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THE
GARDENERS
MONTHLY VOLUME.
THE APPLE;
ITS CULTURE, USES, AND HISTORY.
BY GEORGE W. JOHNSON,
Author of ‘* The Dictionary of Modern Gardening,’’ ‘* Gardener’s
anack,’? &c.; and
R. ERRINGTON,
Gardener to Sir Philip Egerton, Bart.
‘;
. LONDON: aot
SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, & CO., PATERNOSTER ROW.
WINCHESTER:
H. WOOLDRIDGE, HIGH-STREET.
ro)
Wo
ST
WINCHESTER: |
THE, APPLE.
HISTORY.
Ir popular language and the earliest products of the
pictorial art were admissible authorities, the apple
would be the earliest fruit of which we have any re-
cord, for they represent it as the cause of our first
parents’ fall. There is no foundation for such tradi-
tion, however ; and as the Garden of Eden was pro-
bably in some hot latitude, “the fruit of the tree
which was in the midst of the garden’’ reasonably
may be concluded to have been some species not
native of our European climate. It is quite true
that, in our translation of the old Testament, both
Solomon and the prophet Joel are represented as
alluding to the apple-tree and its fruit, but it is more
than doubtful whether that translation is correct.
Dr. Parkhurst and other distinguished Hebraists
consider that the tappuach of the Jewish Scriptures
is the citron, and not the apple; and the terse epi-
thets the sacred writers give to it are certainly. most
applicable to the former. It was a common object of
cultivation, “a tree of the field” (Joel i. 12), which,
8B
2
in Palestine, the citron is, but the apple is not. It
is a noble tree, lofty and evergreen, such as the poet |
might justly take as an emblem of a bridegroom.
(Canticles 1. 3.) But not so the apple-tree, which
is there of ill-growth and unproductive, or, to use
the language of Dr. Russell, an eye-witness, it is
“very bad.’ (Natural History of Aleppo, 21.)
Moreover, the fruit of the citron is juicy, refresh-
ing, and fragrant (Cant. il. 5, vu. 8), and of a golden
colour, as described in Proverbs xxy. 11. Then,
again, the frequency of the citron, and its habit of
growth and dense evergreen foliage, render it a more
fitting shelter than that afforded by the apple-tree.
(Cant. viii. 5.)
The mention made of the apple in the holy writings
being so apparently erroneous, we are justified in
considering that Homer affords us the first certain
notice of the apple; but he merely mentions it as a
tenant, together with other fruit-trees, of the Garden
of Alcinous. :
Descending to the time of the Romans, we find the
apple, and several varieties of it, noticed by their
earliest writers on the culture of the soil. Cato, who
wrote more than a century and a half before the
Christian era, describes three varieties of the apple;
one of which, the Quirinian, we may conclude derived
its name from its first propagator. It would occupy
more space than we can permit were we-to even
i.
merely glance over the directions given by Cato,
Varro, Columella, and Palladius, for grafting and
other portions of its cultivation. Much of their
directions is very erroneous, but other parts of it are
very correct, and may be adopted with advantage.
It is not until we come to the time of Pliny that we
find much relative to the biography of the apple,
and then we obtain from his ‘‘ Natural History”’
many statements that are highly interesting.
“‘ There are many apple-trees,’’ says Pliny, “ in
the villages near Rome that let for the yearly sum of
2000 sesterses,’ which is equal to £12 10s. of our
money ; “ and some of them yield more profit to the
owner than a small farm.” ‘ There are apples,”
he continues, ‘‘ that have ennobled the countries
from whence they came; and many apples have im-
mortalized their first founders and inventors. Our
best apples will honour the first grafters for ever ;
such as took their names from Martius, Cestius,
Manlius, and Claudius.’ This author particularizes
the quince apples, that came from a quince grafted
upon an apple-stock, which, he says, smell like the
quince, and were called Appiana, after Appius, who
was of the Claudian house, and who was the first
that practised this grafting. ‘‘ Some apples,” says
he, “‘ are so red that they resemble blood, whichis
caused by their being at first grafted upon a mulberry
stock.’ But of all the apples he mentions, Pliny
B 2
~
says the one which took its name from Petisius, who
reared it in his time, was the most excellent for eat-
ing, both on account of its sweetness and agreeable
flavour. He mentions nine-and-twenty kinds of
apples as being cultivated in Italy at about the com-
mencement of the Christian era.
The practice of propagating the apple from seed is
recommended by all the Roman-writers we have men-
tioned, and was continued to be advocated by other
Geoponic writers of the western empire in the frag-
ments of their works which have escaped tous. A
practice thus advocated to be adopted in the culture
of a hardy and favourite fruit readily accounts for the
vast number of varieties of the apple that have arisen.
No fruit-tree excels the apple in aptitude to give
birth to seedling varieties; and when we find that
these have continued to be raised in most parts of
Europe for some two thousand years, it is no wonder
that the number of recognized varieties amounts to
more than 1400. It is certain, however, that the
most ancient varieties mentioned in the above quota-
tions long sinee have been cbliterated. Even Pliny
notices the decay of apple-trees in his time, and ob-
serves that the apple-tree becomes old sooner than
any other, and that with old age the fruit becomes
less, and is subject to be cankered and worm-eaten
even while on the tree. (Book 16, c. 27.)
We quite agree with Mr. Knight, Dr. Martyn, and
=
other vegetable physiologists, in thinking that no kind
of apple now cultivated appears to have existed more
than two hundred years; and this term does not at
all exceed the duration of a healthy tree, or of an
orchard when grafted on crab-stocks, and planted in
a strong tenacious soil. From the description Par-
kinson, who wrote in 1629, has given of the apples
cultivated in his time, it is evident that those now
known by the same names are different, and probably
new varieties ; and though many of those mentioned —
by Evelyn, who wrote between thirty and forty years
later, still remain, they appear no longer to deserve
the attention of the planter. The Moil, and its suc-
cessful rival the Redstreak, with the Musts and Gol-
den Pippin, are in the last stage of decay, and the
Stire and Foxwhelp are hastening rapidly after them.
(Knight on the Apple, 6.)
Except by some overwhelming convulsion—such as
the Deluge—we believe that no species ever becomes
extinct, but it is quite otherwise with varieties and
hybrids. These, like all other devices of man, have
their limited period of existence, beyond which by no
ingenuity can it be protracted. Some authorities
assert that graftmg is a mode of thus protracting
vegetable life, but from these we totally differ. It is
happily quite true that grafting upon a young and
vigorous stock imparts to the scion a supply of sap of
which the parent stem is incapable, yet this failure is
6
only premonitory of the departure of power which |
will, after a transient increase of strength, occur to
its removed member. Every subsequent scion, how-
ever frequently, and whilst in apparent health, re-
moved to another youthful stock, will be found to
have a period of renewed vigour and productiveness
of shorter duration than its predecessor. The Golden
Pippin is occasionally quoted as a contrary proof :
but this example has no such weight; for, supposing
that this fruit yet exists, still it has not passed the
age beyond which the period of unproductiveness and
death in the apple-tree may be delayed by grafting ;
for we have no mention of this fruit that at all justi-
fies the conclusion, that the Golden Pippin existed
much more than three centuries ago. A Pearmain
apple is mentioned in records as old as King John
(a.p. 1205); but the Pippm is not noticed by any
authority earlier than the reign of Henry VIII.
(1509). Lambard mentions than Tenham, in Kent,
famous for its cherry-gardens and apple-orchards, was
the place where Richard Harris, or Haines, that
king’s fruiterer, first planted cherries, Pippins, and
the Golden Renate. |
Supposing, then, that the Golden Pippin of our
days is a genuine portion of the Tenham trees, handed
down to us by successive graitings, yet still, though
in extreme decrepitude, it has not exceeded the age
assigned by naturalists as that beyond which the life
7
of the apple does not extend. But then another
question will arise, supposing our Golden Pippin does
not appear to survive the allotted period. Who will
undertake to demonstrate that the Golden Pippin of
Tenham still exists? It is quite certain that a majo-
rity of the apples for which the title of Golden Pip-
pin is claimed have no pretensions to the distinction,
and more than one old person with whom it was once
a favourite fruit now declare that it is no longer ob-
tainable. Be this as it may, even if the tree in ques-
tion has not already departed, yet even those who
maintain that it is still to be found lingering in our
fruit gardens, acknowledge that it is in the last stage
of decrepitude and decay : it is following the univer-
sal law of nature; no organized creature shall endure
through all time. Grafting may postpone the arrival
of death, as the transfusion of blood will revive for a
while the sinking animal, but the postponement can-
not be for a time indefinite: the day must come in
both the animal and the scion, when its vessels shall
be without the energy to propel or assimilate the vital
fluid, though afforded to it from the most youthfnl
and most vigorous source.
The history of the apple in Britain is traceable to
the earliest period of which we have any written re-—
cord. We are even fully warranted in believing that
this fruit was known and cultivated by the Britons
before the arrival of the Romans upon our shores,
8
for in the Welch, Cornish, Armorican, and Irish lan-.
guages and dialects, it is denomimated the Avall or
Aball. The fruit therefore had a native name, from
which our present name apple is evidently corrupted,
and the Heedui, inhabitants of the modern Somerset-
shire, appear especially to have cultivated this fruit.
Their chief town even derived its name form the cir-
cumstance of its being surrounded by plantations of
the apple, for it was known as Avallonia (Apple
Orchard) when first visited by the Romans. Glas-
tonbury stands upon its ancient site. (Richard’s
Chron. 19.) The cultivation of the apple was not
confined to our south-western districts, for another
town named after it, Avallana, was in the north of
England, and in the course of the third century we
have decisive testimony that the Roman settlers had
introduced fresh varieties of this fruit, and that its
cultivation had become so extended that large apple
orchards had been made as far north as the Shetland
Islands. (Solinus, cap. xxu.) Traces of ancient
orchards are still existing in those high northern loca-
lities, and one in the Hebrides, belonging to the Mon-
astery of St. Columb, is described by Dr. Walker as
having existed there, probably, from the 6th century.
(Essays, u. 5.) Others are mentioned by Camden
and Leland. It is quite certain that in the middle
ages the apple had become one of our staple vegetable
products, for whenever the chroniclers speak of times
Fa
z
of dearth, apples are almost always mentioned as arti-
cles causing distress by their scarcity ; and in the Re-
membrance Office a M.S. exists im Henry the 7th’s
(1485—1509) own handwriting, in which he records
that on one occasion apples were from one to two shil-
lings each, a red one fetching the highest price.
We have now arrived at the era when our agricul-
tural and horticultural literature commences, and we
find that Fitzherbert, in his ‘“* Book of Husbandry,”
published in 1598, has many, and, in most instances,
good directions for the culture of the apple. They
are, unlike the works of his contemporaries and im-
mediate successors, the evident result of experience,
and not mere translations from the classic Geoponic
writers. Thus, on grafting the apple, he says,
** Graft that which is got of an old apple-tree first,
for that will bud before the graft got on a young
apple-tree late grafted in. For all manner of apples
a crab-tree stock is good, but the apple-tree stock is
much better.”
The varieties of the apple had now largely in-
creased, for Dodoens, writing in 1583, says they were
so numerous “ that it is not possible, neither neces-
sary, to number all the kinds.”
Gerard, writing of this fruit in his ‘ Herball,”’
during 1597, also speaks of the infinite varieties of
the apple, but seems to attribute the variation much
** to the soil and climate.”” ‘* Kent,” he goes on to
10
say, *‘ doth abound in apples of most sorts. But I
have seen in the pastures and hedge-rows about the
grounds of a worshipful gentleman dwelling two miles
from Hereford, called Mr. Roger Bodnome, so many
trees of all sorts, that the servants for the most part
drink no other drink but that which is made of the
apples. The quantity is such that the parson hath
for tithe many hogsheads of syder. The hogs are
fed with the fallings, which are so many that they
will not taste of any but the best.” Though the va-
rieties were so numerous, Gerard gives drawings of
but six, which we may presume were the most in
favour, and were the Pome-water, Baker’s-ditch, King
Apple, Queening or Queen Apple, Summer Pearmain,
and Winter Pearmain. Heresbach, who wrote a little
earlier (1570), says the ‘‘ cheefe in price’ were the
Pippin, the Romet, the Pome-royal, and the Marli-
gold.
Sir T. Haumer, writing about the year 1660, says
the principle apples were “ Summer Pepin, Holland
Pepin, Russet Pepin, Kentish Pepin, the best sup-
posed in England, Russeting, Gilliflower, Muscadine
Queen, John Apple, King Apple, Golden Reinette,
the Royal, Hollow-crowned, and Common Pearmains,
Old Wife, Nonesuch, Figg Apple; all these are sold
at 8d. the tree, except the Figg Apple, which is 5s.”
(Gard. Chron. 1843, 841.) —
We have already noticed the Golden Pippin and its
1]
probable age, and we mention it again to observe that
it is said to be a native of Sussex, and to have been
first reared at Barham Park, situated on the north
side of the South Downs. The Dutch acknowledged
it to be an English apple in their catalogue of fruits,
where it is called the “‘ Engelsche goud Pepping.”
The French call it ‘ Pippin d’Or,” which is a trans-
lation of the English name. Worlidge notices the
Golden Pippin, and says, “it is smaller than the
Orange-apple, else much like it in colour, taste, and
long-keeping.”” Evelyn observes, in his Diary, 22nd
October, 1685, that ‘‘ at Lord Clarendon’s seat at
Swallowfield, Berks, there is an orchard of 1000
Golden and other cider Pippins.”” Catherine, Em-
press of Russia, was so fond of this apple, that she
was regularly supplied with it from England; and in
order that she might have it in the greatest perfec-
tion, e2ch apple was separately enveloped in silver
paper before it was packed. (Phillips’ History of
Fruits, 34.)
We have already noticed the early existence of
apple orchards in the south-west of England, and we
must not close this section without some further re-
marks upon that great cider district. Evelyn says
that Herefordshire alone, in his time, was known to
produce annually 50,000 hogsheads of cider, and,
proceeding to remark on some of the apples employed
in its manufacture, states that the Redstreak was a
12
pure wilding, and within the memory of some then
(1676) living was named the Seudamore’s Crab, and
not much known save in the neighbourhood. It is
to the perseverance of Lord Scudamore, thus com-
memorated, that the orchards in that district are in-
debted for some of their best varieties. He was our
ambassador to the court of France during the reiga
of Charles 1., and he lost no opportunity of collecting
scions of the best apples he heard of on the continent,
and transmitting them to his west-country estates.
Since then, Mr. Knight and many others have
laboured most assiduously for the improvement of
our cider fruits, but with comparatively little benefit.
It is in vain that efforts are made te improve the
varieties of our apples if the orchardist does not take
commensurate pains to cultivate them carefully. We
fear that that, too generally, is not the ease, but that
the following sketch of west-country orcharding is far
too near toaccuracy. It is from the pen of one of the
best practical gardeners of the day, and we hope the
satire may induce amendment rather than indignation
at the exposure.
“<The trees are planted, to a large extent, apparently
without considering what sort of soil or situation is
best, and without making any previous preparation ;
a situation is chosen, a pit 1s dug with a curious
clumsy bit of iron, having a large socket-hole at one
end of it, in which is driven a large strong pole, which
og
answers for a handle; it is worked with both hands
over one knee ; the depth that the roots are buried
does not seem to be of any moment, provided the
trees are firmly fixed, so as to prevent the wind from
driving them down. I have never observed any
pruning performed, except such as is done by bul-
locks, horses, donkeys, &c.; and as I have not observed
any ‘‘ horse-ladders’’ here in use, of course the pruning
is not very effectively performed about the top part of
the very lofty trees. The only digging or stirring the
surface of the ground among the trees that I have
observed is done by pigs, which are occasionally
allowed to rove in some orchards at certain seasons of
the year, with the rings taken from their snouts. In
a moist season these intelligent animals occasionally
turn up the ground in a tolerably regularly manner ;
and where this is the case the good effects of their
industry are obvious. However, it is only on rare
occasions that they are allowed to perform this sur-
face operation. The animals that do the pruning are
the principal business-performing creatures, as, in
addition to that operation, they tread down the under
crop of grass, weeds, and other rubbish, take the fruit
to the cider-mill, and the cider to the consumer ; '
besides, on rare occurrences, a little manure is con-
veyed by them, and placed over the roots, close to the
trunks of the trees ; it is sometimes, although rarely,
placed atthe great distance of three or four feet from
14
the trunk. Bipeds, notwithstanding, perform some of
the most interesting and essential parts, such as
planting, collecting the fruit, consuming it in part,
and assisting in making the cider; together with
shooting at the trees annually on Old Twelfth-night.
Let it rain, hail, blow, or snow, this very essential
and interesting ceremony is always commenced at 12
o’clock at night, a tremendous fire being kept up for
several hours afterwards. They repeat or sing the fol-
lowing interesting song, with all the might which their
lungs will permit. The juice of the fruit is generally
made use of for many hours, pretty freely, previously
to this interesting ceremony, so that a perfect ripeness
of address and expertness in gunnery is the result.
Guns and firelocks long laid by are on this remark-
able occasion brought forward. The following is what
I have heard sung on these occasions, although much
more is added in some localities :—
‘¢ Here’s to thee, old apple-tree,
Whence thou mayest bud, and whence thou mayest blow ;
And whence thou mayest bear apples enow ;
Hats full, caps full!
Bushel, bushel-sacks full !
And my pockets full too!
If thee does not bear either apples or corn,
We'll down with thy top, and up with thy horn.”’
(Herve the natives shoot at the tree.)
Not being acquainted with the custom here on the
15
first Old Twelfth-night, I must acknowledge that I
was somewhat alarmed at such a continual loud and
rattling report of fire-arms in every direction, living
as I did in a rather retired spot, away from any other
residence. It was a cold, gloomy, dark, and still
night, and being suddenly awoke by the loud reports
of fire-arms, I could not guess the meaning of it at
that untimely hour. I imagined at first that it was
an afiray with gamekeepers and poachers, or with
smugglers and blockade-men; and, suddenly hearing
a shrill vacant kind of hallo in a plantation close by,
I fancied at first that it was some poor fellow who had
been wounded in the affray: on getting up, however,
I found that it was a couple of owls answering each
other; they were as happy as could be, and the firing,
1 soon found, was in no particular spot, but went pop,
bang, east and west, north and south. On making
an early inquiry next morning, I was informed that it
was the yearly custom. The apple-trees, with few
exceptions, are entirely left to nature, consequently
they are entirely covered from top to bottom with
long moss and lichens ; the wood and branches are as
thick as those of a weeping-willow ; the fruit is gene-
rally very small and corey. ‘The varieties are not
numerous: they seem all in this locality to cultivate
the same kinds. I have sometimes thought other
- good sorts could be beneficially cultivated—some of
the large, free-bearing, juicy varieties, such as the
16
Hawthornden, Keswich Codling, Kentish Beauty,
Kentish Fill-basket, &e. When I make mention of
those sorts, and a number of others, 1 am always in-
formed that they will not answer hereabouts, although
T have never met with one person that has ever at-
tempted, or that had ever heard of any one else at-
tempting to introduce them! I should be rather
inclined to think that those large juicy kinds, cultivated
for mixing with the little Bitter-sweets, would not be
amiss, although I dare say, under the present system
of cultivation, they would not be produced very large
or juicy. The leaves of the trees show great poverty;
they are small, thin, and are not much larger than
damson leaves; they turn yellow, and fall off in some
localities long before the fruit has arrived at perfec-
tion; and the abundance of long moss and lichen, in
my opinion, to a certain extent indicates poverty.
‘7 will here attempt to describe three different
orchards, under the management of three different
persons. The first is an orchard of above 12 acres
in size; the owner never digs, manures, or prunes
himself, but leaves those operations to be performed »
by his cattle; he does not allow pigs to run in-his
orchard, therefore he has no digging done; and the
consequence is, that he does not get a tree to bear
fruit once in seven years. He lately informed me
that he should not have apples enough this autumn to
make four hogsheads of cider; that the seasons were
17
now so unfavourable he could get no apples, and
were it not for the grazing for his cattle underneath
the trees, he should have no return, which was now
become avery poor one. I asked him why he did
not manure the trees. Inreply, he observed, that they
haye all that the cattle make among them; he did not
mow, or carry anything away from them. The se-
cond is a small orchard about one acre in extent, the
owner of which manures about his trees every season ;
here, however, there is no digging done. The trees
are healthy, they grow and make wood, and produce
large thick and dark-green leaves and strong buds ;
they are not so thickly covered with moss and lichen,
and rarely fail to bring forth a heavy crop of good
fruit. This person’s cider is much sought after, being
good, and ef course of more value. He makes a larger
quantity of cider than the person mentioned above
with his 12 acres. The last is a small orchard held
by another individual, who keeps no other cattle besides
pigs, which are allowed to rove at freedom about the
orchard, and as the rings are taken out of their snouts
in autumn, when the ground is nicely softened by the
rains, and the worms are working near the surface,
those worthy animals rout and turn up the surface
in a tolerably regular way. From the digging and
manuring by the pigs, and from what the holder can
muster, this is the best bearing, healthy, orchard in
the district. It produces the best cider and the least
Cc
18
moss and lichen. This shews how beneficial a little
surface-stirring,: with the addition of a little manure;
is. A considerable quantity of cider made and con-
sumed hereabouts is very poor; the visages of the men
who are in the constant habit of drinking it are sallow
and wrinkled.” (Gard. Chron. 1844, 636.)
The criticism, of course, falls harmless upon some
orchardists, whose practice offers a striking contrast to
that of their more ignorant and careless neighbours ;
and to these we would add this warning, that, beyond
all doubt, their ill-cultivation occasions the early de-
crepitude of good varieties, and the frequent occurrence
of failing crops, far more than any ungenial vicissitudes
of our climate, or any other natural causes.
BOTANICAL CHARACTERS.
Pyrus MAuUs, the apple, belongs to the Icosandria
Pentagynia class and order of Linnzeus, and to the
Rosaceee of the natural system. The generic charac-
ters are, Petals flat and spreading ; Styles five, some-
what united at the base; Pome usually globose and
depressed, always umbilicate at the base; Footstalks
_ simple, umbellate ; Leaves simple, glandless.
The specific characters are, Leaves ovate or elliptic,
acute, serrated, clothed beneath with white down, as
well as on the calyxes, petioles, and footstalks ;
Flowers corymbose ; Styles glabrous.
19
It is found wild in every part of the British isles
and in most parts of Kurope. In its cultivated
forms, the leaves become larger, more downy, and
thicker; the tree larger and more robust; and the
fruit finer both in size, flavour, and beauty.
The first fruitful age of the wild apple or crab is
usually from eight to ten years, but the periods which
seedling apple-trees require to attain sufficient matu-
rity to produce fruit appear to admit of much more
variation. Some do not produce blossoms till they
are sixteen years old; others have blossomed in the
ninth and tenth year; and a few have been known to
produce fruit at only five years old. These are very
extraordinary- instances of early maturity; Mr.
Knight having two only thus precocious in more than
twenty thousand seedling trees that came under his
_ observation. (Knight on the Apple, 14.)
The apple-tree has many things in common with
the pear-tree, but the leaf is more shortly mucronate,
less manifestly serrate, and subhirsute underneath.
The flowers tinged with red, and smelling very sweet.
The peduncle shorter. The stamens usually from 19
to 25 (in the pear 22: Pollich assigns 19 as the
limit in the apple, 21 in the pear). The fruit round,
hollowed at the peduncle, depressed at top, less as-
tringent but more acid than the pear, and of a softer
texture. The apple has wood threads passing through
it from the peduncle, ten of which are regularly dis-
20
posed round the capsules, and tend to the calyx. It
is said that the fruit rots when these are broken.
The pear also has them, but they are not so distinct
on account of the caleulary or stony congeries. In
the apple they are placed very regularly, one at the
point of each cell of the capsule, and one in the mid-
dle between the other five. They are very apparent
on a transverse section of the fruit. The cells are
differently shaped in the two fruits: in the apple
they are narrow and pointed at both ends; in the
pear they are obvate, broad exteriorly, and drawing
to a point at the end next the centre of the fruit.
The pear, however it may vary in shape, size, colour,
taste, &c., by cultivation, is generally convex and
lengthened out at the base; whereas in the apple it
is always concave there. Besides this, the leaves of
the apple are commonly wider in proportion to their
length, of a yellower green above, and whitish under-
neath ; whereas in the pear they are dark green
above, and quite smooth on both sides: their vascular
system is very different, being very loose in the apple,
and. very close in the pear; hence the leaves of the
latter are much stouter and more permanent. Lastly,
the growth of these trees is quite different; the pear
being lofty and upright, the apple low and spreading.
(Martyn’s Miller's Dict.)
Zi
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION.
M. PayeNnsTECHER observes that the fruit of neither .
pears nor apples assume a blue colour when treated
with iodine, shewing that they do not contain
starch. It is obvious, from the black colour struck
when they are cut with a knife, that they contain |
also tannin, or gallic acid, or both. They contain
likewise pectic acid and malate of potash. The fer-
mented juice of apples is called cider. It is specifi-
cally heavier than water, assumes a brown colour
when concentrated by evaporation, and deposits a
blackish-brown powder, and leaves a thick brown
syrup. Cider contains alcohol, incrystallizable sugar,
gum, extractive, malic acid, bimalate of potash, ma-
late of lime, a trace of phosphate of lime, and of sul-
phates and muriates. (Thomson's Vegetable Chem.
892.)
Mr. Solly has made some slight examinations of
several varieties of the apple, the results of which
appear in the following table. The column exhibit-
ing the quantity of organic matter in each may be
considered, probably, as a true statement of their re-
lative nutritive qualities. In which case the Golden
Harvey is the most nutritious, and the Court of Wick
the least so.
22
} = a = = +
§ | BS) 28 ese
SMR eedee
P| OR) ea eee
Apple .. ‘ blossoms} 8424 | 1478 | 98 627
Dutch Mignonne, small
unripe 8972 978 50 | 487
Do. .. fripe| 8559 | 1420 |] 21 151
Court of ‘Wick, small
unripe| 8839 | 1114 | 47 All
Do. <4 ~— Tipe] 8525 | 1438 37 252
Nonpareil -» Yripe| 8012 | 1963 | 27 140
Ribston Pippin .. ripe| 7905 | 2051 | 44 214
Golden Pippin, seedling) 8024 | 1929 | 47 241
Wellington .. Tipe! 8376 | 1595 | 29 184
Blenheim Pippin ripe} 8486 | 1491 |} 23 157
Golden Harvey... ripe) 7825 | 2140 | 35 162
Golden Reinette —ripe| 8399 | 1578 | 23 146
Canada Reinette _ ripe) 8489 | 1481] 30 198
(Trans. Hort. Soc. ii. 62, N.S.)
The ashes of the wood of the apple-tree have been
analysed by MM. Fresenius and Will, and they found
them to be thus constituted :—
Potash ; ‘ : ‘ - 13.67
Ale ele le
Soda . a eer
Chloride of sodium (common salt) bi peie
Lime : : : . - 45.19
Magnesia . : j -. o.a0
Phosphate of iron : me
Silica . : : : . 0293
Sulphuric aicidd, : , - 0.66
Phosphoric acid . ; it eo
Carbonic acid Cast 78 : . 24.18
Carbon and sand . : : . gas
Loss . : : : : - 2.74
23
The acids were, of course, combined with the potash,
soda, lime, and magnesia, in the form of sulphates,
phosphates, and carbonates.
VARIETIES.*
Aagtje Rouje Nova.—Red, conical, very large, kit-
chen ; November to January.
Achmore.—Green and red, conical, middle-sized,
table, second-rate ; December and January.
Adam, D’ (Seigeneur rouge).—Red, ribs very pro-
minent, middle-sized, cider; November to January.
Admiral Duncan, Newbold’s, see Rymer.
Adam’ s Apple.—Darkish red, oblong, middle-sized,
indifferent ; December to January.
Avent, D.
Agat Rouge.—Streaked, ovate, small, indifferent
or bad; December ; of no value.
Agathe Grise.—Palish yellow, ovate and oblong,
middle-sized, indifferent ; December.
Alban.—Greenish red, round, middle-sized, cider ;
December.
Alcester Seedling.
Alderston Pippin.—Palish yellow, ovate, small,
table, second-rate ; August.
Alexander (Emperor Alexander, Russian Emperor,
Aporta).—Streaked, conical, large, kitchen, first-rate,
September to December; moderate bearer, large and
handsome. A Russian apple.
Alfriston (Newtown Pippin of many, Lord Gwy-
dyr’s Newtown Pippin, Baltimore of some, Oldaker’s
New).—Greenish yellow, roundish, large, first-rate ;
November to April; a valuable kitchen apple.
* Authorities—Catalogue of Fruits in Hort. Soc. Garden;
Lindley’s Guide to the Orchard, &c.
24
Althorp Pippin, see Marmalade.
American Mammoth, see Gloria Mundi.
» American Peach.—Reddish yellow, roundish, mid-
dle-sized, second-rate ; September.
American Peach, see Pigeonnet.
American Pippin.—Greenish red, round, middle-
sized, kitchen; January to July ; one 2 many having
this vague name.
American Plate, see Golden Pippin.
Amerique D’, see Noir.
Ange, D’ .—Green, roundish, small, cider ; October.
Angleterre, D’, Grosse, see Reinette Wahre.
Anglaise, see Reinette Jaune Sucree.
Anis, D’, see Fenouillet Gris.
Anis-seed (Rival Golden Pippin).—Greenish yel-
low, oblate, small, table, second-rate; October to
January.
Annette Black.—Darkish red, ovate, middle-sized,
kitchen and table, second-rate; November to January.
Api Gros.—Oblate, middle-sized, kitchen, second-
rate; December to January.
Api Noir.—Darkish red, oblate, small, indifferent ;
October to April. :
Api Panache (Panachee).—Yellowish green, round-
ish, small, indifferent; October to December ; more
curious than useful. |
Api Petit (Pomme Rose, Lady Apple of the Ame-
ricans, Ktoilee).—Yellowish red, oblate, small, table,
second-rate ; October to April; fruit very beautiful,
but the tree is exceedingly subject to canker.
Aporta, see Alexander.
Arabian Apple, see Pigeon.
Arley, see Wyken Pippin.
Argentee D’ Angleterre. ©
Aromatic Pippin.
Aromatic Pippin, Edmonston’s, see Kerry Pippin.
Ashby Seedling.—Yellowish red, roundish, middle-
sized, table, second-rate ; December to January.
\
25
Ashmead’s Kernel.—Yellow, oblate, middle-sized,
table, first-rate; November to May. Raised by Dr.
Ashmead, of Ashmeads, Gloucestershire.
Ashstead Park.
Astems, D’ (Streifling d Hiver).—Green-streaked,
roundish, middle-sized, kitchen, second-rate ; Novem-
ber to March.
Astrachan Red.—Red, conical, middle-sized, table,
_ second-rate; August toSeptember. Introduced from
Sweden in 1816.
Astrachan White (Pyrus Astracanica, Pomme
d’Astrachan, Transparent de Moscovie, Glace de Ze- -
lande).—Palish yellow, conical, middle-sized, table,
first-rate; August to September; good bearer. In-
troduced from Russia; said to grow wild near Astra-
chan.
Assy, D’, Grosse.
Auguseble.
Aunts Apple.—Streaked, roundish, large, kitchen,
second-rate ; November to March.
Aurore, see Golden Reinette.
Autumn Bough, see Large Yellow Bough.
Avant Tout, see Summer Stibbert.
Baines’ s.—Streaked, oblate, middle-sized, kitchen
and table, second-rate ; November to March; Ribston
Pippin flavour, but not so rich.
Baird s Favourite.
Balderston Seedling.—Streaked, conical, second-
rate; October to November.
Baldwin (Red Baldwin, Butter’s, Woodpecker).—
Greennish red, roundish oblong, large, kitchen, first-
rate; November to April.
De Bale.
Baleborodova.—Palish yellow, ovate, large, indif-
ferent; August; of no merit in this climate.
Balgone Pippin, see Golden Pippin.
Balgowan.
26
Balmanno Pippin.—Greenish brown, roundish,
ovate, large, table, second-rate ; October to December.
Baltimore.—Large, flat, brown-coloured and russet,
middle quality. Raised by a Mr. Smith, at Balti-
more.
Baltimore (of some), see Alfriston and Gloria
Mundi.
Bamporta. Barbarin, De.
Bardin, see Fenouillet Rouge.
Barossa, see Bourassa.
Barrow Court Pippin.
Barton's Favourite.
Bascombe Mystery.
Basselanery Pippin.
Bath.—Yellow, roundish, large, kitchen, sein
rate ; November to [December
Bay, see Drap d’Or.
Bayfordbury Pippin, see Golden Pippin.
Beachamwell (Beachamwell Seedling, Motteux’s
Seeding).—Yellow, ovate, small, table, first-rate ;
December to March; an excellent table fruit. Raised
by J. Motteux, Esq., of Beachamwell, Norfolk.
Bean.
Beat’s Pippin.—Streaked, roundish, large, table ;
November to January.
Beaufin Millmount, see Norfolk Paradise.
Beaufin, Norfolk (Cat’s-head of some, Cat’s-head
Beaufin, Read’s Baker).—Darkish red, oblate, mid-
dle-sized, kitchen, first-rate; January to June; ex-
cellent for drying.
Beaufin, Suffolk.
Beaufin, White.
‘Beaufinette.—Red, oblate, large, kitchen ; Novem-
ber to February.
Beauty of Kent (Kentish Pippin of some).—
Streaked, roundish, large, kitchen, first-rate ; October
to February.
27
Beauty of Newark, Smith’ s.—Yellowish red, ovate,
middle-sized, table ; September to October.
Le Beau Rouge, see Hollandbury.
Beauty of the West.
Beauty of Wilts.—Palish green, oblate, middie-
sized ; November to December.
Beauty of Wilts, Dredge’s, see Harvey’s Pippin.
Beauty of the World.
Bec de Iievre.—Yellow, ovate, middle-sized, indif-
ferent ; October to November.
Bedfordshire Foundling (Cambridge Pippin).—
Yellow, roundish, oblong, large, kitchen, first-rate;
November to March; very handsome, large and ex-
cellent.
Belin, Pomme de, see Court Pendu Musque.
Belle Bonne.—Streaked, conical, middle-sized, kit-
chen, first-rate; November to April.
Bel Ecossais.
Belle Fille, see Reinette Grise.
Belle Fleur.—Yellowish red, roundish, small, in-
different ; November to December.
Belle Fleur, Brabant.—Yellowish red, roundish,
large, kitchen, first-rate ; November to April.
Belle Fleur, Double.—Palish yellow, ovate, middle-
sized, second-rate ; December.
Belle Fleur, Egben.—Russet, ovate, small, second-
rate; November to March.
Belle Fleur, Hollandische.-—Green and yellowish
red, oval, middle-sized, indifferent ; December.
Belle Fleur, Westlandische. —Streaked, ovate,
small, second-rate ; December.
Belle Fleur de Stoffels.—Streaked, ovate, small,
second-rate; November to December.
Belle Fleur Rouge.—Red, ovate, small, indifferent ;
December.
Belle Fleur Yellow (Belle Fleur, Belle Flower).—
Yellow, oblong, large, kitchen, second-rate ; Novem-
ber to March. :
28
Belle Fleur, Zoete.— Reddish yellow, oblong, mid-
dle-sized, second-rate ; December to January.
Belle Hervy (De J ardy) .—Green, roundish, large,
kitchen, second-rate; November to March.
Belle de Senard.
Bell’s Scarlet, see Scarlet Pearmain.
Belledge Pippin. — Yellow, ovate, middle-sized,
table, scond-rate ; November to March.
Benholm Pippin.
Ben Lomond.—Greenish yellow, oblong, large, kit-
chen ; October to December.
Eas —Greenish red, ovate, middle-sized, cider ;
November to December ; a bitter-sweet.
Benont.
Bentleber Rose. — Red, calville-shaped, middle-
sized, kitchen, indifferent ; October to December.
Benwell’s Large.—Green, roundish, large, indif-
ferent ; December.
Benzler. —Streaked, ovate, middle-sized, cider ;
December to May.
Bere Court Pippin.—Greenish red, ovate, middle-
sized, kitchen; September to October. Raised by
Dr. Breedon, at Bere Court, Berks.
Bess Pool (Best Pool).—Greenish red, oblate, mid-
die sized, kitchen, second-rate ; December to April.
Betsey.—Yellowish russet, oblate, conical, middle-
sized, table, first-rate; November to February; ten-
der juicy flesh.
Beverly Red.
Beurre a Cidre.—Yellow, ovate, small, eider; De-
cember.
Binet, De.—Cider.
Birmingham Pippin (Brummage Pippin, Grum-
mage Pippin).—Yellow russet, round, table, first-
rate; January to June. A Warwickshire apple.
Birnformiger.—Yellowish red, pear-shaped, mid-
dle-sized, table, second-rate; November to February.
29
Bishopstone Norman.—Green and yellowish red,
round, ovate, middle-sized, cider.
Bitter Sweet.—Cider.
Bitter Sweet, Siberian. — Yellow, ovate, small,
cider, first-rate; September; great bearer and excel-
lent for cider.
Bitter Sweet, White. Black.
Black American.—Darkish red, roundish, middle-
sized, table, second-rate ; November to December.
Black Bess.
Black Crab (Black Borsdorffer).—Darkish red,
roundish, small, indifferent; November to January ;
curious on account of its colour, in other respects
worthless.
Black Grove.—Greenish red, pear-shaped, middle-
sized, indifferent.
Black Pippin.
De Blane.
Blane Feuille.
Blandarine, Red.
Bland Rose.—Yellowish red, roundish, middle-
sized, table, second-rate.
De Blangy.—Yellow, ovate, small, cider ; October.
Blenheim Crab.
Blenheim Pippin (Blenheim, Blenheim Orange,
Woodstock Pippin, Northwick Pippin). —Yellow,
roundish, large, kitchen and table, first-rate ; Novem-
ber to February. Raised by a baker at Old Wood-
stock.
Blinkbonny Seedling.
Blood Royal.—Darkish red, roundish, large, kit-
chen, second-rate ; September to November.
Blumensaur.
Boatswain's Pippin, see Queen Charlotte.
De Beouf.—Green, oblate, middle-sized, kitchen ;
December to January.
Bogmiln Favourite.—Streaked, round, small, table,
second-rate; November to January.
30
Bois Panache, a.—Yellowish green, oblong, mid-
dle-sized, kitchen; October to November.
Bollaston Hill.
Bonne de Mai, see Drap d’Or.
Bonne Rouge, see Hollandbury.
Bonvier _—Streaked, ‘conical, middle-sized, table,
second-rate ; December.
Borsdorffer (Edler Winter Borsdorffer, Le Grand
Bohemian Borsdorffer, Borstorffer, Reinette Batarde,
Reinette Borsdorffer, Bursdoff, Winter Borsdorffer,
Reinette de Misnie, King, King George, Queen’s, Gar-
ret Pippin).—Yellowish red, oval, small, table, first-
rate ; November to March. A German apple, a great
favorite with Queen Charlotte, who imported it in
1761.
Borsdorffer, Black, see Black Crab.
Borsdorffer, Double.
Borsdorffer Ognoniforme.—Greenish red, oblate,
small, table, indifferent ; October to January.
Borsdorffer, Rother.
Borovitsky. — Green-streaked, roundish, middle-
sized, first-rate; August. A Russian apple, raised
in the Taurida Gardens, near St. Petersburgh, early
this century.
Bossom.—Yellow, conical, large, kitchen, second-
rate ; December to January.
Bostock Orange.
Bough, Large Yellow (Autumn Bough).—Yellow,
roundish, large, kitchen, first-rate; August.
Bough Red. Boxford.
Brainge.—Streaked,; ovate, small, cider; Novem-
ber.
Brainton, Symonds’ s. melee roundish, middle-
sized, cider.
Bransby Pippin. Brazier’ s.
Bourassa (Barossa).—Russet red, conical, ‘niddie:
sized, kitchen and table, second-rate ; October to De-
cember.
ol
Bower.
Brandy, see Golden Harvey.
Braune Mal.—Brown, oblate, large, kitchen; De-
cember to March.
Braunschweiger Milch.—Pale yellowish red, round-
ish, middle-sized, table, second-rate; August.
Brebis. —Yellow, roundish, small, table, cider,
second-rate ; August.
Breedon Pippin.—Y ellow, oblate, smail, table, first-
rate ; October to November. Raised by Dr. Breedon,
of Bere Court, Berks.
Brentford Crab, see Isleworth Crab.
Bretagne, De, see Reinette du Canada.
Brickley Seedling.—Greenish red, roundish, small,
table, first-rate ; January to April.
Bridgewater Pippin.— Y ellowrusset, calville-shaped,
large, kitchen, second-rate ; October to December.
Bringewood Pippin.—Yellow, oblate, small, table,
second-rate ; January to March. Hybrid between
Golden Harvey and Golden Pippin, raised by Mr.
Knight.
Broad End (Broading, Winter Broading).—Green,
oblate, middle-sized, kitchen, first-rate ; November to
January. A Norfolk apple.
Broad-Eyed Pippin.—Yellow, oblate, large, kit-
chen, first rate; September to December.
Brookes’ s.—Yellow russet, ovate, small, table, first-
rate ; September to January.
Broughton.—Yellowish red, roundish ovate, small,
table, first-rate ; October to December.
Brownite.—Streaked, oblate, middle-sized, indif-
ferent ; December to January.
Brown Apple of Burnt Island, see Spice Apple.
Brown Kenting.
Brown Spice, see Spice Apple.
Brummage Pippin, see Birmingham Pippin.
Bucks County (Solebury Cider).—Yellowish red,
o2
conical, large, cider; November to March; great
bearer.
Brundable.
Buchannan.—Palish yellow, oblong, middle-sized,
kitchen, second-rate ; September to November.
Buchannan’s Long Keeper. —Yellowish green,
round, middle-sized, second-rate ; January to April.
Buckland, Devonshire (Lily Buckland, White Lily,
Dredge’s White Lily).—Palish yellow, oblate, middle-
sized, kitchen, first-rate; December to March; good
bearer.
Buckland, Yellow.—Yellow, oblate, middle-sized,
kitchen, indifferent ; December to March.
Buffcoat.—Yellow russet, roundish, cider.
Buissier.—Cider.
Bullock's Pippin, see Sheep’s Nose.
Burchan Minna. Burgin.
Burns's Seedling. Yellowish red, roundish, large,
kitchen, first-rate ; October to January.
Burnt Island Pippin, see Spice Apple
Burr Knot (Burr Apple).—Yellow, roundish, large,
kitchen, first-rate ; October to January ; strikes easily
from cuttings. (See Oslin.)
Busham.——Xellowish green, roundish, middle-sized,
kitchen, second-rate ; December to March.
Byre End. —Palish yellow, roundish, large, kitchen,
second-rate ; December.
Byson Wood (Byson Wood Russet). —Russet,
roundish, small, table, first-rate ; December to Febru-
ary.
"Caldwell, see Rymer.
Cadbury.—Yellow, conical, small, cider.
Calabria Pippin. _ Calander.
Calville, Autumn. |
Calville Blanche d’Ete (White Calville). —Palish
yellow, calville shaped, middle-sized, kitchen, second-
rate; August to September.
33.
Calville Blanche d’ Hiver (Rambour a Cotes Gros
of some).—Palish yellow, calville-shaped, large, kit-
chen and table, first-rate ; January to April.
Caiville d’ Angleterre, see Winter Queening.
Calville Bosc.
Calville Imperiale.
Calville Kops.
Calville, Large White.
Calville Malingre. —Red, calville-shaped, large,
kitchen, first-rate; January to April; great bearer,
and keeps well.
Calville Normande (Malingre d’ Angleterre).—Red,
calville-shaped, large, kitchen, second-rate; January
to March.
——— Calville Pippin.
Calville Red (of some), see Pomme Violette.
Calville Rouge d Anjou d’ Hiver.
Calville Rouge d Automne.—Red, calville-shaped,
large, kitchen, indifferent ; October to November.
Calville Rouge d Ete (Calville d Ete, Madeleine).—
Red, calville-shaped, middle-sized, kitchen, second-
rate; July to August.
Calville Rouge d@ Hiver (Calville Rouge Couronnee,
Red Calville).—Red, calville-shaped, middle-sized,
kitchen, indifferent ; November to December.
Calville Rouge de Micond.—Red, oblate, small,
kitchen and-table, second-rate ; July to November ;
bears occasionally two crops a year. Originally from
the Baroness Micond, raised at La Charite sur Loire.
Calville Rouge de Pentecote.—Red, calville-shaped,
large, kitchen, second-rate; January to April.
Calville Rouge Precoce.—Red, calville-shaped, small,
kitchen, indifferent ; August.
Calville Royale. |
Calville, White, see Calville Blanche d’ Ete.
Cambridge Pippin, see Bedfordshire Foundling.
Cambusnethan Pippin (Winter Red Streak, Watch
D
34
Apple).—Yellowish red, oblate, middle-sized, table,
first-rate ; October to January.
Cambridge Hive.
Cam House.
Campagne Doux.—Russet, roundish, small, table,
second quality ; October to January.
Campfield. — Yellowish red, oblate, middle-sized,
cider ; December to January.
Canadian Pippin. Canu.
Carel’s Seedling, see Pinner Seedling.
Carle, Pomme, see Male Carle. |
Capucine de Tournay.—Yellowish red, calville-
shaped, middle-sized, kitchen, second-rate ; Decem-
ber.
Carberry Pippin.
Cardinal Rouge.— Red, roundish, middle-sized,
table, second-rate ; November to January.
Carnation.
Carolina Pippin.
Caroline.—Streaked, roundish, large, kitchen, first-
rate ; November to February. Named after Caroline
Lady Suffield, of Blickling Hall, Norfolk. :
Carthouse, see Gilpin.
Carree.—Pale yellow, oblong, small, kitchen, indif-
ferent ; November to January.
Carree Blanche.—Pale yellow, roundish, large,
kitchen, second-rate ; November.
Carse of Gowrie, Early.
Carse of Gowrie, Late, see Tower of Glammis.
Catline (Gregson, Catline of Maryland).—Yellow-
ish red, oblate, small, table, second-rate ; October to
December.
Catshead (Costard, Coustard).—Pale green, ablone,
large, kitchen, second-rate ; October to January.
This was a prevailing apple in the 16th century, so
that dealers in apples were called costard-mongers,
now coster-monger.
39
Catshead, see Norfolk Beaufin.
Catshead, Round (TeteduChat, of Jersey).—Yellow,
roundish, large, kitchen, first-rate ; December to
March.
Cellint.—Greenish red ; oblate, middle-sized, kit-
chen ; October to November. Resembles the None-
such.
Chalcomb.
Chalmers’s Large, see Dutch Codlin.
Chameeleon.
Chance, see Reinette Jaune Sucree.
Chapple.
Charlamowskischer Nallivia.—Yellow, oblate, mid-
dle-sized, table, second-rate ; October. A Persian
apple, indifferent in this climate.
Charlemagne.—Red, roundish, small, indifferent ;
October.
De Charles, Pomme, see Male Carle.
De Charlotte.-—Green, oblate, middle-sized, cider.
Chataignier.—Streaked, ovate, micdle-sized, kit-
chen ; two years; contains a very strong acid.
Chataignier du Leman.
Chaudiere.—Green, roundish, small, cider.
Chauffard.—Streaked, ovate, large; August to
September.
Chelston Pippin.
Cheese, Summer.
Cheese, Winter.
Chemise de Soie Blanche.—Pale yellow, roundish,
middle-sized, kitchen, second-rate ; January to April.
Christie's Pippin.—Yellow, oblate, small, table,
first-rate ; December to February. Subject to canker.
Chuchet Egg.—Yellow, ovate, small, table, second-
rate ; September. |
Churchill's Seedling.
Cierge d Hiver.—Green, conical, small, cider ; No-
vember to December,
p2
36
Citron, see Reinette Jaune Sucree.
Citron des Carmes, see Reinette Jaune Hative.
Citron de Saint Gall.
Clammy.
Claremont Pippin, see Easter Pippin.
Cley Pippin.—Yellow, roundish, small, table, first-
rate ; October to March.
Claret. —Red, conical, middle-sized, kitchen; De- |
cember to January.
Coates’s, see Yorkshire Greening.
Clove Pippin.—Red-russet, oblate, middle-sized,
table, second-rate ; August. ~
Cluster Pippin, see Cluster Golden Pippin.
Cluster, Streaky.
Clydesdale.
Cobham.—Greenish red, roundish, middle- set,
kitchen and table, second-rate ; November to January.
Good bearer, allied to Ribston Pippin.
Cob Thorn Greening.
Coccagee.—Yellow, ovate, middle-sized, cider, first-
rate; October. One of the most esteemed old cider
apples.
Coccagee, New.
Cockle Pippin (Nutmeg Cockle Pippin, Nutmeg
Pippin, White Cockle Pippin).—Brownish yellow,
ovate, middle-sized, table, first-rate; J anuary to April.
Good bearer.
Cockpit.—Yellow, roundish, middle-sized, kitchen,
second-rate ; December to March.- i
Codlemay. —Pale yellowish red, conical, middle:
sized, second-rate.
Codlin, Betley.—Yellow and brownish red, conical,
middle-sized ; October to January.
Codlin, Car lisle.-—Yellow, conical, smali, kitchen,
first-rate ; August to December.
Codlin, Clar ‘he’s. — Yellow, conical, middle-sized,
kitchen, indifferent ; Noyember.
37
Codlin, Dutch (Chalmers’s Large).—Yellow, round-
ish, large, kitchen, first-rate; August to September.
Codlin, French.—Yellow, conical, large, kitchen,
second-rate ; August to September.
Codlin, Kentish.—Greenish yellow, conical, large,
kitchen, first-rate; August to September.
Codlin, Keswick.—Greenish yellow, conical, large,
kitchen, first-rate; August to September. Fit for
use almost before any other, and good bearer. Raised
near Keswick, in Cumberland.
Codlin, Kilkenny.—Yellow, round, large, kitchen,
first-rate ; August to September.
Codlin, Kinnoul.
Codiin, Knight s, see Wormsley Pippin.
Codlin, Manks (Irish Pitcher, lrish Codlin).—Pale
yellow, conical, large, kitchen, first-rate ; August to
October.
Codlin, Nelson (Nelson, Backhouse’s Lord Nel-
son).—Greenish yellow, conical, large, kitchen; Sep-
tember to October. |
Codlin, Old English (English Codlin).—Pale yel-
low, conical, middle-sized, kitchen, first-rate; August
to October.
Codlin, Round.
Codlin, Royal.
Codlin, Spring Grove.—Palish yellow, conical, mid-
dle-sized, kitchen, second-rate; July to September.
Raised by Sir J. Banks early this century.
Codlin, Tarvey.—Yellowish green, conical, large,
kitchen; September to November. Raised from Manx
Codlin seed by Sir G. I. Mackenzie, of Coul, N.B.
Codlin, Tottenham Park.
Codlin, Transparent.—Pale yellow, conical, large,
kitchen, September. Brought into notice in 1805 by
T. Tompson, Esq., of Norwich.
Codlin, Winter.—Green, conical, middle-sized, kit-
chen, first-rate ; September to February ; great bearer.
38
Ceur @ Ane.—Cider.
Coeur de Beeuf.—Darkish red, calville-shaped, large,
kitchen, second-rate ; November to December.
Ceur de Pigeon, see Pigeonet.
Coing. ,
Cole (Scarlet Perfume).—Red, roundish, large, kit-
chen and table, second-rate ; August to September.
Collin’s Keeper.—Greenish yellow, roundish, large,
kitchen; January.
De Coloma.—Streaked, oblate, small, table, second-
rate ; September.
Colonel Harbord’s Pippin.—Yellowish green, coni-
eal, large, kitchen, first-rate; November to January.
Raised by Col. Harbord, second Lord Suffield, of
Blickling, Norfolk. :
Colonel Vaughan’s.
Compote, see Padley’s Pippin.
Concombre Ancien.
Concombre des Chartreuz.
Conquest De Wigers.—Pale yellow, roundish, mid-
dle-sized, table, second-rate ; January to March.
Constanzer. Constant Bearer.
Conway.
Copmanthorpe Crab, see Dutch Mignonne.
Coquerel Plat.—Cider.
Corianda Rose, see Court-pendu Plat.
Corlie’s Sweet. Corn.
Core, Common.
Cornish Aromatic.—Russet red, roundish, large,
table, second-rate ; October to January.
Cornish Crab. Corse’s Favourite.
Corstorphine.—Pale yellow, conical, middle-sized,
second-rate ; September to October.
Cos. Costard, see Catshead.
Coul Blush.—Yellowish red, conical, middle-sized,
kitchen and table, second-rate; October. A good
bearer.
39
Court-pendu Plat (Court-pendu, do. Extra, do.
Plat Rougeatre, do. Rond Gros, do. Rond tres Gros,
do. Rond Rougeatre, do. Rose, do. Musque, do.
Rouge Musque, Corianda Rose, Pomme de Berlin,
Carnon’s Apple, Wollaton Pippin, Russian, Princesse
Noble Zoete.— Darkish red, oblate, middle-sized, table,
first-rate; December to Apvil; an excellent bearer,
blossoms late, and thereby generally escapes spring
frosts. The name (Court-pendu) was given because
the fruit, owing to its very slender stalks, always
hangs downwards.
Court-pendu, Ayrshire.
Court-pendu Dore, see Golden Reinette.
Court-pendu Gris, see Fenouillet Rouge.
Court-pendu Noir.—Darkish red, round, middle-
sized, kitchen ; December to March.
Court-pendu Rouge.
Court-pendu Rouge et Gris.
Court of Wick (Fry’s Pippin, Golden Drop,
Knightwick Pippin, Wood’s Huntingdon, Phillips’s
Reinette, Wood’s New Transparent, Week’s Pippin,
Yellow.) — Yellow, oblate, small, table, first-rate ;
October to March. A handsome regularly-formed
dessert fruit of excellent quality. Raised from a
Golden Pippin seed, at Court de Wick, in Somerset-
shire.
Court of Wick, Scarlet.
Cousham.
Coussinette, see Pigeonette.
Coustard, see Catshead.
Cow’s Snout.—Greenish yellow, oblong, large, kit-
chen, second-rate ; August to September.
Craigie. —Green and brownish red, oblatsi large,
kitchen ; January to April.
Cram Apple.
Cray Pippin.—Straw-coloured, red on sunned ae.
below middle size, conical and rather angular, table,
40
first-rate ; October and November. Raised in 1812
by R. Waring, Esq., at St. Mary’s Cray, Kent.
Creighton. . Crimson Pippin.
Crofton, Early, see lrish Peach.
Crofton, Scarlet (Red Crofton).—Brownish red,
oblate, middle-sized, table, first-rate ; October to De-
cember. An Irish apple.
Crofton, White (White Summer Crofton, Early
White Crofton).—Pale brownish red, — middle-
sized, table, second-rate ; October.
Croom Pippin. —Yellow, roundish, small ; Decem-
ber to January.
Cumberen.
Cumberland Pippin.—Palish green, calville-shaped,
middle-sized, kitchen ; December. .
Cumberland Spice. Curtis.
Custard, White.
Cyder Sop.—Yellow and brownish red, roundish,
ovate, middle-sized, cider.
Dainty, see Hoary Morning.
Damelot.—Yellow, roundish, small, cider ; Octo-
ber.
Damelot Vert. —Green, roundish, middle-sized,
cider; January.
Danziger Kantapfel.—Darkish red, roundish, mid-
dle-sized, kitchen, second-rate; November to Decem-
ber.
Darleston Pippin. Davis's Pippin.
Darlington Pippin.—Green, oblate, middle-sized,
second-rate.
Delaware, see Trumpington.
Deptford Inn. —Brownish red, roundish, small,
table, first-rate; November to January.
Derbyshire.—Pale yellowish red, ovate, middle-
sized, kitchen ; November to March.
Descibus. — Yellow, oblate, middle-sized, aildieicat:
November. |
Al
Desjean Muscat.—Tree cankers.
Deux Ans, Hunt’s.—Green, conical, middle-sized,
table, second-rate ; 2 years.
Deux Ans, Hambledon.—Greenish red, roundish,
large, kitchen and table, first-rate ; January to May ;
a valuable sort for sound keeping.
Deux Ans, Somersetshire.—Reddish yellow, conical,
small, cider.
Deux Ans, Weekhatin’ s.—Green and yellowish red,
roundish, middle-sized, table, second-rate; January
to May.
Devonshire Docker’s. —Streaked, ovate, middle-
sized, table, second-rate ; December to January.
Devonshire White Sour (White Sour, Dredges Early
Summer).—Greenish yellow, oblate, small; August.
Dewit, see Doctor.
Diepe Kopjis, see Little Hollow Crown.
Devonshire Wilding. — Yellow, roundish, small,
cider ; December to January. Very acid.
Dickson's Greening. — Green, roundish, middle-
sized, kitchen ; December to February.
Dimmock’ s Red.
Doczer’s Seedling.—Streaked, ovate, middle-sized,
table, second-rate ; November to January.
Doctor (Dewit, White Doctor, Yellow Doctor).—
Yellow-streaked, roundish, middle-sized, table, second-
rate ; October to January.
Doctor Harvey.
Doctor Harvey (of some,) see Waltham Abbey
Seedling.
Doctor, Red.
Dog's Snout.
Dolgot Squoznoi.— Pale green, pearmain-shaped,
middle-sized, table, second-rate ; s\ugust.
Domine.
Dominiska. 3
Donallan’s Seedling.
42
Donville.
Doonside.
Dore.
Double Blossomed.
Double Paradys.—Streaked, roundish, middle-sized,
indifferent.
Double Pepin.
Double Rouge de Paradys.—Round, ovate, small,
indifferent ; November to January.
Double Sucre de Marseilles.—Russet, roundish,
small, table, second-rate ; November to January.
Double Bearing.
Douce de Bolwiller.— Brewnish red, pearmain-
shaped, middle-sized, kitchen, cider, second-rate ; No-
vember to December. :
Douce Morelle (Peau de Vache).
Douaxveret Gris Gros.—Greenish yellow, roundish,
small, cider ; December.
Douxveret Dore.
Doux Amer.—Pale yellow, roundish, small, cider ;
December.
Doux Chair.—Cider.
Doux Eveque.—Cider.
Doux a Laquet.—Cider.
Douz, Le Gros.—Cider.
Douzx a Trochet, Gros.—Cider.
Douzx Saint Martin.—Cider.
Doux Vernet.—Cider.
Downton (Knight’s Golden Pippin, Elton Saisie
Elton Golden Pippin, Knight’s Pippin, Saimt Mary’s
Pippin).—Yellow, roundish, small, table, second-rate ;
November to January. Hybrid between Orange and
Golden Pippins, raised by Mr. Knight.
Dowell Pippin.—In form like Ribston, green rus-
setted, table, first-rate; October to January. Raised
in 1810 by R. Dowell, Esq., of Braygrove, Berks.
Downy, see Hoary Morning.
43
Doxey.
Doyenne.—Y ellow, roundish, large, cider ; October
to January. Acid.
Drap d Or (Bay Apple, Bonne de Mai).—Yellow,
roundish, large, kitchen, second-rate ; October to
December. Handsome, but proves of an inferior
quality.
Drap d Or, see Reinette Jaune Hative.
Dredge’s Beauty of Wilts, see Harvey’s Pippin. ~
Dredge’ s Early Summer, see Devonshire White Sour.
Dredge’ s Emperor.
Dredge’s Fair Maid of Wishford.
Dredge’s Fame.
Dredge’s Lord Nelson.
Dredge’s White Lily, see Devonshire Buckland.
Duke @ Arsel, see Old Nonpareil.
Duchess of Hamilton.
Duchess of Oldenburgh.—Streaked, roundish, mid-
dle-sized, table, first-rate; September. Of Russian
origin. :
Duchess of York's Favourite. — Yellowish red,
oblate, small, table, second-rate ; November to Decem-
ber.
Dutch Pippin.
Duke of Beaufort’s Pippin.—Streaked, conical,
middle-sized, kitchen, second-rate ; Oct. to December.
Duke of Gloucester, Hunt’s (Hunt’s Nonpariel).—
Russet, roundish, ovate, small, table, first-rate ; No-
-vember to March. Raised from a Nonpareil seed by
Dr. Fry, of Gloucester.
Duke of York's, Newbold’s, see Rymer.
Dumbarton Pippin.
Dumelow’s Seedling.—Yellow and red, roundish,
large, kitchen, first-rate ; November to March. An ex-
cellent kitchen apple, not apt to shrivel, nor loose its
briskness. Raised by Mr. Dumelow, nurseryman,
Derby.
44
Duncan (Lord Duncan).—Yellowish red, roundish,
middle-sized, kitchen, second-rate; October to Ja-
nuary.
Dundee, see Golden Reinette.
Duquesnay.
Dutch Mignonne (Reinette Doree of the Germans,
Pomme de Laak, Grosser Casseler Reinette, Pater-
noster Apfel, Stettin Pippin, Copmanthorpe Crab).—
Yellowish red, roundish, middle-sized, kitehen and
table, first-rate; December to» April. Great bearer,
and of first-rate quality. A Dutch apple, imported
about 50 years ago.
Dwarf Apple of Armenia.
Early Almond (White Codlin).
Early Bowhill (Lucombe’s Early Bowhill). -
Early Cleandrinking.
Harly Harvest (Prince’s Harvest, Yellow ariict;
Large Early, July Early Pippin, Early French Reimette
of the Americans).—Palish yellow, roundish, middle-
sized, table, first-rate; August. Flesh white, crisp,
tender, with brisk rich flavour.
Early Gowie.
_ Early Julien.—Yellow, conical, small, table, second-
cate; August. A Scotch dessert apple.
Ear ly Marrow. |
Early Red.—Red, oblate, large, kitchen, second:
rate ; September to October.
Early Red Streak.
Early Sweet Red Streak.
Karly Waxz.—Yellow, oblong, small, table, second-
rate; August.
Easter, White (Paasch Apfel).—Palish yellow,
conical, middle-sized, kitchen and table, second-rate ;
January to April.
Easter Pippin (French Crab, Young’s Long Keeper,
Claremont Pippin, Ironstone Pippin).—Green, round-
ish, middle-sized, kitchen and table, second-rate; 2
45
years. Probably a French apple, but known in England
full 50 years.
Fearlatine.
D Eclat.
Edel Konig (Roi tres Noble).—Red, calville-shaped,
middle-sized, kitchen ; October to November.
Edinburgh Cluster (Sir Walter Blacket’s Favou-
rite).— Yellow, ovate, middle-sized, kitchen, second-
rate; November to January.
Egg, see White Paradise.
Hikenhagar, Willers.
Elizabet, see Golden Reinette.
Eldon Pippin.—Yellow and brownish red, round-
ish, middle-sized, table, first-rate; January to April.
D Ete.
Embroidered Pippin (Reinette Brodee).—Yellow
and brownish, roundish, small, table, second-rate ;
November to January.
Emperor Alexander, see Alexander.
Englise Pippin, see Golden Reinette.
Enkhing.—Palish green and red, ovate, small, indif-
ferent ; December to March.
Enkhuizer Aagtie, Soete.—Yellowish red, ovate,
middle-sized, second-rate ; October to January.
Epine ad’ Ete.
D Espagne, see Reinette Blanche d’ Espagne.
Essex Pippin.—Yellow, round, small, table, first-
rate; October to February. Allied to the Golden
Pippin. |
Evans's Valuable. ;
Eve Apple (of Ireland), see Early Red Margaret.
Eve Apple, see Trumpington.
D Eve, Pomme.
Everlasting. —Streaked, roundish, small, indifferent,
January to May.
Everlasting Bearer.
Eyelet, Yellow.—Pale yellow, oval, enddiosioed,
ier ; October to February. :
46
Faaremules.
Fail me Never, see Margil.
Fair Circassian.
Fair Maid of France.—Streaked, roundish, mid-
dle-sized, indifferent.
Fair Maid of Taunton.—Yellowish red, ovate,
oblate, small, table, second-rate ; November to Janu-
ar
‘Fall Pippin, see Reinette Blanche d’ Espagne.
Fall Pippin, Cobbett’s, see-do.
Fall Pippin, Large, see do.
Fall Pippin, Sudlow’s, see Franklin’s Golden Pip-
in.
Fallawater.—Green and brownish red, conical,
large, table and kitchen, second-rate ; January ; pos-
sesses, in some degree, a Newtown Pippin flavour.
Famagusta.
Fameuse, see De Neige.
Fame.
Fanarike.—Green, ovate, middle-sized, indifferent.
Farleigh Pippin.—Yellowish green, ovate, middle-
sized, table, first-rate; January to April. Obtained
by Mr. Kirpe, from Farleigh, ia Kent.
Farthing’s Pippin.—Green, oblate, small, indiffer-
ent ; November.
Faros, Grand.—Yellowish red, oblong, large, indif-
ferent; November to January.
Faros, Gros (Faros).—Red, oblate, middle-sized,
table, second-rate ; December to March.
Faros, Petit.
Faux Varin.—Cider.
Fearn’s Pippin (Ferris Pippin, Clifton Nonesuch).
—Red, oblate, middle-sized, table and kitchen, first-
rate; November to February; a good bearer.
Fenouillet Gris (Fenouillet d'Or Gros, Pomme
d’ Anis).—Russet, roundish, small, table, second-rate ;
January to April; has a perfumed anise flavour. A
French apple.
47
Fenouillet Jaune, Yellow Fenouillet.
Fenouillet Rouge (Bardin, Court-pendu Gris, Fe-
nouillet Gris of some).—Russet red, roundish, small,
table, first-rate; November to March.
Fer, De, see Iron Apple.
Feuille d Aucuba.
Figue.
Figue sans Pepins, like Reinette Jaune Sucree.
Finale, Pomme, see Male Carle.
Five Crown Pippin, see London Pippin.
Five Pound.
Flander Pippin.
Flat Anderson.
Flax.
Fletcher's Kernel.—yYellow, roundish, middle-
sized, table, first-rate ; November to January.
Fletcher's Abingdon Pippin.
Flower of Kent.—Greenish red, oblate, large, kit-
chen; November to January.
Fleur de Praireal.—Yellow and green, oblate, mid-
dle-sized, cider; November to January.
Formosa Pippin, see Ribston Pippin.
Fords Seedling.
Flower of the Town (Flowery Town, Red Streak
of Blackhouse).—Streaked, roundish, middle-sized,
kitchen, second-rate ; September to November; in-
different in quality, though a good bearer.
Forest Pippin.—Yellowish red, ovate, oblate, mid-
dle-sized, kitchen.
Forman’s Crew.—Yellow russet, conical, small,
table, first-rate ; November to April; very subject to
canker. Raised by T. S. Forman, Esq., near Merthyr
Tydvil, in Glamorganshire.
Fouillet, De.—Pale greenish red, conical, large,
kitchen ; January to April.
Forley. —Yellow, oval, small, cider.
Fozley Pippin.—Orange, roundish, small, cider,
table ; November to February.
48
Fouley Queening.
Fox Whelp.—Dark red, ovate, middle-sized, ace,
first-rate.
Framboise.—Streaked, calville- shaped, middle size,
kitchen, second-rate ; November to March.
Francatu.
Franche Pepin.—Yellow, roundish, middle-sized,
table, first-rate; November to March.
French Crab, see Easter Pippin.
French .Crab, American (Metoisee). — Streaked,
-roundish, middle-sized, kitchen, second-rate; Decem-
ber to April.
French Pippin, see French Russet.
French Sussex.
Frequin Blane.
Fry's Pippin, see Court of Wick.
Fulwood (Fulwood Green).
Fulwood Dutch (Late Fulwood).—Green, oblong,
large, kitchen, first-rate; December to May.
Fulwood, Early.
Ganges.
Garnon’s Apple, see Court-pendu Plat.
Garret Pippin, see Borsdorffer.
Geache’s Favourite.
Geant.
Gelee I’ Ete.—Pale yellow, conical, eae,
table, second-rate ; August.
General Wolf. —Brownish yellow. and green, flat,
conical, large, kitchen and table, second-rate ; Novem-
ber to January. Resembles Reinette du Canada.
George the Fourth, Burgess’ s.
George the Fourth, Myatt’s.
Gestreifter Sommer Cousinos.
Gestreifter Sommer Zimptapfel.— Yellowish red,
ovate, small, table, first-rate; August to September.
Giant.
Gilliflower.—Streaked, roundish, middle-sized, kit-
chen, second-rate ; October to February.
X
49
Gilliflower, Cornish (Cornish July flower, Pomme
Regelans).—Dark-green and yellow, ovate, middle-
sized, table, first-rate; December to May. The best
of apples, but a bad bearer. Discovered in a cottage
garden near Truro about 1812.
Gilliflower, Summer (Summer July Flower, Rus-
sian.—Streaked, roundish, large, table, second-rate ;
September ; a great bearer.
Gilpin (Carthouse).
Girdler’s Large.
Girkin Pippin, see Wyken Pippin.
Glace, De (Transparente).
Glace Blanche.—Pale green, conical, middle-sized,
cider ; December. .
Glace Rouge, see Barcelona Pearmain.
Glace de Zelande, see White Astrachan.
Glammis Castle, see Tower of Glammis.
Glasbury, Norman. — Pale yellow, ovate, small,
cider.
Gloria Mundi (American Gloria Mundi, New York
Gloria Mundi, Glazenwood Gloria Mundi, Monstrous
Pippin. Araerican Mammouth, Baltimore of some).—
Greenish yellow, roundish, large, kitchen, first-rate ;
November to January.
Glory of Boughton.—Y ellow, round, large, kitchen;
October.
Glory of England.
Glory of the West.
Glory of York, see Ribston Pippin.
Gloucester, White, of Virginia.
Gogar Pippin (Stone Pippin of some).—Pale green,
oblate, middle-sized, table, second-rate ; November to
March. A Scotch apple, from Gogar, near Edinburgh.
Golde Gulderling.
Golden Ball.—Yellowish red, roundish, large, kit-
chen, second-rate; August to September.
Golden Burr.
E
50
Golden Drop, see Court of Wick.
Golden Drop, Coe’s.—Yellow, ovate, small, table,
first-rate ; January to May. An excellent dessert
apple.
Golden Harvey (Brandy).—Russet, yellow, round-
ish, small, table and cider, first-rate; December to
May; exceedingly rich. The original Harvey apple
was green, and named after the celebrated Dr. Gab-
riel Harvey.
Golden Harvey, Pitmaston.
Golden Harvey, Siberian.
Golden Janet.
Golden Knob.—Russet, conical, small, table, se-
cond-rate ; December to February.
Golden Mundt.
Golden Mundi, see Golden Russet. |
Golden Noble.—Yellow, round, large, kitchen, se-
cond-rate ; September to October. Handsome.
Golden Pippin (Old Golden Pippin, English Golden
Pippin, Balgone Pippm, Balgone Golden Pippin,
Milton Golden Pippim, Bayfordbury Pippin, Russet
Golden Pippin, Herefordshire Golden Pippin, London
Golden Pippin, Warter’s Golden Pippi, American
Plate, Pepin d’Or, Pomme d’Or, Koening’s Pippelin,
Reinette d’ Angleterre). — Yellow, roundish, small,
table, first-rate; November to April. Requires a
wall in most situations, and its superior richness
deserves such protection.
Golden Pippin, Boyer’s, see Boyer’s Russet.
Golden Pippen, Camberwell.
Golden Pippin, Cluster (Cluster Pippin, Turin
Cluster Pippin, Thickset).— Yellow, oval, smail, table,
second-rate ; November to March. Fruits often
joined in pairs.
Golden Pippin, Elford.
Golden Pippin, Elton, see Downton.
Golden Pippin, Franklin’s (Sudlow’s Fall Pippin).
\
51
—Yellow, oval, small, table, second-rate ; October to
December. Good bearer. An American apple, raised
early in this century.
Golden Pippin, Hughe’s (Hughe’s New Golden
Pippin).—Yellow, roundish, small, table, first-rate ;
December to February. Deserves high reccommen-
dation.
Golden Pippin, Kirke’s, see New Golden Pippin.
Golden Pippin, Knight's, see Downton Pippin.
Golden Pippin, New (Kirke’s Golden Pippin, New
Cluster Golden Pippin, Dredge’s Golden Pippin).— -
Yellow, roundish, small, second-rate ; December to
March. A great bearer, but inferior in quality.
Raised by Mr. Kirke, of Brompton Nursery, about
1820.
Golden Pippin, Rival, see Aniseed.
Golden Pippin, New Taunton.
Golden Pippin, Scarlet.
Golden Pippin, Screveton.— Yellowish red, round-
ish, small, table, first-rate; November to April.
Golden Pippin, Seedling.—Yellow, roundish, small,
table ; October to February.
Golden Pippin, Summer (Summer Pippin, of some).
—Yellow, ovate, small, table, first-rate; August to
September; an excellent summer dessert apple.
Golden Pippin, Tunbridge.
Golden Pippin, Winyard.—Like the Golden Pip-
pin, but not so rich.
Golden Worcester.—Orange, roundish, middle-
sized, cider; December to January.
Golding. Goodyear Pippin.
Gooseberry.—Yellow, roundish, oblate, large, kit-
chen, first-rate ; November to August.
Graafen.
Grandessen.—Pale greenish red, ovate, middlc-
sized, second-rate; September; a sort of pigeonnet.
Grand Sachem.
E 2
a2
Grange.—Yellow, roundish, small, second-rate ;
October to February.
Grange’s Pippin, see Grange’s Pearmain.
Grauch, Aiygre.—Cider.
Grauch Douce.—Streaked, roundish, large, cider ;
October to November.
Gravenstein (Grave Slie, Sabine of the Flemings).
—Streaked, roundish, large, kitchen, first-rate; Oc-
tober to December. About a century old; first raised
at Gravenstein in Holstein.
Great Milton Pippin.
Greasley’s Seedling.
Green.—Green, round, middle-sized, kitchen, first-
rate; January to June; keeps very sound ; less acid
than the Kaster Pippin or French Crab, but not so
uic
se Balsam.—Yellowish green, roundish, mid-
dle-sized, kitchen; December to January.
Green Cosings, ‘see Rymer.
Green Everlasting.—Green, roundish, small, indif-
ferent ; March to April.
Green Eyelet.—Green, roundish, small, cider.
Green Longlast.
Green Pippin. Green Virgin.
Gregaire,
Gregson, see Catline.
Grey House, see House.
Gribble.
Grimshaw’s Crab.
Grimsteen.—Yellow, conical, small, second-rate.
Grise.—Green russet, roundish, table, first-rate ;
November to March.
Gros Binet.
Gros Bondy, see de Rateau.
Gros Bohu.
Grosse Verte-—Green, roundish, large, kitchen ;
October to February.
sy)
Grosse Bonne.
Grosse a Cuire.—Yellow, roundish, middle-sized,
kitchen ; November to February.
Grosse Pomme d’ Amerique.
Grosse Pomme Noir d’ Amerique.
Grosse Pomme d Automne.
Grosser Edler Prinzessin.
Grosser Rheinischer Bohn Apfel.
Grosser Wiener.
Grummage, see Birmingham Pippin.
Grunken Bergers Krachapfel.
Guillot Roger.—Cider
Grushovy Naliv.—Pale yellow, ovate, middle-sized,
table, second-rate; August. A transparent Russian
apple.
Halliday’s Pippin.
Hali Door.—Yellowish red, oblate, middle-sized,
table, second-rate; December to March.
Hall's Watlington Seedling.
Hamilton Pippin.
Hampshire Greening.
Hampstead Sweeting.—Greenish yellow, ovate,
middle-sized, cider.
Hampshire Yellow, see King of the Pippins.
Hampton Candied Heart.
Hanging-down.—Cider.
Hanovre, De, see Pearson’s Plate.
Haggerston Pippin.—Greenish red, roundish, mid-
dle-sized, table, first-rate; November to April.
Hanwell Souring.—Greenish yellow, conical, mid-
dle-sized, kitchen; December to March. Believed
to have been raised at Hanwell, near Banbury.
Hard Pippin.—Green and palish red, ovate, small,
cider.
farrison.
Harrison s Newark.—Y ellowish red, conical, small,
cider.
54
Harvey's Pippin, Dredge’s Beauty of Wilts.
Harvey, Red.
Hative Pomme, see Summer Stibbert.
fTautbois.
Hans Mutterchen, see Mere de Menage.
Haute Bonte.
Hawthornden (White Hawthornden, Red Haw-
thornden).—Pale yellow, roundish, large, kitchen,
first-rate ; October to December ; abundant and early
bearer. The origmal tree is still at Hawthornden,
near Edinburgh.
Hawthornden, Trish.
val aynes’ s Pippin.
Hay’s Early.—Yellow streaked, oblate, middle-
sized, kitchen; August.
Heathfield’ s French Apple.
_ Hebe.
Heidelocher, see Hoskreiger.
Herefordshire Goose.
Herefordshire Monster.—Yellow, roundish, smail,
cider ; December.
Hesketh’ s Pippin.—Yellow, conical, large, pees
October to January.
De Herison.—Cider.
Hen and Chickens.
Henhouse.
Henry's Weeping Pippin. — Yellow, oval, small,
table, second-rate ; December to February.
Herbert Pippin.
Hermitage Pippin.
_ De Heron.
Hick’s Fancy, see Karly Nonpareil.
Mieville Rouge.
Hillingdon Seedling.
Hilf s Seedling.—Pale green, oblate, large, kitchen,
second-rate; August to September.
Himbeerapfel.
55
Hanberry, Pippin, see Hollandbury.
D Hiver.— Yellow, oblate, middle-sized, kitchen,
second-rate ; January to April.
Hoare’s Seedling.—Pale greenish red, roundish,
large, kitchen ; December to January.
Hoary Morning (Dainty, Downy, Sam Rawlings).
—Streaked, roundish, large, kitchen, second-rate ;
October to March. A native of Somersetshire.
Hogshead.—Greenish yellow, ovate, cider. _
Hollandbury (Hawberry Pippin, Howberry Pippin,
Horsley Pippin, Le Beau Rouge, Bonne Rouge,
Kirke’s Scarlet Admirable).—Reddish yellow, round-
ish, large, kitchen, second-rate; November to Janu-
ary ; handsome.
Holland Kruger.—Yellow and greenish red, round-
ish, middle-sized, kitchen, second-rate ; December to
February.
Holland Pippin.—Yellow, roundish, oblate, large,
kitchen, first-rate ; November to March.
Holbein.
Hollow Crowned Pippin (Hollow Eyed Pippin).—
Yellow, roundish, middle-sized, kitchen; November
to February.
Horne’ s Large.—Streaked, roundish, large, kitchen;
October to December.
Honey Greening.
Hormead Pippin, see Hormead Pearmain.
Hood’s Seedling.
Horner's Bitter Sweet.—Cider.
Horselin.—Pale yellow, ovate, middle-sized, table,
second-rate ; November to December.
Hoskreiger (Heidelocher).—Green, roundish, large,
kitchen, first-rate ; November to April; good bearer.
House (Grey House).—Greenish red, oval, small,
cider ; January.
How’ s Pippin.—Russet, oblate, middle-sized, table,
second-rate ; October to December.
56
Howberry Pippin, see Hollandbury.
Horsley Pippin, see Hollandbury.
fHlanau, Pomme de, see Rosackerle.
fLunt ’s.
flunt’s Fine Green Pippin.
Hunthouse. — Pale yellow, oblong, middle-sized,
kitchen ; December to March. Good bearer.
Hunthouse Large.
Huntingford.—Red, conical, middle-sized, aes :
January to April. Very bright. colour.
Hutching’s Seedling, see Sugarloaf Pippin.
Hutchings Late Seedling.
Hutchinson's Spotted. — Yellowish red, oblate,
small, table, first-rate ; November to December.
flyde Park. Hyde Pippin.
Imperial, Livesey’ s.
Incomparable. — Greenish yellow, calville-shaped,
large, kitchen ; October.
Incomparable, Barton's.
Incomparable, Egremont s.
Incomparable, Hay’s.
Incomparable, Ives’ s.
Incomparable, Kirk’ s.
Incomparable, Lewis's. — Yellowish red, conical,
large, table, second-rate ; December to February.
Incomparable, Sharp’ s.
Ironstone Pippin, see Kaster Pippin.
Ingestrie, Red.— Yellowish red, ovate, small, table,
first-rate ; October to November. This and the next
were raised by Mr. Knight in 1800, being hybrids
between the Orange and Golden Pippin.
-Ingestrie, Yellow.—Yellow, oval, small, table, se-
cond-rate; September to October. Good bearer.
Trish Pitcher, see Mank’s Codlin.
Inimitable.
_ Iron Apple (Pomme de Fer).—Brownish green,
small, kitchen and table, second-rate ; a year. :
37
Isle of Wight Pippin (Isle of Wight Orange,
Orange Pippin).—Yellow, oval, small, table, first-rate,
September to January.
Isleworth Crab (Brentford Crab).—Pale yellow,
roundish, middle-sized, second-rate ; October.
Isted’s Plate Apple (Isted’s).
D Italie, Pomme, see Massavis.
Ives’ s Seedling.—Streaked, roundish, middle-sized,
kitchen, second-rate ; November to January.
Ivory Pippin.
Jackson's Pippin (Middleton Pippin). — Yellow,
roundish, oblate, small, indifferent ; August.
Janurca, see Reinette du Canada.
De Jardy, see Belle Hervey.
Jeannette.
Jean Hure.—Yellow, pear-shaped, middle-sized,
cider ; January.
Jeffrey's Seedling.—Yellow, oblate, large, kitchen,
October to January.
Jennet, Golden.—Cider.
Jenny Sinclair.—Brownish red, roundish, middle-
sized, table.
Jersey.—Red, conical, small, cider; November to
December ; a bitter-sweet.
Jersey Pippin, Saunders’ s.
Jersey Greening.
Jerusalem, Pomme de, see Pigeon.
Jerwin’'s Seedling.
John Apple.—Green and yellowish red, pearm,
small, cider, first-rate; December to February. A
very old variety.
John Apple, see Northern Greening.
Jollyfield Pippin.
Jolty Kutofsky Nalif’.—Pale yellow, conical, small,
table, indifferent ; August.
Jonathan.
Jordbaeraeble. — Streaked, ovate, wmiddle-sized,
28
table; August to September. Danish Strawberry
apples.
Jordbaeraeble, Kantet.—Red, calville-shaped, mid-
dle-sized, kitchen.
Jubilee Pippin.—Conical, above middle size, cream
coloured, specked with brown, table and kitchen ;
_ Mic. to Christmas. Raised by M. Bland, Esq., from
seed sown in 1809. |
July Early Pippin, see Karly Pippin.
July Flower, see Gilliflower.
July Flower, Cornish, see Cornish Piece:
July Flower, Summer, see Summer Gilliflower.
July Pippin.
Juneating, American Red.
Juneating, Early Red, see Karly Margaret.
Juneating, Early Striped, see Karly Red Margaret.
Juneating, Large White.
Juneating, Red, see Early Red Margaret.
Juneating, Red and Green.
Juneating, Striped, see Karly Red Margaret.
Juneating, White (Qwen’s Golden Beauty).—Pale
yellow, roundish, small, table, first-rate ; July to Au-
gust. A handsome early apple.
Kaiserschumer.—Greenish red, conical, large, kit-
chen, second-rate ; January to February.
Kantjis Apfel.—Russet red, oblate, middle-sized,
kitchen, second-rate ; January to February.
Keiser. — Brownish green, conical, middie-sized,
indifferent.
Kempster.
Kenrick’s Red Autumn.
Kentish Fill-basket (Lady de Grey’s, Potter’s
Large, Kentish Pippin of some).—Yellow, green and
brown, roundish, large, kitchen, first-rate ; November
to January.
Kentish Giant.
Kentish Pippin.—Pale yellow and brown, conical,
middle-sized, kitchen, first-rate ; October to January.
\
o9
Kentish Pippin (of some), see Beauty of Kent and
Kentish Fill-basket.
Kerkam.
Kernel.—Cider.
Kernel, Dollar's. —Streaked, ovate, small, cider ;
October to November.
Kernel, Knotted.—Streaked, ovate, small, cider;
October to November.
Kernel, Skerm’s.—Streaked, dvate, small, cider ;
October to April.
Kerry Pippin.—Reddish yellow, oval, middle-sized,
table, first-rate ; September to October. Good bearer.
Long known in the county of Kerry.
Keston Pippin.—Reddish yellow, roundish, small,
table, second-rate ; October to December.
Kew Admirable.
King, see Borsdorffer.
Knick Pepin.
Kinellan.—Pale green, slightly dotted, yellow red
on sunned side, table, good; December to March.
Raised by Sir G. I. Mackenzie, of Coul, N.B.
Kinfaun’s Pippin.—Streaked, roundish, middle-
sized, second-rate.
King George, see Borsdorffer.
King Harry.—Russet, pearm, middle-sized, table,
first-rate ; November to January
King of the Pippins (Hampshire Yellow).—Red-
dish yellow, pearm, middle-sized, kitchen, first-rate ;
October to January. A good bearer, and very hand-
some. Brought into notice by Mr. Kirke, of Bromp-
ton.
King Robert.
Kingston Black.
Kirke’s Fame.
Kirkton Pippin.
Kisking.
Kleiner Fleiner.
60
Knifly Nalff.
Knight's Pippin, see Doyen
Knight's Large.—Yellowish red, roundish, large,
kitchen ; September to October.
Knight, Pomme.
Knightwick Pippin, see Court of Wick.
Kening’s Pippelin, see Golden Pippin.
Konigliche Taubling, see Pigeonet.
Koppel.
Korishnory.
Krappe Kruin.—Russet, aie middle-sized, kit-
chen, first-rate ; October to Mareli:
Krizapfel.—Pale green, conical, middle-sized, table,
second-rate; December. A Russian apple, somewhat
transparent.
De Laak, see Dutch Mignonne.
Lady Apple (of the Americans), see Api Petit.
Lady de Grey’s, see Kentish Fill-basket.
Lady's Finger, see White Paradise.
Lady Louisa Pippin.—Pale yellow, oblate, small,
indifferent ; December.
Lady of ‘the Wemys.
Lancashire Crab, see Minshul Crab.
Lancashire Gap (Shireling).—Yellow, oblate, mid-
dle-sized, kitchen ; November to February.
Lancashire Witch.—yYellowish red, oblate, middle-
sized, kitchen, second-rate; October to December ;
handsome.
Lancaster Crab, see Minshul Crab.
De Lande (Fleur de Prairial).—Streaked, oblong,
large, kitchen; September to October.
_ Langer Rother Himbeer le. see White Queen-
in
Heise
Large Early, see Early Harvest.
Large Yellow, see Karly Harvest.
Large Re, New.
61
Late Bloomer.—Cider.
Lavendel Pipping.
Lawman’ s.—Yellow and brownish red, ovate, mid-
dle-sized, table, second-rate ; March to June.
Lawrence's New White Pippin.—Pale green, coni-
cal, middle-sized, second-rate; December to February.
Leadington, Green.—Green, conical, middle-sized,
kitchen, second-rate ; September to October.
Leadington, Grey.—Yellowish brown, oval, middle-
sized, kitchen, second-rate; October.
Leadington, Large.—Green, oblong, large, kitchen.
Leadington, Monstrous (Green Codlin).—Green,
oblong, large, kitchen, first-rate ; October to January.
Leadington, Red.
Leadington, Scarlet.—Red, oblong, middle-sized,
kitchen and table, second-rate; November toFebruary.
Leadington, Stoup.—Y ellowish green, oblong, large,
kitchen ; September to November.
Leadington, Summer.
Leather-coat, see Royal Russet.
Leicester Early.
Leisham’s Pippin.
Leizlip Pippin.
Lemon. — Yellow, roundish, middle-sized, table,
second-rate ; December to January.
Lemon Pippin (Kirke’s Lemon Pippin).— Yellowish
green, oval, middle-sized, kitchen and table, first-rate ;
October to April.
Lemon Pippin, Knight’s.—Yellow, roundish, mid-
dle-sized, kitchen and table, first-rate ; November to
February.
Lettsom’s American.—Reddish yellow, oblate, mid-
dle-sized, table, second-rate ; November to January.
Leyden Pippin.— Pale greenish red, roundish,
middle-sized, table, first-rate; August to September.
A great bearer, and a good early apple, resembling
White Astrachan.
§2
Liestal.
Lnevre.
Lily Buckland, see Devonshire Buckland.
Limonella.—Greenish yellow, oval, large, table,
second-rate ; October; requires a warm climate.
Lincolnshire Holland Pippin (Striped Holland
Pippin).—Streaked, roundish, small, kitchen, second-
rate ; November to February. A Dutch apple.
Little Beauty.—Yellow, oblate, small, indifferent ;
October to November.
Inttle Hollow Crown (Diepe Hopjis).—Yellow,
oval, small, second-rate ; November to December.
Locks Seedling.—Streaked, ovate, middle-sized,
table, second-rate ; December to January.
London Pippin (Five Crown Pippin, New London
Pippin, Royal Somerset).—Yellow, oblate, middle-
sized, kitchen and table, first-rate; November to
April; does not shrivel. This is a Norfolk apple.
Long-bois, De (Toilet).—Yellow, conical, small,
cider; October; a bitter-sweet.
Long Early.
Long Hanger, Parson’ s.—Cider.
Long Keeper, Mogg’s.—Streaked, oblate, middle-
sized, cider ; January to March.
Long Keeping Seedling.
Long Keeping Y¥ ellow, Kew.
Long Keeping, Young’s, see Kaster Pipain:
Long May, see White Paradise.
Long Tom, see Sheep’s Nose.
Longue.
_ Longville’s Kernel (Sam’s Crab).—Pale brown-
ish red, oblate, middle-sized, cider, indifferent. A
native of Herefordshire. _
Lord Bateman’s Dumpling.—Streaked, oval, mid-
dle-sized, table, cider, second-rate; August to Sep-
tember ; a great bearer.
Lord "Duncan, see Duncan.
63
Lord Nelson, Backhouse’s, see Nelson Codlin.
Lord Nelson, Dredge’ s.
Lord Nelson, Kirke’ s.—Red, roundish, large, table,
second-rate ; November to February ; very handsome,
but deficient in briskness.
Lord Northwick s Dutch.
Lourmont Pippin.
Loveden’s Pippin, see Old Nonpareil.
LIucombe’s Seedling, —Streaked, roundish, large,
kitchen, first-rate ; October to February ; a good kit-
chen apple. Raised by Mr. Lucomhe, of Exeter.
Iud’s Summer.
Iud’s Winter.
Luffness Pippin.
Iuiken.
Lushington Pippin.
Iustree, Pomme.—Red, roundish, small, kitchen,
indifferent ; November to January.
Madame, Nouvelle.
_ Maclean’s Favourite.—Yellow, roundish, middle-
sized, table ; October to January ; of the highest ex-
cellence.
Madame, Pomme, see Reinette Grosse d’ Angleterre.
Madeleine, see Calville Rouge d’ Ete.
Meetapfela Fleurs Tardives, see Spatbluhende.
Maid of the Mill.
Maiden.—Greenish red, roundish, large, second-
rate; November to December.
Maidens Blush.—Yellowish red, oblate, large, kit-
chen and table, second-rate ; September to October ;
partially overspread with fine red.
Make-him-rich.
Malapias.
Malcolm’ s Seedling.
Male Carle (Mela di Carlo, Pomme de Charles,
Pomme Carle, Pomme Finale).— Greenish red, round-
ish, middle-sized, table, first-rate; November to March;
64
requires a south wall; and on this it comes short of
perfection. An Italian apple, exported largely from
Genoa.
Malingre d@ Angleterre, see Calville Normande.
Margaret Early Red (Margaret, Margaret Early,
Marguerite, Red Juneating, Early Red Juneating,
Striped Juneating, Karly Striped Juneating, Striped
Quarrenden, Eve Apple of Ireland, Summer Tra-
veller).—Streaked, ovate, middle-sized, table, first-
rate; August ; one of the best early apples. This is
first noticed in 1688 by Ray. |
Margaret, of Miller, (Summer Pippin).
Margaret, Yellow (White Margaret, Yorkshire
Margaret).
Margil (Never-fail, Munche’s Pippin) —Yellowish
red, ovate, small, table, first-rate; November to Fe-
bruary. Good bearer; approaches ‘the Ribston Pippin
flavour.
Malingre, see Calville Malingre.
Marin Onfroi.—Cider.
Marmalade Pippin (Althorp Pippin).— Yellow,
oblong, middle-sized, kitchen, second-rate ; October
to January.
Marmorister Sommer Pepping. — Red aL.
ovate, middle-sized, kitchen, second-rate ; September.
Marygold.
Marygold Pippin.—Y ellow, ovate, middle-sized, in-
different ; October to November.
Mary Greed’s.
Master's Seedling.—Pale yellow, conical, small,
table, second-rate; January to March.
Mason’s White (Mason’s Early).—Pale yellow,
conical, middle-sized, table, second-rate ; August.
Massavis (Pomme av Italie). —Greenish brown; ovate,
small, cider. A good bearer.
Matchless, see Newton Spitzemberg.
Maucher Rother.
65
May, see White Paradise.
Maude’s Seedling Pippin.
May Bloom.
_ Megginch Favourite, see Golden Reinette.
Melrose, White.
Melville Pippin.
Mere de Menage.—Red, roundish, large, kitchen,
first-rate ; October to January.
Menegere, Hans Mutterchen.
Merveille de Portland.—Yellow, conical, middle-
sized, kitchen, indifferent ; January to April.
Meuris.
Meuris Pepin.
Michael Henry Pippin.—Yellow, ovate, large, kit-
chen and table, second-rate ; November to February.
Miche, De.—Yellow, ovate, small, cider; Decem-
ber.
Middleton Pippin, see Jackson’s Pippin.
Miller's Glory.—Streaked, ovate, middle-sized, kit-
chen, second-rate; December to January.
Millfield.—Like Golden Reinette.
Minkler’s.
Minchall Crab (Lancashire Crab, Lancaster Crab).
—Yellow, oblate, middle-sized, kitchen, second-rate ;
December to February; good bearer. Raised at
Minchall, in Cheshire.
Moncrieffe.
Moncriefe, White.
Monkland Pippin.—Yellow, oval, small, indiffe-
rent; November; very hardy, and of peculiar form.
Monteith, White.
Mollet’s Guernsey Pippin.—Yellow, oblate, small,
table, second-rate ; December to February ; resembles
a Golden Pippin.
Monstrous Pippin, see Gloria Mundi.
Moore's Large Red Winter Sweeting, see Red
Sweet Pippin.
F
66
Morchin’s Crab.—Cider.
Morden Bloom.—yYellowish red, oblate, middle-
sized, kitchen, indifferent; August to September.
Morden Round.—Y ellow russet, round, small, table,
indifferent ; December to March. Handsome, but
not juicy.
Morden Striped. —Streaked, roundish, middle-
sized, kitchen, second-rate ; November to January.
Moreton.—Cider.
Morgan.
Molasses, see New England Swadtne:
Mortimer.
Mouse.
Motoisee, see American French Crab.
Mother Apple.—Yellow, ovate, small, cider ; ; De-
cember ; a bitter-sweet. (See Oslin).
Motteuz’ s Seedling, see Beachamwell.
Mount Stewart. — Greenish red, oblate, large,
kitchen ; November to January.
Moulin a Vent.—Yellow, ovate, middle-sized, cider ;
December.
Moxhay Pippin-—Pale yellow, conical, small, in-
different ; October.
Mouche’s Pippin, see Margil.
Munster Pippin.—Pale green, conical, large, kit.
chen ; October to January.
Murphy.
Museau de Lievre, see Pigeonette.
Mussellier.
Naked Apple.
_ Nanny.
Negre Dore.
De Neige (Pomme Fameuse, Sanguineus).—Pale
greenish red, roundish, middle-sized, table, second-
rate; November to January ; very white flesh. A
Canadian apple, named. after the village where it was
raised.
67
Nelson, see Nelson’s Codlin.
Nelguin, see Reinette d’ Aizerna.
Never-fail, see Margil.
Newark King.—Greenish red, pear-shaped, middle-
sized, table, second-rate ; November to February.
Newark Yellow Pippin.
New England Seek-no-further.
New England Sweeting (Molasses).—Cider.
Newman's Kernel.—Cider.
Newtown Pippin (American Newton Pippin, Large
Newtown Pippin, Petersburgh Pippin, Green Newton
Pippin).—Greenish yellow, roundish, middle-sized,
table, first-rate; January to May. Excellent, but
requires a wall or good situation. Sent from New
York about 1830.
Newtown Pippin, see Alfriston.
“ Newton Pippin, Lord Gwydir’ s, see Alfriston.
Newton Pippin, Hunt's Green.
Newton Pippin, Yellow (Large Yellow Newton
Pippin).— Yellow, roundish, large, table, first-rate;
December to March. Ripens better than the Green
in this climate.
New Rock Pippin.—Green, round, middle-sized,
table, first-rate; January to May. Raised by Mr.
Pleasance, of Barnwell, near Cambridge.
New York.
New York, Early.
New York, Gloria Mundi, see Gloria Mundi.
New York Pippin.
Noblesse de Gand.—Pale yellow, ovate, middle-
sized, second-rate; December to January.
No Core Apple.
Noire (Pomme d’ Amerique).
Nonpareil, see Old Nonpareil.
Nonpareil, American.—Greenish-brown, ite
middle-sized, table, second-rate ; December to Fe-
bruary.
FQ
68
Nonpareil @ Angleterre, see Old Nonpareil.
Nonpareil, Antrim.— Streaked, roundish, small,
table, second-rate ; December to Mareh.
Nonpareil, Braddick’ s (Ditton Nonpareil).—Green,
roundish, small, table, first-rate; January to April.
Keeps sound; abundant bearer. Raised by J. Brad-
dick, Esq., of Thames Ditton.
Nonpareil, Cockfield.
Nonpareil Codlin.
Nonpareil, Early (Stagg’s Nonpareil, Hick’s Faney,
New Nonpareil).—Greenish yellow, oblate, small,
table, first-rate ; October to December. Brisk fla-
voured. Raised about seventy years ago by Stagg, a
nurseryman at Caister, Norfolk.
Nonpareil, English, see Old Nonpareil.
Nonpareil, Downton. — Green, russet, roundish,
middle-sized, table, first-rate; December to April.
Sharp rich flavoured.
Nonpareil, Fair’s.—Greenish yellow, oval, small,
table, first-rate; November to February.
Nonpareil, Flat.—Russet, oblate, small, table, first-
rate; January to April.
Nonpareil, Formosa.
Nonpareil, Frognal.
Nonpareil, Golden.—Yellow, russet, round, saadl
table, first-rate ; December to February. Handsome.
Nonpareil, Golden Russet.
Nonpareil, Green (New Green Nonpareil).—Green,
round, small, table, second-rate; January to April.
Nonpareil, Hare's.
_ Nonpareil, Hunt's, see Duke of Gloucester.
Jonpareil, Martin.—Yellow, russet, ovate, small,
table, second-rate ; December to March. Received
as a Crabstock in 1795, by Rev. G. Williams, of
Martin Hussington, near Worcester.
Nonpareil, New, see Karly Nonpareil.
Nonpareil, Old (Nonpareil, English Nonpare%\,
69
Nonpareil d’ Angleterre, Duc d’Arsel, Hunt’s Nonpa-
reil, Loveden’s Pippin, Grune Reinette, Pomme Poire
of some, Reinette Nonpareil). — Greenish yellow,
roundish, small, table, first-rate; January to May.
Peculiar and excellent flavour; bears well as a stan-
dard in a favourable situation, otherwise deserves a
wall. Probably of French origin, but known here in
Queen Elizabeth’s reign.
Nonpareil, Petworth.
Nonpareil, Pitmaston.—Pale green russet, round-
ish, middle-sized, table, first-rate; December to Fe-
bruary. Raised by J. Williams, Esq., of Pitmaston,
near Worcester.
Nonpareil, Redding’s.—Russet, green, roundish,
small, table, first-rate; December to March. Abun-
dant bearer, brisk flavour.
Nonpareil, Ross.—Russet, red, roundish, small,
table, first-rate ; November to February. Fenouillet
flavour. An Irish apple.
Nonpareil, Royal.—Greenish red, roundish, mid-
dle-sized, table, second-rate ; November to January.
Nonpareil, Russet-coated, see Pitmaston Nonpareil
Russet.
Nonpareil St. John’s.— Yellowish green and brown,
ovate, middle-sized, table, second-rate; November to
January.
Nonpareil Scarlet (New Scarlet Nonpareil).—Red,
roundish, middle-sized, table, first-rate; January to
March. Very handsome. Raised in 1773, from an
Old Nonpareil seed, sown in a public-house garden at
Esher, Surrey.
Nonpareil, Stagg’s, see Early Nonpareil.
Nonpareil, Stubton.—Greenish yellow, roundish,
small, table, first-rate; January to March. Richand
sugary.
Nonpareil, Sweeny.—Brownish red, roundish, mid-
dle-sized, kitchen and table, second-rate ; January to
70
April. Rather acid, but a good bearer. Raised in
1807, by J. N. Parker, Esq., of Sweeny, Shropshire.
Nonpareil, Symonds’s. — Green, russet, oblate,
middle-sized, table, first-rate ; December.
Nonpareil, Taunton.
Nonpareil, Vale Mascat.
Nonpareil, Waterford.
LT ee White.—Pale green, russet, kaindlish,
middle-sized, table, first-rate ; December to February.
Nonnette (Rumsche Kruger). ,
Nonesuch.—Green streaked, oblate, middle-sized,
kitchen, first-rate; September. Excellent. for apple
jelly.
Nonesuch, Bowes’s.— Green streaked, roundish,
middle-sized, kitchen; October.
Nonesuch, Biggs’ s.
Nonesuch, Clifton, see Fearn’s Pippin.
Nonesuch, Greengrass s.
Nonesuch, Round Winter.—Streaked, round, large,
kitchen, first-rate; November to March. Good
bearer.
Nonesuch, Hubbardston.
Nonesuch, Royal Winter.
Nonesuch, Watson's New, see Summer Thorle. ~
Nonesuch Park Apple.—Yellow, roundish, small,
table, first-rate ; November to February. Resembles
the Golden Pippin.
Norfolk Beaufin, see Beaufin. |
Norfolk Colman, see Winter Colman.
Norfolk Paradise (Milmount Beaufin). — Red,
oblate, middle-sized, kitchen ; November to April.
Nor: folk Pippin, see Adams's Pearmain.
lorfolk Storing, see Winter Colman.
Norman Knotted.—Streaked, roundish, middle-
sized, cider ; December to February.
Norman Bed: —Yellowish brown and red, ovate,
large, cider, first-rate; November. A bitter-sweet.
\
71
Norman Styre.—Yellowish red, round, small, cider,
October to December.
Norman, Yellow.—Yellow, small, cider.
Normandie, De.—Yellow, roundish, small, cider ;
November.
Normandy Pippin. — Yellow and brownish red,
roundish, middle-sized, cider.
Normanton Wonder, see Dumelow’s Seedling.
North s Crab.—Cider.
Northern Greening (John Apple of some, Cowarn
Queening ditto, Walmer Court).—Green, oval, mid-
dle-sized, kitchen, cider, first-rate ; November to
April. Keeps sound without shrivelling.
Northwick Pippin, see Blenheim Pippin.
Norton Seedling.
Norwich Jubilee.—Yellow, roundish, middle-sized,
kitchen ; November to December. Very acid.
Nostrate Blanche.—Pale green, ovate, large, cider ;
December.
Nottidge’s Seedling (Nottige’s Favourite).
Nottingham—Yellow, ovate, middle-sized, kitchen,
second-rate; November to January.
De Notre Dame, see Rambour France d’Ete.
Nutmeg.
_ Nutmeg Pippin, see Cockle Pippin.
Oaks.—Streaked, conical, middle-sized, indifferent,
November to February.
@illet.—Cider.
Ognon.—Greenish red, oblate, iad aied second-
rate ; January.
Oldaker’s New, see Alfriston.
Old King.
Old Maids, see Knobby Russet.
Old Park Pippin.—Reddish green, erate small,
indifferent ; November to January.
Olive Pippin.
Oliver’ s.— Yellow russet, oblate, middle-sized, table,
second-rate; December to February.
72
Orange. — Yellow, oblate, middle-sized, kitchen,
second-rate ; October.
Orange, American.
Orange, Blenheim, see Blenheim Pippin.
Orange, Isle of Wight, see Isle of Wight Pippin.
Orange Pippin, see Isle of Wight Pippin.
Orack Elma.—Red, oblate, large, table, second-
rate; October. A Persian apple.
Orange Long Laster (Orange Long Yester).
Ord’s Apple.—Brown and greenish red, ovate,
table, second-rate; January to May. Brisk juice.
Raised by Mrs. Simpson, sister of John Ord, Esq.,
near Fulham.
Orleans.
Orme.—Pale green, oblate, middle sized, table, se-
cond-rate; February to April.
Ornament de la Table.
Orpolin.
Ortley, see Woolman’s Long.
D Or, Pomme, see Golden Pippin.
DOr, Pepin, see Golden Pippin.
Orwell Pippin.
Oslin (White Oslin, Arbroath Pippin, Mother
Apple, Original).— Pale yellow, roundish, middle-
sized, table, first-rate; August to September. Pecu-
liarly rich aroma. By several of the professional
gardeners in the neighbourhood of Edimburgh it is
styled the Mother Apple, by others the Golden Apple,
and in different parts of England, as well as in the
‘works of some eminent horticulturists, it is denomi-
nated the Bur Knot apple. The last of these
names is evidently derived from the appearance of
the tree, for it in general abounds with a particular
sort of burs or knots. The appellation of Oslin is
supposed to be derived from its being first brought
into Britain from a village of the name of Oslin, in
France. The denomination of the Golden apple has,
in all probability, been given it from its beautiful
\
73
yellow colour. But of all the names by which it has
been distinguished, that of ‘‘the original’ appears to
be the most characteristic ; for, from its easy propaga-
tion by branches, a bur on them being placed beneath
the soil, it may be considered as a mother or original
apple. Said to have been raised at Arbroath, in For-
farshire, or introduced by the monks of the Abbey
there.
Ostend Pippin.
_ Ostogotha.
Outre-passe, see Passe Pomme d’Automne.
Owen's Golden Beauty, see White Juneating.
D’ Ozanne.—Cider.
Pasch Apfel, see Easter Apple.
Packhorse.—Yellowish red, roundish, middle-sized,
table, first-rate; November to March.
Padley’s Pippin (Compote).—Brown and reddish
yellow, roundish, middle-sized, table, first-rate ; De-
cember to January. Apt to shrivel. Raised in 1811
by Mr. Padley, Royal gardener at Hampton Court.
Painted Lady.—Streaked, roundish, middle-sized,
table, second-rate ; October to November.
Pampadura.
Panachee, see Api Panache.
Paper.
Paradise.
Paradise (of some), see Summer Thorle.
Paradise, White (Paradise Pippin, Egg, Lady’s
Finger, Long May, May).—Yellow, oblong, small,
table, second-rate ; November to December.
Paradis Frane.—Cider.
Paradis Rouge d Hiver.—Streaked, ovate, middle-
sized, kitchen, second-rate ; November to January.
Paradis, Summer Sweet.
Paradis, Winter Sweet.
Parmentier.—Russet, conical, middle-sized, table,
kitchen, first-rate ; November to April.
74
Parsonag Pippin.—Streaked, oblate, smail, table,
second-rate ; November.
Passe Pomme.
Passe Pomme a’ Automne (Pomme Generale, Outre-
passe).—Red, calville-shaped, middle-sized, kitchen,
second-rate ; September to October.
Passe Pomme Blanche.—Pale red, calville-shaped,
middle-sized, kitchen, pum ; September to Oc-
tober.
Passe Pomme du Canada. Those having the name
of Passe Pomme are chiefly of the Calville nature,
with soft white flesh.
Passe Pomme du Canada Grise, see Royal Russet.
Passe Pomme Rouge.
Passe Pomme Rouge d@ Automne.
Passe Rose Plate.
Paternoster.
Paternoster, see Dutch Mignonne.
Paternoster sans Pepins.
Patersonian.
Patriot.
Pawson.—Cider.
Peach Apple.
Peach Apple, Irish (Early Crofton).—Green and
brownish red, roundish, middle-sized, table, first-rate ;
August to September. An excellent early fruit.
Peach Apple, Oxford, see Scarlet Pearman.
Pear Apple.—Green, obovate, small, cider, indif-
ferent ; November.
Pearmain, Adam’s (Norfolk Pippin).—Yellowish
red, pear-shaped, middle-sized, table, first-rate ; No-
vember to February. Very handsome.
Pearmain, American, see Royal Pearmain.
Pearmain, see Herefordshire Pearmain.
Pearmain, American Summer.
Pearmain, American Winter Sweet.
Pearmain, Arundel, see Hormead Pearmain.
\
sone
49
Pearmain Augustus.—Green streaked, pear-shaped,
middle-sized, table, second-rate; Savcinker to January.
Pearmain, Autumn (Royal Pearmain of some, Sum-
mer Pearmain ditto, American Pearmain).—Yellow-
ish red, pear-shaped, middle-sized, kitchen and table,
second-rate ; September to October ; rich yellow flesh.
Pearmain, Barcelona (Speckled Golden Reinette,
Kleiner Casseler Reinette, Remette Rouge, Reinette
Rousse, Reinette de Carmes, Glace Rouge).— Yellow-
ish red, pear-shaped, middle-sized, table, second-rate ;
November to January. Good bearer.
Pearmain, Bazter’s.—Yellowish red, pear-shaped,
’ miiddle-sized, kitchen and table, second-rate; December
to March. A good bearer; scarcely so rich as the
Herefordshire Pearmain, which it resembles. A Nor-
folk apple.
Pearmain, Benwell s.—Middle-sized, oblong, dull-
ish green with red dashes, good, table ; Michaelmas to
Christmas. Raised by Mr. Benwell, of Henley-on-
Thames. .
Pearmain, Bernard’ s. Pearmain, Blue.
Pearmain, Bright's (Wick Pearmain).
Pearmain, Capper’ s.—Streaked, pear-shaped, large,
table, second-rate; December to March; handsome.
Pearmain, Chester.—Streaked, oblate, middle-
sized, second-rate.
Pearmain, Claygate.—Yellowish red, pear-shaped,
middle-sized, table, first-rate ; November to March; an
excellent dessert apple, having somewhat of Ribston
Pippin flavour. Raised at Claygate, near Thames
Ditton.
Pearmain, English Winter Geld.
Pearmain, Federal.—Greenish red, pear-shaped,
small, table, first-rate ; December to March.
Pearmain Foulden (Horrex’s Pearmain).— Yellow-
ish red, pear-shaped, middle-sized, kitchen and table,
first-rate ; November to March. Raised by Mrs.
Horrex, of Foulden, Norfolk.
76
Pearmain, Grange’s (Grange’s Pippin).—Yellow
and greenish red, pear-shaped, large, table, first-rate ;
November to February. Good bearer.
Pearmain, Golden (Ruckman’s Pearmain).—Rus-
set red, oblate, pear-shaped, middle-sized, kitchen,
cider, second-rate ; November to March.
Pearmain, Honeak ss
Pearmain, Herefordshire (Old Pearmain, Pana:
Royal Pearmain of some, Royal d’Angleterre).—
Yellow and greenish red, pear-shaped, large, kitchen
and table, first-rate ; November to March. An old
and very excellent sort.
Pearmain Hormead (Arundel Pearmain, Hormead
Pippin).—Yellow, pear-shaped, middle-sized, kitchen
and table, first-rate; October to March. A good
bearer.
Pearmain, Hubbard's (Golden Vining of some).—
Pale russet, pear-shaped, table, first-rate ; November
to April. Very rich. A Norfolk apple.
Pearmain Gillifiower.—Yellowish red, pear shape,
middle-sized, table, second-rate ; November to March.
Pearmain, Kilkenny.
Pearmain, Knight's Seedling.
Pearmain, Lamb Abbey.—Green and yellowish red,
pear-shaped, middle-sized, table, first-rate ; January
to April. Keeps well without shrivelling. Raised
by Mrs. Malcolm, of Lamb Abbey, Kent.
Pearmain, Large Red Sweet-winter.
Pearmain, Loan’s. — Green and yellowish red,
roundish, middle-sized, table, first-rate ; November
- to January.
Pearmain, London.
Pearmain, Lord Powlet’s.
Pearmain, Mickleham.
Pearmain, Pawson’ s.—Greenish brown, pear-shape,
middle-sized, table, cider, second-rate ; December to
March.
ay me
4d
Pearmain, Parry's. — Pale greenish red, ovate,
middle-sized, table, second-rate ; December to March.
Pearmain, Pike. Pearmain, Royal.
Pearmain, Royal, see Autumn Pearmain.
Pearmain, Ruckman’s, see Golden Pearmain.
Pearmain, Russet Table.
Pearmain, Scarlet (Bell’s Scarlet, Oxford Peach).
—Yellow, pear-shaped, middle-sized, table, first-rate ;
September to January ; Good bearer.
Pearmain, Spanish.
Pearmain, Striped.
Pearmain, Summer Golden.
Pearmain, Summer.
Pearmain, Sussex Scarlet.—Red, pear-shaped,
middle-sized, table; December to March.
Pearmain, anced.
Pearmain, Teraughtie.
Pearmain, Vale Mascal.—Red, ovate, middle-sized,
table, first-rate ; December to February.
Pearmain, Vermont Autumn. —
Pearmain, Wick.
Pearmain, Winter.—Green and yellowish red,
pear-shaped, middle-sized, kitchen and table, second-
rate ; December to March; resembles the Hereford-
shire Pearmain, but not so rich.
Pearmain, Young's.
Pearson's Plate.—Yellow and greenish red, oblate,
small, table, first-rate; December to March; hand-
some, and excellent dessert apple.
Peau de Vache, see Douce Morelle.
Pear Sweeting.
Peckman.
Pelican.
Pencaitland Pippin.
Pennock’s Red Winter (Pennock’s Large Red
Winter, Pennock Red).—Greenish red, oblate, large,
kitchen, November to March ; not apt to shrivel.
78
Pennington Seedling.—Yellow russet, oblate, mid-
dle-sized, kitchen and table, first-rate; November to
March; an excellent variety.
Pepin Cels.
Pepin Flagelle. ;
Pepin Knick.
Pepin Kork.
Pepin Noble.—Reddish yellow, roundish, middle-
sized, table, second-rate ; December to January.
Pepin a Porte.
Pepin Ringler.
Pepin Steuchal.—Streaked, ovate, middle-sized,
table, first-rate ; November to January.
Peruvian.
Petworth Seedling.—Brownish green, roundish,
middle-sized, table, second-rate; November to Ja-
nuary.
Petersburgh Pippin, see Newtown Pippin.
Petit Jean.—Red, roundish, small, indifferent ;
November to March; very abundant bearer; would
perhaps do for cider. Native of Isle of Jersey.
Petit Thouars.
Phlamboot.—Red, roundish, large, kitchen, second-
rate.
Pigeon (Arabian Apple, Pomme de Jerusalem,
Pigeonnet Rouge, Konigliche Taubling).—Pale green-
ish red, conical, small, table, second-rate ; December
to January.
Pigeonnet (Pigeonnet Blanc, Pigeonnet Blanc d’ Ete,
Pigeonnet Gros de Rouen, Cceur de Pigeon, Museau
de Lievre, American Peach of some).—Pale green-
ish red, ovate, small, table, second-rate; August to
September.
Pigeonnet Blane d’ Hiver, Mayer’s.—Pale yellow,
conical, middle-sized, indifferent ; December to April.
Pigeonnet Hatz.
Pigeon’s Egg.
79
Pine Apple, Lucombe’s (Pine Apple, Pine Apple
Pippin).—Yellow, roundish, small, table, first-rate ;
September to October.
Pine Apple Pippin, Summer.
Pinner Seedling (Carel’s Seedling). — Greenish
yellow russet, roundish, midd!e-sized, table, first-rate ;
December to April. Raised by J. Carrel, nurseryman,
of Pinner, Middlesex.
Pitmaston Golden Pippin.—Very like the Pine-
apple.
Pitminster Crab.—Streaked, ovate, small, indiffe-
rent ; November to December.
Plack. ,
Polnischer Morouki.—Green, roundish, middle-
sized ; November to February ; requires a warm cli-
mate.
Pomme Generale, see Passe Pomme d’ Automne.
Pomme-poire.— Russet, roundish, small, table, first-
rate; January to May; not so good as the Old Non-
pareil, which it resembles.
Pomme-poire, see Old Nonpareil.
Pomme-poire, Blanche.
Pomme Rose, see Api Petit.
Pomme-poire Grosse.
Pomeroy, Early.—Streaked, conical, middle-sized,
table, second-rate ; October.
Pomeroy, New.—Russet, ovate, middle-sized, table,
second-rate; November to December.
Pomeroy, Old (Pomeroy, Taunton). — Brownish
yellow, conical, middle-sized, table, first-rate; No-
vember to February.
Pompion.
Ponto Pippin.—Brownish red, conical, small, table,
second-rate ; November to February.
Poor Man’s Profit.
Porte Tulipee.—Brownish yellow, oblate, middle-
sized, table, second-rate ; November.
80
Porter.
Portugal, see Reinette du Canada.
Post Apfel. —Yellowish red, oval, middle-sized,
kitchen, second-rate ; November to January.
Post Captain.
Postophe d Ete——Red, calville-shape, small, in-
different ; August.
Postophe d’ Hiver. —Yellowish red, beee steal:
middle-sized, kitchen, second-rate; December to Ja-
nuary.
Potter’s Large, see Kentish Fill Basket.
Prager, see Reinette Grise.
Pound.—Yellow and brownish red, oblong, large,
kitchen ; November to January.
Pound Sweeting.
Povshon.
Prague.
Priestley (Priestley’s American).—Yellowish red,
roundish, oblate, large, kitchen and table, second-rate ;
December to April. Spicy flavour; apt to canker.
Prince's Harvest, see Early Harvest.
Prince.
Prince Royal.—Streaked, oblate, middle- sized, in-
different: December to January.
Prince de Waterloo.
Prince’s Pippin.
Princesse Anne.
Princesse Noble Zoete (Princesse).—Pale green,
conical, middle-sized, kitchen, indifferent ; December.
The Princesse Noble apples are all very indifferent in
this climate.
Princesse Noble Zoete, see Court-pendu Piat.
Princesse Noble Zuure (Princesse Noble).—Pale
yellow, oblong, middle-sized, indifferent ; October.
Princesse Victoria, Kirke s.
Prinzen.—Pale yellowish red, oblong, middle-sized,
indifferent ; October.
= 7,
ne
81
Prior's Red.
Profit Apple.—Streaked, conical, middle-sized, kit-
chen, second-rate ; October to December.
Pursemouth.
Purton’'s Pippin.
Pupicher.
Quarrenden, Devonshire (Red Quarrenden, Sark
Apple).—Red, oblate, middle-sized, table, first-rate ;
August ; good bearer.
Quarrenden, Striped, see Early Red Margaret.
Quarrenden White.
Queen's, see Borsdorffer.
Queen Anne.
Queen Charlotte (Queen, Boatswain Pippin).—
Greenish red, conical, middle-sized, indifferent. A
large sort of Crab.
Queening Cowarn, see Northern Greening.
Queening Crab.
Queening Crab, Knight’ s.—Cider.
Queening, Crimson (Scarlet Queening, Summer
Queening, Red Queening, Herefordshire Queening).
—Red, calville-shaped, middle-sized, kitchen, second-
rate; September to November.
Queening, Grey.—Green, russet, oval, middle-sized,
table, second-rate ; December to February.
Queening Summer (of some,) see Summer Stibbert.
Queening, Winter (Calville d’Angleterre, Langer
Rother Himbeer Apfil).—Red, conical, middle-sized,
table and kitehen, second-rate ; December to March.
Not so rich as the Cornish Gilliflower.
Quince Apple. Quott.
Rabine.
Rabine d Ete.
Raboulink.— Red, conical, large, kitchen, second-
rate ; November to March.
Raboulink Blanc.—Pale greenish red, roundish,
middle-sized, kitchen ; December to January.
G
82
Rambo (Romanite, American Seek-no-further).—
Yellow, oblate, middle-sized, kitchen, second-rate ;
December to January.
Rambour (Rambour Franc d’ Hiver).—Greenish-
red, oblate, large, kitchen ; October to January.
Rambour a Cotes Cre see Calville Blanche d’
Hiver.
Rambour France (Rambour Gros).—Pale yellowish
red, roundish, large, kitchen; Sept. to October. Many
varieties are confused under the name of Rambour.
Rambour Frac d Ete (Rambour Raye, Pomme de
Notre Dame).
Rangi.—Red, oblate, middle-sized, kitchen; No-
vember to February.
Rangi, Faux.
Rang, Vrai.
Raspberry.
Rateau, De (Gros Bondy).
Rather Ripe.—Yellow, oblate, small, table, second-
rate; August.
Raule’s Janet.
Ravelston Pippin.—Yellowish red, roundish, mid-
dle-sized, table, second-rate ; August.
Rawlings Pippin.
Rawson.
Red Bough.
Red Hverlasting.
Red Must.—Cider.
Red Streak, Devonshire. — Streaked, roundish,
middle-sized, cider, table; September. Blossoms late.
Red Streak, Dopsctshiras eae conical, small,
cider. A good bearer.
Red Streak, Eaton.—Cider.
Red Streak, Herefordshire (Scudamore’s Crab).—
Streaked, roundish, middle-sized, first-rate; excellent
for cider.
Red Streak, Irish.
83
Red Streaked, Keeping.—Streaked, roundish, mid-
dle-sized, kitchen; December to April. A handsome
firm apple.
Red Streak, Moccas.—Streaked, roundish, small,
cider. 7
Red Streak, Parson’ s.—Cider.
Red Streak, Scotch Winter.
Red Streak, Winter, see Cumbusnethan Pippin.
Redondelle.—Cider.
Redondelle Nuche.—Yellow, oblate, small, cider ;.
October.
Red Sweet Pippin (Sweet Pippin of the Americans,
Moore’s Large Red Winter Sweeting, Large Red
Winter Sweeting).—Red, oblate, middle-sized, second-
rate; November to February.
Read's Baker, see Norfolk Beaufin.
Regelans, Pomme, see Cornish Gilliflower.
Reneitte d Aiz, see Golden Reimette.
Reinette d Aizerna (Remette d’ Breda, Reinette
Nelguin, Nelguin).—Brownish yellow, roundish, mic-
dle-sized, table, first-rate; January to March.
Reinette d’ Astrachan.
Reinette Batarde, see Borsdorffer.
Reinette Baumann. — Red, oblate, middle-sized,
table, second-rate ; December to March. Not apt to
shrivel.
Reinette de Bentem.
Reinette Bernard.
fteinette Bischoffs.
Reinette Blanche.
Reinette Blanche d Espagne (Reinette d’ Espagne,
D’Espagne, Fall Pippin, Cobbet’s Fall Pippin).—
Pale greenish red, roundish, large, kitchen and table,
first-rate ; November to March. One of the largest
sized apples. Trees subject to canker.
Reinette Borsdorffer, see Borsdoffer.
Reinette Bosc.
G2
84
Reinette, Brame. Reinette de Bretagne.
Reinette Brodee, see Embroidered Pippin.
Reinetie, Calville.
Reinette du Canada (Reinette du Canada Blanche,
Reinette Grosse du Canada, Du Canada, Reinette du
Caen, Reimette du Canada a Cotes, Portugal, Wahre
Reinette, Reinette Gros d’ Angleterre, De Bretagne,
Janurea, St. Helena Russet).—Brown and yellowish
green, flat conical, large, kitchen and table, first-rate ;
November to April. Good bearer. Is probably the
best apple of its size, and surpassed by few of those
that are smaller: it therefore deserves extensive cul-
tivation.
Reinette du Canada Grise, see Royal Russet.
Reinette du Canada Platte, see Royal Russet.
Reinette des Carmes, see Barcelona Pearmain.
Reinette Caractere.—Yellow, russet, oval, smail,
table, first-rate ; December to April. Peculiar sub-
acid, and slight Fenouillet flavour.
Red Streak (of Backhouse), see Flower of the
Town.
Reinette, Carse.
Reinette du Cauzx.
Reinette, Chassens Glanz.
Reinette, Citronen.
Reinette d Angleterre, see Golden Pippin.
Reinetle Von Claveral.
Reinette, Contin.—Yellowish red, roundish, mid-
dle-sized, table, second-rate ; October. A good bearer.
Raised by Sir G. I. Mackenzie, at Coul, N.B.
Reinette, Course.
Reinette, Crudos Gutten.
Reinette Diel.—Yellowish red, oblate, middle-sized,
table, first-rate ; December to Nasi
Reinette, Divito Mandels.
Reinette Doree (of the Germans), see Dutch Mig-
nonne.
85
Reinette Doree (of the French), (Reinette Jaune
Tardive, Reinette Rousse).— Different sorts have
fruited under this name, but none of them are equal
to the Golden Reinette or Dutch Mignonne.
Reinette de Doue.
Reinette Drapier.
Reinette, Karly French, see Karly Harvest.
Reinette, Englische Granat.
Reinette, Hpiscopale.
Reinette, d Erkenstein.—Yellowish brown, round-:
ish, middle-sized, second-rate; November to January.
Reinette, d Espagne, see Remette Blanche d’Es-
pagne.
Reinette Franche.
Reineete Franche a Cotes.
Reinette Franche Grauwe.—Brown russet, round-
ish, middle-sized, kitchen and table, first-rate ; De-
cember to April. Requires a good situation, with
free admission of sun.
Reinetie, French, see French Russet.
Reinette, Gardonker Gold.
Reinette, Guamont.
Reinette, Gielen, see Golden Reinette.
Reinetie de Geer.
Reinette Gielen, Grosse.
Reinette, Glanz.
Reinette, Golden (Kirke’s Golden Reinette, Yellow
German Reinette, English Pippin, Aurore, Reinette
d’ Aix, Court-pendu Dore, Elizabet, Princesse Noble
of the French, Reinette Gielen, Wyker Pippin, Wy-
gers, Megginch Favourite, Dundee).—Reddish yellow,
oblate, middle-sized, table, first-rate ; October to Ja-
-nuary. A handsome, regularly moaned and excellent
dessert fruit. Good bearer. Originally raised in
Hertfordshire, where it is still a common apple.
Reinette, Goldgelbe Sommer.—yY ellow, oval, middle-
sized, second-rate ; September.
86
‘Reinette Greem.
Reinette Grise (Reiette Gris Extra, Belle Fille,
Roger).—Yellow russet, oblate, middle-sized, table,
first-rate ; November to March.
Reinette Grise d Agleterre Petit.—Russet, oblate,
small, table, first-rate ; November to January.
Reinette Grise de Champagne.—Russet, roundish,
small, table, second-rate; November to March. Fila-
vour resembles that of Fenouillet Gris.
Reinette Grise Doree.
Reinette Grise Double.
Reinette Grise de Grandviile. — Yellow russet,
oblate, middle-sized, table, second-rate ; December to
February.
Reinette Grise d’ Hiver Petit.
Reinette Grise de Holland (Reimette de Havre,
Reinette de Hongrie). — Russet, roundish, small,
table, second-rate; November to March. Very
thickly coated with russet.
Reinette Grisede Metz.—Russet, roundish, small,
table, second-rate ; November to March.
Reinette Grise, New.—Yellow russet, oblate, smali,
table, first-rate; January to March. Good bearer.
Reinette Grise de St. Onge.
Reinette Grise de Turbinee.—Ruwusset, oblate, siiall
table, first-rate; December to January. Tree subject
to canker.
Reinette Grosse du Canada, see Reinette du Canada.
Reinette Gros d Angleterre, see Reinette du Ca-
rd
nada.
Reinette Grosse & Anyleterre (Pomme Madame of
some).—Streaked, roundish, large, kitchen and table,
second-rate ; December to February. Nearly as large
as the R. du Canada, but of less merit.
Reinette, Grove End.
Reinette Grune, see Old Nonpareil.
Reinette de Hollande.
87
Reinette de Hongrie, see Reimette Grise de Hol-
lande.
Reinette Jaune Hative (Drap d’Or of some, Rein-
ette Grise de Automne of some, Reinette Marbree of
some, Citron des Carmes).—Yellow russet, roundish,
middle-sized, table, second-rate ; November.
Reinette Jaune Sucree (Citron, Anglaise, Chance).
—Yellow, oblate, small, table, first-rate; November
to February. ‘Tree apt to canker.
Reinette Kaul. :
Reinette Konigs.—Yellowish red, oblate, middle-
sized, table, second-rate ; December to February.
Reinettie, Kirke’s Golden, see Golden Reinette.
Reinetie, Kleiner Casseler, see Barcelona Pear-
main.
Reinette, Knack.
Reinette de Laak.—Yellowish red, roundish, mid-
dle-sized, table, second-rate; September. A good
bearer.
Reinette, Lancashire.
Reinetie, Large Sweet.
Reinette a Longue Queue.
Reinette Marbree, see Reinette Jaune Hative.
Reinette Micheaux.—Yellow, oblate, middle-sized,
table, second-rate ; December.
Reinette Minster Golden.
Reinette Mononisten.
Reinette de Monthron.—yYellow, roundish, middle-
sized, table, second-rate ; October to November.
Reinette Mulchompts Carmine.— Yellowish red,
roundish, middle-sized, table, second-rate ; October to
November.
Reinette, Muscaten.
Reinette de Meseau.
Reinetie Musquee.
Reinette Nonpareil, see Old Nonpareil.
Reinette Naine.—Yellowish green, conical, middle-
88
sized, table, second-rate; November to February.
Tree dwarf.
Reinette Neimans Rother.—Yellowish red, conical,
middle-sized, table, second-rate; December to Fe-
bruary.
Reinette du Nord.—Yellow, oval, middle-sized,
table, second-rate; will keep two years.
Reinetie, Northern.
Reinette Von Orleans. :
Reinette Paille.
Reinette, Pepin de.
Reinette, Pictee.—Pale russet, roundish, middle-
sized, kitchen, indifferent ; October.
Reinette Nelguin, see Reinette d’ Aizerna.
Reinette, Phillips's, see Court of Wick.
Reinette, Platte.
Reinette, Pore.
Reinette de Provence.
Reinetie Quetten (Quince Reinette). — Yellow,
obovate, middle-sized, kitchen, second-rate; October
to February. Shaped like a quince.
Reinette Rouge, see Barcelona, Pearmain.
Reinette de Rochelle.
Reinette Rouge Pictee.
Reinette Rouge de Pentecote.
Reinette Rouge de Sickler.
Reinette Rousse, see Barcelona Pearmain.
Reinette Royal.—Streaked, conical, large, kitchen
and table, second-rate; December to April; good
bearer.
Reinette Saffran.—Yellow, russet, conical, middle-
sized, cider, second-rate ; August to September.
Reinette, Selwood’s.—Greenish yellow, _ pear-
shaped, small, table, second-rate ; December to Feb-
ruary.
Reinette, Speckled Golden, see Barcelona Pear-
main.
89
Reinette Striped Monstrous.—Streaked, roundish,
large, kitchen, second-rate ; November to December.
Reinette Truite.—Yellow streaked, roundish, mid-
dle-sized, table, second-rate ; November to December.
Sugary but not very juicy.
Reinette, Tyroler Glanz.— Pale yellow, round-
ish, middle-sized, table, second-rate; December to
January.
Reinette, Wellners Gold.—Russet, oval, small,
table, first-rate ; January to May; handsome and
rich.
Reinette Wahre, see Reinette du Canada.
Reinette, Weise Antillischere.
Reinette Van Mons.
Reinette Verte.—Green, roundish, small, table,
first-rate ; December to May ; partakes of the flavour
of Golden Pippin and Nonpareil.
Reinette, Yellow German, see Golden Reinette.
Reinette Zorgvliet.
Reinette, Zimt.
Reinette, Zoete Grauwe.
Reizivardt.
Renouvelet.—Cider.
Renshaw’s Beauty.
Rhein Apfel, der Saure.—Cider; November to
April.
Rhinebeck Pippin.
Rhode Island Greening.—Green, roundish, large,
kitchen and table, first-rate; December to April;
good bearer.
Ribston Pippin (Glory of York, Formosa Pippin,
Travers’s).—Green and yellowish red, roundish, mid-
dle-sized, table and kitchen, first-rate; November to
March ; ought to be in every collection; trees very
healthy in some soils; in others subject to canker.
Raised at Ribston Hall, near Knaresborough, from
French seed.
90
Ribston Pippin, New.
Rick.
kidge.
Riviere. ‘
Roan’s White Crab.—Yellow, roundish, small,
cider ; January to March.
Rigby’ s Pippin.—Pale yellowish red, roundish, mid-
dle-sized ; December to February.
Robert's Seedling. ’
Robinson’ s Pippin.—Russet, roundish, small, table,
first-rate ; December to February.
Rob Roy.—yYellow and greenish red, roundish,
middle-sized, kitchen, second-rate.
Rockrimmon.
Rodmersham Pippin.—Yellowish red, roundish,
middle-sized ; kitchen, second-rate ; October to De-
cember.
Rogers's Magnum Bonum.
Roi, Du.
Roi Tres Noble, see Edel Konig.
Romaine.—Yellow, roundish, middle-sized, table,
first-rate ; September.
Romaine Blanche —Pale yellow, oblong, middle-
sized, indifferent ; November to February ; requires a
warmer climate than that of Britain.
* Romaine d’ Italie. |
Roman Stem.—Yellow and brownish red, ovate,
small, table, second-rate; November to December.
Romanite, see Rambo.
Romril.—Pale yellow, oblate, middle-sized, kitchen,
cider, first-rate ; November to February; great bearer.
Rosackerle (Pomme de Hanau).—Yellowish red,
roundish, middle-sized, cider; January to March; a
bitter-sweet.
Rose de China.—Green and yellowish red, round-
ish, middle-sized, table, first-rate ; November to Feb-
ruary.
91
Rose Harding.
Rooks Nest Apple, see Spice Apple.
Rosmarinapfel, Weisser Italienische.
Rostocker (Stetting Rouge.)—Red, oblate, large,
kitchen, first-rate; November to May; resembles
Norfolk Beaufin.
Rother Bietigheimer.—Streaked, roundish, large,
kitchen ; November to February.
Rother Wiener Sommer Apfel.—Yellowish red,
pear-shaped, middle-sized, table, second-rate; October.
Rouge Bruyere.—Cider.
Rouge de Pentecote.—Red, calville-shaped, mid-
dle-sized, kitchen; January to April.
Rougham Seedling.—Greenish red, oblate, small,
table, second-rate ; December.
Round.
Round Head.—Green, roundish, middle-sized, kit-
chen; November to January.
Rowlinson’ s.
Royal Beacham.—Cider.
Royal Devon.—Pale yellow, streaked, roundish,
small, cider ; November to December; bitter.
Royal George.
Royal Jersey—Streaked, roundish, small, cider.
Royal Mundi.
Royal Pippin.
Royal Red, Hunt's.
Royal Somerset, see London Pippin.
Royal Wilding.—Y ellow, conical, small, cider, first-
rate; December. A shy bearer, from Herefordshire,
but one of this name in Devonshire has been much
celebrated.
Royale @ Angleterre, see Herefordshire Pearmain.
Royal Rouge d@ Hiver.
Rumsche Kruger, see Nonnette.
Ruby, Winter.—Red, roundish, middle-sized, in-
different ; December to February ; bright colour.
92
Russel’ s.
Russet, Acklam’s.—Below middle size, round and
flat ; yellowish green and russet, good, table ; Novem-
ber to February. A Yorkshire apple.
Russet, Aromatic, see Spice Apple.
Russet, Bath. Russet, Bishop’ s.
Russet, Bowyer’s (Bowyer’s Golden Pippin.)—Yel-
low russet, roundish, oval, small, table, first-rate ; Sep-
tember; shoots canker. >
Russet, Boston (Roxbury Russet, Shippen’s Russet
of some). —Russet, roundish, middle-sized, table,
first-rate ; January to April. Of excellent quality, with
a Ribston Pippin flavour.
Russet, Bowne’s Imperial.
Russet, Burgundy.
Russet, Byson Wood, see Byson Wood.
Russet, Caraway.
Russet, French (French Reinette, French Pippin).
—Russet, roundish, middle-sized, kitehen; November
to December.
Russet, Golden (Golden Mundi of some). — Rus-
set, ovate, middle-sized, table and kitchen; first-rate ;
December to March. Requires a good situation.
Russet, Harvey.
Russet, Irish, see Sam Young.
Russet, Knobby (Winter, Old Maids). —Russet,
oval, small, table, first-rate; December to March.
Surface thickly coated with russet and remarkably
uneven.
Russet, Mignonne.
Russet, Morris’ s Nonpareil.—Russet, oblate, small,
table, first-rate; November to February.
Russet, More's. |
Russet, Pitmaston Nonpareil (Russet-coated Non-
pareil).—Russet, oblate, small, table, first-rate ; De-
cember to February. Not handsome, but exceedingly
rich and brisk flavoured.
93
Russet, Nine Partners Inttle.—Green russet, oval,
small, table, first-rate; January to May.
Russet, Orange.
Russet, Patch’s.—Russet, oval, small, table, se-
cond-rate ; November to December.
Russet, Pile’ s.
Russet, Plough Keepsie.
Russet, Powell’ s.—Russet, roundish, small, table,
first-rate ; November to February.
Russet, Rawlins Fine Red Streak.
Russet, Roxberry, see Boston Russet.
Russet, Royal (Passe Pomme du Canada, Reinette
du Canada Grise, Reinette du Canada Platte, Leather-
coat).—Russet, conical, large, kitchen, first-rate ;
November to May. Becomes soft unless kept in
pure sand ; tree bears well.
Russet, St. Helena, see Reinette du Canada.
Russet, Sandy's. — Russet, oblate, small, table,
second-rate ; November to February.
Russset, Scarlet.
Russet, Scotch.
Russet, Skippen’s.
Russet, ditto, see Boston Russet.
Russet, Sison’s.
Russet, Sweet.—Red russet, roundish, small, table,
second-rate ; ‘November to December.
Russet, Sweeting.—Russet, roundish, middle-sized,
kitchen ; January to March.
Russet, Swinden’'s Table.
Russet, Syke House (Syke House).—Russet, oblate,
small, table, first-rate ; November to February. Par-
ticularly deserving of cultivation. Raised at Syke
House, in Yorkshire.
Russet, Wareham’ s.
Russet, Wheeler’s.—Green russet, oblate, middle-
sized, kitchen and table, first-rate; November to
April.
94
Russet, White.—An Irish apple. Large, angular,
yellow, white and russet, table, good ; November and
December.
Russeting, Cooper's.
Russeting, Long Island.
Russeting, Mr. Keen's Small.
Russeting, White.
Russeting Winter.
Russian.
Russian, see Court-pendu- Plat and Summer Gilli-
flower.
Russian Emperor, see Alexander.
Russian Transparent.
Rymer (Caldwell, Green Cossings, Newbold’s Duke
of York, Newbold’ s Admiral Duncan).—Pale green-
ish red, roundish, large, kitchen, first-rate ; December
to April. Keeps very firm, and contains a brisk sharp
juice. Raised by Mr. Rymer, of Thirsk, Yorkshire.
Sabine (of the French).
Sabine (of the Fleming’s), see Gravenstein.
Sack.
Sack, Herefordshire.
Sack Apple, see Devonshire Quarrenden.
Sack-and-Sugar.—Y ellow, roundish, small, kitchen
and. table, second-rate; August ; eood bearer.
Sacomb, Flemish.
Saint Andrew.
Saint Germain.
De Saint Julien (Seigneur d’ Orsay).—Greenish-
yellow, roundish, large, table, first-rate ; December to
March. Bears well.
Saint Laurance.—Yellow, oblate, small, table, se-
cond-rate; August to September ; cankers.
Saint Mary’s Pippin, see Downton.
De Saint Louis.
Saint Martinzeable.
Saint Michaels Pippin.
95
De Saint Nover.—Cider.
Saint Patrick's Sweeting.—Yellow, oblate, small,
table, indifferent ; August to September.
Salopian.—Pale green, oblate, middle-sized, kitchen,
first-rate ; October to December. Good bearer.
Sam's Crab, see Longville’s Kernel.
Sam Rawling’s, see Hoary Morning.
Sam Young (Irish Russet).—Russet, oblate, small,
table, first-rate; November to February. Rich and
high flavoured. An Irish apple.
Sanguineum, see de Neige.
Sang Tardif.
Sapling Bark.—Yellow, oval, small, indifferent ;
August.
Saru Sinap.
De Sauge.—Yellow, brownish red, oblate, middle-
sized, cider; November to February. A bitter-sweet.
Scarlet Admirable, Kirke’s, see Hollandbury.
Scarlet Perfume, see Cole.
Savelow’s.
Scarlet Rete, -Strenked. conical, middle-sized,
table, indifferent ; November to December.
Schafer.— Greenish red, roundish, small, table,
second-rate ; December to January. Resembles the
Scarlet Nonpareil.
Schweitzer Schlotter Apfel.
Scudamore’s Crab, see Herefordshire Red Streak.
Sea Cliff.—Green, oblong, large, kitchen, second-
rate; October to January.
Schiebich.
Schyers, Pippin.
Sedan.
Sedgefield.—Streaked, round, middle-sized, second-
rate ; December to February.
Seek-no-further, see Yorkshire Greening.
Seek-no-further, American, see Rumbo.
Seaside Lemon.
96
Seigneur d@ Orsay, see Saint Julien.
De Seigneur Rouge, see d Adam.
Du Serail.
Shaw Green.
Shepherd’s Fame.—Like Blenheim Pippin.
Shepherd's Newington.—Streaked, roundish, large,
kitchen ; October to November. Does not keep weli.
Sheep’s Nose (Bullock’s Pippin, Long Tom.)
Shireling, see Lancashire Gap.
Shorrock’s Table Fruit.
Shustoke Pippin.—Yellowish red, oblate, middle-
sized, kitchen, indifferent ; December.
Siberian Harvey.
Siberian Sugar.—Yellow, roundish, small, cider,
first-rate ; December to January. Flesh orange,
juice highly saccharine.
Siben Schlafer. — Pale yellow, oblong, middle-
sized, indifferent ; November to January.
Stlverling.—Pale green, conicai, large, kitchen ;
November to March.
Simphkin.
Stmpson’s Seedling.—Green, ovate, middle-sized,
table, second-rate ; January to April.
Sine-qua-non.
Sir Thomas Gower’ s.
Sir Walter Blacket’s Favourite, see Edinburgh
Cluster.
Sir William Giblon’s.
Sir William Parker’ s.—Like a Golden Pippin.
Sklenkory.
Slade’s Pippin.— Pale brownish red, ovate, small,
table, second-rate.
Solebury Cider, see Buk’s County.
Somerset Lasting. — Pale yellowish red, oblate,
large, kitchen ; October to February.
Sommer Kleiner.
Sommer Koning.
97
Sonnette.—Greenish yellow, ovate, middle-sized,
cider. A bitter-sweet.
South Carolina Pippin.—Yellow, roundish, large,
kitchen ; December.
Sour Rawlings.
Sovereign.—Yellow, pear-shaped, middle-sized, in-
different ; October.
Sparraw Pippin.
Spatblukende (Mcetapfel a Fleurs Tardives).—
Streaked, oblong, middle-sized, kitchen ; November
to December.
Spice Apple (Aromatic Russet, Brown Apple of
Burnt Island, Rook’s Nest Apple, Brown Spice,
Burnt Island Pippin.—Russet, conical, middle-sized,
table, second-rate; October. Good bearer.
Spice, Early.
Spice, Scarlet.
Spice, Sweeting.
Spicewood.
Spiesslinger.
Spitzemberg Cisopus (Spitzemberg Flushing).—
Red, oblong, middle-sized, kitchen and table, first-
rate; requires a south wall; November to January.
An American apple.
Spitzemberg, Kaigns.—Pale red, conical, middle-
sized, indifferent ; November to January.
Spitzemberg, Newtown (Matchless). — Yellowish
red, roundish, middle-sized, kitchen and table, second-
rate; November to February. Very handsome. An
American apple, introduced by Mr. Cobbett.
Spitzemberg, Pownal’ s.
Spitzemberg, White.
Spotted Pippin.
Standard.
Staunton Pippin.
Stead’s Kernel,—Cider.
Stern Apfel.
H
98
Stettin Pippin, see Dutch Mignonne.
Stettin Jaune.—Yellow, roundish, large, kitchen ;
January to June. Bears abundantly.
Stettin Rouge, see Rostocker.
_ Stelsted Pippin.
Stetchworth Seedling, Bayley’ s.
Stetchworth Seedling, Eaton's.
Stzre.
Stire, Red.—Streaked, roundish, small, cider, first-
rate; November to January. Austere.
Stire, White-—Pale green, roundish, small, cider,
first-rate.
Stirling Castle.
Stoke Park Pippin.—Very like the Pime-apple.
Stone Pippin.—Pale yellow, oblate, middile-sized,
table, first-rate; January to April. Handsome.
Stone Pippin, Norfolk (White Stone Pippin, White
Pippin, Winter Stone Pippin).—Pale greenish yellow,
oblong, middle-sized, kitchen, table, second-rate ;
November to July. Valuable for its long keeping.
A Norfolk apple.
Stone Pippin, see Gogar Pippin.
Stony Royd Pippin.—Yellow, roundish, middle-
sized, kitchen and table, first-rate; January to April.
Straat.—Greenish yellow, roundish, middle-sized,
table, first-rate; December to April. Resembling
Newtown Pippin. Tree disposed to canker.
Strawberry, Karly.
Strawberry, Summer.
Strawberry, Winter.
Strode House Pippin.—Yellow, roundish, middle-
sized, table, second-rate: November.
Strifing ad Hiver, see D’ Astem.
Striped Holland Pippin, see Lincolnshire Holland
Pippin.
Striped June.
Stubton Pippin.
99
Sturmer Pippin. Greenish yellow and brown,
conical, middle-sized, kitchen and table, first-rate ;
February to June. Brisk flavour.
Stuttgarter Gaishirtel, see Wugsdorffer.
Sudbury Beauty.—Yellow, roundish, small, table,
first-rate ; October to January.
Sugar, Siberian.
Sugarloaf Pippin (Hutching’s Seedling, Dolgoi
Squozni—Long transparent).—Green, oblong, mid-
dle-sized, kitchen; August. A Russian apple, from
the Taurida Gardens.
Summer Hedging.— Red, roundish, small, cider.
Summer Pippin, see Margaret and Summer Golden
Pippin.
Summer Queen.— Pale yellowish red, roundish,
middle-sized, kitchen, second-rate; August to Sep-
tember.
Summer Rose.—Yellowish red, oblate, small, kit-
chen and table, second-rate; August.
Summer Stibbert (Summer Queening of some,
Avant Tout, Hative).—Yellow, conical, large, kitchen,
second-rate; August. Good bearer.
Summer Traveller, see Karly Red Margaret.
Superieure.
Superintendenten.
Superintendent Prachtvoll Reinette.
Surprise.
Sussez.—Pale greenish red, oblate, middle-sized,
table, second-rate ; November.
Svinels. Swaar.
Swedish Early Sauce.—Streaked, conical, middle-
sized, kitchen, second-rate ; August.
Swedish Golden.
Sweet Lading. —Streaked, oblate, middle-sized,
cider, second-rate ; November.
Sweet Little Wilding (Zoete Wildjes). — Small,
cider.
H 2
100
Sweet Pippin (of the Americans), see Red Sweet
Pippin.
Sweeting, Large Green.
Sweeting, Large Red Winter, see Red Sweet
Pippin.
Sweet Pippin.—Yellow, ovate, small, cider; Octo-
ber to November.
Sweet Topaz.
Sweeting, Large Striped.
Syke House, see Syke House Russet.
Tafitai, see Transparent d’ Astrachan.
Tankard, Old.
Tankerton.
Tankerville.—Streaked, roundish, small, indiffer-
ent; September.
Tanner's.
Tardfleur.—Cider.
Taunton, se Pomeroy.
Tay Side Pippin.
Ten Shillings.—Russet, red, oblate, middle-sized,
table, second-rate ; November.
Tenterden Park.—Yellowish red, roundish, small,
table, first-rate ; October to February.
Terwin’s Goliath.
Tete du Chat.
Tete du Chat (of Jersey), see Round Catshead.
Tetofsky.—Streaked, oblong, middle-sized, table,
second-rate ; August to September. Handsome. |
Tewksbury, Winter Blush.
Thickset, see Cluster Golden Pippin.
Thompson's.
Thorle, Summer (Whorle Pippin, Watson’s New
Nonesuch, Paradise of some).—Pale yellowish red,
oblate, middle-sized, table, first-rate ; August to Sep-
tember. A very handsome apple.
Thorle, Winter.
Toilet, see De Longbois.
101
Thoresby Seedling. — Red, pear-shaped, middle-
sized, table ; January to April.
Tockington Ruby.—Cider.
Tom Potter.
Tom Put. Top.
Tonnelle.
Tontigne.
Torbron’s.
Tower of Glammis (Glammis Castle, Late Carse of
Gowrie).—Greenish yellow, conical, large, kitchen,
first-rate ; November to January.
Transparent, see De Glace.
Transparent d@ Astrachan (Taffitai).
Transparent @ Christ.
Transparent Green.
Transparent, Wood's New, see Court of Wick.
Transparent de Moscovie, see White Astrachan.
Transparent de Zurich.—Pale yellow, conical, mid-
dle-sized, cider ; September to October. Good bearer.
Traveller.—Streaked, oblate, middle-sized, table,
indifferent.
Travers’s, see Ribston Pippin.
Travelling Queen.—Streaked, roundish, middle-
sized, indifferent ; November to January.
Trianon Superbe.
Troughton’ s.
Trinnpington (Eve Apple, Delaware).—Red, oblate,
small, table, second-rate ; September to December.
Tschelebr.
Turks Cap.—Cider.
Ture Vert.
Tulip (Tulp, Tulpen).—Red, ovate, middle-sized,
table, second-rate ; November to April. A Dutch
apple of a very bright red colour, and a good bearer.
Turpin. — Yellow, ovate, middle-sized, kitchen ;
November to May.
Turin Cluster Pippin, see Cluster Golden Pippin.
le Na <a
102
Turckenham.—Streaked, broad, conical, large, kit-
chen ; September to October.
Two Yearling.—Yellow, roundish, small, table, se-
cond-rate ; May to July.
Ufington Pippin.
Underleaf.—Yellowish red, oblate, middle-sized,
second-rate ; December. |
Under leaf, Herefordshire.
Valentine.
Valleyfield Pippih.“Gaeh red, oblate, middle-
sized, table, second-rate; September. Good bearer.
Vandervere.— Yellowish red, oblate, middle-sized,
kitchen and cider, second-rate; December to March.
Van Dyne, see Woolman’s Long.
Vater Apfel ohue Kerne.
Veiny Pippin.—Brownish green, roundish, middle-
sized, indifferent ; October to January. Great bearer.
Venus Pippin.
Verte Mure. Vertue.
Violette, Pomme (Violette de Quartre Gouts, Gros
Pomme Noire d’Amerique, Red Calville of some).—
Dark red, conical, large, kitchen, second-rate ; Octo-
ber to March. Moderate bearer, fruit covered with
bloom like a plum.
Virginia Favourite.
Wach’s Apfel.—Pale yellow, oblong, middle-sized,
cider ; October to December.
Wadhurst Pippin (Walmer Court, see Northern
Greening).— Yellow and brownish red, roundish, large,
_ kitchen, first-rate ; October to February.
Waltham Pippin.
Waltham Abbey Seedling (Docter Harvey of some).
—Yellow, roundish, large, kitchen, first-rate; Sep-
tember to January. Fruit handsome. Requires but
little sugar; tree a good bearer. Raised m 1810
from a seed of the Golden Noble, by Mr. Barnard,
of Waltham Abbey.
"NG
103
Wanderer.
Warren.
Warwickshire Greening.
Warwickshire Pippin, see Wyken Pippin.
Wasserlinger.—Greenish yellow, streaked, round-
ish, large, cider ; September to April.
Watch Apple, see Cambusnethan Pippin.
Watson's Dumpling-—Streaked, roundish, large,
kitchen, first-rate ; October to February.
Wax.
Weisbrod.
Weisser Bietigheimer.
Weeks Pippin, see Court of Wick.
Weilbank’s Constant Bearer.—yYellowish red,
roundish, ovate, middle-sized, kitchen, second-rate ;
November to January.
Wellington, see Dumelow’s Seedling.
Welsh Pippin.—Yeilow, calville-shaped, middle-
sized, kitchen ; November to January.
West Grinstead Pippin.—Green streaked, round-
ish, middle-sized, table, second-rate; November to
April; does not shrivel.
Wetherell’s White Sweeting.—Yellow, roundish,
middle-sized, cider ; September ; a sweet cider apple.
Whernel’s Pippin.—Yellow, pear-shaped, middle-
sized, kitchen, second-rate ; December to March.
White Costin.
White Easter.—Pale yellow, pear-shaped, middle-
sized, kitchen; January to April.
White Hyde Pippin.
White Loaf.—Yellowish red, oblate, large, kitchen.
White Letham Pippin.
White ily, see Devonshire Buckland.
White Pippin, see Norfolk Stone Pippin.
White Seal.—Pale yellow, oblong, large, kitchen ;
September ; of little value.
White Sour, see Devonshire White Sour.
104
Whitmore Pippin.—Yellow, conical, large, kitchen,
second-rate ; December to January.
Whorle Pippin, see Summer Thorle.
William.—Yellow, oblate, middle-sized, table, cider,
second-rate; November to January.
Winchester.
Williams's Favourite.
Williams's Pippin.
William, Prince.
Windham’ s Pippin.
Windham s Seedling.—yY ellow, oblate, middle-sized,
kitchen, indifferent ; November to March.
Wine.—Yellow, oblate, middle-sized, cider; De-
cember.
Wine, Green.
Wine, Red.
Wine, Vandervoust’'s White.
_- Wine, White.
Wine, Sops of.—Red, roundish, middle-sized,
cider ; October to February.
Wine Sop, Winter.
Wine Sop, American.—Red, cuettell middle-sized,
kitchen, second-rate ; December to April. :
Wine, Spitzemberg.
W inteh see Knobby Russet.
Winter Bogge, Zoete.
Winter Colman (Norfolk Colman, Norfolk Stor-
ing)..—Yellowish red, roundish, middle-sized, kitchen,
first-rate; November to April. A Norfolk apple.
Winter Greening.
Winter Majetin.—Green and brownish red, round-
ish, large, kitchen, first-rate; January to May; tree
hardy, not subject to the attacks of insects. A Nor-
folk apple. |
Winter Pippin.
Winter Scarlet.—Red, calville-shaped, middle-sized:
kitchen ; November to J anuary.
105
Winter Stone Pippin, see Norfolk Stone Pippin.
Winter Warden.—Streaked russet, roundish, mid-
dle-sized, kitchen, second-rate; December to Febru-
ary.
Wire Wood.
Wise Apple.
Witham’s Pippin.
Witte Wyn.—Pale green, roundish, middle-sized,
cider ; October to November.
Woodcock, see Northern Greening.
W oodcock, New.—Streaked, roundish, middle-sized,
cider ; December to January.
Wood's Hundington, see Court of Wick.
Woodstock Pippin, see Blenheim Pippin.
Woods Greening.—Green, conical, middle-sized,
kitchen and table, second-rate ; January to May.
Woolman’s Long (Ortley, Van Dyne).—Yellow,
oblong, middle-sized, kitchen and table, first-rate ;
December to April; excellent in a good situation.
From New Jersey, in N. America.
Wollaton Pippin, see Court-pendu Plat.
Wormsley Pippin (Knight’s Codlin).—Pale green,
roundish, middle-sized, kitchen and table, first-rate ;
September to October. Raised by Mr. Knight, at
Wormsley Grange. 5 ‘
Wugsdorffer (Stuttgarter Gaishirtel). :
Wydoge.—Yellowish red, conical, middle-sized ;
second-rate.
Wyken Pippin (Warwickshire Pippin, Girkin Pip-
pin, Arley).—Yellow, oblate, small, table, second-
rate; December to April; has been confused with
Wyker Pippin, but is very different. Raised at Wyken,
near Coventry, by a Lord Craven. A great favourite
in Warwickshire.
Wyker Pippin, see Golden Reinette.
Wygers, see Golden Reinette.
Yellow, see Court of Wick.
106
Yellow Bough, Large Early.—Yellow, roundish,
large, kitchen, first-rate ; August to September.
Yellow Harvest, see Karly Harvest.
Yellow Harvest, Large.
Yellow Pippin.
Yellow Seggiden,
Y oung Pippin.
Young's Seedling.—Greenish red, eoantliah mid-
dle-sized, kitchen and table, second-rate ; ; January to
June.
Yorkshire Greening (Coates’s, Seek-no-further of
some, Yorkshire Goose Sauce).—Green, oblate,
large, kitchen, first-rate; October to January; apt
to speck, yet much esteemed for kitchen use.
Yorkshire Greening, Woolaton.
Zoete Blanke.—yYellow, calville-shaped, small,
cider, second-rate; October to March.
Zoete Champagne.—Russet, roundish, small, cider,
second-rate ; November to January ; a sweet russet.
Zoete Kandy.—Yellowish red, roundish, middle-
sized, second-rate ; December to January.
Zoete Kantjis.
Zoete Jopen Roode.
Zoete Peter Lely.—Russet, oblate, small, table,
first-rate ; November to February.
Zoete Wildjes, see Sweet Little Wilding.
Zoete Raboise.
Zoete Vene.
Zurvbel.
APPLES USED AS STOCKS.
English Paradise.
French Paradise.
Doucin (of the French).
Wild Crab.
JOA
107
SELECTION OF APPLES FOR THE CLIMATE OF
LONDON.
Dessert Sorts.
Early Red Margaret .. ripens in August.
Devonshire Quarrenden. . v Aug. and Sept.
Oslin... a Aug. and Sept.
Summer Golden Pippin. . me Aug. and Sept.
Kerry Pippin... 5 2 Sept. and Oct.
Wormsley Pippin ~~ oe Sept. and Oct.
King of the Pippins .. wi Oct. and Jan.
Hughes’s Golden Pippin #3 Dec. and Feb.
Pearson’s Plate .. ee or Dec. and Mar.
Ribston Pippin .. $e fe Noy. and Mar.
Downton Nonpareil... ae Dec. April, or
May.
EDINBURGH AND DUBLIN.
In situations where the Ribston Pippin is known to
canker, the Herefordshire Pearmain may be substi-
tuted; and, with this alteration, the above selection
is presumed to be suitable for the climates of Edin-
burgh and Dublin. For additional choice and trial,
the following are highly deserving of notice as dessert
apples of approved excellence :-—
Large Golden Bough, or Early Harvest, ripens in the
ne ee of August.
Golden Reinette a : Oct. and Jan.
Golden Harvey oe ss Dec. and May
Scarlet Nonpareil st te Jan. and March
Braddick’s Nonpareil . . Jan. and April.
Old Nonpareil. . ” se Jan. and May.
KITCHEN APPLES SUITED FOR THE GENERAL
CLIMATE OF BRITAIN.
From the following sorts of kitchen apples, suit-
108
able for the general climate of Britain, a supply may
be obtained throughout the year :—
Hawthornden | Alfreston.
Blenheim Pippin | Brabant.
Bedfordshire Foundling |. Northern Greening
FOR THE NORTH OF SCOTLAND.
Dessert.—Oslin, Early Red Margaret, Pitmaston
Nonpareil, Wormsley Pippin, Ribston Pippin, Bax-
ter’s Pearmain, Court of Wick, Claygate Pearmain,
Pearson’s Plate, Braddick’s Nonpareil, Scarlet Non-
pareil, Sturmer Pippin.
For Kitchen use-—Dumelow’s Seedling, Tower of
Glammis, Keswick Codlin, Hawthornden, Bedford-
shire Foundling, Round Winter Nonesuch, Mere de
Menage, Northern Greening, Royal Russet, Waltham
Abbey Seedling, Yorkshire Greening, Rymer.
For Watus.—Golden Pippin, Golden Harvey,
Ribston Pippin, and Nonpareil.
For EspALIERS AND DwarF STANDARDS, the
same as for Walls, together with King of the Pippins,
Newtown Pippin, Court of Wick, Scarlet Nonpareil,
Downton Pippin.
PROPAGATION.
_ By Seed.—The apple pip never gives birth to a
seedling tree yielding fruit like that of its parent;
and, which is still more strange, every pip from the
same apple will produce a seedling differing from the
others. The vast majority of seedlings are mere
crabs ; but care and judgment in selecting the parents
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109
of which the good qualities are required to be united
in the offspring, will partially obviate this tendency
of returning to the original wilding.
- The sorts of apples proper for crossing or recipro-
cal impregnation, appear to be those which have a
great many qualities in common, but some different
qualities. Thus the Golden Pippin has been crossed
so as to produce a good offspring, by other Pippins .
or Rennets, and not by Calvils or Codlings. A small
sized apple, crossed by a large sort, will be more cer-
tain of producing a new variety than the above mode,
but will be almost equally certain of producing a va-
riety destitute of valuable qualities. Mr. Knight’s
mode of cutting out the stamens of the blossoms to
be impregnated, and, afterwards, when the stigmas
are mature, introducing the pollen of that intended
for the male parent, is unquestionably the most sci-
entific mode of performing the operation. In this
way he produced those excellent apples, the Downton,
Red and Yellow Ingestrie, and Grange Pippins, from
the same parents, viz., the seed of the Orange Pippin
impregnated by the pollen of the Golden Pippin.
The Bringwood Pippin he produced from the Golden
Pippin, impregnated with the pollen of the Golden
Harvey apple. |
In crossing to produce new varieties, some fixed
purpose should be adhered to, and prosecuted accord-
ingly. Thus, if a dessert apple is desired, flavour
110
must of course form the most prominent object; and
that flavour must be accompanied by abundance of
juice, or the produce will be worthless. Nothing can
redeem the want of the latter quality, for we are ac-
quainted with apples equal in flavour to the celebrated
Ribston Pippin, and yet we cannot place them on the
table through the absence of the latter property.
Keeping properties should, moreover, be ever kept in
view, unless the object be to produce a good early
apple. With regard to the juicy qualities, we would,
above all, recommend frequent trials with the Old
Nonpareil as one parent, for, up to the present pe-
riod, we believe it to be unrivalled as to the abund-
ance and various characters of its juice, and that up
to a very late period in the spring. Mellowness or
tenderness of texture is also another great considera-
tion, for few like a hard-fleshed apple. The Kerry
Pippin is perhaps the highest flavoured autumn apple
in the country, and had it the mellow texture of the
Nonpareil it would stand unrivalled in every respect ; —
it is, however, hard, and this is indeed its only fault.
Bearing properties should also be kept in view, for
bad bearers are by no means to be tolerated in these
days, when so much choice exists. When the object
is to produce a good kitchen apple, good baking or
boiling properties must of course stand first on the
list; and next to this, we should say, long keeping
and prolific habits. The John apple, or, as it is
ae.
called by the Horticultural Society of London, the
Northern Greening, is the best baking and longest
keeping apple we have. This might well be selected
as the parent, on one side, of a superior kitchen
apple : it is, moreover, of very sound constitution.
We would strongly advise that little crossing should
take place between kitchen and table apples; the
produce of such can only in the main tend to confuse:
the country is full of such apples, which, in general,
possess no decided character.
The pips of apples that will not keep until the
_ spring are best sown in the autumn, but if the apples
will continue undecayed, the pips should be kept in
them until March, and then be sown. The largest
and most convex pips usually produce the most valu-
able varieties. Sow them in pots or border of light
rich loam; bury the seed an inch deep, if in a border,
six inches apart each way. Mr. Loudon says that at
the end of the year the seedlings should be trans-
planted into ‘nursery rows, from six inches to a foot
apart every way. Afterwards they should be removed
to where they are to produce fruit ; and for this pur-
pose the greater the distance between the plants the
better. It should not be less than six or eight feet
every way. The quickest way to bring them into a
bearing state, Williams of Pitmaston considers, is to
let the plants be furnished with lateral shoots, from
the ground upwards, so disposed as that the leaves
ere
ree ee See ery
112
of the upper shoots may not shade those situated
underneath, pruning away only triflmg shoots. By
this mode, fruit may be had from seedling apples at
four, five, and six years of age, instead of waiting
eight, ten, and even fifteen years, by the usual mode
of planting close, and pruning to naked stems.
Mr. Macdonald, a distinguished gardener in Scot-
land, has also succeeded in obtaining fruit from seed-
lings at an early period by grafting, already stated as
one of the uses of that mode of propagation. _In
1808, he selected some blossoms of the Nonpareil,
which he impregnated with the pollen of the Golden
Pippin and of the Newtown Pippin. When the
apples were fully ripe, he selected some of the best,
from which he took the seeds, and sowed them in
pots, which he placed in a frame. He had eight or
nine seedlings, which he transplanted into the open
ground in the spring of 1809. In 1811 he picked
out a few of the strongest plants, and put them singly
into pots. In spring, 1812, he observed one of the
plants shewing fruit-buds. He took a few of the
twigs and grafted them on a healthy stock on a wall,
and in 1813 he had a few apples. The third year
(1816) his seedlings yielded several dozens, and also
his grafts; and he mentions that the apples from the
grafts were the largest.
If the length of time which has hitherte been re-
»quired to cause seedling fruits to blossom, could be
113
limited to two or three years, we have no doubt that
many more persons would be tempted to raise seed-
lings, and the sure consequence would be a vast acces-
sion of new and useful fruits; for who shall place a
limit either as to size or quality? We do think
that the thing may be accomplished in much less
time by a due consideration of the conditions neces-
sary in order to produce fructification. A sudden check
after excessive luxuriance is a well-known promoter of
fructiferous habits. We would, therefore, grow the
young seedlings for two years in the richest loam ima-
ginable, specially prepared. We would, in the third
year, transplant them into a poorer soil, giving them
plenty of room, and, of course, a perfect exposure to
light ; and we would, at the same time, graft some
scions from them on the healthiest old trees in the
garden; selecting those known to be great bearers,
and placing the scions at the extremity of the principal
shoots. 3 |
Mr. Knight states that the width and thickness of
the leaf generally indicates the size of the future
apple, but will by no means convey any correct idea
of the merits of the future fruit. When these have
the character of high cultivation, the qualities of the
fruit will be far removed from those of the native
species ; but the apple may be insipid or highly fla-
voured, green or deeply coloured, and of course well
or ill-calculated to answer the purposes of the planter.
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114
An early blossom in the spring, and an early change
of colour in the autumnal leaf, would naturally be
supposed to indicate a fruit of early maturity, but Mr.
Knight was never able to discover any criterion of this
kind on which the smallest dependence may be placed.
The leaves of some varieties will become yellow and
fall off, leaving the fruit green and immature; and
the leaves in other kinds will retain their verdure long
after the fruit has perished. The plants whose buds
in the annual wood are full and prominent are usually
more productive than those whose buds are small and
shrunk in the bark; but their future produce will de-
pend much on the power the blossoms possess of
bearing the cold, and this power varies in the varieties,
and can only be known from experience. Those which
produce their leaves and blossoms rather early in the
spring are generally to be preferred, for, though they
are more exposed to injury from frost, they less fre-
quently suffer from the attacks of imsects—the more
common cause of failure. The disposition to vegetate
early or late in the spring, is, like almost every other
quality in the apple tree, transferred in different de-
grees to its offspring; and the planter must therefore
seek those qualities in the parent tree which he wishes
to find in the future seedling plants. The best
method Mr. Knight was able to vegetate very early
in the spring, has been by introducing the farina of the
Siberian Crab into the blossom of a rich and early
EE
115
apple, and by transferring, in the same manner, the
farina of the apple to the blossom of the Siberian
Crab. The leaf and the habit of many of the plants
thus obtained, possess much of the character of the
apple, whilst they vegetate as early in the spring as
the crab of Siberia, and possess at least an equal power
of bearing cold; and Mr. Knight obtained two plants
of the family which were quite as hardy as the most
austere crab of our woods.
Grafting is the most usual and successful mode of
propagating established varieties, and whip or tongue
grafting are those usually adopted.
Scions.—At whatever season grafts are intended to
be inserted, the branches which are to form them
should be taken from the parent stock during the
winter, and not later than the end of the preceding
year ; for if the buds have begun to vegetate, in the
smallest degree, (and they begin with the increasing
influence of the sun,) the vigour of the shoots, during
the first season, will be diminished; and the grafts
will not succeed with equal certainty ; though a graft
of the apple-tree very rarely fails, unless by accidental
injury, or great want of skill in the operator. The
amputated branches must be kept alive, till wanted,
by having the end of each planted in the ground, a few
inches deep, in a shady situation. (Knight on Apple,
55.) 7
The scions should be of one-year-old wood, one-
116
fourth of an inch in diameter ; four to six inches long,
and with not less than three buds. One bud should
be low down at the tongue end of the scion, that is
of the end inserted into the stock, for we have observed
that scions having such a bud have generally taken
the most successfully.
The part of the tree from whence the scion is taken
is far from immaterial. The lower branches onthe
south side of the tree, provided they are well exposed
to the light, and shoots from the main trunk of a
branch rather than from its spray, are to be greatly
preferred. Mr. Knight most approved of the shoots
emitted from the main stem, being of opinion that
“the decay of many varieties (such as the Gilliflower
Apple, which in my estimation is and always was
without a rival in the climate of England) might be
greatly retarded by propagating it from scions which
have recently sprung from the trunks of old trees, in
obedience to the instructions of Virgil (whose autho-
rity is however generally of little value), and probably
of Hyginus, ‘summa ne pete flagella.’*’ (Trans.
Hort. Soc. i. 149, N.S.)
With regard to the opinions here expressed, we
would say that the selection of scions from new and
vigorous kinds of strong constitutions and from old
and partially worn out sorts, are two very different
affairs. We would always take the scion from a situ-
ation fully exposed to sunlight, and from the subordi-
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117
nate parts of trees of too gross a character, or where
a dwarfing system was intended, and from the strongest
shoots that could be found in those sorts suspected of
wearing out.
Stocks.—Quite equal in importance to the care of
selecting the scions, are the desirable means of obtain-
ing proper stocks. A preference has generally, and
justly, been given to those raised from the seeds of
the native kind, or crab, as being more hardy and
durable than those produced from the apple.
The offspring of some varieties of the crab, parti-
cularly of those introduced from Siberia, vegetate
much earlier in the spring than other trees of the
same species; and thus the inexperienced planter
will probably be led to suppose, that such stocks
would accelerate the vegetation of other varieties in
the spring, and tend to produce an early maturity of
the fruit in autumn. In this, however, he will be
disappointed. The office of the stock is, in every
sense of the word, subservient; and it acts only in
obedience to the impulse it receives from the branches:
the only qualities, therefore, which are wanting ta
form a perfect stock, are vigour and hardiness. In
collecting the seeds to sow, it must be remembered
that the habits as well as the diseases of plants are often
hereditary, and attention should be paid to the‘state
of the tree from which the seeds are taken ; it should
be large and of free growth, and rather in a growing
Se a) S
118
state than one of maturity or decay. The crab-trees,
which stand in cultivated grounds, generally grow
more freely and attain a larger stature than those in
the woods, and therefore appear to claim a preference.
The seeds should be taken from the fruit in the au-
tumn, and sown in beds of good mould an inch deep.
From these the plants should-be removed in the fol-
lowing autumn to the nursery, and planted in rows of
three feet distance from each other, and eighteen
inches between each plant. Being here properly pro-
tected from cattle and hares, they may remain till
they become large enough to be planted out; the
ground being regularly worked and kept free from
weeds. (Knight on the Apple, 50.)
They will have attained a diameter of from half an
inch to an inch, the size fit for grafting, after having
from one to two or three years’ growth, particularly
for dwarfs, or even for full and half-standards, if in-
tended to form the stem from the graft, which is an
eligible method for these trees; but if the stock is to
form the stem, they will require three or four years’
growth to rise to a proper height; seven feet for full,
and four or five for half-standards.
The stocks thus raised from the seeds of the Crab
or Wilding apple are called free stocks, and for full
standards are much to be preferred; but for dwarfs,
half-standards, and wall-trees, the Paradise, or, as the
French term them, the Douein stocks are preferable.
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119
They are preferable because they produce trees much
less vigorous and free in their growth than are those
worked on free stocks. Paradise stocks are those
raised from layers, cuttings, or suckers of cultivated
apples. Those raised from suckers are frequently
called Dutch Paradise stocks. For moist soils we
think Paradise stocks are most suitable, and for very
dry localities, the free stocks.
Do not disturb the roots of apples intended to be
grafted the same season; the check in the first
instance would render the success of the operation of
grafting precarious. The branches or stems of trees
intended to be grafted should be cut back before
spring. We are quite aware that it has been recom-
mended to remove the young trees once or twice dur-
ing the time they remain in the nursery, under the
idea of increasing the number of their roots: but this
practice is only eligible with trees which do not
readily grow when transplanted. Mr. Knight always
found the growth of young apple-trees to be much
retarded, and a premature disposition to blossom to
be brought on by it, and could not afterwards observe
that those trees, which had been twice removed, grew
better than others. It has also been supposed that
many small roots, proceeding immediately from the
trunk, are in future growth of the tree to be preferred
to a few large ones ; but as the large roots of necessity
branch into smaller ones, and probably extend to a
120
ereater distance, the advantages of more transplanta-
tions than from the seed-bed to the nursery, and
thence to the orchard, may reasonably be questioned.
(Knight on the Apple, 66.)
In selecting stocks, however, for the apple, it should
always be borne in mind, that the Paradise stock will
not answer for the ordinary orchard standard. Apples
grafted on this stock will never make such large trees
as those grafted on the free or crab-stock. The Pa-
radise stocks are therefore peculiarly fitted for a
dwarfing system, and in this respect well adapted to
the modern improved kitchen garden. The Paradise
stock, however, is of rather tender habits, and requires
a very generous kind of soil. It will not thrive either
in so clayey, or so sandy, or gravelly a soil as the
common crab, therefore some caution is necessary in
adopting it. If any jealousy exists on this head, the
same end may be obtained by using the free stock,
and by transplanting it about a couple of years after
grafting, first encouraging it to grow rather luxuriant.
In this transplantation all tap roots should be cut away
if intended for the kitchen garden, and a slight top
dressing should be applied: this will soon compensate
for the loss of the tap roots by an increased amount
of surface fibres, which, holding more sympathy with
the atmospheric action, will be found eminently con-
ducive of bearing habits.
Grafting old Trees.—There are few plantations
\
121
now existing, in which many middle-aged trees, of
diseased and unproductive varieties, are not to be
found. These should be immediately regrafted ; but
unless this operation be performed with more judg-
ment than usually belongs to the common grafter, it
will often be fatal to the tree. The grafts will, how-
ever, almost always succeed during the first three or
four years, together with the stock. It not unfre-
quently happens that the scions inserted belong to as
old, and as diseased, a variety as that which has been
taken off; and, in this case, the graft and the stock
appear to die by mutual consent. When old trees
are to be grafted, the scions of a very young and
hardy variety, of extremely vigorous growth, should
be selected ; and the grafts should be inserted in the
large branches at some distance from the trunk; and
never, where it can be avoided, in the principal stem
itself. Large scions should be used, for these take a
deeper and firmer hold of the stock than small ones.
The thick covering of lifeless external bark should,
at the same time, or in the succeeding winter, be totally
pared off, care being taken that the internal bark be
not anywhere cut through. The effects of this opera-
ration will be found extremely beneficial to the tree
in its future growth, and it will not be difficult to trace
these effects in their cause. From very numerous
experiments on the ascent and progress of the sap in
trees, made by means of coloured infusions, and by
122
taking up the vessels in different parts, Mr. Knight
was perfectly satisfied that the ascending and de-
scending fluids are carried to every part of the tree.
(Knight on the Apple, 85).
Root-grafting is easily practised, and it has the
very strong recommendation of having as its advocate
Mr. Beaton, the very excellent gardener of Sir W.
Middleton, at Shrubland Park, near Ipswich. He
observes, that Mr. Knight was the first who ascertained
the possibility of grafting scions on pieces of the roots
of the same or some allied species with success.
When he made his experiments on this subject known
to the Horticultural Society some thirty years since,
it was looked on merely as an interesting fact in vege-
table physiology. Subsequently, however, the prac-
tice began to be extensively employed in the nurseries
to multiply rare plants, or such as are difficult to pro-
pagate by the more ordinary means, such as Combre-
tum purpureum and so forth. Mere propagation of
rare species is, however, by no means the only object
to which this mode of grafting can be advantageously
applied; another and a still more important one is,
that by its means we gain one grand step in preventing
canker in fruit-trees—perhaps the surest step of any
that has yet been thought of. We all know that cer-
tain plants prefer particular soils and dislike others,
but no one can tell the reason. When a young fruit-
tree shews symptoms of premature decay or canker,
123
the fault, or rather the misfortune, is ascribed in nine
eases out of ten to the subsoil ; but this is a hasty con-
clusion. The worst garden or orchard soil in the king-
dom produces some healthy tree ; if only one, why
not more of the same species or variety? Simply
because there is only one of the stucks used in this
instance which prefers that particular soil. Now, if
we take pieces of the roots of this particular stock,
and graft on them, we may reasonably expect that,
other circumstances being favourable, they will produce
trees as vigorous and healthy as their parent stock on
that particular soil, though they might refuse to do
so on soil which we would think more propitious for
them. This disposition in trees cannot be scientifi-
cally explained ; practically we can easily account for
its effects. Apples and pears are grafted on seedling
stocks from the seeds of the wild crab, or, what is
oftener the case, from seeds of the common apples
and pears, which can be more readily procured. Now,
seedlings of the apple and pear—indeed, seedlings of
all sorts—however truly they may perpetuate species
in the eyes of the botanist, are well known to differ
from their parents and among themselves in constitu-
tional peculiarities, and it is not too much to say
that there areas many different kinds of stocks—that
is, different constitutionally—for apples and pears in
one nursery, as there are different soils in the kingdom
to plant them in: this at once explams why a few
124
trees in an orchard are growing vigorously, while all
the others are cankered or shewing signs of premature
debility. We may plant, hoe, and drain our soils as
we may, but nature only provides the suitable stock ;
and when we meet with even but one tree which
flourishes in a particular soil, we need not be after-
wards at a loss for stocks to suit that soil. (Gard.
Chron. 1841, 179.)
Suckers are only obtainable for propagation of the
same variety, or for forming Paradise stocks, from
maiden trees, that is trees growing on their own roots;
from Paradise stocks previously rooted. Maiden or
other trees apt to throw up suckers are usually called
Creeping Apples.
Layering may be resorted to as an unfailing mode
of propagation with all apples, but as the branches
are usually too far from the surface for them to be
bent down to it, circumposition is the plan that may
be resorted to. This differs from layering only in
having the soil placed in a vessel and raised to the
shoot. There are pots called layering pots made for
this practice, and differmg from the common garden
pot only by having a section about an inch broad cut
through one side, and to the centre of the bottom, for
the admission of the shoot or branch.
M. Foulup employs smali tin cases of a conical
form, like the upper part of a funnel, two and three-
quarter inches in length, and two and a sixth inches
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125
in width at top, narrowing towards the lower part till
only sufficient room is left for the introduction of the
shoot or branch intended to be propagated. These
cones are supported on rods, to which they are secured
by wire. Commencing with the central branches, the
leaves are taken from the parts which the tin is in-
tended to inclose; the branch is cut two-thirds through
as in layering, and being inclosed by the funnel, the
latter is well packed with moss. Moisture necessary
for favouring the emission of roots is supplied by
means of a bottle, from which the bottom is struck
off, and the neck furnished with a cork, perforated so
as to admit a small pigeon’s feather or bit of wool
to form a syphon, by means of which the moss is kept
in a proper state of moisture. Hard-wooded plants
are propagated in this way from the middle of May
till the end of June; and the branches are sufficiently
rooted to be taken off by the end of September. It
is, however, necessary in all cases, to ascertain whether
the branches are sufficiently rooted previously to their
being separated. This is easily done by opening up
the edges of the tin; when the branches are found
to be sufficiently rooted they are potted off without
removing the moss by which the roots are surrounded.
Being moderately watered, they are immediately placed
under glass on a slight hotbed, and kept shut up for
a fortnight. They are then gradually exposed, and
afterwards placed in the shade of large trees, so that
126 :
only half the rays of the sun shall reach them. (Gard.
Chron.)
Budding is a mode of propagation rarely adopted
for the apple, for, although the operation may be
performed upon stocks much smaller than those re-
quired for grafting, yet a greater time elapses afterwards
before they come into bearing than in the case of
grafted specimens. One advantage of budding is,
that as three or four buds may be inserted round the
same branch, a good head to the tree is sooner se-
cured. July is the best month for budding this
fruit.
- Cuttings.—We believe that almost all, if not all,
varieties of the apple may be propagated thus. There
is no difficulty in making cuttings of the Burr-knot,
Codlin, and Jenetting varieties, strike root; and we
have made those of many other varieties similarly
strike by merely taking care that at the bottom of
the annual shoot employed there should be a portion
of the old wood allowed to remain. Let the cuttings
be six or eight inches long; cut off the extreme
point, and allow no more than two buds at the part
above the soil to remain, cutting away all the buds
covered by it. Let the soil be very light, press the |
soil about the cutting, four inches of which should be |
buried by the earth; water moderately, and cover
with a hand-glass. If planted in a pot, and plunged
in a very gentle hotbed, the rooting takes place faster
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127
and more certainly. Plant the cuttings in February,
and do not move the hand-glass, except to give water,
until the rooting is effected. Air may be admitted
in July, and the glass finally removed in August, and
the whole transplanted into the nursery rows during
October. ‘Trees raised from cuttings always are more
dwarf than those propagated in any other mode, and
excellent specimens may be thus grown for forcing in
pots.
It will now be seen that very similar results will
be produced by the use of the Paradise stock by lay-
ering and by cuttings: they all have a tendency toa
dwarfing system by exchanging tap or deep roots for
fibrous surface roots. The latter are closely connected
with habits of fruitfulness, as is well known, more es-
pecially in young trees.
When the crab stock is employed our ordinary
loamy soils will suffice ; when, however, the Paradise
stock, the layer, or the cutting is employed, the soil
should receive some manuring in addition. This may
frequently be applied as top-dressing, as will be shewn
hereafter.
SOIL, SITUATION, AND MANURES.
THe character of the soil is of much importance
with the apple, more especially in laying the founda-
tion for a permanent orchard; for, with regard to es-
paliers or dwarf standards in kitchen gardens, the
128
small amount required by them, through severe limi-
tation of the shoots, is easily supplied, by placing the
trees on prepared platforms, which need not be more
than about five feet square, and from one to two feet
in depth of soil, on a bottom of broken stones or
bricks rammed hard.
To prepare the soil for a regular orchard, thorough
drainage is of the utmost importance, providing the
soil is too retentive of moisture ; indeed, without this,
disappointment will occur even on the very best of
soils. The character of the subsoil, therefore, has
much to do with success in this case. If such be
retentive of moisture, which will in consequence accu-
mulate, and keep the surface soil in a sour state, the
trees will inevitably become covered with moss, and
liable to canker and decay at the pomts. In cold
clayey soils, if the amount of underdraining does not
prove sufficient, much rain-water may be carried away
by open gutters. A deep and sound loam, of a rather
tenacious character, is the best for the ordinary or-
chard: such, if on a gravelly or stony subsoil, will
produce fine healthy trees of immense size, if of con-
siderable depth. Where, however, the subsoil is of
very damp character, too great a depth is more injuri-
ous than otherwise ; and we have known orchards of
this character a total failure through deep trenching
and manuring. The deep trenching in this case only
serves to decoy the roots into a most pernicious me-
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129
dium, choked up with stagnant waters at certain
periods: thus, at a great depth, the soil becomes
what is technically termed “soured,” for the solar
heat can in this case exercise no ameliorating influ-
ence.
Tn all cases where ground is suspected of being too
damp, the trees should be planted high; indeed we
always plant in such cases at or nearly on the ground
level, securmg a foot at least of soil beneath them,
and acquiring the desired depth of soil above the
ground level by throwing the trees on hillocks, or by
forming continuous ridges with deep furrows between
to carry off the surface waters.
Where the soil is too light, sandy, and of a loose
character, a very different process becomes necessary.
Here a greater depth may by all means be permitted ;
indeed, if the soil is of a wholesome charcter, it
scarcely matters how deep, providing it is not made
artificially deeper than the top of the substratum :
this is m all planting a wrong course of proceeding,
for, when the roots reach the sides of such holes,
they are forced into subsoil of a very doubtful charac-
ter. Of course draining is out of the question here ;
on the contrary, means must be taken to secure a
permanency of moisture during extreme droughts.
This may be accomplished by mixing marl or clay
with the loose soil, and by placing such in masses
beneath the soil, as an artificial substratum.
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130
This course we have often recommended within the
last twenty years; for one portion of the soil in our
immediate neighbourhood is of this kind ; indeed, be-
ing on the margins of a large moor, the soil is of a
very poor and loose character. The small holders
around this moor were in the habit of digging the
ground close to the stems of their apple trees, in
order to grow potatoes ; what they considered making
the most of their land. We have persuaded many
to renounce this pernicious practice, and to keep their
trees in rows, with three feet at least on each side
totally uncropped, and of course undug. The bene-
fits under such a change soon become manifest. The
neighbourhood abounding in marl too, we have per-
suaded many, in making new plantations, to place
lumps of marl beneath the trees, and also to blend
the same material in a loose state all through the
mass of soil. In addition to this, they collect all the
lumps of turfy matter they can, weeds, &c., and mix
them through the mass; and this course has always
proved successful even in such a poor locality.
With regard to manures, we are rather averse to
their introduction into the body of the soil, unless
where the object is to obtain large trees in a short
period, irrespective of their produce for the first few
years. When such is the object, manuring becomes |
a justifiable course, and it may be mtroduced liberally.
For ordinary gardens, however, or small orchard en-
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131
closures, where either quick returns or a dwarfing
system are desired, we would abstain from the use of
manures as much as possible, unless the soil is a poor
character. Some rotten manures should, however, be
introduced at planting, in order to give the tree a
bold start. We would always collect all the old
weedy turf at hand, ditchings, &c. &c., and blend
them with the soil: such will conduce more to fruit-
fulness and a permanency of character than exciting
manures. We are not aware that any particular kind
of manure is preferred by the apple: we would use
them with regard to their effect on the temperature
and moisture of the soil; thus, for cold and damp
soils, we would use horse manure, and for dry and
parching ones, that of the cow, which latter is always
understood to retain moisture longer than that of the
horse.
When old orchard trees are becoming exhausted,
manures should by all means be liberally applied as
top-dressings. In this case it is a good plan to lay
bare the upper portion of the surface-roots by remov-
_ ing a few inches of the surface soil, and then to apply
a circle of compost of good rotten manure, six inches
in depth ; or, what would be better, a compost com-
posed of equal parts manure and sound fresh loam ;
this, with a liberal thinning of some of the most ex-
hausted boughs, will throw fresh vigour into half-
worn trees for many years.
K 2
4)
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The apple-tree succeeds best in situations which are
neither high, nor remarkably low. In the former its
blossoms are frequently injured by cold winds, and in
the latter by spring frosts, particularly when the trees
are planted in the lowest part of a confined valley.
A south, or south-east, aspect is generally preferred,
on account of the disturbance of the west, and the
coldness of north winds: but orchards succeed well
in all aspects; and where the violence of the west-
wind is broken by an intervening rise of ground, a
south-west aspect will be found equal to any. The
trees attain their largest stature in a deep strong loam;
but will grow well in all rich soils, which are neither
excessively sandy, nor wet. An orchard generally is
most productive of fruit when it is situated near the
fold-yard, and is in consequence much trodden and
manured by the cattle in the winter; and hence it
will not unfrequently be found advantageous to plant
on the site of any old orchard. The ground, how-
ever, in which old apple-trees have grown, is esteemed
very unfavourable to young ones. When, from con-
tiguity to the house, an orchard is planted in this
kind of ground, the pear and apple should be made
to succeed each other. The roots of the pear-tree de-
scend to a greater depth in the ground than those of
the apple-tree; and as the stocks of neither of these
fruits will afford proper nutriment to the other, it
may be questioned whether their action on the soil be
perfectly similar. (Knight on the Apple, 67.)
133
The soil best suited to the apple, as already stated,
is a strong loam, and it should be two feet deep, rest-
ing on a dry subsoil, and thoroughly drained, for no
other cause is more productive of canker and mossi-
ness than stagnant root-moisture. Before planting,
the ground should be trenched all over full two feet
deep, and drained throughout, the bottom of the
main drains being not less than four feet below the
surface.
When the soil on which the orchard is to be estab-
lished is shallower than the depth here named as
most desirable, no attempt should be made to deepen
it below the level of the true surface soil. This is a
fallacious mode of procedure, yet one that we have
often seen practised, not only with the apple but
other trees. In such cases, when holes are sunk into
the subsoil, the tree is circumscribed as though in a
flower-pot ; and when the roots reach the level of the
subsoil at the extremity of the holes, ill effects gener-
ally follow. Where the soil is too shallow, we would
rather gain the requisite depth above the ordinary
ground level; and if the soil is of a very adhesive
character and damp, this will be found beneficial
rather than otherwise: if too light and sandy, we
would strongly advise putting soil of a very stiff cha-
racter in the bottom of the hole, such as lumps of
very adhesive loam, marl, or even pure clay. These
substantial materials will contribute to the stability
134
and permanency of the trees during periods of draught,
by furnishing moisture when the light surface soil is
exhausted. In all cases, it is of much service to place
stones, brickbats, chalk, or any imperishable materials
on the subsoil, ramming it hard about six inches in
thickness ; this will prevent the descent of tap-roots,
and conduce much to a prolific habit.
STANDARD OR ORCHARD CULTURE.
Distance.—The young trees having been trained in
the nursery with tolerable good heads, they should be
planted with all their heads entire ; if any are intended
for the kitchen garden, plant them at least forty feet
distance ; and, for a full plantation, to form an or-
chard, allow never less than thirty feet distance every
way.
It is impossible, however, to dictate any distance
as universally applicable, for soil and situation ought
to have a very controllmg influence. Mr. Knight’s
rule is very judicious, where he observes that the dis-
tance between each row, as well as the space between
each tree, must depend on the situation and soil.
When the former is high and exposed, the trees
should be closely planted to afford each other protec-
tion; and when the latter is poor and shallow, their
growth will of course be dimmished, and they will
consequently require less room. But in low and shel-
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135
tered situations, and deep rich soils, where the trees
are little exposed to winds, and attain a large size,
wider intervals must be allowed them. In the former
instances, a distance of twelve yards between each
row, and half as much between each tree, will be suffi-
cient; in the latter, twenty-four yards between each
row, and eight between each tree, will not be found
too much, particularly if the ground be intended for
tillage after the trees have grown to a considerable size.
An opinion rather generally prevails at present in fa-
vour of planting single trees at twenty or twenty-five
yards distance from each other on arable grounds,
and specious reasons may be offered in defence of
this practice. The roots, as well as the branches, are
at perfect liberty to extend themselves in every direc-
tion; but the latter are every way exposed to the
storms of autumn, and to the cold winds of the
spring ; and trees of more hardy kinds than the apple
are well known to grow much better when planted
near enough to afford each other protection, than
when totally insulated. It might be supposed that
trees growing in distant rows will not regularly occupy
the whole surface of the ground with their roots, but
these always extend far beyond the branches, and will
meet across very wide intervals. Closely planted
orchards, where the trees afford each other protection,
will ever be found most productive in a climate which
is as subject as ours to great and sudden changes of
136
temperature ; but, nevertheless, there are situations
in which single trees, particularly such whose growth
is tall and aspiring, will best pay the planter and the
community. When the branches of a single tree are
raised moderately high from the ground by the length
of the stem, the whole of the herbage beneath it re-
ceives, during some part of the day, the full influence
of the sun; and it is in consequence as readily eaten
by stock of every kind, as the produce of any other
part of the field. There are instances in which five
or six trees, regularly dispersed over an acre of pas-
ture, have been highly beneficial ; and Mr. Knight
never saw any instance in which such a number has
been any way injurious. Six of such trees, where
the ground is good, and the variety properly chosen,
will annually afford a produce of more than a hundred
gallons of cider, which will generally be found to ex-
ceed in value the rent ef the ground which produced
it. Where the mode of cultivation will admit, the
rows should always extend from north to south, as in
this direction each part of the tree will receive the
most equal portions of light and heat. (Knight on
the Apple, 74.)
_ At the time of planting, trim any broken roots, but
leave all the others entire. And, as soon as planted,
let every one be well staked, to support them firmly
upright, and prevent their being disturbed in rooting
by winds. Let them also, in future, advance with all
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137
their branches at full length, and, for the general part,
take their own natural growth, and they will soon form
numerous natural spurs in every part for bearing.
In pruning the apple-tree, and all other standard
trees, the points of the external branches should be
everywhere rendered thin, and pervious to the light,
so that the internal parts of the tree may not be
wholly shaded by the external parts ; the light should
penetrate deeply into the tree on every side, but not
anywhere through it. When the pruner has judici-
ously executed his work, every part of the tree, in-
ternal as well as external, will be productive of fruit ;
and the internal part, in unfavourable seasons, will
rather receive protection than injury from the external
ones. A tree, thus pruned, will not only produce
much more fruit, but will also be able to support a
much heavier load of it, without danger of being
broken: for any given weight will depress the branch,
not simply in proportion to its quantity, but in the
compound proportion of its quantity, and of its hori-
zontal distance from the point of suspension, by a
_ mode of action similar to that of the weight on the
beam of the steelyard: and hence 150 lbs. suspended
at one foot distance from the trunk will distress the
branch which supports it no more than 10 lbs. at
15 feet distance will do. Every tree, therefore, will
support a larger weight of fruit, without danger of
_ being broken, in proportion as the parts of such weight
are made to approach nearer to its centre.
138
Each variety of the apple has its own peculiar form
of growth; and this it will ultimately assume, in a
considerable degree, in defiance of the art of the
pruner. Something may nevertheless be done to correct
whatever is defective. When the growth of any va-
riety is weak and reclining, the principal stem should
be trained to a considerable height before it be allowed
to produce branches ; and if any of these take hori-
zontal or pendent direction, they should be regularly
taken off. One principal leading stem should be en-
couraged almost to the summit of the tree, to prevent
a sudden division into two large boughs, of nearly equal
strength; for the fork which these form is apt to
divide and break when the branches are loaded with
fruit. All efforts to give the heads of young trees a
round and regularly spreading form, whilst in the
nursery, will be found injurious to the future stages
of their growth. Large branches should rarely or
never be amputated. In the garden culture of the
apple, where the trees are retained as dwarfs or espa-
liers, the more vigorously growing kinds are often
rendered unproductive by the excessive, though neces-
sary, use of the pruning-knife. Mr. Knight always
succeeded in making trees of this kind fruitful by
digging them up, and replacing them, with some fresh
mould, in the same situation. The too great luxu-
riance of growth is checked, and a disposition to bear
is in consequence brought on. (Knight on the Apple,
91.)
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139
If the branches are judiciously reduced in number
as the tree progresses, no severe pruning will be re-
quired. Care, of course, must be taken to remove
any cross-growing, chafing branches ; and if this be
done whilst they are growing, and the cut is made
smoothly and close to the trunk, the wound will
speedily heal over. All dead and broken branches
should be removed as soon as noticed.
Some gardeners, however, prefer a more regular
and systematic course of pruning, and they usually
adopt the following as detailed by Mr. J. Clarke, gar-
dener to the Earl of Lonsdale, at Whitehaven Castle,
Cumberland. The season for pruning, with such,
commences as soon as the fruit is taken off the trees,
and may be continued to the middle of March; dur-
ing that time cut out all the ill-placed shoots, such
as incline to grow towards the centre, or into each
other, and leave untouched all those that stand in
such a way. that the tree will form a cup, or something
like a well-blown tulip, all the branches standing per-
fectly clear of each other, so that they will bear as
much fruit on the inside as on the outside, the sun
and air getting to all parts of the tree alike. Keep
them as low as possible ; this may be done by remov-
ing a limb when it is likely to get over tall, leaving a
young shoot at a proper place to succeed it, and by
taking out a fourth or a fifth of the old wood every
year ; in this way your trees will always have the ap-
140
pearance of being under twenty year of age. Having
finished winter pruning, the next thing to be done is
the shortening of the last year’s wood. This is an
operation of great importance, so much depending
upon the nature of the season, as to whether the eyes
will form wood or fruit spurs ; and even the most ex-
perienced will sometimes err. To give weakly grow-
ing tree, shorten to eight or nine inches, that is, leav-
ing a little more than one half, or just as the eyes may
be of strength. The middle growth, shorten to 12
or 14 inches, that is, leaving about two-thirds, or as
the wood may have a healthy, strong, and well filled
eye. The luxuriant is a kind of tree very difficult
to manage in warm droppy seasons, but at all risks
shorten to about 16 or 17 inches, that is, leaving
about three-fourths.
The season to shorten last year’s wood is in April,
and sometimes as late as May. Never shorten until
the tree begins to grow, that is when the sap has
begun to fill up the buds at the top of the tree; this
is known by the buds becoming crimson, or of a rose
colour, and a little swelled, always choosing to cut
above a bud on the outside, placing the back of the
knife towards the centre of the tree, and cutting up-
wards in a slanting direction about half an inch
above the eye. The difference of trees with respect
to time of breaking their buds is a full fortnight,
which gives plenty of time for one person to go through
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14]
a large orchard. It will frequently happen that in-
stead of only the extreme bud breaking into wood,
three, or sometimes four will break; in this case, at
next winter’s pruning shorten all such down to two
eyes, unless there be a branch wanted to fill up a va-
cancy. Then choose one well placed, and shorten it
at the same time as the extreme shoot, only a little
shorter ; my reason for this is, if this and the extreme ©
shoot were stopped both of a length, the sap would
flow more freely to the top of the tree, the buds would
break there more regularly, and the second shoot
would only break about two-thirds or three-fourths
of its length, and leave a portion at the lower end
naked and unfruitful.
Mr. Clarke’s practice, as here detailed, seems more
adapted to the kitchen garden than the common or-
chard, and even there some portions of the practice
must be received with caution. We think that there
is no necessity for hollowing the tree out in the centre,
like, as he observes, ‘‘ a well-formed tulip :’’ such
must be productive of a loss of fruit. Some of the
very late ripening dessert kinds might possibly be
benefitted by it in point of flavour, such, for instance,
as the Nonpareil class. In our experience, however,
we have always found it best to have two chances of
fruit ; one from the interior short branches or spurs,
and the other from the extremes of the principal
shoots ; which, if not too severely pruned, will gene-
142
rally bear on the two-years-old wood. Sometimes
the frost will destroy all the exposed blossom, and in
such cases a tolerable crop will not unfrequently be
preserved in the interior of the tree ; which, although
not quite equal to the fruit from the extremities of the
branches, is yet of great service, especially in bad
apple years.
We would also urge that far the best mode of
checking over-luxuriant trees, is to cut away a portion
of the extremities of the roots ; if the tree is young,
it may be taken up and replanted as directed by Mr.
Knight.
As to hand-prening in the young wood, it should
ever be borne in mind, that such is of no benefit to
the tree, but must rather be regarded in the light of
necessity, and for the most part only applicable to the
dwarf standards or espaliers of the kitchen garden.
Thinning, therefore, is judicious, and timely thinning
is the only operation of prime importance as to orchard
trees.
DWARF STANDARDS.
DwarrF standards are the best suited for cultivation
in the kitchen-garden, as they do not overshadow
such large surfaces of ground as is done by the full
standards. The following rules for pruning them
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143
have been furnished by Mr. Bliss and Mr. Green-
shields. The following are Mr. Bliss’s directions :—
Suppose your maiden tree has only one or two
shoots, it is then necessary to cut them down to four
or five buds, to get a sufficiency of wood to form the
bottom of the tree. The following season leave about
five of the most regular shoots, which will be quite
sufficient, or even four, for they are none the better
for being crowded with limbs from the stem. Do not
leave more than six shoots at the outside, but what
you take out, take out clean. The tree having stood
two yeas without being headed down, it will throw
out some young side shoots towards the top of the
original shoots; these should be cut off within two
buds of the bottom, allowing the original shoots to
grow straight up, till they get to the height you wish
them, say five or six feet or higher; then cut their
tops off and keep all the young shoots spurred in
every year to about two buds, nearly the same as you
would a red currant tree; by this means it will throw
all those spurs into bloom buds. And by pruning
away all that superfiuous wood, the fruit receives the
whole strength and nourishment of the tree; and be-
sides, by this method you not only throw your trees
into bearing and produce more fruit, but they have
the advantage of the sun. When the trees begin to
get old, you may occasionally leave a clean young
shoot, and the followmg year remove an old one, and
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144
by so dog you will keep your trees in a young,
healthy, bearing state. Dwarf apples on the small
paradise stock may, if required, be kept in a much
less space than those described above; and by this
way of pruning, the trees may be, with proper ma-
nagement, kept perfectly free from the canker.
Mr. Bliss’s directions for the formation of the tree
are very proper, but we do think that in order to pro-
duce the neat, compact, and symmetrical espalier of
the kitchen garden, shortening of the young growth
must be had recourse to annually, from the period of
planting. We are perfectly aware that the trees will
bear earlier and better without such shortening ; but
the tree will speedily grow lean and naked in the lower
extremities. If, in consequence of close pruning, the
roots becomes too powerful for the top, which is gene-
rally the case, root pruning judiciously managed is a
certain cure. Mr. B. is rather too sanguine, we doubt,
as to his mode of pruning being a preventive of can-
ker. This disease is found on all soils, and under all
systems of pruning. When a given kind, however
valuable, shews a constant disposition to canker, that
kind should be given up, and one better adapted to
the soil substituted.
Mr. Greenshields, F.H.S., judiciously observes, —
and the direction is applicable to all pruning, that in
thinning, cut the old wood off close to the stem or
branch it was attached te: this prevents young wood
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145
springing afterwards. When the trees are thinned of
te old shoots, as above stated, the young side shoots
are to be spurred in, that is, so shortened, that only
two or three buds are left on them, and the leading
top shoots shortened to half their length.
The following and every succeeding year, the
trees to be treated in the same manner as respects
the young wood, till they acquire the desired height,
when the leading shoots are to be shortened, as the
side shoots or spurs had been previously. When the
leading shoots show an inclination to grow very luxu-
riantly, which is apt to be the case under this treat-
ment, they should be prevented doing so, by cutting
off part of the old wood, along with the young shoot
immediately above a flower bud. This will prevent
the shoot so cut from increasing in length. The spurs
must be treated in a similar manner, by cutting off a
small portion of the old wood along with the young,
where they are getting too long.
Young trees are to be treated in the following
manner. If there are more than three shoots on the
plant, reduce them to that number, and shorten each
to three, four, or six eyes, according to their strength.
The following season reduce the number of leading
shoots to six, and shorten them to three-fourths of
their length, and spur in the remaining shoots. The
tree should be managed in every respect in this man-
ner until it has attained the required size, which of
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146
course depends on the convenience and fancy of the
owner, or conductor, of the garden.
Let the trees take their natural form of growth as
far as the system described will permit, for Mr. Green-
shields considers it of little consequence what shape is
given to the tree, provided every branch is made, as it
were, a long spur, with bearing-buds from the base to
the extremity. |
Two or three years’ trial of this method only, might
possibly deter many from a continuance of it, in con-
sequence of the quantity of young wood which will be
produced yearly at first, and from the apparent diffi-
culty of getting rid of the superfluity. But the in-
convenience will be ultimately surmounted, if the —
foregoing instructions are attended to ; and the conse-
quence will be, the possession of both healthy and
fruitful trees. To attempt to bring very old trees
into this method of management, would be attended
with difficulty, unless they were cut down short, and
allowed to make new heads. (Trans. Hort. See. vii.
291.) |
The advice here given by Mr. Greenshields is excel-
_ lent, as we have proved for many years; although
we had never read Mr. G.’s paper. Under a very
similar system, we have the best stock of rough espa-
liers at the present time that we have ever seen in a
kitchen garden.
The first and main point with dwarf espaliers, is to
\
147
secure the proper staple of soil—a good and tenacious
loam. The second point, and one but little inferior
to the first in point of importance, is to secure the
bottom against the descent of the roots into the sub-
soil, When the subsoil is a clean gravel, surmounted
by a sound loam, it perhaps would not be prejudicial
to allow them to do so; but in cold clays, or wet sub-
soils of a heterogeneous character, bad effects will
assuredly follow, and the trees will, moreover, have
a constant tendency to form late, and, of course, im-
mature growths, such being well-known precursors of
disease in most fruit-trees.
The dwarf espalier requires a very moderate quan-
tity of good soil, providing the staple is a sound and
rather tenacious loam; and as such loams are not
readily obtainable by all parties, we would here point
rather to the mimimum amount under which a fair
share of success may be obtained; merely premising
that the more liberal the supply of such loam, the
more permanent will be the success of the tree. When
the natural soil is pretty sound, or has been long
under cultivation, and produces good vegetables, little
indeed of pasture loam will be requisite for the dwarf
standard. The best criterion of a favourable apple
soil, is the production of very superior brocoli or
celery: soil which grows these two crops in high per-
fection will generally answer well for the apple. One
thing should have particular attention, and that is,
148
that a young tree should never be planted in soil from
which an old one has been removed, however good it
may be. The best plan is to exchange it for some of
the ordinary soil in the adjacent quarter, which has
been occupied in vegetable culture : such will be fresh
to the apple in comparison with the rejected soil.
From four to six barrowsful 6f an adhesive loam will
be sufficient in a case of the kind, blending it well
with the common soil. Stagnant water must, of
course, be removed: without this, all other prepara-
tions will be worthless.
We invariably place stones, bricks, orcinders beneath
the soil, rammed down firmly at about twenty inches
below the ordinary ground level: this we hold indis-
pensable to a dwarfing system. Whenever, as before
observed, we find any of them growing too luxuriant,
we throw out a circular trench, and cut a few of the
extreme points of the roots away, filling m the ex-
cayation with fresh soil from the vegetable ground.
Root-cutting, however, requires some caution, and
should be done with moderation. If any doubts exist
as to the amount to be cut away, it is well to cut one-
_ half the circle only ; cutting the other half in the next
year, if necessary. The best time to perform this ope-
ration is, we think, the end of October : the trees will
begin to make new fibres before the period of germi-
nation, which will save them from pernicious extremes.
In pruning, we make a point of shortening all the
Shae ee eee
149
young wood a little, if it be only a fewinches. This
induces the development of spurs or side shoots, which
in their turn, from their base, give rise to spurs. All
side shoots not wanted are shortened back, or entirely
removed, in the winter’s pruning; and when the princi-
pal leaders reach beyond the desired height, which
with us is 12 feet, they are cut back into the two-
years’ wood, in the way described by Mr. Greenshields.
END OF VOL. If.
WINCHESTER:
H. WOOLDRIDGE, PRINTER, HIGH*STREET.
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