individuals on the city
walls, and procured local responsibility for the conservators
ef ancient monuments.

1892—Irish Ancient Monuments Act, extending the
authority of the Commission of Works to monuments other
than churches, and assigning an annual grant of £1,000 for
upkeep.

1895—Establishment of A National Trust for Places of
Historic Interest or Natural Beauty.

1899—EHdinburgii Corporation Act empcwered the City
Council to prevent disfiguration of important sites by
advertisements.

1900—Second Ancient Monuments Act passed.

1913—Third Ancient Monuments Consclidation Act in-
creasing the powers of the Commissioners of Works, the in-
clusion of other classes of buildings, and their preservation at
the expense o* the public.
That there is need for constant vigilance is instanced
by the following :—
_ Last year the Marconi Company intended installing a
wireless station at Avebury, right in the middle of the

352 {Proc. B.N.F.C.,

megalithic site. The Admiralty also intended to set up
scientific equipment at Holmbury Hill, but fortunately the
authorities concerned were persuaded as to the undesir-
ability of the procedure.

The War Office are making an attempt to keep the
public out of Lulworth Cave, Dorset, a place exceptional for
its beauty and its classic exposure of Jurassic strata. Its

fate, h is still in the balance.
ate, however, is still in the balance D. J. CARPENTER.

CLUB MEDALLISTS.

1923. Mr. Witi1am Swanston, F.G.S., joined the
Club in 1867 (fifty-seven years ago). He became a member
of Committee in 1869, and was Honorary Secretary from
1875 till 1890 (fifteen years), when he became Honorary
Librarian. He was Vice-President for Sessions 1891-92 and
1892-93, and President for Session 1893-94. In 1921 he was
elected an Honorary Member. His lectures and papers at
our winter meetings include the following :—

Dec. 28, 1870.—The Echinodermata.

March 10, 1875.—Graptolites, with special reference to
those found in Co. Down.

March 14, 1877.—The Correlation of the Silurian Rocks
of Co. Down. (Published as an Appendix to Pro-
ceedings for 1876-77.)

Dec. 17, 1878.—The Supposed Pliocene Fossiliferous
Clays near the Shore of Lough Neagh.

Feb. 21, 1882.—Recent Discoveries in the Lower
Palaeozoic Rocks.

Dec. 16, 1884.—The Origin and History of the Lignites
and Silicified Wood of Lough Neagh.

Jany. 29, 1889.—Photography as an aid to the Cluo’s
Work.

1924. Mr. Nevin’ Harkness’ Foster, F.L.S.,
M.R.I.A., M.B.0.U., was elected to membership of the
Club in 1899. He served on the Committee from 1903 till
1917, was Honorary Secretary from 1903 till 1905, Vice-
President from 1906 till 1908, President for Session 1909-10,
and Honorary Treasurer from 1918 till 1917. He acted as
one of the Editors of the Proceedings in most years from
1903 till 1917. His lectures and papers at our winter meet-
ings include the following :— 7

1924-25.] 353

Nov. 29, 1907.—An Elementary Outline of Zoology.

Nov. 16, 1909.—The Birds of Hillsborough.

Dec. 6, 1911.—A Talk about Birds: (This Paper was
read at the first meeting of the Junior Section.)

Dec. 13, 1911.—The Fauna of Cavan.

March 17, 1914.—How to Recognise our Common
Woodlice.

Jany. 16, 1917.—The Mourne Mountains.

Jany. 18, 1918.—The Woodlice of Ulster. (Published
as an Appendix to Proceedings 1917-1918.)

March 21, 1922.—Birds: Extinct and Living.
Jany. 29, 1924.—The British Gulls, Terns and Skuas.

._ LIST OF EXCHANGING SOCIETIES, 1924-1925.

An asterisk (*) indicates receipt of Proceedings during the
year.

Belfast—Committee of Public Libraries.
Natural History and Philosophical Society.
Presbyterian Historical Society of Ireland.
Birmingham—Natural History and Philosophical Society.
*Bournemouth—Natural Science Society.
*Brighton and Hove—Natural History and Philosophical
Society.
Bristol—Naturalists’ Society.
Cardiff—Naturalists’ Society.
*Chester—Society of Natural Science, Literature and Art.
ee Hoya! Trish Academy.
Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland.
Royal Zoological Society of Ireland.
*Dumfriesshire and Galloway—Natural History and Anti-
quarian Society.
*Dundalk—County Louth Archaeological Journal.
EKastbourne—Natural History, Photographic and Literary
Society.
Edinburgh—Geological Society.
* Kssex—Field Club.

854 (Proc. B.N.F.G.,

*Glasgow—Royal Philosophical Society.

Halifax, Nova Scotia—lInstitute of Science.
*Hertfordshire—Natural History Society and Field Club.
*Isle of Wight—Natural History Society.

Leyden—Rijks Ethnographisch Museum.
*Liverpool—Geological Society.

Naturalists’ Field Club.
*TLondon—British Association.

- British Museum.
i Geologists’ Association.
* Linnean Society.

*Manchester—Microscopical Society.

*Marlborough College—Natural History Society.
Mexico—Instituto Geologico.
Newcastle-upon-Tyne—Natural History Society of North-

umberland, Durham and Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

*North Staffordshire—Field Club.

Norwich—Prehistoric Society of East Anglia.
Oxford—Ashmolean Natural History Society.

*Perthshire—Society of Natural Science.

*Toronto—Royal Canadian Institute.

*Torquay—Natural History Society.

U.S.A:

Boston, Mass.—Society of Natural History.
Chicago—Academy of Sciences.

s Field Museum of Natural History.

*Cincinnati—Lloyd Library.

Madison, Wis.—Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, ie and

Letters.

*Milwaukee, Wis.—Public Museum.

*New York, N.Y.—Academy of Sciences.

*Philadelphia—Academy of Natura! Sciences.

Portland, Maine—Society of Natural History. -

*Rochester, N.Y.—Academy of Science.

*St. Louis, Mo.—Missouri Botanical Garden.

*San Francisco, Cal.—California Academy of Sciences.
Staten Island, N.Y.—Institute of Arts and Sciences,

*Tuft’s College, Mass.—Eaton Memorial Library.

*W ashingeton—U.8. Geological Survey.

= Government Printing Works.
3 National Museum.

1924-25.] 355

RULES

OF THE

Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club.

As amended at Amnual Meeting held 21st April, 1925.

I

That the Society be called ‘‘THE BELFAST NATURALISTS’
FIELD CLUB.”’

II.

_ That the object of this Society be the practical study of Natural
Science and Archaeology in Ireland.

180

_ That the Club shall consist of Ordinary, Junior, Life, Correspond-
ing, and Honorary Members. Not more than twenty-five Ordinary
Members shall be elected half-yearly. Ordinary Members shall be
proposed and seconded by two existing Members on a Nomination
Form to be obtained from the Honorary Secretaries. These proposals
shall come before the Committee of the Club, who shall vote by ballot
for or against acceptance. The names of the accepted candidates
shall be submitted for election half-yearly—at the Annual Meeting in
April and the Annual Conversazione in October.

Ordinary Members shall pay amnually a subscription of Five
Shillings, and shall on election pay an Entrance Fee of Five Shillings.
Members who are twelve months in arrear in their subscriptions shall
not receive any further circulars or other printed matter, and those
who are two years in arrear shall cease to be members of the Club.

That the composition fee for Life Membership be Four Guineas.

Junior Members, who must be between the ages of twelve and
twenty-one years, may be elected at any Meeting of the Club, and
shall not ‘be required to pay any Annual Subscription from twelve to
eighteen; from eighteen to twenty-one they shall pay an Annual Sub-
scription of Two Shillings and Sixpence, which shall ‘be wholly used
for the benefit of the Junior Section. Junior Members shall not
receive any printed matter except the usual notices; shall not have
the power to vote; and shall not borrow books from the Club’s
Library without special permission from the Librarian. On attaining
their majority they shall become Ordinary Members, and shall pay an
annual subscription of Five Shillings (5s).

IV.

That the Honorary and Corresponding Members shall consist of
persons of eminence in Natural Science, or who shall have done some
special service to the Club; that such Members may be nominated by
any Member of the Club, and on being approved by the Committee,
may be elected at any subsequent Meeting of the Club by a majority
of the votes of the Members present. That not more than twe

356 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Honorary Members be elected in any one year. That Corresponding
Members be expected to communicate a paper once within every two
years.

V.

That the Officers of the Club be annually elected amd consist of a
President, Vice-President, Treasurer, Librarian, one or two Secre-
taries, and a Recording Secretary, together with the Secretaries of the
various Sections of the Club. That the office of President or that of
Vice-President shall not be held by the same person for more than
two years in succession. That the President, Vice-President, General
Secretaries, and Treasurer be ex-officio members of Sub-Committees.

VE

That the General Committee shall consist of the above-named
officers with nine ordinary members of Committee, and shall hold at
least eight meetings during the year; five persons to form a quorum.

That three ordinary members of Committee shall retire annually
in order of seniority, those retiring being ineligible for re-election for
one year. Should any ordinary member of Committee fail to attend at
least three of the Committee meetings held during the year his or
her place may be considered vacant and another member elected to
fill the position. No ordinary member of Committee shall hold the
post of Secretary in any of the Sections. That in the event of a
vacamcy occurring in the General Committee a new member may be
co-opted to fill such vacancy for the remainder of the year.

That nominations for ordinary members of Committee shall be
sent in writing to the Secretaries on or before the 21st day of March
in each year. That the privilege of nominating members of Commit-
tee shall be held bby all Ordinary and Life Members of the Club,
That the names of those members so nominated shall be published on
the circular convening the Annual Meeting, at which the Ordinary
Members of Committee shall be elected by ballot. That should the
Rp Coat arise the retiring members of Committee shall be balloted
or.

VII.

The Committee may from year to year appoint Sectional Secre-
taries and Committees, as may be considered desirable, to further
original investigations in any one or more departments of the Club’s
work. Members desiring to join any Section shall pay an additional
subscription of One Shilling to the Secretary of the Section (such
subscription to ibe used for the benefit of the Section). No financial
responsibility to be incurred by any Sectional Secretary, Sectional
Committee, or any Officer of the Club without the previous approval
of the Club’s Committee. The Junior Section to have a Committee
composed of Six Members of the Club, the Chairman to be annually
appointed by the General Committee.

VIII.

That the members of the Club shall hold at least Six Field Meet-
ings during the year, in the most interesting localities, for investigat-
ing the Natural History and Archaeology of Ireland. That the place
of meeting be fixed by the Committee, and that five days’ notice of
each Excursion be communicated to Members by the Secretaries.
That each of the Sectional Secretaries shall be made responsible for

{924-25.] 357

the running of one Regular Excursion, the programme to provide
study in the subject appertaining to the Section, and that any addi-
tional Special Excursions shall be arranged by the Secretaries of the
Sections concerned.

IX.

That regular Monthly Meetings be held during the Winter Session
from November till April, inclusive, for the purpose of reading
Papers; such Papers as far as possible to be original, and to treat of
the 'Natural History and Archaeology of the district. That the Papers
to be read be secured by a Standing Organising Committee, consisting
of the Hon. Secs. of the Club, together with the Sectional Secretaries
and a Chairman. That between the Regular Monthly Meetings of
the Club Special Meetings open to all Members of the Club may be
held, at which Papers of specialised interest would be discussed. That
the Sectional Secretaries shall each be responsible for the providing
of a programme for one Regular and one Special Meeting, one Re-
gular and one Special Meeting to be arranged by the Hon. Secs. Any
extra Meetings shall be arranged by the Organising Committee, if
desired. That the programme for the Winter Session shall be com.
pleted by the date of its First Meeting and issued to all Members.
That each notification announcing a Regular Meeting or Excursion
shall also serve to notify Members of the next Special Meeting or
Excursion,

3.

That the Committee shall, if they find it advisable, offer for com-
petition Prizes for the best collection of scientific objects of the
district; and the Committee may order the purchase of maps, or other
scientific apparatus, and may carry on geological and archaeological
searches or excavations, if deemed advisable, provided that the entire
amount expended under this rule does not exceed the sum of £10 in
any one year.

That the General Committee may offer from time to time such
prize or prizes as they may deem desirable for competition among
Schools in or near Belfast.

XI.

That the Annual Meeting be held during the month of April,
when the Report of the Committee for the past year, and the
Treasurer’s Financial Statement shall be presented, the Committee
and Officers elected, Bye-laws made and altered, and any proposed
alterations in the general laws, of which a fortnight’s notice shall
have been given, in writing, to the Secretary or Secretaries, considered
and decided upon. The,Secretaries to give the Members due notice
of each intended alteration.

XI.

Members of other Irish Field Clubs, residing temporarily or per-
manently in or near Belfast, may be enrolled as Members of the Club
without election or entrance fee on production of a voucher of mem-
bership of another Club, and without subscription for the current
year, on production of a receipt showing that such subscription has
been paid to another Club. Failing the production of such receipt,
the usual subscription for the current year to be paid to the Treasurer

358 [Proe. B.N.F.C.,

on enrolment. The names of Members so admitted to the Club to be
published with the notice of meeting following the date of their en-
rolment.

XIII.

That, on the written requisition of twenty-five members, delivered
to the Secretaries, an Extraordinary General Meeting may be called,
to consider and decide upon the subject mentioned in such written
requisition.

XIV.

That the Committee may be empowered to exchange publications
and reports, and to extend the privilege of attending the Meetings and
Excursions of the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club to Members of
kindred societies, on similar privileges being accorded to its Members
by such other societies.

RULES FOR THE CONDUCTING OF EXCURSIONS.

I. The excursion to be open to all Members, each one to have the
privilege of introducing two friends. The time for commencing as
many as possible of the Half-day Summer Excursions to be not prior
to 2 p.m.

Il. A Chairman to be elected as at ordinary meetings.

Til. One of the Secretaries to act as Conductor, or, in the
absence of both, a Member to be elected for that purpose.

IV. No change to be made in the programme, or extra expense
incurred, except by the consent of the majority of the Members
present.

V. No fees, gratuities, or other expenses to be paid except
through’ the Conductor.

VI. Every Member or Visitor to have the accommodation as-
signed by the Conductor. Where accommodation is limited, considera-
tion will be given to priority of application.

VII. Accommodation cannot be promised unless tickets are
obtained before the time mentioned in the special circular.

VIII. Those who attend an excursion without previous notice
‘will be liable to extra charge, if extra cost is incurred thereby.

IV. No intoxicating liquors to be provided at the expense of
the Club.

1924-25.] 359

LIST OF MEMBERS

For the year ending 31st March, 1925.

Any Change in the Address of Members should be at once notified
to the Honorary Secretaries,

The Dates prefixed to Members’ names signify date of Election.

——_——o

Bonorary Members.

1893. Bell, Robert, 64 Newington Avenue.

1692. Carrothers, Nathaniel, 145 Stranmillis Road.

1914. Charlesworth, Professor John K., D.Sc., Ph.D., F.G.S., Queen's
University, Belfast.

1899. Foster, Nevin H., F.L.S., M.R.I.A., M.B.0.U., Hillsborough.
Co. Down.

1868. Knowles, W. J., M.R.I.A., F.R.S.A.L, Flixton Place South,
Ballymena.

1866. Swanston, W., F.G.S., Farm Hill, Dunmurry.

fe. wear, Robert F., B.Sc., Ph.D., F.L.S., M.B.1LA.,,
F.R.S.A.I., Knockranny, Bray, Co. Wicklow.

1922. Vinycomb, John, M.R.I.A., F.R.S.A.I., 59 Thornton Avenue,
Streatham, London, 8.W.

1880. Welch, R. J., M.Sc., M.R.I.A., 49 Lonsdale Street.

Corresponding Member.

1923. The Honorary Secretary of the Route Naturalists’ Field Club.

Lite Members.

1903. Stelfox, A. W., A.R.I.B.A., M.R.LA., 14 Clareville Road,
Rathgar, Dublin.
1893. Wilson, Alec G., J.P., M.R.I.A., Croglin, Ballyaughlis.

Ordinary Members.

1923. Acheson, F. W., 37 Osborne Park.

1924. Acheson, Miss R., Bayview, Larne Harbour,

1924. Adams, Andrew, 68 Willowbatik Street.

1921. Adams, John, Auburn, Cranmore Park.

1907. Adams, Rev. W. A., B.A., The Manse, Antrim.

1922. Adamsin, J. H., 70 Malone Avenue.

1915. Aird, Hugh, 10 King Street.

1917. Alderdice, R. Sinclaire, I°.C.1.B., 12a Linenhall Street.
1922. Alexander, K. M., 30 Kelvin Parade.

1923. Anderson, Hugh, Krocknagoney, Martinez Avenue.
1911. Anderson, Miss S. M., 4 Church View, Holywood.
1882. Andrew, J. J., L.D.S., R.C.S. (Eng.), 23 University Square.
1892. Andrews, Miss E., 10 Park Crescent, Tonbridge, Kent.

1912.
1922.
1912.
1913.
1924.
1921.
1921.
1923.
1916.
1923.
1923.
1921.
1921.

1916.
1907.
1922.
1921.

1905.
1913.
1923.
1896.
1922.
1908.
1924.
1922.
1924.

1884.
1914.

1898.
1922.
1924.
1923.
1923.
1921.
1921.
1921.
1922.
1924.
1923.
1923.
1923.
1923.
1924.
1893.
1922.
1894.
1917.
1916.
1923.
1863.
1921.
1923.
1922.

360 (Proc. B.N.F.G.,

Andrews, Miss E. L., Inla, Comber.

Andrews, J. D., Uraghmore, Comber.

Andrews, Dr. Marion B., D.P.H., Orsett, Derryvolgie Avenue.
Andrews, Michael C., F.R.G.S., F.R.8.G.S., do.
Arbuthnot, Miss D. Moya H., 9 Cranmore Park.

Ardis, R., A.M.1I.E.E., 6 Marine Parade, Holywood.
Ardis, Harold, 6 Marine Parade, Holywood.

Armour, W. 8., Ulsterville Cottage, Lisburn Road.
Armstrong, Miss Dorothy, M.'Sc., Corlea, Somerton Road.
Armstrong, George A., B.A., 14 Kelvin Parade.
Armstrong, Miss Gertrude, Cloughfern, Islandmagee.
Ashworth, Rev. A. O., Marsdene, Cyprus Park, Bloomfield.
Ashworth, Mrs., do.

Baillie, Robert, Elleslie, Ravenhill Park

Baillie, W. T., 26 Green Road, Knock.

Baird, Sir R. H. H. KBE, Topic. Park Lodge, Antrim Road.

Beaumont, Ivor, A.B.C. SRY 8. A., .F.B:S. A,’ aC BD,
Municipal College of Technology.

Beck, Miss, 1 Derryvolgie Avenue.

Bell, D. M., Carragh Ard Lodge, Newcastle, Co. Down.

Bell, David S., High Street, Carrickfergus.

Bell, E. George, Solitude, Lurgan.

Bell, John, 10 Garfield Street.

Bennett, S. A., B.A., B.Sc., Campbell College, Belmont.

Beatty, C., J.P., Ledlie Villia, Coalisland.

Berringer, Joseph, 36 North Street.

Berry, Coluk. Gidea. , M.R.I.A., F.R.S.A.T., Ardaluin, New-
castle, Co. Down.

Bigger, F. J., MBI. A., F.RS.A.I., Ardrigh, Anitrim Road.

Bird, Miss, 18 Connaught: Mansions, Prince of Wales Hard;
Battersea Park, London, §.11.

Blackwood, Miss Sarah, 6 College Green.

Blackwood, Reginald W. H., J.P., 24 University Square.

Black, Robert A., Landscape Terrace, Crumlin Road.

Black, A. Hamilton, Lindesfarne, Holywood.

Blair, John T., 33 Ophir Gardens.

Blair, Mrs. J., 14 Cliftonville Avenue,

Bloom, H. M., The Hermitage, Marino,

Bowman, Miss A., 1 Rossmore Avenue.

Bowman, Robert R., 2 Osborne Drive, Bangor.

Bowen, Charles A., B.A., Campbell College.

Boyce, Mrs. 9 Cedar Avenue.

Boyd, James, Church Street, Ballymoney.

Boyd, Miss K. St. Clair, Chatsworth, University Road.

Boyd, James, Raleigh House, Queen Street.

Boyd, Richard R., 108 Percy Street.

Boyd, Miss E. 8., 5 Brock Terrace, The Grange, Guernsey.

Boyd, J. St. Clair, Chatsworth, University Road.

Boyd, W. C., J.P., Thornhill, Farnham Road, Bangor.

Bradley, Mrs., Haypark House, Knock.

Bradley, Miss L. T., Haypark House, Knock.

Breakey, Rev. J. C., B.A., The Manse, Comber.

Brett, Sir Charles H., LL.D., Gretton Villa South, Belfast.

Brierley, J. C. A., M.iSc., 224 Cliftonville Road.

Broomhead, H. Mount Oriel, Newtownbreda.

Brown, James R., M.A., B.Sc., 80 Marlborough Park Central.

1924-25.] 361

1923. Brown, W. P., LL.B., 34 Alliance Avenue.

1923. Brown, Mrs. do.

1883. Brown, Thomas, J.P., 102 Donegall Street.

1923. Buckley, Miss, 4 Erin View, Greencastle.

1923. Burling, E., 54 Ardenlee Avenue.

1923. Burns, Hugh, 85 North Street, Lurgan,

1923. Burns, Miss E., 13 Ponsonby Avenue.

1899. Burrowes, W. B., F.R.S.A.J., Ballynafeigh House.
1922. Bullick, E., Railway Street, Lisburn.

1909. Campbell, John, Albert Brickworks, Carrickfergus.

1917. Campbell, James, Jennymount Mill.

1921. Campbell, A. Albert, F.R.S.A.1., Drumnaferrie, Rosetta Park.

1921. Campbell, Mrs. A. Albert, Drumnaferrie, Rosetta Park.

1921. Campbell, Mrs. 20 Wellington Park Avenue.

1891. Capper, J. Malcolm, 14 Linenhall Street.

1923. Carpenter, D. J., A.R.C.Sc.L., 278 Cliftonvill> Road.

1914. Carter, Charles S., 25 Donegall Street.

1904. Carmody, Rev. Canon W. P., M.A., Lisburn.

1923. Carrothers, E. N., Midland Railway, York Road.

1892. Carson, J. C., 8 Wellington Place.

1922. Cassidy, Wm., © Bawnmore Road.

1923. Chambers, R.M., M.I. Mech.E., 126 Malone Avenue.

1907. Chambers, W., 35 Cranmore Avenue.

1920. Chandler, W. P., 1 Ailsa Terrace, Strandtown.

1920. Chandler, Mrs. do.

1919. Chase, Capt. C. D., M.C., M.A., Campbell College, Belmont

1901. Cheyne, H. H., Roseneath, Bangor.

1922. Christy, Wm., 3 Edenderry Gardens, Tennent Street.

1920. Churchill, Miss, Inverary, Sydenham,

1922. Clarke, George W., 39 Adelaide Park.

1894. Cleland, Alex. M‘T., 28 Green Road, Knock,

1894. Cleland, Mrs. Annie, 28 Green Road, Knock.

1890. Cleland, James A., Brooklyn, Holywood.

1917. Close, R. M., M.R.I.A.1., 13 Donegall Square North.

1925. Clouston, David, M.A., B.Sc., Queen’s University.

1921. Cowie, enty Midland Railway Co. (N.C.C.) Terminus, York
Road.

1922. Cole, Francis J., Ardmara, Greenisland.

1923. Colton, John M., Lisbawn, Hawthornden Road.

1922. Corry, Hon. Cecil, Castle Coole, Enniskillen.

1924. Cosgrave, John, F.L.A.A., Marsh’s Buildings, Donegall Street.

1925. Cosgrave, Mrs. Magee, Alliance Avenue.

1921. Cousins, D., 4 Frederick Terrace, Malone Road.

1923. Cowden, William, 46 Cliftonpark Avenue.

1906. Cowie, James, Cushleva, Jordanstown.

1921. Pe W. M., B.A., F.E.S., F.Z.S., Orissa, Marlborough

ark.

1921. Crawford, Lieut.-Col. F. H., C.B.E., Cloreen, University Road.

1922. Cromie, A. G., Ulster Bank, Carlisle Circus.

1922. Cromie, Miss Maude, do.

1922. Crothers, Miss, 7 Easton Crescent, Cliftonville Road.

1923. Crook, Rev. G. V., The Manse, Antrim.

1921. Crymble, Mrs. 8., 18 College Green.

1913. Cunningham, Miss M. E., F.R.S.A.I., Glencairn,

1884. Cunningham, Rt. Hon. Samuel, Fernhill.

1924. Cupples, Miss Diana, 124 Malone Avenue,

1924, Currie, Rev, W, J., B.A., Bangor.

8362 (Proc. B.N.F.C..

1915. Cunningham, Josias, R.'N.V.R., M.B.0.U., Fernhill... .
1921. Curry, Wm., 5 Oakland Avenue, Bloomfield.
1921. Cuthbert, Rev. A., M.A., Rocklands Manse, Carrickfergus.

1923. Dales, Miss Annie, Easton Cottage, Easton Gardens.

1923. Dales, Miss Evelyn, Easton Cottage, Haston Gardens.

1923. Dales, Miss M., 14 Easton Crescent.

1924. Dallas, Miss, 2 Bloomfield Gardens.

1923. Dalzell, John, 12 Derlitt Street, Ballynafeigh.

1923. Davin, Miss Adelaide G., B.Sc., Glenmore Lodge, Lambeg.

1921. Davison, A. H., F.A.I., 52 Wellington Place.

1925. Dawson, Col. W. R., M.D., 26 Windsor Park.

1921. Deane, Arthur, M.R.I.A., F.R.S.E., Art Gallery and Museum,
Belfast.

1924. Deans, Samuel, B.Sc., Mayfield, Donaghadee.

1919. Deans, T. M., LL.D., Academy House, Rosetta.

1891. D’Evelyn, A. M., M.D., Ballymena.

1925. Dickey, John, 71 Malone Avenue.

1925. Dickey, Dr. Wm., 86 Antrim Road.

1924. Dickie, Miss Cathleen, St. Brigid Studios, Holywood.

1921. Dinsmore, J. A..S,, 28 and 30 Castle Place.

1922. ‘Dobbin, Miss, 60 University Street.

1925. Dobbs, Archibald E., 40 Eglantine Avenue.

1921. Doggart, Henry, 24 Canterbury Street.

1921. Donaldson, Dixon, Dunoon, Islandmagee, Co. Antrim.

1922. Douglas, John, Helen’s Bay.

1922. Dowling, J. T., Kildonan, Donegall Park Avenue.

1922. Downer, W. H. N., Arlington House, Cavehill Road.

1923. Douglas, Miss E., Maternity Hospital, Belfast Union.

1923. Duff, Miss Mary, Aghalee, Lurgan.

1908. Duncan, W., 54 Textile Buildings, Donegall Square South.

1921. Dunwoody, W. J., 10 Marine Parade, Holywood.

1921. Earls, Professor J., B.A., 31 Ravenhill Park.

1921. Earls, Miss Annie, Rosetta School, Belfast.

1916. Edwards, Mrs., 54 Ulsterville Avenue.

1884. Elliott, David, B.A., J.P., Ardroe, Bloomfield.
1923. Elliott, Miss Annie, B.A., Ardroe, Bloomfield.

1924. Elliott, Miss Isabel, 33 Sandhurst Drive.

1923. Elliott, Mrs., Duneane Manse, Randalstown.

1923. Ewart, Lavens M., The Banks, Ballyholme, Bangor.
1925. Erskine, Miss Nessie, 6 Cedar Avenue.

1923. Falconer, Miss, Ravenhill Road N. School.

1924. Fallon, Mrs., 25 St. James’ Park.

1868. Faren, W., F.R.S.A.I., 11 Mountcharles.

1913. Ferguson, Samuel, St. Helen’s Holland Park, Knock.

1924. Ferguson, Miss Elizabeth, Rosetta School.

1924. Ferguson, Mrs. G. W., Carnamenagh, Antrim Road.

1923. [forde, Miss Georgina, Cloughfin, Islandmagee.

1897. Finlay, Miss A. M., 3 Old Nichol Street, Bethnal Green,
London, E.C.

1906. Finlay, Arch. H., A.C.G.I., A.I.E.E., Willesden, Holywood.

1921. Fleet, Capt. H. G., Muncipal College of Technology,

1903. Jfoster, Mrs, N. H., Hillsborough,

1924-25] 363

1911. Foster, Miss A. B., B.Sc., Y.M.C.A., William Street, Waterford.
1923. Foster, Mr. A. R., B.A., Principal, Royal Academy, Cliftonville.
1924. Frame, Miss H., 4 Glandore Street.

1924. Frame, Miss M., 4 Glandore Street.

1921. Freeland, Samuel, 23 Meadowbank Street.

1892. Fulton, David, Arlington, Windsor Avenue.

1921, Fulton, Wm., 44 Wellington Place.

1904. Gaffikin, William, J.P., Notting Hill.

1924. Gallagher, James, 72 Martinez Avenue.

1922. Gallway, W. H., Shielavon, Ranfurly Avenue, Bangor.

1892. Gamble, Miss, Lorne, Craigavad.

1916. George, A. H., 22 Thorndale Avenue.

1917. Gibson, Mrs., Bonnington, Lansdowne Road.

1911. Gibson, Mrs. Joseph, Hollow Bridge House, Hillsborough, Co.
Down.

1921. Gibson, Wm. J., Montpelier House, Malone Road.

1921. Gibson, Samuel, J.P., Summer Hill, Dunmurry.

1923. Gilbert, T. S., Methodist College.

1923. Gilchrist, David, 24 Ravenhill Park.

1923. Gill, Miss Lillie, 16 Glendower Street.

1923. Gillespie, Miss Kathleen, B.Sc., Loughview House, Whitehouse,

1921. Gilliland, W. T., B.Sc., 7 Wellington Place.

1924. Glasgow, Miss Margaret, M.Sc., 3 Botanic Avenue.

1921. Glendinning, R. G., Jun., Lenoxvale.

1923. Gloster, A. J., M.A., Royal Academical Institution,

1923. Glynn, W. M., B.A., Friends’ School, Lisburn.

1905. Glover, James, The Glebe, Kirkcubbin, Co, Down.

1921. Gore, W., F.R.S.A.J., Municipal College of Technology.

1921. Graham, Thomas, 26 Alexandra Avenue.

1922. Graham, David, Langford Lodge, Crumlin.

1922. Graham, Miss M. E., 241 Sundridge Terrace, Mountpottinger.

1924. Graham, Mrs. Sarah, 138 Dunluce Avenue.

1891. Green, Mrs. Isaac, Hawthornden, Knock.

1895. Green, W. A., F.R.S.A.L., 4 Salisbury Terrace, Chichester Park.

1921. Green, H. P., Limehurst, Holland Park, Knock.

1920. Greenham, Miss J. C., 44 Orient Gardens.

1923. Green, R. W., Coondara, 41 Kingsmore Avenue.

1923. Greer, Thomas, J.P., Curglasson, Stewartstown.

1901. Greeves, J. Theodore, Nendrum, Knockdene Park.

1917. Greeves, J. R. H., B.Sc., Altona, Strandtown.

1901. Greeves, W. Leopold, Ormeau Avenue.

1901. Greeves, Fergus M., Garranard, Sydenham.

1918. Greeves, 0O.V., Tavanagh House, Portadown.

1924. Gregg, Rev. W. J., B.A., 101. The Mount.

1923. Gregory, M. J., 25 Gresham Street.

1925. Gregory, Padraic, M.R.I.A.I., 25 Gresham Street.

1924. Griffith, Henry A. C., Belleville, Cliftonville Road.

1924. Griffith, Miss Grace A., Belleville, Cliftonville Road.

1924. Griffith, Miss K. E., Belleville, Cliftonville Road.

1923. Grimshaw, Reginald W., 13 Rossmore Avenue.

1883. Hamilton, Rt. Hon. and Rev. T., D.D., LL.D., Queen’s
University.

1908. Hamilton, Miss, 5 Church Avenue, Holywood.

1923. Hamilton, Fred. M., 19 Windsor Park.

1923, Hamilton, T, 8., Presbyterian Church House,

1925."
1924.
1920.
1923.
1924.
1921.
1924,

1921.
1923.
1923.
1923.
1908.
1915.
1876.
1922.
1922.
1922.
1921.
1924.
1922.
1905.
1921.
1895.
1908.
1903.
1904.
1925.
1921.
1923.
1906.
1925.
1921.
1921.
1914.

1921.
1923.
1922.
1923.

1923

1921,
1923.
1923.
1923.

1923.
1892.

1923.
1909.
1914.
1901.

1906.
1924.
1923,

364 [Proc B.N.FO.,

Hanna, Mrs. 8: M., 51 Kelvin Parade.

Hanna, Thomas, Greenbank, Cultra, Co: Down.

Harbinson, Wm. Highbury, North Road.

Harbison, Miss, Esplanade House, Whitehead.

Harbison, Miss Margaret, 1 Madison Avenue.

Hayward, H. Richard, Hopefield House, Antrim Road
Head, Major Henry Nugent, The Downs, Newcastle, Co Down.
Heenan, Miss J., lla Stranmillis Road.
Henderson, J. A. D., 11 Norfolk Drive.

Henderson, Miss, 1 George’s Terrace, Ballysillan.
Henderson, Robert G., 10 Arthur Street.

Henry, F. W., Ye Olde Castle, Castle Place.

Herdman, Miss E. W., Foutainville, University Road...
Heron, F. Adens, D.L., F.R.S.A.1., , Maryfield, Holywood.
Heron, Mrs. Maryfield, Holywood.

Heron, Miss E. do.

Heron, Miss, Teagheen, Evelyn Gardens, Antrim Road.
Hewton, J., M.P.S.I., 315 Ormeau Road.

Hill, Miss Nellie, 36 University Avenue.

Hill, Dr. 8. W., 46 Pound Street, Larne.

Hobson, Mrs. Aitennach, Crawfordsburn, Co. Down.
Hoffman, F., Leamington, 7 Old Cavehill Read.

Hogg, A. R., 10 Thorndale Avenue.

Hogg, D. J., 16 Kansas Avenue.

Holland, Miss, Highbury, Cadogan Park.

Holland, Frank J., Fairyhill, Osborne Gardens.

Holmes, Williams, Forth River P. E. School.

Holness, John J., 26 Ava Street.

Honeyburne, Miss Ella F., Fortwilliam, Antrim Road.
Hopkirk, F. G., Midland Railway Co. (N.C.C.).

Houston, Dr. J. C., 90 Antrim Road.

Hoskins, ‘Miss M. 14 Rosetta Park.

Hoskins, Ave Pe F.LC., F.C. S., 14 Rosetta Park.
Houston, James Dick, Northern Bank House, Kilrea, Co. Derry.
Houston, EeiSas Slievmara, Jordanstown, Co. Antrim.
Hull, G. E., 36 Cliftonville Road.

Hunter, Dr. J. A., 6 Stranmillis Road.

Hunter, F. J., Gillhall, Dromore, Co. Down.

Hume, James H., 1 Robeby Villa, Shore Road.

Ireland, J. Herbert, 107 South Parade.
Irwin, Wilson, Rossnall, Helen’s Bay.
Iten, Hans, 18 South Parade.

Iten, Mrs. 18 South Parade.

Jackson, M., Maze, Hillsborough.
Jaffé, Lady, 3 Upper Phillimore Gardens, Kensington, London,
W.8.

Jamison, Oswald, 8 Mayfield, Bangor.

Jenkins, W. A. 6 Elmwood Terrace.

Jenkinson, Henry, 29 Rosemary Street.

Johnson, Rev. W. F., M.A., F.E.S., M.R.I.A., 4 Killowen
Terrace, Rostrevor. ]

Johnston, F, W., The.Cottage; Cultra.

Johnston, Henry, 40 Victoria Gardens, . otf are ke

Johnston, Miss Isa, 1 George’s Terrace, Ballysillan,--

1924-25.] 365

1923.
1916.
1921.
1922.
1922.
1923.

1921.

1924.
1924.
toe,
1922.
1918.
1921.

1921.
1923.
1922.

1923.
1923.
1899.
1922.
1922.
1923.
1886.
1923.
1922.
1923.
1877.

1901.
1923.

1923.
1920.
1923.
1923.
1912.
1922.
1920.

1923.
1923.
1925.
1899.

1915.
1922.
1923.
1921.
1918.
1923.

1893.
1908.

1910.
1924,

Johnston, Miss Jean, Beechville, Glenburn Park.
Johnston, Miss M. B., Jeechville, Glenburn Park.
Johnston, E. C., F.R.S.A.1., Glenmount, Newtownards.
Johnston, Miss Minnie E., 25 Lonsdale Street.

Johnston, T. J., 15 Westland Gardens.

Johnstone, Miss Anna, Muncipal College of Technology.
Jones, H. H., 4 Donegall Square N.

Kearney, William, Dunraven, Donaghadee.

Keenan, Miss Mary, 98 Donegall Pass.

Keiller, W., 11 Chichester Street.

Keith, S. S., 20 Knutsford Drive, Cliftonville.

Kennedy, David, Pembroke, Wandsworth Road, Knock.

Kennedy, Captain E. R., A.R.I.B.A., M.BR.San.I., The
Bungalow, Sandown Road, Knock.

Kennedy, R. N., J.P., Avonmore Lodge, Balmoral.

Kennedy, Isaac, 294 Springfield Road.

Kerr, Charles E., B.A., Mount Carmel, Upper Newtownards
Road.

Kerr, Miss J., Aurdh Gurth, Greenisland.

Kevin, Miss M., 144 Donegall Pass.

Killen, William, 3a Dudley Chambers, 20 Waring Street.

King, Mrs. J., Castle Chester, Whitehead.

Kinkead, Geo. W., Cushendun, Co. Antrim.

Kinnaird, Miss Elizabeth H., 1 Eglantine Place.

Kirkpatrick, F., 27 Oxford Street.

Kitchen, Gilbert Ingram, 64 Roseleigh Street.

Knox, C. J., 9 Donegall Square 8.

Knox, Joseph R., 40 Cooke Street.

Kyle, R. A., 17 Wellington Park

Larmour, H. G., J.P., Lisburn.

Larmour, Miss Gertrude, 1 Brooklyn Villas, Ballyholme,
Bangor.

Lauder, William, Public Library.

Lavery, W. H., Glenwood, Bloomfield Road.

Lawlor, H. C., M.R.I.A., 8 Windsor Avenue.

Lawlor, Mrs. H. C., 8 Windsor Avenue.

Ledgerwood, N. J., J.P., 10 Wellington Park.

Leetch, Miss Elizalbeth, Cullybackey, Co. Antrim.

Lepper, R. S., M.A., LL.M., F.R.Hist.S., F.R.S.A.1I., Elsinore,
Crawfordsburn.

Leyden, Miss Margaret M., Belgrave, Bloomfield.

Leyden, William A., Belgrave, Bloomfield.

Linaker, Miss Kathleen A., 206a Stranmillis Road.

Lindsay, Professor J. A., M.D., M.A., F.R.C.P., 3 Queen’s
Elms.

Lindsay, Mrs. c/o Ulster Bank, Markets Branch, Belfast.

Logan, James, M.A., F.R.G.S., Greystone, Ravenhill Park.

Logan, Miss Mary E., 47 Botanic Avenue.

Loughridge, James, 173 Cliftonville Road.

Lowry, Miss, Hazelwood, Bloomfield.

Lowry, James, Belfast Bank, Glenarm.

Lowry, D. E., Oakley, Strandtown.

Lowry, James, Llewellyn Avenue, Lisburn.

Lowry, Miss L., Hazelwood, Bloomfield.

Lynn, Miss M. J., M,8c., Albany Cottage, Carrickfergus.

F

1922.

1924.
1915.
1915.
1905.
1912.
1922.
1920.
1921.
1924.
1924.
1905.
1921.

1901.
1880.
1923.
1924.
1924,
1923.
1924.
1922.
1922.
1916.
1915.
1908.
1923.
1923.
1925.
1892.
1919,
1903.
1921.
OLE:
1920.
1924.
1923.
1923.
1921.
1918.
1922.
1906.
1907.
1921.
1923.
1922.
1922.
1923.
1923.
1898.
1913.
1920.
1920.
1911.
1916.

1922,

366 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

ee Miss Charlotte M., Ballyarton, Killaloo, London-

erry

MacLaughlin, Francis A., M.B., Thirlestane, Osborne Park.

Maconachie, Rev. D. H. BA. B.D., The Manse, Holywood.

Maconachie, Mrs., The Manse, Holywood.

Macoun, Mrs. S. M., Clanrolla, Windsor Park.

Macoun, Sees. do.

Magill, "Hugh, 217 Cavehill Road.

Magowan, A., 2 Easton Crescent.

Magowan, Mrs., 2 Easton Crescent.

Major, Miss Anna M., Ulai, Holywood.

Major, Miss Olga, Ulai, Holywood.

Malcolm, Miss Susan, Downshire Road, Holywood.

eee Bownman, M.1.C.E., M.I.Mech.E., Inver, Ashley
ark

Malcolmson, Herbert T., M.B.O.U., 32 Arthur Street.

Marsh, Mrs. Glenlyon, Holywood.

Martin, Miss Anna H., 17 College Gardens.

Martin, Miss Helen, B.A., B.Sc., 40 Botanic Avenue.

Martin, Miss Josephine C., 12 Glandore Avenue.

Martin, Mrs. Kathleen R., 17 College Gardens.

Martyn, Douglas, 30 Orient Gardens.

Marshall, Rev. R. L., M.A., LL.D., Maghera, Co. Derry.

Marshall, Miss M. E., 82 Ardenlee Avenue.

Masterson, Miss, 93 Wellesley Avenue.

Mawdsley, Miss, 28 Green Road, Knock.

Maxwell, Henry, Dunalbine, Deramore Park.

Maxwell, Joseph, J.P., Fierna, Osborne Park.

Maxwell, Miss F. E., do.

Maxwell, Miss Isabella, 10 Luxor Gardens.

Maxton, Jas., M.I.N.A., 6 Kirkliston Drive, Bloomfield.

Mayes, A. 8., 23 Glandore Avenue.

Mayne, H. Horner, 24 Elmwood Avenue.

Meakin, Chas., 119 The Mount.

Megaw, Rev. W. R. , B.A., The Manse, Rosetta.

Megaw, I. J., 26 Linenhall Street.

Megaw, W. J., B.Sc., 16 Upper Crescent.

Mercer, S., ‘‘ Hanging Leaves,’’ Jordanstown.

Mercer, Mrs. S., do.

Mercier, ew. aiPy 89 Cliftonville Road.

Metcalfe, AS Wi Hawthornden Road, Knock.

Meyer, Sir Robert, St. Clair, Windsor Avenue.

Millar, Thomas O., 306 Antrim Road.

Milligan, Miss Bessie, 22 Ravenhill Gardens.

Milligan, Dr. C. J., Dispensary House, Ligoniel.

Mills, Frederick A. C., 3 Woodland Avenue.

Moffatt, James A., 2 Chelmsford Piace, Larne Harbour.

Moneypenny, Sir Frederick, C.V. On G, B.E. , City Hall.

Moore, Kenneth M., The Finaghy.

Moore, William, Public Library.

Montgomery, H. C., F.RGAL, 40 Rosemary Street.

Monegomery, Miss KE. S:, 26 College Green.

Montgomery, Miss S., 120 Eglantine Avenue.

Montgomery, Miss G., 120 Eglantine Avenue.

Montgomery, Miss Jane E., 8 Sandhurst Road.

Moore, Frank, J.P., Ph.D., WELT, S., Home-Lyn, Marlborough

Park North.

Moore, Lord Justice, D.L., Moore Lodge, Kilrea,

1924-25.] 367

1917.

1921.
1923.
1923.
1923.
1922.
1923.

1923.

1923.
1915.
1905.
1901.
1899.
1925.
1921.
1923.
1923.
1909.
1913.
1921.

1922.
1921.
2919:
1884.
1912.
1921.
1923.
1922.
1923.
1923.
1923.
1921.
1924.
1923.
1923.
1921.
1921.
1923.
1923.
1923.
1917.
1913.
1924.
1923.
1921.
1917.
1923.
1921.
1914.
1920.
1920.
1921.
1923,

Morrison, Rev. Robert N., B.A., Magherahamlet Rectory,
Ballynahinch.

Morrison, Miss I., Southleigh, Knockbreda Park.

Morrison, William, 3 Windsor Avenue, Bangor.

Morton, Mrs., 252 Antrim Road.

Morton, Miss, 252 Antrim Road.

Murray, B., 628 Ravenhill Road.

Muskett, A..E., A.R.C.Sc. (Lond.), 12 Belgravia Avenue.

M‘Aleese, Miss Margaret T., Florence Villas, Lake Glen,
Falls Road.

M‘Allister, Wm. James, 134 Rugby Avenue.

MacCarthy, Mrs., Freshford, Knock.

MacCleary, A., Kensington Hotel, College Square East.

MacRae, Kenneth, Ulster Agricultural Society, Balmoral.

M‘Bretney, W. A. J., 31 Haypark Avenue.

M‘Bratney, Miss Margaret, Endsleigh Gardens, Bloomfield,

M‘Bride, J., 1 Adelaide Street.

M‘Bride, Miss W., 118 Albertbridge Road.

M‘Burney, James, 48 Durham Street.

M‘Cance, James, 302 Antrim Road.

M‘Cance, Captain Stouppe, 4 Markham Square, London, S.W.3.

M‘Callum, Major J. D. M., C.B.E., D.S.0., B.A., 6 Windsor
Avenue.

M‘Carthy, Miss, 46 Stranmillis Road.

M‘Carthy, W. J., Ashley, Alexandra Park, Holywood.

M‘Caw, James, Glenfield, Donegall Park.

M‘Cleery, H., J.P., Oakhill, Dunmurry.

M‘Clelland, E. W., B.Sc., 79 Kansas Avenue.

M‘Cloy, Miss A. E., Cuil-na-Mban, Norfolk Drive, Glen Road.

M‘Cloy, Thompson, 13 Queensland Street.

M‘Clure, Miss Lily, Ashbank, Ardenlee Avenue.

M‘Clure, Miss Daisy, Ashbank, Ardenlee Avenue.

M‘Clure, Miss Irene, Ashbank, Ardenlee Avenue.

M‘Comb, Mrs., 54 Cherryvalley Gardens, Knock.

M‘Comish, John, Benmore, Strandtown.

M‘Connell, Rev. S. G., B.A., Dromara, Co. Down.

‘M‘Cracken, John A., Downpatrick Street, Rathfriland.

M‘Creary, W. A., 90 North Parade.

M‘Cullough, Miss J. J., 8 Cardigan Drive.

M‘Cullough, Miss 8., 8 Cardigan Drive.

M‘Cullough, Miss Meta, 8 Cardigan Drive.

M‘Cutcheon, Mrs., Rineen, Annadale.

M‘Cutcheon, Miss J. T., B.A., Rineen, Annadale.

M‘Devitt, H., 115 High Street, Holywood.

M‘Dowell, Miss E., 95 Malone Avenue.

M‘Donnell, Miss Kathleen P., 110 Cullingtree Road.

M‘Giffin, Miss, Riverside, Holywood.

M‘Gladery, R., The Brickworks, Springfield Road.

M‘Ilroy, R. J., 52 Pandora Street.

‘M‘Intyre, Jack, ¥Y.M.C.A., Wellington Place.

M‘Ilwaine, J. E., M.D., 26 College Gardens.

M‘Kay, Miss E. W., B.Sc., Ardbana Terrace, Coleraine.

M‘Kee, Miss Eva K., Ashleigh, Charnwood, Avenue.

M‘Kee, Miss F. V., Ashleigh, Charnwood Avenue.

M‘Kee, Joseph, 60 Clonlee Drive, Strandtown.

M‘Kenzie, Alexander, 60 North Parade,

368 (Proc. B.N.F.C.,

M‘Keown, Miss Eleanor, 180 Woodvale Road.

M‘Keown, John, Holestone, Doagh.

M‘ Kibbin, Fredk., PAs, 13 Donegall Square West.

M‘ Kinney, Miss M. A. C., Sentry Hill, Carnmoney.
M‘Kisack, Miss M. K., 9 Mount Pleasant.

M ‘Knight, Wm. J., 220 Springfield Road.

M‘Laine, Lachlan, Rathaline, Annadale Avenue.

M‘ Laughlin, Miss Bessie, 61 South Parade.

M‘Master, Dr. H., Ashbourne, Strandtown.

M‘Master, Miss, B.A., do.

M‘Meekin, Miss A. M., Sunnyside, Carnmoney, Co. Antrim.
M‘Meekin, A., J.P., Cogry House, Doagh.

M‘Neill, Mrs., Lockabeg, Knockdene Park.

M‘Quitty, Rev. John, B.A., Westbourne Manse, Bloomfield.
M‘Vea, Miss Florence V., The Crag, Whitehead.

Neill, F. F., 55 Candahar Street.

Niblock, J. B., 208 Cliftonville Road.

Niblock, Mrs., 208 Cliftonville Road.

Nicholl, Miss R., 185 Cregagh Road.

Nodder, Charles R., M.A., The Corner House, Lambeg.
Nodder, Mrs. Winifred, The Corner House, Lambeg.
Nugent, E. H. 8., D.L., Portaferry House, Portaferry.

O’Connor, Hugh, 78 Upper Newtownards Road.
O’Kane, Dr. M. J., J.P., Cushendall.

Orr, James, 17 Garfield Street.

Orr, R. J., Edale, Crawfordsburn.

Orr, William G., 10 & 12 North Street.

Osborne, T. Edens, F.R.'8S.A.I., 4 College Square North.
Owens, Miss Minnie Y., 29 Indiana Avenue.

Park, George, 43 Arthur Street.

Paton, John, Ardmore, Bangor.

Patterson, Crossley D., Homeview Cottage, Rathgail, Bangor.

Patterson, WiacH. ie Auburn, Donaghadee.

Patterson, Miss M. Grace, 54 North Parade.

Patterson, William H., 54 North Parade.

Parkes, W. J., 2 Claremont Street.

Parkes, Mrs., do.

Parkes, Miss Lilian, do.

Parsons, Thomas, Farm Hill, Marino.

Patton, Wm., 78 Edinburgh Street.

Pim, Joshua, "Rathbawn, 12 Adelaide Park.

Pollock, James A. , Notting Hill.

Polley, W. Ls 131 Univer sity Street.

Pooler, Rev. Chas. K., D.D., M.R.LA., D.Litt., Carnbin,
ps ea

Porte, G. C., 37a May Street.

Porter, F. A., 13 Queen’s Square.

. Porter, Nise “May, Beechview, Balmoral Avenue.

Porter, Miss Edith, do.

Porter, S. C., B.L., 112 Eglantine Avenue.

Porter, Mrs. 8. C., 112 Eglantine Avenue.

Praegar, R. L1., D.Sc., B.A., B.E., M.R.I.A., Nat. Library,
Kildare Street, Dublin.

Price, Miss Esther H, 4 Ormiston Parade.

4924-25.]

1922.
1924.
1924.
1924.
1921.

1923.

1923.
1923.
1907.
1916.
1923.
1924.

1923.
1923.
1919.
1921.
1925.

1922.
1923.
1923.
1922.
1922.
1923.
1921.
1921.
1921.
1924.

1923.
1923.
1923.
1921.
1923.
1924.
1921.
1922.
1921.
1909.
1923.

1925.
1913.
1917.
1920.
1924.
1922.
1923.
1924.
1924.

1918.
1921.
1924.

369

Pringle, Alex., 1 Clarence Street. W.
Purce, James, 33 Ravenhill Park.

Purce, James, junior, 33 Ravenhill Park.
Purce, Thomas, 33 Ravenhill Park.
Pyper, James, B.A., 30 Cranmore Avenue.

Quinn, W. J., The Cattogs, Comber.

Radcliffe, Miss 7 College Square E.

Rankin, Miss, Frankfort Street N. School.

Rea, Miss M. W., M.Sc., Salem House, Sydenham.

Rea, Miss L. C., Salem House, Sydenham.

Reid, James C., Overton, Balmoral.

Reid, C. J., B.A., B.A.I., Engineers’ Office, B. & C...D.
Railway.

Reid, E. M., Hazelwood, Antrim Road.

Reilly, George E., C.E., Woodburn Glen, Carrickfergus.

Reilly, Geo. C., M.I.Mech.E., Woodburn Glen, Carrickfergus.

Reynolds, Miss Doris L., Queen’s University.

Rhynehart, John G., F.R.C.Sc.I., D.I.C. (Lond.), Ministry
of Agriculture, Wellington Place.

Ritchie, John, Cullintra, Comber.

Ritchie, Miss, 44 Trevelyan Terrace, Duncairn Gardens.

Ritchie, Miss Helen, 44 Trevelyan Terrace, Duncairn Gardens.

Robb, Norman, 65 Ulsterville Avenue.

Robb, Mrs. Norman, 65 Ulsterville Avenue.

Robb, S. A., Simpson Memorial N. School, Bloomfield.

Roberts, J. R., 43 Fitzwilliam Street.

Robinson, W. R., 58 Ravenhill Park.

Robinson, Miss L., 16 Kingsmere Avenue.

Robinson, Miss A., Johnston Memorial Home, Hopefield
Avenue.

Robinson, Miss Maud, Elland, Jordanstown.

Robinson, Miss May, Elland, Jordanstown.

Robinson, Miss J., 16 Camberwell Terrace, Antrim Road.

Robson, Mrs. 81 Wellington Park.

Robson, Miss, 81 Wellington Park.

Rundle, Harris, Sefton, Knockdene Park.

Rossington, Rev. H. J., M.A., B.D., Ardeevin, Cadogan Park.

Ruddell, Miss B., 2 Craigmore, Whitehead.

Rumley, J. D., Winston, Marlborough Park North.

Russell, Nelson, Strathmore, Lisburn.

Russell, Alfred, 64 Ravenhill Park.

Saunders, T. Edgar, 4 Eastern Crescent.

Savage, W. E. J., 8 Lincoln Avenue.

Sayers, Miss W. J., B.A., Bartragh, Knock.

Sayers, Miss J. B., Bartragh, Knock.

Sayers, Miss M., 61 Clonlee Drive.

Scott, Herbert C., Rashee Road, Ballyclare.

Scott, Henry, Presbyterian Church House, Belfast.

Scott, Miss, Ministry of Agriculture, Wellington Place.

Seaton, Ian William, Plant Breeding Division, Ministry of
Agriculture.

Seymour, J., M.A., Inchmarlo, Marlborough Park.

Shanks, Edward, 13 Donegall Square W.

Shanks, Hubert, 15 Malone Road.

1923.
1921.
1911.
1923.
1922.
1923.
1922.
1922.
1905.
1921.
1921.
1924.
1921.
1890.
1920.
1922.
1922.
1922.
1924.
1922.
1923.
1923.
1924.
1921.

1921.
1922.
1893.
1921.
1910.

1911.
1923.
1904.
1922.
1925.
1925.
1894.
1923.
1919.
1923.
1923.
1924.
1924,
1922.

1921.
1923.
1922.
1920.
1921.
1921.
1921.
1921.
1922.
1921.

370 (Proc. B.N.K.C.,

Shanks, Mrs. E., Fernagh, Saintfield Road.

Shaw, Miss Louie Hinton, 72 Cromwell Road.

Shaw, G. W., Ulster Bank, York Street.

Shaw, William, Mountstewart, Ballymena.

Shearan, Samuel, F.R.C.A., Loughview House, Holywood.
Shearman, Miss 8. Rosalind, Ashleigh House, Windsor Avenue.
Shewell, Major, 1 Liscard Terrace, Ormeau Road.
Shewell, Mrs., do.

Shiels, Rev. J. | Me od! Ba Saintfield.

Shiels, Edward, Summer Hill, Bangor.

Shortt, James, ‘Wilmont, Lisburn.

Simpson, Miss E. C., 29 Thorndale Avenue, Larne.
Sinclair, Robert, 48 Waring Street.

Skillen, Joseph, 25 Stranmills Gardens.

Small, Professor J., D.Sc., Queen’s University.

Small, James M., Ballymenoch Park, Marino.

Smiley, Miss, 19 Salisbury Avenue.

Smith, W. E. F., 45 Dunluce Avenue.

Smith, John, Donard, Cregagh, Belfast.

Smyth, Miss A., 8 Chichester Park.

Smyth, Miss G., 4 Adelaide Park.

Snoddy, Robert J., Toreagh, Raloo, Larne.
Speers, John, Belfast Bank, Ballyclare.

Stanley, Major Rupert, LL. Ds, M.I.E.E., F.I.R.E., Municipal

College of Technology, Belfast.
Steed, George G., 13 Donegall Square West.
Steed, Mrs., do.
Steele, Miss, Dooneen, Marlborough Park.
Steen, Rev. David, B.A., The Manse, Islandmagee.
Stelfox, Mrs. A. W., B.Sc., A.B.C.8c.I., 14 Clareville Road,
Rathgar, Dublin.
Stendall, J. A. S., M.B.O.U., The Museum, College Square N.
Stendall, Mrs. J. A. S., Deva, Haypark Avenue.
Stephens, Captain J. Kyle, J.P., 15 Donegall Square North.
Stephens, Samuel, 15 Donegall Sq. N.
Steven, George, 2 Kinnaird Terrace ,Antrim Road.
Stevenson, John H., 3 Bain’s Place, Amelia Street.
Stewart, W. aig ual Elgin Street.
Stewart, Albert K., 10 North Parade.
Strain, W., Windsor Park.
Stuart, ety 7 Eblana Street.
Stuart, Miss Louie, 7 Eblana Street.
Stronge, Robert, 86 Cliftonville Road.
Swan, H. S. Buncrana Mills, Co. Donegal.
Sweeney, Wnm., 183 Cliftonville Road.

Tate, Jas., M.P.S.I., 7 and 9 Royal Avenue.
Tate, Robert E,, 17 Clifton Drive.

Taylor, Frank, St. John’s Marino.

Tedley, Miss, "Rosetta School.

Thomas, J. Leigh, J.P., Downshire Road, Bangor.
Thomas, Mrs. J. Leigh, ’ Downshire Road, Bangor.
Thompson, Joseph, Altorf, Holywood Road.
Thompson, Wm., Lauriston, Derryvolgie Avenue.
Thompson, Dr. Ross, Queen Street, Ballymoney.
Thomson, Richard, Cable Road, Whitehead.

1924-25.] 37]

1922. Thomson, James, 20 Station Street.

1921. Todd, R. G., 1 Mount Easton, Cliftonville.

1922. Torney, Henry C. S., F.R.S.A.I., The Moat, Holywood.

foro. traill, W. A., M.A., F.R.S.A.I., Red House, Bushmills,
Co. Antrim.

1921. Trimble, Andrew, M.B., D.P.H., J.P., Tyr-owen, Downview
Avenue.

1924. Turkington, Miss 8. J., 41 University Road.

1921. Turner, S., jun., 142 Cliftonpark Avenue.

1925. Turner, Edmund, A.R.C.Se.1., 1 Dunowen Gardens.

1922. Turner, Sir W. G., J.P., Hampton Park (Lord Mayor).

1904. Turtle, W. Haydock, Lumeah, Malone Road.

1909. Turtle, Mrs. N. S., Rosemount, Knock.

1922. Verner, Miss, Tyrone, Cranmore Park.

1893. Walker, W. J. D., C.B., The Sycamores, Drogheda.

1920. Walker, Mrs., Wellington Park.

1920. Ward, Miss Alice, Albert Villa, Sydenham.

1921. Ward, Francis E., Ridgeway Street, Stranmillis Road.

1923. Ward, A. H., 5 Tennyson Avenue, Bangor.

1919. Warnock, Miss, 24 Cromwell Road.

1909. Watson, John G., The Maples, King’s Road, Knock.

1921. Watson, Frank W., 10 Cranmore Gardens.

1913. Watson, Mrs. F. W., B.Sc., 10 Cranmore Gardens.

1925. Watson, Miss S., Firbeck Cottage, Sydenham.

1924. Watson, W. J., 5 Mountcashel Street.

1921. Watt, Miss Anna, 622 Ravenhill Road.

1924. Watters, Miss Ella, Holywood.

1925. Webb, Miss E. M., Rath House, Shandon Park.

1924. Wegg, George R., Glynn Villas, Larne.

1920. Weston, Wilfred W., 14 Donegall Square West.

1924. Weyms, David, 19 Cranmore Gardens.

1923. Wheeler, Norman F., 1 Fitzwilliam Street.

1923. Whitaker, W. M., K.C., 4 Castleton Terrace, Antrim Road.

1923. Whitaker, Mrs. W. M., 4 Castleton Terrace, Antrim Road.

1921. White, Chas. E., 219 Cavehill Road.

1921. White, George, Chatsworth, Balmoral.

1923. White, Miss Sara, Carlton, Carolan Road.

1922. White, Mrs. P. W. do.

1922. White, Miss Patricia, do.

1923. Wight, Robert J., 9 Stranmillis Street.

1877. Whitla, Sir William, M.D., J.P., M.P., Lennoxvale House.

1917. Williamson, James, J.P., Sandown Park, Knock.

1923. Willis, Miss A., 3 Avonmore, Balmoral.

1893. Wilson, George, 17 Bedford Street.

1901. Wilson, Prof. Grege, 0.B.E., M.A., D.Sc., M.R.I.A., Ardenza,
King’s Road.

1904. Wilson, Mrs., Ardenza, King’s Road.

1925. Wilson, Miss Anna, 28 College Park Avenue.

1924. Wilson, Miss Edith, 28 College Park Avenue.

1924. Wilson, W. E., 31 North Street.

1923. Woodburn, Rev. J. B., D.D., 78 Eglantine Avenue.

1923. Woodburn, Mrs., 78 Eglantine Avenue.

1922. Woods, ©. P., Princetown Lodge, Bangor.

1901. Workman, W. H., F.Z.S., M.B.0O.U., Lismore, Windsor Ave,

1923. Worth, Miss E. A., 23 Cyprus Avenne,

372 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

1922. Younge, W. G., Town Hall, Larne.
1923. Youell, Henry, 132 My Lady’s Road.
1924. Young, Robert A., B.A., 80 Rugby Avenue

Junior Members.
1925. Arneill, Miss Madge, 127 Melrose Street.

1924. Blair, Jack Coulter, 33 Ophir Gardens.

1923. Blake, P. H., 4 Knock Road, Knock,

1922. Blake, F. R. D., 4 Knock Road, Knock.

1923. Bryans, Harold, The Museum, College Square N.
1921. Bulla, A. C., Rydal, Lisburn Road.

1925. Colhoun, James H., Green Cottage, Ballycarry.

1923. Coulter, Miss Kathleen, Rosetta School.

1920. Crawford, R. H., Orissa, Marlborough Park South.
1923. Crawford, Miss ” Agatha, Easthope, Bawnn:ure Koad.
1922. Crawford, ag CG Sis do.

1924, Gallagher, Edward, 72 Martinez Avenue
1923. Gibson, Miss S., Ardamine, Ravenhill Road.
1924. Glendinning, Miss Ethne D, E. E., 1 Lenoxvale.

1924. Hamilton, Miss Grace, 11 Rosetta Avenue.
3923. Higginson, John Sidney, Dunvarna, Adelaide Park,
1923. Higginson, Miss Margaret, do,

1923. Keay, Miss Nancy, 13 Wellington Park Terrace.
1923. Kinnaird, Miss Helen, 1 Eglantine Place.

1924. Kerr, Miss Mary, Mount Carmel, Bloomfield.
1924. Kerr, Michael de.

1924. Kerr, Miss Thérese, do.

1922. Loewenthal, Miss A. C., Lenoxvale.
1924. Loewenthal, Miss Joan, Lenoxvale.

1924. Macoun, Miss C. P., Maralin, Osborne Gardens.
1924. Megaw, Miss Alice K., Brekagh, University Road.
1924. Megaw, Miss Helen D. do.

1922. Megaw, T. Mc., do.

1921. Mulligan. Miss J.. 74 Cromwell Road.

1923. M‘Devitt, Harry, 32 Stranmillis Gardens,

1923. M‘Gibney, Miss Rita, Baroda, Woodvale Road,
1923. M‘Keague, Cyril, 32 Farnham Street.

1524. M‘Keague, Harold, 31 Agincourt Avenue.

1923. M‘Kelvie, Miss Mollie, Rosetta School.

1924. Neill, Miss Norah, Linfield Villa, Windsor Avenue,
1923. Nixon, Miss Josephine, Rosetta School.

1924-25.]

1924.
1923.
1923.
1923.

1923.
1924.
1923.

1923.

1923.
1924,
1924.
1923.

1923.
1923.
1924.

1921.
1923.
1924.
1924.
1923.
1923.
1923.

373

Patterson, Miss Jean, 54 North Parade.
Patterson, William. RK., 124 EKglantine Avenue.
Pomeroy, Arthur J. C., Catterham, Haslow Oval, Harrogate.

Pomeroy, J. F. Brian, do.

Rankin, James, 27 Toronto Street.

Reilly, Grier, 16 Salisbury Gardens.

Robinson, Miss Inez M,. C., Terrace Hill, Shaw’s Bridge
Co, Down.

Russell, Alfred, 64 Ravenhill Park.

Stendall, Miss N., Deva, Haypark Avenue.

Stevenson, James Cochrane, 2 George’s Terrace, Ballysillan.
Stronge, Rollo, 86 Cliftonville Road.

Symmers, Miss P., 23 Windsor Avenue.

Taylor, Norman, 7 Delaware Street.
Thompson. Jack, 29 Glendower Street.
Todd, Miss Margaret M., 1 Mount Easton.

Walshe, J., 50 South Parade.

Ward, Miss S. P., 15 Stzvanmillis Road.

Warnock, Peter, 47 Balmoral Avenue.

Watson, Harry, Rosemount, Knock.

Williamson, Miss D. V., Sandown Park, Knock.
Wilson, John, 1 St. Andrew’s Square Kast.

Wilson, Thomas Desmond Lytton, 24 Candahar Street.

“TT

MUSEUM

22 AUG 28

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Pe II., 1914-15 ... a see can eee HG
sy TIT., 1915-16 ‘ 1/6
Ph Ve, UOTG=17 «cas in aed as saree
V., 1917-18, with Title Page and Index to
Vol. VIL., and Appenae III.
of Vol. IIL, ... Di
Vol. VIII., Part —I., 1918-19 ; ie * Bye
ee III., 1920-21 re Ee ee Die
bi ie m DV, 1921-22) 222, Bt
7 is a V., 1922-23 and Appendix IV. of Vol. Tile
a4 2 - VI -ye1923- 24 and 1924-25 (in one) 2/-

SS

SIXTY-FOURTH YEAR,
1926—1927.-

PRESIDENT :
WILLIAM M. CRAWFORD, B.A., F.E.S., F.Z.S

THE SEVENTH FIELD EXCURSION

WILL TAKE PLACE

ON SATURDAY, 21st AUGUST, 1926.

TO

Mountstewart Italian Garden, The A aries, Bally-

walter Park, and Portavogie Fishery Harbour.

Conductors—Messrs. R. J. Welch, M.Sc., M.R.I.A., and
George Steven (Chief Inspector of Fisheries).

Members will meet the conductors at the Old Museum,
College Square N., at 9-45 sharp, and take the seats
allotted in the motor charabancs. The route to Mount-
stewart will be via Newtownards, passing on the way the
fine tumulus and glacial gravels at Dundonald, Scrabo Hill
with its volcanic sills and ripple-marked sandstones. In
Newtownards the Old Cross and Priory will be seen, and
soon after The Butterlump, a fine glacial erratic of Basalt,
weighing about 130 tons, resting on bright red ‘Triassic
sandstones. The contrast here between the dark erratic
and underlying red rocks is very marked; it may have come
from Co. Antrim in the great ice-sheet which travelled
south over N.E. Ireland. ‘The first stop will be at Mount-
stewart to visit the new Italian Gardens, for which the
Marchioness of Londonderry has given special permission.
With their great Pergola, several Lily ponds, terraces,
Dodo and Monkey pillars, rat-proof bird houses, Lady
Mary’s Tea House, and the many models of extinct animals
on the terrace walls cr steps, &c., there is ncthing in Irish
gardens to approach this garden for beauty and interest.

1 .
,

Naturalists Field Club

In addition.to the great [lex on the lawn, the. large
Florencecourt Yews, and two largest clipped Bay trees in
the British Isles, the Head Gardener, Mr. T: W. Bolas will
point out many rare or interesting plants in the Pergola
and Sunk garden, &c. These include Kucalyptus trees
HE. globulus—the Blue Gum of Australia, growing at Mount-
stewart to a height of 85 feet; a New Zealand Free fern—
Dicksonia antarctica—and the rare Californian shrub Den-
dromecon rigidum, with its big yellow flowers, which may
still be in blossom. The Pergola is planted with twenty
species or varieties of Australian and New Zealand Acacias,
the Club Palm, Cordyline australis; the Chusan Palm,
Chamaerops humilis; Ginger Plant, Hedychium Greenii;
Japanese Banana, Musa japonica; Jerusalem Sage, Phlomis
fruticosa; Chilian Nut, Gwevina avellana; Cork tree,
Quercus subes; Bottle brush Tree, Metrosideros; Loquat,
Eriobotrya; Viburnum rhytidophyllum from China; EHu-
cryphia cordifolia and Crinodendron Hookeri from Chih
with Desfontainea spinosa and some fine lilies, Lilium
auratum, L. Henryi, L. Pardalinum, &c., which will likely
be in bloom about that time. Round the lake are many
fine plants, Gunneras, Japanese Primulas, Irises, &c., but
time will not permit of a visit on this occasion.

The next stop will be in Ballywalter Park to visit Lady
Dunleath’s Bird Aygries, Rock Garden, and Bird Pond,
where many interesting birds will be seen in large open-air
ayaries, or in the wired in area round the bird pond.
Among the birds in No. 1 Aviary may be seen Australian
Flock Doves and Blue eye Doves (both have bred this
season), Palm Doves, Snow Bunting, Red Head and Zebra
Finches, Cutthroats, Bulfinch, Goldfinch. In “No.2
Australian and other Finches, Spire birds, Blackheaded and
Whiteheaded News, Cordon Bleu, Masked Doves, Red-
poles, Pekin Robins, Ribbon Finches, &e. Outside there
are Trumpeters, Australian Piping crows, Karracorrys, Tine-
mon, Californian Quail, Brazil Jays, many species of Duck
in pond, Black Swans and a White Riea. In the Rockery
will be seen New Zeaiand ferns, wild small White Foxglove
from the Alps, Soldanellas, Vincetoxium officinalis and
many other plants from the Alps and Pyrenees. ‘lhe Goat
Farm will also be visited.

At Portayogie, Mr. Steven will show the party much of
interest at the fishing harbour; here the artists, amateur
photographers and anglers of the party will find much to
interest them (some films, &c., should have been reserved
for the fishing boats). At the week-end many of the boats
are in harbour. On the sandhills some interesting land-

shells, beetles, spiders, and plants occur, and shore col-
lecting can be indulged i in, both in rock pool and on oes ;

Aad at hartraunr, huclprrf ove’
Carued auto & Channel.

Fave (including motors, tea and gratuities), members 6s
each, visitors 7s each.

THE PARTY IS LIMITED To 84 PERSONS BY
CHARABANC. {co

Other members using their own cars will please notify
the conductors, otherwise tea cannot be provided.
Applications for places must be made to Mr. R. J. Welch,
49 Lonsdale Street, Belfast, accompanied by remittances,
on or before noon on Tuesday, 17th August. Strict regard
will be paid to priority of applcation and paymenk of fare, G
Club tickets wi'l be issued to those who can be taken, and
the fares of other applicants will be returned.

D

A. H. DAVISON,

Pion. cee
Ee were (eo

10th August, 1926.

SS”
BD so Comer [§ Cars. cnclutliry

iv pcasn bake fr Colaraing, NE. Dory, J
le Route Nob FCO

PROCEEDINGS

AND

ANNUAL REPORTS

SERIES Il. PARTS

VOL. VIII. VIII. IX. X.
1925-206.
1926-27.
1927-28.

FOR CONTENTS SEE INSIDE COVER.

PRINTED FOR MEMBERS ONLY
PRICE OF EXTRA COPIES TO MEMBERS 32/-

CONTENTS.

List of Officers, 1925-26 €. of er
Excursions : :-—Benevenagh and Magilligan, Sallagh Braes,

Belvoir Park, Hadrian’s Wall, Baronscourt, Redhall ree

Armagh, Strangford Narrows
Conversazione oon Ps
Papers :—
“ A Walk round My Garden ’’—James Orr, M.B.O.U. ...
7 oe seen at the Roman Wall ’’—Miss WwW. J. Sayers,
B.A

“Plant Parasites and “Saprophytes ’ Arthur “Deane,
F.R.S.E., M.R.1.A. is ah on
“ Zoo Studies »—D. J. Carpenter, AIRY Sel.
“River Lagan from Source to Sea 7A, RB. Hogg
‘“ Geology and Denudation ’—A. McI. Cleland _...
‘““In Nature’s Haunts ’’—J. A. oe Stendall, M.R.1. so
M.B.0.U. -
Annual Meeting ne
Report of Delegate to British Association ...
Club Medallists ace
List of Officers, 1926-27 =i RA
Excursions:—Antrim and The Bush, Dromena, Cashel and
Tollymore Park, The Flush, Lower Lough Erne, Lough
Fea, Brown’s Bay, Mountstewart and Ballywalter, Ballin-
derry and Portmore, Downpatrick ;
Conversazione ae =
Papers :-—
‘“Tnsect Mimicry ’’—W. M. Crawford, F.E.S., F.Z.8. ...
“Lands and Seas of the World in Past Times ’’—Professor
J. K. Charlesworth, D.Sc. ; Bs = res
‘“‘ Fishery Problems »_G. Steven

my Boren Run round Ulster ’’—Professor J. Small,
D.Sc., M.R.LA. 3
“ Karly Christian Antiquities in Ireland”’—R. J. “Welch,
M-Sc., M.R.1.A.

by Eclipses of the Sun, Moon and Stars ’—C. E. Kerr, B.A.
“Life of the Bee ’”—Rev. E. M. ee BD A

Annual Meeting 5

Report of Delegate to British Association

Club Medallists b:

List of Officers, 1927-28 me as ia * np oe
Excursions :—Belvoir Park, Slieve Croob, Rademon Demesne,
Cave Hill, Charlemont, Moy and Benburb, Londonderry
and Inishowen, Carrickfergus, Knockmany and Clete
Giant’s Causeway, Mount Sandal and pain A
Conversazione Bae ae : To re
Papers :—
““Respice et Prospice’’“—R, 8. Lepper, M.A., LL.M.,
I’, RK. Hist.s. 3 ;
(i) ‘‘ Early Days in B.N.EC. ae (2) “ Hunting ‘Semper-
vivums ’’—R, Ll. Praeger, B.E., DiSe.,, MR. Aye
‘““Was Darwin Right ?’’ =k. Hunter, MSDi, "M. \Ch., F. The S.
‘“ Modern Seed Testing Professor S. P. Mercer
‘“ Soap Bubbles and Related Topics ’’—C. R. Nodder, M. A.
‘The Moon ’’—C. E, Kerr, B.A., F.R.S.A.I. 2 a
“ Beautiful Wild and Cultivated’ Gardens of Ireland ?—
R.. J. Welch, M.Sc., M.R.I.A. x. ee?
Annual Report :
Club Medallists ee
List of Exchanging Societies
Rules ae bse
List of Members
Index
List of liustrations

BRITISH
MUSFUM

14 MAY 30

nc CLELAND?
«pase

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(1918-19 & 1919.55~
- ed

S.A. BENNETT, F REV. W.R.MEGAW.

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20-21 & 1921-22.

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mesh) 15 19242 :

PRESIDENTS- 1918 - 1928.

R.S.LEPPER. 1927-28. |

TFS Ae AE TT.

PROCEEDINGS

and ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

BELFAST NATURALISTS’
Fen CLUS

For the Year Ending 3lst March, 1926

(SIXTY-THIRD YEAR)

SERIES. II. PART VIII.

VOLUME VIII. 1925-26.

EDITORS:
A. ALBERT CAMPBELL, r.r.s.a.1.
THOMAS M. DEANS, tt.p.

ADVISORY EDITORIAL COMMITTEE:
Botany—S. A. BENNETT, B.a., B.sc.,
Geology —A. Mc]. CLELAND.

Zoology —S. M. MACOUN.
Archeology--JOSEPH SKILLEN.

Errata :—For Part VI. 1924-25 on page 327 please read
Part VIT, 1924-25,

BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

SIXTY-THIRD YEAR, 1925-26.

GENERAL COMMITTEE.

President:
JAMES ORR, M.3B.0.v.

Vice-President:
WILLIAM M. CRAWFORD, B.a., F.E.S., F.Z.S.

Hon. Treasurer:
ALEX, H. DAVISON, r.r.s.a.1., 32 Wellington Place, Belfast.

Hon, Librarian:
R. S. LEPPER, w.a., Fr.R.HIstT.s., Elsinore, Crawfordsburn Co. Down.

Hon, Recording Secretary:

J. A. SIDNEY STENDALL, m.s.o0.u., The Museum,
College Square North, Belfast.

Hon, Secretary of Botanical Section:
S. A. BENNETT, B.a., B.sc., Campbell College, Belfast.

Hon. Secretary of Geological Section:
A. McI. CLELAND, 28 Green Road, Knock, Belfast.

Hon. Secretary of Zoological Section:
R. J. WELCH, m.sc., m.p.1.a., 49 Lonsdale Street, Belfast.

Hon. Secretary of Archzological Section:
JOSEPH SKILLEN, 25 Stranmillis Gardens, Belfast.

Hon. Secretary of Junior Section:
D, J. CARPENTER, a.Rr.c.sc.u., 278 Cliftonville Road, Belfast.

Ordinary Members of Committee:

Retire 1926. Retire 1927. Retire 1928.
Rev. W. R. Megaw, B.A. T. Edens Osborne,
Capt. C. D. Chase, m.c.,| N. Carrothers. F.R,S.A.I.
M.A. Robert Bell. Charles E. Kerr, B.a.,
J. R. H. Greeves, B.sc. F.R.S.A.T.

Miss W. J. Sayers, B.A.
S. M. Macoun.
Hon, Secretaries:

A. ALBERT CAMPBELL, F.r.s.4.1., Drumnaferrie, Rosetta Park,
Belfast.

THOMAS M, DEANS, t1,p., Academy House, Rosetta, Belfast,

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PROCEEDINGS.

SUMMER -SESSION.
——-- — +>.
BENEVENAGH AND MAGILLIGAN.

Date—30th May, 1925. Conductor—A. W. Stelfox, M.R.I.A.
Number present, 51.

A party of 44 left the L.M.S. Station at 9-80 a.m. and
were joined at Coleraine by seven members of the Route
Club. <A small party, in charge of Mr. Robert Bell, de-
trained at Downhill for the sand-dunes and shore between
there and Magilligan. The majority went on to Bellarena,
from which the ascent of Benevenagh can be most easily
made. After traversing pretty lanes, edged by fern banks,
and past the church of Tamlaght, with its adjoining “‘holy
well’’ on the roadside, the party entered the lower woods,
where wild hyacinths, violets, blue bugle, and ground ivy
grew in great profusion. At the top of the woods a halt was
called, and the conductor gave an interesting talk on the
physical features of the district, commenting on the magni-
ficient basaltic escarpment, with its ‘‘floes’’ so well defined,
which towered above. Benevenagh, he remarked, is known
to botanists as the finest station for Alpine plants in Ireland.
Whether these plants are remnants of an ancient flora that
was almost destroyed by the ice of glacial times, or whether
they represent a new flora struggling to gain a footing, is a
point yet to be decided by scientists.

The high wind made both observation and collecting
difficult, the latter even dangerous. The ornithologists were
delighted to observe a pair of Peregrine Falcons soaring high
above the cliff, on which they no doubt had a nest. The
botanists soon discovered the Mossy Saxifrage (Saaifraga
hypnoides) growing in patches on the crumbling basalt,
followed by the rare Cushion Pink (Silene acaulis) which
was in full flower. Only one member succeeded in finding
the Mountain Avens (Dryas octopetala). The Dwarf
Juniper (Juniperus nana) was found growing flat against
the rocks, and up a deep gully the rare Mountain Saxifrage

(Proc. B.N.F.C.,
380

(Saxifraga oppositifolia) appeared very sparingly. Other in-
teresting plants seen were the Hemlock Stork’s-bill
(Erodium circutarum) and the Hawkweed (Hieracium
anglicum).

The return journey was made by ‘the train leaving
Bellarena at 6-3 p.m.

THE SALLAGH BRAES.
Date—13th June, 1925. Conductor—Robert Bell.
Number present—42.

The journey was made by motor coach leaving College
Square North at 9-45 a.m., and proceeding via Ballynure,
Larne, Ballygally, and Cairncastle to the foot of Knockdhu,
where, on the farm of Mr. Thomas Stewart, there is a
souterrain of special interest. It has seven chambers, con-
nected with each other by the usual defences, including a
secret trap-door, and the tiny communicating doorways
through which the would-be visitor was compelled to creep,
‘“‘walking’’ on his elbows. It has also a remarkable venti-
lating flue, a feature of most souterrains, but in this instance
of considerable size.

From Knockdhu the noble cliff escarpment, known
as the Sallagh Braes, stretches in a magnificent semi-circle
for about two miles, and attains a uniform elevation of
from 800 to 900 feet. Rough talus slopes extend from
the base of the cliffs to the farm lands and boggy pastures
in the lower ground to the east.

The botanical interest of the locality les in the vegeta-
tion of the cliffs and of the gullies carved out. of the face
of the rocks by stream action. Most of the rarer plants of
the Antrim basaltic area are found here. Lady Ferns occur
in great masses, from very old roots, all along the slope
under the cliffs. The district is specially rich in rare mosses,
and the bryologists of the party (Mr. Megaw and Captain
Chase) reported several interesting ‘‘finds.”’

The geologists had a busy time. The Cretaceous rocks
outcrop at various places from beneath the overlying
Tertiary basalt. | Above Killyglen, at the south end of the
Braes, the Chalk is a prominent feature. Some rare acces-
sory minerals are found in the Basalt, including farolite,
natrolite, chabasite, analcite, apophyllite, and levyne.

The motors were rejoined at Killyglen School, and after
tea in Larne, the return journey was made by the coast
road, and Belfast reached before 9 o’clock.

1925-26.]
381

BELVOIR PARK.
Date—27th June, 1925. Conductors—J, A. S. Stendall and
Albert K. Stewart. Number present, 112.

This was an evening meeting. Entering the demesne
by the first gate on the city side, the party proceeded by
the south of the lake, on which numerous water fowl make
their home, and thence by a “‘ short-cut ’’ to ‘‘ Rabbit
Park ’’ and ‘‘ Badger Wood,’’ where dwell the common
badger and the squirrel. Crossing a clearing, the site of
the ancient church of Breda, surrounded by a graveyard,
was reached. Beside the Dungannon vault Mr. A. Albert
Campbell gave a short resume of the history of the Hill
Trevor family, and mentioned that the first Lord Dun-
gannon’s daughter, Anne, after whom Annadale was named,
married Lord Mornington, and was the mother of the great
Duke of Wellington. Part of the future Duke’s boyhood
was spent at Annadale Hall, where his mother resided in
the early years of her widowhood.

Proceeding, the party traversed the old Rock Garden,
still showing traces of a former wealth of flowering shrubs
and alpines, and, passing the mansion house, arrived at the
large earthen burial mound. Mr. Campbell explained that
these sepulchral tumuli, generally the graves of great
chiefs, were held in veneration, and were the recognised
places for religious and deliberative assemblies in primitive
times. Consequently, they would become centres of popu-
lation and for the convenience of the population the early
Christian missionaries erected churches close by. This
accounted for the frequently close proximity of, ancient
churches and sepulchral mounds, e.g., at Knock, Drumbeg,
Dundonald, and Holywood. When Belvoir demesne was
formed in 1740 the old village settlement was removed, and
the new town of Breda (Newtownbreda) came into
existence.

Passing the old ice-house, the bank of the Lagan back-
water was reached, along which flits the Kingfisher, and
where many interesting plants grow, including the rare
Bird’s nest Orchis. The Giant Hog-weed is here in great
profusion. The botanists also found the Bitter Cress, the
Tutsan, and the Adder’s Tongue. Round the margin of
the lake the zoologists found, among moss and damp leaves,
many very small land shells such as Vertigo substriata, V.
pigmea, and V. antivertigo, with Sphyradium edentulum
and Acanthinula aculeata. Under some decaying wood
Hyalinia alliaria, by its strong odour, fully justified its

(Proc. B.N.F.C.,
382

common name of the Garlic Snail. In the lake fine speci-
mens of the Coil Snail (Planorbis alba) were much more
abundant than usual, with many P. carinatus of the non-
typical Lough Neagh basin form. There were many
Bithynia tentaculata and some Sphiwrium lacustre. <A
freshwater polyzoon was collected also, for miscroscopical
examination. Freshwater beetles and leeches were
abundant.

HADRIAN’S WALL AND HEXHAM.

Date—llth to 14th July, 1925. Conductor—A. MclI. Cleland.
‘Number present, 22.

The ‘* Long Excursion ’’ had Hadrian’s Wall, the most
famous Roman relic in Great Britain, as its venue. The
party left Belfast on the evening of Friday, 10th July, for
Stranraer, and travelling in reserved compartments on the
Stranraer—Carlisle—Newcastle boat express, reached Hex-
ham at 2-25 a.m. on Saturday. By 10-30 all were ready for
a strenuous day of sight-seeing. A motor coach carried
them to Chesters and the camp at Cilurnum, with Major
R. C. Hedley as guide for the day. Proceeding to Choller-
ford, they walked down the left bank of the North Tyne to
the remains of the Roman bridge, now much overgrown
with ivy, but still most interesting. After lunch at the
‘“ George ’’ Inn at Chollerford, the Limestone Bank was
visited, to inspect a section of the north ditch of the Wall,
where it has been cut through a basaltic dyke. Here the
Wall rises to about 600 feet.

The next stop was Houghton Castle, reached after a
journey down break-neck hills and along narrow lanes with
almost impossible turnings. After a survey of the ancient
building, the party drove on to Brunton House, where a
fine piece of the Wall was inspected.

On reaching Hexham again, the members were wel-
comed by Mr. J. Gibson, F.S.A., F.C.S., ‘who with
Councillor Knight (Chairman of the District Council) and
the members of the Hexham Field Club, listened to a fine
address by Col. Berry, M.R.I.A., on “‘ Arthurian Associa-
tions of the Wall.”

On Sunday most of the party attended service in the
ancient Abbey Church of Hexham in the morning, and in
the afternoon visited Bywell Castle, the residence of Mr. C.
O. P. Gibson, a 14th century tower to which a modern
residence has been added. Mr. Gibson led the way through

1925-26.]
383

the tower to the battlements, which command a magnificent
view of the Tyne. Afterwards he showed them the Anglo-
Saxon (pre-Conquest) Church of St. Peter, close by.
Across the road is another church of the same period, St.
Andrew’s. Before leaving, tea was hospitably provided by
Mr. Gibson.

Monday morning found the party on its way to Bor-
covicus Camp, with Mr. J. Gibson as guide. The journey
was then continued to Gilsland, passing Thirlwall Castle on
the way. At Gilsland vicarage, the Rev. W. Webb pointed
out the fine remains of the Wall running through his garden.
After examining all that is left of Willowford Roman bridge,
and the ancient remains of Lanercost Priory, a return was
made to Hexham. At 9-15 p.m. the members met the
Hexham Field Club in the ballroom of the hotel to hear a
lecture from Mr. J. Gibson on Hexham Abbey, illustrated
by a fine series of lantern slides. Mr. Gibson was heartily ©
thanked by Mr. Cleland, Mr. R. S. Lepper, M.A., and the
Rev. D. Maconachie, B.D.

On the final day (Tuesday), Major Hedley was guide.
The section of the vallum at Hillhead, near Corbridge, was
inspected, the party afterwards going on to the site of the
Roman city of Corstopitum. Afterwards there was a brief
halt at the Saxon church of Corbridge, after which the Tyne
was crossed and a visit paid to Dilston Castle, where by
kind permission of Viscount Allandale the interesting old
home of the Jacobite Earls of Derwentwater was inspected.
Four o’clock found all members assembled in the venerable
Abbey Church of Hexham, and an interesting hour was
spent in examining every detail of this fine old structure,
under the guidance of the genial verger, Mr. W. Dodds.

At 12-45 a.m. the return journey was begun, and
Belfast was reached in good time on Wednesday morning.

The Club is deeply indebted to the gentlemen who
acted as guides, to the members of the Hexham Field Club
for their fraternal attention, and to the good people of
Hexham and neighbourhood generally who vied with each
other in showing kindness to the Irish visitors.

BARONS COURT.
Date—25th July, 1925. Conductors—R. J. Welch and
A. Albert Campbell. Number present, 60.
By kind permission of His Grace the Duke of Abercorn
the old woods and demesne of Barons Court were visited.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
384

Members travelled by the G.N.R. 8-25 a.m. limited mail,
which, by the courtesy of the District Superintendent,
stopped specially at Newtownstewart to allow our party to
alight. Mr. W. Ross Henderson, who kindly attended to
the local transport, ete., and Mr. W. T. Miller, M.P., were
on the platform on the arrival of the train. On the way
from the station, the old bridge (built in 1727), with its
masses of foliage, was examined with interest, and the ad-
jacent site of an O’Neill castle at ‘‘ Pigeon Hill’’ was
pointed out. Proceeding to the Cornmarket, the Stewart
Plantation castle was inspected, Mr. Campbell giving a short
talk on the history of the castle and town. Reference was
made to a cause celebre of its day, ‘‘ the Newtownstewart
murder,’’ and on the way up the Main Street the Northern
Bank, the scene of the crime, was pointed out. Mr. Miller
then took the party into the Parish Church to see the 1634
memorial of Lady Montgomery, of the Ards, Co. Down,
mother of the historian of the Montgomery family. Harry
Avrey’s castle, an O’Neill fortress on an eminence over-
looking the town and the Mourne valley, next claimed
attention, Mr. Campbell again giving an historical sketch,
his remarks being supplemented by Mr. Miller.

A fleet of motors conveyed the party to Barons Court.
An al fresco lunch was partaken of on ‘‘ the Milking Hill,”’
following which Mr. R. 8. Lepper gave an interesting
account of the Hamilton family history in Scotland and
Treland. Mr. Robert Bell, J.P., the estate manager, and
his assistants here took charge and conducted the party to
places of interest in the demesne, which comprises 5,000
acres. The old cypress avenue first attracted attention,
then some fine beds of royal ferns in which many plants of
Lilium superbum protruded their orange heads above the
fern fronds. .

The old castle in the woods, described by the late Lord
Belmore in his ‘“‘ Ancient Castles of Tyrone,’’ was visited,
as was ‘‘ the Wild Garden,’’ under the guidance of Mr.
Yeo, the head gardener, with its wealth of both garden and
wild flowers. Here some very interesting plants are seeding
themselves or running riot in a most picturesque fashion.
Among these is the Lilium superbum, already mentioned,
and that cousin of the sunflower, Telecia speciosia, a
gentian, and a great mass of the Canadian beech fern. Here
also some fine masses of bright crimson spireas and a
number of rare shrubs coming into flower add much variety
to a most charming spot.

1925-26.]
385

The zoologists found that a freshwater shell discovered
on a previous visit of the Club, and not yet identified, had
disappeared from one of the ponds owing to the spread of
the bog bean.

After an excellent tea in the Abercorn Hotel, the
return to Belfast was made by the 7-23 train.

REDHALL GLEN.

Date—8th August, 1925, Conductors—Robert Bell and
Nathaniel Carrothers, Number present, 56.

The Old Mill Glen, anciently known as Altfracken, was
the objective of an afternoon field meeting. Permission for
the visit was kindly given by Mr. G. 8. Reade, J.P. On
arrival in Redhall demesne, Mr. A. A’ Campbell, at the
request of the conductors, spoke of some of the historical
associations of the place, and Mr. Robert Bell pointed out
its geological features, an almost complete epitome of the
geology of Co. Antrim.

The Glen has been cut through the chalk by a stream
from higher ground. The wider portion affords a suitable
habitat for some choice wild flowers. The cliffs at the
upper end are completely covered with ferns. Among the
plants noted by the botanists were Alpine Enchanter’s
Nightshade, Bird’s nest Orchis, and Broad-leaved Helle-
borine.

Leaving the demesne by the upper gate at Ballycarry
village, the party enjoyed an excellent tea in the new
refreshment rooms, and then visited the old churchyard
which contains the tombs of the Rev. Edward Brice, the
earliest Presbyterian minister in Ulster; James Orr, the
poet; and Willie Nelson, the young ’98 rebel. Black
Spleenwort, a lime-loving fern, was found growing thickly
on the walls of the old church.

ARMAGH AND DISTRICT.

Date—22nd August, 1925. Conductor—Joseph Skillen.
Number present, 63.

The party left Belfast in two motor coaches at 9 a.m.,
proceeding via Lisburn, Lurgan, Portadown and Loughgall.
Before reaching Loughgall a halt was made to afford Mr.
R. Bell an opportunity of showing the botanists a habitat of
the rare Juncus glaucus which he had recently discovered.
On arrival at Armagh, Mr. O’Hagan, chairman of the Urban
Council, and Mr. Lennon, town clerk, welcomed the Club

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
386

to the city, and the latter gentleman and Mr. Delmege
Trimble, of the ‘* Armagh Guardian,’’ accompanied the
party to the various places of interest visited during the
day. The first call was at the Roman Catholic Cathedral,
where, as they approached up the long flight of steps, the
carillon burst into the ‘* Londonderry Air,’’ and other
selections followed. ‘The interior of the magnificent build-
ing, to which the verger acted as guide, was greatly ad-
mired. <A visit to the Library and the Protestant Cathedral
followed.

After lunch the party proceeded to Emania, locally
known as ‘“‘ Navan Fort.’’ Mr. Skillen briefly recapitulated
the legends connecting the place with Queen Macha, King
Conor MacNessa, Deirdre ‘‘ of the sorrows,’’ the sons of
Usna, and the Red Branch Knights. In an adjacent quarry
the geologists got busy with hammer and chisel, and the
botanists fished out fine specimens of snake-weed from the
quarry ponds.

Before leaving Armagh a short visit was paid to the
Observatory, where Mrs. Ellison and her sons, in the ab-
sence of the astronomer (Rev. W. F. Ellison) pointed out
everything of interest.

THE NARROWS, STRANGFORD LOUGH.
Date—Sth September, 1925. Conductor—James Orr.
Number present, 46.

''he last full Club excursion of the season was to Strang-
ford district. The motor coaches left Belfast in a steady
downpour of rain, and proceeded via Saintfield, Crossgar
and Downpatrick to Strangford. By this time the rain had
cleared off, and brilliant sunshine was enjoyed for the
remainder of the day. Rev. Canon Foster, rector of
Strangford, joined the party, and acted during the day as
‘guide, philosopher and friend.’’ On reaching Kilclief,
the zoologists diligently proceeded with shore collecting
until stopped by the rising tide. The conductor’s prize was
an incentive, and in the afternoon, when the result was
announced, it was found that the winner (Mrs. Nodder)
had collected seventeen species illustrative of the marine

fauna of the district.

A visit was paid to Kilclief Church to inspect the
interesting Anglo-Norman sculptured slabs, now in and
outside the porch.

Returning to Strangford, Canon Foster exhibited some
rare plants growing in the rectory garden, and then led the

1925-26.
387

way to Lord De Ros’s demesne to see Oldcourt Chapel, of
which the foundation stone was laid in 16380.

Castleward was then visited by permission of Lord
Bangor. Audley’s Castle was seen across the Temple
Water, but time did not admit of a closer view. Leaving
Castleward, the next halt was at the old church of Raholp,
and Mr. A. A. Campbell gave an outline of its history.

At Downpatrick, which was reached at about 6 p.m.,
Dean Carmody took the archeologists to see some recent
discoveries. After tea at Magee’s Hotel, the party left for
Belfast.

CONYERSAZIONE.

The annual Conversazione was held in the Assembly
Hall, Fisherwick Place, on Tuesday evening, October 20th,
1925. The attendance, as usual, was large, and the
exhibits interesting. The principal exhibits included—

Botany.—Capt. Chase, plants from the south of
France; Shaftesbury House students, collection of fruits ;
N. Carrothers, alien plants; EK. N. Carrothers and A. E.
Muskett, fungi, including their role in causing plant
diseases; Municipal Museum, models of flowers, showing
adaptation to bring about cross pollination; Miss M. Grace
Patterson, collection of plants (mounted) from summer
excursions, 1925; E. J. Merrill, reproduction of alge; S.
A. Bennett, seeds of wild plants mounted as dark slide
objects, carices of N.E. Ireland; Professor Small, some
xerophytes ; C. R. Nodder and Miss Davin (Linen Research
Institute), model of the flax plant, etc.

Geology.—Robert Bell, zonal cephalopoda from lower
Lias, Co. Antrim; A. Mel. Cleland, alabaster from Triassic
marl, Whitehead ; lignite from Swanage, Dorset ; chalcedony
and hullite from Carnmoney ; fossils from Kimmeridge clay,
Dorset; T. Edens Osborne, collection of fossils; R. J.
Welch, Pleistocene and Holocene land and freshwater shells.

Zoology.—James Orr, marine shells; W. M. Crawford,
butterflies and moths; A. MclI. Cleland, tree snails from
Sandwich Islands, selection of cowries; James Orr, J. A. S.
Stendall, and Municipal Museum, Trish birds of prey; R.
J. Welch, freshwater pearl mussels; D. J. Carpenter,
common marine objects.

Archeology.—Joseph Skillen, stone and flint imple-
ments, ethnological objects, pottery from Hadrian’s Wall;

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
388

Dr. Hill (Larne), bronze implements; R. H. Common,
crude flints from the surface of Ballygally Head, surface
scrapers from near Larne.

There were also interesting photographic and miscel-
laneous exhibits by Mr. T. E. Osborne, Mr. R. J. Welch,
Mr. A. Mel. Cleland, Mr. E. N. Carrothers, Mr. Joseph
Skillen, Mrs. M‘Crum, Dr. M‘Master, and Miss Mawdsley.

After tea a short business meeting was held at which
new members were elected, and the Club Medal for 1925 was
presented to Mr. Nathaniel Carrothers.

A lantern display of photographs taken at the summer
field meetings concluded the proceedings.

WINTER SESSION.

The authors of the various Papers, of which abstracts
are given, are alone responsible for the views expressed
therein.

A WALK ROUND MY GARDEN: A TALK ON THE
WONDERS OF THE COMMONPLACE.

The opening meeting of the Winter Session was held in
the Museum, College Square North, on Tuesday, 17th
November, 1925, when the President (Mr. James Orr,
M.B.O.U.) delivered the inaugural address.

Mr. Orr prefaced his lecture by stating that the opinion,

once widely held, that a liberal education was incomplete
which did not include foreign travel, was a sound, though
an idealistic one. Contact with strange peoples, with their
strange customs, clothing and food, and with different
modes of thought; contact also with different natural
phenomena from those to which we are accustomed could
not fail to strike the imagination and stimulate thought.
In practice, however, it had its limitations, principally of a
financial nature. Foreign travel was only possible for a mere
fraction of the population. If the chief advantage of foreign
travel as a factor in education was to stimulate thought
through the senses, by bringing them in contact with
the strange, the wonderful, the bizarre, this object can be
attained by travel at home. We have no need to go beyond
the confines of our gardens or the limits of a country walk
to find all the stimulus we require. Carlyle contended that
the best university was a collection of books, and it might
be claimed that the best substitute for foreign travel was
an intensive study of the common objects of our gardens and

1925-26.]
389

countryside. This study would reveal more marvels in a
very restricted area than would be observed by most
travellers during a very extensive tour.

The lecturer went on to illustrate this point by describ-
ing some of the marvels he had observed in his own garden.
He narrated the life history of the tree wasp (Vespa
norvegica) which he described as the first paper maker; of
the solitary mud wasp, which packed away in a clay-
built cell food for its offspring in the form of living
caterpillars, stung to insensibility; and of ichneumon flies
which deposited their eggs in the living tissues of cater-
pillars. Other subjects dealt with included the loves of the
spiders, climbing plants, birds of the garden, hedgehogs,
rats, rabbits, etc.

The talk was illustrated by a collection of lantern slides,
and the discussion which followed was taken part in by
Messrs. J. A. S. Stendall, M.B.O.U., J. M‘Caw, B.A., and
R. 8S. Lepper, M.A.

THINGS SEEN AT THE ROMAN WALL.

The second ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was
held in the Old Museum on 15th December, 1925, when Miss
Willielma J. Sayers, B.A., gave a lecture on above subject.
The President (Mr. James Orr, M.B.O.U.) occupied the
chair.

Miss Sayers was with the Club on its visit to Northum-
berland in July, and having spent a week with the
excavators at work on Hadrian’s Wall in the autumn, had
an interesting story to tell, and told it ina fascinating way.

The latest researches tend to show that the southern
and eastern parts of Britain were thoroughly Romanised
and probably Latin-speaking, whilst the line of the wall
marks not so much a barrier against invading foes from the
north as a great frontier patrolled by thousands of troops
acting as police and customs officials, this frontier being
part of Hadrian’s world-wide scheme for marking the limits
of the Roman Empire.

The lecturer also gave some account of the gods
worshipped by the Roman soldiers in Britain, pointing out
that not only the religion but the art and architecture of
the Roman occupation showed clear traces of Celtic
influence.

The lecture was illustrated by numerous slides, mostly
lent by Mr. Cleland and Mr, A, R. Hogg, showing not only

(Proc. B.N.F.C.,
39°

the Roman Wall, its forts, mile-castles and turrets, the
vallum and its gaps; but many of the ‘‘ finds ’’ unearthed
in the neighbourhood.

Miss Sayers was heartily congratulated on her masterly
treatment of the subject by the President and Messrs. A.
MclI. Cleland, R. S. Lepper, M.A., and J. A .S. Stendall.

PLANT PARASITES AND SAPROPHYTES.

The third ordinary meeting of the Club was held in the
Old Museum on Tuesday evening, 5th January, 1926, the
President (Mr. James Orr, M.B.O.U.) in the chair.

Mr. Arthur Deane, F.R.S.E., M.R.I.A., delivered a
very interesting lecture on plant parasites and saprophytes.
He has made a special study of this subject, and with the
help of a large number of excellent lantern slides and a few
Museum preparations he imparted a considerable amount
of information in the course of his lecture.

At the close the appreciation of the members present
was expressed by the President, and Messrs. R. J. Welch,
M.Se.,- M.R.IA.,. .J..A. S. Stendall, D2.5.0:;0., Ay 4.
Davison, F.R.S.A.I., and James Loughridge.

ZOO STUDIES.

The fourth ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was
held in the Old Museum, on Tuesday evening, 19th January,
1926. The President (Mr. James Orr, M.B.O.U.) occupied
the chair.

The lecturer for the evening, Mr. D. J, Carpenter,
A.R.C.Se.L., dealt with characteristic types of mammals,
reptiles and a few batrachians. The nest-building habit of
apes, the value of pattern in tabbies and other cats, the
comparison of the rhinoceros and the hippopotamus, and
the aquatic adaptations of the seal family, formed part of
much interesting matter about the higher mammals. On
the lower rungs of the mammalian ladder the kangaroo as a
marsupial, and the egg-laying duck-mole and echidua—links
between mammals and reptiles—were dealt with.

Among the reptiles, tortoises with bony armour and
its formation, running tortoises with soft shells, turtles with
leathery coats, and the habits of crocodiles and snakes were
described.

In the last part of his lecture, Mr. Carpenter described
interesting experiments made upon yarious animals, such as

1925-26.]
391

eretinism and the effect of thyroid extract upon the develop- ~
ment of tadpoles and other batrachians.

The lecture was fully illustrated by a fine series of
iantern slides, and was favourably commented on by the
President and Messrs. J. A. S. Stendall, M.B.O.U., and
R. 8S. Lepper, M.A.

HISTORICAL PLACES ROUND BELFAST.

The fifth ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was
held in the Old Museum, on Tuesday evening, 2nd Feb-
ruary, 1926, the President (Mr. James Orr, M.B.O.U.) in
the chair.

Mr. Francis Joseph Bigger, M.R.I.A., delivered a
lecture on places of historical interest in the neighbourhood
of Belfast—the Cavehill in many aspects, Ardglass, its
castles, fish and birds; Strangford Lough’s varied history,
Lough Neagh in song and story, the Giant’s Ring, lost in the
past, and Carrickfergus in the old days.

In the course of his remarks he referred in scathing
terms to the recent destruction of the house of the White
Canons at Whiteabbey, a thirteenth century foundation.
This building, with its three tall windows and walls standing
sixteen feet high and four feet thick, had now been levelled
with the ground, and the stones carted away and used for
building and road-making.

The indignation of the meeting was voiced by the Right
Hon. Samuel Cunningham and Messrs. H. C. Lawlor,
M.R.I.A., R. J. Welch, M.R.I.A., James Loughridge and
Hans Iten.

BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

The sixth meeting of the Winter Session was held in
the Old Museum on Tuesday evening, 2nd March, 1926.

The President (Mr. James Orr, M.B.O.U.) occupied the
chair.

The lecturer for the evening was the Rev. Canon George
Foster, B.D., of Strangford, and his subject was ‘‘ Butter-
flies and Moths.”’

Canon Foster said that there exists a symbiosis between
butterflies and flowers, the one helps the other to live. The
butterfly or moth, as perfect insect, lives on the honey,
which by means of its proboscis-like sucking mouth, it sips
out of the flowers, but on the other hand by carrying the
pollen grains from flower to flower, it enables the plants and

2

[Proc, B.N.F.C,,
392

trees to fertilize. Hven now with the opening of the flowers
the butterflies come, and so it was in the story of creation;
then, too, they came when the flowers came, It was during
the Cretaceous age—when the Chalk of the Cave Hill was
laid down—that butterflies and flowers began to come fully
into their own.

Butterflies and moths are called lepidoptera, ‘‘ scale
wings.’’ They are remarkable among insects for their com-
plete metamorphoses—the egg, the caterpillar, the pupa,
and the perfect insect. Their great foes are the ichneumon
flies, which puncture the eggs, or the caterpillars, and
then, by means of a long auger-shaped ovipositor, lay
their own eggs under the shell or skin. ‘These eggs in
turn hatch out and live upon the blood of their prey. This
blood is free within the caterpillar, not confined within veins
and arteries. The skeleton and limbs of a butterfly consist
of “‘chitin,’’ a substance resembling gristle, and is entirely
on the creature’s outside. The flight of a butterfly is a
movement resembling breathing, the wings move with the
chest, which is contracted or expanded by internal muscles.
The marvellous eye of the butterfly was then described in
detail. ‘‘ Man,’’ said the lecturer, ‘‘ is a creature of sight
and sound, but the butterfly lives mostly by scent. Instead
of sweet harmonious sounds and words of eloquence flowing
from their tongues, butterflies communicate with one
another by sweet scents that flow from the scent organs to
be found upon their wings, hidden in the head, or on a
forearm that has been converted into an organ to diffuse
scent.”’

The lecture was fully illustrated by lantern slides, and
was followed by an animated discussion in which Messrs.
J. A. S. Stendall, M.B.O.U., D. J. Carpenter, A.R.C.Sce.L.,
and R. J. Welch, M.Sc., M.R.I.A., took part.

THE RIVER LAGAN FROM SOURCE TO SEA.

The seventh meeting of the Winter Session was held
in the Old Museum on Tuesday evening, 16th March, 1926,
the Vice-President (Mr. W. M. Crawford, F.E.S., F.Z.8.)
in the chair.

Mr. A. R. Hogg lectured on above subject. He treated
it historically, archeologically and pictorially. As might be
expected from a photographic artist of Mr. Hogg’s culture
and skill, the pictorial element predominated, and a splendid
set of slides—about 200—was screened,

1925-26.]
393

The Lagan was traced from its source in Slieve Croob,
past Dromara, Dromore, Donaghcloney, Waringstown,
Magheralin, Moira, Hillsborough, and Lisburn to Belfast,
every church, hamlet, dolmen, rath, bridge, and scenic gem
on its banks: being depicted with consummate art and suit-
ably described.

The appreciation of the members was expressed By the
Vice-President, and Messrs. R. J. Welch, M.Sc., M.R.I.A.,
and A. MclI. Cleland.

The Chairman congratulated Mr. J. A. Sidney Stendall,
M.B.O.U., a past President of the Club, on his election to
membership of the Royal Irish Academy.

GEOLOGY AND DENUDATION.

The eighth meeting of the Winter Session was held in
the Old Museum, on Tuesday evening, 30th March, 1926.
The President (Mr. James Orr, M.B.O.U.) occupied the
chair. Mr. A. Mel. Cleland was the lecturer.

Mr. Cleland defined denudation as the accumulated
effects of various agencies, such as water, ice, wind, and
chemical action, in destroying rocks. He illustrated the
comparative slowness of denudation under certain circum-'
stances by a series of views showing extinct volcanoes in the
Auvergne district of Central France. River erosion was
indicated by views of the River Tarn, in the Cevennes, and
County Galway; while marine erosion was dealt with by
illustrations drawn from Donegal. Attention was drawn to
the former action of marine erosion as exhibited in the
ripple-marked sandstones of Scrabo quarry, whilst the effects
of wind were shown by photographs of rocks in the Mourne
mountains. Ice action was dealt with very fully, the remains
of glacier action being illustrated by subjects such as the
erratic blocks of Antrim and Down. The lecturer showed
an interesting series of ‘‘ mushroom ’’ rocks from County
Galway to indicate the curious effects due to chemical action
sometimes revealed in limestone. The growth of a chalk
cliff was fully dealt with, illustrations being drawn from
various chalk cliffs of the Antrim coast.

The views shown were all very carefully selected, as far
as possible being drawn from local sources.

At the close several questions arising out of the lecture
were keenly discussed by Messrs. S. A. Bennett, B.A.,
B.Se., R. J. Welch, M. Sc., M.R.I.A., A. H. Davison,
E.R.S.A, Lpou mo. Stendall, M.R.I.A., R. S, Lepper,
M,A., and ‘Captain Turner,

(Proc. B.N.F.C.,
394

IN NATURE’S HAUNTS.

The ninth and final meeting of the Winter Session was
held in the Old Museum, on Tuesday evening, 13th April,
oe the President (Mr. James Orr, M.B.O.U.) in the
chair.

Mr. J. A. Sidney Stendall, M.R.I.A., M.B.0.U., gave
a racy talk on wild life. Commencing with springtime and
its natural beauties, he dealt with birds and their nesting
habits, and with some of the commoner flowers. The story
of how a female woodcock was observed to carry her young
to the place of safety was particularly interesting, as were
the remarks on protective colouration among animals.

An unofficial excursion by some members of the Club
to a not far distant island was described, and many excellent
slides of the birds which dwell there shown. A particularly
fine series was that showing the story of the Herring Gull
from egg to.adult. How the little grebe or dabchick rescued
its offspring proved highly entertaining, as did the history
of one ‘‘ Henry,’’ a wayward but intelligent owl.

The slides used, many of them in colour, were from the
lecturer’s own photographs. A short discussion followed the
lecture in which the following took part:—Mr. Charles E.
Kerr, B.A., Rev. W. R. Megaw, B.A., Rev. E. A. Arm-
strong, B.A., Mr. R.»J. Welch, M.Sc., M.R.1I.A., and Mr.
James Loughridge.

Prior to the lecture the report of Mr. D. J. Carpenter,
A.R.C.Se.L., as representative of the Club at the Con-
ference of Delegates of Corresponding Societies of the British
Association, was read in his absence by Dr. Deans, and on
the motion of Mr. A. Albert Campbell, F.R.S.A.I., seconded
by Mr. R. 8. Lepper, M.A., was adopted.

—_——— —- 0———_ -—
ANNUAL MEETING.

The Annual Meeting was held in the Museum, College
Square North, on Tuesday, 20th April, 1926, at 8.p.m., the
President (Mr. James Orr, M.B.O.U.) in the chair.

The following reports were presented :—
ANNUAL REPORT.

The Committee has pleasure in submitting its Sixty-
third Annual Report, as follows ;—

1925-26.]
395

During the year 8388 Members resigned and 6 Members
died. Three Members were transferred, one to the Dublin
Club and two to the Route Club. The names of several
Members whose subscriptions were over two years in arrear
were removed from the roll.

47 Ordinary and 88 Junior Members were elected.

Ten meetings of Committee were held during the year,
at which the attendances were as follows :—

Robert Bell Poe sn ee c. . herr 5
S. A. Bennett <:- mao ue os Lepper 9
A. A. Campbell ... .. 10| S. M. Macoun 0
D. J. Carpenter 6| Rev. W. R. Megaw 6
N. Carrothers 9 | James Orr 8
Capt. Chase : 5| T. EH..Osborne . 6
A. Mel. Cleland ... 8] Miss Sayers c
W. M. Crawford Or | od. okilien : bed 5:
A. H. Davison . bel) Sel lags aaa: Stehdall. » le)
Dr. Deans us 8| R. J. Welch 8
oe Eu, EL. Cases 4
Eight Summer Field Meetings were held :—

Benevenagh and sie ... 20th May ... 51 Present,
Sallagh Braes ae ... 13th June tes, jhe of
Belvoir Park oe a ... 27th June ay V2 “F
Hadrian’s Wall sae dots ... 11th to 14th July ... 22 of
Barons Court a ee ... 25th July ... 60 3
Redhall Glen ... ae et ... 8th August ee OG “5
Armagh and Emanla #03 ... 22nd August +3 76S 9
The Narrows ae nots ... 5th September ... 46 7"

The ‘‘ Long Excursion ”’ in July, to a place outside Ire-
land, marked a new departure in the history of the Club.
The success of the very pleasant and profitable visit to the
Roman Wall in Northumberland justified the experiment.

The Reports of the Sections will be presented by the
respective Sectional Secretaries.

The Annual Conversazione, held in the Assembly Hall,
Fisherwick Place, on October 20th, was, as usual, largely
attended by Members and their friends.

The Club Medal for 1925 was awarded to Mr. Nathaniel
Carrothers.

Nine meetings were held during the Winter Session,
when the following Lectures were delivered and Papers
read :—

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,

396
1925.

Wovember 17. .... A Walk Round My Garden.

JAMES ORR, M.B.O.U.
December 15... Things Seen at the Roman Wall.

MIss SAYERS, B.A.

1926.
January 5 ... Plant Parasites and Saprophytes.
ARTHUR DEANE, M.R.1.A., F.R.S.E.
January 19 ... Zoo Studies.
D. J. CARPENTER, A.R.C.SC.L.
February 2... Historical Places Round Belfast.
F. J. BIGGER, M.R.I.A.
March 2 ... Butterflies and Moths.
Rev. CANoN FostTkER, B.D.
March 16 ... The River Lagan from Source to Sea.
A. R. Hoae.

March 380 ... Geology and Denudation.

A. MclI. CLELAND.
April 13 . In Nature’s Haunts.

“ia Mey STENDALL, M.R.I.A., M.B.O.U.
All these meetings were well Die

Mr. D. J. Carpenter represented the Club at the Annual
Conference of Delegates of Corresponding Societies of the
British Association, and duly presented his Report.

The Committee desires to thank Mr. Stewart for per-
mission to inspect the Knockdhu souterrain; Mr. William
Johnston for permission to visit Belvoir Park; Major Hed-
ley, Mr. J. Gibson, F.S.A., Mr. C. O. P. Gibson, the Misses
Cruddas, and the Hexham Field Club for assistance at the
excursion to Hadrian’s Wall; His Grace the Duke of Aber-
corn and his Estate Manager (Mr. Robert Bell, J.P.), and
Messrs. W. R. Henderson and W. T. Miller, J.P., M.P., in
connexion with the visit to Barons Court; Mr. G. 8. Reade,
J.P., for permission to visit Redhall Glen; Mr. Lennon,
Town Clerk of Armagh, Mr. Delmege Trimble, Mrs. Leeman
and family, and Mrs. Ellison (The Observatory), for help at
the excursion to Armagh and Emania; and Lord Bangor,
Dean Carmody, and Canon Foster in connexion with the
Strangford excursion.

The Committee wishes also to acknowledge the courtesy
of the “* Belfast Telegraph ”’ and the ‘‘ Northern Whig ”’ in
publishing reports of our Summer Field Meetings and

1925-26.]
397

Winter Lectures, and to thank the London, Midland and
Scottish Railway Company and the Great Northern Railway
Company for their kindness in arranging for our comfort on
several occasions.

JAMES OrrR, President.

A. A. CAMPBELL, Prowl
T.M. Deans, $ Hon. Secretaries.

Se EE SCRE ES aed Te eS
DECEASED MEMBERS.

Miss Louie Stuart.
William Faren, F.R.S.A.I.
Charles Meakin.

George Ward.

Hugh G. Larmour, J.P.
W. A. J. M‘Bretney.

HON. LIBRARIAN’S REPORT.

The utility of the Library is greatly limited by the want
of a Reading Room open to Members of the Field Club at
hours convenient to them, the collection still being stored,
by courtesy of the Belfast Corporation, in one of the rooms
of the Old Museum. Access to this is naturally much
restricted.

Until, therefore, through the opening of the new Muni-
cipal Museum or otherwise, the Field Club can get the use
of a room readily accessible, with a qualified person in charge
of its contents, it is hard to see how our Members can
benefit much from the scientific journals, reports, books and
herbarium, which now have to be stored in the small space
that can be spared in a room belonging to another body.

Owing to my living so far out of Belfast, and to the
pressure of other unavoidable work, it has been impossible
for me to devote the time I should have wished to the duties
of Librarian, which have been, however, most kindly and
efficiently discharged by Mr. W. M. Crawford, Vice-
President, the Librarian of the previous year.

The further publications of the United States Geological
Survey received during the year are being handed over to
the University Library, according to the arrangement made
during the year 1922-3.

(Proc. B:N.F.C.,
398

The Reports and Proceedings received from other In-
stitutions and Societies have been duly acknowledged,
entered in our stock register, and arranged.

KR. S. Lepper, Hon. Librarian.

REPORT OF HON. RECORDING SECRETARY.

The records collected during the year 1925, though not
great in number, are interesting. In zoology we have the
first county record of the Long-tailed Skua, Stercorarius
longicaudus Vieill., a male bird shot on 9th September at
Castlerock, Co. Londonderry, and sent to me for identifica-
tion by Mr. W. G. Byron.

During a great storm on 28rd April a specimen of
Leach’s Fork-tailed Petrel, Oceanodroma 1. leucorrhoa
(Vieill.), was found in an exhausted condition near Bally-
money Railway Station, having struck the telegraph wires.
It was sent to me for identification, being received alive and
apparently unhurt. After examination the bird was released
and flew strongly on a N.E. course.

The following are the earliest records of the arrival of
spring migrant birds -—

Chiffchaff—2nd April, Ballyknockan, Co. Down.

Sand Martin—4th April, Belfast.

Cuckoo—5th April, Ballysillan, Belfast. Bird seen but
did not call. (Previous year’s record at same place 26th
April.) The earliest note of the Cuckoo calling is 21st April,
at Hillsborough, Co. Down.

Willow Warbler—8th April, Ballyknockan, Co. Down.

Swallow—lith April, Belfast.

Corncrake—20th April, near Belfast.

Common Sandpiper—20th April, Ballyknockan, Co.
Down. Only one bird seen.

House Martin—26th April, Belfast.

Swift—4th May, Belfast. (Previous vear’s record for
same locality 12th May.)

A specimen of the Greater Pipe-fish, Syngathus acus, L.
was found on the shore at Castlerock, Co. Londonderry, on
17th April, and sent to the British Museum for identification.

The most important botanical records are those of
several mosses collected by Rev. W. R. Megaw, B.A., and
noted on p. 77, Vol. 1, No. 4, ‘‘ Irish Naturalists’ Journal.’’

Included are several species new to Ireland and many new
county records.

1925-26.]
399

In July the Bird’s-nest Orchis, Neottia Nidus-avie
Rich., was reported from Kilrea, Co. Londonderry.
J. A, Sipney STeNDALL, Hon. Recording Secretary.

REPORT OF THE BOTANICAL SECTION.
he membership of this Section now stands at 42,
showing a gratifying increase of 10 Members over the pre-
vious year’s return. During the 1925 season the following
Sectional Excursions were held :—
Cloughfin, 17th May, 6 present.
Carr’s Glen, 4th June, 14 present.
Squire’s Hill, 2ist June, 6 present.
Magheramorne, 5th July, 5 present.
Comber Estuary, 11th July, 9 present.
In addition to the plants noted by Members of the
Section on the ordinary Club excursions, the following
plants were seen :—

In Carr’s Glen—Ophioglossum vulgatum, Asperula
odorata,

On Squire’s Hill

At Magheramorne—A magnificent display of Ophrys
apifera with Orchis pyramidalis and Tripolium procumbens.
Festuca rigida was also seen near the Railway Station,
Magheramorne.

It is hoped that during 1926 more Members of the

Section will avail themselves of the opportunities offered by
the Section.

Mimulus guttatus.

S. A. Bennett, Hon. Secretary.

REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SECTION.

The Section has had a fairly successful Summer
Session, making four visits in all, viz., Carnmoney, Cave-
hill, Coalpit Bay and Scrabo. A projected visit to Portrush
had to be abandoned for this session.

All the excursions were favoured with excellent
weather, were well attended, and once again the camera was
put to good use, particularly at Scrabo Quarries, where some
really good views were obtained.

At Carnmoney several very fine pieces of ‘‘ hullite ’’
were found. Also some good specimens of vesicular
dolorite, the vesicles being lined with ‘‘ hullite.’’

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
400

At Coalpit Bay the graptiliferous shales were found,
well below high water mark, and ‘some graptolites were
secured. Also south of Coalpit Bay the members discovered
a small bed of peat, topped by a raised beach, covering the
underlying Silurian rock. A number of well preserved hazel
nuts were obtained from the peat.

An excellent view was secured at Scrabo north quarry
showing a vertical basaltic dyke enclosing a ‘‘ laccolite ’’ of
Triassic sandstone.

The funds of the Section show a slight credit balance.
A. MclI. Cretanp, Hon. Secretary.

REPORT OF ZOOLOGICAL SECTION.

No special excursions were held of this Section, but the
general monthly excursions were well attended by the
members. <A good deal of collecting was done, especially
on the Belvoir Park and Strangford Lough Narrows
excursions. At the latter a number of collections of mollusca
and echinoderms were handed in, in competition for a
special prize offered, the collections being made along the
shore near Kilclief old castle.

R. J. Wetcu, Hon. Secretary.

REPORT OF ARCHASOLOGICAL SECTION.

The Archeological Section had a very successful
session. During the summer we had three Field Excursions
to Antrim and Muckamore, Lagan Canal and Lisburn, and
Greyabbey, and in the winter one lecture by the Secretary,
on Monasticism. The idea of having a lecture during the
winter was to keep the members of the section in touch with
one another. All the summer meetings were well attended,
as was the winter lecture. The membership stands at 45.
We have to specially thank Mrs. Thompson, Muckamore
Abbey, and the Rector of Lisburn, Canon Taylor, for their
kindness on the occasion of our visits to Muckamore and
Lisburn Cathedral.

JOSEPH SKILLEN, Hon. Secretary.

REPORT OF JUNIOR SECTION.

During the summer nine excursions took place. Five
of these—to Holywood, Cavehill Quarry, Purdysburn Glen,
Rademon Demesne, and Drumbo Glen—were undertaken by

1925-26.
401

the Juniors alone. In addition, Carrickfergus Castle, Bel-
voir Park, Carr’s Glen, and the Narrows, Strangford Lough
were visited conjointly with the Seniors.

For their kind assistance at certain excursions we have
to thank Miss Sayers, Dr. Deans, Mr. Stendall and Mr.
Bennett. We also have to express our gratitude to Col.
Sharman Crawford for permission to visit Rademon
Demesne, and to the Rev. J. J. Magill for his kindness in
conducting the party over it and very hospitably entertaining
them at the manse.

At the Annual Conversazione the Juniors were well re-
presented, and the following gained prizes :—

For the best growing Botanical Exhibit—Miss Nora
Stendall.

For the best living Zoological Exhibit—Miss Agatha
Crawford.

For Field Work during the year the following awards
were made :—

Club Prize for best Set of Photographs illustrating any
one branch of Field Work with Notes on same—Master R.
H. Crawford.

The Rev. W. R. Megaw’s Prize for the best Collection
of Mosses—Miss Agatha Crawford.

Mr. R. J. Welch’s Prize for the best Collection of
Marine Shells—Miss Norah Neill.

Finally it may be mentioned that there seems to be a
revival of interest in this Section, and this is evidenced by
the increase in the numbers attending the excursions, for at
the commencement of the year the average attendance was
about 8, and towards the end about 22. Further, those
present showed a spirit of keen enjoyment and enthusiasm.

It is recommended that all application forms of the
Juniors in future should bear the dates of birth.

D. J. Carpenter, Hon. Secretary.

402

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1925-26.]
403

Mr. S. A. Bennett, B.A., B.Se., and Mr. Thomas
Edens Osborne, F.R.S.A.I., were elected Honorary Mem-
bers, and such of the applicants for admission to ordinary
membership as had been recommended by the Committee
were elected.

The following office-bearers were elected for Session
1926-27 :—President, Mr. W. M. Crawford, B.A., F.E.S.,
Fee. 8. : Vice-President, Mr. R. 8. Lepper, M.A., LL.M.,
F.R.Hist.S.; Honorary Secretaries, Messrs. R. 7 Weleh.
ece.., MyRid.X. ‘and Alex: H. Davison; | F.R.SPA.L;
Honorary Treasurer, Mr. Alex. H. Davison, F.R.S.A.I.;
Honorary Librarian, Rev. W. R. Megaw, B.A.; Honorary
Recording Secretary, Mr. J. A. Sidney Stendall, M.R.I.A.,
M.B.O.U.; Honorary Secretaries of Botanical Section, Miss
W. J. Sayers, B.A., and Capt. Chase, M.C., M.A;
Honorary Secretary of Geological Section, Mr. Mcl.
Cleland; Honorary Secretary of Zoological Section, Mr.
James Orr, M.B.0.U.; Honorary Secretary of Archeological
Section, Mr. A. Albert Campbell, F.R.S.A.I.; Honorary
Secretary of Junior Section, Mr. D. J. Carpenter,
A.R.C.Se.L. The following were elected to fill vacancies on
the Committee :—-Messrs. S. A. Bennett, B.A., B.Sce., EF.
Norman Carrothers, Thomas M. Deans, LL.D., and Joseph
Skillen.

REPORT OF THE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE CLUB
TO THE CONFERENCE OF DELEGATES OF
CORRESPONDING SOCIETIES OF THE
BRITISH ASSOCIATION, AT SOUTHAMPTON, 1925.

_ The address to the representatives of the Correspond-
ing Societies was given by Sir Daniel Hall, K.C.B., LL.D..
F.R.S., on the 27th August, 1925, at 2-0 p.m.

The lecturer stated that a large amount of devoted
work had been done in this country in Natural History, and
that it was becoming increasingly difficult for non- profes-
sional men to establish themselves in the fields of Botany
and Zoology. In Archeology also the main lines had been
explored, ana though much patient observation remained to
be done, the opportunities for men with a taste for personal
investigation were becoming more limited.

He thought that much valuable work of a. local
character Paid be done in recovering, before too late, the
detailed agricultural history of the country, with a view to
rendering it ayailable for the purposes of bdttalton.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
404

There is a general feeling that the country schools ought
to do something to use their environment in their education,
and not base it exclusively upon urban needs and. the urban
outlook. The lecturer thought it a matter of importance
that boys in a rural school should arrive at some appreciation
of the fact that our landed system and our farming is a
matter of growth which has its roots far back in the past,
and represents an ordered development in response to the
physical and economic environment.

He would like to see, on the walls of every country
school, a series of parish maps which would include :—

(1st.) The normal cadastral map, the Ordnance Survey
on the lin. or 6in. scale, on which antiquities are specially
indicated.

(2nd.) A geological map, preferably the Drift dition,
with manuscript indications of the variations of the soil as
far as they are correlated with the geological indications of
the map. In certain areas the local agricultural college
would be able to supply a deal of information about the
characters of the soil of the parish, but as yet there had
been no systematic soil survey all over the kingdom.

(8rd.) A vegetation map, which would naturally be closely
connected with the geological or soil map. It should in-
dicate the prevalence of woodland, marsh or pasture, the
characteristic weeds of arable land, the special features of
the flora of the wild land, and the types of grasses charac-
teristic of the pastures.

In some parishes where the soil was uniform this map
necessarily would be very simple.

(4th.) Alongside the vegetation map should be one
showing the actual cropping followed in the parish in any
particular year, the fields being coloured on a system, and
the crops being ascertained by actual inquiry.

(5th.) A map or maps that would bring out the original
settlement of the land, the manors, and the system of
cultivation adopted before enclosure, and the date and
method of enclosure.

The lecturer wished particularly to stress this last item
upon the delegates of the Corresponding Societies.

In all these things the schoolmaster would need the
help of the Societies, and on the point of the early agricul-
tural history of the parishes assistance would be most

1925-26.]
405

needed, not merely in the interests of the school, but so as
to preserve information which might easily be lost.

Of late years many large estates have been sold and
broken up. This is the opportunity for those interested in
the past history of a parish to appeal to the stewards of
manors, family solicitors, etc., for information as to records
and estate maps which may throw light on the enclosure
and early history of the land. Societies can do this type of
work more effectively than individuals, for a request from
one of them would carry more weight than from a private
individual, being a guarantee that the inquiry is made for
some general purpose and not out of idle curiosity.

The lecturer finally made a plea for the preservation of
the older farming implements which are fast disappearing,
such as the old four-wheeled wagon.

D. J. CARPENTER.

CLUB MEDALLISTS.
1923. Mr. Wiiuram Swanston, F.G.S.

1924. Mr. Nevin’ Harkness’ Foster, F.L.S.
oh A, M.B.0.U.

1925. Mr. NatHanreL CarRoTHERS, who joined the
Club in 1892, thirty-three years ago. He was elected to the
Committee in 1906, nearly 20 years ago, and he has been a
Member of Committee almost continuously ever since.

His work has been chiefly in connexion with the
Botanical Section, of which he was several times Honorary
Secretary, and to which he has contributed many Papers
and Notes.

He was one of the sub-committee of the Club responsible
for the production of the Second Supplement to the Flora
of N.E. Ireland, and gave very valuable assistance to his
colleagues in its compilation.

,

In Botanical circles his decision on any doubtful matter
is regarded as final.

It would be difficult to over-estimate the importance of
his work as a helper of beginners in the study of Botany.
His readiness to place his profound knowledge and wide
experience at the service of anyone in need of them, has

gained for him the respect and affection of everv Member
of the Club.

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PROCEEDINGS

and ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

BELFAST NATURALISTS’
FIELD CLUB

For the Year Ending 31st March, 1927

(SIXTY FOURTH YEAR)

SERIES IT.
VOLUME VIII.

PART IX.
1926-27.

EDITORS:
W. M. CRAWFORD, B.a., F.£.5., F.Z.$.
J. A. S. STENDALL, .r.1.4., M.B.0.U.

Belfast Naturalists Field Club.

SIXTY-FOURTH YEAR, 1926-27,

GENERAL COMMITTEE.

President:
W. M. CRAWFORD, B.a., F.E.S., F.Z.3.

Vice-President:
R. S. LEPPER, M.a, F.R.HIST.S.

Hon. Treasurer:
ALEX. H. DAVISON, F.R.s.a.1., 32 Wellington Place, Belfast.

Hon, Librarian:
Rev. W. R. MEGAW, B.a., The Manse, Rosetta, Belfast.

Hon. Recording Secretary:
J. A. SIDNEY STENDALL, m.z.1.4., M.B.o.U., The Museum,
College Square North, Belfast.

Hon. Secretaries of Botanical Section:
Miss W. J. SAYERS, B.4., Bartragh, Knock, Belfast, and
Captain C. D, CHASE, m.c., M.a., Campbell College, Belfast.

Hon. Secretary of Geological Section:
A. McI. CLELAND, 28 Green Road, Knock, Belfast.

Hon. Secretary of Zoological Section:
JAMES ORR, m.B.0.v., 17 Garfield Street.

Hon. Secretary of Archzological Section:
A. ALBERT CAMPBELL, F.r.s.a.1., Drumnaferrie, Rosetta Park,
Belfast.

Hon. Secretary of Junior Section:
D. J. CARPENTER, a.R.c.sc.u., 278 Cliftonville Road, Belfast.

Ordinary Members of Committee:

Retire 1927. Retire 1928. Retire 1929.
N. CARROTHERS. T. EDENS OSBORNE, | S. A. BENNETT,
ROBERT BELL. F.R.S.A.1. B.A., B.SC.
J. R. H. GREEVES, CHARLES E. KERR, E. N. CARROTHERS.

B.SC, B.A., F.R.S.A.I. | JOSEPH SKILLEN.
T. M. DEANS, 11.p.

Hon. Secretaries:
A. H. DAVISON, F.R.S.A.I., 32 Wellington Place, Belfast.
R. J. WELCH, m.sc., m.r.1.a., 49 Lonsdale Street, Belfast,

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PROCEEDINGS.

SUMMERrSESSION:

RIVER MOUTH AT ANTRIM, LOUGH NEAGH SHORE
AND THE BUSH.

29th May, 1926. Conductor—R. J. Welch, M.Sc., M.R.I.A.
Number present, 100.

Senior and Junior members, with friends, left Bel-
fast on the 1-20 p.m. train for Antrim, travelling in specially
reserved saloon carriages on the L.M.S. Railway. On arrival
they were joined by other members who had made the
journey by motor, and at once visited the Pollan fishing
station on the Lough Neagh shore. Dredging operations
were undertaken by many in the mouth of the Sixmilewater,
the finds including Spherium lacustre and other freshwater
mollusks, beetles, isopods, etc., together with quantities of
the so-called Freshwater Shrimp, Gammarus. Mr. D. J.
Carpenter afterwards gave an interesting talk on the catch.
Other members during this period either made a detailed
examination of the Pollan fishing station, or collected
botanical specimens, which were named and described by the
botanists of the party.

Following, the members visited The Bush, residence of
Mr. H. D. M. Barton, where the rock garden, famous for its
variety of Primulas, was much admired. Mr. Barton acted
as conductor and pointed out the many species—one even
from Tibet—also Wood Lilies of Canada, and Patagonian
ferns. By kind invitation of Mr. Barton all present partook
of tea, after which the usual business meeting was held (the
President, Mr. W. M. Crawford, presiding), when a hearty
vote of thanks was accorded to the host. Afterwards the
Round Tower was viewed, followed by a visit to the
‘“ Witches Stone,’’ a massive holed-stone, by kind per-
mission of Major Clarke, in whose garden it stands. The
return journey was made by the 7-56 p.m. train.

DROMENA CASHEL AND TOLLYMORE PARK.

12th June, 1926. Conductors—Colonel R. G. Berry, M.R.I.A.,
and Joseph Skillen. Number present, 59.
The party met at the County Down Railway Station and
proceeded to Newcastle, arriving at 10-20 a.m. Motor buses,

(Proc. B.N.F.C.
At2

provided by the Railway Company, were in waiting and con-
veyed the members ‘to two of the beauty spots within the
ancient territory of the Kingdom of Mourne. Standing on
the terrace at Donard Lodge the members could see how the
‘* Mountains of Mourne sweep down to the sea,’’ and the
grand semi-circular sweep of the beautiful Bay of Dundrum,
with its prehistoric sandhills, dominated by the Knight
Templar Castle of Dundrum. Next, the beautiful glen at
Tollymore Park was visited, and here several of the botanists
elected to remain. Before leaving, the members assembled
at the spacious residence of the Earl of Roden, who kindly
exhibited the buff leather coat worn by King William III.
when he was wounded crossing the Boyne, and gave full
details as to its history. The party then proceeded to
Dromena, where lunch was taken.

The nature and extent of the excavations carried out by
the Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society were
fully explained by Colonel Berry, who dwelt on the unusual
shape and non-defensive nature of the souterrain, suggesting
that the reason for its peculiar cruciform shape might be
found in certain religious rites which were practised in
pagan Ireland—these were briefly explained.

Nearby passes the ancient highway known as the “‘ Rough
Road,’’ which connected Downpatrick with Newry, and be-
yond Fedom joined the main road connecting Tara with
Emania. The run of the road in the locality was pointed out.

The cashel at Dromena is one of a group—said to have
been originally forty-eight in number, forty-two of which the
conductor claimed to have located and marked on the
Ordnance map. Certain correspondences with the ancient
Greek polis were pointed out, and the possible influence, car-
ried by the spread of culture, of various classical religions on
the religion of pagan Ireland was discussed.

THE FLUSH.

22nd June, 1926. Conductors—Robert Bell and
J. A. S. Stendall, M.R.I.A., M.B.0.U
Number present, 70
This was an evening excursion, a start being made from
the centre of the city at 6-80 p.m. A special tramcar took
the party to Ligoniel, from which place Wolf Hill was
ascended on foot, and the journey continued in a like manner
along pretty lanes to the Flush River. Along its banks the
botanists found much to interest them, the best plant of the
evening being the Moon Fern (Botrychium lunaria). The

1926-27.]
413

many Junior members present were persistent in their
searching and were rewarded by finding a handsome speci-
men of the only native reptile—Common Lizard (Lacerta
vivipara), which was carried away in triumph to enrich a
school vivarium. Cocoons of the Emperor Moth were found
on the heather in some numbers.

Bird-life was disappointing owing to the late date, but a
nest of young Snipe provided a theme for an impromptu
talk, as did the Curlews which nest here in some numbers.

The journey home was made by the Hightown road to
Ballysillan, where tramears were again boarded.

LOWER LOUGH ERNE.

10th-13th July, 1926. Conductor—R. J. Welch, M.Sc., M.R.I.A.
Number present, 35.

On Saturday, 10th July, the annual long excursion com-
menced, twenty-five members and friends travelling by
9-40 a.m. train to Enniskillen and from thence by motor to
the headquarters at the Lough Erne Hotel, Rossclare Point,
where about ten more joined the party, including the Pre-
sident (Mr. W. M. Crawford), who had his motor caravan
at Blaney on the south side of the Lough. After lunch the
party was taken in Major Irvine’s motor launch to the abbey
ruins on Davy’s (or Davys) Island and the church ruins on
White Island. The fine doorway at the latter place has, un-
fortunately, collapsed within recent years. In 1870, W. F.
Wakeman in his guide to Lough Erne drew attention to its
ruinous state and the urgent need for the preservation of this
rare example of pre-Norman architecture. During the in-
spection of the ruin, some of the party dredged near Castle
Archdall pier, taking in quantity Paludestrina jenkinsi
Smith. This species, named after A. J. Jenkins, who found
it at Plumstead on the Thames in 1889, spread very
rapidly along estuaries and rivers in England and the south
of Scotland, reaching Ireland about 1893 in the brackish
pools at the mouth of the River Bann. It was also dredged
on Monday at Ely Lodge and in Devenish Channel.

On Monday morning the party visited the Round Tower,
Church, and Abbey on Devenish Island. After lunch Ely
Lodge woods and Carrickreagh were visited, and later
Innismacsaint Abbey and Cross. These trips were made by
motor launch. At a business meeting held at the hotel in
the evening, the Vice-President (Mr. R. S. Lepper) in the
chair, a new Junior member was elected, and-votes of

|Proc. B.N.F.C.,
414

thanks passed to Major Irvine and his son for their great
assistance on the lough trips, to the Marquis of Ely and
Colonel Archdall for permission to visit their demesnes, and
to Miss Boyd, the manageress of the hotel for her attention
to the comfort of all.

On Tuesday morning the party left by motor launch for
Castle Archdall to visit the woods, returning in the afternoon
to Enniskillen, and travelling by the 5-7 p.m. train to
Belfast.

The more noteworthy plants observed by the botanists
were Monotropa hypopitys at Carrickreagh, Pyrola secunda
at Carricknagower Lough, Hquisetum trachyodon at Bunna-
hone Lough, and Ophrys apifera (in abundance) at Ely
Lodge.

The conchologists collected Succinea oblonga at Ely Lodge
and Carrickreagh, Zonitoides nitidus at Rosslare, and
Hygromia fusca at Castle Archdall.

Six species of the larger fungi not previously recorded
from County Fermanagh were noted.

LOUGH FEA.

24th July, 1926. Conductors—Thomas Greer, J.P. (Stewartstown)
and George Barnett (Sixtowns). Number present, 29.

The party left Belfast by G.N. Railway at 10-45 a.m., in
charge of Mr. A. A. Campbell, for Cookstown, and from
thence journeyed to Lough Fea in motors, a distance of
six miles. Here the President (Mr. W. M. Crawford) and
the conductors for the day joined and field work began.

Lough Fea, a moraine lake of exceptional beauty, nestling
in the shadow of Slieve Gallion (1,735 ft.), with the foothills
of the Sperrin range fringing the farther shore, looked its
best. The finds were chiefly botanical, and included Cran-
berry (Vaccinium oxycoccus), Round-leaved Sundew (Dro-
sera rotundifolia), Golden Rod (Solidago Virga-aurea), Bog
Myrtle (Myrica gale), and Bog Asphodel (Narthecium
ossifragum). The woods surrounding Colonel Poe’s shooting
lodge were visited and greatly admired.

At 4-45 p.m. the party returned to Cookstown, where tea
was served. At the business meeting following, the Vice-
President (Mr. R. 8. Lepper) in the chair, votes of con-
dolence were accorded the relatives of the late Sir Charles
Brett and D. C. Campbell, two old members of the Club.

1926-27.]
415

Mr. Robert Bell and a small party afterwards visited the
Carboniferous Limestone quarries near Cookstown railway
station, procuring several fossils and noting a large erratic
of Slieve Gallion granite. Members then motored to Dun-
gannon, where they entrained at 8-57 p.m. for home.

BROWN’S BAY, ISLANDMAGEE.
7th August, 1926. Conductors—Messrs. Robert Bell and
R. J. Welch, M.Sc., M.R.I.A. Number present, 53.

Members met at 2-5 p.m. at York Road Station and
proceeded to Larne Harbour and ferried across to Island-
magee. On arrival at Brown’s Bay the conductors pointed
out the geological features, and later Mr. Bell gave a short
talk on the glaciation of the district. The ‘‘Rocking Stone,’’
an erratic bearing a close resemblance to Fair Head dolerite,
was visited. A small section of the party inspected the dis-
used iron ore quarry, which exhibits a good section of the
ferruginous beds of the Antrim basalts. Most of the mem-
bers visited the dolmen known as the ‘‘ Druid’s Altar.”
Among the plants observed were the Scottish Lovage
(Lingusticum scoticum) and Grass of Parnassus (Parnassia
palustris). The conchologists collected Helicella barbara,
and var. strigata.

Tea was served in Brown’s Bay Café, and the party
returned by the 8-20 p.m. train from Larne Harbour.

MOUNTSTEWART, BALLYWALTER PARK, AND
PORTAVOGIE.
21st August, 1926. Conduciors—George Steven and
BR. J: Welch, M.Sc., M.R.1-A.
Number present about 180.

The party met at the Old Museum at 9-45 a.m. and pro-
ceeded by motor coach and many private cars to Mount-
stewart, the seat of the Marquess of Londonderry, K.G.,
where an interesting time was spent inspecting the sunken
garden, the Red Hand of Ulster garden, and the Italian
garden with its rare plants and tree ferns and the quaint
carved stone animals, extinct or mythical.

From here the party moved on to Ballywalter Park, by
kind permission of Lady Dunleath. Here lunch was
partaken of in brilliant sunshine, m many of the members
receiving visits from a tame white Rhea. Afterwards Lady
Dunleath’s open air aviaries, with their many rare and
beautiful birds, the rock garden, bird crn and rabbit pens
were seen and greatly enjoyed.

(Proc. B.N.F.C..
416

At Portavogie Mr. Steven, Chief Inspector of Fisheries
for Northern Ireland, showed the party much of interest at
the fishing harbour, pointing out nets damaged by dog-fish,
and mentioning that a number of young salmon were now
being taken in the herring nets,~fairly grown specimens
evidently just out of some breeding river.

Tea was served at the West End Café and afterwards a
business meeting was held, the President (Mr. W. M. Craw-
ford) in the chair. Votes of thanks were passed to Lady
Londonderry and Lady Dunleath, a new Junior member was
elected and some announcements were made about the
conversazione.

The run home was made in brilliant sunshine; altogether
a very successful day as regards weather and attendance, as
well as for the interesting places and things seen.

BALLINDERRY, PORTMORE AND GAWLEY’S GATE.

4th September, 1926. _Conductor—K. 'N. Carrothers.
Number present, 50.

Members and friends met at the Museum, College Square
North, and travelled by motor coach through Lisburn to
Upper Ballinderry. On arrival the conductor gave a short
account of the history of the district which is so much
associated with the life of Bishop Jeremy Taylor. The party
then inspected, by kind permission of Rev. J. W. Minchin,
the middle church built by Jeremy Taylor shortly before his
death in 1667. This church, the only local example of a
purely Jacobean structure, has been preserved in a most
commendable manner by a restoration (in the best sense of
the term) carried out in 1902, under the superintendence of
Mr. W. J. Fennell, a former president of the B.N.F.C.
Leaving the middle church, the party was conveyed to
Lower Ballinderry, where, after a short walk, members
arrived at the ruins of the old church beside Portmore Lough.
This church was the one in which Jeremy Taylor officiated,
and from it the fine oak roof and fittings were removed for
the construction of the middle church.

In the marshes adjoining the lough the following plants
were seen:—Ranunculus lingua, Cicuta virosa, Bidens
cernua var. radiata, B. tripartita, and Typha angustifolia.
The agaric Lepiota rhacodes was found on the roadside lead-
ing to the old church, being the first record of this fungus in
County Antrim.

1926-27.1
47

On returning to Lower Ballinderry tea was served in the -
schoolroom. At 6-30 p.m. the party proceeded by Aghalee
to Gawley’s Gate, where some time was spent along the
shores of Lough Neagh. From Gawley’s Gate the return
journey was made through the osier district, where basket
making is carried on extensively, to Glenavy and by the
Hannahstown Road to Belfast.

DOWNPATRICK, INCH ABBEY, BALLYNOE STONE
CIRCLE AND STRUELL HOLY WELLS.
18th September, 1926. Conductors—Very Rev. W. P. Carmody and
Joseph Skillen. Number present. 68.

The party travelled by the Belfast and County Down
Railway, some also by private car, and on reaching Down-
patrick were met by the Very Rev. W. P. Carmody, Dean
of Down, who, together with Mr. Joseph Skillen, acted as
conductor for the day.

The first place to be visited was the Cathedral, where the
Dean gave a history of the noble building. Down Cathedral
is built on Rath-Cealtair, the site of an ancient town which
possessed a monastery in the 5th century. This town in
later years was called Dun-na-lath-glas, and was one of the
principal towns in Ulster. After the Norman invasion, when
John de Courcy had established his position in Ulster, he
destroyed the Celtic monastery, and built a great Benedic-
tine Abbey, circa 1185. This was destroyed by Edward
Bruce in 1316; subsequently rebuilt, and again destroyed in
1538 by Lord Deputy Grey, who, for this and other crimes,
was afterwards executed. It was restored in 1790, and its
position as Cathedral of Down secured by Act of Parliament.
The Round Tower was most unfortunately taken down.
Here is the burial place of Saint Patrick, and, according to
tradition, of St. Columba and St. Brigid also. The present
building represents only the choir of the great abbey. At
the restoration the east, north, and south walls, with the
celestory, were preserved. The Dean pointed out that the
architecture was late Norman, as shown by the pointed
arches, and he also called attention to the carvings on the
capitals of the columns, to the beautiful east window, and
to some monuments of the 17th century.

After the Rt. Hon. Colonel R. H. Wallace, D.L., had
given of his lore dealing with Downpatrick and its neighbour-
hood, the grave of Saint Patrick was visited. A move was
then made to the great Dun, where Mr. H. C. Lawlor, M.A.,
M.R.1.A., gave a short address, pointing out that this was

(Proc. B.N.F.C..
418

a typical Norman fort and John de Courcy’s stronghold.
The motor conveyances were now mounted, and Inch Abbey
soon reached. The rector of Inch, Rev. B. Finch White, was
in waiting, and from an eminence gave a history of the Abbey
from its foundation in 1180 by Cistercian monks from
Furness Abbey. Inch is one of John de Courcy’s abbeys, and
is built on the standard Cistercian plan. The rector took the
party over the buildings, pointing out the cloister garth, the
refectory, the abbot’s house, the site of the dormitories, the
kitchen with its great ovens, and the monks’ bath house at
the side of the river. The preservation of these ruins is due
to the Board of Works, whose authority has now been dele-
gated to the Government of Northern Ireland. Their
beautifully-kept condition is a cogent argument—if one were
needed—in favour of the Northern Government’s recent Act
for the Preservation of Ancient Monuments.

After an illustration, given by Mr. Joseph Skillen, of the
sign language by which the monks used to communicate one
with another—for the Cistercians have the vow of silence—
the party proceeded to have lunch on the beautifully-kept
green-sward surrounding the ruined buildings. Following,
a visit was paid to Struell Holy Wells, which were once
famous for pilgrimages, now ceased for almost a century,
except on the eve of St. John’s day, when they are visited by
thousands. A similar occurrence has taken place in con-
nexion with the pilgrimages to the shrine of St. Thaddeus on
Church Island, Lough Beg, which, having been discontinued
for many years, have been recently revived. Struell Holy
Wells are stone roofed, showing their great antiquity. The
most interesting one is Tubbernascol—the Well of the Hyes—
it being of beehive shape with a domed stone roof. Leaving
this interesting spot, the last call was at Ballynoe Stone
Circle, which was undoubtedly a spot reverenced by a much
earlier religion and a much earlier people. This is one of the
finest stone circles in Ireland, and what celebrations it may
have witnessed the most vivid imagination cannot picture.

Time called and a move was made for Downpatrick, where
tea was provided by Mr. and Mrs. Magee, at the hotel.
After tea a business meeting was held, presided over by
Mr. W. M. Crawford, President of the Club. Mr. D. E.
Lowry proposed, and the Rt. Hon. Samuel Cunningham
seconded, a vote of thanks to those who had made the ex-
cursion such a success, especially to Dean Carmody and the
Rev. B. Finch White. Dean Carmody briefly acknowledged
the vote.

1926-27,]
419

WINTER SESSION.

The authors of the Papers, of which abstracts are given,
are alone responsible for the views expressed therein.

CONVERSAZIONE.

The Winter Session opened with a Conversazione held in
the Assembly Hall, Fisherwick Place, on Tuesday, 19th
October, 1926, at which there was a very large attendance
of members and friends. Tea was served from 7 to 8 p.m,

The Exhibits included :—

Botany.—S. A. Bennett, rare Ulster grasses; E. N. Car-
rothers and A. E. Muskett, living specimens of local fungi;
C. D. Chase, some plants from Hohe Tatra, rare or not
found in the British Isles; KE. J. Merrell, sobole of Couch
Grass and corm of Bulbous Buttercup; Shaftesbury House
Students, collection of fruits; Miss Mawdsley, plants col-
lected in Gloucestershire by Mary Emery, 1830-1850; D. J.
Carpenter, South African immortelles; Rev. W. R. Megaw,
British and eee mosses; Linen Research Institute, per
Miss A. G. Davin, model seed-dressing machine for flax
(w orking), samples of straw and pressed flax flowers illustrat-
ing hybridisation, photographs of stages in life of ie
plant : —per C. R. Nodder, Batile dyeing on linen; Prof.

P. Mercer, exhibit illustrating seed ‘problems,

Grotocy.—A. MclI. Cleland, lignite from Wealden beds,
Swanage, Dorset, fossil wood, Purbeck beds, Lulworth Cove,
Dorset, and Lough Neagh, and indurated Liassic shale, Port-
rush ; Robert Bell, Upper Cretaceous fish remains from
Antrim and Derry, and orbicular granite from Mullaghderg,
West Donegal; A. H. Davison, ‘fossils and their modern
representatives ; ib Ba ie Carpenter, minerals; R. J. Welch,
Holocene freshwater shells from marl and Portrush raised-
beach shell deposit.

Zootoacy.—The President showed a case of South Ameri-
can butterflies, with some Indian specimens showing close
similarities, and also a pair of Peregrine Falcons from County
Derry; The Public Museum, large collection of land and
freshwater shells and cases of models of various insects; EK.
J. Merrell, pond life; A. Deane, case illustrating an introduc-
tion to the study of geology, botany and zoology, specially
intended for juniors; 8. A. Bennett, sloughs of Grass Snake
and Viper; J. Orr, wasps’ nests; J. A. S. Stendall, Black-
tailed Godwit from County Wexford, obtained in July, and
Guillemots’ eggs illustrating form and variation in colour;

(Proc, B.N.F.C.,
420

A. Mel. Cleland, cowries and other shells, sea-urchins from
Bundoran, and home of the Rock Bee; A. H. Davison,
tropical marine shells; R. J. Welch, genus Limnra (fresh-
water shells).

ArcH®oLoGy.—A. Pringle, bronze sword, three saddle
querns and mortised timber from a Tyrone crannog; Mrs.
A. Mel. Cleland, stone and flint implements; Robert Bell,
English paleolithic implements and local rostrocarinates.

MISCELLANEOUS.—Miss Mawdsley, old-style watch keys
and seals, and an old-fashioned doll.

Junior Section.—The exhibits staged by Junior members
were especially interesting, being in the main of living ob-
jects. Those who exhibited were the Misses Agatha Craw-
ford, Alice, Ethne, Joan and Margery Glendinning, Nora
Fisher and Norah Neill, and the Masters A. and R.
MacDonald.

At 9-10 p.m. a business meeting was held, the President
(Mr. W. M. Crawford) welcoming the large company pre-
sent. He referred to the well attended excursions that had
been held during the summer and hoped that members would
be equally enthusiastic during the winter session.

Mr. 8. A. Bennett was then called upon to propose a
resolution—‘‘ That Mr. Robert Bell is a fit and proper person
to receive the Club’s Medal.’’ This was put to the meeting
and passed with acclamation, after which the President pre-
sented the Medal to Mr. Bell, who suitably replied.

The President handed the Club’s prize to Mr. Thompson
M‘Cloy for ‘* The best collection of Local Natural History
Rhymes,”’ and afterwards spoke regarding the excellent pro-
gress being made by the members of the Junior Section, and
presented prizes to Junior members as follows :—

Mr. Carpenter’s prize, for ‘‘ Best Collection of Land and
Freshwater Mollusea,’’ to Miss Agatha Crawford.

Ist Special prize for same, to Master Ranald MacDonald.

2nd Special prize for same, to Miss Joan Glendinning.

Mr. Cleland’s prize, for “‘ Best Collection of [Local Fos-
sils,’’? to Master Angus MacDonald.

Special prize for same, to Miss Ethne Glendinning.

Mr. Welch’s prize, for ‘‘ Best Collection of Marine
Shells,’’ to Miss Nora Fisher.
Special prize for same, to Miss Agatha Crawford,

1926-27.]
421

Prizes to Junior members for Conversazione exhibits were
awarded to the Misses Joan Loewenthal, Agatha Crawford,
Lois McKeown and Norah Neill, and Master Angus
MacDonald.

The Rev. Canon Foster, B.D., was unanimously elected
an Honorary Member and a number of Senior and Junior
members were added to the Roll.

Subsequently there was a lantern display of scenes taken
on the summer excursions. These were shown by Mr. A.

R. Hogg and described by Mr. J. A. S. Stendall.

INSECT MIMICRY.

The first ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was held
in the Museum, College Square North, on Tuesday,
November 16th, 1926, when Mr. W. M. Crawford, B.A.,
F.E.S., F.Z.S8., gave his presidential address to a large
audience of members and visitors, illustrating his remarks
with a fine series of slides, both coloured and plain, of
butterflies, moths, stick and leaf-insects, etc.

The President, in his address, said :—‘‘ While mimicry is
widespread in the animal kingdom, I am restricting the scope
of this paper to mimicry among insects, chiefly butterflies
and moths. It must be clearly understood that when we
talk of mimicry in insects we must exclude all idea of
conscious imitation. Mimicry is rather the result of natural
selection, or survival of the fittest, acting through hereditary
variations.

‘““ Agoressive resemblance or concealment for attack is
not common among insects, so I pass to the next division—
protective resemblance or concealment for defence. ‘This
kind is very common. We get many examples of insects
looking like bark, sticks, or leaves, so as to render themselves
inconspicuous to their enemies. Stick caterpillars are very
numerous, though not often noticed, owing to the excellence
of their deception. The buff-tip moth, when at rest, also has
the appearance of a dead stick.

‘“ In the case of insects resembling leaves, the leaf insect
of India and Ceylon is a remarkable imitation of green leaves.
Among those resembling dead leaves when their wings are
folded, the Indian leaf butterfly is one of the best, while
there are many other butterflies carrying out the same idea,
some of them only in the dry season form. Many other
butterflies and moths at rest make themselves inconspicuous
in their surroundings by colouration blending with those
surroundings,

{Proc. B.N.F.C.,
422

““ Mimetic resemblance, or mimicry proper, is mostly
found among exotic butterflies and moths. In Batesian
mimicry, abundant, conspicuous and unpalatable butterflies
are mimicked by others of widely-separated groups, the
mimics gaining protection from their enemies by their
resemblance to the unpalatable kinds. )

‘* In Mullerian mimicry, models and mimics are both un-
palatable, but the latter benefit from their likeness to the
models by lessening the loss entailed by the education of new
generations of birds and other enemies in that they have only
one warning pattern to learn and not two.”’

After the address the President requested his audience to
put any questions they wished, and answered those put by
Messrs. Carpenter, Stendall, and Welch, who had spoken on
various points of the address.

Before the address a vote of condolence was passed with a
member of the Committee, Mr. C. E. Kerr, B.A., whose
wife had lately died.

LANDS AND SEAS OF THE WORLD IN
PAST TIMES.

The second ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was
held in the Museum, College Square North, on Tuesday,
December 14th, when Professor J. K. Charlesworth, D.Sc..,
gave a lecture on above subject. The President (Mr. W. M.
Crawford) occupied the chair. Professor Charlesworth said—

‘“ The shore lines of the seas of the world are not un-
changeable. They have shifted within historic times and to
a greater extent within the relatively brief period of Man’s
life upon the planet. Thus to cite but a few important cases
“Man has witnessed the severance of Asia from N. America
in the region of the Behring Straits, the separation of Tas-
mania from Australia, of Africa from Europe and of Britain
from the continent of Europe. The further back into geo-
logical times we peer the more are the shore lines of the
world’s seas seen to differ from those of the present day.

“An examination of the rocks of the world shows that
physical and climatic conditions quite different from those
obtaining in the various regions to-day have existed in the
past. Marine sediments, containing typical marine fossils,
occur even in the heart of our continents. By mapping the
distribution of these marine sediments some idea of the
extent of the old seas may be obtained. Moreover, by noting
the increasing coarseness of the sediments in certain definite

1926-27,]
423

directions, from pure ooze through fine muds to sands and .
even to shingle, the position of the land masses of the time
may be ascertained, This evidence is confirmed by the
related change of the marine fauna in the same direction,
from pelagic forms into a true littoral or shore fauna, and by
the frequent discovery of the materials which accumulated
on the continents themselves, with their associated mam-
malian or molluskan land fauna.

‘““ World-maps representing the distribution of the lands
and seas of the world at successive periods in the geological
past, constructed by this means but supplemented by much
other information gleaned in other ways, are in constant use
by geologists to-day. These show the evolution of the oceans
and the continents from early times, when the face of the
planet wore a strangely unfamiliar look, to the well-known
outlines of the present day. It is very probable that the
oceans have not only changed their shape but also their
extent and depth, these becoming deeper and deeper with
the increasing age of the earth.

“Some of these changes are doubtless to be ascribed to
such surface forces as the stripping of the continents of their
rocks and the piling up of their waste upon the floor of the
seas, the deposition of the sediments causing a slow but per-
sistent rise of the waters of the ocean and a steady sub-
mergence of the marginal parts of the continents. This
tendency, which manifestly in a relatively short period would
cause the complete inundation of all the lands of the world
and produce a universal ocean—such as can readily be proved
has at no time obtained since the origin of a land fauna—is
counteracted by an equally strong force which causes the
lands to be rhythmically uplifted, probably in part at least,
on account of the relief of the crust beneath the continents in
consequence of the removal of the surface rocks and their
transport to the sea. The narrow seas themselves, with their
great weight and thickness of sediment, amounting some-
times to as much as forty thousand feet thickness, have
served as the cradles of the future mountain ranges. The
extensive transgressions of the waters of the seas over the
margins of the continents, and the equally great regressions
or withdrawals of the waters into the ocean basins which
have in all cases succeeded the transgressions, are rhythmic
in nature. The exact cause of the rhythm is unknown.”’

Following, several members asked questions which were
fully dealt with by the lecturer,

4

[Proc, B.N.F.C.,
424

FISHERY PROBLEMS, LOUGH NEAGH AND
COUNTY DOWN COAST.

There was a full attendance at the third ordinary meeting,
held in the Museum, College Square North, on Tuesday,
January 11th, 1927, when Mr. George Steven (Chief Inspec-
tor of Fisheries, N.I.) delivered a lecture on the above
subject. The President (Mr. W. M. Crawford) occupied the
chair. Mr. Steven said that around the coast of Northern
Ireland were to be found some of the finest fishing banks in
British home waters; new ones were constantly being dis-
covered. The latest was found during the war, formed on a
pinnacle covered by small shells and an abundance of the
food on which fish live. With the building of large boats
they naturally found that more fish were being caught, and
an outlet had to be found for them. Thus arose the pickling
of herrings industry, which was very important to the
prosperity of the province.

The herring industry at Ardglass was an ancient one, but
in our time it might be counted at its best from the year
1909. Last-year all available space on shore at Ardglass was
invaded by curers, with the result that 5,000 tons of pickled
herrings were exported. The value of the catch during the
twelve weeks the fishing lasted amounted to £60,000. The
export value of pickled herring from Northern Ireland as a
whole would be nearly £100,000. The importance of the
Ardglass herring might be understood from the fact that on
the continent and in America it was considered of much
higher quality than the Scottish herring.

At Toomebridge there was the most important EHel-fishing
in Kurope. The export of Kels from Northern Ireland would
give a cash return of about £20,000 per annum, but the
stock was being depleted owing to the capture of yellow eels
for bait. The’export of Salmon from Northern Ireland only
amounted to 860 tons per annum.

In conclusion, the lecturer urged people to eat more fish,
saying that fish was a very healthy food; they lived under
healthy conditions and were the cleanest and most easily
washed food.

An interesting discussion followed, in which the President,
Captain Turner and Messrs. A. H. Davison, R. 8. Lepper,
B. Murray, J. A. 8. Stendall and R. J. Welch took part.

A BOTANICAL RUN ROUND ULSTER.
The fourth ordinary meeting was held in the Museum,
College Square North, on Tuesday, 15th February, when

1926-27.]
425

Professor James Small, D.Sc., M.R.I.A., gave a racy dis- .
course to a large audience. The Vice-President (Mr. R. S.
Lepper) occupied the chair.

The lecturer dealt briefly with the zonation of red, brown
and green sea-weeds which form a series of belts around the
coast from beyond low tide to just below high tide level,
pointing out the interest of form and beauty among the
plant forms to be found in the rock-pools. The building of
sand-dunes, as at Newcastle, and of salt-marshes, as at
Comber and Carnalea, was explained, together with the
stages in breaking down of both these vegetation groups,
which are important in that they win land from the sea and
estuaries.

Some hedgerow, river and woodland groups of plants were

indicated. The vegetation of Divis Mountain was described,
and the lecturer mentioned that a special study of Divis had
been made from the Department of Botany, Queen’s Univer-
sity. Interesting details of its history can be made out from
the pollen grains of former plants which are still found pre-
served in the peat, and which indicate that Divis has had
successively alder, birch, and other woodlands upon its now
heather-clad slopes.
' The lecturer stressed the point that there are still many
opportunities for valuable work by the amateur botanist in
Ulster, not so much in finding rare plants or in getting new
records as in careful mapping and studying the vegetation of
selected areas.

The Chairman and D. J. Carpenter spoke complimenting
the lecturer, who answered questions put by Miss Sayers,
Captain Chase, and J. A. S. Stendall.

Before the lecture a vote of condolence was passed with
the family of the late Nevin H. Foster, F.L.8., M.R.1.A.,
M.B.0O.U., who had filled many offices of the Club during
a membership of over a quarter of a century.

EARLY CHRISTIAN ANTIQUITIES IN IRELAND.

At the fifth meeting of the Winter Session, held in the
Museum, College Square N., on Tuesday, March 1st, Mr.
R. J. Welch, M.Sc., M.R.J.A., gave a lecture, illustrated
with lantern slides, on “* Karly Christian Antiquities in Ire-
land.’’ The President (Mr. W. M. Crawford) occupied the
chair.

Taking first the holy wells as survivals from pagan into
Christian times, the lecturer passed on to the early churches

[Prog. B.N.F.C.,
426

and oratories still remaining in many places, mainly along
the west coast. The Oratory of Gallerus, with its curious
doorway, on the Dingle promontary; the early churches of
the Aran Islands—Temple Benin and Temple Mac Duagh;
stone-roofed churches, such as St. Mac Dara’s Oratory, St.
Kevin’s Kitchen, Glendalough; St. Duileach’s, near Dublin;
Cormac’s Chapel, Cashel, and others were illustrated in
detail.

The Celtic monastery of Inishmurry, with its beehive cells,
cursing stones altar, and primitive cross, was described, and
a number of doorways of various types, such as those with
inclined jambs, narrower at top than bottom, very good
examples being at Killeavy Old Church west door, County
Armagh, and the remnant of a church at St. John’s Point,
County Down.

The fact that round towers (mainly erected from the
ninth till the twelfth centuries) were Christian belfries and
places of refuge from the plundering Norsemen, and not
pagan buildings, was emphasised. Their history was given
and types of their doorways described. These were very
narrow and set high—eight to fourteen feet above ground—
for the purpose of easy defence.

Various forms of Celtic crosses were shown, from the early
slab with its incised cross—like Movilla, Newtownards, or
Kilchefto the tall crosses, such as Arboe, Monasterboice
or Clonmacnoise. The curious tau or T cross of Tory Island,
of which type there are only about three in Ireland, was also
illustrated. Many of the early oratories or monasteries were
on islands, either in the larger lakes or on the coast, and the
early form of skin-covered boat—coracle or curach, as it 1s
called in Ireland—which was used for crossing to these
islands, was shown. They still survive in the very old form
on the Boyne for the purpose of salmon fishing.

Several members spoke to the lecture and many questions
were asked, all of which were replied to by the lecturer.

ECLIPSES OF THE SUN, MOON AND STARS.

The sixth ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was held
in the Museum, College Square North, on Tuesday, March
15th, when Mr. C. EK. Kerr, B.A., gave a lecture, illustrated
with lantern slides. The chair was occupied by Mr. J. A.
S. Stendall (Ex-President).

The lecturer first dealt with the theory of eclipses, and
then proceeded to consider their value to the astronomer,

1926-27.]
427

Dealing with solar eclipses, he showed lantern slides of the .
mysterious corona and the solar prominences. Connected as
these are with the sun-spots and the great internal forces in
the sun, a digression was made to describe the theory and
practice of spectrum analysis necessary to those who wish
to understand how we acquire much of our information about
the heavenly bodies. Using a special carrier with the
continuous spectrum, the bright lne spectra of sodium,
potassium, and other substances were shown. By ineans of
these bright line spectra and their reversal in the Frauenhofer
lines, much was to be learned of the condition of the sun.

The lecturer discussed connexion between sunspots and the
characteristic phenomena of eclipses—-the corona, the
chromosphere, the reversing layer, and the protuberances.

Eclipses of the moon were then dealt with, and similar
phenomena in the planets—the eclipses of Jupiter’s satelites,
the transits of Mercury and Venus, and occultations of bright
stars by the moon.

Passing to the stars proper, the lecturer showed that
eclipse is not a phenomenon peculiar to the solar system.
Dealing with the two types of eclipsing variables, the Algol
and the B. Lyre types, he showed that the former consisted
of the mutual alternate eclipse of two stars of somewhat
unequal brightness. In the B. Lyre type, however, they
had binary stars of practically equal brightness, the stars
being placed very close together and being elongated towards
each other by tidal action.

The last type of eclipsing matter dealt with was the vast
areas of darkness discovered amongst the brightness of the
stars, which had now been pretty definitely proved to be
great dark clouds of cosmic dust or other obscuring matter.
These are supposed to be the aggregations of matter driven
off from the stars by light pressure. They are beginning to
form new universes, but are so diffuse vet as not to have
generated enough heat by contraction to make them glow
with their own light.

So the process goes on from dark to bright nebula to giant
red star, gradually getting hotter till it reaches the white-heat
stage, and thence going through its course of decay until it
reaches the dwarf red stage, before finally becoming a dark
star.

Towards such a death our sun is approaching; but millions
of years must pass before that occurs, because a million
years are but as a day in the history of the life and death
of a star.

{Proc. B.N.F.C.,
428

At the close the Chairman and Messrs. Carpenter, Cleland,
and Davison asked some questions, to which the lecturer
replied, after which the election of a Junior member took
place.

THE LIFE OF THE BEE.

The seventh and final meeting was held in the Museum,
College Square N., on Tuesday, April 5th, the President (Mr.
W. M. Crawford) in the chair, when the Rev. E. M.
Gumley, B.D., delivered an address on ‘‘ The Life of the
Bee,’’ illustrated by lantern slides.

The lecturer dealt with the anatomy of the Bee, stressing
in particular the antenne, mouth organs, and digestive
apparatus, showing in the latter case the peculiar contrivance
by which the bee can bring up the contents of the chyle-
stomach to feed the young, without contaminating the con-
tents of the honey-sae, through which it must pass to reach
the mouth. By means of the antenne it is probable that
bees can communicate thoughts to one another, as the ants
certainly can. It was pointed out, too, that as part compen-
sation for her surrender of motherhood, the gluten, by means
of which the queen fastens her egg in the cell, has been
changed in the worker into poison, as the ovipositor has been
transformed into a sting, thus giving this class a powerful
weapon.

Many pictures of wild bees were shown in their natural
colours, and some habits of nesting were described.

Dealing with the Hive Bee (Apis mellifica), reasons were
given for the belief that bee-keeping is perhaps the oldest
industry in the world, excepting that of agriculture. It can
be traced back to the very dawn of history. The methods of
medieval times were contrasted with modern to the ad-
vantage of the latter, and the occupants and internal
economy of a modern hive described.

One of the greatest marvels (and there are many) con-
nected with bee life is the fact that an egg identically the
same will produce queen or worker at the will of the com-
munity. We are left with the astonishing truth that mere
difference in the quality of food supplied to a larva and the
size of its cell will produce enormous anatomical and func-
tional changes. An attempt was also made to explain the
mystery of the swarm as the result of race-memory surviving
from the time far back before the dawn of history, when
every worker-bee was a mother-bee, and went forth to meet
the drone, a theory supported by an analogy of what is known
of ant life.

1926-27.]
429

The lecture concluded with some slides showing the pro- _
cess of wax-formation and comb-building for the various
purposes of the hive, and showing also some processes in the
art of bee-keeping.

Messrs. Carpenter, Reilly, and Turner asked. questions
and received answers, the proceedings ending with the
election of seven Junior members.

——0———

ANNUAL MEETING.

The Annual Meeting was held in the Museum, College
Square N., on Tuesday, 26th April, at 8-0 p.m., the Presi-
dent (Mr. W. M. Crawford) in the chair.

The following Reports were presented :—

ANNUAL REPORT.

Your Committee has pleasure in submitting the Sixty-
fourth Annual Report as follows :—

During the year 2 Honorary, 1 Corresponding, 44
Ordinary and 35 Junior members have been elected, 33
have resigned and 11 have died, while several names have
been removed from the Roll owing to non-payment of
subscriptions.

The membership now consists of 2 Corresponding, 8
Honorary, 588 Ordinary, and 105 Junior members, making
a total of 703.

Ten Committee Meetings were held during the year, at
which the attendances were as follows :—

R. Bell .10 J. BR. H. Greeves 1
S.A. Bennett ... ay aC. i. ..Kerr 5)
A. A. Campbell ... 5 5: Lepper. ... "i
D. J. Carpenter 9 Rev. W. R. Megaw 5
E. N. Carrothers Het... ORG ce on 8
N. Carrothers Ss’ TT. E.” Osborne’ ~. oat
Capt. Chase... t ‘Miss W. J.’ Sayers *...° "6
A. Mel. Cleland 7 J. Skillen ba i dala
W. M. Crawford 9 J. A. S. Stendall 2) 1
A. H. Davison ... 9, SR dies Wellies 02. uA T1O
Dr. T. M. Deans 5

The Summer Excursions were exceptionally well attended,
and the entire programme was carried out, the places visited
being as follows :—

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,

430

Lough Neagh and Mr. Barton’s Rock

Garden, Antrim (Half-day) ... 29th May, 1926.
Dromena Cashel and Tollymore Park ... 12th June, 1926.
The Flush (Evening ae ie ... 22nd June, 1926.
Lower Lough Erne __... = ... 10th to 13th July, 1926.
Lough Fea “ee ... 24th July, 1926.
Brown’s Bay (Half- day) 7th August, 1926.
Mountstewart Italian Garden, Ballywalter

Park and Portavogie see ... 21st August, 1926.
Portmore (Half-day) Fe ... 4th September, 1926.
Downpatrick and Inch Abbey ... 18th September, 1926.

A very well attended Conversazione was held on the 19th
October in the Large Hall of the Assembly Buildings. Ex-
hibits were exceptionally varied and good, Junior members
contributing largely.

During the Winter Session the following lectures were
delivered and papers read, abstracts of which will be found
in the Proceedings :—

1926.
November 16 ... PresipENTIAL ADDRESS: “ Insect
Mimicry.”’
December 14... ‘‘ Lands and Seas of the World in Past
Times,’’ Prof. J. K. Charlesworth,
D.Sc Ph.D. ¥.G.S., Mie
1927.
January 11 ... ‘* Fishery Problems, Lough Neagh and
Co. Down Coast,’’ George Steven.
February 15 ... ‘‘ A Botanical Run Round Ulster,’’
Prof. James Small, D.Sc., M.R.I.A.
March 1 ... ‘Karly Christian Antiquities of Ire-
land,’’ R. J. Welch, M.Sc., M.R.1.A.
March 5 ... ‘ Eelipses of the Sun, Moon and
Stars,’’ C. E. Kerr, B.A., F.R.8.A4.0
April 5 as)... Whe: Litfe of the Bee,’’ Revy;) EB. sie
Gumley, B.D.

All lectures were well illustrated by lantern slides, and
some of them by specimens as well; the attendance of
members was very good. Mr. A. R. Hogg again acted as
Janternist in his usual satisfactory manner.

The President was appointed delegate to the meeting of
the British Association, held at Oxford, and presented his
Report at the last meeting of the Session.

In conclusion, your Committee desires to tender thanks to
Mr. H. D. M. Barton, of the Bush, Antrim, Colonel and

1926-27.|
431

Mrs. R. G. Berry, and the Rt. Hon. Samuel and Mrs.
Cunningham, for hospitality; to the Marchioness of Lon-
donderry and Lady Dunleath, for permission to visit the
Mountstewart Italian Garden, and the Bird Aviaries,
Ballywalter Park.

Thanks are also due to the Press for publishing reports of
excursions and meetings; to the Superintendents of the Rail-
ways, and to kindred Societies and Public Institutions who
have favoured us with their publications.

W. M. Crawrorp, President.
Arex. H. Davison

» | i; es
R. J. WELCH, f Hon. Secretaries.

DECEASED MEMBERS.

J. H. Adamson.

J. J. Andrew, L.D.5., R.C.S.(Eng.).

F. J. Bigger, M.A., M.R.I.A.

Charles H. Brett, Kt., LL.D.

Nevin H. Foster, F.L.S., M.R.I.A., M.B.O.U.
(Hon. Member).

James Glover.

Rev. T. Hamilton, P.C., M.A.

Miss K. A. Linaker.

W. J. Robb.

Miss Steele.

W.J.D. Walker, C.B.

HON. LIBRARIAN’S REPORT.

The Library has been but little taken advantage of by
members during the year. At its meeting held on 2nd
November, 1926, the Committee of the Club passed the
following resolution regarding the disposal of the Library,
when the Corporation’s New Museum should be opened :—

‘“ 2nd November, 1926.—The question of the disposal of
the Club Library was discussed. Mr. Orr proposed, and
Mr. Carpenter seconded, that the Libraries, Museums and
Art Committee of the Belfast Corporation be allowed to select
what books they consider useful for the new Museum’s
Library, the rest to be disposed of. The set of The Irish
Naturalist to be held by the Editor for the time being of the
Irish Naturalists’ Journal. The Erratics and Herbarium
also to be handed over to the Museum.”’

{Proc. B.N.F.C.,
432

This resolution was ratified at a Cominittee meeting on
2ist February, 1927, subject to its being confirmed at the
Annual Meeting.

The usual list of Exchanging Sccieties will be found on
page 9500.

W. M. Crawrorp, for Rev. W. BR. Mrcaw,
Hon. Librarian.

REPORT OF HON. RECORDING SECRETARY.

The year 1926 must, from the naturalist’s viewpoint, be
regarded as early. On 18th January the Winter Heliotrope
(Petasites fragrans) was reported in flower at Greenisland.
Rev. E. M. Gumley reported a bat on wing at Ballintoy on
26th February, while two days later frogs were spawning in
a pond at Ballyward. At Sixtowns Mr. G. Barnett reported
Marsh Marigold (Caltha palustris) in flower on 7th March,
and Wood Anemone (Anemone nemorosa) on the 12th.
Blackthorn was in bloom on 26th March at Broomhedge,
and Hawthorn flowers appeared on 30th April at Belmont,
and 2nd May at Bangor.

The following are records of the arrival of spring migrant
birds :—

Chiffchaff—27th March, Belfast; 28th March, Killaloo;
2nd April, Hillsborough and Newtownbreda.

Sand Martin—8rd April, Belfast; 5th April, Warrenpoint.

Cuckoo—l1th April, Maze; 12th April, Newtownbreda;
28th April, Draperstown; 30th April, Belfast.

Willow Warbler—8rd April, Warrenpoint; 8th April,
Jerrettspass; 10th April, Killaloo and Belfast; 11th April,
Newtownbreda; 18th April, Hillsborough.

Swallow—3l1st March, Warrenpoint; 2nd April, Port-
glenone; 6th April, Jerrettspass; 10th April, Hillsborough;
12th April, Belfast; 16th April, Killaloo.

Corncrake—9th April, Jerrettspass; 17th April, Hills-
borough; 18th April, Ballycraigy; 24th April, Newtown-
breda.

House Martin—6th April, Warrenpoint; 18th April, Bel-
fast; Ist May, Hillsborough; 2nd May, Ballynahinch.

Swift—80th April, Hillsborough; 2nd May, Ballynahinch.

These dates are in the main earlier than in 1925.

At the end of the summer season the following dates of
arrivals of autumn migrants and departure of spring migrants
have to be recorded.

1926-27.]
433
ARRIVALS.

Fieldtares and Wigeon, both chserved at the Waterworks, |
Antrim Road, Belfast, by Mr. T. M‘Cloy, on [0th
September.

DEPARTURES (birds last seen).

Sand Martin—23rd October, Knock.

Swallow—18th September, Belfast; 380th September,
Draperstown; 1st October, Killyleagh; 17th October, Knock-
bracken ; 23rd October, Glenshesk ; 31st October, Ballycastle
(when snow was on mountains); 6th November, Newtown-
breda (four birds); 7th November, Millisle (two birds).

On 15th September a Yellow Hammer’s nest containing
young was observed at Garvagh.

Perhaps the most noteworthy record for the year, certainly
the most apparent, was the Bottle-nosed Whale (Hyperoodon
rostratus) which was caught in Belfast Lough, near White-
house. It measured 21 feet in length. Thompson recorded
a specimen of the same species, from the Lough, in 1845,
and there are infrequent subsequent records.

Mr. W. H. Workman reported an albino Swallow
(Hirundo r. rustica) at Ballycastle (I.N.J., Vol. 1, p. 154).
Reports from various parts denote that foxes are becoming
much more common in Northern Ireland, especially in
County Londonderry. Badgers, too, appear to be more than
holding their own, and two breeding places have been
reported within the Belfast city boundary.

Several interesting plants have been noted. Mr. R. J.
Welch collected an alga (Rivularia natans) at Sandy Bay,
near Portmore, on 22nd December, which is new tio Northern
Ireland and probably to the entire country (J.N.J., Vol. 1,
p. 204).

Captain C. D. Chase reports Rumezx sanguineus L. from
Clandeboye Demesne, its third station in Ireland (I.N.J.,
Vol. 1, p. 97). Moss records from Rev. W. R. Megaw in-
clude two species new to Ireland—Dicranella cerviculata
Schp. var. pusilla Schp. from Ballee Bog, Co. Antrim, and
Hypnum polygamum Schp. var. minus from Belmont (found
by Capt. C. D. Chase), and Lough Erne shore.

J. A. SIDNEY STENDALL,
Hon. Recording Secretary.

REPORT OF BOTANICAL SECTION.

In this section there are 55 members, an increase of 13 on
last year.

(Prec. B.N.F.C.,
434

There were four sectional excursions in the summer—to
Crow Glen on 15th May, Conlig on 26th June, Black Moun-
tain on 15th July, and the Broadwater, between Moira and
Aghalee, on 14th August, the average attendance of
members being about 20.

At Crow Glen we found Lathriea squamaria and Ciay-
tonia sibirica in the wood at Fernhill, where the latter
grows in abundance. Mrs. Cunningham’s rock garden at
Glencairn proved a source of great interest, and the tea
to which she so hospitably entertained us was no less
welcome.

At Conlig we found aquatic and other plants, including :—
Sparganium minimum, Pyrola media, Orchis pretermissa,
Veronica scutellata, and Antennaria dioica.

The walk along the Broadwater gave us an opportunity of
seeing in bloom:—Ranunculus lingua, Sagittaria sagitti-
folia, Butomus umbellatus, Festuca gigantea, and in fruit,
Acorus calamus.

On this excursion, as always, we were indebted to Mr. N.
Carrothers for his invaluable and unfailing help.

At the general excursion to Lough Neagh and Antrim on
May 29 we found in the woods, apparently wild, Leucojwm
estivum, Viola palustris, Salix triandra, Luzula sylvatica,
Saponaria officinalis and Cerastiunm arvense. In Mr.
Barton’s rock garden undreamt of wealth of varied bloom
from every part of the world gave us great delight.

W. SAYERS, : ;
C. D. CHASE, Joint Hon. Secretaries.

REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SECTION.

The Section made three excursions during the Session to
the following places:—Larne Harbour, Conlig and Portrush.
Each excursion was well attended and was favoured with
good weather.

At Larne Harbour the Liassic beds, exposed opposite
Waterloo House, were carefully examined, where traces of
Ammonites planorbis and Ammonites Bucklandi were found,
with plenty of finely developed Gryphea incurva.

The heaps of waste material at the old lead mines at
Conlig yielded fine specimens of galena and barytes and a
particularly good example of phosphate of lead (pyro-
morphite).

At Portrush attention was paid to the White Rocks and
their associated Basalts, it being noted that these rocks
showed great marine erosion and illustrated how much more

1926-27.)
435

easily and rapidly the Basalts eroded as compared with the
Chalk, resulting in the latter being in many cases left as ©
pinnacles.

At Portrush Harbour the indurated Liassic shales were
carefully examined, some fair fragmentary fossils being ob-
tained despite the very hard nature of the formation.

A. MclI. Cieuanp, Hon. Secretary.

REPORT OF ZOOLOGICAL SECTION.

The Section suffers from a paucity of members, which is
to be regretted in view of the great scope for useful work in
the district.

During the summer session excursions to Waterloo (near
Larne), Greenisland, Holywood, Lagan Canal, and Orlock
Point, were carried out. Some of these were held in con-
junction with other Sections. All were well attended, the
Juniors being much in evidence. A good deal of collecting
was done, especially at Shaw’s Bridge and Orlock Point,
where Mr. Welch acted as guide, philosopher and friend, and
imparted much useful information to the juvenile members.

Many members of the Club are interested in zoology, but
are not yet connected with this Section. It is desirable that
they should join to give or receive such help as association
offers.

JAMES Orr, Hon. Secretary.

REPORT OF ARCHXOLOGICAL SECTION.
The Archzological Section has now a membership of 60.
During the summer of 1926 four excursions were held,

On 15th May Crow Glen souterrain was visited, Mr. Robert
Bell acting as Conductor. The Botanical and Junior Sec-
tions joined us on this occasion, and the Right Honourable
Samuel Cunningham and Mrs. Cunningham _ hospitably
entertained us at Fernhill.

The next excursion, and the largest of the season, was to
the Priory Church and Movilla, Newtownards, on 19th June.
Mr. David Kennedy kindly joined the party and assisted the
Honorary Secretary as joint conductor.

On 17th July the Section examined the site of the pre-
historic flint implement factory on the Black Mountain.
Mr. Robert Bell, to whom the discovery of the site is due,
was conductor.

The last excursion was to Holywood on 30th July, when
the Priory Church was visited and its history very fully

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
436

discussed. The Moat, an ancient burial mound, was also
inspected, by kind permission of Mrs. Rule.

All the excursions were well attended, and the members
were keenly interested in the various matters brought to
their notice.

A. ALBERT CAMPBELL, Hon. Secretary.

REPORT OF JUNIOR SECTION.

At the close of the previous year there were 74 members
on the roll, but owing to resignations and transfers to Senior
membership we commenced the year with 70 members,
increased during the season to 105.

Eight excursions took place during the year. Four of
these, namely those to Greenisland, the Lagan, Orlock
Point, and Glenburn, Dunmurry, were undertaken by the
Juniors alone. The remaining four—to Crow Glen, Antrim,
Flush River and Conlig were run conjointly with the Seniors
or other sections.

In connexion with these excursions I wish to gratefully
acknowledge the kindness of the following for their generous
hospitality to the Junior members :—Mr. H. D. M. Barton,
The Bush, Antrim; The Rt. Hon. 8. Cunningham and Mrs.
Cunningham, Gleneairn, Belfast; Mr., Mrs. and Miss
Fisher, Inishglass, Greenisland, and Capt. and Mrs. Knox,
Glenburn, Dunmurry.

I also desire to thank Capt. Chase, Mr. N. Carothers and
Mr. J. Orr for help on certain field days, and more especially
Mr. R. J. Welch for the interest shown in the section, and
his valued help on many occasions.

Finally, I would like to report that the interest kindled
in the section during last session has not only been main-
tained but increased, for during the past two years 71 new
members were enrolled and during the past year there was
an average attendance of 27 at the excursions. The interest
shown in field work has also been very great, and has re-
sulted in many of the Juniors making good collections of
shells, fossils, flint implements, etc., while a striking feature
of the Annual Conversazione was the number and variety of
the exhibits made by the Junior members.

These facts and figures are, I believe, unequalled in the
history of the Section, and are ample evidence that the
Juniors form one of the keenest and mosf active sections in

the Club,
D, J, Carpenter, Hon, Secretary,

491

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[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
438

The President made a statement regarding the future of
the Club’s Library, and read the following resolution of the
Committee :

‘“ 2nd November, 1926.— The question of disposal of the
Club’s Library was discussed. Mr. Orr proposed, and Mr.
Carpenter seconded, that the Libraries, Museums and Art
Committee of the Belfast Corporation be allowed to select
what books they consider useful for the new Museuin’s
Library, the rest to be disposed of. The set of Irish
Naturalist to be held by the Editor, for the time being. of
The Irish Naturalists’ Journal, the Erratics and Herbarium
also to be handed over to the Museum.’

‘‘ This resolution was ratified at a Committee meeting on
21st February, 1927, and is subject to confirmation by the
Annual Meeting.’”’

After discussion the meeting unanimously agreed to the
Committee’s proposal.

The following office-bearers were elected for the Session
1927-28 :—President, R. S. Lepper; Vice-President, D. J.
Carpenter; Honorary Secretaries, HE. N. Carrothers and A.
EK. Muskett; Honorary Treasurer, Alex. H. Davison;
Honorary Librarian, W. M. Crawford; Honorary Recording
Secretary, J. A. S. Stendall; Honorary Secretaries of Sec-
tions—Botanical, Miss W. J. Sayers and Capt. C. D. Chase;
Geological, A. McI. Cleland and Robert Bell; Zoological,
James Orr; Archeological, A. A. Campbell; Junior, D. J.
Carpenter. Ordinary members of Committee (retire 1928),
T. Edens Osborne, Charles E. Kerr, Dr. T. M. Deans;
(retire 1929), S. A. Bennett, Joseph Skillen; (retire 1930),
Rev. W. R. Megaw, C. R. Nodder, R. J. Welch.

REPORT OF THE CLUB’S DELEGATE TO
CONFERENCE OF CORRESPONDING SOCIETIES
OF THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION.

I attended the Conference of Delegates of Corresponding
Societies in Oxford on Thursday, 5th August, 1926, at 2-15,
and on Tuesday, 10th August, at 2 p.m. It was attended
by 61 delegates representing 64 societies.

At the first meeting a most interesting and inspiring
address was given by the President, Sir John Russell, on
Regional Surveys and the benefits that would accrue from
their gradual extension by affiliated and other societies,
schools, etc, He began by pointing out that a regional survey

1926-27. j
439

must be based on the specialised work of the Geological
Survey, and in the few cases where they have been made,
the various Natural History Surveys made by professional
specialists having the time, the resources and the necessary
detachment. He suggested that the best beginning is to
construct a model of the region as this shows, in a way no
map can do, the features of chief importance in the survey.
The records would then be carried on to maps, the 6in.
making a good basis for records and the lin. being often
best for displaying the results. Topographical details of the
Ordnance Survey maps would be correlated with the data
given by the Geological Survey, and in this connexion Sir
John Russell mentioned that the Ordnance Survey Depart-
ment makes special arrangements for supplying scientific
societies with maps for purposes of survey work. Then
would follow considerations of the reasons for the geological
formation of the region, including climatic and temperature
data.

The next stage would be to show how this natural material
has influenced and has been influenced and utilised by man-
kind, the region being mapped out into four main divisions—
inhabited land (houses and their gardens); arable land, in-
eluding fruit and market gardens; permanent grass land;
and uncultivated land, including woodland, commons,
heaths, bogs, ete. These divisions were then discussed in
sreater detail.

A general discussion followed the President’s address.

Other business done was the re-appointment of the Kent’s
Cavern Committee and the adoption of a resolution, “‘ That
steps be taken, with the co-operation of local societies, to
make systematic records of temporarily open geological
sections, well borings, and the like.”’

W.M. CRAWFORD.

CLUB MEDALLISTS.

1923—William Swanston, F.G.S.
1924—-Nevin Harkness Foster, F.L.S., M.R.1.A.,
M.B.0.U.

1925—Nathaniel Carrothers.

1926—Robert Bell.

Robert Bell was born in Ballyereen, Co. Down, in 1864,
and early in life developed a strong interest in natural
history and antiquities, In 1893 he was elected a member

5

[Proc, B.N.F.C.,
440

of the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club, and soon became
associated with Samuel Alexander Stewart, who was his
guide and friend, to good purpose.

Mr. Bell was soon found to be a very keen field geologist
and antiquarian, quickly becoming an accurate observer, and
a great collector. When Dr. Hume, afterwards Director of
the Geological Survey of Egypt, made a special survey of
the Cretaceous rocks of Antrim and Derry, he found Mr.
Bell’s collection of Chalk and Greensand fossils of great
service for his paper on the subject. Later Mr. Bell ren-
dered good service to the Irish branch of H.M. Geological
Survey, and in the Survey Memoir of the Belfast Area
(1904), he is thanked for his services by the Director, Mr.
(afterwards Sir) J. J. H. Teall, F.R.S., F.G.S. For his
unique collection of Zeolites from the Basalts of Antrim and
Derry, which included a number of minerals new to science,
he was elected a life member of the Mineralogical Society
of London.

At the conversaziones of the Club for many years past
selections from Mr. Bell’s private collection—the finest in
the north of Ireland—have given pleasure to both members
and visitors.

TBRITISH |
MUSEUM $

PROCEEDINGS

and ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

BELFAST NATURALISTS’
FIELD CLUB

For the Year Ending 3!st March, 1928
(SIXTY -FIFTH YEAR)

SERIES II.
VOLUME VIII.

EDITORS:
W. M. CRAWFORD, B.a., F.E.S., F-ZeS
J. A. S. STENDALL, .r.1.4., M.B.0.U.

443

Belfast Naturalists Field Club.

SIXTY-FIFTH YEAR, 1927-28.

GENERAL COMMITTEE.

President:
R. 8. LEPPER, m.a, F.R.HIST.SOC.
Vice-President:
D. J. CARPENTER, A.B.c.sc.L.

Hon. Treasurer:
ALEX. H. DAVISON, F.R.s.4.1., 32 Wellington Place, Belfast.

Hon, Librarian:

W. M. CRAWFORD, B.a., F.E.s., F.z.S., Orissa, Marlborough Park
South, Belfast.

Hon. Recording Society:

J. A. SIDNEY STENDALL, m.R.1.4., M.B.o.u., The Museum,
College Square North, Belfast.

Hon. Secretaries of Botanical Section:

Miss W. J. SAYERS, B.a., Bartragh, Knock, Belfast.
Captain C. D. CHASE, m.c., M.a., Campbell College, Belfast.

Hon. Secretaries of Geological Section:
A. M‘Il, CLELA'ND, 28 Green Road, Knock, Belfast.
ROBERT BELL, 64 Newington Avenue, Belfast.

Hon, Secretary of Zoological Section:
JAMES ORR, m.B.0.u., 17 Garfield Street, Belfast.

Hon. Secretary of Archzological Section:

A. ALBERT CAMPBELL, F.n.s.a.1., Drumnaferrie, Rosetta Park,
Belfast.

Hon, Secretary of Junior Section:
D. J. CARPENTER, a.n.c.sc.u., 278 Cliftonville Road, Belfast.

Ordinary Members of Committee:
Retire 1928. Retire 1929. Retire 1930.
T. Edens Osborne, Josaukt Sicill Rev. W. R. Megaw, B.A.
p illen,
F.R.S.A.I.] §° A Bennett, B.A., B.SC. C. D. Nodder.
Charles E. Kerr, B.A., R. J. Welch, m.sc.,
F.R.S.A.1. M.R.I.A.
T. M. Deans, LL.D.
Hon, Secretaries:
E. N. CARROTHERS, 145 Stranmillis Road, Belfast.
A. E. MUSKETT, St. Helen’s, Old Stranmillis Road, Belfast.

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PROCEEDINGS.

SUMMER SESSION.

BELVOIR PARK.

24th May, 1927. Conductors—A, A. Campbell and J. A. S. Stendall.
Number present, 120.

One of the largest parties ever present at a B.N.F.C.
excursion assembled at the entrance to Belvoir Park at
6-30 p.m. The route through the demesne led past the
lake, on to the Lagan bank, through the wood of massive
Beech trees to where the Giant Hogweed (Heracleum
giganteum) grows in some quantity. Proceeding along the
path towards the mound, the botanists found a single flower
of the Bird’s-nest Orchis (Neottia nidus-avis), which was not
removed. Passing by the mansion house the party entered
the old Oak wood, where a short address was given concern-
ing nature reserves, and some interesting specimens were
collected. The old graveyard of Breda next claimed atten-
tion, and a thorough examination of the many inscriptions
was made. Mr. Campbell gave a brief address on the history
of Breda. From the graveyard, the more agile members
visited “‘ Badger Wood,’’ an almost impenetrable area where
the Badger lives in some numbers; several ‘* earths ’’ were
seen and examined. Meanwhile other members were col-
lecting in the meadows or along the lake-side. The point
from which the start was made was again reached at 9-30
p.m.

SLIEVE CROOB.

4th June, 1927. Conductor—A. M‘I. Cleland,
Number present, 40.

The journey to Slieve Croob was by motor coach, the
start being made from the Museum, College Square North,
at 10-20 a.m. The cars went via Ballynahinch, and landed
the party on the north-east slope of the mountain at a point
some 700 feet above sea-level. The climb was to begin here,
but was slightly delayed by a heavy shower. When half-
way to the summit a halt was called for lunch, the members

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
446

taking what shelter they could from the wind and slight
showers. At this point the President (Mr. R. 8. Lepper)
joined the party, and soon the climb was resumed to the
summit. Sleve Croob rises to a height of 1,755 ft., and
is the crowning elevation of the group of ancient granitic
hills of central Down. The top affords splendid views over
practically the whole of County Down. On the summit
are the ruins of what was at one time a gigantic cairn, the
stones which composed it being now heaped into a number
of lesser cairns. The River Lagan rises near by, on the.
western slopes.

On descending, the vehicles were again bearded, and the
drive resumed along the northern and western sides of the
mountain, the Lagan being crossed at Massford. On the
south-western slopes of Cratlieve a halt was made to visit
the fine Legananny dolmen, one of the most remarkable
in Ireland. The cap-stone is a symmetrical coffin-shaped
slab of granite, 11 feet long, 5 feet wide at the broadest part,
and 14 feet thick, and rests on the points of three slender
pillar-like supports. Two very symmetrical stones 6} feet
high carry the heavier end, and a tapered stone 5 feet high
the lower end.

The return journey was made through Massford and
Dromara to Ballynahinch, where tea was served in Walker’s’
Hotel. At a business meeting following the tea, some
Junior Members were elected. Belfast was reached at
7-15 p.m. after a most enjoyable excursion.

RADEMON DEMESNE.

18th June, 1927. Conductor—D. J. Carpenter.
Number present, 70.

By kind permission of Colonel Sharman-Crawtford, an
afternoon visit was paid to Rademon Demesne, the journey
being made by 1-30 p.m, train to Crossgar (County Down
Railway). The main interest of the excursion was botanical,
and among the numerous specimens found were the Spindle
tree. (Huonymus Huropeus), the wild Guelder rose
(Viburnum Opulus), Tutsan (Hypericum androsemum) and
the rare Water Violet (Hottonia palustris). Interesting and
rare fungi were also found, as well as many varieties of
ferns, including the uncommon Ceterach. Fine weather
helped to make the afternoon a very pleasant, as well as
educative one. The return home was by the 7-30 p.m.
train,

1927-28.)
447

CAVEHILL AND COLIN WARD.

28th June, 1927. Conductors—D, J. Carpenter and Robert Bell.
Number present, 40.

Members met at the Bank Buildings, Castle Place, at
6-30 p.m., and proceeded by special tram to Bellevue.
‘hence they proceeded on foot to the quarry, where Mr.
Carpenter gave a talk on the strata to be seen there.
Subsequently heavy rain caused the party to return earlier
than was anticipated.

CHARLEMONT, MOY AND BENBURB.

2nd July, 1927. Conductor—Joseph Skillen.
Number present, 60

Members met the conductor at the Great Northern
Station and boarded the 9-15 a.m. train for Armagh. At
Armagh motor vehicles carried the party to Charlemont,
where the site of the historic fort, with only its moat and
drawbridge remaining, was visited. After a pleasant walk
over the bridge spanning the Blackwater River, which
separates the counties of Armagh and Tyrone, the vehicles
were again mounted for Benburb. Here, having entered
the castle grounds and passing by the modern manor house,
the old castle of the O’Neills was reached, and afterwards
the beautiful gorge of the Blackwater River. In this
spot, on a grassy sward, facing the old castle, lunch was
partaken of.

The next halt was at Battleford Bridge, the site of the
battle of Benburb, in which Owen Roe O’Neill met and
defeated an English and Scottish army, under General
Munroe, on 5th June, 1646. On the return journey to
Armagh, the party traversed the plain where the battle of
the Yellow Ford was fought. In this fight, on the 14th
August, 1598, Hugh O'Neill defeated Marshall Bagnal, who
was slain.

On arrival at the Palace in Armagh, the Lord Primate
received the members, and very kindly described the
historic pictures which it contains. He also described the
recent discoveries, and the attempts at preservation made
at the Franciscan Priory inside the demesne. This priory
was founded in 1263 a.p., and is an interesting example of
Celtic-Romanesque architecture. Before leaving the Palace
grounds, the President (Mr. R. 8. Lepper) returned warm
thanks to His Grace for his great kindness.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
448

Tea was provided in the Charlemont Arms Hotel, and
at a business meeting afterwards Mr. Lepper moved a
hearty vote of thanks to all who had assisted in making the
excursion so great a success, particularly Mr. James
Lennon, Town Clerk of Armagh. Belfast was reached at
an early hour after a delightful excursion, marked by
perfect weather.

LONDONDERRY, INISHOWEN AND VALLEY OF
THE ROE.

11th—13th July, 1927. Conductors—Rev. E. M. Gumley and
E. N. Carrothers. Number present, 33.

The party left York Road Station at 9-80 a.m. on
Monday, 11th July, and took up headquarters at the
Northern Counties Hotel, Londonderry. In the afternoon
visits were paid to the Guildhall, Cathedral of St. Columb,
St. Columb’s College, Windmill Hill, Long Tower Church,
and the Walls. After dinner the majority of the party
availed themselves of Dean King’s kind invitation to see
his collection of early-printed books. On Tuesday Inis-
howen was visited. At the Grainan of Aileach, Col. Berry
gave an interesting sketch of the fortress and its associa-
tions. From the Grainan the party proceeded to the Lough
Swilly Hotel, Buncrana, for lunch. During the circuit of
Inishowen the following objects of interest were inspected:
At Fahan—St. Mura’s Cross, the Lucky Stone, small
Greek Cross, and ruins of the 16th Century Church; at
Carndonagh—the Cross of Donagh, Grave Slab with
elaborate interlacing, and large 16th Century Bell in the
Parish Church; at Clonca—Old Church, ‘‘ Magnus
M‘Orriston ’’ Tombstone from Iona, and St. Buodan’s
Cross. '

On Wednesday morning the party visited the garden
at Belmont, Londonderry, where they saw St. Columb’s
Stone. Afterwards the journey was continued to Dun-
given, via Claudy and Feeny, a short stop being made at
the ruins of Cumber Castle. Before entering Dungiven,
Banagher Church and ‘‘ O’Heney’s Tomb ”’ were visited.
The next stop was at Dungiven Priory, which contains the
beautiful tomb of Cooey-na-gall. Tea was provided at
Dungiven Castle (a plantation erection, with bawn). A
visit to Bovevagh Church concluded the sightseeing. The
party returned from Limavady to Belfast, dinner being
served on the train. The arrangements for the long
excursion were in the hands of Mr. E. N. Carrothers.

1927-28.]
449

CARRICKFERGUS.

23rd July, 1927. Conductor—Joseph Skillen.
Number. present,

About sixty members and friends met the conductor
for the day at the Midland Station for the 2-25 p.m. train.
On arrival at Carrickfergus a visit was made to all that
is left of the old wall which formerly surrounded the town.
and a walk through the park and past the site of the old
priory of the Franciscans, founded a.p. 1232, brought the
party to the Town Hall. Here Mr. David Law (Town
Clerk) had the ancient charters, burgess rolls and seals
associated with the eventful history of Carrickfergus ready
for imspection. The President (Mr. R. 8S. Lepper)
returned thanks to Mr. Law for his kindness.

On arriving at the church of St. Nicholas, the Arch-
deacon of Down, Rev. F. J. M‘Neice, B.D., gave a most
interesting account of the foundation and history of the
church, and afterwards pointed out the various features of
interest in the building. Leaving the church, the last call
was at the castle, and this old Norman fortress was
thoroughly explored.

KNOCKMANY AND CLOGHER.

6th August, 1927. Conductors—A. A, Campbell and Alex. Pringle.
Number present 45.

The party travelled to Augher via the Great Northern
and Clogher Valley Railways. From Augher they motored
to Cecil Manor demesne, where, leaving the cars, they
walked up Knockmany, an eminence rising abruptly to
some 500 feet above the ancient plain of Clossach. The
hill has only recently been cleared of the primeval woods.
At the summit the remains of the rude stone tumulus
were inspected and described. The stones, which are
ornamented with petroglyphs of a type similar to those of
New Grange, are ascribed to the Bronze Age. An eminent
British authority is of opinion that they are Sumerian in
character, being perhaps among the earliest inscriptions in
the British Isles.

After lunch, partaken under the trees on the summit,
in a thunderstorm, the geologists and botanists were con-
ducted to Lumford Glen, a glacial dry gap forming a
picturesque gorge of about 3800 feet in depth. The
archeologists returned to the cars and proceeded to
Clogher, where the Cathedral, founded by St. Patrick, and

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
45°

some very fine early Celtic stone crosses were examined.
In the Cathedral grounds was seen the Menhir, believed
to have been covered with gold and worshipped as an idol,
from which Clogher (the stone of gold) derives its name.

On being joined here by the Lumford Glen section,
the whole party motored to Augher for tea, afterwards
entraining for Belfast, which was reached about 8 o’clock

GIANT’S CAUSEWAY.

20th August, 1927. Conductor—A. M'‘I. Cleland.
Number present, 35.

A party of 29 went. by the 12-15 p.m. express to
Portrush, where they were joined by a contingent of the
Route Naturalists’ Field Club. At the start weather con-
ditions were very unsettled, but by the time the Causeway
was reached there was brilliant sunshine, which brought
out the rich colouring of the magnificent range of clitts,
edged by the calmest of seas, crossed by fleeting cloud
shadows.

The party at once made for the Causeway path, and
at the foot of the ascent to the Giant’s Organ, the con-
ductor drew attention to the principal geological poinss
to be noted. The Causeway cliffs are the finest exposure
of the Antrim basaltic plateaux to be seen anywhere. Not
only can the marked differences between the lower and
upper series of basalts be clearly seen, but there may also
be noted evidences which go to show that the original
flows of lava were intermittent, each flow being followed by
a period of volcanic quiescence, longer or shorter as the
case might be. These periods of quiescence were some-
times so prolonged as to enable atmospheric agencies to
disintegrate the uppermost layers of the last overflow and
entirely change the nature of the original basalt. | Such
changes are seen at their best just ‘below the Chimney
Tops, where some forty or more feet of reddish-brown or
purple rock, quite soft and easily broken, is seen lying
upon the unaltered basalt. At the farthest point that time
allowed the members to go, a soil resulting from the
disintegrated basalt had developed, in days gone by, a
scanty “vegetation, and this is now seen as a band of black
lignite, or brown coal, underlying the lowermost stratum of
the upper basaltic series.

1927-28.]
451

On reaching the Chalet again, the President (Mr. R.
S. Lepper) entertained the party to light refreshments,
after which the Causeway proper was explored.

The return home was by the 7-20 p.m. train, and
during the run an excellent tea was served.

COLERAINE AND MOUNT SANDAL.

3rd September, 1927. Conductor—James Orr,
Number present, 40.

The members gathered at the Midland Station at 9 a.m.
for their tenth excursion of the season. On arrival in
Coleraine, they proceeded to the Town Hall, where they
received a civic welcome, and inspected the Town Mace
and the Andrea Ferrara Sword, besides other objects of
local antiquarian interest. Mr. D. H. Christie (Chairman
of the Urban Council) extended a hearty welcome to the
Club, to which sincere thanks were returned by the
President (Mr. R. 8S. Lepper).

The party then visited St. Patrick’s Church, where
the principal features were explained by the Rev. Canon
Bradley, M.A. The members were interested to learn that
in all probability St. Patrick here founded the first church,
which has since then borne his name. Subsequently,
members proceeded to Mount Sandal, the Salmon Leap,
Loughan, Camus, Aghadowey, Macosquin, the Sconce and
Knockmalt, points of historic interest aptly described by
Mr. Samuel Henry, Coleraine, who kindly acted as guide
to the party.

On return to Coleraine, tea was served at the New
Row Lecture Hall, after which the President expressed
the thanks of the Club to all those who had contributed
to make the day such a success.

BALLYDRAIN.

24th September, 1927. Conductors—E. 'N. Carrothers and
A. E. Muskett. Number present, 50,

This, the last excursion of the season, took the form
of a fungus foray. The party, conducted by the Honorary
Secretaries of the Club, met at the Old Museum, and
were conveyed in motors to Ballydrain, the beautiful estate
of Mr. John B. Morrison. On arrival at the woods, the
object of the excursion was explained, and a brief outline
_ given of fungi in general. Members were then provided
with chip baskets for the spoils, and enthusiastic collecting

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
452

was soon in progress. The foray continued till 5-30 p.m.,
when the party assembled for a review of the afternoon’s
work. About one hundred species of the larger fungi were
collected, including several not previously found in Ireland.
A considerable number were also added to the list of
species found in Ulster, and some records were verified for
the first time since they were made by Templeton, the
famous Belfast naturalist, about 100 years ago. Before
leaving for Belfast a hearty vote of thanks was passed to
Mr. Morrison for his courtesy in granting permission to
visit the demesne.

WINTER SESSION.

The authors of the Papers, of which abstracts are given,
are alone responsible for the views expressed therein.

CONVERSAZIONE.

The Winter Session opened with a Conversazione
held in the Assembly Hall, Fisherwick Place, on Tuesday,
25th October, 1927: There was a large attendance of
members and friends. Tea was served from 7 to 8 p.m.
The exhibits included :—

Botany—George Barnett, Bartsia viscosa from County
Londonderry ; N. Carrothers, Ulster plants, native and in-
troduced; Capt. Chase, rare plants from west of Ireland.
and Continental flora; H. Cairns, diseases of plants; M.
P. Crawford, photographs of wild flowers; Prof. S. P.
Mercer, seeds and imbibition of water; Miss Rea, myxomy-
cetes; Miss Sayers, useful handbooks for field botanists ; C.
T. Ingold and J. I. Armstrong, experiments with indicators.

Geology—Robert Bell, local minerals; A. M‘I. Cleland,
material from old land surface, Knockadona Quarry, litho-
marge from Ballylumford and Giant’s Causeway, junction
of Rhyolite and Silurian Grit, fossilised wood and lignite ;
Mrs. Cleland, boulders from Brookmount esker; A. H.
Davison, Rhyolites from Antrim, Down and Derry, and
Barytes on Dolomite from W. Cumberland; J. Orr, junction
of Chalk and Basalt; R. J. Welch, Holocene freshwater
mollusks.

Zoology—D. J. Carpenter, British butterflies and
moths; W. M. Crawford, Indian silk moths and leaf butter-
flies and an Oak Beauty moth from Co. Down; A. M'I.
Cleland, sea urchins from Society Islands and New Zea-
land; J. Orr, tits and thrushes; George C. Reilly, mosqui-
toes; Dr. C. J. Milligan, Two-barred Crossbill from Co,
Antrim; R. J. Welch, operculate shells,

1927-28. ]
453

Archeology—A. H. Davison, J. Orr, A. W. Stelfox and
J. A. S. Stendall, material from an excavated kitchen
midden, Whitepark Bay, June, 1927; J. Skillen, artifacts
from the recently discovered neolithic site at Ballygally,
flints, scrapers and implements collected in 1927, rostro-
carinates.

Miscellaneous—Miss Mawdsley, old work baskets and
sewing materials; W. A. Green, landscape photographs ;
J. Skillen, evolution of the rifle cartridge; R. J. Welch,
heraldic exhibits. Messrs Lizars had an exhibit of micro-
scopes, magnifying glasses, etc., and Messrs. W. E. Mayne
displayed a collection of natural history books and manuals.

Junior Section—There was, as usual, a large and varied
display of exhibits of plants, shells, flints and fossils, the
exhibitors being the Misses Rosaleen Capper, Agatha R.
Crawford, Nora Fisher, Alice, Barbara and Ethne Glen-
dinning, Joan and Peggy Loewenthal, and the Masters J.
Blair and A. M‘Donald.

At 9-10 p.m. a business meeting was held. The
President (Mr. R. S. Lepper) occupied the chair, and
suggested that exhibits at the Conversazione should, as far
as possible, be local and bear a relation to the work of the
Club.

Mr. A. EK. Muskett, one of the hon. secretaries, intro-
duced Dr. R. Ll. Praeger, B.K., M.R.I.A., as a member
eligible to receive the Club’s Commemoration Medal, which
was presented by the President. Dr. Praeger suitably
replied, expressing his thanks for the honour conferred.

The Club’s prize for the best collection of photographs
illustrating any branch of club work was awarded to Mr.
A. M'T. Cleland.

During the evening the following prizes were awarded
to Junior members:—For collection of marine shells, Master
J. Williams; for local fossils, (1) Miss Nora Fisher and
(2) Master Jack Blair; for best essay on ‘‘ Birds of the
Seashore,’’ (1) Master Colin Middleton and (2) Miss
Agatha R. Crawford; best living zoological exhibit, Miss
Joan Loewenthal and Miss A. R. Crawford (equal) ; best
collection of fungi, the Misses Barbara and Ethne Glen-
dinning; best collection of wild fruits, (1) Misses Alice
Glendinning and Lois M‘Keown, and (2) Miss Nora
Stendall.

A number of lantern slides of photographs taken on
the Club’s summer excursions were shown by Mr, A. R.,
Hogg and explained by Mr, J. A. 8S, Stendall.

(Proc. B.N.F.C.,

PRESIDENT’S INAUGURAL ADDRESS
TO
THE BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB,

On 15th Novemeer, 1927,
BY
R. S. LEPPER, M.A., LL.M. (Cantab.), F.R¢Hist.S.,
with the collaboration of

Mr. Rosert BExu (Geology),

Rev. W. R. MrGaw, B.A., and Capt. C. D. CHASE, M.C., M.A.
(Botany),

Mr. J. A. SIDNEY STENDALL, M.R.I.A., M.B.0.U. (Zoology),
and

Mr. R. J. WELcH, M.SC., M.R.1.4. (Geology, Zoology,
Prehistoric Antiquities, and Early History of the B.N.F.C.)

To-night are we seven battalions

Yearning to sleep in the land of Erin.

Thirteen years were we absent

In the rich lands of Rama,

Far from our country and province.

Yet dear is that isle in the west,

Erin of many strongholds,

Ulster of many hostages!

Fain would we rest at home to-night.
The Warfare of Congal

(adapted from the Translation for the Irish
Texts Society.)

Eprtors’ Norg.—Through the generosity of the President in
kindly offering to bear much of the cost (including the illustrations)
the Editors are able to present his address in fuller form than other-

wise would haye been possible,

1927-28.1
455

RESPICE, PROSPICE!
The B.N.F.C. and Ulster’s Need for Local Societies.

At the first ordinary meeting of the Winter Session,
held in the Museum, College Square North, Belfast, on
Tuesday, 15th November, 1927, the President (Mr. R. S.
Lepper, M.A., LL.M. (Cantab.), F.R.Hist.§.) delivered the
inaugural address.

He took as its title Respice, Prospice! (Look back and

look forward!), the motto of an old Co. Limerick family,
the Lloyds of Tower Hill, whose arms, a lion rampant
regardant, impaled with the cross of De Burgh of Drom-
keen, still hung in a crumbling church tower near their
mansion, looking across the Golden Vale to the Galtee
Mountains; a family who, prominent as clerics, lawyers and
landowners, in the eighteenth century, gave to Arthur
Young valuable results of scientific agricultural experiments,
and in the nineteenth and twentieth gave from their kinsfolk
to the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club several of its most
active and eminent members.
One who had spent much of his life on the exacting
work of a Professor of History in south India, and had been
thus diverted from the study of natural science, and whose
slight efforts in that direction consisted in two short papers
on the Geography and Anthropology of S.W. India, read
before the British Association at Cambridge in 1904, and
now embedded in the lower strata of its Reports, must
frankly disclaim any fitness as a scientist to preside over a
Society dealing with natural science.

And though the Club had an active antiquarian side,
neither the study of history, under the great scholars of
Cambridge, Leipzig and London—though one must be a dull
dog not to pick up some crumbs that fell from such masters’
tubles—; nor the organising and teaching of that subject: to
University students in India; nor visits to ancient sites and
buildings scattered over three continents; nor yet some
slight and obscure research in the archives of London and
Dublin; could fit one who had been absent so long from
home for the dizzy and slippery perch of an Irish
archeologist.

But he had had at least an admirable example and
much help from his distinguished predecessor in the chair
(Mr. W. M. Crawford, B.A., F.E.S., F.Z.8.), who, having
retired from a high administrative post in India, had given

6

[Proc, B.N.F.C.,
456
his great abilities to steady, valuable, and unobtrusive work
for the Club, whose family were among the keenest members
of the Junior Section, and whose superb collection of Indian

Butterflies was ample proof of his devotion to science, and
a delight and wonder to his friends.

Respice! Since the last Presidential Address they had
to mourn the death of an eminent and revered Honorary
Member, probably the finest ornithologist in Ulster, Mr.
Nevin H. Foster, F..S., M.R.I.A., M.B.O.U., whose
splendid scientific work, generous help to younger students,
and most lovable nature, would long be remembered by all
who knew him.

Looking back further on the sixty-four years of the
Club’s vigorous scientific life, as Dr. Lloyd Praeger would
soon deal authoritatively with its early history, he need
merely allude shortly to the fine scientific record of a few ot
its most eminent members, some, happily, still with them.

Among the elders, they honoured the late Joseph
Wright, a great geologist, whose collection of rare Car-
boniferous fossils from southern Ireland was in the South
Kensington Museum, and a front-rank marine zoologist,
whose magnificent collection of Foraminifera, including
many types new to science, was in the National Museum,
Dublin; Mr. Wm. Swanston, a great geologist, happily
still living, whose treatise on the Silurian Rocks of Co.
Down was still the classical work on the subject, whose fine
collection of fossils was in the Belfast Museum, and who,
as a sound all-round naturalist, was an admirable Secretary
and Conductor of Field Excursions for many years; the late
S. A. Stewart, who, besides being one of the best geologists
in Ireland, and a keen marine zoologist, was, above all, a
ereat botanist, an eminent authority on flowering plants,
and chief author of the Flora of N.E. Ireland, published by
the Club; the late Nevin H. Foster, that great ornithologist,
whose recent loss they deplored; the late Rev. Mr. Waddell,
a fine general botanist; the late Rev. Canon Lett, a fine
botanist and antiquary; the late W. H. Phillips, one of the
leading European authorities on ferns; and, happily still
with them, Mr. Nathaniel Carrothers, whose splendid know-
ledge of field botany was equalled only by his kindness in
imparting it to younger members.

Among the older antiquaries they honoured the names

of W. H. Patterson, a member of a great scientific family ;
Rev, Canon Grainger, that eminent scholar, whose splendid

1927-28.]
457

collection was the basis of the Belfast Museum collection’
of Irish Antiquities, and whose kindly personality was still
revered; W. J. Knowles, from whose huge collection of
Ulster prehistoric implements, sold in London, many valu-
able items had come to Belfast Museum; Rev. Dr. Buick,
that most scholarly of antiquaries; F. J. Bigger, that
enthusiastic student of the past, whose wide reading, warm
interest in all Irish antiquities, and ready pen, did so much
to stimulate and spread a love of ancient and mediaeval
buildings ; and, happily still living, that fine antiquary and
delicate draughtsman, ‘Mr. Jas. J. Phillips, now a member
of the active Route Naturalists’ Field Club in N. Antrim,
whose scholarly and admirably illustrated accounts of Grey
Abbey, Inch Abbey, Downpatrick Cathedral, and Dundrum
Castle, beginning in 1874, were still classical works.

Among the Club’s active Scientists of middle life, we
had such men as Mr. Robert Bell, whose unique knowledge
of the field geology of N.E. Ulster had been of the greatest
service to the Geological and other Surveys; Mr. Rh. J.
Welch, who, besides being a conchologist of eminence, was
a recognised authority on prehistoric antiquities, and a fine
all round antiquary and geologist; Dr. R. Lloyd Praeger,
a botanist of world-wide celebrity, whose Topographical
Botany of Ireland was a monument of scientific thorough-
ness.

In all these branches useful work was being done also
by younger members; while a Junior Section of keen recruits
was in training.

Prospice! But while much good work had been and
was being done, if the scientific and antiquarian needs of
Northern Ireland, were to be met fully, a more com-
prehensive organisation was required, by the revival or
establishment throughout Ulster of Local Scientific and
Antiquarian Societies, at first perhaps of a very simple
structure, but working in friendly alliance with each other,
and, perhaps, like the Route Naturalists’ Field Club,
affliated to the B.N.F.C. Such local Societies were
specially needed in thriving towns in those districts farthest
from Belfast.

Convinced himself of the need for local Societies in the
field of antiquities, for the preservation of known, and the
discovery and recording of fresh objects of interest, he had
consulted, and gladly availed himself of the valuable advice
and help of such high authorities on other subjects as Mr,

(Proc, B.N.F.C,,
458

Robert Bell on geology, Rev. W. R. Megaw and Capt. C.
D. Chase on botany, and Mr. J. A. S. Stendall on zoology,
and also of the wonderfully comprehensive knowledge of Mr.
Rh. J. Welch in all these domains of science, as well as on
the stony tracts of prehistoric antiquity.

They also fully endorsed the necessity for such local
Societies in the interest of their respective branches of
science, and had generously allowed him to make use of
their detailed knowledge, and supplied him with many
specific instances to enforce the general argument.

The admirable photographic records of Mr. A. M‘I.
Cleland in geology, and of Mr. and Mrs. Albert Campbell
and Mr. T. E. Osborne in antiquities, and of the Belfast
Museum, had been generously lent to supplement the
celebrated collections by Mr. Welch and Mr. A. R. Hogg,
as lantern illustrations. On a large scale orographical map
of Northern Ireland the President then showed how the
distribution of mountain masses, river valleys, and lakes,
the natural and artificial lines of communication, and the
marked tendency in modern times for the people to flock
into towns on or near the estuaries of the east and north
coasts, where sea coal could be procured readily for
industries, led to an increasingly uneven distribution of
population, with a preponderance of big towns to the east
and south of Lough Neagh, and a large, difficult,
mountainous, and thinly populated, but scientifically very
interesting, area west of it.

With a territory extending some 85 miles from north
to south, by 112 miles from west to east, and often
mountainous, the capital of the country being almost at its
extreme east, and the second city almost at its extreme
north, and a huge shallow lake in the middle, it was
impossible, from such starting points, to do thorough field
work in the interesting central and south-western areas,
even in these days of quick road transport. So, if those
large and important areas were not to remain neglected,
local Societies in or near them were plainly needed.

Even for the coastal mountain areas of Antrim and
Down, so full of geological interest, they would be of great
benefit, as witness the valuable work of the Route Field
Club in N.. Antrim, which seemed almost the sole survivor
of several once active and useful local scientific societies,
and dealt with the district from Portrush to Ballymoney,
and from the Bann to Fair Head,

1927-28.]
459

The need for these local Societies was the more urgent
since that admirable institution The National Trust for
Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty, so powerful
for good in Great Britain, scarcely functioned in Ulster,
while the Northern Government had not yet taken power
to acquire lands as Nature Reserves, nor been uble to provide
adequate funds for the preservation of our antiquities,
though in this latter respect it had made a good beginning.

This excellent form of public service had hitherto failed
to attract most wealthy people, if any such remained. But
they should not forget the great debt of gratitude they owed
to those. of the nobility and landed gentry who had both
encouraged fresh planting and preserved old woodlands, and
other beautiful or interesting areas, as well as many of the
finest remnants of antiquity, opening them generously to
genuine students.

They must specially express their gratitude to His Grace
the Governor, head both of Ulster and of the great House
of Hamilton, for his goodness in presenting, as a public park,
the beautiful Strabane Glen, with its very local plants. If
some wealthy person would do the same with the banks and
meadows of the Lagan, and other even more interesting
areas, they would indeed be getting on with the rescue of
nature’s beauty spots and bowers. -

GEOLOGY.*

They all knew that Ulster was geologically of extra-
ordinary interest and diversity, a huge open air Geological
Museum, any part of which could now be reached by motor
in a week-end holiday from Belfast.

In spite of its exceptional complexity, Ulster geology
had not been neglected by the B.N.F.C., though one could
wish that the public appreciated better their splendid
geological inheritance. ‘

The surface geology of Ulster had been admirably
surveyed in the monographs of Dr. Dwerryhouse and Pro-
fessor Charlesworth, eminent members of the B.N.F.C.

The special researches of such splendid workers as
Stewart on Fossils, Wright on Foraminifera, Swanston and
Lapworth on Silurian Rocks, Lloyd Praeger on The Sections
underlying Alexandra Dock, Belfast, all published by the

*With the collaboration of Messrs. Robert Bell and R. J. Welch,
M.Sc., M.R.1A,

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
460

Club, were of fundamental importance; and their works, in
its Proceedings or elsewhere, were continually quoted as
authoritative in the official Memoirs of the Geological Sur-
vey of Ireland. Indeed, these official Memoirs often had
to be corrected by the more detailed knowledge of the Club’s
eminent field geologist, Mr. Robert Bell.

In the prompt reporting of newly exposed sections of
interest, the systematic and detailed examination of the more
distant areas, and the preservation of important geological
sites, the establishment of local Scientific Societies, includ-
ing some keen geologists, would help; for the public were
still much too ignorant to realise the geological value of a
deep sunk well, a disused quarry, or the outcrop of a rare
rock; and sometimes an unworthy use was found for a
geological rarity.

The danger was not so much of an interesting rock being
entirely quarried away, as of its being buried by the falling
in of a neglected quarry, or even under a refuse dump.

Mr. Robert Bell had kindly allowed the President to
fill his pitcher from the overflowing well of his knowledge,
and had given him many instances where rare and interest-
ing rocks were injured, or likely to be injured, and where
great vigilance, or even action by Government, central or
local, or by private owners, was needed.

Co. Down. The rocks at Coalpit Bay, just south of
Donaghadee, famous for their Graptolites, examined and
described by Mr. Wm. Swanston and Professor Lapworth
(B.N.F.C. Pro. App. 1887), a classic site visited by geologists
from distant lands, needed protection from becoming a
rubbish dump.

The ‘Triassic Sandstone, ripple-marked and sun-
cracked, the Dolerite sills and the Basaltic dyke at Scrabo
Hill; and the Rhyolite exposures at Island Derry, 5.W. of
Hillsborough, unique in Co. Down, alike needed protection.

Co. ArmacH. ‘The Carboniferous rocks, so rich in
fossils, at Red Barn quarry, just south of Armagh, had
special geological interest ; while Carrickaloughran, 14 miles ‘
N.W. of Armagh, had many Carboniferous fossils and a
Basaltic dyke.

Co. Fermanacu. JHere a large area of Carboniferous —
Limestone in solution gave a most interesting and remark-

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1927-28.]
461

able tangle of underground rivers and caverns, and other’
associated geological features, influencing the botany
zoology, and archeology of that district.

Co. Tyrone. The County Council had been working a
quarry at Orritor, W. of Cookstown, which exposed a
variety of igneous rocks, and especially a massive dyke of
pink Rhyolite, showing in microscopic section an excellent
flow structure. This Rhyolite dyke at least should be
protected.

The Slate quarry, 24 miles W. of Pomeroy, showing
Silurian shales containing graptolites and trilobites, was
of great geological interest, and worth protection.

Co. Derry. On the west side of Benbradagh, near
Dungiven, a Chalk quarry, rich in fossils, was classic
geological ground ; while another, 24 miles 8. of Moneymore,
extremely rich in fossils, rested on Triassic Sandstone.

Co. ANTRIM. Here many most valuable geological
sections needed careful watching and protection from serious
damage, in the interest of future generations.

At Portrush, on the shore near the Blue Pool, the
people were using as a refuse dump an outcrop of Lower
Lias, world-famous in the history of geology since about
1790, when it was adduced by the Neptunists as proof of the
aqueous origin of Basalt, for which they had mistaken a
Lias containing ammonites, but baked hard by volcanic
dykes, and with a flinty fracture. This deposit was often
visited by geologists from many countries, and urgently
needed protection from dumping, by the help of the Urban
Council, and the erection of a notice explaining its import-
ance.

At Bailycloughan, on a hill in the fork between the
Broughshane and Ballymena roads, Grey Rhyolite with
vertical flow structure was exposed, suggesting its occupa-
tion of a volcanic neck. At Barnish, near Sandy Braes,
was a Rhyolite exposure, beautifully banded, pink in colour,
with yellow layers showing horizontal! flow structure. This
was being quarried for garden gravel and building purposes.

At Tardree, the dome of the mountain represented a
voleanic core, with the acid rocks of Co. Antrim, from pink
Rhyolite to black Obsidian, forming plateaux to north and
south ; the main exposure being in the quarry on the south
side of Tardree Mountain, and showing a well marked
columnar structure. This had formerly been used for
building, and might need protection,

[Proc. B.N.F.C:,
462

At the shipyard on the Curran, Larne, an important
section of the raised beach, containing flint implements
and shells, needed preservation.

At Ballylumford, Islandmagee, was a small area where
upper Basalt Iron Ore had been worked by the late Dr.
Ritchie, of Belfast. This section, still exposed, showed
decomposing Basalt, with cavities filled with Pisolitic red
Iron Ore, Levyne, Gmelinite, red Bole, and blue and purple
Lithomarge.

At Whitehead, on the railway, south of the station, the
quarry showed columnar and amygdaloidal Basalt, the
latter having cavities lined with Natrolite, Chabasite,
Phacolite and Chalk. Boulder Clay was also found
Luckily the nearness of the road had stopped quarrying on
this very interesting site.

Of the southern escarpment of Carnmoney Hill, N. of
Belfast, part, apparently a volcanic neck, was a_ highly
crystalline Dolerite, with cavities filled with Hullite and
Chalcedony, and haying a consolidated columnar structure.

On the south side of Cave Hill, Belfast, at Ballyaghagan,
Mesozoic rocks were well exposed in the bed of the streain
in Carr’s Glen, notching the escarpment between Cave Hill
and Squire’s Hill, the Upper Cretaceous, Lower Lias, and
Triassic rocks being well developed. This classic ground of
local geology should be carefully guarded for the training
of future students.

BortTany.*

Though the botany of Ulster, excluding Co. Donegal,
could not vie with its geology in complexity and interest,
it was rich in certain branches such as salt marsh plants,
since the absence of hard frosts, and the existence of long,
sunny, moist flats, as on Strangford Lough and its stream
system, encouraged a rich and varied flora.

On the present state of botanical knowledge in Ulster,
and the need for, and scope of local societies studying
botany, the President had also been privileged to avail him-
self of the expert knowledge and advice of such exact,
experienced, and comprehensive botanists as Rev. W. RB.
Megaw, B.A., a recognised authority on mosses and allied
plants, and Capt. C. D. Chase, M.C., M.A., whose wide

*With the collaboration of Rev. W. R, Megaw, B.A., and Capt.
©. D. Chase, M.C., M.A. ;

1927-28.]
463

knowledge of plants, of Ulster, of Europe generally, and
even of other continents, bade fair to become encyclopedic.

They pointed out that botanical information about’
Counties Antrim, Down and Derry was well up to date, and
available in the Flora of North-East Ireland, by Messrs.
Stewart and Corry, distinguished former members of the
Club, and in the two Supplements to that Flora, by eminent
botanists still living. For the three other counties, no
better book could be had than Dr. Lloyd Praeger’s masterly
Irish Topographical Botany.

So far only flowering plants and ferns had been dealt
with. The lower plants—mosses, liverworts, lichens, fungi,
and alge, offered fields for investigation. Only a few had
paid attention to these most interesting groups, and much
useful work remained to be done.

Members of the Club who had already taken up the
study of these plants were always glad to help beginners,
as well as to co-operate with more advanced workers.

No systematic search of the whole area of the Six
Counties had yet been made, although the best ground had
been investigated from time to time. But even this best
ground might yield further results to botanists living in each
neighbourhood, and working it thoroughly; for much of the
present knowledge of the Ulster flora had been gathered
in one day visits by the B.N.F.C., or by individuals.

Each of the Six Counties had one or more plants
peculiar to that county. Most of these were rare, and
should be preserved, perhaps best by concealing their
habitats.

Numerous old records of rare plants needed confirma-
tion. If local Societies, affiliated to the B:N.F.C., were
formed, lists of these records might be sent from head-
quarters to the local Secretaries. | This would encourage
these local Societies to do useful work, and might prevent
wasteful overlapping. Such local Societies mght well be
formed at the following centres, at least :—

Co. Down: Newry—for the least frequented parts of
the Mourne Mountains.

Co. Armacu: ARMAGH Ciry—for the riverside and bog
lands of that much cultivated county ;

Co. FERMANAGH: ENNISKILLEN—for the Erne Valley;

— Co. Tyrone: DuncGannon—for the western shores of
Lough Neagh ;

[Proc. B.N.E.C.,
464

Co. Derry: LoyponpERry—for the Sperrin Mountains,

Co. ANTRIM is at present adequately supplied by the
B.N.F.C. and the Route N.F.C.

Further, a central Club herbarium in Belfast, acces-
sible to all botanical members, was still a great want; but
perhaps this need might be supplied through the splendid
new Belfast City Museum.

ZOoLoGy.*

For this branch of science the President had naturally
sought, and fortunately obtained, the expert guidance of
their distinguished ex-President, Mr. J. A. S. Stendall,
M.R.I.A., M.B.O.U., whose work as a zoologist, alike in
the field and in the museum, spoke for itself, and of whose
views he was for the time the mouthpiece.

In zoology, though much work had been done by former
naturalists, especially among the higher animals, a vast field
was still open. Men like Templeton, Thompson, Patterson,
Ussher, D. C. Campbell, and Foster, had given them notes
and records in plenty; but the results of their labours were
getting out of date, and fresh surveys were needed.

In Northern Ireland there were large areas almost
untouched by the zoologist, and group of animals that had
got little or no attention.

Naturally Counties Antrim and Down had got most
attention, but even they still had areas well worth investiga-
tion.

In County Antrim, within the triangle having Bally-
mena, Ballycastle and Cushendall as its points, we had a
piece of wild, mountainous land, practically unknown to
both the botanist and the zoologist. We knew nothing of
its mammal life, and little of its bird life, while records of
its invertebrates did not exist. In these days of easy
transport there was little excuse for that state of affairs.

Co. Down was not so bad, yet had been worked only in
patches, for its birds here, its butterflies and moths, or its
isopods there; its spider fauna had been touched on, its
mollusks done really well. Yet, who could say it had been
worked out ?

Co. Derry, for zoologists, was a land of promise. Who
could tell what might be found in the large wild Sperrin

*With the collaboration of Mr. J. A, Sidney Stendall, M.R.I.A.,
M.B.O.U., of the Belfast Museum,

1927-28.]
465

area, or in the fertile Moyola valley? The many mountain
crags, moorlands, lakes, and glens, would well repay
investigation.

Counties Armagh and Tyrone were in a similar state,
while Co. Fermanagh, apart from the Erne basin, needed
much attention.

Scattered over the Six Counties were individuals keenly
interested in all branches of natural history, who observed
and reported at irregular intervals, but, through a lack of
co-operation between themselves and some central body,
their work was largely futile. If only each of them could
belong to a local Society, and could get knowledge of
requirements from time to time, a great advance would have
been made.

Reports were wanted of mammals, of the migratory
movements, and the habits of birds—rare, unusual, or com-
mon; of the prevalence of certain insects, mollusks, and
other invertebrates.

Properly localised collections of specimens were also
needed to allow an exhaustive faunistic survey to be made.

Zoology then called for men and for co-operation, and
called also for money, to preserve parts of Ulster from (1)
the quarry owner; (2) the speculative builder; (3) the pro-
fessional collector; (4) the vandal.

The motor car was both a friend and a fce to zoology,
conveying over long distances with ease and speed both the
student and the pilferer. The more motor cars, the greater
the need of good roads, and of road metal in bulk; and too
often to provide it the quarry owner ate away a zoological
paradise.

Again, where there were rare species of plants or
animals the professional collector would appear.

To save some areas from such dangers there was but
one way—purchase or presentation for Nature Reserves,
such as the National Trust was organising so well in Great
Britain. Among places suited for Reserves, one might
mention Muck Island, off Islandmagee; Gun’s Island, off
Ballyhornan Bay; the old wood in Belvoir Park; and Mount
Sandal wood, near Coleraine.

Meantime good work could be, and was, being done by
a few keen workers making individual surveys of small
definite areas, dealing with one particular group in natural
history.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
466

_ ‘The keeping of Appearance Records, or Phenological
Surveys, with a view to their relation to Meteorology being
worked out later, as being arranged by Mr. A. W. Stelfox,
would also prove helpful.

ANTIQUITIES.

Ulster in ancient and medizval times was very different
from modern Ulster. A bleak territory at the end of the
known World, with some 18 per cent. of high mountain land
scattered over it, broken also by lakes and rivers, and by
far larger areas of bog and swamp than at present, and
with great tracts mostly covered by heavy cold boulder clay,
and then largely overgrown by thick primeval forest, though
now under pasture and tillage, it was no place for the rapid
erowth of civilisation and wealth.

The severity of its physiographic and climatie conditions
made the struggle for existence always severe, and bred
hardy races, while its nearness to the stili bleaker Caledonia
gave ready occasions for warfare. Ulstermen, of whatever
race or creed, could always give a good account of themselves
in warfare, whether against the rest of Ireland, Caledonia,
Britain. or even the Roman Empire itself, and the history
of the Province had been throughout military.

Hence, though they had many splendid prehistoric
antiquities, dolmens and other sepulchral structures, and
stone circles, countless earthen and stone ring forts, often
with fine souterrains, and many crannogs, Christian
antiquities were disappointing compared with those in the
rest of Ireland.

They had indeed several very ancient Christian monastic
sites, and the remains of some small, but most interesting
early Christian churches, often in remote mountain districts,
or on obscure islands, some fine carved crosses and stately
round towers, and the broken stumps of many more, but
they looked in vain for large, ornate, and imposing monas-
teries, cathedrals, and parish churches, such as were found
in the other provinces. Ulster had been too wild and too
poor a country to build and support great monasteries or
cathedrals. Even the three de Courcy Abbeys—Grey Abbey,
Inch Abbey, and Downpatrick—and the O’Cahan Priory at
Dungiven, fine as they were, could not compare in size or
decorative art with those in the rest of Ireland, while of
large medieval churches that at Carrickfergus alone
remained, though much altered by rebuilding.

1927-28.]
467

Of most small religious houses and old parish churches
only mere fragments survived. Many had disappeared
altogether for use as building material or road metal.

But on the military side Ulster had still some splendid
old castles, notably Dundrum and Greencastle in Co. Down,
and Carrickfergus and Dunluce in Co. Antrim; as well as
many smaller castles of the later medieval type, and
seventeenth century fortified houses, especially by the shore
of sea or lough in Counties Down, Fermanagh, and Antrim.
Many Ulster castles too had suffered severely from decay,
defacement, or rebuilding, many had been deliberately
pulled down, several were in great danger of demolition for
space clearance, or even for road metal.

What, then, had been done so far for Ulster antiquities ?

Visiting, measuring and recording. This was perhaps
the most urgent need at present. The B.N.F.C. had, for
very many years, made a practice of visiting, under capable
guidance, antiquities of special importance all over, and even
outside the Six Counties, often in remote districts, and thus
stimulating local interest in them. Several of its members
had excellent photographic records of them. More of these,
with detailed measurements, were needed.

Description, topographic and historic. Many of the
more accessible prehistoric, and most of the larger historic
structures, in so far as visible above the ground, had been
described and illustrated in learned periodicals such as the
Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, and
the Ulster Journal of Archeology—Old and New Series—and
in the publications of the Belfast Natural History and
Philosophical Society, and B.N.F.C.

In addition to various general and special work on pre-
historic archeology, we had some outstanding historical
works helpful to the antiquary. For the Dicceses of Down
and Connor the scholarly treatise of Bishop Reeves, based
largely on MS. records, and the comprehensive and learned
antiquarian survey of Monsignor O’laverty; for Co. Fer-
managh, those of the late Earl of Belmore; and for the
later antiquities and history of Ulster generally, the great
historical works of Rev. George Hill and Rev. Dr. Seaton
Reid were still of high value.

These were supplemented on the one hand by a few
scholarly recent works on the general antiquities and history
of Ireland, and on the other by a steadily increasing number

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
468

of descriptive monographs on particular antiquities, being
themselves of very varying value, and some long out of
print and scarce.

Among the best of these earlier ones were the excellent
and beautifully illustrated monographs on Grey Abbey, Inch
Abbey, and Dundrum Castle, by that veteran antiquary,
Mr. J. J. Phillips.

Preservation and Repairs. Until recently the Irish
Board of Works had preserved and repaired, not always
wisely, a very few. Otherwise we owed such antiquities as
remained mainly to superstition and the care of individual
landowners.

The B.N.F.C. had done little in this direction officially,
though several of its members had helped to save a few,
such as crosses.

The sister Society, the Belfast Natural History and
Philosophical Society, had in recent years done notable work
in the repair of ancient buildings by its Archeological
Section.

Excavation. Little of this had been done as yet in
Ulster beyond the recent work of the B.N.H. and P. Society.
The B.N.F.C. had wisely abstained from it, owing to the
almost complete lack in Ulster of modern trained excavators,
a want which perhaps the Universities might yet supply.
Without them excavation might well be disastrous; while
there was still ample useful work to be done in recording
and preserving antiquities.

Recent advance. The establishment of the Govern-
ment of Northern Ireland in 1921, with the taking over, by
the Northern Ministry of Finance, of the duties of the Irish
Board of Works, including the care of state-protected
Ancient Monuments in the Six Counties, opened a more
hopeful period.

It became clear that, if Ulster Antiquities were to be
saved comprehensive legislation of a modern type must be
undertaken to provide wider powers, and permit more
vigorous action than hitherto.

A strong committee, representing various learned
societies, including the B.N.F.C., met to consider and
determine what proposals should be submitted to Govern-
ment, and your representatives got these restricted to such
as would, in the circumstances, prove helpful, workable,
and likely to win popular approval,

1927-28.]
469

Eventually Government drafted and carried through the
Northern Parliament a most useful, if not a heroic measure,
The Ancient Monuments Act of 1926, based largely on -
British legislation, marking a great advance in the protection
of Ulster antiquities, and contemplating eventually a com-
plete survey of them.

The Ancient Monuments Act, 1926, at work. Under
this Act the Ministry of Finance got the power of interfering
to prevent the defacement or destruction of antiquities of
national importance, as well as the duty of surveying and
listing them, and of taking over and preserving such as it
deemed suitable, as far as funds allowed.

In certain aspects of its work it was assisted by the
Ancient Monuments Advisory Committee, appointed early
in 1927 under the Act, and consisting of thirteen members,
six being representatives of learned societies, including the
B.N.F.C., and the others prominent antiquaries nominated
by Government. As representing the B.N.F.C. on this
Committee, the President could testify to its unobstrusive,
diligent, and effective work in helping the Government to
save several important antiquities in peril. It often brought
such cases to the notice of Government, and its advice as to
their history, claims to preservation, and treatment, was
constantly sought and often adopted.

GOVERNMENT ACTIVITY.

It was but fair also to acknowledge the energy of the
Ministry, its attention to the views of the Committee, and
its readiness to adopt them so far as funds and other
exigencies allowed. Since 1926 much good work had been
done by Government as guardian of certain, though still
very few, antiquities, and it was hoped that before long
Carrickfergus and Dunluce Castles, and the late Mr. F. J.
Bigger’s small castle at Ardglass, would be preserved as
national monuments, and that many others throughout
Ulster would be saved for the future, as, with returning
prosperity, more money became available.

The Royal Air Force too had most gallantly helped
the good work by taking from the air many excellent photo-
graphs of ancient sites, which, it was hoped, might reveal
traces of antiquities not readily seen in ground surveys, as
had been the case in England.

The Home Department and the Police had also assisted
to prevent the dispersal of small antiquarian finds, and to

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
“470

secure them for the Belfast Museum. School inspectors,
teachers, and even pupils had also helped by reporting
remote antiquities,

The recent antiquarian work of Government came under
eight heads, viz. :—

(1) Taking into its care important antiquities, so far as
its funds permitted.

(2) Preserving and repairing with care and taste those
in its keeping.

(3) Providing free expert architectural advice as to the
treatment of others.

(4) Remonstrating with public bodies or private owners
against serious neglect or threatened vandalism.

(5) Preventing serious injury to antiquities.

(6) Securing small but valuable antiquarian finds for the
Belfast Museum.

(7) Collecting materials for a list of antiquities in the
Six Counties.

(8) Procuring the aid of other agencies, the civil,
military and police services, Local Government authorities,
private bodies and individuals, in the reporting, surveying.
and preservation of antiquities.

But Government, with its Advisory Committee, could
not do everything. Its legal powers, jurisdiction, funds,
and consequently its activities, were all strictly limited,
especially in times of financial stringency. It was not even
the sole public guardian of Ancient Monuments, for County
Councils, however fit or unfit for such a duty, had an
independent power of preserving or neglecting antiquities
under their control.

Neither could it be everywhere and see everything. It
could not hope to foresee and prevent every possible case of
threatened injury to remotely situated antiquities; and many
of the most interesting ones were in the least accessible
places.

Local Societies needed. For the efficient preservation
of antiquities in districts remote from headquatrers, local
scientific and antiquarian societies, each operating from a
thriving town, and paying special attention to its surrounding
district, would be necessary.

Such local societies could discover, visit, measure,
photograph, record, and in many cases protect from neglect
or injury, obscurely situated antiquities, could develop local

BRITISH
MUSEUM

Plate Il,

CASTLES av NEWTOWN STEWART, Co. TYRONE.

Henry Avery O’NEILL’S CASTLE,

THe STEWART CASTLE.

Puoros: By W. R. HENDERSON.

1927-28.]
47t

public interest in their preservation, could advise ignorant
owners how to treat them, and, if need arose, give the
central authorities timely warning as to those in danger;
for unfortunately antiquities were often in great peril.

The chief dangers. The following were probably their
chief dangers :—

(1) Deliberate and complete destruction, usually through
ignorance of their antiquarian value, in the supposed
interest of (a) the owner, (b) a builder, (c) a road contractor,
(d) a local authority, (e) a church.

Great numbers of prehistoric antiquities in earth and
stone had been so destroyed, and in many cases even their
sites lost. Sometimes the object was to hunt for imaginary
treasure, to remove an obstruction to farming, to find space
for road widening or for a new building, to avoid the cost of
repair and upkeep, or to provide stone for new buildings,
and latterly even road metal.

Quite recent examples were ‘the destruction of the
Crannog at Hazelwood, Belfast, of White Abbey, Co.
Antrim, of Charlemont Castle, Co. Tyrone.

(2) Gradual decay and dilapidation through neglect, and
the growth of ivy, elder bushes, etc., in the walls, following
partial destruction.

This had been the fate of many of our ancient castles,
and nearly all our pre-reformation churches. Often a quite
small sum of money could have prevented a great loss, as
at Sketrick Castle, Co. Down.

Many most interesting and historic castles were still in
great danger, e.g., Harry Avery O’Neill’s Castle, and the
Stewart Castle at Newtownstewart, Co. Tyrone, and several
crumbling strongholds in Counties Armagh and Fermanagh,
and along the Co. Antrim coast.

Among church and abbey remains that had so suffered,
though since protected, were those at Maghera, Co. Down;
Aghalurcher, near Lisnaskea, Co. Fermanagh; and at Dun-
given, Banagher, and Bovevagh, Co. Derry. Many others
were in danger.

(3) Injury or destruction through partial or complete
rebuilding. This still occurred, though not so often as in —
previous centuries, when, for example, Lisgoole Abbey, near
Enniskillen, had been completely, and Enniskillen castle
largely, destroyed, by successive partial rebuildings.

7

{Proc, B.N.F.C.,
472

Tt was almost universal as regards such few medieval
churches as remained in use.

(4) Injury by wilful defacement, usually through
ignorance and mischief. A horrible recent case was the
wanton defacement of some carved figures on the beautiful
O’Cahan Monument in Dungiven Priory, by mischievous
boys who had since been convicted and punished.

But there might be many undetected cases.

(5) Injury through injudicious repair or restoration.
This was not unknown, even in recent times, e.g., Grey
Abbey, Co. Down, had suffered seriously in this way.

Other repairs and restorations had also been severely
criticised.

(6) Excavation by insufficiently trained excavators.
This could be remedied only gradually (a) by a stricter con-
trol of excavation, and (b) by the systematic training of
excavators in connexion with the Universities and Schools of
Archeology.

(7) The destruction, pilfering, or scattering of finds.

(8) Disfigurement by secular or religious advertisement,
or by the proximity of unsightly buildings.

(9) Fantastic and erroneous interpretation of puzzling
antiquarian features, such as the striking but baffling carved
patterns on prehistoric stone structures in Co. Tyrone.

The Ancient Monuments Act of 1926, sought to provide
a remedy for some of these evils; but for others one had to
look to the growth of interest in, and knowledge of, antiqui-
ties, and to the vigilance and activity of individual antiquaries
and societies.

The situation and character of many natural and
antiquarian treasures in Northern Ireland, the dangers to
which they were exposed, and the scope they offered for
work by local societies, were then demonstrated county by
county on a large specially prepared map of the Six Counties,
and illustrated by over a hundred lantern slides, many
shown for the first time, from the collections of the Belfast
Museum, Mr. and Mrs. A. A. Campbell, Messrs. A. M’I.
Cleland, A. R. Hogg, T. E. Osborne, R. J. Welch, and the
President.

The huge systems of ancient hill forts and entrench-
menis across south Down and Armagh, including the Great
Wall of Ulidia, and their relation to the natural defences of

1927.28.]
473

that area, were indicated on the map, and their historical
importance illustrated. | These counties had many other
fine prehistoric antiquities, besides most interesting churches,
crosses, abbeys and castles.

Co. Fermanagh had important cliff caverns, once
inhabited by man, a great number of crannogs, a splendid
stone circle at Wattle Bridge, near Castle Saunderson,
several fine old Christian ecclesiastical remains on islands,
and many forts and castles, generally needing protection.
Co. Tyrone had immense numbers of prehistoric remains,
several splendid carved crosses, and some important castles
in serious danger. Co. Derry had several most interesting
medieval churches, as at Maghera, Banagher, Bovevagh,
and Dungiven, early saints’ tombs and crosses, besides
many prehistoric antiquities, and some good seventeenth
century castles. Co. Antrim had splendid antiquities of
all epochs, including some very early human settlements by
the seashore, a huge number of earthen and stone forts,
many fine souterrains, some important crannogs, some early
church sites and fine round towers, a stately medizeval
church at Carrickfergus, two great historic castles at Carrick-
fergus and Dunluce, with the remains of many smaller ones,
mostly along the coast and urgently needing repair and
protection.

Concluding, the President pointed out that the saving
of the natural and antiquarian treasures of Ulster was a
matter of national urgency, and concerned the reputation
of their country. To continue to neglect them would be
to betray both those who had gone before and those who
were to follow them. Nor was there much good in asking
people to come to Ulster if there was nothing of interest left
to show them.

Science, though so different in its branches, was really
one, and must be united, as the members of the Field Club
were, in a spirit of good comradeship, without self-seeking
or self-advertisement, the workers in one branch supporting
those in others, and rejoicing in their successes.

Recalling how he had listened as a lad in that hall to
some of the great scientists of the Club in the past, botanists
like Stewart, geologists like Wright, and others, modestly
showing the results of their long lives of patient work, done
entirely for the love of knowledge, he felt it was the bounden
duty of all who venerated their work and memory to do all

[Proc, B.N.F.C.,
474

in their power to assist in the preservation and study of
the natural and antiquarian heritage of Ulster, to which their
great predecessors had devoted their lives.

He trusted too that the venerable and still beautiful,
though rather neglected, old building in which they met,
which was hallowed by the memory of those great, self-
sacrificing, and devoted workers of the past, would never be
debased to unworthy uses, but continue, as always, the
home of science and culture, and worthy of those splendid
men who had given dignity to their Society by the extent,
and the value, and the devotion of their labour.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

The lantern views included the following inter alia:
Co. Down.

Geology.

Scrabo: Basaltic Dyke in Triassic Sandstone. (Need-
ing protection.)

Rostrevor, Cloughmore: Glacial Erratic. (Deface-
ment by inscription. Needing protection.)

Antiquities.

Grey Abbey: Several. (Defacement by injudicious
repair.)

Sketrick Castle. (Dilapidation through neglect.)

Annadorn: Dolmen. (Attempted deliberate destruc-
tion, accidentally frustrated.)

Struell Holy Wells. (Decay from neglect. Since
repaired.)

Ballynoe Stone Circle. (Needing protection.)

Dundrum Castle. (Military dismantling, with decay
from neglect.)

Maghera: Cashel, Church and Round Tower site.
(Destruction from neglect.)

Slieve Croob: Legananny Dolmen. (Endangered by
road proximity ; needing protection.)

Kilkeel: Dolmen. (Do.)

Kilkeel: Kistvaen. (Building proximity; perhaps
needing protection. )

Castlewellan, Dromena: Ancient Stone Fort and
Souterrain. Recently repaired by B.N.H. & P.
Society. (Needing protection.)

Kilbroney : Old Church and two early Crosses. (Do.)

Hilltown: Goward Dolmen. (Endangered by road
proximity ; needing ‘protection. )

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1927-28.]
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Co. ARMAGH.
Antiquities.
Killeavy : Early Church.
Kilnasaggart: arly cross-inscribed Stone in pre-
historic cemetery. (Needing protection.)
Navan Fort.
Tynan Village: Ancient Cross.
Tynan Abbey, Island: Ancient Cross.

Co. FERMANAGH.
Geology.
Marble Arch and Boho Caverns in Carboniferous

Limestone, with underground rivers.
Lower Lough Erne: Knockmore Cliffs, with caves

containing human remains. (Needing protec-
tion.)
Zoology.
Lower Lough Erne bank, near Ely Lodge.
Antiquities.

Lisnaskea: Aghalurcher ruined Church. (Dilapida-
tion through neglect, and tree and ivy growth.
Urgently needing care.)

Lisgoole Abbey, near Enniskillen. (Destruction
through several rebuildings.)

Belmore Mountain: Cruciform Chambered Carn.
(Needing protection.)

Boho: Ancient Cross. (Do.)

Kesh: Stone Circle in Deer Park. (Do.)

White Island Church: Early Christian
Stone Figure. (Do.)

Inismacsaint: Ancient Cross.

Devinish: Abbey and Round Tower, under repair.

Devinish: Finial converted into Cross. (Injudicious
restoration. )

Crevinish and Portora Old Castles. (Dilapidation
from neglect ; needing protection.)

Enniskillen: Maguire’s Castle. (Disfigurement by
partial rebuilding; needing protection.)

Christian Shrine found in Lough Erne.

Co. TYRONE.
Geology, Botany, and Zoology.
The Sperrins and Lough Fea. (Awaiting survey.)

Zoology.
Pearls from Tyrone rivers,

(Proc. B.N.F.C.,
476

Antiquities.

Cecil Manor, near Augher: Knockmany Carn, with
Stones inscribed with prehistoric decorative pat-
terns. (Needing protection, and great caution
in investigation and interpretation.)

Donaghmore Cross

Arboe, near Cookstown: Cross
(Both these fine carved Crosses were under

Government care.)
Newtownstewart: Dolmen. (Unprotected.)
Henry Avery O’Neill’s Castle
Rs Stewart Castle
Fe Old Bridge
(Serious dilapidation through neglect. All
urgently needing protection.)
Baronscourt : Dolmen.
ay Old Castle.

Co. DoNnEGAL.
Antiquity.
(Just across the Border) Grianan of Aileach.

””)

Co. DrErry.

Botany.
Culbane, near Toome: Diatomaceous Clay.
Antiquities.

Cumber: Plantation Castle. (Adjoining roed. Un-
protected. )

Banagher: Ancient Church with early doorway, etc.
(Dilapidation through neglect. Protected. Ad-

joining structures needing protection.)

Dungiven: Priory, with Tomb of the O’Cahan.
(Dilapidation through neglect. ‘Tomb recently
deliberately injured by young vandals. Under
Government care. Needing more protection.)

Bovevagh: Old Church and Saint’s Tomb. (Much
dilapidated through former neglect. Under
Government care.)

Maghera: Old Church and finely carved W. Doorway.
(Dilapidation through former neglect. | Under
Government care.)

Camus on Bann: Old Carved Cross Shaft. (Formerly
used as a gate post. Since rescued. Much
defaced by neglect.)

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1927-28.]
477

Co. ANTRIM.
Geology.
Giant’s Causeway: Storm at the Stookans.
Whitepark Bay, Portbradden: Chalk Cliffs
Ballycastle Bay in a storm.
Benmore (Fair Head) from N. Star Dyke.

ri Great block talus under cliff wall.

Loughaveema: The Vanishing Lake.

Antiquities.

Dunluce Castle. (Partial destruction through erosion
and neglect. Urgently needing repair and pro-

tection. )
Dunseverick Castle. (Do.

Benmore (fair Head) Lough na Crannagh. Crannog

on a rocky island. (Unprotected.)

Glenaan. So-called ‘‘Ossian’s Grave.’’ Megalithic

Monument. (Under Government care.)

Kells: Templemoyle Abbey. (Scandalous case of
defacement and desecration. Urgently needing

protection.)

Larne: Olderfleet Castle. (Serious dilapidation
through neglect and road proximity. Urgently

needing protection.)

Templepatrick: Castle Upton. Mausoleum, ky

Adam. In danger from neglect.

White Abbey: The last of the Abbey. (Almost total
demolition for road metal, through ignorance.)
Carrickfergus Castle. (Serious injury through

modern alterations. Needing protection.)

9)

owing to proximity of the city.)

N.B.—Several of the above mentioned antiquities have
come under Government care since November, 1927.—

R.8.L.

(Sea
Erosion.)

ee ee

ee j—

Church, interior: Chichester Memorial.
Carnmoney: Dunanney Fort. (Needing protection

Se

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
478

(i) EARLY DAYS IN THE B.N.F.C.
(ii) HUNTING SEMPERVIVUMS.

The second ordinary meeting of the Winter Session
was held in the Museum, College Square North, on Thurs-
day, 15th December, 1927, when Dr. R. Lloyd Praeger,
B.E., M.R.1.A., delivered a lecture on the above subjects.
Mr. R. 8. Lepper (President) occupied the chair.

(3) EARLY DAYS IN THE B.N.F.C.

Dr. Praeger said that 1926 was the jubilee of his
election as a member of the Club, which he joined in 1876
at the age of eleven years. But the time he wished to
speak about was the years following 1884, when he was
elected on the committee, and shortly afterwards became
secretary, and took part in all the Club’s activities. At
that time almost all of the Club builders were in their
prime. Ralph Tate had gone to Australia, and W. T.
Chew, the author of the letter first suggesting the formation
of the Club, had dropped out; but 8S. A. Stewart, Joseph
Wright, Wm. Swanston, Canon Grainger, W. J. Knowles,
W. A. Firth, and John Vinycomb were all in the prime of
life, and much good work was being done, especially in
paleontology, botany and archeology. ‘Taking as a standard
of activity the scientific appendices to the Club’s Pro-
ceedings, we find that an average of three were being turned
out each year at that time: in the first twenty years of the
Club’s existence they averaged one per annum; that rate
had declined very much since, although the amount of
material requiring study was nearly as great as ever. In
those days again, in addition to a full programme of summer
excursions and winter meetings, there were occasional
dredging expeditions, fungus forays (still, he believed,
held sometimes) and special investigations such as those
on the gravels of Larne and of Ballyrudder, and the cran-
nogs of Lough Mourne. Lady members took an active part
in the work of the Club—both field work and the reading
of papers—as many as three ladies contributing papers
during one session. He spoke especially of the fine spirit of
comradeship and helpfulness that characterized those early
days, and of the warm encouragement given to a young
member like himself: also of the enthusiasm which forbade
the abandoning of any arranged excursion no matter how
inclement the weather might be; of this he gave some

1927-28]
479

amusing instances. Many of those who joined the Club
on its formation in 1863, and who did splendid work for it
and for science, remained honoured members throughout a”
long life. He thought that, at the Club’s Jubilee in 1913,
one of the most inspiring sights, and one which much
impressed the delegates from societies in England, Scotland,
and Ireland, was the fine muster on the platform of original
members of the Club, come to celebrate their fifty years of
membership.

In the old days work was carried out with the aid of
slow trains, slower wagonettes, or, more often, long tramps,
often with a heavy load. Now, motors brought them in a
few hours to distances then undreamed of, and the country
for fifty miles round lay almost at their doors. A largely
increased membership—thrice the membbership of the
eighties—supplied an abundance of human material, and
an almost infinite amount of research waited to be done.
He trusted and believed that the old spirit of work for
work’s sake, of enquiry for the sake of truth alone, and of
the comradeship which was so conspicuous a feature of
old days in the Club, were all maintained as vigorously
as ever. Of recent developments in the Club, the most
interesting and hopeful was the Junior Section, to whose
excellent work he bore testimony, and he hoped that the
scientific interest of the young people would be enlisted for
serious work as they grew older.

(ii) HUNTING SEMPERVIVUMS.

The lecturer said that his second paper, though it bore
a title very different from the first, might logically be con-
sidered a sequel to it. The two together might be entitled
‘“The Earlier and Later Work of a Field Club Member,’’
for it was the training which he received in the Belfast
Club that led to his undertaking the work of which he was
about to speak. Some five years ago he was invited by the
Royal Horticultural Society of London to prepare an
illustrated account of the Sempervivums or House Leeks:
That group had a very bad name among botanists and horti-
culturists. No genus well-known in gardens was in such a
confused and misnamed condition. He began by getting
together a large collection of living plants from gardens,
public and private, throughout Kurope—some 2,000 pots of
hardy sempervivums, and 300 pots of tender plants. This
study showed that the method of approach was a mere blind
alley. It became evident that hybridization was common,

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
480

and that the different forms of certain variable species had
become crossed until,all diagnostic boundaries were lost. It
was necessary to begin at the other end—to study and collect
the plants in their native habitats. The sempervivum group
has a peculiar and well-marked distribution. The hardy
species, of which the well-known S. tectorum is typical, are
spread across the mountains of central and southern Europe
from the Pyrenees to the Caucasus, one outlying form,
S. atlanticum, occurring in the Great Atlas. in northern
Africa. This group, to which some 200 species have been
credited, has been grossly inflated; it really consists of
not more than 20 to 25 good species, which produce various
natural varieties and hybrids. The larger tender section
belongs to north African and the Atlantic islands, and is
concentrated in an extraordinary way in the Canary Islands,
to which over 50 of a total of about 60 species are confined.
Some account of collecting and studying the sempervivums
was then given. Work began in Switzerland, which is an
ideal country for botanical diversions, on account of its
excellent tourist organisation, and the abundance of trans-
port and of hotels. The Swiss sempervivum flora was
easily collected, and some useful studies made of natural
hybrids, which abound there. The Canary Islands were
visited next. Here the problem is very different. The
plants are spread over seven islands, distant 50 to 100 miles
from each other: the majority of the species are confined to
one island, sometimes to a single locality. There are very
few roads, and still fewer inns, and the ground is mostly
mountainous and very rough. The islands are of volcanic
origin, formed largely of lavas and cinders, without a con-
tinuous covering of vegetation and often without soil. The
slopes are mostly extremely steep, and are seamed with
precipitous gorges often 1,000 or 2,000 feet deep. Across
much of this country occasional rough and dangerous mule
tracks are the only alternative to climbing. The semper-
vivums grow mostly on the cliffs, and are often inaccessible ;
but a series of bamboo alpenstocks, with screwed ends for
attachment to each other and a hooked knife at the apex,
proved very useful for collecting. Three months spent in
traversing all seven islands in 1924, on motors, on mules,
on camels, or on foot, resulted in large collections. A second
visit of four months was made in 1927, when the phenomena
of hybridity, which is frequent among the Canarian Semper-
vivums, were specially studied. As a result, all but about
five out of a total of some 60 species were obtained alive,
including five species new to science, as well as a large
number of new hybrids,

1927-28.)
481

The Balkan Peninsula also needed a visit, for its
sempervivum flora is quite different from that of Switzer-
land. Dr. Praeger had the good fortune to visit the region
with Mr. Turrill, of Kew Gardens, who is making a special
study of the flora, and, accompanied and aided by two
excellent Bulgarian botanists, Prof. Stojanoff and Mr.
Stefanoff, extensive travelling, or horseback or on foot,
among the Bulgarian mountains was carried out. Some
account of the exigencies of travel in this region was given.
As a result, all the plants of that area, which the lecturer
considers to be good species, were collected and brought
home for cultivation. The net result of the work described
is that the complicated group of the Canarian Sempervivums
is now thoroughly understood, and the species have been
described and drawn; with a little further work at the
European plants, it will be possible to present to the Horti-
cultural Society the report which they invited.

Dr. Praeger was cordially thanked for his interesting
addresses, by the President and several members.

WAS DARWIN RIGHT?

There was a large attendance at the third ordinary
meeting of the Winter Session, held in the Museum, College
Square North, on Saturday evening, 7th January, 1928,
when Dr. Richard Hunter, M.D., M.Ch., F.Z.5., gave a
lecture on the above subject. The President (Mr. R. 8.
Lepper) occupied the chair.

Dr. Hunter began with a critical survey of the story
of creation as given in the Hebrew Scriptures, and pointed
out that if this story be accepted in a literal sense, then,
we must look for not one, but several Adams and Eves to
account for the variations in colour and form of the different
races of the world. If, however, the story be accepted as
a beautiful allegory, then he did not see any reason why it
could not be incorporated into the theory of evolution as
first expounded by the great Charles Darwin. The lecturer
then proceeded to elaborate this theory, and showed by
many examples the close relationship which existed between
man and ape. The most convincing of these arguments
included: the blood test, by means of which the blood of
any animal could at once be placed within the group to
which the animal belonged; the blood of man showed the
same reactions as that of the chimpanzee and the orang-
utan, and to a lesser degree with the blood of the lower
monkeys. The apes suffered from the same blood diseases

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
482

as man, and certain of these diseases could not be com-
municated to any other animal. The apes and man shared
the distinction of stereoscopic binocular vision ; of the same
number and type of teeth; and the same plan of hair tracts
on head, body and limbs. These close similarities could
not be explained in any other way than the fact of a common
ancestor, that both ape and man sprang from a common
stock away back in the dawn of the world’s history. The
fossil ancestral form, it was stated, was found in the
mountain valleys near the Gobi Desert, and early types of
the human species were found in waves of culture passing
from this neighbourhood, south, east and west. It was to
the credit of the western wave that the origin of agri-
culture was given, and this was said to have taken place for
the first time in the world’s history in or around Mesopo-
tamia. This discovery at once led to a complete change in
the outlook of the people, and instead of wandering from
valley to valley, they settled down in permanent communi-
ties, and from these the early cultures and civilisation of the
near east evolved. It was for this reason that the Garden
of Eden was believed to have been situated in Mesopotamia,
and for the placing there of the Biblical origin of man, not
because Adam was the first man or Eve the first woman,
but because they represent that primitive tribe of people
who took the first great step in the foundation of a settled
people and of civilisation. The first people who lived by
the ‘‘ sweat of their brows ”’ and by the fruits of their own
labour, in a garden.
An animated discussion followed.

MODERN SEED TESTING.

The fourth ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was
held in the Museum, College Square North, on Tuesday,
31st January, 1928, when Professor S. P. Mercer, gave a
lecture on the above subject. The Vice-President (Mr. D.
J. Carpenter, A.R.C.Sc.L.) occupied the chair.

Professor S. P. Mercer said :—

‘‘In view of the fact that she is pre-eminently an
agricultural country it is perhaps not surprising that Ireland,
before any other part of the British Isles, provided herself
with a seed control laboratory, and began to take a maternal
interest in the seed sown by her sons. Even so, Great
Britain as a whole was very late in the European list. It
is not generally realized that as early as 1816 one state—
Switzerland—had legislation governing her seed trade, and,

1927-28, |
483

it may be remarked, took rather startling reprisals against
any defaulter. Our modern penalties are somewhat more
refined; we rely upon the salutary effect of publicity and,
to our credit be it said, have seldom cause to invoke it.

‘“ Seed testing upon organised lines in Europe owes its
inception to the late Moller Holst. His writing resulted in
the first officially recognised laboratory, under Dr. F. Nobbe,
at Tharandt in Saxony. Its value was quickly appreciated,
and a chain of stations rapidly arose, at Copenhagen
(directed by Holst himself), Debreczen, Zurich, Wagenin-
gen, Hamburg and other centres, British laboratories
following during the first decade of the present century.
The functions of the modern seed testing station are
curiously varied, but they all arise out of two apparently
simple propositions, namely, how many plants, of what
kinds, will be produced by a given quantity of the sample,
and what proportion of the sample is not live seed at all.
But in order to answer these questions fully, many side
issues must be explored. A prominent one immediately
appears. If the analyst is to say what kind of crop will
be produced he must not only identify the crop seeds present
as well as all weed seeds, but must determine the variety
or varieties represented among the cultivated species. This
may be easy, it may be difficult, and it may be impossible.
An interesting case is furnished by varieties of white clover.
The agricultural value of the clover sold as Wild White is
much greater than that of the cultivated or Dutch form.
But no visible differences between the seeds are constant.
Differences are recognisable, in average cases, in size,
weight, shape, chemical constitution and species of weed
with which they are associated, and commonly the analyst
must make use of all these in forming his opinion, sometimes
discounting the indication afforded by one character, in view
of another. The explanation of the relative agricultural
values probably is that each so-called strain is actually a
mixture of genetical strains, some short-lived, others long-
lived, and that the short-lived strains predominate in one
type, but long-lived strains in the other.

‘‘ Supposing the identity of the main bulk to be satis-
factorily established it is next necessary to identify the
extraneous species present. In the main these will be of two
groups—useful species and weeds. The former will usually
present no particular difficulty, although certain cases are
ticklish. It is by no means simple, for instance, to dis-
criminate between two common species of meadow grass,
the rough stalked and the smooth stalked, although their

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
484

agricultural values are widely different. It is done by
examination, under the microscope, of the minute teeth
which adorn the lateral ribs of the inner of the two papery
scales which enclose the kernal. A rather trying operation!
In a general way if the analyst is familiar with some couple
of hundred species of weed seed, he will recognise practically
all those likely to be met in commercial seed. It is, how-
ever, not generally realized how many weeds there may be in
a quite small percentage by weight, and herein lies one
of the weaknesses of current seed testing practice. Some
weed seeds are very tiny. A very common example is
mouse-eared chickweed—a cosmopolitan species familiar to
all farmers and gardeners. A one per cent. contamination
with this species means no less than 35,000 seeds to every
pound of the sample. It is lucky that mouse-eared chick-
weed is an easy plant to destroy!

“‘ All organic constituents of the sample being identified
and their proportions determined, it remains to ascertain
how many of each kind will grow. This is not quite the
same as saying how many are alive, for there are
numerous reasons which may cause a live seed to fail to
grow. Clovers and other leguminous sorts furnish an
obvious example. Plants of this tribe commonly produce
a proportion of seeds with skins impervious to water. These
are almost invariably alive, and will grow at once if the
skin is pierced so as to allow ingress of water. The cause
of this so called hardness of the seed coat is a fascinating
problem which is not solved with certainty even now,
though numerous workers have investigated it during the
last three or four decades. It is probably due to external
deposition of a cuticle on the surface of the normal seed
coat during ripening. Such seeds can be rendered im-
mediately useful by scarification, and even if untreated
they gradually become porous; but it may be a very long
time before they do so. One botanist found that only
about 80 per cent. of the hard seeds in a mass of red clover
he tested softened during 40 years’ continuous soaking.

‘‘ Besides this, disease, internal damage or architec-
tural derangement may result in failure to germinate.
Moreover, it does not follow that even those seeds which
produce good seedlings in the laboratory will furnish plants
in the field. There are so many destructive factors there
for the delicate plantlet to contend with, quite apart from
the lack of the encouraging conditions provided by a labora-
tory test, which must be very strongly felt by the weaker
individuals among the embryos. A general opinion of the

1927-28.]
485

vigour, as apart from the numerical capacity for germina-
tion, exhibited by a sample is formed by the speed with
which the seedlings appear in the germinator, and observa-
tion of this is an important part of the analyst’s test. For
it is always found that the inhibitive effect of sowing in
soil is proportionately greater the further one descends in
the scale of laboratory germination, as well as, of course,
in the scale of vigour.

‘““ The age to which seed may live is still problematical,
but there is good evidence that some species can live a
hundred years. More than this is very unlikely, and the
stories of living mummy wheat taken from Egyptian tombs
are merely fables. As to what constitutes death, who shall
say? That problem will remain a mystery until we know
the nature of life.’’

A keen discussion followed, in which Miss Sayers,
Messrs. J. A. S. Stendall, A. M‘I. Cleland, H. Cowie, A.
H. Davison, and A. E. Muskett took part.

A vote of condolence was passed with the relatives of
the late John Vinycomb, an honorary member of the Club.

SOAP BUBBLES AND RELATED TOPICS.

The fifth ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was
held in the Museum, College Square North, on Tuesday
evening, 21st February, 1928, the President (Mr. R. S.
Lepper) in the chair, when Mr. C. R. Nodder, M.A., was
the lecturer.

The lecturer illustrated, by reference to a soap-bubble,
a number of the more important properties of very thin
films, explaining the causes of the colours seen in a bubble,
and its spherical shape. Experiments were conducted to
show that the pressure in a small bubble is greater than
the pressure in a large bubble. This was illustrated in a
striking way by inflating a rubber balloon and tossing it
into the air; as the balloon deflated it was seen to dash
about with ever-increasing vigour. The state of tension
which exists at the surface of a liquid was explained. and
it was pointed out that the wetting of a solid by a liquid
was largely influenced by the magnitude of this tension.
The importance of the resistance to wetting of many
animal and plant structures was illustrated by reference to
the mosquito larva, the water-spider and the waxy covering
of the leaves of many plants. The manner in which
‘‘ wettability ’’ is involved in methods adopted to comhat
various pests was discussed,

{Proc. B.N.F.C.,
486

The rapid death of flies and other insects on which a
drop of petrol was placed.was explained as due to the ease
with which the liquid spread all over the surface of the
animal, blocking the spiracles or breathing-pores. Reference
was made to the importance of surface-tension in the pre-
paration of various emulsions used to destroy plant pests.
It was also pointed out that in preparing Burgundy
mixture, from bluestone and lime, for combating such pests
as potato blight it was important to carefully adjust the
proportions of the ingredients in order to obtain a liquor
which most easily wetted the surface of the leaves. The
production of foam on the sea by the action of saponins
derived from decaying sea-weed, and the manner in which
an oil film acts in hindering the formation of ripples on
water were discussed. It was pointed out that the absence
of ripples reduced the friction between the sea and the air,
thus hindering the production of large waves by the action
of the wind, and rendering the waves less liable to break.
Finally, the bearing of surface tension on the phenomena
of the rainbow and thunderstorms was referred to.

An interesting discussion followed.

THE MOON.

The sixth ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was
held in the Museum, College Square North, on Tuesday
evening, 6th March, 1928, the Fresident (Mr. Rk. S.
Lepper) in the Chair, when Mr. Charles E. Kerr, B.A.,
F.R.S.A.I., gave a lecture on the above subject.

The lecturer stated that the most interesting body in
the sky for the average person—with the possible exception
of the sun—is the moon. Its importance is due to its
propinquity, because in itself it is a relatively trivial
heavenly body. But its proximity to us causes us to notice
and to experience many effects in our everyday life. It
provides us with moonlight, and runs through its series
of phases thirteen times in the year, thus forming thirteen
lunar months. As the earth travels round the sun, so it
in turn travels round the earth, and so we see more or less
of the side illuminated by the sun, and hence the phases.
If its path and the earth’s were in the same plane once
every month (lunar) it would obscure the sun, and we
would experience a solar eclipse, and once every month
it would pass through the shadow of the earth, and we
would experience a lunar eclipse, but its plane being
slightly tilted these spectacles occur at rarer intervals.
The gravitational pull of the moon draws towards it the

1927-28.]
487

mobile waters of the ocean and the phenomenon of tides
occurs. The earth being drawn away from the waters on
the opposite side of it leaves these waters heaped up also, .
and we get the opposing high tide. The helping pull of
the sun causes spring tides, and its pull when at right angles
(first and last quarter) causes the moon’s effect to be
lessened, and neap tides result.

With the fine photos at his disposal the lecturer then
displayed and explained some of the more interesting
features of the moon’s surface. The great ringed plains
such as Plato, with walls rising thousands of feet above
them. The great craters with central peaks rising out of the
almost level plain within them, and terraces rising in suc-
ceeding steps to the great peaks of thecrater rim, and outside
sloping gradually down to the outer plain with vast ridges
of lava. Tycho Brache, Copernicus, Kepler, Archimedes,
Alphonsus, Ptolemaus, Arzachel Bullialdus, and many
others, with diameters ranging up to 100 miles and walls of
12,000 feet in some instances.

In the great mountain ranges—the Appenines, the Alps,
the Caucasus—peaks of over 20,000 feet occur, and these
ranges skirting as they do the lunar “ seas ’’ make fine
spectacles in a telescope. By the length of the shadow of
the peaks and the altitude of the sun for that particular
place on the moon we can calculate the heights.

The craterlets or smaller craters—the crater pits or
rimless craters—the vast valleys such as the great Alpine
Valley—the tremendous clefts in the surface of the moon.
perhaps of similar nature to the American canyons, and
illustrated most markedly in the Hyginus Cleft—the ridges
skirting or traversing the seas—the bright ray systems ex-
tending around Tycho, Copernicus, Kepler and many cther
eraters—were each in turn dealt with aid beautifully
illustrated by the real astronomical photos shown in the
lantern.

The question of the absence or presence of water, air,
and vegetation is one yet to be finally decided. A thin
atmosphere with traces of water vapour are thought by some
to exist, and seasonal changes suggesting vegetation have
been noted by Prof. Pickering. The alternative theories
regarding the formation of the craters were dealt with.

In the ensuing discussion many interesting points were
raised—e.g., the composition of the material giving forth the
bright rays on Tycho, &c.; the evolution of the moon; the
question of temperature during the night and day; the
presence of water, air, and life,

8

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
488

The lecture was followed by a discussion, and many
questions were put to the lecturer.

BEAUTIFUL WILD AND CULTIVATED GARDENS
OF IRELAND.

The seventh ordinary meeting of the Winter Session
was held in the Museum, College Square North, on Tues-
day, 20th March, 1928, the President (Mr. R. S. Lepper)
in the Chair, when Mr. R. J. Welch, M.Sc., M.R.I.A.,
gave a lecture on the above subject, illustrated by a large
series of specially prepared lantern slides.

O

ANNUAL MEETING.

The Annual Meeting was held in the Museum, College
Square N., on Tuesday, April, 1928, at 8 p.m., the President
(Mr. R. S. Lepper) in the chair. The following Reports
were presented :—

ANNUAL REPORT.

Your Committee has pleasure in submitting this the
Sixty-fifth Annual Report.

The Club has lost by death during the year, 2 Honorary
Members, W. J. Knowles, M.R.I.A., F.R.S.A.I., and John
Vinycomb, M.R.I.A., F.R.S.A.I. Four Ordinary Members
have died, and 27 have resigned.

Forty-three Ordinary Members and Thirty-eight Junior
Members have been elected, the membership now standing
as follows:—8 Honorary, 2 Corresponding, 2 Life, 602
Ordinary and 133 Junior Members, thereby making a total
of 747.

Nine Committee meetings have been held, the atten-

Robert Bell R. S. Lepper

S. A. Bennett Rev. W. R. Megaw
A. A. Campbell A. EK. Muskett

D. J. Carpenter C. R. Nodder

i. N. Carrothers DOr

TI’. Hdens Osborne
Miss W. J. Sayers

C. D. Chase
A. M‘I. Cleland

WDE OGTAENP ODL OO or
HOOADOAAGQNDSD

W. M. Crawford J. Skillen

A.H. Davison — J. A. S. Stendall

Dr. Deans Bi G. Steven - Dm
C, E, Kerr i R, J, Welch fe

1927-28.]
489

Eleven Field Excursions were organised during the
summer. These were well attended, an outstanding feature
being the success of the two evening excursions conducted °
to places of interest near at hand.

Belvoir Park (evening)... see ... 24th May, 1927.
Slieve Croob ae ... 4th June.
Rademon Demesne ‘(half day) Le ... 18th June.
Cavehill (evening) re ... 28th June.
Charlemont, Moy and Benburb sr 2nd July.
Londonderry, Inishowen, &c. a days) 11-13th July.
Carrickfergus (half day)... ... 23rd July.
Knockmany and Clogher ... af ... 6th August.
Giant’s Causeway (half day) Sis ... 20th August.
Coleraine and Mountsandal Kise ... 3rd September.
Ballydrain (half day) ioe 0 ... 24th September.

Reports of the various sectional activities will be placed
before you, and will appear in the Proceedings.

On Tuesday, 25th October, the Annual Conversazione
was held in the ‘Assembly Hall, Fisherwick Place. It was
very well attended, and 41 of our members staged excellent
exhibits of great interest. In this connexion the Junior
Section was outstanding, the quality of the display speaking
very highly for the keenness and vigour evident in that
Section.

During the Winter Session 7 meetings were held, and
in nearly all cases the lectures arranged for these meetings
were illustrated by excellent lantern views, the operating of
the lantern being in the capable hands of Mr. A. R. Hogg.
The various lectures, abstracts of which will appear in the
Proceedings, were as follows :—

1927
15th November ... ‘‘ Presidential Address.’’
15th December ... ‘‘ Karly Days in the B.N VF. Oi
‘‘ Hunting Sempervivums.’
R. Lloyd Praeger, D.8e.f.0h Rabe.
1928.
7th January ... ° Was Darwin Right ?’’
R. Hunter, M.D., M.Ch.
31st January ...-. Modern Seed Testing.’’
Prof. 8. P. Mercer.
21st February ... °* Soap Bubbles and Related Topics ”’
C. R. Nodder, M.A.
6th March tie! The Moon") ..G. iy Kerr, Bud;
20th March .. “* Beautiful Wild and Cultivated

Gardens of Ireland.’’

R. J. Welch, M.Sc., M.RLA,

(Proc. B.N.F.C.,
490

The Diamond Jubilee Celebrations of the Cardiff Natura-
lists’ Society were held in November last, and the Club was
represented by Mr. A. H. Davison, who attended as its
official delegate.

During the year a sub-committee has been formed to
arrange for the carrying out of a regional survey of Portmore
and district, and another has been set up for the purpose
of investigating and stimulating the formation of local
societies in Northern Ireland.

The Libraries, Museums and Art Committee of the
Belfast Corporation has accepted with grateful acknowledge-
ment the offer of the Club’s Library, its Herbarium, and its
collection of Erratic Rocks, as a gift, to be housed in the
New Museum and Art Gallery. .

We regretfully announce that Mr. T. Edens Osborne,
an Honorary Member of the Club, so well known to us for
four years as our Honorary Treasurer, has been compelled
to resign his office as an Ordinary Member of Committee on
account of ill health, and we wish him speedy recovery.

It yet remains for us to thank those who during the
year have helped so much towards ensuring the success of
the Field Excursions. To J. H. Burke Murphy, Esq., J.P.,
we are indebted for permission to visit Belvoir Park, while
the visit to Rademon was made possible through the kindness
of Colonel Sharman Crawford. The delights of the Armagh
excursion were added to by the kindness of His Grace the
Primate, who revealed to our members the treasures of his
Palace and its grounds, and of Mr. James Lennon, Town
Clerk of Armagh. To the Mayor and Corporation of Lon-
donderry, the Very Rev. the Dean of Londonderry, Dr.
Farren, President of St. Columb’s College, and the Rev. P.
C. Duncan, M.A., Rector of Carndonagh, are due our very
best thanks for the kindness they showed in adding to the
success and interest of the three days excursion. At Carrick-
fergus it was the Town Clerk, Mr. David Law, who explained
to us the town’s treasures, and the Archdeacon of Down
(Rev. F. J. M‘Neice, B.D.) who so lucidly told us of the
history of its Church of St. Nicholas, and we thank them.
Messrs. S. Henry and 8. D. Glassey earned our indebtedness
for the role they played in the excursion to Coleraine and
Mountsandal, and we thank Canon Bradley and Mr. D. H.
Christie, Chairman of the Urban Council, for their services
on that occasion. The fungus foray to Ballydrain was made
possible by the kindness of John B, Morrison, Esq., who

1927-28]
491

gave us permission to explore his grounds. Our thanks are
due to the Press for publishing accounts of our activities .
throughout the year and to the Great Northern Railway Co.,
the Tandon, Midland and Scottish Railway Co., and the Co.
Down Railw: ay Co. for travelling facilities afforded in
connexion with our Field Excursions.

R. S. Tepper, President.

A. E. MusKett l Hon.

EK. N. CarrotHers j Secretaries.
(SS SSIS CFS Se ee

DECEASED MEMBERS.

D. Elliott, B.A., J.P.

W. J. Knowles, M.R.I.A., F.R.S.A.I.

Alfred Russell.

James Tate, M.P.S.1.

James Thompson.

John Vinycomb, M.R.I.A., F.R.S.A.I.
Eee a ee SS ee eee Ee eee eee

HONORARY LIBRARIAN’S REPORT.

During the year the Committee decided to hand over the
Library to the Corporation on the opening of the new
Museum and the possible closing, so far at least as concerns
the Field Club, of the Old Museum. In its new quarters
the Library will prove more readily useful to members, and
one very great advantage will be that the numerous and
valuable exchange proceedings of other clubs and societies
will be bound, and so made much more easy of access.

The list of exchanging societies will be found on page
500.

It contains three new names—the Leeds Philosophical
and Literary Society, the Manchester Geological Associa-
tion, and the San Diego (California) Society of Natural
History.

W. M. Crawrorp, Hon. Librarian.

REPORT OF HON. RECORDING SECRETARY.

The year 1927 was, on the whole, rather backward.
March was mild, but very wet and sunless. Plants had
made average progress up to the end of the month, and the
early migrant birds—Chiffchaff and Sand Martin—arrived
some days earlier than in 1926. April, however, was an
exceptionally cold month, in which much damage was done
to fruit blossom, and the progress of nature was retarded,

[Proc. B.N.E.C.
492

Winter Heliotrope was reported in flower near Belfast on
15th January, Marsh Marigold at Sixtowns on 27th February,
Wood Anemone near Belfast on 17th March, and Hawthorn
blooms at Bangor on 10th May.

The following are records of the arrival of spring migrant
birds :—Chiftchaftf, 20th March, Belfast. Sand Martin, 29th
March, Portglenone; 7th April, Belfast; 26th April, Cole-
raine. Wheatear, 28th April, near Belfast. Willow Warbler,
18th April, Castlereagh Hills; 20th April, Killaloo, Co.
Derry; 24th April, Newtownbreda; 26th April, Coleraine.
Swallow, 18th April, Belfast; 20th April, Carrickfergus;
26th Apri, Rostrevor; 38rd May, Killaloo; Corncrake, 17th
April, Gilford; 18th April, near Belfast; 3rd May, Killagan ;
3rd May, Sixtowns; 7th May, Killaloo. House Martin, 7th
May, Belfast. Cuckoo, 18th April, Killagan; 26th Apri,
Carrickfergus; Ist May, Sixtowns; 4th May, lostrevor;
24th May, Killaloo. Swift, 30th April, Belfast; Ist May,
Sixtowns; 9th May, Rostrevor. Common Tern, 24th May,
Belfast. . Spotted Flycatcher, 26th May, Belfast ; 29th May,
Killaloo.

An invasion of common Crossbills took place during the
suminer months, in common with that which occurred in
Great Britain. The birds were reported from many localities,
flying about in small flocks and feeding in fir plantations.
On 8rd August a specimen of the rare 'Il'wo-barred Crossbill
(Loxia leucoptera bifasciata) was obtained from a flock near
Crumlin, Co. Antrim. Whether the remainder of the flock
was wholly composed of T'wo-barred or in the main of the
common species is not known, but it is probable the ‘wo-
barred formed but a small proportion. According to sub-
sequent reports the specimen referred to is the only British
record for 1927 (see Irish Naturalists’ Journal, vol. I, page
255, and British Birds, April, 1928). It is interesting to
note that the first record of the Two-barred Crossbill in the
British Isles is dated 11th January, 1802, when a specimen
was taken near Belfast.

The finding of the semi-parisitic Yellow Bartsia (Bartsia
viscosa) by Mr. George Barnett, at Sixtowns, Co. London-
derry, places a new species on our northern flora list.

A Rust fungus (Coleosporium euphrasie Wint.),
present on the leaves of this plant, was submitted to the
British Museum, the authorities of which state it is the first
recorded instance of this parasite attacking B. viscosa.

J. A. Smney STENDALL, Hon. Recording Secretary.

1927-28.]
493

REPORT OF BOTANICAL SECTION.
This Section had four excursion last summer :—

(1) To the bog between Ballygrainey and Donaghadee,
when Mr. Carrothers, Sen., showed us Marsh Andromeda
(Andromeda polifolia), now unfortunately disappearing in
that locality.

(2) To Magheramorne, and (3) to Castle Espie, con-
ducted by Capt. Chase.

(4) Along with the Archwological Section, to Dundrum
sandhills, where we found Hrodium moschatum, E. cicu-
tarium and HE. maritimum, and also Oyster Plant (Mer-
tensia maritima).

43 members paid their subscripticns, and the average
attendance at excursions was about 20.

Postage and excursion expenses came to £2 15s 1d;
subscriptions amounted to £2 3s Od, which leaves a balance
in hand of £2 16s 7d, as against £3 8s 8d last year.

C.. D. CxasE Hon.
W. J. Savers, { Secretaries.

REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SECTION.

The Section made four excursions during the Session to
the following places :—Islandderry, near Dromore; Barney’s
Point, Islandmagee; Knockadona and Brookmount, near
Lisburn; and Ballylumford, Islandmagee. In addition, the
Club made a general geological excursion on 20th August to
the Giant’s Causeway, and also, as an outcome of the Club’s
excursion to Slieve Croob and Legananny on 4th June, a
private excursion was made on ‘l7th September to the
granite quarries on the slopes of Cratlieve, which time did
not permit the members to visit on 4th June.

All the above excursions proved of great interest, good
specimens were collected, and excellent photographs
secured.

At Islandderry there is an old quarry in which rhyolite
is well exposed on either side of a small stream flowing east
and west through the quarry. The exposure cn the north
side of the stream is clearly seen rising through beds of
Silurian grit, part of the exposed face of the rhyolite show-
ing distinct impressions made by the Silurian grit on the
plastic igneous material, while at the same time the grit has
become much indurated. On the south side of the stream
the rhyolite is seen resting against the Silurian beds. The

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
494

rhyolite on this side of the streain is distinctly more granular
and crystalline than that on the north side, the latter
appearing to be more fluidal in character.

Specimens of rhyolite in contact with the Silurian grit
were exhibited at the Conversazione.

This quarry is referred to in Geikie’s ‘‘ Ancient Vol-
canoes of Great Britain,’’ vol. 2, p. 429.

Barney’s Point is well known to the Field Club, and
has been visited several times by the Geological Section for
the purpose of examining the very fine display of Liassic
beds exposed on the shore at low water. On the occasion
of the Section’s last visit the following were found :—

Upper Cretaceous:—Rhynchonella robusta; Belemni-
tella mucronata.

Lower Liassic:—Pinna foliwm; Cardinia Listeri; C.
ovalis; Ammonites Johnstoni; A. angulatus; Gryphea in-
curva; Lima punctata; L. gigantea; Ostrea Liassica; Cidaris
Edwardsu; Pentacrinus scalaris; Terquemia arietes; Mont-
livaltia Haimei.

The visit to Knockadona (old Kilcorrig) chalk quarry
proved particularly interesting, as there is now revealed a
very good section showing the old land surface conditions
of the chalk before the outpouring of lava which now covers
it. From this section some fine blocks of lignite (parts of
a tree, somewhat elliptical in section, measuring 16 ins. x
8 ins. x 6 ins.) were obtained and exhibited at the Conver-
sazione. A short illustrated and descriptive article on this
quarry appeared in The Irish Naturalists’ Journal for March,
1928 (Vol. 2, No. 2).

Brookmount esker was found to exhibit some very fine
examples of glacial current bedding, with a wide range of
erratics, including an interesting volcanic “‘ bomb,’’ the in-
terior of which consisted of a clayey ochreous iron-ore.

Ballylumford is chiefly interesting on account of the
remarkable display of interbasaltic beds exposed in the
quarry, at one time worked for pisolitic iron-ore by the late
Dr. Ritchie. This material was loaded into ships from a
pier just above the upper ferry crossing Larne Harbour, the
piles of which are still to be seen. The quarry has long been
abandoned, and is much overgrown, but still affords splendid
examples of the gradual passage of basalt through “ pave-
ment,’’ ‘‘ bole,’’ and “‘ lithomarge ’’ into pisolitic iron-ore.

Subsequently various models of basaltic pillars were
made from this material, with other similar material from
the Causeway, and exhibited at the Conversazione.

1927-28.]
495

When visiting the Causeway the attention of the geolo-
gists was drawn more particularly to the various points
exhibited in the cliffs, as far as Pleaskin Head, rather than
to the Causeway itself. The party was fortunate enough
to come across a small exposure of lignite, with a small band
of “‘ white,’ basalt above it, which excited considerable
interest.

With regard to the granite quarries at Legananny, the
chief point of interest here was a basaltic dyke through
the granite. The material was of a very dark green colour,
with bands of yellow ochreous iron-ore on either side. The
granite is entirely rotten, the quarry being worked as a
“ sand-rock ’’ quarry.

Roserr Brevy Hon.
A. M'I. CLELAND ; Secretaries.

REPORT OF ZOOLOGICAL SECTION.

Owing to the paucity of members, the activities of the
section have been for the most part collaborative, several
joint excursions being held with the Junior and other
Sections.

The proposed survey of Portmore Lake and district will
result, it is to be hoped, in an increased membership, for a
great deal of work will have to be done in order to make
the list of the fauna of the district as complete as possible.

JAMES Orr, Hon. Secretary.

REPORT OF ARCHASOLOGICAL SECTION.

The Archxological Section has a membership of sixty.

On 28th May, 1927, a visit was paid to Ballygally, on
the Antrim coast road, where the cutting away of a bank
for building purposes had exposed worked flints in con-
siderable profusion. Fourteen members attended.

The Section inspected Dunanney, near Carnmoney, a
fine example of a ring fort, on August 27th. Twenty-three
members were present.

The last field meeting of the Summer Session was held
at Dundrum, Co. Down, on September 10th, when, not-
withstanding unfavourable weather conditions, a profitable
time was spent at the prehistoric sites in the sandhills. The
Botanical Section joined us, and there was a combined
attendance of thirty-seven.

(Proc. B.N.F.C.,
496

At Ballygaily, Mr. Skillen, and at Dunanney and Dun-
drum, Mr. Bell, gave valuable assistance.
We close the year with a credit balance of £2 Os 5d.

A. ALBERT CAMPBELL. Hon. Secretary.

REPORT OF JUNIOR SECTION.

During the year 388 new members were elected, making
a total membership at the end of the year of 133, which
constitutes a record for the section.

Hither alone or in conjunction with scme of the other
Sections, excursions to the following places were under-
taken :—Belvoir Park, Purdysburn Glen, Larne, Rademon
Demesne, Scrabo, Cavehill, Castle Espie, Carrickfergus,
Crow Glen and Dundrum. The average attendance during
the first part of the year was 45, but owing to bad weather
conditions the average during the last few excursions was
only 25. The numbers, however, prove that the interest
kindled in the section has been well maintained.

For their assistance on three separate occasions I wish
to thank Messrs. Stendall, Orr, and Skillen, and for his
generous hospitality to the Juniors on the occasion of their
visit to Scrabo, I desire specially to thank Mr. A. M’I.
Cleland.

During the winter the experiment of giving the Juniors
a number of special talks was tried. On the 3rd October
Mr. J. Orr gave a talk on “‘ The Teeth and Skulls of
Mammals ’’ (12 present); on the 21st February Mr. D. J.
Carpenter gave one on “The Common House Fly” (25
present), and on the 20th March Mr. Stendall gave one on
‘* Birds ’’ (14 present). The number on the last occasion
would probably have been greater had not the weather been
exceptionally unfavourable. The talks were illustrated by
specimens, and seem to have been appreciated, thus the ex-
periment may be regarded as quite sucessful.

The prizes offered for competition had the effect of
producing some good essays on bird life, and creditable col-
lections of fossils and marine shells, while the exhibitions
made by the Juniors at the Annual Conversazione excelled
all former exhibits. Out of the 26 tables of exhibits eight
were occupied by the Juniors, these including remarkably
good collections of flint implements, fossils, marine shells,

1927-28.]
497

pearls and precious stones, fungi, fruits in season, pond and
other animal life. In this connexion the following deserve
special notice :—Misses A. Crawford, N. Fisher, B. E. and
A. Glendinning, J. Loewenthal, L. M‘Keown, and N.
Stendall; also Masters J. Blair, A. and R. Maedonald, and
J. M‘Williams.

Our credit balance at the beginning of the year was
£1 11s 6d, subscriptions (including £2 2s Od from the Club)
£3 12s Od, and our expenditure £4 7s 6d, which leaves a
credit balance of £0 16s 6d. Considering the great
increase in the numbers, the number of the summer ex-
cursions, the innovations of winter talks, ete., and. the con-
sequent much increased postage, which comprises the main
bulk of the expenditure, the account is in quite a satisfactory
condition.

After 3 years’ experience with the section I would
strongly recommend that the Juniors should pay an annual
subscription of 1/- up to the age of 18 years.

This small amount would not deter anyone really in-
terested from joining the section, and the non-payment of
the subscription would automatically remove anyone who
might be indifferent.

D. J. CARPENTER, Hon. Secretary.

498

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1a

1927-28.]
499

The following office-bearers were elected for the
Session 1928-29:—President, D. J. Carpenter; Vice-
President, Miss W. J. Sayers; Honorary Secretaries, E.
N. Carrothers and A. KE. Muskett; Honorary Treasurer,
Alex. H. Davison; Honorary Librarian, W. M. Crawford ;
Honorary Recording Secretary, J. <A. 8S. Stendall;
Honorary Secretaries of Sections—Botanical, C. R.
Nodder; Geological, Robert Bell and A. M‘I. Cleland;
Zoological, J. Orr; Archeological, J. Skillen; Junior, Mrs.
C. R. Nodder; Ordinary Members of Committee (retire
1929), S. A. Bennett, S. Freeland, J. R. H. Greeves (retire
1930) Miss M. W. Rea, Rev. W. R. Megaw, R. J. Welch;
(retire 1931) A. A. Campbell, C. D. Chase, R. S. Lepper.

CLUB MEDALLISTS.

1928. William Swanston, F.G.S.

1924. Nevin Harkness Foster, F.L.S., M.R.1.A.,
1925. Nathaniel Carrothers.

1926. Robert Bell.

1927. R. Lloyd Praeger, D.Sc., M.R.I.A.

_ Dr. R. Lloyd Praeger, who joined the Club in 1876 for
two years, and re-joined in 1883, served as a member of
Committee from 1885 to 1894, and was Honorary Secretary
from 1890 to 1893. In the 1913-14 Session he was Vice-
President, and served-as President for the two years 1914-

1916.

He has been responsible for the compilation of five
scientific Appendices to the Club’s Proceedings, one jointly
with the late W. H. Phillips, and one with the late S. A.
Stewart. In addition, he has read over twenty papers
before the Club, the first being in 1885.

Dr. Praeger has figured pre-eminently as a Field
Botanist for a long period, and his writings concerning
plant distribution in Ireland are regarded as standard.

{[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
500

LIST OF EXCHANGING SOCIETIES.

1925-26 1926-27 1927-28

1

1
1

Eee eed cll

1

20 oe

Belfast—-Committee of Public Museum and
Art Gallery.
Committee of Public Libraries.
Natural History and Philosophical

Society.
Presbyterian Historical Society of
Treland.

Birmingham—Natural History and _ Philo-

sophical Society.
Bournemouth—Natural Science Society.
Brighton and Hove—Natural History and
Philosophical Society.
Bristol—Naturalists’ Society.
Cardiff—Naturalists’ Society.
Chester—Society of Natural Science, Litera-
ture and Art.
Dublin—Royal Irish Academy.
Royal Society of Antiquaries, Ireland.
Royal Zoological Society of Ireland.
Dumfriesshire and Galloway—Natural History
and Antiquarian Society. )
Dundalk—County Louth Archeological
Journal.
Kastbourne—Natural History, Photographic
and Literary Society.
Edinburgh—Geological Society.
Essex—Field Club.
Glasgow—Royal Philosophical Society.
Halifax, Nova Seotia—Institute of Science.
Hertfordshire—Natural History Society and
Field Club..
Isle of Wight—Natural History Society.
Leeds—Philosophieal and Literary Society.
Leyden—Rijks Ethnographisch Museum.
Liverpool—Geological Society.
Naturalists’ Field Club.
London—British Association.
British Museum.
Geologists’ Association.
Linnean Society.
Manchester—Geological Association,
Microscopical Society.

1927-28.]
501

1925-26 1926-27 1927-26
1 1 1 Marlborough College—Natural History
Society.

— — — Mexico—Instituto Geologico.

— — — Neweastle-upon-Tyne—Natural History Society
of Northumberland, Durham and
Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

1 — Norfolk and Norwich—Naturalists’ Society.

North Staffordshire—Field Club.

Norwich—Prehistoric Society of East Anglia.

— Oxford—Ashmolean Natural History Society.

1 Perthshire—Society of Natural Science.

— Stavanger—Staats Museum.

1 Toronto—Royal Canadian Institute.

1 Torquay—Natural History Society.

Us 2:

— 1 1 Boston, Mass.—Society of Natural History.

— — 1 Chicago—Academy of Sciences.

1 ae Field Museum of Natural History.

— 1
i
bie &

jet
jd

John Crerar Library.
Cincinnati—Lloyd Library.
Madison, Wis.—Wisconsin Academy of
Sciences, Arts and Letters.

1 Milwaukee, Wis.—Public Museum.

1 New York, N.Y.—Academy of Sciences.

1 Philadelphia—Academy of Natural Sciences.
— Portland, Maine—Society of Natural History.
— Rochester, N.Y.—Academy of Science.

1 St. Louis, Mo.—Missouri Botanical Garden.

1 San Francisco, Cal.—California Academy of

Sciences.
— 1 1 Staten Island, N.Y.—Institute of Arts and
Sciences.
— — — Tuft’s College, Mass.
Library.

1 1 1 Washington—U.8. Geological Survey.

) i Government Printing Works.

a National Museum.

Faton Memorial

(Proc. B.N.F.C.,
502

RULES

OF THE

Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club.

As amended at Annual Meeting held 21st April, 1925.

I

That the Society be called ‘‘THE BELFAST NATURALISTS’
FIELD CLUB.”’

108

_ That the object of this Society be the practical study of Natural
Science and Archaeology in Ireland.

If.

_ That the Club shall consist of Ordinary, Junior, Life, Correspond-
ing, and Honorary Members. Not more than twenty-five Ordinary
Members shall be elected half-yearly. Ordinary Members shall be
proposed and seconded by two existing Members on a Nomination
Form to be obtained from the Honorary Secretaries. These proposals
shall come before the Committee of the Club, who shall vote by ballot
for or against acceptance. The names of the accepted candidates
shall be submitted for election half-yearly—at the Annual Meeting in
April and the Annual Conversazione in October.

Ordinary Members shall pay annually a subscription of Six
Shillings, and shall on election pay an Entrance Fee of Five Shillings.
Members who are twelve months in arrear in their subscriptions shall
not receive any further circulars or other printed matter, and those
who are two years in arrear shall cease to be members of the Club.

That the composition fee for Life Membership be Four Guineas.

Junior Members, who must be between the ages of twelve and
twenty-one years, mav be elected at any Meeting of the Club, and
shall not ‘be required to pay any Annual Subscription from twelve to
eighteen; from eighteen to twenty-one they shall pay an Annual Sub-
scription of Two Shillings and Sixpence, which shall ‘he wholly used
for the benefit of the Junior Section. | Junior Members shall not
receive any printed matter except the usual notices; shall not have
the power to vote; and shall not borrow books from the Club’s
Library without special permission from the Librarian. On attaining
their majority they shall become Ordinary Members, and shall pay an
annual subscription of Six Shillings (6s).

TV

That the Honorary and Corresponding Members shall consist of
persons of eminence in Natural Science, or who shall have done some
special service to the Club; that such Members may be nominated by
any Member of the Club, and on being approved by the Committee,
may be elected at any subsequent Meeting of the Club by a majority
of the votes of the Members present. That not more than two
Honorary Members be elected in any one year. That Corresponding
Members be expected to communicate a paper once within every two
years,

1927-28.]
593

We

That the Officers of the Club be annually elected and consist of a
President, Vice-President, Treasurer, Librarian, one or two Secre- .
taries, and a Recording Secretary, together with the Secretaries of the
various Sections of the Club. That the office of President or that of
Vice-President shall not be theld by the same person for more than
two years in succession. That the President, Vice-President, General
Secretaries, and Treasurer be ex-officio members of Sub-Committees.

VI.

That the General Committee shall consist of the above-named
officers with nine ordinary members of Committee, and shall hold at
least eight meetings during the year; five persons to form a quorum.

That three ordinary members of Committee shall retire annually
in order of seniority, those retiring being ineligible for re-election for
one year. Should any ordinary member of Committee fail to attend at
least three of the Committee meetings held during the year his or
her place may be considered vacant and another member elected to
fill the position. No ordinary member of Committee shall hold the
post of Secretary in any of the Sections. That in the event of a
vacancy occurring in the General Committee a new member may be
co-opted to fill such vacancy for the remainder of the year.

That nominations for ordinary members of Committee shall be
sent in writing to the Secretaries on or before the 21st day of March
in each year. That the privilege of nominating members of Commit-
tee shall be held by all Ordinary and Life Members of the Club.
That the names of those members so nominated shall be published on
the circular convening the Annual Meeting, at which the Ordinary
Members of Committee shall be elected by ballot. That should the
necessity arise the retiring members of Committee shall be balloted
for.

VIT.

The Committee may from year to year appoint Sectional Secre-
taries and Committees, as may be considered desirable. to further
original investigations in any one or more departments of the Club’s
work. Members desiring to join any Section shall pay an additional
subscription of One Shilling to the Secretary of the Section (such
subscription to ‘be used for the benefit of the Section). No financial
responsibility to be incurred by any Sectional Secretary, Sectional
Committee, or any Officer of the Club without the previous approval
of the Club’s Committee. The Junior Section to have a Committee
composed of Six Members of the Club, the Chairman to be annually
appointed by the General Committee.

VIil.

That the members of the Club shall hold at least Six Field Meet-
ings during the year, in the most interesting localities, for investigat-
ing the Natural History and Archaeology of Ireland. That the place
of meeting be fixed by the Committee, and that five days’ notice of
each Excursion be communicated to Members by the Secretaries.
That each of the Sectional Secretaries shall be made responsible for
the running of one Regular Excursion, the programme to provide
study in the subject appertaining to the Section, and that any addi-
tional Special Excursions shall be arranged by the Secretaries of the
Sections concerned,

[Proc. B.N.F.C,,
504

IX.

That regular Monthly Meetings be held during the Winter Session
from November till April, inclusive, for the purpose of reading
Papers; such Papers as far as possible to be original, and to treat of
the ‘Natural History and Archaeology of the district. That the Papers
to be read be secured by a Standing Organising Committee, consisting
of the Hon. Secs. of the Club, together with the Sectional Secretaries
and a Chairman. That between the Regular Monthly Meetings of
the Club Special Meetings open to all Members of the Club may be
held, at which Papers of specialised interest would be discussed. That
the Sectional Secretaries shall each be responsible for the providing
of a programme for one Regular and one Special Meeting, one Re-
gular and one Special Meeting to be arranged by the Hon. Secs. Any
extra Meetings shall be arranged by the Organising Committee, if
desired. That the programme for the Winter Session shall be com-
pleted by the date of its First Meeting and issued to all Members.
That each notification announcing a Regular Meeting or Excursion
shall also serve to motify Members of the next Special Meeting or
Excursion.

X.

That the Committee shall, if they find it advisable, offer for com-
petition Prizes for the best collection of scientific objects of the
district; and the Committee may order the purchase of maps, or other
scientific apparatus, and may carry on geological and archaeological
searches or excavations, if deemed advisable, provided that the entire
amount expended under this rule does not exceed the sum of £10 in
any one year. ;

That the General Committee may offer from time to time such
prize or prizes as they may deem desirable for competition among
Schools in or near Belfast.

Xi.

That the Annual Meeting be held during the month of April,
when the Report of the Committee for the past year, and the
Treasurer’s Financial Statement shall be presented, the Committee
and Officers elected, Bye-laws made and altered, and any proposed
alterations in the general laws, of which a fortnight’s notice shall
have been given, in writing, to the Secretary or Secretaries, considered
and decided upon. The Secretaries to give the Members due notice
of each intended alteration.

XII.

Members of other Irish Field Clubs, residing temporarily or per-
manently in or near Belfast, may be enrolled as Members of the Club
without election or entrance fee on production of a voucher of mem-
bership of another Club, and without subscription for the current
year, on production of a receipt showing that such subscription has
been paid to another Club. Failing the production of such receipt,
the usual subscription for the current year to be paid to the Treasurer
on enrolment. The names of Members so admitted to the Club to be
published with the notice of meeting following the date of their en-
rolment,

1927-28.]
595

XIII.

That, on the written requisition of twenty-five members, delivered
to the Secretaries, an Extraordinary General Meeting may be called,
to consider and decide upon the subject mentioned in such written-
requisition.

XIV.

That the Committee may be empowered to exchange publications
and reports, and to extend the privilege of attending the Meetings and
Excursions of the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club to Members of
kindred societies, on similar privileges being accorded to its Members
by such other societies.

RULES FOR THE CONDUCTING OF EXCURSIONS.

_I. The excursion to be open to all Members, each one to have the
privilege of introducing two friends. The time for commencing as
many as possible of the Half-day Summer Excursions to be not prior
to 2 p.m.

Il. A Chairman to be elected as at ordinary meetings.

III. One of the Secretaries to act as Conductor, or, in the
absence of both, a Member to be elected for that purpose.

IV. No change to be made in the programme, or extra expense
incurred, except by the consent of the majority of the Members
present.

V. No fees, gratuities, or other expenses to be paid except
through the Conductor.

VI. Every Member or Visitor to have the accommodation as-
signed by the Conductor. Where accommodation is limited considera-
tion will be given to priority of application.

VII. Accommodation cannot be promised unless tickets are
obtained before the time’ mentioned in the special circular.

VIII. Those who attend an excursion without previous notice
will be liable to extra charge, if extra cost is incurred thereby.

IV. No intoxicating liquors to be provided at the expense of
the Club.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
506

LIST OF MEMBERS

For the year ending 31st March, 1928.

Any Change In the Address of Members should be at once notified

to the Honorary Secretaries.

The Dates prefixed to Members’ names signify date of Election.

1893.
1892.
1914.

1926.

1866.
1902,

1880.

1923.

1903.
1893.

1923.
1924.
1927.
1921.
1915.
1917.
1922.
1923.
1911.
1892.
1912.
1922.
1912.
1913.
1927.

1924.

1926.

1921.

Gonorary Members.

Bell, Robert, 64 ‘Newington Avenue,

Carrothers, Nathaniel, 145 Stranmillis Road.

Charlesworth, Professor John K., D.Sc., Ph.D., F.G.S., Queen’s
University, Belfast.

Foster, Rev. Canon George, B.D., Strangford.

Swanston, W., F.G.S., Farm Hill, ‘Dunmurry.

Scharff, Robert F., BiSc.,. + BbsDs 1h: St iakelaae.
F.R.S.A.L , Knockranny, Bray, Co. Wicklow.

Welch, R. J., M, Sc., M.R.1.A., 49 Lonsdale Street.

Gorresponding Member.

The Honorary Secretary of the Route Naturalists’ Field Club.

Life Members.

Stelfox, A. W., A.R.I.B.A., M.R.I.A., 14 Clareville Road,
Rathgar, Dublin.
Wilson, Alec G., J.P., M.R.1.A.

Ordinary Members.

Acheson, F. W., 37 Osborne Park.

Acheson, Miss R., Bayview, Larne Harbour.

Adair, W. R., Breezemount, Donaghadee.

Adams, John, Auburn, Cranmore Park.

Aird, Hugh, 10 King "Street.

Alderdice, R. Sinclaire, F.C.I.B., 12a Linenhall Street.
Alexander, K. M., 30 Kelvin Parade.

Anderson, Hugh, ‘Knocknagoney, Martinez Avenue.
Anderson, Miss S. M., 4 Church View, Holywood.
Andrews, Miss E., 10 Park (Crescent, Tonbridge, Kent.
Andrews, Miss E. fis Inla, Comber.

Andrews, J. 4D, Uraghmore, Comber.

Andrews, Dr. Marion B., D.P.H., Orsett, Derryvolgie Avenue.
Andrews, Michael C., M. 'R.LA. do.
Annesley, Frazer M., 1 Armagh Terr., Portadown.
Arbuthnot, Miss D. Moya H., 9 Cranmore Park.

Archer, Miss Eva, 43 Gentral Avenue, Marlborough Park.
Ardis, R., A.M, LE. E., 6 Marine Parade, Holywood,

1927-28.]

1921.
1923.
-1916.
1923.
1927.
1921.
1921.

1927.
1916.
1922.
1927.
1927.
1927.
1924.
1921.

1905.
1925.
1928.
1913.
1923.
1896.
1922.
1926.
1908.

1922.
1924.

1914.

1928.
1924.

597

Ardis, Harold, 6 Marine Parade, Holywood.

Armour, W. S., 5 Crescent Gardens.

Armstrong, Miss Dorothy, M.Sc., Corlea, Somerton Road.
Armstrong, Miss Gertrude, Cloughfern, Islandmagee. ;
Armstrong, J. I., B.Sc., Students’ Union, Queen’s University.
Ashworth, Rev. A. O., Marsdene, Cyprus Park, Bloomfield.
Ashworth, Mrs., do.

Bailey, C. S., Methodist College.

Baillie, Robert, Elleslie, Ravenhill Park

Baird, Sir R. H. H., K.B.E., D.L., Park Lodge, Antrim Road.

Baker, Geo. Edgar, Lismacue, Belmont Road.

Bateman, J. V., 2 Haywood Avenue, Ormeau Road.

Beatty, Miss Vera, 82 University Street.

Beatty, C., J.P., Ledlie Villa, Coalisland.

Beaumont, Ivor, A.R.C.A., M.S.A., F.R.S.A., F.I.B.D.,
Municipal College of Technology.

Beck, Miss, 1 Derryvolgie Avenue. :

Beckett, John, 7 Alameda Terrace, Falls Road.

Bell, N. G., The Hut, Whitehouse.

Bell, D. M., Bloomfield, Bryansford, Co. Down.

Bell, David S., High Street, Carrickfergus.

Bell, E. George, Solitude, Lurgan.

Bell, John, 10 Garfield Street.

Bennett, Mrs. Eva, 9 Ashfield Drive, Glandore Avenue.

Bennett, S. A., B.A., B.Sc., 184 Waterloo Road, Burslem
Stoke-on-Trent.

Berringer, Joseph, 36 North Street.

Berry, Col. R. G. J. J.. M.R.I.A., F.R.S.A.I., Ardaluin, New-
castle, Co. Down.

Bird, Miss, 18 Connaught Mansions, Prince of Wales Road,
Battersea Park, London, S.11. ;

Black, Miss Josephine, 15 College Gardens.

Black, Robert A., Landscape Terrace, Crumlin Road.

Black, A. Hamilton, 5-11 Callender Street.

Blackwood, Miss Sarah, 6 College Green.

Blackwood, Reginald W. H., J.P., 24 University Square.

Blair, John T., 33 Ophir Gardens.

Blair, Mrs. J., 557 Oldpark Road.

Blair, John H., 34 Derryvolgie Avenue.

Blair, Mrs. Elizabeth, do.

Bloom, H. M., The Hermitage, Marino.

Bowman, Miss A., 1 Rossmore Avenue.

Bowman, Miss Jeannie, 25 Mountview Street.

Bowman, Robert R., 2 Osborne Drive, Bangor.

Boyd, Miss K. St. Clair, Chatsworth, University Road.

Boyd, J. St. Clair, do.

Boyd, James, Raleigh House, Queen Street.

Boyd, Richard R., 2 Alliance Avenue.

Boyd, Miss KE. S., 5 Rozel Terrace, Mount Durand, Guernsey.

Boyd, W. C., J.P., Thornhill, Farnham Road, Bangor.

Bradley, Miss L. T., Haypark House, Knock

Bradshaw, D. B., Provincial Bank House, Royal Avenue.

Breakey, Rev. J. C., B.A., The Manse, Comber.

Breakey, Miss M. L. C., 30 Camden Street.

Broomhead, H., Mount Oriel, Newtownbreda.

Brown, James R., M.A., B.Sc., 32 Maryville Park,

b

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
508

Brown, Miss Ella K., Shore Road, Newtownards.

Brown, W. P., LL.B., Hon. Irish Society’s School, Coleraine.

Brown, Thomas, J.P., 102 Donegall Street.
Buckley, Miss, 4 Erin View, Greencastle.

Bulla, A. Crennell, Rydal, Lisburn Road.

Burns, Miss E., 13 Ponsonby Avenue.

Burrowes, W. B., F.R.S.A.1., Ballynafeigh House.

Cairns, Hugh, B.Sc., Mountcain, Comber.

Calvert, Jos., 49 Brookland Street.

Campbell, John, Albert Brickworks, Carrickfergus.
Campbell, James, Jennymount Mill.

Campbell, A. Albert, F.R.S.A.I., Drumnaferrie, Rosetta Park
Campbell, Mrs. A. Albert, do.

Campbell, Mrs., 20 Wellington Park Avenue.
Campbell, Miss H., Methodist College.

Capper, J. Malcolm, 14 Linenhall Street.

Carpenter, D. J., A.R.C.Sc.L., 278 Cliftonville Road.
Carlile, Miss Maria B., 198 Ravenhill Road.

Carmody, The Very Rev. W. P. , M.A., Donwpatrick.
Carrothers, E. N., L.M.S. Railway, York Road.
Carter, Charles S. 25 Donegall Street.

Carson, J. C., 8 Wellington Place.

Cassidy, ‘Wm., 6 Bawnmore Road.

Charley, E. J., J.P., Seymour Hill, Dunmurry.

Chase, Capt. C. D., M.C., M.A., Campbell College, Belmont.

Chase, Miss Bessie, 226 Stranmillis Road.

‘Chambers, W., 35 Cranmore Avenue.

Chandler, W. P., 1 Ailsa Terrace, Strandtown.

Chandler, Mrs. do.

Cheyne, H. H., Roseneath, Bangor.

Christy, Wm., 8 Edenderry Gardens, Tennent Street.

‘Churchill, Miss, Inverary, Sydenham.

Clarke, George W., M.B.E., 39 Adelaide Park.

Cleeland, Robert V., 13 Eglantine Gardens.

Cleland, Alex. M‘I., 28 Green Road, Knock,

‘Cleland, Mrs. Annie, do.

Cleland, James A., Brooklyn, Holywood.

Close, R. M., M.R.1.A., 13 Donegall Square North.

Clouston, David, M.A., B.Sc., Queen’s University.

Coates, Geo. D., Fruit Hill, Andersonstown.

Cole, Francis J., Ardmara, Greenisland.

Collins, Miss Nora, 42 Fitzwilliam Street.

Colton, John M., Lisbawn, Hawthornden Road.

Common, Robert H., Tynemouth, Larne Harbour.

Corry, Hon. Cecil, Castle Coole, Enniskillen.

Cosgrave, John, F.L.A.A., Alliance Avenue.

Cosgrave, Mrs. Magee, 49 Alliance Avenue.

Cousins, D., 4 Frederick Terrace, Malone Road.

Cowden, William, 46 Cliftonpark Avenue.

Cowie, James, 83 Osborne Park.

Cowie, Henry, L.M.S. Railway Co. (N.C.C.) Terminus, York.
Road.

Crawford, J. C. C., Easthope, Bawnmore Road.

Crawford, W, ML, “B.A, F.E.S., F.Z.8., Orissa, Marlborough
Park.

Crawford, Lieut.-Col. F. H., C.B.E., Cloreen, University Road.

Bake vs

1927-28. |

1922.
1922.
1922.
1921.
1913.
1884.
1915.
1924.
1921.

1923.
1924.
1923.
1923.
1921.
1925.
1921.

1924.
1919.
1925.
1891.
1925.
1925.
1924.
1927.
1921.
1922.
1921.
1921.
1922.

509

Cromie, A. G., Seeburg, Castle Avenue.

Cromie, Miss Maude, do.

Crothers, Miss, 7 Easton Crescent, Cliftonville Road.
Crymble, Mrs. S., 18 College Green.

Cunningham, Miss M. E., F.R.S.A.I., Glencairn.
Cunningham, Rt. Hon. Samuel, Fernhill.

Cunningham, Josias, R.'N.V.R., M.B.O.U., Fernhill.
Cupples, Miss Diana, 124 Malone Avenue.

Cuthbert, Rev. A., M.A., Rocklands Manse, Carrickfergus.

Dales, Miss M., 14 Easton Crescent.

Dallas, Miss, 2 Bloomfield Gardens.

Dalzell, John, 12 Derlitt Street, Ballynafeigh.

Davin, Miss Adelaide G., B.Sc., Glenmore Lodge, Lambeg.

Davison, A. H., F.A.I., 32 Wellington Place.

Dawson, Col. W. R., M.D., M.R.I.A., 26 Windsor Park.

Deane, Arthur, M.R.I.A., F.R.S.E., Art Gallery and Museum,
Belfast.

Deans, Samuel, B.Sc., Mayfield, Donaghadee.

‘Deans, T. M., LL.D., Academy House, Rosetta.

Deans, Samuel A., L.D.S., 141 Ormeau Road.

D’Evelyn, A. M., M.D., Ballymena.

Dickey, John, 71 Malone Avenue.

Dickey, Dr: Wm., 86 Antrim Road.

Dickie, Miss Cathleen, St. Brigid Studios, Holywood.

Dickie, Miss Sara W., 32 Mountcharles.

Dinsmore J. A. S8., 28 and 30 Castle Place.

‘Dobbin, Miss, 60 University Street.

‘Doggart, Henry, 55 Rugby Road.

Donaldson, Dixon, Dunoon, Islandmagee, Co. Antrim.

Douglas, John, Helen’s Bay.

Douglas, Miss E., Maternity Hospital, Belfast Union.

Downer, W. H. N., Chrome Hill, Lambeg.

Duff, Miss Mary, Aghalee, Lurgan.

Duncan, W., 54 Textile Buildings, Donegall Square South.

Dunne, Herbert Elsmere, 62 Victoria Road, Gt. Crosby, Lancs.

Dunne, Mrs. Edith Mary do.

Dunne, Thomas J., 65 South Parade.

Dunwoody, W. bs; 10 Marine Parade, Holywood.

Earls, Professor J., B.A., 31 Ravenhill Park.

Edgar, Miss Elizabeth, 50 Cyprus Avenue.

Edwards, Mrs., 54 Ulsterville Avenue.

Elliott, Miss Annie, B.A., Ardroe, Bloomfield.

Elliott, Miss Isabel, Belfast Shorthand Inst., Royal Avenue.
Erskine, Miss Nessie, 6 Cedar Avenue.

Erskine, Miss Jeannie, 42 Botanic Avenue.

Ewart, Lavens M., The Banks, Ballyholme, Bangor.

Ewing, John, Saxonia, Strandtown.

Fallon, Mrs., 25 St. James’ Park.

Faulkner, John H., 19 Clifton Road, Bangor.
Ferguson, Samuel, St. Helen’s, Holland Park, Knock.
Ferguson, Miss Elizabeth, 25 Sans Souci Park.
Ferguson, Miss Elizabeth, 52 Moyola Street.
Ferguson, Mrs, G. W., Carnamenagh, Antrim Road,

1926.
1923.
1927.
1897.

1927.
1906.
1925.
1903.
1911.
1923.
1924.
1924.
1921.
1892.
1921.

1924.
1922.
1892.
1927.
1916.
1917.
1911.

1921.
1926.
1923.
1927.
1926.
1921.
1923.
1924.
1926.
1921.
1921.
1921.
1922.
1924.
1928.
1891.
1895.
1921.
1923.
1920.
1923.
1901.
1917.
1918.
1924.
1923.
1926.
1924.
1924.
1924.
1923.

{Proc. B.N.F.C.,

510

Fernan, Charles, 79 Cavendish Street.
Fforde, Miss Georgina, Cloughfin, Islandmagee.
Field, Robert J., 791 Lisburn Road.

Finlay, Miss A. M., 3 Old Nichol Street, Bethnal Green,

London, E.C.
Fisher, Ernest, Inisglas, Greenisland.
Finlay, Arch. H., A.C.G.1., A.I.E.E., Willesden, Holywood.
Forbes, James K., B.A., Coleraine Model School, Coleraine.
Foster, Mrs. N. H., Hillsborough.

Foster, Miss A. B., B.Sc., ¥.M.C.A., William Street, Waterford.

Foster, A. R., B.A., Principal, Royal Academy, Cliftonville
Frame, Miss H., 26 Glandore Drive.

Frame, Miss M., do.

Freeland, Samuel, 23 Meadowbank Street.

Fulton, David, Arlington, Windsor Avenue.

Fulton, Wnm., 44 Wellington Place.

Gallagher, James, 72 Martinez Avenue.

Gallway, W. H., Shielavon, Ranfurly Avenue, Bangor.
Gamble, Miss, Lorne, Craigavad.

Gardner, Miss E. R., 1 Wellington Park.

George, A. H., 22 Thorndale Avenue.

Gibson, Mrs., Bonnington, Lansdowne Road.

Gibson, Mrs. Joseph, Hollow Bridge House, Hillsborough, Co.

Down.
Gibson, Samuel, J.P., Summer Hill, Dunmurry.
Gibson, Miss Annie B., 30 Green Road, Knock.
Gilchrist, David, 24 Ravenhill Park.
Gilliland, Robert H., 14 Sans Souci Park .
Gilliland, Mrs., 89 Malone Avenue.
Gilliland, W. T., B.Sc., 7 Wellington Place.
Gill, Miss Lillie, 16 Glendower Street.
Glasgow, Miss Margaret, M.Sc., High School, Sligo.
Glasgow, Henry L., Cookstown, Co. Tyrone.
Glendinning, R. G., Jun., Lennoxvale.
Gore, W., F.R.S.A.I., Municipal College of Technology.
Graham, Thomas, Ivy Bank, Salisbury Drive.
Graham, Miss M. E., 241 Sundridge Terrace, Mountpottinger.
Graham, Mrs. Sarah, 138 Dunluce Avenue.
Graham, Miss Joanna, Clondara, Martinez Avenue,
Green, Mrs. Isaac, Hawthornden, Knock.
Green, W. A., F.R.S.A.I., Dunmore, Antrim.
Green, H. P., Limehurst, Holland Park, Knock.
Green, R. W., Coondara, 41 Kingsmore Avenue.
Greenham, Miss J. C., 44 Orient Gardens.
Greer, Thomas, J.P., Curglasson, Stewartstown.
Greeves, J. Theodore, Nendrum, Knockdene Park.
Greeves, J. R. H., B.Sc., Coolnashee, Crawfordsburn.
Greeves, O. V., Tavanagh House, Portadown.
Gregg, Rev. W. J., B.A., 3 Cyprus Gardens.
Gregory, M. J., 25 Gresham Street.
Gribbon, John, 38 Lavinia Street, Ormeau Road.
Griffith, Henry A. C., Belleville, Cliftonville Road.
Griffith, Miss Grace A. do.
Griffith, Miss K. E., do.
Grimshaw, Reginald W., 13 Rossmore Avenue.

ie ee

1927-28.]

1926.
1926.
1926.
1908.
1923.
1923.
1928.
1925.
1920.
1924.
1923.
1926.
1921.
1924.
1921.
1923.
1923.
1915.
1876.
1922.
1922.
1922.
1921.
1924.
1922.
1905.
1927.
1920.
1927.
1927.
1921.
1895.
1908.
1903.
1904.

1928.

1925.
1921.
1923.
1906.
1921.
1914.
1921.
1925.
1926.
1927.
1923.
1922.

1927.
1923.
1923.

1927.
1923.
1923.
1909.

511

Haffern, Wm., 33 ‘St. Ives Gardens, Stranmillis Road.
Hale, Thomas, 5 Mervue Street.

Hall, Miss Janie M., 4 Glenbrook Terrace, Shore Road.
Hamilton, Miss, Melrose, Ardlee Avenue, Holywood.
Hamilton, Fred. M., 19 Windsor Park.

Hamilton, T. S., Presbyterian Church House.

Hamill, Miss Nana, 42 Sans Souci Park.

Hanna, Mrs. S. M., 31 Kelvin Parade.

Harbinson, Wm., Highbury, North Road.

Harbinson, Miss Margaret, Doonvarna, Lansdowne Road.
Ilarbison, Miss, Esplanade House, Whitehead.

Harris, J. B., 12 Ravenhill Gardens.

Hayward, H. Richard, Hopefield House, Antrim Road.
Head, Major Henry Nugent, The Downs, Newcastle, Co Down.
Heenan, Miss J., lla Stranmillis Road.

Henderson, J. A. D., 11 Norfolk Drive.

Henderson, Miss, 1 George’s Terrace, Ballysillan.
Herdman, Miss E. W., Fountainville, University Road.
Heron, F. Adens, D.L., F.R.S.A.I., Maryfield, Holywood.
Heron, Mrs. Maryfield, Holywood.

Heron, Miss E. do.

Heron, Miss, Teagheen, Evelyn Gardens, Antrim Road.
Hewton, J., M.P.S8.I., 315 Ormeau Road.

‘Hall, Miss Nellie, 136. Haypark Avenue.

Hill, Dr. S. W., 46 Pound Street, Larne.

Hobson, Mrs. Aitennach, Crawfordsburn, Co. Down.
Hodgson, Lionel ‘C., M.A., 59 Wellington Park.

Hodgson, Mrs. do.
Hood, Miss Jane, 290 Antrim Road.
Hood, Alex., do.

Hoffman, F., Leamington, 7 Old Cavehill Road.

Hogg, A. Be. 10 Thorndale Avenue.

Hogg, D. Bh 16 Kansas Avenue.

Holland, Miss, Highbury, Cadogan Park.

Holland, Frank J., Fairyhill, Osborne Gardens.

Holmes, Miss Margaret, 8 Canterbury Street.

Holmes, Williams, Forth River P. E. School.

Holness, John J., 26 Ava Street.

Honeyburne, Miss Ella F., Fortwilliam, Antrim Road.
Hopkirk, F. C., Whitehouse Park, Whitehouse.
Hoskins, Miss M., 14 Rosetta Park.

Houston, James Dick, Northern Bank House, Kilrea, Co. Derry.
Houston, H. S., Shevmara, Jordanstown, Co. Antrim.
Houston, Dr. J. C., 90 Antrim Road.

Howard, S. R., 53 Donegall Place.

Hughes, Joseph, 28 Peel Street.

Hull, G. E., 36 Cliftonville Road.

Hunter, Dr. J. A., Hampton Cottage, Balmoral Avenue.

Ingold, C. Terence, B.Sc., Chorlton, Bangor.
Irwin, Wilson, Rossnall, Helen’s Bay.
Iten, Mrs. 18 South Parade.

Jackson, James, Winona, Princes Gardens, Larne.
Jackson, M., Maze, Hillsborough.

Jamison, Oswald, 8 Mayfield, Bangor.

Jenkins, W. A., 6 Elmwood Terrace.

1925.
1901.

1906.
1924.
1923.
1921.
1923.
1916.
1922.
1925.
1922.
1923.
1921.

1924.
1924.
1917.
1922.
1927.
1921.
1923.
1922.

1927.
1926.
1923.
1922.
1922.
1886.
1923.
1922.
1923.
1925.
1928.
1877.

1923.

1926.
1923.
1920.
1928.
1923.
1923.
1925.
1912.
1920.

1922.
1923.
1923.
1926.
1899.

1915.
1926.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
512

Jennings, Victor G., Wellcroft, Sandown Road, Knock.

Johnson, Rev. W. F., M.A., F.E. S., 'M.R.I. AS St. Aidan’s
Rostrevor.

Johnston, F. W., The Cottage, Cultra.

Johnston, Henry, 40 Victoria Gardens.

Johnston, Miss Isa, 1 George’s Terrace, Ballysillan.

Johnston, E. C., F.R.S.A.J., Lyncote, Helen’s Bay.

Johnston, Miss Jean, Beechville, eure Park.

Johnston, Miss M. B.,

Johnston, Miss Minnie E., 25 Tgnedale Street.

Johnston, Mrs., 30 Sharman Road.

Johnston, T. J., Glenfinnan, Cable Road, Whitehead.

Johnstone, Miss Anna, Municipal College of Technology.

Jones, H. H., 4 Donegall Square N.

Kearney, William, Dunraven, Donaghadee.

Keenan, Miss Mary, 98 Donegall Pass.

Keiller, W., 11 Chichester Street.

Keith, S. S., 20 Knutsford Drive, Cliftonville.

Kelly, Miss Eileen, 81 Belmont Road.

Kennedy, R. N., J.P., Avonmore Lodge, Balmoral.

Kennedy, Isaac, "294 Springfield Road.

Kerr, Charles E., B.A., Mount Carmel, Upper Newtownards
Road.

Kerr, David S., 1 College Square E.

Kevin, Miss Kathleen, B.A., 144 Donegall Pass.

Kevin, Miss M., do.

King, Mrs. Je Castle Chester, Whitehead.

Kinkead, Geo. W ., Cushendun, Co. Antrim.

Kirkpatrick, 1a 27 Oxford Street.

Kitchen, Gilbert Ingram, 64 Roseleigh Street.

Knox, C. J., 9 Donegall Square S.

Knox, Joseph R., 11 Ailesbury Road,

Knox, Harry, 60 Henderson Avenue.

Knox, Miss Lily, 41 Cliftonville Road.

Kyle, R. A., 17 Wellington Park.

Larmour, Miss Gertrude, 1 Brooklyn Villas, Ballyholme,
Bangor.

Lauder, James, 18 Evelyn Gardens, Bloomfield.

Lauder, William, Public Library, Donegall Road.

Lavery, W. H., Glenwood, Bloomfield Road.

Lavery, Miss M. Beatrice, 27 Eglantine Avenue.

Lawlor, H. C., M.A., M.R.I. A., 14 Windsor Avenue.

Lawlor, Mrs. H. Cras do.

Law, Miss Myn, 235 Ravenhill Avenue.

Ledgerwood, N. J., J.P., 10 Wellington Park.

Lepper, R. S., M.A. STD AT:, , F.R.Hist.8., F.R.S.A.1., Elsinore,
Crawfordsburn,

Leetch, Miss Elizabeth, Cullybackey, Co. Antrim.

Leyden, Miss Margaret M., Belgrave, Bloomfield.

Leyden, William A., do.

Liggett, Miss Margaret M., 109 The Mount.

hindee Professor J. A., eit, M.A., F.R.C.P., 3 Queen’s
Elms

Lindsay, Mrs., 3 Lower Crescent.

Livesey, H., Campbell College.

1927-28.|

1922.
i921.
1918.
1910.
1923.
1893.
1908.
1924.

1926.
1915.
1915.
1905.
1922.
1927.
1926.
1920.
1921.
1924.
1924.
1905.
1921.
1901.
1880.
1922.
1922.
1924.
1924.
1923.
1924.
1916.
1915.
1908.
1923.
1923.
1925.
1927.
1892.
1903.
1917.
1920.
1924.
1923.
1923.
1921.
1925.
1918.
1922.
1906.
1907.
1921.
1921.
1923.
1922.
1898.
1913.
1911.
1928.

553

Logan, James, M.A., F.R.G.S., Greystone, Ravenhill Park.
Loughridge, James, 173 Cliftonville Road.

Lowry, Miss, Hazelwood, Bloomfield.

Lowry, Miss L., do.

Lowry, James, Belfast Bank, Glenarm.

Lowry, D. E., J.P., Oakley, Strandtown.

Lowry, James, Liewellyn Avenue, Lisburn.

Lynn, Miss M. J., M.Sc., Albany Cottage, Carrickfergus.

Macdonald, David, Castle Road, Comber.

Maconachie, Rev. D. H., B.A., B.D., The Manse, Holywood.
Maconachie, Mrs., The Manse, Holywood.

Macoun, Mrs. S. M., Clanrolla, Windsor Park.
Magill, Hugh, 217 Cavehill Road.

Magill, Mrs. Edith, 9 Wilmont Terrace, Lisburn Road.
Maguinness, Miss Kathleen, 1 Jocelyn Street.
Magowan, A., 2 Easton Crescent,

Magowan, Mrs., do.

Major, Miss Anna M., Ulai, Holywood.

Major, Miss Olga, do.

Malcolm, Miss “Susan, Downshire Road, Holywood.
Malcolm, Bowman, M.L.C.E., M.I.Mech. K., Inver, Ashley Park.
Malcomson, Herbert T., M. B.O. U., 32 Arthur Street.
Marsh, Mrs. Glenlyon, Holywood.

Marshall, Rev. R. L., M.A., LL.D., Maghera, Co. Derry.
Marshall, Miss M. E., 82 Ardenlee Avenue.

Martin, Miss Helen, B.A., B.Sc., 40 Botanic Avenue.
Martin, Miss Josephine Cz 12 Glandore Avenue.
Martin, Mrs. Kathleen R., * Broomhill Park.

Martyn, Douglas, 30 Orient. Gardens.

Masterson, Miss, 93 Wellesley Avenue.

Mawdsley, Miss, 28 Green Road, Knock.

Maxwell, Henry, Dunalbine, Deramore Park.
Maxwell, Joseph, J.P., Fierna, Osborne Park.
Maxwell, Miss F. E., do.

Maxwell, Miss Isabella, 10 Luxor Gardens.

Maxwell, W. C., A.R.I. B. A., 29 Donegall Street.
Maxton, Jas., M.I.N.A., 6 Kirkliston Drive, Bloomfield.
Mayne, H. Horner, 24 Elmwood Avenue.

Megaw, Rev. W. ne B.A., The Manse, Rosetta.
Megaw, i ee 2, Linenhall Street.

Megaw, W. J., B.Sc., 16 Upper Crescent.

Mercer, Prof. P. S., ‘‘ Hanging Leaves,’’ Carrickfergus.
Mercer, Mrs. S., do.

Mercier, 8S. T., iP 89 Cliftonville Road.

Merrell, B.S, Campbell College.

Metcalfe, A. W., Hawthornden Road, Knock.

Meyer, Sir Robert, 4 Alexandra Gardens,

Millar, Thomas O., 306 Antrim Road.

Milligan, Miss Bessie, 22 Ravenhill Gardens.

Milligan, Dr. C. J., Dispensary House, Ligoniel,

Milligan, Miss J., 74 Cromwell Road.

Mills, Frederick A. C., 3 Woodland Avenue.

Moffatt, James A., 2 Chelmsford Piace, Larne Harbour.
Montgomery, H. C., F.R.S.A.I., 40 Rosemary Street.
Montgomery, Miss SB. 8., 26 College Green.

Montgomery, Miss Jane E., 8 Sandhurst Road.
Mooney, Miss Helena, 19 St. James Road.

1923.
1916.

1922.
1921.
1923.
1923.
1928.
1922.
1928.
1923.
1923.
1927.
1923.
1925.

1923.
1921.

1926.
1909.
1913.
1915.
1922.
1921.
19a9:
1905.
1884.
1926.
1921.
1925.
1923.
1921.
1924.
1923.
1926.
1922.

1921.
1921.
1923.
1923.
1917.
1926.
1924.
1913.
1926.
1921.
1923.
1917.
1921.
1914.
1923.
1923.
1906.
1922.
1922.
1921.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
514

Moore, Kenneth M., The Finaghy.

Moore, Frank, J.P., Ph.D., F.E.I.S., Home-Lyn, Marlborough
Park North.

Moore, Hon. Wm., D.L., Glassabreeden, Whitehouse.

Morrison, Miss I., Southleigh, Knockbreda Park.

Morton, Mrs., 252 Antrim Road.

Morton, Miss, do.

Murdoch, Wm. J., 10 Madison Avenue.

Murray, B., 628 Ravenhill Road.

Murray, Miss Ada, Eglish, Cliftonville Circus.

Muskett, A. E., A.R.C.Sc. (Lond.), 232 Stranmillis Road.

M‘Aleese, Miss Margaret T., 137 Mulholland ‘Terrace, Falls Rd.

M‘Aleese, John, Longland, Whitehouse.

M‘Allister, Wm. James, 134 Rugby Avenue.

M‘Bratney, Miss Margaret, Endsleigh Gardens, Bloomfield.

M‘Bride, A., Rockmount, '‘lemplepatrick.

M‘Bride, Miss W., 118 Albertbridge Road.

M‘Callum, Major J, D. M., C.B.E., D.S.U., B.A., Warren-
point, Co. Down.

M‘Callum, Robert, A.I.C.S., 4 Fortwilliam Place, Shore Road.

M‘Cance, James, 302 Antrim Road.

M‘Cance, Captain Stouppe, 4 Markham Square, London, S.W.3.

MacCarthy, Mrs., Freshford, Knock.

M‘Carthy, Miss, 46 Stranmillis Road.

M‘Carthy, W. J., Ashley, Alexandra Park, Holywood.

M‘Caw, James, Glenfield, Donegall Park.

MacCleary, A., Kensington Hotel, College Square East.

M‘Cleery, H., J.P., Oakhill, Dunmurry.

M‘Clellan, Miss Margaret, 148 Earlswood Road.

M‘Cloy, Miss A. E., Cuil-na-Mban, Norfolk Drive, Glen Road.

M‘Clune, Miss A. E., St. Kilda, Sans Souci Park.

M‘Comb, Mrs., 54 Cherryvalley Gardens, Knock.

M‘Comish, John, Benmore, Strandtown.

M‘Connell, Rev. 8S. G., B.A., Dromara, Co. Down.

M‘Cracken, John A., Downpatrick Street, Rathfriland

M‘Crum, Wm., Milford, Co. Armagh.

MacCulloch, Miss Charlotte M., Ballyarton, Killaloo, London-

derry.
M‘Cullough, Miss J. J., 8 Cardigan Drive.
M‘Cullough, Miss S&., do.
M‘Cullough, Miss Meta, do.

M‘Cutcheon, Miss J. T., B.A., Rineen, Annadale.
M‘Devitt, H., 115 High Street, Holywood.
M‘Donald, Miss Minnie, 22 Roosevelt Street.
M‘Donnell, Miss Kathleen P., 110 Cullingtree Road.
M‘Dowell, Miss E., Lauraville, Balmoral.

MacGregor, Miss Sarah, 12 Eglantine Avenue.
M‘Gladery, R., The Brickworks, Springfield Road.
M‘Giffin, Miss, Riverside, Holywood.

M‘Ilroy, R. J., 32 Pandora Street.

M‘Ilwaine, J. E., M.D., 3 Chlorine Gardens.

M‘Kay, Miss E. W., B.Sc., Ardbana Terrace, Coleraine.
M‘Kenzie, Alexander, 60 North Parade.

M‘Kibbin, Fredk., F.A.I., 13 Donegall Square West.
M‘Kinney, Miss M. A. C., Sentry Hill, Carnmoney.
M‘Kisack, Miss M. K., 9 Mount Pleasant.
M‘Knight, Wm. J., 220 Springfield Road.

M‘Laine, Lachlan, Rathaline, Annadale Avenue,

1927-28.]

1923. -

1924.
1922.
1912.
1917.
1920.
1924.
1901.
1924,

1921.
1926.
1921.
1921.

1923.
1923.
1922.

1923.
1926.
1923.
1927.
1898.
1923.
1924.
1921.
1923.

1923.
1921.
1921.
1921.
1923.
1924.
1922.
1869.
1926.
1923.
1923.
1903.

1922.
1890.
1921.
1883.

1925.
1922.
1924.

1923.

1923.
1923.
1907.
1916,

515

M‘Laughlin, Miss Bessie, Y.W.C.A., Edmonton, Alberta,
Canada.

MacLaughlin, Francis A., M.B., Thirlestane, Osborne Park.

M‘Master, Miss, B.A., Ashbourne, Strandtown.

M‘Meekin, Miss A. M., Sunnyside, Carnmoney, Co, Antrim.

M‘ Meekin, Aw fF, Cogry House, Doagh.

M‘Neill, Mrs., Lockabeg, Knockdene Park.

M‘ Quitty, Rev. John, B.A., Westbourne Manse, Bloomfield.

MacRae, Kenneth, Ulster Agricultural Society, Balmoral.

M‘Vea, Miss Florence V., The Crag, Whitehead.

Neill, F. F., 124 Haypark Avenue.

Neill, Miss M., Rhanbury Park, Carrickfergus.
Niblock, J. B., 208 Cliftonville Road.

Niblock, Mrs., do.

Nixon, Miss M. J., 16 Florenceville Avenue.

Nodder, Charles R., M.A., The Corner House, Lambeg.
Nodder, Mrs. Winifred, do.

Nugent, Er HE. S., BD: ti, , Portaferry House, Portaferry.

O’Connor, Hugh, 78 Upper Newtownards Road.
O’Kane, John, 127 Mulholland Terrace, Falls. Road.
O’Kane, Dr. M. J., J.P., Cushendall.

O'Neill, Miss C. May, B.Sc., Riddel Hall.

Orr, James, M.B.O.U., 17 Garfield Street.

Orr, R. J., 4th Avenue, Baylands, Bangor.

Orr, William G., 10 & 12 North Street.

Osborne, T. Edens, F.R.S.A.I., 4 College Square North.
Owens, Miss Minnie Y., 29 Indiana Avenue.

Park, George, 28 Cyprus Park.

Parsons, Thomas, Farm Hill, Marino.

Paton, John, Ardmore, Bangor.

Patterson, W. H. F., Auburn, Donaghadee.

Patterson, Miss M. Grace, 54 North Parade.

Patterson, William H., do.

Patton, Wm., 78 Edinburgh Street.

Pim, Joshua, St. Valentine, Holywood.

Pollock, Rt. Hon. H. M., D.L., 11 College Gardens.

Pollock, James A., Notting Hill.

Polley, W. T., 131 University Street.

Pooler, Rev. Chas. K., D.D., M.R.I.A., D.Litt., Carnbin,
Whitehouse.

Porte, G. W. C., 1 Howard Street.

Porter, F. A., 13 Queen’s Square.

Porter, Miss Edith, Beechview, Balmoral Avenue.

Praeger, R. Ll., D.Sc., B.A., B.E., M.R.I.A,, 19 Fitzwilliam
Square, Dublin.

Price, Miss Esther H, 4 Ormiston Parade.

Pringle, Alex., 1 Clarence Street W.

Purce, James, ’33 Ravenhill Park.

Quinn, W. J., The Cattogs, Comber.

Radcliffe, Miss, 14 Upper Crescent.

Rankin, Miss, Rosetta P.E. School.

Rea, Miss M. W., M.Sc., Salem House, Sydenham,
Rea, Miss L, C., do,

1926.

1923.
1923.
1919.
1925.

. 1922.
1923.
1923.
1922.
1923.
1921.
1923.
1923.
1923.
1927.
1928.
1921.
1921.
1926.
1922.
1924.
1927.
1909.
1923.
1927.
1927.

1927.
1926.
1925.
1913.
1917.
1920.
1924.
1922,
1924.
1924.

1921.
1923.
1921.
1911.
1923.
1926.
1926.
1922.
1925.
1922.
1922.
1905.
1921.
1921.
1926.
1921.
1890.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
516

Rohleder, Dr, Herbert P. T., Royal School of Mines (Geology),
Prince Consort Road, London, 8. W.7.

Reid, James C., Overton, Balmoral.

Reilly, George E., C.E., 16 Salisbury Gardens,

Reilly, Geo. C., M.I.Mech.E., do.

Rhynehart, John G., F.R.C.Sc.I., D.I.C. (Lond.), Ministry
of Agriculture, Wellington Place.

Ritchie, John, Cullintra, Comber.

Ritchie, Miss, 3 Charnwood Avenue.

Ritchie, Miss Helen, do.

Robb, Norman, 65 Ulsterville Avenue.

Robb, S. A., 128 Cliftonpark Avenue.

Robinson, Miss L., 16 Kingsmere Avenue.

Robinson, Miss Maud, Elland, Jordanstown.

Robinson, Miss May, do.

Robinson, Miss J., 16 Camberwell Terrace, Antrim Road.

Robinson, Miss J. M., St. George’s P.E. School, Victoria Street.

Robinson, Wm. H., 687 Upper Newtownards Road.

Robinson, W. R., 58 Ravenhill Park.

Robson, Mrs. 81 Wellington Park.

Rogan, Thomas, 143 Springfield Road.

Ruddell, Miss B., 2 Craigmore, Whitehead.

Rundle, Harris, Sefton, Knockdene Park.

Russell, John M., 37 Cooke Street.

Russell, Nelson, Strathmore, Lisburn.

Russell, Alfred, 64 Ravenhill Park.

Rutherford, E. D., M.B., Ch.B., Woodlawn, Knock.

Rutledge, Miss A., 81 Botanic Avenue.

Saeenan, Patrick, Main Street, Greencastle.

Saunders, Cecil E., 10 Prim Street, Albertbridge Road.

Saunders, T. Edgar, 4 Eastern Crescent.

Savage, W. E. J., 8 Lincoln Avenue.

Sayers, Miss W. J., B.A., Bartragh, Knock.

Sayers, Miss J. B., do.

Sayers, Miss M., 61 Clonlee Drive.

Scott, Herbert C., 9 Rashee Road, Ballyclare.

Scott, Miss, Ministry of Agriculture, Wellington Place.

Seaton, Ian William, Plant Breeding Division, Ministry of
Agriculture.

Sefton, Thomas W., St. Aubyn’s, Deramore Drive.

Shanks, Edward, 13 Donegall Square W.

Shanks, Mrs. E., Fernagh, Saintfield Road.

Shaw, Miss Louie Hinton, 72 Cromwell Road.

Shaw, G. W., Ulster Bank, York Street.

Shaw, William, Mountstewart, Ballymena.

Shaw, Miss Esme, 11 Shore Street, Holywood.

Shaw, Miss Minnie E., 20 Harcourt Street.

Shearan, Samuel, F.R.C.A., Loughview House, Holywood.

Shearer, Thomas, 3 St. Jude’s Avenue.

Shewell, Major, 1 Liscard Terrace, Ormeau Road.

Shewell, Mrs., do.

Shiels, Rev. J. F., P.P., Saintfield.

Shiels, Edward, Summer Hill, Bangor.

Shortt, James, Wilmont, Lisburn.

Simms, Samuel, B.Sc., M.D., 22 Oldpark Crescent.

Sinclair, Robert, 48 Waring Street.

Skillen, Joseph, 25 Stranmilhis Gardens,

1927-28.]

1920.
1922.
1922.
1924.
1924.
1927.
1921.
1922.
1893.
1921.
1910.

19tT:

1923.
1904.
1922.
1925.
1925.
1894.
1923.
1925.
1919.
1924.
1923.
1924.
1922.

1925.
1921.
1923.
1922.
1926.
1920.
1926.

1921.
1921.
1922.
1921.
1922.
1922.
1875.

1921.
1921.
1925.
1922.

1904.
1909.

1925.

1922.
1926,

517

Small, Professor J., D.Sc., Queen’s University.

Small, James M., Ballymenoch Park, Marino.

Smiley, Miss, 19 Salisbury Avenue.

Smyth, John, M.A., LL.B., Donard, Cregagh, Belfast.

Speers, John, Belfast Bank, Ballyclare.

Standfield, Miss Henrietta, 31 Virginia Street.

Steed, George G., 13 Donegall Square West.

Steed, Mrs., do.

Steele, Miss, Dooneen, Marlborough Park.

Steen, Rev. David, B.A., The Manse, Islandmagee.

Stelfox, Mrs. A. W., B. ‘Se., A.R.C.Se. I., 14 Clareville Road,
Rathgar, Dublin.

Stendall, J. A. S., M.R.I.A., M.B.0O.U., The Museum, College
Square N.

Stendall, Mrs. J. A. 8., Deva, Haypark Avenue.

Stephens, Captain J. Kyle, J.P., 13 Donegall Square North.

Stephens, Samuel, 15 Donegall Sq. N.

Steven, George, 2 Kinnaird Terrace, Antrim Road.

Stevenson, John H., 2 George’s Terrace, Ballysillan.

Stewart, W. J., 105 Baker Street, London, W.1.

Stewart, Albert K., 10 North Parade.

Stewart, Rev. Robert, B.A., 356 Ravenhill Road.

Strain, W., Windsor Park.

Stronge, Robert, 86 Cliftonville Road.

Stuart, C., 7 Eblana Street.

Swan, H. 8., Ardelan, Buncrana, Co. Donegal.

Sweeney, Wm., 183 Cliftonville Road.

Tate, Miss Tsabelle, Chlorine, Clonevan Road, Lisburn.

Tate, Jas., M.P.S.I., 7 and 9 Royal Avenue.

Tate, Robert E,, 17 Clifton Drive.

Taylor, Frank, St. John’s, Marino.

Taylor, P. A., 7 Delaware Street, Ravenhill Road.

Tedley, Miss, Rosetta School.

Thompson, John D., 110-111 Scottish Provident Buildings,
Donegall Square W.

Thompson, Joseph, Altorf, Holywood Road.

Thompson, Wm., Lauriston, Derryvolgie Avenue.

Thomson, Dr. Ross, Queen Street, Ballymoney.

Thomson, Richard, Cable Road, Whitehead.

Thomson, James, 20 Station Street.

Torney, Henry C. S., F.R.S.A.I., The Moat, Holywood.

Traill, W. A., M.A., F.R.S.A.I., Red House, Bushmills,
Co. Antrim.

Trimble, Andrew, M.B., D.P.H., J.P., Tyr-owen, Downview
Avenue.

Turner, S., jun., 142 Chftonpark Avenue.

Turner, Edmund, A.R.C.Sc.I., 1 Dunowen Gardens.

Turner, Rt. Hon. Sir W. G., D.L., J.P., Hampton Park (Lord
Mayor).

Turtle, W. Haydock, Lumeah, Malone Road.

Turtle, Mrs. N. S., Rosemount, Knock.

Uprichard, W. T., 326 Springfield Road.

Verner, Miss, Tyrone, Cranmore Park.
Vincent, J, H., Mus.B., 80 Gt, Victoria Street,

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,
518

1920. Ward, Miss Alice, Albert Villa, Sydenham.

1921. Ward, Francis E., Ridgeway Street, Stranmillis Road.

1923. Ward, A. H., 5 Tennyson Avenue, Bangor.

1919. Warnock, Miss, 1 Cameron St., Botanic Avenue.

1925. Watchorn, Miss Mary E., 226 Cliftonville Road.

1921. Watson, Frank W., 10 Cranmore Gardens.

1913. Watson, Mrs. F, W., B.Sc., do.

1923. Watson, Miss S., Firbeck Cottage, Sydenham.

1924. Watters, Miss Ella, Holywood.

1925. Webb, Miss E. M., Rath House, Shandon Park.

1924. Wegg, George R., Glynn Villas, Larne.

1927. Weir, Miss K., Bangor Collegiate School, Bangor.

1920. Weston, Wilfred W., 14 Donegall Square West.

1924. Weyms, David, 19 Cranmore Gardens.

1923. Wheeler, Norman F., 1 Fitzwilliam Street.

1877. Whitla, Sir William, M.D., J.P., M.P., Lennoxvale House.

1927. White, Miss Jeanne M., 18 Carleton Street, Portadown.

1926. Whitehouse, Rev. Sydney P., 107 Fitzroy Avenue.

1927. Whyte, Mrs. Elizabeth F., 10 Orient Gardens.

1923. Wight, Robert J., 9 Stranmillis Street.

1927, Wilkinson, Miss D. H., 23 Ashley Avenue.

1927. Wilkinson, Wilfred Frederic Samuel, Northern Banking Co.,
Armagh.

1917. Williamson, James, J.P., Sandown Park, Knock.

1923. Willis, Miss A., 3 Avonmore, Balmoral.

1893. Wilson, George, 17 Bedford Street.

1901. Wilson, Prof. Gregg, O.B.E., M.A., D.Sc., M.R.LA,, Transy,
Beechlands, University Road.

1925. Wilson, Miss Anna, 28 College Park Avenue.

1924. Wilson, Miss Edith, do.

1924. Wilson, W. E., 31 North Street.

1904. Wilson, Mrs., do.

1928. Wilson, Miss Agnes, 127 Crumlin Road.

1928. Wilson, Miss Tessie, do.

1923. Woodburn, Rev. J. B., D.D., 78 Eglantine Avenue.

1901. Workman, W. H., F.Z.S., M.B.0O.U., Lismore, Windsor Ave.

1923. Worth, Miss E. A., 2 Shandon Park W., Cliftonville Road,
Bangor.

1922. Younge, W. G., Town Hall, Larne.

1924. Young, Robert A., B.A., 80 Rugby Avenue,

Junior Members.

Date of

election.

1928. Ardis, Robert F., Marine Parade, Holywood.

1927. Auld, Henry, 201 Cavehill Road.

1924. Blair, Jack Coulter, 33 Ophir Gardens.

1922. Blake, F. R. D., 4 Knock Road, Knock.

1923. Blake, P. H., 4 Knock Road, Knock.

1925. Boyd, Jeannie, Islandbane, Killinchy, Co. Down.

1926. Bradshaw, Keith, Provincial Bank of Ireland, Royal Avenue.

1927,

Bradshaw, Kenneth, 28 Bawnmore Road,

1927-28.]

1927.
1925.
1923.
1927.

1927.
1925.
1927.
1927.
1927.
1927.
1926.
1928.
1925.
1923.
1920.

1925.
1927.
1927.
1926.
1927.
1925.
1926.

1925.
1927.

1927.
1926.
1923.
1926.
1924.
1925.
1927.
1925.
1926.
1927.

1926.

1925.
1926.
1926.
1926.
1928.
1926.
1926.
1926.

1927.
1927.

1924.
1924.
1924.
1926.
1925.

549

Brady, Vera, 75 Fitwzilliam Street.
Brown, John, Whiterock, Ballygomartin Road.
Bryans, Harold, 284 Shankill Road.
Burns, Maureen, 1 Adela Place, Antrim Road.

Campbell, Doreen, 57 Clifton Park Avenue.
Capper, Rosaleen, 3 Mentmore, Lisburn Road.
Cassidy, Wm., 6 Bawnmore Road.

Cassidy, Fredk. do.

Charlton, Dorothy, 2 Church Avenue, Holywood.
Charlton, Kathleen, do.

Cleeland, Marjorie, 13 Eglantine Gardens.

Cole, Jean, 109 University Gardens.

Cormick, Alister, 18 Kelvin Parade.

Crawford, Agatha R., Easthope, Bawnmore Road.
Crawford, Ronald Hislop, Orissa, Marlborough Park South.

Dalzell, May, 27 Rossmore Avenue.

Davidson, K. H., 183 Alexander Park Avenue,

Deane, Campbell D., Mt. Nephim, Saintfield Road.
Deans, Joan, 141 Ormeau Road.

Dixon, Albert, 28 Queensland Street.

Dixon, Peggy, 5 Verdun Terrace, Ballygomartin Road.
Dunbar, David, 28 Broadway.

Fisher, Nora, Inishglass, Greenisland.
Forsythe, Doris K., 8 Maryville Park.

Getty, Kathleen, 16 Clifton Park Avenue.
Gibson, Moira, Montpelier House, Malone Road.
Gibson, Sinead (Miss), Ardamine, Ravenhill Road.
Glendinning, Alice, 1 Lennoxvale.

Glendinning, Ethne, do.
Glendinning, Joan, 26 Sans Souci Park.
Glendinning, Margery, do.
Glendinning, Barbara, do.

Gotto, Helen, 16 Adelaide Park.
Green, Vivian (Miss), 41 Kingsmere Avenue.

Hall, Willie, 16 Capstone Street.

Hamilton, Isabel, 11 Rosetta Avenue.
Hayden, Thomas E., 54 Cliftonville Road.
Henderson, James M., 33 Indiana Avenue.
Hind, John Quintus C., 22 Cliftonville Road.
Howatt, James, 42 Cherryvalley Gardens.
Howatt, Agnes, do.

Hughes Frederick, 50 Victoria Gardens.
Hughes, George, do.

Hunter, George W., 16 Easton Crescent.

Jardin, Sylvia, Hannahstown, Dunmurry.
Johnston, Annie, 1 University Road.

Kerr, Mary, Mount Carmel, Bloomfield.

Kerr, Therésa, do.
Kerr, Michael, do.
Kerr, Charles, do.

Kilpatrick, Charles Victor, 3 Easton Avenue.

10

1925.
1924.
1926.
1925.
1927.

1927.
1925.
1925.
1924.
1926.
1927.
1925.
1927.
1926.
1927.

1926.
1925.
1926.
1926.
1927.
1925.
1925.
1925.
1925.
1926.
1927.

1927.
1927.
1924.

1926.
1926.

1925.
1927.
1927.

1927.
1923.
1927.
1924.
1923.
1925.
1925.

1927.
1926.
1925.
1925.
1923.
1925.
1925.

{Proc.

520

Law, William, 52 Hopefield Avenue.
Loewenthal, Joan, Lennoxvale.
Loewenthal, Peggy, do.

Loughridge, W. N., 173 Cliftonville Road.
Lyster, Gwennie, Sunnyville, ‘The Mount

Macauley, Dorothy, 17 Landscape Terrace.
Macdonald, Ranald, 94 Antrim Road.
Macdonald, Angus, do.

Macoun, Caroline Phyllis, 28 Osborne Gardens.
Magill, Ed. W., 82 Hill Street, Lurgan.

May, Ernest Langton, 4 Windsor Avenue
Maybin, Nora, Antrim Road, Lisburn.

Megaw, Elizabeth, Brekagh, University Road.
Middleton, Colin, 28 Chichester Avenue.
Murray, H. Nicholl, 3 St. Jude’s Avenue.

M‘Cleery, Kitty, Ava Ilouse, Old Cavehill Road.
M‘Clelland, Cecil, 17 Carlisle Street.
M‘Cloy, Norman, 13 Queensland Street.
M‘Guigan, Arthur, 31 Beechfield Street.
M‘Intyre, Molly, Mary Villa, North Parade.
M‘Kee, Phyllis, 27 Deramore Avenue.
M‘Keown, Lois, Marlands, Dunmurry.
M‘Meekan, Peggy, 15 Wellesly Avenue.
M‘Nally, Isabel, 65 Woodvale Road.
M‘Porland, Robert, 8 Mountpottinger Road.
M‘Williams, John, 119 Cavehill Road.

Nagle, Dermot, 4 Riverview Street, Stranmillis Road.

Napier, Joseph, 28 Wellington Park.
Neill, Norah, Linfield Villa, Wirdsor Avenue.

Orr, Bessie, 35 Ardenlee Road.

Orr, Brian, do.

Parke, Jack, 82 Bawnmore Road.
Pink, Janey Fletcher, Iveagh, Bessbrook, Armagh.
Porter Betty, 1 Adela Place, Antrim Road.

Rainsford, Marie, Haslar, Upper Galwally Park.
Rankin, James, 27 Toronto Street.

Rattenbury, Mary, The Ferns, Kirkliston Drive.
Reilly, Grier, 16 Salisbury Gardens.

Robinson, Inez (Miss), Terrace Hill, Shaw’s Bridge.
Rodgers, Annie, Deramore Drive.

Russell, Margaret, 4 University Square.

B.N.F.C.,

Shott, Fanny Gladys, Merton, Knockbreda Road, Cregagh.

' Smith, William, 32 Oceanic Avenue.

Stanfield, Doreen, 14 Dunluce Avenue.
Stanfield, Phyllis, do.
Stendall, Nora, 105 Haypark Avenue.
Steven, Isabel, 3 Kinnaird Terrace.
Steven, Nancy, do.

1927-28.]
521

1927. Stewart, Henry I., 556 Ravenhill Road.
1927. Stewart, John D., do.

Strain, Robert W., 9 University Square.
1925. Surgenor, Maisie, 83 Enfield Street.
1923. Symmers, Patricia, 25 Windsor Avenue.

1923. Taylor, Norman R., 7 Delaware Street.
1923. Thompson, John B., 29 Glendower Street.
1925. Thompson, James C., 1 Manor Street.

1921. Walshe, Joseph, 50 South Parade.
1925. Warnock, Angela, Wellington Park.
1925. Watson, Betty, Lismore, Rosetta Park.
1926. Watson, Frank, do.
Watson, John H., Rosemount, Knock.
1927. Whisker, Dora, 14 Vicinage Park.
1925. Wilson, Basil, 50 Mountpottinger Road.
1926. Wilson, Maureen, 10 Ravenhill Park.
1925. Wilson, Peggy, 5 Fortwilliam Avenue, Ormeau Road.

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1927-28.

273

LN DEX,

‘* Adaptation to Environment of Deep
Sea Life ’’ 25.

Address to the King 145,

Annual Meeting 25, 72, 123, 189, 256,
317, 343, 394, 429, 488.

‘* Archeology ’’ 177,

Ardglass 151.

Ardtole Church 151,

‘* Are the Continents Floating?’ 341.

Armagh and District 385.

Armstrong, E. A., ‘‘ At Home with
Fur and Feather ’’ 178.

Art of Burial, The’’ 164.

‘* At Home with Fur and Feather ”’
178.

Ballinderry 416.

Ballinoe 417.

Ballyalton Stone Circle 153.

Ballyearry 223.

Ballydrain 451.

Ballyhornan Bay 335.

Ballywalter Park 415.

Bangor 223.

Baron’s Court 383.

Bell, R., ‘‘Recently Discovered Pre-
historic Site in Co. Antrim’’ 242,
“The Club’s Activities : Geology”’
171.

Belvoir Park 149, 381, 445.

Benburb 447.

Benevenagh 379.

Bennett, S. A., ‘Comber Estuary,
The” 161, ‘Descent, Distribution
and Methods of Dispersal of Water
Plants’? 109, ‘‘Our Local Roses’’
69, ‘“‘Recently Discovered Prehis-
toric Site in Co. Antrim’’ 242.

Bigger, F. J., ‘‘Historical Places round
Belfast’? 391.

“Birds : Extinct and Living’’ 187.

“Birds: Their Habits, Haunts
Homes’’ 70.

Black Mountain 289.

“Botanical Run round Ulster’’ 424.

“Botany”’ 177.

Brierley, J. C. A., ‘‘Radio-activity in
Relation to Geology”’ 183,

and

“Britain in the Ice Age’’ 25.

“British Geese, Swans and Ducks’’ 337.

“British Gulls, Terns and Skuas’’ 303.

Broadwater and Moira 51.

‘Bronze Age in Ulster, The’’ 20.

Brown’s Bay, Island Magee 415.

Bulla, C., ‘Art of Burial, The’’ 164,
“Bronze Age in Ulster, The’’ 20.

‘Butterflies and Moths’’ 391.

“Bygone Punishments’’ 64.

Campbell, D. C., “Birds: Their
Habits, Haunts and Homes’’ 70,

Carmody, Canon W. P., ‘‘Lisburn Past
and Present’’ 121.

Carngaver 54.

Carpenter, D. J., ‘‘Some Common
Objects of the Seashore’ 303, ‘‘Zoo
Studies’’ 390.

Carpenter, Prof. G. H., ‘Warfare of
Animals, The’’ 22.

Carrickfergus District 293, 449.

Carr’s Glen, 7.

Castle Dobbs 100.

Cavehill and Colin Ward 447.

Charlesworth, Dr. J. K., ‘Are the
Continents Floating?’ 341, ‘‘Bri-
tain in the Ice Age’? 25, ‘‘Lands
and Seas of the World in Past
Times’’ 422.

Charlemont 447.

Clay Lake 103.

Cleland, A. M‘L., “Biat Tux”
“Geology and Denudation’’ 393,
“Pastor’s Account Book: 1768-
1780, The’ 116, ‘Strangford
Lough Survey”’ 18.

Cloghan Point 219.

Clogher 449.

Cloghfin Port 106.

“COlub’s Activities, The’? 167.

‘Club and Its Future, The’’ 299.

Coleraine 451.

Colin Glen 105.

Conlig 106.

Conversazione 16, 59, 119, 184, 256,
297. G55..601. 49. 452.

Comber 12,

61,

[Proc, B.N.F.C.,

524

“Comber Estuary, The’’ 161.

Cranfield 332.

Crawford, W. M., ‘“‘Insect Mimicry”’
421.

Deane, Arthur, ‘‘Plant Parasites and
Saprophytes’’ 390.

Deceased Members, 49, 98, 147, 217,
320, 345, 397, 431, 491.

“Denudation, Geology and’’ 393.

“Descent, Distribution and Methods
of Dispersal of Water Plants’’ 109.

Diamond Rocks 222.

Divis Mountain 101.

Downpatrick 152, 417.

Dromena Cashel 411.

Dromore 158.

Drumbo 10.

Dunadry 331.

Dundrum Sandhills, 295.

“Early Christian Antiquities in Ire-
land’’ 425.

‘Early Days in the B.N.F.C.”’ 478.

‘Eclipses of the Sun, Moon and Stars’’
426.

“Ecology of the Lower Plants, The’’
62

Exchange of Proceedings 31, 78, 128,
195, 266, 353, 500.

Excursions :—Ardglass 151. Armagh
District 385. Ballinderry and Dis-
trict 416. Ballycarry 223. Bally-
castle District. 333. Ballydrain 451.
Ballyhornan Bay 335. Bangor and
Groomsport 223. Baron’s Couri
383. Belvoir Park 149, 381, 445.
Benevenagh and Magilligan 379.
Black Mountain 289. Broadwater
and Moira _ 51. Brown’s Bay,
Island Magee 415. Carrickfergus
District 293, 449. Carngaver 54.
Castle Dobbs 100. Cavehill and
Colin Ward 447. Charlemont,
Moy and Benburb 447. Clay Lake
and Killyleagh 103. Cloghan Point |
219. Cloghfin Port 106. Coleraine
and Mount Sandal 451. Colin Glen
105. Comber 12. Conlig 106. Cran- |
field and Toomebridge 332. Cush- |

endun,

Cushendall and Glenariff |
294. Divis Mountain 101. Dromena
Jashel and Tollymore Park 411.
Dromore 158. Downpatrick 152,
417. Dunadry and Templepatrick,
331. Dundrum Sandhills 295.
Flush 52,412. Galgorm Castle

154. Garron Point 331. Giant’s
Causeway 450. Giant’s Ring,
Drumbo, and Farrell’s Port 10.
Glenoe 57, 334. Gobbins 150.
Greyabbey 225. Hadrian’s Wall
and Hexham 382. Hare’s Gap and
Diamond Rocks 222. Hillsborough
58. Island Mahee 53. Killough and
St. John’s Point 55. Knockagh
156. Knockmany and Clogher 449.
Lagan. Valley 14, 219. Lissanoure
225. Lisburn 107. Londonderry,
Inishowen and Valley of the Roe
448. Lough Fea 414. Lough
Neagh and the Bush 411. Lough-
inisland and Seaforde 292. Lower
Lough Erne 413. Magheramorne
225. Monlough 155, 291. Mount-
stewart, Ballywalter Park and
Portavogie 415. Muckamore 11.
Murlough Bay 289. Nendrum 224,
294. Newtownards 102. Port
Muck 105. Purdysburn Glen 295.
Rademon Demesne 446. Ram’s
Island and Langford Lodge 220.
Redhall Glen 385. Raughlan 13.
Saintfield 10. Sallagh Braes 380.
Silent Valley 534. Slemish and
District 290. Slieve Croob 445.
Strangford 386.

Farrell’s Fort 10.

‘Fenland of East Anglia, The’’ 21.

“Biat Lux’’ 61.

‘“‘Wield-Day in Space, A’’ 339.

‘Fishery Problems, Lough Neagh and
County Down Coast’’ 424.

“Flight of Animals, The’’ 337.

Flush, The 52, 412.

Freeland, S., ‘Zoology of Ethno-
graphy” 542.

‘Frogs and Their Relatives’’ 114.

Foster Rev. Canon G., ‘‘Butterflies
and Moths’ 391.

Foster, N. H., ‘‘Birds:: Extinct and
Living’ 187, ‘‘British Geese,
Swans and Ducks” 337, ‘‘British
Gulls, Terns and Skuas’’ 503, ‘‘The
Club’s Activities : Zoology’’ 169.

Galgorm Castle 154.

‘Gardens of Ireland’’ 488.
Garron Point 331.

Gawley’s Gate 416.

“Geology” 171.

“Geology and Denndation’’ 393,
“Geology of Ulster’’ 316,

my

|
|

1927-28.]

525

Giant’s Causeway 450.

Giant’s Ring 10.

Glenoe 57, 334.

Gobbins 150.

Green, W. A., “In the Kingdom of
Mourne’’ 238, ‘‘The Club’s Activi-
ties: Photography as an Aid to
Nature Study”’ 175.

Greeves, J. R. H., ‘‘Place Names of
Strangford Lough Area’’ 66, ‘‘Sea
Birds” 117.

Greyabbey 225.

Groomsport 223.

Gumley, Rev. E. M., ‘‘ The Life of the
Bee’ 428, ‘‘The Romance of the
Wild-Flower’’ 340.

“Hadrian’s Wall’’ 302, 389.

Hadrian’s Wall (Excursion) 382.

Hare’s Gap 222.

Hexham 382.

Hillsborough 58.

‘“‘Historical Places round Belfast’’ 391.

Hogg, A. R., ‘River Lagan from
Source to Sea’’ 392.

Horsbrough C. B., ‘‘Hunting the Bird
of Paradise’’ 66.

Hunter, Dr. Richard, ‘“‘Was Darwin
Right?’ 481.

“Hunting the Bird of Paradise’’ 65.

“Hunting Sempervivums’’ 479.

“In the Heart of the Country’ 227.
“In the Kingdom of Mourne’’ 228.
“‘In Nature’s Haunts’’ 394.

Inch Abbey 152, 417.

Inishowen 448.

“Insect Mimicry’’ 421.

Island Magee (Brown’s Bay) 415.
Island Mahee 53.

Kerr, C. E., “A Field-Day in Space”’
539, ‘‘Eclipses of the Sun, Moon
and Stars’’ 426, ‘‘The Moon’’ 486.

Killough and St. John’s Point 55.

Killyleagh 103.

Knockagh 156.

Knockmany 449.

Lagan 14.

Lagan Valley 219.

“Lands and Seas of the World in
Past Times’’ 422.

Langford Lodge 220.

Lepper, R. 8.. Respice, Prospice! 455.

“Life of the Bee’’ 428.

“Life Story of a Fish’’ 239.

Lisburn 107.

“Lisburn Past and Present’’ 121,

Lissanoure 225.

Lists of Members 33, 81, 131, 199, 270,
559, 506.

Lists of Officers 3, 42, 45, 90, 93, 141,
208, 211, 283, 287, 529, 377, 409,
443.

Londonderry 448.

Lough Fea 414.

Lough Money Cromleac 153.

Lough Neagh 411.

Loughinisland 292.

Lower Lough Erne 413.

Lowry, D. E., ‘‘“Mexican Pyramids and
Ancient Architecture” 23.

Magilligan 379.

Magheramorne 223.

Medalists 352, 405, 439, 499.

Megaw, W. R.. ‘“‘In the Heart of the
Country”? 227, ‘‘Popular Study of
Mosses’’ 112, ‘‘The Club’s Activi-
ties : Botany’? 177.

Mercer, Prof. S. P., ‘‘Modern Seed
Testing’’ 482.
“Mexican Pyramids

Architecture’ 23.

Milligan, A., ‘Adaptation to Environ-
ment of Deep Sea Life’’ 25.

‘“Modern Seed Testing’’ 482.

Monlough 155, 291.

““Moon, The’’ 486.

“Moths, Butterflies and’’ 391.

Mount Sandal 451.

Mountstewart 415.

Moy 447.

Muckamore 11.

Murlough Bay 289, 333.

and Ancient

Nendrum 224, 294.

Newtownards 102.

Nodder, C. R., ‘‘Soap Bubbles and
Related Topics’’ 485.

James, “‘A Walk
Garden’’ 388.
“Our Local Roses’’ 69.

Book :

Orr, round my

‘‘Pastor’s Account
The” 116.
“Photography as an Aid to Nature

Study’? 175.
“Place Names of Strangford Lough
Area’’ 66.
“Plant
3590.
“Popular Study of Mosses’’ 112.
Portavogie 415.
Portmore 416,

1768-1780,

Parasites and Saprophytes’’

{[Proc. B.N.F.C.

526

Port Muck 105.

Praeger, R. Lloyd, ‘‘Early Days in the
B.N.F. C. ATS: ‘Hunting Semper-
vivums”’ 479, ‘‘Some Aspects of
Plant Life’’ 63.

Purdysburn Glen 295.

Rademon Demesne 446.

“Radio-activity in
Geology”’ 183.

Raholp Church 153.

Ram’s [sland 220.

“Rats : Their Habits and Economics’
ial.

Raughlan IB.

“Recently Discovered Prehistoric Site
in Go, Antrim” 242.

Redhall Glen 385.

Reilly, G. C.,
World”’ 67.

Reports :—Annual 5, 47, 95, 143, 213,
257, 317, 343, 394, 429, 488. Arch-
wological Section 400, 425, 495.
Associate Section 8. 30tanical
Section 346, 399, 433, 493. Dele-
gate to British Association 97. 167,
958. 324. 349, 403, 428. Floral
Supplement 97. Geological Section
347, 399, 434. dhumior Section 7,
146. 216. 319, 346. 400, 436, 496.
Librarian 7, 49, 98, 146, 215, 319,
346, 397. 431, 491. Recording
Secretary 398, 432, 491. Route
Naturalists’ Field Club 525. State-
ment of Accounts 9, 50, 99, 148,

Relation

)

918, 321, 348, 403, 437. 498. Zoo-
logical Section 400, 435, 495.
Res pice, Prosgice ! 455.
“River Lagan from Source to Sea’’ 392.
“Romance of the Wild-Flower, The’
“Romans in Britain, The’’ 302.
“Roman Wall, Things seen at the’’

389.
Rules 27, 74, 124, 191, 262, 355, 502.

peated 10.
Sallagh Braes 380.
“Salt Industries of the World’’ 67.
“Saprophytes, Plant Parasites and’’
390

Sayers, Miss W. J., ‘‘Things seen at
the Roman Wall’ 389.

‘Sea Birds’ 117.

Seaforde 292.

Silent Valley 334.

Skillen, J., ‘‘The Club’s Activities :
Archeology” 177, ‘‘The Romans in
Britain: Hadrian’s Wall’’ 302.

| Stendall, J.

“Salt Industries of the |

Valley of the Roe 448.

~Slemish and District 290.

Sheve Croob 445.

Small, Prof. James, ‘‘A Botanical Run
round Ulster’’ 424.

“Soap Bubbles and Related Topics’
485,

‘Some Aspects of Plant Life’’ 63.

r “Some Common Objects of the Sea-
,

shore’’ 303.
“Some Recent Club Excursions’’ 256.
“Spiderland’’ 181.
St. John’s Chapel 56.
St. John’s Point, Killough and 55.
A. §., ‘Bygone Punish-
ments’’ 64, “In Nature’s Haunts”’

394, ‘“‘Rats: Their Habits and
Economics’’ 111, ‘‘Spiderland’’
181, ‘‘The Club and Its Future’’
299, ‘‘The Flight of Animals’’
337.

Steven, George, ‘Fishery Problems,

Lough Neagh and County Down
Coast’? 424,
Strangford Lough 343, 386.
“Strangford Lough Survey” 18.
Struell Wells 417.

Templepatrick 331.

The Bush 411.

“Things seen at the Roman Wall’’ 389.
Tollymore Park 411.

Toomebridge 332.

Waddell, Rev. C. H., ‘Ecology of the
Lower Plants, The’’ 62.

“Walk round my Garden, A’’ 388.

‘‘Warfare of Animals, The’’ 22.

“Was Darwin Right ?’’ 481.

Welch, R. J., ‘‘Early Christian Anti-
quities in Ireland’’ 425, ‘‘Gardens
of Ireland’? 488, ‘‘Geology of
Ulster’’ 316, ‘‘Zoology and Botany
of Heraldic Charges’’ 240.

Whitepark Bay 535,

Wilson, Prof. Gregg, ‘‘ Frogs and
Their Relatives’” 114, “Life Story
of a Fish’’ 239.

Yapp, Prof. R. H., ‘‘Fenland of East
Anglia, The’’ 21.

“Zoology”? 169.
“Zoology and Botany

Charges’’ 240.
“Zoology “of Ethnography” 542,
“Zoo Studies’ 390,

Heraldic

of

1927-28.]
527

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Frontispiece. Presidents 1918-28.
Page 93. he late Sylvanus Wear.

245. Flints from recently-discovered prehistoric site in Co,
Antrim (Plates 1 and 2).

461. Indurated Lias bed at Portrush (Plate 1) ;

»» 471. Castles at Newtownstewart, Co. Tyrone (Plate Il): (1)
Henry Avery O’Neill’s Castle. (2) Stewart Castle.

474. Legananny Dolmen (Plate III).

477. Mausoleum at Castle Upton, Templepatrick (Plate LV).

MUSEUM

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